I., d ; C.Jh 
 
 ; :• y •,.. ,. t "> 
 
 *5^.! , V~ . 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 its angles and rotundities ; his works are 
 real representations, they may be touched 
 and handled, whilst those of the painter are 
 mere illusions, which vanish, as it were, at 
 the touch. Complete figures, by which both 
 the senses of seeing and feeling are gratified, 
 satisfy the infant mind better than bare out¬ 
 lines ; and the study of mathematics is likely 
 to be prosecuted with more ardour after 
 young persons have previously amused them¬ 
 selves with converting quadrangles and pa- 
 rellelograms into tables, chairs, houses, 
 churches, bridges, and ships. 
 
 But, independently of the mathematical 
 studies for which it prepares the youthful 
 mind, Papyroplastics, or the art of model¬ 
 ling in paper, has the additional advantage of 
 teaching manual dexterity and the knowledge 
 
Vill 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 of proportions, of imparting a taste for the 
 arts of design, and, above all, of affording 
 a salutary antidote to that listless indolence, 
 that pernicious love of cards, or that rage of 
 indiscriminately reading any book at random, 
 which are unfortunately tolerated in many 
 respectable families during the long winter 
 evenings, and which are alike unfavourable 
 to the comfort and to the best interests of 
 young persons, as they greatly tend to ob¬ 
 struct them on their road to duty and hap¬ 
 piness* 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR MODELLING 
 
 WITH 
 
 CUT PAPER FIGURES 
 
14 
 
 terminating point, as often as required; here, of 
 course, three times. The remainder n m must 
 then be divided into as many equal parts as the 
 number of times the line is to be set off upon the 
 other, less one; here therefore into two parts. 
 After which, first take the shorter line and then 
 one of the two equal parts, as intermediate spaces, 
 beginning precisely at one of the extremities of 
 the longer line. 
 
 And the same manner of proceeding takes 
 place when the line is to be set off four, five, six, 
 &c. times. 
 
 X. To set off a line several times upon a longer one 
 and so that there be not only equal intervals 
 but that the line may be at an equal distance from 
 both extremities of the greater line; as, for in¬ 
 stance, the line p q (fig. 8. pi. 1.) three times on 
 the line r s . 
 
 The shorter line p q , as in the preceding case, 
 is to be placed on the longer one r s three times 
 
20 
 
 point s, an arc meeting both the lines that in¬ 
 close the angle or its sides* as here at t, and v. 
 Afterwards divide the arc between the two lines 
 of that angle into as many equal parts as the an¬ 
 gle is to be divided into, in this case of course 
 into four; and then draw lines through these 
 points of subdivision to the angular point s. 
 
 The larger or smaller the arc t v is, in case 
 of similar distances, as s v, which however may 
 be more or less considerable, the larger or smaller 
 is the angle itself. The length of the lines ha$ 
 no effect on the magnitude of the angle, which 
 varies only according to the inclination of the 
 lines towards each other. 
 
 XVII. To dram a line to be evert/ where equidis¬ 
 tant from another , or parallel to another line; ai, 
 for instance , the line w x (fig. 14* pi. 2*) pc- 
 rallel to the line z b. 
 
 From any two points* at pleasure, as a c , in the 
 line z b * with an opening of the compasses equal 
 
30 
 
 longer one, according to prop. VIII. Afterwards 
 draw on that point, as at li and k , lines at right 
 angles; make each from the greater line equal 
 to the distance at which the short line is to be, 
 and join the two points with a line. Then draw 
 the two inclined lines. 
 
 Whenever k the sides are all unequal, in any 
 four-sided figure, such a figure is usually called 
 a Trapezoid. 
 
 XXXIII. To draw an irregular Polygon , viz. a 
 Figure of more than four unequal sides ; as, for 
 instance , the irregular Pentagon , fig. 25, 
 plate 2. 
 
 Draw the lines and angles in proper succes¬ 
 sion : viz . first draw a line of any given length, 
 form at its extremity one of the given angles, 
 make its yet undetermined side equal to that of 
 another of the given lines, and form again at its 
 extremity one of the given angles, and so on. 
 
 To copy such a drawn polygon accurately, it 
 
39 
 
 of the sides within which the object to be repre¬ 
 sented is inclosed. This is the main point. And 
 before you begin to draw, consider how much 
 paper is required, and how it can be best made 
 use of. 
 
 4. The dotted lines always direct the folding, 
 but they must not be dotted on your own draw¬ 
 ing. if you wish particularly to mark them, they 
 may be drawn finer than the others, or distinr 
 guished by little strokes. 
 
 5. Begin with making the given models with 
 white paper only, and as simple at first as pos¬ 
 sible, leaving out small and less necessary parts. 
 Adhere at first to the size here stated, and com¬ 
 pare your own flat paper figure with the one here 
 given. 
 
 6. Be not over hasty. Read only as much of 
 the directions at once as may be performed in a 
 little time, and endeavour to imitate directly 
 whatever you clearly comprehend. 
 
 7. But should you not succeed at once, be not 
 
64 
 
 Determine, as at q , the fiat paper figure for 
 the supporters, afterwards a small rectangle to 
 be rolled up for the flue, and an additional rect¬ 
 angle to be folded for the exterior circumference 
 of the mouth of the stove. Draw also the before- 
 mentioned hearth-plate, like the table-board. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 The flat paper figures are first cut out in the 
 rough, according to the undotted lines, and then 
 folded according to the dotted ones. In joining, 
 the point l must fall exactly upon the point m , 
 and all the margins are put under and concealed. 
 When the stove is fixed on its plate, and provided 
 with the flue and the circumference of the mouth, 
 it is placed on the supporters, and along with 
 these, fastened upon a piece of stiff paper or thin 
 pasteboard, in the shape of a rectangle. 
 
 The stove may be painted black with fine 
 white cross lines, imitating Dutch tiles, and this 
 is best done before joining. 
 
65 
 
 Observations . 
 
 The oblong rectangle of thin pasteboard on 
 which the stove is to be fixed, may be folded in 
 such a w ay that one part represents the floor, and 
 the other the w all of a room, at such a distance 
 from each other as to make a right angle. The 
 stove will then be placed as stoves usually are 
 in Germany. 
 
 A Watch-stand. Plate 5. 
 
 With a flat paper figure similar to that of the 
 stove. 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 Distinguish the upper, middle, and lower part. 
 The middle one, as the principal part, is as broad 
 as it is long, but its height is about a fifth more 
 than its length. The lower part is only a fourth 
 
 D 
 
67 
 
 Construction . 
 
 Having drawn the dial and the hands on a se¬ 
 parate paper, fix it in the interior of the watch- 
 stand, which may be painted black, brown, grey, 
 or spotted, and may have additional ornaments 
 made with a pen or pencil. 
 
 A Pair of Steps. Plate 5. 
 
 With the flat paper figures over and under 
 v w, Plate 15; but the young artist had better 
 make it on a larger scale than represented in the 
 plate. 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 The steps here are chiefly to be attended to. 
 They are generally at the same distance from 
 each other as their breadth, and four times as 
 long. The side pieces must be of such a breadth 
 that the steps do not project. 
 
 d 2 
 
09 
 
 4. Draw three times more such a step iike the 
 two upper narrow rectangles over v w, with 
 margins to represent the thickness. Afterward 
 the supporters or props, as at f. 
 
 Construction . 
 
 Cut the flat paper figure over v w, as marked 
 here by the undotted lines, give it the proper 
 folds for the side pieces and the upper step, after¬ 
 wards cut and fold the remainder ; viz. the three 
 lower steps and the two supporters ; the former 
 must be carefully cut, and then folded according 
 to the dotted lines, so as to leave about the same 
 spaces, to represent the thickness both of the 
 back and front of each step ; afterwards join the 
 steps to the side pieces upon the sloping lines. 
 
 When all is properly joined, the steps viewed 
 sideways must look as they do on the third 
 Plate. 
 
 The steps might also be contrived thus:—De~ 
 
74 
 
 Observations. 
 
 If it be a tiled roof, paint it first red or brown, 
 and then the tiles as below to the right and left 
 on the fourth Plate. 
 
 If it be a slated roof, paint it first blue, and then 
 the slates as above to the right and left on the 
 fourth Plate. 
 
 Instead of cutting the windows out, they may 
 be painted black, and the sash or casement white. 
 
 Instead of cutting the door out and represent¬ 
 ing it as open, it may be painted as if it were shut. 
 The shutters may be painted in the same way. 
 But both door and shutters may likewise be made 
 with fine wood shavings. 
 
 A Cottage. 
 
 With a flat paper figure like that of the gable- 
 roofed house, Plate 16. 
 
 The proportions and drawing are likewise the 
 same with those of the gable-roofed hous e. 
 
90 
 
 When all is dry, the other parts must be foTtisu 
 according to the curve lines marked here. The 
 bottom and the side pieces must have the proper 
 bend, as over z. For the two benches or seats, 
 which are at a tolerable distance from each 
 other, a small slip of paper is to be folded as 
 under z. 
 
 Such a boat requires particularly strong paper, 
 and may be painted a brown or grey wood colour. 
 
 A Sledge. Plate 9. 
 
 With the fiat paper figure close to b d, Plate 
 
 17 . 
 
 Proportions . 
 
 These are given by the following 
 Drawing. 
 
 1. Draw the rectangle b c and a similar one 
 
9i 
 
 over b d, each only one-third as high or broad as 
 long. With the distance c d, describe from /the 
 two parallel arcs, distant from each other about a 
 ninth part of c d. 
 
 Produce the perpendicular lines g and h up to 
 the line bd, and draw the two lines g to the left, and 
 h to the right, in the proportion of two-thirdsof c d. 
 
 3. Determine all the rest as is clearly seen 
 here, 
 
 Construction. 
 
 After having cut out in the rough, and lined 
 the paper if it be too thin or coloured, fold ac¬ 
 cording to the dotted line b d, and cut according 
 to the undotted lines, holding the two halves of 
 the paper figure one upon the other. Hence 
 there is no occasion for any further delineation of 
 the rectangle over b d. Then open the paper, 
 smooth it, and finish the folding; all parts here 
 must be bent towards the point /. The body of 
 the sledge is soon formed, and the remainder is 
 
93 
 
 How the rudder is to be made of wood and 
 fastened, may be seen at h, Plate 20. The main¬ 
 mast is almost as long as the ship; the second 
 mast a little shorter. Each sail consists of a 
 rectangle, whose breadth is two-thirds of its 
 length. It is fastened here and there on the 
 mast. 
 
 The main body of such a ship may also be made 
 at both ends like the boat, only the two arcs 
 must in one place be made somewhat longer by 
 opening the compasses a little, wider, and the 
 cabin made separately must be placed where the 
 shorter arcs begin and do not intersect each 
 other. 
 
 In this latter case the rudder consists only of a 
 single crooked piece of wood, somewhat like k , 
 Plate 21. 
 
that under s or over r on the 16th Plate. The 
 handle may be made separately with a slip of 
 very strong paper. 
 
 A Chiffonniere. Plate XXII. Fig. 1. 
 
 The flat paper figure is nearly the same as that 
 of the Table over n p, Plate XII. which served 
 also for the Chest of Drawers, Plate III. 
 Observe only that on this 22d Plate, Fig. 1. 
 a is the front, in which there are to be two 
 doors with a key-hole. 
 
 b b represent the two sides. 
 d the top, under and against which are fastened 
 the joinings of the back and sides, as well as the 
 projecting part of the top. 
 
 The Chiffonniere itself, when ready, may be 
 painted a brownish colour, so as to imitate ma¬ 
 hogany. The legs may have four small yellow 
 metal beads fastened to them, in imitation of balls, 
 
100 
 
 In which case the legs may be made rather shorter 
 than the drawing. 
 
 A Sofa. Plate XXII. Fig. 2. 
 
 The flat paper figure of a Chair over g h ,- 
 Plate XII. which served for the Arm-chair, 
 may also be consulted here, but observe on Plate 
 XXII. tig. 2, that 
 
 the seat k is about two and a half times longer 
 than it is broad. 
 
 The sides l are twice as long as broad, and 
 joined to the back m taking the curve of the back; 
 but at ii they are rolled close. 
 
 The Plate XXII. represents only half the sofa; 
 the other half, which is accurately to correspond 
 with this, must be supplied by the young artist. 
 
 . The seat itself, and the sides, may be painted 
 black, as if they were horse-hair; and the legs 
 and frame may be painted brown, to imitate ma¬ 
 hogany. 
 
Preparing for Publication , in 12 mo. 
 
 THE 
 
 ART OF WORKING IN PASTEBOARD; 
 
 EPITOMIZED FROM THE GERMAN, 
 
 BY 
 
 D. BOILEAU. 
 
 This little book, which has already gone through four editions 
 in Germany, is from the pen of one of the professors in the cele¬ 
 brated Seminary of Sc/mepfenthal, where such useful and inge¬ 
 nious arts are judiciously combined with the usual branches of 
 education. 
 
 It will be found well calculated for those who are desirous of 
 learning an agreeable manual occupation, either as a matter of 
 amusement or emolument. Parents and heads of Schools, who 
 are often at a loss how to furnish rational employment for the 
 leisure hours of their young people, will find this a suitable book to 
 put in their hands, as the art of which it treats is founded upon the 
 knowledge of Geometry. 
 
 And lastly, manufacturers of articles in pasteboard, by combining 
 a degree of Science with their manual experience, will be enabled 
 to save time and materials, and to give a greater perfection to 
 their productions. 
 
 W. WILSON, PRINTER. VI, SKINNER-STREET, LONDON. 
 

 

 

 ■ 
 
W. Wilson, Printer, 57, Skinner-Street, London, 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO 
 
 THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 The approbation which this little Essay 
 on Papyro-Plastics has met with, has been 
 so general, that the first edition was sold in 
 a few months. To render the work still more 
 deserving* of the patronage of an enlightened 
 public, and to insure its constant success, 
 great pains have been taken to enlarge, im¬ 
 prove, and correct it. Many of the flat 
 paper figures having been found rather in¬ 
 correct upon trial, they have all been re- 
 
Xll 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 A Sentry-box . 51. 
 
 A Thatched-house...... 54 
 
 A Pigeon-house... 56 
 
 An Inkstand .. 60 
 
 A German Stove . 62 
 
 A Watch-stand .. 65 
 
 A Pair of Steps. 67 
 
 A Small House with Gable Roof. 70 
 
 A Cottage. 74 
 
 A Barn and Stable ... 75 
 
 A Paling, or a Palisade. 76 
 
 A Small House with a Sloping Roof . 76 
 
 A Monument... , .. 79 
 
 A Town House . 80 
 
 A House with a Gable Elevation in front. 80 
 
 A Court or Garden Gate ... 82 
 
 A Bridge . 82 
 
 An ancient Tower....... 84 
 
 A Boat . 88 
 
 A Sledge .... 90 
 
 A Ship. 92 
 
 A Church ... 94 
 
2 
 
 shape of a triangle, a representation of which 
 is given. 
 
 2. The cutting is performed either with scissors 
 or with a penknife. When the latter is used, 
 the paper should be laid on a small board of soft 
 wood or pasteboard; and whether the paper be 
 cut with scissars or with a penknife, margins 
 must be left on the cut paper figures for the pur¬ 
 pose of glueing them together. 
 
 3. In folding, particular attention is to be paid 
 to its being done in a straight line. 
 
 4. The joining may be effected with glue, gum 
 arabic, paste, or wafers, the latter being easily 
 converted into a kind of paste when properly 
 wetted. Care however must be had to glue only 
 the edges or margins left for that purpose in each 
 cut paper figure; and in some cases recourse 
 must be had to cording or fastening with small 
 slips of tin, until the parts glued be properly 
 joined and perfectly dry. 
 
 5. Of the articles used for joining, the glue 
 
16 
 
 4 
 
 Such a meeting of two lines in one point is 
 called an angle. Whenever a line meets an¬ 
 other without having any inclination, it is a right 
 angle^ and the line itself in this case is said to be 
 standing right angularly, or perpendicularly, or 
 straight upon the other. 
 
 When the lines are more inclined to one an¬ 
 other than the quantity of a right angle, it is 
 called an acute angle; but when they are less 
 inclined to one another than a right angle, it is 
 an obtuse angle. Whenever a line is not per¬ 
 pendicular upon another, it is inclined. 
 
 To describe an arc from a given point, place 
 one end of the compasses on that point, and de¬ 
 scribe the arc with the other end. 
 
 XII. To draw a perpendicular line upon another, 
 as, for instance, the line g f upon the line d f 
 (fig.10.pl. 1). 
 
 This is best done with a triangular ruler. Put 
 the common ruler against the line on which the 
 
26 
 
 XXVI. To describe any proposed Triangle accu¬ 
 rately. 
 
 Consider the sides of the proposed Triangle as 
 given lines, and proceed. 
 
 When the triangle is equilateral, according 
 to prop. XXII. 
 
 When it is an Isosceles, according to prop. 
 XXXIJL 
 
 When it is a Scalene, according to prop. XXIV. 
 
 And when it is a right-angled Triangle, ac¬ 
 cording to prop. XXV. 
 
 XXVII. To make four Lines meet at their Extre¬ 
 mities, as, for instance , those in fig. 23, pi. 2. 
 
 Let the four given lines be two of them each 
 equal to f and two each equal to g. Make two 
 of them meet in a point, making any angle at 
 pleasure, viz. make an angle and its two sides 
 equal to the two given lines, as here the line b 
 equal to the line g, and the line c equal to the 
 
34 
 
 it, after having actually drawn the curve line. 
 The rest is easy. 
 
 The width which is to be added to the divided 
 arc consists, consequently, of the parts made, in 
 the pentagon, of one, in the hexagon of two, in 
 the heptagon of three parts, and so on, so that 
 there be always four parts, left remaining. 
 
 XXXVII. To draw an Elliptical Circumference , 
 such, for instance, as that (fig. 28, plate 2). 
 
 Draw a line, and placing the compasses on it, 
 describe two circles, each of which passes through 
 the centre of the other. Afterwards with the 
 length x % describe, upon and under that line, 
 two equilateral triangles, and lengthen, as may 
 plainly be seen here, the sides of these triangles; 
 this gives the limit of the arcs required to round 
 it, whose centres are in the angular points of the 
 triangles above and under fig. 26. 
 
45 
 
 Construction. 
 
 After the flat paper figure has been cut out in 
 the rough, fold it so that the sides not marked 
 come to lie one upon the other, excepting how¬ 
 ever the hack, the marked side of which comes 
 to lie upon the marked side of the seat. 
 
 The figure then is cut out more accurately, so 
 that the feet stand free; the open work of the 
 back appears, and margins of proper breadth are 
 left for joining. 
 
 If the parts now meet exactly* as for instance 
 the point l the point m , proceed to glueing so 
 that the margins he not visible on the outside. 
 The hack must be a little inclined. 
 
 Observations. 
 
 Should coloured paper be preferred, brown, 
 spotted, or streaked like wood, will he most suit¬ 
 able. 
 
51 
 
 2. Draw, according to the directions given re¬ 
 specting a table, the feet, the top, and the draw¬ 
 ers; and attend to the margins for joining. 
 
 I * * 
 
 Construction. 
 
 Like that of a table. Instead of real drawers, 
 narrow rectangles may be fixed. 
 
 A Sentry-box. Plate 4. 
 
 With the flat paper figures over and under 
 w x. Plate 13. 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 As long as broad; but laterally, or from the 
 front to the back, a little more than one-third of 
 the height. The door is half as broad as the 
 breadth, and about five times and a half as high as 
 it is broad. 
 
55 
 
 higher, and leaving out the side-windows. The 
 roof and the bottom must, of course, be longer, 
 and project a little. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 It is nearly the same as that of the sentry-box. 
 The roof may be painted, or actually covered with 
 thatch, in the following manner: Cut good straw 
 of a fine yellow colour into small pieces some¬ 
 what longer than the length of the roof down¬ 
 wards, split them, do the hollows over with paste 
 or glue, and fix them one close to the other on 
 the roof, beginning by the gable end, so as to be 
 all even at the top. When sufficiently dry, clip 
 them equal with a pair of scissars, and make 
 them project a little. Lay also some straw 
 cross ways at the top. See plate 4, above to the 
 left. 
 
56 
 
 A Pigeon-house. Plate 4. 
 
 With the flat paper figures Plate 14, and under 
 Jc , Plate 15. 
 
 Proportions . 
 
 The bottom and side-walls are five equal qua¬ 
 drangles. The roof consists of four equilateral 
 triangles. The door is about half as high or as 
 broad as one side of the quadrangles. Each of 
 the four perches is about as long as the door is 
 high, and a fourth as broad. 
 
 The pole, which goes below through the bottom 
 of the pigeon-house, is altogether four times as 
 long as the house is broad; its lower end is a 
 little thicker than the fourth of this breadth, but 
 the upper end not so thick. 
 
 The ground of the base is a quadrangle which 
 has double the length or breadth of the pigeon- 
 house ; but the sliding ledges are full as long as 
 
 i 
 
61 
 
 of the ink-glass ; pricked through with a fine pin, 
 it will give the holes for the sand to pass through 
 the sand-box. But to find the middle points for 
 the circular line, draw two diagonals on each of 
 the two quadrangles. 
 
 A chest, like the table drawer, will serve for 
 the stand itself; only the front ledge must be ex¬ 
 actly like the back one. The ink-stand must not 
 be too small, that there may be sufficient room for 
 the ink-glass and sand-box; the latter may be 
 rendered moveable by means of an uncovered cube, 
 into which it might be placed ; but this is rather 
 difficult, and tedious to contrive. 
 
 Observations . 
 
 The ink-stand may be painted, or made with 
 coloured paper. A grain of seed, or a very small 
 wax pearl, may be fixed with a little glue or gum 
 against the sand-box, to serve as a knob. 
 
62 
 
 A German Stove. Plate 5. 
 
 With the fiat paper figures over l m and close 
 to q. Plate 15. 
 
 Proportions . 
 
 The stove, independent of the two supporters, 
 consists of two parts. The lower part is as high 
 as it is long, but only two-thirds as broad. The 
 upper is as high as the lower part, but about a 
 tenth or twelfth shorter and narrower. The 
 height as well as the breadth of these two parts 
 consequently are determined by the given length. 
 
 The height of the two supporters is a fourth of 
 this length. But the hearth-plate on which the 
 lower part of the stove rests, projects but little, 
 say as much as the upper is narrower than the 
 lower part. The door-shaped space in the upper 
 part is a rectangle, which on both sides and at 
 the top recedes about a third of the front breadth 
 of the upper part. 
 
75 
 
 Construction . 
 
 The same as with the aforesaid house; only if 
 the roof is to be thatched, it must be done like 
 the top on the left, or on the right below, in the 
 sixth Plate. In the former case it is actually 
 covered with thatch, like the thatched house; in 
 the latter it is painted and covered in front of the 
 gable with fine wood shavings. 
 
 A Barn and Stable. 
 
 With flat paper figures like those of the gable- 
 roofed house. 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 1. The Barn; about two-thirds as broad as 
 long. If a cottage be joined to it, the barn must 
 be longer, broader, and higher than the cottage: 
 the door is as high as broad, and very rge. 
 
 2. The Stable. Twice as long as broad, but 
 low, and not so high as the cottage, if this be joined 
 
78 
 
 exactly in the middle, the length of the top of the 
 roof, according to Prop. VIII. of the Introductory 
 Exercises. Afterwards erect straight lines on the 
 last-mentioned points 
 
 2. Take with the compasses one sloping side 
 of the roof on the broad side of the building, and 
 about as much in addition as the roof is to project 
 on both sides ; and carry this length from the line 
 b c to the right-angular lines on the same; draw’ 
 the line which is parallel to this and the two 
 sloping lines, one of which is c d. 
 
 3. Having first taken the two right-angular 
 lines upon b c , draw once more the trapezium 
 over b c, as here; and mark at the same time two 
 margins for joining. 
 
 4. Opening the compasses as wide as the 
 breadth of the building, and as much in addition 
 as the roof projects on both sides, describe from c 
 a small arc, like that at f; then from d with the 
 length c d another small arc which intersects the 
 former, and draw the lines c f and df. 
 
79 
 
 5. Draw another such triangle as c d /opposite 
 to it, and the two small flat paper figures for the 
 windows in the roof, according to the directions 
 for the gable elevation of the house on the seventh 
 Plate. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 The same upon the whole as that of the gable- 
 roofed house, only that the roof here must not be 
 covered with thatch. 
 
 A Monument. 
 
 Consisting below of a cube, and above of a 
 truncated pyramid. 
 
 Make the cube as that in the first Plate, and the 
 pyramid like the upper part of the watch-stand ; 
 only with this difference, that it must be very 
 high, at least three times higher than the cube, 
 which must project a little. 
 
 The monument may be painted like stone or 
 marble, and decked with other ornaments; and 
 
81 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 Altering only the length, breadth, and height, 
 it is the same as that of the house with the sloping 
 roof. The length of the gable elevation must be 
 taken exactly in the middle, according to Prop. 
 VIII. of the Introductory Exercises ; but the roof 
 of this elevation is to be drawn like k /, Plate 20. 
 This line k / is less than twice as long as one of 
 the sloping lines of the gable elevation ; but the 
 right-angular line on its middle is obtained, by 
 opposing, after the roof is fixed, a perpendicular 
 ine from the sharp point of the gable elevation 
 t> the roof, and taking its length with the com¬ 
 passes, 
 j « 
 
 Construction. 
 
 The same with that of the two houses with 
 ga>le and sloping roof. A few steps may be 
 adled to the door in front, by removing it a little 
 hi^ier up. 
 
 1 
 
85 
 
 round), is up to this roof twice and a half as 
 high as the diameter, and the roof itself is as high 
 as the tower is in diameter. The height of the 
 upper ledge close under the roof is an eighth of 
 the height of the tower up to it, and the little 
 turrets lower down are about a half higher. 
 Each roof of these little turrets is one and a half 
 as high as a turret without the roof. 
 
 The balcony is about a third as broad as long, 
 half as long as the tower is in diameter, and half 
 as high as the door behind it. The pillars are a 
 third of the height of the tower without the roof, 
 and a fourth as broad as they are high. Their 
 lower part is about as narrow as half of their 
 low r er breadth. 
 
 The remaining proportions are easily found. 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 There is here only part of the flat paper figure 
 of this tower without its roof, close to the line 
 k l, which is equal to the requisite height. The 
 
98 
 
 the sails, and a small part of the skeleton will 
 then appear as below to the right of the said 
 Plate. 
 
 The trestle is contrived with small pieces of 
 wood ; but it may likewise be made as the base 
 of the pigeon-house. The slope of the sails and 
 their axle-tree are also indicated on the 11th 
 Plate. 
 
 An Arm Chair. 
 
 The same fiat paper figure as that of a chair ; 
 only the three quadrangles one over the other 
 must be made broader, and the two arms must be 
 contrived with the fiat paper figure at r, Plate 
 20. The back as well as the seat may be covered 
 with paper of a different colour, to give them the 
 appearance of being stuffed. 
 
 A small Basket. 
 
 It may be made with a flat paper figure like 
 
/2 
 
 In.g-re-y^'M'eLa.ftle.y Jjith.og3i0 StrarioL 
 
In.g-re"jr& Ma.d.eleyL.it'hog' 
 
' 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
X PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 drawn after models furnished by an intelli¬ 
 gent correspondent, to whom we readily 
 pay the tribute of our best thanks. The 
 Ancient Tower, which faces the title 
 page, has been coloured, to give young artists 
 some idea how to proceed in colouring; and 
 the Plates have been increased in number, 
 to furnish students with additional objects 
 for modelling, all from the same ingenious 
 Correspondent, who has corrected the paper 
 figures of the original models. 
 
* 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
3 
 
 must be in such a state of thickness as to be like 
 the white of an egg, or pretty thick oil, when suf¬ 
 fered to drop from the vessel in which it is made: 
 the gum arabic is to be dissolved in water so as 
 to have the same consistency with glue; paste is 
 best when made of starch or fine wheat flour; it 
 is much cleaner than glue, but any brush or stick 
 left in it, will cause it to ferment and render it 
 too watery. 
 
 6. The painting is performed in the usual way 
 with different colours or mixtures of colours, and 
 with brushes proportioned to the size of the cut 
 paper figures to which the painting is to be ap¬ 
 plied. 
 
 But every thing depends on the goodness of 
 the paper, which should be strong, stiff, and very 
 smooth. Laid royal, or drawing paper, Bristol 
 board of moderate thickness, is the best. A thin¬ 
 ner sort of paper may be employed, whenever it 
 is to be used double ; and in this case, both sheets 
 of paper are to be done over on one side with 
 b 2 
 
8 
 
 common ruler or a straight slip of paper may be 
 held against it, and the divisions may be marked 
 on the same. 
 
 Proposition III. may also be done in a similar 
 manner. 
 
 V. To give the distance of a point from an opposite 
 line , as,for instance , the distance of the point h 
 from the line cd . (See plate I. fig. I.) 
 
 One end of a pair of compasses, that have been 
 previously opened nearly as wide as is the dis¬ 
 tance of the point h from the line c d , is placed 
 on this point b } and the other end is made to 
 describe an arc which touches the line, but does 
 not intersect it. In this case the distance is 
 given by the width between the two ends of the 
 compasses. 
 
11 
 
 beyond the line, as •o z (fig. 5), one point of the 
 compasses must be kept steady on x ■, and the 
 other must be brought one-third of % v y nearer 
 to v. 
 
 The same is to be observed when the line is 
 to be divided into 4, 5, or more equal parts, with 
 this difference, that whatever remains may always 
 be subdivided; as, for instance, when the ques¬ 
 tion is of six parts, into six. And whenever such 
 parts are many, they may first be divided into a 
 smaller number of parts, and then each part 
 again separately; as, for instance, when the 
 question is of six parts, twice 3 or three times 2 
 is equal to six, therefore the given line may be 
 first divided into two parts, and every part again 
 into three; or first into three parts, and every 
 part again into two. 
 
 Or may be done thus: 
 
 To divide a given line as the following A B, into any proposed 
 number of equal parts, as, for instance, the line A B into five. 
 
15 
 
 from r to s: the remainder t s is then divided into 
 as many equal parts as the shorter line is to he 
 placed on the longer, and one more: consequently 
 here into four parts. Each of these four parts is 
 the required distance, and at the same time the 
 intermediate space. 
 
 It is in this way that the proper place is assign¬ 
 ed to doors or windows in a building. 
 
 XI. To make two lines meet exactly like two 
 others , as for instances, omitting the dotted are 
 (fig. 9. pi. 1.) the lines z c and z b } like the lines 
 vx and v w. 
 
 Draw the line z c, if it be not already drawn, 
 and with the same opening of the compasses des¬ 
 cribe from the points where they are to meet, as 
 herefrom v and s, two small arcs; set off the 
 length of the arc between the aforesaid lines, 
 viz. x w , from c to h , and draw a line from % 
 to b 9 and it will meet the line % c, as required. 
 
22 
 
 XIX. To draw through a given point opposite to a 
 given line another line parallel to this line , as, for 
 instance, the tine h k parallel to the line Im through 
 the point h (fig. 16. pi. 2). 
 
 Seek, by means of prop. V., the distance of the 
 point li from the line Im; place one end of the 
 compasses on this line l m very far from h y and 
 describe a small arc opposite to this point. 
 Afterwards put the common ruler against this 
 arc and the aforesaid point h, and draw the in¬ 
 tended line. 
 
 XX. To take the distance of two parallel lines . 
 
 Proceed* either according to prop. V., selecting 
 at pleasure a point on one of the two lines, and 
 describe from this point an arc which closely 
 touches the other line. The opening of the com¬ 
 passes is, in that case, the required distance. 
 
 Or, put the ruler against one of the two lines, 
 and draw (which is most readily done with the 
 
24 
 
 may also be begun with either of the other given 
 lines, instead of the line n. 
 
 A figure is a space completely bounded by 
 lines; an angle therefore, as for instance that at 
 fig. 11, is not a figure. But any figure inclosed 
 within three lines is called a triangle. 
 
 XXII. To describe an equilateral Triangle, viz. one 
 whose sides are all equal, as, for instance, that 
 (fig. 18. plate 2.) with the given line tv. 
 
 Draw the line w: r, as long as t v; and with an 
 opening of the compasses equal to tv or w x, draw 
 small arcs intersecting each other in m, (see plate 
 2. fig. 18). and from the point m where they inter¬ 
 sect each other, draw lines to the points w and x. 
 
 XXIII. To describe an Isosceles Triangle , viz. one 
 of which two sides only are equal; as, for instance , 
 the Triangle (fig. 19, plate 2,) with the given 
 lines p and q. 
 
 Draw the line % equal to the line q- } with the 
 
36 
 
 line under b ; thus this line, which is equal to 
 the given line, will be divided as required. 
 
 The same process may take place whenever a 
 line is to be divided into a certain number of 
 equal parts without any addition. But with re¬ 
 gard to this addition itself, it may be observed 
 that one of the greater parts is always divided 
 into as many equal parts as the number last men¬ 
 tioned in the addition ; for instance, with three 
 fifths into five; and that as many parts are al¬ 
 ways to be added as mentioned by the number 
 which is first uttered, for instance with three 
 fifths, three. 
 
 XXXIX. To make a Straight Line as long as a 
 Curve Line. 
 
 Divide the curve line with dots into small parts, 
 and set off these parts upon the straight line in 
 the same order in which they follow each other. 
 
 The smaller the parts on the curve line, the 
 
43 
 
 If the seat is to be a little narrower behind, the 
 back must consequently be so, and the former 
 in that case is not a quadrangle but a trapezium. 
 
 The thickness of the feet in the upper parts is 
 about one sixth of their height; but in the lower 
 parts only half of a sixth of their height. The 
 thickness of the seat is about the fifth of its length. 
 Several parts of the back, in front and on the 
 side below, are as thick as the upper parts of the 
 feet; and the back on the side above is as thick 
 as the lower parts of the feet. The upper cross 
 piece of the back is as high as the seat is thick in 
 front. 
 
 Drawing . 
 
 1. Draw the lineg hi erect upon it three suc¬ 
 cessive times the front line of the seat, and place 
 on the points right angular lines, the two exterior 
 ones about as long as the breadth of the seat 5 
 but the two middle ones a little more than three 
 times as long as that breadth. 
 
49 
 
 And, in order that the drawer may not sink be¬ 
 hind on being put into the table, fasten at the 
 upper part of the plinth, a small slip of paper on 
 which the drawer may rest. A very small pea, 
 or a grain of pimento, put in front, in the middle, 
 will serve as a knob for pulling. 
 
 ; jjj. 
 
 Observations, 
 
 If coloured paper be employed, brown of the 
 colour of wood is the most suitable. The table 
 board may be of a different colour; you may, for 
 instance, give it the appearance of being covered 
 with oil cloth. Should the making of a separate 
 drawer give too much trouble, a slip of paper, 
 like that at t, upon the upper cross ledge, may 
 supply its place. 
 
 A Chest of Drawers. Plate 3. 
 
 With a flat paper figure like that of the Table, 
 

 53 
 
 out more correctly, as well as the door and win¬ 
 dows. > 
 
 On joinings the edge, over x, must come exactly 
 upon that over w, and the sentry-box must be 
 fixed upon the ground. Then the roof is placed 
 upon it; and the whole is joined in such a man¬ 
 ner that none of the margins be visible on the 
 outside. 
 
 The roof may be painted red, blue, black, or 
 brown, or covered with paper of any of these 
 colours: but it must be done before it is placed 
 upon the box. 
 
 ' Observations. 
 
 The size of this sentry-box corresponds with 
 that of children’s pewter or leaden soldiers. It 
 may be less. The bottom is in the shape of a 
 quadrangle or rectangle, and may be contrived 
 with very strong paper or thin pasteboard. 
 
 The roof may be represented as made of boards, 
 by means of fine wood shavings cut into small 
 
63 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 1. Take twice upon the previously drawn line 
 l m, as here, the lower length and breadth; erect 
 on these points perpendicular lines, and by de¬ 
 termining the height from l and m , and drawing 
 a line, finish the four lower rectangles. 
 
 2. Draw a line parallel to the common or ge¬ 
 neral upper line of these rectangles at a distance 
 equal to what the upper part wants of the length 
 and breadth of the lower one; take, as here at 
 n p , the breadth of the upper part exactly in the 
 middle of the lower one, and then draw the rect¬ 
 angles for the upper part in the same way as for 
 the lower one. 
 
 3. Draw over the rectangle close to np an¬ 
 other rectangle equally broad, but as high as 
 the stove is long at the top, as well as the two 
 rectangles for the door-shaped openings. After¬ 
 wards determine also the mouth of the stove, the 
 round hole for the flue, and the margins for join¬ 
 ing. 
 
68 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 1. Draw the line v w as long as each step, 
 erect perpendicular lines on the points v w ; and 
 if you want four steps, set off from v and w, four 
 times the slope of a step. This slope is deter¬ 
 mined as at ,r; viz. two lines are drawn right- 
 angularly one upon the other ; then set off from 
 x to z the height of the step, and from * to h its 
 breadth, and afterwards draw the line z b as its 
 slope. 
 
 2. Join the points just obtained upon the lines 
 over v and w with cross lines, also dotted here, 
 and then draw by means of parallel lines the 
 breadth and thickness of the side pieces, whose 
 breadth is found by determining, according to 
 Prop. V. of the Introductory Exercises, how far 
 the point x is distant from the line . 
 
 3. Determine likewise the slope of the side- 
 pieces at their extremities, as at w. The point 
 d in the prolongation of the line over w is here 
 equidistant from c and w. 
 
70 
 
 termine the distance and breadth of the steps 
 four successive times, as under d ; then fold this 
 flat paper figure in a zigzag, and join it so as to 
 form a whole, with the figure over v w. 
 
 Observations. 
 
 On taking twice from x the breadth of a step 
 upon the line close to b , and describing an arc 
 as here, you obtain also the slope for two steps, 
 by drawing this sloping line itself. Suppose 
 therefore you had delineated a flight of steps as 
 under d , and wished to determine the height of 
 the rectangle over v w , the height of two steps 
 would be that of the sloping line, and that of four 
 steps double its height, and so on in proportion. 
 
 A Small House with Gable Roof. Plate 6. 
 
 With the flat paper figures over/ g and over 
 h. Plate 16. 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 Only two-thirds as broad as long. The height 
 
73 
 
 with q r trom q , and with m n from r, small arcs 
 intersecting each other at t, and joining these 
 points with lines, you obtain the equilateral 
 triangle q r t. The opposite side must be drawn 
 in the same manner, and proper attention must 
 be paid to the margins for joining. 
 
 3. Draw, as under v, the flat paper figure for 
 the chimney, by first taking twice upon one line 
 the breadth and length, and erecting lines at 
 right angles, and afterwards raise the line under 
 v to its proper height. The segments are de¬ 
 termined by describing equilateral triangles, the 
 gable side of the roof being such a triangle. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 After having cut in the rough and folded the 
 flat paper figure of the building, so that the point 
 f coincides with the point g, fix the roof, then the 
 chimney upon it, and afterwards the bottom. 
 The roof may be painted to represent either tiles 
 or slates. 
 
97 
 
 A Windmill. Plate 11. 
 
 The flat paper figures for the body of the mill 
 are the same with those of the house with the 
 gable roof. The breadth sideways is a little more 
 than that in front; but the height up to the roof is 
 twice the breadth. The trestle or base on which 
 the mill stands is half as long as the height of 
 the mill. The sails are so long that they almost 
 graze the ground. 
 
 On the side opposite to the sails is a door, with 
 steps leading to it, which steps may be made 
 with a flat paper figure like that over p, Plate 20. 
 The two side pieces and the balustrade may be 
 cut out separately. These steps are fixed to the 
 long beam by which the mill turns on the tres¬ 
 tle, as may be seen at q, Plate 20. 
 
 The skeleton of the sails is partly given 
 below to the* left of the 9th Plate; but the 
 rods or bars may also go through the middle of 
 
 E 
 
102 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The flat paper figures of the five regular geo¬ 
 metrical bodies. Plate 21. 
 
 The flat paper figure I. consists of three ad¬ 
 joining equilateral Triangles, and makes a Tetrae- 
 dron . 
 
 The figure II. consists of eight adjoining equi¬ 
 lateral Triangles, and makes an Octaedron. 
 
 The ^figure III. consists of twenty adjoining 
 equilateral Triangles, and makes an Icosaedron. 
 
 The figure IV. consists of twelve regular Pen¬ 
 tagons, and makes a Dodecaedron. 
 
 The flat paper figure close to b on the 12th 
 Plate, consists of six adjoining equal quadrangles, 
 and makes a Hexaedron , Die or Cube, 
 
 THE END. 
 

2 /. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 On submitting to an enlightened Public 
 a new, elegant, and instructive amusement 
 for Children, we have first to account for its 
 name. We are aware that the term Plastics 
 is generally confined to the modelling of 
 sculptors and statuaries in gypsum, clay, 
 wax, &c. But as the art of making cork 
 models of architectural monuments on a 
 small scale, has obtained on the Continent 
 the appellation of Phelioplastics , from the 
 Greek word (psKXog , cork; we think ourselves 
 warranted by this analogy in denominating 
 the art of modelling in paper Papyto- 
 plastics. 
 
4 
 
 glue or paste^ but one of them so sparingly as 
 only to become moist; they then should quickly 
 be laid one upon the other; covered with a dry 
 sheet of paper; smoothed in an uniform direction 
 on a hard; even surface; and pressed between two 
 boards or in an old book until they are perfectly 
 dry. 
 
 Lastly, objects ought not to be represented on 
 too large or on too small a scale. In the former 
 case, or when the objects are complicated and 
 composed of too many parts, the surface of the 
 paper seldom proves sufficiently stretched and 
 even, and both the beauty and durability of the 
 model are impaired. And when the scale is too 
 small, it frequently occasions a waste of time and 
 labour, and too diminutive models rarely succeed 
 after all. 
 
 Neither should such objects be attempted 
 which cannot well be represented in paper. A 
 certain facility in modelling easy objects must 
 have been previously acquired, before one may 
 
5 
 
 venture upon more difficult ones. The models 
 mentioned in the following Directions should not 
 be altered, nor should new ones be undertaken, 
 but after they have been repeatedly and success¬ 
 fully executed. The transition from what is easy 
 to what is more difficult, is as indispensable in 
 this, as in any other art or science. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES IN DRAWING WITH 
 COMPASSES AND A RULER. 
 
 The first and second plate refer to these exercises. The points* 
 lines* and surfaces, are designated by letters. 
 
 I. To draw a right or straight line. 
 
 Have a very sharp pointed black lead pencil, 
 and keep uniformly close to the ruler in drawing 
 the line, taking care to have it very fine and al¬ 
 most imperceptible, for a line is that which has 
 length without breadth. 
 
 XI. To take the length of a line with the 
 compasses. 
 
 The compasses must be opened so wide that 
 the ends of the two legs may exactly touch the 
 two extremities, or the beginning and termina- 
 
21 
 
 to the required distance, describe the arcs n m, 
 and placing the ruler upon the upper extremities 
 of these arcs, draw a line (without cutting 
 them) to touch the two arcs. 
 
 Equidistant or parallel lines may be seen, for 
 instance, in the side walls of houses, in doors, 
 windows, and other objects: 
 
 XVIII. Another way of drawing one line parallel 
 to another; as, for instance, the line c d to the 
 linefg (fig. 15, plate 2). 
 
 Draw on the given line,/g, if possible at a good 
 distance, two lines at right angles and of the same 
 length, and through the extremities of those per¬ 
 pendiculars draw another straight line. This 
 will be parallel to the given line. 
 
 When several lines are required to stand per¬ 
 pendicular upon another, and consequently pa¬ 
 rallel to one another, the shortest way is to put 
 the triangular ruler against the common ruler* 
 -and to keep it firm against it. 
 
25 
 
 length of the line p describe from both extremi¬ 
 ties of the line z two small arcs intersecting each 
 other in m, and draw lines from their common 
 intersection to the extremities of the line z. 
 
 XXIV. To describe a Scalene Triangle, viz. one of 
 which all the three sides are unequal; as, for in¬ 
 stance, the Triangle (fig. 17, plate 2,) with the 
 given lines , n p q. 
 
 The process is the same as in prop. XXI. 
 
 4 * 
 
 XXV. To describe a Right-angled Triangle, viz . 
 
 one which has one right angle . 
 
 By prop. XII. draw two lines to meet at right 
 angles; and when there are two given lines, make 
 them of equal length with the other two, from 
 the point where the former meet. Afterwards 
 draw the inclined line. 
 
28 
 
 where they do not meet, two arcs intersecting 
 each other in m; and then draw the other two 
 remaining lines. 
 
 XXIX. To draw a Rhombus , viz. a figure whose 
 sides are all equal, but its angles not right; as> 
 for instance , fig. 21, plate 2. 
 
 Let the line k be the given line. Make two 
 lines meet at a given or any angle, and proceed 
 as with the preceding proposition. 
 
 XXX. To draw a Rectangle or Oblong, viz. a 
 Quadrilateral figure whose opposite sides are 
 equal, and angles right angles; as, for instance, 
 fig. 22, plate 2. 
 
 Let f and g be the given lines. Draw two 
 lines to meet at right angles, make them of equal 
 length with the two given ones from the point 
 where they meet, and proceed as in prop. XXVII. 
 
33 
 
 cular arc the point, from which the arc itself has 
 been described, is to be found, viz. by taking any 
 three points, in the circumference, at pleasure. 
 
 XXXVI. To draw a regular Polygon upon a 
 given Line: as,for instance , the Pentagon 
 (fig. 26, plate 2). 
 
 Let s f be the given line. Draw upon it, as 
 at t , a line at right angles, making t v equal to 
 5 t, and describe with its length the circular arc 
 s v. Then divide the length of this arc s v, into 
 as many equal parts as the figure is to have an¬ 
 gles, here therefore into 5 ; take whatever poly¬ 
 gon it may be, the width, as here, from v to the 
 point where there are still four parts remaining, 
 and set them off from v to w , further upon the 
 arc. Then seek in s t and w for a point on which 
 to rest the end of the compasses, in order to de¬ 
 scribe the curve line which passes through the 
 points s, t , w, and set oif s t four times more upon 
 
 c 
 
35 
 
 XXXVIII. To divide a Line into equal parts, so 
 that there shall be left a certain length; as, for 
 instance, the Line h (fig. 29, plate 2,) into two 
 equal parts, and two thirds of such a second part. 
 
 Draw any line at pleasure, somewhat longer 
 than that which is to be divided •, open the com¬ 
 passes so wide that, as there are to be two equal 
 parts, this width may be set off twice upon the 
 line, as is actually done here at b. Afterwards, 
 to get at the two thirds, divide one of the afore¬ 
 said two parts into 3 equal parts, and add two of 
 them to the former two parts. Then, with the 
 whole length, as has been done here, describe an 
 equilateral triangle, take with the compasses the 
 terminating points of the given line, and set off 
 the length of this line, as here from c to d and 
 from c to f. Lastly, draw the line, as her edf, 
 and intersect it by placing the ruler against the 
 point c and against the dividing points of the 
 c 2 
 
37 
 
 more accurate will be the process : however* they 
 must not be made over small. 
 
 XL. To describe a Curve Line, of the same length 
 as another Curve Line . 
 
 The process is the same as in the preceding- 
 proposition. 
 
41 
 
 2. Draw from the points b and c two straight 
 lines at right angles ; make them from b and c as 
 long as one of the sides of the Cube ; and join 
 them by a line, so that you obtain, as here, three 
 quadrangles. 
 
 3. Afterwards draw, which now will be very 
 easy, the three remaining quadrangles, and leave 
 in the proper places the edges or margins requi¬ 
 site for joining. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 Cut out the flat paper figure. If the paper be 
 large, do it first by guess, but afterwards very 
 accurately. Both are easy. You need only ob¬ 
 serve the lines which here are drawn through and 
 not dotted on purpose. Care must be had not to 
 miss any of the principal surfaces nor any of the 
 edges left for joining. The latter may even be 
 left tolerably large. Afterwards proceed to the 
 folding. This too is not difficult. You are 
 
42 
 
 guided by the dotted lines by which it is clearly 
 pointed out. You then clip the edges for joining, 
 if needful, a little, and examine whether all the 
 parts will form a correct whole. The points 
 d , c, and/, for instance, must meet exactly When 
 this is the case, the edges are done over with glue 
 or gum-water, and joined in such a manner as 
 not to be perceptible on the outside. 
 
 A Chair. Plate 3. 
 
 With the flat paper figure over g h. Plate 12, 
 Proportions, 
 
 Without the back, the height, breadth, and 
 width, must be equal. The back itself as broad 
 as high. But the seat is somewhat narrower 
 than its length. On considering the flat paper 
 figure attentively, ydu find over g h three qua¬ 
 drangles for the feet, a rectangle over the mid¬ 
 dle one for the seat, and over this seat another 
 quadrangle for the back. 
 
59 
 
 house; after having cut and folded it in the 
 rough, lit the edges b and c upon each other, and 
 then fix the four walls of the building on its 
 bottom. The margins are all folded inwards: 
 but the upper ones are only a little bent and kept 
 rather erect, to facilitate the roofing. 
 
 The roof may be painted, or covered crossways, 
 with wood shavings, like the sentry-box. 
 
 Afterwards proceed to the pole and the pedes¬ 
 tal. To make the former, roll the afore-men¬ 
 tioned slip of paper to its proper thickness, 
 beginning at the sharp-pointed end, as here h to 
 the left, opposite, and fix it; if you wish to paint 
 it, the most suitable colour is brown. • 
 
 When the base or pedestal is ready, fix the 
 thicker part of the pole on the middle of the bot¬ 
 tom, and on the pole itself the sliding ledges; 
 and afterwards insert the pole through the round 
 hole at the bottom into the pigeon-house. 
 
66 
 
 as high as the middle one, and recedes about a 
 third of its height. The upper part is rather 
 sloping, and as high as the lower one. 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 Excepting the hearth-plate and the two sup¬ 
 porters of the German stove, the drawing is the 
 same as that of the stove, with this difference 
 only, that what is the lower part of the stove 
 is here still lower, and in the middle one a circle 
 must be described for the dial. 
 
 The upper part of this watch-stand must be 
 drawn separately. Describe a circular or curve 
 line like that round the point r, Plate 16. Set 
 off upon it the bre&dth of the upper part four 
 successive times, and from these points draw 
 lines towards the centre. 
 
 Afterwards draw the lines, $ t , &c. and others 
 parallel to them, at the proper distance. Lastly 
 draw, as here, the quadrangle, and mind the mar¬ 
 gins for joining. 
 
72 
 
 2. Draw the two equilateral triangles; sup¬ 
 plying the lower line in your mind, and then the 
 door and windows, either as here or according 
 to any different plan of your own; and observe 
 the margins for joining. 
 
 3. Determine the two conjoint rectangles for 
 the roof, as between k and h , neglecting the 
 sloping lines. The length of these rectangles is 
 but little more than the length of the building, 
 and the height of each a little more than one of 
 the sloping lines of the gable. 
 
 Second Case : When the gables are broken at 
 the top. 
 
 1. Draw all as 1 and 2 in the former case, and 
 afterwards shorten every gable side as below l ; 
 m n is here drawn so that l m is equal to In. 
 
 2. Determine the bottom and roof; the latter 
 as between h and k : it is delineated as at 3 in the 
 first case. Then take from p to q the shortening 
 of the top, from p to r and s the length l m or l w, 
 and draw the lines q r and q s. On describing 
 
76 
 
 to it. The windows as high as bread, and rather 
 small. 
 
 Drawing and Construction. 
 
 The same as the cottage. The barn-door may 
 be contrived like the door of the gable-roofed 
 house. 
 
 A Paling, or a Palisade. 
 
 Plate 7 - 
 
 The flat paper figure is the same as under w, 
 Plate 16; but at the top there is a separate slip 
 of paper crossways, as in the seventh Plate. Such 
 a paling or palisade may also be contrived as the 
 drawing to the left on this seventh Plate. 
 
 A Small House with a Sloping Roof. 
 Plate 6. 
 
 With the flat paper figures over x z , Plate 16; 
 and over b c , Plate 17- 
 
80 
 
 the ground on which it stands may be covered 
 with a little moss. 
 
 A Town House. 
 
 Like the house with the gable or sloping roof, 
 only higher ; with two or three rows of windows 
 one over the other, and a window over the door. 
 
 A House with a Gable Elevation in front. 
 Plate 7- 
 
 A small part of the flat paper figure is between 
 g h , Plate 18. 
 
 Proportions . 
 
 Three times as long as broad ; only one-third 
 as high as broad. The gable elevation in front 
 is about half as long as the whole building, and as 
 high as a fourth of this half. The roof itself is as 
 high as the building up to the roof. 
 
86 
 
 exact length of this paper figure should be twelve 
 times a fourth of the thickness of the tovrer. 
 
 The aforementioned ledge, which goes round 
 the top under the roof, and is separately joined to 
 it, is a little longer than its substratum itself, or 
 the circumference of the wall on which it h 
 fixed. It is best determined by compressing the 
 rectangle requisite for the tower. 
 
 Other windows and doors besides those marked 
 here must be supplied, and the two doors given 
 here must be placed neither higher nor lover 
 than the balcony and the draw-bridge will albw. 
 
 Draw the roof for the tower as under wz, Plate 
 19. Take with the compasses the length of one 
 of the sloping lines of the roof up to where it pro¬ 
 jects over the lower part of the tower, and 
 describe a circular arc; afterwards take upon it 
 twelve times a fourth of the lower width of the 
 roof, and from the two extreme points draw lines 
 towards the centre, or here the point m. Mark 
 also the margin for joining. 
 
87 
 
 As for the small turrets, draw the flat paper 
 figure for the lower part as at n , Plate 19; anti 
 for the roof like that of the pigeon-house, taking 
 care, however, to alter the height. 
 
 Draw the flat paper figure for the balcony as 
 at p, for the drawbridge as at q , and for each pil¬ 
 lar as at r, Plate 19. 
 
 The wall consists in its principal parts of a 
 rectangle of about a fifth of the height of the 
 tower without the roof, and of at least ten times 
 its length. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 After having joined all the parts, dnd fixed the 
 small turrets, the balcony, and the pillars in their 
 proper places, fasten below at the entrance a 
 narrow rectangular slip of paper, to represent 
 that part of the bridge which may be drawn up. 
 
 The wall is best made of thick pasteboard co¬ 
 vered with paper, which is neatly clipped and 
 trimmed when dry. The whole building may be 
 
88 
 
 placed on pasteboard, and painted like an old 
 ruin; but the roofs as if they were slated, or still 
 better, green, as if they had been covered with 
 copper. Doors and windows may be painted 
 instead of being cut out; some moss may be laid 
 in different parts, and vanes fastened to the tops 
 of the turrets, or flags kept flying as here, to ren¬ 
 der the whole more conformable to reality. 
 
 A Boat. 
 
 With the flat paper figure close to s t , 
 Plate 19 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 The fiat bottom is a rectangle six times as long 
 as high or broad. 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 1. Draw the rectangle over s t six times a? 
 long as high or broad; prolong the narrow late- 
 
101 
 
 A Wheelbarrow. Plate XXII. Fig 3. 
 
 This, after all the preceding objects have been 
 properly constructed, will offer no difficulties. 
 
 Observe only the proportions as marked in 
 this 22d Plate. 
 
 The bottom a is twice as long as broad. 
 b b are the two sides, rather narrower towards 
 the handles. 
 
 c d the two extremities. 
 e e the handles. 
 
 f f the projecting pieces to which the axle of 
 the wheel is joined : they are similar to the han¬ 
 dles, but rather wider and shorter. 
 
 g g the points for placing the legs, which are 
 of the same length with f f. 
 
 The wheel may be either with or without 
 spokes. It may be made of a piece of card with 
 a narrow slip of paper glued round it; and a 
 small piece of wood may serve for the axle. 
 
% 
 
 
 

 
DIRECTIONS FOR MODELLING 
 
 WITH 
 
 CUT PAPER FIGURES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PRELIMINARY REQUISITES AND DIRECTIONS. 
 
 To make neat representations in paper of any 
 given object on a small scale, is an occupation 
 as agreeable as useful. It consists chiefly in 
 drawing, cutting, folding, joining and painting. 
 
 1. The drawing regulates the cutting and fold¬ 
 ing. It is most easily performed by means of a 
 pair of compasses, a common ruler, and a ruler 
 either of brass or wood. Fig. 10, Plate I. in the 
 
 See also the Second Chapter on the introductory Exercises in 
 Drawing. 
 
7 
 
 ting points of a line. The place where a line 
 commences or ends* or where two lines pass 
 through* or intersect each other, is a point. 
 
 III. To take the length of a long line in order to 
 make another exactly similar, as for instance of 
 a line longer than a common size sheet of paper . 
 
 Divide the given line, by dots, into several 
 parts, at pleasure ; then set off each part succes¬ 
 sively with the compasses. 
 
 IV. To mark the exact division of a given line on 
 
 another line. 
 
 Whenever the given line is not very long 
 
 c d f 
 
 as for instance, the line b, -;-;- 7 - g 9 
 
 this is most accurately done by measuring not the 
 intermediate successive lengths, but by taking 
 the spaces, be, bd, bf, or gf gd, gc , beginning al ¬ 
 ways with b or g. 
 
 But when the line is of considerable length, a 
 
10 
 
 To divide the lin efg into two equal parts- 
 
 cr 
 
 O 
 
 1> From the points/ and g, as centres, with any opening of the 
 compasses greater than half fg t describe arcs cutting each other 
 in a and b. 
 
 2. Draw the line ab , and the point e, where it cuts/g, will be 
 the middle of the line required* 
 
 VII. To divide a line into more than two equal 
 parts , as, for instance, the line q r (fig. 4, pi. I.) 
 or the line v zo (fig. 5, pi. I.) into three. 
 
 Take, by guess , as near a third part of the line as 
 possible, then after having set off three equal parts 
 on the line r q; should there be a remainder, as 
 q s (Fig. 4) , one point of the compasses must be 
 kept steady on t, and one-third of q s must be 
 taken by the other. But if, by turning over the 
 compasses three times, the point should fall 
 
17 
 
 other line is to be placed, as here the line df; 
 and bring upon this ruler one of the short sides 
 of the triangular ruler, then holding both rulers 
 firm one against the other, draw the required 
 line along the other side of the triangular ruler. 
 
 And to try this ruler, draw in the aforesaid 
 manner a line at right angles to another, and 
 holding the common ruler firmly, turn the trian¬ 
 gular ruler upon the right angular line just 
 drawn, and move it on the common ruler exactly 
 against this line. If the edge of the ruler and 
 the line meet again accurately, the triangular 
 ruler is correct. 
 
 
 [III. To draw from a given point a line at right 
 angles to another line, without the triangular 
 ruler, as, for instance, from the point k (fig. 11. 
 pi. 1), a line perpendicular to Jc l. 
 
 Describe from the points of intersection k and 
 and draw two other arcs intersecting each 
 
18 
 
 other at m. Then placing the ruler against the 
 points h and m, draw a line from the point h to 
 the line k /, and it will he at right angles to k l. 
 
 When small arcs like those (fig. 11) are 
 described, both above and under a line from the 
 two extreme points or of the same; and when 
 the said line is intersected by placing the ruler 
 on the two points where the arcs meet, that line 
 will be divided exactly into two equal parts. 
 
 XIY. To draw, but without the triangular Tukr, 
 another line at right angles, on a given point of a 
 line , as, for instance, the line r n on the point n 
 of the line p q (fig. 12. pi. 1). 
 
 Place one end of the compasses on the giver 
 point n, and describe with the other small arcf 
 intersecting the line, as here at p and q. De 
 scribe again small arcs from these points p anl 
 q , intersecting each other above the line, as hers 
 
31 
 
 must be divided into Triangles, such as those 
 marked with dots (fig. 25), and these Triangles 
 must be copied in regular succession. 
 
 XXXIV. To draw a regular Polygon, viz. a 
 Figure of more than four sides, which, as well 
 as the angles, are all equal; as, for instance, the 
 Pentagon (fig. 26, plate 2). 
 
 The easiest way, when no importance is at¬ 
 tached to the sides being of more or less consider¬ 
 able length, is to describe a circle, to divide this 
 circle into as many equal parts as there are sides 
 required, or as the Polygon is to have angles, 
 and afterwards to join these points of division by 
 straight lines. 
 
 A circular line, which is also called a periphery 
 or circumference, is such only when in whatever 
 part of this line we suppose a point, that point is 
 every where at the same distance from a point in 
 its middle. This latter point is called the centre. 
 
40 
 
 deterred ; try again with greater attention, seek 
 for the cause of your failure, and avoid the mis¬ 
 take into which you had been betrayed. Re¬ 
 peated attempts are sure to be crowned with 
 success. 
 
 A Cube or Die. Plate 3. 
 
 With the flat paper figure b c. Plate 12. 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 The Cube or Die is enclosed by six equal 
 squares, consequently it is as high as it is long or 
 broad. 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 1. Draw the line b c; mark off from b to c 
 three times one of the sides of the Cube; draw on 
 the two middle points two lines at right angles 
 and produce them downwards. 
 
47 
 
 The breadth of the upper parts of the feet is 
 about an eighth of their height up to the upper 
 cross ledge; lower down they are less thick. 
 The drawer has half the height of the cross-ledge, 
 and its length is double its breadth. The table 
 board projects on all the four sides half the height 
 of the upper cross ledge. 
 
 ♦ j Drawing. 
 
 1. Draw the line n p ; set off upon it from n, 
 first the length of the pedestal, then its breadth, 
 then again the length, and once more the breadth, 
 and erect at these points perpendicular lines as 
 long, or even a little longer, as the pedestal is to 
 be high. 
 
 2. Make the line n q andp r of the height of 
 the pedestal; draw the line q r , and under it, 
 parallel to it at the proper distance, another for 
 the upper cross-ledge. Afterwards draw the 
 feet, as before for those of the chair. 
 
52 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 ]. Set off upon the previously drawn line w x 
 four successive times the length or breadth, and 
 draw lines from these points, at right angles, to 
 the line w x. If the height be determined from 
 w and x, and a line drawn parallel to w x , you 
 obtain four similar rectangles. 
 
 2. Draw over two of these rectangles equila¬ 
 teral triangles, and rub out the lower lines. Af¬ 
 terwards determine, as here, the door and the 
 small windows as well as the margins for joining. 
 
 3. Appropriate, as under x, the equally divided 
 rectangle to the roof. This rectangle ought to 
 be somewhat longer than twice a side of the tri¬ 
 angles, and a little broader than the sentry-box 
 itself. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 When the flat paper figure is cut out in the 
 rough, fold it properly, and afterwards cut it 
 
54 
 
 pieces of the breadth of a common goose quill, 
 glued crossways on each side, and projecting a 
 little one over the other. When sufficiently dry, 
 they may be clipped even with scissars; which is 
 far more expeditious than to cut them separately* 
 of equal length. 
 
 A Thatched House. 
 
 With a flat paper figure similar to that of the 
 sentry-box. Plate 13. 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 The sides double the length but only half the 
 height of the breadth of the thatched house. The 
 remainder is evident from the 
 
 Drawing , 
 
 which is exactly like that of the flat paper figure 
 of the sentry-box, only altering the length, 
 breadth, and height, making the door somewhat 
 
57 
 
 the building is high without the roof, and about a 
 fourth as broad. 
 
 Drawing\ 
 
 © 
 
 1. The flat paper figure of the building. First 
 draw the line b c , and set off on it the breadth of 
 the house four sticcessive times ; then draw, as 
 here, five adjoining quadrangles, the undermost 
 of which forms the bottom. After this, determine 
 the door and perches as well as the round hole in 
 the bottom for the passage of the pole ; the spot 
 for this hole is found by drawing from one angle 
 to the other in the direction of the centre two 
 lines that shall intersect each other. Attend 
 likewise to the margins for joining. 
 
 2. The flat paper figure for the base. Having 
 given to the line d f its proper length, draw 
 against and with it a quadrangle, and determine 
 its centre by means of two diagonals. Then set 
 off on the middle of each side of the quadrangle 
 the breadth of the sliding ledges, and placing the 
 
71 
 
 up to the roof half the length of the building. 
 The gable side of the roof is an equilateral tri¬ 
 angle. 
 
 The height of the door is double its breadth. 
 The windows in their exterior circumference are 
 quadrangles, a little less in height than the door 
 is in breadth. The chimney is half the breadth 
 of the door, and the height and breadth of a win 
 dow. The roof and the bottom of the house 
 project a little above the building. 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 First Case: When the gables at the top are 
 not broken. 
 
 1. Draw the line/g and set ofi* upon it suc¬ 
 cessively the length, the breadth, then again the 
 length and again the breadth of the building; 
 erect on these points lines at right angles, and 
 determine its two long lateral flanks after having 
 first taken from / and g the height of the build¬ 
 ing up to the roof. 
 
77 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 Two-thirds as broad as long. The height up 
 to the roof half the length of the building. The 
 slope of the roof on the narrow side is an equila¬ 
 teral triangle. The height of the door is double 
 its breadth; every window is two-thirds as broad 
 as high. 
 
 Drawing . 
 
 The flat paper figure xz is only half of the 
 lower part of the house; the other half must be 
 supplied in the mind. The drawing itself is not 
 difficult. First, take twice the length and breadth 
 upon the line x z, and its prolongation, and then 
 draw each of the four large rectangles. 
 
 To make the roof. 
 
 1. Draw the line b c, Plate 17, a little longer 
 than the length of the building, that the lower 
 end of the roof may project a little; and mark off 
 
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 in 2018 with funding from 
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VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This ingenious art is calculated to intro¬ 
 duce children to the most common and prac¬ 
 tical applications of geometry, in a way 
 which occupies their hands, and thus en¬ 
 forces their attention, without any particular 
 effort of their thinking powers. By a law 
 of our nature, our curiosity, in our earlier 
 years, is preferably directed to palpable ob¬ 
 jects. Abstraction is an exertion of the 
 mind, which is irksome even to a great many 
 grown up persons ; and children can hardly 
 be induced to exercise it, because they can¬ 
 not form an idea of the advantages resulting 
 from that faculty. This love of reality is 
 likewise the characteristic of the infancy of 
 nations. The Greeks had clever statuaries 
 long before they had able painters. The 
 sculptor represents the object as it is, with all 
 
CCNTI NTS. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 Page 
 
 A Round Hut ...-.. .. 96 
 
 A Windmill . 97 
 
 An Arm Chair. 98 
 
 A Small Basket .. 98 
 
 A Chiflfonniere . 99 
 
 A Sofa. 100 
 
 A Wheel Barrow. 101 
 
 APPENDIX.—The'five regular Geometrical 
 
 Figures . 102 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Fig. for Figure. 
 
 Prop, for Proposition. 
 
9 
 
 VI. To divide a given line into two equal parts 
 with the compasses, as, for instance , the line f g , 
 or l m (fig. 2, or 3, plate I.) 
 
 Set one point of the compasses in k as near 
 the middle of the line as possible, then open 
 the compasses to g, and keeping one point fixed 
 in k, turn the other towards f. Then if there 
 be any part of the line left, as fh (fig. 2), one 
 point of the compasses is kept steady on k , and 
 the other is carried by guess to the middle of 
 f h. Should there now be too much, as the dis¬ 
 tance l p , (fig. 3), one point of the compasses is 
 kept steady on n , and the other is carried to about 
 the middle of Ip nearer the other point of the 
 compasses. 
 
 If on examination the line is not yet divided 
 ajito two equal parts, the same process must be 
 repeated until the two parts are of equal length. 
 Or it may be done thus: 
 
12 
 
 rn 
 
 1. With one point of the compasses in A, and the other in B, 
 describe the arc Bm, also with the same opening of the com¬ 
 passes, and one point in B, describe the arc An; or with a 
 parallel ruler, draw, .Be parallel to Ac. 
 
 2. From one end A, of the line, draw Ac, to any point, as c, in 
 the arc Bm, then take the arc Be in the compasses, and setoff an 
 equal arc on A n, i. e. A e , then draw the line B e. 
 
 3. In each of the lines Ac, Be, commencing at A and B; set 
 off as many equal parts of any convenient length, as A B is to be 
 divided into. 
 
 4. Join the points A, 5 ; 1,4; 2, 3; 3, 2; 4, 1; 5, B; and 
 A B will then be divided into five ecyual parts as was required. 
 
 VIII. To place the length of a given line exactly 
 in the middle of another line , as, for instance, the 
 line b c (fig. 6, pi. I.) on the line d f. 
 
 Setoff the shorter line and the longer one from d 
 to g, and divide the remainder gf into two equal 
 
13 
 
 parts. Each of these parts is the distance at 
 which the extremities of the shorter line are to 
 be from the extremities of the longer, if the shorter 
 line is to be precisely on the middle of the long 
 one. When therefore the distance is taken from 
 the beginning, as d a , and terminating point, as 
 /e, towards the centre of the longer line, the 
 middle space between (viz. a e) is the length of 
 the shorter line. 
 
 Supposing the line to be placed in the middle 
 be the width of a door, and the longer one be the 
 length of a small building, the door by this pro¬ 
 cess would be placed exactly in the middle of the 
 building. 
 
 IX. To set off a line more than once upon another 
 longer one, so that the intervals he equal; as, 
 for instance, the line h k (fig. J, pi. I.) three 
 times on the line l m. 
 
 The length of the shorter line must be set off 
 upon the longer, either from the beginning or 
 
19 
 
 at r, and then draw the required line by holding 
 the common ruler against the points r and n . 
 
 XV. To draw, without the triangular ruler, an¬ 
 other line at right angles at the end of a given 
 line, as, for instance, the line h upon the line f 
 (fig. 20, plate 2). 
 
 The point f may be taken at pleasure; but de¬ 
 scribe, with the same opening of the compasses, 
 from this point/and the terminating point of the 
 tine, two arcs intersecting each other as here at g. 
 Vfterwards draw a line through the points f and 
 g’, then make g h equal to g f, and draw a line 
 from the point h to the aforesaid terminating 
 joint. 
 
 VI. To divide an angle into several equal parts, 
 as, for instance, the angle t s v (fig. 13. plate 1.) 
 ^nur equal parts . 
 
 tribe with the compasses, from the angular 
 
23 
 
 triangular ruler) a line at right angles upon it, 
 so as to intersect the other of the two given lines. 
 The length of this right angular line drawn be¬ 
 tween the two parallel* lines is, in this case, the 
 required distance. 
 
 This process determines the length or breadth 
 of objects inclosed within parallel lines, as, for 
 instance, of doors, windows, and such like. With 
 regard to diminutive objects, only the aforesaid 
 arc or the right angular line is to be attended to. 
 
 XXI. To make three given lines meet at their ex¬ 
 tremities, or to form a figure with them ; as, for 
 instance, the lines n,p , q (fig. 17, plate 2). 
 
 Draw r s y a line as long as one of the three 
 given lines, for ex. n: then from both extremities 
 of the line r s describe, with the separate lengths 
 of the other two, arcs intersecting each other, as 
 at m; and draw two lines from the extremities r 
 and Sy to the point of intersection. The figure 
 
29 
 
 XXXI. To draw a Rhomboid, viz. a Parallelogram 
 whose opposite sides are equal and the angles not 
 right; as,for instance, fig. 23, plate 2. 
 
 Let f and g, again, be the given lines; and ex¬ 
 cepting the right angle, instead of which another 
 angle must be formed, the process is the same as 
 with the rectangle in prop. XXX. or prop. 
 XXVII. 
 
 A quadrangle, a rhombus, a rectangle, and a 
 rhomboid, have also the common denomination 
 o i Parallelograms ; and the line which joins the 
 two opposite angles of a four-sided figure is called 
 a Diagonal. 
 
 XXXil. To draw a Trapezium, viz. a Quadri¬ 
 lateral figure of unequal sides, two of which how¬ 
 ever are parallel; as, for instance , fig. 24, 
 plate 2. 
 
 Let f and g (fig. 22.) be the given lines. Place 
 the shorter line exactly on the middle of the 
 
32 
 
 The distance of the centre from the circumfer¬ 
 ence is called the Radius; the distance of any 
 point in the circumference to another point in 
 the same, in the direction through the centre, is 
 ealled a Diameter ; but if the direction be not to 
 the centre, it is called a Subtense or Chord. 
 
 XXXV. To draw a circular Arc through three 
 given Points which are not in a straight Line ; 
 as , for instance , through the Points l, m, n (fig. 
 2 7 , plate 2). 
 
 Describe from l and m, with the same opening 
 of the compasses, small arcs intersecting each 
 other, as here at k and p , and likewise from the 
 points m and n similar arcs intersecting each 
 other, as at q and r. Afterwards draw through 
 these points of intersection k , p and q , r two lines, 
 and the point where these lines intersect each 
 other is the centre of the circular arc. 
 
 The same process takes place when in a cir- 
 
38 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 MODELLING WITH CUT PAPER FIGURES* 
 
 Preliminary Observations . 
 
 1. The proportions here given refer only to 
 the objects represented on the plates. They are 
 of indispensable necessity,, and ought to be care¬ 
 fully attended to until a sufficient knowledge to 
 determine them, has been acquired by the young 
 artist. 
 
 2. Whenever height, length, and breadth, are 
 stated in general, these dimensions are to be un¬ 
 derstood of the main parts of the given object. 
 When the dimensions of the smaller parts are 
 meant, those parts are expressly mentioned. 
 
 3. Care must be had to have a distinct notion 
 
44 
 
 2. Take the height of the seat from g to k, and 
 from h to l , and drawing the line l k, determine 
 the three adjoining quadrangles. Afterwards 
 draw, which will now be very easy, the middle 
 rectangle and the upper quadrangle. The for¬ 
 mer is lower than the quadrangle by the thick¬ 
 ness of the lower side of the back. 
 
 3. Draw under the line Ik a line parallel to it 
 at a distance equal to the thickness of the seat, 
 and extend upon it the thickness of the upper 
 parts of the feet to the right and left of the lines 
 right angularly drawn upon g h . Then in the 
 same manner mark off upon the line g h the 
 lower thickness of the feet, and draw the in¬ 
 clined lines by which the feet are distinguished. 
 
 4. Having attended to the given proportions 
 and first drawn parallel lines, delineate the open 
 work of the back, and, as here, its lateral breadth. 
 Lastly, mind the margins for joining. 
 
46 
 
 If the upper cross piece of the back is to pro¬ 
 ject a little sideways as on the chair in the third 
 Plate^ or as it is to the right of d, draw and cut 
 out separately a narrow rectangle like that at t, 
 and fix it properly. It may be clipped after it 
 has been joined. 
 
 A Table. Plate 3. 
 
 With the flat paper figure over n p. Plate 12. 
 Proportions . 
 
 Two-thirds as broad as long; that is to say 3 if 
 you allow two parts to the breadth; the length 
 must have three. The height is a little more than 
 the breadth. If this height is to be proportioned 
 to the chair, half of the height of the latter may be 
 added. The upper cross ledge of the plinth has 
 nearly a fourth of the height of the plinth itself. 
 The lower ledge is half as much raised from the 
 bottom. 
 
58 
 
 ruler on the two opposite points, draw lines, and 
 at the same distance two more for the sides of the 
 sliding ledges. Then make these of the requisite 
 length, and observe here and there, as atg, the 
 inclined segments and the margin for fixing the 
 sliding ledge on the pole. 
 
 3. The flat paper figure for the pole. This 
 consists merely of a slip of paper about as long 
 as the pole is to be high, and about a fourth of the 
 breadth of the pigeon-house in its broadest part. 
 It is represented on a small scale at h , plate XIV. 
 
 4. The flat paper figure for the roof. See 
 under Jc , Plate 15. Only draw 7 , as here, four 
 adjoining equilateral triangles. But each side of 
 these triangles must be somewhat larger than 
 the breadth of the pigeon-house, else the roof 
 w r ould not project sufficiently; and the margin for 
 joining must not be omitted. 
 
 Construction . 
 
 Begin with the flat paper figure of the pigeon- 
 
60 
 
 Observations. 
 
 The roof is best painted; the ground itself on 
 which the pigeon-house stands may be painted 
 grey, and covered here and there with moss, par¬ 
 ticularly where the sliding ledges may happen not 
 to fit exactly. 
 
 Instead of making the pole of paper, you may 
 take a young straight twig properly dried and co¬ 
 vered with bark. A small pearl of wax or a ju¬ 
 niper-berry may serve as a knob on the roof. 
 
 An Ink-stand. Plate 5. 
 
 Chiefly with the fiat paper figures of the cube. 
 
 Two dice, like the one on the third Plate, give 
 one the ink glass, the other the sand-box. De¬ 
 scribe therefore on the fiat paper figure of each,, 
 in the centre of the surface which is to be upper¬ 
 most, a circle, and this cut out will be the hole 
 
94 
 
 A Church. Plate 10. 
 
 With flat paper figures like those of the house 
 with a sloping roof, and of the upper part of the 
 pigeon-house. 
 
 Proportions . 
 
 The length almost double that of the breadth ; 
 up to the roof as high as broad or rather a little 
 higher. The roof of the church and that of the 
 tower are both of that height. Without the roof 
 the tower has not quite that height. 
 
 The large windows are three times as high as 
 broad, but the window over the door is only a 
 little higher than broad. The door is but half as 
 broad as high. The window in the tower is a 
 quadrangle. 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 Like the house with the sloping roof, only with 
 different proportions. Draw the lower part of 
 
90 
 
 A Round Hut. Plate 10. 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 The bottom or ground is a circle described 
 with an opening of the compasses equal to the 
 height of the posts or pillars up to the roof, of 
 which the flat paper figure is to be drawn like 
 that under m , Plate 19, but so that the arc here 
 be somewhat longer than the circular line, for 
 the bottom to secure the proper projection of 
 Pne roof. 
 
 The posts or supporters, six or eight in num¬ 
 ber, must be drawn as at p or q 9 Plate 18. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 When the parts have all been cut and folded, 
 the posts are fixed at equal distances from each 
 other on the circular bottom, and the hut is roofed 
 in. The roof may either be painted or actually 
 covered with thatch, and a little moss may be 
 strewed here and there upon the roof and posts. 
 
' 
 
 
 
 
 
PAPYRO-PLASTICS, 
 
 OR THE 
 
 ART OF MODELLING IN PAPER 
 
 BEING AN 
 
 Snstructitoe Amusement 
 
 FOR 
 
 YOUNG PERSONS OF BOTH SEXES. 
 
 FROM THE GERMAN, 
 
 BY 
 
 D. BOILEAU. 
 
 SECOND EDITION, 
 
 GREATLY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. 
 
 WITH TWENTY-TWO PLATES. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR BOOSEY AND SONS, 
 
 BROAD-STREET, EXCHANGE. 
 
 1825 , 
 
TABLfi of contents. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Page 
 
 Preliminary Requisites and Directions .. 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Introductory Exercises in drawing with Compasses 
 
 and a Ruler. . . 6 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Modelling with Cut Paper Figures. 
 
 Preliminary Observations ..... 38 
 
 A Die or Cube ...... 40 
 
 A Chair .. 42 
 
 A Table. 46 
 
 A Chest of Drawers. 49 
 
27 
 
 line/. Afterwards with the length of the other 
 two lines describe, from the terminating points 
 of the lines b and c which do not meet, two arcs, 
 as here at d , and then draw two lines from the 
 point where the two arcs intersect each other to 
 meet the extremities of the lines b and c. 
 
 All quadrangular figures vary according^as the 
 fines are varied, and according as the angles are 
 greater or less. 
 
 XXVIII. To draw a Quadrilateral, viz. a Square 
 whose sides are all equal and its angles all right; 
 as, for instance , fig. 20, plate 2. 
 
 Let n , fig. 17, be the given line. Draw the line 
 / equal to the line n ; and proceed as in prop. 
 XV. or using the triangular ruler, draw a line at 
 right angles, and make this also equal in length 
 to the line n , from the point where it meets the 
 line/. Afterwards with the line f or n describe, 
 from the terminating points of the lines f and h , 
 
48 
 
 3. Determine by taking correctly n and jo the 
 lower cross-ledge, and observe the margins for 
 joining. 
 
 4. Draw the rectangle for the table board 
 with small margins at the four sides, either for 
 joining or to represent the thickness of the table 
 board. 
 
 5. Draw as at s and t , (see plate XII), the 
 pieces requisite for the drawqj*. The part t is 
 fixed to it in front. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 After having made a cube or a chair, it is easy to 
 cut and fold the flat paper figures of a table. The 
 feet may be cut out after the folding. 
 
 If the edges correspond exactly, join first the 
 parts of the pedestal. The point q must here 
 correspond with the point r. Afterwards fasten 
 the pedestal to the board, so that the latter may 
 project. 
 
50 
 
 only that the feet are very short, and that there 
 are several drawers. 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 Two-thirds as broad as long, and nearly as high 
 as broad. The top projects but little. The height 
 of the drawers is according as there are two, 
 three, or four, of them. The height of the feet is 
 about a seventh of the height of the chest of 
 drawers. 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 After having drawn the four rectangles, as if 
 it were to be a table, and taken one of them for 
 the sliding in of the drawers, proceed as on the 
 left, below plate 13, over v. 
 
 1. The distance of the drawers, or rather of the 
 openings for their sliding in, is determined ac¬ 
 cording to the directions in Prop. IX. of the In¬ 
 troductory exercises. 
 
82 
 
 A Court or Garden Gate. Plate J. 
 
 In the way it is represented here, it is that of a 
 palisade or paling. It is therefore drawn like a 
 palisade, and may be painted; or if cut out, a slip 
 of paper on which the folding door is painted 
 separately, may be fixed in the opening, or this 
 opening may be left as if the gate were open. 
 
 A Bridge. Plate 7* 
 
 With the flat paper figure at the top, Plate 18. 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 Three times as long as broad. Each arch s 
 described with a radius equal to the length of tie 
 bridge. The height of the balustrade is a thid 
 of the stated breadth. 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 After the rectangle under m n has been drzwn 
 
 
83 
 
 of the length and breadth of the bridge, take with 
 the compasses the length m n, and describe from 
 m and rt, two small arcs which intersect each 
 other, as here at p. 
 
 Place one point of the compasses on p 9 and de¬ 
 scribe with the other not only the arc m n 9 but 
 also the arcs parallel to this, which serve to 
 form the balustrade. 
 
 The same is done with the similar lower arcs, 
 and the two balustrades are then drawn more 
 complete. Describe also the two innermost arcs 
 with a radius as long as the straight line between 
 the terminating points of each of these arcs. 
 
 The upper arch consists of a rectangle, which 
 tiust be bent, and which is as broad as the bridge, 
 tut as long as the arc m n . Afterwards deter- 
 nine, according to the last but one of the intro- 
 dtctory exercises, the length of this rectangle, 
 and mark at each of its sides the margins for 
 johing. 
 
 ' 
 
 \ 
 
 A 
 
84 
 
 Construction. 
 
 When joined, each part, like that over m w, 
 will stand straight upon the rectangle under m n , 
 and the upper part must he fixed in such a man¬ 
 ner that no margin may be seen. 
 
 Such a bridge looks very neat white; but it may 
 be painted gray, and the balustrade brown. The 
 upper part of the bridge, or rather the road over 
 it, may be represented as paved or covered with 
 gravel. The paper altogether should be ven 
 strong and stiff. 
 
 An Ancient Tower. Plate 8. 
 
 With the flat paper figures which are partlym 
 the middle and partly below on Plate 19. 
 
 Proportions. 
 
 The tower, (which, like its principal rooj is 
 
89 
 
 ral lines on both sides, and resting one point of 
 the compasses on each of these prolongations, de¬ 
 scribe, with half the length of the rectangle, 
 arcs which meet, as here at v. 
 
 2. Make the length s w equal to the length of 
 the arc s r, and do the same with the other three 
 similar lengths ; determine also, upon the afore¬ 
 said prolonged lines, from the point where they 
 are met by the long lateral lines of the rectangle 
 above s t , the height of the two sides of the boat ? 
 here two-thirds of the breadth of the rectangle 
 over s t; then draw the remainder as here. 
 
 3. Mark the margins for joining, as those of s sr, 
 and others. 
 
 Construction . 
 
 The two parts here above and under w must 
 first be joined; the point w must coincide with 
 the point x, and the same is to be observed with 
 the opposite part of the flat paper figure. 
 
easily done. The seat in the sledge may be con¬ 
 trived with a narrow slip of paper. 
 
 Observations . 
 
 If the rectangle over b d be drawn on the op¬ 
 posite side like that under b d, the folding accord¬ 
 ing to this line b d may be dispensed with. The 
 outer seat may also be made separately, and fixed 
 on the sledge. Indeed with a correct eye such 
 a sledge may be cut out of a card without any 
 drawing. 
 
 A Ship. Plate 9. 
 
 The main body is constructed nearly on the same 
 principles as a boat, only the flat paper figure is 
 in one part like that at g, Plate 20. There is 
 also a piece like that under g requisite for the 
 cabin; and for the covering in of this cabin, a 
 rectangle which is a little longer than the cabin, 
 and as broad as the length of its arc on the top. 
 
95 
 
 the tower as above l m, Plate 20. The two 
 segments, to fasten it on the church roof, are 
 found by drawing the narrow side of the church 
 roof separately as at n, and placing the lower part 
 of the tower exactly in the middle, as may be seen 
 here close to n. Each of the aforesaid segments 
 is a triangle like that at n. 
 
 The roof of the tower, altering only the height, 
 may be drawn like that of the pigeon-house; the 
 triangles are all equilateral. 
 
 Construction . 
 
 The same as of the house with the sloping roof 
 and of the pigeon-house. If, besides the roofs of 
 the church and tower, the lower parts of tl*e 
 church are likewise to be painted, it may be 
 done as marked below to the left or in the middle 
 tothe right of the tenth Plate. 
 
Books published by Boosey and Sons, Broad Street, Ex¬ 
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 FAUSTUS, from the German of Goethe. A New 
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