m> mm COLOR STANDARDS AND NOMENCLATURE il • . : Ill 1 n««aM|HimBHmHH *** COLOR STANDARDS COLOR NOMENCLATURE RIDGWAY Fifty-Three Colored Plates Eleven Hundred and Fifteen Named Colors 'W., COLOR STANDARDS AND COLOR NOMENCLATURE BY ROBERT RIDGWAY, M. S., C. M. Z. S., ETC. Curator of the Division of Birds, United States National Museum. With. Fifty-three Colored Plates and Eleven Hundred and Fifteen Named Colors. WASHINGTON, D. C. 1912. Published by the Author. Copyright, 1912 by Robert Ridgway PRESS OF A. HOEN & COMPANY BALTIMORE, MD ' V ^».. TO Senor Don JOSE C. ZELEDON OF San Jose, Costa Rica True and steadfast friend for more than two-score years ; host, guide, and companion on excursions among the glorious forests, magnificent mountains, and lovely plains of his native land ; whose encouragement made possible the completion of a seemingly hopeless task, this book is affectionately and gratefully dedicated. PREFACE -••-•- THK motive of this work is THE STANDARDIZATION OF COEORS AND COLOR NAMES. The terminology of Science, the Arts, and various In- dustries has been a most important factor in the development of their present high efficiency. Measurements, weights, mathemat- ical and chemical formulae, and terms which clearly designate practically every variation of form and structure have long been standardized ; but the nomenclature of colors remains vague and, for practical purposes, meaningless, thereby seriously impeding progress in almost every branch of industry and research. Many works on the subject of color have been published, but most of them are purely technical, and pertain to the physics of color, the painter's needs, or to some particular art or industry alone, or in other ways are unsuited for the use of the zoologist, the botanist, the pathologist, or the mineralogist ; and the compar- atively few works on color intended specially for naturalists have all failed to meet the requirements, either because of an insufficient number of color samples, lack of names or other means of easy identification or designation, or faulty selection and classification of the colors chosen for illustration. More than twenty years ago the author of the present work attempted to supply the deficiency by the publication of a book* containing 186 samples of named *A | Nomenclature of Colors | for Naturalists, | and | Compendium of Useful Knowledge | for Ornithologists. | By | Robert Eidgway, | Curator, Department of Birds, United States National Museum. | With ten colored plates and seven plates | of outline illustrations. | Boston : | Little, Brown, and Company. | 1S86. | (12mo., pp. 129, pis. 17.) The subject of color and color nomenclature discussed on pages 15-58. Plates i-x, inclusive, represent 186 named colors, hand-painted (stencilled). 11 PREFACE colors, but the effort was successful only to the extent that it was an improvement on its predecessors; and, although still the standard of color nomenclature among zoologists and many other naturalists, it nevertheless is seriously defective in the altogether inadequate number of colors represented, and in their unscientific arrangement. Fully realizing his failure, the author, some two or three years later, began to devise plans, gather materials, and acquire special knowledge of the subject, in the hope that he might some day be able to prepare a new work which would fully meet the needs of all who have use for it. Unfortunately, his time has been so fully occupied with other matters that progress has neces- sarily been slow ; but after more than twenty years of sporadic effort it has at last been completed. Acknowledgments are due to so many friends for helpful suggestions that it is hardly possible to name them all, or to specify the extent or kind of help which each has rendered ; but special men- tion should be made of Mr. Lewis E. Jewei.Iv, of Johns Hopkins University ; Dr. R. M. Strong, of the University of Chicago ; Prof. W. J. Spieeman, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture ; Mr. Wieeiams Weech, of the U. S. Signal Service ; Mr. MieTon Bradeey, of Springfield, Mass.; Dr. P. G. Nutting, of the U. S. Bureau of Standards ; Mr. P. L. RiCKER, of the Bureau Of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture ; and Mr. J. L. Ridgway, of the U. S. Geological Survey. The late Professor S. P. Langeey, then Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, was good enough to take a kindly interest in this undertaking and gave the author assistance for which he is glad to make acknowledg- ment. More than to all others, however, is the author deeply indebted to Mr. John E. Thayer, of Lancaster, Mass., and Senor Don Jose C. Zeeedon, of San Jose, Costa Rica, for aid so indis- pensable that without it the work could not have been completed. To Dr. G. GrubeER & Co., of Leipzig, Germany, the author is under obligations for the gift of a nearly complete set of their celebrated coal-tar dyes, which have proven quite necessary to the work, especially in the coloring of the Maxwell disks on which the color scheme is based. The reproduction of the plates has been a difficult matter, involving not only expensive experimentation, but more than three PREFACE 111 years of unremitting labor. Vastly different from the ordinary lines of commercial color work, the correct copying of each one of the 1115 colors of the original plates developed many perplexing and often discouraging problems, which were finally solved through Mr. A. B. Hoen's expert knowledge of chemistry and pigments; the skill, industry, and patience of the firm's head colorist, Mr. Frank Portugal, and the personal interest of both these gentle- men. It is, therefore, with the greatest pleasure that the author's grateful acknowledgment is made to the firm of A. Hoen & Company for the satisfactory manner in which they have fulfilled their contract. EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXII AND XXIV. Reference to these plates was unfortunately overlooked when the text was going through the press. These plates are simply extras. They were made at an early stage in the preparation of the work and discarded ; but were finally inserted, merely to add to the number of colors represented. CONTENTS PAGE Preface i Prorogue 1 Plan 1 Color Names 9 Color Terms 15 Table of percentages of Component Colors in Spectrum Hues 21 Table of percentages of White and Black in Tone Scales 23 Table of percentages of Neutral Gray in Broken Colors 25 Table of percentages of Black and White in tones of Carbon Gray 25 Dyes and Pigments used in Coloring of Maxwell Disks 26 Alphabetical List of Colors represented on Plates 29 Colors of old edition Not Represented on Plates 41 List of Useful Books on Color 42 PROLOGUE As stated in the Preface, the purpose of this work is the standardization of colors and color nomenclature, so that naturalists or others who may have occasion to write or speak of colors may do so with the certainty that there need be no question as to what particular tint, shade, or degree of grayness, of any color or hue is meant. Therefore, it is unnecessary to treat of the subject from any other point of view ; it will be sufficient to say that this work is based on a thorough stud}^ of the subject from every standpoint, and that practically all authori- tative works on the subject of color have been carefully consulted.* Plan. — The scientific arrangement of colors in this work is based essentially on the suggestions of Professor J. H. Pillsbury for a scheme of color standards,! which have also been the basis of several other efforts toward the same end, as the plates in Milton Bradley's "Elementary Color" and educational colored papers, Prang's charts of standard colors, Klinkseick and Valette's "Code des Couleurs," etc.; but while all these present a scientifi- cally arranged color-scheme and more or less adequate *Titles of several books on the subject which are especially recommended to the lay student of chromatology are given at the end of this text. fSee Science, June 9, 1893, and Nature, Vol. LII, No. 1347, Aug. 22, 1895, pp. 390-392. 2 Color Standards and Nomenclature. number of colors they all fail to supply a ready or convenient means of identifying and designating the colors — the principal utility of a work of this kind. It is in the latter respect that the present work is believed to meet, more nearly than any other at least, this essential requirement, and in this consists whatever originality may be claimed for it. The ' ' key' ' to the classification or arrangement here- with presented is, of course, the solar spectrum, with its six fundamental colors and intermediate hues, augmented by the series of hues connecting violet with red, which the spectrum fails to show. If, with the red-violets and violet-reds thus added to the spectrum hues, the band forming this scale be joined end to end a circle is formed in which there is continuously a gradual change of hue, step by step, from red through orange-red and red-orange to orange ; orange through yellow-orange and orange- yellowto yellow; yellow through green-yellow and yellow- green to green; green through blue-green and green-blue to blue; blue through violet-blue and blue-violet to violet; and violet through red-violet and violet-red to red — the starting-point — with intermediate connecting hues. In the solar spectrum, both prismatic and grating, but especially the former, the spaces between the adjoining distinct colors are very unequal; therefore for the present purpose an ideal scale must be constructed, so that an approximately equal number of equally distinct connect- ing hues shall be shown. Distinctions of hue appreciable to the normal eye are so very numerous* that the criterion of convenience or practicability must determine the number of segments into which the ideal chromatic scale or circle may be divided in order to best serve the purpose in view. Careful experiment seems to have *Aceordiug to Aubert more than 1000 hues are distinguishable in the spectrum, though among them all the hues betweeen violet and red are wanting. Measurement of Color Mixtures. 3 demonstrated that thirty-six is the practicable limit, and accordingly that number has been adopted.* If the number of intermediate hues were equal in all cases there would, in this scheme, be five between each two adjacent fundamental colors of the spectrum; but a greater number of recognizably distinct hues is obviously necessary in some cases than in others; for example, spectrum orange is decidedly nearer in hue to red than to yellow, and therefore the number of inter- mediates required on each side of the orange is different, being in the proportion of four for the red-orange series to five for the orange-yellow, and similarly six are required for the violet-red series, while four suffice for the blue- violet hues. There is no known means by which we can measure the proportion of two or more pigments in any given mixture, "because color-effect cannot be measured by the pint of mixed paint or the ounce of dry pigment ; "t but, fortunately, we have a very exact method, in the color- wheel and Maxwell disks, by which the relative proportions of two or more colors in any mixture may be precisely measured. This method has been used in the painting of every one of the 1115 colors of the present work, by means of one disk to represent each one of the thirty-six colors (both pure and "broken"), together with a black, a white, and a neutral gray disk, the last being a match in color to the gray resulting from the mixture of red, green and violet on the color-wheel ;+ the neutral gray disk, however, being used only for the making of disks for the broken series of colors (', ", '", ", and ' ") and for the scale of neutral grays (Plate *That is to say, the practical limit for pictorial representation of the colors in their various modifications. fMilton Bradley: Elementary Color, p. 18. JSee colored figure on frontispiece. Color Standards and Nomenclature. LIU.) These colored disks are slit on one side from center to circumference, and therefore by interlocking two or more they may be adjusted so that either occupies any desired percentage of the whole area, which may be very precisely determined by a scale of 100 segments shown on the outer edge of a larger disk on which the colored disks are superimposed. When connected with the color- wheel and adjusted as may be desired, and then rapidly revolved, the two or more distinct colors resolve themselves into a single uniform composite color, whose elements are shown, in their relative proportion, by the scale surrounding the disks.* The scales (both horizontal and vertical) of the present work are all prepared directly from definite color-wheel formulae, based on carefully calculated curves; the thirty-six pure spectrum hues, represented *See the colored figure on the frontispiece of this work, which clearly illustrates this method of color measurement. Larger disks of spectrum red, green, and violet are interlocked and adjusted so that they present, respectively, 32, 42. and 26 per cent, of the circumference ; superimposed on these is a single smaller disk of neutral gray , and on this two still smaller disks of black and white, the former occupying 79, the latter 21, per cent, of the area. The result of this combination of colors, when the disks are rapidly revolved, is that the entire surface becomes a uniform neutral gray precisely like the middle disk, which blends so completely with the color inside and outside its limits that no trace of division can be detected. Hence, neutral gray equals a combination of red 32, green 42, and violet 26 per cent., and also equals a combination of black 79 and white 21 per cent. As further illustrating the point, it may be mentioned that not only does the above-mentioned combination of the three primary colors equal neutral gray but so also does the combination of any color ("secondary" or "tertiary' as well as primary) with its complementary, though the darkness or lightness of the gray varies somewhat, as the following table shows : Spectrum Color. Equivalent Complementary Color. Gray. Name. Per Cent. Pet- Cent. Composition. '•: Black. White. Red 44 28.5 33 51 64 62.5 56 71.5 67 49 36 37.5 Blue 41 + Green 59. 72.5 Blue 51.5 + Green 48.5. 69 Blue 60.5 + Violet 39.5. 64 Bed 57.5 + Violet 42.5. 73 Yellow 82 + Orange 18. 62 Yellow 69 + Green 31. 61.5 27.5 Orange 31 Yellow 36 Green 27 Blue :;7 38.5 *«**,.. Explanation of Plates. by the middle horizontal line of color-squares on Plates I-XII (together with an equal number of intermediates represented by blank spaces) , requiring a separate curve and consequently different relative proportions of the two component colors for each series of hues — that is, the series from red to orange, orange to yellow, yellow to green, green to blue, blue to violet, and violet to red, respectively; but the progressive increments of white in the scales of tints, black in those of shades, and neutral gray in the several series of broken colors are exactly the same in every case. The first series of Plates (I-XII) shows the pure, full spectrum colors and intermediate hues (middle horizontal line, nos. 1-72),* each with its vertical scale of tints (upward, a-g) and shades (down- ward, h-n), the increments of white for the tints being 9.5, 22.5, and 45 per cent., respectively, those of black in the shades being 45, 70.5, and 87.5 percent. The remaining Plates show these same thirty-six colors or hues in exactly the same order and similarly modified (vertically) by precisely the same progressive incre- ments of white (upward) and black (downward), but all the colors are dulled by admixture of neutral gray; the first series (l'-72\ Plates XIII-XXVI) containing 32 per cent, of neutral gray, the second (l"-72", Plates XXVII-XXXVIII) 58 per cent., the third (l"'-72"\ Plates XXXIX-XLIV) 77 percent., and the fourth (l""- 72"", Plates XLV-L,) 90 per cent. The last three Plates (LI-IvIII) show the six spectrum colorsf (also purple, the intermediate between violet and red) still further dulled by admixture of 95.5 per cent, of neutral *The number is doubled so that every other one represents an intermediate hue not shown in color. tOwing to the circumstance that spectrum orange does not, at least when mixed with gray, fairly represent a medium hue between red and orange, being much nearer the former, a hue much near to yellow (yellow-orange, No. 15) has been selected. Color Standards and Nomenclature. gray, these being in reality colored grays; to which are added a scale of neutral gray and one of carbon gray, the former being the gray resulting from mixture of the three primary colors (red 32, green 42, violet 26 per cent., which in relative darkness equals black 79.5, white 20.5 per cent.); the latter being the gray produced by mix- ture of lamp black and Chinese white, and the scale a reproduction of that in the author's first "Nomenclature of Colors" (1886, Plate II, nos. 2-10). It should be emphasized that in all cases except the scale of carbon grays, only the disks representing the middle horizontal series of colors (both pure and broken) have been used, in combination with a black and a white disk, respectively, to make the colors of the vertical scales of tints and shades. The coloring of a satisfactory set of disks to repre- sent the thirty-six pure spectrum colors and hues was a matter of extreme difficulty, many hundreds having been painted and discarded before the desired result was achieved. Several serious problems were involved, the matter of change of hue through chemical reaction of the combined pigments or dyes* (especially the latter) being almost as troublesome as that of securing the proper degree of difference between each adjoining pair of hues. The method by which satisfactory results were finally secured was as follows : First, six disks were colored to represent each of the fundamental spectrum colors, *For satisfactory color-wheel work it is necessary to discard practically ail the so-called artists' colors, as being much too dull to even approximately represent the colors of the spectrum, and to substitute carefully selected aniline or coal-tar dyes, of which, fortunately, there is a very large number of remarkable purity of hue. Indeed, the work of most color-physicists is vitiated by their use of such crude colors as vermilion, carmine, scarlet-lake, chrome yellow, emerald green, Prussian blue, etc. (For a list of dyes and pigments used in preparing the Maxwell disks representing the thirty-six colors of the chromatic scale, see pages 26, 27.) Construction of Spectrum Scale. 7 according to the author's conception of them.* These six disks were then placed against a suitable background (a neutral gray), in spectrum sequence, with wide inter- vals for the accommodation of connecting series of disks, which were then colored so as to represent an apparently even transition from one to the other. When this very difficult task had been done as well as the eye alone could judge, each intermediate was then measured on the color-wheel and the relative proportions (in per- centages) of its two component colors recorded. After this had been done for all the intermedite hues each series (the red-orange, orange-yellow, yellow-green, green- blue, blue-violet, and violet-red) was taken separately and a curve constructed on cross-section paper from the recorded ratios. These curves were found to be in all cases more or less irregular or unsymmetrical, but never- theless were sufficiently near correct to serve as a basis for a symmetrical curve ; and after the points out of *In fixing the exact position or wave-length of the spectrum colors considerable latitude is allowable, the element of "personal equation"— that is, difference in the conception of different persons as to just where the reddest red, greenest green, etc., are located, accounting for the considerable disagreement among ehromatologists as to the wave-lengths. The following table, showing the average, mean, and extreme wave-length of each of the spectrum colors as given by nine or more authorities together with those of the present work (as determined by Dr. P. G. Nutting, Asso- ciate Physicist of the U. S. Bureau of Standards) is of interest in this connection : Eed . . . Orange Yellow. Green. . Blue... Violet . This work. 644 598 ± 2 577 + 1 520 ± 10 47:; ± 3 410 Average of 9-12 authorities. 6770 6074 5786 5235 4 73S 4176 Extremes of 9-12 authorities. 6440-7028 5892-6300 5640-5850 5050-5335 4520-4861 4050-4330 Mean of 9-12 authorities. 6734 6096 5745 5193 4680 (i=) 4190 (io) (10) (9) (IO) From this table it will be seen that the red of this work is appreciably more orange than that of others, the orange slightly more yellowish, and the violet a little less bluish than the average; but the author is assured by Dr. Nutting that these standards arc exceptionally accurate. 8 Color Standards and Nomenclature. proper line were suitably relocated the two component colors were correspondingly readjusted on the color- wheel and each faulty disk corrected (or a new one painted) until it exactly matched the required combina- tion. The scales representing the tints and shades of each color, and also the gray or broken colors were simi- larly determined by corrected curves.* By the method adopted of running each of the thirt} 7 - six spectrum hues through a scale of tints and shades, and repeating the combination through several .series modified by increasing increments of neutral gray, prac- tically the entire possible range of color variation is covered, t rendering it an easy matter to locate in the plates, either among the colors actually shown or in an intermediate space, any color which it is desired to match ; and where short distinctive names have not been found (their place being, tentatively, supplied by com- pound names), as, necessarily, must often be the case, any color or intermediate between any two colors, either as to hue, tint, or shade, may be readily designated by the very simple system of symbols (numerals and let- ters) employed. + In order to designate any color for which a satis- factory name cannot be found, or one not represented on the plates, it is only necessary to proceed as follows : Suppose the color in question is nearest 1 on Plate I ; say, for example, is intermediate in hue between 1 (spectrum red) and 3 (scarlet-red), or in other words if represented in color its position would be in the uncol- *The percentages are given in tables on pages 23 and 25. fThat is to say, theoretically. Unfortunately it seems to be beyond the colorists' skill to reproduce true shades of the pure colors, all showing a more or less decided admixture of gray, resulting in a series of broken or dull shades. (See pages 23 and 24.) J Although only 1115 different colors are actually shown on the plates the system is really equivalent to the presentation of considerably more than 4000 distinguish- able and designatable colors. Color Names. ored space designated as no. 2 ; and in tone between the full color (middle horizontal line) and tint b. Its desig- nation, therefore, is 2a. Exactly the same method applies to any of the other blank spaces, as well as to the colors themselves, except that in case of the broken colors the "primes" (', ", '", "", or '"") are to be affixed to the hue number. First locate the hue, designated by number, then the tone, designated by lower case letter, the full, pure colors of the middle horizontal row being designated by number alone. Color Names.— While it is true that the naming of colors as usually employed has so little to do with the purely technical aspects of chromatology or color-physics that, as Von Bezold remarks* "we are in reality dealing with the peculiarities of language," it is equally true that a collection of color standards designed expressly for the purpose of identifying and designating particular colors can best attain this object by the use of a carefully selected nomenclature. In other words, the prime ne- cessity is to standardize both colors and color names, by elimination of the element 01 "personal equation" in the matter. In no other way can agreement be reached as to the distinction between "violet" and "purple," two color names quite generally used interchangeably or synonymously but in reality belonging to quite distinct hues, or that any other color name can be definitely fixed. Various methods of handling the matter of color in zoological and botanical descriptions, etc., by the avoidance of color names and substitution therefor of symbols, numerals, or mechanical contrivances (as color- wheel and spectrum analyses, color-spheres, etc.) have been devised but all have been found impracticable or unsatisfactory. The author has taken the trouble to get an expression of opinion in this matter from many *The Theory of Color (American edition, 1876), p. 99. 10 Color Standards and Nomenclature. naturalists and others, and the preference for color- names very greatly predominates; consequently, when- ever it has been possible to find a name which seems suitable for any color in this work it has been done, leaving as few as possible unnamed, and for these some other means must be devised for their designation. (See page 8). The selection of appropriate names for the colors depicted on the Plates has been in some cases a matter of considerable difficulty. With regard to certain ones it may appear that the names adopted are not en- tirely satisfactory; but, to forestall such criticism, it may be explained that the purpose of these Plates is not to show the color of the particular objects or substances which the names suggest, but to provide appropriate, or at least approximately appropriate, names for the colors which it has seemed desirable to represent. In other words, certain colors are selected for illustration, for which names must be provided; and when names that are exclusively pertinent or otherwise entirely satis- factory are not at hand, they must be looked up or in- vented. It should also be borne in mind that almost any object or substance varies more or less in color ; and that therefore if the "orange," "lemon," "chestnut" or "lilac" of the Plates does not exactly match in color the particular orange, lemon, chestnut or lilac which one may compare it with, it may (in fact does) correspond with other specimens. Without standardization, even if arbitrary, color nomenclature must, necessarily, remain in its present condition of absolute chaos. Even the standard pigments are not constant in color, practically every one of them being subject to more or less variation in hue or tone, different samples from the same manu- facturer sometimes varying to the extent of several tones or hues of the present work; indeed, in every case where two or more samples of the same color have been com- Sources of Color Names. 11 pared it has been found that no two are exactly alike, the difference often being very great. For example : Of five samples of " Vandyke brown" only two are approximate- ly similar, each of the other three being widely different, not only from one another but from the other two, one being a blackish brown, another reddish brown, the third a yellowish orange-brown. Of eleven samples of "olive" no two are closely similar, the color ranging from a shade of dull (grayish) blue-green to orange- brown, dark brownish gray, and light 3'ellowish olive; and the same or nearly the same degree of variation is seen in absolutely every color examined, showing very clearly the utter worthlessness of color names unless fixed or standardized. In order to obtain as many color names as possible for standardization it has been necessary to draw from all available sources. Several thousand samples of named colors have therefore been collected, and for con- venience of reference and comparison gummed to card catalogue cards, with the name, source, and other data thereon. These include the colors from many standard works, among them Werner's "Nomenclature of Colours" (Syme's edition, 1821), Hay's "Nomenclature of Col- ours" (1846), Ridgway's "Nomenclature of Colors" (1886), Saccardo's "Chromataxia" (1891), Mathews' "Chart of Correct Colors of Flowers" (American Flor- ist, 1891), Willson and Calkins' "Familiar Colors," Oberthur and Dauthenay's "Repertoire des Couleurs" (1905), Iyeidel's "Hints on Tints" (1893), 'Xefevre's Matieres Colorantes Artificiales" (1896), the Standard Dictionary chart of "typical colors," the educational colored papers of Milton Bradley and Prang, and many others; and besides these practically all of the artists' oil, water, and dry colors, manufactured by Winsor and New- ton, F. Schoenfeld and Co., Charles Roberson and Co., 12 Color Standards and Nomenclature. George Rowney and Co., Madderton and Co., R. Acker - mann and Co., Bourgeois, Binant, Chenal, L,e Franc, Devoe, Raynolds, Osborne, Bradley, Hatfield and others; also the coal-tar or aniline dyes of Dr. G. Griibler & Co. , Continental Color and Chemical Co., and Henry Heil Chemical Co., and the well known Diamond Dyes; chromo-lithographic inks, embroidery silks, etc., etc. The material from which to select suitable color names was greatly augmented, almost at the last moment, from two sources, as follows: (l) A very large collection of color-samples (unfortunately mostly unnamed) collect- ed and mounted on cards by Mr. Frederick A. Wam- pole, a talented young artist, to whom was delegated, by a Committee of the American Mycological Society, the task of preparing a nomenclature of colors based upon spectroscopic determinations, but which, un- fortunately, the untimely death of Mr. Wampole pre- vented from progressing beyond the accumulation of this collection. For the use of this material I am indebted to the courtesy of Dr. Frederick V. Coville, Botanist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Mr. P. L,. Ricker, Assistant Botanist, Bureau of Plant Industry, in the same Department. (2) A splendid collection of colored Japanese silks, taffetas, velvets, and other dress goods, kindly sent me by Mr. C. H. Hospital, of the silk department of the firm of Woodward and Lothrop, Washington, D. C. The very large number of colors represented in this collection are all named and have afforded a considerable number of the names adopted in the present work. For obvious reasons it has, of course, been necessary to ignore many trade names, through which the popular nomenclature of colors has become involved in really chaotic confusion rendered more confounded by the con- tinual coinage of new names, many of them syno^^mous Trade Names of Colors. 13 and most of them vague and variable in their application. Most of them are invented, apparently without care or judgment, by the dyer or manufacturer of fabrics, and are as capricious in their meaning as in their origin ; for example: Such fanciful names as "zulu," "serpent green, ' ' "baby blue, " " new old rose, ' ' ' ' London smoke, ' ' etc., and such nonsensical names as "ashes of roses" and "elephant's breath." An inspection of the sample books of manufacturers of fancy goods (such as em- broidery silks and crewels, ribbons, velvets, and other dress- and upholstery-goods) is sufficient not only to illustrate the above observations, but to show also the absolute want of system or classification and the general unavailability of these trade names for adoption in a practical color nomenclature. This is very un- fortunate, since many of these trade names have the merit of brevity and euphony and lack only the quality of stability It has been difficult for the author to decide whether the standards of his original "Nomenclature of Colors" (1886) should be retained in the present work. Some of them are admittedly wrong (indeed, certain ones are not as they were intended to be); besides, owing to the method of reproducing the originals (hand stenciling; there is considerable variation in different copies of the book, one or more reprints, necessitating new mixtures of pigments, adding to this lack of uniformity.* Many persons, however, have urged the retention of the old standards, on the ground that they have been used by so many zoologists and botanists in their writings during the last twenty-five years that they have become estab- *In the present work the possibility of variation between different copies is wholly eliminated by a very different process of reproduction. Each color, for the entire edition, is painted uniformly on large sheets of paper from a single mixture of pigments, these sheets being then cut into the small squares which represent the colors on the plates. 14 Color Standards and Nomenclature. lished through common usage. This very important consideration has induced the author to retain such of the old standards as can be matched in the present work, even though some of them do not agree strictly with either his own or the usual conception of the colors in question. An asterisk (*) preceding a color name in- dicates that the name in question is adopted from the older work, the variation between different copies of the work requiring the selection , in the new one, of a color rep- resenting as nearly as possible an average of the former. In any S3 r stematically arranged scheme, unless the number of colors shown is practically unlimited, it will, necessarily, be impossible to find represented thereon a certain proportion of colors comprised among even a very limited number selected at random, or only rough- ly classified. Hence many (thirty-six, or more than five per cent.) of the colors shown in the old "Nomen- clature of Colors" fall into the blank intervals of the present work, being intermediate either in hue or tone, or chroma, sometimes all. It is necessary of course to provide some means for the correlation of these with the present scheme, which is done by the list on page 41, where the positiou of each is shown. The question of giving representations of metallic colors in this work was at one time considered; but the idea was abandoned for the reason that these are in reality only ordinary colors reflected from a metallic or burnished surface, or appearing as if so reflected; the actual hue is precisely the same, though often change- able according to angle of impact of the light rays, and relative position of the eye, this changeableness being sometimes due to interference.* Colors again vary, without actual difference of hue, in regard to quality of texture or surface; that is to sa5^, the color may be quite *See Rood, Modern Chromatics, pages 50-52. ) 59 in 59'"" in 47' k 59' k 55 — 57"" m 49"" m 37'" f 41'" — 57" d 45"" in 57 — 13'" in 71 k 37' in 51 — 59' — 5 i 43' b 5' k 25' — 9 — g"" — 19" m 30 Color Standards and Nomenclature. COLOR NAME. Brownish Vinaceous XXXIX Brussels Brown Ill Buckthorn Brown XV *Buff-Pink XXVIII Buffy Brown XL BuffyCitrine XVI Buffy Olive XXX *Buff-Yellow IV Burn Blue XXXIV Burnt Lake XII *Burnt Sienna II *Burnt Umber XXVIII Cacao Brown XXVIII Cadet Blue XXI Cadet Gray XLI1 *Cadmium Orange Ill *Cadmium Yellow Ill Calamine Blue VIII Calla Green V Calliste Green VI Cameo Brown XXVIII Cameo Pink XXVI ♦Campanula Blue XXIV Capri Blue XX Capucine Buff « III Capucine Orange Ill Capucine Yellow Ill *Carmine I Carnelian Red XIV Carob Brown XIV Carrot Red XIV Cartridge Buff XXX Castor Gray Lll Cedar Green VI Celandine Green XLVII Cendre Blue VIII Cendre Green VI Cerro Green V *Cerulean Blue VIII Chaetura Black XLVI Chaetura Drab XLVI Chalcedony Yellow XVII Chamois XXX Chapman's Blue XXII Chartreuse Yellow XXXI Chatenay Pink XIII Chessylite Blue XX *Chestnut 1 1 Chestnut-Brown XIV Chicory Blue XXIV 5'" 15 17' 11" 17'" 19' 21" 21 47" 71 9 9" 9" 49' 45'" 13 17 43 25 31 7" b m i cl i k k d f m k in i i b d VI i k 71' / 57 b 43' i 13 J 13 d 15 b 1 I 7' — 9' in 7' b 19" f 35"'" i 31 in 33"" 6 43 b 35 b 27 m 45 — 17"" in 17"" k 25' — 19" b 49* i 25" d 3' f 45' k 9 hi 11' hi 59* a *China Blue XX Chinese Violet XXV ♦Chocolate XXVIII ♦Chromium Green XXXII Chrysolite Green. . . ■ Chrysopraise Green- ♦Cinereous *Cinnamon Cinnamon-Brown . . . Cinnamon-Buff ... XXXI VII Lll ... XXXI XV ... XXIX Cinnamon-Drab XLVI ♦Cinnamon-Rufous XIV Citrine IV Citrine-Drab XL Citron Green XXXI *Citron Yellow XVI Civette Green XVIII *Claret Brown I *Clay Color XXIX Clear Cadet Blue XXI Clear Dull Green Yellow... XVII Clear Fluorite Green XXXil Clear Blue-Green Gray XLVI 1 1 Clear Payne's Gray XLIX Clear Windsor Blue XXXV Clear Yellow-Green VI *Clove Brown XL Cobalt Green XIX Colonial Buff XXX Columbia Blue XXXIV Commelina Blue XXI Congo Pink XXVIII Coral Pink XIII ♦Coral Red XIII Corinthian Pink XXVII Corinthian Purple XXXVIII Corinthian Red XXVII Cornflower Blue XXI Corydalis Green XLI Cossack Green VI Cosse Green V Cotinga Purple XI Courge Green XVII Court Gray XLVII *Cream-Buff XXX *Cream Color XVI Cress Green XXXI *Cyanine Blue IX Dahlia Carmine XXVI ♦Dahlia Purple XII 45' 65' 7" 31" 27" 37 45'"" 15" 15' 15" 13"" 11' 21 19'" 25" 23' 31' 5 m 17" - 49' 25' 33" 45"" 49"" 49" 31 17'" 37' 21" 47" 51' 7" 5' 5' 3" 69" 3" 53' 29'" 33 29 63 25' 29"" 19" 19' 29" 51 71' 67 i b VI i b b d k d i k i b b k b b d b b ■ni b d b b d d I: d hi i k i f d f k ni I; I; Alphabetical List of Colors. OJ COLOR NAME. -Si COLOR NAME. CD ° e 0) (0 Q_ o 2 O 0) c: o h- CD (0 o ^ O CD C o 1— Danube Green XXXII Daphne Pink XXXVIII Daphne Red XXXVIII Dark American Green XLI Dark Aniline Blue X Dark Anthracene Violet-... XXV Dark Bluish Glaucous XLII Dark Bluish Gray-Green... XLII Dark Bluish Violet X Dark Cadet Blue XXI Dark Chessylite Blue XX Dark Cinnabar Green XIX Dark Citrine IV Dark Corinthian Purple.... XXXIX Dark Cress Green XXXI Dark Delft Blue XLII Dark Diva Blue XXI Dark Dull Blue-Violet XXXVi Dark Dull Bluish Violet (1). XXIV Dark Dull Bluish Violet (2) . XXXV Dark Dull Bluish Violet (3). XXXVI Dark Dull Violet-Blue XXIV Dark Dull Yellow-Green... . XXXII Dark Glaucous-Gray XLVIII Dark Gobelin Blue XXXIV Dark Grayish Blue-Green.. XLVIII Dark Grayish Blue-Violet-. XXIV Dark Grayish Brown XLV Dark Grayish Lavender- -- - XLI ! J Dark Grayish Olive XLVI Dark Green XVIII Dark Green-Blue Gray XLVIII Dark Green-Blue Slate-... XLVIII Dark Greenish Glaucous.- . XLI Dark Greenish Olive XXX Dark Gull Gray LI 1 1 Dark Heliotrope Gray L Dark Heliotrope Slate L Dark Hyssop Violet XXXVI Dark Indian Red XXVII Dark Ivy Green XLVI Dark Lavender XLIV Dark Livid Brown XXXIX Dark Livid Purple XXXVII Dark Livid Red XXXIX Dark Madder Blue XLIII Dark Madder Violet XXV Dark Maroon Purple XXVI Dark Medici Blue XLVIII Dark Mineral Red XXVII 35" in 69" b 69" — 29'" k 55 in 61' hi 37"' b 41'" k 57 in 49' in 45' in 39' k 21 ill 69" ill 29" in 45"' ill 51 k 55" k 57* k 51" k 57" k 53* k 31" in 37"" /> 43" k 37"" k 55* k 5"" k 57"' b 21"" k 35' ill 45"" — 45"" k 29'" b 23" in — CO 65"" — 65"" k 59" k 3" in 25"" k 61'" b -j /// k 63" m 1" k 53"' k 63' m 71' hi 41"" i 1" in Dark Mouse Gray LI Dark Naphthalene Violet. . XXXVII Dark Neutral Gray Llll Dark Nigrosin Violet XXV Dark Olive XL Dark Olive-Buff XL Dark Olive-Gray LI Dark Orient Blue XXXIV Dark Payne's Gray XLIX Dark Perilla Purple XXXVII Dark Plumbago Blue XLI 1 i Dark Plumbago Gray L Dark Plumbago Slate L Dark Plumbeous Lll Dark Porcelain Green XXXIII Dark Purple-Drab XLV Dark Purplish Gray Llll Dark Quaker Drab LI Dark Russian Green XLII Dark Slate-Purple XLIV Dark Slate-Violet (1) XLIII Dark Slate-Violet (2) XLIV Dark Soft Blue-Violet XXIII Dark Soft Bluish Violet.-.. XXIII Dark Sulphate Green XIX Dark Terre Verte XXXIII Dark Tyrian Blue XXXIV Dark Varley's Gray XLIX Dark Vinaceous XXVII Dark Vinaceous-Brown XXXIX Dark Vinaceous-Drab XLV Dark Vinaceous-Gray L Dark Vinaceous-Purple .... XXXVIII Dark Violet X Dark Violet-Gray Lll Dark Violet-Slate XLIX Dark Viridian Green VII Dark Yellowish Green XVIII Dark Yvette Violet XXXVI Dark Zinc Green XIX Dauphin's Violet XXIII Dawn Gray Lll Deep Aniline Lilac XXXV Deep Blue-Violet X Deep Bluish Glaucous XLII Deep Bluish Gray-Green- - - XLII Deep Brownish Drab XLV Deep Brownish Vinaceous- XXXIX Deep Cadet Blue XXI Deep Chicory Blue XXIV 15'"" k 61" in — k 65' in 21'" m 21'" — 23""' i 45" k 49"" k 65" •in 53'" b 61"" — 61"" /.- 49""' i 39" k 1 rttt i 67'"" I: 1 fffft /,: 37'" k 65'" k 57'" k 61'" k 55' 1: 57' 1; 39' i 41" k 47" k 57"" k 1" — 5'" /,' 5"" i 69"" — 67" k 59 k 59'"" k 53"" k 37 k 33' m 55" m 37' k 59' i 35'"" d 53" b 55 i 37'" d 41'" i 9"" i 5'" — 49' k 57* b 32 Color Standards and Nomenclature. COLOR NAME. - 1 - CD ° E I- o COLOR NAME. *Deep Chrome Ill Deep Chrysolite Green XXXI Deep Colonial Buff XXX Deep Corinthian Red XXVII Deep Delft Blue XLII Deep Dull Bluish Violet (1) XXIV Deep Dull Bluish Violet (2) XXXV Deep Dull Bluish Violet (3) XXXVI Deep Dull Lavender XLIV Deep Dull Violaceous Blue- XXII Deep Dull Violet-Blue XXXV Deep Dull Yellow-Green (1) XXXII Deep Dull Yellow-Green (2) XXXII Deep Dutch Blue XL! 1 1 Deep Glaucous-Gray XLVIII Deep Glaucous-Green XXXII Deep Grape Green XLI Deep Grayish Blue-Green- XLVIII Deep Grayish Lavender XLIII Deep Grayish Olive XLVI Deep Green-Blue Gray XLVIII Deep Greenish Glaucous ■ ■ XLI Deep Gull Gray 1—1 1 1 Deep Heliotrope Gray L Deep Hellebore Red XXXVIII Deep Hyssop Violet XXXVI Deep Lavender XXXVI Deep Lavender-Blue XXI Deep Lichen Green XXXIII Deep Livid Brown XXXIX Deep Livid Purple XXXVII Deep Madder Blue XLIII Deep Malachite Green XXXII Deep Medici Blue XLVill Deep Mouse Gray LI Deep Neutral Gray LI 1 1 Deep Olive XL Deep Olive-Buff XL Deep Olive-Gray Li Deep Orient Blue XXXIV Deep Payne's Gray XLIX Deep Plumbago Blue XLIII Deep Plumbago Gray L Deep Plumbeous LI I Deep Purplish Gray Llll Deep Purplish Vinaceous. • XLIV Deep Quaker Drab LI Deep Rose-Pink XII Deep Seafoam Green XXXI Deep Slate-Blue XLIII 17 b 27" — 21" b 3" i 45'" k 57* l 51" i 57" i 61"" d 51* k 53" i 31" k 33" k 49'" — 37"" d 39" b 25'" i 37"" i 57'" d 21"" i 45"" b 29'" d — tin 65"" b 71" I 59" i 59" d 53' b 37" d 1'" i 63" k 53"' i 35" — 41"" — 15"" i 21'" k 21'" b 23"" i 45" i 49"" i 53'" d 61"" b 49"" • — 67'"" i 69'" — 1"" i 71 d 27" d 49'" i: Deep Slate-Green XLVII Deep Slate-Olive XLVI Deep Slate-Violet XLIV Deep Slaty Brown L Deep Soft Blue-Violet XXIII Deep Soft Bluish Violet- • - XXIII Deep Turtle Green XXXII Deep Varley's Gray XLIX- Deep Vinaceous XXVII Deep Vinaceous-Gray L Deep Vinaceous-Lavender ■ XLIV Deep Violet-Gray Lll Deep Violet-Plumbeous XLIX Deep Wedgewood Blue---- XXI Delft Blue XLII Diamin-Azo Blue XXXV Diamine Brown XIII Diamine Green VII Diva Blue XXI *Drab XLVI *Drab-Gray 'XLVI *Dragons-blood Red XIII Dresden Brown XV Duck Green XIX Dull Blackish Green XLI Dull Blue-Green Black XLVIII Dull Blue-Violet (1) XXIV Dull Blue-Violet (2) XXXVI Dull Bluish Violet (1) XXIV Dull Bluish Violet (2) XXXV Dull Bluish Violet (3) XXXVI Dull Citrine XVI Dull Dark Purple XXVI Dull Dusky Purple XXVI Dull Greenish Black (1)-.. XLVII Dull Greenish Black (2) - • • XLVII Dull Green-Yellow XVII Dull Indian Purple XLIV Dull Lavender XLIV Dull Magenta Purple XXVI Dull Opaline Green XIX Dull Purplish Black L Dull Slate-Violet XLIII Dull Violet-Black (1) XLIV Dull Violet-Black (2) XLIX- Dull Violet-Black (3) L Dull Violaceous Blue XXII Dull Violet-Blue XXXV Dusky Auricula Purple XXVI Dusky Blue XXII c o 1— 33"" k 2Q"" k 61'" i 69"" /,- 55' i 57' i 31" — 57"" i 1" b 69"" b 65'" d 59'"" i 53"" — 51' d 45'" i 51" ill 3' m 37 in 51' i 17"" — 17"" d 5' i 17' k 39' in 29'" in 41"" in 55* — 55" i 57* — 51" — 57" — 21' k 67' k 67' in 29"" m 33"" in 27' — 69'" i 61'" / 67' i 37' f 65"" in 57'" i. 61'" in 53"" in 61"" in 51* — 53" — 69' hi 49* in Alphabetical List of Colors. Dusky Blue-Green XXXIII Dusky Bluish Green XXXIII Dusky Blue-Violet (1) XXI i I Dusky Blue-Violet (2) XXIV Dusky Brown XLV Dusky Drab XLV Dusky Dull Bluish Green-. XLII Dusky Dull Green XLII Dusky Dull Violet (1) XXXVI Dusky Dull Violet (2) XXXVI Dusky Dull Violet-Blue XXXV Dusky Green XXXIII Dusky Green-Blue (1) XX Dusky Green-Blue (2) XXXIV Dusky Green-Gray Lll Dusky Greenish Blue XX Dusky Neutral Gray LIN Dusky Olive-Green XLI Dusky Orient Blue XXXIV Dusky Purplish Gray Llll Dusky Slate-Blue XLIII Dusky Slate-Violet XLIII Dusky Violet XXIII Dusky Violet-Blue (1) XXIII Dusky Violet-Blue (2) ■_ XLIII Dusky Yellowish Green XL! Dutch Blue XLIII *Ecru-Drab XLVI Ecru-Olive XXX Elm Green XVII *Emerald Green VI Empire Green XXXII Empire Yellow IV Endive Blue XLIII English Red II Eosine Pink I Etain Blue XX Ethyl Green VII Eton Blue XXII Etruscan Red XXVII Eugenia Red XIII Eupatorium Purple. XXXVIII *Fawn Color XL ^Ferruginous XIV *Flame Scarlet II *Flax-f!ower Blue XXI *F!esh Color XIV Flesh Ocher XIV Flesh Pink Xlil Fluorite Green XXXII 39" 41" 57' 55* 1"" g"" 41'" 37'" 57" 59" 53" 37" 43' 43" 35'"" 47' m m m in k k ill 111. Ill ill ill ill III ill k in in 25'" in 45" in 67'"" in 49'" ill 57'" ill 59' III 55' III 53"' III 27'" III 49'" h 13"" (1 21" i 27' in 35 — 33" ill 21 b 49'" ti 7 i 1 d 43' ./' 41 i 49* k 5" — 1' — 67" — 13'" — 9' i 9 — 51' b 7' d 9' h 5' f 33" — Fluorite Violet XI Forest Green XVII Forget-me-not Blue XXII *French Gray Lll *French Green XXXII Fuscous XLVI Fuscous-Black XLVi Garnet Brown I Gendarme Blue XXII Gentian Blue XXI *Geranium Pink I Glass Green XXXI Glaucous XLI *G!aucous-Blue XXXIV Glaucous-Gray XLVIil *Glaucous-Green XXXIII Gnaphalium Green XLVII Gobelin Blue XXXIV Grape Green XLI *Grass Green V! Grayish Blue-Green XLVIII Grayish Blue-Violet (1).... XXIV Grayish Blue-Violet (2).... XXXV Grayish Lavender XLIII Grayish Olive XLVI Grayish Violaceous Blue--. XXII Grayish Violet-Blue XXIV Green-Blue Slate XLVIil Green-Yellow • V Greenish Glaucous XLI Greenish Glaucous-Blue... XLII Greenish Slate-Black XLVIII Greenish Yellow V Grenadine II Grenadine Pink Grenadine Red II Guinea Green VII Gull Gray Llll Haematite Red XXVII Haematoxylin Violet XXV *Hair Brown XLVi Hathi Gray Lll Hay's Blue iX Hay's Brown XXXIX Hay's Green XVIII Hay's Lilac XXXVII Hay's Maroon Xlil Hay's Russet XIV *Hazel XIV Heliotrope-Gray L 61 29' 51* 49'"" 35" 13"" 13"" 47* 53' 3 29" 29'" 43" 37"" 39" 29"" 43" 25"' 33 37"" 55* 51" 57'" 21"" 51* 53* 45"" 27 33'" 41'" 37"" 15 7 7 7 39 m ni b f i k m k k i d d f b f d d i i b / i i i b f b in b d 61' 17"" 35'"" 53 9'" 33' 63" 11' 65"" d(8) m i i b k k k d ill k k d ■ OJ Color Standards and Nomenclature. Methyl Blue VIII 47 Methyl Green XIX 41' Microcline Green XIX 39' Mignonette Green XXXI 25" Mikado Brown XXIX 13" Mikado Orange Ill 13 Mineral Gray - XLVII 25"" Mineral Green XVIil 31' Mineral Red XXVII 1" Montpellier Green XXXIII 37" Morocco Red I 5 Motmot Blue XX 43' Motmot Green XVIII 35' *Mouse Gray LI 15'"" *Mummy Brown XV 17' Mulberry Purple XI 61 Mustard Yellow XVI 19' Mytho Green -• XLI 29'" ♦Myrtle Green VII 41 Naphthalene Violet XXXVII 61" Naphthalene Yellow XVI 23' *Naples Yellow XVI 19' Natal Brown XL 13'" Navy Blue XXI 53' Neropalin Blue XXII 49* Neutral Gray LI 1 1 — Neutral Red XXXVIII 71" Neuvider Green VII 37 Neva Green V 29 Niagara Green XXXIII 41" Nickel Green XXXIII 37" Night Green VI 33 Nigrosin Blue XXXV 49" JMigrosin Violet XXV 65' *Nile Blue XIX 41' Nopal Red I 3 *Ochraceous-Buff XV 15' Ochraceous-Orange XV 15' Ochraceous-Salmon XV 13' Ochraceous-Tawny XV 15' Ocher Red XXVII 5" ♦Oil Green V 27 Oil Yellow V 25 Old Gold XVI 19' Old Rose XIII V Olivaceous Black (1) XLVI 21"" Olivaceous Black (2) XLVII 25"" Olivaceous Black (3) LI 23'"" *Olive XXX 21" Olive-Brown XL 17'" *OI 01 *0I *0I 01 01 ♦01 01 III k b b in k in b k d b k in k d i b b i b k i i b in in in in ,ii ve-Buff ve-Citrine ve-Gray ve-Green ve Lake ve-Ocher ve-Yellow vine Olympic Blue Onion-skin Pink. . - Ontario Violet Opaline Green. ■ ■• ♦Orange ♦Orange-Buff *Orange Chrome- • • Orange-Cinnamon- Orange-Citrine- ■• Orange-Pink *Orange-Rufous • ■• Orange-Vinaceous Oriental Green — Orient Blue Orient Pink Oural Green Ox-blood Red .... Oxide Blue Pa Pa Pa Pa *Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa e Amaranth Pink e Amparo Blue e Amparo Purple e Aniline Lilac e Blue (Ethyl Blue) ■• e Blue-Green Blue-Violet Bluish Lavender.... Bluish Violet Brownish Drab Brownish Vinaceous- e Cadet Blue e Campanula Blue- • • • e Cendre Green e Cerulean Blue e Chalcedony Yellow. . e Cinnamon-Pink e Congo Pink e Drab-Gray e Dull Glaucous-Blue- e Dull Green-Yellow • • e Ecru-Drab e Flesh Color e Fluorite Green XL XVI LI IV XVI XXX XXX XXXII XX XXVIII XXXVI VII II III II XXIX IV II II ■XXVII XVIII XXXIV II XVIil I VIII XII IX XI XXXV VIII VII X XXXVI X XLV XXXIX XX i XXIV VI VIII XVII XXIX XXVIII XLVI XLII XVII XLVI XIV XXXII 21'" 21' 23'"" 23 21' 21" 23" 35" 47' 11" 55" 37 15 15 11 13" 19 11 11 5" 33' 45" 9 35' 1 45 69 51 63 53" 45 39 55 57" 57 5 „„ 3'" 49' 57* 35 45 25' 13" 7" 17"" 43" 27' I 3"" 7' 33" d in b i b b f I; f i d J f k I f .1 f t I f d / d d / d d / d f f f f f f f Alphabetical List of Colors. 37 CD 0) Z5 -<= cS -*= cB ^- XI COLOR NAME. ° P COLOR NAME. t CD -t-J o - o> c o CD o => o z CD CZ o D. o h- IX o 1— Pale Forget-me-not Blue... XXII Pale Glass Green XXXI Pale Glaucous-Blue XXXIV Pale Glaucous-Green XXXIII Pale Grayish Blue XXI Pale Grayish Blue-Violet... XXXV Pale Grayish Vinaceous. • ■ ■ XXXIX Pale Grayish Violet-Blue... XXIV Pale Greenish Yellow V Pale Green-Blue Gray XLVill Pale Green-Yellow V Pale Gull Gray Llll Pale Hortense Violet XI Pale King's Blue XXII Pale Laelia Pink XXXVIII Pale Lavender-Violet XXV Pale Lemon Yellow IV Pale Lilac XXXVII Pale Lobelia Violet XXXVII Pale Lumiere Green XVII Pale Mauve XXV Pale Mazarine Blue IX Pale Medici Blue XLVIII Pale Methyl Blue VIII Pale Mouse Gray LI Pale Neropalin Blue XXII Pale Neutral Gray Llll Pale Niagara Green XXXIII Pale Nile Blue XIX Pale Ochraceous-Buff XV Pale Ochraceous-Salmon XV Pale Olive-Buff XL Pale Olive-Gray LI Pale Olivine XXXII Pale Orange-Yellow Ill Pale Payne's Gray XLIX Pale Persian Lilac XXXVIII Pale Pinkish Buff XXIX Pale Pinkish Cinnamon. •• - XXIX Pale Purple-Drab XLV Pale Purplish Gray Llll Pale Purplish Vinaceous... XXXIX Pale Quaker Drab LI Pale Rhodonite Pink XXXVIII Pale Rose-Purple XXVI Pate Rosolane Purple XXVI Pale Russian Blue XLII Pale Salmon Color XIV Pale Smoke Gray XLVI Pale Soft Blue-Violet XXIII 51* / 29" f 43" f 39" f 49' f 51" f 5"' f 53* d 25 d 43"" f 27 f - (10) 61 f 47* f 67" f 61' f 23 b 63" f 61" f 29' f 63' f 49 f 41"" f 47 d 15'"" d 49* f — d 41" f 41' f 15' f 13' f 21'" f 23"'" d 35" f 17 f 49"" f 69" f 17" f 15" f 1 //// d 67"'" d 1'" f -1 ///// d 71" f 67' f 69' d 43'" f 9' f 21"" f 55' d Pale Sulphate Green XIX Pale Tiber Green XVIII Pale Turquoise Green VII Pale Turtle Green XXXII Pale Varley's Gray XLIX Pale Verbena Violet XXXVI Pale Veronese Green XVIII Pale Vinaceous XXVII Pale Vinaceous-Drab XLV Pale Vinaceous-Fawn XL Pale Vinaceous-Lilac XLIV Pale Vinaceous-Pink XXVIII Pale Violet X Pale Violet-Blue IX Pale Violet-Gray Lll Pale Violet-Plumbeous XLIX Pale Viridine Yellow V Pale Windsor Blue XXXV Pale Wistaria Blue XXIII Pale Wistaria Violet XXIII Pale Yellow-Green VI Pale Yellow-Orange Ill Pallid Blue-Violet X Pallid Bluish Violet X Pallid Brownish Drab XLV Pallid Grayish Violet-Blue.. XXIV Pallid Methyl Blue VIII Pallid Mouse Gray LI Pallid Neutral Gray Llll Pallid Purple-Drab XLV Pallid Purplish Gray Llll Pallid Quaker Drab LI Pallid Soft Blue-Violet XXIII Pallid Vinaceous-Drab XLV Pallid Violet X Pallid Violet-Blue IX *Pansy Purple XII Pansy Violet XI *Paris Blue VIII *Paris Green XVIII *Parrot Green VI Parula Blue XLII Patent Blue VIII Payne's Gray XLIX Peach Red I Peacock Blue VIII Peacock Green VI *Pea Green XLVII *Pearl Blue XXXV *Pearl Gray Lll 39' d 33' f 41 f 31" f 57"" d 55" f 31' f 1" f 3"" d 13"' f 69"' — 9" / 59 d 53 d 59'"" d 53"" f 29 f 49" d 57' f 59' f 31 f 15 ./' 55 / 57 / 5"" / 53* / 47 / 15'"" / — / i rrtr / 67'"" / 1 ///// / 55' / 3"" / 59 f 53 f 69 k 63 i 47 k 35' b 31 k 43"' — 43 k 49 — 5 b 43 i 35 i 29"" b 49" f 35'"" f 38 Color Standards and Nomenclature. Pecan Brown XXVIII Perilla Purple XXXVII Persian Blue XX Persian Lilac XXXVIII Petunia Violet XXV Phenyl Blue IX Phlox Pink.-' XI *Phlox Purple XI Picric Yellow IV Pinard Yellow IV *Pinkish Buff XXIX Pinkish Cinnamon XXIX *Pinkish Vinaceous XXVII Pistachio Green XLI Pleroma Violet XXV Plumbago Blue XLI! I Plumbago Gray L Plumbago Slate L *Plumbeous LI I Plumbeous-Black Lll *Plum Purple XXIV Pois Green XLI *Pomegranate Purple XII Porcelain Blue XXXIV Porcelain Green XXXIII Pompeian Red XIII *Primrose Yellow XXX Primuline Yellow XVI *Proufs Brown XV *Prune Purple XI Prussian Blue IX Prussian Green XIX Prussian Red XXVII Puritan Gray XLVII Purple (true) XI Purple-Drab XLV Purplish Gray Lill Purplish Lilac XXXVII Purplish Vinaceous XXXIX Pyrite Yellow IV Quaker Drab LI Rainette Green XXXI Ramier Blue XLIII Raisin Black XLIV Raisin Purple XI *Raw Sienna Ill *Raw Umber Ill Reed Yellow XXX Rejane Green XXXIII Rhodamine Purple XII 11" 65" 45' 69" 65' 53 65 65 23 21 17" 15" 5" 33"' 61' 53"' 61"" 61"" 49"'" 49"'" 57* 29'" 71 43" 39" 3' 23" 19' 15' 63 49 41' i k f d i f b d d (I b d J d i b m m i I I i d in m 33"" / ; 65 1"" — 67"" — 65" d V" b 23 > I 1"" — 27" 57'" — 65'" nl 65 k 17 I 17 nt 23" b 37" b 67 — Rhodonite Pink XXXVIII Rinnemann's Green XVIII Rivage Green XVIII Rocellin Purple XXXVIII Roman Green XVI Rood's Blue IX Rood's Brown XXVIII Rood's Lavender XLIX Rood's Violet XI Rose Color XII Rose Doree I *Rose Pink XII *Rose-Purple XXVI *Rose Red XII Rosolane Pink XXVI Rosolane Purple XXVI Roslyn Blue X *Royal Purple X *Rufous XIV *Russet ' XV Russet-Vinaceous XXXIX Russian Blue XLII Russian Green XLII Saccardo's Olive XVI Saccardo's Slate XLVIII Saccardo's Umber XXIX Saccardo's Violet XXXVII Safrano Pink II *Sage Green XLVII Sailor Blue XXI *Salmon-Buff XIV ^Salmon Color XIV Salmon-Orange II Salvia Blue IX Sanford's Brown II Sayal Brown XXIX *Scarlet I Scarlet-Red I Scheele's Green VI Schoenfeld's Purple XXVI Seafoam Green XXXI Seafoam Yellow XXX! *Sea Green., XIX *Seal Brown XXX ! X Seashell Pink XIV *Sepia XXIX Serpentine Green XVI Shamrock Green XXXII Shell Pink XXVIII Shrimp Pink I 71" d 31' i 31' b 71" b 23' in 49 k It" k 57"" f 65 i 71 b 3 b 71 f 67' d 71 — 69' /' 69' — 57 /.• 59 i 9' — 13' k 9'" — 45'" d 37"' i 19' in 41"" /: 17" 1: 61" — 7 f 29"" — 53' 1; 11' d 9' d 11 b 49 b 11 k 15" — 5 — 3 — 33 i 69' i 27" I' 2E f 41' i 5'" in 11' 1 17" hi 23' 1: 33" i 11" f 5 "^h Alphabetical List of Colors. 39 Skobeloff Green VII Sky Blue XX Sky Gray XXXIV *Slate-Black Llll Slate-Blue XLIII *Slate Color Llll *Slate-Gray Llll Slate-Olive XLVII Slate-Purple XLIV Slate-Violet (1) XLIII Slate-Violet (2) XLIV *Smalt Blue IX *Smoke Gray XLVI Snuff Brown XXIX Soft Blue-Violet XXIII Soft Bluish Violet XXIII Sooty Black LI Sorghum Brown XXXIX Sorrento Green VII Spectrum Blue IX Spectrum Red I Spectrum Violet X Spinach Green V Spinel Pink XXVI Spinel Red XXVI Squill Blue XX Stone Green XLII Storm Gray LI I Strawberry Pink I ♦Straw Yellow XVI Strontian Yellow XVI Sudan Brown Ill Sulphate Green XIX Sulphin Yellow IV *Sulphur Yellow V Taupe Brown XLIV Tawny XV *Tawny-Olive XXXIX Tea Green XLVII Terra Cotta XXVIII *Terre Verte XXXIII Testaceous XXVI 1 1 Thulite Pink XXVI Tiber Green XVIII Tilleul Buff XL Tourmaline Pink XXXVIII Turquoise Green VII Turtle Green XXXII Tyrian Blue XXXIV Tyrian Pink XII 39 47' 45" 49" d f i * (A) i{6) 29"" 65'" 57'" 61'" 53 21"" 15" 55' 57' 9'" 41 49 1 59 29 71' 71' 45' 37'" 35'"" 5 21' 23' 15 39' 21 25 69'" 13' 17" 25"" 7" 41" G" 71' 33' 17'" 67" 41 31" 47" 69 i d k k in i. k in b d d i f in i i b d d f b d b Tyrian Rose XII Tyrolite Green VII Ultramarine Ash XXII *Ultramarine Blue IX Urania Blue XXIV Vanderpoel's Blue XX Vanderpoel's Green VI Vanderpoel's Violet XXXVI "Vandyke Brown XXVIII Vandyke Red XIII Variscite Green XIX Varley's Gray XLIX Varley's Green XVIII Venetian Blue XXII Venetian Pink XIII Venice Green VII Verbena Violet XXXVI ♦Verdigris Green XIX Vernonia Purple XXVIII Verona Brown XXIX Veronese Green XVIII Vetiver Green XLVII V *V V *V *v V V V V V *v V V *v V V V V V V V V V *v v V V ctoria Lake naceous naceous-Brown naceous-Buff naceous-Cinnamon.- naceous-Drab naceous-Fawn naceous-Gray naceous-Lavender • ■ naceous-Lilac naceous-Pink naceous-Purple (1;- naceous-Purple (2) naceous-Rufous naceous-Russet ■ • ■ ■ naceous-Slate naceous-Tawny olet Carmine olet-Gray olet-Plumbeous olet-Purple olet-Slate olet Ultramarine . ■ ridian Green ridine Green ridine Yellow vid Green Wall Green. I . XXVII • XXXIX XL ■ XXIX XLV XL L XLIV . XLIV ■ XXVIII • XXXVIII . XLIV XIV • XXVIII L . XXVIII XII Lll • XLIX XI • XLIX X VII VI V VII VII 69 39 49* 49 53* 47' 33 55" 11" 1' 37' 57"" 31' 47* 1' 41 55" 37' 69" 13" 31' 25"" 1 1" 5'" 17'" 13" 5"" 13"' 69"" 65'" 69'" 9" 67" 65'" 7' 7" 69"" 11" 69 59'"" 53"" 63 53"" 57 37 33 29 37 39 i m i b 'lit k cl 'III f b d k d in d %• d b b d / b d I i I i d b 40 Color Standards and Nomenclature. COLOR NANE. CD ° E COLOR NAME. ai a. o J O c c o 1— a) ro o => o z o (Plate XXVI). Ochraceous^lQ' h (Plate XV). Ochraceous-Rufous=l2' l> (see Plates XIV and XV). Ochre Veil, ,n-=i8' (see Plates XV and XVI). Orange-Ochraceous—16 It (Plate III). Orange Vermilion=4, dull (Plate I). Orpiment Orange=ll h (Plate II). Peach-blossom Ptnk=l e (Plate I). Poppy Red: between 3 and 5 h (Plate I). Saffron Yellow=18 (see Plates III and IV). Saturn Red=ll a (Plate II). Scarlet Vermilion=4, dull (Plate I), Sevres Blue=46 h (Plate VIM). Solferino=67 * (Plate XII). Tawny-0chrac6ous=°l4' h (Plate XV). Turquoisi Blue=44 b (Plate XX) Verdker Blue: Between 43' and 43" b (see Plates XX and XXXIV). Vermilion: Between 3 and 3' (see Plates I and XIII). l7„/«/=61 h (Plate XI). Wine Purple=7Q h (Plate XXVI). 42 Color Standards and Nomenclature. A FEW OF THE MODERN BOOKS ON THE SUBJECT OF COLOR WHICH THE AUTHOR OF THIS WORK HAS FOUND MOST USEFUL Bradley, Milton, author of "Color in the Schoolroom" and "Color in the Kindergarden." — Elementary Color. With an Introduction by Henry Lafavour, Ph. D., Professor of Physics, Williams College. Milton Bradley and Co., Springfield, Mass. [1895]. Small 8vo., pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 128 ; colored frontispiece (''miniature color charts made from the Bradley educational colored papers," showing 126 unnamed colors) and numerous figures in text. The present writer frankly and gratefully acknowledges that he has learned more, and learned it more easily, from this little book, which is a model of conciseness and perspicuity, than from careful study of more elaborate and authoritative works on the subject. It is therefore most heartily recommended to the student as a preliminary, at least, to the study of more technical works on color. Bradley, Milton. — The Evolution of a Practical System of Color Education based on Spectrum Standards. Milton Bradley Co., Springfield, Mass. Pamphlet, Svo., pp. 8. Bradley, Milton. — A Few Practical Suggestions relating to Color vStandards and the Present Status of Elementary Color Instruction in the United States. Milton Bradley Co., Spring- field, Mass. Pamphlet, small Svo., pp. 16. Bradley, Milton. — Some Criticisms of Popular Color Defini- tions, and Suggestions for a Better Color Nomenclature. Milton Bradley Co., Springfield, Mass., 1898. Pamphlet, 12mo., pp. 15. Bradley, Milton.— The Bradley Color Scheme, with Sugges- tions to Teachers. Milton Bradley Co., Springfield, Mass. Pam- phlet, 12mo., pp. 45. Church, A. H., F. R. S., etc., Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Academy of Arts in London. — The Chemistry of Paints and Painting. Third edition, revised and enlarged. London : Seeley and Co. Small 8vo., pp. [i-vii] viii-xx, 1-355. An invalu- able work which should *>e consulted by every painter. Hurst, George H.,F. C. S., etc. — Colour: A Handbook of the Theory of Colour. With ten coloured plates and seventy-two illustrations. London: Scott, Greenwood & Co., 1900., Svo., 160 pp. Bibliography. 43 Rood, Ogden N. —Students' Text-book of Color; or Modern Chromatics, with applications to Art and Industry. New York : D. Appleton and Company, 1903. Small 8vo., pp. [i-v] vi-viii, [9] 10-329 ; 1 colored plate (frontispiece) and 130 original illustra- tions. (One of the best technical works on the physics of color. ) Vanderpoel, Emily Noyes. —Color Problems. A Practical Manual for the Lay Student of Color. With one hundred and seventeen colored plates. Longmans, Green and Co., New York, London and Bombay. 1903. Small 8vo., pp., [i-vi] vii-xv, [1-2] 3-137. The colored plates of this excellent work illustrate the physics and psychology of color, color harmonies, and kindred subjects, but have no relation to color nomenclature. Jorgensen, Charles Julius. — The Mastery of Color. A simple and perfect color system, based upon the spectral colors, for educational and practical use in the Arts and Crafts. Published by the Author. Milwaukee, 1906. 8vo., 2 vols., one of text, the other of 22 loose colored plates contained in double box. An exceedingly useful work for artists and decorators, but not adapted to the needs of science. The technical execution of the plates is exquisite and the colors very fine. CAUTION!!! Do Not Expose These Plates to the Light for a Longer Time Than Is Nbxessary. THE pigments used in the preparation of these Plates are the most durable known, those which have been proven unstable having been, as far as possible, discarded. The latter include carmine and other cochineal lakes, colors of vegetable origin (as gamboge, violet carmine, indigo, etc.), and most of the aniline or coal tar dyes, though among the last are a considerable number which are really more permanent than several colors habitually used by artists. Certain colors in this work could not, however, possibly be reproduced except by the employment of pigments which are more or less sensitive to prolonged exposure to light, and hence this caution not to expose the plates unnecessarily. (See Church: "The Chemistry of Paints and Painting," third edition, pages 257-263.) / 1. RED Hermosa Pink 3. O-R. La France Pink Shrimp Pink Eosine Pink ♦Geranium Pink Strawberry Pink Begonia Rose Rose Doree Peach. Red Spectrum Red ♦Carmine Ox-blood Red Scarlet-Red Nopal Red Garnet Brown *Scariet Brazil Red Morocco Red Victoria Lake 'Maroon *Claret Brown 7. Ret). Safrano Pink 9. OR-O. Plate II 11. ORANGE Orange-Pink d Grenadine Pink Grenadine Grenadine Red English Red Mahogany Red ♦Bay Bittersweet Pink Light Salmon-Orange Bittersweet Orange Salmon-Orange *Flame Scarlet *Orange Chrome MarS Orange *Orange Rufous *Burnt Sienna Sanford's Brown •Chestnut Auburn ■"«»■«■«•»* 13. OY-0. 15. Y-0. Plate III 17. 0-Y. Capucine Bu Capucine Orange Pale Orange-Yellow *Qrange-Buff Light Orange-Yellow Mikado Orange Capucine Yellow '"Deep Chrome 'Cadmium Orange ♦Orange 'Cadmium Yellow Xanthine Orange Amber Brown Argus Brown Mars Yellow Sudan Brown Brussels Brown "•Raw Sienna Antique Brown 1 \ ; -' 19. YO-Y. Apricot Yellow 21. O-YY. Empire Yellow' Plate IV 23. YELLOW Picric Yellow — ~.. _ .. Pale Lemon Yellow Light Cadmium Aniline Yellow Orange-Citrine Medal Bronze Lemon Chrome Sulphine Yellow Citrine Dark Citrine *Lemcn Yellow Pyrite Yellow Warbler Green *Olive-Green ■' 25. YG-Y. 27. G-Y. Plate V 29. GG-Y. / ♦Sulphur Yellow Pale Green-Yellow Pale Viridirte Yellow Pale^Greenish Yellow Light Green-Yellow Light Greenish Yellow Green-Yellow Viridine Yellow Greenish Yellow Bright Green-Yellow Neva Green Oil Yellow Yellowish Oil Green Calla Green Javel Green *Oil "Green Cerro Green Cosse Green Lettuce Green Spinach Green 31. Y-G. 33. GY-G. Plate VI 35. GREEN w-Green Clear Yellow-Green Light Viridine Green Viridine Green Vanderpoel's Green Pale Cendre Green Light Cendre Green Cendre Green Night Green m * Parrot Green Cedar Green "Grass Green Cossack Green *Emerald Green Peacock Green Meadow Green Antique Green :,'!,!■ V 37. GB-G. 39. B-G. Plate VII 41. BB-G. Opaline Green Neuvider Green Pale Bfue-Green Light Blue-Green Pale Turquoise Green Turquoise Green Chrysopraise Green Vivid Green Dark Viridian Green Diamine Green Tyrolite Green Skobeloff Green Guinea Green Wall Green Anthracene Green Benzol Green Ethyl Green "Myrtle Green 43. G-B. 45. BG-B. Plate VIII 47. G-BB. / Beryl Blue *Pale Blue. (Ethyl Blue) Pallid Methyl Blue Calamine Blue Pale Cerulean Blue Pale Methyl Blue Cendre Blue Peacock Blue Patent Blue Light Cerulean Blue Blackish Green-Blue Oxide Blue *Antwerp Blue ^Marine Blue Light Methyl Blue Leitch's Blue *Paris Blue *Berlin Blue 49. BLUE 51. BV-B. Plate IX 53. V-B. / Pale Mazarine Blue Pale Amparo Blue Pallid Violet-Blue Mazarine Blue Light Amparo Blue Pale Violet-Blue Spectrum Blue ♦Ultramarine Blue Rood's Blue m PrussianlBlue Bradley's Blue Phenyl Blue Lyons Blue 'Smalt Blue Helvetia Blue Hay's Blue *Cyanine Blue Azurite Blue / 55. B-V d m Pale Blue-Violet Pale Bluish Violet Light Blue-Violet Blue-Violet Deep Blue-Violet ♦Hyacinth Blue Dark Aniline Blue Light Bluish Violet Bluish Violet Violet Ultramarine Roslyn Blue Dark Bluish Violet Pale Violet Light Violet Spectrum Violet *fioya! Purple Dark Violet Blackish Violet Plate XI 61. VR-V. 63. R-V. 65. RR-V. / Pale Hortense Violet Pale Amparo Purple Ph!ox Pink Light Hortense Violet Light Amparo Purple Light Phlox Purple Hortense Violet Amethyst Violet Hyacinth Violet Mulberry Purple m Fluorite Violet Ampard Purple Violet-Purple Pansy Violet Cotinga Purple "Prune Purple *Phlox Purple Purpie. (True) Rood's Violet Raisin Purple Blackish Purple Plate XII 67. V-R. 69. RV-R. 71. V-RR. Mallow Pink d Light Mallow Purple Pale Amaranth Pink Amaranth Pink *Rose Pink Deep Rose Pink Mallow Purple *Aster Purple k *Dahlia Purple VI Blackish Red-Purple Tyrian Pink 'Pansy Purple Violet Carmine Rose Color *Rose Red Amaranth Purple *Pomegranate Purple Bordeaux Burnt Lake l\ RED 3'. 0-R. Plate XIII 5'. 00-R. Venetian Pink ■ ■ Chatenay Pink Flesh-Pink Alizarine Pink b Old Rose Eugenia Red i Acajou Red k Vandyke Red m Hay's Maroon Jasper Pink Light Jasper Red Jasper. Red Pompeian Red *Madder Brown Diamine Brown Coral Pink *Cora! Red *Dragon's-blood Red *Brick Red Hessian Brown Plate XIV T. R-0. 9'. OR-0. 11'. ORANGE ._. '.'■.. ._.;. / Pale Flesh Color Pale Salmon Color Seashell Pink 'Flesh Color Carrot Red Flesh-Ocher *Salmon Color *Salmon-Buff Apricot Euff m Carnelian Red *VinaceOus-Rufous Hay's Russet *Liver Brown *Rufous 'Ferruginous Kaiser Brown Carob Brown Apricot Orange "Cinnamon-Rufous 'Hazel Chestnut-Brown «•*> 13'. OY-0 15'. Y-0. Plate XV 17'. C-Y. / Pale Ochraceous-Salmon Pale Qchraceous-Buff Light Buff Light Ochraceous-Salmon Light Ochraceous-Buff Warm Buff m Ochraceous-Salmon e Ochraceous-Buff Antimony Yellow *Tawny Ochraceous-Tawny Buckthorn Brown * Russet *Mars Brown *Prou'i's Btown ^Mummy Brown , 19'. YO-Y. 21'. O-YY. Plate XV i 23'. YELLOW *Cream Color *Naples Yellow b Mustard Yellow Massicot Yellow fe Straw Yellow Naphthalene Yellow Barium Yellow Primuline Yellow 'Wax Yellow Strontian Yellow in Old Gold Saccardo's Olive Olive Lake Pull Citrine Olive-Citrine Yellowish Citrine Roman Green ' 25'. YG-Y. 27'. G-Y. Plate XVII 29'. GG-Y. / Pale Chalcedony Yellow Pale'Dull Green-Yellow Pale Lumiere Green d Light Chalcedony Yellow Light Dull Green-Yellow Light Lumiere Green Chalcedony Yellow Clear Dull Green-Yellow " '»' . ,.,■■■■• . ;S'. - Bright Clalcedony Yellow Dull Green-Yellow Lumiere Green *App!e Green CourgelGreen Biscay Green Light Bice Green LightsHellebore Green Light Elm Green *Bice Green Hellebore Green Elm Green Forest Green Plate XVIII. 31'. YrG. 33'. GY-G. 35'. GREEN / Pale Veronese Green Veronese Green Pale TiberlGreen Oural Green Light Paris Green Rivage Green Mineral Green Light Oriental Green Rinnemann's Green Oriental Green Winter Green ♦Paris Green Motmot Green Killarney Green Civette Green Hay's Green Ackermann's Green Varley's Green Dark Yellowish Green Dark Green 37'. GB-G. / Dull Opaline Green d Variscite Green i*. o 39'. B-G. Microclin Pale Sulphate Green Plate XIX 41'. BB-G. Pale Nile Blue "Nile Blue Zinc Green Dark Zinc Green ♦Bottle Green Dark Sulphate Green Dark Cinnabar Green Duck Green *Sea Green Prussian Green Invisible Green a :i 43'. G-B. 45'. BG-B. Plate XX 47'. G-BB. Etain Blue Persian Blue Light Squill Blue Bremen Blue Squill Blue Light Sky Blue ■ ■ ■ Sky Blue Yale Blue Jouvence Blue Chessylite Bluei Blanc's Blue Dusky Green-Blue (1), 4 Dark Chessylite Blue Dusky Greenish Blue *"te.. Plate XXI 49'. BLUE 51'. BV-B. 53'. V-B. / Pale Grayish Blue Wedgewood Blue Light Lavender-Blue d Pa ie Cadet Blue Deep Wedgewood Blue Lavender-Blue. Light Cadet ;J Blue Clear Cadet Blue *Flax-fIower Blue Commelina Blue Deep Lavender-Blue 1 Cornflower Blue Cadet,Blue Diva Blue Gentian Blue Deep Cadet Blue Dark Cadet Blue Alizarine Blue Sailor Blue Navy Blue *** Plate XXII 47*. 6-BB. 49*. BLUE 51*. BV-B. / Pale King's Blue Pale Neropalin Blue Pale Forget-me-not Blue Light King's Blue Light Neropalin Blue Light Forget-me-not Blue King's Blue ~7 r Neropalin Blue Forget-me-not Blue Gendarme Blue m Hortense Blue Dusky Blue Venetian Blue Ultramarine Ash Dull Violaceous Blue Grayish Violaceous Blue Eton Blue Deep Dull Violaceous Blue Indulin Blue W.Ji 55'. B-V. 57'. VB-V. Plate XXIII 59'. VIOLET Pallid Soft Blue-Violet Pale Wistaria Blue Pale Wistaria Violet d Pale Soft Blue-Violet Light Wistaria Blue Light Wistaria Violet Deep Soft Blue-Violet Deep Soft Bluish Violet Dark Soft Bluish Violet Dusky Violet-Blue (1) Dusky Blue-Violet (1) Dauphin's Violet Blanc's Violet Dusky, Violet -.. Plate XXIV 53*. V-B. 55*. B-V. 57*. VB-V. / -VT— r~ ■ Pallid Grayish Violet-Blue Pale Campanuia Blue Light Chicory Blue d Pale Grayish Violet-Blue Light Campanula Blue Chicory Blue b Light Grayish Violet-Blue "Campanula Blue Deep Chicory Blue Dull Violet-Blue Dull Blue-Violet (1) Dull Bluish Violet (1) Grayish Violet-Blue Grayish Blue-Violet (1) Deep Dull Bluish Violet (1) Dark Dull Violet-Blue Dark Grayish Blue-Violet Dark Dull Bluish Violet (1) Urania Blue Dusky Blue-Violet (2) *P| U rr, Purple i **&■* 61'. VR-V. Pale Lavender-Violet 63'. R-V Pale Mauve Plate XXV 65'. RR-V. M auvette Light Lavender-Violet Lavender-Violet Haematoxylin Violet Anthracene Violet Light Mauve Dark Anthracene Violet ♦Mauve •lilac Manganese Violet Litho Purple Madder Violet Dark Madder Violet Chinese Violet Mathews' Purple Petunia Vioiet Nigrosin Violet Dark Nigrosin Violet ft Plate XXVI 67'. V-R. V-RR. - A Pale Rose-Purple Rosolane Pink d *Rose- Purple Pale Rosolane Purple *Magenta Rosolane Purple Liseran Purple Light Rosolane Purple Spinel Pink Spine! Red Dull Magenta Purple Schoenfeld's Purple Indian Lake Dull Dark Purple *Auricula Purple Dahiia Carmine Dull Dusky Purple Dusky Auricula Purple Dark Maroon-Purple * Plate XXVII 1". RED 3". 0-R. 5". 00-R. / Pale Vinaceous Livid Pink Hydrangea Pink *Vinaceous Corinthian Pink Pinkish Vinaceous Deep Vinaceous Dark Vinaceous Hydrangea Red Light Corinthian Red Corinthian Red Deep Corinthian Red Orange-Vinaceous ■PPPH* Etruscan Red Ocher Red Mineral Red Indian Red Prussian Red Dark Mineral Red Dark Indian Red Haematite Red Plate XXVIII 7". R-0. 9". OR-0. 11''. ORANGE / Pale Congo Pink Light Congo Pink Pale Vinaceous-Pink *Vinaceous-Pink Shell Pink *Buff-Pink Congo Pink Japan Rose Onion-skin Pink * *Choco!ate *Burnt Umber *Vandyke Brown \ Plate XXIX 13". OY-0. 15". Y-0. 17". 0-Y. / Pale Cinnamon-Pink Light Vinaceous-Cinnamon *vi Vinaceous-Cinnamon Orange-Cinnamon Mikado Brown Verona ^rown Warm Sepia Pinkish Cinnamon Cinnamon-Buff ♦Bister *Sepia Plate XXX 19". YO-Y. 21". 0-YY. 23". YELLOW / Cartridge Buff Ivory Yellow Marguerite Yellow *Primrose Yellow Chamois Honey Yellow Isabella Color Light Brownish Olive Brownish Olive Deep Colonial Buff Olive-Ocher I Ecru-Olive Buffy Olive "Olive *Olive-Yellow Light Yellowish Olive Yellowish Olive Dark Greenish Olive d Plate XXXI 25". YG-Y. 27". G-Y. 29". GG-Y. Sea-foam Yellow Sea-foam Green Pale Glass Green Chartreuse Yellow Deep Sea-foam Green Glass Green Citron Green Chrysolite Green Kildare Green Lime Green Mignonette Green Kronberg's Green Ivy Green Deep Chrysolite Green Absinthe Green Rainette Green Light Cress Green Jade Green Yew Green Dark Cress Green Plate XXXII 31". Y-G. 33". GY-6. 35". GREEN / Pale Turtle Green Light Turtle Green .. . Turtle Green Deep Turtle Green *Chromium Green Pale Fluorite Green Light Fluorite Green Clear Fluorite Green Fluorite Green Shamrock Green Dark Dull Yellow-Green Empire Green Pale Olivine Olivine ♦Malachite Green Deep Malachite Green *French Green Deep Dull Yellow-Green (1) Deep Dull Yellow-Green (2) Light Danube Green Danube Green ■' I Plate XXXIII 37". GB-G. 39". B-G. 41/'. BB-G. / Liehen Green Pale Glaucous-Green Pale Niagara Green d Deep Lichen Green *Glaucous-Green Light Niagara Green Rejane Green Deep Glaucous-Green ■nn Niagara Green Montpellier Green Light Porcelain Green Light Terie Verte m Nickel Green Dusky Green Porcelain Green Dark Porcelain Green Dark Terre Verte Dusky, Blue-Qreen Dusky Bluish Green PlateiXXXIV 43". G-B. 45". BG-B. 47". G-BB. / Pale Glaucous-Blue Sky Gray. d Burn Blue Light Glaucous-Blue Gobelin Blue MM Dark Gobelin Blue m Light Alice Blue Deep Orient Blue Dark Orient Blue Dusky Green Blue (2) Dusky Orient Blue Light Columbia Blue Tyrian Blue Dark Tyrian Blue *lndigo Blue Plate XXXV 49". BLUE 51", BV-B. 53". V-B. ._>... j— xl>- . -.. d *Pearl Blue Pale Windsor Blue Light Grayish Blue-Violet - Aniline Lilac Clear Windsor Blue Windsor Blue Acetin Blue Dull Bluish Violet (2) Deep Aniline Lilac Dull Violet-Blue Deep Dull Bluish Violet (2) Deep Dull Violet-Blue Dark Dull Bluish Violet (2) Dark Dill! Violet-Blue Nigrosiri Blue Diamin-Azo Blue Dusky Dull Violet-Blue >5". B-V. / 57". VB-V. Plate XXXVI 59". VIOLET ULLl Pale Verbena Violet Pale Bluish Lavender *Lavender Verbena Violet ■ Ontario Violet Vanderpoel's Violet Bluish Lavender Yvette Violet Dark Yvette Violet Dull Bluish Violet (3) Deep Lavender Dusky Dull Violet (1) Hyssop Violet Dull Blue-Violet (2) Deep Dull Bluish Violet (3) Deep Hyssop Vidlet Dark Dull Bluish Violet (3) Dark Hyssop Violet Dusky Dull Violet (2) Plate XXXVII 61". VR-V. 65". RR-V. / / Pale Lobelia Violet Pale Lilac Light Pinkish Lilac Light-Lobelia Violet Hay's Lilac Purplish Lilac Lobelia; Violet Saccardo'sUViolet Livid Violet Ageratum Violet Aconite Violet Livid Purple Argyie Purple Light Perilla Purple Naphthalene Violet DeepliLividlPurple Perilla Purple Dark Naphthalene Violet Dark Livid Purple Dark Perifia Purple Plate XXXVIII 67". V-R. 69". RV-R. 71". V-RR. / - "fflWI Pale Laelia Pink d Laelia Pink Tourmaline Pink Eupatorium Purple Pale Persian Lilac Pale Rhodonite Pink 'Indian Purple Daphne Pink Daphne Red Vernonia Purple Dark Vinacebus-Purple Corinthian Purple Dark Corinthian Purple Roceih'n Purple Hellebore Red Deep Hellebore Red Neutral Red Mars Violet Plate XXXIX V". RED 5'". 00-R. 9'". OR-G. Pale Purplish Vinaceous Pale Brownish Vinaceous Pcle Grayish Vinaceous d Light Purplish Vinaceous Light Brownish Vinaceous Light Grayish Vinaceous Purplish Vinaceous Livid Brown Deep Livid Brown Dark Livid Brown Warm Blackish Brown Brownish Vinaceous Light Russer-Vinaceous Deep Brownish Vinaceous Vinaceous-Brown Dark Vinaceous-Brown Russef- Vinaceous Sorghum BroWn Hay's Brown Light Seal Brown 13'". OY-0. 17'". 0-Y. Plate XL 21"'. O-YY. Pale Vinaceous-Fawn rilleul-Buff Light Vinaceous-Fawn *Viriaceous-Buff b Vinaceous-Fawn Bone Brown *Ciove Brown Paie Olive-Buff *OIive-Buff Deep Olive-Buff DarkOlive Plate XLI 25'". YG-Y. 29"'. GG-Y. 33'". GY-G. / .* Yellowish Glaucous Greenish Glaucous Water Green Light Grape Green Corydalis Green Mytho Green Deep Greenish Glaucous Dark Greenish Glaucous Deep Grape Green Pois Green American Green Lincoln Green Leaf Green Dark American Green m Dusky Olive-Green Dusky Yellowish Green Dull Blackish Green Plate XLH 37'". GB-G. 41'". BB-G. 45'". BG-B. / Bluish Glaucous Pale Dull Glaucous-Blue Pale Russian Blue Deep Bluish Glaucous Light Dull Glaucous-Blue Russian Blue b Dark Bluish Glaucous Greenish Glaucous-Blue Cadet Gray Russian Green Deep Bluish Gray-Green Delft Blue Dark Russian Green Dark Bluish Gray-Green Dusky Dull Green Dusky Dull Bluish Green Deep Delft Blue Dark Deift Blue Plate XLIII 49'". BLUE 53'". V-B. VB-'\ A ♦Lavender Gray Plumbago Blue Grayish Lavender Endive Blue Deep Plumbago Blue Deep Grayish Lavender Deep Dutch Blue Deep Slate-Blue Dark Plumbago Blue Dark Grayish Lavender Madder Blue Ramier Blue Slate-Blue Deep Madder Blue Slate-Violet (1) Dark Madder Blue Dark Slate-Violet (J) Dusky Slate-Blue Dusky Violet-Blue (2) Dusky Slate- Violet u 61'". VR-V. ■65"'.. RR-V. Plate XLIV 69'". RV-R. d Dull Lavender Vinaceous-Lavender ■" Pale Vinaceous-Lilac Deep Dull Lavender Deep Vinaceous-Lavender ; Light Vinaceous-Lilac Dark Lavender Slate-Violet (2) Deep Slate-Violet Dull Violet-Black (1) Light Vir,c:eous-Purple Vinaceous-Purple Siate- Purple Dark Slate-Purple Raisin Black Anthracene Purple Taupe Brown Plate XL V V". RED / Pallid Purple-Drab 5"". 00-R. Pallid Vinaceous-Drab 9"". ORO." Hid Brownish Drab Pale Purple-Drab Pale Vinaceous-Drab Pale Brownish Drab Dark Purple-Drab Dark Vinaceous-Drab Dusky Brown Dark Grayish Brown Blackish Brown (1) Blackish Brown (2) Deep Brownish Drab Dusky Drab Blackish Brown (3) 13"". OY-0. / 17"". 0-Y. Plate XL VI; 21"". O-YY. Pale Ecru-Drab Pale Drab-Gray Pale Smoke Gray d *Ecru-Drab Light Cinnamon-Drab Benzo Brown ruscous 'Drab-Gray *Smbke Gray Light Drab *Hair Brown Chaetura Drab Fuscous-Biack Chaetura Black Light Grayish Olive Grayish Olive Deep Grayish Olive Dark Grayish Olive Olivaceous Black (1) Plate XLVII 25"". YG-Y. 29"". GG-Y. 33"". GY-G. / Light Mineral Gray Court Gray Puritan Gray Mineral Gray Tea Green Vetiver Green Griaphalium Green Light Celandine Green "Pea Green ■ *Sage Green Celandine Green Artemisia Green Olivaceous Black (2) Dull Greenish Black (1) Dull Greenish Black (2) Plate XLVIII 37"". GB-G. 41"". BB-G. 45"". BG-B. / Glaucous-Gray Pale Medici Blue Pale Green-Blue Gray Deep Glaucous-Gray Light Medici Blue Clear Green-Blue Gray Grayish Blue-Green Medici Blue Deep Medici Blue Dark Grayish Blue-Green Saccardo's Slate Deep Green-Blue Gray Dark Green-Blue Gray Deep Grayish Blue-Green Dark Medici Blue ' Green-Blue Slate Dark Green-Blue Slate Greenish Slate-Black Dull Blue-Green Black Bluish Slate-Black Plate XLIX 49"". BLUE 53"". V-B. ?7"". VB-V.; Pale Payne's Gray ■ Pale Violet-Plumbeous Rood's Lavender d Light Payne's Gray Light Violet'Plumbedus Pale Varley's Gray Light Varley's Gray Deep Payne's s Gray Violet-Slate Deep Varley's Gray Dark Payne's Gray Dark Violet-Slate Dark Varley's Gray Bluish Black Dull Violet-Black (2) Blue-Violet Black Plate L 61"". VR-V. 65"". RR^V. 69"". RV-R. / Light Plumbago Gray Light Heliotrope Gray Light Vinaceous-Gray Dark Plumbago Gray ',' Vinaceous-Gray Deep Vinaceous-Gray Plumbago-Slate Dark Heliotrope Gray Dark Vinaceous-Gray Heliotrope-Slate Vinaceous-Slate Dark Plumbagc-Slate Dark Heliotrope-Slate Deep Slaty Brown Dull Violet-Black Dull Purplish Black Aniline Black, Plate II 1'"". RED 15'"". Y-0. 23'"". YELLOW Pallid Quaker Drab Pallid Mouse Gray Pale Olive-Gray d Pale Quaker Drab Pale Mouse Gray Light Olive-Gray Light Quaker Drab Light Mouse Gray *Olive-Gray Quaker Drab *Mouse Gray Deep Olive-Gray Deep Quaker Drab Deep Mouse Gray Dark Olive-Gray Dark Quaker Drab Sooty Black Dark Mouse Gray Blackish Mouse Gray Iron Gray Olivaceous Black (3) Plate LIT d 35'"". GREEN 49'"". BLUE 59'"". VIOLET t *Pearl Gray •French Gray Lilac Gray Dawn Gray Hathi Gray Storm Gray 'Cinereous Deep Plumbeous Pale Violet-Gray Violet-Gray Castor Gray Deep Violet-Gray Dusky Green-Gray Blackish Plumbeous Dark Violet-Gray Blackish Green-Gray Plumbeous-Black Blackish Violet-Gray Plate LIII 67"'". V-R. NEUTRAL GRAY CARBON GRAY White f Purplish Gray White *10. Gray. (Pale Gull Gray) Pallid Purplish Gray Pallid Neutral Gray *9. Gray. (Light Gull Gray) Pale Neutral Gray *8. Gray. (Gull Gray) Light Purplish Gray Light Neutral Gray *7. Gray. (Deep Gull Gray) Neutral Gray *6. Gray. (Dark Gull Gray) Deep Purplish Gray Deep Neutral Cay *5. Slate-Gray Dark Purplish Gray Dark Neutral Gray *4. Slate Color Dusky Purplish Gray Dusky Neutral Gray *3. Blackish Slate Black *1. Black *2. Slate-Black , wmmmsm RUB yw f?a 94- THE GETTY CENTER GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00103 9383 m mmw. w Hi •'' :i:tt 3f m 1 1 •2 !:! ml 1 1 1