ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE HUMAN FIGURE MODELLED IN WAX BY ANTONIO SERANTONI, DESIGNER AND ENGRAVER OF THE LARGE ANATOMICAL PLATES OF PROFESSOR PAOLO MASCAGNL TRANSLATED FROM THE ITALIAN BY ALEXANDER BRIDGE, Med. Stub. EXHIBITING AT 111. STRAND, NEARLY OPPOSITE EXETER HALL. Admission ]s. 6d. Book 6i For the accommodation of those who may wish to visit the Figure repeatedly, for the purpose of study. Cards of Admission may be purchased at the Exhibition for £l. per Month. PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. It was at a very remote age that the Art of Modelling the Human Body in Wax arose in Italy. Tn Florence, particularly, magnificent Cabinets have been erected for the reception of these works, which have thus added to the architectural ornaments of the City, as well as facilitated the labours of the Students of Anatomy. The near approximation to nature effected in these Wax Ana- tomical Preparations, raised a spirit of emulation in Tuscany which led to the improvement of the art, and the Artists of Tuscany are in this department, unrivalled amongst polished nations. In proof of this assertion may be adduced the celebrated Cabinet of Natural History in Florence, which chiefly derives its fame from the unri- valled productions of Susini. After the death of this Professor, the eminent Engraver of Mascagni's plates succeeded to the duty of supporting the reputa- tion of his country in this department of the Fine Arts. Indeed Serantoni has never been surpassed in his imitations of Anatomical Structure. It is to him, and to his Anatomical Female Figure, that we more particularly allude. This Figure is held in high estimation by all who are sufficiently acquainted with the subject to appre- ciate its merits, and the terms of eulogy, though high, which have been applied to it, will be found, when it is inspected, to be fully merited. Externally, the Figure represents the beauty of Venus, and the spectator is tempted to imagine the actual presence of the Goddess. The well contrived movement of the eyes assists in raising this illusion. It is fully anticipated that the most fastidious anatomist will be as much delighted with the interior, as the general visitor with the exterior of the Figure, and that all observers will feel surprise, if not admiration, at the skill and patience exhibited in the forma- tion of such minute parts. Its usefulness, as an auxiliary in the instruction of Anatomical Students will scarcely be denied, and the correct illustrationy of the viscera, subservient to the phenomena of nutrition, circulation, and sense, must command the attention of all. ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION. This Figure represents a Female reclining, with the Three Cavities laid open, viz. The Head, Chest, and Abdomen, and every part therein contained fully exposed. 1. — Represents the Integuments or Skin covering the Thorax and Abdomen. These being removed expose the superficial Ar- teries, Veins, and Nerves. The Arteries are injected red, and the Veins blue. 2, 2. — Pectoralis Major Muscle, situated on the anterior part of the Chest. It is of a triangular shape, large and flat; arising from the anterior half of the Clavicle, from the greater part of the Sternum, and from the cartilages of the six superior Ribs. The fibres of this muscle then converge, and end in a tendon which is inserted into the outer edge of the Bicipital Groove of the Humerus. Anteriorly is situated the Mammary Gland. Posteriorly, the Clavicle, Sternum, Cartilages of the Ribs, and the Thoracic vessels and Nerves. 3, 3. — The Mammas right and left. In the latter the fat being removed the Gland appears, and the Secretory Ducts. The right Gland being divided to the base, you observe A. — The internal aspect; posteriorly the Milk Ducts, and the an- terior surface of the Pectoralis Major Muscles, with the blood vessels and nerves belonging to it. 4. — A small tendinous expansion which covers the anterior part of the Sternum, and descends towards the Abdomen. 5, 5. — The Recti Muscles of the Abdomen. They are of an elongated figure; flat anteriorly and posteriorly, larger above than below. Their superior extremities are inserted into the cartilages of the last three true Ribs, and their inferior, arise from the Crista of the Pubes. The anterior surfaces of these muscles have a relation with the Aponeurosis of the Pectoralis Major, and the external and internal oblique Muscles. 'I'he posterior surfaces are in relation with the Cartilages of the last three true ribs, and partially with the first two false ribs, with tlie ensiform cartilage, and the Aponeurosis of the Abdominal Muscles, and the internal Mammary and Epigastric Arteries. A small portion of the right Rectus Muscle being reflected, you observe 6. — A portion of the Latissimus Dor^i Muscle. B. — A portion of the Serratus Magnus Muscle. 7, 7. — The Linea Alba, formed by that tendinous part situated be- tween the Recti Muscles of the Abdomen, and on which is seen C. — The Umbilicus (obliterated in the adult). This afforded a passage for the Umbilical Chord, which comes from the ante- rior part of the Placenta, and gives nourishment to the Foetus in Utero, it terminates in the Liver. 8, 8.' — A portion of the External Abdominal oblique Muscle. THORACIC CAVITY. After removing the strata of Muscles, together with the ante- rior portion of the Ribs, and the Sternum, you expose the ca- vities of the Thorax, and the Abdomen, with the different organs in their proper situation. We will first examine the Thorax. 9, 9.— The Lungs. They are situated in the lateral parts of the Thorax, and are distinct, being separated by the Heart and Mediastinum. They completely fill the two cavities of the Thorax; their figure somewhat resembles that of an irregu- lar cone, the apex being situated superiorly, and the base inferiorly, which rests upon the convex surface of the Dia- phragm. In each lung may be observed a deep Fissure, which runs obliquely from the apex to the base, and divides them into tvvo Lobes. In the right Lung may also be observed another smaller Lobe. The colour of the Lungs is of a light grey in the adult, and of a darker colour in old age, at which time, more particularly, there may be observed some black spots. The Lungs are of a pink colour in children. Each Lung is contained in a bag or sac, formed by the Pleura. This membrane lines the internal surface of the ribs, and is there named Pleura Costalis : it also covers the Lungs, and consequently is called Pleura Pulmonalis. The Pleura of the right Lung is reflected, in order to expose its superficial sur- face. You may observe in the structure of the Lungs the Air conductors, Blood-vessels, Lymphatics, and Nerves, with much cellular substance. The use of these organs is to per- form the functions of respiration in co-operating with the Trachea. 10. — The Pericardium, which covers the Heart like a bag. On the anterior part are the remains of the Thymus Gland of the Foetus (which is a proof of youth, it being quite extinct in old age), the Pericardiac Artery, and Vein. 11. — The Heart. A hollow muscle composed of numerous fleshy fibres, firmly interlaced together. The superior part is di- vided into two cavities, called Auricles, right and left. The inferior part is also divided into two cavities, named Ventricles, right and left. 12. — Right Auricle. 13. — Left Auricle. 14, 14. — Ventricles, right and left. The Heart is like the figure of a cone. The base being supe- rior, and the apex inferior. Its situation is a little inclined towards the left side. This organ is for the circulation of the blood, which is performed in the following manner. The Blood which is distributed throughout the body by the Ar- eries, is returned by means of the Veins into the two Great Veins, the Vena Cava Ascendens and the Vena Cava De- scendens, which finally terminate in the Right Auricle of the Heart, from thence it gains the Right Ventricle. The Pul- monary Artery then carries the Blood into the Lungs where it becomes Oxygenized, it is then conducted by the Pulmonary Veins into the Left Auricle, and from thence into the Left Ventricle. From the left Ventricle the Aorta takes its origin, and at its orifice are seen the three Semi-lunar Valves, re- sembling those of the Pulmonary Artery. 15. — The Aorta, the principal Artery of the Human Body. It is situated at the posterior part of the Chest and Abdomen, com- mencing opposite the fourth Dorsal Vertebra. It is divided into ascending and descending. After its origin from the left Ventricle of the Heart, and opposite the second Dorsal Ver- tebra, it forms an arch, called Aortic, from whence arise the -i left Subclavian, left common Carotid, and Innoniinata Arte- ries ; proceeding posteriorly, and a little towards the left side, it takes the name of Descending Aorta, and preserves it until nearly opposite the fourth Lumbar Vertebra, where it divides into the common Iliac Arteries. The Branches which the Descending Aorta sends off in its course are IN THE THORAX. Bronchial Arteries. (Esophageal. Posterior Mediastinal. Inferior Intercostal. In the Abdomen. The right inferior artery of the Diaphragm. The left inferior artery of the Diaphragm. The Ciliac, which divides into Coronary of the Stomach, He- patic, Splenic The superior Mesenteric. The inferior Mesenteric. The Capsular. The Emulgent. The Spermatic. The Lumbar. After these come The middle Sacral. The Iliac." The Epigastric. 16.— Pulmonary Artery, arising from the Right Ventricle of the Heart. CAVITY OF THE ABDOMEN. -The Diaphragm, which divides the two Cavities of the Tho- rax and Abdomen. It is indispensable to the function of Respiration. In the middle is seen a white body, called 8 D. — The Enbiform Cartilage, which is united to the last portion of the Sternum. At the sides of the Diaphragm are seen E, E. — The Cartilages of the false Ribs. If the anterior portion of the Diaphragm be elevated you observe 18. — The Liver, in which the Gail or Bile is formed. It has two surfaces, the Anterior and the Posterior; the former being convex, the latter concave. This organ is also divided into the right Lobe and left Lobe. On the anterior surface may be seen 19. — The Halciform or Suspensory Ligament. 20. — The Umbilical Ligament, which is formed in the Foetus, by an Artery and two Veins, constituting the Umbilical Chord, which passes through the Umbilical orifice and proceeds to the Placenta. 21. — The Gall Bladder, which preserves the gall until it passes through a duct into the Duodenum. The Liver is formed by several Glands, (which are united by Cellular substances,) Blood vessels. Lymphatics, and Nerves. This important viscus is subject to many diseases, particularly inflammation, &c. &c. 22. — The Spleen, which is situated in the left side of the Abdo- men. The particular functions of this organ is unknown. Some suppose it to be unnecessary for the animal economy. There are some instances on record of persons in which it has been wanting. 23. — The GreatOmentum, constituted by two layers of Peritonceum, reflected on themselves, which partially covers the Intestines. 24. — The Intestines, which are discovered by removing the Omen- tum. F. — The Stomach. If you open this, you observe a G. — Cavity, which presents to view on the surface numerous mu- cous Glands. The Gastric Juice is secreted in this Viscus. 25, 25. — Two Apertures, the one on the left termed Cardiac, the other on the right Pyloric. 26. — The Duodenum. First a part of the intestines opened longi- tudinally and tied. It assists the Stomach in performing the functions of Digestion. After Mastication, the food passes down the Pharyus and QEsophagus and enters the Cardiac orifice of the Stomach, where it mixes with the Gastric Juice and forms Chyme ; it then passes through the Pyloric orifice 9 into the Duodenum, mixes with the Gall or llWc, and other juices and forms Chyle. 27.— A portion of the Pancreatic Gland. 28, 28. — The Kidneys, where the urine is secreted. 29, 29. — The Ureters. They are two canals for the passage of the urine from the Kidneys into the Bladder. 30. — The Renal Capsule. 31. — The descending Aorta, which distributes the Blood to the lower extremities. 32. — The inferior Vena Cava, which returns the Blood from the lower extremities. Upon the surface of the Aorta which is situated on the left side of the Vein, observe the branches of the Semi-lunar Gan- glion, which belongs to the Great Sympathetic Nerve. Lower down in the Pelvis you observe 33. — The Gravid Uterus. — On the left side is the Rectum, tied. 34, 34. — The broad Ligaments, cut. 35, 35. — The round Ligaments, cut. This Ligament passes through the inguinal canal, being the same by which the spermatic chord of the male passes 36, 36.— The Ovaria. 37, 37.— The Fallopian Tubes. 38. — The Membranes which surround the Foetus. H. — The Foetus of five months. I. — The Placenta, with the Umbilical Chord. X. — The posterior part of the Uterus. 39. — The Bladder which contains the Urine. In this receptacle a Calculus is sometimes formed, which requires a surgical ope- ration for its extraction. CAVITY OF THE CRANIUAL The Scalp being removed, which covers the bones of the head, you observe K. — The external surface of the long arch of the Cranium. L. — The internal surface, on which may be perceived various de- pressions, formed by the Blood-vessels and convolutions of the Brain. 10 40, 40. — I'he two Hemispheres of the Cerebrum. 41. — The Corpus Callosum. 42. — The superior longitudinal sinus. On the external surface of the Hemisphere are the convolu- tions of the Cerebrum, covered by the Pia Mater, and the Blood-vessels. 43.__The Falx of the Dura Mater. 44. — The inferior longitudinal Sinus. 45. — The Septum Lucidura. 46, 46.— The Corpora Striata. * * — The Thalami Nervi Optici. + +— The Choroid Plexus. 47. — The Quadrigeminal eminences. 48. — The Pineal Gland, (which has been said to be the seat of the soul) deprived of the Velum interpositum of Galen 49, 49. — The Horns of Ammon. 50, 50. — The Semicircularis Linise, Semilunares. 51. — The Arbor Vitse, which cannot be observed without the dissection of the Cerebellum. 52. — The base of the Cerebrum. M. — The Medulla Oblongata. N. — The left Lobe of the Cerebrum. O. — The base of the Cranium. P. — The left Lateral Sinus of the Dura Mater. Q. — The Petrous portion of the Temporal bone. R. — The Sella Turcica. *— The Pituitary Gland. S. — The Body of the Sphenoid bone. T.— The Crista Galli. U. — The Semilunar Ganglion of Gasserius. From which three branches of the Trigeminal Nerve take their origin. The first termed Opthalmic, the second Superior Maxillary, and the third Inferior Maxillary ; these branches constitute the Fifth pair of Nerves. V. — Left circumference of the Great Occipital Foramen. X. — Divisions of the Carotid Artery. Z. — Medullary substance of the interior of the Cerebrum. The Brain is an important organ, situated, as may be seen, in the Cavity of the Cranium ; it receives the sensations of the 11 other parts of the body, by means of several nervous ramifi- cations which proceed from it, and extend to the periphery of the animal body. These ramifications, called Pairs of Cere- bral Nerves, are Nine in number. They are covered by the Dura Mater until they leave the Cranium, when they become smaller, and their involucre take the name of Neurilema. Various are the ways by which these chords fulfil the Ner- vous action, especially in the organs of Vision, of Smell, Speech, Hearing, and others, too many to enumerate. Sight is produced by luminous rays falling on the Cornea, producing an impression on the Retina and Optic Nerve. Smell is produced by means of the Olfactory Nerves, which extend over the Pituitary Membrane. Taste is produced by means of the Lingual Nerve, proceeding from the fifth pair of Cere- bral Nerves, or Tiigemini ; and particularly from a branch of the inferior Maxillary; other Nerves concur to produce the sense of taste, viz. the ninth pair or Lingual, and the Glosso Pharyngeal. These same Nerves give motion to the tongue in the articulation of words. Hearing is produced from the impression which the soft part of the seventh pair of Cerebral Nerves receives from the sonorous undulations. When the Medullary substance has passed the great Occipital Foramen, marked by the letter V, it takes the name of Spinal Marrow, from which proceed Thirty^two Pair of Nerves, which ex- tend to all parts of the body. The use of the Nerves is to convey the sensations of the Brain, and to give volition to the Muscles, which, by contracting, give motion to the various> members of the Human Body. FACE AND NECK. Y. — The Integuments which cover the Face and the anterior par of the Neck. 53, 53. — The Sterno Cleido Mastoideus Muscle. A, A. — The Sterno Hyoideus INIuscle. 54, 54, — The Omo Hyoideus INIuscle. 55, 65.- — The Digastric Muscle. 56^ 56. — The Mylo Hyoideus Muscle.- 12. 57.— The Hyoidal Bone. 58. — The Thyroid Cartilage, or Pomum Adami. 59. — The Trachea. 60. — The inferior margin of the Lower Jaw. 61. — The Coronary Artery of the Lips. 62 — The Cartilage of the Nose. 63 — The Parotid Gland, and Steno's Duct. 64. — The Sub-maxillary Gland. 65, 65. — The Masseter Muscles. 66y 66. — Buccinator Muscles. 67, 67. — Zigomaticus Major Muscles. 68, 68. — Zigomaticus Minor Muscles. 69. — Triangular Muscle, or depressor of the angles of the Mouth. 70. — Levator Superior of the Lips, and the Aloe Nasi. 71.--The Orbicular Muscle of the Mouth. 72, 72.— The Orbicular Muscle of the Eyes. 73, 73.— The Frontal Muscle. 74, 74 — The Temporalis Muscle. 76, 75 — The external Jugular Vein, with the branches. 76. — The Facial Vein, accompanied by the artery of the same name. 77. — Left Temporal Artery. THE END. Printed by A. Hancock, Middle Row Place, Holboin.