MM "i 5 T c u •I THE GENTLEMANS EXERCISE. An exquifite pradiife,as well for draw* ing all mariner of Beafts in ttair true Por- traitures: as alfo the making of all kinds of colours, to be v fed inLtntmlng, Paintings Tricking, and Blazon of Coates^nd Armesjnith divers other moft delightful! and plcalurablc oblervations, for all young Gentlemen and others. As alfo Serving for the neceffary ufe and generall benefit of diuers Tradef-men and Artificers, as namely Painters , Ioyners,Free-Mafons, Cutters and Carvers,&c.for the farther gracing, beAUtifying 3 and garnifhing of all their abfolutc and worthy pieces, ei- ther for Bordcis, Architect, or ColumncSj&c. By Henry Pbacham Mafter of Artcs. LONDON, Printed for /. CM. and are to bee fold by TrancU Ccnfiable at the figne of the Crane in Pauls Church-yard. * « 3f TO THE RIGHT WORSHIPFVLL AND WOR- thieft Patrone of all Learning and Excellencie, Sir Edmvnd Ashfibld Knight, one of his Maiefties deputic Lieutenants of the countie of B V CKINGHAM. Ill, as co be excellent in any skill is very rare, fo the fauourers of excellency are not euery where to be found, whom whenby our good hap we find5l know not by what Sympathy we are drawn to admire and honour them aboue all other creatures, as the Saints and Soueraignes of our affections and deuifes : few they are I confefle, and fo few,that if by euents fore-pafl: we may iudgc of things to come, I feare me ere many yeeres, euen the moft necefTary Artes to our pofterity trunt foft- liminio remand* y fo great a coldntfle hath benum- med our times. I cannot much blame the Italian, though he accounts vs dull, and other nations, that haue the wit to worke vpon our idlenelfe , which I can impute to none other caufc, then the want of in- A 2 couragement The Epiflle Dedicatory. couragement from the better fort. Our countrymen being as happy in their invention as the beft ftranger of them all. For mine owne part, I hope I mail not be imagined to fpeake as Demetrius did for his filver Images, as gaining ought hereby, fince by profeifi- on I am a Scholler.Onely lam forry that our Cour- tiers and great perfonages muft feeke far and neer for fomc Dutchman or Italian to draw their pictures,and inuent their deuifes, our Engliftimen being held for VMwims. To which end as well for their fakes who are as yet young practitioners , as in regard of many yong Gentlemen in this kingdome,who being natu- rally inclined hereunto, want fit directions to the at- taining of this comendable skill, fo many waies ne- ceflary, (fauoured in times paft of the grcateft Mo- narches,& of latedaics practifed euen by Princes,and the greateft parfonages thcmfelues,as Fran, the firft, King of France,Charlcs Emanuel Duke of 3 hmiri bmlftt flom 3/ THE FIRST BOO KE of Drawing and Limming, Chap. L The excellency, and antiquity of Tainting, the mani- fold vfes, andnecefsity of the fame* Aiming in generall called in Latine Piclura, in Greeke is an Art, which ei- ther by draught of bare lines, liuely colours , cutting out or embofling , exprefTeth any thing the like by the fame : which we may finde in the holy Scripture both al- lowed and highly commended by the mouth of God himfelfe, where he callethBezaleeland Aholi- Exodwji. Ab, men whom he hath filled with the fpirit of God in wifedomeand vnderftanding, and in knowledge, and in all workmanfhip, to find out curious works, to worke in gold, and in filuer, and in braffe, alfo in B the a Thefirft Bookeof L I b. i. the arttofetftones,and to carve intimbcr,&c.There plainly (hewing,as all other good Arts,fo carving or drawing to be an efpeciall gift of Gods Spirit; In another place hegoeth farther , and as it were chal- lenged folely to himfelf thcmafterfliip of the Cotiv- pany, in that his Majeftique Erotema in lob in thefe words. Hafl thou gi^en the fleafant wings vnto the ** 16 Peacocks ? and wings and feathers vnto the oflrich? whereas difabling the wit and skill of man by his owne excellency, he giveth vs to admire that admi- rable wifdomeofhis 5 in diftinguiming fo many bcau- tifuil colours from the wings of the proud Peacocke and Oftrich,even vnto the poorc Butterflicjfo thata- ftonimed with Jrifotle, I may fay even in thefe little painted creatures, there is ^a-^-^fome wonder or other, and in the very border of one of their wings an evident tafte ot the Divine Omnipotcncy. But as Picture hath beene allowed of God , fo it hath,afwell among the Chriftians as heathen, beene honoured from all antiquitie, and ever found fauour with the greateft wits and mighticft Monarches of the world, infomuchas ^AriHotle in his Politiques accouneethi it amongft thofe liberalia. Paideumata, and counfelleth it as an efpeciall thing to be taught vnto children, and not long after by theauthoritie and la- bour of Euj)ompHs a learned Geometrician , it was taught in all Schooles thorowout Greece. But fome will tell me, Mechanieall Arts, and thofe wrought with the hand are for the raoft part bafe,and vnwor- v thy the praclife of great perfonages , and Gentle- men : I confefle Divine Du Partas hath faidof fuch aw*** £t*r cfbrit C ?'* fuit an bom des doigts. But forafmuch L i b. i. Drawing and Limmtng. j as their ends arc honeft , and themfelves but the ex- ercifes of pregnant and the fineft wits,I fee no reafon (as one faith ) why nature mould be fo much wron- ged in her intention, as not to produce at her plea- fure that into adion whereto fhee is well inclined. ms ' And furely it can bee no more difgrace to a great Lord to draw a faire Pi&ure,then to cut his Hawkes meate , or play at Tennis with his Page. ^shiHes thought it no fcorne tobefo cunning in Cookery, that when certaine EmbafTadorscame vnto him, hee with his owne hands dreffed them a great and royall Supper. And Homer to no fmall commendation of ' his Vlyffes ( vnder whofe perfon he maketh an ablo- lute wife man) reporteth , that hee could make his Ships himfelfe. gmnm Fabifts ( whofe family was one of the no- nuuiiut w viu bleft in Rome, and after had thefirname of PicJores ) Fabi i with his owne hands painted the wals of the Temple ftCioru ' of5W«*,and wrote his name vnder his owne worke. Pomponius Atticu* a man of Angular wifedome, and fo much beloved of Cicero, after he had compo- fed a Poeme of fundry devifes , beautified the fame with pictures of his owne Drawing. The Emperour Confi amine got his living along sigebenin time by painting , and in Plinies times certaine fefti- cbrnutk, vail dayes were yeerely appointed at Corinth for the exercife of picture for great prizes and wagers.Since Painting then hath beene fo well efteemed, and of it owne nature is fo linked with the other Arts, as ma- ny of them can hardly ftand without it. Ithinkcit notforpleafureoncly , but of neceflitie naoft need- full to be pradtifed of allfuch, that either ftudiethc B % Mathe- titer* hdeO' reuwe. 4 Thtfirft B$oke of Liz. i . Mathcmatikcs, the art Military, or purpofe to tra- vel! for the benefit of their friends and countrey . I have heard many excellent Captaines and Schollers lament fo great a want in themfelves, othervvife be- ing moft abfolute. My Scholler then I would make choife of, mould be a young Gentleman,if it might be,naturally incli- ned to drawing, at leaft a wel wilier and lover of it. And I would have in him, as T ally wifheth in his o- raffir 3 aliqmdrtduftdans(jrquodamputtm, aprety fan- tafticall head, and fomething, as chippes from the found timber, to be pared off, to which commonly the beft wits are fubje&$ withall daily and continu- all practice, were it but Af tiles his vmcalinta, with- out which it is impoflible for him to attaine to ready draught, much lelfeto excellency in generall. thegrtat valm and pricts if Pittures^ &c. Elian faith. Painters at the firft were fuch bunglers, and fo rude, that when they drew a Cow or a Hog, they were faine to write over the head what it was, o- therwife the beholder knew not what to make of it j but in more time they grew to that excellency. Li b . i . Drawing and Lsmming. -j excellency, that they were honoured welnigh as gods, as Metrodow the Athenian, of whom, as of fome other that were the moft famous in their times I will fpeake a word or two, as well for methode, as the recreation of my Reader. Aplkdorus among the Athenians was the n*rft that, didexprefle the life with colours. Euphramr hath attributed unto him the invention of Bmblemes, Imprefas^ and the like heroicall devi- ces,and was the firft obferver of Symmetry, whereof he wrote many volumes. Parrhafm moft of all excelled in blackeand white. Pyreicu* (as Felaterane faith) was onely famous for counterfeiting all bafe things as earthen pitchers, a fcullery, Rogues together by theeares, fwine tum- bling in the mire, &c. whereupon he was firnamed That Mincer topograph**. of bafc things. Ariftides was the moft excellent of his time foxex- prcfling fence and paflion, as in thatpeece of his,of a mother deadly wounded,and giving her child fucke, in whofe face he expreffed a deadly feare,as loath to deny it food, and -vnwilling to give it the teate for feare of killing it with her blood . which with the milke iflued forth in great abundance. This Table Alexander carried with him to Telia. Protogenes was the firft that could lay his colours To artificially, that one being worne off, a frefli mould fucceed to the number of foure or five , when hee would vndertake any excellent peece, he vfed to diet himfelfe with peafe, lupines,and the like, that his in- vention might be the more quickeand refined, Amongfthis works his idyftu or Baccbfts was the •ptutmh in z*, B 3 chiefe^' 6 Thejirft Bookeof Lib.i. chiefe taken at the Rhodes by Demetrius Polioreetes ; which he f© efteerned, that (as Plutarch reports) hee fware he had rather loofe all his fathers Images then that table. Aelian faith it was feven yeares in making. Apetles who lived in the i o i % . Olympd.de> excelled all the reft, yet for action he gave place to Amnion : among his peeces, the picture of Alexander at Ef he- fits, and his Venus which he left at his death unper- feci: in Chios were the chiefeft. I will pa(Te over theartiflciall peeces of Zeuxis,L. T>e quo cUero iManlius, Pacuvius a Tragedian P oet \Metrodorus be~ m.i.de or*- fore named, an excellent Painter, and withall a great wt% Philofopher, who when Lucius Paulus a great man in Rome wrote unto the Vniverfity of Athens to pro- vide him a grave and learned Schoolemafter for his fonnes, was chofen by the generall confent of the whole Vniverfity, as the fitteft man both to bring up his children, and to adorne his triumphes. Nothing inferiour to thefe rare Artifts (in my judgement) have beene our Painters of late time,and many now living in fundry parts of Europe, who if they could find an Alexander or another Demetrm, would remaine as famous to pofterity, as Apelles, or the beft of them all have done to us:neither do I fup- pofe every thing to have beene excellent, which o- ver credulous Authors have writ, and ignorant an- tiquity admired, the beft Arts being then in their infancy, whofe perfection is not diftilled to the pu- rity, untill it hath runne through many ages: what times fhall not ever admire that excellent peece of Raphael Vrbine in the Church of S. Viclore in Mil- lane : the workemanfhip of CMichael\^ingelo of Li b.i. Drawing and Limming. j the laft judgement in the Popes Chappell in Rome, Hercoledi Ferrara , and his notable art feene at this day in Bononia Pifanello , who fo beautified the Church of Laterane in Rome • Bellino the Venetian, whom the Turke To royally rewarded 5 what Ape/let could excell Petro de Bitrgo for perfpe&ive, ^Albert Durer for drapery, Michael \Angelo for action, Gold- zius for good {landing, and bold action, Hons- Hot- ken for fence and the life, Marcus de Siena for Land-- fcape,with infinite others, as Titiams, Antonio de Cor- regiofiafar SeJlius,ZendeTwviliano,Francefeo Melzi, nor mutt I be ingratefully unraindfull of mineowne Countriemen, who havebeene,and are able to equall thebeft, if occafion ferved, as old M r . Hiliard,M v . jfaac Oliver inferiour to none in Chriftendome for the countenance in fmall , my good friend M r . Peake and M r . Marques for oyle colours, with many more unknowne unto me. Neither doth our Countrey want her Patrons and favourers of this worthy skill, as firft the Kings moft excellent Majefty , Noble Prince Henry j to whom I prefented not long fince his fathers Bafdicon Voron x w\\\ch. I had turned a little before throughout into Latine verfe. And Em- blemes limmed in lively colours, which he gratiouf- ly accepted. The Right Honourable Robert Earle of Salisbury , and Lord high Treafurer of England, who as he favoureth all learning and excellency, fo he is a principall patrone of this art, having lately imployed M*. Butler and many other excellent Ar- tifts for the beautifying of his houfes, efpecially his Chappell at Hatfield. The Right Honourable the paries of Arundell , Worcefter, Southhampton, Pcmbrooke, 8 ThefrftBooketf Lib. r. Pembrooke, SufFolke, and Northampton, with ma- ny Knights and Gentlemen 9 to whom our matters are daily beholden. Now left you mould efteemc over bafely of this Art,and difdaine to have your pi- cture, becaufe you may have it for a trifle ( which I account a fault in many of our good workemen ) I will tell you the prices of fome peeces of note af- well in ancient times, as of latedayes. Cxfar the Dictator redeemed the tables of Ajax and CMed&a foreightie ralents, which amount to 24000 French crownes : I fpeake with the leaft,be- caufetake the Mer Athenian talent ( for generally where you finde this word Talentumin anyLatine Author, as in Tully his Oration pro C. Rabmo Pojtu- moy and in Act : in verrem , and fome other places, where you (hail finde it orteneft, you muft vnder- ftand the Athenian talent, except you have the addi- tion of AegmeumySyriumyBabylomumj&c.) the grea- ButeminJtfe. ter(as Budaus faith) was bigger by a third part. King Attains paide for one of Ariftides peeces an hundred talents. Hortenfius the Orator, gave for a table of the Ar. gonauts 144 talents. Mmfort^did to Afckpiodorus for the twelue Gods after three hundred pounds fterlingapeecc. Candaules King ofLydia gave to Bularchu* for a peece of his, the weight of the fame in gold. The Duke of Millaine rewarded Raphael Vrbine with as many Ducats as covered the piclure of a great breadth which he had made for him. Pope Inmcem the cight,a worthy lover of all lear- ning, and ingenious. Arts, beftowed vpon Andrea Mantega Lib. i . Drawing and Ltmming. 9 CMantcga his Painter in the Belvedere of Rome two thoufand Ducats for a monethes paines. I have alfo heard what a round fumme was offe- red by ftrangers for the Altar cloath of S*. Magnus in London; iundry other examples I might alledge, but I have faid enough to (hew that Artbathcver beene well paide her hire , and the profeflbrs there- of beene had ineftecme with the wort hieft and wi- feft men. Chap. III. A Painter not priviledged to draw what hee lift, the ma- nifold abufes of fainting : whether theftfture of the Trinitie, of our Saviour Chrift, according to his hu» manitie, the Images of the Saints and their fafs 'ions- Thefigne of the Crojfe may bee lawfully drawne or not, &c. x ISS I would have my young Schollertake his pleafure,fo I would not have him to ml buy it at over deare a rate 3 either with loiTe of over-much time in the mainc profeflion,or of his eares for a libeller , neither to thinke with Horace,hc may quidlibet audere, for there be many things which as well Nature or Religion would have freed from the pencill 5 what hurt hath that beaftly booke of Aretines done abroad in the world,and what lewde Art is there fhowne in many prints and peeces that are daily brought over out of Italy ,F 'landers ,and other places, which are oftner enquired after in the fbops then any other, liule vfe elfe is there of moft of the wax pictures of Curcizans C in i o Thefirft Booke of Li b.i. in Rome and Venice being drawne naked , and fold vp and downeas Libidinis Foment a , furely I cannot hut commend Art in them , as many times there is excellent good,but verily doe hate their wicked ma- kers, and abominable ends. Touching thepi&ure of the Trinitie,as common- ly it is drawne, firft. God the Father like an old man, betwecnehis knees Chrift vpon the CrorTe, and o- ver his Head a Dove refembling the holy Ghoft, I hold itblafphemous , and vtterly vnlawfull , and whatfoever the Romane Cathoiikes thinke of it, both the Scripture,Councels,and Fathers,nay many of the beft Divines of their owne fide, areeither vc- terly againft it, by BelUrmines owneconfeffion , or fpeake very flenderly for it , as tolerable by the Church , but no wayes allowable by the Word of God : as namely, Abtdenfis, Durandm, Perefms, and Ahuienpsin 4. many others, though in plaineft tcrmes : Lorichius %l'JnT r °' a man °^ S reat learning and found iudgement a- D«rW. # w^s.mongft them , vtterly condemnes the fame inthefe qn *®' 9 ' tra words. ^litmituipar^ Eft fr oetereA abufus imaginum f quod fanftam Trinita- Loriebm C a \ temprxfumpfimus exprimere , quodhxrefis eHpftilen- t pmtpu tV ' Um tift ma > qutdemm magis fwffaz Jrinitati aeherfum, at- que Pa.tr em effmgere fenis fdicernij effigie> fHiumjuve- nis formam habentem , Spiritum Santlnm alitis Jpeczem volitantts referent em { Quid idiot a ex tali libro didi- cijfe poterint I err or em fane & H Gen. 18. But howfoeverthefeand other places doe feemc to make for the lawfulneffe of it,we are to hold it an impious thing, and not to be tolerated, as being ex- prefly forbidden by the Word of God , and giving occafionof the infinite errors in the Church. Varro in his time, faid that the Images of the b. i. ^hcodofms forbad it fhould be painted upon the eaf.i. ground. Arcadws his Tonne caufed it the firft to be ftamped upon his eoyne in gold, (which kind of Croffe I make no queftion but of all forts is loved well e- ^Auguft.fer lS.nough) as Pro/perus writeth 5 when hefaw the Croffe cut in Marble, TXHlasTiiAco- and lying upon the ground, caufed it to be digged nttiiib.id. up, and fet upright, faying, we ought to figne our forehead and breft with the Croffe of the Lord, and we tread it under our feete. jn concii. qued Cbryfoftomi ' faith, that in his time (befide the Cere- Saw ^ mon y °f v ^ n g lt m Baptifme and the Lords Supper) it was painted upon beds, Armour, Ships, &c. Tou- ching the Ceremony of figning with the fame as we ufe it in Baptifme to fay any thing thereof, were be- fide my fubjeel: , neither were it needfull fince the meaneft divine can tell, that it hath anciently becne ufed and allowed by the Fathers, as Bafil (who af- firmes it to be one of the Apoftolicall traditions) Augufl.Traglat t CynllyTertullUn, S*. Cyprian, and laftly, Saint Aiigu- wi^».ii8. ^Jtim y who faith, that except the foreheads of the be- fstftitur*"* Severs (as children baptized) bee figned with-the figne of the Croffe, the forme of baptifme is not as it ought to be : but enough if not too much of this fubieft. C H A P» L i b. i. Drming and Limming. Chap. 1 1 1 L Pemls and other Infiruments necejfarj " for drawing, jAny way es I know there have beenedc- vifcd to reach draught, as namely, by crofiingthe patterne, then your owne papers with equall fpaces , filling the fame as you rind in your example ; alfo drawing up- on a lanterne home with a paper blackt with a torch, and fuch like : neither doe I miflike any fuch conve- nient heipe to a yong learners furtherance ; but to learne to the purpofe, and to grow cunning in fh©rt time , you mould rather fall to it onely by your owne conceit and judgement , and let thofe toyes Eiackckadm goe,you muft fTrft get you blackelead fliarpned fine- quil*. ly: and put faft into quils, for your rude and firft draught, fome ten or twelve* Moreover you muft not be without as many Sal- Sallow coales. low coales, fliarpned at the ends : you mall chufe them thus , they are more blew and finer grained then the other coales , fmooth (being broken) like Satten : you mall marpen them upon one of your fin- gers, as alfo your blacke lead; other coales* will quickly breake, nd never point marpe. Get you alfo a fmall paire of brazen compaflcs Ruieandcom* and fine rule, for taking the diftance, if you follow a P aire < print and be not without the crummes of nhe man- chet or white bred, to rub out your lead or coale, when you have done amiffe, or finimed your worke> Scriveners and writing Schoolcm afters in ,the Countrey 1 6 TbefrftBookeof Lib. i. countrey that teach to write have divers fmall pen- Broome pen- f B r0 ome,with which they (hadow great letters with common Inke in Coppy bookes very pretily : they are made in this manner, take a Broome (hike about the bigneflfe of a fpoonc handle , and cut it c- venatthe end, when you have done, chew it be- tweeneyour teeth till it be fine and grow heary at the end like a penfill : but I care not how little you vfe them,becaufe your pen (hall doe better,and (hew more Art. For your Drawing-pcns,never be without twenty or thirtie at a time,made of Ravens and Goofe quils; your Ravens quiiles are the beft of all other 5 to write faire, or (hadow fine , your Goofe quils ferve fotthe bigger or ruder lines. To draw with dry co- lours, you may make long paftils , which you mall doe by grinding red Led , or any other colour with ftrong Wort , and foroule them up into long roules like penfils drying them in the Sunne:fomc put here- to a little new milke. Chap. V. The firft Pratfife. l§^8§3nK Aving thefe ina readineflfe 5 you mall pra- $5 mm \% dife forthefpaceof a weeke orthcrc- | abouts, to dcaw Circles,Squares of all | forts, a Cilinder, the ovall forme with other fuch like folide and plaine Geo- metrical! figures with a fwift hand till you can doe them indifferent well, but after ufing the helpeof your Rule and Compafle: the reafon of exercifing yo?i Lib.t. Drafting and Limnting. ty youiirft in thefe is,when as Symmetry or proporti- on is the very foule of picture, it is impofliblethat you mould be ready in thcfbodies , before you can draw their ab'ftf a& and generall formes ■, and have wonted and made your hand ready , in proportions of all forts, which are compounded of the fame, as for example,your circle will teach you,to draw even and truly all Sph^ricall bodies which are, Um^s of like parts and formes,as the Sun,Moone, Starres,&c.The moft flowers as the Rofe,Marigold, Helitropium,Daifie,&c. the moft veiTels as cups,ba- fons,bowles,bottels,&c. The fquare will make you Thtf ufe ofthe ready for all manner of compartments, bafes, pery- Circie,Square, ftiles,plots, buildings, &c. your Cylinder forval ted Cylinder or turrets,and round buildmgsjyourOrthogonium and andpyramis. Pyramis, for fliarpe fteeples, turrets and all things, in nrneronem faftigiata, your Ovall forme will helpe you in drawing theface,afhield or fuchlike : fo that you may reduce many thoufand bodies to thefe few generall figures, as unto their principall heads and fountaines. After you are cunning in thefe figures(be- ginning with the circle) imitate fomething of cir- cular forme,what you fhall thinke good,in which as in all the other aforenamed proportions you mail work & helpe your felfeby the Diameter(which is a ftraitline, drawn long waies juft in the midft of your circle or fquare) and which will guide you marvel- loufly in your work: for example,if I would draw the Sunne, fo foone as I have made a faire circle I draw (with Cole or Led that I may rub it out againe) my diameter or line down the midft,over w ch if you will again,you may draw a crone line,both which divide your Circle equally into foure parts, as you fee. D Which \ Which Diameter with the croflc line, are not onely your directors, for theequail placing of the greater and lefler beames, on the fide as you may perceive : but alfo for the Drawing of the Nofe, Mouth and Ey es,even in the midft of the Face. I will give you another example of a Goblet or cup. Firft,I make a half or femicircle for the Bowie, downethe midft of which (as lowas I would have , the foote to come ) I draw my Diameter or ftraighc line, which being done, the worft is part : you muft now marke : I am not tyed to make my Bowie as round as the circle ,. but long or what fafliion I lift, no other ufe hath the Circle there then to guide mce even on either fide, whether I make it broad or nar- row, long or fhort, embofte it, or howfoever, the o- therpartof the line caufeth mee to make the foote even as you fee* Which L 1 1 . 1 3r*m»g **d Limming. ig Which line and Circle (as I faid befpre)you may with your white bread rub out, when you have done. In thefeand fuch like , you may at yourplcafurc finde in- finite varierfe to fet your felfc a workewith, till you are able to falltoworke by your ownc judgement; which you (hall doe in your next and fecond praclife. Chap. VI. The fecond Praffife. •Ou (hall, next after your hand is growne ready in the forefaid proportions, pra- ctife to draw (mall and eafie things, comming as neere your former exam- ples as may b|£ by your conceit onely : as a Cherry with the leafe, the (haft of a Steeple , a (ingle or canker Rofe, &c. wherein you (hall begin to take fome delight, and finde no great difficultic. But in drawing thefe and whatfoever elfe, I muft not forget to tell you; that you muft be perfect and quickein the generall or outward lines, and give them a reafonable good proportion , ere you fall to (hadowing or tricking your worke within: where- fore I would have you make an a(Tey fixeorfeven times at the leaft for the generall proportion onely: if at firft it be not to your minde, as for example in drawing of a Rofe, be fure that the compafle of it be not faultie, ere you caft out the leaves by five equall lines , or in making a womans Ruffe, that you fcore D i it fainter. to The firfi Booke of Lib. I. it out fhft narrow in the necke, then wider from the cheekes, and narrow againc under the chin very tru- ly ,ere you adde the lace of fetting, all which is done with one line, which I call the generali or extreme. For thofe formes that are mixed and uncertaine, and where your circle and fquare can doc you no good (being left only to your Idea) as in a Lion,a Horfe or Attiong una- fuch like: you muft worke altogether by your owne ginationrcqui. j uc jgement , and winne the proportion by daily pra- >d <5ttfe, which will feeme very harm and ftrange unto you at the firft,butto helpe your felf herein you fhal doe thus : having the generali notion or (hapeof the thing in your minde you meane to draw ( which I doubt not but you may conceive and remember as well as the beft painter in the world, though not exr preflTe according to the rules ofart)draw it with your lead or coale after your owne fafliion, though never fo badly , and lay it from you for a day : the next day perufe it well , bechinke your felfe where you have erred, and mend it according to that Idea you carry in your minde 5 in the generali proportion: when you have this done, lay it by againe till the next day, and fo continue for 5 or 6 dayes together, correcting by degrees the other parts even to fmall veines as your difcretion will ferve you; this may you doawith 40 papers at once,of feverall things: having done, what youcan(though not to your liking)conferre it by the like, fome excellent print or patterne of the fame, u- fing no rule or compaffe at all but your owne judge- ment in mending every fault lightly ,& with a quicke hand, giving every place his due, whereby you (hall of all fides meete with your errors , and finde an in- credible furtherance to your praclife : though here- « u unto Bow to helpe you in your Idea. J, i b, i. Drawing andLimming. 2 1 unto is required I muft confefle, a ftrong imagina- tion, and a good memory , which are the mid wives to this art and pra&ife as in all things elfe, the nurfe that brings it to full growth and perfection. C'H AF. VII. of Drawing the Fate or countenance of a Ulfan. Ince a Man is the worthieft of all crea- tures,and fuch pleafing varietie in coun- tenances is fo difpofed of by the Divine providence , that among ten thoufand you mail not fee one like another ( as well for breeding delight , as for obferving a me- thod, after you have praftifed according to your former directions in other things) you (hall begin to . draw a mans face , in which asr in all other creatures you muft takeyour beginning at theforehead,and fo draw downward till you have finiflied. The vifage or countenance is ( for the moft part) drawn but three manner of wayes,the firft is full fa- Thefifllfeci ced, as commonly we fee King Henry the 8 drawne: &* The fecond is three quarter faced , as our Flanders and ordi- nary pictures are,that is when one part of the face is hid by a quar- ter as thus : D 3 The 22 TbefirfiBMketf l 8. I. Halfcfoce. Tbcfpaceof an other eye to be left be* tweeno the eyes. The third is onely halfc fa- ced, as you fee the pictures of Philip and mrary upon a twelve pence, or as this Ca- fiirs head. For draught of a full face you muft beare in memory, and nar- rowly obferve the bredth of the forehead , and the corapaffe of both the cheekes , all which arc compofedof two lines as thus: And be carefull to give as pre- cife an evenneffe to one fide as to the other 5 caufing both your lines to meete at the tip of the chin : your Diameter guideth you for the even placing(as I faid) of nofe and mouth , your other line for the juft oppofition of the eyes bet weene which in diftancefor the nofe, alwayes leave the fpace of an eye. Theend of the Nofe in ordinary proportion muft be brought no lower then the middle of the cheeke, from whence to the chin is for the moftpart as farre, as from thence upward to the eye-browes. The nofe of a full face muft not be exprefTed with apparant lines, but with a very fine fhadow on each fide, as you fee. An eye is commonly drawne in this manner. To make an angry or fterne countenance, let your Li b.i. Drawing and Limming. ^ your brow bend fo , that it may almoft fecme to touch the balj, of the eye$at what time you muft alfo give the forehead a fine wrinckle or two, and withall the upper part of the nofe bet weene the eyes. A great conceit is required in making the Eye, Great difficult which either by the dulnehe or lively quickneffe t y inihcc y c * thereof, giveth a great tafte of the fpirit and difpofi- tion of the minde ( which many times I will not de- ny may be afwell perceived by the mouth, and mo- tion of the body,) as in drawing a foole or idiot 3 by making his eyes narrow , and his temples wrinkled with laughter, wide mouthed, or (hewing his teeth, &c. A grave or reverend father by giving him a de- mise and lowly countenance, his eye beholding you with a fober caft, which iscaufed by the upper eye- lid covering a great part of the ball,and is an efpeci- all marke of a fober and flayed braine within. Nazi- Nkephorjfaio. anzen when he beheld a Julian ( long time before he was Emperour, at Athens ,zx. the very firft fight of his countenance, (Prcfaging his future difpofition) burft forth into thefe words; T>cm bom,quAntumma- miian^m t. lum fovet Romanumimperwm : for (as he witnefleth TJ^JJJ 8 *^ himfelfe) there was not any figneof goodnefTe or to- wardneffe in him, his eyes rowled in his head, wan- dring and turning fearcfully now this,now that way; Iparkling with fury and anger, his nofe was grovvne wrinckled with fcoffing and deriding,the reft of his countenance tendingto mockery,his laughter fo im- moderate, that his whole body would make therc- with,his moulders flirinking toand fro, to hisnecke: his legs and frcte feldome ftanding ftilljhis queftions and anfwers fufpitious, rafh, and often interrupted by (hort fetching his breath •, by which fignes the good! good man forefaw his inbred tyranny and vile di£ poficion,which after burft forth into an horrible per- fection and open rebellion againft God and his Brufonituiib. 7. Church. A Grecian Captaine in like manner noting tap. to. ver y f tcn tne ca ft f the eye and countenance of Scylla, together with his gefture and motion of bo- dy, ufedthefe words : it is impoflible but this Gen- tleman one day mould proove a great Commander, and I marvailethat he is not advanced all this while. Digomuem Earleof Flanders, when he mould have beeneput to death by theTurke, a Phifiogonomer wiflit that he might not die by any meanes, becaufe if he lived he would fow much dhTention among the Chriftians ., which after fell out to be true : by which examples and the like, I proove that there is a certaine Indicium, or notice of the minds difpofi- tion inlye imprinted by nature even in the counte- nance, and many times in the eye or mouth, which ( as I have faid ) you muft beecarefull, as you (hall have occafion, warily to obferve. Thcmouth. Now for the mouth (though lcaft of all other any generall rule may be given for it, ) it confifteth principally of two lines,vvhereof one exprefleth the mouth it felfe, the other the neathcr lip : the over- lip is beft (ho wne by amadow caft over the erode line as you fee -> which fhadow and crolfe line if you draw by the life muft be hit at an haires breadth, and if your picture be little, you cannot thinke fo fmall a thing as giveth or quite taketh away the touch and refernblancc of the mouth: and to fay truly,it will be the hardeft peeceof cunning that ever you mall meet wichall : therefore you had neede caufe the partie whom you will draw,to fit as we iky^ultucompjito, with- Li b.i. Drawing and Limm'ng. ^ without ftirring or altering the mouth were it never fo little : I have many times beene much troubled a- bout expreffwg the mouth as it ought , wherein you ihall finde great difficuhie , wherefore you mall beft take it when the partie minds you not , and to fay the truth it is the beft time of taking a piclure.I have never drawne any more truly, then when they have beene bufie in talking, at dinner, viewing forne thing or other , and in this manner I have often taken his Majeftie , fitting at dinner, or talking with fome of his followers. I have many times wondred why I could among fo many never finde any true picture of his Majeftie,or that did any thing neere rejfemble him : I know not, but generally in his picture I finde two principall errors, the one in thecomplexion and haire, the other is in the mouth , which commonly they draw with a full and great nether- lip very ap- parant , wherein they commit the chiefeft error j which good obfervation having avoy ded , I have drawne him often with my Pen and Inkeonly vpon a faire peecc of paper in an houre, more truly and like, then the beft peeces in oyle about the towne. Chap. VIII, of expreftng pafion in the Countenance. He paffions of the minde being divers as Jove,feare,joy, anger, hatred, defpaire, defire,boldnefle,&c. muftbeexpreiTed with great judgement and difcretion, though you (hall better exprelTe them in lively colours then with the pen , becaufe palc- E neffe, 2,6 ThefirfiBookeof L i b.i, neflc,redne(Te,fiery eyes,&c.are adjun&s to the fame. You (hall exprefTe love by making vultumfere- num, fairc and pleafant , rib where clouded with wrinckles, or furrowed with unpleafing bendings, which are commonly effect of care , melancholTy, anger, defpaire, and the like: firft you are to give the foreheada Majefticke grace and hcight,a full eye which you fhall make very pleafing by fliadowing it with a fine fliadow at the bottome of the eye lid,and a little at the corner,a fmall and proportionable nofe, the nofethrils not too wide, a cleere cheeke which you (hall make by fliadowing the fame on one fide^ the mouth fmiling which you (hall doe by making a thinne upper lippe, and fliadowing the mouth line a little at the corners, , and for as much as the kinds of beauties areinh*nite,if you would draw fome rare pcece for beauty, you (hould as k_a r piles was wonr, frequent the Court or City, and imitate fome ex- cellent beauty or other. I was not long fince ex- tremely troubled with a peece of the Sea. Nymphes being all fitters, in whofe faces I was to exprefle a Angular and feverall beauty, yet fo like one another, that they might be knowne to be fifters, the hifto- ry isinthefecondof ovids Metamorphofis. And Virgil defcribing the countenance of Aeneas, expref- feth with Angular art the beauty and comelinefle which his mother Venus had beftowed upon him in this manner. Os ktuperofque Deo fimiltSi namque if fa decorum € ^ far km gnatogenetrix, lumenque juvente, Purpureum, ejr Utos ocnlis affiara t honor es. You mall (hew feare in the countenance, by ma- king of the eyes to look hollo w,hcavily and down- ward, Lib.iI Drawing and Limming. 27 ward, the cheekes falne, the mouth clofe, the hairc flaring or hanging carelelTely about theeares. I faw an excellent peeceof this kind done by Leonard Fift- eenth ^ done to the imitation of an ancient painter, which was a company of young men fwimming, and upon the fodaine furprized by the enemy,where you might fee one putting his head into his fhirt fleeve for hafte, another running away halfe naked. Feare is defcribed by our excellent S fencer to ride in in his Faery armour, at the claming whereof he lookes deadly Qa. ccnc - pale, as afeard of himfelfe. The like obfervations you are to keepe in the reft which you mall naturally find defcribed by our Poets, by Lomazius, and laftly in mine Emblems,fo that it were needlefle for mee heere to reiterate the fame. Chap. IX. of the whole body. Hen you are growne fomething perfect in the face, and can draw the head in- different well, you muft be carefull to proportion the body thereafter , than the error of which,no one fault is more common with themoft Painters: for you mall fcarce Mafeinfftiw fee one among twenty but will draw the head too head too % a big, which if you obferve, you mail find in moft "wmcnfauJt. pictures : helpe your felfe herein by fetting a boy before you,caufing him to ftand which way you lift, and fo to wont your judgement to the proportion by little and little : having finiihed the head, draw ihenecfcc E 2 the TheftioulJcr. Thearane. Thcwrift. The knuckles. The paps.. The ribs. The belly. The thigh. The knee. a 8 The frfl Booke of Lib.i, thenecke,beginuing it with one line from about the tip of the eare, then draw the other downe from the ball of the cheeke ( which is leflened on the other fide) as farre as you thinkegood to the fhoulder 3 where £lay,till you have fhadowed it : the fliadowes of the neck in a child or young woman are very fine, rare and fcarcely feene,but in a man the finewes muft be exprefled, with the veines, by fhadowing the reft of the nccke, and leaving them white. For the pro- portion of the other parts (bzcaufe Lomazitts hath prevented mee: whofe booke though it bee fome- what obfcure, in any cafe I would have you to buy, after you are well entred ) I will omit and fliew you onely fuch.eminences which by fliadow muft be ne- ceflarily expreffed:after you have done the neck: you are to exprefle the wing or upper part of the moulder by fhadowing it underneath, the brawneof the arme muft appeare full, fhadowed on one fide, then mew the wrift bone thereof,& the meeting of the veines in that place, the veines of the backe of the hand, and theknuckles,are made with two or three haire ftroks With a fine touch of your pen : the pappes of a man are fliowneby two or three fine ft rokes given under- neath,^ woman, with a circular fliadow well deep- ned, the ribs are fo to be fhadowed , as you doubt whether they appeare or no : except your man were ftarved,oryou mould draw death himfelfe : the bel- ly fliall be eminent by fhadowing theflanke, and un- der the breaft bone: the brawne of the thigh fliall appeare, by drawing fmall haire ftrokes from the hip to the knee, fhadowed againe overtwartiy : the knee pan muft be fliowne with the knitting thereof by a fine fliadow underneath the joyntj the fiiinboiie from X, r b.i. Drawing and Limming. 2 $ from the knee to the inftep, is made by fhadowing one halfe of the leg with a fingle fhadow, the ankle Thdeggc. bone will fhew it felfe by a fhadow given under- neath as the knee ; the finewes muft feeme to take their beginning from the midft of the foote, and to grow bigger the neerer they are to the toes. There is a great Art in making the foote, wherein your fhadowes muft take place as occafion ferveth, The footc * and to fay the truth, fo they muft in the other parts, but naturally they fall as I have faid $ for teaching you the true fhadowing of a naked body; Goltziw is one of the beft, whofe prints above any other I wifh you to imitate. Chap. X. Of fhadomng md obferving the Light according to the rules and infallible principles if prfyecli've. Shadow is nothing elfe but a diminuti- on of the firft and fecond light. Thefirft light I call that which pro- ceeded! immediately from a Jightned body, as the beames of the Sunne. The fecond is an accidental light difpreadingit felf into the aire or medium, proceeding from the other. Vnderthis divifionare comprehended the other lights,as the light of glory is referred to the firft. The light of all manner of reflexions to the fecond. Shadowes are threefold : thefirft is a fingle fha- dow, and theleaftof all other, and is proper to the plaine Superficies, where it is not wholy poifeffed of the lights as for example. E 3 I draw 3o [TkfirBooftkeo) 1 1 The double ftiadow. I draw a foure fquare plate thus, that (hadow,becaufe there is no hollow, but allplaine (as nee- reft participating with thelight)is moft naturall and agreeable to that body. Thefecondis the double fhadow, and it is ufed when the Superficies begins once to forfake your eyes as you may perceive beft in columnes as thus : where it beeing darkened double , it prefenteth to your eye (as it were) the backfide 3 leaving that unfhadowed to the light. Your tre- ble (hadow is made by crofling over your double fhadow againe , which darkeneth by a third part in this man- ner, as followeth. It is ufed for the inmoft lhadow and fartheft from the light , as in gulfes, chinkes of the earth 3 wels, caves within houfes (as when you imagine to looke in at a doore, or window ) under the bel- lies and flankes of beafts to (hew the thicknefle or darkenefle of a mightie wood , that it may feemc nnlli fmtnbilk tftro: confequently in all places where L 1 1 . 1 . Brming *nd Limming. j i where the light is beaten forth , as your reafon will teach you. General? rules for fhadomftg. YOu muft alwayes caft your fhadow one way, that is , on which fide of the body you begin your fliadow , you muft continue it till your worke be done : as if I would draw a man, I begin to flia- dow his left cheeke,the left part of his necke,the left fide of the left arnae,the left lide of the left thigh,&c. leaving the other to the light , except the light fide be darknedby the oppofition of another body, as if three bowles mould ftand together, that in the raidft muft receivea fhadow on both fides.. 2, All circular and round bodies that receive a concentration of the light, as the light of a burning glafle , when it doth gather it felfeinto a fmall cen-p ter,muft be fhadowed in circular manner as thus : 3. AH perfect lights doe re- ceive no fhadow at all , there- fore hee, did abfurdly , that in the transfiguration of our Saviour in the Mount , gave not his garments a deepe flia- dow, but alfo thinking to mew great Art, heegave the bcames of the light it felfe a deeper, both which oughtto havebeene snoft glorious, and all meanes ufed for their luftre and brightnefifej which hath beene excellently well obferved of Stra^ done and G<zifts. 4« Where contrary fhadowes concurre and ftrivc (as j % The firft Books »f L i b * i . ( as thofe crofTe winds about Aeneas his fliip) for fu- periority , let the neereft and moft folide body be firft ferved. In the double and treble fhadowes, let your firft ftrokes be very dry for feare of blotting ere you croffe them. j.It will feeme a hard matter to fliadow a gemnse or well pointed Diamond, that hath many fides and fquares,and to give the luftre,where it ought : but if you obferve the rules of the light which I mall give you, you (hall eafily doe it without difficulties 6. All ftiadowes participate in the medium accor- ding to thegreatneffe or weakenelle of the light. 7. No body betweene the light,and our fight can effect an abfolute darkeneiTe, wherefore I faid a fha- dow was but a diminution of the light , and it is a great queftion whether there be any darknelTe in the world or not. But becaufe all manner of fliadowes depend upon the light • I will briefely for your me- mory teach you by generall proportions what you are to obferve in the nature of the fame, it being a matter of thegreatcft moment in picl:ure,and where- in you mall exercife your judgement with an incre- dible pleafure, it being one of the moft delightfull fecrets in nature. 1. Profofttkn. All light doth difperfe it felfe upon the objeel: cir- cularly, and againe the object enlightncd afFe<5teth the aire or medium in the fame manner, the reafon is, becaufe the round or Sphaericall figure as to all hea- venly bodies, fo it agreeth naturally to light , as the moft abfolute, the moft perfect, and confervativc of all others , wee finde this to bee true if we but view the light thorowa hole or crevife in a Sun-mine morning, Xib.i. Drawing and Limming* ^ morning, or about the flame of a candle, hence you mud learne in fhadowing all circular bodies ta'give a circular light, except by fome accident you arc compelled to the contrary. 2 Propefitim. Every greater light dim mcs and diminiflieth the lefler, as for example the ftars mine in the day time, yet wee perceive not their light , by reaforiof the greater light of theSunne, yet if you ftand in the bottome of a well,you fliall eafily perceive them and their motion, the reafon is the light or beame of the ftarre being perpendicular or dired over your head, is of greater force then the beames of the Sunne comming oblikely or fideway (for you mufttakeit for a generall rule,that all beames or reflexions from the perpendicular are of more force then the other broken and oblike,for example a bail being ftrucken hard downe with your hand , reboundeth backe in the fame line with greater force then when it flyeth fide waves, fo doth an arrow fhotagainft the ftone wall) Moreoever in an evening at a bone-fire in the ftreete you fliall hardly difcerne any thing beyond the fire being your light hindered by the light there- of which otherwife you might well doe. 3 Propefition. Bodies lighted by night by fire,muft have a brigh- ter luftre given them then by day , as I have feene ma* ny excellent pecces of that nature, as the taking of Chrift by night, faeking of Cities, batfowling and the like, the reafon is, becaufe fire in the night being compafled about with darkneffe, enlightens the me- dium more forceable and neerely. F 4 Fro}*- ^ IThefirft Bookctf Lib. x. 4 Proportion. According to the divcrfey or (as the Logicians terme it) the intention and remuTionof the light, the colours of bodies are changed, as the feathers of birds wings, cloth of fundry colours, the Sea at morning and even, and the like. 5 Proportion* Lights never mingle in their CMeslium, as wee proove by the fhadow of many candles lighted at once. 6 Proportion, In all concave and hollow bodies that are capa- ble of light as -filver bafens,bowles,..and thelike,the light muft be ftrongeft and brighteft in the center, the reafon is from every point of the concavity, the perpendicular lines mcete and joyne together in the Center. 7 Proposition. Every Sphaericall body that giveth light, enligh- tens a lefTer Spherical! body according to the quan- tity of his Diameter: for examplc 5 by how much the Diameter of the Sunneis broader then the Diame- ter of the earth, by fo much theearthis enlightned beyond his Diameter or middle. \^Alhacen and ViteHio have taught the making of artificial! inftruments for taking of the light, which with the manner of making Albert Durtrs glatTe, I will teach you in a difcourfeof perfpeclive I will ibortly publifli. 8 Propofttien. If the light penetrateth any cleare body (which we call Diaphanon) that is coloured as painted giafle Amber , Criftall, faire water, a glatfe of Claret wine. wine, and the like, you muft remember to give the light the fame colour that his Utttdium is ofi, as if we looke through red or blew glalTe, every thing with out appeareth red or blew to our. fight. 9 PropofitiM. Every beame direct reflected or broken is fo much the more weake in the lightning or burning, by how much the Me time it ftayethupon the obje<5t:this is proved if we dry a thing in a paper over a candle, which we doe a great while without burning, or by the fwift motion of Rivers, who take not the hcatc of theSunne fomuch as (landing waters : wherefore dhofe countries under the Equinoctial!, by reafonof the equall prefence and ablence of the Sunne are ve- ry temperate , whereas on the contrary in Lituania and thereabouts, where it is in a manner day conti- nually, they have cxtreame hot Summers, and moft bitter cold Winters. b of Forejbortmng. Thechiefe ufe of perspective you have in fore*- mortning,which is when by art the whole is conclu^- - ded into one part, which onely fliall appeare to the fight, as if I mould paint a fhip upon the Sea, yet there mould appeare unto you but her forepart, the reft imagined hid, or likewife an horfe with his breft and head looking full in my face, I muft of neceffity foreftiorten him behind, becaufe his fides and flankes appeare not unto me: this kind of draught is wil- lingly overflipt by ordinary painters for want of running and skill to performe it 5 and you fhall fee not one thing among an hundred among them drawne in this manner, but after the ordinary fa- fluon fidc-wayes, and that but lamely neither. F 2 The 3* tbefrfi Bmkt of Lit. i The ufe of it is to exprefTe all manner-of action in man or beaft , to reprefent many things in a little roome, to give or (hew fundry fides of Cities, Ca- ftles,Forts, &c at one time. an n — i i 7 C H A P. X I. Cert aim guefiions of manifold deceptions of the fight jL L errors of the fight proceed from a three-fold caufe, the fir ft exterior, or being as I may fay in the falfe appreherr- [ fion of diftance; oppofition,proportion or the like, the feeond from an inward cau(e, as the weakeneffe of the eye it felfe, or the de- caying of the Spirits, the third from the affection of the eye from fome outward humour of hurt, but we are onely to intreate of the firft. 1. Why the Horizon appeareth to our fight bigger then any partelfe of the Hemifyhere. All quantity of diftance is kriowne by bodies in- terpofed, but betweene our eye and theverticall point of heaven over our heads we perceive nothing; betweene our fight and the horizon, there appeareth the breadth of the earth, the fpace therefore feemeth greater. 2 , Why in round and Sphtricall glafes every thing appeareth crooked to. the eye. In all glafles the forme of the figure feene,follow- cth the forme of the figure reflecting, buc the refle- ction from the 'fuperfides or Outfide, is after the forme of the fuperficies- which is crooked , there- fore Lib. i. Drawing and Limming. 37 foremuft the thing feene needs appeare crooked. 3 . Why in the faid Round glajfes all things appeare lejfetheninplaine glajfes. Becaufe the concourfe or meeting of the beames, with, the perpendicular line in orbicular glafles is neerer to the eye then in plaine glafles : Euclide gives another reafon which is this. Becaufe (faith he) in plaine glaffes, the reflexion is greater and more force- able then in the round , for as I faid the Idolon or I- mage is of the nature of the Superficies reflecting the fame, .^ t Why in aglajfe broken to peeces y in every peeceyou fee a fiver all face, and but one,ifyoujoyne them together. The reafon is thediverfitie of pofition or filiati- on, which may be gathered by a concave or hollow glaiTe, wherein you mail fee your face in fundry pla- ces at once , there being a reflexion from every part of theglaffe. Heereupon in uneven glaffes, your face will appeare to be monftrous. 5 *Why fquare things by dtfance feeme unto us to be long-, as Courts, the roofes of Churches andhoufes,ejrc< Becaufe the exceffe or multitude of beames falling upon the fides of the fquare body indirectly prefen- tedtotheeye, is not proportionate with a fenfible proportion to thofe beames that fall upon the fide directly againfl: the eye by comparifon with the whole diftance. Befides fight is not able to difcernc theoblicjuitieof the fides , becaufe it is feene fide r wayes under longer beames, and a letter angle. 6. Why the Sunne and CMoone appeare bigger at their rifmgor fitting, then when they are in our ver- ti fall point. One reafon is, becaufe as I faid before, any thing F 3 that 28 ThefirfiBwkeof Lrs.i. that hath a relation to a greater fpace, is imagined greater, the other is the corruption (as I may fay) of the ay re or medium being at morning and evening morefubjecl: to vapors and exhalations then at any other time,the fame reafon may be given ofan4pplc in the, water, of birds and (takes upon the Sea fands, which being foure or five miles off, appeare bigger unto you, then neere hand $ the like of trees that ap- peare twice as bigge in a miftie or rymie morning then indeed they are: hereupon a friend of mine was notably cozened in a bargaine of timber hec bought by the great , in a miftie morning , but I fearc mce within thefe few yeeres, the miftes will be fo thicke, we ftiall fee no timber at all. 7. Why a burning glajfe caufeth fire. The reafon is the concurfe and concentration of the broken beames with the perpendicular in the midft of the glaffe being round and thicke. 8 . Why all things appeare downward in the water. Every thing fecmeth downward in the water by reafon of the fall of the other beames in the Cathe- ton or perpendicular. Chap. XI. Of Landukif. Andtskip is a Dutch word , and it is as much as we mould fay in Eaglifh Land- fhip, or expreffing of the land by hilles, woods, caftles, teas, vallies, ruines, hanging rockes, cities, townes,&c. as farreasmaybeefhewed within our Horizon. If it be L x b. I. Drawing and Limming. $g be not drawnc by it fdfe or for the owne fake, but in refpect,and for the fake of fome thing elfe : it falleth out among thofe things which wee call ?arerga y which are additions or adjuncts rather of ornament 3 then other wife neceflary . Genera// rules for Landtskip. YO V fliall alwayes in your Landtskip fliew a faire Horizon, and exprdfe the heaven more or lefleeither over-caft by clouds,or with a cleere skie 5 (hewing the Sunne rifing or fetting over fome hill or other :you fliall feldome,except upon neceflitic, fliew the Moone or Starres , becaufe we imagine all things to be feene by day. 2 . If you fliew the Sunne,let all the light of your trees,hilles,r©ckes,buildings, &c. be given thither- ward : fliadow alfo your clouds from the Sunne ; and you muft be very daintie in leflening your bo- dies by their diftance, and have a regard, the farther your Landtskip goeth to thofe univerfdia, which as Arijidt/e faith (in refpecl: of their particulars concea- led from our fences ) are mtiora : as in difcerning a building tenneor twelve miles of^I cannot tell whe- ther it be Chureh,Caftle,Houfe,or the like: So that in drawing of it, I muft exprefle no particular figne as Bell, Portculleis,&c. but fliew it as weakely and as faintly as mine eye judgeth of it 3 becaufeall thofe particulars are taken away by the greatneffe of the diftance.I have feene a man painted comming downe a hill fome mile and a halfe from mee,as I judged by the Landskip, yet might you have told all the but- tons of his doublet: whether the painter had a quicke invention. 4® ThefirfiBooke$f Lr B, r invention, or the Gentlemans buttons were as bigge as thofe in faftrion, when Uiitunfeur came into Eng- land, I will leave it to my Readers judgement. If you lay your Landskip in colours , the farther you goe, the more you muft lighten it with a thinnc andayerie blew, to make it feeme fane off, begin- ning it firft with a darke greene , fo driving it by de- grees into a blew, which the denfitie of the ay re be- tweene our fight, and that place doth (onely imagi- narily) cffecl. Of the fair eft and mofi beautifull Landtskqs in the world. Of Landtskips by land the faireft may betaken upon mount Libanus neere Hierufalem, whence you may difcerne all thofe holy places where our Savi- our lived , and in a manner all over the holy Land. Moreover you may plainely view all the to wnes up- on the Sea coaft,and into the Sea,as farre as Cyprus, being diftant from Ioppa, or IafFa ( the firft entry or landing place within the holy land) two hundred and fiftie miles. At Conftantiwfle you have as faire a Landtskip as any where elfe in the world, as well in regard of the beautiful! places behinde, as the goodly profpecl: in- to both Seas. Vpon the mount Ida in Candie called by the In- habitants Pfilleritie , where you fhall fee underneath you the moft goodly countrey of the world affoor- ding all manner of delight Nature can affoord,(hady woods of all manner of trees bearing fruir,as Olives, Orcngies, and Figtrees, Cedars, Siftis, (that beareth that excellent gumme Ladanum, being made of the dew of heaven falling upon the leaves ) vallies,tapi- ftry, L I b . T . Drawing and Limming. 41 {try with innumerable forts of flowers great ftore of rockes 5 and little hilles whereon grow moft fruitful! vines in great p lentie, yeelding that excellent wine we call Malmley, and from whence difcend a thou- fand fmall rivers that water the whole country,none of them fo bigge as they are able to carry a boatc. Thechiefetovvnesof the whole IlandCandia (be- ing the chiefe , andfcituate at the footeof thefaid mount Ida, ) Cania Sitrio and Rethymo , and the faire haven of Meleca, into the Sea Eaftward to- ward the Cape Solomone, you have in your view the gulfe Sateliia or Siriatica , weftward a goodly profpecl from the Adriatiquc Sea , to the North the Archipelago, and to the South the Sea of Carthage. The faireft profpeclis of Italy are about Naples, Millane, Lago diCmo, and di Guar da neere Pefchera, alfoupon Monte di Santa Croce , as you come from Genoa,upon the Appennines(being the ridge or back bone of the countrey) and uponthofe Alpes that are adjoyningto Piemonr. In Spaine ifyou would try your skill in Landtskip, or perfect an excellent peece in this kinde, I would fend you to the magnificent Efcuriall. About Valle- dolid, and toward the Sea fide neere Cartagena. In France about the Conftables houfe ten miles off from Paris , Amiens, Auignon ( belonging to the Pope ) Fontaine bleau many places in Norman- die, Burdeaux, and Rochell. In Germany you have no fairer profpe&s then upon the banke of the Rhine. InEngbmd Ilikebeftat Windfore andthe coun- trey tliere abouts,the profpecl: which you take of the G Citie ^2 The firft Booke of L i b. I* Citie of London upon high gate, all thecountrey a- bout Roifton,with many other places. of the Graces of Landtsktp. Though invention and imitation in this kinde arc infinite, you muft have a care to worke with a found judgement , that your worke become not ridiculous to the beholders eye,?s well for true obfervation of the diftance as abfurditie of accident : that is,though your Landtmip be good and true in general!, yet fome particular error overflips your judgement ei- ther in miftaking or not obferving the time and tea- fonof the yeere, the true (hadow of your worke with the light of theSunnc, the bending of trees in winds and tempefts, the naturall courfeof river and fuch like. To fettle therefore your judgement in thcfeand the like, I wifh you firft to imitate the abftraft or la- bour of every moneth. Not as a foolifli Painter un- dertaking the like,and beginning with Ianuary,drew him fitting in a wicker chaire like an old man, with three or foure night Caps on his head by the fire, his flip (hoes by, and onefoote upon the tongues within the chimney, and without doores haycocks, greene trees , and as if it had beene in the midft of luly. Wherefore I fay fuch a Winter peece mould be gra- ced and beautified with all manner of workes and cxercifes of winter,a§_foot-ball,felling of wood,fli- ding upon the yce, batfowling by night, hunting the Beares, or Foxe in the fnow, making you trees eve- ry where bare or laden with fnow, the earth without flowers, and<:attell, theayre thicke with clouds, ri- vers and lakes frozen, which you may mew by carts pafling over, or Boyes playing upon the fame, and a thoufand Li b.i. Drawing and Limming. 4 3 thoufand the like. The fame method obferve in the other feafons. If you draw your Landtskip according to your invention, you (hall pleafe very well, if you fliew in the fame, the faire fide of fome goodly Citic,haven, forreft, ftately houfe with gardens, I ever tookede- light in thofe peeces that mewed to the like acoun- trey village, faire or market, Bergamafcas cookerie, Uorricc dancing, peafants together by the earcs, and the like. For your Farergas or needlefle graces , you may fet forth the fame with farme houfes, water-milles, pilgrimes travelling through the woods, theruines of Churches , Caftles , &c. but you fliall finde your conceipt feconded with a thoufand inven- tions, Ch a p. XIII. of Drapery. jRapery ( fo called of the French word Drap, which is cloath) principally con- fifteth in the true making and folding your garment, giving to every fold his proper naturall doubling and ftiadow s which is great skill , and fcarce attained unto by any of our countrey and ordinary Painters : info- much that if I would make triall of a good worke- man 3 I would finde him quickly by the folding of a garment, or thefhadowing of a gowne, Ihcetc, or fuchlike. The method now to be obferved in Drapery, fejj^i^ G a tO ved in drapery. 44 Thefrfi Bookcof Lib.i. to draw firft the outmoft or extreme lines of your garment , as you will , full of narrow , and leave wide and fpare places , where you thinkc you (hall have need of folds 5 draw your greater folds al- wayes firft , not letting any line touch , or directly croffe another , for then fliall you bring an irreco. verableconfufion into your worke : when you have fo done, breake your greater folds unto leife, which fliall be contained within them : I would give you an example, but every print will mew you thclikej all your folds confift of two lines and no more, which you may turne with the garment at your pjeafure: begin your maine and greateft folds, from the skirt upward, and the clofer the garments fit, the narrower you muft make them : for the fha^ dowing of every feverall fold, obferve the firft rule I gave you in the Chapter of fhadowing , and fpare nor to Shadow your folds , ( bee they never fo curk oufly contrived) if they fall inward from the light, with a double or treble fhadow; as you mall fceoc- cafion : for the fliadow take his place in one and the fame manner afwell in folding as without: fome have ufed to draw the body naked firft, and after to have pur on the apparell , but I hold it as an* idle conceit, and to fmall purpofe. I would herein above all other have you to imitate Albert Durer, If you can get his peeccs , if not Goltzius or fome other. Generall^bfervations and rales for Drapery. 1, Your greater folds muft be continued through- out the whole garment, the lefTer you may breake and jhorten at your pleafure. 2 t The fhadowes of all manner of filkes,and fine linnen Li b.i, Drawing and Limmmg. ^ linnen are very thicke, and fine, fb that your folds muft not onely be little, but their (hadow or deepe- ning very .light, and rare, which commonly at the moft is but a double fhadow given with a new, and the fineft pen. 3 . You muft not ufe much folding where the gar- ments ought to lit clofe,. or any eminency appeare, as commonly there doth in the breafts of a woman, the armes, belly, thighes, legs, &c. but to ihew art, you fhali leave the forme of the breaft, legge, &c. to appearc thorow, which you may doe by Ihadowing the breft or legge, (after you draw it) on one or ei- ther fide, leaving it white. 4. As 1 told before of the light, fo muft you in your drapery have a care of the winde and motion of the ay re, for driving your loofe apparrell all one way,as tf^defcribes the garments of Europa,\vhen me by Iupiter carried over the Sea: the beft drapery in the world is held tobe,that done by Michael Angela in the Popes Chappellin Rome: and that by Ra~ f hael FrbanemMx\hm in the Church ©f S. Viclor at Nottre Dame in Amiens, and many other places. Chap. XIV. Of Diapering, Iapering is derived (as I take it of the Greeke verbe which is, traijao or tranfeo, in Enghm to paffe or caft over, and it is nothing elfe but a light tra- cing or running over with your pea (in Damaske branches, and fuch like) your G 3 other 4 6 Tbtfirft Beoke of Lib.i. other worke when you have quite done (I meane folds,fhadowing and all) it chiefely ferveth to coun- terfeit cloath of Goid,Silver, Damaskbrancht, Vel- vet, Chamler, &c. with what branch, and in what fafhion you lift. If you Diaper upon folds,iet your worke be bro- ken, and taken as it were by the halfe : for reafbn telleth you that your fold muft cover fomewhat un- feene > which being drawne forth at length and laid plaine, fheweth all faire and perfect: as Ovid 'faith of Tapiftry. Sic ubi toUuntur f eft is auUa theatres, Surgere figna foleM i primumqucoftendere i vttltu4 : Cdterapaulatim pUcidbque edufta-tenere, T ota patent You muft moreover in diapering, let your worke fallout fo, that there may beanaffinitie, one part with the other, maintaining one branch of the fame worke throughout , fetting the faireft in the moft e- minent place,and caufing it to runne upward : other- wife one might imagine fome foolifh Tailor had cut out his Ladies gowne the wrong way. To make a Chamlet, you (hall draw but five lines waved overthwart , if your Diapering confift of a double line- you may either fhadow the ground, and leave it white, or fhadow your worke, and leave the ground white: as you fhall thinke good,in this kinde your filling may be with fmall pricks of your pens end, which will fhew faire. Chap. L i i. I. Drawing And Limming. Chap. XV, of ^Antique, Ntique fo called ob antes, which are but- tererTes,whereon the building is flayed, alfo the outmoft ranges of vines, not aL antiquitate asfome would have it: the Italian calleth it V antic a , it hath the principal! ufe in forefronts of houfes, in all manner of compartments , curious Architecture, Armour, Plate, Iewels, Columnes,&c. though you (hall fel- dome have any great ufe of it, yet I would have you know what it is,and what to obferve in it:The forme of it is a generall , and ( as I may fay) an unnaturall or unorderly compofition for delight fake, of men, beafts,birds,fimes, flowers, Sec. without (as we fay) Thc formtof Rime or reafon, for the greater varietie you mew in Amicke. your invention , the more you pleafe , but remcm- bring to obferve a method or continuation of one and the fame thing throughout your whole worke without change or altering. You may,if you lift, draw naked boyes riding and playing with their paper- mils or bubble-mels upon Goates, Eagles, Dolphins, &c. the bones of a Rams head hung with ftrings of Beads and Ribands, Sa- tyres, Tritons, Apes, Cornu-copia's, Dogs yoakr, &c. drawing Cowcumbe^CherrieSjand any kinde of wilde traile or vinet after your ovvne invention, with a thoufand more fuch idle toyes, fo that herein you cannot be too fantafticall. The late Dutch Pears in this kinde excell all others , and certainly I know not= 48 Thefrfi Btoke $f Lrj.i. not by what deftinic the Germanes have wonne un- to them ( above other nations ) the glory of inven- tion, generally in picture : for except it be a Dutch peece, you (hall have it either lame,ill cut, falfe (ha- do wed or fubjecl to fome fuch groffe error. Where- Gcrmany a ^ orc 5 not without reafon, Boame calleth the coun- (hop©fmen. trey offtcimm htmimmz. ihoppeof men, as from whence a man might bee had for all tunics , either Divine, Phyfitian, Souldier, Painter, &c. Though much I confefTe may be imputed to the induftry of that Nation: (for none in the world are more painc- full then they) yet without queftion the people of themfeives, as they are ingenious and capable of all other Arts, fo naturally they are inclined to this of Painting : Since the greateft perfons among them as Dukes,Earles, and in a manner all the Gentlemen doe beare an inbred love of drawing, and of them- feives by their own pra&ice grow many times won- derfull expert herein : yet none at this day, who fa r voureth a good picture , or any excellency in that kinde, more then RaJulph the Emperour now living. Chap. XVI. of Drawing beafts, birds ^flewcrs, &c. O V fliall finde among beafts fome more harder to be drawne then others , for two refpecV, one is for adcane making and fhape, together with finefle of the coate or skin: the other for their nimble- nefleand much action, both which you may for ex- ample fee to fall out in a horfe, whofe lineaments ase both L 1 1. 1. Drwiftg md Limmmg. ^ both pafling curious , and coate fo fine , that many finewes, yea and the fmalleft veines muft befhowne in him , befides whofe action is jo divers , that for hardnefleof draught I know not any 6nebca%nay be compared to the Horfe; for fometimc you inu& draw him in his Carreer with his manage,and turnc, doing the Corvetto, leaping, &c. which youihall not finde in the Elephant, Cow, Beare,or Hoggc,as being beafts heavy and floathfull by nature. More- over wanting that finenefle of coate or hide, lb that you mall elcape a great trouble in fhewing veines, knitting of joynts , with the eminency almoft of every bone in them which you have in a Horfe and Grey-hound. Now for the manner of drawing thefc or any other bead whatfoevcr 5 begin with your Led or Coale ( as before I told you, and gave you a generall rule) at the forehead,drawing down- ward the note, mouth, upper and nether chap , en- ding your line at the throat , then fearching it againe where you began, from the forehead over the head, eares, andnecke: continuing it till you have given the full compaiTe of the buttocke, but I will give you an example. H I begin tkefirfi Bookc of Lib. i I begin in this Lion my firft ftrokeat A, bringing it downe to B,making the nofc, rnouth,and nether chap with one line , as you tee there I reft : then fetch I that line forward behinde by C, making the compafleof his mane by pricks with my pen ( becaufe if I fhould make a line,I could not make it jag- ged) then bring Ithebackc downe to the taileto D, lea- ving a little fpace for it , I continue my line from thence to E, or the heele, where I reft : then begin I againe at B, and making the breaft with the eminency thereof I ftay at F, bringing out his neere fore-foote , which I finifh : then begin I at G , not ftirring my hand till I come to the foot or paw at where I finifh it quite at E, or the heele. I next draw from his belly two ftrokes at I and K : I make the other legge behinde, then the right fore-foote ilfuing from the breaft : then I finifli the taile, pawes,tongue, teeth, beard, and laft of all the fliadowing : which methode you fhall obferve in all bcafts howfoever they ftand. obfervttiom of the jhadowing. YO V fee himihadowed on the backe fide from C D, unto E, the reafon is the light beateth on his fore-part, wherefore of neceflitie the fhadow muft Lib. z. Drawing rndLrmming. j| mud be in every part behind, eare,mane, backe, hin- der- legge, &c. But you may fay, how hapr^encth uthen, that his nether chap and fome partoMiis throate and belly are (hadowed being both with the light * I anfwere the light of it owne nature can never fall under, but take the place above or the upper part , which place is heere prepoflefied by the up- per and nether chappe , which as you fee fall in betweene , as likewife the fore-footc to the bel- ly, which caufe a fliadowe in either of thofe places. The treble lhadow as it ought, is given to the moft inward places : if your beaft be not in charge, that is , not in armes , and you arme to fhew the ground under his feete 5 you muft make his farther feete on the other fide fomewhat fliorter then thofe next you: thereafon is, that diftanceof earth be- tweene them deceiveth the fight , caufing the neerer to fceme longeft : as you may fee by opening or ftretching your foreand middle finger like a paire of compaffes long wayes from you , upon a boord or table , drawing them with your pen as they ftand, and obferving the fpace betweene* Beafts more hard to bee drawne for their fhape* and action. The Borfe. Rhinoetm. Vmeornc* Stagge. Lucirnc. Grey-hound, The Hiena. Leopard* Ovonce. Tiger. Panther* Others ThefrfiBookeof Others more cafic. L I B. u \Bhfhm. - Dromedarm Cornell, 4 * The The Woolfe. Foxe. C0X9. on or. Hare. Coney. | AM manner of rough land jhagge ham \pogs. Beare. (Skeepe. Badger. P$rc-ejj>we. In drawing thefe and all other beafts , the better you obferve their fhape and a&ion , the better fhall youpleafe, and your judgement bee commended: wherefore a Painter had need to be well feencinna- turall Philofophic. The meaneft workman can draw the ordinary fhape of a Lion,whenfcarcethe beft of them all know 3 that his hinder parts are fo fmall,that there is in a manner a difproportion betweene his forepart and them: fothat if I mould draw him in this manner among our ordinary Painters, my work would be condemned as lame 3 when I deferved mod commendation. The ignorance Moreover if you aske a countrey Painter w hether Fabt«s. mm0n h e cou ^ draw a Crocodile or no , he will make np queftion of it, when as except he travelled through jfegypt, or met with Arifiotle in Englifh, all the wit he had, could not fo much as fet the chaps right, or give the future truly in the head, to (hew the motion of his upper chap , which no other creature in the world mooveth, fave onely hee. If you draw your beaft in an Embleme or fuch like, you fhall fometime fhew z Landtskip ( as it is ordinarily obfcrved by judicious workemen) of the countrey A Landtskip mutt be given ig every >eaft according to lus countrey. Lib.!. Drawing Mid Limmmg, councrey naturall to that beaft , as to the Rhinocem an Edfi-lndm Landtskip, tljpGrocodile an ifigyp- tian, by laying the ground low wijjput nils, many woods of Palme trees, heereand there the mine of a Pyramis, and fo forth of the reft. of Birds. V There is leiTe difficulty in drying birds then beafts, andleaftof all in flowers,^er-#rt and needful! directions to be obferved in all of tKem : begin your draught in a bird,as I faid,at the head,and beware of making it too big : Van Under feet's peeces are much to blame for this fault,for in moft of them the heads of all his birds are too great by a third part, neither is that fault proper to him alone, but to many good workemen elfe. You (hall belt remedy that by cau- fing a bird to be held or tyed before you, where you mall take with your compafles a true proportion, which afterwards you may conclude into as fmall a forme as you liftrthere is not the fame reafon of pro- portion^ is true) in the heads and bodies of all birds alike, but hereby you (hall ever after be acquainted with a reafonable proportion,which though you hit not iuftly , you (hall come very neererhaving drawne the head, bring from under the throat,the breaft line downe to the legs ; there ftay, and begin at the pine- on to make the wing, which being joyned with the back line is prefently fini(hed:the eye,legs,and trains muft bee at laft, and (as I told you before in beafts) let the farther leg ever be (horteft, the feathers as the hairc in beafts, muft take their beginning at the head Tery fmall, and in five rankes fall one way backward greater and greater, as this your example fliewetho H i The The firft Booke of Lib, I, The birds that arc moft eafie to bee drawne, ixzflanift- des, or water iov/1% as the Mallard, Sho- veler , Sheldrake s Goofe,Swao,Herne, Bitter, &c. the next are thole which are called oifeaux du, Preye, birds of Pccy, as the Eagle, Hawke, Puttocke, Cormorant, &c. The harden: are the tame birds , with fome other, as Cocke, Turkicocke, Peacocke, Phefent, &c. the adhon of birds is flying,pruning themfelves, bathing, fifliing, fwimming,&c. For flowers, flyes,and fuch like,I will leave them (being things of fmall moment) to your owne dis- cretion, counfelling you at your leafure, when you walke abroad into the fields,to gather and keep them in little boxes untill you mail have occafion to ufe them. To draw a flower, begin it ab vmbone, or the bofle in the midft : as in a Rofe, or Marigold, there is a yellow tuft, which being firft made, draw your lines equally divided 3 from thence to the line of your compafle, which you are the firft to give, and then the worft is paft. You may fliew your flower, either open and fairc in the bud, laden with deaw and wet, worme-eaten, the leaves dropt away with over ripenefle, &c. and as your flower, fo firft draw rudely your leaves,ma- kingthem plaine with your coale or lead, before you give them their veines or jaggedncflc. For Butter-flies, Bees, Wafpes, Grafhoppers,and fuch Lib. I. Drawing and Lmming. fuch likc,which wc call InfeftaSomz of them are ea- fie to be drawne, and not hard to be laid in colours : becaufe the colours arcftmple, and without com- pofition, as perfect red, blacke, blew, yellow, dec, which every ordinary painter may lay, who if they mould beput (by mixture of many colours) to make that purple of a Pigeons necke, or give the perfect colour but of a flefli-flye, or mallards wing, you fhouldfee them at their wits end. In the naoncths of lune and Iuly I was wont at my leafure to walke into the field , and get all man- ner of flyes, flowers, herbs, &c. which I either put prefently in colours, or kept preferved all theyearc to imitate at my plcafure in clofe boxes. Chap. XVIL The mojknotable abfurdities that our Painters ordinarily commit. He firfl: abfurdity is of proportion natu- , % of , lamc- rail, commonly called lamenerTe, that ncfle. is, when any part or member is difpro- portionable to the whole body, orfee- rneth through the ignorance of the Painter, to bee wrefted from his naturall place and motion : as in Peter-borough Minfter, you may fee Saint Peter pain- ted, his head very neere, or altogether as big as his middle : and it is ordinary in countrey houfes to fee horfemen painted, and the rider a great deale bigger then his horfe. The fecond is of Landtskip, or Local! diftance,as x . of local! I havefeene painted a Church, and fome halfea mile* 8 ""* beyond $6 ThefrfiBoskeof Lib.iV beyond it the vicaredge. yet the Vicars chimney drawnc bigger then the fteeple by a third part,which being lefTe of it felfe, ought aifo to be much more abated by the diftance. |. Accidcnu of The third abfurdity is of accident of time,that i§, dmc. iud.7. w hen we faftiion or attribute the proprieties of an- cient times to thofe of ours, or ours to theirs .* as not long fince I found painted in an Innc Bethulia befleged by Holop&erncs, where the painter,as ifit had beene at ojlend^ made his Eaft and Weft batteries, with great ordnance and fmall (hot playing from the wals,when you know that Ordnance was not in- vented of two thoufandyeares after. 4, in expreffing The fourth is in expremng paflion or'the difpofiti- Ijtus with an effeminate countenance, Venus like an guatitequos Amazon, or that fame hotfpurd Harpalice in Virgil* B^P&ceT g rawing and Limfning, 57 fhadowed three parts, when there ought to have beene none at all, becaufe it is corpus lumindfum, which may caufe a fhadow but takenone. The feventh of motion as a certaine Painter ab~ furdly made trees bend with the winde one way,and the feathers of the Swan, Upon which an Eagle was preying to flie another Albert Durer was very curi- ous in this kinde , as in the haireof Saint Hitromes Lion, and Saint Sebajlians Dog. Chap. XVIII. Of the Senceof feeing, and of the Eye, fOw before I come to entreate parties larly of colours , it lhall not be amide as wellformethodcas for pleafure, to fpeakc fomcwhat of that fenfitive part of the foule which we call fight , with- out which it were in vaine for mee to difcourfc of colours, or you to reade what I have written con- cerning the fame , therefore in briefe I will declare the worthinefle of this fence, and of the Eye the Organe or inftrument thereof. To begin with the definition, the Senceof feeing is a facultie of the fenfiblc foule , whofe Organe is the Eye,and obiedt. is whatfoever may be feene. Now fince the foule is farre more worth then the body,! muft of neceflitie firft fpeake of this moft ex- cellent fence, before I come to the bafer and corrup- tible inftrument, or the obieft thereof. It hath beene a great and ancient controverfie a- mongft the beft Philofophers,I meane Plato, Ariflotle I the j g The firft Bwkeof Lib.i the Stoickes, and Academickes, whether vifutfieret, extra vel intra mittenda, that is, whether we receive the objeft or that which wefee,into our cye,or whe- ther our eye by a fecrec faculty of the foule carts and fendeth forth certaine beames to apprehend that which we looke upon, which queftion as it is hard to decide, fo it is moftpleafant and not befide our purpofe to bee refolved in the fame. Heare I pray you the variety of opinions among excellent men. mrimeo. ■ Pi*** thought that the fight was caufed by Emif- fion or calling, forth beames againft the object. The opinion of The Mathematicians in rifioths time agreeing the old Mathe- alfo with Plate y affirmed vifkm fieri extra mittendo,by wciqans. fending forth from the eye : and all fight to ftretch it felfelorth in the forme of a Pyramis, the Conm or point whereof was in the eye ball, and the Bajzs dif- perfed upon the obiecl:. Empedocles (as alfo Plato) thought there was in the eye a certaine little fire not burning, but which yeelded as it were a light, the beames whereof, mee- aing with the beames of the ayre or medium , grew United , and more ftrong , betweene both which beames the fight was efFe&ed. Democritm faidCthetrueftJ that it proceeded of water,but he is taxed of Arijlotlejxcmfche thought viftonem w ret fyeclabilis fimulachre tantum confittere ; others thought that it caft forth a certaine animall fpirit with the beame. . Others againe fuppofed that that fame ftretching it felfe unto the objed, and beaten backe, to be pofiefied of the fame forme,and afterward the foule as it were ftirred up to perceive the formes of things by meanes of that fccret faculty it fcnt forth. Neither Lib. i. Drafting and Lmming. j£ Neither did the Platonicks and Stoicks want ar- guments of ftrength and probability as they thought to maintaine the fame againft Arifiotle : I will pro- pound fome, and after anfwere them letting or re- ceiving. 1. Firfl: fay they, if fight bee caufed by emiffion, then the neerer and clofer the object is to the eye,the more perfectly it is perceived, but this is falfe 2 . Secondly,if fight be caufed by intromiflion or receiving in, the forme of that which is feene, con- trary Species, or formes fhould be received confufed- ly together , and at the fame inftant , as white and blacke: which thing how abfurd it is,Arift*tle fliewes in his Metaphyfickcs and other places. 3. Thirdly ,the eye is eafily wearied with behol- ding , therefore fomething proceedeth forth from the fame. 4. Fourthly, how can that Pyramis, whofe point is in the fuperficies of the eye,be carried and drawnc forth with a fmaller fliarpneffe. 5 . Fifrly,we find by experience,that a menftruous woman infecteth with her fight a looking Glaffe 3 caufing the fame to become faint and dimme, there- fore of neceflitie fomething muft needs proceed out of her eyes. This Arifiotle hinafelfe confeflkthtLib.de fomnits: 6. Sixtly, a Bafiliske killeth with his fight. 7. Seventhly and laftly : Cats, Wolves, Owles, and other creatures,fee beft in the night to runne and catch their prcy,which they difcerne moft perfectly^ they cannot fee by intromiflion or receiving inward the forme of their prey, be it Moufe,Hare, or what- foever,becaufe light ( by meanes of which onely the I 2 object $o Tke firfi Bopke of Lib. i. object is received into the eye)is wanting, Ergo,xh6x eyes fend forth the beames, and Arifiotles opinion is utterly falfe. To the firft argument I anfwer out of Plato, as al- fo out of Ariftotle, that to the affe&ing of the fight, there muft be medium Muftratum, a cleere medium, that is, fuch a diftancc that there may be light en- ough bet weene the eye and theobieel, which there is not, if you lay your eye clofe to the fame. To the fecond I anfwer, that (pedes or formes be not contrary , for were that granted, the medium mould have in it infinite contrarieties from every part of the ay re comparing it about, and continual- ly multiplying the formes of things. To the third, the fence of feeing is fo farre forth weakenedand made faint, as the eye,the Organeor Inftrument thereof becommeth unable to endure be- holding,for the power of the fight fuffereth not, nor «rowethold , as were an old mans eyes young, his fight would notfaile him. To the fourth argument I anfwer, that diftancc being not perceived by the eye, but by the common fence, the point of the Pyramis is not lefTer to mine eye, by remooving or going backe, but alwayes one andthefelfefame. To the fif t , it is not the fight of the woman that infecleth the glaiTe , but certaine grofTe and putrefa- cled vapors, that ifiue from the eyes, as wee fee in thofe that doe labor Are opthalmia. To the fixt,of the Bafiliske,I anfwer the mod have held it fabulous , yet fuppofe it to be true , the beft: Authors have written that infection proceeded from his breath not his eyes. , To Lib. Drawing and Limming. $i To the fevent h and laft , it is replycd , that Cats, and Wolves, re taine a certaine naturall Jight in Ner- and with an axe cut it a funder in the midft, and then with your axehead bruife both ends, and let it ftand a moneth or Lib. r. Drawing and Limming. $j or thereabouts, 'at what time you (hall take from it a pure and fine Gumme, like an O yie, which iflueth out of the ends : take it off handfomely with a knife or fpoone, and keepe it in a viall ; iris good to put into your gold fize and other colours for three re- fpe&s. Firft 5 itallaiesthefmellof the fize. Second- ly, it taketh away the bubbles thatarife upon your gold fize, and other colours. Laftly, it taketh away the clammineflc, and fatneflt from your other co- lours : there is moreover great ufe of it in the con- fection of pomander. 3. Gumme lake. Gumme lake is made with the glaire of egs, (trai- ned often and very fhort, about March or Apill : to which about the quantity of a pinte you muftput two fpoonefull of honey, and as much of Gumma Heder& as a hafell nut, and foure good fpoonefuls of the ftrongeft woort you can come by : then ftrainc them againe with a fponge, orpeeceof wooll, fo fine as you can, and fo long, till that you fee them runne like a fine and cleare oylc, keepe it then in a cleane glafle, it will grow hard,but you may refolve it againe with a little cleare water, as you doc Gumme^rabicke : it is moreover an excellent ver- niftrfor any picture. 4. Gumme Armwiacke. Take Gumme Armoniacke,andgrinde it with the juyce of Garlicke fo fine as may be , to which put two or three drops of weakc Gumme Arabicke wa- ter, and temper itfo, «hatitbenottoothicke, but that it may runne well out of your penne, and write therewith what you will, and let it dry, and when you meane to gild upon it 5 cut your gold or filver ac- K 2 cording 4% Tbefirft Bookeof Lib.i, cording to the bignefle of the,fize you have laid j and then fet it with a peece of wooll in this manner : fir ft breath upon thgiize, and then lay on your gold up- on it gently talSn up, which prefle downc hard with your peece of wooll, and then let it well dry, being dried, with a fine linnen cloath ftrike off finely the loofegold : then mail you find all that you drew ve- ry faire gold , and cleane as you have dr awne it, though it were as fmall as any heire: it is called gold Armoniack,and is taken many times for liquid gold. Chap, XXII. Of Gilding or the ordering of gold and fiher in mtcr colours, 3|^j?&i|SOu may gild onely with Gumme water, * as I will fhew you : make your water good and ftiffe, and lay it on with your pcncell, where you would gild, then takeaCufliionthat hath fmooth Lea- ther, and turne the bottome upward, upon that cut your gold with a fharpe knife- in what quantity you will, and to take it up, draw the edge o^our knife finely upon your tongue that it may be onely wet : with which doe but touch the very edge of your gold, it will come up , and you may lay it as you lift : but before you lay it on, let yoar Gumme be almoft dry, otherwife it will drowne your gold : and being laid, prefle it downe hard with the skut of an haire, afterward burntfh it with a dogges tooth. I call burniflit go!d,that manner of gilding which ' wee Li b.i. Drawing and Limming. 6$ wee ordinarily fee in old Parchment and MaiTc- bookes (done by Monks and Priefts who were ve- ry expert herein, as alfo in laying of colours^that in bookesof an hundred or two hundred yeeresold, you may fee the colours as beautifull and as frefh as if they were done but yefterday.) A very faire Manu- fcript of this kinde Sir Robert Cotton my Worfliip- full friend had of mee, which was King Edward the fourths, compiled by Anthony Earle Rivers, and as Mafter Cambden told mee, it was the firftbooke that ever was Printed in England : it lyeth commonly embofled that you may feele it , by reafon of the thickenefle of the ground or fize, which fize is made in this manner. Take three parts of Bole Armon'taeke, and fbure of fine chalke,grinde them together as fmali as you can with cleane water , three or foure times, and every time let it dry,and fee it be cleane without gravell or dirt, and then let it be throughly dry, then take the glaire of eggesand ftraineit as (hort as water 5 grinde then your bole , and chalke therewith, and in the grinding put to a little gumme Heder*, and a little eare waxe,to thequantitie of a fitch, and five or fixe fhivesof Saffron, which grinde together as fmallas you can poflible, and then put it into an Oxehorne, and covered clofe, let it rot in hote Horfe dung, or in the earth, for the fpace of five or fixe weekes, then take it up and lay it in the ay re , ( for it will have an ill favour) and ufe it at your pleafure. To fet gold or Jifoer. Take a peeceof your Gumme, and refolve it into K 3 aftiffe 7<> ThefirftBookeof Lib.i. a ftiffe water , then grinde a (hive of Saffron there- with,and you (hall have a faire gold: when you have fcr it,and you fee chat it is thorowly dry,rub or bur- nifh it with a Dogs tooth. To make liquid geld or filver. Take five or fixe leaves of gold or filver, and lay it upon a cleane Forphiry, marble ftone, or pane of glafle , and grinde it with ftrong water of gumme Lake, and a prettie quantitie of great falt,as finall as you can, and then put it into a cleane veflell, or viall that is well glazed : and put thereto as much faire water as will fill the glafle or veflell , to the end it may difTolve the ftiffe water you ground with it, and that the gold may "have roome to goe to the bot- tome, let it ftand fo three or foure houres , then powre out that water,and put in more, untill you fee the gold cleane warned : after that take cleane water, which put thereto with a little Sal ^Armoniacke and great fait, fo let it ftand three or foure daics in fome clofe place : then muft you diftill it in this manner, takeapeeceof Glovers Leather, that is very thin, and picke away the skinny fide, and put your gold therein binding it clofe , then hanging it up, the Sal ArmowackcvjAi fret away, and the gold remaine be- hind, which take, and when you will ufe it have a little glaire water in a {hell by you, wherein dip your penfill,taking up no more gold then you ihall ufe. Chap. L i b . i , Drawing and Limming. 7i Chap. XXIII. The Etymologic and true mixture of colours, of Blacke, Lacke is fo called from the Saxon word black, in French Noir, in Italian Nero, in Spanifli Negro , from the Latine Ni- ger, and from the Greeke , **fi tt which tgQi£cth"head , becaufe all dead and corrupted things are properly of this colour , the reafon why they are fo, Ariftotle plainly fheweth where he faith; y» s ("Wat «w«tt»s»iw7f5«^M«*««»i*«HwC«»w« J which is, blackncife doth accompany the^lemcnts, confoun- ded or commixed one with another i as for example, of ay re and water mixed together, and confumed with fire is made a blacke colour , as we may fee in Charcoales,Oyle, Pitch, Linkes, and fuchlike fattie fubftances, thefmoke whereof is moft: blacke, as alfo in Stones and Timber, that have laine long un- der water, which when the water is dryed up, they lye open to the Sunneand ayre,and become prefent- ly of the fame colour : thefe be the blacks which you moft commonly ufein painting, this colour is fimpleof itfdfe. Harts Home burned. Ordinary Lampe blacke. Date ftones burned. Ivory burned. Manchet or white bread burned. The blacke of Walnut fhels. The 7 z Thefirfi Booke of L i b . r making of ordinary Lamp blacke. Take a torch or linke , and hold it under the bot- tome of a latten bafen, and as it groweth to be furd and blacke within , ftrike it with a feather into ibrac (hell or other, and grinde it with gumme water. of White, This word white in Englifti commeth from the low Dutch word wit, in high Dutch Weif, which is derived from Wafer, that is, water which by nature is white, yea thickned or condenfate, moft white, as it appeareth by haile and fnow which are compoun- ded of water hardned by the coldnefle of the ayrerin Italian it is called Bianco, in French Blanc, if we may beleeve Scaliger, from the Greeke tort* which as hee takes it, fignifies faint or wcake : wherein happily he agreeth with Theofhrafius who amrmeth omnia can^ didaejfeimbeciUwra , that all white things are faint and weake 5 hence I beleeve it is called in Latine Can- didas , from the Greeke i. confrndo, becaufe whitenefle confoundeth or dazcleth the fight as wee finde when we ride forth in a fnow in Winter. It is called alfo albm of that old Greeke word «^« the lame, hence had the Alpes their Etymon, becaufe of their continuall Whitenefle with fnow. The Greci- ans call this colour ofxtk™, video, that is, to fee, becaufe whitenefle is the moft proper object of our fight according to ^Arijlotle faying, uuMist* rfA«enufe W*. that is, whitenefle, is the objeS of fight: white- nefle proceedeth from the water, ayre, and earth, which by nature is alfo white, as we proove by afhes of all earthly matter burnt , though to our fight it feemeth blacke, brownifh, and of other colours, by reafonof the intin&ure and commixture of other elements L i b . r. D rawing 4nd Linming. ^ elements with the fame: the principal whites in painting and iimming are the/e. viz, Cerufe. White Lead. Spanijh White, of whites and their tempering penice Cerufe, Your principal! white is Cerufe, called in Latine Cerujfa, by the Italian Biacea. vitruvim teachcth the making of it,which is in this manner. The Rhodians (faith he)ufe to take the paring of vines, or any other chips,and lay them in the bottoms of pipes orhogl- heads,upon which they powre great ftore of vinegar, and then lay above many meets of Lead, and fo (till one above another by rankes till the hogmeads are full , then flop they up againe the hogmeads clofe, that no ayre may enter: which againe after a certaine time being opened,they finde betweene the Lead and chips great ftore of Cerufe : it hath bcene much uled (as it is alfo now adaies ) by women in painting their faceSjWhom Martial in his merry vaine fcoffetb, fay- in^Ceruffata timet Sabella folem. Aetitu faith,it being throughly burnt , turnethinto afairered, which he calleth Syricum^x'mdc it with the glaire of egs, that hath lien rotting a moneth or two under theground, and it will makeamoft perfect white. White Lead. White Lead is in a manner the fame that Cerufe is, fave that the Cerufe is refined and made more pure , you (hall grinde it with a weake water of Gumme Lake , and let it ftand three or foure dayes, Rofet and Vermelion maketh it a faire Carnation. L Spmjh 74 T&efirft Bookeof Lii.i, Sfdnijh White. There is another white called Spanifh white , which you may make your felfe in this manner, take fine chalke and grind it, with the third part of Alome in fairc water, till it be thicke like pap , then roule it up into bailes, letting it lye till it be dry , when it is dry, put it into the fire , and let it remaine till it be red hote like a burning coale , and then take it out, and let it coole : it is the beft white of all others to laceorgarnifti, being ground with aweakegumme water. OfTellow, Yellow is fo called from the Italian word Gialle, which fignifieth the fame;G*4/K> hath his Etymology from Geel the high Dutch , which fignifieth lucere, to fliine, and alfo hence commeth Gelt, and our Eng- Hfh word Gold, in French Imlne, in Spanifh laldc, or Ammllojva Latine Flavm, luteus t of lutum, in Greeke §«^r» which is Homers Epithite for Mendam, where he calles him M«n\*«c,and Stilus imitating him, at- tributes the fame to the Hollander whom he caller Ftavicomus BatAvus, by reafon of his yellow locks: it is called ab a flower,as if he mould fay »k. *tf»e*, a beautifull head of haire , whichin times paft was accounted the bright yellow, which Herodian fo commendeth in the Emperour Commodm, and the Romanes fuppofed in the fame diqmdnuminis inejje? And it feemes K^ieneas his haire in Virgil, which his mother Ventu beftowed upon him for a more maje- fticall beautie to have beene of the fame colour,or it may be called -?'««e*«*. haire worthy the kern- bing , but I dare not be coo bufie in Etymologies^ leaf! catching at the fliadow I leave thefubftance, yellow Lib. i. Drawing and 'Limming* ^ yellow hath his primary beginning from the Ele- ment of fire,or Sun-beames, Ariftotles reafon is,be- caufe all liquid things conco&ed by beate become yellow as Lye, Wort, Vrine, ripe Fruit,. Brimftone, &c. fo that blacke, white, and yellow according to Ariftotle ate the £ouvc primary or principall colours as immediately proceeding from the elements, and from thofe all other colours have their beginnings Youjg^incipall yellow bethefe. Orpiment. finke Teflon. Mafticot. okerdeLuce. Saffron. Vmber. Orpiment. Orpiment called in Latinc Arfemcum> or Aurfyig- mentum, (becaufe being broken, it refembleth Gold for mining and colour ) is beft ground with a ftiffc water of GummeLake, and with nothing elfe: be- caufe it is the beft colour of it felfe, it will lie upon no greene : for all greenes, white lead, red lead, and Cerufe ftaine it : wherefore you muft deepen your colours fo, that the Orpiment may be the hlgheft, in which manner it may agree with all colours : it is faid that Cairn a certaine covetous Prince caufed great ftore of it to be burned, and tried for gold, of which he found fome, and that very good $ but fo fmallaquantitie, that it would not quite the coft in refining. CMafticotor General. Grindeyour Mafticot with afmall quantitie of Saffron in Gumme water , and never make it lighter then it is , it will endure and lie upon all colours and mettals. L 2 Pinfa ■.ft The frft Booke of Lib«i 9 Pinke yellow. You muft grinde your Pink , if you will have it lad coloured, with Saffron 5 if light, with Cerufe: temper it with weake gumme water,and fo ufe it . Oker de Luke % The fine Oker de Luke,or Luce,and grinde it with a pure Brafill water : it maketh a patting haire (co- lour, and is a naturall fhadow for gold. Vmber. ijjf Vmber is a more fad colour , you may grinde it with Gumme water or Gumme lake : and lighten it at your pleafure with a little Cerufe , and a fliivc of Saffron. of Greene. Our Englifh word Greene is fetcht from the high Dutch Grun, in the Belgick Gr'oen, in French it is cal- led Coleur ver.de , in Italian and Spanifli Verde, from the Latine Viridis, and that from vires, quia, viribm maxime pofygt in vir erne Mate vigentU, in Greeke x*»e?' a gyp, that is, grafTe or the greene herbe, which is of this colour : why the earth hath this colour a- bove others Arifiotle fheweth, which is by reafon of themuch and often falling of raine,and fetling upon the fame,for faith he, all water or moifture that ftan- deth long, and receiveth the beames of the Sunne 5 at the firft groweth grcenifh 1,, afterward moreblacke, after that receiving as it were another greene , they become of a grafle colour, for all moifture dryed up of it felfe becommeth blacke,as we fee in old welles and cifrernes,; and if any thing hath lien long under water, and afterwards lying dry , may receive the heateof the Sunne (the moifture beeing exhaled and drawneaway ) it becommeth greene , becaufe LiB.r. Drawing and Limmirig. yj that yellow proceeding from the Sun beames mixed with blacke,doe turne into a greene ; for where the moifture doth not participate with the beames of theSunne, there remaines whiteneffe, as we fee in moft roots and ftalkesof herbes, which grow neerc or within the earth , now when the moifture hath /pent it fejfe farre in the ftalke, leafe, andflower,, that it cannot overcome the heate .of the. ayre and Sunne , it changeth and giveth place to yellow, which heat afterward being well concodted turneth into feverall colours as wee fee in flowers , mellow Apples, P cares, Plums ,and the like .- the greene we eommonly ufe are thefe I Greene Bice, Verditure, , Vert-greece. Sapgreene. Of the blew andyellow,proceedeth thegreene. Greene Bice. Take greene Bice, and order it as you doe your jjlew Bice, and in the felfe fame manner : when it is moift and not through dry, you may Diaper upon it with the water of deepe greene, Vert-greece. Vert-greece is nothing elfe but the ruft of Braffr, which in time being confumed and eaten with Tal- Iow,turneth into greene, as you may fee many times •uponfoule Candleftickes that have not beene often madecleane, wherefore it hath the name in Latine Aerugo sin French Vert degris-, or the hoary greenerto temper it as you ought , ( you muft grindeit with the juyce of Rue,and a little weake Gum water, and you fh:ill have the pureft greene that is, if y ou will diaper with it, grinde it with the Lie of Rue , (that is, the water wherein you have fod -your-Rucor herbgracc) L 3 and 78 ThejirftBeokeof Lib. i t ^ndyoufhall have an hoary greene:you fhall diaper or damaske upon your Vert-greecegreene, with the water of Sapgreene. Verditure. Take your verditure, and grinde it with a weake Gumme Arabicke water, it is the fainteft and paleft grcene that is,but it is good to velvet upon blackein any manner of drapery, Safgreenc Take; Sap greene, and lay it in fliarpe vineger all night, put into it a little Alomc to raife his colour, and you (hall have a good greene to diaper upon all other greenes. of Blew. Blew hath his Etymon from the hye Dutch,5/4», from whence he calleth Himmel-blaw, that which we call skye colour or heavens-blew, in Spanifh it is called Bias or in Italian Azurro,m French \^4- zur of Lazmy an Arabian word,which is the name of . a (tone, whereof it is made, called in Grceke^w, from whence it is called and in Latine Cyamus aftone, as Dioftorides faith, or fandy matter found nUtii\b.%. m minerals in the earth , of a moft pure and perfect io*« blew, whether it be our bice or no, I know not for a certaine , but I remember H$mer calleth a table, * x ' whofe feete were painted with bice ««>fagi but howfoever I will not ftrive, fince I am perfwaded many ofthofe colours,which were in ufe with thofe excellent Grecian painters in old time are vtterly un- knowne to vs. The Lit. i. Braving and Limming % The principal! blewes with us in ufearc, Blew Bice. Inde B Audi as. Smalt. Florey Blew. Litmoufeblew. KmkorOrfhd^ Blew Bice. Take fine Bice and grinde it upon a cleane /lone, firft with cleane water as fmall as you Can, then put it into an home and wafli it on this manner ; put un- to it as much faire water as will fill up your hot ne s and ftirre it well , then let it ftand the fpace of an houre,and all the Bice (hall fall to the bottome, and the corruption will fieete above the water, then powre away the corrupt water, and put in more cleane water, and fo ufe it foure or five times, at the laft powre away all the water, and put in cleane wa^ ter of Gumme Arabicke not too ftiffe , but fome- what weake, that the Bice may fall to thebottome, then powre away the Gumme water cleane from the Bice 5 and put to another cleane water , and fo waftr it up, and if you would have it rife of the fame co- lour it is of, when it is dry , temper it with a weake Gumme water , which alfo will caufe it to rife and fwell in the drying, if a moft perfect blew,and of the fame colour it is being wet , temper it with a ftine water of Gumme Lake., if you would have it light, grinde k with a little Cerufe , or the muting of an Hawke that is white,ifyou will have it a moftdeepe blew, put thereto the water of Litmofe. Litmofe blew. Take fine Litmofe,and grinde it with Cerufe, and if you put to overmuch Litmofe, it maketh a deepe blew : if overmuch Cerufe and leffe Litmofe, it ma- keth go The firfi Stoke of Lii.x, kctha light blew : you muft grinde it with weake water of gumme Arabick. I#debttudias* Take lndtbwdiasm& grinde it with the water of Litmofe,if you will have it deepe,but if light, grinde it with fine Cerufe, and with a weake water of gum Arabiek, you fliall alfo grinde your Englifli Inde- Baudias, after the fame manner, which is not fully fo good a colour as your Indebaudtas is : you muft Diaper light and deepe upon it, with a good Litmofe water. Florey Blew. Take Florey Blew , and grinde it with a little fine Rofet, and it will make a deepe Violet, and by put- ting in a quantitie of Cerufe it will make a light Vio- let : with two parts of Cerufe, and one of red Lead, it maketh a perfect Crane colour. Korkeor OrchalL Take fin&Orchall and grinde it with unflekt lime and urine, it maketh a pure Violet: by putting to more or lelTe lime, you may make your Violet light or deepe as you will. To make at? lew water to diaper ufon all other blewes. Take fine Litmofe and cut it in peeces, when you hayedone, lay it in weake water of Gumme Lake, and let it lie 24. houres therein, and you (hall have a water of a raoft perfect Azure , with which water you may Diaper and Dammaske upon all other ble wes, and fanguines to make them mew more faire and beautifull : if it begin to dry in your (hell, moy- ften it with a little more watcr,and it will be as good asatthefirft. of L i b. j. Drawing and Limming, Of Red. Red, from the old Saxon Rud, astherowneof Hertford,as my worfliipfull friend Mafter Camden in his Britannia noteth , firft was called by the Saxons Herudford&s much as to fay, the Rud ford, or the red ford or water,the like of many other places in Eng- land, in high Dutch it is called Rot , in low Dutch Jto0f,without doubt from the Greeke which is the fame,in French Rouge, in Italian Rubro, from the Latinc Ruber, ^^^'^ a corticibus vel grants malipu. niei, from the rinds or feeds ( as Scaliger faith ) of a Pomegranate,which are of this colour. In Spaniftj k is called Verme'to, of cMinium which is Ver- milion. The forts of Red are the fe. Vermilion. Rofet. Synaper lake. T urnfoile. Synaper tops. Browne of Spaine, Red Lead. Bole <^A rmoniaek. of Vermilion. Your faireft and moft principall Red is Vermili- on, called in Latine Minium,hisa. poyfon,and found where great ftore of quickfilveris : youmuft grinde it with the glaire of anegge, and in the grinding put to a little clarified hony,and make his colour bright and perfect. Sinaper Lake. Simper ( in Latine called Cinnabaris, ) it hath the name Lake of Lacca^ red Berry,whereof it is made growing in China and thofe places in theEaftln- dies,as Mafter Gerrard (hewed me out of his herball 5 maketh a deepe and beautifull red, or rather purple, almoft like unto a red Rofe : the beft was wont tp $2, the fir ft Bookeof Lib. i be made, as Diofcmdes faith, in Libia of brimftonc and quickfilver burnt a long time to a fmal quantity: and not of the bloud of the Elephant and Dragon, as Pliny fuppofed : you mall grind it with Gumme Lakc^nd Turnefoile waterjif you will have it light, put to a little Cerule,and it will make a bright crim- en; if to diaper, put to oncly Turnfoile water. Singer Tops, Grinde your Tops after the fame manner you doc your lake, they are both of one nature. Red Lead. Red Lead , in Latine is called Syrimm; it was wont to bee made of Cerufc burnt s which grinde with a quantity of Saffron, and ftiffe Gumme lake : for your Saffron will make it orient, and of a Mari- gold colour. Tumefoile.. Turnefoile is made of old linnen rags died, you mall ufe it after this manner : lay it in a faucer of vi- negcr, and fet it over a charing dim of coales,and let it boy le, then take it off,and wring it into a mcll,and put unto it a little Gumme Arabick , letting it ftand three or foure houres, till it be diflblved ritis good to fhadow carnations, and all yellowes. Rofa. You mall grinde your Rofet with Brafill water, and it Will make you a deepeand a fairepurple,ifyou put Cerufe to it, it maketh a lighter, if you grinde it with Litmoie, it maketh a faire Violet. Browne of Sfaine. i Grind your Browne of Spaine with Brafill water, and if you mingle it with Cerufe, it maketh an horfe $efh colour Bile Li St i. Arming and Limming. %^ Bole K^irmoniacke. Bole Armoniackeis but a faint colour, the chiefeft ufe of it, is, as J have laid, in making a ftzefor bur- nifhr gold. Chap. XXIV. of cmpofed colours , Scarlet colour. N French coleur d'efiarlite. Italic}, color Scar latino oporfofwo. Hi$. color degra- m. Beigice Kermefin of Scharlacken root. T eutonice Rofinfarb, Carmafinfarb.Latine Coccineu* color. Gr*c. of the feed of Kernell of a Pomgranate , with which in times paft they did ufe to dye this colour ; K^drifio- f bams faith, «**««//>•«» for to pike out the graines of Kernels of a Pomegranate. The Arabians call this colour Chermeb, from whence commeth our Crim- fon, as Scaliger faith, two parts of Vermelion, and one of lake make a perfect Scarlet. A bright Murrey. In Latine CMurrhinus color, Grdc.^n, is a won- derfull beautifull colour, compofed of purple and white, refembling the colour of a precious ftone of that name,which befides the faire colour yeeldcth a marvellous odoriferous and fweet fmell 5 it is found in the Eafterne parts of the world, the beft a- mong the Parthians, being all over Ipotted with Ro- fie coloured, and milke white fpots yeelding a gloiTc like changeable filke of this colour : of the incredi- ble price of thefe (tones Pliny writeth,£*£. 37. Mar- tial in like manaer alfo feemeth to number them a- M a mong gyj. ThefirfiBookeof Lib.i. mong the precious things that were brought to Rome where he faith. . Surrentim bibis % nec murrhina pitta w durum Pofctfdabunt edicts h&c tibi vim fuos. Some have miftaken and thought "that colour which wee call Murinus colour to bee this murrey which is properly the colour of amoufeor as fome will haveit an alfecolour. Others that colour which we call Mortllusy the French Moreau a Moris as fome would haveit, but in my opinion they are much de- ceived. LakeSinaft withaquantitie of white Lead make a Murrey colour, one part of white Lead, and two of each of the other. AGlafiieGray. The word Giafle it felfe commeth from the Bel- gick and high Dutch : GlafTe from the verbe Glanftn, which fignifieth amongft them to fliine, from the Grecke the fame, or perhaps fiomglacies in the Latine, which Ice, whofe colour it refembleth^ in French it is called Coleur devoir, in Italian w/ra r*- lor di vetro, in high Dutch Glafgrum, in Spanifli Co- lor vidrialjwx Greeke from *** that is moift, aod that from iw,pluere,to raine, from whence alio pro- ceed thofe words in Latine, humus y udus>&c. It is an ayery and greenifh white, it fcrveth to imitate at fometimethe skie-glafTes of all forts,fountaines and the like : To make this , mingle white Lead or Ge- xufe with alittle azure. A Browne. Browne is called in high Dutch Brmn of the Ne- therlands Bruyn, in French Coleur brune 9 in Italian > Bruno, in Greeke i*wotf*M, from colour of thcM- thippians, for **vis to burne, and «*a face, for fome have L ib. i. Drawing and Limmng. 8j have imagined that blacknefle or fwarthinefle in their faces is procured through the forcible heate o f the Sun-beames. In Latine it is called fufctuquafi fit MfMia}, that is, from darkening or over-ihadowing the light, or of which is to burne or fcorch, in which fenfe I have often read it in Hipocrates ; this colour in the ay re is called by the learned s/*i* is fold as much as tyc ijfok terminus //w#,and indeed it is taken properly for that duskierednefie thatappea- reth in the morning either before the Sun-rifing, or after the fame fet. Bay colour. In Latine it is called Baiusaut caftantus color , A Bay or a Chefnut colour , of all others it is moft to bee commended in Horfes, it commeth from the Greeke b-m»» which is a flip of the Date tree pulled off with the fruitjwhich is of this colour, in French Bay, Baiard, in Italian Baio , in high Dutch Keftev- tratttte that is Chefnut Browne, it is alfo called of fome fhoenicius colour from Dates , which the Gre- cians call ♦iW, but as I take it improperly , for co- lour Phceniceus, is either the colour of bright Purple, or of therednefle of a Summer morning according to Ariftdtle:o£ Vermilion,Spani(h browne,attd black you mail make a perfect Bay . A deepe Purple. . From the Dutch Purple, in French Purpurm y in Italian Porporeo , in the Spanim and Portugal! Purpureo, in Latine Purpureas , in Greeke <*otw wt from we* akindeof fhelfifti that yceldeth a liquor of this colour, wherewith in old.times they died this co!our,itis alfo called -^was much as to fay, «Wp>« the worke of the Sea, whereupon PUto taketh «x«p>*» M 5 to S 6 The firft Baoke of L i b . i . to be of a deepe red mixed with blacke and fome white, and To it is taken alfo of Artftotle and Lucun* it is made,faith Artftotle by the weaker beames of the Sunne mixed with a little white,and a dusky blacke, which isthereafon that the morning and evening is for the moft part of this colour. A jh colour or gray. In Latine color Ctnerius , in French Coleur cendree, wgrife, Italian Grifo beretino, Germane Afchen-frab, Hiipm.colordecemz,as, In Greeke a *»*f«*. that is aflies,it is made by equally mixing white and blacke, white with Synaper Indico, one blacke make an A(h colour. A fory or bright Purple. A fiery or bright Purple is called in Latine Puni- cew colour, in Frence Purpurni relm(fante t \x2\. Rojfo dt Ph&mce,in Greeke it is made as I laid before of l?lacke enlightned with the fire or beames of the Sunne: the words of Ariftotlebe thefe: Ti>«> yqutyoy tm ti or yellow upn Glajfe. Your yellow is. made in this, manner, take an old N 3 groate, ( 94 Thejirfi Booke of L r s • I • ' groate, or other peecc of the pureft and beft refined {ilver that you can get, then take a good quantitie of Brimftone, and melt it, when ye have done,put your filver into the Brimftone melted , and take it forth againe with a paireof pliers or fmall tongs, and light it at the fire , holding it in your tongs untill it leave burning 5 then beate your filver in a brazen Morter toduft,which dull: take out of the Morter, and lay- ing if on your Marble (tone, grinde it ( adding unto it a fmall quantitie of yellow Oker ) with gum Ara- bick water , and when you have drawne with your pencill what you will,let it of it felfe throughly dry upon theglaffe. Another fatre Gold or yellow ufon Glajfe, Take a quantitie of good filver, and cut it in fmall pecces : Antemomum beat to powder, and put them together in a crucible or melting crufe, and fet them on the fire, well covered roundabout , with coales for the fpace of an houre : then take it out of the fire, andcaftit into the bottomeof a Candleftike, after that beate it fmall into powder,and fo grinde it. Note when as you take your filver, as much as you meane to burne , remember to weigh againft it, fixe times as much yellow Oker as it weigheth, and leven times as much of the old earth,that hath beene fcraped of the annealed work, as your filver waycth: which after it is well ground , put altogether into a pot, and ftirre it well, and fo ufe it , this is the beft yellow. Argent or white. Argent or filver, is the glafle it felfe, and needeth ao other colour, yet you may diaper upon it with other L i b. I Drawing and Limming. other GlafiTe or Chryftali beaten to powder and ground. Sables. Take let , and the fcales of Iron, and with a wet feather when the Smith hath taken an heate, take up the fcales that flie from the Iron , which you may doe by laying the feather on them , and thofe fcales that come up with the feather, you (hall grindc upon your Painters ftone,with the let and Gumme water, to ufe it as your gold above written. Azure, Gules, and Vert, Thefe three colours are to be ufed after one man- ner , you may buy or fpeake unto fome Merchant you are acquainted withall, to procure you what coloured Beads you will , as for example , the moft and perfe&eft red Beads , that can be come by, to make you a fairered,beat them[into powder ,in a bra- zen Mortar, then buy the Goldfmiths red Ammell, which in any cafe let be very tranfparent & through- fliining, take of the Beads two PeMes, and of the Ammell one part , and grinde them together as you did your filver, in the like fort may you ufe all the o- ther colours. Another f aire red upon Glajfe. Take a quantitie of Dragons blood, called in La- tine Sanguis Draconis , bcate it into fine powder in a Mortar, and put it in a linnen cloth, and put thereto ftrong Aquavitse, and ftrainethem together in a pot, and ufe them when you need. ^Another excellent greene upon Glajfe. Take a quantitie of Vertgreafe, and grinde it very well with Turpcntine,whenyou havedone,put it in- to a pot,& as often as you ufe it warme it on the fire. To The fir fi Bookeof L 1 1. 1; To make a f aire Carnation uyon a CU{[e> Take an ounce of Tinne-glatfe , one qtnitcr of gum, of let three ounces, of redOkei :. five ounces, and grinde them together. Kjfnother Blatke. Take a quantitie of Iron fcales , and fo many Copper fcales, and weigh them one againft another, and halfe as much let, and mixe them well togo, ther. Before you occupy your fcales, let them be dam- ped fmall , and put them into a cleanefirclhoveH, and fct them upon the fire till they be red hote, and they will be the better. Another Carnation. Take a quantitie of let, and halfe as much filver, fcumme, or glafletinnc , and halfe as much of Iron fcales, a quarter as much of gumme, and fo much red chalke as all thefe doe weigh, and grinde it. The manner of Annealing your Glaffc, after you have laid on your colours. Take Bricks, and there- with make an Ovenfourc fquare, one foote and a halfe broad in this man- ner: and raife it a foote and a halfe high , when yon have done, lay little barres Lib. 2. Drawing and Limning, $y banes of Iron overthwart it thus : three or foure, a a or as many as will ferve then Sjfpjpi} raife it above the barres one foote, and a half e more, then is it high enough : when you pur- J^Jt^jSi|J^_|iSS> pofetoanneale, take a plate of , Iron made fit for the aforefaid Oven, or for want thereof, take a blew ftone, fuch as they make Haver or Oten cakes upon, which be- ing made fit for the aforefaid Oven , lay it upon the crofle barres of Iron : that 4 one,take fleekt lime,and jfiftit thorow a fine five into the Oven, upon the plate or ftone, and make a bed of lime, then lay your . glaflc which you have wrought and drawne before, upon the faid bed of lime , then fift upon the faid glaiTe, another bed of lime , and upon that bed lay other glafie , and fo by beds you may lay as much glafle as the Oven willeontaine : providing alwaies, that one glafle touch not another. Then make a fofc fire under your glafle, and let it burne till it be fuffi- ciently annealed : it may have ( you muft note) too much or too little of the fire, but to provide, that it fhall be well, you mail doe as followeth. To know when your Glaffe is well annealed. Take fo many peeces of glafTe, as you purpofeto lay beds of glafle in your Oven or Furnace,and draw in colours what you will upon the faid peeces , or if you wipe rhem over with fome colour, with your ringer ohely it is enough: and lay with every bed of your wrought and drawne glaffe, one of the faid peeces of glaffe, which are called watchcs,and when O you J 9$ The firft Bwke of L i b . i. you thinke that they are fufficiently annealed with a paire of pliers or tongs, take out of the firft watch, which is the loweft , and next to the fire, and lay it upon a board untill it be cold: then fcrape it good and hard with a knife , and if the colour goeth ©ft* it hath not enough of thefire, and if it hold it is well annealed. When you would occupy any oyled colour in Glafle, you (hall oncegnnde it with gumme water, and then temper it with Spanifli Turpentine, and let it dry as neere the fire as may be, then it is perfect. THE 99 THE SECOND BOOKE OF Drawing and Limning. Chap. I. Teaching how, according to truth to purtra&and expreffe, Btermtie , Hope, Victory, Piette, Provi- dence, Vertue, Time, Pe/tce, Concord, Fame, Common Safetie, Clemencie, Fate, drc as they have beene by Antiquitie defcribed cither in Comcs,Statues, or other the like Publike Monuments. Etemtic. s moft ancient picture of Eter- nitie, was expreflfed in the forme of a faire Lady, having three heads : (ignifying thofe three parts of time, viz. Time paft, Prefent, and to come , in her left hand a Circle pointing with her right fore-finger up to heaven, the Circle fliewes me hath neither beginning nor end, and thofe three heads not altogether unproper to her, for faith Petr. O 2 Kofi 106 the fecond Booke $f Lit. 2^ Non haura luogt,fu, Sara, ne era Ma e folo in pre feme y et hora et hoggi Et fola eternita racolta, e vera. In the Meddals of Traian and Domitian, fhe is fi- gured fitting upon a Sphere, in one hand the Sunne, in the other the Moone, by her fitting is fignified her perpctuall eonftancy. AuguftttsCdtfar cm fed her to be ftamped in his coyne in the forme of a Lady with two headscrow- ned under her feete, written Aeternitas Augujli, and thefe letters S. C. In the Meddalsof Fauftina, Hie is drawne with a vaile, and in her right hand the Globe of the world. In another ancient Meddall I have feene her drawne in greene, with a fpeare in her left hand, with her right hand reaching forth with thefelet- Hope by the Ancients was drawne in the forme of a fweet and beau:ifull child in a long Robe han- ging Ioofe,ftanding upon the tip-toes,and atreyfoile or three leaved grafle in the hand. Hope hath her infancy and encreafe, heramiable countenance, the pleafurc and delight (lie bringeth,the loofe garment fliewes (he never pincheth or bindeth truth, but al- loweth the largeft fcope, therreyfoileof all other herbs firft appeareth greene, her (landing on tiptoe, Ibewes flie never ftandeth firme and certainc. In the Mcddals of Gold of the Emperour Adrian and Claudius^ (he is drawne like a Lady all in greene, w ith one hand holding up the skirt of her garment, ters. Clod. Sept. Alh. Aug. Hops. in DrmtngmdLimming. lor in the other a goblet with a Lilly in the fame, and thefe letters, R. P. Elfewhere (he is drawne in yellow with a flo wry plant in her hand, her garment alfo embroydered with fundry flowers,as Rofes, Violets, Daffadils,&c. in her left hand an Anchor. She is alfo exprefled all in greene with a Garland of fundry flowers upon her head giving a Cufid, or Love fucke, for indeed (he is the food of love. Amor fine Jpe, non attimt finem deftderij, faith S. Augujtinei Viffory., Victory (as Heliodorus reports) was expreflfed by theancientsin the forme of a Lady,clad all in Gold, in one hand a Helmet in the other a pomgranate, by the helmet was meant force and ftrength of the bo- dy ; by the pomgranate vnity of wit and counfell,in the Meddals of Oclavins mee is portraited with wings ftanding uponabafe, in one hand a Palme, in the other. a Growne of Gold, with thefe words, A- fia nee ft a. The Sea victory of VcftafianjNi& a Lady holding a Palme in her hand , at her foote the prow of $ Ship. The fame Fefyafian caufed alfo a Colume to bee erected in Rome, upon whofe toppe there was the prow of a (hip,which being called in LmntRofirum gave the name to the common pulpit or pleading placeinRome, where thofe excellent Orations of T %llms Hortenfim and others were made being fra- med and built of the prowe of thofe mips of Anti- urn which the Romanes overthrew and tooke in the river of Tiber in memory of fo notable a victory. The Victory by land oivefyafian was aLady win- O3 ged xoa The fccwdBuketf Ln.2» ged writing thefc words in a fhield (nccrea palmc tree) IuddA Capa. Titu* his fonne gave her wirhout wings, (as Pau- famas reports the Athenians did, who drew (herpi- niond) becaufefhe could not flye away but cuer re- maine with him. Auguftm would have her with wings ready to flye {landing upon a Globe, with a Garland of baies,in one han^, in the other the Cornet of the Emperour with this word Impcrator Cdfar, Lucius Venus drew Victory in the forme of a tall Souldier a helmet upon his head, in his right hand a fpeare, in his left handaTrophey laden with the Ipoiles of the enemy. Bomit'tan devifed after his Germane Conqueft Victory in forme of a Lady writing within alhield hanging upon a tree , neere whom fate a comely Virgin mourning and leaning with her cheekc upon one hand. Piety. Piety is drawne like a Lady of Solemn e cheare, and a fober countenance ^ in her left hand a (ton e, her right arme ftrctched over an Alter with a fword in her hand, by her fide an blephant and a child. The Storke is fo called of which is the natu- rall or reciprocall loue the child beareth to the pa- rent, or the parent to the child, of which this bird hath euer beene an Emblcmefor the love and care (he hath of her parents being old. The fword and Alter declares her readineffein offering her felfe for the defence of Religion. The Elephant above all beafts is thought to have afecretandnaturallinftin&of piety , Plutarch and Achon Li b. 2. Drawing and Limning. 103 i^Aelim affirme that they adore and worfliip the Sun at the riling, Pliny addeth the new Moone : Aelian moreover reporteth that they have a care of inter- ring their dead, and that if they find one dead, they will doe their beft to cover him with earth, and no mcrvaile,if it be truc,which Off ion writeth of them that they can prophefie , and which is more as Dion faith, that they have knowledge of what is done in Heaven. The Egyptians refembleth Piety by Bitonis and Ckabis, drawing by the eckcs their mother in a cha- riot to the Temple of Iun§, Antonw Pin* gave her in his money, like a Lady with a Cenfer before an Altar. Peace, Peace (as I have yet to (hew in an ancient peece of coine ftamped about Auguftus Cxfars time)isdrawne like a Lady, in her right hand holding a Caduceus downward toward the earth, where lyeth an hideous ferpent of fundry colours, with her other hand co- vering her face with a vaile, as loth to behold the ferpent : the word under is Pax Orb.T zrr. Aug, It be- ing the time of the birth of our bleffed Saviour le- fts Chrift, when there was a generall peace over the whole world. Caduceus among the Romanes was the name of a wand fo called a Cadtndo^ becaufe at the fight therof prefently all quarrells and difcord ceafed, and it was carried by their Herralds and Embaffadors, as an en- figne of peace. Traian gave a Lady in her right hand an Olive branch, in her left a Cornucorfia. The olive 'is given as the Embleme of Peace^ be- caufe * IP4 The fecmd Beokeof Lit. 2. caufe of all other trees if it may grow free from an- noiance as in times of peace it becommeth the raoft fruitfull. In certaine peeces alfo of Sergius Galba, fhee is re- fembled by a fairc Lady fitting with an Olive boogh in one hand, and a Club in the other, underneath Pax Auguft.EtS. C. Her beautie and fitting fignifie the quiet of the mind in times of peace,by her Club is meant bodily ftrength. In the Meddals of Titus (bee is figured like a Lady in one hand, an Olive branch in the other, leading a Lambe and a Woolfe coupled by the necks in one yoke. Vertue, Vertue in moft of the old Romane Statues and Coines(as in thofe of MaximimsyGeta, TraUn) was represented by Hercules, naked with his Lions skin, and knotted Club , performing fome one of his labours (as at tnis day heeis feene in a goodly Sta- tue in the Palace of Cardinall Farttej? in Rome). Her- cules being nothing elfe but Vertue , hath his name in Greeke Hp**»c quafi »/wfa**w Innonis gloria velquia «w Celebrat aut commemorat Heroas, which is the propertie of Vertue, heeis drawne naked to (hew the fimplieitie of Vertue, being as the common faying is^nudo famine contenta. In the peeces of Geta hee is drawne, offering to ftrike a Dragon keeping an Apple tree , by the Dra- gon are meant all manner of luffs, by his Lions skin magnanimity, by his Oken Clubisfignified Reafon ^*tuling the Appetite,the knottinelfe thereof, thediffi- cultie they have, that feeke after Vertue. L I b . 2 . Drawing and Limming. 105 In the Capitol in Rome he was framed in a good- ly ftatue guilt all over, in his hand three golden Ap- ples defigning the three Heroicall vertues, which are firft, Moderation of Anger 5 fecondly, Tempe- rance in CovetoufneflTe; thirdly, the defpifing of pleafures. Dopiitian,Galienus,w6. Galba gaveher like an Ama- zon with a fheild and fword holding a lance, fetting onefoote upon the world. Lucius Ferus a Be/Iephoron, and the Chimara taken by Alciate for theEmbleme of Vertue and Heroicaii Fortitude* Providence. A Lady lifting up both her hands to Heaven with this word Providentia Deorum. In the Meddals of frobus a Lady in a Robe,in her right hand a Scepter, in her left a Cornucopia, a Globe at her feete. Of Maximinus carrying a bundle of Corne, with a Ipeare in one hand. Time. I have jfeene Time drawne by a Painter (landing upon an old ruine, winged, and with Iron reeth. But I rather allow his device that drew him an old man in a garment of ftarres, upon his head a Gar- land of Rofes, eares of Corne and dry ftickes, {lan- ding upon the Zodiacke (for hee hath his ftrength from heaven) holding a looking glalfe in his hand,as beholding onely the prefent time, two children at his feete, one fat, and well liking, the other leane, writing both in one booke-upon the head of one,the Sunnejupon the other, the Moone. He is commonly drawne upon Tombes in Gar- P dens, io6 TheficmdBookeof L i s. 2. dens, and other places an old man bald, winged with a Sith and an houre glafle. Concord. Concord was dmwne fitting, in her right hand a charger or platter tor facrifice, in her left , a Cornu- copia, the word Concordia. Augg. Et. S. C. Concordia Militaris Nerva Imp. A Lady, in her right hand the beake of a (hip , upon which ftan- deth a flagge about the middle of the ftaffe of the fame, two hands joyned,the word Concordia Exerci- tmm. Fieritu Valeriana out of Democritus would have Concord like a faire Virgin holding in one hand a Pomgranate, in the other a bundle of Mirtle, for fuch is the nature of the(etrees,thatif they be plan- ted, though a good fpace one from the other, they will meet, and with twining one embrace the other. In Fauflinm meddals (hee is reprefented by Crownes, as may be feene in AlcUtes Emblems. In another place (he is (hewed with a Scepter, ha- ving flowers bound to the top of the fame, and in her armea bundle of greene rods- Fame. A Lady,clad in a thinne and light Garment, open to the middle thigh, that (he might runnethe fatter, two exceeding large wings, her Garments embroy- dered with eyes and eares, blowing of a Trumpet, as fheeis defcribed by the Poet Virgil. Captive Fame. A Lady in a long blacke robe painted with Put- sirns, or little Images with blacke wings, a Trumpet in her hand, Salfc L i b . 2 . Drawing and Limming. 107 Salm public a, or common fafety. A faire child holding a Goblet in the right hand, offering the fame to a ferpent, in the other hand a wand, the word Salm. Pub. Augufii. Clemency. A Lady fitting upon a Lion, holding in one hand a fpeare, in the other an arrow, which fliee feemeth to caftaway from her with thefe words, Indulgentia Aug. Incar. Among the Meddals of Niteffius lhe is exprefled fitting with a bay branch in her hand, and a ftaffe ly- ing by her. Fate. Fate is drawne like a man in a faire long flaxen robe looking upward to certaine bright ftarres com- paffed about with thicke clouds, from whence there ihall hang a golden chaine, as it is defcribed by Ho- mer in the eight of his I Hades, which chaine fignifi- eth nothing elfe but the conjunction of divine with humane things on which they depend as on their czufe.Plato holds this chaine to be the power of the divine fpirit and his heate Flax was the Hierogly- phicke of Fate among the Aegyptians, as Pterins Va- leriana noteth. Felicity. Lulta Mammea gave Felicity like a Lady fitting in an imperiall throne, in one hand a Caduceus, in the o- thcr a Cornucopia. Fecundity. Among the CMeddals of Faufiina fhee is defcri- bed in the forme of a Lady fitting upon a bed, two little infants hanging about hernecke. P a Security, log The fecond Booke of Lib.*. Security. Is exprefled among the Meddailes of Gordianus by a Lady leaning againft a pillar, a fcepter in her hand before an Altar, Money. Was among the Grecians reprefented by a Lady, in a garment of white, yellow,and tawny or copper colour, in her hand fundry ftamps, by her fide a Ci- vet Cat which was ftamped in the Grecian coyne, and was (as Plutarch {nth) the Armes of the Atheni- ans.. D if simulation. A Lady wearing a vizard of two faces, in a long Robe of changeable colour , in her right hand a Magpye , the Poet Spencer defcribed her looking through a lattice. Equality. A. Lady lighting two Torches at once. Matrimony. A young man ftanding, upon his moulder a dou- ble yoake, his legges faft in a paire of ftockes, in his hand a Quince, in token of fruitfulnefle, which by the lawes of Solon was given to the Brides of Athens upon the day of their Marriage: for further variety of thefe and the like devices , I referre you to my Emblemes dedicated to Prince Henry, Gk a f% i s «2. Drawing and Limmng. 1 p C H A p . 1 1. The manner of exprefing and figuring Floods, Rivers, all forts of Njmphes ; The Mufes, Plants, Winds, Fames, and Satires, the Seafons and (Moneths of the yeere, of Flouds and Rivers, >N dcfcribing Flouds and Rivers, you muft principally obferue the adjuncts and properties of the fame, which con- fift either in fome notableaccident done neere themcor fome famous Citie fituate upon their bankes , trees,, fruits, or reeds, by fliew of fome fifli proper to their ftreames onely , their heads or firft fountaines , their windings and tur- ning noife in their falles, &c. you (nail beft place the Citie upon their heads , their fruits in a Cornucopia, reeds , flowers and branches of trees in their gar- lands, as for example. The River Tiber. The riber Tiber is feene expreffed in many places in Rome, but efpecially in the Vaticane , in a good- ly Statue of Marble lying along ( for fo you muft re* member to draw them to exprefle their levelnefle with the earth ) holding under his right arme a fliee Woolfe with two little infants fucking at her teates leaning upon an urne or pitcher , out of the which iflueth his ftreame, in his left zCornu copia with all manner of delicate fruits,with a grave countenance, andlong beard, a garland of fundry fweete flowers P 3 upon . llQ The fecond Seoke §f L11.2. upon his head, rcfting his right leg upon an Oare, t© (hew it was navigable and commodious for traffick. The River ^A rnut. Amu* is another famous River of Italy , and is drawnelikean old man , leaning upon his pitcher, powring forth water upon his head , a garland of Beech , by his right fide a Lion holding forth in his right paw a red Lilly or flower De-luce, each being the ancient Armes of the .chiefe Citie of Tofcanie, through the which this river paiTeth: by his beechen garland is fignified the great plenty of beech trees, which grow about F aft erona in the Apennines, where Arnus hath his head. The River Po, or Padua. Po is drawne with the face of an Oxe a garland of reedes upon his hcad,or rather of Poplar as well for the great abundance of thofe trees upon his banks,as in regard of the fable of the fitter of Phaeton, whom the Poets faine ftrucken with lightning from hea- ven, to have beene drowned in the river, he hath the head of an Oxe , becaufe of the horrible noife and roaring, hemaketh his crooked bankes refembling the homes, as Servim and Probm write. The River Nilus. Nilus at this day is feene in the Vaticane in Rome, cut out in White Marble, with a garland of fundry fruits and flowers, leaning with his left armc upon a Sphinx, from under his body iflueth his ftreame, in hisleftarmea Corm-copiafull of fruits and flowers on one fide, a Crocodile on the other, fixtecne little children fmiling and pointing to the flood. The Sphinx was fometime a famous monfler in iEgypt, that remained by conjoyned Nilus, having the L ib. 2 . Drawing and Limmmg. ni the face of a Virgin,and the body of a Lion, refem- bling bodily ftrength and wifedome. The Crocodile, themoft famous Serpent of M- gypt, who hath his name • srt««fAi»AA«"i from the feare he hath of Saffron , which hee cannot endure, wherefore thofe in jEgyptthat keepe Bees fet great ftore of Saffron about the hives , which when hee feeth,-hee prefently departeth without doing any harme. The fixteene children refemble the lixteene cu- bits of height , being the utmoft of height of the flowing of Nilus, their fmiling countenances, the commoditie it bringeth , gladding the hearts of the dry and poore Sun-burnt inhabitants. The River Tigris, Tigris ( as appeareth in the Meddals of Trajan,) wasdrawne likeanold man as the reft , and by his fide a Tiger, This beaft was given him afwellin regard of his fwiftnefTe, as of the place which he palfeth, where are faid to be great ftore of Tigers. This river hath his head or beginning in Armenia the greater , in a large plaine named Elongofin , and winding through many countries y at the leaft with ten branches or ftreames disburdens himfelfe with- in the Perfian Sea. The River D «/» which is roin- ftrucl, becaufe they inftrucl: and teach the moft honeft and commendable difciplines and Orpheus in his Hymnes dcclareth how they firft taught religion and civilitie amongft men. Clio. Clio the firft hath her name from praife or glory and Ii8 The fecond Books of Lit.'*, and is drawne with a Garland of Baies, in her right hand and a Trumpet,in her left abooke 5 upon whofe outride may be written, Thucidides or the name of fome other famous Hiftorian. Euterpe. Euterpe is crowned with a wreath of fweet flow- ers, holding in each hand fundry winde inftruments, fhee hath her name from giving delight 5 Z)/W(?rw at- tributes unto her all kinde of learning. Thalia. Thalia mould be drawne with a wanton and fmi- iing countenance,upon her head a Garland of Ivy,in her left hand a vizard on a robe of Carnation em- broydered with light iilvertwift,and Gold fpangles: her Ivy (hewes her prerogative overComicall Poe- fie : her maske, Mantle, and pumpes are ornaments belonging to the Stage. Melpomene. Melpomene would bee reprefented like a Vira- go or manly Lady, with a Majefticke and grave countenance , upon her head a moft rich drefling of Pearle, Diamonds, and Rubies holding in her left hand fcepters with crowncs upon them , other crownes and fcepters lying at her feete, in her right hand a naked poniard, in a pall or mantle of change- able Crimfon , and blacke buskines of filver, with Carnation blacke and white Ribands, on her feete her high Cothurn or Tragicke puntofles of redde Velvet and gold befet with pearles and fparkes of Rubies , her gravitie befitteth Tragicke Poe- fie, her pall and pantofles were invented for the Stage by the Grecke Poet Aefckilus, as Horace te- ilifyeth. Polymnia. Lib. 2. Drawing and Limnting* ^ tip Polymma. Polymnia mall bee drawne as it were a&ing her l^eech with her forefinger all in white,her haire han- ging loofe about her moulders, refembling wiery gold, upon her head a Coronet of the richeft and ra- rcft jewels entermixt with fweet flowers, in her left hand a booke, upon vvhofe outride ilia 11 bee written Suaderc. To thisMufe all Rhetoricians are beholden, whofe patron is the Coronet of precious ftones Signifying thofe rare gifts which ought to bee in a Rhetorician viz. Invention, Dif]>ofition, Memory, and PronuntUti- m y her white habitc declares the finceritie which ought to bee in Orators, her name imports much Memory. Erato. Erato hath her name of Eros which is Love,draw her with a fweete and lovely countenance, her tem- ples girt with Mirtle and Rofes (both of ancient time Dedicated to Vmm) bearing a heart with an I- vory Key, by her fide a pretty Cupid ox Amorino win- ged with a Torch lighted in her hand , at his backe, his bow and quiver. Terpficbore. Terpfiehore would bee expreffed with a merry countenance playing uponfome inftrument, upon her head a Coronet of feathers of fundry colours, but efpecially thofe greene feathers of the Poppin- jay 5 in token of that victory, which the Mufesgot of the Syrenes, and the daughters of Pterins and Ewri- fuSy by finging ( as Paufanias reports) who after were turned into Poppinjaes or Wood-peckers as Ovid writes, Vrania* i lao Thefaondiookeof L 1 1. *; Fronts. Let Vrania be (howne in a robe of Azure, imita- ting the Heaven, upon her head a Coronet of bright ftarres, in her hand a Globe rcprefenting the celefti- all fpheres. Her name imports as much as heavenly, for it is her office to defcribeheaven,and thefpheres, Vrania coeli motus fcrutatur ejr A fir a. Calliope, Calliope would be painted richeft of all the reft, upon her head a Coronet of gold as Queene of her fellowes,howfoever we here give her the laft place, upon her left arme many garlands of Bay inftore for the reward of Poets , in her right hand three bookes,whofe titles may bellliadeos,ody[feos,znd Ac- neidosyts theworthieftof Poetry. I have thus briefely given you the draught of this faire company, as Fulvius Frfmus reports they are defcribed in the Middals of the ancient family of Pomponia, the rather becaufe their defcription a- greeth with the invention of Virgil, and the reft of the ancient Poets. Chap. VI. Pan and the Satyres. His word Pan in Greeke fignifieth aH, or the Vniveifall, and indeed hee Is no- thing elfe but an Allegorical! fidion of the World, hcc is painted with a Goatcs face, red blowne cheekcs , upon his head two homes (tending upright , about his moulders a Panthers skinne, in one hand a crooked Sheephooke , in the other Lib. 2. Drawing and Limming. 121 other a pipe of feven reeds, compact with waxe to- gether: from the middle downwards, heebeareth the fliape of a Goate,in this manner hee is exprelTed by Boccace and Silius lulicus. His homes fignifie the Sunne and Moone. His red and fiery face the Element of burning iire. His long beard noteth the ayre and fire , the two Mafculine Elements , exercifing their operation up- on Nature being the Feminine. His Panthers skinne reprefents the eighth fphere or Starry firmamenr,bcing the higheft fenfible Orbe covering the earth. The red flicwes the foveraigntie of Nature, gui- ding and deftining each creature to his proper office and end : his pipe, how that hee was the firft inven- tor of Countrey fyluficke according to Virgil, Pan primum calolit(s } Eudam&n. V daemon well met: what make you heere fo folitaric ail alone. Come, you have fome point of Muficke in your head 5 or inventing fome Imprefa or other $ this Byrfe was never built to ftudy in. Bud. To tell you troth , I was thinking how Lu- ciAn could make his opinion good , concerning the foulesof wealthie ufurers, and covetous perfons, whom after their death hee verily bdeeves, and af- ilrmestobee Metemphychofed , or tranflited into the bodies of A fifes , and there to remaine certainc S thou- 13© The third Bookeof L i b . 3 # thoufands of yecres,for poore men to take their pen- niworth out of their bones and fides with the cud- gell and fpurre. Cofm. There is no better Phyficke for melancho-, ly then cither Luciano? the heathen, or of eternall memory Sir Thomas Cfrtoore among the Chriftians for wittie conceit and invention , neither thinke I ever (hall we fee their like. But what booke have you there t Eud. It is a part of Giomn dt Ramellis, one of the beft Enginers in Europe. Cofm. I have no skill that way , but wte thinke you of this workef Eud. Surely an effe<5tof Magnificence her felfe. Cofm. Have you beeneabove. Eud. Yes, but I bought nothing. Cofm. Such acuftomer the Epigrammatift Mar- ti*ll meets withall, one who after heehad walked thorow the faireft ftreete t wice or thrice cheapening Iewels , Plate , rich hangings , came away with a woodden dim : well, lincc we are met fo fitly toge- ther, I will now challenge you of your promife which was, to give mee certaine rules as the princi- ples of Blazonry, it being a skill I have long defired, and as I imagine quickly learned. Eud. With all my heart, yet I am loath to thruft my fickle into another mans corne, finceitisina manner befide my fubjeel: ( which Plime wifheth a writer al way cs to beare in minde) and which is more, it hath fo plentifully beene written of already (efpecially of late, by that worthy and honcfl Gentleman Mafter Guittim) that little or nothing remaineth to be fpoken heer eof, notwithftanding rather Lib.}. BUzning Armes. 1 5 1 rather rhcn I will deny fo rcaionable a requeft, I will fay fomewhat hcereof in generall, what I imagine it is fitteft for you to know : for farther skill I referre you to the profeffors heereof. Cofm. The principal ufe that I would make of this skill is , that when I come into an old decayed Church or Monaftery ( as wee have plcntie in Eng- land) or Gentlemans houfe, 1 might rather bufie my felfe in viewing Armes, and matches of Hdufes in the windowes or walles, then liebootes and fpurres upon my bed in mine Inne, or over-looke mine Hoftes moulder at Irifli. Moreover being a Gentle- man my felfe , I have beene many times asked my Coate, and except I mould have (hewed them my jerkin, I knew not what to fay. Bud. Very likely,many of our Englim Gentlemen arc in your predicament, but to fay the truth, I muft ingeniously confcffe,it hath the moft neceflary ufe to the knowledge and imitation of the vermes and at- chivements of our Anceftors, it being befides a moft gentlemanly ornament to ourfelves, whenoccafion of difcourfeheereof (hall be offered. cofm. But fTrft I pray you concerning the word Herald, let me underftand what it fignifieth. Bud. It hath the Etymon from the Dutch or Sax- on Heere, which is a Lord or principall man , for in times pail: they were among the Romanes in great reputation,being by their office priefts,created at the firft by Numa Fomplius king of the Romanes appoin- £.ted to denounce war againft the enemy, by ftriking a fpeareinto the ground, at what time they wore Gar- lands or wreaths of Vervtn , concerning the begin- ning and Antiquitie of bearing Armes , and the firft S 2 inventors 1 32 The third Booke of L 1 u . 3 . inventors hcercof, I will fay nothing, at all, fincefo much hath beene faid already by Leigh , Sir lohn Feme and others, to whofe labours Ireferre you. Co fin. Acquaint me I pray |ou with an kfcotche- on, and if it pieafe you, witlf thefundry formes' of fhields , (met I have feerie many differing, feverali one from the other, as the Italian gives his Armes in an O vail forme. Eu(£ Very willingly : this word-Efcotebeonis a French word, derived from the Latine Scutum, and that from the Greek mn&i which is leather,and hence commeth our Englim word Buckler, Lere in the old $axon,fignifying Leather, and Buck or Beck, aBucke or Stagge of whofe skins quilted clofe together with Home or hard Wood, the ancient Britaines made their fhields , of which fort it feemed the (Held of Nennim to have beene , wherein Iulius Ctfars rword ftucke fo faft,that Nennius had taken of his head, had not Labienus the Tribune, ftepped happily betweene them in the meane time and refcued his Matter. But of fhields the firfl: and moft ancient was that fame among the Romanes , which they call «>*»>an elbow, where it was worne,or from ■&», which figni- fieth a remedy becaufe it was a &rcat remedy and al- io a helpe to that grievous peftilence in Rome,falling downe from Heaven into the Gitie in the time of Numa Femplius, wherewith a voyce was heard,fay- ing, in what Gitie foever that fhield (hould remaine, the fame mould become the moft mightie : of the falling downe of this fhield,I remember this ofoviefa when I was a Grammar Scholler. Ecce levi Scutum verfatum leniter aura • Decidit, a populo clamor adafira venit. The L i b . 3 . Blazoning x^irmes. \ ^ Theformeof it was long, and round at the ends, tvithout any corner , as Ovid (heweth in another place.' ' } ' idque ancile vocant quod ab omni parte recifumefi > Jguaqueoculiijpeffes • angutus omnisabefi : A fecond kind was that which SuUas calleth^ff*. in Latine Parma y Io called (as Varro faith) quod 'par in mnes partes ejfet, meaning, that it was round, and e- quail from the umbelique or middle point, to every fide : this ihield was ufed moft by the Troians as Vir~ ^■/'/teftifieth.. Enfelevisnudoparmaqueinglorimalba. A third kind was a fhort Target made in forme of a creffant or halfe Moone, called in Latine Pelta,u- fed by the Amazons ,as the fame Virgil noteth,where he faith : : Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agminapeltis Pemhefilea fur ens — - — • — - It was alfo in great ufe among the old Romane Souldiers, as Livy tefiijietb. A fourth kind was called cetra,ufed by the African Moares and the Spaniards,in Ctfars time who in his Commentaries calleth thofe Legions Vltenoris Hi- ftanid^cetratas. Some other kinds there have heene whjch for bre- vity, and your memory &kc I omir, Lwill proceed to colours, and* then to, variety of charges. • Cofm. How . many colours be there in Arrnes f Eud. Sixe principally (of which two viz. yealow and white, Or, and Argent, are termed mettals' : that is, Gold and Silver.. S3 Or *34 The third Botke of L i b . 5 . viz. ^&«rerficies,drawes it felfe with the broken beames into a center,which when it pofFeffeth the eye with ftron- ger and more forcible beames, the other on the fides poffeffing the fight with weaker and fainter , can hardly be difcerned : fo that blacke colour in thefe bodies is nothing elfe then a certaine privation of the light , by ovcr-fliadowing , and heerein differeth darkeneffe from blacke: darkenefle is not bounded and circumfcribed , (as we fay) by other objects en- lightned, whereby it appeareth of leffe blackeneffc then blacke colour for cmrariwn contrark opp&fitum mtgis cfoeefcit. So that heerein it is worthy conside- ration, to fee how as fometime contrary caufes pro- duce the like effects , fo even the fame to proceed from black and white,for the clearc and perfpicuous body effecteth white, and that white a blacke, againc with contrary affections they beget like effects , for the cleare body broken to fmall peeces ( as I faid) produceth white, and becommeth moft black, while it is continuate and undivided, as we fee in deepe waters, (which are ever blackeft) thicke Glaffesand the like. It is the opinion of fome, that contrary to K^irifiotky that the colour white doth gather the beames ©f the fight together ( as I faid in my former booke) and that blacke doth onely difperfe and feat- ter them, as for example, if one beholdeth the light, ©r fome very white object, he viewethit winkingly, as we fee thofedoe, that are purblind, but if any thing that is blacke, he looketh upon it with a broad and L i B.3. Blazoning Ames. 130 and a full eye, and we fee by experience in a €at, fo long as (bee beholdeth the light fliee doth, centrahen fitplkm, draw the ball of her eye fmall and long(be- ing covered over with agreenc skin ) and let it forth or dilate at her pleafure. Now as Criftall, Ice,&c. by reafon of their pcr- fpicuitie,are the fubje&s of whitenefTe,fo are Quick- filver,Silver, Lead,Steele,Iron,Tin, and the like, by reafon of their opacitie of blackneffe, as wee fee in their duft , and in the blacking of our hands with much handling the fame. And that they are the moft ftiadowie bodies, we know by experience, for if the thinneft leafc of Tin, laid over with Qoicklilver be laid upon a GlafTeor Criftalline fitperficies , it hinders the light fo much from pafling thorow, that it conftrained to reflecl it felfe to the adverfe part, which other bodies though of a farregreaterthickneffe cannot doe, and hence at firft came the invention of looking Glafles. Cofm.l am well fatisfied in thefe threeeolours,i>/*. Or, Argent,and Sable,what I pray you is the next. Eud. Marty Azure, Guiles, znd Vert, which I will paffe over with as much haft as I can, becaufe I will come to our matter. Azure is a faire light blew fo named from the A- rabian word Lazul, which is the fame, it betokencth to the bearer a zealous minde , it is alfo proper to I them, as David faith, That occupie their bufineflfein great waters, as travellers by Sea and the like, of the Planets it holdcth wi:h OWercttry , among precious Stones with the Saphyre. This colour blew doth participate lefle of the light then the white colour, for ftriking it felfe upon T 2 this 140 The third Zookeof L I b. 3, this colour it is ratified and difperfed, as on the con- trary it is thickned and more condenfate in red,as by a moft pleafant and delightful! experiment sve may perceive in a three fquare Criftall prifme , wherein you (hall perceive the blew to be outmoft, next to that the red, the reafon is, that the extreame parts of a perfpicuous body fhincand yceld a more faint light then the middle, asappeareth byOfticke, and the light is received by fewer beames in the outmoft ed- ges-then into the midft, fothat yee perceive firft white in the mid deft, then red , ancTblcw' in the ex- tremes feene. This againe is moft manifeft by the light of the Sun, through a thicke cloud which then appeareth red , and by the higher parts ©f the ayre which becaufethey are more rarifiedand pure, then the neather,. appeare to be moft blew which Theo- fhraflus in his booke of colours witnefleth, faying ; u fia&l ^UifiUfjtttH iyjCvtm S. Hrerme,and others in defence defence of lawfulnefle of thefame. But I remember that I am writing of Heraldry, not of thofe things that concerne controverts in Divinity. Cofm. Bee there no more erodes then one borne in amies? End. Yes fir. Cofm. I pray you onely name them. I will learnc them ®ut hereafter of my felfe out of the Accidence of Armory ; the honor of armcs or fome where clfe. End. The moft ordinary are thefe. Potencee. Croifee. AcroflK jpUuronck. Compofet. Voir cotrevaire. \Frettee. *NelleorNjltc. CLozangeh Bourdorwee. Pommee. de \.hermines % Fitcheh and j Befantie. Florence}. fomefervo- thers which I remebermt. Cofm. I pray you proceed to the chiefe, and why it is fo called. End. The chiefe is fo called of the French word Chiefe^ and that from the Greek which is the head or upper parr,this pofleflcth the upper third part of the Scotcheon, and is divided by one line in this manner. Cofm. I underftand this ve- ry well , proceed , I pray to the pale. Of the Pale. Eud. The Pale is the third middle part of the Scotcheon , being divided from the chiefe to the bafe, or neather part of the Scotcheon with two lines H4 lines as thus : The third Boeke of Li B. $, Is called from the Latinc fduty which is a Pale or peece of Wood, wherewith we fence about Gardens, Parks, Fields and fuch like. This in ancient time was called a fierce , and you mould then have blazed it thus, hee beares a fierce Sables between two fierces,Or$ which will feemc Grange to fome of our Heralds. of the tend. The French Heralds call this Battde, itrefembleth a kind of Baudncke or girdle, which knights wore in times part over the right fhoulder,and under the left, whereat their fwords hung. Some unknowne God» father long fince hath named it in Latine Benda y it hathafift part of the Efcotcheon, beginning from the dexter part, or the right corner of the left, the Species or kinds it containeth, arebendlets which are, if there be many, a Cotize, which is the third part of the bend, and a bafton, which is like, and the fame with a Cotize, fave that it muft not touch the Scotcheon at both the ends:this is referued for a difl ference of kindred ©r alliance among Princes, as it is to be leene in the houfe of Burbon'm France. Cofm. Lijj. 3. Blazmng Armts. 1^5: Ctf/w. I have beard fay that a bend finifter is the markeof aBaftard, it hath beene taken fo, but I hope you will not make that proportion , converti- bilis : For 1 have knownc it borne by fome lawfully borne, whofe anceftors before them were legitimate. Eud. Here is a bend finifter. Cofm.M it had beene brought then from the other fide, it had beene dexter and right. Eud. Very true. Cefm. Proceed I pray to the Fefie. OftheFeJfe. End. The FefTe is fo called df the Latine wordfafaa a band or girdle, pofteffing the third part of the Scotcheon over the mid- dle, as thus, If there be above one, you muft call them barrcs, if with the field there be odde peeces,as {even or nine,then you muft name the field, and fay fo many barresj if even, as fixe, eight, or ten, you muft fay bar- wife or barry of fixe, eight,or ten, as the King of Hungary bearcs ^jg.and Gules barry of eight: markethis coate, how would you blaze it| V Cefm. J+6 O o B' II 1} I im ii 1 ! » d % « The third Stoke *f L x s . 3. C#/». To tell you true, I know not. Eud.l will tel you:he bears barfy,counterbarry of eight, Grand Gules. You fee heere an even number of peeces. Cofm. I pray you proceed,I mall carry this in mind, and thinke of thofe odde and even peeees. The next is a Chever$» called in Latine Tigmm t or the rafter of an houfe.Howbcit it be a very hono- rable bearing, yet it rs never feene in the coate of a King or Prince, becaufe it pertaineth to a Meehani- call profeffion : none of which kind may touch the coate of a Prince. For nothing may touch the coat of a Prince fave a bor- der, a fable, or a bafton. If there be many, you muft call them by the diminutive cheveronettes. Heereisacheveron. Of the Sdtcir. A Salteir is made in the forme of a Saint Andrews crolFe, and by fome is taken to be an engine to take wild hearts with all : In French it is called vnfauuir y it is an honourable bearing, it is borne in England by that moft honourable family of the Nev/ls: a- mongft whom I muft never forget my duty to- wards that noble and worthy-minded Gentleman Mafter Doctor NeviU our mafter of Trinity Col! ledge Lib.j. Blazomng^rms. 147 ledge in Cambridge, who hath ever retained and /hewed in all his lite thofe, Ignieulos virtutu outfits a Poet fpeaketh, and Homer averreth to bee a thing incident to thofe that are defcended of generous and noble houfes. The Saltier is drawne in this manner. But one thing I muft re- member to tell you of thefe nine honourable bearings. Foure are never borne, but (ingle , and by themfelves, viz,, the Crofle, Chiefe and Salteir 5 the reft arc borne in many peeces , as the Bend, Pale, Feflfe, Barre, and Che- veron. Of the Gfron or Guyron. The Gyron is a point of triangular formc,whofe balls on every fide of the Efcotcheon and point ei- ther comes in vmbelico or the midft, they are com- monly borne in the number of the eight peeces,as in the ancient coate of Bapngborne, which by chance I found in a window at the Vicaredge in Fulham. Of the partitions. There is a divifion or partition by all thefe afore- faid places, which is drawne in the Scotcheon with onely one line, as for example, party per bend is when the field is devided into two colours by a Jin- gle line drawne as the bend from the point Dexter to thefinifter in bafe, fo likewife is the partition per pale, per Cheveron, Saltier and the reft. V a Cofm. 1^3 T&e third Booke ef Lib. 3/ Csfm. The fingle line is fometime indented en- vecky^ wavey, embatteled, &c. I pray you now acquaint me with the Furs,which are given in Armes , I have heard great difcourfe of the fame, but underflood not well what they meant, Eud. I will tell you what they are, and how ma- ny, there be in number nine , whereof there be five kinds of Ermines, the fixt is the Efcotcheon plaine white,the other three vaires or of varry: the firft or- dinary and naturall, being compounded of Argent and Azure , which is the coate of Beauchamfi of Hach in the county of Somerfet, and now quartered by the Right Honourable, theEarleof Hartferd- the other two compounded of other colours , it is drawne in this manner. Cofm. I pray you what is Er- mines. Eud. It is the Furre of a little bead about the bigneffe of a Weafell, called in Latine Cfrlus Armenia* ' , for they are found in Armenia j it is not CMus Fonti- cuij as fome have written, who though itjbe all white,and fomewhat like it,the furre is nothing fo white and fine, neither hath it that fpot at the tip or end of the taile, which is that which we doe call Ermines, many of them being fet together; it is held of all furres in nature themoft precious, be- caufethey write, that when this beaft is hunted, ra- ther then he will runne over a paddle , or any dirtie place, where his skin may be endangered to be fpot- ted withmire,he will ftay there,and be torne in pee- ces with the dogs : which gave rne an occafion of an Embleme Lib. 3* Blazoning Armts. 140 Embleme, what rime I turned his Majefties baxlu- kon a a pon j into Ernblemes and Latine verfes, pa- tenting the fame after to Prince Henry. The word was cui candor morte redemptus,the verfes. guodmacuU im fattens flammaffy agitere per vndas y CandiduU infano pellis amorejfera, Hoc Tyrio Heroas fuperaris murice tinftos^ Vos, quibws ant mens eft Ufave fama, fides. None may weare this furre but Princes,and there isacertaine number of rankes allowed to Dukes, Marqueffes, Earles, which they muft not cxceede in lining their caps therewith, in the time of Charles the Great, and long fince the whole furres in the tailes dependant, but now that fafbion is left,and the fpots onely worne without the tailes. There be now certaine compofitions or mixtures of the field, wherewith 1 would have you acquain- ted ere weproceed further, which are called Cheeky, Mafculy, Fufile r Nebule, Lozengee, Cheeky is called of the French E fchiquette, refem- bling'the chefleboord, in Latine it may bee called Scacciatum pf Scaccia, the play at eheffe, the fquares thereof in a coate muft not amount above the num- ber of foe and twenty, or fixe and twenty, asalfo Lozenges and Fufils. Cfrlafculy is termed fo from the dutch word Maf- chen, iris nothingelfe, : but the refemblance of the maflies of a net, they are borne commonly pierced. Fufilee is like unto Mafculi, but your fufils muft be made long,and finall in the middle,they are feene in the ancient coate of Mount ague ^ who beareth arg. three fufils in feffe gules. A fufill is fo called offufa, a fpindle, whofe forme it refembleth. . V 3 Nebulee j I j o Tht third Booke of L I b . 3 • NMee is fo called from nebuU a cloud, and that from »***»the fame,becaufe it refembleth the clouds. It is borne in the ancient coate of Blondus or Blount, Lozengee, fo called of Lozenges certaine cordials made by the Apothecaries , and given in Phyficke. They are like unto the Mafcks, but fomewhat bro- dcrrthcy are given round in the coate of the family de Medtces, Dukes of Florence. If there be above the number as I faid of five and twenty or fixe and twenty, you muft fay Semi-lozengy. Remember to make your Lozenges more high then broad, they are given for the moft part in bend or in fefle, faith Bar a the French Herald. There be certaine rondles given in armes, which have their names according to their feverall colours. If they be 0r,they are beafants if (ilver, plates 3 if Gules, Tortoixes • if Sables, Pellets; if Azure, O- goeffes 5 if greene,6meralds ; if purpure,Pommes,if Tenne,Oranges;if fanguine,Gules.There is feldome borne above nine in an Efchotcheon that muft bee numbred, if there be above, you muft call them ferny orbefanty. Cofm. I have feene fometimes ftaplesof doores, nailes, and the like borne. How can they be honou- rable to the bearer i Bud, Yes uery honourable and ancient. As the Crofle Moline (given by the worfhipfull family of Molineux) Mil-peckes, and moft irons appertaining to the mill, nailes, keyes, Iockes, buckles, cabaflets ormorians, helmets, and the like. Cofm. What is that you call a labell or lambeaux? Bud. It is a kind of fillet (fome have taken la- bels for candels or lights) it is the difference of the elder L i b. 3. Blazoning ^Armes. elder brother, the father being alive, it is drawne of two, three, foure, and five pendants, not common- ly above. You may in Matter Guillims booke among the difference of brothers read more of this fubieel:. to an Earle. A border in French called vn bordure, iniatine, fmbria, hath his place within the Efcotcheon round about the fame,it muft containc the fixth part of the Scotcheon. An Orle is much like a border favc that it ftandeth quite within the Scotcheon, the field being feene on either fide. A Fillet the fourth of an Orle. Cofm. I pray you be there not trees and herbes, fomerimes given for good Armory < Eud. Why not ? What Herbes aremojl commonly borne in Armes? Of herbs you mall find commonly bornethe Cin- mefoile but moft often pierced the field, the Trey- foile, Mallowes,Rue, Sparage, Fenncll, and white Ellebore, Pie de Lion, with many others. What Trees are given ufually inarmest Of trees youihall have the Palme, the Olive 3 Si- G A A Canton poflefleth for the moft part the dexter point of the Scotcheon. It is called a Canton from the Grecke word which is a corner proper- ly of the eye, and hence came the Cantons of the Suitzers. It is the reward of a Prince given camore 5 15:2 The third Booke of Lib. 3. camore, Apple and Peare tree, the Pine, Am, the White thorne, Pomgranate, Orange, Quince, Nut-* tree, the Oake with fomc others. You have Times rootes,as the M andr agora*, Bnr- gony, Levejfe, and fuch like. What Flowers!' Of Flowers you have Rofes, Gilliflowers,. Vio- lets, Nenuphar, Lilly, SafFran,Columbine, Borage, Line, Bugloflfe, Alleluia with others. What Serpents aud creepingfhings ? Of Serpents you have the Crocodile, who hath his name fejTOj.powr^w from the feare he hath of Saf- fron which hee cannot endure, wherefore neere Ni- lus, they plant it much in their gardens, and neere their Bees, which the Crocodile continually lyeth in waite for. For he loveth hony above meafure. 0- tho Duke of Millaine in the yeare ropp. tooke from a Sarazen his armes 5 which was a Serpent, a child ifluing out of the mouth of the fame, which to this day is yet the armes of Millane. The Scorpion, the Lizard, yea the old Armes of France were the three Toades or Crapauds, Crabs, Crevifles, Frogs, Snailes, and fuch like. I have feene in an ancient coate three Grafliop. pers, but the owner I could never learne, The Grafhopperis called in Latine Cicada, u*»iJf„ from finging, with a little skin upon his fide, againft the which he rubs the thicke part of his leg, and fo makes that noife, wherewith he fo difturbes thcfleepy hay-makers. When I found this Etymo- logy firft, I would needs make triall : which I found very true^fo iignificant,and witty were the Grecians at firft, inventing names to all things from their na- ture. Qf L 1 1. Blazmng Ames. \ j g Of fices you fliall finde in Armes the Whale, the Dolphin,the Salmon^heTroutyBarbe^Turbot^ Herring, Roach, Remora, Efcallop fhels. Copm. What meaneth the bearing of Efcallop fhels > Eud. It betokeneth unitie and friendly love,for as theyclofefo neerely they can hardly befeparated, fo mould friends and true lovers : whereupon it is worne in the colours of the Knights of the Order of Saint CMiehael. You muftbee very heedfull in the blazoning of fifties, by reafon of the varietie of their natures. of thofe birds that are borne in Armes. Of all bearing among thefe winged creatures, the Griffon is the moft ancient,and yet to this day in Po- merania, of great efteeme. But iincc, the Eagle hath cot the foveraigntie, and is held for a farre more ho- nourable bearing, it being the Armes of the Empire and of many other kingdomes. Cofm. I pray what is the reafon the Emperourgi- veth in his Armes an Eagle with two neckes, which is againft nature. Eud. So is a Lion with two tailes : yet they have their reafon. The caufe why it is given by theEm- perour was this. The kingdome of Romania beeing united unto the Empire gave an Eagle Sables diC plaid, and the Emperour giving the fame likewife, united them into one, giving that two neckes as you fee. Cofm. This is very prettie and more then I knew befbre,but is the Eagle of fuchantiquitic among the Romanes t X Eud. X54 Thetbird Bake if In, 3. Fad. Yes before the time of tulm Cafar, doe you not remember finceyou were a fchollcrrhat verfeof Lucam wr iting or the civill wars bet weene Ctfarand Pompey. Signa fares aquilis, & ph minantytfilU. The Pellicm is more commonly borne with us here in Enghutdtbevi in other countries. Other birds that are ulually borne are the Swan, the Raven, the Cormorant, Heron, Faulcon, Cocke, Pigeon, Lap- wing, Swallowes , Martlets, CorniQi choughes, Spar-hauke, Larkes with fome others. The Spar- hauke Crowned was the Armes of Attilas King of the Humes, and five Larkes were found depainted in an old Trojan fhield. You mull: note then that fcldome or never the female of any thing is given in Armes. Cofm. I remember, I thinke a rule for't, in mine Accidence, not of Armory but of Lillies Englifh, rules,where note that the Mafculine gender is more worthy then the Feminine, &c. Eud. Indeed it is the reafon becaufe the Mafcu- line gender is the worthieft . One rule is worthy the obfervation,that fifl]es,birds, and divers beads have beene given to bearers for the names fake, to pre- serve it cither really or by accident i really or imme- diately as Heron gives the Heron, Fixe the foxe- heads,which was thecoateof Bifhop Foxe, Bullocke of Barkfhire the bullockes head, Herrings and Her- xingkam a coate quartered by the Earles of Bed- ford, the three Herrings, Roch the Roches, Trout- becke the uhree Trouts braced quartered by the right Wormipfull and that worthy Gentleman fo well defcrving and beloved of his Country Sir Rdphe Cmmngsbey Lib. 3. Blazoning Arms. 14,1 Conningsbey Knight of Northmims in the county of Hertford. Lucie^ tres lucios fifces or three pikes, quar- tcred by the Earles of Northumberland, and the coateof that noble Gentleman Sir Thomas LuceyoF Warwickfliire Knight, Berr'tsford the Beare with in- finite the like : fomc have their names accidentally from the propertie of the bird or beaft, or by an O- noraatopoca,or allufion of the voice to thename, as Terwhit gives the three Lapwings who in a manner exprefle the very fame ( neither is it any difparage- rnent to the bearer , fincc there be of theic very Ho- norable and ancient : ) and Chmteur a French Gen- tleman very well defcended who gave the three Nightingales. Excellent have beene the conceipt of forae Citi- zens, who wanting Armes, have coined themfclves certaine devices as neere as may be alluding to their names, which we call Rebus. Matter Iugge the Prin- ter, (as you m3y fee in many of his bookes) tooke, to expreffe his name , a Nightingale fitting in a bum with a fcrole in her mouth , wherein was written teggeluggelugge. Matter Btjhop caufed to be painted in his glaflc windowes the pidure of a Bifhop in his Rochet, his fquare Cap on his head , by which was written his Chriften name George. One Foxe-eraft caufed to be painted in his Hall and Parlour a Foxc , counterfeiting himfelfe dead upon the Ice, among a company of Ducks and Goflings. Every fcholler can mew you in the firft page of his Gramrner Hamfons name, exprefled by a Hare fitting in a fheafe of Rie,and upon that the Sunne: all which made Bwtfon. X i One fy$ the third Boeke of ^ IB »3. One Matter Gutteridge drew forhimfelfea Giant landing in a gutter, and looking over the ridge of a houfe , which could not chufe but make Gutte- ridge. There was not long fince a Grocer in London,his name I have quite forgot 3 but lam fure foranal- lufion thereto heegave for his Rebus aSugarloafe ftanding upon a flat fteeple, and I think it was Pauls. A Churchwarden who (hall be namelefle,of Saint tMartins in the Fields , I remember when I was in that Parifh , to exprerfe Saint Martins in the Fields, caufed toybe engraven a Martin (a bird like a Swal- low ) fitting upon a Molehill betweene two trees, which was Saint Martins in the Fields. It is there yet to be feene,upon the Communion Cup : Thefe and a thoufand the like, if you be a diligent obferver you mall finde both in City and Countrey, efpecially in Towne-halls,Church-walIes,and Win- dowes, old Monasteries and fuch places, which ma- ny a time and often I have enquired after as the bed receipt againft Melancholy, whereto I am much ad- dicted. Cofm. Ithinke it the beft Phyfickeyou could take, foreven thefe conceipts and paflages of mirth have their times and feafons as well as the moft grave difcourfes. I remember the Poet cJ^^/4// fpeaking to his booke of Epigrams faith, there is a time, Cum te rigidi Itgam Cat ones. But leaving thefe Parerga, I pray you proceed un- to thofe beafts that are given in Armes, and as neere as you can , teach raee what I ought to obferve in their blazon. Bud. The beafts that are hornein Armes are very many L i b. 3. Blazwwg Ames. i]j many, whereof the Lion is efteemed the moft no- ble,and worthieft bearing: next the Vnicorne, the Hart 3 the Horfe,the Beare, the Bull, the Woolfe,the Greyhound, the Antelop, the Porcefpine, the Hare, theConny, the Squirrel with many others, which I cannot upon the fudden remember. Cofm. What muft I obfervc in the blazon of beafts , becaufe I take it they are fomewhat harder then birds to be defcribed ? Bud. So they are: You (hall firft begin with the Lion, who is borne thefe wayes, Rampant, PafTant, Saliant,Seifant or Couchant. Rampant is faid when the Lion is arreared up in theScotcheon as it were ready to combat with his enemy being drawne in this manner : his right fore- foot muft dirc&ly ftand againft the dexter point of the Efcotcheon, Saliant downe Lower. Saliant, is when the Lion is fporting himfelfe and taking his pleafure. Paflant, is drawne as if he were going. Scifant is fitting. Couchant couching or lying downe clofe with his head betweene his legges like a Dog. A Lion is given fometimes but halfe, then you muft call it a demi-Lion. Sometime but his head only ,. which is never borne but fide- wayes , and with one eye, the Leopards heads alwayes with the full face, as in the Armesof Cantelupe with both the eyes. The Elephant is feldome borne, yet faith Httrome dt Bard, a Trojan Captaine gave an Elephants Trunk in his (Held. 5 Cofm. I never heard of any that gave the Ape. 1 5 S The third Botke of L i b . 3. That u leaping End. Yes the Ape bath been a very ancient bea- athiiprcy. ring and fo hath the wild cat, which being Herifon was the ancient Armes of the Kings of Burgundy. Buckes, Goates and the like are laid tebe tripping or faliant, that is, going or leaping. You (hall fay rampant and a faliant but of thole which are Befits du froy, and thofe of the bigger fort. The heads of birds for the moft part are given e- razed,thatis,plucked off] of beafts y Coupee or erazed, thatiscut or pluck off. Yeu mail know them one from the other becaufc the head that is Coupee is c- ven underneath, erazed hath three tuftcs of feathers, or haire hanging downe. The tongue and nailes of a beaft are alwayes different from the colour of the beaft, as if the beaft be of a colour, they are of a mettall, if the beaft be of amettall, they are of a colour : fo likewifein birds, you muft fay of a beaft armed and langued, of a bird mem bred. Thus you fee I give you a tafte of every thing. For further knowledge I referre you to thofe learned bookes that have lately beene written of Armory, neither doe I wifti you as ^Auliu Gellius fcA^ingur- giUre in if a fciemia fed tantum deltbare , to know fomething rather then nothing. ■ ■ Cofm. It was my defire onely to learnc but the flrft grounds,andas I ever had a defire to have an in- fight in all arts and fciences, fo more efpecially in this becaufe nothing more befeemes a Gentleman then the knowledge of Armes. End. You fay well, I nope you are not unmind- full of that old ptovcrbe Chi tutti abbraccia, zn&it hath bin my fault toentertaine too many fuch guefts once of which I cannot fo foone be rid off. For. Turfius L i b . 3 . BUz,oning Armes. j ^ 1 urfius eijcitur qudm mn admittitur bofpes. Cofm. I pray refolve me of one thing of which I have long doubted. Eud. What's that i Cofm. Are the fame lawes and rules obferved in Armes among other nations, with thofe which we have heere in England if Eud. Yes doubtlelfe,and more ftri&ly: only they differ in fome fmall particulars ; as fome vfe ftaines as much as colours , fome charge their Scotcheons after a ft range manner with diaper as the French 5 fome vfe round Scotcheons as the Italian, and fuch like : otherwife tis all one, as you may fee by the Armes of every Kingdome. Cofm. I pray let me requeft one thing more fincc you fpeakeof Kingdomes, that is, to acquaint mee if your leafure ferve, with the Armes of every king- dome in Chriftendome: which I thinke are about five and twenty. Eud. Yes if you count thofe Kingdomes in Spdwe as Leon, Aragort, Caftile, and the reft, I wills but to no end : you are fo young a Schollcr in Heraldry you will fcarce underftand me. Cofm. So I thinke 5 but thefe being moft eminent coates, I fhall marke and remember them the better, but now I remember me, 1 have apaireof tables. Eud. The firft is the Armes of the Emperour of Germany, which hath upon it a crowne imperiall (the difference of Crownes I will tel you anone) the Emperour beareth Or, an Eagle difplayed with two neckes membred Gules. The King of the Romanes bare Or, an Eagle dif? played sMs. The 15© The third Booke of L i * . $ . The King of Hungary bearesbarry of eight, Ar^ gent and Gules. The King of Polonia bearcs Gules, an Eagle dis- played, membred and crowned or. The King of Bohemia beares Gules, a Lion dou- ble Queue, Armes langued and crowned Or. Arragon beareth Or, 4. pales Gules. Sclavonia beareth Sables a Cardinals Hatt Argent, ftringed and talTelled Or. Suevia beareth Azure three Crownes Or. Dalmatia beareth ^Azure three Kings heads pro- per crowned Or. Moravia beareth Azure an Eagle efchecky, Or and Gules, membred of the fame. Caftile beareth Gules, a Caftle triple towred. Or. France beareth Azure three Flower-delices, Or. England beareth Gules three Lions Paflant, Gar- dant, Armed and langued Azure. Navarre beares Gules, an Efcarbouclc Accolled and pometted Or. Scotland beareth Or, a Lion enclofed with a dou- ble trefliire fleurty and counter fleurty Gules. Sicily beareth party per Salteir, the point and chiefe, Arragon: the other two Argent, in each, an Eagle difplayed Sable, membred Gules. Denmarke beareth Or Semiede cuers or hartes, Gules three Lions paflant armed and langued of the fecond (or as fome will have it nine Hearts.) Portugall beareth Argent 5 . Efcotcheons Azure : charged with five plates in Salteir (in remembrance of five deadly wounds a ccrtaine King of Portugall received in the field whereof he was cured,or of the five wounds of Chrift which they fay appeared un- to Lib. BlazpnirtgArmes. iff to him ) in a border Gules fevcn rewers Or. Legion or Leon beareth ^Argent a Lion Ram- pant Sable crowned Or, armed and langued Gules^ Ireland beareth Azure,zn harpe Or, { though the ancient coate of Ireland bare the field Sables, a King dtting-crofle legg'd in his Throne, in his right hand a Scepter Or.) Toledo beareth Gules a crowne Imperiall Or. Naples beareth Azure femi flower-delices or a lambeaux of foure Argent. Galizia beareth Azure femi crofles fitehees Ar- gent, a covered cup Or. Granado beares Argent a Pomgranate with the ftalkeand leafes proper. Norway beares Gules, a Lion Rampant Argents crowned Or, holding a battell Axe of the fecond. Ihavcthusbriefely given you the blazon of the Coates of all the Kingdomes of ChriftendomCc Now becaufe we will not ahum Sapere, I will op- pofe you in the blazon of ibme few Coates to try your cunning , and to tee what you have profited by your Mafter : hcereis aCoate> what fay you to this ^ Cof. I mould blaze it thus He beares AzurenStarrcOr, bctweenc 5 crefcents Argent Eud. Very well,youtnuft take heed that you take nor a Starte for a Mullet and the \ (fL~^l J contrar y 5 ^ or a Mullet is the * rowell of a Spurrc, and hath never but five points 5 a Star hath fixe and fome times $. Y befide, l$t The third Booke of Lib.^ befide, the mullet is often pierced of the field and the Starre never. Cofm. Whofe coate I pray you is this <* Eud. It did belong to the Abbot of Tame,whofe name was Thorpe, and now borne of M after John Thorpe of the parifti of Saint Martins in the field,my efpeciall friend , and excellent Geometrician and Surveiour, whom the rather I remember, becaufc he is not onely learned and ingenuous himfelfe, but a furtherer and favorer of all excellency whatfoever, of whom our age flndeth too few. Nor muft I here be unmindfull fince n#w I fpeakc &f that great and honourable pariuY (having as ma- ny, and as fubftantiall parifliioners in the fame as a- nyelfe befide in England) of the friendfliip that I have ever found at the hands of three efpecially in that parifti, to whom above all the reft I have beene moft beholden, as well in regard of my felfe in par- ticular, as that they are lovers of learning, and ail vertue, viz. Mafter Chriftopher Collar d (whofe fonne my Scholler is now of Magcbaten Coliedge in Ox- ford) Mafter Simon Greene Purveyor of his Majefties ftable : And laftly , the aforenamed Mafter John Thorpe his fonne, to whom I can in words never bee fufficiently thankefull. Cofm. Herein you doe well: there is no vice more hatefull to God and Man, then ingratitude • where- upon it is well faid of one. — Gratis fervire Itbertas^ Bud. Well I muft now thinke my paines not ill beftowed, for, eft altquid prodire tentufenon datur vl- tr*. I am invited to dinner heere over the way, and Lib. 3. Blazoning Jrmes. 16$ I thinkeit almoft twelve a clocke : wherefore I am conftrained abruptly to breake off this difcourfe which willingly I would have continued, but Time is Moderator betwixt us , and we cangoe no further then he permits. If it fliall pleafe you to take the paines to walke with mee: I knowyou (hall behear- tily welcome, and the rather, becaufe you are a Scholler. Cofm. Sir a thoufand thankes : I cannot, I have fome buiineflTe with a Dutch Merchant, who hath flayed all this forenoone of purpofe for me at home, I am to receive money of him by a bill of Exchange, and I dare not deceive his expectation. End, Marry Sir, I pray you take the benefit of fo good an opportunitie : Adieu good Sir. f mi s.