WHITECHAPEL 
 ART GALLERY 
 
 a 
 
 Shipping Exhibition 
 
 1903 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 No excuse should be needed in the capital city of 
 the British Empire for an exhibition illustrating 
 
 Shipping. 
 
 Of the inadequacy of the present attempt to treat a 
 subject so closely interwoven with the national history 
 and character no one can be more sensible than the 
 promoters of the present exhibition. 
 
 The subject is grand, but it is also vast, and time, 
 space, and funds are equally limited at the White- 
 chapel Gallery. 
 
 Nevertheless the committee, while apologising for 
 the inevitable incompleteness of the exhibition, feel 
 confident that even the present imperfect attempt to 
 illustrate the different sides of shipping, historical, 
 artistic and mechanical, will serve a useful purpose 
 and prove of interest. 
 
 Their thanks are due to many helpers, public and 
 private, who have temporarily sacrificed cherished 
 (and in many cases easily-injured) possessions for 
 the public good. Their thanks are due, above all, to 
 the King and to the Prince of Wales. 
 
 It is the desire of the Trustees to continue to hold 
 the Exhibitions without charging for admission, but 
 the expenses are great and all who can afford to con- 
 tribute are earnestly asked to help to maintain these 
 exhibitions by giving contributions. 
 
 The Flags are the House Flags of many of the 
 chief Shipping Companies, kindly lent by them for 
 the Exhibition. 
 
 The enlarged drawings of illustrations of mediaeval 
 and Tudor ships have been kindly done specially for 
 the Exhibition by Miss Anna Richards and Mr. 
 Gabriel Bunnev, as the ordinary reproductions are 
 imall for exhibition purposes. These ships were 
 painted often in bright colours, but from Elizabeth's 
 time k ' timber colour " was usual, becoming the regu- 
 lation yellow of the later 17th century. 
 
 Picture! lent by the artists are marked thus (*) ; 
 many of them are for sale. 
 
 A few other objects which are for sale are marked 
 thus (t). 'The Director will answer inquiries. 
 
 An interesting series of lectures has been arranged 
 for most of the Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday even- 
 ings during the Exhibition. They will be held in 
 the I'pper Gallery at 8 p.m. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ISLANDS imply ships, if they are to know and be known 
 to the world outside. The island of Britain — its Celtic 
 name was " Clas Merdin 33 (the sea-defended green spot) — 
 is well-known to the world, if Britons are not yet as 
 omniscient as some among them could wish. Therefore, 
 Britain has had, and must have, a navy " upon which," 
 according to the Act of Parliament, " under the good provi- 
 dence of God, the wealth, safety, and strength of the King- 
 dom chiefly depend. 35 
 
 The Emperor Claudius is supposed to have created the 
 first British navy in A.D. 43, when he formed a British 
 division of the Roman Fleet with ports at Dover, Rich- 
 borough and Hythe. His ships were probably of the 
 Mediterranean galley type, rowed by oarsmen. Such boats, 
 in spite of Henry VIII. 3 s attempt to revive and adapt them 
 to Northern requirement, were never popular. 
 
 The free Norsemen preferred to master the forces of 
 nature, and devised ships the winds would carry for them. 
 
 Modern designers are returning to these lines, abandon- 
 ing the less seaworthy forms, induced by the desire to carry 
 heavy guns, which were adapted from the tub-shaped, round- 
 bowed, flat-bottomed cargo boats always existing, solid in 
 build and purpose, side by side with their more war-like 
 fellows. 
 
 The type of Norse galley may be seen in the models of 
 the Viking Ship (Nos. 228-231). 
 
 The Anglo-Saxons, once settled, let shipbuilding some- 
 what decline, but the Danes brought fresh seamanship. 
 Trade ranged from German ports to the Bay of Biscay. 
 
 Alfred created a navy, but it was not sufficiently powerful 
 to wrest the command of the sea from the Danes, and it was 
 therefore unable to prevent invasion. Etheldred, in 
 1008, levied a ship, or the equivalent in money, on every 
 310 hides of land. Harold owed his defeat to his failure 
 to keep command of the Channel. 
 
 William the Conqueror had few ships, and for 200 years 
 from his time, kings more and more made use of the ships 
 of the Cinque Ports. The skill in seamanship and concerted 
 action of these towns may perhaps date from Roman times, 
 when Dover, Hythe and Richborough served as ports for 
 the British Division of the Roman Fleet. In return for 
 special privileges these towns for centuries supplied the 
 English kings with ships — free for the short periods for 
 which they were required, at a certain rate of pay for longer 
 campaigns. They were the Channel Squadron of the day. 
 
 But by the Norman Conquest, for a time, the Channel 
 became a waterway uniting the two parts of the king's 
 dominion. It was only after 1204, when John lost 
 
2 
 
 Normandy, that the services of the Cinque Ports were 
 greatly requisitioned. Their fidelity to John saved him 
 his throne, when Louis invaded England. 
 
 Besides the ships of the Cinque Ports the kings had 
 ships of their own at times and could always hire or 
 requisition the ordinary merchant ships, which in those days 
 required little altering for fighting purposes, and as com- 
 merce grew, so, gradually, the relative importance of the 
 Cinque ports declined. Nature did the rest in silting up 
 their harbours. 
 
 The Crusades acquainted Northerners with the more 
 advanced shipbuilding of the Mediterranean. The 
 merchant men increased the size of their ships to carry 
 larger cargoes, and gradually the light galley of the Norse- 
 man, which could not board these ships of high freeboard, 
 or face the storms of winter, ceased to be used. 
 
 During the 15th century ships increased in size, and in the 
 number of sails and masts, so that by 1500 the modern 
 type of sailing vessel was nearly evolved. In 1460, 
 William Canynge, of Bristol, possessed a fleet with vessels 
 of 400, 800 and even 900 tons. English merchants traded 
 with the Baltic, Iceland, and the Mediterranean. The 
 conveyance of pilgrims to Compostella in Spain and to 
 other shrines largely increased their passenger trade. 
 
 H nry V. is important in the history of the Navy, as he 
 first established a strong standing navy and employed large 
 sailing vessels, on the plans of the broad, deep cargo boats, 
 exclusively in place of galleys. 
 
 The introduction of heavy artillery made galleys useless, 
 and led to that characteristic narrowing of the hull towards 
 the deck so as to get the great weight of the guns in the 
 centre. Henry V. was an innovator. His feebler suc- 
 cessors failed to maintain a standing navy. With the 
 Tudors advances were once more made. Henry VII. 
 established the first permanent dockyard at Portsmouth, and 
 began the bounty system to encourage merchants to build 
 large ships. He tried to insist on imports being brought 
 into England only in English ships, manned, for the most 
 part, by English crews. 
 
 With Henry VIII. s s reign, and the growth of strong 
 kingdoms ir, Spain and France a regular navy became a 
 necessity. The King showed considerable personal interest 
 and initiative in trying to adapt the Southern galley to 
 Northern requirements. 85 vessels were added to the navy, 
 and the King introduced guns weighing 3,000 lbs. instead 
 of 250 lbs. This introduction of powerful guns saved 
 England at the time of the Armada. 
 
 Henry VIII. also increased the administrative staff of the 
 navy, the duties of the " Clerk of the Ships 5 ' were divided 
 between a Treasurer, Comptroller and Surveyor, and this 
 organisation, enlarged, has continued. Woolwich and 
 Deptford Yards were added. The seamen began to take 
 part in the fighting, though soldiers were still carried. 
 
 Under hlizabeth, merchant shipping increased, and daring 
 seamanship became common ; but Elizabeth, who only added 
 <2» new ships to the navy, does not appear to have under- 
 
3 
 
 stood the importance of sea power as well as her father, 
 and the victory over the Armada belongs to Henry and to 
 the British seamen. 
 
 In 1552 there were 16,000 seamen available, and except 
 during the Armada, when 12,000 were in pay, the Fleet 
 required only from 2,000 to 4,000. Drake, Raleigh, and 
 Essex continued and more explicitly stated the principles of 
 naval strategy, previously practised by the English kings, 
 although Elizabeth's timidity and parsimony frustrated 
 their efforts. Nevertheless Elizabeth left England supreme 
 at sea, with the finest fleet of men-of-war afloat, for it was 
 only at the close of the 16th century that Spain and Holland 
 began to build ships purely for fighting purposes. 
 
 James I., though he spent more in peace than Elizabeth in 
 times of war, by his choice of inefficient men, allowed this 
 splendid navy to crumble away. The build of ships did 
 not improve, and the administration was dishonest. They 
 were " over-pestered and clogged with great ordnance." 
 Measurements were made by eye instead of with mathe- 
 matical exactness. Pett, the famous builder of the " Prince 
 Royal," used twice the amount of timber he had estimated 
 for. 
 
 In 1618 Buckingham managed to stop this degeneration 
 to a certain extent by getting a Board of Navy Commoners 
 instituted, responsible to himself, as Lord Admiral. For- 
 tunately the reigns of James I. and Charles I. were a kind 
 of truce. The power of Spain was practically gone, and 
 the quarrels with the much richer and more powerful States 
 of France and Holland scarcely developed. No attempt 
 was made to provide for the feeding or health of sailors at 
 this time. Men preferred the galleys, and even hanging, 
 to serving on the King's ships. Plymouth petitioned against 
 crews being disbanded there, as 1600 of the townspeople 
 died from diseases caught from the sailors paid off there 
 after the return of the fleet from Cadiz. The Common- 
 wealth treated the sailors, who joined it readily owing to 
 their discontent with the royal bad treatment, better. 
 
 The Commonwealth found a strong fleet necessary to pre- 
 vent its outside foes helping its internal enemies, and con- 
 fiscations paid somewhat recklessly for a lavish expenditure 
 on the navy. Fortunately this care for the navy enabled 
 England, though far poorer and possessed of less trade, to 
 defeat the Dutch in the wars that followed. 
 
 The Dutch Wars, for which many merchant vessels had 
 to be hired, revealed danger of friction with their com- 
 manders, and it was enacted that in all cases the officers 
 must be appointed by the State. The Navy List thus began 
 to assume a degree of permanence. These wars, too, proved 
 the advantage of ships larger than the usual merchantmen, 
 and the hiring of them became less common. 
 
 On the Restoration, James, Duke of York, was appointed 
 Lord High Admiral, and a Navy Board acted under him 
 Fie .found m Samuel Pepys, the diarist, an able principal 
 officer of the nav V . In 1676 there were 97 fighting ships of 
 various rates besides ketches, yachts, etc. A year later the 
 first Naval Defence Act was passed, which added 30 new 
 
4 
 
 vessels to the navy. The war scare with France, to which 
 the Defence Act was due, passed away, and political dis- 
 sensions caused neglect of the navy and of its deterioration. 
 
 In 1685 James, as king, continued the office of Lord High 
 Admiral in himself, recalled Pepys, and appointed a new 
 Navy Board. Various reforms were carried out. At the 
 Revolution there were 121 fighting ships, besides bomb 
 vessels (just introduced), fireships, etc. 
 
 The system of naval administration, organised by 
 Henry VIII. as far as it was organised at all, 
 continued little changed. Under William III. the navy 
 was doubled, partly owing to the prizes captured from the 
 French. Queen Anne and George I. maintained the navy 
 at about the same strength at which they found it. George 
 II. 's successful naval wars with Spain and France in 1748 
 and 1756, and the building of larger ships for them brought 
 the numbers up to 412 ships at his death, and George III. 
 had 700 ships at the Peace of Amiens. The expanding trade 
 of which England had practically a monopoly in time of 
 war, and the growth of colonies beyond the seas contributed 
 to making the British navy far more powerful than all the 
 navies of the world taken together. 
 
 The idea of fighting in line was gradually developed, 
 and the strength of fleets came to be counted, not by the 
 actual number of ships, but by the number of " ships fit to 
 lie in a line," whence came the term " ships of the line." 
 Any variation from fighting in line was forbidden, though 
 it did not prove advantageous without great superiority of 
 numbers. 
 
 Byng at Cape Passaro, 1718, and Sir Edward Hawke in 
 Quiberon Bay, 1759, and Rodney accidentally at Dominica, 
 showed how much might be gained by violating the rule on 
 occasion. The greatness of Howe, St. Vincent, Duncan, 
 and Nelson, showed itself in their freedom from traditional 
 routine, and resulted in the glorious victories of Ushant, 
 St. Vincent, Camperdown, The Nile, Copenhagen, and 
 Trafalgar. 
 
 A great danger of successful war is the reliance on pres- 
 tige which follows, and the navy became perilously weak 
 during the half-century which followed the peace of 1815. 
 Although the Admiralty withstood the introduction of steam 
 and iron as long as possible, the industrial supremacy of 
 England gave her every advantage when the necessity for 
 change was once admitted. The first paddle war steamers 
 were soon followed by the first screw, the "Rattler," in 
 1842. The screw soon superseded the paddle, as it 
 allowed the machinery to be better protected, and enabled 
 the ship to sail, if wished, (v. No. 25, with its removable 
 screw.) 
 
 The Crimean War found England with a powerful fleet 
 of screw ships of war, of which the "Wellington," 
 
 Agamemnon " and " Shannon " were the finest examples. 
 f rom this time ships depending entirely on sails became 
 obsolete for war purposes. The advance of gunnery now 
 gave the death blow to wooden ships. The idea of plating 
 with iron originated in America, but was first put into prac* 
 
5 
 
 tice by the French in 1855. The British Admiralty at once 
 followed with the " Erebus " and "Terror." 
 
 Lord Derby's Commission of 1858, while recognizing the 
 necessity of converting sailing ships into steam-ships, failed 
 to see the necessity for ironclads, but in 1860 this was mani- 
 fest, and the "Warrior," the first sea-going ironclad, was 
 launched, her great length led to her ends being left 
 unarmoured. The "Black Prince," the "Defence" and 
 " Resistance " followed, and in 1861 eleven ironclads were 
 ordered. The "Minotaur," " Agincourt " and "North- 
 umberland" were first armoured air over. (v. Picture 
 No. 80.) 
 
 The check given by armour-plating to the effect of artillery 
 led to the revival of the ram ; used so much by mediaeval 
 galleys, (v. Model above Case II.) 
 
 The study of torpedoes was carefully pursued after the 
 Crimean War, and in 1871 the Whitehead fish-torpedo was 
 invented. 
 
 Messrs. Thornycroft introduced fast screw-boats to carry 
 torpedoes : the " Vesuvius," in 1874, was the first torpedo 
 vessel in the British Navy. But artillery soon caught up 
 protective armour, and the problem has been to combine 
 effective defence with the maximum of offensive power and 
 speed. Captain Coles advocated the turret system (v. No. 
 97), Sir Edward Reen the broadside, in which battery and 
 water line are heavily armoured. 
 
 In 1862 the " Royal Sovereign," the first turret-ship was 
 built. The " Captain," which it was hoped would combine 
 a low freeboard with the qualities of a sailing frigate, 
 capsized in 1870. The Commission of 1871 decided that 
 perfection in all directions was impossible as the various 
 excellencies were incompatible. 
 
 It is impossible even to mention recent inventions and 
 improvement. The introduction of hard-faced steel armour, 
 which gives as much protection, with 6 or 7 inch plates, as 
 14 inch plates of wrought iron armour, enabled armour to 
 be greatly extended without increase of weight. 
 
Whitechapel Art Gallery 
 
 SHIPPING EXHIBITION, 
 
 OCTOBER 7 to NOVEMBER 29, 1903. 
 
 CATALOGUE. 
 
 1 Navy League Map. 
 Lent by Navy League. 
 
 2 Diagram of Cunard Steamers, 
 
 This shows the increase in size in recent steamers. 
 Unless great speed is required, the larger the boat the 
 cheaper the cost of transport. But there is a limit to 
 the strain iron will stand, and in heavy seas more than 
 half the vast hulls are unsupported. It is question- 
 able how far increase of size beyond a certain point is 
 economical in the long run. 
 
 2A A Britannic Sentinel. 
 Lent by C. Swan, Esq. 
 
 3 — 6 Model of a Self-righting Lifeboat. 
 Lent by National Lifeboat Institution. 
 
 During the 18th century there were several sugges- 
 tions made to the Admiralty for the adoption of un- 
 sinkable boats ; these were all based on the use of 
 cork. In 1785, Mr. Lionel Lukin, a coach-builder, of 
 Long Acre, combined a gunwale of cork with an air 
 chamber running from stem to stern, and in 1790, 
 Mr. Henry Greathead, a boat builder of South Shields, 
 and Mr. William Wouldhave, built a cork-lined boat 
 with curved keel and three centre-boards, thus leading 
 up to the self righting principle. By 1803, Greathead 
 had built 31 boats, and the House of Commons had 
 voted him a grant of £1200. The first boat was work- 
 ing until 1821, when it broke upon the rocks at the 
 mouth of the Tyne. Another, built in 1802, was still 
 stationed at Redcar three-quarters of a century later. 
 In 1824, the " Royal National Institution for the 
 Preservation of Life from Shipwreck " was founded, 
 but the public enthusiasm which originated it gradually 
 died away, and 1849, its income was only ^350, and 
 there were very few efficient boats round the coast. 
 Under Royal and noble patronage the Institution was 
 re-organised, and in response to an offer made to the 
 then Duke of Northumberland^ Mr. James Beeching, 
 of Great Yarmouth, built the first self-righting boat 
 in 1850, which was at once stationed at Ramsgate. 
 In 1854, the Institution was re-named in its present 
 
7 
 
 form, " The Royal National Lifeboat Institution, 
 founded in 1824 for the Preservation of Life from 
 Shipwreck," and in i860 it was incorporated by Royal 
 Charter. 
 
 These boats possess the property of turning to che 
 upright even when upside-down. The end boxes are 
 very large to ensure this. 
 
 The lifeboats round the coast are of many different 
 types to suit the locality. They are not all self- 
 righting. 
 
 6a Chart. British Seamen for British Ships. 
 Lent by Navy League. 
 
 7 Drogue. 
 
 Acts as a drag to Lifeboats and fishing boats. 
 
 8 Nelson's last Signal at Trafalgar. 
 Photogravure from the Painting by Thos Davidson. 
 
 g Model of Ship's Lifeboat Clearing Apparatus 
 Lent by Eric Wolfgang. 
 
 10 Hydraulic Steam Life Boat " Duke of 
 
 Northumberland." 
 Lent by Messrs. R. & H. Green. 
 
 11 " Marie." Model of Life Boat. 
 
 Lent by H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 12 Circular Quay at Sydney, N.S.W. 
 Lent by Eastern and Australian Steamship Co. 
 
 13 The famous Game of Bowls on Plymouth 
 
 Hoe, July 15th, 1588. 
 Painted by Seymour Lucas, R.A. 
 Engraved by Paul Girardet (in pure line). 
 
 14 " Albert Victor." Model of Life Boat. 
 Lent by H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 15 « Michael Henry." Model of Life Boat. 
 Lent by Thames Ironworks Co. 
 
 17 " Alfred." Model of Life Boat. 
 
 Lent by H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 18 Cork Life Jacket. 
 
 7 & 18 lent by National Lifeboat Institution. 
 
 19 The Armada from Ferrol, July 12th 1588. 
 Painted by Sir Oswald W. Brierley, R.W.S. (Marine 
 
 Painter to the Queen). 
 Etched by David Law. 
 8-13- 19 lent by Arthur Lucas, Esq. 
 
 20 Photographs oi the Great Eastern. 
 
 Lent by-the Eastern Steam Navigation Company, and 
 F. Kempson, Esq. 
 
 The Great Eastern was the first and solitary 
 boat of a line of steamers suggested by I. K.Brunei 
 
8 
 
 to take the entire Eastern trade as far as Ceylon, 
 as all boats for the East went so far together. 
 It was to reduce the voyage from eighty to forty 
 days, as against the time taken by the Aberdeen Tea 
 Clippers. This Leviathan was the largest ship ever 
 built. Its builders expected that the larger the ship, 
 the quicker it would be. It had two sets of engines 
 for screw and paddles, and a cellular construction, 13 
 knots speed. The idea was to carry all coal for the 
 the 5,000-mile voyage so as to avoid stoppages. Built 
 in Mr. Scott Russell's yard at Millwall. It had a 
 double hull below water-line, and 6,500 square yards 
 of canvas, being an eighth of a mile long. Though 
 a failure, it proved very useful for laying the Atlantic 
 Cable. 
 
 21 Books on Naval Subjects. 
 Lent by Messrs. B. T. Batsford. 
 
 22 Model of Triple Expansion Engines. 
 
 Lent by Victoria and Albert Museum, South Ken- 
 sington. 
 
 So called, because the steam is used three times, 
 passing by expansion from smaller to larger cylinders, 
 It is then condensed so as to be returned to the boilers 
 as " fresh " water. 
 
 The earliest steam engines for driving boats were 
 those of Papin on the Weser in 1701 and Jonathan 
 Hulls in 1736. Symington, in 1801, constructed a 
 successful horizontal direct acting engine for driving 
 a stern paddle-wheel in the first ' Charlocte Dundas. 5 
 Bell's ' Comet 5 first ran commercially in Britain. 
 Boulton and Watt introduced the side-lever type, 
 which was usual till 1860. 
 
 In the mercantile marine the inverted cylinder or 
 steam-hammer type has been in favour since 1860, as 
 it occupies little space and can be adapted to any 
 number of cylinders for successive expansion. 
 
 Successive expansion in three stages was introduced 
 in 1874 by Messrs. John Elder & Co., and led to a 
 great saving in fuel. 
 
 Messrs. Parsons' ' Turbinia 5 shows a step further in 
 advance. These engines expands their steam a 
 hundredfold, and drive nine screws on three shafts, 
 but the ceniral shaft has been found comparatively 
 ineffective, and on the latest boat, for the Newhaven 
 service, only the two side shafts for screws are used. 
 
 BAY A. 
 
 STEAMSHIPS. 
 
 23 " William Fawcett." 
 Lent by P. & O. Company. 
 
 This was the first vessel to open the Contract 
 Mail to the Peninsular Ports in 1837. She was built 
 in 1829, and her tonnage was 206, and horse-power 60. 
 
9 
 
 24 The 4 'True Briton." 
 
 Lent by St. Andrew's Mission to Seamen. 
 
 25 Models of stem and stern of Warships of 
 
 the 19th Century (about 1865). 
 Lent by Thames Iron Works. 
 
 These are before the H.M.S. Vulcan and the change 
 back to the ram form. That change was due to 
 the comparative ineffectiveness of guns against steel- 
 faced armour. 
 
 An aperture is noticeable, for lifting the screw when 
 under sail, to avoid the drag of the propeller. 
 
 26 The Second " Charlotte Dundas." 
 
 This was the second steam vessel of which there is 
 authentic account. She was built by Symington and 
 was on a Scottish canal for a short time. Owing to 
 objections of the owner of the canal banks, who feared 
 for his estate, if this sort of thing was allowed to go on, 
 the steamer was broken up for scrap-iron. 
 
 27 " Wilberforce." 
 
 Lent by General Steam Navigation Co. 
 
 28 " Water Witch." 500 tons, paddle, 1841. 
 
 29 " Great Western/' 
 
 Built for the Great Western Company, the largest 
 steamship of her time. Tonnage, 1640 ; horse power, 
 450- 
 
 The "Great Western" came just after the Sirius, 
 April 7th, 1838. 
 
 She was the first ship constructed specially for 
 North American trade. Built by Patterson of Bristol. 
 212 feet in length ; 1340 tons ; 440 horse power on lever 
 principle. She reached New York after 13 days ; 14 
 days back ; 4th voyage, 12 days. 
 
 130 Model in glass of the " Thames," an early 
 paddle boat, wrecked off the Scilly Islands. 
 Lent by C. Ranford, Esq. 
 
 The paddle-wheels are very far forward. Cargo in 
 stern was supposed to balance weight ot the engines. 
 
 31 Model and Advertisement of the " Comet." 
 Latter lent by Messrs Sleath. 
 
 32 Print of the " Comet," 
 
 This was the first steamship to sail on open water. 
 She was designed in 1812 by Henry Bell, who adopted 
 the engine of James Watt, the great engineer, who 
 first found a practical use for steam. She was called 
 the Comet because she flashed through the water at a 
 rate of nearly six miles an hour. She was built on the 
 Clyde and her successors gave that smoky river the 
 supremacy in shipbuilding, which it has had ever 
 
 since, 
 
IO 
 
 33 Oil painting of " Dundee. " 
 
 Steam Paddle-steamer of 640 tons, built by Wood, 
 and engined by Napier for the Dundee, Perth and 
 London Shipping Co. 
 
 34 Print of " Monarch " and " Leith." 
 Lent by General Steam Navigation Co. 
 
 The " Monarch," built ten years after the M Earl of 
 Liverpool," shows an immense advance. 
 
 35 Case containing models of a Barque being 
 
 towed by a paddle-wheel tug boat, and 
 of two powerful screw steam tugs. 
 These are models of the little paddle tug " Monarch ,! 
 
 of 1833, the "Simla" and twin screw up-to-date 
 
 " Oceana. 
 
 The tough build of steam-tugs allows them to dare 
 almost any weather. And so their use for life-boats 
 is great, as was their use for sailing vessels nearing 
 land. Steamers only need them in narrow channels. 
 
 36 Model of the " Vulcan." 
 
 37 Sailing Cards of Carron Line. Old and New. 
 
 The Carron Company was founded in George the 
 Second's time. Few companies can claim a more 
 honourable antiquity than the Carron Line. At first 
 makers of guns, the firm took to carrying its own 
 merchandise In the good old times of privateers, 
 no passenger who would not promise to fight was 
 accepted for the voyage from Grangemouth to London. 
 
 38 Advertisement of The Etna-Tranmere Ferry 
 
 (1817). 
 
 Lent by C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Esq. 
 
 39 Picture of the Steam Passenger Boat, 
 
 The "Comet." 
 
 The long funnel was not so much to help the draught 
 as to keep the smoke out of passengers eyes. 
 
 40 Models of old and new Thames Paddle 
 
 Steamers. 
 Lent by Thames Iron Works. 
 
 What a pity it is that the natural highway of 
 London is without the means of transit. 
 
 41 Illustration of the u Earl of Liverpool.'' 
 Lent by J. D. Macintosh, Esq. 
 
 Built on Thames, 1822; 108 tons, 80 horse-power. 
 One of the earliest steamers of the Steam Navigation 
 Company. 
 
 42 Picture of " Royal George " Yacht. 
 Lent by General Steam Navigation Company. 
 
 43 Coloured Print of " Britannia." 
 
 26, 31, 32, 33, 36, 39, lent by Corporation of Glasgow. 
 
 Britannia built by Robert Duncan & Co., Greenock, 
 for the Cunard Company in 1839. The Britannia and 
 
II 
 
 her three sister ships were designed by Robert Napier 
 and by the speed of their paddles just brought 
 America within 14 days of Europe. 
 
 44 "Vivid.'' 
 
 Same type as " Monarch," 500 tons. 
 
 45 The " Alaska." 
 
 Lent by D. D. Bone, Esq. 
 
 Built at the Fairfield Yard on the Clyde for the 
 Guion Line. This was one of the dramatic surprises 
 in shipbuilding. The Guion Line was a new line 
 started in opposition to the Cunard Line. The 
 11 Alaska " was designed by Sir William Pearce, the 
 great shipbuilder, as an experiment. The Guion 
 Company bought her on the stocks and she at once 
 began her career by breaking the Atlantic record, re- 
 ducing it to seven days. She was called by a Glasgow 
 journalist " The Greyhound of the Atlantic," and this 
 name has since been used for each great successor. 
 The Guion Company retired from business and the 
 " Greyhound of the Atlantic" afterwards became a 
 floating lodging house for Barrow workmen. She is 
 now broken up. 
 
 46 S.S. " Colombo." 
 Lent by the P. & O. Co. 
 
 One of the early screws, the " Colombo arriving oft 
 Sebastopol with provisions for wounded soldiers and 
 sailors, on Christmas day, 1854." 
 
 47 Model ot a Yacht used by the Trinity House 
 
 Corporation, in connection with the Light- 
 house Service on the British Coasts. 
 Lent by HIS MAJESTY THE KING. 
 
 48 Model of Paddle Steam-tug "Anglia," (1866). 
 Lent by Messrs. William Watkins. 
 
 Its three funnels were very familiar on the Thames. 
 In 1867 it towed a disabled steamer home from St. 
 Helena 
 
 50 Painting of the " Walamo," an early Indian 
 
 passenger steamer of Wilson Sons & Co. 
 Lent by Messrs. Gellatly, Hankey & Co. 
 
 51 The 4 4 Ripon" leaving Southampton for the 
 
 Crimea, carrying the Grenadier Guards 
 
 (1854)- 
 
 Lent by P. & O. Company. 
 
 The «* Ripon " was a Paddle Steamer, built in 1846 
 at Blackwall, with a tonnage of 1508 tons and a horse- 
 power of 1350. 
 
 52 Model of Stern-wheel Boat. 
 Lent by Messrs. Yarrow and Co. 
 
 These steamers are built for use on shallow rivers. 
 The single paddle is in the stern. 
 
12 
 
 53 The " Majestic " and " City of Glasgow." 
 Lent by T. Finlay, Esq. 
 
 These were among the earliest steamships in the 
 Channel service. 
 
 54 Photographs of the " Great Eastern." 
 Lent by F. Kempson, Esq. 
 
 55 Various ships of the P. & O. Company, from 
 
 its foundation up to the last generation, in 
 which masts and sails formed a serious 
 part of a Steamer's equipment. 
 
 Lent by the P. & O. Co. 
 
 Note the graceful lines of the " Oceana." 
 This Company was founded in 1837, to trade with 
 
 Spain and Portugal. In 1840, it was expanded into 
 
 the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation 
 
 Company. 
 
 The opening of the Suez Canal severely affected 
 the company for a time and necessitated the building 
 of a new fleet, but the trade of Great Britan with the 
 East having increased from 20 to 100 million pounds 
 in 50 years, the importance of this company, for 33 
 of these years practically the exclusive carrier to the 
 East, can be imagined. 
 
 56 Torpedo Boat Destroyer. 
 Painted by W. S. Tomkin. 
 Lent by W. G. Glover, Esq. 
 
 57-58 Water Colours, I.C.S. <4 Lawrence'' and 
 the Troopship " Clive.' , 
 Lent by the India Office. 
 
 59 Photographs of Steamer " Australian " 
 
 before launching and after. 
 Lent by Eastern and Australian Steamship Co. 
 
 60 Facsimile of Promissory Note granted for 
 
 payment of the boiler of the " Comet," 
 the first Steamer to carry passengers in 
 Europe. 
 Lent by Sailors' Palace. 
 
 61 Model of Stern-wheel Passenger Steamer. 
 Lent by J. I. Thornycroft & Co. 
 
 62-63 Model and Photographs of Steamer 
 » Sikh." 
 
 Lent by Messrs. Gellatly, Hankey & Co. 
 
 Built in 1902, by Messrs. Napier & Miller, Ltd., for 
 Japan and China trade. 
 
 64 Photographs of " Orontes " 
 Lent by Orient Pacific Co. 
 
13 
 
 65 Painting of the Orient Pacific Liner R.M.S. 
 
 " Ophir." 
 By Frank Brangwyn. 
 Lent by Anderson, Anderson & Co. 
 
 The original of the justly popular pester. The im- 
 agination of the artist has brought out the eternal 
 contrast of East and West. 
 
 66 Fast Screw Yacht. 
 Lent by Thames Iron Works. 
 
 Built by the Thames Iron Works for the Russian 
 Ambassador at Constantinople. 
 
 67 Model of " Turbinia." 
 
 Lent by Parsons' Marine Steam Turbine Co. 
 
 This Steamer carries the expansion of steam still 
 further. Just as a bullet gains velocity in the spiral 
 groove of a rifle, so the steam in the Turbine Engine 
 gains force by being buffeted in a somewhat similar 
 spiral. 
 
 The turbine, with which Mr. Parsons' name will 
 always be connected, appears to be the marine engine 
 of the future. A committee is now sitting to consider 
 the advisability of adopting it for the new Cunarders 
 to be built. The ' Turbinia ' is interesting as being 
 the first boat fitted with turbines. 
 
 68 Model of Steamship on Stand. 
 
 Lent by H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 69 Model of small Steamship. 
 
 Lent by H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 70 Photograph of S.S. " St. Paul " of Phila- 
 
 delphia. 
 Lent by American Line. 
 
 This ship, and the sister ship '* St. Louis,'* were built 
 at Cramp's Yard, Philadelphia, and were the first 
 modern passenger lines built in the United States. 
 
 71 American Line Steamship " Philadelphia.' 1 
 
 72 Picture of the White Star Liner R.M.S. 
 
 " Oceanic." 
 Lent by Messrs. Ismay, Imrie & Co. 
 
 Built by Harland & Wolff, Belfast, for the White Star 
 Line. When first launched she was the largest vessel 
 afloat. Her tonnage is 17,274 tons, and her speed 22 
 knots. The "Celtic" is a larger vessel, but the "Oceanic' ' 
 is still the largest vessel of her class. She is 24 feet 
 longer than the u Great Eastern " and 6 J feet deeper. 
 An idea of her size may be had from the fact that she 
 is as long as the Haymarket from Pall Mall to the 
 middle of the Civil Service Stores, and as high as the 
 buildings. 
 
 73 Model of Tank Steamer " Silverslip." 
 Lent by Messrs. M. Samuel & Co. 
 
 At one time Insurance Companies would not insure 
 inflammable cargoes, but these vast steamers now 
 
14 
 
 supply the East with oil, special arrangements being 
 made to protect the cargo against fire. The engines 
 are removed to one end. 
 
 A typical modern steamer of moderate speed, but 
 enormous cargo capacity. She is practically of 
 constant section for nearly the whole length. This 
 ship could carry oil or cargo, as desired. 
 
 74 Congo Steamer in Dry Dock undergoing 
 
 repairs to stem and bows, probably after 
 collision. 
 
 Lent by The Hartmann Anti-fouling Composition Co., 
 Limited. 
 
 75 Picture of Cunard R.M.S. " Campania/' 
 Lent by The Hartmann Anti-fouling Composition Co., 
 
 Limited. 
 
 Built at Fairfield on the Clyde for the Cunard 
 Company in 1893. The tonnage is 12,950, and her 
 speed 22 knots an hour. She is the best liner that the 
 Clyde has yet produced. 
 
 *76 S.S. " Britannic/' 
 By A. J. Carson. 
 
 77 Model of Steam Yacht. 
 
 Lent by HIS MAJESTY THE KING. 
 
 Flying Royal Standard at main. A Royal yacht of 
 the old type. Tonnage 132 tons. 
 
 78 H.M.S. "Ophir." 
 
 By Chevalier E. de Martino. 
 
 Lent the Proprietors of the " Graphic." 
 
 *79 A Cape Liner. 
 By W. S. Tomkin. 
 
 80 Model of " Ophir." 
 
 Lent by H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 Built by the Fairfield Ship-building on the Clyde 
 for the Orient Line. This is perhaps the most dis- 
 tinguished vessel in the British Mercantile Marine, as 
 she conveyed the Prince and Princess of Wales on 
 their tour round the World in 1901. The model is a 
 very highly finished example of modern model making 
 
 *8i Her Maiden Voyage. 
 By A. J. Carson. 
 
 82 Model of Screw Yacht for H.M. The King 
 
 of Spain. 
 
 Iron Screw Yacht, wood sheathed, 2,519 tons, 13,700 
 h.p., built by the Thames Iron Works for the King of 
 Spain, 1875. 
 
 83 Roumanian Police Boat " Oltul/' 
 Built by the Thames Iron Works in 1888 
 82 & 83 Lent by the Thames Iron Works. 
 
15 
 
 BAY B. 
 
 MODERN WAR SHIPS. 
 
 The great change in the Navy began with the introduction 
 of Steam, about 1832. The first paddle boats, like the 
 " Salamander " of 1832, were soon succeeded by Screw 
 Steamers like the " Rattler " of 1843. But it was only in 
 1848 that steam propulsion was applied to regular line of 
 battle ships, and then only as an auxiliary power to fully 
 rigged sailing vessels. Though iron armour applied to 
 wooden ships was found successful as early as 1832, it was 
 only used for war vessels in 1856, the shell fire in the 
 Crimean War having proved very destructive to wooden 
 ships. In i860 came the Warrior," the first iron-built 
 armoured vessel. From this time vessels of war diverged 
 more and more from merchant ships and the Tudor plan of 
 hiring merchant vessels in time of war for fighting pur- 
 poses would now be impossible. Armour was at first of 
 wrought iron. This was not a sufficient protection against 
 steel shot. The iron was then plated with steel. The later 
 armour is of nickel steel or other special metal with a hard- 
 ened face. 
 
 Armour is now usually applied completely round the 
 water line and curved protective decks project to shield the 
 part of the ship under the water line. 
 
 The heavy armoured gun turrets which prevailed from 
 1870 to 1889, have given way to barbette mounting, the guns 
 being worked on a revolving platform protected by a 
 stationary ring of armour. 
 
 84 Twin Screw Armoured Barbette Battle Ship. 
 Built by the Thames Iron Works, London, for the 
 Emperor of China. Tonnage, 10,500 tons; speed, 18 
 knots ; carries four 12-inch guns and four 6-inch quick 
 firing guns, and five torpedo tubes. 
 Lent by Thames Iron Works. 
 
 ^85 Water Colour of Torpedo Boats. 
 By Miss Clara Montalba. 
 
 86 Photographs of Steamers and Machinery. 
 Lent by Messrs. Yarrow & Co. 
 
 87 Seven Drawings by Charles Dixon. 
 
 Lent by the Proprietors of the " Graphic Gallery." 
 
 *88 Eight Pastels of the Jubilee Naval Review, 
 
 18Q7. 
 By George C. Haite. 
 
 *8g H.M.S. " Duncan " and " Cornwallis." 
 By W. S. Tomkin. 
 
 90 The " Ophir " entering Malta. 
 By Charles Dixon. 
 Lent by W. G. Glover, Esq. 
 
i6 
 
 91 Model of Torpedo Boat Destroyer, 31 knots, 
 
 " Shirakumo." 
 Lent by J. I. Thornycroft & Co. 
 
 91A Two old Prints and four Water Colours 
 showing sailors' dress at various times. 
 Lent by Commander C. N. Robinson, R.N. 
 
 92 Model of Torpedo Boat constructed for 
 
 Imperial Japanese Navy. 
 Lent by Messrs. Yarrow & Co. 
 
 93 Model of Clockwork for blowing up a Fire- 
 
 ship. 
 
 Lent by United Service Institution. 
 
 94 Model of Twin-screw Battleship " Albion." 
 Lent by Thames Iron Works. 
 
 95 Two Models of sectional flat boats for 
 
 pontoon bridges for Cavalry. 
 Lent by United Service Institution. 
 
 96 Model of H.M. Shallow Draft Twin-screw 
 
 Gunboats, " Teal and Moorhen," for use 
 on rivers of China. 
 Lent by Messrs. Yarrow & Co. 
 
 97 Captain Coles' Shield Ship. 
 
 Type of warship with auxiliary sails and remov- 
 able screw, carrying eight 300-pounders, screw, steam- 
 ing 12 5 knots, 4 turrets, tonnage, 3,700 ; 3 mast, mizzen, 
 weging stern. This class of vessel was used in the 
 Crimean War. 
 
 Designed by Captain Coles, who afterwards built 
 the <4 Captain," modified by the Admiralty and lost in 
 1870 off Finisterre, with almost all her crew. 
 
 *98 The Passing of the Mistress of the Seas. 
 
 The "Alberta" bringing the body of Queen 
 Victoria from the Isle of Wight. 
 By W. S. Tomkin. 
 
 99 Illustrations of Old Naval Uniforms. 
 Lent by Messrs. L. & H. Nathan. 
 
 NAVAL UNIFORMS. 
 
 The subject of naval uniforms is not as clear as one would 
 expect. Officers, judging by their portraits, wore the ordinary 
 dress of the time. Edward IV. provided "Jackets." Henry 
 VIII., when in funds, clothed his sailors in the Tudor 
 colours, white and green. Certain kings granted liveries, 
 sometimes of " Watchet blue," the colour being, like Khaki, 
 meant to act as a protection. No regular uniform seems to 
 have been insisted on, till George II. decided in 1748 on the 
 now well-known blue cloth uniform for officers, choosing this 
 colour rather than the combination of scarlet and blue, more 
 common at the time, owing to the favourable impression 
 made on him by the blue habit faced with white of a lady 
 he saw riding. 
 
17 
 
 Ordinary seamen are constantly represented as wearing a 
 kind of petticoat, not unlike the kilt, as a protection against 
 wet and hard wear. (No. 91 a.) This lasted till Captain 
 Maryatt's time. Epaulets were adopted about 1795, and white 
 lappels and cuffs disappeared. It was only in 1857 that a 
 uniform, very like that now worn, was established for the 
 sailors. 
 
 Recently, beards have been allowed. Till the end of the 
 the Napoleonic wars all sailors were clean shaven. 
 
 100 Naval Uniforms, mostly of Nelson's period. 
 Lent by Messrs. L. & H. Nathan. 
 
 101 Portrait of the Earl of St. Vincent. 
 By Sir William Beechy. 
 
 Lent by the Fishmongers' Company. 
 
 John Jervis, Earl of St. Vincent, Admiral of the 
 Fleet (1735-1823), and the famous disciplinarian and 
 strategist. He captured the French 74-gun ship 
 M Pegasus," 1782, and was with Lord Howe at the 
 relief of Gibraltar. He commanded the naval forces 
 at the reduction of the French West India Islands, 
 1794, and on February 14th, 1797, obtained a splendid 
 victory over the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent. 
 His three great services consisted in disciplining the 
 Mediterranean fleet, triumphing at St. Vincent in a 
 critical political time, and suppressing the mutiny of 
 1797-98. " Though he must yield to Nelson the rare 
 charm of genius, yet was the glory of Nelson, from the 
 Nile to Trafalgar, the fair flower that could only have 
 bloomed upon the rugged stalk of Jervis's navy." 
 (Captain Mahan.) 
 
 ioia H.M.S. " Marlborough/' 
 Lent by T. H. Small, Esq. 
 
 A wooden screw line of battle ship of 131 guns, and 
 800 h.p., Launched 31st July, 1855. Boats of this 
 type only trusted to steam as an auxiliary power. 
 
 DECORATIVE ART 
 
 The decorative value of shipping to our eyes is disappearing 
 with the changes in form, consequent on the introduction of 
 iron ships and steam. Possibly future generations will ac- 
 quire a more vivid appreciation of the beauty of iron con- 
 struction. Even now the lines which insure the highest 
 speed and efficiency strike us by their simple grace. Never- 
 theless, we miss the sails and rigging of ships of past times. 
 Up to the middle of the 19th century, shipping remained 
 almost alone, except for scaffolding, a perfectly beautiful 
 thing of daily use, and naturally artists make use of ships 
 as motives in decorative work. 
 
 102 Tiles, Vases and Plates with decoration of 
 
 Ships and Fishes. 
 Lent by W. De Morgan & Co W 
 
 Some of these have the lustred glaze, a sometime 
 lost art of the Italians of the 16th century, now revived. 
 
i8 
 
 Such things pretend to no accuracy of detail, but they 
 make us realise the charm of ships of olden time. 
 
 103 Photograph of a Rhodian Plate, showing deco- 
 ration of Ships. Original in Cluny Museum 
 at Paris. 
 
 *I04 Silver Plaque of Ships. Worked by hand 
 pressure against felt. 
 By Charles Emanuel, Esq. 
 
 105 Design of Ship and Dragon for reverse of 
 
 a medal by Pisanello, the greatest Italian 
 medallist of the 1 5th century. 
 
 106 The Fairy Ship. 
 
 Children's picture book by Walter Crane. 
 
 *io7 Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury. 
 By A. Ragon, Esq. 
 
 *io8 Wreck of Spanish Galleon. 
 By A. Ragon, Esq. 
 
 These pictures give an idea of the appearance of 
 ships of the time of the Armada. 
 
 109 Dutch Tile. 
 
 Lent by F. L. Emanuel, Esq. 
 
 The Dutch as being both a great race, navally and 
 artistically, naturally expressed their love of ships in 
 painting and the decorative arts. 
 
 no Three large Tile Panels of Ships. 
 Designed by W. De Morgan, Esq. 
 Lent by Messrs. Morris & Co. 
 
 * 1 1 1 Chandelier for Candles in copper and wrought 
 iron, with copper Ship and Dolphin's 
 heads. 
 By Nelson Dawson. 
 
 t*H2 Dutch Merchant and Fishing Boats in 1600. 
 By R. Morton Nance. 
 
 *ii3 The Cross and the Crescent. English Ships 
 and Turkish Galleys. 
 By R. Morton Nance. 
 
 *ii4 No Quarter. 
 
 English and Dutch in the XVI. century. 
 By R. Morton Nance. 
 
 *H5 The First Lightship. 
 By R. Morton Nance, 
 
 *n6 Painted Screen, Blake and Tromp. 
 By R. Morton Nance. 
 
 The beautiful decorative work of this artist, has the 
 additional merit of being accurate in every detail, so 
 that it is a valuable addition to the existing knowledge 
 of the subject. 
 
19 
 
 H7 Model of full rigged Barque "Flo," (about 
 1850). 
 
 With ports painted to imitate a Man-of-War. This 
 was often done as a protection. 
 Lent by F. L. Emanuel, Esq. 
 
 118 Dockyard Model of 18th Century Revenue 
 Cutter, about 75 tons, 16 guns. 
 Lent by Messrs. Linton Hope & Co. 
 
 *ug Broadsheets. 
 
 Broadsheets with ballads and rough coloured wood- 
 cuts of Naval subjects, were very popular formerly. 
 Mr. Yeats has revived these, and caught the some- 
 what grim romance of the old seafaring life. 
 By Jack B. Yeats. 
 
 BAY C. 
 
 HISTORIC MODELS AND PICTURES. 
 OLDER WAR SHIPS. 
 
 Before the invention of gunpowder, fighting was conducted 
 either hand-to-hand or by archers. The forecastle was an 
 erection to protect archers. Soon after 1350 cannons already 
 used on land were introduced on shipboard. They were 
 arranged on deck at first, but the use of ports and the 
 arrangement of the guns in tiers soon followed. The desire 
 to get the weight of the guns in the centre of the ship led to 
 that narrowing in of the hull towards the decks which is 
 such a feature of old ships. In the 17th century ships 
 possessed lofty sterns, a spritmast below the bowsprit, and 
 a lateen sail on the mizzenmast. Owing to the regulations 
 laid down by the Navy Board in 1719 for the construction of 
 ships of war, this type of ship remained little changed until 
 the beginning of the 19th century. 
 
 120 Model of 74-gun line of Battleship, 18th 
 
 Century. Showing the manner in which 
 
 the deck beams are laid. 
 English build. 
 Lent by J. C. Sharpe, Esq. 
 
 121 Midship Section of " Rodney." 
 Lent by F. W. Slade, Esq. 
 
 The " Rodney," 92, of 2598 tons, launched at Pem- 
 broke in 1833, built from the design of Sir Robert 
 Seppings, predecessor of Sir Wm. Symonds as Sur- 
 veyor of the Navy. First cost ^"76,541. Was in the 
 Black Sea Fleet, 1854. 
 
 A specimen of the old wooden walls. Notice the 
 great thickness of the wooden stern and timbers, and 
 you will realise how its comes to pass that an iron or 
 steel ship can be built much lighter than a wood ship. 
 
 122 Model of 28 Gun Frigate, early 19th Century. 
 Lent by The Sailors' Home. 
 
 123 Model of Man-of-War. 
 Lent by The Sailors' Home. 
 
20 
 
 124 A Sea Fight. 
 
 Lent by Walter Coombs, Esq. 
 
 125 Picture made of Coloured Straw, representing 
 
 the arrival in port of a squadron of War 
 Vessels, 171 8. 
 Lent by W. Rubbathan Smith, Esq. 
 
 126 The " Victory" being towed into Gibraltar, 
 
 28th October, 1805. 
 Painted by Clarkson Stanfield. 
 Lent by the Corporation of Loudon. 
 
 127 In Port — A Calm. 
 Painted by Henry Dawson. 
 
 Lent by the Corporation of Birmingham. 
 
 f 128 Model of a 120-gun Ship. 
 Lent by Mrs. Edenborough. 
 
 129 Silver Model of a Steering Wheel. 
 
 Lent by H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 The steering wheel was tried early in the 18th 
 century, but not liked. It was finally established in 
 use between 1740 and 1750. 
 
 130 Model Line of Battleship. 
 
 These models were made in large numbers by the 
 French prisioners at Portsmouth and other places 
 during the Napoleonic wars out of the bones of the 
 meat supplied them. 
 Lent by Henry Castle, Esq. 
 
 131 Silver Model of Training Ship u Worcester." 
 Lent by HIS MAJESTY THE KING. 
 
 133 The Relief of Gibraltar. 
 
 Lent by the Corporation of London. 
 Painted by R. Paton. 
 
 In the memorable siege of Gibraltar by the Spaniards, 
 1779 — 83, when the defence was conducted by Gen. 
 Elliot, afterwards Lord Heathfield, relief was carried 
 to the place by Admiral George Darby in April, 1781, 
 and not again until Lord Howe, in the face of a strong 
 force of the enemy, succeeded in reaching the harbour 
 with a year's supplies in October, 1782, thus render- 
 ing the greatest service to his country. 
 
 134 Portsmouth Harbour. 
 Lent by T. S. Oldfield, Esq. 
 Painted by David Cox. 
 
 135 On the Quarter Deck. 
 Lent by Vernon Weston, Esq. 
 
 136 The Wooden Walls of England. 
 Lent by the Corporation of Birmingham. 
 Painted by Henry Dawson. 
 
21 
 
 137 Frigate in the Tagus. 
 Lent by Mrs. Cornish Bowden. 
 Painted by Luny. 
 
 138 The Fight between English and French 
 
 Ships. 
 Lent by W. Coombs, Esq. 
 
 139 Model of a Barkantine. 
 Lent by H. Coel, Esq. 
 
 Made by a seaman, running rigging made from 
 Spanish lute string. Hull is of teak, which once 
 formed the jib-boom of a " clipper," in the China 
 trade. 
 
 *I40 Model of Dutch First Rate, latter half of 
 17th century. 
 Made by R. Morton Nance. 
 
 The hull, copied from an "ex-voto" i.e. model put 
 up in churches, especially in Holland, and rigging 
 from contemporary drawings. 
 
 141 Old Devonport Dock Yard. 
 Painted by J. M. W. Turner. 
 Lent by T. S. Oldfield, Esq. 
 
 Mr. Ruskin declared this to be a genuine early 
 work of the painter. 
 
 142 The " Victory " being towed into Gibraltar. 
 Lent by Victoria & Albert Museum. 
 
 Painted by Robert Cleverley. 
 
 After the battle of Trafalgar, the British fleet pro- 
 ceeded to Gibraltar, the " Victory," with a "jury mast 
 and rigging damaged, having the body of Lord Nelson 
 on board. 
 
 143 Men of War off Portsmouth. 
 Painted by Clarkson Stanfield, R.A. 
 Lent by the Corporation of London. 
 
 144 The Prince of Orange (afterwards William 
 
 III.), embarking at Helvoetsluys for Eng- 
 land, 1688. 
 Lent by Victoria & Albert Museum. 
 Painted by E. Koster. 
 
 Probably painted early in 19th century, but fairly 
 accurate in detail. 
 
 145 Model of Four-masted full-rigged Ship in a 
 
 dram bottle. 
 Lent by Fleetwood Sandeman, Esq. 
 
 This trick is generally done as follows. The hull 
 and riggings are pushed through the mouth of the 
 bottle in a horizontal position, and so arranged that 
 when once inside, pulling a string from the outside 
 attached to the lot will raise the masts to their proper 
 vertical position. 
 
22 
 
 146 Model of Frigate, end of 18th century. 
 Lent by Henry Castle, Esq. 
 
 It has the early form of wooden davit. 
 
 147 Old Iron bolt from the " Royal George. " 
 Lent by H. Castle, Esq. 
 
 148 Model of Stern of H.MS. " Pique " with 
 
 temporary rudders. 
 Lent by United Service Institution. 
 
 The "Pique," 36 guns and 1633 tons, built from the 
 plans of Sir William Symonds, Surveyor of the Navy, 
 and the designer of the most beautiful ships the old 
 wooden navy possessed, was launched at Devonport in 
 1834. In September, 1835, when under the command 
 of the Hon. H. J. Rous, (later the Admiral Rous 
 of Turf fame), she went ashore in the mouth of the St. 
 Lawrence. She was got off after throwing 20 of her 
 guns and 100 tons of water overboard, and although 
 leaking to the extent of 20 inches an hour continued 
 her voyage to England. It blew a gale the whole way, 
 and shortly after her departure she lost her rudder, 
 having to be steered by the manipulation of a length 
 of cable hove overboard, while the pumps were going 
 night and day. When put into dock at Portsmouth it 
 was found that nearly the whole of her keel and 
 bottom timbers had been torn away, leaving in some 
 places only two inches of sound wood as the margin of 
 safety. 11 Your beautiful ship," wrote Captain Rous 
 to Sir W. Symonds, "has had the hardest thumping 
 that ever was stood by wood and iron." 
 
 148A Model of Mast. Showing how they are put 
 together. 
 Lent by United Service Institution. 
 
 149 Model of Man-of-War. 
 Lent by H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 Till the early 19th century there were no means of 
 launching a boat clear of a ship except by one of the 
 yards, as seen in the model here. Straight spar davits 
 came first. Then they were made to swing from the 
 foot. Finally came curved iron davits, Unequal 
 lowering is a danger which many inventors have tried* 
 to overcome. 
 
 Painting of the Lighthouse in the Bay of 
 
 Dublin. 
 Lent by Victoria & Albert Museum. 
 
 Painted by J. T. Serres, son of the more famous naval 
 painter, Dominic Serres. 
 
 Model of French Frigate made by French 
 
 Prisoners. 
 Lent by J. C. Sharpe, Esq. 
 
 The way in which the boat is attached to the 
 rigging instead of being lowered by davits is indicative 
 of the period. 
 
 150 
 
 !5I 
 
 i 
 
23 
 
 152 Model Man of War. 
 
 Lent by HIS MAJESTY THE KING. 
 Early 19th century, possibly French build, judging 
 by the form of the bags and the netting, 
 
 1 53 Ships of War in the Medway. 
 Lent by Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 Painted by E. W. Cooke, R.A. 
 
 154 Saluting a Dutch State Barge. 
 By H. Kobell. 
 
 Lent by F. Brangwyn, Esq. 
 
 155 Frigate in the Hamoaze. 
 Lent by Mrs. Cornish Bowden. 
 Painted by Luny. 
 
 The Hamoaze part of Plymouth Sound where the 
 old battleships lie. 
 
 156 A Light Breeze. 
 
 Lent by Mrs. Cornish Bowden. 
 Painted by Van de Velde. 
 
 Van de Velde was a sailor himself. He came over 
 to England and became marine painter to the Court. 
 
 157 The Mutiny of the " Bounty " (1789). 
 
 Lent by W. Coombs, Esq. 
 
 The Bounty left Spithead for the South Seas, com- 
 manded by Lieut. William Bligh, a harsh and 
 unfeeling officer, in December, 1787. The crew 
 suffered the greatest hardships. Driven at length to 
 desperation, Bligh and eighteen officers and men were 
 placed in the ship's cutter, with food and spirits, a 
 sextant and charts, and turned adrift, and, in these 
 trying circumstances, Bligh showed great firmness 
 and strength of character, and at length reached safety 
 with his companions. Some of the mutineers were 
 brought to England, and three men were executed at 
 Spithead. Nothing was heard of the other mutineers 
 until 181 3, when it was discovered that their survivors 
 and descendants were living on Pitcairn's Island in 
 the Southern Pacific, and John Adams, the sole sur- 
 vivor of the mutiny, was not molested. The descen- 
 dants of the mutineers have since been removed to 
 Norfolk Island in the South Pacific. 
 
 158 English Frigates Saluting. 
 Painted by J. E. F. Swaine. 
 
 Lent by Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 159 Model of Frigate late 18th Century. 
 Lent by the Sailors' Home. 
 
 160 Finely-built Model of a Warship of the early 
 
 19th century, has the name " Eole " on 
 stern. 
 Lent by Sailors' Home. 
 
 161 Model of Dutch Brig, " Vrou Margrita." 
 Lent by F. L. Emanuel. 
 
 Very fine little model with Dutch flag wrong way up. 
 
24 
 
 162 Mats worn as clothing by Natives of friendly 
 
 Islands and Embroidered shoes. 
 
 163 Globe which was in the Action between 
 
 the " Mars " and " L'Hercule," 1792. 
 
 164 Orange Tree trained in form of Lion. 
 Brought by Captain Hood from capture of Canton. 
 
 165 Shark's Jaw. 
 
 166 Inlaid Table. 
 
 Brought by Lieut. Arthur Hood from the Defence 
 Eupatoria, in the Crimean War. 
 163, 164, 165, 166, lent by Lady Hood of Avalon. 
 
 167 Capture of the Spanish Frigate " El Gamo " 
 
 by the " Speedy," Captain Lord Cochrane, 
 
 May 6th, 1801. 
 Painted by Clarkson Stanfield, R.A. 
 Lent by Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 This capture of a 32-gun ship by one of 14 guns, was 
 one of the most extraordinary of the war, and demon- 
 strated Cochrane's fearlessness, audacity, and readi 
 ness of resource. 
 
 168 Man of War receiving stores. 
 Painted by Van de Velde. 
 
 Lent by W. H. Warhurst. 
 
 169 H.M.S. " Victory " at Trafalgar. 
 Painted by J. Constable. 
 
 Lent by Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 170 Model of " Victory." 
 Lent by T. H. Small, Esq. 
 
 The earliest " Victory" in the navy is of the reign of 
 Elizabeth, and took her share in the Armada fight of 
 1588, when Howard and Drake, Hawkins and Fro- 
 bisher " drummed the Spaniards up the Channel long 
 ago." She had four successors before 1765, and the 
 immediate predecessor of the present "Victory," an 
 almost new ship of no guns was lost with Admiral Sir 
 Balchen and 800 men in 1744, only one spar drifting 
 ashore at Guernsey to indicate her fate. There is a 
 beautiful model of this ship in the Naval Museum at 
 Greenwich. Our " Victory," launched at Chatham, 7th 
 May, 1765, was built from the plans of Sir Thos. 
 Slade, the then Surveyor of the Navy, who had risen 
 from the position of working shipwright and who 
 designed most of the finest ships of the 18th century 
 navy. Her dimensions were : — 
 
 Length from figure head to taffrail 226 ft. 6 in. 
 
 „ of keel ... v 151 „ 3 „ 
 
 11 of gun-deck 186 ,, o ,, 
 
 Extreme beam 52 o 
 
 Depth of hold 21 ,, 6 ,, 
 
 She is of 2162 tons, her ordinary rate in a topsail 
 wind was 8 knots, and although her armaments varied 
 
25 
 
 at different times, she usually carried thirty 32- 
 pounders on her lower deck, thirty 24-pounders on her 
 middle deck, thirty-two 12-pounders on the main deck 
 and others on the upper deck, the total number 
 ranging from 98 to 112 guns. 
 
 Her first service was in 1778, when she was Keppel's 
 flagship in the battle of 27th July, off Ushant ; in 1772 
 she was Sir Charles Hardy's flagship when, for the 
 last time, the combined French and Spanish fleets 
 held the command of the Channel, so that in her 
 career she has seen the nadir and the zenith of modern 
 English naval history. In 1781 she wore the flag of 
 Rear Admiral Kempenfelt, and on 12th December was 
 again in action off Ushant ; and, in 1782, was Howe's 
 Flagship at the relief of Gibraltar. Until recent times 
 first-rates were seldom commissioned except in years 
 of war, and her next services belong to the great war. 
 In 1793 she was Lord Hood's flagship in the Mediter- 
 ranean, was present at the capture of Toulon, and 
 bore her part in the battle of St. Vincent in 1797. 
 Between 178 1-3 she was almost rebuilt, and the model 
 here is probably of that period. She was then chosen 
 by Nelson, and remained his flagship in the Mediter- 
 ranean and West Indies until the final day at Trafalgar. 
 In 1808 she went to the Baltic with the flag of Sir 
 James Saumary, and in 1812 performed her last sea 
 service wearing the flag of Sir J. S. Yorke. No fewer 
 than six Admirals applied for her in 1815, but her 
 work was done, and after lying in ordinary for some 
 years, she was made flagship at Portsmouth in 1825. 
 
 As she now lies in Portsmouth harbour, her appear- 
 ance is very different from that of 1805, and still more 
 in 1765. The present bow is quite modern : when 
 launched it was a ponderous highly decorated open- 
 work beakhead, painted, carved, and gilded. Her 
 sides were painted black with a broad yellow band 
 running along some distance above the waterline 
 portion of the hull, shewed white with the graven 
 stuff. Copper sheathing did not come into general use 
 until about 1780. 
 
 171 Nelson's Coffin. Illustration. 
 Lent by Messrs. Collingridge Bros. 
 
 GROUP OF PORTRAITS OF MEN DIS- 
 TINGUISHED FOR THEIR ACHIEVE- 
 MENTS IN NAVAL HISTORY. 
 
 172 Captain James Cook (1728-1779). 
 
 The famous circumnavigator. He discovered the 
 Society Islands, proved New Zealand to be two islands, 
 followed the unknown coast of New Holland for 2000 
 miles, and separated it from New Guinea, traversed 
 the Antarctic Ocean on three successive voyages, 
 discovered and explored a great part of the coast of 
 
26 
 
 New Caledonia, discovered the Sandwich Islands 
 Archipelago, explored 3500 miles of the North Ameri- 
 can coast, and navigated the North Pacifiic. He was 
 killed at Owyhee by the natives, 1779, on his third 
 voyage of discovery. 
 
 173 Vice-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, Bart., 
 
 1762-1814. 
 
 Captain of the "Zealous" at Santa Cruz, 1797, and 
 in the battle of the Nile, 1788. when he was in action 
 with the "Guerrier." He afterwards blockaded the 
 French at Alexandria. As a commodore, he captured 
 St. Lucia, 1803, and Surinam, 1804. Afterwards he 
 was second in command with Sumarez in the Baltic, 
 1808, and in single action captured the Russian ship 
 
 Sevolod." 
 
 174 Samuel Pepys (1633- 1703). 
 
 The inimitable diarist, appointed Clerk of the Acts, 
 1660. He acted as Secretary of the Admiralty from 
 1673 to 1689, and was a zealous administrator. The 
 Naval transactions in his time are reflected most 
 vividly in his diary. 
 
 175 James II. (1633-1701). 
 
 As Duke of York in the reign of Charles II. he acted 
 as Lord High Admiral, and displayed great adminis- 
 trative powers. On coming to the throne he exercised 
 both the regal authority and that of Lord High 
 Admiral, and was one of the best of our Naval Ad- 
 ministrators, as is seen in his instructions and standing 
 orders to the fleet. 
 
 176 Samuel Hood (Viscount Hood), Admiral, 
 
 1724-1816. 
 
 The great seaman, who was second in command in 
 the action off the Chesapeake, 1781, and in Rodney's 
 total defeat of the French Fleet in 1782. He has been 
 spoken of as the instructor and precursor of Nelson, 
 who, undoubtedly, owed much to him. Hood was a 
 great and upright Administrator, and ranks very high 
 among British seamen. 
 
 177 Horatio, Viscount Nelson, Vice- Admiral, 
 
 1758-1805. 
 Lent by the Corporation of London. 
 Painted by Sir William Beechey, R.A. 
 
 The greatest of all British Seamen. He was victor- 
 ious at the Nile, at Copenhagen, and at Trafalgar. 
 He commanded the " Agamemnon" at the reduction 
 of Corsica, in 1794, losing an eye at siege of Calvi. At 
 St. Vincent, 14th February, 1747, he also became 
 Duke of Bronte in Sicily, and was created Viscount 
 Nelson after Copenhagen, in 1801. After his memor- 
 able blockade of Toulon, and his long pursuit of the 
 French, he fell at Trafalgar in the hour of victory, 
 21st October, 1805. His last words were, 11 1 have 
 
27 
 
 done my duty." Happy is he, who, like Nelson, lives 
 to complete his task. 
 
 178 Queen Elizabeth, 1533-1603. 
 
 The monarch in whose reign the fruit of the fruits 
 of the early explorations began to be won. She has 
 been charged with niggardliness in dealing with the 
 fleet, but it grew largely in her time, proved itself 
 equal to its duties in the war with Spain, and assumed 
 a more sailor-like character, the seamen largely 
 replacing the soldiers who had embarked in earlier 
 ships. 
 
 179 Henry VIII., 1509-1547. 
 
 The king, under whom the modern Navy may be 
 said to have had its birth. He built ships, did much 
 to improve naval architecture, took great interest in 
 the organisation of the fleet, extended its establish- 
 ment on the Thames, and set up the Dockyard at 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 180 Model of the Nelson Monument. 
 Lent by Messrs. Mappin and Webb. 
 
 181 Henry V. 
 
 The first king to have a standing Navy. 
 
 182 Sir Walter Raleigh, 1552-1618. 
 
 Took a principal part in the early attempts to 
 colonise Virginia, and in several expeditions against 
 the Spanish. He was one of the Council for the 
 Defence of the Country in 1588. He discovered 
 Guiana in 1595, and had a command at the sack of 
 Cadiz, 1596. Tried for high treason and condemned 
 to death, 1603 ; he was imprisoned for 14 years in the 
 Tower, during which period he wrote his" History of 
 the World." He was released to take a voyage to 
 Guinea, and returning without success, was executed 
 on his old sentence, 1618. Raleigh was a most 
 sagacious thinker upon naval problems, and upon 
 questions relating to national defence. 
 
 183 Alexander Hood (Viscount Bridport), Ad- 
 
 miral, 1724-1814. 
 
 He fought in many actions as a captain, and com- 
 manded a division of the Fleet at the relief of Gibral- 
 tar, 1782. He was second in command in the great 
 victory ot the " Glorious First of June," 1794. He 
 defeated the French Fleet off Groix, June, 1795. 
 Commanded the Channel Fleet, 1797- 1800. 
 173, 176, 183. Lent by Lady Hood of Avalon. 
 
 184 Model of Statue recently erected on the Hoe 
 
 at Plymouth. 
 Lent by Messrs. Mappin and Webb. 
 
 185 Sir Francis Drake, 1546-1596. 
 
 The first Englishman to win great distinction as a 
 seaman. His character was cautious but energetic, 
 
28 
 
 giving him promptness in action, with good judgment, 
 as well as unfailing courage, and fearlessness of 
 responsibility. He was the embodiment of the 
 maritime genius of his time, and was principally 
 instrumental in breaking the Spanish monopolies. 
 He took Nombre de Dios and sacked Vera Cruz, 
 1 572-3 ; led an expedition through the Straits of 
 Magellan to the Pacific, 1578, and returned by the 
 Cape of Good Hope, 1580, bringing the pillage of 
 Spanish treasuries. He burned the king of Spain's 
 ships in Cadiz, 1587 ; he commanded under the Lord- 
 Admiral against the Armada, 1588 ; and died off Porto 
 Bello, January, 1596. 
 
 172, 174, 175, 179, 178, 181, 182, 185, lent by Art for 
 Schools Association. 
 
 186 The Death of Captain Alexander Hood, 
 
 R.N. 
 
 Painted by J. Northccte. 
 Engraved by S. W. Reynolds. 
 Lent by Lady Hood of Avalon. 
 
 Alexander Hood was a Nephew of Lords Hood 
 and Bridport, born in 1758. He became a Captain in 
 1781 On April 21st, 1798, in command of the u Mars," 
 he engaged the French 74-gun ship " Hercule," and 
 was wounded by a ball in the femoral artery, twenty 
 minutes after the action began, It was desperately 
 contested, the French ship being captured, and Hood 
 died just as she hauled down her flag. 
 
 187 Model of the British Merchant Ship " Two 
 
 Sisters." with Studding Sails set. 
 Lent by The Sailors' Home. 
 
 The studding sails are light extra sails set beyond 
 the yard arms by means of projecting booms, and 
 are used as a help when light winds prevail. The 
 sails in this model are cut from pieces of wood. 
 
 188 Action off Trincomalee, 1782. 
 Painted by Dominic Serres. 
 
 Lent by Corporation of Ipswich. 
 
 i88a Flag of " Brunswick. " 
 
 Lent by Capt. F. Harvey, R.N. 
 
 The flag flown by the " Brunswick " in the battle of 
 the First of June, Lord Howe's action. The ship was 
 commanded by Capt. John Harvey, who died of his 
 wounds received in that action. 
 
 The Cross of St. Patrick is not in the Jack, as the 
 battle was fought before the Union with Ireland. 
 
 189 Fishing Boats at Honfleur. 
 Lent by Francis W. Slade, Esq. 
 Painted by W. Flower, 1841. 
 
 190 The Landing of H.M. Forces in Cuba, 1762. 
 Lent by Francis W. Slade. 
 
 Painted by Dominic Serres, R.A 
 
29 
 
 tigi View of Town and Harbour of Portsmouth, 
 with His Majesty's Fleet under sail, 1735. 
 Lent by Messrs. Collingridge Bros. 
 
 192 Dutch Shipping. 
 By Van de Velde. 
 
 Lent by Thos. Carwardine, Esq. 
 
 193 Model of an early Screw Man-of-War, 
 
 dressed with flags. 
 Lent by The Sailors' Home. 
 
 ti94 Case containing Relics and Medals. 
 
 Lent by the United Service Institution, Messrs. 
 Collingridge Bros , Shipwrecked Mariners' Society, 
 and others. 
 
 196 A Stiff Breeze. 
 Painted by L. Backhuizen. 
 Lent by F. H. Partridge, Esq. 
 
 A fine picture by this celebrated Dutch marine 
 painter. 
 
 197 Portrait of Adml. Sir Edward Hughes, K.B. 
 Painted in 1785, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, P.R.A. 
 Lent by the Corporation of Ispwich. 
 
 He was present at reduction of Portobello, 1739, and 
 at the unsuccessful operations against Cartagena in 
 1741, and promoted to the Captaincy of the "Lark," 
 1747. In the " Somerset " he was present at the 
 reduction of Louisbourg and of Quebec. In 1748 he 
 was made Rear- Admiral, and in 1779, went to the 
 East Indies with a squadron of six ships and checked 
 the French and Dutch there. In 1782, he took Trin- 
 comalee. Soon after he seized prizes and held his 
 own against the French Commander, M. de Suffren, 
 who had twelve ships to his nine, both near Madras 
 and later off the Isle of Providien. Five battles were 
 fought in little more than a year, without decided 
 advantage to either side, a most unusual case. 
 
 ti98 Allegorical Represention of Her Most Grac- 
 ious Majesty Queen Charlotte, Crowned 
 with laurel by Britannia. 
 Lent by Messrs. Collingridge Bros. 
 
 199 English Warships of about 1700. 
 Painted Panel. 
 
 Lent by R. Morton Nance, Esq. 
 
 2co The Capture of Havanna by H„M. Forces 
 in 1762. 
 Painted by Dominic Serres. 
 Lent by Thos. W. Slade, Esq. 
 
30 
 
 201 Action off Providien (Ceylon) between 
 
 English Fleet, under Admiral Sir Hughes 
 K.B., and the French, under Admiral 
 de Souffren, 1782. 
 
 Painted by Dominic Serres. 
 
 Lent by the Ipswich Corporation. 
 
 202 Ships of 17th century. 
 Lent by Frank Brangwyn, Esq. 
 
 203 Model of the " Queen Adelaide," Merchant 
 
 Ship of Liverpool. 
 Lent by the United Service Institution. 
 
 204 State Barges approaching Westminster. 
 Artist unknown. 
 
 Lent by Victoria & Albert Museum. 
 
 205 Britannia viewing the Conquerors of the 
 
 Seas. 
 
 Lent by Lady Hood of Avalon. 
 
 206 Shipping. 
 
 Painted in 1795 by T. Harris. 
 Lent by Victoria & Albert Museum. 
 
 207 H.M.S. " Howe." 
 Lent by the Sailors' Palace. 
 
 208 Engraved Medallion with 12 portraits of 
 
 officers, commemorating the Crimean war. 
 A typical specimen of Mid- Victorian Art. 
 Messrs. Collingridge Bros. 
 
 209 American Citizen's Pass, claiming exemption 
 
 from the English Press Gang, 1807. 
 Lent by Walter Coombs, Esq. 
 
 210 Shipping off Cape Town, early 19th Century. 
 Lent by Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 211 English Line of Battle Ship. 
 Painted by C. Brooking, 
 
 Lent by Victoria & Albert Museum. 
 
 212 Humorous Colour Prints, illustrating nautical 
 
 life in the old days. 
 
 Lent by Commander Sir Charles Cust, Bart., R.N., 
 C.M.G., M.V.O. 
 
 HERE IS THE ENTRANCE TO SMALL ROOM. 
 
 Separate Catalogue for Small Room and Upper Gallery 
 
 To be obtained from the attendants, or at the turnstile, 
 Price Id. 
 
 213 William III. reviewing the Dutch Fleet. 
 Painted by E. Koster. 
 
 Lent by Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
3i 
 
 214 Model of Merchantman Middle 19th Century 
 
 Lent by the Sailors' Home. 
 
 Ports painted to look like man-of-war during war 
 time to impress enemy. 
 
 215 Sectional Model of a Russian Line of Battle 
 
 Ship. 
 
 216 A Scene on the Main Deck. 
 Published 1841 by J. W. Laird. 
 Lent by Walter Coombs, Esq. 
 
 217 The Midshipman's Berth. 
 Published 1841, by J. W. Laird. 
 Lent by Walter Coombs, Esq. 
 
 218 Perspective views of the principal Sea Ports 
 
 in England. 
 Lent by Walter Coombs, Esq. 
 
 ORIENTAL SHIPPING. 
 BAY D. 
 
 219-220-221 Model of Norwegian Boats. 
 Lent by W. Johnstone, Esq. 
 
 222 Model of a Norwegian Cod Pishing Boat, 
 
 bearing a striking resemblance to an old 
 Viking Ship. 
 Lent by Henry Balfour, Esq. 
 
 223 Illustrations of Ancient Ships. 
 Lent by H. R. Levinsohn Esq. 
 
 The earliest ships were used for any purpose, being 
 dug-out canoes or made of mats or wicker work. The 
 Phoenicians as early as goo B.C. built ships with two 
 banks of oars, and the Greeks by 350 B.C. had a navy 
 and dockyards. Their ships had banks of oars (as in 
 No. 233) with beaks for ramming. The Roman ships 
 were shorter than the Greeks in proportion to their 
 length. The merchantmen relied on sails rather than 
 rowers and would carry as a rule 250 tons. The narrow 
 galley type of ship of war, rowed by slaves or convicts 
 existed on the Mediterranean up to the introduction 
 of steamships. 
 
 224 Plates from " Fowke's Bayeux Tapestry," 
 
 published by George Bell & Son, illus- 
 trating Shipping in nth century. 
 
 The Bayeux Tapestry shows that the ships of the 
 nth century were partially decked vessels, of about 
 
32 
 
 20 tons, rigged with one mast and one large sail. 
 They curved at bow and stern, and when used for 
 fighting, were provided with a castle at either end. 
 There was also a smaller castle for fighting on the top 
 of the mast. The bows were built very strong to 
 enable the vessels to ram. Each sailor had a long and 
 a short spear. 
 
 225 9 Plates taken out of Arenhold's book on 
 
 " The Historical Development of Ship- 
 building/' 
 Lent by John Leyland, Esq. 
 
 226 Drawing of Viking Ships. 
 
 Lent by A. F. Major, Esq., Hon. Sec. of Viking Club. 
 
 A ship was discovered in 1880 buried in a burial 
 mound at Gokstadt in Southern Norway. It is 
 assigned to the gth century. It shows us the splendid 
 build of ship used by our Norse ancestors — 66 feet 
 long on the keel, 78 feet all over, with 15J feet 
 extreme breadth. It is clincher built, plank lapping 
 over plank, caulked with hair, and iron fastened. 
 The proportions are beautiful ; strong, swift and 
 seaworthy. Most of these ships varied from 50 
 to 150 feet, but king Cnut had one 300 feet long. 
 The larger ones were decked. They were painted 
 white, blue and red and the warriors' shields were 
 ranged round the gunwales and served as an extra 
 protection. These ships being alike at both ends 
 could be steered from either end. They had seats 
 for rowers but a single sail was used. The sails of 
 woolienstuff were probably obtained from the 
 Romans, whom the Norsemen came across coming up 
 the Russian rivers from Constantinople. In boats like 
 these, poetically called " Deer of the Surf," or M Horse 
 of the Sea," the Anglo-Saxons, Danes and Normans 
 came to England. 
 
 227 Model of a Coracle. 
 
 Lent by the United Service Institution. 
 
 Used chiefly in Ireland and South Wales. Similar 
 boats were found in Britain by Caesar. They are made 
 of wicker covered with skin, but with timber keels and 
 gunwales. They are so light that a man can carry 
 one on his back. 
 
 228 Model of the Viking Ship with sails and 
 
 oars. (Norway). 
 
 The Shields of the Warriors are ranged round the 
 gunwales to afford more protection. 
 
 229 Model of an early Egyptian Boat found in a 
 
 a tomb in Egypt. 
 Lent by Messrs. Thos. Cook & Sons. 
 
33 
 
 230 Four photographs of the Viking Ship dis- 
 
 covered buried in Norway. 
 Now in the Museum at Christiania. 
 Lent by the Consul for Sweden and Norway. 
 
 231 Model of Viking Ship. 
 
 Lent by A. F. Major, Esq , Hon. Sec. of Viking Club. 
 
 232 Model of North American Canoe. 
 
 233 Xerxes burning Athens : flight of the Athe- 
 
 nians (showing a Greek Trireme). 
 By T. Gilchrist, Esq. 
 
 234 Model of an Eskimo Kayak. 
 Lent by Frank L. Emanuel, Esq. 
 
 235 Model of Eskimo Kayak. 
 
 Lent by The Church Missionary Society. 
 
 For use in Arctic regions. Light frames of wood 
 covered with skins. 
 
 236 Model of Eskimo Kayak. 
 
 Fitted with a sealing harpoon and lance. 
 
 This is exceptionally complete and interesting. 
 Curious float, an inflated sealskin, here represented 
 by a little wooden seal. 
 Lent by Henry Balfour, Esq. 
 
 237 Model of Canoe. Cook's River, North 
 
 America. 
 (North-West Coast of America.) 
 
 238 Model of Canoe. 
 
 Lent by the United Service Institution. 
 
 (North-West Coast of America.) Over this skele- 
 ton framework skin is stretched. 
 
 ORIENTAL SHIPS. 
 
 The variations of climate and customs in different parts of 
 the world produce interesting variations in the form of boats 
 and their rig. As a rule, in Eastern ships, one or else two 
 lateen sails are used and little rigging. Very stout masts 
 supplying the necessary strength. The Oriental peoples 
 used watertight compartments, flat sails and balanced rudders 
 long before Western nations. 
 
 In the catamaran we see the simplest form of Eastern 
 boat, it is a raft of logs or bamboos, as also the jangada of 
 the South American rivers. 
 
 A lee-board can be protruded through the bottom of these 
 to enable them to sail well, 
 
34 
 
 239 Model of a Malay Fishing Boat. 
 
 540 Mandarin's hat brought back from Canton 
 by Captain Hood, R.N., in 1858. 
 Lent by Lady Hood of Avalon. 
 
 241 Photographs of Ancient Egyptian Boats. 
 Lent by the Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 242 Flags of the Eastern Nations; Elephant, 
 
 Siam ; Dragon, China : Rising Sun (for 
 the land of Sunrise, as considered from 
 the mainland of Asia), Japan. 
 
 243 Models of an Outrigger Boat used in Ceylon, 
 
 and of a Corean Fishing Boat. 
 Lent by Mrs. Thorne. 
 
 244 Model of an Outrigger Boat. 
 
 (Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal.) 
 Lent by Henry Balfour, Esq. 
 
 245 Model of Rice Boat, Ceylon Rivers. 
 Lent by Frank L. Emanuel, Esq. 
 
 246 Model of a Gig Canoe. (Brass — West 
 
 Africa). 
 
 Lent by the Church Missionary Society. 
 The only means of transit in that country. 
 
 247 Model of a Canoe with Outrigger. (Sand- 
 
 wich Islands). 
 
 248 Model of Canoe, Vancouver's Island. 
 
 With eyes painced on the bows. These boats show 
 the strong feeling for decoration among the Red 
 Indian Tribes, who tattoo themselves so elaborately. 
 
 249 Model of a Passenger boat with sails and 
 
 oars, Java. 
 
 250 Model of Canoe from Vancouver's Island. 
 Lent by Thos. Kirk, Esq. 
 
 251 Model of a Point-de-Galle Boat. 
 Lent by Frank L. Emanuel, Esq. 
 
 An outrigger boat used on the coast of Ceylon. 
 
 252 Model of an Arab Dhow (Red Sea). 
 Lent by The United Service Institution. 
 
 *253Fishing Boats on the Nile. 
 By W. J. Laidlay. 
 
35 
 
 254 Model of a Mussulah Boat. 
 
 Lent by The United Service Institution. 
 
 Used to convey passengers and cargo through the 
 surf ac Madras. 
 
 255 Model of a Siamese Paddy (rice) Boat. 
 
 256 Model of a Burmese Junk or boat. 
 
 Lent by W. Harding Smith, Esq. 
 
 Probably a river boat. Made by a native. Note 
 the baked clay lantern on a pole. 
 
 257 Model of a Sailing Boat. Burma. 
 
 258 Model of a Raft from Formosa. 
 
 Used for getting through the terrific surf round the 
 inhospitable coast of the island of Formosa. 
 
 259 Model of a Bugla. — Merchant Vessel. 
 
 Trading between Bombay and the Persian Gulf. 
 
 260 Model of Burmese Rowing Boat. 
 
 261 Model of Sailing Vessel. — (India — with 
 
 Lateen sails). 
 
 Lateen sails are usually irregular in shape, fastened 
 to a spar, crossing the mast at an oblique angle. 
 
 262 Model of Fishing Boat with figures. — China. 
 
 Carved from a large bamboo. 
 
 263 Model of Sailing Boat, Japan, with eyes 
 , painted into bows. 
 
 264 Model of a Surf Boat. (Ceylon). 
 
 265 Model of an Outrigger Boat. (Savage 
 
 Island. — South Pacific). 
 
 Lent by Henry Balfour, Esq. 
 
 266 Model of a double Canoe. (Sandwich Is- 
 
 lands. North Pacific). 
 
 267 Model of a Double Canoe (with sails). 
 
 From Humphrey Island or Maniluki (Central 
 Pacific). 
 
 268 Model of a Canoe. 
 Lent by James Fowler, Esq. 
 
 From Nuie or the Savage Islands, South Pacific. 
 
 269 Model of a Siamese Marketing Boat. 
 
 Used for the sale of fruit, vegetables, tobacco, etc., 
 along the banks of the rivers and canals. 
 
36 
 
 270 Model of a Siamese Boat for the conveyance 
 
 of Paddy (rice). 
 
 271 Model of a Siamese Boat for the conveyance 
 
 of Paddy or Rice. 
 
 272 Model of a Siamese Marketing Boat. 
 
 273 Model of a Siamese Paddy (rice) Boat. 
 
 274 Model of Siamese Boat for the conveyance 
 
 of Paddy (rice). 
 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, lent by His Excellency 
 the Minister for Siam. 
 
 275 Model of a Japanese Junk. 
 Lent by Frank Brangwyn, Esq. 
 
 Note the anchor. 
 
 Junks are common to both China and Japan. The 
 Japanese are clumsier and less seaworthy and always 
 have the stripes of their sails running up and down, those 
 of the Chinese run across. The Japanese sails are used 
 square before the wind, while the Chinese by trimming 
 can sail against the wind. 
 
 276 Model of a Chinese Temple from Canton, 
 
 1858. 
 
 Lent by Lady Hood of Avalon. 
 Brought by Captain Hood, R.N. 
 
 277 Model of a Paddy Boat, Ceylon. 
 
 228, 232, 233, 237, 239, 247, 248, 249, 257, 258, 260, 264, 
 266, 277, lent by the L.C.C. from The Horniman 
 Museum 
 
 '^278 From 901 A.D. to 1901 A.D. — a contrast. 
 
 *By W. Chambers, Esq. 
 
 This picture shows the difference in ships which a 
 thousand years of European progress has made. 
 
 *279 Arab Coalies at Port Said. 
 
 By Frank L. Emanuel. 
 280 The Emperor of China's Gardens, Pekin, 
 about 1800. 
 
 By W. Alexander. 
 
 Lent by The Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 281-282-283 — 286-287-288 Japanese Colour Prints. 
 Lent by Messrs. Shozo Kato. 
 
 284 Japanese Kakemono. 
 
 Painted by Utagawa Toronobu when a boy, 1765- 
 1770. Representing the Imperial Corean Embassy 
 ship, which at that time brought an annual tribute to 
 Japan. 
 
 Lent by Arthur Morrison, Esq. 
 
 285 Japanese Flower Boat, mounted on wheels 
 
 for a Procession. 
 Lent by Messrs. Yamanaka. 
 
37 
 
 BAY E. 
 
 289 Figure head of the " Scylla." 
 Lent by Henry Castle, Esq. 
 
 Figure heads were in use with the Norsemen. 
 Dragons and lions taken from the royal arms were 
 common in Elizabethan times as figure heads. Saints 
 were common on foreign ships. English ships usually 
 adopted classical or fancy figures. With the renewal 
 of the ram form of bow, figure heads are doomed. 
 
 290 Sword Fish and Sea-horses ; Skull of 
 
 Porpoise. 
 
 291 Photograph of the " Temeraire " Mantel- 
 
 piece. 
 
 Lent by Henry Castle, Esq. 
 
 292 The Brig " Johns." 
 
 293 An Albatross. 
 
 Lent by Vernon Weston, Esq. 
 
 Common all over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 
 Sailors' superstitions about these birds are well known 
 
 294 Paddle Steamer " Trident," 1830. 
 
 295 The Clipper Ship " Duncan Dunbar," 
 
 j 400 Tons. 
 Lent by Messrs. Gellatly, Hankey and Co. 
 
 296 Photograph of the " Hotspur." 
 Lent by Commander Caborne, C.B., R.N.R. 
 
 297 The Channel Fleet, 1874. 
 Lent by Spencer Butler, Esq. 
 
 The ram beak is shown as in model 148, but sails 
 are still prominent. 
 
 298 Model of Merchant Brig. 
 Lent by The Strangers 5 Rest. 
 
 299 Harpoon Gun. 
 
 Lent by Henry Castle, Esq. 
 
 The introduction of cheap mineral oils from 
 America and Russia has done for the picturesque 
 whaling of former times. 
 
 300 The Steamship " Far East/' 1300 Tons. 
 Lent by Messrs. Gellatly, Hankey and Co. 
 
 301 Frames made by Sailors from old cigar boxes. 
 
 302 Half section Model of a Brigantine or square 
 
 rigged Schooner. 
 Lent by Messrs. Collingridge Bros. 
 
 303 Half section Model of the "Fox" which 
 
 went in search of Sir John Franklin. 
 Lent by T. Kirk, Esq. 
 
38 
 
 304 The East Indiaman (i Blenheim/' 1400 tons. 
 Lent by Commander Caborne, C.B., R.N.R. 
 
 A regular trader to Calcutta till 1867, when she was 
 totally disabled in the Bay of Bengal. 
 
 305 Fight between The Honorable East India 
 
 Company's Ship 44 Warren Hastings " and 
 
 the French Frigate " La Piedmontaise," 
 
 21st June, 1806. (First Part), 
 
 Painted by J. Whitcombe. Engraved by J. Jeakes. 
 Lent by the India Office. 
 
 306 The 44 Viscount Melbourne " off Folkestone. 
 Lent by The Shipwrecked Mariners' Society. 
 
 307 Young Alligator. 
 
 These reptiles take 80 years to develope. 
 
 308 Model of Yacht. 
 
 309 The Red Jacket of White Star Line ot 
 
 Australian Packets. 
 Lent by Geo. Elliott Bromage, Esq. 
 
 310 Head of Mollyauk. 
 
 311 Picture. 
 
 Lent by the Shipwrecked Mariners 5 Society. 
 
 312 Model of the Sailing ship 44 Star of Peace. " 
 Lent by Messrs. George Thompson and Son. 
 
 The beautiful lines of this vessel are more like a 
 yacht than a merchantman. 
 
 313 Parrot Fish and Young. 
 
 314 The 14 Daring " of Lime-kilns off Naples, 
 
 1848. 
 
 Vesuvius in the background. 
 Lent by The Sailors' Palace. 
 
 315 A Naval Officer's Sword, about 1803, and 
 
 Anchor. 
 
 Made in Lower East Smithfield, by Christey. 
 
 316 Model of 4 masted full rigged Sailing ship. 
 
 317 The East India Packet " Swallow." 
 Lent by P. & O. Co. 
 
 This is what is called a 'builder's picture.' It 
 shows an East India-man in three positions off Dover, 
 coming up, taking on the pilot, and going into har- 
 bour. The flag is before the Union with Ireland. 
 
 318 Water-colour of " Medusa " and " Roche- 
 
 fort " Men of War, 1822. 
 
39 
 
 319 Model of a Sailing Barque, Man-of-War, 
 
 rigged. 
 
 Made by petty officer of H.M.S. 'Bacchante, 3 on 
 which the Prince of Wales sailed round the world. 
 Lent by W. Rich, Esq. 
 
 320 Head of an Albatross. 
 
 321 Jaw of a Shark. 
 
 322 Oil Picture of the " Fy-Chow." 
 
 Lent by Messrs. Gellatly, Hankey and Co. 
 
 323 Sword Fishes and Porpoise's Head. 
 
 Nos. 290, 294, 301, 307, 300, 310, 313, 315, 316, 318, 
 320, 321, 323, Lent by W. Paterson Lind, Esq. 
 
 324 Fight between the Honourable East India 
 
 Company's Ship " Warren Hastings," 
 Y and the French Frigate " La Piedmont- 
 
 aise," 21st June. 1806. 
 Painted by J. Whitcombe. Engraved by J. Jeakes. 
 Lent by The India Office. 
 
 325 East Indiaman. 
 
 Lent by The Shipwrecked Mariners' Society. 
 
 '^326 Bound South. 
 By T. J. Martin. 
 
 YACHTS. 
 
 The word yacht, derived from the Dutch 'jacht,' is 
 applied to decked vessels used for pleasure sailing. Elizabeth 
 had a yacht built at Cowes, in 1588. Early yachts were 
 small and heavily built. Size was found to be of great im- 
 portance in winning races, as there was no time allowance. 
 Lead was substituted in 1846 for the earlier stone or cast- 
 iron black ballast, and in 1856 the external lead keel was 
 adopted. 
 
 The form till 1848 was a " Cod's head and Mackerel's 
 tail," but the 1 Mosquito ' and the ' America ' converted 
 yachtsmen to a long hollow bow and short after body of 
 considerable beam. The 1 America ' introduced flat sails, of 
 Schooner rig, into British yachting. 
 
 In 1875, the ' Jullanar,' followed by * Clorinda, 1 popularised 
 the yawl rig. Many modern yachts are fitted with steam as 
 an auxiliary power, to allow of cruising in all weathers. 
 The 4 blue ribbon ' of yacht racing is the America Cup, a 
 trophy won by the schooner ' America' in 1851, and, despite 
 our efforts, held by the Americans ever since. Britain has 
 spent millions of pounds in her attempts to win it, but, per- 
 haps, because the Cup was to be sailed for in a certain place, 
 at a certain time of the year, and the British boat has to be 
 built strongly enough to sail over to America, the American 
 boats have always won. The type of yacht which has been 
 evolved in this contest is distinctly dangerous and abnormal, 
 the America Cup is considered by many yatchmen to be a 
 bad thing for the sport. 
 
40 
 
 327 The " Emmetje." Lord Harborough's Yacht. 
 Lent by Walter Coombs, Esq. 
 
 328 The Two Shamrocks, L and II., starting for 
 
 a trial race, Rothsay Bay. 
 By Charles Dixon, R.I. 
 
 Lent by the Proprietors of the ' Graphic 3 Gallery. 
 
 329 Model of 10-rater Yacht. 
 Lent by Messrs. Paxton & Co. 
 
 330 Half Section Model of His Majesty's Yacht, 
 
 " Britannia/' R.Y.S. 
 Lent by HIS MAJESTY THE KING. 
 
 332 Painting of Sailing Vessels. 
 
 Lent by The Shipwrecked Mariners' Society. 
 
 333 Silver Model of His Majesty's Yacht, 
 
 " Britannia." 
 Lent by HIS MAJESTY THE KING. 
 
 334 Model of a Cutter. 
 
 Lent by H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 Such delicate little models are made at Boulogne, 
 where there are excellent collections of models of 
 French boats in the Municipal and Technical 
 Museums. 
 
 335 Photograph of " Shamrock III." 
 Lent by Messrs. Hughes & Sons. 
 
 336 Picture of a Merchant Ship of about 1,000 
 
 tons burthen. 
 Painted by a Chinese artist at Hong Kong. 
 Lent by H. Kemp- Welch, Esq. 
 
 336 Ships Lanterns. 
 
 Lent by Messrs. Hughes & Sons. 
 
 337 Photograph. 
 
 From the famous picture c< Old Friends, 55 by Stacy 
 Marks, R.A. 
 
 338 H.M.S. " Pelican " Sailing into Malta 
 
 Harbour. 
 Lent by Messrs. Dyne and Evens. 
 
 339 The Figure Head of the Ship " Pearl " 
 
 340 Part of the Steering Wheel of a Troopship. 
 
 341 Board from bows of a Troopship. 
 Nos. 339, 34c, 341, Lent by H. Castle, Esq. 
 
4i 
 
 BAY F. 
 
 FOREIGN AND LOCAL SHIPS. 
 
 342 Dutch Boat. 
 
 Lent by Westley Manning, Esq. 
 
 These boats are built to stand the pounding in the 
 surf, rendered necessary by the absence of harbours on 
 the sandy shore of Holland. Like the Thames barge 
 and all Dutch small craft they carry leeboards. 
 Hung on the boom are net floats painted in the 
 national colours. 
 
 343 Model of flat-bottomed Boat for use in small 
 
 rivers. 
 
 Lent by the United Service Institution. 
 
 344-5 Drawings of Dutch Ships of the line (late 
 17th century. 
 By Van De Velde, Jun. 
 Lent by The Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 *346 A Market Hay-boat. Holland. 
 By Tom Browne, R.I., R.B.A. 
 
 The waterways of Holland are used to almost as 
 great an extent as the roads of other countries, indeed, 
 omnibus boats may still be encountered being towed 
 along the canals in the neighbourhood where this 
 picture was painted. 
 
 *347 Dutch Fishing Boats in Lerwick Harbour, 
 Shetland. 
 By Miss Ursula Wood. 
 
 348 A Fishing Boat leaving Volendam. 
 By Frank Mason. 
 
 Lent by Tom Browne, Esq., R.I., R.B.A. 
 
 A quaint little fishing village on the Zuyder-Zee, 
 whose picturesqueness has gathered a colony of artists 
 from all over the world. 
 
 349 Volendam Fishing Boat. 
 By George C. Haiti. 
 
 4 3So Fishing Boats. 
 
 By Miss Anna Richards. 
 
 Dutch Canal Boats. 
 By Miss Anna Richards. 
 
 353 An old Builder's Model of a Scarborough 
 Yawl. 
 
 Lent by Nelson Dawson, Esq. 
 
 From which a boat was built that fished for many 
 years out off Scarborough. She was ultimately sold 
 and converted into a little trader. 
 
 *352 Painting of Dutch Boat and Canal on Slate. 
 By Frank L. Emanuel, 
 
42 
 
 *354 Dutch Eel Sloop. 
 By F. G. Brown. 
 
 "355 A quiet corner-- -Deptford. 
 
 By R. H. Smith. 
 *356 Thames Barge. 
 
 By F. G. Brown. 
 
 *557 A catch of Pilchards. 
 By Hely Smith, R.B.A. 
 
 358 Bringing up an old Hull. 
 By R. H. Smith, Esq. 
 
 359 Boats. 
 
 Lent by Miss Benecke. 
 
 360 A. French Smack; B. French Fishing Boats 
 
 Trading Brig, notice double keel ; C. 
 English Shipping. 
 Lent by The Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 -361 A Norfolk Wherry. 
 
 By Tom Browne, R.T., R.B.A. 
 
 362 Fishing Boats, Hastings. 
 By Alex. Maclean, R.B.A. 
 
 ^'363 Crabbing (in Cornwall). 
 By W. E. Fox. 
 
 ^364 A Spanish Cargo Boat. 
 By F. G. Brown. 
 
 *365 A French Fishing Fleet. 
 By Frank L. Emanuel. 
 
 ^366 The Kaiser's Training Ship in a Norwegian 
 Fiord, (since burnt.) 
 By E. L. Greenfield. 
 
 367 Venetian Galley. 
 
 368 Spanish Galley, 1796. 
 
 Lent by The Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 369 Genoese. 
 
 367, 369 Lent by S. B. Beresford. 
 
 370 Venice from the Lagoon. 
 By R. Wright. 
 
 Lent by R. W. Temple, Esq. 
 
 *37i Spanish Faluchos. 
 By M. Pellegrin. 
 
 *372 Cannon Street Railway Bridge. 
 By Miss Clara Montalba. 
 
 373 Salute, Venice ; and Fishing Boats. 
 
 By R. Levick. 
 
43 
 
 374 Decorating a Shrine on a pile in the lagoon, 
 
 Venice. 
 Lent by R. W. Temple, Esq. 
 
 375 An Amazon River Raft. 
 
 376 Model of a Thames Barge. 
 375, 376 lent by F. L. Emanuel, Esq. 
 
 377 A Boat Builder's Model. 
 Lent by Nelson Dawson, Esq. 
 
 37S Models of Swedish and Norwegian Boats. 
 Lent by G. Holmes, Esq. 
 
 379 Model of a Scarborough Fishing Lugger 
 
 Drifting at Nets. 
 
 380 Model of a Pleasure Coble. 
 
 382 Scarborough Herring Coble. 
 
 383 Carved Wooden Fish for holding starting 
 
 threads of nets in netting. 
 By F. L. Emanuel. 
 
 Used by French fishermen. 
 
 384 Model of a Cutter. 
 
 Lent by F. L. Emanuel, Esq. 
 
 385 A Yorkshire Ferryman's Coble. 
 
 386 Penzance Fishing Boat. 
 
 379. 380, 382; 385, 386 lent by E. Ellis, Esq. 
 
 387 Model of a Bermuda Yawl. 
 Lent by Mrs. Thorne. 
 
 388 Collection of Photographs of Venetian Boats. 
 
 These boats, <c trabacoli, 55 bring wood from Istria 
 and Dalmatia. 
 
 389 Collection of Photographs of pictures by the 
 
 great Venetian Painters of the 13th and 
 1 6th Centuries. 
 
 Mostly by Carpaccio, Tintoretto, and Veronese, show- 
 ing Galleys and Carracks, and the great battles of the 
 Venetians against the Turks. 
 
 *390 Doge's Palace, Venice (after Turner.) 
 By Mrs. Kemp-Welch. 
 
 *39i Approach to Venice (after Turner.) 
 By Miss Anna Richards. 
 
 *392 Models of the " Crancie " (crabs), the staffs 
 with which the Doge's gondoliers held his 
 state gondola, the Bucentoro in which he 
 wedded the Adriatic Sea. 
 
44 
 
 393 Parts of the carved fittings of a Gondola. 
 
 Copy of the relief of the Doges kneeling to the Lion, 
 the emblem of St. Mark, the patron saint of Venice, 
 These should be black and gold. 
 
 394 Model of a Modern Gondola with cover 
 
 (felza) on. 
 Lent by Mrs. Knapp. 
 
 It has lost the iron prow \ferro). 
 
 395 Model Gondola in the 15th century. 
 
 At that time gondolas were yellow, probably the 
 Elizabethan 1 timber colour,' i.e., varnished wood. 
 The bottoms of new gondolas are still left this colour 
 for one season. Modern gondolas are always 
 painted black. 
 
 396 Photograph of Bronze Relief Panel of Door 
 
 Baptistery at Florence, by Ghiberti. 15th 
 century. 
 
 Showing a ship in the scene of Christ walking on 
 the waters. 
 
 397 Mediaeval Italian Ships. 
 
 One shows the Caravel, the kind of small ship in 
 which Columbus discovered America. 
 
 1398 Small Venetian Sail with the ferro or prow 
 of a gondola on it. 
 
 393 and 398 Made and lent by Alvise Boniventi 
 
 (Gondolier) . 
 
 399 Case of Engines. 
 
 Lent by The Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 The old type of marine trunk engine which could 
 be tucked down well below the wacerline. 
 
 400 Collection of Oars and Sculls. Life Buoy. 
 
 401 Steering Wheel. 
 
 Nos. 330 to 336 lent by Messrs. Dyne and Evens. 
 
 402 Model of Pirns' Life Saving Appliance for 
 
 Ships. 
 
 403 Case of Grommets. 
 
 Made and lent by G. Adams, Esq. 
 
 Steel wire rope is very largely used now instead of 
 hemp ropes formerly used. It can be made of enor- 
 mous strength. 
 
 404 Photographs of Lights for Lighthouses. 
 
 Lent by Messrs. Chance Bros. 
 
 Modern science has invented most ingenious plans 
 of reflecting and economising light, as these photo- 
 graphs show. 
 
45 
 
 404A Model — Anchors and Cable Sections. 
 Lent by Messrs. Hingley & Sons. 
 
 405 Photograph of the present Douglass Eddy- 
 
 stone Lighthouse, and the base of the old 
 
 Smeaton Lighthouse. 
 Lent by H. Schliesing, Esq. 
 
 The famous Pharos of Alexandria was built in 
 B.C. 331, one of the ancient world. The earliest 
 lighthouses or " night-flares " in Britain were the two 
 erected by Romans on the E. & W. cliffs of Dover. 
 Religious houses and hermits kept up numerous lights 
 during the middle ages — St. Catherine's, Isle of 
 Wight, Spurn Point. Gradually the King granted 
 the right to levy tolls at the ports, in return ior keep- 
 ing up a light. Many such privileges grew to be per- 
 quisites of enormous value. Merchants bitterly com- 
 plained of them, and later on when a regular Board 
 was appointed to look after lighthouses it had to buy 
 some of these lighthouse keepers out for large sums. 
 
 406 Charts. 
 
 Lent by the Navy League. 
 
 407 Exhibit of Flags, Cotton Waste, and Sail 
 
 Twines, for Ships. 
 Lent by Messrs. Rigby Wainwright & Co. 
 
 408 Exhibit of Anchors. 
 
 The earliest form was a stone and rope. Anchors 
 consist of a * shank ' with arms (usually two, but four 
 may be seen in the Japanese junk and one in early 
 ships) flattened out at the ends into flat-pointed flukes 
 The shank has a crossbar or stock at right angles to 
 the arms to prevent the anchor dragging flatways. 
 
 Royal Navy anchors weigh 5 tons usually, those of 
 the ' Campania ' 8 tons. They hold best when the 
 cable is nearly horizontal, if the cable is pulled ver- 
 tical they loose their grip, and so the anchor is weighed. 
 
 409 Model of the " Englehardt." Collapsible 
 
 Life-boat. 
 Lent by the Sailors' Palace. 
 
 410 Barometer and Picture. 
 
 Lent by the Shipwrecked Mariners' Society. 
 
 411 Photographs and Specimens of Knots. 
 Lent by the Committee of the 'Warspite.' 
 
 (The committee have kindly consented to allow boys 
 from the 8 Warspite ' to give displays during the 
 Exhibition). 
 
 412 Model of Life Saving Apparatus. 
 Lent by the Board of Trade. 
 
 413 Rocket Throwing & Life Saving Apparatus. 
 Lent by Messrs, Schermuly. 
 
4 6 
 
 414 The Defeat .of the Armada off Gravelines, 
 
 July 30th, 1588. 
 
 Painted by Sir Oswald W. Brierly, R.W.S., Marine 
 
 Painter to the Queen. 
 Etched by David Law. 
 
 41 5 The Wreck of the " Minotaur/' 
 Lent by the Art Union of London. 
 
 416 The Victory : At Rest. 
 
 Original etching by C. E. Holloway, R.I. 
 
 417 Amateur Surgery. 
 By Frank Brangwyn. 
 
 Lent by the proprietors of the Graphic Gallery. 
 
 418 The Lion's Cubs. 
 
 * Arethusa 5 boys at Nelson's Memorial in St. Paul's 
 Painted by F. W. Lawson. 
 414, 416, 418 lent by Arthur Lucas, Esq. 
 
 Case I. — Harfields Compensating Steering Gear. 
 Lent by the Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 Case II. — Model of " Norman." A Steamship 
 employed in the Cape Mail Service be- 
 tween Southampton and the South African 
 Ports. 
 
 Lent by Messrs. Donald Currie & Co. 
 
 Above is a model of newer stern and ram beak for 
 warships. 
 
 Type about 1890. Since then these have been, from 
 an offensive point of view, further improved, and the 
 little trace of ornament has gone. 
 
 The stem reaches forward to ram the enemy's ship. 
 The stern is so shaped that the rudder and steering 
 gear is all below water and under protection. 
 
 Case III.— Model of " Discovery. " 
 
 Lent by the Royal Geographical Society. 
 The "Discovery" left New Zealand for the Antarctic 
 Regions on Christmas Day, 1901. The estimated cost of the 
 expedition was £90,000 for two years, of which the Govern- 
 ment granted £45,000, and the public subscribed £45,000, in- 
 cl uding a grant of £8,000 from the Royal Geographical Society. 
 She had on board Captain Scott, in command, and 10 officers 
 and members of the Scientific Staff and 26 seamen and 
 marines. The objects of the expedition were : — "To study 
 off Ross's Great Ice Barrier ; if possible to discover land to 
 the eastward; to secure various scientific results during the 
 voyage and in winter quarters, and to explore the volcanic 
 
47 
 
 regions and to make fresh discoveries to the southand inland 
 to the west." The •• Morning " was sent from New Zealand 
 as a relief ship and arrived near the <£ Discovery" on January 
 23rd, 1903. Having landed provisions and coal, the 
 " Morning " returned to New Zealand in March, leaving the 
 Discovery and nearly all her complement of officers and men 
 for another winter. The Government are sending out 
 another relief ship. 
 
 Built entirely of wood and copper. No iron was allowed in 
 its construction because of the delicate magnetic observations 
 to be m ade. Notice the hole for lifting up the screw if desired . 
 Only two firms offered to contract for this strange boat. It 
 is unlike the V-shaped hull of Nansen's 41 Fram, ' which was 
 designed so that it should be pushed up instead of crushed by 
 the pressure of the ice. The internal strength of the ship 
 is extraordinary. 
 
 Case IV.— Model of « Dunottar Castle/' 
 
 The Dunottar Castle was built at Fairfield, on the 
 Clyde, for the Castle Line. Her tonnage is 5625, 
 and her speed 18 knots per hour. This vessel carried 
 to South Africa many generals and troops during the 
 war. She has been in the Mail service to the Cape 
 for a number of years, and is now just being taken 
 off. It is interesting to note that the newest vessels 
 building for the Castle Line are more than double 
 the tonnage of this ship. 
 
 Case V.— 64-gun Ship, 1750. 
 
 Lent by the Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 Case VL— Model of French Man of War, " Le 
 Sceptre." 
 
 Lent by the Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 Case VIII. — Collection of Models of picturesque 
 Eastern Sailing Ships. 
 Lent by the Victoria and Albert Museum. c 
 
 Case IX.— 36-gun Frigate. 
 
 Lent by the Sailors' Home. 
 
 The less square shape of the sails may indicate a 
 French build. Early 19th century. 
 
 Case X.— Engines of H.M.S. "Dee," and H.M.S. 
 " Valiant/' also section of Turret Deck 
 vessel. 
 
 Lent by the Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
4 8 
 
 Case XL— The " Britannia.' 
 
 The " Britannia " was the earliest vessel of the Cunard 
 Fleet. She was built in 1840, and was the first of four upon 
 the same model. The * 4 Britannia " measured 207-ft. long 
 x 34-ft. 4 ins. broad x 24-ft 4-ins, deep, with a tonnage 
 burden of 1,154, an d an indicated horse-power of 740. Her 
 cargo capacity was 225 tons, and she was fitted for the 
 accommodation of 115 cabin passengers, but no steerage. 
 Her average speed was 8-5 knots per hour on a coal con- 
 sumption of 38 tons per day. When on the " glorious " 4th 
 of July, 1840 — the celebration day of American Independence 
 — she started on her first voyage it was calculated that she 
 would reach Boston in fourteen days and a half, but she 
 entered the harbour four hours before that time, having made 
 the voyage in fourteen days and eight hours. The arrival of 
 the first mail steamer in America created unbounded 
 enthusiasm. 
 
 Case XII.— The " Scotia." 
 
 The "Scotia" was almost a sister ship to the "Persia,' 
 slightly exceeding her in size ; a distinct improvement upon 
 all previous efforts of marine shipbuilding, and acknowledged 
 to be the finest specimen of a mercantile vessel then afloat. 
 The "Scotia" was the last of the paddle wheels, and was 
 followed in the same year by the "China," the first of the 
 single screw propellers. 
 
 Case XIII.— The " Saxonia." 
 
 The " Ivernia" and M Saxonia" are practically alike in the 
 main points of construction and general arrangement, but 
 differ somewhat in detail. They are the largest ships carry- 
 ing passengers and cargo to Boston. They are built of steel, 
 with scantlings in excess of Lloyd's rules, and have a straight 
 stem, elliptical stern, and a long midship house supporting 
 three tiers of superstructures. They carry a single funnel 
 and four pole masts. They have bilge keels, which give them 
 absolute steadiness in the water, and a false bottom, between 
 which and the outer shell are water-ballast tanks, extending 
 the whole length of the ship. The principal dimensions of 
 the ships are — length 600-ft., beam 64- ft., and depth (moulded) 
 49-ft. 6-ins. The gross tonnage is 14,280 tons, the measure- 
 ment capacity 20,000 tons, while the displacement is no less 
 than 25 ; ooo tons. 
 
 *** A separate Catalogue is needed for the prints and 
 pictures in the Small Room and Upper Gallery, as 48 pages 
 is the most that can be printed for one penny. 
 
 This Catalogue can be got at the turnstile or from any 
 of the attendants. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY PENNY AND HULL, LEMAN STREET E 
 
JviUf. /or, '77, 
 
 r 
 
I 
 
GROUND PLAN OF LOWER GALLERY. 
 
 HISTORICAL MODELS^ 
 
 K Z 
 
 03 
 
 D 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 B 1 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 The following lectures, among others, have been arranged — 
 
 Saturday, Nov. 7 : W. T. Fletcher, Esq., " The sailor of the 
 fast:' 
 
 Friday, Nov. 13: John Leyland, Esq., " The Origin and 
 Functions of the British Fleet" 
 
 Saturday, Nov. 14: Alan Burgoyne, Esq., F.R.G.S., 
 "Submarines " (Lantern illustrations). 
 Admiral Fremantle will preside. 
 
 Tuesday, Nov. 17: Paper on "Nautical Literature 1 ' by 
 Herbert Russell, Esq. 
 
 Saturday, Nov. 21 : Address by the Rt. Hon, 
 Brassey, K.C.B. 
 
Committee 
 
 REV. CANON BARNETT (Chairman . 
 
 E L ATTWOOD, ESQ. 
 
 MRS. BARNETT. 
 
 W. M BLYTHE, ESQ 
 
 LORD BRASSEY, K.C.8 
 
 J T BULLEN. ESQ 
 
 T. L. DEVITT, ESQ 
 
 C NAPIER HEM Y ESO A? A 
 
 LORD INVERCLYDE 
 
 H KEMP-WELCH, ESQ 
 
 PROFESSOR J K LAUQHTON 
 
 JOHN LEYLAND, ESQ 
 
 M. OPPENHE1M, ESQ 
 
 RIGHT HON. WILLIAM PIRRIE, D Sc 
 
 COMMANDER C N ROBINSON R N 
 
 REV W ROBINSON 
 
 H H WARD ESQ 
 
 C. AITKEN <Direotor,