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PORTRAITS 
 
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 MEN OF EMINENCE 
 
 IN LITERATURE, SCIENCE, ANJ) ART, 
 
 iograpbkal 
 
 email's. 
 
 EDITED BY EDWARD WALEORD, M.A. 
 
 THE PHOTOGRAPHS FROM LIFE, BY ERNEST EDWARDS, B.A. 
 
 “The glorious sun 
 
 Stays in his course and plays the alchymist.”— Shakespeare. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 ALFRED WILLIAM BENNETT, 
 
 5, BISHOPSGATE WITHOUT, E.C. 
 
 1866. 
 
PRINTED BY J. E. TAYLOR AND CO., 
 LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 4 
 
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WILLIAM GIFFORD PALGRAVE. 
 
 Mr. William Gifford Palgrave is the second son of the late 
 eminent scholar and antiquary, Sir Francis Palgrave, K.H. (who 
 died in 1861). His mother was a daughter of the late Mr., 
 Dawson Turner, F.S.A., of Great Yarmouth. 
 
 He was born in Parliament Street, Westminster, on the 24th 
 of January, 1826, and having received his early education at 
 home, under the superintendence of his mother, a lady of very 
 high acquirements, he was entered as a day boy at the Charter- 
 house, then under Dr. Saunders, now Dean of Peterborough. 
 He rose gradually to the top of the school, and obtained the 
 gold medal for Latin verse. While captain, he was elected 
 thence to a scholarship at Trinity College, Oxford, by public com¬ 
 petition, in June, 1843. Leaving the Charterhouse at Easter, 
 1844, he went into residence at Oxford. He completed a more 
 than ordinarily brilliant undergraduate career, passing in Michael¬ 
 mas Term, 1846, as a first classman in the classical school, and 
 obtaining also a second class in mathematical honours. 
 
 After leaving Oxford, he entered the Indian army, obtaining a 
 commission in the Eighth Regiment of Bombay Infantry. He 
 did not, however, remain in the army long enough for promo¬ 
 tion even to the rank of lieutenant, for in 1849 he resigned his 
 commission, on professing the Roman Catholic religion, and was 
 admitted as a probationer at one of the houses belonging to the 
 Order of Jesus, in the Madras Presidency. In 1853-54, Mr. 
 Palgrave proceeded thence to Rome to complete his studies 
 at the Collegio Romano, the central college of the order. Having, 
 at the end of 1855, left Rome for the Syrian mission, under the 
 
 VOL. VI. 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 WILLIAM GIFFORD PALGRAVE. 
 
 direction of the Province of Lyons, he worked at and near the 
 Jesuit station of Zahleh, near Beyrout : the district of the Hauran, 
 east of the Dead Sea, being the special scene of his labours. 
 
 Having barely escaped with his life from the Turkish massacre 
 at the close of 1860, he went to Paris, and arranged for his journey 
 to Arabia, a country which from youth he had wished to visit. 
 
 The special objects of Mr. Pal grave's expedition to Arabia were, 
 as he himself tells us, “ the hope of doing something towards the 
 permanent social good of these wide regions; the desire of bring¬ 
 ing the stagnant waters of Eastern life into contact with the 
 quickening stream of European progress; perhaps a natural cu¬ 
 riosity to know the yet unknown, and the restlessness of enter¬ 
 prise not rare to Englishmen." The necessary funds for the ac¬ 
 complishment of the journey were furnished by the liberality of 
 the present Emperor of the French, and the expedition was ac- 
 plished in the years 1862-68. 
 
 The result of his visit Mr. Palgrave has set forth in two octavo 
 volumes, published by Messrs. Macmillan in 1865, entitled ‘Nar¬ 
 rative of a Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia,' 
 a work which is remarkable for its graphic and truthful descrip¬ 
 tions, and which, having speedily passed through several editions, 
 has established the title of its writer to a high place among the 
 most celebrated travellers and geographers of the present cen¬ 
 tury. 
 
 Mr. Palgrave has gained a knowledge of Oriental languages 
 to which few modern scholars have attained. He himself re¬ 
 marks in his Preface, “ Long years, the best part of my life, in¬ 
 deed, passed in the East, familiarity with the Arabic language 
 till it became to me almost a mother-tongue, and experience in 
 the ways and manners of ‘ Semitic' nations, to give them their 
 general or symbolic name, supplied me with advantages counter¬ 
 balancing in some degree the drawbacks I experienced. Besides, 
 the men of the land, rather than the land of the men, were my 
 main object of research and principal study. My attention was 
 directed to the moral, intellectual, and political conditions of 
 living Arabia, rather than to the physical phenomena of the coun¬ 
 try,—of great, indeed, but to me of inferior interest." 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1865 Mr. Palgrave quitted the 
 Koman Catholic Church, and was received into the communion of 
 the Church of England by the English chaplain at Berlin. 
 
WILLIAM GIEEORD PALGRAVE. 
 
 8 
 
 In July, 1866, he was appointed by Lord Stanley, Secre¬ 
 tary of State for Foreign Affairs, to the position which he now 
 holds as her Britannic Majesty's Consul at Soukhoum Kale and 
 Redout Kale, at the eastern end of the Black Sea, whither he pro¬ 
 ceeded in the following month of September. 
 


 
o 
 
 SIR ROWLAND HILL, K.C.B., F.R.S., D.C.L. 
 
 The author of the penny postal system is the third son of the late 
 Mr. Thomas Wright Hill, a schoolmaster at Hazelwood, near Bir¬ 
 mingham, and was born at Kidderminster in the year 1795. His 
 mother was Miss Sarah Lea, daughter of the late Mr. William 
 Lea, of Birmingham. 
 
 He received his education at the school of his paternal parent, 
 at Birmingham, and inherited a considerable amount of practical 
 talent from his father, whose name will long be remembered for 
 the original views on education which he carried out-Into practice 
 with remarkable success, under the name of the Hazelwood 
 System,” originally at Birmingham, and afterwards at Hazel¬ 
 wood, whence the school was subsequently transferred to Bruce 
 Castle, Tottenham, where it still flourishes under the supervision 
 of Mr. Arthur Hill, Sir Rowland's brother. 
 
 When still very young, Mr. Hill began to show signs of an 
 original and inventive genius, which developed itself more espe¬ 
 cially in the solution of problems in numerical calculation. This 
 talent he turned to account before he had well passed the season 
 of boyhood, by teaching mathematics in the town and neighbour¬ 
 hood of Birmingham. He also assisted his father in the duties of 
 his school, into which he introduced several practical improve¬ 
 ments, particularly by carrying out the principle of self-govern¬ 
 ment, with a view of rendering the routine of school duties a 
 preparation for the actual duties of daily life. 
 
 He continued thus employed down to the year 1833. Shortly 
 afterwards a Royal Commission was appointed for the purpose of 
 founding a colony in South Australia, and Mr. Rowland Hill was 
 appointed Secretary to the Board of Commissioners, which com- 
 
6 
 
 SIR ROWLAND HILL. 
 
 prised among its members the late Lieutenant-Colonel Torrens 
 (chairman), Mr. (now Sir) J. G. Shaw-Lefevre, Mr. (now Sir) 
 William Hutt, M.P., Mr. W. A. Mackinnon, M.P., and other gen¬ 
 tlemen of a more or less practical turn of mind, to whom he ren¬ 
 dered very efficient service in organizing and founding the now 
 flourishing colony of South Australia. 
 
 In 1837 Mr. Hill published a pamphlet developing his new 
 postal system, entitled f Post Office Reform, its importance and 
 practicability/ and in the same year the House of Commons ap¬ 
 pointed a committee upon the subject, which, in 1838, recom¬ 
 mended Mr. Hill's plan for adoption, and reported that the evi¬ 
 dence proved that injurious effects resulted from the old state of 
 things to the commerce and industry of the country, and to the 
 social habits and moral condition of the people. 
 
 In the next session, more than two thousand petitions were 
 presented to Parliament in favour of the plan; and on the 10th 
 —, of January, 1840, the penny postage was carried into effect with 
 the 'assistance of Mr. Hill, who for this purpose had previously 
 received an appointment in the Treasury. 
 
 A change of government having taken place, Mr. Hill was, in 
 1842, removed from office, on the alleged ground that his services 
 —the value t of which Government fully acknowledged—were no 
 longer required. The public, however, justly considered him ill- 
 used, and he was rewarded in 1844 by a public testimonial of the 
 value of £13,360. 
 
 In 184$ he became engaged in the management of the London 
 and Brighton Railway, of which company he was chosen chairman 
 in T845, and in that capacity he introduced several important 
 improvements in the management of that line, which have since 
 been carried out on other railways also. It was mainly by his 
 influence that express trains were established, and also cheap ex¬ 
 cursion trains on Sundays and Mondays, for the benefit and re¬ 
 creation of the working classes. 
 
 Mr. Hill continued to hold the chairmanship of the Brighton 
 Railway Company until a few months before his appointment to 
 the General Post Office in 1846. In that year, the Liberal party 
 having returned to power under Lord John Russell, the Post¬ 
 master-General, by direction of the Lords of the Treasury, ap¬ 
 pointed Mr. Rowland Hill to a permanent position as one of his 
 secretaries,—a position which he retained until April, 1854, when, 
 
SIR ROWLAND HILL. 
 
 7 
 
 on the retirement of Colonel Maberly, he was appointed by Lord 
 Aberdeen's Government to the chief secretaryship. Viscount 
 Canning being then Postmaster-General. 
 
 In 1857 Mr. Hill was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and 
 in 1860 he was nominated a K.C.B. (civil division), in acknow¬ 
 ledgment of his services at the Post Office. In March, 1864, his 
 health having suffered seriously from the great labour he had un¬ 
 dergone, he was obliged to retire from office, on which occasion 
 the Treasury, in a highly complimentary minute, declaring the 
 entire success of his plans, awarded him, for life, his full salary 
 of £2000 a year. Shortly afterwards he received a Parliamen¬ 
 tary grant of £20,000, the Albert gold medal of the Society of 
 Arts, and the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the University of 
 Oxford. 
 
 Of the practical improvements which have been gradually in¬ 
 troduced into our postal system by the energy and activity of Sir 
 Rowland Hill, our space will not enable us to give a complete re¬ 
 cord. He has shown that the whole nation may be benefited by a 
 reform which at the same time benefits each of us individually. 
 Sir Rowland was not slow to avail himself of the increased faci¬ 
 lities of communication which have been afforded by steam. The 
 subdivision of London into postal districts for the purpose of ex¬ 
 pediting the delivery of letters in the great metropolis, although 
 recently carried into effect, was proposed by Sir Rowland Hill as 
 far back as 1837. 
 
 The annual reports of the Postmaster-General demonstrate the 
 great and increasing success of the system of which Sir Rowland 
 Hill is the author. From these reports and other sources we 
 learn that the number of letters delivered in the United Kingdom 
 had increased from seventy-six millions in 1839 (the last year of 
 the old system), to upwards of 679 millions in 1864, the year of 
 Sir Rowland Hill's retirement from office, with a further increase 
 to 720 millions in 1865; while the gross revenue of the Post 
 Office, so far from decreasing, has shown an increase from 
 £2,390,763 in 1839, to £4,299,199 in 1865. In London alone 
 the number of letters delivered in 1864 was 170,000,000, more 
 than twice as many as in the whole kingdom in 1839. It is true 
 that there has been an increased expenditure, owing, partly, to 
 the fact that the number of letters conveyed and delivered has 
 greatly increased; the outlay in 1839 having been only £757,000, 
 
8 
 
 SIR ROWLAND HILL. 
 
 whereas in 1865 it was £2,104,345. Nevertheless the net revenue 
 of the Post Office has increased from £1,633,764 in 1839, to 
 £2,194,854 in 1865. Consequently the additional facilities for 
 postal communication now enjoyed by the inhabitants of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, instead of causing a public loss, have proved 
 more remunerative than the tedious and expensive system which 
 it displaced. 
 
 The Money Order department of the Post Office owes much of 
 its present efficiency to Sir Rowland Hill's fertility of resource, as 
 indeed does almost every great and small improvement and in¬ 
 novation connected with that establishment, including the use 
 of postage stamps, which was founded on a suggestion by Mr. 
 Charles Knight. 
 
 The name of Sir Rowland Hill is also known to the public as a 
 practical philanthropist by his advocacy of the system of “ Home 
 Colonies " for our superfluous home population, a plan which he 
 ably advocated in a pamphlet published sevaral years ago. 
 
 Sir R. Hill's brothers have attained distinction in their several 
 professions. The eldest, Mr. M. D. Hill, Q.C., late Recorder of Bir¬ 
 mingham, etc., is distinguished by his exertions in the cause of 
 juvenile reformation ; the second, Mr. Edwin Hill, now head of the 
 Stamp Department at Somerset House, invented the machinery 
 employed for the production of postage envelopes ; the fourth, Mr. 
 Arthur Hill, is head master of Bruce Castle School, Tottenham ; 
 and the fifth, Mr. Frederick Hill, who was for many years distin¬ 
 guished as an able Inspector of Prisons, is now one of the assist¬ 
 ant secretaries to the Post Office. To Mr. F. Hill we are in¬ 
 debted for the reform of the packet service, the f Postal Guide,' 
 and many other important improvements. 
 
 Sir Rowland Hill married in 1827 Caroline, eldest daughter of 
 Joseph Pearson, Esq., by whom he has issue, besides several 
 daughters, an only son, Pearson, who married in 1866 Jane 
 D'Esterre, second daughter of the late Norcott D'Esterre Roberts, 
 Esq., of Dublin, and granddaughter of the late Lieut.-Colonel 
 Torrens. 
 

 %■ 
 

 PlKrtii^rapjieiljy Ernest Edwards. 2Quaker Street.W. 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft - 
 
 
 
 
9 
 
 CYRUS REDDING. 
 
 Mr. Cyrus Redding came of a Worcestershire family, and was 
 born at Penryn, Cornwall, in the year 1785, and consequently 
 is perhaps the oldest person now alive who has made literature a 
 profession. 
 
 He commenced writing when he was sixteen years of age, his 
 first production being an f Epitaph on Sir R. Abercrombie/ who 
 was killed in Egypt in 1801. About that time he contributed 
 various articles to the ‘ Weekly Entertainer/ a periodical pub¬ 
 lished at Sherborne, in Dorset, in the columns of which he also 
 wrote the story of ‘ Cephalus and Procris/ which he versified 
 from Ovid. 
 
 In 1806 Mr. Redding came to London, and joined the esta¬ 
 blishment of the f Pilot/ an evening newspaper, which he soon 
 afterwards left to commence the publication of the f Plymouth 
 Chronicle/ of which he was for several years the editor and pro¬ 
 prietor. Between 1807 and 1813 he was a frequent contributor 
 to the f Naval Chronicle/ a magazine published in London. 
 
 In 1808, Mr. Redding proposed a threepenny stamp on hand¬ 
 bills to circulate by the post, as the enclosure of one in a letter 
 made a double post-charge, or from a shilling to eighteenpence; 
 the following was the Government reply :— 
 
 “ August 1, 1808. 
 
 “ Sir,—Mr. Perceval having received a few days ago from Mr. 
 Canning a letter which you addressed to that gentleman on the 
 7th of May, in which you propose a tax* upon hand-bills, etc., I 
 
 # Mr. Herries evidently misunderstood the proposal, which was no tax, 
 but a postal convenience, with a profit to the State. 
 
 VOL. VI. 
 
 C 
 
10 
 
 CYRUS REDDING. 
 
 am desired by Mr. Perceval to inform you that the same sugges¬ 
 tion has been before proposed to the Treasury.—I am. Sir, etc., 
 
 “ J. C. Herries.'' 
 
 In 1811 Mr. Redding wrote a series of letters on libel to Lord 
 Holland. In 1812, he published two works, each in one volume, 
 entitled respectively ‘ Retirement' and f Mount Edgcumbe.' 
 
 Having been invited to aid the Cornish Liberal members in 
 establishing a new paper, Mr. Redding went down from Ply¬ 
 mouth, and started for them, gratuitously, the f West Briton/ 
 the publication of which is still continued. 
 
 In 1814 he established the f Dramatic Review/ and wrote 
 extensively in the ‘ Morning Chronicle' and f Examiner / he 
 also translated Korner's f Lyre and Sword/ Gothe's ‘ Song of Mi- 
 gnon/ and Miilner's ‘ Die Schuld.' 
 
 After the battle of Waterloo, in 1815, Mr. Redding went to 
 France, and whilst at Rouen contributed ‘ Notes on France 
 and Normandy/ as correspondence to the ‘ Examiner/ he also 
 about that time wrote his f Notes on Wines 9 for his f History of 
 Wines 9 which he subsequently published. At Paris he wrote in 
 the ‘ Morning Chronicle' against the ( Times/ the f Defence of 
 Portugal against Spain, regarding Monte Video/ the documents 
 for which were supplied by the Commandeur de Sodre, the Duke 
 of Wellington's private Portuguese secretary. In 1816 he com¬ 
 menced an engagement as editor of f Galignani's Messenger/ 
 which he continued to hold until the return of the army to 
 England in 1818. 
 
 In 1819 he acted as locum tenens for a friend, in editing a 
 Warwick paper, and also, while residing there, wrote f Letters 
 on the Game Laws* to his friend Dr. Parr. 
 
 In 1820 Mr. Redding became co-editor with Mr. Thomas Camp¬ 
 bell in the new series of Colburn's ‘New Monthly Magazine/ 
 which was managed for upwards of ten years by Campbell and 
 his coadjutor, during which time many papers appeared in its 
 pages from Mr. Redding's pen. Of the first thirty volumes of 
 the e New Monthly Magazine/ ten were supplied exclusively by 
 Mr. Redding; in the other twenty he wrote one hundred and 
 seventy-seven articles, and corrected the whole twenty volumes 
 for the press, in addition to his own ten. Campbell, it is said, did 
 little more than give his name, and the contributions which bear 
 
CYRUS REDDING. 
 
 11 
 
 it annexed. Of his connection with the author of the f Pleasures 
 of Hope/ Mr. Redding has given an account in a series of papers 
 which have appeared in the ‘ New Monthly Magazine’ since the 
 poet’s death. 
 
 In 1825 he published a volume of poems entitled f Gabrielle/ etc. 
 
 In 1831 Mr. Redding joined Campbell in the publication of the 
 f Metropolitan/ but the publisher failed. Campbell at that time 
 was non-resident in town, and was merely paid for his name and 
 articles. When both Redding and Campbell resigned, Moore, 
 Montgomery of Sheffield, Sismondi, and several other noted men 
 in literature were contributors. 
 
 In 1834 Mr. Redding issued his f History of Wines/ which has 
 since passed through several editions. 
 
 In the same year he established, under the auspices of the late 
 Sir William Molesworth, the f Bath Chronicle/ which he edited 
 for two years; and in 1836 he established another Liberal paper, 
 the f Staffordshire Examiner/ and continued its editor until 1839. 
 
 In 1840-41 he wrote the political part of the f London Ex¬ 
 aminer/ excepting the leader, and in the latter year he com¬ 
 menced the editorship of the ‘ English Literary Journal.’ It will 
 thus be seen that between 1806 and 1855, Mr. Redding esta¬ 
 blished four papers, edited six, wrote for four others in England, 
 and edited one in France. 
 
 Among the productions of Mr. Redding’s pen, which have ap¬ 
 peared since the issue of the first edition of his f History of 
 Wines/ we may instance his ‘ Life of William IY. / an Itinerary 
 of the County of Cornwall, and also one of Lancaster, both beau¬ 
 tifully illustrated; the f Wine Butler/ which passed through 
 three editions ; a Biographical Dictionary, additional to Gorton; 
 f Don Velasco/ a novel, in three volumes; and a translation of 
 Thiers’ f History of the Consulate/ with original notes. 
 
 Mr. Redding has also published in three volumes a record of 
 his reminiscences for more than half a century; a f History of 
 Shipwrecks,’ in four volumes ; memoirs of his friend Thomas 
 Campbell, and the f Life of William Beckford, of Fonthill/ both 
 in two volumes; also, f An Abridgment and Remarks on the 
 Evidence upon the Wine Duties; ’ a novel in three volumes, en¬ 
 titled ‘ Keeping up Appearances/ and another, published in 1863, 
 entitled f To-day and Yesterday.’ 
 
 He edited, or rather wrote from notes, f The Travels of Captain 
 
12 
 
 CYRUS REDDING. 
 
 Andrews in South America/ in two volumes, and f Pandurang 
 Hari/ an Eastern story, in three volumes. One of Mr. Bedding's 
 latest works is ( A Departmental and Statistical Account of the- 
 Wine Products of France / and in all, about forty volumes bear 
 his name. 
 
 Mr. Redding also contributed the article “ Wine" to the ‘ Ency- 
 clopgedia Metropolitan/ the “ Chemistry of Wine" to Muspratt's 
 ‘Chemical Dictionary/ ‘Lives of the Poets ' to most of Galignani's 
 Parisian editions ; ‘ Labour and its Duties ; 3 besides articles on 
 Wine in the * Athenaeum' and other periodicals between 1830 
 and 1840; and articles in the ‘ Old Monthly,' ‘ London,' ‘ Fraser,' 
 and ‘New Monthly,' the latter since 1840. He has also been a 
 frequent contributor to the ‘ Weekly Review' and the ‘ Foreign 
 Review,' etc. 
 
 With the aid of the late Admiral Beaufort, an important work 
 for the navy—a species of naval gazetteer—was some years ago 
 commenced by Mr. Redding; but only one-third was ever printed. 
 The publisher hesitating to carry it out on account of the cost, it 
 remains in abeyance. 
 
 During the siege of Sevastopol in 1855, Mr. Redding suggested 
 a method of throwing shot en ricochet, the mode most destructive 
 to a besieged place, in its nature demanding a low velocity. The 
 object was to expose fewer men to casualties, and save ammuni¬ 
 tion. It was considered in the kindest and most attentive way 
 by the Select Committee of the Artillery at Woolwich; the plan 
 was placed in their archives. The proposer had seen much artil¬ 
 lery practice when young. The following report, which he re¬ 
 ceived from the War Office, was perfectly satisfactory:— 
 
 “ Pall Mall, 10 th October, 1855. 
 
 “ Sir,—With reference to your invention described in the margin, 
 which has been considered by the Select Committee at Woolwich, 
 I am directed by Mr. Monsell to acquaint you that the projectile 
 itself, and also the method of using it, are inapplicable to the ser¬ 
 vice, except in circumstances requiring low velocities.—I am, Sir, 
 your most obedient servant, J. Wood." 
 
 The siege of Sevastopol soon afterwards terminated. The ex¬ 
 periments made were on a small, but careful proportional scale. 
 
 Mr. Redding has been just sixty years in activity, and has 
 
CYRUS REDDING. 
 
 IB 
 
 probably written more than any living contemporary. He was 
 personally acquainted with Lewis, Wolcot, Topham, Sheridan, 
 Canning, Scott, Wilson, Hogg, Moore, Campbell, Sismondi, 
 Schlegel, Cuvier, Lockhart, Shelley, He Stael, Beckford, Adam 
 Czartorisky, Santa Bosa, Langles, and many other distinguished 
 men of his day, now no more. He set out as a supporter of the 
 Liberal principles of Mr. Fox when so many were against them, 
 and has lived to see them triumphant. 
 
Plwtograplt.iL by Ernest. Edwards. 20,Baiter Street W 
 

 - - 
 
 
 
 
 
15 
 
 PHILIP JAMES BAILEY. 
 
 Philip James Bailey was born April 22, 1816, at Nottingham. 
 His father, Mr. Thomas Bailey, who enjoyed no inconsiderable 
 local reputation both as an author and public speaker, recognized 
 the early talent of his son as evinced by various poetical effusions 
 composed between his twelfth and fourteenth years, and not only 
 encouraged his literary predilections by warm and earnest sympa¬ 
 thy, but directed his reading and cultivated his taste. Our young 
 literary aspirant, after passing through the usual routine of classical 
 and mathematical studies under the best teachers in his native 
 town, matriculated, in his sixteenth year, as a student at Glas¬ 
 gow University. 
 
 There for some time he benefited by the instructions of an 
 able classical tutor, and followed out with zeal the somewhat 
 severe intellectual discipline prescribed in the logical and ethical 
 classes respectively under their accomplished professors. 
 
 Whilst paying conscientious attention to those branches of 
 study, alternating with Greek and mathematics,—mathematics, 
 however, possessing but few attractions for the youthful poet's 
 mind,—Philip Bailey never altogether abandoned the pursuit of 
 poetry. Whether working at the University or elsewhere, his 
 studies were determinately, although tacitly, directed towards the 
 one object of his life—the development of his faculties as a poet. 
 Habitual converse with speculations moral and metaphysical, em¬ 
 bracing the whole orbit of mental philosophy, ancient and mo¬ 
 dern, both when at college and subsequently, became an all-ab¬ 
 sorbing passion with him, and, blending with his impressionable 
 and aspirational nature, imparted, no doubt, ultimately that pe¬ 
 culiar tinge of transcendentalism to his poetry which forms one 
 
 VOL. VI. d 
 
16 
 
 PHILIP JAMES BAILEY. 
 
 of its chief and especial charms in the estimation of the most 
 thoughtfnl of his admirers. 
 
 In both the logical and ethical classes he read essays which re¬ 
 ceived the warm applause of his fellow-students, and the more 
 cautious, but nevertheless complimentary approval of his profes¬ 
 sors. He was a member of several debating societies connected 
 with the University, and competed, though unsuccessfully, for a 
 prize poem on the subject of “ Creative Imagination.” 
 
 Not choosing to enter upon a dry and contracted course of 
 theology, open but to candidates for the national church, nor, on 
 the other hand, curious to search the mysteries of pure or applied 
 mathematics, he quitted college before completing his curriculum , 
 and in the autumn of the same year accompanied his father to 
 London. There, after some preliminary, but still merely no¬ 
 minal instruction in the law, in the office of a solicitor in the 
 Temple, he became, two years later, in 1835, a member of the 
 Honourable Society of Lincoln*s Inn, choosing the Bar as a pro¬ 
 fession, not from motives of ambition, but in consideration of its 
 greater intellectual freedom. His attention, though at this time 
 ostensibly engaged upon legal matters, both in the Temple and 
 subsequently in the chambers of an eminent conveyancer in the 
 Inn of Court to which he belonged, was still virtually devoted 
 to a miscellaneous course of reading, which he pursued laboriously 
 both in his own study and in the libraries of the British Museum 
 and of Lincoln*s Inn. 
 
 Given much at all times to lonely wanderings, our poet made 
 one or two pedestrian tours round the shores of Loch Lomond 
 and to other places in Scotland, and paid a solitary visit of a 
 month*s duration, in 1835, to Paris, Bouen, and the coast of Nor¬ 
 mandy; whilst the summers of those years, nine or ten in number, 
 he passed mostly in the midst of a happy, united family, and in 
 the delightful retirement of his father*s residence, which, enriched 
 by a library of various and well-selected books, an extensive geo¬ 
 logical collection, and an interesting gallery of paintings, sup¬ 
 plied both profitable occupation and amusement to a studious 
 mind ; and there, in the quaint and charming seclusion of an old- 
 fashioned English house, surrounded by its gardens gay with 
 flower-beds, its groves and orchards, our poet prepared the first 
 sketch of his poem, ‘ Festus,* writing and re-writing it with most 
 indefatigable care and elaboration during the several years prior 
 to its publication in 1839. 
 
PHILIP JAMES BAILEY. 
 
 17 
 
 f Festus' appeared anonymously, but was warmly welcomed by 
 various of the foremost English thinkers of the day; whilst in 
 America its reception was yet more hearty and out-spoken. The 
 voice of America, in this, as in several other instances, may be 
 termed the verdict of posterity; and this critical judgment of the 
 New World, united to the approbation of the first order of Eng¬ 
 lish minds, has never been reversed; nor, although this remark¬ 
 able poem has been recently subjected to somewhat captious criti¬ 
 cism, has its hold upon the world of poetical readers been shaken. 
 In the breadth of its theological views, in the liberality of its 
 doctrinal theories, in those positions respecting the remedial cha¬ 
 racter of punishment and the unlimited application of Divine 
 mercy to all erring spirits, as well as the progress of the soul 
 after death through various probationary spheres—positions in 
 one or other aspect now defended by the Stanleys, the Mau¬ 
 rices, and the Kingsleys ,— ( Festus' holds no insignificant place 
 amongst the poetical representatives of the religious spirit and 
 belief of the day. 
 
 In this poem, which has received the emendations of more than 
 a quarter of a century, may be said to be comprised the greater 
 portion of Philip Bailey's literary life. In every successive edi¬ 
 tion, and especially in the last, it has undergone considerable ela¬ 
 boration and improvement; and while reflecting the author's 
 mind in its gradual growth and development, the poem, which 
 has been characterized by one of its eminent critics as containing 
 “ an universe in its entirety," exhibits a wholeness in its plan and 
 a varied completeness in its parts, which in these days of merely 
 fragmentary productions of the brain, is at once refreshing and 
 consoling. 
 
 From this remarkable poem, as illustrating Philip Bailey's 
 thoughts about poetry and poets, we will give the following 
 extract:— 
 
 Festus. Poets are all who love—who feel great truths 
 And tell them ; and the truth of truths is love. 
 
 There was a time—oh I remember well! 
 
 When like a sea-shell with its sea-born strain, 
 
 My soul aye rang with music of the lyre; 
 
 And my heart shed its love as leaves their dew— 
 
 All things I loved ; but song I loved in chief. 
 Imagination is the air of mind ; 
 
18 
 
 PHILIP JAMES BAILEY. 
 
 Judgment its earth, and memory its main ; 
 
 Passion its fire. 
 
 Oh! to create 
 
 Within the mind is bliss ; and when the thought 
 Cloudy and shapeless, first forms on the mind 
 Slow darkling unto some gigantic make. 
 
 How the heart shakes with pride and fear, as Heaven 
 Quakes under its own thunder; . . . 
 
 And I began the toil divine of verse, 
 
 Which, like a burning bush, doth guest a god. 
 
 But this was only wing-flapping—not flight, 
 
 The pawing of the courser ere he win: 
 
 Till, by degrees, from wrestling with my soul, 
 
 I gathered strength to keep the fleet thoughts fast. 
 
 And made them bless me. Yes, there was a time 
 When tomes of ancient song held eye and heart— 
 
 Were the sole lore I recked of: the great bards 
 Of Greece, of Borne, and mine own master land ; 
 
 And they who in the holy book are deathless,— 
 
 Men who have vulgarized sublimity, 
 
 And bought up truth for the nations ; parted it, 
 
 As soldiers lotted once the garb of God,— 
 
 In whose words, to be read with many a heaving 
 Of the heart, is a power, like wind in rain— 
 
 Sons of the sons of God, who, in olden days, 
 
 Did leave their passionless Heaven for Earth and Woman, 
 Brought an immortal to a mortal breast; 
 
 And like a rainbow clasping the warm earth, 
 
 And melting in the covenant of love, 
 
 Left here a bright precipitate of soul, 
 
 Which lives for ever through the lives of men, 
 
 Flashing, by fits, like fire from an enemy’s front— 
 
 Whose thoughts, like bars of sunshine in shut rooms, 
 
 ’Mid gloom, all glory, win the world to light. 
 
 Men whose great thoughts possess us like a passion, 
 Through every limb and the whole heart; whose words 
 Haunt us as eagles haunt the mountain air; 
 
 Thoughts which command all coming times and minds, 
 
 As from a tower a warder,—fix themselves 
 Deep in the heart as meteor-stones in earth, 
 
 Dropped from some higher sphere, the words of gods. 
 
 And fragment of the undeemed tongues of Heaven. 
 
 Men who walk up to Fame as to a friend, 
 
 Or their own house—which from the wrongful heir 
 They have wrested, from the world’s hard hand and gripe ; 
 
PHILIP JAMES BAILEY. 
 
 19 
 
 Men who, like Death, all brave, but all unarmed, 
 
 Have ta’en the giant World by the throat and thrown him, 
 
 And made him swear to maintain their name and fame 
 At peril of his life—who shed great thoughts 
 As easily as an oak looseneth its golden leaves 
 In kindly largess to the soil it grew on ; 
 
 Whose rich dark ivy thoughts, sunned o’er with love, 
 
 Flourish around the deathless stems of their names ; 
 
 Whose names are ever on the world’s broad tongue, 
 
 Like sound upon the falling of a Force ; 
 
 Who play upon the heart as on a harp, 
 
 And make our eyes bright as we speak of them; 
 
 Whose hearts have a look southwards, and are open 
 To the whole noon of nature—these I have waked 
 And wept o’er, night by night; oft pondering thus : 
 
 Homer is gone; and where is Jove ? and where 
 
 The rival cities seven ? His song outlives 
 
 Time, tower and god—all that then was—save Heaven ! ” 
 
 In 1855 appeared f The Mystic/ a poetical work; never popular 
 with the reading or the critical world. It is replete with abstruse 
 and recondite learning connected with the ancient philosophical 
 sects and the arcana of divers mythologies. In 1858 Mr. Bailey 
 published ‘ The Age, a Satire/ in which he defended himself 
 against sundry foolish attacks made upon his previous produc¬ 
 tions, and animadverted with some severity on the inconsistency 
 of Christian preachers seeking to exasperate the warlike, and, it 
 must be confessed, revengeful proclivities of the nation, during 
 the panic occasioned by the Indian mutiny of the preceding year. 
 
 Since that period nothing beyond a few contributions to a me¬ 
 tropolitan magazine have issued from Mr. Bailey's pen. His 
 only prose work is a political sketch relative to the “ International 
 Policy of the Great Powers/' published in 1861. 
 
 Mr. Bailey married early in life, and has by that marriage two 
 children. After the death of his first wife, he, in 1863, married 
 again. Since 1864 Mr. Bailey has resided in Jersey. 
 
21 
 
 DR. AND MRS. BEKE. 
 
 Charles Tilstone Beke, Ph.D., F.S.A., the representative of 
 an ancient family, which in the twelfth century gave its name 
 to Bekesbourne, in the county of Kent, was born in London on 
 October 10th, 1800. He received a commercial education, and 
 entered upon commercial life in London and Italy; but afterwards 
 returned to England, studied law in Lincoln's Inn, for a time fol¬ 
 lowed the legal profession, and married a grand-niece of the late 
 Sir William Herschel (the astronomer), who died, however, in the 
 year 1853. 
 
 Having relinquished the law, he took charge in 1836 of the 
 British Consulate in Saxony, and filled the office of Acting Consul 
 from 1837 to 1838. In the year 1840 he undertook a journey into 
 Southern Abyssinia, partly with a view to the promotion of com¬ 
 mercial intercourse with the countries of North-eastern Africa 
 south of Egypt; after returning from which he resumed mercan¬ 
 tile pursuits in London. In 1849 he was appointed Secretary of 
 the National Association for the Protection of British Industry 
 and Capital; and after the dissolution of the Association in 1853, 
 he became for some years a merchant in Mauritius, where he 
 married in 1856 his present wife, Emily, daughter of Mr. William 
 Alston, of Leicester. She was born there on June 24, 1837. 
 
 Dr. Beke has throughout life devoted much attention to ancient 
 history, to scientific geography in relation to it, and to the pro¬ 
 gress of geographical knowledge, as well as to the kindred sciences 
 of ethnography and philology, combining the whole in the inves¬ 
 tigation of the history of man. The results of his earlier inquiries 
 were made known in a work published in 1834, entitled f Origines 
 Biblicae, or Researches in Primeval History/ vol. i. Had this 
 
22 
 
 DR. AND MRS. BEKE. 
 
 work appeared at the present day, when a growing tendency is 
 evinced to liberate primeval truth from the trammels of traditional 
 interpretation, it might perhaps have been justly appreciated; but 
 it was in that respect in advance of its age, and was not well re¬ 
 ceived. The author had announced in it various conclusions on 
 Scriptural history and geography, which, from their opposition to 
 the views usually entertained, were unpalatable to those persons 
 who did not care to have their settled notions disturbed, and they 
 were severely criticized accordingly ; in particular by Dean Mil- 
 man in the f Quarterly Review/ though with some candid admis¬ 
 sions. The fact of the author's regarding the Bible as the work 
 of inspiration was more than sufficient, at the same time, to in¬ 
 sure the condemnation of his views by divines and critics of the 
 Rationalistic school, who were represented on this occasion by 
 the late Dr. Paulus, of Jena, the learned editor of Spinoza, in an 
 article in the f Heidelberger Jalirbiicher/ to which Dr. Beke re¬ 
 plied in 1836 in his ‘ Vertheidigung gegen Herrn Dr. Paulus/ 
 receiving in the following year from the University of Tubingen 
 the diploma of Doctor of Philosophy. 
 
 While contending in the same work for the due appreciation of 
 the truth that “ man is a reasonable being and not a mere animal/' 
 and for its logical consequences, Dr. Beke argued that the savage 
 condition of mankind, usually designated the state of nature ,—but 
 to which he has since given the name of “ the state of evanes¬ 
 cence,"—is in truth a degradation from a more highly cultivated 
 social state; and that, so far from any savage race having the power 
 to become self-civilized, instruction and improvement have invaria¬ 
 bly been introduced among them from without; history showing, 
 unhappily, that those races which have become too degraded to be 
 capable of such elevation have wasted away. He also affirmed the 
 fundamental tripartite division of the languages of mankind, from 
 which have progressively arisen all existing languages and dia¬ 
 lects; so that, however widely differing, they must be finally re¬ 
 ducible to three distinct groups; and from the results of modern 
 researches, there is reason to believe that this will be the ultimate 
 conclusion of philologists. His views on both subjects, and also 
 on the “ natural history of man," were subsequently given in a 
 philosophical form, in a communication to the f Edinburgh New 
 Philosophical Journal' for April, 1835. 
 
 The consideration of the physical changes which have taken 
 
DR. AND MRS. BEKE. 
 
 23 
 
 place in East Kent, and especially in tlie vicinity of Bekesbourne, 
 since the Roman times and even since the Norman conquest, had 
 led Dr. Beke to discuss the parallel case of the advance of the 
 land at the head of the Persian Gulf within the historical period, 
 both in his ‘ Origines Biblicas/—styled by Dean Milman, chiefly 
 on that account, “ the first attempt to reconstruct history on the 
 principles of the young science of geology,”—and in various 
 papers which appeared in the f Philosophical Magazine ' in the 
 years from 1834 to 1839. The investigations, in the eastern loca¬ 
 lity, of Mr. W. Francis Ainsworth, the geologist of the Euphrates 
 Expedition under Colonel (now General) Chesney, and those sub¬ 
 sequently instituted by Sir Henry C. Rawlinson, have tended to 
 prove the truth of Dr. Beke's views on this particular subject. 
 
 In the f Origines/ also, Dr. Beke had asserted his conviction 
 that Harran in Padan-Aram, the residence of the Patriarchs, 
 mentioned in the Books of Genesis and Acts, was not, as is gene¬ 
 rally supposed, the well-known town of that name in Mesopotamia 
 beyond the Euphrates, but must have been situate nearer to the 
 land of Canaan and in the vicinity of Damascus; the country be¬ 
 tween the two rivers” of Aram or Syria, Abana and Pharpar, 
 being the true Aram Naharaim. When he published this opinion, 
 and for many years afterwards, it was unknown that there really 
 exists a town named Harran in the region thus defined. As soon 
 as Dr. Beke became aware of the fact, he determined on verifying 
 his opinion, and eventually, towards the close of 1861, he pro¬ 
 ceeded to Syria for the purpose, accompanied by his wife. They 
 found all the circumstances of the place accordant with his original 
 inference that here must be the Harran of Scripture; including 
 an ancient well, answering to the description of that by which 
 Abraham's servant is recorded to have met Rebekah. From 
 Harran, Dr. and Mrs. Beke travelled over Mount Gilead, in great 
 part by a new route, into the Promised Land, in the track of the 
 Patriarch Jacob in his flight from his father-in-law, Laban; on 
 which journey the various places mentioned in the inspired narra¬ 
 tive were found to be determinable in harmony with this identifi¬ 
 cation. Dr. Beke's account of this tour is published in the 32nd 
 volume of the f Journal of the Royal Geographical Society / and 
 a detailed narrative of the journey, under the title of ‘ Jacob's 
 Flight, or a Pilgrimage to Harran/ etc., was published in 1864 
 by Mrs. Beke, with the co-operation of her husband. 
 
 VOL. VI. 
 
 E 
 
24 
 
 DE. AND MES. BEKE. 
 
 Bishop Colenso's recent work on the Pentateuch and Book of 
 Joshua has afforded Dr. Beke an opportunity of directing atten¬ 
 tion to another important correction of Scripture geography con¬ 
 tained in f Origines Biblicae/ which he has done in a pamphlet 
 entitled f A few Words with Bishop Colenso on the subject of the 
 Exodus of the Israelites and the position of Mount Sinai/ of 
 which two editions have appeared. 
 
 The observations made by Dr. Beke during his travels in 
 North-Eastern Africa already alluded to, and the local informa¬ 
 tion collected by him, as well as the leading and more immediate 
 results of the whole, are recorded in papers communicated to the 
 Boyal Geographical Society and published in its Journal. His 
 extensive explorations and geographical researches gained him the 
 Gold Medal of the Society in 1845, and that of the Geographical 
 Society of France in the following year; this double distinction, 
 at the time it was conferred, he shared, as an Englishman, with 
 two of the eminent explorers of the polar regions, Admiral Sir 
 George Back and the late Admiral Sir James Clark Boss, alone. 
 
 But more important consequences accrued from his travels and 
 researches than the acquisition of mere territorial knowledge. 
 Dr. Beke first made known the true physical structure of Abys¬ 
 sinia and Eastern Africa generally; showing that the principal 
 mountain-system of Africa extends from north to south on the 
 eastern side of that continent, adjacent to the Bed Sea and the 
 Indian Ocean, resembling, in its direction and rough parallelism 
 to the coast, the Andes of South America. He explained like¬ 
 wise that the snowy “ Mountains of the Moon,” in which the 
 geographer Claudius Ptolemy placed the sources of the Nile, and 
 which were universally supposed to traverse Africa parallel to the 
 equator (being so represented in all the maps), are in reality 
 merely a portion of the meridional range. Acting under this im¬ 
 pression, Dr. Beke set on foot, in the year 1848, an expedition 
 for the discovery of the sources of the Nile and the exploration 
 of its course, by penetrating inland from the coast of Ptolemy's 
 Barbaricus Sinus opposite Zanzibar (Menuthias ), and then de¬ 
 scending the river to Egypt; but, owing to circumstances beyond 
 his control, this undertaking was only partially carried out. He 
 has embodied his views on all these subjects, originally stated in 
 separate papers, in a volume entitled f The Sources of the Nile * 
 (1860, 8vo), and has since continued them in a paper f On the 
 
DR. AND MRS. BEKE. 
 
 25 
 
 Mountains forming the East Side of the Basin of the Nile/ read 
 before the Geographical Section of the British Association, and 
 published in the ‘ Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal.* The 
 journeys recently performed by Captains Burton, Speke, and 
 Grant have not only proved the soundness of Dr. Beke's plan of 
 exploration, but, by ascertaining the fact that Lake Nyanza is 
 within the basin of the Nile, have confirmed his theory as to the 
 physical structure of Eastern Africa and the position of the mys¬ 
 terious sources of that river. With reference to this subject, Dr. 
 Beke published in 1863 a letter to Sir Boderick I. Murchison, 
 with the title ‘ Who discovered the Sources of the Nile ?* 
 
 The rights, as geographical explorers and discoverers, of the 
 Jesuit Missionaries in Abyssinia, which his own personal investi¬ 
 gations and subsequent literary research enabled him to recognize, 
 Dr. Beke vindicated in a communication to the Geographical 
 Society of France Bulletin/ 1848), entitled ‘ Memoire Justificatif 
 en rehabilitation des Peres Pierre Paez et Jerome Lobo/ etc. 
 In connection with or resulting from his journey to Abyssinia, 
 Dr. Beke has also published three pamphlets, namely, ‘ A State¬ 
 ment of Facts* relative to transactions with Major Harris's mission 
 to Shoa (1845, 2nd edit. 1846); ‘An Enquiry into M. Antoine 
 d'Abbadie's Journey to Kaffa* (1850, 2nd edit. 1851); and ‘ The 
 French and English in the Red Sea* (1862). Besides these, 
 other digested results of Dr. Beke’s travels and inquiries, some 
 relating to the commerce, others to the history, ethnography, 
 politics, antiquities, and languages of the countries visited, have 
 been made public in the journals already mentioned in this 
 notice, and in the ‘Transactions of the British Association for the 
 Advancement of Science,* the ‘ Archseologia * of the Society of 
 Antiquaries, ‘ Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature/ 
 
 ‘ Proceedings of the Philological Society/ ‘ Athenaeum/ ‘ British 
 Magazine/ ‘ Friend of Africa/ and others. He has also edited, 
 for the Hakluyt Society, Gerrit de Veer's ‘ True Description of 
 Three Voyages by the North-east towards Cathay and China/ 
 prefixing an historical introduction relating chiefly to the earlier 
 voyages to Novaya Zemlya, and adding notes. 
 
 In the year 1848 Dr. Beke prepared the draft of a Bill for 
 facilitating the marriage of British subjects in foreign countries, 
 by authorizing British Consuls to solemnize marriages; this Bill 
 was brought into the House of Commons by the late Sir Robert 
 
26 
 
 DR. AND MRS. BEKE. 
 
 H. Inglis, Bart., and eventually became an Act of Parliament 
 (12 & 13 Viet. cap. lxviii.). This Act was followed by a regu¬ 
 lation of the Foreign Office, under which British Consuls are also 
 made Registrars of the births and deaths of British subjects in all 
 parts of the world. 
 
 Since his return from Abyssinia in 1843, Dr. Beke has not 
 ceased to feel the deepest interest in that country and the adja¬ 
 cent regions of North-eastern Africa, and to manifest an earnest 
 desire for their amelioration by the utilization of their varied natu¬ 
 ral productions (among which the fine cotton-wool of Ethiopia, 
 the source of that of Egypt, stands pre-eminent), and by the 
 establishment of commercial relations with Europe and India for 
 the development of their resources; and he has on repeated 
 occasions brought the subject under the notice of the Government 
 and the public. 
 
 In the beginning of 1864, and on various subsequent occasions, 
 Dr. Beke offered-his services to her Majesty’s Government, with 
 a view to the liberation of Consul Cameron and the other Euro¬ 
 peans imprisoned by the Emperor of Abyssinia. His offer not 
 having been accepted, he was induced by the relatives of the 
 captives to proceed to Abyssinia to petition the Emperor in their 
 names. He was accompanied by his wife on this journey, from 
 which they have just returned, the emperor having informed Dr. 
 Beke that he had liberated the prisoners out of friendship for the 
 Queen of England. Since the departure of Dr. and Mrs. Beke, 
 the prisoners have, however, fallen under the emperor’s displeasure, 
 and have again been detained, together with Mr. Rassam, her 
 Majesty’s Envoy. In the beginning of 1865, Dr. Beke published, 
 as a pamphlet, f The British Captives in Abyssinia.’ He is now 
 (Nov. 1866) preparing for the press a second edition of this work 
 in a considerably enlarged form. 
 
 Dr. Beke is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, the Royal 
 Geographical Society, and several other learned bodies, British 
 and foreign. In 1852 he was nominated a Deputy-Lieutenant for 
 the Tower Hamlets. 
 
Photograph*! ly Ernest, Edwards.. 203aW Street W 
 
27 
 
 JOHN EDMUND READE. 
 
 John Edmund Reade, the sou of Thomas Reade, Esq., of Barton 
 Manor, and grandson of Sir John Reade, Bart., of Shipton Court, 
 Gloucestershire, was born at Broadwell, Gloucester, in the year 
 1802. He was educated privately under the care of the Rev. 
 Thomas Smythe, at Shepton Mallett, near Wells, Somerset. In 
 the lines written f On Doulting Sheep-slate' (the school play¬ 
 ground), after an absence of forty years, the poet has recorded 
 some of the remembrances of his boyhood. 
 
 Mr. Readers first literary announcement was made in the year 
 1830, in a drama, anonymously published, entitled ‘ Cain the 
 Wanderer/ It drew attention from the leading journals of the 
 day,* opening also to him an introduction to S. T. Coleridge, 
 which continued to his death, and a recorded and gratifying testi¬ 
 mony from Goethe. 
 
 The poem of f Italy' was composed during a sojourn of three 
 years in the south, and was published in the year 1837. This 
 period formed the brightest epoch of the poet's life. It was in 
 the silence of the Tribune, and standing before the statues with 
 that species of idolatrous feeling which is a part of the imaginative 
 character, that he wrote down the impressions of those hours. 
 These gradually gathered into a poem; for an enlarged view of 
 the works of art remained open to the poet who dwelt not only 
 on classical allusion, but on the impresses of moral power derived 
 from the expression of the statues themselves,!— 
 
 * ‘ The Literary Gazette,’ then in its full power. 
 
 t Pliny expresses a similar sentiment: “ In unius hujus operibus intelligi- 
 tur plus semper quam pingitur; et cum sit ars summa, ingenium tamcn ultra 
 artem est.’’ 
 
28 
 
 JOHN EDMUND READE. 
 
 “Until lie felt that song of deeper thought 
 Brew from them, ray-like emanations caught, 
 
 Passion and life with their expression wrought: 
 
 No marble forms, no cold abstractions they 
 Of shadowy phantasy ; within them lay 
 The moral and the truth that passes not away. 
 
 “ For life to him had been nor blank nor curse, 
 
 Nor drugged satiety ; he dared rehearse 
 Himself in his unimitative verse. 
 
 He panted not for idle fame ; he threw 
 His offering on the altar, and withdrew 
 Into the solitude he loved ; he knew 
 That Life and Time, great angels, are the just; 
 
 That lays of truth, aside by mischance thrust, 
 
 Bore an undying life within their dust.” 
 
 Such impressions endure through a life ; and turning from the 
 Venus or Apollo to the Moses, who could contemplate that 
 sublime statue, nor feel the sense of veneration, of power, and of 
 majesty impressed, nor record such impressions while under their 
 immediate influence ? But it was before the Temple of Passtum 
 that the spells of the locality, the time and scene, were chiefly 
 felt by the poet, inspired also by the air, until life itself was en¬ 
 joyment. As the days rolled by, each was spent at the base of 
 those majestic columns which might have been seen by the war¬ 
 riors who fought at Troy. 
 
 To stand there, once in a life, should be the aim of every 
 poet, as it was of Mr. Reade. The tragedy of f Catiline' was pub¬ 
 lished in the ensuing year. It gained a suffrage universally 
 favourable from the chief critics of the day, “ as being a Roman 
 play, full of action, passion, and genuine emotion.”* The dramatic 
 poem of f The Deluge' next appeared. This drama was suggested 
 from a passage in ( Purchas's Pilgrim/ cited in its preface. f The 
 Vision of the Ancient Kings' formed a sequel to that volume. 
 
 ‘Life's Episode' was published after an interval of three years. 
 In this original drama, the effects of a perturbed imagination, in 
 loosening and severing all domestic ties, are illustrated. 
 
 ‘ The Revelations of Life' grew out of a lengthened residence 
 among the wild solitudes of Dartmoor. Impressive scenes, not, 
 as the Scottish glens, noted for barbarous feuds and slaughters, 
 but where the granite peaks of Bel-tor, and Mithras, or Mist-tor, 
 * The * Examiner,’ the leading critical journal at that period. 
 
JOHN EDMUND READE. 
 
 29 
 
 still in their Phoenician names, mark where they raised their 
 altars to the snn and moon, as the visible symbols of the one God* 
 The characters of the enthusiast and fatalist were drawn from 
 life, each giving his confessions. In the character of the Fanatic, 
 the reasoning faculty remains undeveloped; in that of the Un¬ 
 known Female, remorse is portrayed as being adequate of itself 
 to regenerate onr moral nature. The Pastor demonstrates that 
 happiness lies not within the compass of either ; that it grows 
 from faith, hope, and moral culture, and in the exercise of our 
 higher faculties, either in thoughts that benefit our fellow-men, 
 or in works of practical utility. Each locality was drawn from 
 nature, whether Haytor Crags in their solemn solitudes, or where 
 Widdecombe opens like a paradise in the wilds. 
 
 The poem of f Man in Paradise/ published in 1855, was de¬ 
 signed to form the first portion to f Cain the Wanderer/ Its pur¬ 
 pose was to represent the natural life of man in Eden, opening at 
 the period of the autumnal solstice, the decadence of nature and 
 inclemencies of season beginning to be experienced. Evil is 
 designated rather as a creation of the mind than as an embodied 
 reality, which, as in onr daily life, reduces its dimensions when 
 confronted by faith, and opposed by healthful action. 
 
 In the last edition, this poem was carefully revised, and a col¬ 
 lection of Lyrical Poems were added, entitled, f Youth, and how 
 it Passed/ in which the life of thought and of action are de¬ 
 veloped. f The Laureate Wreath 3 appeared in 1863. In this 
 poem, the great moral effect on the poetic character of generous 
 emulation, or competition for literary eminence, is dwelt upon and 
 enforced. An imaginary contest of this nature is described: the 
 reverse sustained becomes the means of developing energies 
 hitherto untried; and after severe and protracted discouragement, 
 the heroes perseverance attains its eventual triumph. Finally, a 
 more perfected edition of the author’s works, in three small 
 volumes, largely revised, was published in the year 1865, by 
 Messrs. Longman. 
 

 #■*' 
 
 - 2L/' 
 
 
 • « 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
Photographed by Em eat Edvraras, 20 Baker Street "W 
 
 
 
* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8 1 
 
 WILLIAM ALLINGHAM. 
 
 The Allinghams of Ballyshannon, county Donegal, originally an 
 English family, have for many generations held a position of high 
 respectability in that locality, with which their name, elsewhere 
 scarce, is closely connected, and, though Protestants, have always 
 lived in peace and goodwill with their Catholic neighbours. 
 
 William Allingham was from his childhood a devourer of 
 books. He received a classical education, and, although of deli¬ 
 cate constitution, was always among the first both in the school 
 and the playground. Through the illness of his father he was 
 prevented from entering the University of Dublin, and was 
 transferred from his studies to the desk of a bank. He after¬ 
 wards entered the Civil Service, never relinquishing his love of 
 literature. 
 
 He wrote poems which became known at first to a small, after¬ 
 wards to a wider circle, and contributed to the f Athenaeum 9 and 
 other periodicals many lyrics and short poems which have been 
 frequently reprinted. Other compositions, some on a larger scale, 
 followed; three volumes have been published by Mr. Allingham, 
 which contain ‘ The Music-Master, a Love Story/ f George 
 Leveson, or the Schoolfellows/ f Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland, a 
 Modern Poem in twelve chapters/ and above a hundred lyrics, 
 ballads, and short poems. 
 
 The subjects and illustration of these poems, which are very 
 varied, are evidently derived at first hand from life and nature, 
 and do not result from the too common process of pouring out 
 of one vessel into another/' 7 They have a quality of their own, 
 and their vivid colouring and carefully manipulated detail are 
 
 VOL. VI. F 
 
32 
 
 WILLIAM ALLINGHAM. 
 
 given forth from the treasury of the poet’s brain, well and largely 
 stored with memories of the scenery and manners of his birth¬ 
 place, in which locality he long resided, and where his habit of 
 out-door activity made him familiar with all its characteristics. 
 We find his Muse enriched not alone with the quaint or sweetly 
 sounding names of the rivers, brooks, lakes, mountains, glens, 
 strands, cliffs, and bays of his native North-West, but his words 
 livingly bring them before the mind’s eye of his readers ; he sings of 
 the ruined abbey, castle, and round-tower, of fishermen and sailors, 
 of milkmaids, of pilgrims at a holy well, of the peasant girl at 
 a dance, of the pilot’s daughter, of worshippers at mass, of the 
 country fair, of rustic lovers, of children, and of the fairies also, of 
 his own part of the world. 
 
 Several of Mr. Allingham’s ballads are found printed in the 
 humblest form, in the collections of the itinerant ballad-mongers ; 
 as for example, f Lady Mary Donnelly,’ ‘ The Milkmaid,’ ‘ The 
 Winding Banks of Erne,’ f Among the Heather,’ f The Girls’ 
 Lamentation,’ ‘ Nanny’s Sailor Lad,’ f Abbey Asaroe.’ 
 
 As characteristic poems in various styles might perhaps be 
 named those lyrics entitled ‘ HColian Harps,’ f The Dream,’ ( The 
 Dirty Old Man,’ f Emily,’ f The Fairies,’ f Robin Redbreast,’ ‘ The 
 Lupracaun,’—the three last, poems for children,— f Mea Culpa,’ 
 and the following, which we extract as a specimen of Mr. Alling¬ 
 ham’s Muse. 
 
 “ O Unknown Belov’d One! to the mellow season 
 
 Branches in the lawn make drooping bow’rs ; 
 
 Vase and plot burn scarlet, gold, and azure; 
 
 Honeysuckles wind the tall grey turret. 
 
 And pale passion-flow’rs. 
 
 Come thou, come thou to my lonely thought, 
 
 O Unknown Belov’d One. 
 
 “ Now, at evening twilight, dusky dew down-wavers, 
 
 Soft stars crown the grove-encircled hill; 
 
 Breathe the new-mown meadows, broad and misty; 
 
 Through the heavy grass the rail is talking; 
 
 All beside is still. 
 
 Trace with me the wandering avenue, 
 
 Thou Unknown Belov’d One. 
 
 “ In the mystic realm, and in the time of visions, 
 I thy lover have no need to woo; 
 
WILLIAM ALLINGHAM. 
 
 33 
 
 There I hold thy hand in mine, thou dearest, 
 And^thjr soul in mine, and feel its throbbing, 
 Tender, deep, and true : 
 
 Then my tears are love, and thine are love, 
 
 Thou Unknown Belov’d One ! 
 
 “ Is thy voice a wavelet on the listening darkness ? 
 
 Are thine eyes unfolding from their veil ? 
 Wilt thou come before the signs of winter— 
 
 Days that shred the bough with trembling fingers, 
 Nights that weep and wail ? 
 
 Art thou Love indeed, or art thou Death, 
 
 O Unknown Belov’d One ? ” 
 
 In 1864 came forth as a volume—-having previously appeared 
 in separate portions in ‘ Fraser's Magazine'—the longest of Mr. 
 Allingham's poems, entitled f Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland,' a 
 work of nearly 5000 lines, in the old heroic couplet. “ It is 
 a poem," to quote the preface, “ on everyday Irish affairs,—a new 
 and difficult literary experiment." The persons are Sir Ulick 
 Harvey, an old landed proprietor; his nephew, Mr. Bloomfield, 
 a young one; Mr. Pigot, agent to both ; tenants upon each estate, 
 with so much as seemed proportionate respecting their wives, 
 families, friends, neighbouring landlords, clergy, Ribbonmen, 
 politicians, etc. A variety of Irish scenes and characters are de¬ 
 picted from the author's personal observation with photographic 
 truthfulness ; and the true principles which ought, in the author's 
 opinion, to guide an Irish landlord, are set forth in an artistic 
 form. 
 
 As specimens of this poem, we will first present the reader 
 with the following poetical retrospect of Irish history, and then 
 with portraits of Sir Ulick Harvey and his agent Mr. Pigot. 
 
 il South-westward, where the autumnal sun went down, 
 A lake-reflected headland heaved its crown 
 Of darkling trees, and, knew you where to search, 
 The hoary ruins of a little church, 
 
 That mingled there with human skulls and bones 
 The mossy downfall of its sculptured stones ; 
 
 While, like one poem scatheless and sublime 
 Amid the vast forgetfulness of time, 
 
 Slender and tall a Bound Tower’s pointed crest 
 Bose dimly black against the gorgeous west. 
 
34 
 
 WILLIAM ALLINGHAM. 
 
 “ Methinks I stand with Neal, and, wide-eyed, gaze 
 Far through the wondrous world of former days, 
 
 In clear-obscure extends th’ Ogygian Isle 
 Deep-forested, but lit with many a smile 
 Of lake and river, and empurpling air, 
 
 The mantle of its mountains ; wolf and bear 
 In rocky cave and wild-wood shadow skulk ; 
 
 Free rove the stag and heavy-headed elk ; 
 
 Broad plain and valley spread their brilliant green, 
 
 With pathless fen and sombre moor between ; 
 
 The changeful waste of ocean circling all, 
 
 Whose tides in frith and channel flow and fall 
 To dance the wild man’s curragh,*—till, some day, 
 
 Poops of strange wing are gliding up his bay; 
 
 An era, whilst he stares with dread and wonder, 
 
 Closes its portals, without crash of thunder; 
 
 Portals to us (yet sun and moon were bright) 
 
 That seem the barriers of a realm of night. 
 
 At history’s dawn, the sons of the great East, 
 
 Gigantic, spectral, doubtful, move in mist, 
 
 Old Afric, Scythic or Phenician fames, 
 
 Nemidians, or Fomorians, dusky names, 
 
 Firbolgs, Danaans, and Milesians proud,— 
 
 Fair shadowy Queens, like floating forms of cloud, 
 
 With rugged Kings, Druids white-raimented, 
 
 A thin gold crescent on each awful head, 
 
 Sage Brehons, Bards and Minstrels; and a roar 
 Of battles, like a sea on distant shore, 
 
 Sounds from the mighty hollow of the Past.” 
 
 “ AN IRISH LANDLORD AND HIS AGENT. 
 
 “ The realm of Bloomfield, late his uncle’s ward, 
 
 And that which owns Sir Ulick for its lord, 
 
 Pigot now governs, agent wise and great, 
 
 Rich man himself, grand-juror, magistrate. 
 
 ’Twas taught as part of Bloomfield’s early creed, 
 
 ‘ Pigot—in-val-uable man indeed !’ 
 
 And though Sir Ulick loves to seem to reign, 
 
 Pigot’s least whisper never falls in vain. 
 
 You find in old Sir Ulick Harvey’s face 
 The looks of long command, and comely race ; 
 
 No small man sees a brother in those eyes 
 Of calm and frosty blue, like winter skies; 
 
 Courteous his voice, yet all the pride is there, 
 
 Pride like a halo crowns his silver hair ; 
 
 I 
 
 * Currah, or coracle, a little boat of hide stretched upon wicker. 
 
WILLIAM ALLINGHAM, 
 
 35 
 
 ’Tis unmisgiving pride that makes him frank 
 With humble folk, and dress beneath his rank. 
 Born in the purple, he could hardly know 
 Less of the tides of life that round him flow. 
 
 Fat Pigot turn’d to every one who spoke, 
 
 And laugh’d when each was done, as at a joke ; 
 His fun is somewhat threadbare, but you half 
 Believe it rich, so hearty is his laugh ; 
 
 And not ill-furnish’d he with jest and tale. 
 Beetroot beside his glowing cheek were pale. 
 Kind to his household, jolly with his friends, 
 Business begun, all Bigot’s feeling ends ; 
 
 With jovial voice and look, his hand, like Fate’s, 
 Can freeze the dwellers upon four estates, 
 
 Whose slavish flattery finds a self-redress, 
 
 A sort of freedom, in its own excess. 
 
 Their mother-wit,—debased through dismal years 
 Of rapine and oppression, blood and tears, 
 
 To craft and cunning,—twists in reptile form, 
 
 A slimy, soft, and poison-bearing worm. 
 
 Be silent, noisy tongues on either shore ! 
 Denounce, defend, recriminate no more ! 
 
 In history’s record England reads her blame, 
 Ireland her grief, her folly, and her shame ; 
 
 Let each peruse with humble soul and sage, 
 
 And, from the past, amend the future page.” 
 
 ‘ Laurence Bloomfield 9 had the honour of being praised by 
 Mr. Gladstone in the House of Commons, and men in Ireland of 
 every party have recognized the faithfulness of its delineations; 
 nevertheless the general English public, never very curious about 
 Irish affairs, and at present more than ever weary and disgusted 
 with them, have given comparatively little attention to this inter¬ 
 esting, very graphic, and carefully elaborated poem. 
 
 In truth, although Mr. Allingham is free from partisanship and 
 provincialism—and therefore sometimes reproached as "unpa¬ 
 triotic ” by one class of his fellow-irishmen, whilst regarded as 
 dangerously liberal by another class,—his verse is far more deeply 
 imbued with the colours of Irish character and scenery than that 
 of any other living poetical writer. This special quality may have 
 hindered his general popularity; the more so, inasmuch as the 
 fashion of the time in peetry has set strongly in other directions. 
 
 Mr. Allingham, who is unmarried, has resided for the last two 
 
36 
 
 WILLIAM ALLINGHAM. 
 
 or three years at Lymington, in Hampshire, and contributes occa¬ 
 sionally to periodical literature. 
 
 Various of Mr. Allingham’s poems have been translated into 
 German. An American edition, but not a complete one, has 
 been published at Boston, by Ticknor and Field. 
 

 
 
 * 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
37 
 
 THE EIGHT HON. SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, 
 
 Bart. 
 
 The Right Hon. Sir Frederick Pollock, Bart., late Lord Chief 
 Baron of Her Majesty's Court of Exchequer, is descended from a 
 family of Scottish extraction. He is the third son of the late 
 Mr. David Pollock, the well-known saddler, of Charing Cross, 
 London; his mother was Sarah, daughter of Richard Parsons, 
 Esq. He is the younger brother of the late Sir David Pollock, 
 who was for some time Chief Justice of Bombay, and elder 
 brother of Sir George Pollock, G.C.B., one of the most distin¬ 
 guished generals in Her Majesty's Bengal army. 
 
 Sir Frederick was born in London on the 23rd of September, 
 1783, and having received the rudiments of his education pri¬ 
 vately, at the age of 16 he went to St. Paul's School, then under 
 the head-mastership of the late Rev. Dr. Roberts. He proceeded 
 thence, in 1802, to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was in 
 the first class at every college examination; in 1806 he closed his 
 undergraduate career by graduating B.A. as Senior Wrangler and 
 first Smith's prizeman, and in the following year he was elected 
 to a Fellowship of his college. Few men, indeed, can look back 
 on a more distinguished career in our English universities than 
 can Sir F. Pollock. 
 
 Having been called to Bar by the Hon. Society of the Middle 
 Temple in Michaelmas Term, 1807, and bringing his character¬ 
 istic thoroughness and capacity for work to his chosen profes¬ 
 sion, he soon had an extensive and lucrative practice both in 
 London and the provinces : he long occupied a prominent place 
 
38 
 
 SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK. 
 
 on the Northern Circuit, and regularly went the rounds at a time 
 when Scarlett and Campbell, Brougham and Cresswell regu¬ 
 lated its etiquette and presided over its revels. His success, per¬ 
 haps, was not so much owing to his attributes as a speaker, as to 
 the great scholastic reputation which preceded his appearance in 
 our courts of law, and to his extensive and accurate legal know¬ 
 ledge. This reputation, which preceded his debut at the Bar, se¬ 
 cured him many clients from the outset. A considerable portion 
 of his early practice consisted in cases which were submitted to 
 him for advice in his chambers, and which were never brought 
 into court; and, as a rule, there are few opinions similarly given 
 by other men more to be relied on. His business in the courts at 
 Westminster was select rather than extensive; and after a suc¬ 
 cessful practice for twenty years, he obtained a silk gown, attain¬ 
 ing the dignity of King’s Counsel in 1827. From that time, how¬ 
 ever, his progress was rapid; for many years he engrossed the 
 leading business in his circuit, and was retained in nearly every 
 cause of importance. Attorneys and suitors alike thought them¬ 
 selves safe when they had secured his services, and not unfre- 
 quently were left lamenting when told that their adversaries had 
 forestalled them. 
 
 From the legal to the senatorial side of Westminster Hall is 
 with most able and ambitious lawyers only a natural transition, 
 and accordingly, in 1831 Mr. Pollock was returned as M.P. for 
 Huntingdon in the Tory interest; and on the accession of Sir 
 Robert Peel to office in December, 1884, he received the appoint¬ 
 ment of Attorney-General, and was knighted in due course. 
 He did not long enjoy the distinction, for in April, 1835, owing 
 to the dissolution of the Peel Ministry, Sir Frederick Pollock 
 had to resign with his colleagues. He, however, still retained 
 his seat for Huntingdon; and in 1841, when Sir Robert Peel re¬ 
 turned to power. Sir Frederick resumed his functions as Attorney- 
 General. He continued to hold that office till 1844, when he 
 succeeded his old friend and circuit companion, the late Lord 
 Abinger, as Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer, and at the 
 same time was sworn a member of Her Majesty’s Privy Council. 
 
 It would perhaps be superfluous to pronounce a laboured eulogy 
 upon the merits of that judicial career which has lasted so long, 
 and which retained up to its last hour the brightness of its me¬ 
 ridian. It was Sir Frederick’s good fortune to be gifted with a 
 
SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK. 
 
 39 
 
 physique whose vigour and endurance were equal to the clearness 
 of his intellect and the quickness of his perception. Like his 
 personal friend and political foe. Lord Campbell, he was verging 
 on fifty when he entered the House of Commons, and was far 
 into the sere and yellow leaf of ordinary men when he took his 
 seat upon the bench ; but there was no sereness or yellowness 
 with him. He rejoiced in an old age of continual and apparently 
 perennial greenness. To the last he retained his kindliness of 
 heart, uncorroded by all his experience of the weak, warped side 
 of human nature, and his genial and lively humour was as ready 
 and as playful during the last Guildhall sittings as when he first 
 made his appearance at the bar or took his seat in the Court of 
 Exchequer. 
 
 Perfectly au fait in all the antiquated refinements of old- 
 fashioned special pleading, he saw a new and greatly improved 
 system introduced in 1852, following close after the changes 
 wrought by the County Court Act of 1847; but neither the one 
 measure nor the other interfered with the discharge of his duty, 
 or shocked his professional predilections for that to which he had 
 been so long accustomed. His leaning was ever to the side of 
 substantial justice, rather than to that of technical accuracy ; and 
 while sensible of the scientific value of the latter, he would never, 
 unless absolutely obliged, allow it to defeat the higher claims of 
 the former. To this desire for securing the triumph of right and 
 the punishment of wrong, must be attributed that readiness to 
 take a side which has sometimes been made a subject of dispa¬ 
 ragement by captious critics; but even in this failing, if such it 
 be, “he leaned to virtue's side." If his anxiety to place the 
 salient points of a case before the jury sometimes led him, in a 
 measure, to lose the judge in the advocate, his charges were for 
 the most part as solemn and impressive as they were clear and 
 effective. In no matter would he stoop to merely conventional 
 views of morality and duty. His judicial charges were frequently 
 delivered with an emphasis and eloquence which moved the 
 deepest passions of his auditory. Repeatedly during the summing 
 up at Muller's trial every sound was hushed and every nerve was 
 strained as the force and significance of some seemingly slight 
 piece of evidence were pointed out, as the bearing for or against 
 the prisoner was indicated with telling effect to the painfully in¬ 
 terested jurymen who were dismissed to their deliberations with 
 
 VOL. VI. G 
 
40 
 
 SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK. 
 
 an earnest and solemn adjuration to do ttieir duty, whether by 
 condemning or acquitting the prisoner. In a different way his 
 dealing with the ‘Alexandra 9 case was equally noticeable. Repeat¬ 
 edly pressed by the Attorney-General, he refused to sign a bill of 
 exceptions to what he had not said, or to consent to certify that 
 he had directed the jury in words he had never used. The result 
 was that the Crown lawyers, who had hoped to make the judge 
 responsible for their own mistakes, were signally defeated, and 
 the prosecution failed. 
 
 In a notice of the retirement of Sir Frederick Pollock, which 
 appeared in the ‘ Standard/ the writer concludes by observing 
 that, although “ we shall see him no more upon the bench, the 
 memory of his name and fame, his celebrity as an advocate, 
 his soundness as a lawyer, his eminence as a judge, his excellence 
 as a man, his courtesy as a gentleman, will continue to be cher¬ 
 ished as things of honourable records to the Bar. Full of years 
 and full of honours, he leaves the arena of his early struggles and 
 ultimate triumphs as a well-graced actor leaves the stage. In¬ 
 scribed on the walls of the Middle Temple, c the working man's 
 Inn of Court/ his name will go down in company with the long 
 roll of worthies who have ennobled the annals of the higher branch 
 of the legal profession, and will continue, so long as the English 
 Bar shall last, to furnish an incentive to the diligent study of its 
 intricacies, to the upright and honourable practice of its labours, 
 the persevering and undeviating pursuit of its rewards. In his 
 life we see for the hundredth time how institutions which some 
 politicians are fond of denouncing as aristocratically exclusive, 
 nevertheless permit a rise within the lifetime of one man from 
 the ranks of the trading middle class to the highest and most 
 honourable position which personal worth, eminent ability, un¬ 
 wearied assiduity, and unmeasured public confidence can confer. 
 A man who has done all this may surely say that he has not lived 
 in vain; and a country in which a man can do it is not one whose 
 institutions can be worthy of the unmeasured terms in which 
 some demagogues are fond of denouncing them." 
 
 During his career as Chief Baron, many cases of great import¬ 
 ance were tried by him, including those of the Mannings for 
 murder; Muller, the murderer of Mr. Briggs, above alluded to, 
 in 1863; and Kohl for murder in 1864. It may indeed be said 
 that his career as a Judge was one whose youthful promise was 
 
SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK. 
 
 41 
 
 more than redeemed by the performance of his maturer years. 
 On his retirement from the Bench in July, 1866, Sir F. Pollock 
 received the honour of a baronetcy, on the recommendation of 
 the Earl of Derby. It is agreed among lawyers of all parties 
 that, by his retirement, the Bench is deprived of one of its most 
 distinguished ornaments, the Bar of an eminent authority, and 
 the nation of an able and laborious public servant. 
 
 Sir Frederick, it may be mentioned, takes an especial delight 
 in the pursuits of photography, and occasionally presides at the 
 meetings of the council and members of the London Photographic 
 Society, held at King^s College. He has also contributed several 
 papers on his favourite subject to the “ Philosophical Transactions” 
 of the Royal Society. 
 
 Sir Frederick has been twice married; first in 1813, to Frances, 
 daughter of F. Rivers, Esq., of Spring Gardens, London, who 
 died in 1827; and secondly in 1834, to Sarah Ann, daughter of 
 Captain Richard Langslow, of Hatton, Hounslow, Middlesex. 
 He has ten children living by each of his marriages. His eldest 
 son, who is heir to his baronetcy, is Mr. William Frederick Pol¬ 
 lock, barrister-at-law, who was born in 1815, and married in 1844, 
 Julia, daughter of the Rev. Thomas Creed, by whom he has issue 
 three sons. 
 



 
 Photographer! by Ernest Edwards, 20. Baker Street W 
 
B. B. WOODWARD, ESQ., F.S.A. 
 
 Mr. Bernard Bolingbroke Woodward, Librarian to Her Majesty, 
 whose portrait figures on the opposite page, is the eldest son of 
 the late Mr. Samuel Woodward, of Norwich, who, in early life, 
 was engaged in the counting-house of Mr. Alderman Herring, a 
 manufacturer in that city, and subsequently as a clerk in the bank 
 of Messrs. Gurneys there. Mr. Woodward, sen., devoted him¬ 
 self largely to the study of geology and antiquities, and with sin¬ 
 gular success. Of works published by him may be mentioned 
 his f Synoptical Table of Organic Remains ; and his f Geology of 
 Norfolk / he also contributed many papers to the f Archseologia/ 
 notable amongst which is his * Roman Norfolk/ His ‘ History of 
 Norwich Castle 3 was published after his death (which occurred 
 in the year 1838) by the late Mr. Hudson Gurney, who also pur¬ 
 chased the whole of his MSS. and drawings. 
 
 Mr. B. B. Woodward was born at Norwich, in the year 1816, 
 and, having received the rudiments of his education in his native 
 city, graduated at London University as a student in a theological 
 college near London. He officiated for a few years as minister of 
 a small congregation of Independent Dissenters in Norfolk, and 
 subsequently settled in London as an author and literary worker. 
 
 His first work was published in 1851, entitled ‘A History of 
 Wales from the Earliest Times to the final Incorporation of the 
 Principality with England/ He afterwards wrote f A History of 
 America to the End of the Administration of President Polk/ 
 which was published in three volumes. The earliest chapters of 
 this work were written by Mr. W. H. Bartlett, and it was pub¬ 
 lished in the United States alone. 
 
 Mr. Woodward has also been engaged in the revision of 
 
44 
 
 B. B. WOODWARD, ESQ. 
 
 standard educational and other works in extensive circulation, 
 and has at various times contributed to the magazines, reviews, 
 and other periodical literature of the day, including the f Eclectic 
 Review/ f Gentleman’s Magazine,’ etc. etc. 
 
 He some time since commenced ‘ A History of Hampshire,’ 
 which is now being continued on another plan by the Rev. Theo¬ 
 dore Wilks. He has also been long engaged in preparing for 
 publication by Messrs. Longman and Co. a general dictionary of 
 dates, entitled f A Cyclopaedia of History and Chronology.’ 
 
 In 1860, on the death of Mr. Glover, Mr. Woodward was 
 appointed Librarian in Ordinary to the Queen at Windsor Castle, 
 and Keeper of Prints and Drawings. In 1863 he founded, and 
 has edited to the present time, the ‘ Fine Arts Quarterly Review.’ 
 He is now, (January, 1867,) under the sanction of the Queen, with 
 the assistance of Mr. Panizzi and Dr. Sharpey, engaged in the 
 reproduction of the Anatomical Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci, 
 in the Royal Collection. 
 
 Dr. Samuel P. Woodward, his next brother, (who died in 1865,) 
 held for many years a distinguished p.ost in the department of 
 Geology and Mineralogy in the British Museum; he was before 
 that Curator of the Geological Society of London and Professor of 
 Botany and Geology in the Royal Agricultural College. He sub¬ 
 sequently became Examiner to the Council of Military Education, 
 Examiner in Geology to the University of London, and a Member 
 of the Council of the Geological Society. He acquired a wide 
 and deserved credit for his great attainments in Botany and 
 Palaeontology, and for discoveries in the habits, etc., of Molluscs. 
 His ‘ Manual of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ which appeared be¬ 
 tween the years 1851 and 1856, though now needing revision 
 from his corrected copy, has been used as a text-book in that de¬ 
 partment of Science, in every part of the world. 
 
 Mr. Henry Woodward, Mr. B. B. Woodward’s youngest brother, 
 now an assistant in the Geological Department of the British 
 Museum, has acquired a high position in the scientific world by 
 his researches and discoveries among fossil Crustaceans. 
 
 Mr. Bernard B. Woodward has been twice married, and has a 
 family of one son and three daughters. 
 

V 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V v 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
45 
 
 W. J. THOMS, ESQ., F.S.A. 
 
 It is difficult to conceive a life more barren of incidents than that 
 of a man who, entering early into the Civil Service of the Crown, 
 and marrying early, has been content to pass his days in the 
 alternate discharge of his official duties and the enjoyment of his 
 quiet home. Such has been the case with the subject of the 
 present memoir, Mr.William John Thoms, the well-known literary 
 antiquary, and editor of f Notes and Queries/ 
 
 He is the son of the late Nathaniel Thoms, Esq., Secretary 
 of the First Commission of Revenue Inquiry, and was born at 
 Westminster on the 16th of November, 1803. Having received 
 a good private education, he commenced life as a clerk in the 
 Secretary’s office at Chelsea Hospital, and for many years occu¬ 
 pied his leisure hours by contributing to the f Foreign Quarterly 
 Review/ and other periodicals. 
 
 In 1828 he edited a collection of f Early English Prose Ro¬ 
 mances/ with bibliographical and historical introductions ; a new 
 edition of which appeared in 1858. He is also the author of 
 f Lays and Legends of Various Nations/ which appeared in 1834; 
 and of a useful compilation, entitled the ‘ Book of the Court/ 
 published in 1838, which includes an account of the history and 
 nature of the principal offices of State. He was elected a Fellow 
 of the Society of Antiquarians in 1838; he is also a Fellow of 
 the Societies of Antiquaries of Edinburgh and Copenhagen, and 
 has for many years acted as Honorary Secretary of the Camden 
 Society. 
 
 In 1839 Mr. Thoms edited for the Camden Society, f Anecdotes 
 and Traditions Illustrative of Early English History/ a work 
 which was followed in 1842 by an excellent edition of e Stowe’s 
 
 VOL. VI. 
 
 H 
 
W. J. THOMS, ESQ. 
 
 46 
 
 Survey of London/ with notes and a biographical sketch of the 
 author. In 1844 he published for the Percy Society a reprint of 
 Caxton's version of ‘Keynard the Fox/ with notes and an intro¬ 
 ductory sketch of the romance, which was first translated into 
 English and printed by Caxton in 1481. In 1849 Mr. Thoms 
 published a translation of Worsaae's f Primeval Antiquities of 
 Denmark/ to which he contributed much valuable and original 
 matter. 
 
 Probably, however, Mr. Thoms is more widely known, and will 
 hereafter be better remembered as the projector and editor of 
 f Notes and Queries/ a well-known periodical, which was esta¬ 
 blished by him in November, 1849. The happy idea that origi¬ 
 nated this publication, Mr. Thoms has been enabled to carry out 
 most successfully, in consequence of the personal regard felt for 
 him by a large number of literary friends. A third series of this 
 most useful periodical was commenced in January, 1862. 
 
 Mr. Thoms, having held for many years the office of Clerk of 
 the Printed Papers in the House of Lords, was, in 1863, without 
 any application on his part, appointed to the post of Deputy 
 Librarian. 
 
 Like Charles Lamb, Mr. Thoms loves t( the oddities of author¬ 
 ship, heads with some diverting twist in them,” so that what few 
 books he has produced exhibit some little novelty of thought or 
 treatment. His f Three Notelets on Shakespeare/ published in 
 1865, in which he reprinted three essays on Shakespeare litera¬ 
 ture, illustrate this. f Shakespeare in Germany/ published in the 
 f New Monthly 9 in 1840, was the earliest attempt to call the at¬ 
 tention of English readers to the connection which exists between 
 the old German and old English drama, and to the visit of a 
 company of English comedians to Germany in Shakespeare's time. 
 In his paper, entitled f Was Shakespeare Ever a Soldier V (re¬ 
 printed from f Notes and Queries') he is believed by many com¬ 
 petent judges to have established a new phase in the life of the 
 dramatist; and his f Folklore of Shakespeare/ reprinted from the 
 ‘ Athenaeum/ was the first attempt to illustrate the popular super¬ 
 stitions alluded to by Shakespeare, by the cognate traditions of 
 the Continent. 
 
 We may be pardoned for here mentioning the fact that it was 
 when inviting assistance in the preservation of our old supersti¬ 
 tions and mythology, that Mr. Thoms first made public the word 
 
W. J. THOMS, ESQ. 
 
 47 
 
 ‘ folklore/ to designate the subjects of popular belief and know¬ 
 ledge. The word was at once caught up and adopted in England 
 and on the Continent, and few would now believe that the term 
 never existed until Mr. Thoms made use of it in the c Athenaeum } 
 of 22nd of August, 1846. 
 
 To have hit upon so good an idea as f Notes and Queries/ and 
 coined so good a word as folklore, may be no great proofs of 
 genius, but they show some tact and appreciation of the wants 
 which they are respectively intended to supply. 
 

 + 
 
Photographed ty Ernest Edwards, 20. Baker Street.W 
 
49 
 
 G. SCHARF, ESQ., F.S.A. 
 
 Mr. George Scharf, who has been for many years well known as 
 a writer on subject&connected with art, is the son of a well-known 
 artist, bearing the same name, a native of Bavaria, who had 
 settled in England early in 1816. He (the father) was a country¬ 
 man of Sennerfelder, the inventor of lithography, and became 
 one of the very first artists to practise the art in London. He sub¬ 
 sequently was distinguished by his faithful and spirited drawings, 
 in water-colours and on stone, of objects of natural history. A 
 large collection of his views of old London, from 1816 to 1855, 
 are now deposited in the British Museum. His views of the 
 former approaches to old London Bridge are hung in the library 
 of Guildhall in the City. He died in November, 1860. 
 
 Mr. George Scharf the younger was born in St. Martin's Lane, 
 London, on the 16th of December, 1820; he was educated at 
 the London University, Gower Street, and having studied the 
 principles of painting under his father, became himself a skilful 
 artist. 
 
 At an early age he had imbibed a great liking for theatrical re¬ 
 presentations, and, as a child, was encouraged by his father to 
 make sketches of the performers on the stage, which ensured for 
 him a rapidity and facility with the pencil that has been of special 
 value in the after portion of his career. His first published at¬ 
 tempt at etching was a series of outlines representing scenic 
 effects from Mr. Macready's magnificent revivals of Shakespeare's 
 plays and other classical dramas at Covent Garden Theatre dur¬ 
 ing his management, 1837-39. The preface was dedicated by 
 permission to the great tragedian, who was one of the young artist's 
 earliest patrons. 
 
50 
 
 G. SCHARF, ESQ. 
 
 After gaining medals at the Society of Arts, he was admitted 
 a Student of the Royal Academy, 23rd May, 1838. In 1839-40 
 he travelled through Italy, and accompanied the late Sir Charles 
 Fellows in a journey through Lycia and other parts of Asia Minor, 
 whither he proceeded ^gain in 1843, as draughtsman to a 
 Government expedition. He succeeded Mr. H. Corbould as 
 draughtsman of antiquities to the British Museum. His Lycian 
 views and antiquarian drawings are preserved in the Museum de¬ 
 partment of antiquities. 
 
 After his return from the East, Mr. Scharf painted some oil 
 pictures, which were exhibited at the Royal Academy and at the 
 British Institution; his time, however, has been chiefly devoted 
 to book illustrations, among which may be mentioned Fellows's 
 ‘ Lycia/ Macaulay's ‘ Lays of Ancient Rome,' Milman's ‘ Horace,' 
 Kugler's ‘ Handbook of Italian Painters,' Layard's works on 
 ‘Nineveh/ and Dr. Smith's ‘Classical Dictionary/ he also drew 
 the illustrations for Keats's Poems, Pollock's ‘ Dante/ Murray's 
 ‘ Illustrated Prayer-Book/ and ‘ The Life of Stothard.' 
 
 In 1852 Mr. Scharf was elected a Fellow of the Society of 
 Arts, and in 1858 he became a Corresponding Member of the 
 Archaeological Institute of Rome. After delivering a course of 
 lectures upon Italian art, at the Royal Institution, London, he 
 was appointed Art Secretary, and also Director of the Gallery of 
 Old Masters at the Manchester Exhibition of 1857. He was 
 elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1852. He took 
 an active part in assisting Mr. Charles Kean in the production of 
 the “ Winter's Tale," with classical scenery and appointments, in 
 1856, at the Princess's Theatre. 
 
 Mr. G. Scharf has been for some years Secretary and Keeper 
 of the National Portrait Gallery, in which capacity he has 
 been indefatigable. He is the author of a f History of the 
 Characteristics of Greek Art/ prefixed to Wordsworth's ‘Greece/ 
 of ‘ Descriptions of the Greek, Roman, and Pompeiian Courts at 
 the Crystal Palace/ also of ‘Artistic and Descriptive Notes on 
 the most Remarkable Pictures in the British Institution Exhibi¬ 
 tion of Ancient Masters held in 1858,' and of a ‘ Catalogue of 
 Pictures and Works of Art in Blenheim Palace,' published in 
 1860. He also took part in the first competition for historical 
 designs for frescoes in the Houses of Parliament, and the subject 
 of his cartoon exhibited in Westminster Hall was ‘ Caractacus.' 
 
G. SCHARF, ESQ. 
 
 51 
 
 Mr. Scharf is the author of a catalogue raisonne of the pictures be¬ 
 longing to the Society of Antiquaries at Somerset House, and 
 during last year, delivered a course of lectures on English His¬ 
 torical Portraits at the Royal and London Institutions of London. 
 These lectures referred principally to the genuineness and relia¬ 
 bility of the contents of the great Portrait Exhibition at South 
 Kensington. 
 
 Mr. ScharPs researches have been the means of recovering the 
 names of various historical portraits that had been lost for a long 
 period, such as the famous Duchess of Milan—whom Henry YIII. 
 would fain have married—at Windsor Castle ; Margaret, Wife of 
 Philip III. of Spain, at Buckingham Palace; two Spanish Prin¬ 
 cesses, at Hampton Court, hitherto known as Queen Mary I. and 
 Queen Elizabeth when infants; and the Children of Christian II. 
 of Denmark, generally known, through the title of Vertue's en¬ 
 graving, by the false name of the three children of Henry VII. 
 His latest monograph has been on the Procession of Queen Eliza¬ 
 beth to Blackfriars in 1600, erroneously published by Vertue as a 
 visit to Hunsdon House in 1571. 
 
 In 1850, when on a visit to the late Mr. Smith-Barry, at Mar- 
 bury Hall in Cheshire, where many valuable remains of ancient 
 sculpture have been preserved, Mr. Scharf detected, thrown aside 
 among lumber under a staircase, a genuine fragment of the frieze 
 of the Parthenon. It consisted of the upper portion of one of the 
 slabs, sculptured with horsemen galloping to the left, and belonged 
 to the northern line of frieze. On communicating this discovery 
 to Mr. Barry, and on indicating the gap in the range of Museum 
 sculptures, to which it belonged, the owner generously agreed to 
 restore it to its original position, and the fragment may still be 
 distinguished in the British Museum by its whiteness of colour 
 and superiority of preservation. It was engraved, with a notice 
 of Marbury Hall, in the ‘ Illustrated London News/ of November 
 30, 1850. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4 
 
 

 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ‘ 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
53 
 
 J. A. ST. JOHN, Esq. 
 
 Me. James Augustus St. John, a prolific miscellaneous writer, 
 whose portrait figures on the opposite page, is a gentleman of 
 Welsh extraction, being the son of Mr. Geliy St. John, a farmer 
 of Whitland, in the county of Carmarthen, where he was born on the 
 24th of September, 1801. He is descended from that portion of 
 the St. John family which, in the Civil Wars, took up arms for 
 the Commonwealth. At the Restoration, one of his ancestors fled 
 into Wales and died in Brecknockshire, after which some of his 
 posterity went into Carmarthenshire, where, by degrees, they 
 dwindled into tenant-farmers, the condition in which Mr. St. 
 John's father found his lot cast. His maternal ancestors were 
 Venetians of the Morosini family, now extinct. His great-grand¬ 
 father, when chaplain to the English Embassy at Venice, married 
 Angelica Morosini, and, on his return, brought her back to Wales, 
 where she became the mother of a numerous family of sons and 
 daughters. 
 
 After receiving the rudiments of his education at a village 
 grammar-school, Mr. J. A. St. John became, by the aid of a 
 Welsh clergyman, a fair classical scholar, and taught himself the 
 French, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, and Persian languages. 
 
 At the age of seventeen he came to London and commenced 
 his literary career; he was subsequently the editor of a Ply¬ 
 mouth newspaper, wrote an Oriental poem, entitled Abdallah," 
 and, returning to London, became the coadjutor of the late Mr. 
 James Silk Buckingham in conducting the f Oriental Herald/ 
 several of the articles in which were contributions of his pen. In 
 1827 he took part in the establishment of a literary journal called 
 the f London Weekly Review/ but, after a fair trial, the attempt 
 proved unsuccessful. 
 
 VOL. VI. 
 
 i 
 
54 
 
 J. A. ST. JOHN, ESQ. 
 
 In 1829 Mr. St. John took up his residence in Normandy, 
 which he carefully explored, recording his experiences in a volume 
 published in f Constable's Miscellany.' During his sojourn in 
 Normandy he informs us that he met with several members of the 
 de St. Jean family, who, closely resembling his own English rela¬ 
 tives in features, person, and complexion, treated him with as much 
 kindness as if the interval of nearly eight hundred years, which 
 separated him from his and their common ancestor, had only been 
 of a few months' duration. He subsequently removed to Paris, 
 where he prosecuted his literary labours with great diligence. 
 
 In 1832, leaving his wife and family in Switzerland, he journed 
 to Egypt, visiting Malta, Sicily, and Naples. He travelled over 
 the greater part of Egypt on foot, penetrating that land as far as 
 to the confines of Upper Nubia. On his return to Cairo, he un¬ 
 dertook what was then a very hazardous journey, across the Libyan 
 desert to the Fayoum and the shores of Lake Mceris. Returning 
 to the Nilotic valley, he descended the left bank of the river, by 
 the False Pyramid, Sakkara, and the Bird Mummy Pits. He also 
 visited the ruins of Memphis, and finally re-embarked at Alex¬ 
 andria for Europe. 
 
 On his return to England in 1834, he published his travels, 
 under the title of ‘ Egypt and Mohammed Ali.' He next wrote 
 f The Lives of Celebrated Travellers,' and subsequently collected 
 some of his own earlier essays, under the title of ‘ The Anatomy 
 of Society.' 
 
 Taking up his abode once more in France, he published, in 
 rapid succession, a work on the f History, Manners, etc., of the 
 Hindoos,' in two volumes, for the Library of Entertaining Know¬ 
 ledge, editions of Locke, Milton, Sir Thomas More's f Utopia,' 
 Sir Thomas Brown's f Religio Medici,' Bunyan's f Pilgrim's Pro¬ 
 gress,' and also wrote two novels, ‘ Tales of the Ramadhan,' and 
 f Margaret Ravenscroft,' each in three volumes. In 1842 he pub¬ 
 lished his best and most important work, f History of the Man¬ 
 ners and Customs of Ancient Greece,' in three volumes, for the 
 due execution of which he had visited Egypt, Sicily, and Greece. 
 
 Since that time, although suffering from partial loss of sight, 
 Mr. St. John has written f Sir Cosmo Digby,' a novel in 3 vols.; 
 f Isis, an Egyptian Pilgrimage,' in 2 vols.; ‘ There and Back 
 Again, in search of Beauty;' f The Nemesis of Power, or Causes 
 and Forms of Revolutions;' ‘ The Ring and the Veil,' a novel; 
 
J. A. ST. JOHN, ESQ. 
 
 55 
 
 ' Life of Louis Napoleon/ ' The Education of the People/ ' Philo¬ 
 sophy at the Foot of the Cross/ and ' The Preaching of Christ/ 
 He has since published, in two volumes, ' A History of the Four 
 Conquests of England/ containing a complete history of the na¬ 
 tion from the earliest ages to the death of William the Norman. 
 Mr. St. John has been an extensive contributor to periodical lite¬ 
 rature throughout life, and also an uncompromising supporter of 
 Liberal principles in politics. 
 
 Mr. St. John married, in 1819, Eliza Agar, a daughter of Dr. 
 Hansard, by whom he has a family of twelve children. Of these, 
 four have adopted literature as a profession. His eldest son, Mr. 
 Percy B. St. John, born in 1821, is known as the author of ' The 
 Arctic Crusoe/ ' The White Stone Canoe/ ' Miranda/ etc. 
 
 Mr. Bayle St. John, his second son, was born in 1822. He at 
 first intended to become an artist, but at the age of seventeen 
 abandoned that idea, and became a contributor to the ' Penny Ma¬ 
 gazine/ 'Frazer’s Magazine/ the 'Foreign Quarterly/ and other 
 periodicals. In 1846, like his father, he visited Egypt, and 
 crossed the arid and dangerous Libyan desert. On his return to 
 England he published a narrative of his travels in one of the 
 volumes of Murray’s 'Home and Colonial Library.’ He after¬ 
 wards took up his residence in Paris, where he wrote an interest¬ 
 ing work, entitled ' Two Years’ Residence in a Levantine Family.’ 
 A second visit to Egypt furnished him with materials for his 'Vil¬ 
 lage Life in Egypt.’ He has since published, in rapid succession, 
 ' Purple Tints of Paris,’ ' The Turks in Europe/ ' The Hungarian 
 Emigration into Turkey/ 'The Travels of an Arab Merchant/ 
 
 ' The Louvre, a biography of a Museum/ ' Maretimo, a Story of 
 Adventure/ ' The Subalpine Kingdom/ ' The Memoirs of St. 
 Simon/ ' Montaigne, the Essayist/ etc. etc. 
 
 Mr. Horace St. John is author of a work in two volumes, on 
 ' The Indian Archipelago/ a ' History of the British Conquests in 
 India/ and of a ' Life of Columbus.’ 
 
 Mr. Vane Ireton St. John has also devoted himself to literature, 
 written several novels, and has been long engaged in collecting 
 materials for a ' Life of Sir Francis Drake.’ 
 
 Mr. Spencer St. John, who was for many years Consul-General 
 in Borneo, and is now Charge d’Affaires to the Republic of Hayti, 
 has published a work in two volumes, entitled 'Life in the 
 Forests of the Far East/ in which he gives a graphic account of 
 
56 
 
 J. A. ST. JOHN, ESQ. 
 
 Borneo and neighbouring islands, and of the manners and cus¬ 
 toms of the inhabitants. During the summer of 1866, Mr. Spencer 
 St. John accompanied his father to Spain for the purpose of ob¬ 
 taining materials for a f Life of Sir Walter Raleigh/ on which the 
 latter has been engaged for more than seven years. 
 

 
PlKTto-ferapliecLly Ernest Edwards- 20,Balter Street.W. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
WILLIAM SMITH, ESQ., LL.D. 
 
 Dr. William Smith, the Classical Examiner in the University of 
 London, was born in London on the 20th of May, 1814. He 
 became a student of this university on its opening in 1828, and 
 not only gained the highest prizes in the senior Latin and Greek 
 classes, but acquired, under the late Dr. Rosen, a knowledge of 
 Sanscrit, Arabic, and other Oriental languages. Dr. Smith's 
 earliest publication was an essay upon the f Study of Comparative 
 Grammar/ which appeared in 1839 in the third volume of the 
 Papers of the f Central Society of Education/ the object of which 
 was “ to direct the attention of English scholars to an interesting 
 branch of science which had been cultivated with much success 
 in Germany, and to exhibit a few of the most striking facts in 
 this science, which had been explained by Bopp, Von Humboldt, 
 Schlegel, and many other eminent philologists." About the same 
 time he wrote, in the ‘ Penny Cyclopaedia,' an elaborate article 
 upon “ Language," which attracted considerable attention at a 
 time when the study of Comparative Philology was little known 
 and seldom pursued in this country. Shortly afterwards he was 
 selected, together with Dr. Leonhard Schmitz, to complete the 
 translation of Niebuhr's c History of Rome/ which had been com¬ 
 menced by the late Archdeacon Hare and the present Bishop of 
 St. David's. 
 
 In 1840 Dr. William Smith commenced the publication in parts 
 of the well-known Classical Dictionaries with which his name is 
 so intimately connected. He was the sole editor of these works, 
 and wrote many of the most important articles himself, the rest 
 being contributed by many eminent scholars in both England 
 and Germany. The first of these elaborate works was the f Dic¬ 
 tionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/ in one large volume 
 
 VOL. VI. k 
 
58 
 
 WILLIAM SMITH, ESQ., LL.D. 
 
 (1842), of which a greatly improved edition appeared in 1848; 
 the second was the f Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography/ 
 in three volumes (1844-1848); and the third and last was the 
 ‘ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 3 (1853-1857). The 
 publication of these works form an era in the study of Classical 
 literature in this country. In an elaborate critique upon them in 
 the 189th number of the f Quarterly Review/ known to be written 
 by the late Colonel Mure, the learned author of the ‘ History 
 of Greek Literature/ their merits are thus described :—“ The 
 British classical public has long ago delivered a unanimous ver¬ 
 dict in their favour, and it would be superfluous to commend in 
 detail a series of works to which every scholar pays the tribute of 
 habitual and constant reference. They will long probably re¬ 
 main the best and completest works on the important body of 
 subjects which they embrace. It is gratifying to reflect,—de¬ 
 pendent as we have been of late years for so much of what is new 
 and valuable in the educational branches of classical literature, on 
 translations from foreign, chiefly German publications,—that in 
 this instance our native scholars have produced a work which 
 may more than challenge comparison in learning, extent, and 
 critical method, with the best that have hitherto appeared in any 
 other country.” 
 
 These works gave their editor a distinguished position among 
 scholars both abroad and at home. The University of Leipzig 
 conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and 
 the University of Glasgow that of Doctor of Laws; while the 
 Senate of the University of London testified their sense of his 
 merits by electing him, in 1853, one of their Classical Examiners, 
 which office he still holds. In the following year Mr. Grote, the 
 historian of Greece, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of 
 London, in an address to the students of the College, spoke in 
 the following terms of the subject of the present memoir:— 
 “ Dr. William Smith, once a student, and afterwards a master in 
 this School and in this College, was in the course of last spring 
 appointed to the distinguished position of one of the classical 
 examiners to the University of London—appointed, I will say it 
 to his honour, after fair and strict comparison with some scholars 
 of the highest eminence in our national Universities of Oxford 
 and Cambridge. It is an honour to this College to have pre¬ 
 sented to the world so distinguished a scholar as Dr. William 
 
WILLIAM SMITH, ESQ., LL.D. 
 
 59 
 
 Smith, who has, by his valuable manuals of classical antiquity and 
 classical history and biography, done as much as any man living 
 to promote the accurate knowledge of the Greek and Eoman 
 world among the students of this age. I trust that among those 
 names which we have heard mentioned to-day, and to whom my 
 honourable friend has given prizes, there may be found more than 
 one who will aspire to emulate Dr. William Smith’s diligent and 
 honourable course, and render himself in future life the means of 
 conveying to others that knowledge and instruction which he has 
 received within these walls.” 
 
 The approbation with which these works were received en¬ 
 couraged Dr. W. Smith, as he tells us in one of his prefaces, to 
 prepare a series of Classical Dictionaries suitable for those who 
 were entering upon their classical studies. These works, which 
 are now used in all the public, and most of the private schools in 
 the kingdom, are—1. ‘ A New Classical Dictionary of Mythology, 
 Biography, and Geography, for the use of the Upper Forms;’ 
 2. Smaller Classical Dictionary/ abridged from the above 
 work, for the use of Junior Classes; 3. f A Smaller Dictionary 
 of Antiquities.’ As to these works, it will suffice to mention the 
 judgment passed upon them by Colonel Mure, in the article in 
 the f Quarterly Review ’ already referred to :—“ They are concise 
 but comprehensive summaries, for the benefit of less advanced 
 scholars, of the varied learning and critical research embodied in 
 his more voluminous publications. They have thus the advan¬ 
 tage, not very common in elementary books, of comprising the 
 results of investigations more extended than could ever have been 
 undertaken for such a subsidiary purpose, and of furnishing every 
 tyro, in the clear and masculine language of the editor, with the 
 latest conclusions of the best scholars at home and abroad.” 
 
 While engaged upon those works, Dr. W. Smith also produced 
 an edition of Gibbon’s ‘ Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire/ 
 with numerous notes (1854-1855), which at once took its place as 
 the best edition of this English classic. 
 
 About the same time Dr. W. Smith undertook to prepare for 
 the press Mr. Murray’s series of ‘ Students’ Manuals/ which have 
 obtained a most extensive circulation. The History of Greece, 
 which formed the first volume in the series, was written by Dr. 
 W. Smith himself, and all the rest were edited by him, with the 
 exception of Dean Liddell’s History of Rome. The following is, 
 
60 
 
 WILLIAM SMITH, ESQ., LL.D. 
 
 we believe, a complete list of the works in this series:—1. ‘ The 
 Student's History of Greece, from the Earliest Times to the Ro¬ 
 man Conquest.' 2. 'The Student's Hume—a History of England, 
 from the Earliest Times to the Revolution in 1688, corrected and 
 continued to 1858.' 3. ‘The Student's History of France, from 
 the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Second Empire, 
 1852.' 4. ‘ The Student's History of Rome, from the Earliest 
 
 Times to the Establishment of the Empire.' 5. The Student's 
 Gibbon—an Epitome of the History of the Decline and Fall of the 
 Roman Empire.' 6. ‘ The Student's Manual of Ancient Geo¬ 
 graphy.' 7. ‘ The Student's Manual of Old Testament History, 
 from the Creation to the Return of the Jews from Captivity. 
 8. ‘ The Student's Manual of New Testament History, with an 
 Introduction containing the Connection of the Old and New 
 Testaments.' 9. ‘The Student's Manual of the English Language.' 
 10. ‘The Student's Manual of English Literature.' 11. ‘The 
 Student's Specimens of English Literature, selected from the 
 Chief Writers.' 12. ‘The Student's Greek Grammar,' translated 
 under the revision of the author. 13. ‘The Student's Latin 
 Grammar.' 
 
 The chief characteristics of these works are thus described in 
 the ‘ Museum,' a journal devoted to educational literature :—“ The 
 series of Students' Manuals, Ancient and Modern, issued by Mr. 
 Murray, and most of them edited by Dr. William Smith, possess 
 several distinctive features which render them singularly valuable 
 as educational works. They incorporate, with judicious comments, 
 the researches of the most recent historical investigators, not only 
 into the more modern, but into the most remote periods of the 
 history of the countries to which they refer. The latest lights 
 which comparative philology has cast upon the migrations and 
 interminglings of races are reflected in the histories of England 
 and France. We know no better or more trustworthy summary, 
 even for the general reader, of the early history of Britain and 
 Gaul, than is contained in these volumes respectively. While 
 each volume is thus, for ordinary purposes, a complete history of 
 the country to which it refers, it also contains a guide to such 
 further and more detailed information as the advanced student 
 may desire on particular events and periods. At the end of each 
 book, sometimes of each chapter, there are given copious lists of 
 standard works which constitute the ‘authorities' for a particular 
 
WILLIAM SMITH, ESQ., LL.D. 
 
 61 
 
 period or reign. This most useful feature seems to us to complete 
 the great value of the works, giving to them the character of 
 historical cyclopaedias, as well as of impartial histories.” 
 
 Dr. W. Smith has also commenced a series of smaller works 
 than the Manuals, for the use of junior classes, and young persons 
 in general. Of these four have already appeared : —1. f A Smaller 
 History of England/ 2. ‘ A Smaller History of Greece/ 3. ‘ A 
 Smaller History of Rome/ 4. f A Smaller Classical Mythology; 
 with Translations from the Ancient Poets, and Questions on the 
 Work/ 
 
 Among the many services rendered by Dr. Smith to classical 
 learning, not one of the least is his ‘ Latin English Dictionary, 
 based upon the Works of Forcellini and Freund/ in one large 
 volume, 8vo, which originally appeared in 1855, and has already 
 reached the 7th edition. The late Dr. Donaldson described this 
 dictionary as “ the best representative of the scholarship of the 
 day; ” and Dr. L. Schmitz, Rector of the High School of Edin¬ 
 burgh, declares that, “in the etymological part in particular, no 
 dictionary that he knows, either in this country or on the Conti¬ 
 nent, can be at all compared with it.” It was followed by a 
 ‘ Smaller English Latin Dictionary, for the use of Junior Classes/ 
 of which nearly 40,000 copies have been sold. 
 
 Dr. W. Smith has not disdained to provide for the wants of the 
 youngest beginners; and his elementary Latin and Greek courses, 
 entitled f Principia Latina' and f Initia Graeca/ have been under¬ 
 taken, as he tells us in the preface to the former, “ to facilitate 
 the study of these languages, and to combine the advantages of 
 the older and more modern methods of instruction.” 
 
 It only remains to mention Dr. W. Smith's c Dictionaries of the 
 Bible/ by which he has rendered the same services to the cause of 
 Biblical learning as he had already done to that of Classical litera¬ 
 ture. The original work, in three large volumes, of which the 
 first appeared in 1860, and the second and third in 1863, is too 
 well known to require any further notice in this place. It num¬ 
 bers among its contributors many of the most eminent divines 
 and scholars of the day, including the Archbishop of York, the 
 Bishops of Calcutta, Ely, Gloucester and Bristol, and Killaloe, 
 the Deans of Canterbury and Westminster, Lord Arthur Hervey, 
 Professors Lightfoot, Plumptre, Rawlinson, Selwyn, etc. The 
 
62 
 
 WILLIAM SMITH, ESQ., LL.D. 
 
 larger work was followed, in 1865, by a f Concise Dictionary of the 
 Bible/ for families and students, in one volume 8vo, uniform with 
 the ‘ Classical Dictionary/ and in 1866 by a f Smaller Dictionary 
 of the Bible/ in 12mo, uniform with the Smaller Classical Dic¬ 
 tionary. 
 
DR. LYON PLAYFAIR, C.B. 
 
 Dr. Lyon Playfair, the eminent chemist, whose portrait is given 
 on the opposite page, is a son of Dr. George Playfair, inspector- 
 general of hospitals at Bengal, grandson of Principal Playfair, of 
 -St. Andrew's, and nephew of the late Colonel Sir Hugh L. Play¬ 
 fair; he was born in Bengal, in 1819, and was educated at St. 
 Andrew's, N.B., attending the art classes in the university of that 
 town, and at a very early age took special interest in chemistry. 
 
 In 1834 he studied in chemistry, under Professor Thomas 
 Graham, at the Andersonian Institution, Glasgow; but his health 
 failing in 1836, he returned to India, where however he remained 
 but a short time, for in the following year he revisited England, 
 and rejoined his friend Graham, then professor to the London 
 University. In 1838 he went to Giessen, to study under Liebig. 
 He formed one of the active band of young chemists, who, in 
 that and the following year, investigated the chemistry of fatty 
 bodies under Liebig. He became Doctor of Philosophy of the 
 university of Giessen, and was afterwards made known as the 
 translator of Liebig's Chemical Reports. Since then he has been 
 made LL.D. of his old University of St. Andrews. 
 
 Upon his return to England in 1841, he became chemical 
 manager of the large calico print-works of Messrs. Thompson, of 
 Clitheroe; but not finding this work consonant with his tastes, 
 in 1843 he removed to Manchester, where he was appointed pro¬ 
 fessor of chemistry in the Royal Institution. Here he prosecuted 
 his chemical researches with vigour, and became highly popular 
 as a lecturer. 
 
 Two years after this, when about to proceed to Toronto to fill a 
 professorship in the university there, to which he had been no¬ 
 minated by Professor Faraday, he was, through the interest of 
 
64 
 
 DE. LYON PLAYFAIE, C.B. 
 
 Sir Robert Peel, appointed one of her Majesty’s Commissioners 
 to examine into the sanitary condition of our large towns and 
 populous districts, and his reports were characterized by great 
 ability. 
 
 At the close of the commission. Dr. Playfair was appointed by 
 Sir Robert Peel, chemist to the Geological Survey and lecturer in 
 the Government School of Mines. Here he carried on his re^ 
 searches with Sir H. De la Beche on various kinds of coal. Up 
 to 1851 he was much employed in making scientific inquiries for 
 Government, and the experience which he thus acquired in public 
 business led to his being associated with the Great Exhibition of 
 1851, and he was appointed to visit the manufacturing districts, 
 and advise the manufacturers as to their contributions. Dr. Play¬ 
 fair was also appointed special commissioner in charge of the de¬ 
 partment of juries ; and at the close of the Exhibition, in recog¬ 
 nition of his scientific services, he was made a Companion of the 
 Bath in this country, an officer of the Legion of Honour in France, 
 and received an appointment in the late Prince Consort’s house¬ 
 hold. Subsequently he gave some valuable illustrations of the 
 benefits of the Exhibition. 
 
 He left the School of Mines in 1853 to take charge of the de¬ 
 partment of science and art attached to the Board of Trade, being 
 appointed joint-secretary with Mr. Henry Cole; but in 1856, 
 when Mr. Cole assumed the office of Secretary, he became In¬ 
 spector-General of Government Museums and Schools of Science. 
 
 In 1858, Professor Playfair was elected President to the Che¬ 
 mical Society of London; and in the same year, on the death of 
 Dr. William Gregory, he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in 
 the University of Edinburgh, where he has had the honour of 
 numbering among his pupils the Prince of Wales and the Duke 
 of Edinburgh. 
 
 At the Great Exhibition of 1862, Dr. Playfair was again ap¬ 
 pointed to take charge of the department of juries, and was en¬ 
 trusted with the appointment of the jurors, who numbered up¬ 
 wards of six hundred persons, consisting of the most eminent men 
 in rank, science, and industry, of all countries in Europe. 
 
 In 1862 he acted as chairman of a Royal Commission for in¬ 
 quiring into the condition of the Herring Fisheries of the king¬ 
 dom, On this commission Professor Huxley also served. The 
 report of the Commission laid the foundation of reforms by sweep- 
 
DR. LYON PLAYFAIR, C.B. 
 
 65 
 
 ing away the legislative enactments which encumbered the fishe¬ 
 ries. It was shown that many of these were largely destructive to 
 the fisheries which they were designed to protect. Thus the Acts, 
 in establishing a close time for herrings, made also one for cod and 
 ling, which can then only be taken by herring bait. But these 
 are the great natural enemies of the herring, and by preserving 
 them the herring was destroyed. So that by the ignorance of 
 natural history, the chief enemies of the herring were protected, 
 while the poor fishermen, who probably did not do a thousandth 
 part of the mischief* were deprived of their means of livelihood 
 for a large portion of the year. 
 
 In 1865, on the breaking out of the cattle plague, Dr. Playfair, 
 who was travelling on the Continent, was urgently requested by 
 the Government to return and serve on the Royal Commission in 
 regard to it. He was in the remarkably unpopular majority who 
 recommended urgent measures for its extinction by slaughtering 
 the cattle and stopping the markets and transit of cattle. After 
 this majority had been held up to ridicule, almost unanimously, by 
 the press, the inexorable logic of events proved that they were 
 right, and all their recommendations were ultimately adopted, 
 with the happy result of the extinction of the disease. 
 
 These are only a few of the instances in which Dr. Playfair has 
 been employed by various Governments in public inquiries. Among 
 others may be mentioned an elaborate Report on the Coals of the 
 Kingdom best suited to the steam Navy. The Admiralty select 
 coals according to the results of this inquiry. 
 
 Recently Dr. Playfair has given much attention to the study 
 of different kinds of food best suited to the wants of man under 
 various kinds of work, and he has laid down standard dietaries for 
 the Army and Navy, by discussing the experience of the armies 
 and navies in all countries during peace and war, and his views on 
 this subject have been lately circulated by the War Office through 
 all the medical officers of the army. Much information on this 
 subject will be found in his recent work f On the Food of Man 
 in Relation to his Useful Work/ 
 
 Dr. Playfair holds honorary appointments as one of her Ma¬ 
 jesty's Commissioners in the Board of Fisheries for Scotland. In 
 addition to being an F.R.S. of London and Edinburgh, Fellow of 
 the Chemical Society, and a member of various learned societies 
 in this country and in Europe, he is an officer of the Legion of 
 
 VOL. VI. l 
 
66 
 
 DR. LYON PLAYFAIR, C.B. 
 
 Honour, Commander of the Austrian Order of Francis Joseph, 
 Knight of the Portuguese Order of the Conception, Kn ight, of 
 the Swedish Order of the Northern Star, and Knight of Wiir- 
 temberg. 
 
 Dr. Playfair's ‘ Memoirs on Chemistry' chiefly relate to che¬ 
 mical physics and to organic chemistry; but he has also pub¬ 
 lished numerous lectures on the chemistry of the industrial 
 arts. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PEoto^rajletLly Ernest Edwards- 203aker Street.W 
 
67 
 
 EOBEET PATTEESON, F.E.S. 
 
 Few men have been more actively engaged in spreading a love 
 for Natural History than the subject of the present memoir, who 
 was born at Belfast on the 18th of April, 1802. His father was in 
 the hardware and ironmongery trade; he himself was brought up 
 to the same business, and continued in it until very recently. His 
 school education was principally received in the Academy, and 
 the Eoyal Academical Institution of Belfast. At a later period, 
 and while most of the day was devoted to business, he attended 
 some of the College classes, then established in the last-named 
 institution. 
 
 In 1821 he was one of seven young men, who under the presi¬ 
 dency of Dr. James L. Drummond, author of f First Steps to 
 Botany/ formed themselves into a society for the cultivation of 
 Natural History. 
 
 The members of this society gradually increased, and as their 
 store of specimens augmented, they decided on the erection of a 
 building suitable for their display and preservation. This Natural 
 History Museum was commenced in 1830, the first stone being 
 laid on the 4th of May, by the Marquis of Donegal. It was 
 formally opened on the 1st of November, 1831, by an address from 
 the President. Notwithstanding the liberal contributions that had 
 been received, a debt of a few hundred pounds had been unavoid¬ 
 ably incurred, but this was soon paid off, chiefly through the ex¬ 
 ertions of Mr. Patterson, who was treasurer to the building fund. 
 
 Lectures of a popular character were regularly delivered at this 
 Museum, and amongst them the most attractive were some by 
 Mr. Patterson, “ On the Insects mentioned in Shakspeare's Plays.” 
 These lectures were subsequently thrown into an epistolary form, 
 and published as a small octavo volume in 1838. As a further 
 
68 
 
 ROBERT PATTERSON. 
 
 contribution towards the elucidation of tbe Natural History of onr 
 great dramatist, a few pages on the Reptiles appeared in the f Zoolo¬ 
 gist/ in 1843. Mr. Patterson has long been an active contributor 
 to our scientific periodicals; amongst other papers, one on some 
 Snow Crystals, remarkable for their variety, appeared in the ‘ Ma¬ 
 gazine of Natural History * for 1838, and in the same periodical 
 in 1839, a paper on the common Limpet, considered as an article 
 of food in the North of Ireland; and one in September, 1842, on 
 the appearance of clouds of Diptera. 
 
 One on “ A Species of Beroe found on the Irish Coast,” ap¬ 
 peared in the f Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal* for 1836. 
 This little creature had been frequently captured in 1835 by 
 Mr. Patterson, near Larne, on the coast of Antrim. His ob¬ 
 servations on this and on a larger species, were published in the 
 ‘ Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy * (vol. xix.). 
 
 In 1839 Mr. Patterson, for the first time, attended the meeting 
 of the British Association for Science at Birmingham, and was 
 nominated, along with the lamented Edward Forbes, Secretary of 
 the Natural History Section. That post he continued to occupy, 
 with other colleagues, for five successive years. 
 
 Towards the end of the year 1840, Mr. Patterson, who had long 
 been in habits of personal intimacy with Lieutenant, afterwards 
 Captain Graves, R.N., was invited by him to go as his guest on a 
 trip to the EEgean in H.M.S. Beacon. The invitation, though 
 most tempting in many respects, was declined; and this led even¬ 
 tually to the appointment of Mr. E. Forbes and Mr. Wm. Thomp¬ 
 son, and the results are well known.* 
 
 In November, 1840, Mr. Patterson delivered a lecture in the 
 Museum on ‘ Natural History as a branch of General Education 
 in Schools and Colleges.* This was extended and printed, in 
 accordance with the wishes of his fellow-members, and there was 
 never written a more earnest argument, in which all the advan¬ 
 tages to be derived from studying the works of nature are forcibly 
 set forth. 
 
 At the meeting of the British Association for Science, held at 
 Plymouth in 1841, Mr. Patterson again urged his views, and from 
 that time forward he has devoted his leisure time to what may be 
 termed educational natural history. 
 
 * Particulars are given in the * Life of Professor Edward Forbes,’ pp. 269 
 and 271. 
 
ROBERT PATTERSON. 
 
 69 
 
 Many thousand copies of the lecture of 1840, in a somewhat 
 condensed form, were circulated at a later period, and again in 
 1862 we find Mr. Patterson discussing at greater length his fa¬ 
 vourite subject in the f Museum/ a periodical specially devoted to 
 educational topics.* 
 
 Mr. Patterson contributed articles to each of the first three 
 volumes of Mr. Edward Hughes's series of reading lessons,! and 
 to f Constable's Educational Series he furnished a paper bearing 
 the title of “ Life at the Sea-side." J 
 
 Acting in conjunction with others, Mr. Patterson has exerted 
 himseif to procure shorter business hours for those engaged as 
 assistants, in different branches of retail trade, in the town of 
 Belfast. The question then arose, could not something be done 
 towards turning to useful account the time thus gained ? Having 
 this object in view, Mr. Patterson, in the winter of 1844, delivered 
 a short course of lectures on the lower animals then included 
 under the term of “ Badiata." Technicalities were to a great ex¬ 
 tent avoided, and as the lectures embodied many facts not at that 
 time generally known, and as they were fully reported in one of 
 the Belfast newspapers, they excited some interest in a wider cir¬ 
 cle than that of the audience to which they had originally been 
 addressed. Out of this came a result which, to the subject of our 
 memoir, was totally unexpected. A gentleman of much expe¬ 
 rience in matters pertaining to elementary education, recom¬ 
 mended Mr. Patterson to go through the other classes of the ani¬ 
 mal kingdom in the same manner, and thus to prepare a volume 
 which might serve as an introduction to the study of Zoology. It 
 was suggested that the Commission of National Education in Ire¬ 
 land, would accept of such a volume for their schools, if put before 
 them in a complete form, accompanied by such illustrations as 
 might be necessary. 
 
 It seemed to Mr. Patterson that this idea offered a means of 
 introducing into schools that branch of education of which he had 
 long been the advocate. Such teaching, if his views were correct, 
 trained to action the observant powers, exercised the intellectual 
 faculties, and gave origin, in rightly constituted minds, to devo¬ 
 tional feelings. Such a prospect of usefulness was not to be neg¬ 
 lected, and he determined, if possible, to make it a reality. 
 
 * Gordon, Edinburgh. Stanford, London, 
 f Published by Longman and Co. + Edinburgh, 1860. 
 
70 
 
 ROBERT PATTERSON. 
 
 The text of the first part,—that devoted to the Invertebrate 
 Animals,—was ready in the course of a few months, and the need¬ 
 ful illustrations having been procured, it was published towards 
 the end of the year 1846. The second part appeared early in 
 the spring of 1848. 
 
 The appearance of each part was followed by letters of com¬ 
 mendation and approval, addressed to the author by personal 
 friends and by naturalists of high repute, some of whom are yet 
 living, while others have passed away. Among the latter are the 
 honoured names of William Yarrell, Dr. George Johnston, Ed¬ 
 ward Forbes, William Spence, William Thompson, Dr. Falconer, 
 and Dr. Eobert Ball. Dr. Stanley, the Bishop of Norwich, gave 
 a very practical proof of his estimation of the work by placing 
 it in the hands of his son, then about to sail in H.M.S. the Bat- 
 tlesnake, for Australia and New Zealand, and in the hands of 
 some of the officers who had a taste for natural history, as the 
 best work he had seen for exciting an interest, and impressing 
 the first grounds of knowledge, in the departments on which it 
 treats.* 
 
 As soon as the book was completed, the Commissioners of Edu¬ 
 cation in Ireland placed it on their lists, and introduced it into 
 their schools. The Commissioners of Education in England 
 shortly afterwards placed it on their lists. In another year or 
 two, the Hydrographer to the Admiralty directed copies to be 
 supplied to H.M. surveying ships; and from the public generally 
 it met with a reception so cordial, as to show conclusively that 
 some such book was at that time imperatively required. 
 
 The publication of the ‘ Introduction to Zoology for the Use 
 of Schools/ or as it was more commonly termed, ‘ Zoology for 
 Schools/ was followed in 1848 by that of a still more elementary 
 book, entitled f First Steps to Zoology/ which went through suc¬ 
 cessive editions, and was revised in 1860, in accordance with 
 those changes in classification which the advance of zoological 
 knowledge had rendered necessary. 
 
 Two folio sheets illustrative of the classification of animals were 
 published in 1848, one devoted to the Invertebrates and one to the 
 
 * The author has expressed himself as greatly pleased with a letter received 
 from Maria Edgeworth, then in her eighty-second year, but evincing in 
 its style all the warmth and vivacity of youth, and cordially agreeing with 
 the views so pleasingly set forth. 
 
ROBERT PATTERSON. 
 
 71 
 
 Vertebrates. These were frequently reprinted; and being brought 
 out by the publishers at a low price, were very extensively used 
 by the National Schools throughout Ireland. In consequence, 
 however, of the teachers not having received instruction in 
 zoology, these sheets were, in some schools, more for ornament 
 than use. This matter having been brought forward in one of the 
 Reports of the Commissioners, induced Mr. Patterson to write to 
 that body and offer some suggestions for their consideration. 
 
 In October, 1853, in consequence of a communication from the 
 Department of Science and Art, Mr. Patterson undertook the pre¬ 
 paration and superintendence of a series of Zoological Diagrams of 
 an enlarged size. In consequence of this, he went to London and 
 secured the services of the eminent artists Wolf, Forde, Bailie, 
 and Tuffen West; with their aid, and the careful lithography and 
 hand-colouring of Messrs. Day & Son, he was enabled to bring 
 out a set of ten diagrams, which soon found their way into schools 
 of a high grade, lecture-rooms, and various public institutions. 
 Another series is now in the hands of the lithographers, with 
 changes in the arrangement corresponding to those in the text¬ 
 books they were designed to illustrate. 
 
 In the spring of 1852 Mr. Thompson went to London, and died 
 there, after a brief illness. His will was found to contain the fol¬ 
 lowing paragraph:—“ In the event of my death before the publi¬ 
 cation of my work on the ‘ Natural History of Ireland * shall have 
 been completed, it is my wish, and I hereby direct, that the entire 
 of my manuscript relating thereto shall be handed over to Mr. 
 Robert Patterson and Mr. James R. Garrett, both of Belfast, with 
 a request that they will undertake the duties of superintending- 
 editors of same, in order that the whole may be carefully pub¬ 
 lished.” The parties thus named entered on the duties assigned 
 to them, but both did not live to see it completed. Mr. Garrett 
 died in April, 1855. Eventually the work was published in 1856, 
 and formed the fourth volume of Thompson's e Natural History of 
 Ireland.' To this a brief memoir, written by Mr. Patterson, was 
 prefixed. 
 
 He had to undertake a melancholy duty of a similar kind on the 
 death of his valued friend Dr. Robert Ball, of Dublin, in March, 
 1857. A short memoir of him was prepared, with the concurrence 
 of his family, and by desire of the editors of the f Natural History 
 Review,' and was published in that periodical in 1858. 
 
72 
 
 ROBERT PATTERSON. 
 
 Being desirous of promoting tlie cultivation of natural history 
 pursuits, Mr. Patterson was frequently induced to lecture in towns 
 in the vicinity of Belfast, or in the adjacent counties. This prac¬ 
 tice he was obliged eventually to give up, as the demands from 
 provincial societies became so numerous that they were incom¬ 
 patible with the due performance of duties of a more imperative 
 kind. On one occasion, long prior to this, he had been honoured 
 by the Commissioners of National Education in Ireland with an 
 invitation to give a course of Zoological lectures to the male and 
 female teachers in attendance at their training schools in Marl¬ 
 borough Street, Dublin. He did so; and had the satisfaction of 
 finding that his auditors evinced a warm interest in the subjects 
 brought forward. 
 
 For many years Mr. Patterson was a zealous member of the 
 Belfast Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and wrote 
 some little tracts suitable for school children. On various public 
 occasions he urged that young people should be taught to observe 
 the habits of animals, so as to become interested in them, and 
 thus be trained to treat them with consideration. 
 
 Mr. Patterson has been accustomed to take part in the busi¬ 
 ness of different public Boards in his native town, and has been 
 always desirous of making known any of the new applications of 
 science to the affairs of daily life,—thus illustrating his own firm 
 conviction, that the promotion of science was not merely the duty 
 of a commercial and manufacturing community, but was in reality 
 the most effectual mode of advancing their material interests. Mr. 
 Patterson's life has been one of active usefulness; his lectures 
 were always attractive, and his books delightful reading; his style 
 of writing on abstruse zoology is peculiarly flowing and easy; and 
 he is as amiable and agreeable in private life as he is talented and 
 pleasing in his works. 
 
Ernest Edwards. 20,.Baker Street .W. 
 

fHE RIGHT REV. J. W. COLENSO, D.D. 
 
 The Right Rev. John William Colenso, D.D., Bishop of Natal, is 
 the son of John William Colenso, Esq., of Lostwithiel (a gentle¬ 
 man who was for many years connected with the Duchy of Corn¬ 
 wall). His mother was the daughter of Thomas Blackmore, Esq., 
 a merchant of Devonport, and he was horn at St. Austell, Corn¬ 
 wall, in the year 1814. He was educated at the Devonport 
 Proprietary School, and at St. John's College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated B.A. as Second Wrangler and Smith's Prizeman 
 in 1836, and subsequently became Fellow of his College; he pro¬ 
 ceeded M.A. in 1839. He was Fellow of his College from 1837 
 to 1846. 
 
 In 1838 he was appointed one of the Assistant-Masters of 
 Harrow School, a post which he held until 1842, when he became 
 one of the tutors of his College. In 1846 he was collated to the 
 Rectory of Forncett St. Mary, Norfolk, and he held that benefice 
 until 1853, when he was appointed first Bishop of the Colony of 
 Natal, in Southern Africa. 
 
 Dr. Colenso is the author of two treatises which have had a 
 very large sale, and are text-books in schools and universities,— 
 the first of these, on Algebra, was published in 1849, and the 
 second, on Arithmetic, in 1853. Besides these two standard 
 works, the Bishop is author of f Miscellaneous Examples in Alge¬ 
 bra,'published in 1848, f Plane Trigonometry' (1851), f Village 
 Sermons' (1853), an edition of f The Communion Service, with 
 Selections from Writings of the Rev. F. D. Maurice' (1855), 
 f Ten Weeks in Natal' (1855), also, f A Translation of the Epistle 
 to the Romans, commented on from a Missionary Point of View' 
 (1861). 
 
 In 1863-4 Dr. Colenso published a ‘ Critical Commentary on 
 
 VOL. VI. m 
 
74 
 
 THE RIGHT REV. J. W. COLENSO, D.D. 
 
 the Pentateuch and Book of Joshua/ in which he called in ques¬ 
 tion the authenticity of the six books and their general historical 
 veracity. The work was condemned as heretical by both Houses 
 of Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, in 1864, and in 
 the same year the author was declared to be deposed from his see 
 by Bishop Gray, as Metropolitan of South Africa. The legality 
 of this deposition, however, was denied on the Bishop's appeal to 
 the Privy Council, in March, 1865, by Lord Westbury. In the 
 meantime, the Bishop's income, annually payable out of the Co¬ 
 lonial Bishoprics' Fund, was withheld and carried to a separate 
 account. The trustees of the Fund,—among whom are the Arch¬ 
 bishop of Canterbury, the Bight Hon. W. E. Gladstone, Vice- 
 Chancellor Sir W. Page Wood, and Mr. J. G. Hubbard, M.P.,— 
 to whom Bishop Colenso applied for payment of the arrears of 
 his income after the delivery of judgment in his favour, contended 
 that “ inasmuch as Bishop Colenso was not a Suffragan Bishop 
 within the Province of Cape Town, he was not a Bishop at all in 
 the sense contemplated by the original promoters of the Fund, 
 and could receive no benefit from it." Upon this decision. Dr. 
 Colenso, in 1866, sought redress from the Court of Chancery, and 
 Lord Bomilly allowed his claim, condemning the defendants in 
 the general cost of the suit,—a judgment of which the effect was 
 practically to confirm that of Lord Westbury, and also to disturb 
 almost all received opinions as to the constitutional position of the 
 English Church throughout the Colonies of the Crown. The 
 Bishop (who returned to his diocese in 1865) has recently pub¬ 
 lished a volume of sermons preached by him in Natal. 
 
 Dr. Colenso married in 1846 Sarah Frances, eldest daughter of 
 the late B. J. Bunyon, Esq., of New Bridge Street, Blackfriars. 
 

 

 Fhoto^rapied by Ernest Edwards.. 20,Bakar Street .W. 
 
 
75 
 
 JOSEPH WILLIAM BAZALGETTE, ESQ., C.E. 
 
 The eminent engineer, whose portrait figures on the opposite 
 page, is descended from a family of French extraction, being the 
 only surviving son of the late Joseph William Bazalgette, Esq., 
 a Commander in the Royal Navy, an officer well known for his 
 services in the war which terminated in 1815, in which he re¬ 
 ceived wounds and was pensioned, but subsequently as a zealous 
 supporter of our most valuable charitable institutions on behalf of 
 sailors. His mother was the eldest daughter of James Pilton, 
 Esq., and he was born at Enfield, Middlesex, on the 28th of 
 March, 1819. 
 
 Having received his education at private schools, he was arti¬ 
 cled at the age of seventeen as a pupil to Sir John MacNeill, but 
 before the completion of his probation, on the recommendation of 
 Sir John, he was appointed resident engineer to certain works for 
 draining and reclaiming land from the sea in the North of Ire¬ 
 land. He subsequently directed his attention more particularly 
 to the subject of drainage, and visited all the principal works of 
 that nature in Holland. 
 
 In 1842 he settled in London as a civil engineer, and, having 
 commenced business on his own account, was employed in the 
 construction of several public works. During the railway mania 
 of 1844-6, Mr. Bazalgette's energies were so much overtaxed by 
 the pressure of his engagements, that his health gave way, and 
 he was obliged for a time to retire from active employment. 
 
 In 1848 he obtained an appointment under the Metropolitan 
 Commission of Sewers, and, after the death of Mr. Frank Forster, 
 he succeeded that gentleman as engineer to the Commission. 
 
76 
 
 J. W. BAZALGETTE, ESQ., C.E. 
 
 He at that time took a prominent part in the controversy be¬ 
 tween the General Board of Health and the engineering profes¬ 
 sion, as to the best system of drainage and water supply of 
 towns. 
 
 On the passing of the Metropolitan Local Management Act, 
 having previously designed and constructed three hundred miles 
 of sewerage in London, he was appointed by public competition 
 Engineer-in-Chief to the Metropolitan Board of Works, his elec¬ 
 tion to the office being won by a large majority. In that capacity 
 Mr. Bazalgette has planned and superintended the execution of 
 some of the greatest public works of the present day. He first 
 introduced subways for carrying the gas and water-pipes and 
 telegraph-wires under the new metropolitan thoroughfare which 
 he has constructed, to prevent the breaking up of the pavements 
 and the blocking up of the traffic. Another undertaking, and 
 one of vast magnitude and importance, was the Metropolitan 
 Main Drainage Works. It was commenced in 1860, and consists 
 of three gigantic main tunnels or sewers on each side of the 
 river. These completely divide underground London, from west 
 to east, and, cutting all existing sewers at right angles, intercept 
 their flow to the Thames, and carry every gallon of London 
 sewage under certain conditions into the river on the north side 
 below Barking, and on the south to Crossness Point, in the Erith 
 Marshes. These drains are called the High, Middle, and Low 
 Level Sewers, according to the height of the localities which 
 each respectively drains. The High Level, on the north side, is 
 about eight miles in length, and runs from Hampstead to Bow, 
 being at its rise only 4 ft. 6 in. in diameter, and thence increasing 
 in circumference, as the waters of the sewers it intercepts re¬ 
 quire a wider course, to 12 ft. 6 in. in diameter at its termination 
 near the river Lea. This drain was completed and in full work 
 in 1862. The Middle Level, so called from being lower in the 
 valley on the slope of which London is built, extends from Kensal 
 Green to Bow; whilst the Low Level will extend from Cremorne 
 to Abbey Mills, on the marshes near Stratford, passing on its way 
 through the Thames Embankment now (April, 1867) in course of 
 construction. At Bow the Low Level waters will be raised by 
 powerful engines at a pumping station to the junction of the 
 High and Middle Level ducts, thence descending by their own 
 gravity through three tunnels to the main reservoir and final out- 
 
J. w. BAZALGETTE, ESQ., C.E. 
 
 77 
 
 fall below Barking. On the south side of the Thames the three 
 great sewer arteries are constructed on similar plans. The High 
 Level commences at Dulwich, and runs to Deptford Creek; the 
 Middle Level begins at Clapham, and ends at the same terminus; 
 and the Low Level extends from Putney to Deptford. At this 
 point there is a pumping station similar to that at Bow, which 
 raises the water from the Low Level to the channel of the High 
 Level, whence both streams flow of their own gravitation through 
 a tunnel 10 ft. 6 in. in diameter to Crossness Point. Both at 
 Barking and Crossness Point immense reservoirs have been con¬ 
 structed, in which the contents of the sewers are completely 
 deodorized by an admixture of lime; from the bottom of the re¬ 
 servoirs the sluices pass far out into the bed of the river, and 
 when the tide is at its height, the sluices are drawn, and the 
 whole allowed to flow away. The first portion of this great 
 system of drainage was completed in 1865, and inaugurated at 
 Crossness Point by the Prince of Wales, on the 4th of April in 
 that year, when his Royal Highness congratulated Mr. Bazalgette 
 for the successful completion thus far of the main-drainage system 
 originated by him. 
 
 Many years ago the idea of embanking the Thames from 
 Westminster to London Bridge was originated, and warmly sup¬ 
 ported in different quarters, but nothing was done in the matter 
 until the subject was again brought before the Metropolitan 
 Board of Works by Mr. J. F. Wieland, of Glasgow, in May, 1856. 
 It was not, however, until 1862 that an Act of Parliament was 
 obtained for the carrying out of the scheme, from the designs of 
 Mr. Bazalgette; and on the 21st of July, 1864, the first stone of 
 the embankment on the northern side of the river was laid by 
 Mr. (now Sir) John Thwaites, the Chairman of the Board of 
 Works. The idea of embanking the Thames from Blackfriars to 
 London Bridge seems, for the present, to have been abandoned. 
 The northern side (now, April, 1867, on the point of completion) 
 will extend from Westminster Bridge to Blackfriars Bridge, the 
 total length being about 7000 feet. This is divided by the three 
 bridges into three sections, each of which is treated architec¬ 
 turally as a complete design, prominence being given to the 
 various steamboat piers and landing-places. On the southern 
 side of the river the works extend from Westminster Bridge to 
 Lambeth Bridge, and these also are now rapidly approaching 
 completion. 
 
78 
 
 J. W. BAZALGETTE, ESQ., C.E. 
 
 Mr. Bazalgette has recently laid down a new code of regula¬ 
 tions for the construction of bridges and the alterations of streets; 
 these regulations are now incorporated into all metropolitan rail¬ 
 way bills, and it is his special province to protect the public 
 interests with respect to all engineering works constructed within 
 the metropolitan area. 
 
 Mr. Bazalgette married in 1845 Maria, the fourth daughter of 
 E. Kough, Esq., J.P., of New Ross, co. Wexford, by whom he 
 has a family of six sons and four daughters. 
 

 
 % 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
79 
 
 SIR J. EMERSON-TENNENT, BART. 
 
 Sir James Emerson-Tennent, Bart., of Tempo Manor, county 
 Fermanagh, whose name has long been familiar to the literary 
 world as the historian of Modern Greece, was born at Belfast on 
 the 7th of April, 1804. He was the youngest son of the late 
 William Emerson, Esq., of Rockville, county Dublin (who died in 
 1822), and his mother was Sarah, the youngest daughter of 
 William Arbuthnot, Esq., of Rockvale, county Down. 
 
 The family of Emerson, from whom Sir James is lineally de¬ 
 scended, was originally seated at Foxton, in the county of Dur¬ 
 ham, but subsequently going into Ireland, settled at Ardmore, 
 county Armagh, the last of whom who resided there being George 
 Emerson, Esq., the grandfather of the subject of this memoir. 
 The family of Tennent, whose name and arms were assumed by 
 Sir James on the death of his father-in-law, in 1832, is one of 
 respectability in Scotland, and the principal branch resides in 
 Glasgow. The name was originally spelt Danand or Tenand. 
 
 Sir James received his early education at Belfast; in 1821, 
 entered at Trinity College, Dublin, and in that University gained 
 several honours during his undergraduate career. He obtained 
 the degree of LL.D. in 1835 at Dublin, and subsequently at 
 Cambridge. 
 
 In 1824-5 he travelled in Greece and the Levant; and on his 
 return, published, in two volumes, the results of his journeying, in 
 a work entitled f A Picture of Greece in 1825/ This work, says 
 Mr. Ryall, in his f Portraits of Eminent Statesmen/ was acknow¬ 
 ledged to be the first publication referring to that unhappy country 
 during the struggles of its revolution, which afforded the English 
 reader an accurate account of the political difficulties and posi- 
 
80 
 
 SIR J. EMERSON-TENNENT, BART. 
 
 tion of its inhabitants, whom previous travellers had either mag¬ 
 nified into demi-gods, or debased into banditti; and, being written 
 impartially, and from an actual knowledge of the country and its 
 resources, it became the great means of dispelling those disas¬ 
 trous illusions respecting Greece, which were then so prevalent 
 in England. Sir James may also lay claim to the merit of having 
 been the first to point out the necessity of that foreign inter¬ 
 vention which was subsequently resorted to by the states of 
 Europe, and which finally led to the pacification and recognition 
 of Greece as an independent state. 
 
 These two volumes being mainly devoted to politics, the author 
 subsequently produced another publication, entitled f Letters from 
 the iEgean/ in which he introduced the results of his observations 
 on the scenery and people of Greece and the Archipelago. In 
 this work he has embodied an interesting series of very remarkable 
 notices, illustrative of the Scriptural phraseology and manners 
 still discernible among the inhabitants of the East. A greater 
 work, however, of Sir J. Emerson-Tennent, and which perhaps 
 has rendered his name more known in the literary world than any 
 other of his productions, is his c History of Modern Greece, from 
 its conquest by the Romans, b.c. 146, to the present time/ These 
 volumes appeared in 1830, and in them he has given a narrative 
 of all the historical and political events which occurred in Greece 
 during the period of the Lower Empire and the Middle Ages, 
 extending over a period of nearly two thousand years, which pre¬ 
 vious historians had altogether neglected to notice, and in com¬ 
 piling the records of which he had to wade through all the 
 ponderous volumes of the Byzantine historians, and the annalists 
 of Venice and the Crusades. This work is compiled with the 
 utmost labour and research, and contains the only details which 
 our language then possessed of the history and doctrine of the 
 Greek Church, the decline of the ancient Greek, and the rise of 
 'the modern Romaic Literature, with the corruption and gradual 
 disappearance of the Drama, Painting, Sculpture, and the Fine 
 Arts. 
 
 The general information and habits of investigation evinced in 
 these literary productions attracted public attention, and the inha¬ 
 bitants of his native town, Belfast, saw that their fellow-townsman 
 possessed those qualifications which would be desirable in a 
 Parliamentary representative. 
 
SIR J. EMERSON- TENNENT, BART. 
 
 81 
 
 On his return from the East, Sir J. E. Tennent studied for the 
 Bar, and was called by the Hon. Society of Lincoln's Inn in 1830, 
 but he has never, we believe, practised as a barrister. 
 
 At the general election in 1832, Sir James (then Mr.) Emerson- 
 Tennent was for the first time returned to Parliament as Member 
 for Belfast, in conjunction with Lord Arthur Chichester, a son of 
 the late Marquis of Donegal. At this period the excitement 
 consequent upon the passing of the Reform Bill had scarcely 
 subsided, when the agitation for the Repeal of the Union again 
 inflamed the minds of the Irish, and, in the session of 1834, Sir 
 James seconded the motion of Lord Monteagle (then Mr. Spring- 
 Rice) against the Repeal. He afterwards took an active part in 
 the business of the House, and especially on all questions affecting 
 Ireland. 
 
 He retained his seat in the House of Commons until the general 
 election in 1837 (when he was defeated), but subsequently seated 
 on petition. In 1842 he was again returned as representative for 
 Belfast, and held his seat till 1845, and for a short time in 1852 
 he sat in Parliament for the borough of Lisburn. 
 
 He also held office under the Government of Sir Robert Peel, 
 as Secretary to the India Board, from September, 1841, to July, 
 1845, when he was appointed by that Premier to the Civil Secre¬ 
 taryship to the Colonial Government of Ceylon, an office which 
 he held till December, 1850. On the Earl of Derby becoming 
 Premier, in February, 1852, Sir James was appointed to the 
 Poor-Law Department, and he held that post until November in 
 the same year, when he resigned on becoming Permanent Secre¬ 
 tary to the Board of Trade, from which he retired in 1867. 
 
 In noticing the Parliamentary career of Sir James Emerson- 
 Tennent, it is observed in Mr. Ryall's work above referred to, 
 which was published in 1836, that “personally, he is extremely 
 popular, and a great favourite in the House. In speaking, he is 
 remarkable for a style not only easy and unembarrassed, but 
 fluent and harmonious. His ear seems to be peculiarly delicate, 
 for his cadences are always faultless, and frequently highly orato¬ 
 rical. His diction is not only correct, but it is elegant and 
 classical. There are few men of the same parliamentary standing 
 with himself, who have delivered so many speeches which promise 
 to be oratorical monuments, or which bear stronger internal evi¬ 
 dence of having been delivered by one deeply interested in the 
 
 VOL. VI. N 
 
82 
 
 SIR J. EMERSON-TENNENT, BART. 
 
 welfare, not only of Ireland, but of the United Kingdom. In tbe 
 laborious and unpopular drudgery of committees and proceedings 
 upon private bills be has particularly distinguished himself by his 
 assiduity and acuteness; and there are not many members of the 
 House of Commons so well versed in the details and routine of 
 this intricate, and often perplexing practice, or better qualified in 
 every respect for the representative duties imposed by a bustling 
 and commercial constituency.” 
 
 In 1842 Sir James was created a Knight Commander of the 
 Greek Order of the Saviour, in recognition of his works on Greece 
 above referred to ; in 1845 he received the honour of knighthood 
 from her Majesty on proceeding to Ceylon; and in February, 
 1867, he was further advanced to the dignity of a Baronet of the 
 United Kingdom. He is a magistrate for the counties of Antrim 
 and Down, and a Deputy-Lieutenant for the county Sligo, and 
 was also of Fermanagh, but resigned the latter post in 1856. 
 
 Besides the literary productions of Sir James above-mentioned, 
 he is also the author of an f Essay on the Copyright of Designs/ 
 published in 1842; a work in two vols. on f Belgium in 1840 / 
 the f History of Christianity in Ceylon 3 (1850); f Wine, its Use 
 and Taxation / of f Ceylon, an Account of the Island/ which 
 appeared in 1859, and which went through five editions in less 
 than three months, and of a work recently published, on f Rifled 
 Artillery/ 
 
 Sir James married, in 1831, Letitia, the only daughter and 
 heiress of William Tennent, Esq., of Tempo Manor, a banker at 
 Belfast, whose surname he assumed in addition to his patronymic, 
 as above-stated, and by whom he has surviving issue, a son and 
 heir, William, a Deputy-Lieutenant for county Fermanagh, who 
 was born in 1835, and an only daughter, Eleanor. 
 
Ptcto^raj)i.e<iiy Ernest Edwards- 20,Baker Street .W. 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 •• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
83 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. LORD HOUGHTON. 
 
 The Right Hon. Richard Monckton Milnes, Lord Houghton, of 
 Great Houghton, Yorkshire, in the peerage of the United King- 
 dam, D.C.L., etc., is the only son of the late Robert Pemberton 
 Milnes, Esq.,* of Fryston Hall and Bawtry, Yorkshire (who 
 was for upwards of twelve years M.P. for Pontefract, and who 
 died in 1858), by the Hon. Henrietta Maria, second daughter 
 of Robert, fourth Yiscount Galway, in the Peerage of Ireland. 
 His lordship was born in London, on the 19th of June, 1809, and 
 was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took an 
 honorary degree in 1831. 
 
 As Mr. Monckton Milnes, it was not long before he secured an 
 honourable position alike in the world of politics and literature. 
 He entered Parliament in 1837 as member for Pontefract, for which 
 he was returned at the head of the poll, in conjunction with Mr. 
 Stanley, afterwards Sir W. Massey Stanley, Bart. This borough 
 he represented without intermission till his elevation to the peerage 
 in 1863. He always pursued an independent course as a member 
 of the Lower House, ranking among the party commonly known 
 as liberal Conservatives; but he never hesitated about quitting 
 them on particular occasions, when he thought a different line of 
 
 * This gentleman (who was the son of Richard Slater Milnes, Esq., of 
 Fryston Hall, Yorkshire, some time M.P. for the city of York) is stated by 
 the Right Hon. Sir G. Cornwall Lewis to have declined the Chancellorship 
 of the Exchequer at the early age of twenty-four when offered to him by 
 Mr. Perceval in 1809. The family of Milnes was formerly settled in Derby¬ 
 shire, and subsequently at Wakefield, in Yorkshire; and an ancestor of 
 Lord Houghton married the heiress of the Rodeses, of Great Houghton, 
 whence the title is derived. 
 
 VOL. VI. 
 
 O 
 
84 
 
 LORD HOUGHTON. 
 
 policy preferable to that which they supported. In 1846 he pro¬ 
 posed the retention of a low duty on foreign corn, but he would not 
 consent to restore the old corn-laws. In both Houses he has 
 professed himself a warm and zealous advocate of liberty of con¬ 
 science, and he always “ considered religious equality the birth¬ 
 right of every Briton.” In the House of Commons he strongly 
 advocated measures for the reformation of the criminal popula¬ 
 tion, and brought in the first bill for the more intelligent treat¬ 
 ment of juvenile offenders in 1846, most of the provisions of 
 which are now the law of the land. He always took an active 
 interest in questions relating to Continental politics, and parti¬ 
 cularly in those which have reference to the freedom of the Italian 
 states and people; and he has both spoken and written with much 
 effect on most of these subjects. Outside the House, his exer¬ 
 tions in various matters of public policy and benevolence led him 
 to co-operate actively with many prominent men in politics and 
 literature belonging to widely different parties from that to which 
 he himself professed to belong. He has always been a steady 
 and earnest supporter of popular education and of perfect reli¬ 
 gious equality, and has taken a great interest in all sanitary and 
 other measures which seemed likely to improve the health and 
 comfort of the masses. 
 
 As an author, his lordship first made himself known by his 
 f Memorials of a Tour in Greece/ published in 1833 ; but he sub¬ 
 sequently became chiefly recognized as a poet, and the biographer 
 of a poet. His poems, which are somewhat after the manner of 
 Wordsworth, which appeared at various dates between 1843 and 
 1852, have been published in four volumes, bearing respectively 
 the titles of f Poems of Many Years/ f Memorials of Many Scenes/ 
 ‘ Poems Legendary and Historical/ and f Palm Leaves/ They 
 are contemplative in character, marked by grace and fluency of 
 diction, considerable imagination, and a high moral tone. His 
 f Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats/ published 
 in 1848, is a worthy commemoration of the brief career of a man 
 of genius, written with no stinted appreciation of the genius of the 
 poet and the worth of the man, but at the same time in a. spirit of 
 frank though kindly discrimination. 
 
 Besides the above, his Lordship has also published several 
 speeches and pamphlets, including, among others, f One Tract 
 More/ a continuation of the noted ( Tracts for the Times/ 
 
LORD HOUGHTON. 
 
 85 
 
 * Thoughts on Electoral Corruption/ f Real Union of England and 
 Ireland/ and f A Letter to Lord Lansdowne on the Events of 
 1848, especially in their Relation to Great Britain/ he has also 
 contributed many articles to the Edinburgh, Quarterly, and West¬ 
 minster Reviews. 
 
 Lord Houghton, who is a deputy-lieutenant for the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire, and was formerly a captain in the Second West 
 York Militia, was created an Hon. D.C.L. of Oxford in 1856. 
 He married on the 3rd of August, 1851, the Hon. Annabella 
 Hungerford, youngest daughter of John, second Lord Crewe, 
 and sister of the present Lord Crewe, by whom he has issue one 
 son and two daughters, namely, the Hon. Amicia Henrietta, born 
 3rd August, 1852; the Hon. Florence Ellen Hungerford, born 
 7th December, 1855; and the Hon. Robert Offley Ashburton, 
 heir-apparent to the title of Houghton, who was born on the 12th 
 January, 1858. 
 

 
 ♦ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'V 
 

87 
 
 HENRY KINGSLEY, ESQ. 
 
 Mr. Henry Kingsley, whose portrait figures on the opposite 
 page, is a brother of the Rev. Charles Kingsley, Rector of Evers- 
 ley, etc., being the sixth and youngest child of the late Rev. 
 Charles Kingsley, who was successively Examining Chaplain to 
 Dr. Herbert Marsh when Bishop of Peterborough, Rector of 
 Barnack, Northamptonshire (1828-32), of Clovelly, Devonshire 
 (1832-36), and eventually of Chelsea, Middlesex, and who died in 
 1860. A notice of the deceased gentleman will be found in the 
 pages of the f Gentleman's Magazine' for April of that year, 
 vol. ccviii. p. 415. 
 
 Mr. Henry Kingsley was born on the 2nd January, 1830, at his 
 father's house at Barnack. He was educated at a school at 
 Cheshunt, in Hertfordshire, kept by the Rev. Mr. Morice, and 
 afterwards at King's College, London, where he was for some 
 years a pupil of the Rev. Dr. Major. Having left King's College 
 he studied for a time with a private tutor in Devonshire, previous 
 to entering as a Commoner at Worcester College, Oxford, where 
 he was matriculated in 1849. 
 
 He was not destined, however, to complete the entire univer¬ 
 sity curriculum so as to enable him to take his B.A. degree in 
 the usual course. From an early age he had exhibited a special 
 love of travel and adventure; and when in the early part of 1853 
 the news reached England that gold was found in Australia 
 Mr. Henry Kingsley resolved, in conjunction with several other 
 undergraduates of Oxford, to bid adieu to the shades and cloisters 
 of Alma Mater, to become an emigrant, and to seek his fortune in 
 the antipodes. 
 
 Having reached Victoria in the course of that year, he settled 
 
88 
 
 HENRY KINGSLEY, ESQ. 
 
 down to Ms newly-chosen mode of life con amore, and spent five 
 years in the colony, busying himself partly with gold-hunting 
 and partly with sheep-farming. He returned to England in 1858, 
 having gained much experience of life in the bush, which he has 
 subsequently turned to good account in his writings of fiction, to 
 which now he began to turn his attention as the main business 
 of his life. 
 
 In the spring of 1859 he published, with Messrs. Macmillan, a 
 novel in three volumes, entitled c Geoffrey Hamlyn/ it dealt largely 
 with scenes from Australian life,—a subject then full of novelty 
 to the British public,—and it was far more successful than the 
 first efforts of many, if not of most, distinguished novelists. 
 
 This success, as was but natural, led him on to further efforts 
 in the same direction. His next publication was 'Ravenshoe' 
 (also in three volumes), dealing extensively with Oxford University 
 life, and with various scenes of the Crimean War of 1854-56. 
 This novel originally appeared in instalments as a serial in f Mac¬ 
 millan's Magazine/ and was published in a collective form in 
 1861. Two years later it was followed by * Austin Elliot/ a story 
 of the passing of Sir Robert Peel's Bill for the Repeal of the 
 Corn Laws, and also treating largely of the famine in Scotland. 
 
 Mr. H. Kingsley's next work was ‘The Hillyars and the Bur¬ 
 tons/ a tale of Australian politics and adventure. This also 
 appeared first as a serial tale in * Macmillan's Magazine/ and 
 subsequently was reprinted as a three-volume novel in 1864. 
 
 His next works of fiction were, ‘ Leighton Court/ a story of 
 English country life, published by him in two volumes in 1866; 
 and a Berkshire story, called ‘ Silcote of Silcotes/ which appeared 
 as a serial tale in ‘Macmillan's Magazine' in 1866-67, and is 
 now (May, 1867) on the eve of completion. 
 
 Mr. Henry Kingsley is also at present busy on a serial tale, en¬ 
 titled ‘ Mademoiselle Mathilde,' which is appearing in the pages 
 of the ‘ Gentleman's Magazine / it is a story of English life in 
 Dorsetshire and Brittany about the close of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 He has also been a frequent and industrious contributor, both 
 anonymously and otherwise, to current periodical literature, 
 including ‘ Macmillan's Magazine/ the * North British Review/ 
 the ‘ Fortnightly Review/ ‘ Once a Week/ the ‘Argosy/ etc. 
 
 Mr. Kingsley comes of a good old Cheshire family, and one 
 
HENRY KINGSLEY, ESQ. 
 
 89 
 
 of his ancestors fought bravely on the Parliamentary side in the 
 civil wars, but went over with Monk and was afterwards Captain 
 of the bodyguard to Charles II. The Kingsleys trace their de¬ 
 scent from Ranult de Kingsley, ranger of Delamere Forest, in 
 the County Palatine of Chester—that “ seed-plot of gentry,” as it 
 has been quaintly and most justly called —“ when the Conqueror 
 came.” 
 
 Mr. Henry Kingsley married, in July, 1864, his cousin. Miss 
 Sarah Maria Kingsley Haslewood, daughter of the late Richard 
 Haslewood, Esq., sometime of the Indian Navy. 
 


 
 


01 
 
 SIR HENRY HOLLAND, Bart., M.D., D.C.L. Oxon., 
 
 FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS ; VICE-PRESIDENT OF 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY j PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION 
 OF GREAT BRITAIN; PHYSICIAN IN ORDINARY TO THE 
 QUEEN, ETC. ETC. 
 
 Sir Henry Holland is the eldest son of the late Peter Holland, 
 Esq., of Knutsford, Cheshire, where he was born in the year 1788, 
 and was educated at the University of Edinburgh. Devoting 
 himself to the profession of medicine, he soon became eminent, 
 both as a practitioner and as a writer. 
 
 Among works on various branches of physical science, com¬ 
 paratively few have gained, by their excellence of style, breadth 
 of outline, and popular interest, a reputation in general literature. 
 Humboldt's 'Views of Nature/ Mrs. Somerville's 'Connection of 
 the Physical Sciences,' and a few others, may be placed in this 
 class, where medicine has few works to show that can rival the 
 'Medical Notes and Reflections' of Sir Henry Holland. Its 
 general interest is obtained without the slightest sacrifice of 
 scientific accuracy. It is a thoughtful work for thoughtful readers, 
 and, while it is comparatively well known beyond the circle of 
 those professional readers who alone can fully estimate its value, 
 its success must be ascribed partly to the general interest of 
 several of its topics, but chiefly to the scientific caution and sound 
 judgment evinced throughout in the treatment of these and other 
 subjects. 
 
 Like all truly scientific writers. Sir Henry Holland embraces in 
 his knowledge an extensive collection of facts, and knows well how 
 to state them in definite terms, and within their proper limitations. 
 
 VOL. vi. p 
 
92 
 
 SIR HENRY HOLLAND, BART. 
 
 This, of itself, forms the true basis of science; but, it is only one 
 part of the service rendered by the author to the progress of the 
 science of medicine. From the observation of facts, he proceeds 
 with all the caution of one well acquainted with the complexities 
 and difficulties of medical inductions, to explore the laws to which 
 they may be referred. He at once points out to his readers the 
 way by which they may ascend to generalizations, and shows the 
 liabilities to error that may attend them on that way. This cha¬ 
 racteristic caution is, perhaps, the most obviously remarkable of 
 all the writer's merits, and may be observed wherever he treats 
 of theories. Consequently we find that, while he admits many 
 of the facts on which writers of less comprehensive views have 
 founded their theories, he prefers to suggest rather than to theo¬ 
 rize, and often refers to further investigations as necessary in 
 order to arrive at a final induction. 
 
 This caution may be styled a negative merit; but it is not the 
 less important because it may be so described. Every ill-founded 
 theory, and the discussion which it may excite before it can be set 
 aside, may be regarded as a waste of resources and a hindrance in 
 the way of true progress. In the abundance of the materials col¬ 
 lected by modern researches in the physical sciences, and in the 
 failure of many attempts to arrange these materials under general 
 laws, there may be found reasons for recommending, especially in 
 the present day, the study of writings which, like those under 
 notice, afford good examples of logical precision. As a concise 
 specimen of Sir Henry Holland's clear discrimination we may 
 quote the following note appended to the second chapter of his 
 ' Medical Notes and Reflections.' With reference to questions as 
 to general types and unity of design in the organizations of vari¬ 
 ous animals, he observes, “ these are questions strictly within the 
 scope of research," and then proceeds to say :— 
 
 “ I have never, as already stated, seen cause to think the argu¬ 
 ment of Natural Theology at all affected by these inquiries; even 
 when pushed to the speculations of a primitive germ, or original 
 unity of type. Its truth indeed is far above the reach of what, 
 after all, are but subordinate researches, even if they could by 
 possibility attain the proofs of what these terms express. The 
 chain is lengthened, and its parts are connected together by new 
 and unexpected links. But still it is a chain of designed organi¬ 
 zation throughout; and if we simplify the first of these links, it 
 
SIR HENRY HOLLAND, BART. 
 
 93 
 
 is but to render more wonderful the number and perfection of the 
 varieties which are evolved in definite forms from this elementary 
 structure. If the parts in man have all their analogies or 
 models in lower animals ; or if, according to one view proposed, 
 we regard the several organs of the human embryo as passing 
 through all the gradations of lower types, before reaching their 
 perfect development in man; still the great argument remains the 
 same. The progressive elaboration throughout all its stages is 
 definite and designed;—the points are fixed at which each deviation 
 has its beginning from the more common antecedent forms ;—the 
 limit of change is fixed in each particular case. If there be an 
 argument for the unity of creation, more complete and compre¬ 
 hensive than another, it is that which is furnished by the recent 
 progress of comparative anatomy ; enabling the observer, by the 
 uniformity of general laws, to predicate from a single minute part 
 of structure all the more important generic characters of the 
 animal to which it belongs.” 
 
 Besides its exactness of observation, suggestive treatment of 
 facts, and logical power, the work under notice is recommended 
 by the general interest of many of its subjects. Such are those 
 treated of in chapter 5, on the ‘ Effects of Mental Attention on 
 Bodily Organs/—6, f On Points where a Patient may judge for 
 himself; 3 —15, f On Dreaming, Insanity, Intoxication, etc./— 
 19, f On the Medical Treatment of Old Age /—26, f On Sleep / 
 and 27, f On the Influence of Weather in relation to Disease/ 
 Other chapters of less general interest, but full of instances of 
 logical acumen, are found in 12, ‘ On the Brain as a double Organ / 
 —28, f On Time as an Element in Mental Functions /—29, f On 
 Phrenology / and 33, ‘ On the Hypothesis of Insect Life as a cause 
 of Disease/ To conclude our notice of this important work—it 
 is far too full of suggestion, as well as of direct instruction, to be 
 fairly represented by any brief review. 
 
 The clear observation and careful induction that mark the 
 ‘ Medical Notes and Reflections/ are found in the author's othei 
 works. In 1811, in which year he took his degree of M.D. at the 
 University of Edinburgh, Dr. Holland printed a thesis on the 
 diseases of Iceland, a country he had visited in the preceding 
 year. In his early publication, f Travels in Albania, Thessaly, 
 and Greece/ of which a second edition appeared in 1819, his at¬ 
 tention was partly directed to important meteorological observa- 
 
94 
 
 SIS HENRY HOLLAND, BART. 
 
 tions to which he has referred in his later writings. The f Chapters 
 on Mental Physiology 9 treat of subjects especially adapted to 
 exercise the writer's judgment and discrimination, which are 
 found, in union with the best qualities of criticism, in his ‘ Essays 
 on Scientific and other subjects contributed to the Edinburgh and 
 Quarterly Beviews/ and collectively published in 1862. These 
 are characteristic of the writer, both with regard to their style 
 and their mode of treating various topics. Their tone of criti¬ 
 cism is mild and considerate, and their general tendency is always 
 in favour of the advancement of science and true culture. As 
 stated in the preface, these essays were chiefly composed during 
 rapid autumnal journeys in different parts of Europe, as well as 
 in America, Africa, and Asia. 
 
 In the year 1840 Dr. Holland was appointed physician in 
 ordinary to the late Prince Consort; and in 1852 physician in 
 ordinary to the Queen. In 1853 he was raised to the dignity of 
 a baronet. Dr. Holland married a daughter of the late Bev. 
 Sydney Smith. 
 

 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

95 
 
 MATTHEW DIGBY WYATT, ESQ., F.S.A., etc. 
 
 This gentleman, whose name is well known in connection with 
 architecture and the fine arts generally, with which his family has 
 long been associated, is the youngest son of the late Matthew 
 Wyatt, Esq., one of the Metropolitan police-magistrates. Mr. 
 Digby Wyatt was born at Rowde, near Devizes, Wilts, in the 
 year 1820, and at the age of sixteen entered the office of his 
 brother, Mr. Thomas Henry Wyatt, architect, under whom he 
 commenced the study of his profession. Within a year he gained 
 a prize given for the best essay on “ Grecian Doric/'’ given by the 
 Architectural Society. 
 
 In 1844 he went abroad, on a professional tour, bringing home 
 with him, on his return in 1846, nearly a thousand drawings 
 from the principal monuments of architecture and decoration 
 scattered over France, Italy, Sicily, and Germany. These com¬ 
 prised a series of “ Specimens of the Geometrical Mosaics of the 
 Middle Ages/’ which were published in facsimile in 1848, accom¬ 
 panied with an “ Historical Notice of the Art, founded upon 
 papers read by the author before the Royal Institute of British 
 Architects, the Archaeological Institute, and the Society of Arts.” 
 
 Through his connection with the last-named body, Mr. Wyatt 
 began to exercise that important influence over the practical im¬ 
 provement of manufactures, which he has maintained successfully 
 during the whole of his subsequent career; and was led at various 
 times to communicate to the Society the following papers, in ad¬ 
 dition to the one already noticed on Mosaics :—“ On Enamels and 
 Enamelling/’ “On Metal-Work generally;” “On the Paris Ex¬ 
 position of 1849 “ On Recent Improvements in Ceramic Manu¬ 
 
 factures “ On the Industries of Italy, Ancient and Modern, as 
 
 VOL. VI. Q 
 
96 
 
 MATTHEW DIGBY WYATT, ESQ. 
 
 shown at the Italian Exhibition of 1861and “ An Attempt to 
 define the Principles which should determine Form in the Decora¬ 
 tive Arts” The last-mentioned work formed one of the series 
 proposed by the late Prince Consort, “ On the Results of the Ex¬ 
 hibition of 1851.” 
 
 For about two years after his return from abroad, Mr. Wyatt 
 was closely occupied, in the intervals of his engagements as a 
 practical architect, in writing for the press generally, upon the 
 subjects of archaeology, art, and kindred matters. In 1848 he 
 re-arranged and decorated the Adelphi Theatre, and in 1849 he 
 was sent down to Birmingham for the ‘ Journal of Design/ to 
 study the Exhibition of Manufactures held at Bingley House, the 
 immediate precursor of the Great Exhibition. 
 
 He was shortly afterwards dispatched to Paris, by the Council 
 of the Society of Arts, to examine and report upon the Exposi¬ 
 tion held there in 1849; he also prepared reports of it for the 
 f Times 3 and other journals. 
 
 Mr. Wyatt was accompanied to Paris by Mr. Henry Cole, C.B., 
 and was there joined by Mr. Francis Fuller, who, with Mr. J. Scott 
 Russell, had been in communication with the Prince Consort with 
 respect to the organization of the Great Exhibition, to be held 
 in Hyde Park in 1851. Messrs. Cole and Fuller returned to 
 England to arrange for starting the scheme, etc., leaving Mr. 
 Wyatt behind them to complete the materials for an elaborate 
 report on French experience in the matter. 
 
 On his return to London, Mr. Wyatt was nominated, by the 
 Prince, secretary, and Messrs. Fuller and Cole, commissioners, 
 “ to ascertain the views of manufacturers and others with respect 
 to the Great Exhibition,” and on that errand they visited and 
 canvassed the principal seats of manufacture in the kingdom, 
 holding public meetings in many centres of industry and skill, and 
 gathering good assurances of support. The results of this work 
 they carried to Balmoral, and received authority for the com¬ 
 mencement of the enterprise. At this stage the publication of 
 Mr. WyatPs report, which was most favourably received by the 
 public and reviewed by the press, did excellent service. 
 
 In the arduous labours which preceded the appointment of the 
 Royal Commission for the Great Exhibition, Mr. Wyatt took an 
 active part, and, when that was issued, he was formally confirmed 
 in the office of Secretary to the Executive Committee, in which 
 
MATTHEW DIGJBY WYATT, ESQ. 
 
 97 
 
 capacity lie continued to act until the Building Committee de¬ 
 manded his exclusive attention. His professional knowledge was 
 here found eminently useful, and he was employed to superintend 
 the works, make all the necessary contracts, regulate accounts, 
 etc. Work amounting, in cost, to about £50,000 was designed 
 and superintended by him as architect, under the general direc¬ 
 tion of the late Sir William Cubitt. 
 
 On the completion of the undertaking, Mr. Wyatt had the 
 honour of receiving from Prince Albert his private gold medal, 
 with a letter commending his services “from the beginning”; he 
 also received a bonus of £1000, in addition to his salary from the 
 Royal Commissioners. For the Catalogue of the Exhibition, Mr. 
 Wyatt wrote a popular account of the construction of the building, 
 and for the Institute of Civil Engineers, on the Council of which 
 he was placed in the year 1856, a more elaborate account, for 
 which he was rewarded with the Telford medal. In 1850 he 
 formed the acquaintance of the late Mr. I. K. Brunei, who en¬ 
 trusted him with the duty of co-operating with him in designing 
 the new station for the Great Western Railway at Paddington, the 
 waiting-room for her Majesty at Windsor, and various other works. 
 
 On the opening of the Great Exhibition in 1851, Mr. Wyatt 
 undertook, at the request of Messrs. Day and Son, an important 
 work upon its contents. This work, ‘ The Industrial Arts of the 
 Nineteenth Century/ in two folio volumes, with one hundred and 
 sixty chromolithographic plates, illustrating the choicest speci¬ 
 mens in the Exhibition, involved no mean amount of labour. 
 While carrying it on, however, he found time to bring to a close 
 another work, the preparation of which had been commenced 
 many years previously, and for which, while abroad, he had made 
 many drawings and extensive collections; this was a folio volume 
 on f Metal Work, and its Artistic Designs/ which was illustrated 
 with fifty coloured plates. He also designed a memorial window 
 in stained glass, erected in honour of Huskisson, in Chichester 
 Cathedral, in the summer of 1852. 
 
 About the same time, Mr. Wyatt became actively interested in 
 the Crystal Palace Company. With the late Sir Joseph Paxton 
 and Mr. Owen Jones he settled the several questions connected 
 with the designs, arrangement, etc., of the present structure at 
 Sydenham, as well as the objects by which it should be made in¬ 
 teresting and instructive. 
 
98 
 
 MATTHEW DIGBY WYATT, ESQ. 
 
 In August, 1852, lie started on a tour witli Mr. Owen Jones, 
 to collect works of art from the principal museums, etc., of 
 Europe, and backed by a credit of £20,000, and credentials from 
 the Foreign Office, met with extraordinary success. On his return, 
 after four months* incessant labour, he started through England 
 to collect casts of mediaeval sculpture, etc. With Mr. Jones, he 
 then set to work on the Fine Arts Courts and arrangements of the 
 Crystal Palace, which were sufficiently completed for the opening 
 to take place on the 3rd of June, 1854. The principal works 
 falling exclusively under Mr. Wyatt's control, were the Queen's 
 Screen, the Pompeian House, the Court of Christian Monuments, 
 and the Byzantine, Mediaeval, Renaissance, and Italian Courts. 
 To the latter four he prepared, in co-operation with Mr. J. B. 
 Waring, a series of handbooks. For Messrs. Day and Son he 
 also produced a quarto work on f The Crystal Palace and Park,' 
 containing twenty-three views. The Byzantine Court was partly 
 destroyed by fire, together with the whole of the north end of 
 the building, on the 20th of January last. 
 
 In the same year (1854), he received her Majesty's commands 
 to restore the chancel of North Marston Church, Bucks., as a me¬ 
 morial to the late Mr. Neeld, from whom she had received a con¬ 
 siderable bequest. 
 
 In 1855 Mr. Wyatt took charge of the department of English 
 stained glass, at the Paris Universal Exhibition, for the Board of 
 Trade ; and he was also employed by the East India Company, to 
 design and superintend the arrangements of their display. On 
 the opening of the Exposition he was appointed, together with 
 the late Duke of Hamilton, juror for Class 24 (furniture and deco¬ 
 ration). The duties of the office having been discharged, he was 
 desired to report upon the department by the English Govern¬ 
 ment. This report, which was a somewhat detailed one, was sub¬ 
 sequently published by the Board of Trade. At the close of the 
 Exhibition, Mr. Wyatt was nominated a Chevalier of the Legion 
 of Honour for “ services rendered to industry and the arts." In 
 the latter part of the year, in conjunction with his brother, Mr. 
 Thomas Henry Wyatt, he competed for the premiums offered to 
 all the world by the War Department, for the best designs for 
 model barracks, and was fortunate enough to obtain the first pre¬ 
 mium for cavalry. Since that date the two brothers have been 
 employed by that department upon the designs for large barracks 
 
MATTHEW DIO.'BY WYATT, ESQ. 
 
 99 
 
 for Nottingham, and the handsome garrison chapel lately com¬ 
 pleted at Woolwich. 
 
 In 1856 Mr. Digby Wyatt wrote an historical ‘ Essay on Ivory 
 Carving/ which was published, with photographic illustrations, 
 by the Arundel Society, for whom he also got up an exhibition, 
 and delivered a lecture at the Crystal Palace (subsequently pub¬ 
 lished) on the works of Giotto at Padua, etc. For these services 
 he was elected one of the few Honorary Members of that Society. 
 
 Shortly after his return from Paris, Mr. Wyatt was applied to 
 by the East India Company to co-operate with their regularly 
 appointed architect in preparing designs for additional accommo¬ 
 dation to be provided for their museum, then at the India House 
 in Leadenhall Street, and on the sudden demise of that gentleman 
 in 1856, Mr. Wyatt was appointed to the office he had held. For 
 the Company, since that date, in addition to managing their 
 various properties, he has executed in this country many works 
 of considerable importance, including, in addition to their new 
 museum, large barracks, a military hospital, extensive drainage 
 works, a church, a riding school, drill-shed, great military store 
 warehouses at Lambeth, etc. For India he co-operated with the 
 late Mr. Rendel in the design of several great bridges, viz. the 
 Saone, Keul, and the Hullohur; while for the East India Company 
 he designed and superintended the erection in this country of an 
 iron church, with nine hundred sittings, for Rangoon, and a 
 general post-office, and electric telegraph station of large extent 
 for Calcutta. 
 
 Mr. Wyatt, having realised all the estates of the old company, 
 and effected the removal of the office of the Secretary of State in 
 Council from the east to the west end of London, received the ap¬ 
 pointment of joint architect with Mr. George Gilbert Scott, R.A., 
 for the new India Office, now on the point of completion under his 
 superintendence. Amongst his numerous works for private 
 clients, may be mentioned the restoration of the old English 
 mansion of Compton Wynnyates, Warwickshire, and extensive 
 works at Castle Ashby, for the Marquis of Northampton; Adden- 
 brooke^s Hospital, Cambridge; and the memorial arch at Chatham, 
 erected by the corps of Royal Engineers to their comrades who 
 fell in the Crimea. 
 
 In the summer of 1856, Mr. Wyatt was invited to become 
 Honorary Secretary to the Royal Institute of British Architects, 
 
100 
 
 MATTHEW DIGBY WYATT, ESQ. 
 
 to which he had at different times made various communications, 
 and of which, as well as of the Royal Society of Antiquaries, he 
 was a Fellow. This office he retained until May, 1859, when 
 heavy professional engagements compelled him to relinquish it. 
 In the autumn of 1856, Mr. Wyatt wrote two essays on “ Re¬ 
 naissance,” and on “ Italian Ornament ” for Mr. Owen Jones's 
 magnificent work, f The Grammar of Ornament.' 
 
 In 1861 he was sent by the Society of Arts to Florence, to re¬ 
 port upon the Italian Exhibition of Industry. Mr. Wyatt was an 
 exhibitor, and obtained medals and special commendation for his 
 various designs for manufactures, etc., at the Great Exhibitions of 
 1851, 1855, and 1862. 
 
 Among many minor contributions by Mr. Wyatt, of late years, 
 to the bibliography of the fine arts not mentioned above, are his 
 works ‘ On Metallic and on Textile Art' (quarto), as shown at 
 the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition, and f The Art of Illu¬ 
 minating,' also quarto, profusely illustrated with plates printed 
 in gold and colours. 
 
 During the last year's (1866) session of the Royal Institute of 
 British Architects, Mr. Digby Wyatt had the honour of receiving 
 the gold medal “ annually given by the Queen to distinguished 
 British and foreign architects, and men of science, etc.'' He has 
 also been recently nominated an Honorary Member of the Royal 
 Academies of Fine Arts in Bologna and Milan. He has just com¬ 
 pleted his labours as British juror for Class XV. of the French 
 Exhibition of this year (Decoration, etc.), on which class, as well 
 as on Classes XVIII. and XIX., he has been appointed “Re¬ 
 porter” to the British Government. 
 
Photographed hy Ernest Edwards. 20 Baiter Street W 
 
101 
 
 SIR CHARLES FOX, Knt., C.E. 
 
 Sir Charles Fox, an eminent civil and consulting engineer, is 
 the youngest of the four sons of the late Francis Fox, Esq., 
 M.D., of Derby, who obtained a high position in the medical pro¬ 
 fession. His mother was Mary, daughter of the late Archibald 
 Douglas, Esq., and he was born at Derby on the 11th of March, 
 1810 . 
 
 At an early age he was articled for the medical profession to 
 his brother, Mr. Douglas Fox, of Derby, but his natural taste for 
 the mechanical sciences led to his giving up this profession when he 
 was at the age of twenty. During his stay with his brother he had 
 devoted nearly the whole of his leisure moments to the study of 
 engineering and mechanical science; and the impression pro¬ 
 duced on his mind by the opening of the Liverpool and Manches¬ 
 ter Railway in 1830, tended greatly to induce him to relinquish 
 medicine and become an engineer. 
 
 Leaving his native town, Mr. Fox went to Liverpool, where he 
 was for some time in the employment of Captain Ericsson. He 
 afterwards worked on as a mechanical tutor, as a scientific assis¬ 
 tant, and occasionally as a practical mechanic, till at length his 
 ability and industry attracted the notice of the late Mr. Robert 
 Stephenson, through whose influence he was appointed an assis¬ 
 tant engineer to the London and Birmingham Railway Company 
 at the commencement of the construction of their line, having 
 charge of the heavy works at Watford, and, at a later period, of 
 those connected with the extension of the line from Camden 
 Town to Euston Square. 
 
 Mr. Fox remained with this Company until a year after the 
 opening of the line,—in all, five years,—when he joined the late 
 
102 
 
 SIR CHARLES FOX. 
 
 Mr. Bramah in forming the manufacturing and contractors' busi¬ 
 ness for some time conducted under the title of Bramah, Fox, 
 and Co., but which, on the retirement of the senior partner, 
 changed its name to the well-known one of Fox, Henderson, 
 and Co. Amongst the numerous works with which Sir Charles 
 Fox has been connected are several important railways, both in 
 Great Britain and abroad; the waterworks of Berlin; the iron 
 bridges over the Saone, at Macon and Lyons; the bridge over 
 the Medway, at Rochester; four iron bridges over the Thames; 
 the Birmingham, Paddington, and other railway stations. 
 
 His greatest triumph of engineering skill, however, was the 
 construction of the vast building for the Great Exhibition in 
 Hyde Park in 1851. The drawings for this edifice occupied 
 Mr. Fox eighteen hours each day for seven weeks; and, having 
 completed his great work, he received the honour of knighthood, 
 along with the late Sir Joseph Paxton and Sir William Cubitt, 
 from the Queen, at Windsor, on the 22nd of October, 1851, as an 
 acknowledgment of their services in planning and executing the 
 Great Exhibition building. He was subsequently employed in 
 superintending the erection of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, a 
 work which, it is almost superfluous to remark, presents some of 
 the finest examples of skilful design and good execution in the 
 world. 
 
 Sir Charles Fox, who is now the senior partner of the firm of 
 Sir Charles Fox and Sons, who, as civil engineers, are largely en¬ 
 gaged in carrying out heavy works, is a Fellow of the Society 
 of Arts and of the Royal Asiatic Society, an original life member 
 of the British Association, a member of the Institution of Civil 
 Engineers, and a member of the Council of the Institution of 
 Mechanical Engineers. 
 
 Sir Charles Fox married, in 1830, Mary, second daughter of 
 Joseph Brookhouse, Esq., of Derby, by whom he has issue three 
 sons and one daughter. His eldest son, Mr. Charles Douglas 
 Fox, married, in 1863, Mary, fourth daughter of Francis Wright, 
 Esq., of Osmaston Manor, Derbyshire. 
 

 Photographed "by Ernest. Edwards. 20 Baker Street W 
 
■ 
 
103 
 
 JOHN TENNIEL, ESQ. 
 
 Mr. John Tenniel, whose portrait figures on the opposite page, 
 is an artist of considerable repute, more especially with reference 
 to book illustrations. He is the son of Mr. John Baptist Tenniel, 
 and was born in London on the 28th of February, 1820, and edu¬ 
 cated at a private school at Kensington. 
 
 At a very early age he showed a taste for the fine arts, and 
 whilst still a youth, his first picture was exhibited and sold at the 
 Gallery of British Artists in Suffolk Street. Mr. Tenniel studied 
 drawing and painting in his own way, and may be said to have 
 been entirely self-taught. He was a successful competitor in the 
 “ Cartoon Exhibition” held in Westminster Hall in 1845, gaining 
 for hisAllegory of Justice,” one of the three premiums of £200 ; 
 which were awarded in that year, and which resulted in a com¬ 
 mission to execute a fresco on the subject of St. Cecilia, in the 
 compartment appropriated to Dryden in the Upper Waiting Hall 
 in the new Houses of Parliament, then in course of construction. 
 The fresco was completed in 1849; and it may not be out of 
 place here to mention, on the authority of a recent article in the 
 ‘ Art Journal/ that of the eight frescoes in the Upper Waiting 
 Hall, Mr. Tenniel's is the only one which has borne the test of 
 time, and which is apparently uninjured by the various influences 
 which have tended to the destruction of the rest. 
 
 Since that period Mr. Tenniel has painted but few pictures, 
 and these have been chiefly commissions for private collections. 
 He made several drawings in water-colours by command of the 
 Queen, upon such subjects as f The Distribution of the Crimean 
 Medals/ ‘ Her Majesty's Visit to the Wounded Soldiers at 
 Chatham/ ( The Scutari Monument at the Crystal Palace/ etc. etc.; 
 
 VOL. VI. E 
 
104 
 
 JOHN TENNIEL, ESQ. 
 
 but his attention has been mainly directed to drawing on wood, 
 and in that manner he has illustrated, wholly or in part, many 
 Christmas books and other works, conspicuous among which are 
 f AEsop's Fables/ f Proverbial Philosophy/ f Lalla Rookh/ f The 
 Ingoldsby Legends/ etc.; but the * Lalla Rookh ' is perhaps his 
 greatest achievement in that direction. In noticing the work, 
 ‘ The Times' says “ The entire work is an admirable result of 
 academic learning and poetic conception. Even the landscape 
 accessories are in unison with the spirit in which the figure-sub¬ 
 jects are treated; and it is due to Mr. Tenniel to allow that the 
 entire set of illustrations is without a parallel that we can recall 
 in English embellishment, and the greatest illustrative achieve¬ 
 ment of any single hand/'’ The f Daily News 3 also alludes to the 
 illustrations in f Lalla Rookh 3 in equal terms of praise, when it 
 says that “ While there are hundreds of draughtsmen who could 
 have brought to this task the negative qualifications of being free 
 from an antagonistic style, there are but few who would have 
 undertaken it with such positive recommendations of tried ability. 
 Indeed, looking at the sustained merit, the wonderful execution 
 of all these designs, it is difficult to name any other artist who 
 would have reflected greater credit upon the publishers' choice. 
 
 . . . His minuteness and delicacy of finish serve him in good 
 stead for the display of Eastern decoration. Nothing of their kind 
 could surpass any of the beautiful traceries in these pictures; but 
 we are far from any intention to confine our praise to such sub¬ 
 ordinate matters. The forms of men and women are outlined with 
 singular skill; their attitudes are picturesque, their expression 
 sweet or forcible, as occasion may require. . . . Scenes like that of 
 the young Hindu girl, offering up her vows on the banks of the 
 Ganges ; or that of the disconsolate Peri, at the gate of Eden ; or 
 that of the Angel catching the last drop of the warrior's heart- 
 blood ; or the most lovely piece of tropical night splendour, the 
 moonlight view of the Yale of Cashmere; cannot fail to gratify 
 every possessor of this elegant volume. ... In no department has 
 any want of care been permitted to lessen the entire worth of one 
 of the most brilliant art-books ever published." “ Mr. Tenniel's 
 illustrated ‘ Lalla Rookh/ " says the ‘ Spectator/ “ places book 
 illustration in such high rank in the hands of English artists and 
 English publishers, that it makes us draw a deep breath of satis¬ 
 faction as we look back and observe how this pitch of excellence 
 
JOHN TENNIEL, ESQ. 
 
 105 
 
 has been attained—how art of a very high order has been gradually 
 applied in heightening the pleasure and helping the improvement 
 ever to be derived from our rich national treasures of poetry and 
 the drama. . . . Admirable as all these editions are, they must, 
 we think, give place to the newest comer from Mr. J. TenniePs 
 hand, the f Lalla Rookh/ . . . The rescue of Hinda, in the f Fire- 
 Worshippers/ is one of the most remarkable for bold design and 
 forcible expression ; and for striking beauty of composition those 
 of the Peri succouring the hero, and watching the dying lovers 
 in the moonlight. In the f Veiled Prophet/ we notice that, for 
 the first time, an English artist has caught the Persian character 
 of head and the pliant figure of the oriental beauty of the Harem. 
 Zelica stealing a glance at Azim, and another showing the ladies 
 in all their idle beauty, attended by a group of Nubian slave girls, 
 are admirable, even to suggesting the glow of rich colour from 
 the silken shawls and jewelled ornaments, the blushing faces with 
 dark dreamy eyes made more shadowy with the cohol, the purple 
 tresses and the rosy fingers tipped with henna. ... It is a most 
 fascinating piece of art-illustration, and breathes the same spirit 
 of poetic romance which created the poem.” 
 
 In 1851 Mr. Tenniel became a member of the “ staff” of 
 f Punch/ and from that time till now has constantly contributed 
 to the illustration of that periodical. For several years past the 
 political “ cartoons ” have been almost wholly from his pencil, 
 and a selection from them was published in the form of a volume 
 in 1865. In his cartoons in f Punch/ it maybe observed, Mr. 
 Tenniel is always serious, often poetical, and occasionally approaches 
 even to the sublime. Of the latter quality two or three memora¬ 
 ble drawings may be specified. “ The British Lion leaping in Ven¬ 
 geance on the Sepoy Tiger” is a splendid instance of Mr. Ten¬ 
 niePs faculty for drawing animals, and it is as true to animal his¬ 
 tory as it is lofty in sentiment. Speaking of this cartoon, the 
 f Saturday Review 9 says, “We never saw, nor perhaps has Mr. 
 Tenniel seen, a lion in his leap ; but the snarling, crouching, 
 venomous prostration of the more ignoble feline is very fine.” 
 With a slight tinge of the theatrical, “ Justice dealing Death- 
 strokes on the Mutineers ” is equally good; and a group of terri¬ 
 fied Hindoo women is graceful and touching. Mr. TennieFs 
 highest serious effort, however, in this line, is perhaps his figure 
 of “ England waiting for the American Message,” suggested by 
 
106 
 
 JOHN TENNIEL, ESQ. 
 
 the f Trent 9 affair. The calm, melancholy, subdued dignity of the 
 seated female figure, ready to launch the deadly shot with a con¬ 
 centrated massive power, conscious of justice, and almost smiling 
 in the serenity of repose, conveys a sense of repressed sternness 
 which admirably reflects the attitude of England. The parody of 
 a classical subject in “ Nestor-Lyndhurst haranguing the Chiefs,” 
 has been very cleverly treated by Mr. Tenniel; indeed the artist 
 always rises with his subject, and, as in all poetical temperaments, 
 one would judge that there is a shade of melancholy in his cha¬ 
 racter ; his epigram generally respects the seriousness of the situa¬ 
 tion. In his “ political cartoons,” Mr. Tenniel scarcely attempts 
 to do more than to reproduce the current floating sentiment of 
 the day. ‘ PunchV politics, it has been said, are pretty nearly 
 those of the ‘ TimesMr. Punch follows rather than leads opinion, 
 and, like his graver contemporary, he affects to teach when he is 
 only repeating the common thoughts of ordinary society. Mr. 
 TenniePs portraits are something marvellous, with just that ex¬ 
 aggeration which is only a certain kind of idealism; and he always 
 gives character without a spice of offensive personality. It may 
 be added that Mr. Tenniel always contrives to give the air and 
 manner of a gentleman to all his political characters, in whatever 
 grotesque masquerade he may think proper to draw them. 
 
 Mr. Tenniel has also been one of the most favourite artists who 
 have illustrated the pages of f Once a Week/ from its commence¬ 
 ment in 1859 down to the present time. He has, we believe, ex¬ 
 hibited but rarely at the Royal Academy or at any of the other 
 great public exhibitions, and his name, therefore, does not appear 
 among the catalogues of ordinary artists. His most recent work 
 in colour is a design for a figure of Leonardo da Vinci, to be 
 executed in mosaic in one of the courts of the South Kensington 
 Museum. 
 
 Mr. Tenniel married in 1853, but was left a widower, without 
 issue, in 1856.