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REMAINS OF PAGAN SAXON DOM. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, 
 
 FELLOW AND SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON. 
 
 ANGI.O-SAXON HARROWS IN GREENWICH I'ARK. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE. 
 
 MDCCC.LV. 
 
Tcicpot irajponoi'' 
 
 Herodotus iv. 127. 
 
 
 
TO 
 
 THE LORD LONDESBOROUGH, 
 
 K.C.H., F.R.S., F.S.A., 
 
 THESE ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 A CONTRIBUTION TO AN UNWRITTEN CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY 
 OF OUR RACE AND COUNTRY, 
 
 ARE RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2018 with funding from 
 Getty Research Institute 
 
 https://archive.org/details/remainsofpagansaOOaker_O 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 punbup unbep pealle Wonders under the mound 
 
 ic eop plpige. I explain to you. 
 
 Beowulf, xlii. 
 
 “ L’ArchyEOLOGIA potrebbe chiamarsi la scienza de’ sepolchri,” 
 observes an Italian antiquary, while discussing the remains of 
 classical antiquity. If the truth of this axiom be admitted, it 
 applies peculiarly to the subject of this volume; for the graves 
 of our heathen Saxon forefathers have yielded numerous objects 
 of the highest interest to the antiquary, affording almost the 
 sole evidence, as well as the most lively illustration, of their 
 arts, manners, customs, and superstitions. 
 
 To the Reverend James Douglas must be ascribed the merit 
 of having identified the later pagan tumuli still found on our 
 downs and uncultivated land. The Reverend Bryan Faussett 
 had preceded him by many years as an explorer, but failed to 
 perceive the important difference which these sepulchres pre¬ 
 sented from those of the Roman masters of Britain and the 
 Romanised population of the island. The work of Douglas 
 was published about sixty years since ; but the day had 
 not arrived for a critical investigation of our early English 
 antiquities, and the “ Nenia Britannica,” under which title it 
 
Vlll 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 appeared, seems to have been but little regarded, since we find in 
 Sir Richard Colt Hoare’s “Ancient Wilts” a sad confusion of An¬ 
 glo-Saxon sepulchral remains with those of the primaeval period. 
 
 England, however, has not alone been guilty of neglecting 
 an important series of national antiquities. In France as well 
 as in Germany, the attention of archaeologists has but recently 
 been directed to remains of a coaeval period. It is only within 
 these few years that the graves of the Frank population 
 have been carefully explored, and their contents investigated 
 and studied. Let the reader turn to the fifth volume of the 
 “Encyclopedic Metliodique ,” 1 and he will see how little the 
 remains of their Frank ancestors were understood by the archae¬ 
 ologists of France in the last century. 
 
 Although it would be difficult to fix the precise time when 
 the Pagan Saxon mode of sepulture ceased in this country, there 
 is yet a very considerable interval during which it must ob¬ 
 viously have prevailed. This period is supposed to extend from 
 the first settlement of the Saxons in Britain down to their final 
 conversion to Christianity, namely, from the middle of the fifth 
 to the middle or perhaps the end of the seventh century, when 
 the heathen mode of burial probably ceased in this country. 
 
 1 “ Encyclopedie Methodique,” Tome Cinquieme, 4to., Paris, art. “ Tombeaux 
 Gaulois,” p. 669. Our French neighbours, however, no longer lie under this re¬ 
 proach ; and the work of the Abbe Cochet, “ La Normandie Souterraine,” may be 
 consulted with advantage by the student of Teutonic antiquities. In Germany and 
 Switzerland the researches of archaeologists have led to many important results, as 
 may be seen by the works quoted so frequently in these pages. Many notices of 
 Anglo-Saxon remains will be found in Mr. C. R. Smith’s “ Collectanea Antiqua.” 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IX 
 
 The capitulary of Charlemagne a century later forbids the old 
 Saxons to bury more paganorum , and directs that interments 
 should take place in consecrated ground . 2 We cannot tell how 
 long pagan practices at funerals continued, since we find some 
 of them denounced by the canons of Eadgar , 3 while the capitu¬ 
 laries of Charlemagne prohibit the sacrifices to the dead, which 
 still continued to be observed by his Saxon subjects . 3 
 
 There is little, externally, to distinguish the larger Anglo- 
 Saxon barrows from those of the primaeval period. When 
 remaining intact, they consist generally of a conical mound 
 surrounded by a trench ; but this is sometimes found to be 
 nearly obliterated, and may not at first be observed. Beneath 
 this mound is a rectangular grave, varying in depth; but, often 
 less than three feet, though occasionally exceeding six feet. 
 The body is generally found lying on its back, sometimes with 
 the head to the west (as in the greater part of the Anglo-Saxon 
 graves in Kent and Sussex), but often with the head to the 
 north, a variation which may probably be ascribed to the obser¬ 
 vances of different tribes. In the cemetery at Harnham all the 
 bodies lay with the heads to the west. By the side of the 
 skeleton is the knife (or a couple of knives); but in some graves 
 this is not found, and, occasionally, with the male skeleton a long 
 
 2 Jubemus ut Corpora Christianorum Saxonum ad Coemeteria Ecclesiae defe- 
 rantur, et non ad tumulos paganorum. Capit. Anno, 789. Corpus Juris Germanici 
 Antiqui, ed. Walter, Tom. ii., p. 107. Berol. 1824. 
 
 3 See the notes in reference to these observances, quoted hereafter. 
 
 C 
 
X 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 iron straight two-edged sword, though much more frequently a 
 spear, the cusp of which lies parallel with the head. The spears 
 are of two kinds ; the larger description being sometimes fur¬ 
 nished with a spike at the butt end, which shows that the 
 ordinary length of this weapon was about six feet: the others, 
 often found with the remains of boys, or young men, are evi¬ 
 dently spicula, or javelins. The heads of some of these are 
 found with unequal surfaces, like those of the assagaye of the 
 Hottentots, that the weapon may rotate in its flight. 
 
 HEAD OF A SPICULUM FOUND AT HARNHAM HILL.—HALF ACTUAL SIZE. 
 
 We know of no authentic account of the discovery of arrow¬ 
 heads in these graves; the iron heads, barbed, or otherwise, 
 which some antiquaries have erroneously fancied to be the heads 
 of arrows, rather belong to these spicula. In regarding the pro¬ 
 portions of an object represented on a reduced scale, one is too 
 apt to err as to the actual size, dimensions, and weight. It is not 
 asserted that the bow was unknown to the Anglo-Saxons, but 
 there is abundant evidence that it was not commonly used by 
 them as a weapon of war . 4 The iron umbo of a shield is some- 
 
 4 See the proofs in a communication by the writer to the Archseologia, “ On some 
 of the Weapons of the Celtic and Teutonic Races,” vol. xxxiv., p. 171. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XI 
 
 times found in the lap, occasionally on the upper part of the 
 body, and, in one instance, on the left shoulder. In the grave 
 of a young man exhumed at Harnham, the umbo was found 
 covering the right knee . 5 Fibulae of various forms are found on 
 the breasts or shoulders, and buckles and clasps at the waist. 
 These are the chief characteristics observed in the graves of 
 the men . 6 Other objects will be found engraved and described 
 hereafter. 
 
 In the graves of the women the knife is also often found, and 
 articles of housewifery, large beads (the whirls of spindles), jewelled 
 ornaments and beads, of various colours, and of amber, of which 
 our work contains examples. These objects deposited with the 
 dead are very significant of a people with whom “ weapned and 
 
 5 Mr. Wylie informs us, that in the Fairford cemetery the umbo was always 
 found on the knees. We have good reason for believing that the exact situation of 
 the umbo is not always rightly ascertained. If great care be not taken, the objects 
 discovered in Anglo-Saxon graves are sure to be dislocated; hence the im¬ 
 portance of these examinations being carried on under the superintendence of 
 persons accustomed to such researches, and of records made at the time and place. 
 
 6 The following, although occurring in the laws ascribed to Henry the First, is 
 evidently of an earlier, probably a much earlier, date, as Mr. Thorpe conjectures:— 
 “ Si quis in vindictam, vel in se defendendo occidat aliquem, nichil sibi de mortui 
 rebus aliquis usurpet, non equum, non galeam, vel gladium, vel pecuniam prorsus 
 aliquam; sed ipsum corpus solito defunctorum more componat , caput ad occidens, 
 pedes ad oriens versum, super clipeum si habeat: et lanceam suam figat, et arma 
 circummittat, et equum adregniet ; et adeat proximam villam, et cui prius obviaverit 
 denunciet, et eciam socnam habenti, quod probari denique vel defendi possit contra 
 parentes vel consocios ejus.”—lxxxiii. § 6. Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, 
 ed. Thorpe, vol. i., p. 591. Although this arrangement of the corpse after death, 
 probably has reference simply to the mode in which in Christian times it was laid 
 out previous to interment, it nevertheless appears worthy of passing notice. 
 
Xll 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 wyfman” expressed male and female . 7 It sometimes, however, 
 happens, that the skeleton is unaccompanied by any relics what¬ 
 ever. Unless we suppose that there were special reasons for 
 their being consigned to the earth without the usual observances, 
 we must seek an explanation in the supposition, either that the 
 defunct was too poor to allow of them, or that the corpse had 
 been despoiled, either previously to interment, or after it had 
 been laid in the grave. The laws of the Franks, and all other 
 people of Teutonic origin, denounce, with heavy penalties, the 
 plunderers of the corpses and the violators of the sepulchres of 
 the dead . 8 Many of the Frank graves bear unequivocal marks 
 of their having been rifled of the valuable portions of their 
 contents. 
 
 When the grave is found to contain the usual weapons and 
 utensils, without any traces of the body, it must not be assumed that 
 it never held one. We have sometimes explored graves in which 
 the body has apparently been completely absorbed, while in others 
 
 7 Thus the Anglo-Saxon Gospels— “fram fruman, God hig geworhte waepneb anb wyfman.”— 
 S. Markx. 6. Thus Alfred in his will speaks of his male relations as “ Sa waepneb 
 healfe.” —Codex Di. i., p. 116. See also our note 3 at p. 48. 
 
 8 “■ Si quis hominem mortuum effoderit, et expoliaverit, sol. CC. culpabilis jndi- 
 
 cetur.”—Lex Salic, epil. “ Si quis corpus liominis mortui, antiquam in terrain 
 mittatur, per furtum expoliaverit, IID den. qui faciunt sol. lxii. S. culp. judicetur.”— 
 Lex Salic. Tit. lvii., c. 1. “ Si corpus jam sepultum exfodierit, et expoliaverit wargus 
 
 sit/’ etc.—Ibid, Tit. lxviii. c. 1 .—Corpus Juris Germ. Antiq ., ed. Walter. See also 
 the Baiuvarian, Wisigotli, and Alemannic Laws on this head in the same collection. 
 Among the reasonable causes for a man putting away his wife was her being a 
 violator of sepulchres—“ sepulchrorum violatricem.” — Legis Burgundionum, Tit. 
 xxxiv. c. 3. This last, probably, has reference to magical arts. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 the teeth alone, lying in a heap, where the head had rested, were 
 the sole evidence of the interment. Douglas, with his usual 
 acuteness, did not fail to observe that the body was in almost 
 every instance much decomposed when the grave was of unusual 
 depth. 
 
 Such are the peculiarities observed in the tumular graves of 
 the Pagan Saxons. Numerous interments have, however, been 
 discovered in graves undistinguished by barrows, and having no 
 external indications of sepulture. Among these may be noticed 
 the cemeteries at Barrow Furlong in Northamptonshire , 9 Fairford 
 in Gloucestershire , 10 Little Wilbraham in Cambridgeshire , * 11 and 
 Harnham Hill near Salisbury . 12 In these localities no traces of 
 tumuli were perceived; but we cannot, therefore, conclude that 
 they did not once exist. The obvious derivation of the word 
 bury favours the supposition that all their interments were 
 tumular. It has been conjectured, however, that in some of the 
 cemeteries just cited, the bodies were deposited in too close 
 proximity to each other to allow of a tumulus as a protection 
 to each of them ; but it may be suggested, that these mounds 
 in such cases were insignificant ones, compared with the larger 
 and more detached barrows of the same period . 13 That tumuli 
 
 9 Archseologia, vol. xxxiii., p. 326. 
 
 10 Fairford Graves, by W. M. Wylie, F.S.A., 4to. Oxford, 1852. 
 
 11 Saxon Obsequies, by the Hon. R. C. Neville, F.S.A. London, 1852. 
 
 12 Archseologia, vol. xxxv., p. 259. 
 
 13 See the plate representing the grouped tumuli of Ascheraden. Taf. i. in Die 
 Graber der Liven, by Dr. Bahr, 4to. Dresden, 1850. 
 
 d 
 
XIV 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 were destroyed and obliterated, either to make room for or con¬ 
 tribute to the formation of others, seems highly probable, and 
 there appeared evidence of the practice in the conspicuous group 
 of barrows on Breach Downs. In farther support of this opinion, 
 we may cite the small cemetery of Harnham, in which upwards 
 of seventy interments were discovered, all disposed in the most 
 perfect order, which could scarcely have been effected at dif¬ 
 ferent intervals, if there had been no external indications of the 
 graves . 14 
 
 In the cemeteries of Kent and Sussex inhumation appears to 
 have been the almost exclusive practice. In Norfolk, Cam¬ 
 bridgeshire, Northamptonshire, and Gloucestershire, the practice 
 of inhumation and cremation would seem to have been contem¬ 
 poraneous ; while in some districts of Norfolk, Suffolk, and 
 Derbyshire, cremation appears to have been the sole observance. 
 This is a fact especially deserving the attention of the arehteo- 
 
 14 The Salic law—" Si quis tumulum super hominem mortuum expoliaverit vel 
 dissipaverit, DC. den. qui faciunt solid. XV. culpabilis judicetur” (Legis Salicse, 
 Tit. lvii. c. 2) —appears to indicate that tumuli were common even after the intro¬ 
 duction of Christianity. In England they vanish before the plough, and remain 
 undisturbed on old grass lands. In the land-limits appended to many Anglo-Saxon 
 charters, frequent mention is made of heathen burial-places marked by tumuli. 
 These are, probably, for the most part, the Barrows of the Britons before the 
 Roman occupation. “ Codex Diplomaticus iEvi Saxonici,” passim. Doubtless 
 many of them were assailed and destroyed by treasure-seekers in the middle ages. 
 See a remarkable instance in the Patent Rolls of the 17th year of Edward II. 
 (A.D. 1324), in which license is given to an individual to explore six barrows in 
 Devonshire.—Letters of Eminent Literary Men, published by the Camden Society, 
 1843, p. 32. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XV 
 
 logist and ethnologist. It seems to point to a Teutonic tribe 
 in Britain at an earlier period than the descent of the Saxons in 
 Kent; and we are not without hope that the day may arrive 
 when something more than mere speculation may be hazarded 
 as to this settlement, which may probably be ascribed to the 
 period when the rebel Admiral, Carausius, set up an empire in 
 Britain, in the days of Diocletian and Maximian. A passage in 
 the poem of Beowulf has been cited, as furnishing evidence of 
 the practice of cremation among the Angles. The chiefs of the 
 dying hero are commanded— 
 
 hlaiw ge-wyrcean 
 beorhtne aefter bale 
 aet brimmes nosan. 
 se seel to ge-myndu 
 mmu leobu 
 heah hlifian 
 on Hrones n®sse 
 p hit sa>lf8enb 
 syiSiSan hatan 
 Bio-wulfes biorh. 
 
 to make a mound, 
 
 bright after the funeral fire, 
 
 upon the nose of the promontory, 
 
 which shall for a memorial 
 
 to my people 
 
 rise high aloft 
 
 on Hronesness, 
 
 that the sea-sailors 
 
 may afterwards call it 
 
 Beowulf’s barrow. 
 
 Beowulf, ed. Kemble, xxxviii.; 
 
 Unfortunately, however, this and other passages shed but little 
 light on the urn burial of the tribes which once occupied the 
 north-east portions of Britain, mingling, at length, as they cer¬ 
 tainly appear to have mingled, with a kindred race of later 
 colonists, who observed the rite of inhumation. Examples of 
 the urns here alluded to will be found in our plates . 15 
 
 Although the ordinary, and perhaps the primitive, mode of 
 Anglo-Saxon sepulture was the interment of the defunct in his 
 
 15 Plates iv. and xxii. See also numerous representations in “ Collectanea An- 
 tiqua,” by Mr. C. It. Smith, who was the first to insist on their correct appropriation. 
 
XVI 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 dress as he lived, the body being wrapped in an ample winding- 
 sheet, and thus placed in the grave, without any further protection 
 than a few large stones, interments have yet been discovered in 
 which coffins of stone and of wood have been used. In the tumulus 
 on Roundway Down, near Devizes , 16 the body was found within 
 the remains of a coffin of wood. In the graves of Kent we have 
 sometimes observed traces of what had evidently been coffins, 
 which had, apparently, been secured by stout iron cramps. 
 There is sufficient evidence in the capitularies that coffins of 
 wood and stone were used by the Franks , 17 whose sepulchral 
 usages so closely resemble those of our heathen forefathers. 
 
 In the ordinary interments, the unpractised explorer may fail 
 to observe the evidence of a curious Pagan custom. Douglas 
 was the first to perceive and remark upon it; namely, the appear¬ 
 ance of shards of pottery, chiefly of an earlier period, among 
 the earth in immediate contact with the body. That these were 
 designedly so placed maybe inferred from several circumstances. 
 Their appearance is a sign of promise to the excavator. Mr. 
 Wylie, when occupied in his researches in the Fairford cemetery, 
 did not fail to perceive these shards; and, singularly enough, al- 
 
 16 See Plate i. 
 
 17 “ Si quis hominem mortuum, super alterum in petra aut in naufo miserit, sol. 
 XXXV. culpabilis judicetur.”—Legis Salicae, Tit. lviii., c. 3. The same law existed 
 among the Anglo-Saxons, if, as is conjectured, the following, though ascribed to 
 the reign of Henry the First, is of a date prior to the Conquest :—“ Si quis corpus 
 in terra, vel noffo, vel petra, sub pyramide Tel structura qualibet positum, sceleratus 
 infamacionibus effodere vel exspoliare presumpserit, wargus liabetur.”—Leges 
 Henrici I. lxxxiii., § 5. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XVII 
 
 though he had never seen the Nenia Britannica, at once ascribed 
 their presence to the same superstition as had been suspected 
 by Douglas, each concluding that the well-known passage in our 
 great poet— 
 
 “ Her death was doubtful; 
 
 And, but that great command o’ersways the order, 
 
 She should in ground unsanctified have lodged 
 Till the last trump. For charitable prayers, 
 
 Shards, flints, and pebbles should be thrown on her.” 
 
 Hamlet, Act v.. Scene 1. 
 
 had reference to a practice observed at the graves of suicides, 
 where, more paganorum , such fragments were cast upon the body. 
 They are evidently not shards broken on the spot by the 
 mourners, but way-worn or water-worn fragments ; and it is 
 probable that superstition required that they should be of that 
 description, and not fractured for the express purpose. 
 
 The bones, but especially the teeth, of ruminants, are found 
 in considerable numbers in our Pagan Saxon burial-grounds. 
 Their presence may be accounted for by the existence of a 
 practice which appears to have been reluctantly abandoned by 
 the first converts to Christianity , 18 and of which traces are still 
 
 18 Even some of the priests were addicted to this gross superstition, as we may 
 learn from a letter of Saint Boniface“ Pro sacrilegis itaque presbyteris, ut 
 scripsisti, qui tauros et hircos diis paganorum immolabant, manducantes sacrificia 
 mortuorum, habentes et pollutum ministerium, ipsique adulteri esse inventi sunt, et 
 defuncti.”—S. Bonif., Epist. 71. The teeth of the animals here mentioned are 
 those most commonly met with in our Anglo-Saxon cemetries. 
 
 The capitularies of Charlemagne interdict all Pagan practices at funerals :—“ Ad- 
 moneantur fideles ut ad suos mortuos non agant ea quse de paganorum ritu reman- 
 
 e 
 
XV111 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 said to linger at this time among some Christian nations , 19 
 namely, the sacrifices offered at the graves of the dead. The 
 presence of the teeth may probably be accounted for by the fact 
 that the heads of the animals placed on poles or stakes were 
 offered to the gods; and thus exposed to the effect of wind and 
 weather, the teeth would become detached and strewn upon the 
 ground, and as successive interments took place, would be 
 mingled with the earth which filled the graves. 
 
 It cannot fail to be observed, that the contents of the burial- 
 grounds, which have as yet been discovered and explored, bear 
 no proportion to the population which may be assumed to have 
 
 serunt. Et quando eos ad sepulturam portaverint, ilium ululatum excelsum non 
 
 faciant.et super eorum tumulos nee manducare nee bibere praesumant.”— 
 
 Capit. Karoli Magni et Ludovici Pii, lib. vi. c. 197. The heathen songs chaunted at 
 funerals are forbidden by the Canons of Aelfric— “Forbeode ge J>a hse'Senan sangas >sera 
 lsewebra manna, t heora hluban eheahchetunga.” —Canons of .ZElfric, XXXV. In the middle of 
 the 15th century, the practice still prevailed in the Diocese of Samland, and was 
 forbidden by an episcopal decree (see Voigt, Geschichte Preussens, Bd. 6, 753, 754. 
 Edit. 1834). 
 
 19 The following account we take from a recent newspaper, without vouching for 
 its authenticity : — “ Radounitsa. —This name is given to a strange half-heathen 
 festival, which is celebrated in Russia in the week after Easter. The people proceed 
 to the cemeteries where their departed parents are buried, and after a de profundis 
 has been chaunted, white cloths are laid upon the tombs, and viands spread out for 
 a repast. The departed are then invited to come forth and partake, and the living 
 place themselves around and eat. They believe that the souls of their ancestors 
 quit the graves on these occasions, and enjoy themselves unseen; and that the 
 parents of those who do not come to render this duty are bitterly sensible of the 
 neglect. Betrothed persons take the opportunity of asking the benediction of their 
 deceased parents upon their nuptials. When the repast is ended, those who have 
 eaten it address a few words again to the dead, praying them not to be offended 
 that so little has been offered to them. The viands that remain are given to the 
 poor.” 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XIX 
 
 once occupied the particular localities; while the number of 
 cemeteries at present known are, with the exception of those in 
 the eastern parts of Kent, extremely few. These facts are, pro¬ 
 bably, of easy explanation. First, the Saxon families who settled 
 in the rural districts, remote from cities and towns, occupied and 
 cultivated their allotted share of land, and lived and died within 
 its limits . 20 Again, although the operations of agriculture have 
 led to the discovery of many cemeteries, a great number may 
 yet exist, which chance has not yet brought to light. The depth 
 of the graves in most places renders them safe from such acci¬ 
 dents, so that unless the excavation is more than usually pro¬ 
 found, as in chalk-pits and gravel-pits, they are likely to remain 
 for ever undiscovered. Many cemeteries have probably been 
 absorbed or destroyed by those of a succeeding period. The 
 capitularies of the Frank kings deal very summarily with heathen 
 burial-places, and there is some reason for believing that the 
 same proceeding was adopted in England on the planting of 
 Christianity . 21 That churches were built in the immediate 
 vicinity, if not on the actual site, of Pagan cemeteries, we have 
 
 20 The reader is referred to Kemble’s Saxons in England for information on this 
 head, particularly to book i., chapters 2 and 3. 
 
 21 “ Ecclesiam in qua mortuorum cadavera infidelium sepeliuntur, sanctificare non 
 licet. Sed si apta videtur ad consecrandum, inde avulso corpore , et rasis vel lotis 
 lignis ejus reaedificetur. Si haec consecrata prius fuit, Missas in ea celebrare licet; 
 si tamen fideles fuerint qui in ea sepulta sunt.”—Capit. Karoli M. et Ludov. Pii. 
 Corpus Juris Germanici Antiq., ed. Walter, Tom. ii., p. 524. The same directions 
 occur in the Liber Poenitentialis of Theodore Archbishop of Canterbury, xlvii., § 1. 
 Ancient Laws and Institutes, ed. Thorpe, vol.ii., p.56. 
 
XX 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 one very decided proof at Mentmore in Buckinghamshire , 22 and 
 another at Lewes in Sussex . 23 
 
 It is a remarkable fact, that while the graves of our Anglo- 
 Saxon forefathers furnish such significant evidence of their 
 superstitions, every monumental trace of their heathen worship 
 has been swept away; that although altars and statues erected 
 by the Romans have survived the wreck of time, not a single 
 example of a Teutonic idol has been preserved in England. A 
 few words on this subject may not be deemed out of place here. 
 “ If,” observes Mr. Kemble, “ it be true that nothing human can 
 be without interest for a man, surely that which tells of the 
 religious belief of our forefathers must be of the deepest interest. 
 It has something to do with making us what we are .” 24 
 
 The simulacra of the Romans were, doubtless, in numberless 
 instances, adopted by the people of Teutonic race ; but we are 
 not without evidence that they had idols of their own. Mr. 
 Kemble observes, that the statement of Tacitus, that the ancient 
 Germans had neither temples nor simulacra , 25 must be received 
 with great caution: adding, however, that they may have become 
 universal in the course of two or three centuries. Of this we 
 appear to have abundant proof in the notices of the chroniclers. 
 Doubtless, the same divinities were worshipped, and the same 
 rites obtained in England as on the continent. Woden appears 
 to have been universally held in high veneration, and his iden- 
 
 22 Archaeologia, vol. xxxv., p. 379. 
 
 23 Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, vol. ii., p. 50. 
 
 24 Saxons in England, book i., chap. xii. 25 Germania, ix. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXI 
 
 tity with Mars is evident; but he was also identified with 
 Mercury, a fact sufficiently obvious from the circumstance that 
 the fourth day of the week was dedicated to him . 26 Under 
 these joint attributes, the idol Irminsul , 27 destroyed by Charle¬ 
 magne after his victory over the old Saxons, was apparently ve¬ 
 nerated. Saint Willebrod, at the peril of his life, overthrew and 
 broke in pieces the statue of Woden worshipped at Walcheren, 
 a fact commemorated by the old rhyming chronicle cited by 
 Eyndius:— 
 
 “ Soo sende hy inden Landeschiere 
 Willebrode, die eerst bekeerde 
 De Vriesen, en t’ Geloove leerde 
 Tot Westcappelen, daer hy quam, 
 
 En aenbedende vernam 
 Mercuriose, over eenen Godt: 
 
 Dat beelde door ons Heeren ghebodt 
 Brack hy.” 28 
 
 26 Mr. Kemble quotes a further proof from the Dialogue of Solomon and Saturn, 
 in which the answer to the question, “ Who invented letters ? ” is “ Mercury the 
 Giant, that is, Woden the god.” Tuisco appears to have been the primaeval divinity 
 of the Germanic race. See the observations of the writer on the Mercury of the 
 Gauls and Germans in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, vol. ii., p. 52 
 The name Walcher, given by the Frisians to this divinity, is a further proof of his 
 exotic origin. See the Chronicle of Eyndius, pp. 136, 153. 
 
 27 The passage in Widukind may be here noticed. After their victory of the 
 old Saxons over the Thuringians, they proceeded to a solemn sacrifice, which was 
 offered to a divinity nomine Martem effigie columpnarum imitantes Herculem, 
 loco Solem, quern Graeci appellant Apollinem.”—Widukindi Res Gesta Saxonicae, 
 lib. i., c. xii. 
 
 The conjectures of some writers on this divinity, that the idol Irminsul was in 
 reality the deified figure of Arminius, who defeated the legions of Varus, is plausible 
 enough; but the adoption of such a simulacrum must have been long after that event. 
 
 28 J. Eyndius, Chronic. Zealandiae, p. 135. 
 
 / 
 
XXII 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A Teutonic divinity named Krodo , worshipped by the Saxons at 
 Hartsborg, was destroyed by Charlemagne . 29 The simulacrum 
 of this god was represented as an aged man, standing on a fish, 
 and holding a wheel and an urn. Though identified with the 
 classical Saturn, or Kronos, invested with such attributes, this 
 must have been essentially a Teutonic image. Krantzius, a late 
 authority, it is true, mentions several statues worshipped by the 
 German people ; but they are obviously the adopted simulacra 
 left by the Romans . 30 Magdeburg, he tells us, took its name 
 from a female divinity worshipped there as Venus . 31 A very 
 singular account is given by Gregory of Tours of the overthrow 
 of a large statue of the Ephesian Diana at Treves , 32 which stood 
 near a basilica consecrated to Christian worship! These are 
 sufficient examples to satisfy us as to the mingling of the more 
 refined polytheism of the Romans with the Germanic cultus , 35 
 
 29 Krantzius says the name of Krodo was used as an execration ever afterwards. 
 “ Remansit autem inter Saxones execrationis vocabulum, ut in detestationem rei 
 pessimse dicant Krodo.”—Saxonise, lib. ii. 
 
 30 “ Ibi Hera Juno, ibi Hermes Mercurius, ibi Mars Gradivus colebantur. Ir- 
 mensuel quasi Mercurii statuam interpretantur: is enim Hermes dictus est. Sed 
 obtinuit Martis bonorem, et nunc Mersborg vocitetur. Poterant idolorum ritus et 
 nomina a memoria Romanorum Saxones tenuisse, quum Drusus Nero, et deinde 
 filius ejus Germanicus, sub Augusto provinciam gubernarent. Repertum est diu 
 post in loco Corbeia simulacrum cum inscriptione bac, Dux ego gentis Saxonum .”— 
 Krantzius, Saxonise, lib. ii. 
 
 31 Krantzius, 1. c. 32 Hist. Franc. 
 
 33 The truth of the story of the destruction of the statue of Heil, or Health, by 
 Augustine, at Cerne-Abbas in Dorsetshire, has been questioned, because it has been 
 doubted whether that personage was ever in the west of England; but that such an 
 idol was worshipped at Cerne, and that it was a Roman statue of Esculapius, or 
 Hygeia, seems highly probable. 
 
INTKODUCTION. 
 
 XX111 
 
 which appears to have extended to the adoption of the classical 
 penates . 34 
 
 According to Adam of Bremen, Upsala was the very focus of 
 Teutonic idolatry. Here was a magnificent temple, within which 
 were the effigies of Thor, Woden, and Fricco, or Freyr, which 
 appear to have been represented in a manner differing from that 
 of the Roman divinities. Thor reclined on a couch between 
 Woden and Fricco, the former of the two represented as an 
 armed warrior, the latter with attributes sufficiently characteristic 
 of the gross rites with which she was worshipped. These di¬ 
 vinities were supposed to be propitiated by bloody sacrifices. 
 The heads of male animals were offered up to them, and the 
 bodies of the victims were suspended in a grove near the temple. 
 The chronicler informs us that he had been told by Christians, 
 that they had seen the bodies of horses, dogs, and men thus pro¬ 
 miscuously offered up in this hideous locality . 35 Many other par¬ 
 ticulars of this celebrated fane are given by the same historian. 
 
 34 When the Danes under Canute V. invaded Friesland, the first care of the 
 inhabitants was to protect their penates. “ Penates in editum subjecto glebarum 
 acervo provehunt.”—Saxo Grammaticus, lib. xiv., p. 689, ed. Muller. 
 
 35 “ Ex omni animante, quod masculinum est, novem capita offeruntur, quorum 
 sanguine deos placari mos est. Corpora autem suspenduntur in lucum, qui proximus 
 
 est templo.Ibi etiam canes et equi pendent cum hominibus, quorum corpora 
 
 mixtim suspensa narravit mihi aliquis Christianorum vidisse.”—Adamus Bremensis 
 lib. iv., c. 27. Compare this with the account which Tacitus gives of the finding 
 the relics of the legions of Varus — “ Simul truncis arborum antifixa ora. Lucis 
 propinquis barbarse arse apud quas tribunos, ac primorum ordinum centuriones mac- 
 t aver ant.”—Annalis, lib. i., c. 61. Also Ann. xiii. 57. The ancient Frison Law 
 savours of the same truculent spirit. The criminal was considered a fit offering to 
 their gods —“ Qui fanum effregerit, et ibi aliquid de sacris tulerit, ducitur ad mare^ 
 
XXIV 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Such are some of the very numerous notices of Pagan worship 
 in the ancient cities of the Continent. We have one memorable 
 instance of a Saxon temple in this country, but the divinities 
 are not mentioned. It may possibly have contained the Anglo- 
 Saxon pantheon. Be this as it may, the story in Beda is par¬ 
 ticularly interesting. It is too well known to be quoted at 
 length, but the substance of it is as follows:—When Edwin 
 king of Northumbria was converted by the preaching of Pau- 
 linus, the monarch, in his perplexity, dreading, perhaps, the 
 experiment of new faith among his Pagan subjects, turned to 
 those who stood around him and demanded who should strike 
 the first blow; whereupon the priest of the temple at Godmun- 
 dingham 36 promptly volunteered to commence the good work, 
 and mounting the king’s horse and taking his spear, advanced 
 towards the temple, against the gate of which he hurled the 
 weapon, as the signal for its demolition, which followed imme¬ 
 diately. From this very graphic account, we incidentally learn 
 that the Pagan Anglo-Saxon priests were forbidden to bear 
 arms, or to ride, except on a mare , 37 a fact, we believe, not men¬ 
 tioned by any other author. 
 
 et in sabulo, quod accessus maris operire solet. finduntur aures ejus, et castratur, et 
 immolatur Diis quorum templa viol avit.”—Lex Frisonum, Tit. xii. “ De honore 
 templorum.” The cwealm-stow, or place of execution, was the place of sacrifice : 
 hence in after times, the malefactor was suspended, and the suicide buried at the 
 intersection of cross-roads. Numerous instances might be cited of the practice of 
 human sacrifices among the people of Teutonic race. 
 
 36 Now Goodmanham, about a mile from Market Weighton. 
 
 3 ‘ “ Non enim licuerit Pontificem Sacrorum vel arma ferre, vel prseter equa 
 equitare.”—Beda, Hist. Ecclesiastica, lib. ii., c. 13, ed. Smith. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXY 
 
 Now, making ample allowance for the energy and activity of 
 the evangelising priests who followed in the train of Saint 
 Augustine, we cannot suppose that they succeeded in destroying 
 every purely Saxon idol. The mutilated and defaced remains of 
 Roman divinities have reached our times, but nothing of the 
 kind in which we can recognise Teutonic art. If these had been 
 of stone or metal, some fragments would surely have survived; 
 we are, therefore, left to conclude, that the images worshipped 
 by our Pagan Saxon forefathers, unless altogether exotic, were 
 of wood , 38 in which case Time would complete the work of the 
 iconoclasts, and obliterate every monumental trace of Teutonic 
 heathenism. 
 
 But, though every visible relic of Teutonic idolatry has 
 been swept away from our land, the memory of Pagan worship 
 still lingers among us. Though no ruins of Pagan fanes can be 
 identified, many localities still bear names attesting the practice 
 of unhallowed rites. In such designations as Tewsley, Woodens- 
 borough, Satersbury, and many others, we have enduring proofs 
 of the existence of a religion which has long since passed away 
 —of the celebration of obscene and bloody orgies, the details of 
 which are unrecorded, but which may be surmised when we 
 consider that some of them were borrowed from other nations 
 of the world, of whose religious ceremonies we are credibly 
 informed. The majority of the Teutonic rites were clearly depre¬ 
 catory ; hence the justice of the reproach of the Christian priests, 
 
 38 Such were the “ stipites ingentes, more gentis, a rusticis colebantur,” destroyed 
 by St. Waleric and his brother missionaries in Gaul. 
 
 9 
 
XXVI 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 that our Pagan Saxon ancestors sacrificed to devils: yet the 
 names of their divinities survived in the days of the week, and 
 
 “'Sis sceal on Wodens-baag,” “Sis sceal on Monan-baeg,” ““Sis sceal on Frige-baog,” etc., 
 
 are the rubrics of the Gospels sanctioned by the great Alfred . 39 
 
 We have the testimony of Beda, that after the planting of 
 Christianity, many of the converted, or half-converted Anglo- 
 Saxons, lapsed into idolatry . 40 Every reverse of fortune appears 
 to have been attributed by them to the abandonment of their 
 time-honoured divinities; and when the Christian religion, which 
 had for a time been uprooted, was again firmly planted, gross 
 superstitions were strangely mingled with the true faith , 41 and 
 continued to engage the popular mind long after the Norman 
 conquest. The incipit of the capitulary of Childebert shows us 
 
 39 These rubrics sometimes offer very curious combinations, as— 
 
 ‘“Sis sceal on Tywes-bseg on t>Eere Pentecostens wucan,” or ‘“5es passio gebyrath on Lang-frige-bseg,” etc. 
 
 40 Hist. Ecclesiast., lib. iii., c. 30. 
 
 41 See the examples cited by Mr. Kemble in bis Saxons in England, book i., c. 12. 
 In the capitulary of Carloman, a.d. DCCXLIII., a list of the common super¬ 
 stitions of the time is given, which, though it has often been cited, may with pro¬ 
 priety find a place here. That the same practices prevailed in England, we have 
 proofs in the canons enacted under Eadgar— 
 
 Indictjlus Superstitionum et Paganiarum. 
 
 De sacrilegio ad sepulchra mortuorum. 3 
 De sacrilegio super defunctos, id est, Dadsisas. b 
 De spurcalibus in Februario. 
 
 De casulis, id est, fanis. 
 
 De Sacrilegiis per Ecclesias. 
 
 De sacris sylvarum, quae Nimidas vocant. 
 
 De his quae faciunt super petras. c 
 
 a b See the notes ante. 
 
 0 Comp. Stecular Laws of Canute, c. 5. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXV11 
 
 that the vice of hard drinking, a vice which has long been the 
 reproach of the Teutonic race, was unfavourable to the spread of 
 Christianity; and the picture therein drawn of the Franks would 
 apply equally to the Anglo-Saxons: even in the most solemn 
 season of the year their drunken orgies were prolonged througli- 
 
 De sacris Mercurii vel Jovis. 
 
 De sacrificio quod fit alicui sanctorum. 
 
 De pliylacteriis et ligaturis. 
 
 De fontibus sacrificiorum. d 
 
 De incantationibus. 
 
 De auguriis, vel avium vel equorum vel bovum stercorc, vel sternutatione. 
 
 De divinis vel sortilegis. 
 
 De igne fricato de ligno, id est, nodfyr . e 
 
 De cerebro animalium. 
 
 De observatione Pagana in foco vel in inchoatione rei alicujus. 
 
 De incertis locis quae colunt pro sacris. 
 
 De petendo quod boni vocant S. Mariae. 
 
 De feriis quae faciunt Jovi vel Mercurio. 
 
 De Lunae defectione, quod dicunt Vinceluna. 
 
 De tempestatibus et cornibus, et cocleis. 
 
 De sulcis circa villas. 
 
 De pagano, cursu quern Yrias nominant, scissis, pannis, vel calceis. 
 
 De eo quod sibi sanctos fingunt quoslibet mortuos. 
 
 De simulacro de consparsa farina. 
 
 De simulacris de pannis factis. 
 
 De simulacro quod per campos portant. 
 
 De ligneis pedibus vel manibus pagano ritu. f 
 
 De eo quod credunt quia feminae Lunam commendeut, quod possint corda 
 hominum tollere juxta paganos. 
 
 d Comp. Canons of Eadgar, c. 16, and Ssecular Laws of Canute, c. 5. 
 e i. e. Need-fire. See more recent instances in Kemble’s Saxons in England, 
 vol. i., p. 360, in addition to those cited by Grimm in his D. Mythologie. 
 
 f See on the subject of this curious superstition the observations of Mr. Wylie 
 in his account of the Graves of the Alemanni, at Oberflacht, in Suabia. Archseo- 
 logia, vol. xxxvi. 
 
XXV111 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 out the night, and led to excesses which the most rigid enact¬ 
 ments were insufficient utterly to restrain . 42 While such a state 
 of morals existed, we may conclude that the less glaring and 
 offensive observances of Pagan times were tolerated, especially 
 in their sepulchral rites. How long they continued in England 
 is a problem yet to be solved by the researches of the archseo- 
 logist. Even at this day there yet linger among the peasantry 
 of this country superstitions, from which even the educated 
 classes are scarcely emancipated. 
 
 42 They had their “noctes pervigiles cum ebrietate, scurrilitate, vel canticis; etiam 
 in ipsis diebus pascha, natale Domini,” etc.—Capit. Childeberti, circa annum DLIY. 
 
 URN AND BEADS FOUND AT WELTON, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 
 
PLATE 
 
 1 . 
 
 z 
 
 J Bast.Ke del .* t 
 
 ORPTAMEWTS FROM A BARROW HKA» ©EVTIZ.ES _ BUXIKTLTR EOTTKB TS’EAR IXWOBTH . 
 
_ _ 
 
REMAINS OF PAGAN SAXONDOM. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 PERSONAL ORNAMENTS FROM A BARROW NEAR DEVIZES. 
 —BUCKLE FOUND AT IXWORTH, SUFFOLK. 
 
 The objects numbered 1 to 8 in this plate, were discovered in a Tumu¬ 
 lus, on Roundway Down, near Devizes, Wilts, a few years since, 
 and were exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries in the month of 
 December, 1843. 1 It is much to be regretted, that the excavation of 
 this Tumulus was not superintended by some person accustomed to 
 such researches, as the details which have reached us are not so 
 satisfactory as could be desired. In the account furnished by Mr. 
 Stoughton Money to a local paper at the time of the discovery, we 
 are informed that the labourers, after cutting through a stratum of 
 peculiarly line and dark mould, at the depth of seven feet from the 
 apex of the Tumulus, reached the chalk level, upon which the interment 
 had been made. The skeleton, much decomposed, had apparently been 
 deposited in a wooden cist or coffin, bound round and clamped together 
 with strong iron plates or hoops. Several portions of the iron-work 
 had fibres of the wood still adhering to them. Near the neck of the 
 skeleton were the objects in gold, numbered l to 8. It will be per¬ 
 ceived that they are of unequal sizes, some being set with roughly 
 polished garnets, others (figs. 1, 5, 7) with vitrified pastes, that in the 
 
 1 Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, vol.i., p. 12. 
 
 1 
 
( 2 ) 
 
 centre of the chain connecting the two gold pins bearing an engraved 
 cruciform ornament. At the feet was one of those 
 vessels which are sometimes discovered in the graves 
 of this period, in the shape of a pail, hooped with brass, 
 and ornamented with about twenty pieces of the same 
 metal, of the size here represented. Unfortunately, 
 several of the ornaments were lost a short time after 
 the discovery; but enough are left to indicate their 
 mode of arrangement, which we may suppose to be the 
 same as that of the objects found by Mr. Bateman, in 
 a Tumulus, called “ Galley Lowe,” or “ Callidge Lowe,” on Brassington 
 Moor, in Derbyshire. 2 
 
 Whatever opinion may be entertained as to the precise period of the 
 interment on Round way Down, it is by no means certain that the body 
 was that of a Christianised Anglo-Saxon lady; for though the orna¬ 
 ment in the centre of the chain connecting the double pin represents 
 a cross, we cannot receive it as conclusive evidence of the faith of the 
 wearer. The same remark applies to the triangular-shaped pendent. 
 
 That this form of necklace was popular in the sixth century, we may 
 infer, from the circumstance of its occurring on the neck of the bust of 
 Rome, which appears on the coins of the Gothic monarchs, struck in 
 Italy, of which an example is given at the head of our plate. 
 
 The bucket was formed of yew, and portions of several of the staves 
 have been preserved. The same wood composes the staves of two speci¬ 
 mens of the same kind of vessel, recently discovered by the Hon. R. C. 
 Neville, in the extensive cemetery of Wilbraham, in Cambridgeshire. 3 
 
 For permission to engrave these objects, we are indebted to the kind¬ 
 ness of Mrs. Colston, of Roundway Park. 
 
 2 Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire, 8vo. London, 1848.—p. 37. 
 
 3 Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, vol. ii., p.199. 
 

PLATE H 
 
 J Sttsirc del' 
 
 GLASS TASE IFOTTIJE) AT KECUITEK 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
— 
 
( 3 ) 
 
 The buckle (fig. 9) was found in the parish of Tostock, near Ixworth, 
 Suffolk, by a labourer engaged in making a ditch on some land called 
 “ The Leys,” in that parish, about twelve years since. The setting is com¬ 
 posed of two slabs of precious garnet, the colour of which is heightened 
 by a leaf of foil at the back—a practice which may be observed in other 
 articles of Anglo-Saxon jewellery. In form it very closely resembles a 
 buckle found at Gilton, in the parish of Ash, near Sandwich. 4 This 
 very elegant example of Anglo-Saxon goldsmiths’ work is the property of 
 Mr. Warren, of Ixworth. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 GLASS VASE FOUND AT RECULVER, KENT. 
 
 This vase, preserved in the Museum of the city of Canterbury, is said to 
 have been discovered at Reculver; but under what circumstances, we 
 have no information. Were it the only example of the kind, our anti¬ 
 quaries would find it difficult to assign it to any distinct period; but we 
 have evidence which tends to remove all doubt as to the age to which it 
 belongs. 
 
 In the year 1776, Dr. Stukeley communicated to the “ Gentleman’s 
 Magazine” an account of the finding of a skeleton with a vase of similar 
 design, together with a sword, a spear, and an urn. These remains are, 
 of course, though very erroneously, attributed, by Stukeley, to an 
 ancient Briton. A glass vessel of similar form was dug up at Castle 
 Eden, Durham, with a human skeleton, * 1 in the year 1802, but was not 
 at the time suspected to belong to the Anglo-Saxon period. Fragments 
 
 4 Archaeologia, vol. xxx., pi. ii., fig-. 5; Archaeological Index, pi. xvii., fig. 10. 
 
 1 Archaeologia, vol. xv., pi. xxxvii., fig. 1. 
 
( 4 ) 
 
 of other examples have from time to time been discovered; 2 and very 
 recently a grave explored by Mr. Wylie, in the ancient cemetery at 
 Fairford, in Gloucestershire, was found to contain, among other objects, 
 “ a yellowish glass vessel, of singular construction, lying behind the 
 head” of a skeleton. 3 
 
 All these vessels may safely be assigned to the Anglo-Saxon age; but 
 if any doubt could be entertained, the finding of a vase in a Frank ceme¬ 
 tery at Selzen, near Mayence, 4 is sufficient to remove it, and warrant our 
 appropriating all objects similarly ornamented to the pagan Saxon and 
 Frank period. 
 
 The discovery of vessels of glass, of other and more ordinary shapes, 
 has often occurred in the graves of this period; and some of them, 
 though well adapted, by their form, for drinking-cups, are yet of very 
 fragile fabric; but those of the description here engraved are of great 
 rarity, and appear to be altogether unfitted for the ordinary uses of a 
 people emerging from barbarism: we may therefore, regard them as 
 objects of an unusual and sacred character, consecrated, perhaps, on the 
 occasion of interment, to some rite or ceremony of which no record has 
 reached us. The use of glass vessels was probably more common among 
 the Anglo-Saxons, than the relics discovered in their graves appear to 
 indicate; for we cannot suppose, that among a people who had obviously 
 derived many luxuries from the Romans, the use of glass was rare: in 
 the decline of the empire, we are told, it was so common, that Gallienus 
 scorned to drink out of it. 5 
 
 2 Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii., p.221. 
 
 3 Fairford Graves, 4to. Oxford.—p.17, pi. i. 
 
 4 Das Germanische Todtenlager bei Selzen. W. and L. Lindenschmit, Mainz, 1848.— 
 Mr. Roach Smith has given us a copy of this vase in his “ Collectanea Antiqua,” vol. ii., 
 pl.li., fig-3. 
 
 5 “Bibit in aureis semper poculis; aspernatus vitrum, dicens nil esse eo communius.”— 
 Trebellius Pollio, in Gallieno. 
 
•MATS ill 
 
 I-’IBITXA FOl T tn IfEAK ABIieDON 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( 5 ) 
 
 Plate III. 
 
 FIBULA FOUND NEAR ABINGDON. 
 
 This beautiful example, engraved of the actual size, was found a short 
 time since in a grave near Abingdon, in Berkshire. It is now in the 
 collection of the British Museum, together with a remarkably well- 
 preserved and characteristic spear-head, said to have been discovered 
 with it. The large fibula engraved in the Journal of the Archaeological 
 Institute , 1 is conjectured to have formed a part of the relics then 
 brought to light. 
 
 Fibulae of the same character have, on several occasions, been found 
 in Anglo-Saxon Tumuli, in East Kent. Several very fine ones are 
 engraved in the Nenia of Douglas , 2 and examples from Tumuli at 
 Chartham, Chatham, Wingham, Sittingbourne, and other localities in 
 Kent, will be found engraved in outline in the Archaeological Index . 3 
 One of the finest, found in a tumulus at Kingston on Barham Downs, 
 is represented by Douglas in his tenth plate. 
 
 The fibula here represented is remarkable for the minuteness of 
 the compartments, which are filled as usual with small pieces of garnet- 
 coloured glass, set off at the back with hatched leaves of gold foil. 
 The five bosses appear to have been formed of ivory or bone, which 
 has suffered from decomposition: on the apex of each is a piece of 
 glass of the same colour as the rest. The divisions of the broader 
 circle are filled with thin laminae of gold, upon which are laid interlaced 
 cords of gold wire of the neatest workmanship. This funicular 
 
 Vol. iv. p. 253. 
 
 2 Nenia Britannica : or a sepulchral history of Great Britain. By the Rev. James Douglas, 
 fol. London, 1793. 
 
 3 Plate xvi. figs. 9—15. 
 
 2 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 ornament appears to have been a favourite one, since it is found on other 
 fibulae of this class, particularly in that represented in the Journal of 
 the Archaeological Institute, and the one engraved by Douglas, already 
 referred to. 
 
 Personal ornaments, with incrustations of coloured glass, are very 
 frequently discovered in the graves of people of the Teutonic race. 
 A knife with the handle thus decorated was found in a grave at Selzen . 4 
 If we consider the absence of all ornament of this description in the 
 early Roman fibulas, we shall almost be warranted in assuming that the 
 gemmed fibulas, so often mentioned by the minor Roman historians, were 
 of exotic origin, introduced in the decline of the Empire; by which time 
 they had evidently become extremely common. Spartian, who wrote in 
 the days of Diocletian, having, doubtless, examples of the degenerate 
 habit before him, says that Hadrian disdained to wear such ornaments , 5 
 while Trebellius Pollio describes the luxurious Gallienus as decked most 
 ostentatiously with jewelled fibulas ; 6 but another passage in the same 
 author appears to bear more directly on our subject. He tells us that 
 Claudius Gothicus, before his accession to the Empire — writing to 
 Regillianus, in Illyria—begs that he will send him some Sarmatian bows, 
 and two cloaks with fibulas . 7 The fibulae here alluded to were doubtless 
 those of the country in which Regillianus was stationed; and whatever 
 their shape and construction, must have differed from those worn by the 
 Romans even at that late period of the Empire. May we therefore 
 
 4 Vide “ Das germ. Todtenlager,” p. 4 ; also “ Collect. Antiqua,” vol. ii. pi. 50. 
 
 5 “ Sine gemmis fibulas stringeret.”— Spartian in Hadriano. 
 
 6 “ Cum chlamyde purpurea, gemmatisque fibulis et aureis Romse visus est. 
 
 gemmato balteo usus est; caligas gemmatas annexuit.”— Trebellius Pollio in Gallieno. So 
 also Vopiscus in Carino. —“ Habuit gemmas in calceis : nisi gemmata fibula usus non est.” 
 These passages, although they do not tell us whence the habit was derived, shew clearly 
 that such luxurious ornaments were not originally Roman. 
 
 7 “ Arcus Sarmaticos et duo saga ad me velim mittas, sed fibulatoria.”— Treb. Pollio in 
 Pegilliano. 
 
PLATE 
 
 IV 
 
 J./S'-ttitY t -r hsJi . 
 
 S £ V V I, r 11 ]R a 1 
 
 URN 
 

( 7 ) 
 
 indulge the conjecture, that as the influence of Roman art is often 
 discernible in the personal ornaments of the Teutonic tribes, the Romans? 
 on the other hand, adopted some of the habits and devices of their 
 tributaries ? 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 SEPULCHRAL URN. 
 
 This Urn, selected on account of its very perfect preservation, is one 
 of several belonging to the Towneley collection in the British Museum. 
 Its actual height is just eight inches, and its diameter nine inches 
 and one-eighth. Although the place of its discovery is unknown, we 
 nevertheless, cannot hesitate to include it in our series, or to consider 
 it of sepulchral origin and use. 
 
 There are several other urns of this class in the same collection, 
 but with the exception of one of them, dug up at Eye, in Suffolk, 
 their place of finding is unfortunately unknown. 
 
 Urns of a similar character to the one here represented, were dug 
 up at Walsingham, in Norfolk, in the middle of the seventeenth 
 century, and are the subject of the remarkable Tract by Sir Thomas 
 Browne, entitled Hydriotaphia . He therein tells us, that they were 
 deposited in a dry and sandy soil, “ not a yard deep, nor farre from 
 one another. Some containing two pounds of bones, distinguishable 
 in skulls, ribs, jawes, thigh-bones, and teeth, with fresh impressions 
 of their combustion.” He further states, that there were “ besides 
 the extraneous substances, like pieces of small boxes, or combes 
 handsomely wrought, handles of small brasse instruments, brazen 
 nippers, and in one some kinde of op ale .” 1 
 
 The urn discovered at Eye contained human bones and a comb, 
 
 1 Hydriotaphia, p. 14. Edition 1658. 
 
( 8 ) 
 
 and fragments of the same object were found in another, in the 
 Cemetery of Barrow Furlong, in Northamptonshire. 2 The latter 
 is marked with the stamped ornament observable on our specimen. 
 The majority of the interments in this place were, however, of the 
 ordinary character, the skeletons being accompanied by weapons and 
 utensils of the usual description. 3 
 
 In the year 1844, a great number of urns of a description closely 
 resembling that here represented, were discovered at Kingston, near 
 Derby. 4 One of them contained a comb. 
 
 Excavations in Anglo-Saxon burial-places prove beyond doubt, 
 the contemporaneous practice of cremation and inhumation; a fact 
 for which, in the present state of our knowledge, archaeologists have 
 failed to account; but in the Cemeteries of Walsingham and Kingston 
 the practice of cremation appears to have been exclusive: in both, 
 the urns were deposited near each other. 
 
 If we were without other indications of the people to whom these 
 remains must be assigned, the examples of urns discovered with 
 skeletons in the graves of Selzen, would be sufficient for our purpose. 5 
 In one of these cists, a comb was discovered within a bronze dish 
 placed at the feet of the corpse. 
 
 It has been supposed that cremation is the older rite of sepulture 
 observed by the Saxons on their first location in Britain. Further 
 researches may possibly test the accuracy of this conjecture, or shew 
 that it was the exclusive practice of a particular tribe. 
 
 2 Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i. p. 44. 
 
 3 Archaeologia, vol. xxxiii. p. 326. 
 
 4 Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 60. 
 
 5 Compare the urns, figs. 1—20, in Lindenschmit’s “ Germanische Todtenlager bei Selzen.” 
 Mainz, 1848. Mr. Roach Smith has given engravings of some of them in his “ Collectanea 
 Antiqua,” vol. ii. p. 223; and also of several urns and fragments of urns of this class. 
 Hitherto their discovery appears to he confined to counties north of the Thames. 
 

F JL AT E V 
 
 BEADS, CRYSTAL BALL A^K IS BIT1LA, 
 
 v/ Basin (UL. 
 
 frorrv a, flarrow on, /1rea,ch, J)owns. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 BEADS, CRYSTAL BALL, AND GOLD BULLA, FROM A 
 BARROW ON BREACH DOWN, KENT. 
 
 The objects delineated in this Plate were discovered in a Tumulus on 
 Breach Down, in the Village of Barham, near Canterbury, by Lord 
 Albert Conyngham (now Lord Londesborough). The Tumulus was 
 one of a considerable number on this spot, and we had the gratification 
 of being present at the opening of nearly the whole of them. An 
 account of these explorations was communicated to the Society of 
 Antiquaries by his Lordship, and will be found printed in the 
 Archasologia. 1 It may be inferred from the contents of this grave, 
 that it was the last resting-place of a woman above the common rank. 
 The skeleton was nearly decomposed. At the head were the remains 
 of what appeared to have been an iron-bound coffer or chest. Among 
 the bones of the neck were the eighteen Beads of Amethystine Quartz 
 (fig. 1), a perforated crystal ball (fig. 2), and an elegant gold pendant 
 circular ornament, with a garnet in the centre (fig. 3). Other beads of 
 the more ordinary character were found mingled with these relics; and 
 among the bones of the fingers were two plain slight silver rings, one of 
 which crumbled to dust on handling. 
 
 The beads here engraved are the only complete set at present known, 
 but examples have on several occasions been discovered in the Kentish 
 Cemeteries. Douglas has engraved a string of beads, among which 
 
 1 Vol. xxx. p. 47. 
 
 3 
 
( 10 ) 
 
 are eleven formed of Amethystine Quartz. 2 He calls them “ native 
 amethyst,” but an experienced mineralogist informs us that they are 
 more likely to be the product of Transylvania, although Amethystine 
 Quartz of the same character is found at the present day at Oberstein, in 
 Germany. They are drilled with a precision indicating a perfect 
 acquaintance with the lapidary art. 
 
 The crystal ball offers no peculiarity, but resembles those very fre¬ 
 quently met with in the cemeteries of the age to which these relics belong. 
 They appear to have been worn as amulets, and are sometimes cut in 
 facets, like that found in an urn near Hunsburv Hill, Northamptonshire, 
 and preserved in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries, or the 
 specimen discovered by Mr. Wylie in the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at 
 Fairford. 3 
 
 Among the loose chalk heaped over the grave was found a much 
 corroded small brass coin of the Tyrant Victorinus; but its occurrence 
 had obviously no reference to the interment. 
 
 These relics are in the possession of Lord Londesborough, to whose 
 kindness we are indebted for permission to engrave them. 
 
 2 Nenia Britannica, p. 35, pi. ix. fig. 1 ; see also p.49, pi. xii. figs. 1, 3. The Rev. J. 
 Pemberton Bartlett found a small string of beads in a Tumulus on Breach Down in 1842; 
 among them were two small ones of this Amethystine Quartz. 
 
 3 Fairford Graves, p. 15, pi. iv. fig. 1. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 I> X, A T 3E TI. 
 
 GLASS VASES IFOXTEnD) AT CVTBBEStSIEW, OXFOMJSHIRE . 
 
 J. Busin 
 
 

( 11 ) 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 GLASS VASES DISCOVERED IN AN ANCIENT CEMETERY 
 AT CUDDESDEN, OXFORDSHIRE. 
 
 These very interesting objects, kindly placed at our service by the Lord 
 Bishop of Oxford, were discovered in the year 1847, by workmen 
 employed in forming a road in front of the Episcopal Palace at 
 Cuddesden, when several human skeletons, in very perfect preservation, 
 were exhumed at a depth of not more than two or three feet from the 
 surface. The skeletons are said to have been found arranged in a 
 circle, with the heads outwards, lying on their faces, and with the 
 legs crossed. They were accompanied by several objects, among which 
 were two iron sword blades, too much decomposed to afford any 
 distinctive character; a bronze vessel formed like a small pail, but 
 tapering downward, 1 and at the bottom shaped as if intended to fit 
 into a circular trivet; and an ornamental fragment of bronze set with 
 rubies. These objects are engraved in the Journal of the Archeological 
 Institute, 2 but it is hoped that the appearance of the vases here 
 represented of their actual size, and with the advantage of colour, will 
 afford a more correct idea of the originals. 
 
 In the description of these relics in the Journal of the Archeological 
 Institute, they are stated to be “ two small glass vases of a very pale 
 blue transparent glass, the surface of which has become indistinct from 
 decomposition, and this in the larger one gives it a streaky appearance.” 
 
 1 In this respect it differs entirely from the pail found full of Northumbrian Stycas in the 
 Churchyard of Hexham. See Archseologia, vol. xxv. p. 282, pi. xxxiii. 
 
 • Vol. iv. pp. 157-S. 
 
( 12 ) 
 
 The larger vase has an ornament on the sides, composed of three waved 
 cords, attached to the surface when in a molten state, touching at the 
 projections, the lower one differing a little from the rest in being formed 
 in semicircles. The pattern on the other is totally different, but is 
 formed in the same manner of smaller threads of glass, a device which 
 doubtless was intended to impart strength as well as ornament to the 
 vessel. The fact of this description of ornament being continued on the 
 base of each vase (represented half the size in figs. 2 & 4) warrants such 
 a conjecture. 
 
 Without attempting to fix the precise age of these relics, it will be 
 sufficient for our present purpose if we can be satisfied as to their 
 belonging to the Pagan Saxon period. Of this there can be no doubt, 
 if we may judge from the nature of the interments at Cuddesden, 
 which assimilate to those discovered in various parts of the kingdom. 
 Several glass vessels of analogous character, but neither so rich in 
 ornament nor so elegant in form, found in the Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries 
 of Kent, are engraved by Douglas. One was discovered with a skeleton 
 in Minster Churchyard, in the Isle of Thanet; 3 another in a Barrow at 
 Kingston, on Barham Downs; 4 a third, differing in form, resembling an 
 ale-glass without a stalk, was discovered at Dinton, in Buckinghamshire, 
 with human remains and iron weapons. 5 These examples are sufficient 
 to identify the period to which the Cuddesden vases may be safely 
 assigned. 
 
 3 Nenia Britannica, pi. xvii. fig. 4. 
 
 4 Ibid. pi. xvi. fig. 2 . 
 
 5 Ibid. pi. xvi. fig. 5. These specimens of Anglo-Saxon glass vessels will be found 
 engraved in outline in the Archaeological Index, pl.xiv. figs. 13—14. 
 
( 13 ) 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 FIBULA FROM A CEMETERY AT FAIRFORD, 
 GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 
 
 This Fibula, of bronze gilt, one of the most interesting objects 
 discovered by Mr. Wylie in the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Fairford, 
 is described and engraved by him in his recently published work 1 2 * ; 
 but, with his permission, it is given here, of the actual size and with 
 the advantage of colour. It is remarkable for its distinct Teutonic 
 character, but especially for the figures of the object known as the 
 flew de lis , the origin of which has been discussed with much learn¬ 
 ing by French Antiquaries. 5 This Fibula differs materially from any 
 yet discovered. The skeleton with which it was found, had with it a 
 crystal ball of the usual kind lying near the hand, and the Fibula lay 
 on the breast. 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 FIBULiE, TWEEZERS, ETC., FROM A LARGE TUMULUS 
 NEAR GREAT DRIFFIELD, YORKSHIRE. 
 
 Foe the loan of the drawing of the objects engraved in this Plate, we 
 are indebted to the kindness of Dr. Thurnam, who has also furnished us 
 with the following account of their discovery, originally drawn up by 
 him for the Yorkshire Antiquarian Club :— 
 
 “ In a field near the railway, about a mile to the east of Great 
 Driffield, and between that town and the village of Nafferton, is a 
 
 1 Fairford Graves, Oxford 4to., 1852, Plate ii. p.19. 
 
 2 In a recent communication to the Society of Antiquaries, Mr. Wylie has shewn that this 
 
 object is represented on the sculptures of Nineveh! 
 
 4 
 
( 14 ) 
 
 large flat mound of earth, which has long been known by the name of 
 ‘ Cheesecake Hill.’ The field, which is one of those called ‘ The 
 Meadows ,’ formed part of the ancient common of Driffield, the enclosure 
 of which did not take place until the middle of the last century, viz., in 
 1742. The Tumulus is nearly circular, much in the shape of an inverted 
 saucer, but of very irregular form, having a diameter of about 90 feet, 
 with a very gradual descent to the circumference, beyond which the 
 ground for the most part rises as if by a natural undulation. The 
 surface of the field is very irregular. It is said, that many years 
 ago the ground was of greater elevation. 
 
 “ The sepulchral character of the Tumulus now to be described, was 
 not at all suspected till the spring of 1845, when the upper part of its 
 eastern half, to the depth of about two feet, was removed by the owner, 
 for the purpose of filling up some hollows in another part of the field. 
 In removing the earth, several human skeletons, from ten to fifteen, 
 as now stated, were discovered at a depth of about two feet. The work¬ 
 man who was employed at this time, informed me, that the skeletons 
 were found lying in all directions, usually at a distance from each other 
 of about six feet. The bodies would appear to have been deposited 
 without any precise method, and in some cases had been interred in a 
 confused manner, with the head bent on the chest, and the knees drawn 
 up. With most of them were found either weapons of iron, or ornaments 
 of the person. Amongst the weapons, were a large spear-head, two 
 knives, and, it is said, an arrow-head. Near the skull of one skeleton, 
 was the umbo of a shield, in itself of not unusual form, but with peculiar 
 appendages, in the shape of three flat circular discs of iron, each about 
 two inches in diameter. These, as I am informed, were found arranged 
 round and near the umbo, one having corresponded with the forehead, 
 and the two others with the ears of the skeleton. Each is furnished 
 with a projecting pin, or rivet of iron in its centre, by which it had 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PLATE 'Till 
 
 3’XBTUXJE , TWBEKERS , ETC , TJBOM TTMTU/ITSi .AT BWHIEID , TOEKSHItE . 
 
 J. do." TV S, 
 
( 15 ) 
 
 probably been attached to the board which had formed the body of the 
 shield. Among the ornaments were several clasps and fibulas of bronze, 
 of both cruciform and circular shape, with beads of various kinds, par¬ 
 ticularly amber and glass. There were also tweezers of bronze, and 
 what is very unusual, a pair of scissors of iron. There must also be 
 named a circular plano-convex disc of bone, about 1| inch in diameter, 
 having a slight central perforation, ornamented on the convex side with 
 concentric rings, and on the flat side rough and unpolished. The various 
 articles were presented by Mr. Jennings, the owner of the property, to 
 the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. These objects have been briefly 
 described by Mr. Wellbeloved, in the Journal of the Archteological 
 Association, Vol. II., 1846, p. 54. Several vases of coarse earthenware, 
 of a common Anglo-Saxon type, some of them described as containing 
 charcoal and bone-ashes, were also found. The remaining part of the 
 Tumulus was explored in the last week of August, 1849, when the 
 greater portion was levelled and examined. It would appear to have 
 been less rich in sepulchral deposits than the eastern section previously 
 removed. Eight skeletons, several of them accompanied by weapons 
 and ornaments, were however uncovered. In describing the skeletons 
 and the articles found with them, they will be enumerated in the order 
 in which they lay, beginning with the north side. 
 
 “ No. I. A skeleton extended west to east; feet to the east. Stretched 
 across the body, with its point to the right hip, was a large iron knife, 
 the broad blade of which measures upwards of eight inches in length. 
 Near the left shoulder were two fine spear-heads, also of iron, the one 
 about fourteen inches, the other eight inches in length, having their 
 points directed upwards. The skeleton must have been that of a man 
 of rather more than average stature, the femur measuring 18§ inches, 
 the tibia fifteen inches in length. 
 
 “No. II. This skeleton was of much smaller size, probably that of 
 
( 16 ) 
 
 a female, and would seem to have been interred in the same grave with 
 the preceding, the upper part of the body having been laid on the lower 
 part of the other, but in a sitting posture, with the skull raised and facing 
 the east; the thigh bones were extended, those of the leg forming a right 
 angle with them. Around the neck were five beads, a large one of 
 amber, and four cylindrical ones of baked clay, or vitrified paste, of a 
 brown red colour, marked with veins. By the side of the left leg was a 
 round iron spike, about four inches in length, which had probably been 
 attached as a ferrule to the lower end of the shaft of the larger spear¬ 
 head, found near the shoulder of the preceding skeleton. In these two 
 interments we may perhaps recognise the remains of an Anglo-Saxon 
 warrior, with those of his wife deposited literally on his knees. 
 
 “ No. III. A female skeleton of moderate size, extended, the head to 
 the north; around the neck was a necklace of amber, glass, and vitrified 
 paste, there being not fewer than from forty to fifty beads of various 
 sizes. Lying near each shoulder (upon the clavicles), was a round 
 fibula in the form of a flat ring of bronze, of about two inches in diameter, 
 and only slightly ornamented; the pins of these fibula had been of steel, 
 and attached to the rust were traces of the clothing, of a very coarse 
 fabric. Round each wrist would appear to have been an armlet of small 
 beads, chiefly of glass and amber. By the side of the right leg, above 
 the knee, was a small iron knife, the blade about three inches in length, 
 attached to which were traces of a wooden handle; in a corresponding 
 situation, with regard to the left leg, was another knife of the same 
 length, but altogether of more delicate proportions and better workman¬ 
 ship ; a considerable part of the wooden handle remains separated from 
 the blade by a thin plate of bronze: adjoining these were the remains, 
 as at first supposed, of a pair of scissors; the handles of these instru¬ 
 ments are clumsy rings of iron, 2 inches in diameter; the shafts or 
 blades, if they may be so called, were broken into many portions, but 
 
( 17 ) 
 
 would appear to have been six inches in length, round and tapering 
 towards the end, and not thicker than a quill pen; about 2% inches from 
 the rings, the blades seem to have been separated from the handles, by 
 small shoulders. What may have been the use of these instruments, 
 seems very doubtful; but whatever this may have been, they had pro¬ 
 bably been worn in a pouch or pocket, or in some other way suspended 
 from the girdle. On each side of the waist were several broken clasps, 
 tags, and other small articles of bronze, which probably formed part of 
 the girdle and other fastenings of the dress; a small buckle and ring of 
 bronze were also found. 
 
 “ No. IV. This skeleton was also that of a female, younger than the 
 foregoing, immediately adjoining which the body had been deposited, 
 stretched at length on the west, and rather to the south, of the other: 
 they were possibly mother and daughter, or sisters, who had been 
 interred in the same, or closely adjoining, graves; in this instance, 
 however, the position of the skull was reversed, the head being to the 
 south, the feet to the north; the latter, which were crossed at the ankles, 
 not being far from the right shoulder of the last-described skeleton. 
 On each shoulder, was a circular fibula, formed of a concave disc of 
 bronze, of more than 1|- inch in diameter, presenting traces of what 
 appeared to be gold foil, on the interior surface, which may possibly 
 have had an additional setting of glass or paste (Fig. 2). Eound the 
 neck, were a less number of beads of the same kind as were found with 
 the preceding skeleton; corresponding to the breast were a pair of 
 remarkably fine cruciform bronze fibulae, each of which is nearly five 
 inches in length (Fig. 5); portions of bronze clasps, etc., etc., were also 
 found, but there were no remains of steel implements. 
 
 “ No. V. A male skeleton of large size, nearer the surface than the 
 preceding, the depth not being more than eighteen inches. The body 
 had been laid at length, the feet to the south. No objects of any kind 
 
 5 
 
( 18 ) 
 
 were found with this skeleton, the legs of which appeared to have been 
 previously disturbed. 
 
 “ No. VI. The skeleton, apparently of a female, with the head 
 directed to the N.N.W., the face being turned towards the east. This 
 skeleton was situated more to the west than any of the others. From a 
 part of the skull being found seven or eight inches below the rest of the 
 body, and one of the thigh bones being in a nearly perpendicular position, 
 it is probable that this skeleton had likewise been disturbed. The only 
 object found in this instance, was a knife on the left side, of a similar 
 description with the larger of those found with No. II. 
 
 “ No. VII. This skeleton lay at some distance to the east of, and at 
 right angles with, that last described—the body having been deposited 
 from E.N.E. to W.N.W. The skull and upper portion of the bones had 
 been removed when the eastern part of the mound was levelled. 
 
 “ No. VIII. A skeleton lying N.N.W. to S.S.E.,the feet to the latter 
 point; the face had been turned towards the east, and the arms ap¬ 
 parently crossed on the breast. The bones of the right leg were flexed 
 at right angles with those of the thigh; under the skull, was a small cramp 
 of bronze, not more than half an inch in length, and a similar object, 
 with one side of a clasp of the same material, were found about three 
 feet from the east. 
 
 “ The excavations were extended to the western limits of the mound 
 at several points, without finding any other remains, but as a portion is 
 still unlevelled, a few additional interments may, at some future time, be 
 discovered. In each case, the skeletons lay at a depth of little more than 
 two feet below the surface, and were uniformly covered by a stratum of 
 stiff clayey soil, contrasting strongly with the very fine rolled chalk 
 rubble and yellow sand, of which the natural subsoil, in this locality, 
 consists, and in very shallow graves, or rather hollows of which, the 
 bodies appear to have been laid. Between adjacent skeletons, were vacant 
 
( 19 ) 
 
 spaces, of varying and often considerable extent. There appears reason 
 to suppose that the south part of the mound, in which the four last- 
 described skeletons were discovered, had previously, and, perhaps at 
 some remote period, been disturbed, and any objects accompanying them 
 removed. In the course of the excavations various articles were found, 
 which must either have been accidentally buried, or, as appears more 
 probable, dispersed in such previous explorations. Among these, was a 
 knife like those found with the skeletons Nos. III. and VI., an iron 
 buckle, the joint of a pair of scissors, and a small fibula and portion of a 
 clasp, both of bronze. The most interesting of these scattered objects, 
 however, were relics of a preceding race—the early Britons: these con¬ 
 sisted of a fragment or two of British pottery of the finer kind, and a 
 beautifully formed arrow-head of flint, remarkable as containing a fossil 
 Terebratula ( T. semisulcata ), very rarely if ever, as observed by Pro¬ 
 fessor Philips, found in the flint of Yorkshire. These objects point to 
 early British occupation on this spot, and appear to indicate that this 
 Cemetery was formed on or near the site of early tumuli of the stone 
 period.” 
 
 Such is the account with which we have been favoured by Dr. Thur- 
 nam. The objects engraved in our Plate will in some measure speak for 
 themselves. The cross (Fig. 4) was doubtless adopted merely as an 
 ornament, and affords no proof whatever of the creed of the individual 
 with whose remains it was discovered, the interments in this vast tumulus 
 being all of the Pagan character, distinguished by the contemporaneous 
 practice of cremation and inhumation. All the objects engraved in this 
 Plate are represented of the actual size. Figs. 3 and 6 shew the backs 
 of the fibulae which were furnished, as usual, with an acus of iron. 
 
Plate IX. 
 
 UMBO OF A SHIELD, WEAPONS, ETC., FROM A TUMULUS 
 AT GREAT DRIFFIELD. 
 
 These objects—all represented one-third of the actual size—found by 
 Dr. Thurnam, in the Tumulus already described, are good illustrative 
 examples of the weapons usually discovered in Anglo-Saxon cemeteries. 
 The umbo is engraved in the Journal of the Archaiological Association, 1 
 and in the Archaeological Index, 2 but in both these the iron discs found 
 with it are incorrectly represented. They are here drawn as they were 
 doubtless disposed on the shield. The Anglo-Saxon shield, as is shewn 
 both in the illuminations of MSS., and the examples discovered in the 
 graves of this period, were always furnished with these bosses, which, 
 while they formed a cavity for the reception of the hand, served also to 
 protect it from injury, for the shields of the Teutonic races were not 
 borne on the arm but held at arm’s length. In this way the bearer 
 could break the force of the weapon hurled against him, even though it 
 might pierce his shield. 3 
 
 The Anglo-Saxon shield was formed of light wood, 4 perhaps in some 
 instances of wicker-work; but, covered with tough hide, it was a most 
 effective defensive arm. In the laws of iEthelstan, the efficiency of the 
 shield is specially provided for, and the shield-wright who covered one 
 with sheep-skin, was mulcted in the heavy penalty of thirty shillings. 5 
 The craft of shield-making in those days was an important one, as we 
 may infer from the existence of a “ Shield-wrights’ street ” in Winchester, 
 in the reign of M the]red. 6 
 
 1 Vol. ii. p. 55. 2 Plate xv. fig. 27. 
 
 3 We may hence understand the “ clypeos rotare ” of Sidonius Apollinaris in describing the 
 
 Frank warriors of his time. (Paneg. in Majoriano'. 
 
 4 Codex Exoniensis. (Gnomic Verses, p.339). 
 
 5 •p nan pcylb-pyphta ne lecg nan pcepey pell on p<yib. ~j gip he hir bo. gilbe’. xxx. pcill. (Leges 
 riSthelstani, XV). 
 
 6 pcylb-pyphtana prpsece. Charter of riEthelred, Anno 996. (Codex Diplomaticus /Evi 
 Saxonici, vol. vi. p. 135). 
 

MATE IX 
 
 lI r MB<n> 0JF SMELD ,TOAP(WS Jtt.IROM A TTTMTTMT S AT OmiFHJE t» 
 
( 21 ) 
 
 Among the Franks, the loss of.the shield was accounted so great a 
 disgrace, that even the imputation of losing it in combat, or casting it 
 away through fear, was reckoned a very grave offence, and the utterer 
 of the slander heavily fined. 1 
 
 The spears engraved in our Plate (Figs. 1, 2) do not differ materially 
 in form from those so frequently found in the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, 
 being characterised by the ordinary elongated cusp. 2 3 These weapons, 
 when held upright, were evidently about the height of a tall man, and 
 could consequently be easily placed in the grave by the side of the 
 corpse. The butt-end was sometimes shod with a spike; and thus pro¬ 
 vided, it could in emergency be planted obliquely in the ground, as a 
 defence against charges of cavalry—the smaller weapons (Fig. 4), which 
 strangely enough have been miscalled arrows, serving as missiles.* 
 Similar spikes to that represented in Fig. 3 were found at the butt-ends of 
 spears in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Fairford. 4 A glance at these 
 weapons, and indeed at any collection of Anglo-Saxon arms of this 
 period, will suggest the mode of warfare of the people by whom 
 they were used, and remind the reader of the description which Saxo- 
 Grammaticus gives us of those of the Frisians, a people of kindred race, 
 when fighting against their invaders the Danes. 5 
 
 1 “ Si quis alteri imputaverit quod scutum suum projecisset in hoste, vel fugiendo, prae 
 timore, cxx. denarii qui faciant sol. iii. culpabilis judicetur” (Legis Salicse, tit. xxxii. 6 ; 
 Corpus Juris Germanici Antiqui, ed. Walter. Berol., 8vo., 1824, vol. i. p. 46). 
 
 2 Examples of Anglo-Saxon spears may be seen in “ Fairford Graves,” pi. xi., figs. 1—7 ; 
 Coll. Antiq., vol. iii., pi. i., figs. 10—25 ; Saxon Obsequies, pis. xxxv., xxxvi. 
 
 3 In a Memoir, by the writer, “ On the Weapons of the Celtic and Teutonic Races,” in 
 vol. xxxiv. of the Archacologia, are given the proofs that the bow was not prized as a weapon 
 of war by the Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 4 “ Fairford Graves,” pi. xi., fig. 8, 4to. Oxford, 1852. 
 
 5 “ Incolae ejus natura feroces, corporibus agiles, anxiam et gravem armaturum contemnunt; 
 ancilibus utuntur, missilibus dimicant” (Saxo-Grammaticus, “ Historia Danica,” lib. xiv. p. 688, 
 ed. Muller, Haunise, 8vo. 1839). Compare this with the description given by Tacitus of the 
 older Germans :—“ Pedites et missilia spargunt; plura singuli, atque in immensum vibrant” 
 (De Morib. Germanor., c. vi.). 
 
 6 
 
( 22 ) . 
 
 It is worthy of remark, that the spears of the Anglo-Saxons are 
 invariably deposited in their graves with the points upwards; while 
 those discovered in the Frank cemetery of Selzen are as constantly 
 reversed. 6 
 
 The large knife (Fig. 6) and the smaller one (Fig. 5) are next to be 
 noticed. The former, although occurring perpetually in the Frank 
 graves, is but very rarely discovered in those of the Anglo-Saxons; 
 while few male skeletons in the graves of this period in England are 
 without the small knife. We have explored many tumuli in which this 
 was the chief evidence of the age of the interment, no other deposit 
 being traceable; in some, however, even the knife was wanting. 
 
 The occurrence of the small knife has given rise to much speculation 
 among our English antiquaries. Some have supposed it to represent 
 the renowned Seax , from which our ancestors are said to have derived 
 their name ; but whatever confidence we may place in the words of 
 Widukind, 7 when speaking of the old Saxons and the Angles, we must 
 hesitate to admit that the implement found in the Anglo-Saxon graves 
 was the characteristic weapon of these tribes. Seax would certainly 
 appear to indicate a weapon of less size than the sword. b The scrama- 
 sax described by Gregory of Tours 9 might apply very well to the large 
 knives so often found in the Frank graves, and the sexxaudrus of the 
 Salic Laws would seem to refer to the implement of daily use like those 
 commonly discovered in the gx’aves of the Anglo-Saxons. By those laws 
 it was decreed, that he who robbed another of his knife should restore it 
 to the owner, and pay a fine of fifteen solidi . 10 
 
 c “Das Germanische Todtenlager bei Selzen,” plates 2, 12, 16, 18, 21. 
 
 7 “ Erat autem illis diebus Saxonibus magnorum cultellorura usus, quibus usque hodie 
 
 Angli utuntur, morem gentis antique sectantes” (Widukind, lib. i., c. 6). “ Cultelli enim 
 
 nostra lingua sahs dicuntur” (ibid., c. 27). 
 
 8 A hand-seax is mentioned in the Will of ^Elfheah (Codex Dipl., vol. iii. p. 127). 
 
 9 Hist. Franc., lib. viii., c. 29. 
 
 10 “ De cultello Sexxaudro. Si quis alteri cultellum furaverit et ei fuerit adprobatum, ipsum 
 

 8ROK3SE I’ATRKA l’!*© M A Tl'Mr.I.rc'! AT WiriWIAM , Kii 
 
( 23 ) 
 
 The remains of what appears to have been a pair of scissors (Fig- 9) 
 are not the least remarkable of the objects discovered in the Driffield 
 tumulus, since this instrument is generally represented by small shears. 11 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 BRONZE PATERA FROM A CEMETERY NEAR WINGHAM, 
 
 KENT. 
 
 This Patera, in the collection of Lord Londesborough, was discovered 
 by his Lordship during some excavations in a cemetery in chalk land, the 
 property of Sir Brook Bridges, in the parish of Wingham, near Sandwich, 
 in the year 1843. An account of its discovery was communicated by his 
 lordship to the Society of Antiquaries. 1 Bowl-shaped metal paterae, with 
 moveable handles, and gilt and ornamented, were found by Douglas in 
 the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of Kent. 2 
 
 Paterae of bronze are often found in the graves of the Franks. Herr 
 Lindenschmit mentions, that they occur with skeletons of either sex; 
 but in so decomposed a state, that it is impossible to determine whether 
 they have been cast or worked with the hammer. 3 In one of them was 
 found a comb, in another was a layer of ashes, and above and below 
 these were the remains of hazel-nuts. 
 
 The patera engraved in our plate is in very perfect preservation; and 
 if its discovery were not well authenticated, it might be supposed to 
 belong to an earlier period. If not actually Roman, the influence of 
 Roman art is observable in its design, notwithstanding the clumsiness 
 and want of proportion in the handles. 
 
 in loco restituit, et insuper DC den., qui faciunt sol. xv. culp. judicetur.” (Legis Salicse, 
 tit. lxxiii., 1). 
 
 11 Vide Nenia Brit., pi. v., figs. 1—3 ; Fairford Graves, pi. xii., fig. 2 ; Saxon Obsequies, 
 pi. xxxix. 
 
 1 “ Proceedings,” vol. i., p. 3. 2 Nenia Brit., pi. xi., figs. 1,2; pi. xii., fig. 4. 
 
 3 Das Germanische Todtenlager bei Selzen, p. 15. 
 
( 24 ) 
 
 Plate XI. 
 
 FIBULA AND BULLiE FROM CEMETERIES IN KENT. 
 
 The fibula represented, of the actual size, in the centre of our plate 
 (Fig. 1), is preserved among the interesting collection of Anglo-Saxon 
 antiquities formed by Lord Londesborough, by whom it was discovered 
 in a grave at Wingham, near Sandwich, in the year 1843. It is 
 composed of a disc of bronze, on which is laid a smaller disc of gold, 
 ornamented by a number of minute corded scrolls, a pattern observable 
 on many of the fibulas of this period discovered in Kent. In the centre 
 is a star-shaped ornament of four points, the compartments of which are, 
 as usual, set with garnet-coloured glass and a blue paste, which has 
 suffered decomposition. Between the rays of this star are four raised 
 knobs or ornaments, formed like those on the fibula discovered near 
 Abingdon (Plate III.), the centres being filled, as usual, with garnet- 
 coloured glass. A similar ornament is placed in the centre of the star; 
 but this is set with a garnet. From one of these knobs the setting has 
 been displaced, and discloses the mode adopted by the makers of such 
 jewelled ornaments, of heightening the lustre of the glass by the 
 insertion of a leaf of gold foil at the back. 
 
 Douglas tells us, 1 that he possessed thirteen fibula? of this description; 
 and the discoveries since his time have added several to the number; 
 nevertheless, they are by no means common in our Anglo-Saxon 
 cemeteries. 
 
 1 Nenia Britannia, p. 20. Some beautiful examples are engraved in the various plates 
 illustrating that work. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
IE* jL A. TC TE 3L it . 
 
 JFIB UTX A 
 
 ex.lL (/ 
 
 M TLT X. X. A jE Ea OM. fEMITKMlES 
 
 It 
 
 tk: e w t . 
 
 oqo o 
 

 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( 25 ) 
 
 Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5, all represented of the actual size, are examples 
 of gold pendent ornaments, or bullae, sometimes discovered in Anglo-Saxon 
 graves in Kent. Fig. 2 is preserved in the Chapter Library at Canter¬ 
 bury, but there is no record of its discovery in the catalogue. The style 
 of ornament is so plainly shewn in the engraving, as to render a descrip¬ 
 tion needless; indeed it would be difficult to describe and explain the 
 device, which would appear to be a corrupt form of some more intel¬ 
 ligible symbol. 
 
 Fig. 3 is another of these objects, bearing the figure of a cross within 
 five concentric circles of corded lines which extend over the limbs. It is 
 not improbable that this object is of late Roman workmanship. It was 
 discovered in a barrow on Chartham Downs, near Canterbury, explored 
 by Dr. Mortimer in the }?ear 1730. 
 
 Fig. 4 is in the collection of Lord Londesborough, by whom it was 
 discovered in one of the barrows opened by his lordship at Wingham. 
 It appears to have formed one of several female ornaments, among which 
 was a hair-pin set with garnets. 
 
 Fig. 5 is engraved by Douglas, who states that it “ was found by 
 Dr. Mortimer, 1 with four amethyst beads, several brass pins, one inch 
 and a half long, with round flat heads, through which were round flat 
 holes, in a barrow at the west end of Chartham or Swadling Downs, 
 near Mistole, in Kent. In the same barrow were other ornaments, which 
 are figured by Douglas. 2 
 
 These objects appear to have been formed by stamping from a die, 
 and are impressed on one side only. They are generally discovered with 
 relics which may be presumed to have been the personal ornaments of 
 women and children. 
 
 1 Nenia Brit. p. 85. 
 
 2 Ibid. pi. xxi. figs. 3, 4, 5. 
 
 7 
 
( 26 ) 
 
 Plate XII. 
 
 FIBULA, BEADS, ETC., FROM A GRAVE NEAR STAMFORD, 
 
 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
 
 The objects represented in this plate are engraved from drawings exe¬ 
 cuted and very kindly presented by the Rev. Edward Trollope, F.S.A., 
 rector of Leasingham, who has also furnished us with the following 
 account:— 
 
 “ In the process of enlarging a stone-pit in the parish of Castle 
 Bytham , near Stamford, during the year 1850, a female skeleton was 
 discovered, together with the objects here enumerated:— 
 
 “ No. I. The left incisor tooth from the lower jaw of a beaver, set in 
 a shank of mixed metal gilt. The upper portion of this shank has been 
 injured through its long burial; but it probably was supplied either with 
 a ring, or a hook, so as to enable its owner to suspend it as an ornamental 
 charm from a chain round her neck, or perhaps from the very bead 
 necklace, a portion of which is represented below, 
 
 “ No. II. A ring fibula of white metal gilt, in very excellent pre¬ 
 servation, and set with four gems closely resembling carbuncles. An 
 irregular interlacing pattern is worked over the whole front surface, but 
 it is perfectly plain behind- 
 
 “ No. III. An ear-ring of copper, or mixed metal gilt, slightly 
 increasing in diameter as it recedes from the point of junction. 
 
 “ No. IV. Glass beads of various colours, sizes, and degrees of opacity. 
 Deep blue is their predominant tint; but this is relieved by a light green 
 specimen, and by others nearly resembling, both in colour and sub¬ 
 stance, ‘ Samian ware.’ The last bead to the left, it will be observed, is a 
 double one. 
 
 “ No. V. A horse’s tooth, the masticating surface of which has been 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PILATE XII. 
 
 
 
 T.fiojgire sc. 
 
 MBTUXA BEAMS „ ETC. MOM A GRAVE HE AIR STAMFORD. 
 
( 27 ) 
 
 ground down smooth. Through the top, holes have been drilled, it 
 having probably formed a suspended ornament or charm. 
 
 “ No. VI. A jet article found with the foregoing.” 
 
 These interesting relics were exhibited by the Rev- J. Birch Reynard- 
 son, at a meeting of the Archeological Institute, in February, 1853, 
 and a wood-cut of the quoit-shaped fibula will be found in the Proceed¬ 
 ings of that body. 1 It is there observed, that, “ the interlaced work 
 closely resembles that on ornaments found at Caenby, Lincolnshire, in 
 the tumulus opened by the Rev. Edwin Jarvis.” 2 This fibula has a 
 Scandinavian character, which favours the supposition that its owner was 
 a Danish lady. 3 The reader may compare it with the specimen found 
 between Husband’s Bosworth in Leicestershire, and Welford in North¬ 
 amptonshire, about sixty years’ since, which is stated to have been 
 discovered with human bones by a labourer digging gravel. 4 
 
 The beaver’s tooth, for such it is pronounced to be by Mr. Quekett, of 
 the College of Surgeons, is not the least remarkable of the relics 
 discovered in the grave at Castle Bytliam. It adds another to the many 
 examples of the practice of mounting and wearing such objects as charms 
 or amulets. Several specimens were found in the graves of Livonia. 5 
 A tusk, mounted in metal, and doubtless designed for the same use, was 
 found at Richborough. 6 
 
 1 Vol. x. p. 81. 2 Ibid. vol. vii. p. 36. 
 
 3 Some rudely formed fibulae of this quoit shape were found in the cemetery at Barrow- 
 
 Furlong in Northamptonshire. See Archaeologia, vol. xxxiii. p. 326, pi. xii. figs. 2, 5. We 
 have lately seen several specimens found in Leicestershire. 
 
 4 Gentleman’s Magazine, 1800, pi. iii. p. 121, and 1815, pi. ii. p. 209. The two engrav¬ 
 ings differ in size; but in the first communication the fibula is stated to be 2|- inches in 
 diameter. 
 
 5 See Bahr’s Graber der Liven, Dresden, 4to. 1850, tafs. 3, 9, 10. The greater part of 
 these remains are now in the collection of the British Museum. A tusk, perforated for 
 suspension, is also given in “ Der Germanische Todtenlagen bei Selzen,” folding plate 
 No. 8. The practice, however, appears to have been known much earlier. 
 
 6 The Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver and Lymne, London, 4to. 1850, p. 110. 
 
( 28 ) 
 
 Plate XIII. 
 
 BRONZE BUCKET, FOUND AT CUDDESDEN, OXFORDSHIRE. 
 
 This vessel, kindly lent for this work by the Lord Bishop of Oxford, 
 was found at the same time and place as the glass vases engraved in our 
 sixth plate, and noticed at p. 11. It is to be regretted, that these objects 
 were removed from the place of their deposit by the labourers by whom 
 they were discovered, without the superintendence of some competent 
 person, as only the vague and general account already given has reached us. 
 
 The dimensions of this bucket are as follow:—Height, 9 inches, 
 depth, 8^ inches; inside diameter, at top, inches; outside diameter, 
 at bottom, 5 inches; the thickness of metal about Ath of an inch. The 
 handle with its sockets, and the hooped parts are of a heavy solid 
 character; while the metal forming the body of the vessel is much 
 lighter, and, in this respect, somewhat resembling sheet metal used for 
 ordinary pots and boilers. It is ornamented on the outside by lines 
 which appear to have been cut with a graving-tool. There is a crack 
 near the rim over which a piece of copper has been rivetted. 1 The vessel 
 is covered with a thin incrustation of the oxide of copper, mingled with 
 ferruginous patches derived from the soil in which it has lain. 
 
 It has been already remarked, that although the bucket containing the 
 stycas discovered at Hexham is, like the present, formed of metal, its 
 shape is reversed, being narrow at the top and broad at the bottom like a 
 churn. The use of the singular and unique example here engraved can 
 only be conjectured, but it may probably have been consecrated to the 
 same purpose as those hooped and staved vessels sometimes discovered in 
 Anglo-Saxon graves, and of which we hope to give an example hereafter. 
 
 1 In the Archaeologia, vol. xxx. pp. 132-6, will be found the representation of a copper 
 bowl, which has been carefully patched with pieces of metal bearing figures evidently of the 
 Pagan Saxon period. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
FJLAT1E XPI.. 
 
 BB.OSZS BUCKET fOUID AT CUDBESDE^-OXFORDSHIIE, 
 
 JBasu 
 
 ■cM . 
 
PLATE, XIV* 
 
 FH IBS TO/A FOOT'D MAR BIUKSBOST,. MICESTBRSHIRl^) 
 
 
 J. Basin, 
 

 
 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 ' 
 
 - 
 
 \ 
 
( 29 ) 
 
 If this very interesting object should be pronounced of decided Anglo- 
 Saxon workmanship, it must assuredly be ascribed to an early period. 
 The bottom seems so contrived as to be fitted on a trivet, but whether 
 this vessel was used for sacred or culinary purposes, must be left to con¬ 
 jecture. Like other vessels of the same metal, found in Anglo-Saxon 
 graves, it bears evidence of having been carefully patched, a circumstance 
 which shows that it was held in some estimation by its former owner. 
 Our ancestors attached considerable value to such vessels or utensils, 
 not perhaps, as articles of virtu, but probably because they associated 
 their use with traditions of individuals renowned in the songs of their 
 poets. To such things the lines of Beowulf seem to allude:— 
 
 Orcas stondan Vidit crateras stare, 
 
 Fyrn manna fatu, Friscorum hominum vasa, 
 
 Feormend lease. Antiquas reliquias. 
 
 Beowulf, xxxviii. 
 
 Plate XIV. 
 
 FIBULA FOUND NEAR BILLESDON, LEICESTERSHIRE 
 
 This fine fibula was dug up by a labourer employed in husbandry within 
 a short distance of Billesdon Coplow, the seat of Charles Thomas Freer, 
 Esq. No other relics were found near it. The finder took it at once to 
 Mr. Freer, who, together with Sir Frederic Fowke, is joint lord of the 
 Manor of Billesdon, and by these gentlemen it was presented to the 
 museum of Leicester, where it is now preserved. It is composed of the 
 inferior bronze so much in use at the period to which it may be assigned, 
 the surface being washed or plated with gold. Its peculiarity is the 
 silver platings, which have been partly destroyed by corrosion. There 
 is less fancy than usual in the ornamentation of this fibula; but its design 
 renders it an object of considerable interest. 
 
 8 
 
( 30 ) 
 
 Plate XY. 
 
 FRAGMENTS FROM A TUMULUS AT CAENBY, 
 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
 
 These objects were discovered by the Rev. Edwin Jarvis in a large 
 tumulus at Caenby, about ten miles north of Lincoln, and a quarter 
 of a mile due east from the Hull and Lincoln road. That gentleman, 
 in his account communicated to the Archselogical Institute , 1 states, that 
 the tumulus stands on elevated ground and is very regular in shape, 
 measuring three hundred and forty feet in circumference, its greatest 
 height being about eight feet from the level of the ground. The 
 tumulus covered a skeleton “ in a sitting position, but very much crushed 
 together by the weight of superincumbent soil.” A sword-blade, a 
 horse-shoe, and some pieces of horse-furniture, were found together with 
 the fragments engraved in our plate, which are supposed by Mr. Jarvis 
 to be portions of a highly ornamented shield. 
 
 Mr. Jarvis states, that “ in this barrow there were no stones—nothing 
 whatever to protect the remains of the defunct warrior. He must have 
 been placed originally in a sitting position, his sword probably on the 
 right side, the shield on his knees. Where the remains of the horse, the 
 bit and shoes were placed, I was unable to ascertain; but it is very 
 likely, that the enormous weight of earth now eight feet high, and which 
 originally must have been nearer sixteen feet, would in settling, some¬ 
 what alter the relative position of the objects interred. The skeleton 
 was deposited on the level surface of the field, and not in a cist; for 
 what purpose the hole was made, which I have before described, I 
 cannot imagine. All the pieces of wood are flat, and not convex; but 
 
 1 Vol. vii. p. 36. 
 

 
 
JPJLATE XV 
 
 FRAGMENTS FROM A TUMTUMTS AT CAKNBY, UN COENS HIRE „ 
 
 J. Bo sire. del. ct 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
( 31 ) 
 
 I could find no pieces of wood or metal to enable me to form any 
 conjecture as regards the shape or size of the shield, nor any part of the 
 boss of the shield, if I except the small portion of silver rim. The 
 silver plate was affixed to a separate piece of wood, let into the larger 
 portion, and which eventually separated from it. The dimensions, 
 however, must have been very large; the mere fragments found, supplied 
 evidence of five ornamented circles; two of them measuring 3|- inches, 
 diameter, one 5^ inches, and one 2§ inches.” 
 
 Every reader of this account, must have felt regret that the remains 
 from the tumulus at Caenby, have been obtained in so fragmentary a 
 state, and that they were not, in fact, excavated by labourers more 
 accustomed to such researches; while some will doubt whether the 
 objects delineated in our plate, are really portions of a shield. 
 
 The fragments engraved in our plate, are now deposited in the 
 British Museum. A selection has been made from those best preserved; 
 but the whole are in so shattered a state as to defy our recognising the 
 shape of the object they were intended to ornament. Nos. 1 and 4 may 
 assist us a little in shewing how they were disposed; a similar ornament 
 to that on the fragment No. 4, being detached from the fragment No. 1. 
 
 The pelta-shaped ornaments have been set with garnets, the colour of 
 which was heightened by hatched leaves of gold below them. 
 
 The embossed objects, Nos. 2 and 3, are of silver. The first resembles 
 in shape, the ornaments found on the curious buckets of this period— 
 the other offers a very peculiar pattern, some portions of which resemble 
 the legs of frogs. 
 
 The ornamentation of the disc, which is of copper gilded, the centre being 
 set with a pearl, in the piece of wood, No. 4, will remind the antiquary 
 of that on the gold Bullae discovered in the Anglo-Saxon graves of Kent. 
 The state of the wood leaves us in doubt whether it is pine or yew. All 
 we can ascertain is, that the wood has a coniferous fibre. 
 
( 32 ) 
 
 Plate XVI. 
 
 PORTION OF A FIBULA FROM A TUMULUS AT INGARSBY, 
 
 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
 
 This very large and fine fibula was found upon the estate of Lord 
 Maynard, at Ingarsby, in a mound or tumulus of sand, on a farm in the 
 occupation of Mr. William Carver, about twenty-five years ago, when 
 the mound was planted with larch trees. In digging the holes for the 
 young trees, several skeletons, with some relics, were turned up, but 
 nothing appears to have been preserved except the fibula engraved in 
 our plate. 
 
 This example is remarkable, not only on account of its unusually large 
 size, but also for its jewelled ornaments; some of which have un¬ 
 fortunately been lost. Three of these remain, one being composed, 
 apparently, of a nipple of blue vitreous paste, the others of thin slabs of 
 garnet, almost level with the metal enchasing it. There are remains of 
 silver rivets around the edges, which are pierced with small holes, 
 probably for the holding of some kind of lining, with which the back was 
 once covered. It appears to be composed of the usual description of 
 bronze, the surface of which has been covered with gilding. 
 
 The same eccentricity and want of uniformity, are observable in the 
 ornamentation of this object, as in most of the other specimens of the 
 same period that have come under our notice. It appears to have been 
 very roughly used by the finders; having lost its lower portion, and 
 being otherwise damaged at the edges, while even that now represented 
 is broken into two pieces. 
 
 For permission to engrave this fibula, we are indebted to the kindness 
 of the owner, Mr. Carver. Our thanks are also due to W. Napier Reeve, 
 Esq., of Leicester, to whose good offices we are indebted for obtaining 
 the loan of this, as well as that of the fibula found at Billesdon. 
 

PILATE XVT. 
 
 PORTION OF A FIBULA FROM A TUMULUS AT IHGAIRSBY, LKICES TKJR. SHIRE* 
 
 J.£asi7'6,del. 
 
PLATE XVII 
 
 GLASS? DRINKING VESSELS FROM CEMETERIES IN KENT. 
 
 Drawn by F.WFnirhoU KS.A. 
 

 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 Plate XVII. 
 
 GLASS DRINKING-VESSELS FROM CEMETERIES IN 
 
 EAST KENT. 
 
 The objects engraved in our plate, from drawings executed and very 
 kindly presented by Mr. Fairholt, F. S. A., are interesting examples of 
 the glass vessels used by our Anglo-Saxon forefathers. They are by 
 most antiquaries considered to be drinking-cups; and it has been con¬ 
 jectured, that as they could not, when filled, be relinquished until 
 drained to the bottom, the name of “ tumbler,” now applied to glasses 
 which may be set down, and not easily overturned, originated with such 
 vessels. 1 
 
 Fig. 1 is of extremely delicate fabric, of rich brown glass, the tint 
 resembling the colour of a dead leaf. Its outline is very graceful, and 
 its weight scarcely perceptible in the hand. Immediately under the lip 
 are several thin threads of glass, ending in a small elongated lump, the 
 whole having been applied after the vessel was formed. A lump of glass, 
 more opaque than the rest, forms a knob at the base of the cup, and is 
 slightly twisted around it. 
 
 This vessel is now in the possession of Mrs. Harrison, of Sandwich, 
 who inherits it from her father, a farmer at Woodnesborough, in the 
 neighbourhood of that town, upon whose land it was found at the end 
 of the last century. About thirty others, it is said, were discovered in 
 the same locality; and they were kept at the farm, to be used at “ har¬ 
 vest-homes,” and on other special occasions, by the farm-labourers. In 
 
 1 The student of classical antiquities will be reminded of the drinking-cups of the Greeks, 
 inscribed FPOPINE MH KAT0HIE (Drink, and don’t set down). See the “ Cat. Durand.,” 
 p. 295; and Panofka, “ Recherches sur les Noms des Vases Grecs,” pi. v. p. 30; also, 
 “ Musee Blacas,” pi. xxv. 3. 
 
 9 
 
( 34 ) 
 
 such hands they were, of course, doomed to destruction; and the exam¬ 
 ple here engraved is the only one that has escaped! 
 
 Fig. 2 is a vessel of very different shape, but with the peculiarity of 
 form already noticed in the other. It is of very transparent light-green 
 glass, the upper part decorated with a spiral thread, joining to a band of 
 glass encircling the cup; from these descend thick pillars or ribs, which 
 are alternately ornamented by indentations. It holds exactly a pint. 
 This specimen was found at Gilton, near Sandwich, together with a 
 bronze patera similar to that in our tenth plate. Both are in the very 
 interesting collection of antiquities formed by Mr. W. H. Rolfe. 
 
 Douglas, who has represented several examples of glass drinking- 
 vessels discovered in Kentish cemeteries, has engraved one similar to 
 this, and gives the following account of it : —“ A glass vessel from 
 Woodnesborough, near Sandwich. The drawing sent by Mrs. Boys, 
 who lately received a fibula from thence. Thirty of these vessels were 
 found near the conical hill there, some years back.” 2 This may have 
 been the identical vessel represented in our plate ; and if so, it will on 
 comparison be perceived that Douglas, himself an excellent draughtsman, 
 was not supplied with an accurate drawing. 
 
 Drinking-glasses, distinguished by the same peculiarities, have been 
 found in the Frank cemeteries of France and Germany. 3 An example 
 resembling our fig. 1 has lately been discovered by the Abbe Cochet, at 
 Envermeu. 
 
 2 Nenia Britannica, p. 71, and pi. xvii. 
 
 3 Das Germanische Todtenlager bei Selzen, folding-plate, figs. 6, 7,10,11, 16. 
 
ELATE XVHI 
 
 
 .Dr-at*n ty P. Pretty 
 
 FIBULAE FOUND NEAR RUGBY, WARWICKSHIRE 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ,* 
 
 ' 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 Plate XVIII. 
 
 FIBULiE FOUND NEAR RUGBY, WARWICKSHIRE. 
 
 The particulars of the discovery of these objects were communicated by 
 Mr. M. H. Bloxham to the Birmingham Philosophical Institution; and 
 they have been noticed, and some of the examples engraved on a reduced 
 scale, published by Mr. Roach Smith . 1 
 
 About thirty years since, the labourers employed in repairing the 
 road on the line of the Watling-street, about a mile from the Romano- 
 British settlement at Cestersover, between Bensford-bridge and the 
 road leading from Rugby to Lutterworth, disturbed a number of human 
 skeletons, which lay buried at the depth of from eighteen inches to two 
 feet below the surface. With these skeletons w r ere deposited weapons 
 and objects of personal use and ornament, consisting of the iron heads 
 of spears, umbones of shields, knives, fibulae, beads, tweezers, etc. One 
 urn only was found, and that unfortunately was broken. It was highly 
 ornamented and well baked, and had evidently been turned in a lathe . 2 
 The contents were a mass of ashes concreted together. It is said, that 
 close to this urn lay a sword, the only one discovered; and on the top 
 of the urn was an iron spear-head, with a narrow rim of brass encircling 
 the socket. Several small half-burnt cups were also found; but these, 
 with a single exception, fell to pieces. The occurrence of the urn 
 favours the inference, that this burial-place was used by an Anglo-Saxon 
 
 1 Collectanea Antiqua, vol i. p. 36. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 41, where the urn is represented. 
 
( 36 ) 
 
 tribe from their first settlement in the neighbourhood, down to the last 
 period of paganism. 3 
 
 Some of the fibulas engraved in our plate resemble generally those 
 found in the midland counties of England; but there are two which are 
 deserving of especial notice. Figures 2 and 5, especially the former, are 
 remarkable for their termination in the head of a horse. In one this is 
 really represented with a spirit and truthfulness that contrasts singu¬ 
 larly with the rude and conventional style observable in the Anglo- 
 Saxon ornamentation of this period. Fibulas with the ends terminating 
 in ornaments of this kind, are less common in England than on the 
 Continent. In some of the latter, the eyes of these heads are formed of 
 garnets. 
 
 The fibula No. 4 is of a form frequently met with in Anglo-Saxon 
 interments. They do not occur so often in the Frank graves; but in 
 the cemeteries of Livonia, fibulae of a less simple penannular shape are 
 more common, as may be seen in several examples now in the collection 
 of the British Museum. The quoit-shaped fibula, No. 6, although of 
 rude workmanship, may be compared with the beautiful example found 
 near Stamford, and engraved in plate XII. of this work. 
 
 Our plate is engraved from very accurate and beautiful drawings 
 taken by Mr. Edward Pretty, of Northampton, from the objects at the 
 time of their discovery, and now kindly lent for this work. 
 
 3 This supposes that we are right in concluding that cremation was the earlier mode of 
 sepulture among our forefathers, and not the observance of a particular tribe—a subject on 
 which, at present, we have but scanty information. Among the old Saxons, so late as the 
 end of the eighth century, the practice of cremation appears to have been far from extinct, 
 if we may judge from the Capitulary:—“Si quis corpus defuncti hominis, secundum ritum 
 paganorum, flamma consumi fecerit, et ossa ejus ad cinerem redegerit, capite punietur.”— 
 Capit. departib. Saxonice, c. vii., anno 789. 
 
P Id ATE XIX. 
 
 FIBULAE FROM A CEMETERT AT FAIRFORD, GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 
 
 J. Basvt. iid- « 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( 37 ) 
 
 Plate XIX. 
 
 FIBULAE FROM A CEMETERY AT FAIRFORD, 
 GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 
 
 The nine fibulae engraved in this plate have been described by Mr. Wylie 
 in his interesting account of the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Fairford. 1 
 All, except the first, are in the possession of that gentleman, who has 
 kindly permitted us to exhibit them at one view, with the addition of 
 colour, so necessary to convey a proper idea of their present appearance. 
 
 No. 2 differs in fabric from the rest, being slightly concave, and the 
 inside covered with a bronze foil 2 which has been gilt. The ornament¬ 
 ation of this inner surface is very singular, and probably unique. 
 Within an interlaced border is a wheel-shaped figure, between the spokes 
 of which are objects closely resembling the letter T that appears on 
 Mercian coins of a certainly later date. Whether these objects are 
 merely the arbitrary device of the Saxon artist, or whether they have a 
 significance yet to be explained, are points which we leave to the dis¬ 
 cussion of our archaeologists. 3 A pair of these fibulae were found on the 
 right breast of the skeleton (which measured 6 feet 6 inches), one below 
 the other. The backs, on removing the corrosion, appeared to have 
 been silvered. 
 
 No. 3 is a fibula of the ordinary configuration, formed of solid metal, 
 and ornamented and gilt on the inside. It was found with another of 
 
 1 Fairford Graves, 4to. Oxford, If52. 
 
 2 In this respect, it resembles the fibulae discovered in the Harnham Cemetery. Archseo- 
 logia, vol. xxxv. pi. xii. fig. 9. 
 
 3 The appearance of these objects on a large fibula found at Fairford (see Archacologia, 
 xxxiv. pi. x. fig. 2) favours the inference, that the prototype was the outline of a human 
 face. This will be more apparent to the numismatist, who is familiar with the gradations of 
 corruption in the types of ancient coins of barbarous and semi-barbarous states. 
 
 10 
 
( 38 ) 
 
 the same pattern, on either breast of what, from the beads and ear-rings 
 that accompanied it, was doubtless the skeleton of a Avoman. 
 
 No. 4 is another fibula, having for its device a rudely designed human 
 face in the centre, surrounded by a number of grotesque ornaments. 
 
 No. 5 is one of a pair found on either breast of the skeleton of a 
 Avoman, Avith Avhich Avere discovered beads, rings, and one of those 
 remarkable glass vessels resembling that engraved in our second plate, 
 but of a yellow hue . 4 
 
 No. 6 is another example of a pair found in the same position as the 
 preceding. Another pair Avas found of similar type in another grave; 
 and the fibula lately exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries by Mr. 
 Ouvry, and said to have been discovered at Mentmore in Buckingham¬ 
 shire, 5 appears to be modelled on the same pattern, although the Avork- 
 manship is much ruder. 
 
 No. 7, one of a pair found, like the former, on either breast. 
 
 Nos. 8 and 9 are also examples of pairs found in the same position as 
 the former. 
 
 It Avill be seen, that all the fibulae have been ornamented with gilding 
 on the inside, which their peculiar configuration is so Avell contrived to 
 protect. Mr. Wylie informs us, that in every instance the fibulae in the 
 Fairford Cemetery were found on the breasts of the skeletons, and not 
 just below the shoulders, as observed at Harnham and other Anglo- 
 Saxon burial places, where their precise situation Avas very plainly 
 indicated by the greenish blue tinge imparted by their erugo to the 
 clavicles. In the present state of our knoAvledge of the remains Ave are 
 attempting to illustrate, facts apparently trifling as these may be deemed 
 worthy of passing mention. 
 
 4 Fairford Graves, pi.i. See also “La Normandie Souterraine,” by the Abbe Cochet 
 Planche x. fig. 1. 8vo. Rouen, 1854. 
 
 5 Archseologia, vol.xxxv. p.381. 
 
PLATE XX 
 
 J. fiasire.ddt-t&f* 
 
 
 FIBULAE FOUND IN 'WAKWICKS HIRE, & LEICESTERSHIRE 
 

( 39 ) 
 
 Plate XX. 
 
 FIBULiE FOUND IN WARWICKSHIRE AND 
 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
 
 These fibulas present a very striking contrast to each other, not only in 
 their configuration, but also in their fabrication and style of ornament. 
 No. 1 is preserved in the Museum at Warwick; and we are indebted to 
 Mr. W. B. Dickinson, of Leamington, for his kind offices in obtaining 
 permission to examine and engrave it for this work. It was discovered 
 by a labourer, about three years ago, while digging a gravel-pit near 
 the railway at Emscote Road, in the Parish of Saint Nicholas, Warwick, 
 about two feet nine inches below the surface of the ground. “ The 
 character of the ground,” Mr. Dickinson observes, “ was nine inches of 
 mould and two feet of gravel;” and there is every reason to suppose, 
 that the remains discovered at the same time formed one of many inter¬ 
 ments in the same locality. 
 
 With this fibula was found a skull, a very large crystal ball, and a 
 fragment of a silver ring ornamented with heart-shaped impressions 
 made with a punch. The crystal resembles others found with Anglo- 
 Saxon remains, particularly that described by Mr. Wylie, 1 and the 
 example found in an urn at Hunsbury Hill, Northamptonshire, now 
 preserved in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries, and is, like them, 
 cut in facets, but it is of much larger dimensions, being an inch and a 
 half in diameter. 2 
 
 1 Fairford Graves, pi. iv. fig. 1. 
 
 2 It has been conjectured that this crystal may have been appended to the fibula; but as 
 we know nothing whatever of the relative position of the two objects, we must wait for 
 
( 40 ) 
 
 This fibula is remarkable for its elaborate ornament, as well as for the 
 insertion of amethyst-coloured vitrified pastes, which are nearly ob¬ 
 literated by decomposition. The same description of ornament probably 
 occurs in the three fibulae of similar configuration found by Mr. Neville 
 in the extensive cemetery of Little Wilbraham, but it appears to have 
 escaped the observation of the artist. * * 3 
 
 No. 2 is a very fine example of what may be appropriately termed a 
 cruciform fibula, although it is very doubtful whether its shape bears 
 any allusion to the Christian emblem of the cross. It is stated to have 
 been found about the year 1785, near Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, 
 “with a number of coins, principally of the age of Constantine,” to¬ 
 gether with a flat circular fibula of bronze, among rubbish and remains 
 of buildings, about two feet below the surface. A portion of tesselated 
 pavement was discovered at the same time about sixty yards from the 
 spot. 
 
 An account of these discoveries was communicated to the Society of 
 Antiquaries, through Sir Joseph Banks, by Thomas Babington, Esq., 
 of Rothley Temple, by whom the fibula was at the time presented to the 
 Society’s Museum, where it is still preserved. 4 
 
 This fibula has been gilt; and the salient portions of it plated with 
 with silver, in a manner similar to that found at Billesdon, in the same 
 county, engraved in our 14th plate. This description of ornamentation 
 has not, we believe, been observed in the Anglo-Saxon fibulae discovered 
 in the southern parts of the kingdom. 
 
 further evidence. Every discovery of this kind shews the great importance of observing the 
 
 deposits in situ. In this instance, the companion fibula—for they are frequently met with in 
 pairs—was probably overlooked by the man who discovered it. A wood-cut of the crvstal 
 is given by Mr. Albert Way, in the Journal of the Archaeological Institute, vol. ix. p. 179. 
 
 3 Saxon Obsequies, pi. i. fig. 3; pl.v. fig. 28; pl.vi. fig. 40. 
 
 4 Minutes of the Society of Antiquaries of London, Nov. 6, 17SS, vol.xxii. p.433. 
 Archaeologia, vol.ix. p.370. 
 
I 
 
PLATE XXI. 
 
 BEADS FOUND IN LINCOLNSHIRE, GLOUCESTERSHIRE, & WILTSHIRE. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
C 41 ) 
 
 Plate XXI. 
 
 BEADS FOUND IN LINCOLNSHIRE, GLOUCESTERSHIRE, 
 AND WARWICKSHIRE. 
 
 The necklace here represented is preserved in the collection of the 
 British Museum, where it is described as “ a string of beads found in 
 Syston Park, Lincolnshire; presented by Sir Joseph Banks.” No 
 particulars of the discovery are given, but the student of Anglo-Saxon 
 antiquities will need no evidence as to the age to which they may be 
 ascribed. They present an interesting variety of the beads so fre¬ 
 quently found in the graves of this period. The first six are of amber, 
 uniform in size, and more spherical in shape than they are sometimes 
 found. 
 
 Nos. 3, 7, and 9 are of glass, and are probably casts from the very 
 common grey fluted porcelain bead of the Roman period, which must 
 have abounded in this island at the time of the arrival of the Saxons in 
 Britain. Several examples, apparently formed from similar models, 
 were discovered in the cemetery at Harnham, near Salisbury; but the 
 glass of which they are composed is in its crude state, and of an olive 
 green colour. Nos. 5 and 8 are double beads of coloured pastes. 
 
 No. 10 is remarkable for its construction, resembling that of the large 
 single bead, No. 11, which was found, a short time since, in the Anglo- 
 Saxon Cemetery at Fairford, Gloucestershire. With the exception of 
 this last, beads of the same character have, we believe, been found only 
 
 11 
 
( 42 ) 
 
 in the northern counties of England. Among the numerous examples 
 of beads discovered in the extensive cemetery of Little Wilbraham, not 
 a single specimen of this description appears to have been met with. 
 
 Beads of amber frequently form portions of the necklaces of this 
 period. They appear to have been held in estimation not merely as 
 personal ornaments, but as amulets, since amorphous fragments are 
 sometimes found in Anglo-Saxon graves, and occasionally a solitary 
 large bead, like the specimen No. 12, which we discovered in the grave 
 of a young person at Harnham. It was the sole deposit, and lay in the 
 lap of the skeleton, on which the left hand rested. 1 The Rev. J. Pem¬ 
 berton Bartlett possesses examples found by him in the tumuli of 
 Breach Downs, in Kent: one is a large bead, with a ring of wire 
 through the centre; the other an amorphous fragment, furnished also 
 with a ring for suspension, and very closely resembling that given by 
 M. Bahr in his description of the Livonian graves. 2 
 
 Pliny gives us an interesting account of the estimation in which 
 amber was held by the Roman women, and appears to be somewhat at 
 a loss to assign a reason for its being so highly prized by them. 3 
 
 1 In one of the Harnham graves, a large flat bone bead was found near the left wrist of 
 the skeleton of a man. 
 
 2 Der Graber der Liven, 4to. Dresden, 1850. Taf. xi., fig. 13. The lump of amber found 
 in the Breach-Down grave, measures three inches by two. 
 
 3 Proximum locum in deliciis, feminarum tamenad hue tantum, succina obtinent; eademque 
 omnia hac quam gemma auctoritatem, etc.— Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvii. c. 9. 
 

 
 • f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UJE«r AHB ITS CONTENTS FOTOB AT EYE, SUFFOLK!, 
 
( 43 ) 
 
 Plate XXII. 
 
 URN AND ITS CONTENTS, FOUND AT EYE, SUFFOLK. 
 
 This Urn and its contents are preserved in the British Museum. They 
 were found many years ago in a sand-pit at Eye, in Suffolk, a district 
 in which on several occasions antiquities have been discovered. Gough, 
 in his additions to Camden’s Britannia, says that “ In the summer of 
 1781 were found at Eye, in a leaden case, in a sand-pit, several hundred 
 gold coins of Yalentinian senior and junior, Gratian, Theodosius, 
 Arcadius, and Honorius, in the finest preservation” 1 ; and a few years 
 since a number of pennies of Edward the Confessor were found at 
 Campsey Ash. Both these discoveries are very significant proofs of the 
 former occupation of this tract of country. 
 
 The Urn, though less ornamented, is of the same character as that 
 given in our fourth plate, and may be compared with those found at 
 Markeshall, near Norwich 2 ; at Kingston, near Derby 3 ; at Little Wil- 
 braham, Cambridgeshire 4 ; near Rugby 5 ; and other localities in England. 
 Several of the same description are in the collection of the British 
 
 1 Vol. ii. p. 90. 
 
 2 Archaeologia, vol.xviii., pi. xxviii., figs. 1—4. 
 
 3 Collect. Antiqua., vol. ii., p. 228. 
 
 4 Saxon Obsequies, pis. 24 to 33. 
 
 5 Ante, p. 35. 
 
( 44 ) 
 
 Museum; but, unfortunately, there is no record of the places of their 
 discovery. 
 
 As already observed, we are not yet in possession of sufficient 
 evidence to enable us to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion as to the 
 funereal observances of the people to whom these Urns must be referred. 
 The fact that they have been found hitherto solely in counties north of 
 the Thames contributes to the perplexity of the Antiquary. In some 
 places the interments are uniformly of this description, but in others 
 both inhumation and cremation appear to have been contemporaneous. 
 
 The comb found in this urn is very characteristic of these interments; 
 but this object is also found with skeletons, both in Anglo-Saxon and 
 Frankish graves. 6 The knife of this form and size is a novelty: it was 
 probably worn at the girdle with the tweezers and shears. 7 
 
 6 Several bone combs, and portions of combs, were found in the urns exhumed at Little 
 Wilbraham. They were more frequently met with in the graves of women in the Cemetery 
 of Selzen; but they were also found in those of men, aptly illustrating the line of Sidonius 
 Apollinaris— 
 
 “ Pro barba tenues perarantur pectine cristse.” 
 
 Paneg. in Majoriano. 
 
 The Abbe Cochet states that the Frank warriors appear to have carried these implements in 
 a pouch at the girdle .—La Normandie Souterraine, p. 218. 
 
 7 These shears resemble a pair found with the skeleton of a woman on Barham Downs, 
 near Canterbury, by Lord Londesborough, in 1850— 
 
 Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, vol.ii., p.59. 
 

PLATE XXIII. 
 
 WAR AXES. 
 
 J.Basirt, del. a 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 Plate XXIII. 
 
 WAR AXES. 
 
 The objects represented in our plate of the actual size, though unat¬ 
 tractive, are yet of peculiar interest, belonging, as they do, to the period 
 embraced in this work. The two first are specimens of the hatchet or 
 “ Taper axe ” of the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes, a weapon very closely 
 resembling in shape the “ Francisca,” in the use of which the Franks 
 —from whom it derived its appellation—were so skilled. 1 
 
 Axes, or hatchets of this description, are of unfrequent occurrence in 
 our Anglo-Saxon graves; but it is not unlikely that they were in more 
 general use during the Danish invasions, as a less costly arm than the 
 sword, which, as we shall hereafter attempt to show, was not the ordinary 
 weapon of the Pagan Saxons. In France, the Frank warrior is often 
 found interred with his “Francisca”; 2 and when this occurs, the spear 
 is observed to be reversed, as in the Selzen graves, 3 and not placed up¬ 
 right by the side of the head, as it is invariably found in those of the 
 Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 No. 1, differing from the others in the configuration of the socket, 
 
 1 “ Secures quas Hispani ab usu Francorum per derivationem franciscas vocant .”—Isidorus 
 Hisp., lib. xviii., c. 6. 
 
 2 L’Abbe Cochet. La Normandie Souterraine, pp. 202, 204, 272, 301. 
 
 3 Das Germanische Todtenlager bei Selzen, pis. 18, 21. See Mr. Wylie’s remarks on the 
 Merovingian Cemetery of Envermeu, Archseologia, vol.xxxv., p. 223. 
 
 12 
 

 ( 46 ) 
 
 was found in the bed of the Thames at London. It belongs to the col¬ 
 lection of Mr. C. R. Smith, who possesses several other examples. 
 
 No. 2 is a remarkable, and, we believe, unique example of a diminutive 
 axe, formed on the same model as the others, but evidently designed for 
 a youthful hand. It was found at Colchester. Though some may be 
 disposed to regard it as a toy, it appears not improbable that it is some¬ 
 thing more than a mere plaything, and that the skilful use of this weapon, 
 like that of the spiculum, so often found in the graves of boys, was 
 only attained by long practice, commenced in early life, in the same 
 manner as the use of the formidable English bow was acquired after the 
 Norman conquest. This diminutive weapon recalls the lines of Sidonius 
 Apollinaris, who, describing the warlike manners and equipments of 
 the Franks, says of them— 
 
 “ Excussisse citas vastum per inane bipennes, 4 
 Et plagae precisse locum, clypeosque rotare 
 Ludus, et intortas praecedere saltibus hastas, 
 
 Inque hostem venisse prius : puerilibus annis, 
 
 Est belli maturus amor”— 
 
 That the weapon termed “ Taper-axe ” was well known, we learn 
 from the charter of Canute to Christ Church, Canterbury, granting the 
 haven of Sandwich and the dues thereof, on either side, as far as a man 
 standing in a ship at flood tide could cast a taper-axe on shore. 5 
 
 No. 3 is in the collection of the British Museum, and in remarkably 
 good preservation. It was found at Icklingham, in Suffolk. 
 
 4 The term “ bipennis,” though originally signifying an axe with two edges, was evidently 
 applied in later times to any description of axe used in war. See proofs in the writer’s 
 remarks “ On some of the weapons of the Celtic and Teutonic Races,” in the Archseologia, 
 vol. xxxiv. p. 171. 
 
 5 ppa m »5 an tapeji-sex beon gepoppen uc op 5am scipe up on 15set lanb .—Codex Diplomat. xEvi 
 Saxonici, vol. iv. p. 24. Axes of all kinds were probably used at the battle of Hastings. 
 When the Normans feigned flight, “ they were pursued by the Saxons,” says the Chronique de 
 Normandie, “ chascun la hache a son col.” In the Bayeux tapestry the axes have long handles. 
 
, 
 
 
 
 

 PLATE XXIV. 
 
 SWORD HILTS FROM GRAVES IN’ E^ST KENT„ 
 
 J Basin 
 
/ 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 Plate XXIV. 
 
 SWORD-HILTS, FROM GRAVES IN EAST KENT. 
 
 These sword-hilts were found in the same district of East Kent, the one 
 at Coombe, the other at Gilton, villages a short distance from Sandwich. 
 
 No. 1 is in the possession of Mr. W. W. Boreham, whose account of 
 its finding is thus given:—“Six feet below an artificial surface of a 
 kind of clay, about twenty yards diameter, was a grave, in which were 
 found a copper bowl or basin, with short legs and with handles, con¬ 
 taining some burnt human bones. By the side of the bowl were two 
 swords and a spear-head in iron, some glass and amber beads, and part 
 of an ornament set with garnet or coloured glass. The swords appeared 
 to be Avrapped in cloth, and a veil of cloth appears to have been laid on 
 the bowl, portions of Avhich are still adhering to the edges.” 1 
 
 Mr. Boreham having kindly forwarded this remarkable weapon for 
 our inspection, our artist has made a very accurate drawing of the hilt. 
 Its total length is exactly three feet and half an inch. The blade is 
 2 feet 6f inches long, and at the top 2 f y inches broad, increasing to about 
 l inch more in the middle. The handle is exceedingly well adapted for 
 a firm grasp. The two metal fillets of bronze gilt, which encircle the 
 top and bottom of the hilt, are ornamented with a characteristic plaited 
 pattern, and there is a curious indented ornament on the pommel. The 
 blade is still covered with portions of its wooden sheath, which appears 
 
 1 Proceedings of the Bury and West Suffolk Archaeological Institute, vol. i. p. 27. An 
 account of this sword, with an etching, will be found in Coll. Antiqua, vol. ii. p. 164, pi. 38. 
 
( 48 ) 
 
 to have been enclosed in an outer-casing of leather, of which also frag¬ 
 ments adhere to the blade near the hilt. 
 
 No. 2 is another example, but of superior workmanship, in the col¬ 
 lection of Mr. Rolfe. It was first noticed by Mr. C. R. Smith in the 
 Archteologia, with other remains found at Gilton, vol. xxx., p. 132. 
 
 It has been supposed that the Anglo-Saxon was generally buried with 
 his sword, but this is contrary to the experience of those who have been 
 accustomed to researches in the cemeteries of that people. The sword is 
 only occasionally found; and of seventy graves explored by the writer at 
 Harnham Hill, near Salisbury, not a single example of that weapon was 
 discovered. 2 Although swords are frequently mentioned in the wills of 
 our Anglo-Saxon forefathers, and are sometimes found in their graves, 
 their occurrence is by no means so frequent as the spear, which was evi¬ 
 dently the ordinary and, indeed, the national weapon. We learn this, not 
 only from the fact that male and female relationship was distinguished as 
 the “ spear-half” and the “spindle-half,” 3 but also from the very signi¬ 
 ficant allusion to this weapon in the laws of Edward the Confessor— 
 “ Buy olf the spear, or bear it”; i.e ., compound for the slain, or bear the 
 feud 4 ; and it is not presuming too much to suppose, that the presence of 
 the sword is in most cases an indication that the owner was above the or¬ 
 dinary rank. These remarks apply rather to the Pagan Saxon than to 
 the later period, when swords, often richly ornamented, appear to have 
 been in more general use. iEthelstan Etheling’s will is remarkable for 
 
 2 Archseologia, vol. xxxv. p. 259. Compare also the number of swords found in the 
 Tumuli of Breach-Down, and, later, at Wilbraham and at Fairford. 
 
 3 Thus Alfred the Great says in his will—“Min yldra faeber haefde gecrveben his lanb on tSa 
 spere healfe, uses on '5a spinl healfe.”— Codex Diplomaticus JEvi Saxonici, vol. ii. p. 116. 
 
 4 “ Emendacionem faciat parentibus aut guerram paciatur, unde Angli proverbium habe- 
 bant:—Biege spere of sibe otSer here, quod est dicere, lanceam eme de latere autfer earn.” — Leges. 
 Regis. Edw. Confess. Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, ed. Thorpe, vol. i. p. 447. 
 
( 49 ) 
 
 the mention of several costly swords. He leaves a sword with silver hilt 
 and gilt belt and fastenings, and a silver-hilted sword that had belonged 
 to Ulfcytel. To Edmund his brother he gives the sword that had been 
 King Oflfa’s, * * 5 and the sword with the “pitted hilt”; and to Eadric, 
 Wynflede’s son^ a sword marked with the hand. 6 iEtheric (a.d. 997) 
 gives his sword, with its belt and fastenings; and in the will of Wulfric 
 (a.d. 1002) two silver-hilted swords are mentioned. 7 Swords, with 
 richly ornamented hilts, are mentioned in the poem of Beowulf, from 
 which also we learn that they were sometimes engraved with runic 
 characters: — 
 
 Swa wees on f>aem scenne 
 sciran goldes, 
 bur run stafas, 
 rihte ge-mearcod, 
 ge-seted and ge-ssed 
 hwam f sweord ge-worht 
 Irenna cyst, 
 iirest wsere. 
 
 So was on the surface 
 of the bright gold, 
 with runic letters 
 rightly marked, 
 set and said 
 for whom that sword 
 the costliest of irons 
 was first made. 8 
 
 A passage curiously enough illustrated by fig. 3, a sword pommel en¬ 
 graved with runes, found in the parish of Ash, near Sandwich, and 
 preserved in the collection of Mr. Rolfe. This object would prove, if 
 proof were required, the Anglo-Saxon character of the sword-hilts en¬ 
 graved in our plate. 
 
 s Was this the Hunish sword which Charlemagne sent as a present to Offa ? “ Vestrae 
 
 quoque dilectioni unum baltheum et unum gladium Huniscum, et duo pallia serica.”— Epistola 
 
 ad Offam Regem Merciorum. Corpus Juris Germanici Antiqui, ed. Walter, Tom. ii. p. 125. 
 
 6 Possibly the Hand of Benediction, a favourite device on the coins of the period of the 
 will here cited. 
 
 7 “ Saes swurbes mib ‘San sylfrenan hyltan 'Se Wulfric worhte anb Sane gylbenan fetels—Ses seolferhiltan 
 
 swurbes Se Ulfcytel alite—Anb ic geaun Eabmunbe mlnen breSer Sees swurbes Se Offa cyng ahte, & Ses 
 swurbes mib Sam pytteben hiltan—Anb ic geann Eabric Wynfiebe sunu Sses swurbes Se seo hanb is on 
 gemearcob. Anb ic geann AlfnoSe minon swurS-witan Sses scearban malswurbes. — Codex Diplomat. 
 JEvi Saxonici, vol. iii. p. 361. “ mines swyrbes mib fetele.”— lb. iii. p. 304. “ twa seolfor hilteb sweorb.”— 
 
 lb. vi. p. 147. 
 
 8 Beowulf, ed. Kemble, xxiv., 1. 3386. 
 
 13 
 
The hilt of the sword, fig. 2, which is of silver-gilt, is remarkable for 
 the loop and moveable ring, the purpose of which we are unable to 
 explain. It probably served for the appendage of a charm or talisman, 
 perhaps one of those large crystal beads which are sometimes found in 
 the graves of men. 
 
 That swords were highly valued appears very plainly from the fore¬ 
 going notices; but that among the people of Teutonic race the spear 
 was regarded as the symbol of sex and the badge of authority, is shown 
 also in the History and Institutions of the Franks. When Gonthram 
 made over the kingdom to Childebert, he delivered to him a spear with 
 the words—“ Hoc est indicium quod tibi omne regnum ineum tradidi.” 9 
 The spear and the shield, and sometimes the lorica, are mentioned in the 
 capitularies; 10 but the sword very rarely. It was the weapon of a free 
 man; and if a slave offended by carrying a spear, the staff of it was to 
 be broken over his back. * 11 
 
 The Abb6 Cochet remarks on the swords found in the Frank graves — 
 “ A Londinieres, comme partout, les sabres ont 4t6 rares. II parait 
 bien que la sabre, lorsqu’il etait un peu long, devenait l’attribut du 
 militaire consomme.” 12 The same remark will apply to the swords 
 found in our Anglo-Saxon graves, which clearly evidence that the 
 defunct, when living, was either wealthy or had attained to a certain 
 dignity. A reference to our Anglo-Saxon laws will satisfy the reader 
 that this weapon was not the most ordinary arm. If a man of humble 
 
 y Greg. Turon.— Hist. Franc., lib. vii., c. 33. 
 
 10 “ De Armis infra patriam non portandis, id est scntis et loricis.”— Capit. Karoli Magni, 
 
 anno 805. “ Ut nullus ad mallum vel ad placitum infra patriam arma, id est, scutum et 
 
 lanceam, portet.” — Capit., lib. iii. 
 
 11 “ Et ut servi lanceas non portent. Qui inventus fuerit post bannum, hasta frangatur 
 in dorso ejus.”— Capit., lib. vi. Corpus Juris Germ. Antiq., ed. Walter. 
 
 12 La Normandie Souterraine, par l’Abbe Cochet, p. 204, l er edit. 
 
PLATE 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( 51 ) 
 
 origin had become so prosperous as to possess a helmet and coat of mail, 
 and a sword ornamented with gold, he, nevertheless, yet ranked as a 
 ceorl. 13 The fact of the sword being thus particularly mentioned, affords 
 a proof that it was not the weapon of every man who bore arms. 
 
 Plate XXV. 
 
 DRINKING GLASSES. 
 
 The first of these vessels, lately acquired by the British Museum, was 
 found some years since in the neighbourhood of Bungay, in Suffolk, but 
 no particulars of its discovery are recorded. It is formed of thin pale 
 green glass, encircled with bands, which serve at once to impart strength 
 and ornament. 
 
 The smaller vessel, No. 2, of thicker glass and of a more dense colour, 
 formerly in the collection of Mr. Burgon, is also in the British Museum. 
 It is said to have been “ found in a gravel-pit at Mill Bank, in the parish 
 of Hoth, near Reculver, Kent, about the year 1772, with human bones 
 and another bottle, which was broken.” 
 
 Although the details of the finding of these objects have not been 
 preserved, it seems highly probable that the places of their discovery are 
 the sites of Anglo-Saxon cemeteries. We know not otherwise how to 
 
 13 “ Anb )>eah he gebeo f- he hsebbe helm byrnan -j golde fseteb sweorb, gif he p lanb (five hides) nafa^S ; 
 he biS ceorl swa beahNor'S Leoda Laga, X. —Ancient Laws and Institutes, ed. Thorpe, vol. i., p. 188. 
 
( 52 ) 
 
 account for the preservation of vessels so fragile. They are each repre¬ 
 sented of the actual size. 
 
 No. 1. resembles in shape and ornamentation a glass vessel engraved 
 and described by Douglas, -who says it was found in a barrow at King¬ 
 ston, on Barham Downs, with a knife and a few nails of iron. 1 
 
 To the modern eye, these vessels appear but ill-adapted for drinking 
 cups: their form would suggest a different purpose; but they are, in 
 fact, simply a variety of those given in our 17th plate (p. 33). The 
 manner in which they were used is illustrated by a drawing in an Anglo- 
 Saxon Calendar in the British Museum, 2 in which three figures are seen 
 seated on the mead-setle, two of them with cups in their hands, of forms 
 which will at once be identified. There are two attendants; one ap¬ 
 proaching with another cup, and the other pouring liquor into a drinking 
 horn. On the left of the group stands a figure armed with a spear and 
 a shield, affording a good idea of the Anglo-Saxon appointments. 
 
 1 Nenia Britannica , p. 69. 
 
 2 MS. Cotton, Julius, A. vi. See also Tiberius, B. v., pars i., where the same repre¬ 
 sentation occurs on a larger scale. Also the MS. Cleopatra, C., fol. 15, in which vessels 
 are depicted of the same form. Compare the drinking vessels held by the figures on the 
 Gallo-Roman monuments of Autun .—Autun Archceologique, Autun, 8vo, 1848. 
 
PLATE XXVI 
 
( 53 ) 
 
 PLATE XXVI. 
 
 GLASS CUP, FOUND AT COOMBE, KENT. 
 
 This object, represented of the actual size, is said to have been found 
 at the same time as the sword engraved in our Plate XIV., and, as is 
 supposed, in the same grave; but, as the discovery was accidental, and 
 the finder a simple labourer, we are not in possession of the desired 
 particulars. There was found with it a glass vessel, which was un¬ 
 fortunately broken; but the fragment remaining suffices to shew that in 
 shape and size it closely resembles that found at Reculver (see Plate II.); 
 the glass, however, being almost colourless. 
 
 The cup here represented, for the loan of which we are indebted to 
 the possessor, Mr. W. H. Spiller, is formed of a light olive-green glass, 
 the prominences being of a bright amber colour , 1 ribbed at the sides, 
 and ornamented at the bottom in a manner shewn by the vertical view. 
 A bell-shaped cup of green glass, with a similar ornament on its base, 
 in the collection of the British Museum, is said to have been found 
 among ashes in a stone coffin taken up on digging the foundations of 
 the portico of the church of Saint Martins-in-the-Fields, fourteen feet 
 under ground . 2 
 
 1 The general colour resembles very closely that of a vase found in the Fairford Cemetery. 
 Fairford Graves, plate i. 
 
 2 Gough’s Camden, vol. ii. p. 17. 
 
 14 
 
( 54 ) 
 
 Plate XXYII. 
 
 BUCKET FROM A CEMETERY AT LINTON HEATH, 
 CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 
 
 For the loan of this bucket, represented of the actual size, we are 
 indebted to the Hon. R. C. Neville. It is one of numerous objects 
 discovered by that gentleman during excavations in an Anglo-Saxon 
 burial-ground at Linton Heath, about two miles from the hamlet of 
 Bartlow, on the borders of Essex, so well known to antiquaries for the 
 remarkable tumuli of the Roman period, explored by the late Mr. Gage 
 Rokewode, and described by him in the 35th and 36th volumes of the 
 Archseologia. 
 
 Mr. Neville, in his communication to the Archaeological Institute, 
 
 7 O' 
 
 describes this cemetery as being within the limits of an oblong mound, 
 which had once been of greater elevation, but is now scarcely visible 
 above the surrounding soil. Its measurement, as near as could be 
 ascertained, being from N.E. to S.W. 160 feet long, and from E. to W. 
 85 feet at its greatest width. 1 
 
 The grave in which this bucket was found was three feet deep. It 
 stood on the left side of the head of the skeleton, and was removed 
 entire, but the wooden staves had perished. One large, and two 
 smaller, cruciform fibulae were found lying together upon the neck. A 
 curious bronze wheel-like ornament lay on the legs. One half of a pair 
 of clasps was also discovered, with 141 beads. The last were found, as 
 usual, at the neck, and consisted of eighty of blue glass, four of amber, 
 and the remainder of different coloured vitrified pastes. 
 
 These relics are significant evidence of the sex of the tenant of this 
 
 1 Archaeological Journal, vol. xi., p. 95. 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PLATE XXVU 
 
 BUCKET FROM 
 
 LIN TOE-HEATH, CAMBBLDGE SHIRE 
 
 J.Basir-e del-, a sc. 
 
( 55 ) 
 
 grave. Another situlse, differing in its details from the one here en¬ 
 graved, was found with fibuke, and one hundred and fourteen beads; 
 and the fragments of a third were also accompanied by beads. From 
 these examples, as well as from others which may be cited, it appears 
 that situlse of this description are as frequently discovered in the graves 
 of women as of men. 2 One, from the Fairford Cemetery, was placed at 
 the right side of the head of a man, with whom was found a large sword, 
 and the umbo of a shield, 3 while that found in the tumulus on Roundway 
 Down was very clearly deposited in the grave of a woman. 4 
 
 Buckets of this description have sometimes been found in the Frank 
 graves, but apparently not so frequently as in England. One was dis¬ 
 covered at Verdun upwards of a century since, another at Xanten, near 
 the Rhine, in 1838; and a third near Wiesbaden. Having been recovered 
 in a fragmentary state, and being ornamented with the triangular plates 
 of which we have given an example on our second page, they were 
 regarded as crowns by some of the antiquaries of the continent; but 
 recent discoveries have dissipated the illusion. Two specimens have 
 been lately found at Envermeu by the Abbe Cochet, differing in details 
 from those found in this country, but evidently designed for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 The wood of which the staves of these buckets is formed, is not of one 
 uniform description. The staves of that found at Fairford were com¬ 
 posed of oak; those from the Roundway Down tumulus were of yew, as 
 as are those from the Linton Heath Cemetery; but a fragment of a bucket 
 found between Sandgate and Dover, preserved in the British Museum, 
 
 2 Fairford Graves, p. 20. 
 
 3 The two situlse obtained from Wilbraham, were found with what were evidently the 
 remains of women. Saxon Obsequies, pi. i 7. That given by Douglas was probably from 
 the grave of a man. Nenia Rritannica, pi. 12. 
 
 4 See an account of this tumulus at page 1. 
 
( 56 ) 
 
 shews that the staves were formed of pine; hence it does not appear that 
 there w r as a predilection for any particular wood, although that of the 
 closest grain would naturally be preferred. 
 
 These vessels have been supposed to have been used to hold ale or 
 mead at the Anglo-Saxon feasts, an opinion to which we cannot sub¬ 
 scribe. It has been conjectured that the passage in Beowulf: — 
 
 byrlas sealdon cup-bearers gave 
 
 win of wunder-fatum wine from wondrous vats. 5 
 
 alludes to them; but it is difficult to conceive how the term “wondrous’’ 
 could apply to utensils of this description, while the huge vats of the 
 Germans are to this day the wonder of foreigners. 
 
 In a recent communication with which we have been favoured by the 
 Abbe Cochet, he mentions the fact of his finding in the Cemetery of 
 Envenneu a bucket containing a glass cup, and hence concludes that the 
 problem of the use of the former is solved, and that they are, in fact, 
 drinking-cups. With all deference for this opinion, we have arrived at 
 a different conclusion. In the Frank graves at Selzen, glass drinking- 
 cups were found, protected in a similar manner, 6 but does it not lead to 
 the inference that the larger vessel was intended to hold food and not 
 drink? From the circumstance of their being discovered in the graves 
 of either sex, it seems highly probable that these buckets were used for 
 spoon-meat, and are, in fact, porringers. If it be urged to the contrary, 
 that they are of comparatively unfrequent. occurrence, it must be borne 
 in mind that time has obliterated all traces of many objects deposited in 
 these graves, and probably among others, vessels solely of wood. 7 That 
 
 5 Beowulf, lines 2316—17. ed. Kemble, 12mo. 1837. 
 
 6 Das Germanische Todtenlager bei Selzen, pi. 12. 19. 21. 
 
 7 Among the objects discovered in the graves of Oberflacht were two buckets formed 
 entirely of wood. See pi. x., fig. 45, and pi. xi., fig. 53. Jahreshefte des Wirtenbergischen 
 Alterthums-Vereins. Drittes Heft, Stuttgard, folio 1846. 
 
PLATE XXVHL 
 
 KKYS AND BUCKLES, FOUND IN KENT, 
 
 J. Basin, sc. 
 
57 
 
 well-constructed and metal-bound utensils, like those under notice, could 
 only be the property of the wealthy, seems evident from the result of 
 researches in Anglo-Saxon burial places. 
 
 The example engraved in our plate, although without the wooden 
 staves, is especially interesting on account of the very perfect preserva¬ 
 tion of the metal-work. 8 
 
 Plate XXYIII. 
 
 KEYS AND BUCKLES FOUND IN KENT. 
 
 During the formation of the Kail way from Canterbury to Sandwich, the 
 workmen laid bare several graves of the Pagan Saxon period. An 
 extensive cemetery was found to exist on the summit of the hill called 
 Osengell, or Ozengal, about two miles from Ramsgate. Subsequent 
 excavations by Mr. Rolfe led to the discovery of several interments, each 
 accompanied by objects of interest, among which were these keys, which 
 were found in the grave of a woman. They are strung together on a 
 bronze wire, twisted at the ends, and so hung through a bronze fibula, 
 which appeared to have been attached to the girdle, but the acus has 
 perished, being formed, as usual, of iron. 
 
 8 For examples of these buckets, see Coll. Antiqua, voi. ii., p. 161 ; Fairford Graves, 
 pi. viii., fig. 2 ; Saxon Obsequies, pi. 17; and Proceedings of the Bury and West Suffolk 
 Institute, pi. i., figs. 1 and 2. Compare these with the bucket in the Museum of the Royal 
 Irish Academy, engraved in Coll. Antiqua, vol. iii., page 41. 
 
 15 
 
( 58 ) 
 
 The other objects are examples of the plainer description of buckle 
 frequently found in Anglo Saxon graves. Nos. 2, 3, and 5 were obtained 
 from barrows on Breach Downs, explored by Sir Thomas Mantell many 
 years since, and are now in the collection of the British Museum. The 
 type of No. 2 is very characteristic. Buckles similarly ornamented with 
 bosses, but frequently of much more elegant fabric, are found in the 
 graves of all the people of Teutonic race throughout Europe. 1 
 
 No. 4 is a bronze buckle of unusual shape, the tongue of which has 
 been lost. It was found in an extensive cemetery at Sittingbourne, 
 Kent, and is now in the museum of the town of Dover. 2 
 
 The minute buckles, figs. 6 and 7, were found in a barrow on Breach 
 Down, by the Rev. J. P. Bartlett, with the remains of a child. 
 
 For the drawing of the keys, which, as well as all the other objects, 
 are represented of the actual size, we are indebted to Mr. F. W. Fair- 
 holt, F.S.A. 
 
 The surface of the buckle, No. 5, has been plated with tin, an art 
 well known to the Gauls at an early period. 3 
 
 1 Compare, inter alia, those in La Normandie Souterraine, pi. ix. fig. 6, and pi. xv. fig. 5. 
 Descript, des Tombeaux de Bel Air, pis. iii. and iv. Archseologia, vol. xxx. pi. i. fig. 21. 
 
 2 It resembles a buckle found in the Cemetery at Oberflacht. Jahreshefte des Wirtem- 
 bergischen Alterthums-Vereines. Drittes Heft. Stuttgard, fol. 1 846. 
 
 3 Pliny mentions the skill of the Gauls in the art of plating Hist. Nat., lib. xxxiv. c.48. 
 Many ancient Gaulish and British coins are of copper plated with tin. 
 

 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
PLATE XXIX. 
 
 BUCKLES AND FIBULAE FOUND IN KENT. 
 
 J.lBastro dal. ac so. 
 

( 59 ) 
 
 Plate XXIX. 
 
 BUCKLES AND FIBULA FOUND IN KENT. 
 
 These objects, all delineated of the actual size, may rank with the most 
 remarkable relics of the Pagan Saxon period. 
 
 No. 1 is a buckle of bronze gilt, and set with garnets. It was found 
 in trenching the ground for a garden at Ringwould, about six miles 
 from Dover, on the road to Deal, on the estate of the Rev. John 
 Monins. There were discovered at the same time the remains of two 
 skeletons, with spearheads and a knife. This object was presented to 
 the British Museum by Mr. John Monins. 1 
 
 No. 2. A buckle of very beautiful workmanship, the metal of base 
 silver, thickly gilt, and encrusted with slabs of garnet. Its form, espe¬ 
 cially that of the rivets by which it was secured to the belt, may be 
 compared with the very rich example found at Ixworth, Suffolk, engraved 
 in our first plate. This interesting relic was discovered in the Anglo 
 Saxon Cemetery at Gilton, near Ash, three miles from Sandwich, and is 
 preserved in the collection of Mr. Rolfe. 
 
 No. 3. A fibula of base silver, which has been gilt. It is remarkable 
 for its terminating in an uncouth head, a peculiarity observable in the 
 fibulas found in German graves. 2 Found in the cemetery at Gilton. In 
 the collection of Mr. Rolfe. 
 
 No. 4. A fibula, also of base silver, of peculiar configuration, and 
 
 1 Compare this with the object figured in Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii. pl.xxxvii. fig. 2. 
 
 2 Compare figs. 10 and 11 in the oblong plate of “Das Germanische Todenlager bei 
 Selzen.” See also figs, 2 and 5 of our 18th Plate. Also Coll. Antiq. vol.i. pi. xix. and 
 vol. ii. pi. xli. 
 
( 60 ) 
 
 elaborate and singular ornamentation. If it possessed no other Teutonic 
 characteristic, the rude outlines of a human face in the centre of its 
 broadest part would be sufficient to identify it. 3 This remarkable relic 
 was found at Richborough, and is now in the collection of Mr. Rolfe. 
 
 No. 5 is a circular fibula of elaborate workmanship, found a few years 
 since in an extensive burial place at Sittingbourne, of which an account 
 was published by Mr. C. R. Smith. 4 It came into the possession of the 
 Rev. William Vallance, by whom it has lately been presented to the 
 museum of the town of Dover. For the drawing we are indebted to 
 die kindness of the Rev. Edward Trollope, F.S.A. It is set with minute 
 slabs of garnet, the rays of the inner star being formed of lapis lazuli. 
 Between the rays of the larger star are four studs, like those on the 
 fibula found at Abingdon, formed of ivory, in the centre of which are 
 slabs of garnet. The centre was ornamented with four gold loops, but 
 only three remain; and in the centre of these was, perhaps, a stud like 
 the other four. Between these loops were probably slabs of lapis lazuli, 
 but the cement only is left on which they rested. The metal disc 
 appears to be bronze gilt, and it is furnished with an acus of a form 
 resembling that of the Abingdon fibula, and has a loop by which it 
 might be secured. The grave in which this object was found was 
 evidently that of a woman, as there were discovered at the same time 
 several beads of vitrified pastes, a small silver twisted ring, a copper 
 ornament, and a bracelet of the same metal. 5 
 
 The deposit of articles of such value, for they must have been very 
 costly to the owners, affords an illustration of the inveterate superstition 
 of our heathen forefathers in their sepulchral observances, while their 
 
 3 Compare this figure with those on the fibula, pi. xix. fig. 2, and that in pi xx. fig. 7. 
 
 4 Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i. p. 97. 
 
 5 Ibid. vol. i. p. 100. 
 
( 61 ) 
 
 style of workmanship proves, that long before the final conversion of 
 the Anglo Saxons they had attained to considerable skill in the fabrica¬ 
 tion of such ornaments. The goldsmith’s craft appears to have been 
 held in high esteem by the whole Teutonic race. Among the Burgun¬ 
 dians, the wehr-gild of a slave, if a good artificer in gold, was much 
 higher than that of a freeman of mean rank . 6 In the Anglo-Saxon 
 poem, describing the different conditions and capacities of men, the 
 goldsmith is thus mentioned: 
 
 sumum wunder-giefe. 
 purh gold-smipe. 
 gearwad weorJje'S 
 fal oft he gehyrbe'S. 
 
 1 gehyrste'S wel. 
 bryten-cynninges beorn. 
 ^ he him brad syle®. 
 lond to leone. 7 
 
 for one of wondrous gift 
 a goldsmith’s art 
 is provided ; 
 full oft he decorates, 
 and well adorns 
 a powerful king’s noble, 
 and he to him gives broad 
 land in recompense. 
 
 That this is not a mere figment of the poet, we have proof in the 
 charter of King Eadgar, giving lands “ to JElfsige his goldsmith in 
 eternal inheritance .” 8 
 
 6 Qui aurificem lectum occiderit, CL. sol. solvat. Legis Burgundionum, tit. x. c. 3. Si 
 quis aliquemin populo nostro mediocrem, C., pro minore persona, LXXV. solidis praecipimus 
 numerare. Ibid. tit. ii. c. 2. Faber, aurifex aut spatarius qui publice probati sunt, si 
 occidantur, quadraginta solidis componantur. Leg. Alamann, Tit. lxxix. 7. Si faber fer- 
 rarius occisus fuerit, quadraginta solidos componatur. Si aurifex fuerit, quinquaginta solidos 
 componatur. Ibid. cap. add. 44. Compare Leg. Angliorum et Werinorum, tit. v. cap. 20. 
 
 7 Codex Exoniensis, a collection of Anglo-Saxon poetry from a MS. in the Library of 
 the Dean and Chapter of Exeter, with translation by B. Thorpe, published by the Society of 
 Antiquaries. 8vo. Lond. 1842, p. 331. 
 
 8 The rubric of the charter runs thus : pis his has aneshiwisces hoc set Winterburnan, pas opers 
 hwisces on Whit, pe pier to hyrS, pe Cabreb cyng gebocobe iElfsige his goldsmipe on eche hyfre. Registrant 
 Wiltunense, p.42. 
 
 16 
 
( 62 ) 
 
 Plate XXX. 
 
 FIBULA. 
 
 The twelve fibulae engraved in this plate afford very good examples of 
 the less costly description of Anglo Saxon ornaments, and may assist 
 the Antiquarian student in the identification of others which may come 
 under his observation. They are, for the most part, distinguished by 
 simple but very characteristic ornamentation. 
 
 Xo. 1. Bronze fibula, one of a pair. From the Fairford Cemetery. 
 Collection of Mr. Wylie. 
 
 No. 2. A bronze fibula, one of a pair, of very simple form, the surface 
 of which has been plated with tin. From the Fairford Cemetery. 
 Collection of Mr. Wylie. 
 
 No. 3. One of a pair of small fibuke with annular ornaments. The 
 surface tinned. From the Fairford Cemetery. Collection of Mr. 
 Wylie. 
 
 No. 4. A quoit-shaped fibula (one of a pair) in thin white metal, 
 resembling base silver. From the Fairford Cemetery. Collection of 
 Mr. Wylie. 
 
 No. 5. A circular bronze fibula with a tinned surface, like No. 2. 
 From the Fairford Cemetery. Collection of Mr. Wylie. 
 
 No. 6. A quoit-shaped fibula of white metal. One of a pair found in 
 the Fairford Cemetery. Same collection. 
 
 No. 7. One of a pair of bronze fibulas, from the Fairford Cemetery. 
 Same collection. 
 
 No. 8. A bronze fibula of the same fabric as Nos. 2 and 5. From 
 the Fairford Cemetery. In the British Museum. A similar one, found 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PLATE XXX. 
 
 F IB UL AE . 
 
 J. Basir'e.del et iC 
 

 
 
 
 
( 63 ) 
 
 at Ebrington, Gloucestershire, is in the museum of Mr. C. Roach Smith, 
 and another, found at Icklingham, Suffolk, is in the collection of the 
 British Museum. 
 
 No. 9. A small circular bronze fibula found in Sussex, formerly in 
 the collection of the late Dr. Mantell, from whose Executors it was 
 purchased for the British Museum. 
 
 No. 10. One of a pair of bronze fibulas found on the clavicles of the 
 skeleton of a young person with a knife, in the Cemetery at Harnham, 
 near Salisbury. 1 The surface is ornamented with triangular indentations 
 made with a punch. Collection of the British Museum. 
 
 No. 11. A bronze fibula with a boss in the centre, and covered with 
 circular ornaments made with a punch. A similar type has not 
 hitherto been observed, but its style of ornamentation warrants our 
 assigning it to the Anglo Saxon period. It was found in the neigh¬ 
 bourhood of London, and is in the collection of the Rev. Thomas 
 Hugo. 
 
 No. 12. A fibula of white metal, formerly in the collection of the late 
 Dr. Mantell, from whose Executors it was purchased for the collection 
 of the British Museum. It is remarkable for the peculiarity of its 
 ornamentation. Each of the triangular indentations, which are made 
 with a punch, enclose three points, exactly similar to those on the 
 fragments of silver ornaments discovered with Anglo Saxon Coins at 
 Cuerdale, near Preston, Lancashire, in the year 1840. 2 
 
 All these objects are represented of the actual size. 
 
 1 Archaeologia, vol. xxxv. 
 
 2 An account of the Coins will be found in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v. p. 1 ; and 
 of the ornaments, etc., in the Journal of the Archaeological Institute, vol. iv. p.l 11. 
 
( 64 ) 
 
 Plate XXXI. 
 COMBS. 
 
 These objects, drawn by Mr. Fairholt, F.S.A., are all from the collection 
 made by the Rev. Bryan Faussett, in the last century, and are now in 
 the possession of Mr. Joseph Mayer, F.S.A., by whom the plate is 
 liberally presented. 
 
 Fig. 1. was found, in 1771, on Kingston Down, a part of what is 
 commonly called Barham Downs, in the parish of Kingston, about five 
 miles east of Canterbury. The grave was doubtless that of a woman. 
 The comb was found in the remains of a wooden box, which had been 
 strengthened by brass rivets. This box also contained a brass armilla, 
 a bead of baked earth, an ivory bracelet, a silver ring, the blade of a knife, 
 a pair of shears, and a few minor articles of personal use. 
 
 Fig. 2. Found in the same locality in August, 1767, in a tumulus con¬ 
 taining a coffin, in which was the skeleton of a woman, as appeared by 
 the ornament upon the neck, etc. The comb was lying “ toward the 
 right breast. 
 
 Fig. 3. Found also on Kingston Down, in September, 1773, in a 
 wooden box beside the body of a woman. The box, much damaged, 
 was about three inches in diameter, and contained a variety of small 
 articles, a shell of the Concha Veneris ,* and two coins, one being a small 
 brass of Claudius, reverse, Minerva ; the other of Carausius, reverse, 
 pax . AUG . 1 2 
 
 The ornamentation of these combs, which are formed of bone, is exe¬ 
 cuted by incised lines. 
 
 1 Other graves in this neighbourhood have yielded these shells, the Cyprcea pantherina of 
 the Red Sea, Douglas (N. Brit. p. 73) is learned on the subject of their use; but they may, 
 probably, after all have been simply regarded as objects of interest and curiosity. 
 
 2 The above notes are from the manuscript of Mr. Faussett, which Mr. Mayer has placed 
 in the hands of Mr. C. R. Smith for publication. 
 
PLATE XXXI. 
 
 "i 
 
 
 
 ms+> 
 
 BaSr^T 
 
 C OMB S 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PLATE XXXII. 
 
 FIBULAE. 
 
 
 J. CUoliorrL.se. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( 65 ) 
 
 Plate XXXII. 
 
 JEWELLED FIBULA. 
 
 The objects engraved in this plate, kindly placed at our service by 
 Mr. B. Bright, of King’s Bench Walk, Temple, were formerly in the 
 collection of his father. No record is preserved of the finding of the 
 first, a very remarkable and beautiful example of goldsmith's work. 
 Though some doubts may be entertained of its Anglo Saxon origin, it 
 was probably discovered in this country. The larger one is evidently 
 the fibula of which an account is given in the “ Gentleman’s Magazine” 
 for 1815, 1 with a rude engraving; sufficiently accurate, however, to 
 assure us of its identity. It is there stated to have been discovered six 
 years previously, with some human bones, by a labourer digging gravel, 
 somewhere between Husband’s Bosworth, Leicestershire; and Welford, 
 Northamptonshire; but the precise locality is unknown. In the en¬ 
 graving given in the “ Gentleman’s Magazine” the acus is shewn to 
 have been entire at the time of finding. 
 
 This fibula is formed of a circular plate of silver, upon which are laid 
 two semi-circular plates of gold, covered with the usual filigree work, 
 and held together by a gold wire passing through them. They are also 
 ornamented with four studs of the usual configuration and materials, 
 inserted in gold sockets, surrounded at the base by a corded circle, each 
 stud having had in its centre a minute slab of garnet, two of which 
 have been lost. 2 
 
 1 Vol. lxx. p. 124, and p. 209, pi. xi. 
 
 2 These studs resemble those on the fibulas more commonly found in Kent. That found 
 at Abingdon (see our third plate) has similar studs. 
 
 17 
 
( 66 ) 
 
 The workmanship of the smaller fibula is more elaborate and minute 
 than that of any example which has come under our notice. The design 
 is also of a novel description. 3 The gold plate is covered with very 
 regular and delicate filigree work; and the compartments, which are 
 very deep and prominent, are set with slabs of garnet, and opaque 
 stones of a greenish tinge; some of which, as well as the garnets, have 
 fallen out of the sockets. 
 
 Plate XXXIII. 
 
 JEWELLED CLASPS FOUND IN HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 SPOON FROM A BARROW AT CHATHAM, KENT. 
 
 These clasps were accidentally discovered in the year 1828, immediately 
 beneath the turf, on a heath in the parish of Crondale, in Hampshire, in 
 the midst of one hundred gold coins, of which an account by the writer, 
 with engravings of the most remarkable examples, will be found in the 
 “ Numismatic Chronicle” '. Some of these coins are barbarous imita- 
 
 3 It may be compared with that of the fibula No. 71 in the “ Catalogue of Ancient and 
 Mediaeval Rings and Personal Ornaments formed for Lady Londesborough.” 4to. London, 
 1853. The workmanship is probably Merovingian. 
 
 1 Vol. vi. p. 171. The discovery is thus described by Mr. C. E. Lefroy :—“The coins 
 were found by myself in the autumn of 1828, on a heath in the parish of Crondale, in 
 Hampshire, This heath is a continuation of Bagshot Heath. The boundary of the counties 
 of Surrey and Hampshire crosses it in the parish of Crondale, skirting an old encampment 
 situated on the abrupt point of a hill called Caesar’s Camp,” within about a mile of which, or 
 

 
 

 . • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 »•. - 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
PLATE XXXIII 
 
 JEWELLED CLASPS AND SPOON. 
 
 J. Cleaho 
 
( 67 ) 
 
 tions of the money of the Roman Emperors from Licinius to Justin and 
 Leo; others are examples of the Triens of the Merovingian monarchs, 2 
 while several bear a full-faced head with the legend lvndvni. The 
 clasps are doubtless those of a purse. Without attempting to assign a 
 precise date to them, or to the coins, their style of workmanship is so 
 similar to that of some of the Kentish fibulas 3 that we must be permitted 
 to claim a place for them in this work, although their appropriation to 
 the Pagan Saxon period may be questioned. 
 
 For the drawing of the Spoon, now in the Ashmoleian Museum, at 
 Oxford, we are indebted to the kindness of the Rev. John William 
 Burgon, Fellow of Oriel College. It is the same as that represented 
 in the “ Nenia Britannica,” by Douglas, whose description of it is as 
 follows:— 
 
 “ A silver spoon, ornamented with garnets; the bowl perforated and 
 washed with gold, which in some places is much worn off. The garnets 
 are enchased in a projecting socket of silver. They are set on a gold 
 foil; which foil, from similar specimens in my collection, seems em¬ 
 bossed in checquers, by a stamp or milling instrument, to add lustre to 
 
 a little more, on the flat waste below, I discovered these coins. A turf had been pared off 
 for firing in the usnal manner, leaving a smooth ‘ dished’ surface, on the centre of which I 
 saw a little heap of apparently brass waistcoat-buttons lying mixed, but with the bright 
 edges just washed bare by the rains. On picking them up they proved to be these gold 
 coins, and the two jewelled ornaments and chain. The coins must have been confined in a 
 purse, though there was no trace of one left, as some of the stones set in the ornaments had 
 fallen out, but were found among the coins, together with a little stone, since lost, probably 
 belonging to some other ornament which had perished.” 
 
 2 Of the mints of Metz, Marsal, and Paris. One of them bears the name of St. Eligius, 
 the moneyer of Dagobert. 
 
 3 Compare the centre compartment with those in the fibula found at Wingham. PI. xi. 
 
 fig. 1. 
 
( 68 ) 
 
 to the stone. On the edges of the handle is a delicate beading, and in 
 the interval of the setting, are small circular marks so often found on 
 ornaments of the Lower Empire, and which, in my opinion, are the sure 
 criteria to discriminate such ornaments. The reverse of the spoon has 
 a neat brace fastened with six rivets, to mend a fracture near the 
 handle, on the edge of which is impressed a chain of the above circular 
 marks. The silver of the bowl is as thin as the silver pence of some of 
 our early Saxon kings. The back of the handle is worn very smooth, 
 partic ularly the edge; which circumstance, with the perforation at the 
 top, shews it to have been pendant to some part of the dress. The 
 handle and bowl have been hammered out of one piece of silver, and the 
 sockets of the stones are fastened with rivets which penetrate the 
 handle. When taken out of the grave, the silver parts, where the gold 
 was worn off, were much corroded with black patina .” 4 He adds, that 
 it was found “ a little below the os sacrum , between the femur bones;” 
 and supposes it to have been used for magical purposes; but of this we 
 have no proof. The grave, in which it was discovered, contained 
 
 fibulas, rings, beads, and other objects, and was doubtless that of a 
 woman. 
 
 A spoon, perforated like this, and ornamented with a slab of garnet 
 placed over a leaf of stamped gold foil, but with a handle of simpler 
 form, was found, a few years since, in a Barrow at Stodmarsh, near Can¬ 
 terbury. 5 
 
 The objects in this plate are represented of the actual size. 
 
 4 Nenia Britannica, pp. 6, 7. 
 
 5 A representation of it may be seen in the Archseologia, vol. xxxvi. It is now in the 
 British Museum. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pi ATE XXXIV 
 
 FIBULAE FOUND IN NORFOLK, WILTS, AND KENT 
 
 JJSanr & sc. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( 69 ) 
 
 Plate XXXIV. 
 
 FIBULiE FOUND IN NORFOLK, WILTS, AND KENT. 
 
 No. 1, for the drawing of which we are indebted to Mr. Henry Harrod, 
 F.S.A., was found, with others of a similar character, at Sporle, near 
 S waif ham. 1 The one here engraved is remarkable for its plain and 
 simple form, in which respect it differs from any other fibula of the 
 same period hitherto noticed or engraved.—Norfolk and Norwich 
 Museum. 
 
 Nos. 2 and 3 are small dish-shaped fibuke of bronze, gilt on the 
 inside. This pair was found in the Cemetery at Harnham Hill, near 
 Salisbury, explored by the writer in the Autumn of 1853, of which a 
 detailed account will be found in the Archseologia. 2 They were dis¬ 
 covered on the breast of a skeleton, evidently that of a female, with 
 several other objects, and may be compared with a pair of the same size 
 and form found by Douglas in a tumulus on Chatham Lines, Kent, in 
 the year 1779, with relics clearly indicating the grave of a woman. 3 
 Among those relics was the spoon engraved in our 23rd Plate. They 
 may also be compared with the fibula found on Chessell Down, in the 
 
 1 In the catalogue of the antiquities inserted at the end of the “ Original Papers,” pub¬ 
 lished by the Norfolk and Norwich Society, vol. iv., these fibulae are stated to have been 
 found on the opening of some tumuli on a farm called “ Petty Gards,” at Sporle, in the year 
 1820. In one of these barrows seven skeletons are said to have been discovered, placed side 
 by side. Circular shields, apparently of leather, stretched upon thin laths of wood, were 
 placed on the faces of some of them. A woollen cloak, fastened on the breast, enveloped 
 each body, which was accompanied by a spear of the usual description. 
 
 2 Vol. xxxv. p. 259. The whole of these remains were most liberally presented by Viscount 
 Folkestone to the British Museum. 
 
 3 Nenia Britannica, p.5, pl.ii., figs. 7, 8. 
 
 18 
 
( 70 ) 
 
 Isle ol Wight. 4 This last would seem, indeed, to be the prototype of the 
 smaller fibulae, the varieties being in all probability the result of succes¬ 
 sive imitations as they appear to have been made by the operation of 
 casting and subsequent tooling.—Collection of the British Museum. 
 
 No. 4. One of a pair of neatly executed bronze fibulae, with gilded 
 surfaces, found in the Harnham Cemetery, on the shoulder of a child 
 lying in the lap of an adult skeleton. 5 6 It resembles very closely a fibula 
 from a grave on Chessell Down. 0 —Collection of the British Museum. 
 
 No. 5. A circular bronze fibula, set with garnets, and of a pattern 
 frequently met with in the Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries of Kent. 7 —Collection 
 of Mr. Rolfe, Sandwich. 
 
 No. 6. A small fibula in the collection of Mr. Rolfe, found by that 
 gentleman in the Cemetery at Ozengell, near Ramsgate, during excava¬ 
 tions in the year 1845. 
 
 Plate XXXV. 
 
 OBJECTS FOUND IN SUFFOLK, WILTS, AND KENT. 
 
 No. 1. A bronze pin, found on ribs of a skeleton, in the Cemetery at 
 Harnham, near Salisbury; probably employed to fasten the winding- 
 
 4 Winchester Book of the British Arch. Ass., p. 151. 
 
 5 Archaeologia, vol. xxxv. 
 
 6 Winchester Book of the British Arch. Ass., loco citato. 
 
 See Douglas, Nema Britan, and Coll, Antiqua, passim. Also Saxon Obsequies, pi iii 
 fig. 173. * ' 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
.yV V" 
 
 PLATE XXXY 
 
 OBJECTS FOUND IN SUFFOLK, “WILTS, AND KENT 
 
 J.Basire. st 
 
( 71 ) 
 
 sheet. 1 Two concave fibuke were found on the collar-bones. 2 —Collection 
 of the British Museum. 
 
 No. 2. A fragment from the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery on Stow Heath, 
 Suffolk, the use of which it is difficult to conjecture.—Museum, Bury St. 
 Edmunds. 
 
 No. 3. The ornament of a bucket found in the Cemetery at West 
 Stow, Suffolk.—Museum, Bury St. Edmunds. 
 
 No. 4. Toilet implements of bronze, found in the Cemetery at Harn- 
 ham, with a number of other objects plainly indicating the grave of a 
 woman. 3 They may be compared •with a set found at Fairford, 4 which 
 they closely resemble.—British Museum. 
 
 No 5. A pin, probably applied to the same purpose as No. 1. Found 
 in the Cemetery at Harnham in the grave of a woman. 5 —British 
 Museum. 
 
 No. 6. A ring, formed of a spiral strap of white metal, from the 
 same locality. Similar rings have been found at Little Wilbraham, at 
 Linton Heath, at Fairford, and other localities. They are, for the most 
 part, of one uniform construction, being so contrived that they could be 
 expanded or contracted, and adapted to the size of the finger of the 
 wearer.—British Museum. 
 
 No. 7. The tongue of a strap or girdle, found by Mr. Rolfe at Ozen- 
 gell, and now in his collection at Sandwich. 
 
 No. 8. A similar object to the preceding, found in the grave of a 
 
 1 That the corpse was enveloped in an ample winding-sheet, seems evident from several 
 circumstances observed in these graves. See the remarks on the interments at Harnham. 
 Archaeologia, vol. xxxv. p. 477. Also Douglas, Nenia Britannica, p. 90. 
 
 2 Archaeologia, vol. xxxv. pi. xi. fig. 9. 
 
 3 Archaeologia, vol. xxxv. pi. xii. fig. 13. 
 
 4 Fairford graves, pi. ix. 
 
 5 Archaeologia, vol. xxxv. p. 476. 
 
( 72 ) 
 
 woman, with a number of other objects, in the Cemetery at Harnham. 
 The mode of fastening is indicated by the detached portion, shewing 
 that it resembled that adopted for the fastening of parasols.—British 
 Museum. 
 
 No. 9. Another tongue or tag of bronze gilt, found by the Reverend 
 Bryan Fausset at Gilton, a suburb of Ash, near Sandwich, now in the 
 collection of Mr. Mayer, F.S.A. 
 
 All these objects are represented of the actual size. 
 
 Plate XXXVI. 
 
 FORK, AMBER, AND SPINDLE-WHIRLS. 
 
 The fork represented in our Plate, a unique object of the heathen Saxon 
 period, was discovered in the grave of a young man in the Cemetery at 
 Harnham, near Salisbury. It was deposited with a knife and a flint 
 and steel, 1 within the extended right arm. The metal is iron, and it is 
 rudely fixed in a handle of deer’s horn. 
 
 1 Archseologia, p. 267. This object will be found engraved in the Arch apologia, vol. xxxv. pi. xi. 
 fig. 3. It resembles others in the Fausset collection, but their purpose was not suspected. 
 Compare the object figured in Collectanea Antiqua,vol.iii.p.l 6. The steels or briquets often 
 found in the graves of the Franks and other people of Germanic race, more closely resemble 
 those in use in this country before the universal adoption of the “ lucifer match.’’ Compare 
 that figured by M. Gosse, “ Notice des Cimetieres Trouvees en Savoie,” etc., Geneve, 8vo., 
 1853, pi. iii. fig. 3. See also “ La Normandie Souterraine,” 2nd edit. p. 258. Scheffer informs 
 us that those Laplanders who, in the 17th century, still adhered to their ancient idolatry, 
 buried their dead with such implements. Histoire de la Laponie, p. 292. Keysler says the 
 

 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
PLATE 
 
 XXXVI 
 
 FORK. AMBER. AND SPINDLE-WHIRES 
 
 .7. Bafire, dd. re 
 
 
( 73 ) 
 
 It is somewhat singular, that a fork was found at Sevington, in the 
 same county, with coins of Ceolnoth, Berhtulf, Egbert, Ethelwulf, and 
 Athelstan, but it differs entirely from that discovered at Harnham. * 2 The 
 fork was not unknown, to the Romans, although it does not appear to 
 have been in common use among them; but no doubt can be entertained 
 of the purpose of the implement discovered in the Harnham Cemetery. 
 The knife that accompanied it is of the usual description. 
 
 Figs. 2 and 3 are examples of the estimation in which amber was 
 held by our Anglo-Saxon forefathers. The first is a bead, with a loop 
 of iron for suspension, found in a tumulus on Breach Down, by the 
 Rev. J. P. Bartlett; the other, an amorphous lump from one of the 
 same group of barrows, to which allusion has already been made. 3 
 
 Fig. 4. A bone spindle-whirl, or vorticellum, from the grave of a 
 woman at Harnham. Objects of a similar description are frequently 
 found in our Anglo-Saxon graves, and have erroneously been supposed 
 to be the fastenings of cloaks; but of their use no doubt can be enter¬ 
 tained. 4 They are, in fact, as characteristic in these interments as the 
 spear, male and female relationship being, as already observed, 5 distin¬ 
 guished by the terms “ spere healfe and spinl healfe.” 
 
 Fig. 5, though differing widely from the preceding, appears also to be 
 
 same. Antiquitates Septent. p.173. Every kind of iron-work was supposed to be effica¬ 
 cious against evil spirits; and fire struck from a flint and steel an especial preservative. See 
 the account of its use in Saxo Grammaticus, “ extusum silicibus ignem, opportunum contra 
 daemones tutamentum,” lib. viii. p. 431, ed. Muller, 
 
 2 See Archseologia, vol.xxvii. p.301. Also Grivaud, Antiquites Gauloises, Paris, 1807, 
 and Caylus, Recueil d’Antiquites, tome iii. p. 312, pi. lxxxiv., for examples of Roman forks. 
 
 3 Ante, p. 42, and note 2. Both specimens are now in the collection of the British 
 Museum. 
 
 4 Examples will be found in Douglas, Nenia Britannica, pi. xv. fig 7, and pi. xxi. fig. 9; 
 Archaeologia, vol. xxxiii. pi. xii. fig. 9 ; Saxon Obsequies, pi. xxi. fig. 96. They all appear to 
 have been turned in a lathe, like that found at Harnham. 
 
 5 Ante, p. 48, note 3. 
 
 19 
 
( 74 ) 
 
 a spindle-whirl. It was found by the writer in the grave of a woman 
 at Wingham, Kent. The iron spindle lay within it; and it will be seen 
 that it has imparted a dark ferruginous stain to that portion of the ring 
 with which it was in immediate contact. It was found close by the left 
 hand, near which lay a small bead of amethystine quartz. 6 A similar 
 object was discovered in the Cemetery of Little Wilbraham by Mr. 
 Neville. 7 The spindle being of iron may account for the use of so light 
 a whirl, which, as usually formed, was sufficiently dense to cause it to 
 gravitate properly; but we are unable to assign a reason for so large an 
 aperture, unless by supposing that this object was merely the outer case 
 of a whirl which fitted closely to the spindle, the inner portion having 
 perished. 
 
 All these objects are represented of the actual size, and are in the 
 collection of the British Museum. 
 
 Plate XXXVII. 
 
 FIBULA FROM A CEMETERY ON LINTON HEATH, 
 CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 
 
 This fibula, represented of the actual size, was discovered by the Hon. 
 R. C. Neville, F.S.A., in the cemetery already described, 1 in a grave five 
 feet deep, the skeleton lying with the feet to the east. A bucket stood on 
 
 6 Archaeologia, vol. xxxvi. 
 
 7 Saxon Obsequies, pi. xxiii. fig. 102. 
 1 Ante, p. 54. 
 
plate m m 
 
 riBTJLA FOUND ON LINTON HEATH. 
 
 Edwin Ireland, del. 
 
 J.Basire. sc. 
 

 
 
( 75 ) 
 
 the right side of the head. 2 This fibula lay upon the right breast. Two 
 large bronze circular fibulae lay also upon the right breast. One hun¬ 
 dred and fourteen beads lay about the collar bones. All but seven of 
 these, which were of green glass, were of amber. Among these beads 
 were four silver or white metal finger-rings, one of which is of the 
 description represented in our 26th plate, fig. 6. A pair of small plain 
 studs or buttons of bronze lay by the right wrist, and near them a 
 large bronze buckle. Mr. Neville states, in his account communicated 
 to the Archaeological Institute, that “ a massive sort of ring, with a 
 singular projection or peg springing from its inner circumference, lay by 
 the left thigh. From the peg, when found, depended a slender key or 
 picker of bronze, attached by a ring at one end. Beneath the peg, in the 
 thickest part of the metal, are two narrow slits, possibly for receiving 
 the blade of a knife or shears, though none were found.” He adds, 
 
 “ This is one of the most curious objects discovered, and I am not aware 
 that a similar example has occurred.” 3 A knife and a pair of bronze 
 clasps were also found, with several objects of more frequent occurrence. 
 
 It is very clear, from the foregoing details, that the grave was that of 
 a woman; and, if we may judge from its unusual depth, and the variety 
 and number of the objects deposited with the body, of a person above 
 the common rank. 
 
 The fibula engraved in our plate is a very remarkable one, its design 
 and workmanship being far superior to those of any other example 
 that has come under our notice. It favours the opinion we have 
 already expressed, that fibulm of the Anglo-Saxon period were multiplied 
 by successive castings, and that subsequent tooling so altered the type, 
 that every reproduction was a variety of the original. If this conjec- 
 
 2 Archaeological Journal, vol. xi. p. 95. 
 
 3 Ibid, p. 98. 
 
( 76 ) 
 
 tare be admitted, it may account for our never meeting with two fibulae 
 of precisely the same pattern, though so many resemble each other. The 
 example here engraved may be regarded as one of the prototypes, since 
 its ornamentation is perfectly regular and uniform. It may be compared 
 with the fibulae found at Fairford. 4 
 
 Plate XXXVIII. 
 
 LARGE DISH-SHAPED FIBULAE FOUND IN BUCKINGHAM¬ 
 SHIRE. 
 
 An account, with an engraving, of the first of these remarkable fibulae 
 was communicated by the writer to the Archaeologia 1 about twelve years 
 since, and from the Byzantine character of its ornamentation, some 
 remarks on its probable date were offered, which subsequent discoveries 
 have shewn to be ill-founded, and it is now pretty well ascertained to 
 belong to the Pagan-Saxon period, notwithstanding the cruciform orna¬ 
 ment in its centre. It was found by accident in the orchard adjoining 
 the Vicarage of Stone, near Aylesbury, which appears to have been in¬ 
 cluded within the limits of a Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon Cemetery. 2 
 
 4 Fairford Graves, pi. ii. and pi. iii. fig. 2. Both these are ornamented with full-faced 
 human heads; but the latter more resembles the Linton Heath Fibula, though of much 
 ruder workmanship. 
 
 1 Vol. xxx. p. 545. 
 
 2 In the Archaeologia, vol. xxxiv. p. 26, will be found an account of the discovery of many 
 relics of the Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon period, at Stone, which appears to be a 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ’ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PLATE XXXVII! 
 
 FIBULAE FOUND 1ST BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. 
 
 J.B&sire. sc. 
 

( 77 ) 
 
 A portion of cloth of coarse texture still adhering to the back, leads us 
 to the inference that this fibula had been deposited with a corpse, and 
 that the grave in which it had been interred had (perhaps for a very 
 long time previously) been unconsciously obliterated by the spade of the 
 labourer. The inner surface has been gilt, some traces of which are still 
 apparent. The fibula is now in the collection of the British Museum. 
 
 No. 2 is one of a pair of fibulae said to have been found in a stone 
 quarry, with a skeleton, at Ashenden, in the same County. They were 
 purchased at the Stow Sale by the Hon. R. C. Neville. In the catalogue 
 they are described as a pair of scales! These fibulae offer, unlike the 
 former, very decided Anglo-Saxon characteristics, being ornamented 
 with garnet settings, and the peculiar T-shaped figure observable on the 
 fibula found at Fairford. * * 3 
 
 Though differing so much in their ornamentation, the similarity of 
 their form and size, and the circumstance of their discovery in the same 
 county, render them objects of peculiar interest to the student of our 
 heathen Saxon antiquities. 
 
 In all these examples the acus is, as usual in Anglo-Saxon fibulae, of 
 iron, and has perished. 
 
 village of considerable antiquity. At Dinton, a village about a mile distant from Stone, Anglo- 
 Saxon relics were accidentally discovered about 60 years since. See Douglas, Nenia Brit., 
 
 PI. xvi. 
 
 3 See our pi. xix. fig. 2. 
 
 20 
 
( 78 ) 
 
 Plate XXXIX. 
 
 OBJECTS FOUND IN SUFFOLK, NORFOLK, WILTS, AND 
 
 KENT. 
 
 The relics represented in this plate are:— 
 
 Fig. 1. The framework of a buckle of white metal, found in the 
 Anglo-Saxon cemetery on Stow Heath, and now in the collection of 
 Mr. Joseph Warren, of Ixworth, Suffolk. It has doubtless been highly 
 ornamented, but has suffered either from rough usage by the finder, or 
 from long lying in the earth. It differs in construction from the 
 ordinary buckles of this period, especially in the form of the tongue. 
 
 Fig. 2 is also from the cemetery on Stow Heath, and is in the same 
 collection. It is one of those objects which our English antiquariies 
 have termed “ girdle ornaments.” They are generally found in pairs, 
 and the present example is one of two similar objects, which were 
 originally connected at their upper extremities by a thin elastic strap 
 of steel. The actual use of these things is probably yet unknown to us: 
 that they were mere hangers or “ chatelaines” seems doubtful from the 
 fact, that the inner surface of the pair now before us bears the appear¬ 
 ance of having been long in close contact with some substance which 
 has perished, and with which it was once probably connected. This 
 substance does not appear to have been either of wood or linen; the 
 latter generally leaving the impress of its texture, the former traces of 
 fibre. 1 
 
 1 Future discovery may show that the substance was leather ; in which case it may be 
 conjectured that these objects are the guards and handles of large purses or pouches worn at 
 

1 
 
 OBJECTS FOUND IN SUFFOLK, NORFOLK, WIIT S & KENT, 
 
 J. Basere, sc. 
 
PLATE XL. 
 
 l 
 
 FIBULA, HAUL-PINS AND NECKLACE. 
 
 TBasiri. sc. 
 

( 79 ) 
 
 Fig. 3. A bronze fibula found at Sporle with that represented in 
 our 34th Plate, engraved from a drawing executed and kindly presented 
 by Mr. H. Harrod, F.S.A. The crenellated head resembles that of a 
 fibula found recently at Fairford, and now in the possession of Mr. Wylie. 
 —Norwich Museum. 
 
 Fig. 4. A small fibula of bronze, of the later Roman period, found 
 in the Cemetery at Harnham, with a number of objects clearly indicating 
 the grave of a woman. * 1 This is a very interesting relic, differing as it 
 does from the others found in this Cemetery, and affording us some idea 
 of the proximate date of the Pagan Saxon interments. 
 
 Fig. 5. A fibula of base silver found in a grave at St. Lawrence, in 
 the Isle of Thanet near Ozengell. In the collection of Mr. Rolfe, to 
 whom we are indebted for the drawing. 
 
 Plate XL. 
 
 FIBULA, HAIR-PINS, AND NECKLACE. 
 
 Fig. 1. A bronze fibula found at Sporle with those represented in 
 our 34th and 39th Plates, from a drawing by Mr. Harrod. Norwich 
 Museum. 
 
 the girdle. The form in which they terminate resembles that of the metal guards of the 
 buckets already described. Compare the examples in Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii. plates 
 39 and 41 b, 55, 56; and Saxon Obsequies, plate 14. Their discovery, as yet, has been 
 confined to counties north of the Thames; nothing of the kind having been observed in the 
 Kentish, Sussex, and Wiltshire cemeteries. 
 
 1 Among these were the bone spindle-whirl, engraved in our 36th plate; the small con¬ 
 cave fibulae, plate xxxiv. figs. 2, 3 ; the tongue of a girdle, plate xxxv. fig. 7; the fragments 
 of a comb ; and a plain gold ring, exactly resembling a wedding-ring. See Archaeologia, 
 vol. xxxv. p. 263. 
 
( 80 ) 
 
 Fig. 2. A bronze hair pin of elegant design and neat workmanship, 
 found in a tumulus on Breach Down, Kent, by the Rev. J. P. Bartlett. 
 —British Museum. 
 
 Fig. 3. A jewelled hair pin found in the grave of a woman in the 
 Cemetery explored by Lord Londesborough at 'Wingham, Kent, and now 
 in his lordship’s collection. 2 
 
 Fig. 4. A necklace of gold drops set with garnets, found by Mr. 
 Thomas Bateman, in a tumulus called Callidge Lowe, Derbyshire, and 
 now in that gentleman’s Museum at Youlgrave, near Bakewell. It 
 may be compared with the ornaments found on Roundway Down, near 
 Devizes, engraved in our first plate. This necklace is probably of late 
 Roman workmanship. 
 
 Examples of pendent ornaments found in Kent by the Rev. Bryan 
 Faussett, will be seen in the work containing an account of those 
 discoveries, now about to be published by Mr. Mayer, under the 
 Editorship of Mr. Roach Smith. 
 
 All these objects are represented of the actual size. 
 
 2 Some account of this locality by the writer will be found in the Archaeologia, vol. xxxvi. 
 p. 177. 
 
 THE END. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abingdon, fibula found near, 5 
 Amber, amorphous lump of, 42, 73 
 
 -bead of, 73 
 
 Anglo-Saxon weapons, 20, 21 
 Arrow-heads not discovered in Anglo-Saxon 
 graves, x. 
 
 Ashenden, Bucks, fibulae found at, 76. 
 
 Axes, war, 45 
 
 Bagshot Heath, jewelled clasp and coins 
 found on, 66 
 
 Barrow Furlong, in Northamptonshire, ce¬ 
 metery at, xiii. 
 
 Barrows of the Anglo-Saxons not readily 
 distinguished from those of earlier date, 
 ix. 
 
 Beads, 17, 26 
 
 -found at Fairford, 41 
 
 -at Harnham, 41 
 
 -in Syston Park, 41 
 
 -of amethystine quartz, 9 
 
 -of amber, and of various kinds of 
 
 pastes, xi. 
 
 Beaver’s tooth, 26 
 Beowulf, his barrow described, xv. 
 Billesdon, fibula found near, 29 
 Bones and teeth of animals in ancient ceme¬ 
 teries, their presence accounted for, xvii. 
 
 Breach Down, near Canterbury, barrows 
 on, xiv., 9 
 
 Bucket, the ornament of a, 71 
 - in Museum of Royal Irish Aca¬ 
 demy, 57 
 
 Buckets, 2, 11, 28 
 
 -found in France and Germany, 55 
 
 -at Linton Heath, 54 
 
 -their probable use, 56 
 
 Buckle found at Ixworth, Suffolk, 3 
 Buckles, 58 
 
 -jewelled, 59 
 
 Bulla, gold, found on Breach Down, 9 
 Bullse found in Kent, 24, 25 
 Bungay, drinking-glass found near, 51 
 
 Caenby, fragments found in a tumulus at, 30 
 Calendar, Anglo-Saxon, illuminations in a, 
 52 
 
 Cemeteries of the Anglo-Saxons, their 
 rarity, compared with the population, 
 xix. 
 
 Chatham, spoon found at, 66 
 Charlemagne, capitulary of, ix. 
 
 Clasps, jewelled, found on Bagshot Heath, 
 
 66 
 
 Coffins of stone or wood sometimes used 
 by the Franks and Saxons, xvi. 
 
( 
 
 82 
 
 ) 
 
 Coins of Valentinian, etc., found near Eye, 
 43 
 
 Combs found in Kent, 64 
 Coombe, near Sandwich, drinking-glass 
 found at, 53 
 
 Cowry shell found in graves, 64 
 Cremation practised in districts of Norfolk, 
 Suffolk, and Derbyshire, xiv. 
 
 -probably an older rite of sepul¬ 
 ture, 36 
 
 Crystal balls found in Anglo-Saxon graves, 
 9, 39 
 
 Cuddesden, pail found at, 11, 28 
 Cuerdale, silver ornaments found at, 63 
 Cyprsea Pantherina, or cowry, found in 
 graves, 64 
 
 Driffield, objects found at, 13 
 Drinking-glass found near Bungay, 51 
 
 -at Coombe, 53 
 
 -at Hoth, Kent, 51 
 
 -at Selzen, 4 
 
 Ear-ring of copper, 26 
 Eye, urn found at, 43 
 
 Fairford, fibulae of simple form found at, 62 
 
 -fibulae found at, 37 
 
 Fibula found near Billesdon, 29 
 
 -at Ingarsby, 32 
 
 - at Linton Heath, Cambridge¬ 
 shire, 74 
 
 -at Sporle, Norfolk, 69, 79 
 
 - of the later Roman period, 79 
 
 - large dish-shaped, found in Buck¬ 
 inghamshire, 76 
 
 - of base silver found at Gilton, 59 
 
 -found near Abingdon, 5 
 
 -near Warwick, 39 
 
 -at Rothley Temple, 40 
 
 - at Richborough, 60 
 
 Fibulae found at Fairford, 13 
 
 -in Norfolk, 69 
 
 -in Wilts, 69 
 
 -in Kent, 69, 70 
 
 -dish-shaped, 69, 70 
 
 -found with infant skeleton, 70 
 
 -at Driffield, 13 
 
 -gemmed, 6 
 
 -circular, found at Sittingbourne, 60 
 
 -Sarmatian, 6 
 
 -found at Fairford, 37 
 
 -of simple form, examples of, 62 
 
 -found in Kent, 5 
 
 -near Rugby, 35 
 
 -jewelled, 65 
 
 -found at Harnham, 63 
 
 Fleur-de-Lis on a fibula, 13 
 Fork found at Harnham, 72 
 Francisca, skill of the Franks in casting 
 the, 46 
 
 Franks, paterae found in the graves of the, 23 
 Frisians, their mode of fighting, 21 
 
 Gilton, glass drinking-vessels found at, 34 
 Glass vase found at Reculver, Kent, 3 
 
 -at Fairford, 4 
 
 -at Castle Eden, 3 
 
 -vases found at Cuddesden, 11 
 
 -drinking-vessels found at Woodens- 
 
 borough, 33 
 
 -at Gilton, 34 
 
 Godmundingham, Saxon temple at, xxiv. 
 Goldsmith, the, held in repute by the 
 Anglo-Saxons, 61 
 
 Graves of the Anglo-Saxons and the Franks 
 frequently plundered, xii. 
 
 -* without traces of the body, xii. 
 
 Hairpins found in Kent, 79 
 Harnham Hill, near Salisbury, cemetery at, 
 xiii. 
 
( 
 
 83 
 
 ) 
 
 Harnham Hill, fork found at, 73 
 
 -fibulae of simple form found 
 
 at, 62 
 
 -beads found at, 41, 42 
 
 Hoth, Kent, drinking-glass found near, 51 
 Husband’s Bosworth, fibula found at, 65 
 
 Icklingham, axe found at, 46 
 Idols, the, of the heathen Saxons, and other 
 people of Teutonic race.xxi. 
 
 Ingarsby, fibula found at, 32 
 Inhumation and cremation mingled, in Nor¬ 
 folk, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, 
 and Gloucestershire, xiv. 
 
 Inhumation most general in Kent and Sus¬ 
 sex, xiv. 
 
 Iron, supposed preservative from demons, 
 73 
 
 Ixworth, buckle found at, 3 
 
 Jewelled fibulae, 65 
 
 Kent and Sussex, barrows in, xiv. 
 
 Keys found in Kent, 57 
 Kingston Down, combs found at, 64 
 Knives, 22, 23 
 
 Linton Heath, Cambridgeshire, fibulae found 
 at 75 
 
 -buckets found at, 54 
 
 Little Wilbraham, in Cambridgeshire, ce¬ 
 metery at, xiii. 
 
 Necklace found in Derbyshire, 80 
 
 Ozengell, or Ozengall, cemetery at, 57 
 
 Pagan Saxon mode of burial, period of, viii. 
 
 -worship in England, traditions 
 
 of, xxv. 
 
 Pail, see Bucket. 
 
 Patera of Bronze, 23 
 
 Personal ornaments found at Roundway 
 Down, 1 
 
 Pins of bronze, 70, 71 
 
 Quartz-crystal, beads of, 9 
 
 Reculver, glass vase found at, 3 
 Rings, 71 
 
 Ringwould, Kent, jewelled buckle found at, 
 59 
 
 Rothley Temple, fibula found at, 40 
 Roundway Down, Devizes, Barrow on, 1 
 Rugby, fibulae found near, 35 
 Runes on a sword-hilt, 49 
 
 Sarmatian Fibulae, 6 
 Scissors found at Driffield, 23 
 Shards cast upon the body at Anglo-Saxon 
 funerals, evidence of the custom, xvi. 
 Shears found in Anglo-Saxon graves, 44 
 Shield-wright, 20 
 Shields, Anglo-Saxon, 20 
 Silver ornaments found at Cuerdale, 63 
 Simulacra of the people of Teutonic race, 
 xxii. 
 
 Sittingbourne, Kent, circular fibula found 
 at, 60 
 
 Situla, see Bucket. 
 
 Spear, the ordinary weapon of the Anglo- 
 Saxons, 48 
 
 -forbidden to be carried by slaves, 50 
 
 -the badge of authority, 50 
 
 Spears and spicula found in Anglo-Saxon 
 graves, x. 
 
 -Anglo-Saxon, 21 
 
 Spindle-beads, or whirls of spindles, in the 
 graves of women, xi. 
 
 Spindle whirls, 73 
 
 “ Spinl healf,” used to designate female re¬ 
 lationship, 48 
 
) 
 
 ( 84 
 
 Spoon, with perforated bowl, found at 
 Chatham, 66 
 
 -* found at Stodmarsh, Kent, 68 
 
 Sporle, Norfolk, fibula found at, 69, 79. 
 Stamford, fibula found near, 26 
 Steels found in Anglo-Saxon graves, 72 
 Stodmarsh, Kent, spoon found at, 68 
 Stone, Bucks, fibula found at, 76 
 Stow Heath, frame-work of buckle found 
 at, 78 
 
 --objects found in graves on, 78 
 
 Superstitions of the Anglo-Saxons invete¬ 
 rate, xxiii. 
 
 Sword found at Coombe, near Sandwich, 47 
 
 -- not the ordinary weapon of the Pagan 
 
 Saxons, 48 
 
 -with Runic characters on the hilt, 49 
 
 Sword-hilts found at Gilton, 47 
 Swords, costly, of the later Saxons, 49 
 
 --— in Frank and Saxon graves, 50 
 
 Syston Park, Beads found at, 41 
 
 “ Taper-Axe,” the, 46 
 Teeth of animals worn as charms, 27 
 Tin, buckles plated with, 58 
 Toilet implements, 71 
 
 Tongues of girdles or straps, 71, 72 
 Tweezers found at Driffield, 13 
 
 Umbo found at Driffield, 20 
 Umbones of shields, their position in Anglo- 
 Saxon graves, xi. 
 
 Upsala, temple of Thor, Woden, andFricco, 
 at, xxiii. 
 
 Urn, sepulchral, 7 
 
 -found at Eye, Suffolk, 43 
 
 -Wilbraham, 43 
 
 -found near Rugby, 43 
 
 -Norwich, 43 
 
 Walsingham, Urns found at, 7 
 War-Axes, or ‘‘ Taper-Axes,” 45 
 Warwick, fibula found near, 39 
 “ Weapned and wyfman,” the Anglo-Saxon 
 mode of expressing male and female, xi. 
 Weapons, ordinary, of the Anglo-Saxons, 
 20, 21 
 
 Wingham, Kent, Patera found at, 23 
 
 -fibula found at, 24 
 
 Woden worshipped in Walcheren, xxi. 
 Woodensborough, glass drinking-vessels 
 found at, 33 
 
 errata. 
 
 Page 27, note 5—for “ Der,” read “ Das.” 
 
 ,, 42, ,, 2—for “Der,” read “Die.’* 
 
 „ 55, „ 2—for ‘‘Situlse,” read “ Sitola.’ 
 


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