i 
 
 HOI 
 
 2H 
 
 i9 
 
 i 
 
 ifii 
 
A N 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 i ( 
 
 Towards EXPLAINING the 
 
 Hieroglyphical Figures, 
 
 ON THE 
 
 COFFIN 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ANCIENT MUMMY 
 
 BELONGING TO 
 
 Capt. WILLIAM LETHIEULLIER. 
 
 By ALEXANDER GORDON, A. M. 
 
 LONDON: 
 Printed for the Author. M DCC XXXVII. 
 
 in,Yr?a 
 (iordon . 
 
I 
 
 TO THE 
 
 RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 ARTHUR ONSLOW, %k 
 
 Speaker of the Hon 11 ' Houfe o/" Commons, &c. 
 
 S I R, 
 
 H E N Perfons of high Dignity patronize 
 Learning, it demonftrates a Greatnefs of 
 Soul, no lefs advantageous to their own 
 Characters, than beneficial to the Sciences 
 which arc bleft with their enlivening and 
 extenfive Influence : For Knowledge and 
 Virtue are fo mleparable, that whatever promotes the one, 
 muft necefiarily produce the other. Yet fiich is the un- 
 happy Effect, of a too indulgent Education, that many 
 Perfons who by their high Rank and native Genius might 
 have been ufeful Ornaments to Mankind, fuffer themfelves 
 to be wholly captivated by the foft Delufions of Senfe, 
 which generally make too fuccefsful a Court to Perfons of 
 
 ample 
 
 •I 
 
 1 
 
 Gordon . 
 
DEDICATION. 
 
 ample Fortunes and diftinguifh'd Birth, and know nothing 
 of the genuine Pleafure that follows the delightful and 
 felf-rewarding Purfuits of an intelligent Mind. 
 
 'Tis not therefore furprizing, That Literature and the 
 Sciences, mould apply themfelves to Perfonages who ftand 
 forth as illuftrious Exceptions to this too general a Depra- 
 vity. Nor is it to be wonder'd at, that among the mofl 
 Eminent of the Learned, even Perfons of meaner Abilities, 
 (attracted by the Sunlhine which diffufes it felf over the 
 whole World of Science, from the Countenance of the 
 Truly Great) Ihould be ambitious to mingle their humble 
 Offerings. 
 
 Hence, SIR, arifes the Liberty I take of prefuming 
 to fhelter the following Effay under YOUR Name; not 
 induced by the Worth of the Performance, but the Nature 
 of the Subject. 
 
 That You may long live the Mec*nas of this 
 Age, and continue to do Honour to the exalted Station to 
 which Your own Merit has railed You, is the fmcere 
 Wifh, of; 
 
 S I R, 
 
 Tour mofl Humble, and 
 
 Mofl Obedient Servant, 
 
 Alex r Gordon. 
 
A N 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 Towards EXPLAINING the 
 
 Hieroglyphical Figures, 
 
 ON THE 
 
 COFFIN 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ANCIENT MUMMY 
 
 BELONGING TO 
 
 Capt. WILLIAM L ET H I E U L L I E R. 
 
 I H I S lingular Monument of Egyptian Antiquity, was found by 
 I fomc Arabs, in one of the ancient Crypto, or Catacombs of 
 I the Dead, in the Field of SAKARA, about three Leagues 
 from Cairo, in the Year 1721, while its preienr Poflcflbr 
 Captain William Letbieullier, was in Egypt, to whofc Aili- 
 I duity in promoting Matters of Antiquity and Curiofity, the 
 ' Learned World owes this noble Remain, and who afterwards 
 at Alexandria fhip'd it on Board the "Dove Galley for England, where it arrived 
 in the Year 1722. 
 
 It confilte of two diftiuft Particulars, the Cadaver or Mummy it fclf, and the 
 Loculus Feralis or Coffin, in which it was contained. 
 
 With regard to the Fnfr, it has nothing abotit it very different from the others 
 fecn in the Cabinets of the Curious, in many Places of Europe; being wrapped 
 up embalmed, in innumerable Fillets or linnen Bandages, where the Portrait 
 of the Deccaicd, according to the tZgyptidn Ufage, has very probably been painted 
 on plaiftercd Linncn, above the Face, though now much impaired : Round the 
 ■Checks arc alfo dill faint Remains of a Hawk or Eagle's -Wings, as is fecri on 
 many Mummies. 
 
 As to the Coffin, it is made of the true Sycamore, fome call it the wild 
 Fig-tree, which we find by Experience, to laft an almort incredible number of 
 B Years, 
 
 rru/rta 
 Gnrdon . 
 
C i 3 
 
 Years, Without corrupting. Of this fort of Timber all the wooden Monuments 
 of the Egyptians arc made, and all the Loculi or Coffins of Mummies, that have 
 ever been brought into Europe j as arc the <sfyt$&cyiuci1a vvtf,wi/ %ohivx, as » Herodotus 
 calls them, or wooden Patcrns for embalming the Dead; alio the Cafes, or fquarc 
 Boxes, which held within them the embalmed Animals. Ail the Joinings of this 
 Coffin arc by Pins of Wood, let into Holes to receive them, fo that the upper and 
 lower Parts unite; whereby fomc imagine, that at the Time of embalming this 
 Mummy, the Egyptians either knew not the Ule of Iron, or if they did, were 
 afraid to ufc it, left thereby the Wood mould be corrupted. 
 
 The total Length of the Cadaver is Five Feet two Inches. The Length of the 
 Coffin, together with the Bafemcnt that fupports it. Six Feet three Inches; its 
 Breadth, mcafuring crofs the Shoulders, One Foot eleven Inches. 
 
 Having now defcribed the Matter of which this Coffin is inadc, and its 
 Dimenfions, next is to be considered the Manner in which it is painted, and the 
 Figures reprcfentcd thereon. 
 
 The Cuftom of Painting the Coffins of the Dead was peculiar to the 
 ancient Eg yptians and Ethiopians, from which laft People, the Egyptians feem to 
 have learned the Art, namely, by firft plaiftering the Wood over, then laying on 
 Water-colours, much in the fame way as painting in Frcfco; which liquid Colours, 
 infinuatcd into the Body of the Plaiftcr, lb became in a manner infeparablc the one 
 from the other. 
 
 Now, that this Cuftom of painting the Portraits of the Dcccafed upon a 
 Ground of Plaiftcr remained among the Ethiopians, as well as Egyptians, till the 
 Time of Cambyfes's invading thofe Countries, is plain from Herodotus, who, Thalia, 
 p. 1 68. fpeaking of the Embafiadors fent by that Monarch into Ethiopia, fays, among 
 other Things Ihcwn them there, was the Manner of burying their Dead. Here arc 
 his Words, 'Earest!- fr vtxpjv tyrjyywn, fm <5* xu.1a.-ntp Ai^irmj, tire «A?i«5 x.&% 
 yvj i'rrai'TEi a.ira.vra. dully y&tf x-iafliaai , 1%0/MltWTH ?v 1$®» £? to Svvx-riv : 
 
 That is, After drying the Cadaver, whether after the Egyptian Manner, or 
 " otherwife, they cover it all over with Plaifter, which they adorn with 
 " 'Paintings, arid re pre fent the Effigies of theDeceafed as much as ispojjible." 
 
 b ( DIO t DORUS SICULUS, fpeaking of the fame People, fays, " Some 
 " keep the Bodies of their Anceflors in their Houfes, within Cafes of Glafs, 
 " not thinking it right that the Knowledge of the Features, and the Likenefs 
 " of their dead Relations, pmdd be concealed from their own Kindred." Again, 
 as to this Ufagc, among the Egyptians, the fame Author, lib. i. p. 82. fays, that 
 " when the Corps comes from the Embalmers, the very Eye-la/hes, Brows, and 
 " Features, are fo well preferred, that the whole Form of the Body is nnvariably 
 "retained, ana the <= original Effigies or Likeness known; 
 " wherefore many of the Egyptians, keep the Bodies of their Anceflors within 
 " magnificent "Depoftories \ in order to behold the compleat Images of thofe 
 " who had been dead, perhaps many Ages before they themfelves had been born : 
 " There they not only fee the Lineaments of their Faces, but a'fo the Make 
 " of their Bodies, all which they contemplate with great 'Delight." 
 
 These Paflagcs, with others, which might be quoted, are fufficient for our 
 prcfuming, that the Face painted on the Coffin, like thofe perhaps of all other 
 Mummies, was originally defigned to represent the Effigies of the embalmed 
 Perfon within it. There has been a Beard fixed to the Chin of the Perfon reprc- 
 fentcd on this Coffin, though the Hole, into which a Peg of Wood has been let, 
 only appears. The Face, then, of this Mummy is both Angular and curious, 
 having Features truly Egyptian, much like thofe of a Negro, but the Complcction 
 
 * Euterp. p. itS. Edit. Gronovii. * Edit. Rhodomanni .Lib III. p. 14S. 51 'j &r/}.a»\tt Sif.tr, it t£( 
 
 QUITE 
 
r 3 ] 
 
 quite RED; by whidi wc may conjc&urc the Deceafcd to have been an Ion 
 mean. d Bochart lays, the Red Sea is fo called by rcafon of the red-coloured 
 inhabitants, viz. the Idameans, who lived on its Coafts. Of this Colour Hiftorians 
 aflcrt Typhon to have been ; wherefore thofc Red Men, in the mod ancient Wars 
 of any, between OJiris and Typhon, were facrificcd at the Tomb of the former, 
 for OJiris was of a c black Colour. 
 
 Wha t now follows in eourfe, is to give a Defcription, and to offer an Explana- 
 tion of the F i GiiHEs and Ornaments painted on the Locuhs or Coffin of this 
 Mummy, which may not only give Light into many Particulars relating to the 
 Egyptian Mythology, but confirm and illuftratc fcvcral Panages in ancient Authors. 
 
 First; on the Top of the Coffin, the whole of which exhibits the Form of 
 an embalmed Man, over the Head, not to be fecn but in a View above, is painted a 
 Female Figure, with a Corona or Diadem round her Head, lying on her Back, with her 
 Face turned fideways, and her Arms extended | in each Hand' me holds what appears 
 robe a Sickle, which fhall be defcribed in another Place ; under her Arms aw Wines 
 divided into three Rows of Plumes, of two kinds of Colours, blue and light-green \ 
 the extreme Parts of her Body are naked, but from her Waid downwards ihe is 
 cloathed in a green Garment; from the Top of her Head, and joined to it, rifes a 
 round Tutuhts, on which is placed a Globe painted green, encircled, as it were 
 within a Ring of yellow or light Colour. 
 
 This Figure feems evidently to rcprcfent Ifis, exhibiting her combined Proper- 
 ties in Nature, of which fhc was the Goddcfs; for Firft, by the Tutulus or Turret 
 on her Head, fhc phyfically fymbolizcs the Earth; the Globe of a green Colour 
 being alfo another Symbol thcteof. Secondly, the Ring of Light, encircling rhe 
 Globe, reprclents moll probably the Phafc of" the New Moon, and fhews her the 
 Moon alio j which [aft Particular has a drong Affinity with the Defcription that 
 tApuleius gives of IJis, at the time that Goddcfs appeared in a pompous manner 
 to him in a Vilion, when he fays, " Corona multiformis, variis ftoribus fublhnem 
 " dejirinxerat certicem, cujus media quidem ft/per frontem plana rotmiditas, in 
 " moditm jpeculi, vcl immo argumentum Lun<e candidmn lumen emicabar." As 
 to the reft of the Body, viz. the extended Arms and Wings, ire. I fhall endeavour 
 to explain the Meaning thereof) very foon in another Place. The reft lie over 
 the upper Part of the Head, from whence two Lappets hang down on the Bread 
 over the Shoulders, painted with alternate Stripes of yellow and deep blue. 
 
 With in the First Sweep below the Neck, under the Lappets, Five Tufts 
 orTaficls appear with a green Plant between them. 
 
 Within the Second arc three Wat er - Lilies, like Rofes, within 
 alrerantc Fields of deep Blue and Scarlet. 
 
 Within the Third are five Leaves of what may be imagined the Persea 
 riant, under which is a Scarlet Ligature, bordered with Yellow ox Gold. 
 
 Within the Fourth arc other Water-Liliis, like Rofes. 
 
 Within the Fifth recur the fame kind of Leaves of the Persea, and 
 another Scarlet Ligature, like the former. 
 
 Within the Sixth is painted fomething like a Chain, or a kind of Feftoons 
 compoted of what feems to rcprcfent two kinds of precious Stones, Sapphires and 
 Rubies, let within yellow Borders or Gold, and fadened to the Bread: with fmall 
 Buttons of Gold. 
 
 Within the Seventh arc dill a greater Number, as the Sweep increafes, of 
 the forcfaid Leaves of the Perse a, beneath which runs anotiicr Ligature of Scarlet 
 bordered with Yellow or Gold. 
 
 Within theEiGHTH arc more Wa ter-Lilies, like Rofes, fct within 
 alternate Fields of deep Blue and Scarlet. 
 
 1 h z. c 16. p. 769. folio 
 
 : Pint, de Ifid. & Qfir. 
 
 ' Apul. I. XI p. j ; s. 
 
C-*J 
 
 Within the Mint h arc again rcprcfcntcd what may be Tofts ot Taflcls, 
 with the figure of feme Plant alternately between them 
 
 Within the Tenth is another Row of Leaves of the Pebsea, undcrwhich 
 ,,rain paffes a Ligature of Scarier, bordered with Yellow or Gold. 
 
 Within the Eleventh is a Row, confining of Flowers in Blossom, 
 of a ereen Colour, with a Mixture of red, not unlike the Form of a Poppy; fome 
 think" it the Arum tyEgyftiacum; the Form is the lame, but differs from it in 
 
 C °wTthin the Twelfth and laft is a Row of Pendents, reprcfenting three 
 forts of Precious Stones, Emeralds, Sapphires, and Rubies. 
 
 These being the magnificcnr Ornaments of the Ephod or Breaft-plate, three of 
 them may be reckoned Symbolical, the other nine merely Ornamental. 
 
 Of the Symbolical Ornaments are thofe of the Second, Fourth and 
 Eighth Rows,«. the Lilies like Roles. Theft indeed . were topical to Egypt 
 and "tew in the Nile; for Herodotus, defcribing the Vegetables ot that River, lays, % 
 
 h ■? t «pfa. (Skm * V -^JH»*^** " T f"" 
 
 " other Lilies like Rojes, mticb grow in the R,ver. So that thole on the 
 Mummy fecm to allude to the Productions of their dcihcd River, brought to 
 Motility by the radiant Heat and Energy of their chief God Ofiris or the Sun. 
 
 The Second kind of Symbolical Ornaments may be thofc in the Third, Fifth, 
 Seventh, and Tenth Rows, -viz. green Leaves of a moderate breadth, long in 
 Proportion, and ending in a Point, in the Form of a Tongue Thclc, as is hinted, 
 may be imagined to tcprefent the Leaves of the Persea which Plant, fays k Plu- 
 tarch, amoSgall the others in Egypt, was m a particular wanner confecrated to 
 the Goddefs'lte, becaufe its fruit refembles that of a Heart (the Symbol of 
 Etru) . >ts Leaves, that of a Tongue, K *> 'AijwV **» ***** T 5 
 ■aSM* *tyux *U -ntiht, Sin rm&* & » **r>U 3 ™ f Ma "*»• 
 
 Th e Third kind of Symbolical Ornaments fecms to be thofe Flowers like 
 Poppies in the Eleventh Row, with a gteen Plant or Bud alternately between 
 them • inch are often exhibited on the Menjd Ifiaca, and may only be Rcprelcntations 
 of the Lotus in Bud, and in Blollbm, another remarkable \ cgctablc of the Nile, 
 produced by the Solar Energy. 
 
 I shall now proceed to what is rcprcfcntcd immediately below the Ephod, 
 or Breafi-plate, namely, another Female, retting on one Knee, the other railed, 
 and with expanded Arms holding in each Hand what may be, as bclore hinted the Falx 
 MESsoRiA.or Sickle, between which ate fcvcral iitiieV'' c,r ' JcrcJ Ghuratfers : 
 Her Face is bare, hcrBrcail, Aims, and Feet naked | but from her Neck downwards (he 
 is cloathed in a green Garment, which reaches below her Knees i on her Head Dae 
 fupports a Globeof a fiery Colour, her Hair is tied with a Corona or Diadem of 
 red; which Hair, being of a dusk ot black Colour, flows down her Neck and 
 Shoulders: From the fall, proceed Wings divided into three Rows of Plumes, ot 
 various Colours, the upper and lower of deep Hue, the middle green, and each 
 Row, as well as Plume, is bounded and divided with TetiOty, 
 
 This Female I may fafely pronounce again to be lfls, who here fymbolizcs, 
 like the other already dcfcrib'cd, the Earth, as comprifing within it the four Ele- 
 ments Now the Phyfical Rcafon, why the ancient Egyptians painted Jfis as a 
 Female, may be learned from I Tlutarch, becaufe they imagined her to be the 
 FemaleTart of Nature in which was contained the Origin of every thing ; i 50 "lmc 
 itf (*■* »«. £ Y^—t- ^i/lotle k fays, they eftceni the 
 
 whole Nature of the Earth to be Female, wherefore they ftilc her Mather. That 
 
 . Bon p. 121. Edit. Onmr. " Dt ltd. * oar. p. 57S. Edit WaW, M 
 Ofir. p. 371. * Vid. Hieron. Alcander, Tab. Heliac. p. 11S. ii» *j w ™ r > 
 
 4 n.i .■ n/i£w€t. 
 
 1 De [fid. tc 
 
 II, », dtjAll 
 
C 5 ] 
 
 this Figure of Ifts is a compound Symbol of the Earth, as comprizing within it the 
 four Elements, fcems as it were pointed out by the Colours; for, the middle Parr 
 of her is covered with Green, which may allude to the Grafs and Trees, and other 
 green Vegetables, within the Temperate and Torrid Zones, and which may not 
 very improperly be called the middle Parr of the Earth. Secondly, by reprefenting 
 the Extremities of her Body naked, this alfo may be to fymbolize the extreme Parts 
 of the Earth towards the Poles, which in effect are barren and naked ; Co that upon' 
 this Figure of the Earth, the Egyptians fecm, with great Propriety, to point out the 
 natural Situation, and vegetative Production of the Zones, as they arc nearer to, or 
 farther removed from the Sun. With regard to the three Rows of Plumes, thefe 
 icem to reprefent the other three Elements; the upper and lower of deep blue, the 
 Air, beeanfe the Earth above and below is furrounded by the blue Air; rhe middle 
 Row of pale Green, the Water, that being the natural Colour of the Sea ; and 
 laftly, the tkry Globe on the Head of the Female, the Sun, or the Element of Fire. 
 
 As to the dark-coloured Hair of this Female, flowing down her Neck and 
 Shoulders, Apuleius, in the Vilion he had of lfis, already mentioned, defcribes her 
 Hair in the very lame manner as it is on our Mummy, when he fays, ibid. p. 25-8. 
 Jam prhnum crines uberrimi prolixique, & fenfim intorti per divina colla pa(jim 
 d/Jperfi, molliter defluebant. 1 porphyry lets us into the Phyfical Meaning of this 
 dark-eolourcd Hair, namely, that it fymbolizcs the Duskilhncfs of the Air where- 
 fore, if we might filppofe the yellow or illuminated Spaces between the Plumes to 
 fymbolizc the Solar Light, then this Female Figure is a Phyfical Symbol of Earth, 
 Air, Hater, Fire, Light, and Darknefs ; in tine, of every thing vifible, or which 
 relates to the terraqueous Globe. 
 
 What next appears below the Female already defcribed, is an intire fymbo- 
 lical Picture, well deferving rhc Attention of the Curious. 
 
 The whole fcems a twofold Rcprcfcntation of Death and Judgment. 
 To cxpreis Death, they have painted a Cada-ver, Ilrctched our on a fiicr or Necro- 
 J/horeion, as the Greeks called it, and which is in the Shape of a Lion; on rhe outer 
 Side Hands a Figure, drcflfed in a plaited Garment, human except the Head, which 
 is that of the Ibis j in his left Hand he holds a golden Cup, and with his right 
 fcems ro point towards the left Side of the Cadaver. 
 
 Now it is evident that the ancient Egyptians, on the Dcccafe of their Friends, 
 ufed to deliver the Corps into the Hands of certain Embalmcrs, whole Eufincfs was 
 ro perform that Office. Diodorus fays, m After rhe Relarions of the Dccealcd 
 among the Egyptians agreed upon a Trice, they delivered the Corps into the 
 Hands of the Embalmcrs the Chief of whom was called y^a.y.uxl£^, who 
 caufmg the Corps to be laid flat on the Ground, pointed out how much of the 
 left Side towards the Bowels was to be opened ■> then the ^a^fp-c, or Cutter, 
 as he is called by them, holding in his Hand an Ethiopian Stone, cut as much 
 of the Flejb as was required by Law. 
 
 From this Paflagc it may be conicclured that the Figure on our Mummy in the 
 plaited Garment, (with the Cup, &c.) is there to reprefent this or chief 
 
 Embalmcr, whom "Clemens Alexandrintts calls roW-', the Adorner, who, he fays, 
 bears in his Hand a Cup for Libation, called anr&ah 
 
 Now rhc Figure on our Mummy anfwcrs in every refpect to rhe Defcription 
 both of "Diodorus and Clemens for the <sxv\fr» or Cup for Libation plainly ap- 
 pears in his left Hand, and with regard to his pointing out how much of the left 
 
 1 Eufeb. Pnep. p. 110. B. Edit. Parif. Ml " 
 £* f *a. n Strom. VL p. 456. Edit. Lugd. Bat. 
 
 1. p. Si, Si. Edit. Hanov. JV/tsAij.nua^,, sj ^1 
 
 tiufrtA 
 
 Gordon 
 
[<5] 
 
 Side towards the Bowels was to be opened, that fecnis cxprefled on the Mummy 
 alio. As to the Embalmcr's having on his Neck the Head of the facred Bird the 
 Ibis, this the Egyptians did very probably to denote that his Office was facred; 
 for it may be imagined, that they had no other way to exprefs the Function or 
 Office of any Pcrlon as facred, but by placing upon their Necks the Head of fomc 
 facred Animal or another. Now, that the Office of the Embalmcr was facred, is con- 
 firmed by the fame T)iodorus, who ibid. f. 82. fays they were called n&hptfa}, 
 very much honoured by the Priefts of Egypt, and their Companions, and as facred 
 Pcrfons, were admitted within their Temples, 701; -n k^iSut rnxuivnc,, £ rag ei; 
 
 These being the Particulars of the firft Rcprcfentation of "Death, beyond that 
 hanss a kind oHquarc Veil or Sheet, with yellow and green Stripes, which may 
 be an Egytian Phylactery, from which the JttotS probably took their Arban 
 Canfoth,' which is an Amulet or Charm they conftantly wear to this Day under 
 their Cloaths, to guard them from Evil. 
 
 Beyond this, on the Front Part of the Coffin, is exhibited the fecond Rcprc- 
 fentation, namely that of Judgment after Death. 
 
 To dcfci-ibe which, let us begin with the principal Figure OSIRIS, who feems 
 in the Character of Pluto (as the Greeks afterwards called him) to be fitting in 
 the infernal Regions in the Chair of Jupiter, or the Sun, in whofc left Hand is 
 fomcthing crooked at the Point, perhaps the Sceptre of Olympus, and in his right 
 Hand the Flagellum or Flail. He is cloathed in a Yellow Garment, without any 
 Shade : On his Head is a Mitre, from whence come forth two Horns of yellow 
 or Gold, and he has a Beard. 
 
 This Figure is above mcafurc curious, having in every refpect the character iftical 
 Marks of the ancient Egyptian Bacchus, though, as I have juft now laid, he fits 
 here as Judge in the infernal Regions in the Chatactcr of 'Plato. With regard to 
 his being rcprcfcntcd as the ancient Egyptian Bacchus, fitting in Jupiter's Chair, 
 with the Sceptre of Olympus in his Hand, there is one Paflagc in the Poet ° Non- 
 nus, which feems to corroborate this Conjecture, when he fays, 
 
 "Ekhuov m; ttote Svhgv ilv, itj axr&lzti* 'Oh.vfi.Tra 
 A&>££ 'j/fa; Zaj^w •raAetjoT/ffjD AiawVi 1 , 
 'Kgi^srbji 7.a.y>k> K, afA-nthcv uvaiti 1Su.x.%&. 
 
 Which may be thus rendered, « I have heard, that of old Jupiter gave his Chair, 
 " <ivitf> the Sceptre of Olympus, and his Thunder, as a Gift, to Zagrus the 
 " more ancient Dionyfus, and the Vine to the JVine-faced Bacchus. 
 
 Now, that the Chair on which Ofiris or Pluto is tcprcfented fitting, is that of 
 Jupiter ot the Sun, feems in fomc mcafurc pointed out on the Mummy, where the 
 under Square thereof is uniformly of the fame fiery Colour, with almoft every other 
 Symbol of the Sun upon it ; the fiery Part being undcrmoft, to rcprcient the Sun's 
 Ablencc, and in the Region of the Manes, where this Scene of Pluto is laid. 
 
 In the next place, with regard to the two Horns of Gold coming forth from 
 each Side of his Head, there is one Pattagc in v Sidonhis Jpollinaris, which in a par- 
 ticular manner feems to confirm this Rcpiefcntation on our Mummy, who, Ipcaking 
 of the Egyptian Jupiter, fays, 
 
 - - - Caput aurea rumpunt 
 
 Cornxta, & indigenam jacnlantur fulminis ignem, &c. 
 
 s Vid. Cuperi Harpoc, p. 64. 
 
 ' Carmen XXII. p. 364. Edit. Hanov. 
 
 Besides, 
 
^FIWJMAI^ Alt 
 
 »&TAyG!KSaiiSlmliSjM f.l 
 
 r 7 ] 
 
 Besides, lEufebius dcfcribing the Egyptian Bacchus or OJiris, quotes fome 
 of the Orphic Vcrfcs, wherein he is reprcfented with two Horns of Gold, like 
 thole of a Bull, coming forth from the Sides of his Head. Ta-Jfia. Hi' »ft$tfitv$t 
 SVo xpai* xl&Ha,, &c. Hter. Akander in his learned Treatife Tab. Marmot, p. 23. 
 fays, that the Ancients placed Horns of Gold on Bacchus'* Head, as a Symbol of 
 the Sim's Beams, whence, fays he, the Greeks called him jptfcTqeAmMd 
 
 Another Phyfical Rcafon for fuch Horns is given by * "Diodorus, who, 
 fpeaking of the Grecian Bacchus, fays, there was another T>ionyfus, who for many 
 Ages cxifted before the Grecian one, whole Name (meaning the Old God) was 
 Sabasius; then adds, he was the firil that taught to yoak Oxen, and to plow, 
 and fow the Ground; for this Reafon, fays he, they rcprcfent his Image with Horns, 
 dp' Z'j xi&tTiMr dvT-.v ira^naayn-jai. 
 
 The next Thing remarkable in this Image of" OJiris or Pluto, is the Mitre 
 on his Head. s 'Diodorus, fpeaking of Bacchus, lays, Among his other Marks was 
 that of wearing a Mitre, for which they ftilcd him ^t^c^@- This the Greeks 
 took from the Egyptians; for moll of the Images of Ofiris on Egyptian Mo- 
 numents in Britain, and I believe clfewhcrc, fhew him with a Mitre on his Head. 
 Asain, 
 
 What is moft curious in this Image, is his Beard. This indeed is one of the 
 chief charaftcriftical Marks of the ancient Egyptian Bacchus, in Contradiftinttion 
 to the GVf f/a» or younger Bacchus, who had no Beard at all. For this we have 
 Diodorus's exprefs Tcftimony, who lib. 1. p. 2 12. fays 1 , There -were two Bacchus' s, 
 therefore the Greeks painted him with tliM faces. The moft ancient one -was 
 called Dionyfus, who -wore a Beard, becaufe in ancient Times it -was aCuJlom 
 among Mankind to let the Beard grow, -whereas the younger Bacchus -was fmooth- 
 facea, delicate, and young. 
 
 From all which it is worth obferving, that thefe two charactcriftical Marks of 
 the Horns and Beard on the Image of OJiris on our Mummy, by which he is 
 diltinguifhed to be the most ancient Bacchus of any, arc of no fmall Impor- 
 tance for clearing that perplexing Jumble, which a Multitude of Authors have 
 made in confounding the Old and Young Bacchus with one another; and it is 
 humbly to be imagined, that had the great Sir Ifaac Newton (and other modern 
 Authors) feen and examined this and the like Monuments of the Egyptians, he 
 never would have aflcrted Sefoftris, whom he makes to be Shifiak, to be alio 
 Ofiris or the Egyptian Bacchus nor would others have confounded the ancient 
 one with the younger fo much as they have done. Sir Ifaac has indeed by this, 
 in a new and very furprizing manner, made the Egyptian OJiris cotcmporary with 
 Rehoboam. He iiirely miifl have been led into this urangc and lingular Belief, by 
 accounting the latter Bacchus of the Greeks the only Bacchus, without adverting, 
 that a much more ancient Bacchus cxilrcd, many Ages anterior to the Grecian 
 one, the charactcnftical Marks of whom, diltinct from the other, we not only find 
 elcatly defcribed by the Greek Authors, but artually confirmed to be fuch, not only 
 hy this Mummy, but by feveral other illurtrious Monuments of the Egyptians, fliil 
 fubiifting among us. Laftly, in this Image of OJiris, iiis Habit is repreiented with- 
 out any kind of Shade or Variety of Colours. This indeed correfponds nicely 
 with what 11 Plutarch exprefily allcrts of the Egyptian Ofiris, when he fays, ipcak- 
 ing of the Garment of IJis, $ 3 'Qai<tt\.&. wc fya okikv, t^inte ■zroix.tXu.lv, that is, 
 In the Garment of Ofiris there is no Shade, nor Variety of Colour. 
 
 The next Thing reprefented in our Symbolical Pitlure, is the Figure of a 
 Lotus, expanded upon its Stalk, from the Root of which a Compreft one, like a 
 
 ' Prap. I. J. c. 9. p. 100. ' I. 
 
 ■«f^nf, J 1 ** to S'uo Siiruact yiyov 
 
 Ml*, c. M.4. p. II 
 
 1 MfwtyM J' o*tSii JGwti 
 
 Til TOUf af'^Oiti HOMTIW '3« 
 
 " Ilid. S:01ir. p. 382. c. 
 
 'Papaver, 
 
 Gordon . 
 
[8] 
 
 Tnpa-ver, appears on cadi Side : On the Top of the expanded one, before Ofiris, 
 
 fhnd FOUR EMBALMED HUMAN CREATURES, one With tllC Head Ot" 
 
 a M an, another with that of a Dog, the third with the Head of a Wo l f, the 
 fourth with that of a Hawk or Eagle. Firft, as to the Lotus expanded and 
 flint they fecm to have been, among the Egyptians, Symbols of the Sun's rifing 
 and fcttiogj for * Diofcorides, as lie is quoted by y Cuperus, lays, 'The Lotus is 
 produced in Egypt, growing in the Fields, which had been inundated, on a 
 Stalk, like that of a Bean, fmall in Bloffbm, and white like a Lily. They 
 report that it prinks or ftuits itfelf up when the Sun jets, but opens on his 
 rifing : That it hides its Top in the JVater in the Evening, but comes forth out 
 of the Water in the Morning. For this Particular we alio have the Authority of 
 'Proclus andTIiny, Hift. Nat. Lib. XIII. c. 17. 
 
 With regard to the Four Embalmed Animals (landing on the expanded Lotus 
 before thcFacc of Ofiris, this may be prclumed to be nothing but aPhyfical Symbol 
 of the four different Properties or Powers of the fame Sun $ for it is certain that 
 the Egyptians feigned God or the 37m as fitting upon a Lotus : By this they fymbo- 
 Uzcd Ids Prefencc over all earthly Things. As to this, the Tranilator of Jamblicus, 
 in the Chapter of Explaining the Egyptian Symbols, 146. fays, l Deus indncitur 
 fedens fttper Loton, aquaticam fcilicet arborem, ubi fignificatur Deum principatu 
 ' fuo mundanum fuperexcedere Latum, nec attingere gubemando, fed principatum 
 gerere intelletlualem penitus & empyreum. As to the four Animals upon the 
 Lotus fymbolizing lb many Properties or Powers of the Sun, they feem tudi, be- 
 catife they arcamongthcNumbcr of thofe facrcd Animals, which all who have treated 
 of the Egyptian Theology, agree to be Symbols of the Properties of that God; 
 hence on 'the Men/a Ifiaca, and other confpicuous Monuments of the Egyptians, 
 they arc very often combined. Bcfidcs, they arc very fimilar to the Description 
 clvcn by * Kircher and * Wttftus of four Figures, called by them Hemthfi Nu- 
 min'ss fiipatores, or the Guardian Attendants of the God Hempta, by Tlv.tarch 
 eallcd Emct, the feme with Sol or the Egyptian Ofiris, and were the four chief 
 Mcilengers or Angels (as Witfius calls them) fenr by that God to execute his 
 Commands. The Firfl of which was called Hob u s, in the Form of a Soy, mundi 
 fenfibilis Geniale numen. The Second with a "Dog's Face, called xwoz^Wn-iSl ., 
 'canina facie confpicuns, & -vigilant ifftmus Anubicte feu Hermetic* (economic prafes. 
 The Third had a Hawk's Head, he lays, and was called by the Eg yptians Thaustus, 
 cornu Hammonis infignitus, then adds, folarem calorem & in mundo inferior! 
 fiscunditatemnotabat. The Fourth w^, he lays, with the Countenance of a Lion, 
 called Momphta, /. e. HiUi, mundi, five totius humid* natnra prxfidem figni- 
 fcabat. As to this laft Particular, it is the only one, except the Horn of Jupiter Ham- 
 ~mon ioft mentioned, where the Defcription does not correfpond with the Rcprcicnta- 
 tion on our Mummy, one of the Figures of the Mummy having a Wolf's Head, not that 
 of a Lion-, wherefore it may be rcafonably imagined that rherc were not only 
 more of thefe Stipatores or Guardian Genii of Ofiris than what are mentioned by 
 Kircher and Witfius, but it was arbitrary in the Perfon that originally conlecrarcd 
 the Mummy to thefe different Egyptian Deities, to reprefent which-cver of them 
 he pleafcd, wherefore he chofc this one with the Wolf's Head rather than that 
 of the Lion. This will better appear immediately, becaufe with regard to the 
 Wolf and the Dog, I find a Pailagc in Macrobius, which feems to account for 
 luch a Reprefentationi for, fpeakin'* of the manner whereby the Image of Ofiris or 
 the Sun is fometimes exhibited in Egypt, he mentions it as having the Heads of a 
 Lion, a Dog, and a Wolf. The Wolf he lays, is a Symbol of the paft Time, the 
 Dog oi the future: b Sed & prateritnm tempus Lupi capiti fignatur, quod me- 
 moria rerum Tranj'attarum rapitur & aufertur Item, Canis blandtentis effigies 
 Futuri temporis defignat cventum. Thefe Symbols of Time are indeed very aptly 
 applied to the Sun, lince that by the Periodical Revolutions and Motion of that Lai- 
 ?/iinary all Time is mcafurcd. 
 
 ■ i\r. e . y De Harp. p. i;. ' In his Wjrfl, dc Mumib, Put. II- c. IV. 
 
 ' ^Egyptiac. c. ix. p. 46. b Saturn, lib. 1 . c. 20. f- 208. 
 
 Having 
 
t 93 
 
 Having now given .m Account of thc Rcprcfentatioh of Ofiris in the Cha- 
 ™" . ol ** olJ ^»'"» pcity called by the Greeks 'Pluto, and of the Lotus 
 opened and Ih^and ot the Ammab fending upon i ti the next thing ro be arafi- 
 rfcred, is the Affion or Intention of their being placed in the InfcrnalRegions s for 
 .llullraring which, it may be imagined that Qfirls or 'Pluto firs there as a JuJjre 
 
 witton rhe Coffin we arc deferring. That which gives room fortius Conictturc is the 
 Appearance ot what fecms to be an AgathoDtmon ot Genius in thc Attitude of 
 lading in a human Creature before thc Judgment-feat of Oflris, where thc W 
 XfWMk or lacred Scrtbe of thc Egyptians, diflinguilhed by thc Volume in one 
 
 *■/»/„, with an fc, Held, feems, as it were, enumerating before Pluto thc 
 lupremc Judge of the Shades the Detail of rhe Dcccafcds Actions, fuppofed to 
 
 " tarc ' and of wl '< dl ' Oiall very foon give a more ample Dcfcriprion. 
 
 That the Eg yptians believed O/IWx and jjfe or Crrw mHateHs, as the Gr«ij 
 called them, ro have held the Dominion of rhe Shades, is plain from rhe Tcllmrony 
 of many ancient Authors. 4 Herodotus in particular, fpcakmg of the ancient &~ 
 »,«r has, kefe Words , A f ^ u , g~ ij„.j^X ^ M ' 
 WW. Winch That the Egyptians fcM Ceres' W Bacchus & 
 ,77* f '*'/»/"»/•»*/«. Again, that Sol or went into Hc'l or 
 
 ^al^tSl.'^ 1 ' wc havc «»*™°< by who fays . /»/ ™" 
 
 S! i„hwT r T, ^ FEROS ' AW^x Q»» favs thafz,,,;™ 
 
 t unks Pluto is fo cahed W T J A! „ & ~ that , b f -, . " 
 
 dead People. 7/W. That they think that all thc Souls of the Dead defecud to hi, 
 which when he receives; he binds with inevitable tends, and after lud-ment ' 
 penfes to every one Rewards or Punifhmcnts. J T*! 
 
 Tha t OJlris was the fame with the Creek Tlato, andjudec of the Dead fPl„. 
 
 n^™@, which is, fpcakin, of 4« AcPncus SC" 
 wdUng to reveal, and runted in an obfeure manner Qfiris Governor Z 
 
 Trince of the Dead „ no other than-uhom the Greeks call Hades or P, 
 
 Beyond what is already defcribed, is, as has been hinted, the Rcpiefcntation 
 'fS of S«l«, creeled and fupported by a ki, d of a c oo! p° 
 
 in he Middle hkc a Tree, and two human Figures, one on each Side of heVoa 
 Tha on the right Hani, has on its Shoulders the Head of a Hswt, the other on 
 
 „ , ' r °, \ n ° l l> bot '' ; urncd comcar y *">* '' ro '" o'«= wWch per 
 
 tZh L y " H V hC 0ppn,itc GooD a,Kl Ead fWh, » Doclrine * !P&- 
 r«M« tells us the £ XV f„ M believed, anterior to all o her Nations, the Hawk 
 
 fern each 'n, In' T'T f'T' * C ^ « ^'«^4 Tncf 
 
 kern each by pnlhng die Scales down towards rheir own Side, to claim as it 
 wcres the Soul ot the -Deee.fed for its own. Thc Balance (Vmbolizme, ,' ft 
 the Actions „, me Deeeafcd are as it were weighed, the U P y^ U uM o fc 
 Scnbe already mentioned enumerates them before 'Pluto rhe lupremc 1 udgc of h 
 
 by thc jigatbo-<Dicmm befote his Tribunal already defcribed. 
 
 , m I M J? »«« Pjnicnte to be eonfidered in our fymbolical Pidure, is thc Ffuire 
 W Zt , U t 0Ji 'V Chair ' Which rahibiB 3 Fcm »"« c id, w rh 
 
 nV die Th,. r 5 as * hn ? Ro ,. WS of Plumcs ' onc pointing downwards 'co • 
 
 ho fc HaT, i t'o e h"' C " " Ihc A '"'f a V""* *, other elevated, in 
 v hole Hand above he Wing is a CrnaU Sickle, on her Head Ihc fupports a Globe 
 of a pale Colour, placed ,„ the Middle of a Crefecnt or Horns. This Figure teems 
 
 ' Clem. Alex. Strom. VI. p. «6 in) 
 ' M^,. I ,. P . % m , OSr p 'f* P- ■J S - BtIi . J i0Sr • C 0pc „,H ln ,. p. 7 , 
 
 D 
 
 plainh 
 
plainly to be another Reprefcntation of Is is, thcGreek Ceres, nnd Troferpine ; for 
 l^rofcrpinc, fays h 'Porphyry, is rcprcfcntcd with Horns as well as Bacchus, and 
 fhc is laid to accompany 0//Wj or 'Pinto into the Region of the Shades. This Fi- 
 «nrc is alfo a combined Symbol borh of the Earth and Moon, and agrees very well 
 with the Egyptian Theology; for by the Crcfccnt and final! pale Globe, fhc is 
 both 'Proferpine and the Moon, but by the female Form and Sickle, in a Phyfical 
 Scnfe, fhc is Ifis or the Earth : As to the firfr, \vc have an exprefs Tcftimony in 
 < 'Plutarch, who lays, -rko 3 tr*^ef.v ?* ^Mwn; ^Tipautwri? , t» % t2v 
 
 dyz>.f/Arwr mth:, Ta $j y-L&trQ'gtjt. tb fjfyiz&cZi "jtQstb^ ^ai^nTa. W'hicii is, 
 That the Egyptians affert Ifis to be nothing elfe but the Moon, and her Images Jkeiti 
 her fuch, being repr'efented with Horns to indicate her different Phafes. Bc- 
 fides, we fee two Figures like this on our Mummy, with Wings covering the Thigh, 
 on the k Menfa Ifiaca with a Crcfccnt and Horns, borh which Tignortus defcribes 
 to be the Moon. 
 
 Behind the combined Figure of the Moon and Earth jufl now delcribcd, is 
 another female, one of the Genii or Agatho-Damones of the Egyptians, or what 
 they call the Genii Avertmci : TheOtticc of which was to drive away Evil; where- 
 fore in one Hand fhc holds rhc p>?&K$ipjw Waxov, or Amulet for Confervation, and 
 in the other the Diviner's Rod. 
 
 Now that the moft of the fore- mentioned Scene is laid in the Region of Hades or 
 rhc Shades, there feem to be two Evidences on the Mummy. Firft at the Entry, 
 where the Balance and Good and Bad Genii appear, is the Figure, of a voracious 
 female Animal, as appears by her Teats, fitting on a Eafemcnt, the under Square 
 whereof is of the fame red and fiery Colour with the other Rcprcfentations of the 
 San on the Mummv. The Mouth is wide open in an Action of howling, and fhc 
 appears plainly ro be the fame, whom the Greeks and Romans afterwards called 
 'Perfephone and "Projerpine, whom 'Pluto carried into Hell. Before this female 
 howling Animal is rcprcfcntcd fomcthing like a Goofe's Feather or Writing Pen, 
 placed at the Entrance of this Region of the Shades. 
 
 It is fbtprteing how well the Whole of this agrees with the Mythology of the 
 Ancients, and how much it is (among many others on the Mummy ) an Evidence 
 that the Greeks and the reft of the Pagan World had rheit Theology from the 
 ancient Egyptians: For, in the firft Place, as 'Proferpine here is rcprcfcntcd like 3 
 female Animal, in the fame manner did the Greeks exhibit their Cerberus or Hecate, 
 only added two more Heads to her, which by the bye fhews that very probably 
 this Mummy is more ancient than the Fable itfclf of the Greek Cerberus. That the 
 Greek and Roman Cerberus is warn or Canis in the female Scnfe, is plain from that 
 Pafiagc of Euripides m * Plutarch, 
 
 'F.i&Tr.s ayzKuLa, $-j>7?(pv kuz>v ixr'v. 
 Hecates fimulacrurn Lucifer£ fas canis. 
 
 "\NATA LIS Comes fays fhc was called canicida carni-vora 'Dea, be- 
 caufc Dogs were facrificcd to her. As to her Howling, there is one remarkable 
 Tallage in 1 Apitteius to illultratc this; for he asking the Goddcfs Ifis in what manner 
 flic defined to be invoked, he demanded, among many other Appellations of her 
 Divinirv, if ihe ehofc to be called upon by the awful Name of ^Proferphie, terrible 
 on account of her nocturnal Howlings; fen noclurnis nlulatibus horrenda c Profer~ 
 pina. ™ Sophocles obferves, that -Proferpine obtained Honlings and tearing of the 
 Hair, &c. to be performed in honour of her in lieu of Sacrifices, for 'Profer- 
 pine was the Queen of the Dead. Hence Horace " fays, 
 
 Mifta fenum ac juveninn denfantur fnuera. Nullum 
 Sts-va caput 'Proferpina fngit. 
 
 h Eafeb. Prarp. p. 109. 1 If. it Ofir. p. "P. 31. Fig. T. and next CoD. D. ■ Dc TliJ. 
 
 & OGrid. p. 379. f Nat, Com. p. z+2. ' Apuleius Meiamor. ). xi. p. m Vid- Lloyd Die. 
 
 Hilt.Pcet. in Frofcrp. p. SzS. * Prim. Carmin. 
 
 hi 
 
[ 1« ] 
 
 In the next place, As to the Writing Pen placed before this female Animal on out 
 Mummy, it is certain the Ancients (as Mr. * Lloyd obferves) were of Opinion that 
 Trojerpme wrote down on the Polls of the Gates of Hell the Names of thole 
 who were called out of Life into another World; wherefore o Statins fays, 
 
 Net dum ilium aut trunca luflraverat o/rvia taxo 
 Eumenis, aut fitrvo 'Proferpina pojle notarat. ' ' 
 
 And in his Sylvarumz. 6. 
 
 Obliquoqne notat Troferpina vultil. 
 
 The Second Evidence is rhe plain Image of 'Pro/erpine in a human Form, with 
 all her charartcriflical Marts, placed on the Mummy, over where the Balance, and 
 the good and had Principles ate ; Ibmc of which fccin lb curious, as to deferve the 
 Attention of the Learned i if we conlider, that over the lirll Part of the fymbolical 
 Picture, where the Cadaver is laid ttrctched out on a Bier, Ifis with a Tutulus 
 on her Head, (earn to be figured under the Character of what the Greeks after- 
 wards called Cybele or the Earth ; but over the other part of the Piaure where the 
 lVccafcd is reprefented itidged, and conlcmicntly the Soul of it landed in the 
 Place of its eternal Abode, over there, the Image of 'Pro/erpine in a human Form 
 is placed ; which may fynibolizc, according to the Mvtlioloixy of the Egyptians, 
 that when the Deccafed was in the State of Death befote ludcmcnt, conicc|uently 
 not luppoled to have palled over ill the Baris or Boat of Charon, (which mytholo- 
 gical Story the Greeks, as » Diodorus tells us, took from the Egyptians) in that 
 cale, they reckoned the Dcceafed in the Domain of Cybele; wherefore, above the 
 Cada ver on the Bier, is, as 1 have hinted, the Image of Cybele t But when in the Place 
 of its eternal Abode in the Regions of Tluto and 'ProJ'erpine, thetc, above it, is 
 'Proferpines human Image repref'enred with all her charafleriflical Marks ; of which 
 it is proper in tins place to give a particular Delitiption. On her Head (he carries 
 a Vcllcl, as it tranl'parent, within which appears fo'mcthing of a lonaifh Form, and 
 an Orange Colour, witli a Speck or two of Green in the middle, which Vcllcl' may 
 probably lie what the Greeks afterwards called ^ w ; as may the Figure of an 
 Orange Colour, the Mutulated Sceptre fo often mentioned by fTor- 
 phyry, when he treats of the Egyptian Mythology, in his Delitiption of Trofer- 
 pine, which oiimejy ii or impaired Sceptre, he fays, fvnibolizes 'Pliitos 
 
 Government of the Shades; as may alio the gtccn Specks, the Seeds of Vegetables 
 or Gram latent within the Bofom of the Eatth. Hence it was that the Egyptians 
 feigned Ifis, or thcEarth, to have locked up the aiMi, ot privy Parts of Ofiris, within 
 an Ark; and the lime 'Author fpcaking of the f'vmbolical Images of Pro/erpine 
 lays very explicitly. That fie carries in them the Symbols of young 'Plants pro~ 
 ccedmg from their Seeds on Earth ; which Seeds arc the very Rcprcfcntation on our 
 Mummy. His Words arc, jb) i x ! f , f ; fe , rffc ag^oMk if y$ T tt£ ^para's -Js^o -riiy 
 ytm <*&4nr. Hence the fame Authot f fays, 'Proferpine is that Jli/ttjatS anpna- 
 7i«a.-, or prcferving Energy of the Seeds ; and Tluto that Sun, which in the Winter 
 SoMice roies among the hidden and unknown Regions under Earth. Hence, fays 
 ' Porphyry, comes the Fable of the Rape of 'Pro/erpine, whom Ceres cagcrlv fol- 
 lows into the Region of the Shades. 
 
 From all which Phyfical Interpretation wc have Rcafon to fuppofe, that the VclTcl 
 on the Head of pro/erpine on our Mummy is that myllical sC**. or facred Che/I of 
 the Egyptians, and the Figure within ita Symbol of that mutulated Sceptre, or the 
 'Privities of Ofiris, fo much mentioned by ancient Authors : Its Orange Colour is 
 the lame with whatever is rcprclentcd is Fl'efh on the Mummy, and very much the 
 Completion of the Eg yptians s nav, the fame Authot » adds in exptefs Words, that 
 
 * Lloyd. Die 
 ib. 3. p. log. 
 
 1. in Prolerp. p. 
 ' Euleb. Pnp. 1 
 
 * Eufeb. Pr*p. 
 
 the 
 
C 12 ] 
 
 the Egyptians fvmbolizc the Energy of the Seeds of the Earth under the Form of 
 a 'Priapus, which 'Proferpine e.irries about: with her. This was among the Mytlc- 
 ries revealed in the Ceremony of Initiation or Admiflion into the Adyta of 
 the Egyptian* fricfts^htfCj as a Condition propofed to tliem before Entrance, they 
 were to take upon them the Stigma of this mutulated Member by Circumcifion ; 
 for which reafon Clemens Alexandrinns, Strom, i. p. 221. fays, That in order to 
 be initiated, and to learn the myftical'Doclrine of tlie Egyptians, 'Pythagoras was 
 circumcised. From this came the Froceflions of the Egyptian Bacchantes 
 with the Ark of Ofiris carried before them ; it may alfo be imagined, that from 
 hence was the Totaphot of the Jews, mentioned by * Scaliger, as Egyptian. 
 7 Samuel "Petit us defcribes fomc of thefc Amulets to have been in the form of a 
 Penis of baken Clay, and wore byway of BulleC, hung to a String; he fays God pro- 
 hibited the Jews from wearing them any longer, as they had done in Egypt; where- 
 fore he exchanged them into other kinds, as f Frontlets. From hence alfo was the 
 niyftical Worlhip of the 'Phallos among the Moabites, Cholchians, Syrians, Then/ 
 cians, and Greeks, and indeed among every Nation that had their Religion from 
 Egypt; and hence the Origin of Circumcifion among many of thofc People. 
 
 Thf.se being all die Particulars relating to the fymbolical Picture on our Mummy, 
 one Remark occurs, perhaps of Confequcnce, namely, That it is worth inquiring 
 into, whether all this Representation of the Egyptian 'Pluto, Troferpine, the Genii, 
 the 'Decea/ed on the Bier, the oppofite Good and Bad 'Principles, the Balance, &c. 
 be any thing elfc than an Allufion to the particular Ceremony or Culrom among the 
 Egyptians, of judging their Dead, before they were deemed worthy of Burial, as is 
 fully related by 'Diodorus Siculus, Lib. t. p. 81. whether it be this, or an Evidence, 
 as much as the Nature of the Thing can admit, That the forelaid Rcprcfcntation 
 alludes to the Belief which the Egyptians had at the time of embalming this Mummy, 
 of the Immortality of the Soul, of a Future Existence after 
 Death, and an intellectual Judge, who was to pronounce the DcccafeJ 
 worthy or unworthy of Eternal Blifs ? This is the Qucftion to be determined by 
 the Learned, though till then the latter Opinion feems nioft eligible ; for, that the 
 Egyptians belie cd a feparatc State of Exiftcncc of the Sou! after Death, and that 
 thpfc of Good Men were to live after their Dcccafc, in the Society of the Juft, 
 is clear from a very remarkable Faflagc in Diodorus Siculus, Lib, t. p. 83. 
 where, mentioning the Ceremonies tiled at. rhe Funerals of the Egyptians, after 
 enumerating the juft Actions and Virtues of the Dcceafcd, he fays, k, ■z&j^axxKouvt 
 rdc xx-rv §ttpt auizixw k%§4<% roiz abd&bn. That is, They pray to the Gods of the 
 infernal Shades, to receive the 'Dccea/ed into the Society of the Righteous i and 
 adds. That they give our, that the Pcrfon buried is to live an Eternity with 
 the Righteous in the Regions of 'Dis or 'Pluto t "Diodorus s words arc, »$ -rh atStk 
 sS&i^Kw iMftAwj®. xa8' "AStv p^ 1 t 5 hxn%eh. Tliefe two Paflagcs arc very expli- 
 cit^ as to the Egyptians having a Belief concerning a feparatc State of Exigence 
 ibr the Souls of Good Men, and of a Society of the Blcffed there, and a Notion of 
 Eternal Happincfs. This Belief, it appears plain, they had, as well as the phyfical and 
 fabulous Opinion of "Pluto and the Sun roving in the Winter-time in the Region 
 of the -Shades. For, that they believed rhe Immortality of the Soul before the Times 
 p£ Herodotus, is very plain from a PalKigc fan that Author, who » iiySj That the 
 Egyptians not only believed that Doctrine, but were the First that aftcrtcd it: 
 his words are, -rrfiTsi 3^, -mvh\ r r\ty>t 'Aryu&TBi art ?i gW^tki d&puwx \U>>* 
 etSaWnlj '<£i. Which is, The Egyptians isOfft the Firft Wee ajferted the Soul of 
 Man to be immortal. Other Failages from the Ancients might be enumerated to 
 confirm this Particular, but they will be referved to another Place. 
 
 How ever, if it is granted that the fymbolical Figure now defcribed is probably 
 an Evidence that the Egyptia?is, at the time they embalmed this Mummy, believed 
 the Immortality of the Soul, it feems to afford us a negative Argument with regard 
 to the Age thereof, vix. that it was not coeval with, nor anterior to the Mofaical 
 
 • Vid. Diod. Sie. l. i . p. 78, 79. D. * Witfms jtgypt. c. ix. p. 47. * V»r. Lea. c. sx. 
 
 ■fVil. Exodus, C] 3 . V.9.&16. J he erigiitat Hebrew VM it TcWphoc. NB. 7h: P. gam of tbt Mogul'; 
 imfinvkW Amnhti tf that Shaft. 1 Euierp. p. 1 35. 
 
 Times, 
 
Mr.es, becaufc in Ac whole Te„„. te„ch there teems not to be any explicit Text eon 
 t mmgthcBchef ot Rewards and Punilbments in another Work - no -doe anv A.Z" 
 ate that the Egypnans themfclves, in their moft early SSKlfc 
 about ,t m«* « » prclumeable, that had ether of thefe Wo^ k.»wn t at the t^n f 
 t icy inhabited £g together, that Doctrine of living happily afa De ath i of £ 
 
 rafters, w.Li thofe C^™ fe^ ' SS 
 
 Figures, tome Egyp„ m Deities, others then G J7„ ° ■ t ™%™X 
 mmmisftlf Moris, already mentioned, for they are both Mnlr ,Z i i ^ , 
 fields, in which thefe Figures Ihnd, are green blue, and ted ' ^ "^*' *" 
 
 In the firft Compartment within a green Field on the RM,. rj <■ , 
 Mummy, hands the Figure of a Man, in whole Left Ha d 'cm, re h \? , 
 or Sheet of the Tapyrus, like that in the Hand of the L Z - ? 
 
 Scdbc i„,hc already «J^toV!B3PX&l£iSZ 
 
 inch Egyptian Figures, in general, the Grwii called m .7. X^T 
 of his Head is what may be con,cft„rcd 'a Flame inu, g" forth cX'a fma.l Glob? 
 
 lentation of one of d»fc^^^™^'(Ss^fSS te?"^ 
 
 thole Guardian &tf g^gE^T 1 "? ^ "^ ^ an ° th « ° f 
 
 Opposite to this laft, within the red Compartment, hands another )bm, 
 "fS? ?'»S«hcr human, of the male kind. Into Hands hThoSffeS 
 and -PhylaCtenon already mentioned. Bacms 
 
 b ^gyptiaw, p. 47. 
 £ 
 
 Then 
 
 Gordoi 
 
[ »4 ] 
 
 Then he adds, that the Ammonians had this Image from the Egyptians, of whom 
 thev were a Colony; and that the Name which the Egyptians gave to Jupiter, 
 was Ammoun. The Hamc over his Head may, as 1 have laid cUewherc, be to fym- 
 bolize him a Spirit, and the little Globe or Star alfo his Apotheofis, or being ranked 
 anion" rhc Gods; fo that this Figure of Ammoun, and rhat other of the Egyptian 
 Hermes already defcribed, arc the only two Deities rcprefented among thole Genu 
 Averrnnci and Agatho-'Damones already mentioned. 
 
 On the Lateral Vievis of the Coffin are ten more Compartments, five on 
 each Side which contain Ten more Rcprcl'cntations of thefc 'xhe&>, watchful 
 Genii or Guardian Angels, borh male and female, as their Habits diltinguilh them; 
 each of which has an Anubian Staff and Thylatlerion in its Hands. They arc al- 
 together human Figures, except one with a Wolfs Head. 
 
 Immediately below the twenty Compartments is a Rcprcfentation of two 
 femarc Buildings of a gtccn Colout, in each of which is a Gate, painted red; above 
 each of thcfc'Buildings is the Figure of a Wolf or Fox couched, of a jet black 
 Colour, over the Necks of thefe is rhc Flagellum of Ofiris i all which lad Particu- 
 lars are rcprefented invcttcd. 
 
 These Buildings feem another Rcprcfentation of the Domain of Tluto, in the 
 Rc»ion of the Shades, and the two Wolves anothct Phyfical Symbol of the Sun. 
 With Regard to this, it is evident that fcveral People who had their Religion from 
 the Egyptians, (tiled the Sun or Apollo Lycius, which is derived from 7vly&, a 
 Wolf « Macrobius favs, Cleanthes affcrts, that they called Apollo or the Sun Ly- 
 cius and "ives a Phyfical Reafon for it. That the Sun was called the fame 
 Author, ibid, fays, the City of Lycopolis near Thebes in Egypt is a Telrimony, 
 where with an equal Devotion we're worfhipped borh Apollo and the Wolf, and 
 both of them had the fame Appellation \i»K, and in both was the Sun adored. 
 He adds, that that Animal, by the Sharpncfs of its Sight, chides the Datknefs of 
 the Nicht, Ac plurimum oculorum acie cernens tenebras noltis evincit. Bcfides, 
 nothing lccms more convincing that thofc Wolves were Symbols of the Sun or 
 0/fr«,°than the Flagellum of Ofiris, which is rcprefented, as if joined to them; 
 and they fcem to be thofc Animals, which Torphyry calls Amibides, who fays, a That 
 Tluto kept fuch Animals by him in the infernal Regions, their Office being to guard 
 the Grain which had been lodged within the Bofom of the Earth, from pcrilh- 
 ine which being impregnated by the Solar Rays, Tluto gives an Energy of 
 being produced and brought to Maturity; which SolatHcat is perhaps reprelcntcd 
 by rhc two ted fiery Doors that lead into the two fquare Buildings, over which the 
 dark Wolves or Amibides lie watching. Thcfc two Dogs or Wolves ' Clemens 
 Alexandrinus calls Symbols of the two Hemifphercs. 
 
 What is already mentioned being the particular Things cxprefs'd on the Front 
 and lateral Views of the Coffin, what now remains is to give an Account of the 
 back Parr thereof, where is rcprefented a female Figure Handing crccr, with 
 black Hait flowing down her Neck and Shoulders. Divers Parts of het Body ate 
 naked, as her Neck, Shoulders, Brcaft, Arms and Feet; only over each Shoulder 
 appears lbmcwhat like a Tippet of a Red Colour with yellow and dark Bor- 
 ders, fattened to a Girdle, that comes below her Bread ; from the Girdle to the 
 Middle of the Leg (he is dtcfled in a party-coloured Habit, yellow, red and green, 
 and fomcthing like Btacclcts go round her Ancles and Arms, and her Feet with- 
 out Sandals arc clofc ro one another. She Hands upon a Bafcment, made as it were 
 of Beams of vafious Colours; round her Head is a Diadem of deep Red within a 
 yellow Border, which hangs down to the back part of her Head ; in her Hands fnc 
 holds Vitta's or Ligatures of a duskilh red Colour ; from the Diadem rifes a fhort 
 Pole or Stem, which being (aliened to the laid Diadem i'uppotts a half Globe 
 orDisk, on which rhc i^or Hawk is pearched s near which is plainly rheFigure of 
 the Sickle or Falx Mejjoria. The Hawk is of a green Colour, and the Tail tip'd with 
 
 < Macrob. Sat. 1. i. p. 194. d Eiifeb. Pnep. Ev. p. 1 1 0. e lib. 5. p. 43 3- 
 
 Red, 
 
C «5 ] 
 
 Red, not unlike a Parrot; the Legs and Talons are red, the Eyes of a fiery Co- 
 lour, and over its Head comes forth fomcwhat like a Flame, in the Middle of 
 which, like what has been defcribed in another Place, is a little Globe or Star; 
 from the Top of the Head alfo rife two large Feathers. Behind the Hawk is rcpre- 
 fentcd a Ffagellum or Flail, like that in the Hand of the Images of OJiris ; between 
 which and the Neck of the Hawk, within two Lines, are feveral Hierogrammatct 
 or iacrcd Characters. 
 
 These being the Particulars painted on the Back of the Coffin, Jet us now fee 
 what Account can be given of them from ancient Authors. 
 
 With regard to the Female Figure, as to her being wrapped within a party- 
 coloured Habir, the Legs and Feet clofe to fuch another, there is one PafTage hi 
 1 Porpyhry that accounts for fuch a Rcprefentation in a very fatisfactory manner, 
 plainly giving us ro underfland fuch a Figure to be a Symbol of the vifiblc World. 
 Here are his Words, fpcaking of the Egyptians: ' Autv 3 "$ mojum &{xa?$v -rmiySt 
 apf'TiAstoui'. AKi&pwTTK-i^Vi '6frv a.yt'hfAJx., tic, vo$tt$ ou/tSsbAnxoTa; e"^cv, av&Siv 3 fjt*%ei 
 ■jrc^i* ncitutov \uAtkv tferfSiBhntiivQv, '£Jn 3 >wpaA?£ cr^cwgjev iyet Which 
 may be thus tranflated: They fymbolize tMe Wo&LUthuSi by a human Figure, with the 
 Feet clofe to each another, and from the Tart above downwards c loathed in a party- 
 coloured Gar me?it,fuppor ting on its Head a Globe of Gold. He immediately accounts 
 for thofe three different Particulars in the Rcprefentation, namely, that the joining of 
 the Feet fymbolizcs the World's never changing Place; the Globe, its round Form} 
 and the party-coloured Garment the various Nature of the Stars. This Dcfcription 
 differs not from the Figure on our Mummy in any thing, the Globe of Gold ex- 
 cepted. Again, Tint arch defcribes the Garment of I/is to be partv-colourcd, and 
 explains the Phyfical Meaning thereof; his Words Bare, SroAa) 3 «i jt "lffiS , @ L , 
 mtw&f -raj; 0a.f£i- ZaIuj i chjuattfAK du-rH;, 7rzvla, yvafiivrv k, SSj^eesW. 
 
 pat4j oxoT&, fifJU&v, vtlxla, tfSwp, ^wlw, Sdvnov, d^v, hXAjtIw. Which 
 
 may be thus rendered: The Garment of IJis ts party-coloured i becaufe her Energy 
 is exercifed concerning Matter, which changes into & contains every thing, 
 Light, P)arknefs, Way, Night, Fire, Water, Life, Heath, the Beginning 
 and Ending. But among all the Paflagcs in ancient Authors which illuftrate this 
 party-coloured Appearance of Ifis's Garment, none defcribes ir fo circumftantially 
 as )» Apuleius, who fpcaking of the Manner, in which the Queen of Heaven, viz. 
 the I/is of the Egyptians, appeared to him, as has been already mentioned, he 
 defcribes her Garment thus : Multicolor, byjfo tenui pertexta: nunc albo candore 
 lucida, nunc croceo fore lutea, nunc rojeo rubor e fiammida, & qua longe longeque 
 etiam ?neum confutabat obtutum. This Dcfcription is fo very like, what is really 
 reprcfentcd on our Mummy, that it fhews plainly the Ancients have been exceed- 
 ingly uniform in the mythological Rcprefentations of their Deities, fo as to agree 
 with the Defcriptions given of them. On the Mummy belonging to Mr. Locke, 
 which I have exhibited Plate XIV. of my Egyptian Antiquities, ^IJis is dreifed in 
 tire lame kind of party-coloured Garment. Laftly, with regard to the Vftta or 
 Ribbons in the Hand of this Female Figure, I think Vefla, who among the Greeks 
 and Romans was the fame zsljk among the Egyptians, is defcribed by i Virgil 
 with fuch Vitta in her Hands, 
 
 Manibus Vittas, Vejlemque 'Potent em, 
 ^Eternumque Adytis effert penetrahbus ignem. 
 
 What a lofty Opinion the Ancients had of Ifis, as the Goddcfs of Nature, 
 appears by the mighty Epithets they give her. The fame k Apuleius, from the 
 Ancients, ftiled her, Rerum natura Parens, Elementorum omnium T>omina, Seen- 
 brum Progenies initialis, Summa Numinnm, Regina Manium, Prima Calitum, 
 Deorum Dearumque fades uniformis. 
 
 c Eufeb, Pr:cp. p. : 
 * Ibid. Metamor. p. 
 
 I Deliid. &Ofir. p. 383, 
 
 n Met. 1. xi. p. z;8. 
 
 1 BmSA. 2. v. 296, 
 I HAVE 
 
 i 
 
[ 16 ] 
 
 I have mentioned ajlb, that from the Diadem round her Head rifes a fhott 
 Pole with a half Globe or Disk on one End of it, upon which Disk the Eg yp- 
 tian Hawk is pearched. This Disk of a green Colour fecms plainly to fymbolizc 
 the Earth's Hemilbhcrc; as does the Hawk {landing on it, the Sun. 1 he Egyptians 
 with great Propriety exhibit them in this manner, becaufe the Sun at all times illu- 
 minates and warms but one Hemifphere, or a half Part of the Earth. The Thighs 
 of the Hawk arc yellow or Flame Colour, which feem to reprcfent Light; as the 
 Legs, and Talons reaching to and grafping the half Globe, are red, to reprcfent 
 Heat ; for both Light and Heat proceed from the Sun, and, as has been juft now 
 obferved, both do conttantiy illuminate and warm one half of the Earth's Globe. 
 It may be further obferved in general over the whole Mummy, that where there 
 is airy Rcprefentation of the Sun, the Colours are yellow and red, to exprefs Flame 
 and Fire, or Light and Heat; the yellow conllantly and invariably above the red, 
 becaufe Flame or Light always is feen above Fire, 
 
 Secondly, That the Egyptians painted Ofiris or the Sun under the Figure of a 
 Hawk, appears certain from almofl every ancient Writer of their Affairs. 1 Eufe- 
 bius fays, the Hawk is dedicated to the Sun, becaufe it is the Symbol of Light and 
 Spirit, and becaufe of the Swiftncfs of its Motion, and (baring on high, where the 
 Light is. m Horns Apollo alfo fpcaking of the Hawk, among other Rcafons, fays, 
 It fecms to be the Image of the Sun above all other Birds, becaufe it looks on the 
 Sun Beams with open and fteddy Eyes. Then he adds, that rhe Egyptians paint the 
 Sun in the Form of a Hawk, as being the Lord of Light, n 'Plutarch alfo fays. 
 That rhe Egyptians often paint O fir is in the Figure of a Hawk, becaufe that Bird 
 exceeds all others in Qiucknels of Sighr, and Swiftncfs of flying. 
 
 These Authorities, I hope, arc fufficicnt to convince, that the Hawk on our 
 Mummy is a Rcprcfentation of Ofiris, fymbolizing the Sun. What fecms llill to 
 confirm it, arc the red fiery Eyes, which ° Macrobius tells us, is a Charadlcriftical 
 Mark of the Sun, Ut Sol patent! igneoque ocnlo terram confpetJu perpetuo atqtte 
 infatigabili ccrjiit. But the grcatcft Confirmation of any, that the Hawk fym- 
 bolizcs here the Sun, is the Fire-coloured Globe on its Head, in the fame manner 
 as on the Head of Ifis, under the Bread Plate. That the Egyptians fymbolizcrt 
 the Sun by a Circle, and alfo by a fiery Disk, is very plain from ancicnr Authors. Cle- 
 mens Alexandrinus alfo lays, when the Egyptians paint the Figure of the Sun, they 
 do it by a Circle, ^Aicv y> £c va'Jay /£»?ioM*>'ot xjbH>w *ttoi5<j«- The Poet Nonnus 
 defcxibes the Sun according to the Egyptian Notion, as riding round the Heavens 
 in the Form of a fiery Disk, [mrtiia» i^ucnSiv t?m note? auSvm Sfo-x*. p Bier. 
 Alcander quotes an ancient Poet, who defcribes the Sun thus : 
 
 Sic Apollo, deinde Liber fic videtur ignijer, 
 
 Ambo jitnt flamviis creati, profatique ex ignibus, &c. 
 
 The whole then on this Mummy fcem chiefly to be fo many Phyfical Symbols, 
 rcprefenting the different Powers or Properties of their chief Deity Ofiris or the 
 Sun, as acting in and upon the different Parts of Nature ; and what is on the Back 
 of the Mummy, a combined Figure of both Ofiris and Ifis, fymbolizing uni- 
 verlal Nature; and what is curious, on this Mummy are the Elagellum of Ofiris, 
 and the Fdlx viefforia of Ifis, exhibited near their mutual Figures, being the cha- 
 ractcriilical Marks or rather Trophies of rhcir mutual Inventions, namely of the 
 Ufc of Grain, and Agriculture; the one Initrumcnt for Reaping, the other for 
 Threihing the Corn; Inventions for which, among many others, they were both 
 deified ; Inventions to which the World owes the firft bringing of Mankind into 
 Society; Inventions from whence Religion, Arts, Learning, and whatever clfc is 
 valuable among Mankind, owe their Origin. 
 
 M 
 S3 
 
 r 
 
 m 
 
 T 
 
 * Her- Apollo, p. 17. 
 
 " de If. & Oiir. p. 371. 
 
 Macr, Sal. I, 1. p. zn. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
A'N 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 Towards EXPLAINING the Antient 
 
 Hieroglyphical Figures, 
 
 ON THE 
 
 E G TP TUN MUMMY, 
 
 In the MUSEUM of 
 
 Dodor MEAD, 
 
 Phyfician in Ordinary to His MAJESTY. 
 
 By ALEXANDER GORDON, A. M. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for the Author. 
 M.DCC.XXXVII. 
 
 titdtrta 
 
 Gordon . 
 
111 
 
 T O 
 
 Dodor M E A D. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 I HE many Obligations you have conferr'd 
 upon me, make me lay hold of the leaft 
 Opportunity to render you the humble 
 Acknowledgments of a grateful Heart : 
 And indeed, befides this fuperior Inducement, I 
 could not, with equal Propriety, have recourfe to 
 any other Patronage for the following Effay, that 
 owes its Being to your noble Mufeum ; which, 
 among many other invaluable Treafures of Anti- 
 quity and Erudition, contains the curious Monu- 
 ment of the antient Egyptian!, that is the Subject 
 thereof. 
 
 The 
 
m 
 
 IV 
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 The eafy Accefs to this ineftimable Repojitory, 
 which you fo generoufly afford to every one who 
 is inquifitive after Knowledge, and the chearful 
 AlTiftance you are fo ready to lend to whatever 
 tends to the Promotion of Learning, and the polite 
 Arts, have juftly intitul'd you to the Efteem of 
 Mankind. Which that you may continue long to 
 enjoy, is the Wifh of all thofe who have the Honour 
 to be known to you ; among whom no one can 
 join with greater Fervour than, 
 
 SIR, 
 
 Tour mofl humble and 
 mojl obliged Servant, 
 
 Alexander Gordon. 
 
A N 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 Towards EXPLAINING the Antient 
 
 Hieroglyphica] Figures, 
 
 ON THE 
 
 E G TP TUN MUMMY, 
 
 In the MUSEUM of 
 
 Dodor M £ A D. 
 
 HIS other Remain of Egyptian Antiquity, about Which I am 
 now to offer tome few Conjectures, is the embalm'd Body of 
 perhaps tome confiderablc Petfon among them, as may be 
 imagin'd from the Magnificence of its Ornaments. It may 
 alfo be conjeftur'd to be of the Female Sex, becaufe neither 
 on the Mask above the Face of the Mummy, nor on the Face 
 carv'd on the Coffin, is there any thing like a Beard ; which 
 Particular may be prefum'd a Criterion, whereby the Sex of 
 the embalm'd Perfon is dirtiiv'uilhable. 
 
 It was found alfo in the Catacombs of Sakara near Cairo, and fent from thence 
 by Confui Barton., and Mr. Lile, to England, together with another, which Dr. 
 Mead gave as a Prefent to the College of Phyficians in London, both which arrived 
 there about the Year 1734. 
 
 The Cadaver is in Length five Feet five Inches, including its Bandages; and in 
 Breadth, meafuring crofs the Shoulders, one Foot fdut Inches. 
 
 It lies within its antient Loculus or Coffin, made of the true Sycamore, or 
 Wild Fig-tree, wrapt up, as all otherMummies are, with very many Linen Bandages. 
 The Whole has been, and much of it is ftill in a great meafure, cover'd with an 
 exterior Garment of Linen, plaifter'd over in the Manner that Painters prime their 
 Canvafes ; on which, with a kind of Water-colours, are painted emblematical 
 Rcprcfentations of their Deities ; which liquid Colours funk into the Body of the 
 Plaifter, as Painting in Frefco does on plaifter'd Walls. 
 
 This Mummy, which doubtlefs is of very great Antiquity, has by the Injury of 
 Time, and perhaps the rough Ufage of thole who found it, tuffee'd not a little in 
 the Ornaments round the Head, Neck, and Shoulders. 
 
 B The 
 
 i/iifrta 
 Gordon 
 
[ » ] 
 
 The firft Thing to be taken notice of is the Face, which is hid with a Cover of 
 plairter'd Linen, as is alfo the Head, and the reft of the Body. Over the Face of 
 the Cadaver, above the plaifter'd Linen, remains a Surface of Gilding, which (hews 
 that Art ro be of a very antient Date. What remaincth of this Gilding, is clear 
 and diftinguilhablc, over which has been painted the Form of the Features, the 
 Eyes and Eyebrows being ftil! very diftincT, tho* the Gilding in fome Places, and the 
 Line of the Note and Mouth are almoft gone. 
 
 On the Chin is to be feen the Figure of a Globe fill'd up with a red firy Colour, 
 from whence project Wings, which encompafs the Sides of the Face. 
 
 This firc-colour'd Globe is probably to fymbolize the Sun, as has been obferv'd 
 in the foregoing Difcourfc on the Mummy belonging to Captain Lethieullier, the 
 Wings being an Emblem of its Velocity. 
 
 That the antient Egyptians painted the Image of the Sun with Wings, is evi- 
 dent from a very remarkable Paflage to this Purpolc in Macrobius, the Colours of 
 which, he fays, are various ; blue, and light-colour' d, and indeed lb they fcem to 
 be on the Mummy; the blue, he fays, is a phyfical Symbol of the lower Hemi- 
 lphcrc, the light Colour of the upper one. Here are his Words: 3 Hoc argumen- 
 turn ayEg yptii lucidius abfohunt, ipfius Solis Jimulacra pinnata fingentes, quibus 
 color apud illos non unus ejt alterum enim cwrula fpecie, alteram clara fingunt ex. 
 his clarum Juperum, & cceruleum inferum vacant: infer i ant em rtomen Soli datur, 
 cum in inferiori hemifphario, id eft, hyemalibus /ignis, curfum Juum peragit -, Ju- 
 per'h cum partem Zodiaci ambit aftivam. Thefe Wings the fame Author, ibid. 
 aliens to be an Emblem of Velocity; for, fpcaking of the Antients believing Mer- 
 cury and the Sun to be the fame Deity, he fays, ^Prater hoc Mercurium pro Sole 
 cenferi multa document a funt ■, primum, quod Jimulacra Mercurii pimiatis alis ador- 
 nOttitr, qua res monftrat Solis ■velocitatem. ■ 
 
 The next Thing that fairly prcfents irfelf to View, is a Zone or Girdle crofs the 
 Breaft, fill'd up with white Stars painted on an azure Field; which very probably 
 may have been as an Emblem of the fiarry Region, being very confonant with the 
 phyfical and aflronomical Religion of the antient Eg yptians. *> Lord Herbert 
 oblervcs, that the Antients attributed a kind of Divinity to the Stars : And indeed 
 thcEgyptians did lb in a particular manner; befides, they were the Inventers of Aftro- 
 nomy. c Eujebms from Porphyry fays, that the Egyptians afligned the Caufe of 
 every thing in Nature to the Stars, believing that from the Ncceflity of Fate, and 
 the Motions of the Stars, the Whole depends: Sli k, fjjsnaa toTs oV^k r ¥ o\w» 
 au-rl$EJttv ai-ndf, Ta ■zravra ei^agyJJwis UjaVfomSi % ^ Til* agpvv Ktrffftui r% 4 pc£js;- 
 
 Under the Girdle of Stars is what, for Order- fake, may be call'd the third em- 
 blematical Reprefentation, in the middle whereof is the Figure of a Scarabeus or 
 Beetle, with Wings confifting of four Rows of Plumes projecting from its Sides. 
 Next, on each Side of the Breaft of the Mummy, at the Extremities of the Ephod 
 or Breaft plate, is reprcfeuted the Head of the Egyptian Hawk, like to that on Capt. 
 Lethieulliefs, with this Difference, that inftead of a firy Ball over their Heads, 
 here is a Circle within other Circles, towards which two human Figures have their 
 Faces and Hands directed, and reft on the Knee in an Atritudc of Adoration. 
 
 In order to attempt the Explanation of thefe Figures, let us begin with the Sea 
 rabeus, or Beetle. 
 
 That the Beetle among the Egyptians was a phyfical Emblem of the Sun, is 
 beyond all Doubt ; wherefore that infect was held in gteat Veneration aaioqg 
 
 ' Microb. Situin. 1. I 
 
r r 
 
 1 
 
 C i 3 
 
 them. J Tktarch fays, Tie Egyptians honour d the J ft, the Cat, and the Beetle, 
 obferving in them fame obfenre Refemblmce of the Tower of the Godi, like the 
 faint Image of the Sun in "Drops of Water. 
 
 CLEMENS Alexandrimts alfo, fpeak ing of the Enigma's and anaglyphical 
 Representations of rhc Egyptians, fays, That fome Stars, becaufe of the Obliquity 
 of their Motions, were fymbolizcd by the Figure of Serpents ; but the Sun by that 
 of a Scarabeus. 
 
 Now, without fupcrfluous Quotations on this Head, there is one citcumftamial 
 Paflage from Torphyry, that fhews the Notion which the Egyptians had about the 
 Scarabeus, or Beetle. He e fays, Simple People, being unacquainted with theolo- 
 
 r deCnifp thp Scarahrns : hut the Fovnriinc hn*>n„*. 
 
 ne "lays, otmpie feopte, being unacquainted with theolo- 
 gical Matters, may perhaps defpife the Scarabeus ; but the Egyptians honour that 
 ' <g Image o£ the San: Ktufolp 3 jpaStie ft B^^v^&a ac AytA/jim 
 
 Infeti t 
 
 With regard to the different Rows of Plumes proceeding from the Beetle, they 
 feem not only to be an Emblem of the Sun's Velocity, like thole already defcrib'd 
 on the Face, but alfo of the four Elements, as their Colours feem to point out. 
 The reft of the third emblematical Reprefcntation confifts of a Circle within other 
 Circles, placed over the Heads of the Hawk at the Extremities of the Humerale or 
 Ephod, and which alfo may be an aftronomical Symbol of the Sun plac'd in the 
 Centre of the Orbits of other Planets ; for, that the Egyptians fymbolized the Sun 
 by a Circle, we have in another Place (hewn from an exprefs Tcftimony in Clemens 
 Alexandrimts ; fo fhall proceed. 
 
 As to the Heads of the Hawks at the Extremity of th£ Humerale, or Egyptian 
 Ephod, as fuch a Reprefcntation is on Captain Lethieullier's Mummy what regards 
 its Explanation, the Reader is refcrr'd thereto : I fhall only add, that as this Bird 
 was a Symbol of God, or the Sun, among the Egyptians, it was held in fo great 
 Veneration, that f Herodotus fays, Whoever kill'd an Ibis, or a Hawk, whether 
 willingly or without Defign, was furely put to Death. 
 
 Now, wilh regard ro thefe various Reprefentations of the Sun on our Mummy, 
 much Pains need not be taken with the Learned to convince them, that that luminous 
 Orb, if not the very firft, was one of the principal Deities among the eight primitive 
 Gods of the Egyptians, mention'd by Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, and others. 
 B Diodorus has this very remarkable Paflage : The moft Antient of Mortals, fays he, 
 among the Egyptians, contemplating the IVorld around them, not without great 
 Admiration, form'd to them/elves a Notion of two original and eternal Deities, 
 viz. the Sun and Moon; one of which they calfd Oliris, the other lfis. Nay, fo 
 great was the Opinion of the Egyptians about the Sun, as h Torphyry tells us, that 
 fome of them ftyled him Creator of the Univerfc, yl^ t«s -^'HAic!- Jti/fierftpV ya^ac, 
 &c. to which may be added, that either in a director indirect manner, thole two 
 Planets, the Sun and Moon, became the Deities of almoft every other Nation on 
 Earth, tho' they were in a particular manner and originally fo among the Egyptians. 
 This indeed appears, in a good meafure, confirm'd by the various Symbols of them 
 on this Mummy ; and will be more fully (hewn in the Sequel, and accounts for 
 the two human Figures on the Knee, with their Hands ftretch'd out towards the 
 Sun in a Pofture of Adoration. 
 
 The next Thing remarkable, and immediately under that laft defcrib'd, is what 
 may be call'd the fourth emblematical Reprcfentation ; viz. the Humerale or Ephod, 
 conlifting of eight Rows or femkircular Sweeps of Ornaments ; two of which 
 
 m ' Plutarch, dc Ifide Sc Ofiride, B. jBo. F. 'AfjfJ*4 J, «ti f-Aif, m] t.Y*«r t»A twVf Mr, 
 
 mtfepat ffll itmfjrvrdpuif Jtal^Wff . e Euleb. Pixp. L j. p. 94. ' Herod. Eur. 
 
 p. lij.'Of fa.t iChn ifnx* wtekth'kb, Si-Ti '.*mv, hvTfd-iKov, liOtd'.cu arafm. 1 Diod. Sic. lib 1. p. ro. 
 
 Tw if* »k k*7* AijWJw avllf*mf ri rahtulv ir-tC^tifa t niiui", xai ri t fil j»,w ?i>W ««V 
 
 "Onei'', t 3*1«» eyaiidfftu. Sic. 11 Eufcb. Pmp. 
 
 fecm 
 
 r/ufrui 
 
C 4 3 
 
 item frmtolical, the other fix merely ornamental: The fymbolical are in the fecond 
 and tilth Rows, counting downwards, where a green Plant appears like the Terfea, 
 and which has been accounted for in rhe foregoing Difcourle, to which the Reader 
 is referred i the others here merely ornamental, confift of what fcems in Painting 
 to rcprcfenr Jewels, and Pendents of precions Stones, like what wcte on the Ephod 
 of him who pronoune'd Oracles among the Jews ; by the fhining or nor mining 
 of which the Rcfponfcs of rhofc Oracles, as ijofefhus tells us, were favourable or 
 othcrwifc. 
 
 Under the Humerale, or Ephod, is the fifth emblcmarical Reprcfcntation ; 
 namely, the Figutc of a Female with her Atms extended ; in each Hand (he holds 
 what has been conicdut'd to be the Sickle, and round her Head is a Diadem, pan 
 of which hangs down on her Neck ; her Head fupporrs a Globe of an oval Form ; 
 her Neck and* Bofom are naked ; and from her Shoulders hangs a kind of Chain, at 
 which is pendent a Figure fomewhat in rhe Form of a Capiral T, or Crofs; the 
 uppct Part of which has a kind of Handle, by way of Ring, joining to a fmall 
 Space between the Sides of the Chain: So that this Figure like a Crofs hangs on 
 her Bread over a green Garment, which downwards covers the reft of her Body. 
 From below and at the Extremiries of her Arms, and from her Sides, proceed 
 Wines confiding of three different Rows of Plumes united, each of a vatious Colour, 
 blne^red, and green ; and between her Arms and rhe firft Row of Plumes, is 
 fomething reprefented with crofs Partitions, which join the Wings to the Arms. 
 Next, on each Side of the Globe that rcfls her Head, arc two Squares of a whitifh 
 Colour, divided into three Parritions ; then, under the Wings on both Sides of the 
 Mummy, is painted a Scrpenr, the Neck of which fcems grofs and fwcll'd i behind 
 thefc are rwo other human Figures rcfting on the Knee with their Hands and Faces 
 in a Dircftion towards the Globe on the Woman's Head, and in the fame Pofture 
 of Adoration with the other human Figures already defcrib'd. 
 
 These being the Patticulars of this fifth fymbolical Reprcfcntation, we cannot be 
 at any lofs in°concluding this Female to be Ifis, like the other defcrib'd in the 
 foregoing Difcourle, with this Difference; That, whereas the Globe on the Woman's 
 Head is in Form quite round, firy, and red, therefore confequenrly a Symbol of 
 rhe Sun, this wc ate now defcribing is nor quite round, and palc-colour'd, to 
 fymbolizc the Moon. The four Rows of Plumes reprefent rhe other four Elements 
 here alio, and on this Mummy rhcy have fubftituted a Colout in the Wings, not 
 feen on Captain Lethieulliefs, viz. red, to exprels Fire; the other of pale green, 
 rhe Water ; rhe upper and lower, of deep blue, rhe Air, according ro Macrobius. 
 The green Garment Ifis wears, (hews her here to be the Earrh : So that this Female 
 is plainly a combin'd Symbol of Earrh, Air, Water, and Fire ; and by the pale 
 Globe on her Head, as has been hinted already, a Symbol of the Moon alfo. To 
 illuftrare this laft Particular, we may recur ro that Paffagc in ^Tlutarch, mcmion'd 
 in rhe foregoing Difcourle, when he fays, The Egyprians ajfert Ifis to be the fame 
 with the Moon, beinj reprefented fomet lines horrid to indicate her different Thafes. 
 The Figure, 1 own, on rhe Female's Head on this Mummy is not a horn'd Crcfccnt, 
 but like the Phafe of the Moon two Days before or alrcr the Full; that is, of a 
 circular Form, impair'd on one Side, and verging rowards an Oval. If more 
 Authorises were wanting to prove Ifis the fame with the Moon, Reference might 
 be made to a grcar Number of anrient Wrircrs, tho' none that illuftrates it more 
 than that Paffagc in Diodorus Sicalus, where he fays, The Egyptians believe the 
 Sun and Moon to be two original and eternal Deities, the one call'd Ofiris, the 
 other Ms. Then, lib. I. p. ri. he fubjoins, 'That thofe two Gods govern the 
 Univerfe, and are the Cauje of the Growth and lncreafe of every thing, dividing 
 the Tear, by their unperceiv'd Motions, into three different Seafons, the Spring, 
 Summer, and Winter. 
 
 And in another Paffagc immediately following he fays, The Egyptians believe, 
 that the Nature of thofe two Deities contributes greatly towards the Propagation 
 
 1 V.Jof. I. j. e.8, p. no. h Drlf.&Olir. p. 571. ' Tint 5 iwi 3isf o'iir«rV ji, jtV.utf fiaiK^r. I^mit 
 
 71 Ml niVjai 7£^i=.fi?JP ai£?.7o WHfei 7M, TiEio/o* «7* fjl£iff«lf, 7?7lt*S»ll XW">' 
 
[ 5 3 
 
 of ever, thing, the Sun being of a fry fpiritons Nature, the Moon of a moift and 
 the Air a Medmrn between thefe tv.0 Extremes i by thefe every thmg.s producd 
 and muMSii therefore the Whole of Nature « perfeffed and completed by the 
 Sun and Moon. This is iWficient, no doubt, to fhew, that the Sim and Ofins, 
 ll and the Moon, taken in a phyf.cal Scnfe, were the fame Deities in common 
 tite one with the othet, and Objects of Adoration among the Egyptians For this 
 Rcafon, perhaps, on our Mummy we fee two human Figures on the knee, with 
 their Hands Itretch'd our rewards the Globe ot Moon on the Head of Ifis, m a 
 Poflurc of Worlhip and Adoration, in rhe fame maimer as- rhe other two human 
 Fi"ures, in the fecond emblematical Rcprcfcnration, arc adoring the Sun. So that 
 this Figure of Ms is altogether confiftenr with the Theology of the Egyptians, in 
 exhibiting her both as rhe Earth and Moon, rhe Female Figure, wirh rhe Globe on 
 her Head? being a conjunft Symbol of borh. 
 
 The nexr Particular arc the three Rows of Plumes, compofing Wings which 
 proicft from this Female, and which, like thole of Ms on Captain Lethieulhers 
 Mummy arc Symbols of rhe other three Elcmenrs, which their Colours feem alfo 
 not a little ro illuftrare : For the Earth, as has been already laid, is plainly fymbo- 
 hz'd by the Figure of Ms herlelf, who was the Earth ; the Water by the Plumes 
 of pale «recn Colour i the Fire by rhe Plumes of rhe red firy Colour ; rhe Air by 
 the upper and lower Rows of deep Blue, which encompafs the Whole. 
 
 The nexr Thing ro be confider'd is the Hait on the Head of Ifis, which is indeed 
 here very particular, being of a deep blue Colour : This is probably exhibited with no 
 lefs ludgmenr to reprelcnr the blue Air, with which the higher Parrs of rhe Earth 
 are lurrounded, viz. the Tops of the molt lofty Mountains, which, in a figurauve 
 Senfc, may be call'd the Earth's Head. 
 
 With re-ard to the two Setpents under the Wings of Ifis, this Particular is very 
 fibular and°curious, they arc Symbols very often defcrib'd by rhe Anricnrs as belong- 
 in ° ro rhe Egyptian Ifis. » Apuleius, 'in his Vifion of rhar Goddels, defenbes her 
 Appearance with Inch Serpcnrs on her righr and left Hand, 'Dextra Uvaque fulcis 
 inlurgentium viperarum cohibita ; and in anorher Place immediarely following, 
 defcribes rhe very Qualiry of rhofc Serpcnrs, as having rheir Necks rumety d and 
 fwell'd i Infurge'bat afpis caput extollens arduum, cervicibus late tumefcentibus. 
 As fuch they ate rcprclenrcd on our Mummy. Thefe Serpcnrs fomerimcs are call'd 
 Dracones, and are Symbols of Health, and particularly belong ro Ifis, as fhe was 
 the Goddefs of Health : Wherefore » Macrobius fays cxprclly, Hinc eft, quod fii/m- 
 lacns ^yEfculapii & Salutis draco fubjungitur, quod hi ad Solis naturam Lnnatq, 
 referuntnr; and immediately fubjoins, Saks tut em nature Lunaris effettus eft, Sec. 
 The moft anricnr Aurhors agree, rhar Ifis found our many Cures for Dilcales long 
 before 'Apis King of Egypt, to whom fome have attriburcd the Honour of the 
 Invention, and he long before rhe Greek ^£fculapius. 
 
 That Ms was rhe Invenrrefs of many Cures, Diodorus Sicitlus, fpeaking of the 
 Egyptians in his firft Book, fhews very plainly, p. 22. when he^fays, «arfS''»?- 
 
 yi^miVUa v^uMur re irMuv tsfsf uys,™ aft™ yiyM>&. 
 
 LLtyihn i'vu l/imte!*', t, to omoMv iroAAa ^«««ira^. Which is, The Egyprians 
 affert Msfo be the Inventrefs of many Cures for the Health of Mankind, and to 
 have had great Knowledge in the medical Science, having by her Acutenefis been 
 the ^Difcoverer thereof. 
 
 As ir is certain, that both the Greeks and Romans adopted the facrcd Myfterics 
 and Symbols of rhe anrienr Egyptians into their rcfpcclive Religions, hence on 
 many Greek and Roman Coins,' where Efculapius or the Goddefs of Health are 
 reprcfented, rhis Symbol of Curing is cxprefs'd by Serpcnrs. The fame kind of 
 Serpcnrs with fwell'd Necks are exhibited frcqucurly on rhe Menfa Ifiaca. There 
 indeed they ate often combin'd with Symbols both of the Sun and Moon, that is, 
 
 3 
 
 » Metimor. lib. xl p. i?8. 
 
 " Lib. xx, p. loj 1 . 
 
 » Vid. Clem. Alex, lib.i. p. 
 
 Wtfrta 
 Gordon . 
 
[.«] 
 
 in one p Place, with the Head of a Hawk, and above it a Cicfccnt. In Plate j. 
 after p. 66. on the fame Table of Ms, are two Figures of fiich fwell'd-neck'd 
 Serpents, with a human Face, and Wings confining of three Rows of Plumes. 
 All which very much corroborare the Paflage of Macrobius already quoted, when 
 he fays, quod hi [namely, the Serpents] ad Soils naturam Lunaq-tte refer nntnr. 
 Ofthefe Serpents with fwell'd Necks * Lucmi alio makes mention: 
 
 Afpida fomniferam tumida cervice levayit- 
 
 The next Particulars are the whitifh Squares on each Side of the Head of the Female,, 
 divided into three Partitions, and which may be conjettur'd to be an Egyptian 
 Phylactery, appearing partly below the Ephod or Brenft plate, like the fewlfb Arban 
 Canfoth, defcrib'd already on Captain Lethieiillier's Mummy, to which the Reader 
 is refcrr'd. 
 
 The next Thing to be confider'd in this fifth fymbolical Reprefentation, is the 
 Figure hanging at a Chain on the Bread of Ifis ; which, tho' it appears but incon- 
 fidcrable, is however one of the greatcft Curiolitics on this Mummy, and explains 
 the Meaning of many other fuch Figures found on Egyptian Monuments of like 
 Antiquity. But, that it may be the better undcrftood, 'tis ncccifary to mention a 
 Pafiage of 'Plutarch, which fecms to give no fmall Light therein. 
 
 This great Author has fhewn, from what is already quoted, That the Egyptians 
 bclicv'd Ifis to be the Female Part of Nature, and, in Conjunction with the Influence 
 of OfiriSj the Caul'e of the Production of every thing. To this may be added, 
 That they had a topical Notion of her Energy alfo, as being, with that of the Sun, 
 more immediately confin'd to their own Country of Egypt ; and, That the Body 
 of Ifis was that Tart of the Earth, water'd by the Overflowings of the Nile, 
 which 1 in one Paffage he plainly expreflcs : So that, on the retiring of the Waters, 
 they fow'd theit Corn on the Fields which had been inundated ; whereby they 
 fairly committed the Grain for the enfuing* Harveft into the Bofom or Womb of 
 that Ifis, who was the common Receptacle of every thing. Hence it was, that in 
 the allegorical Fable of the Generations of rheir Gods, mention'd by the fame 
 Author,^ it was affcrrcd, That Ifis brought forth a Male Child weak and lame in 
 its Limbs, whofe Name was Horns or Harpocrates [as the Greeks afterwards call'J 
 himl ; by which Production, fays Tlutarch, the Eg yptians meant the fprouting 
 forth of the Corn, which then is feeble and weak ; and, ibid. p. 377. he adds, 
 That the Egyptians give Out, that Ofiris r is bury'd at the Time they fow the Seed 
 into the Ground, and returns to Life when the Grain begins to fhoot forth : But, 
 fays he 5 , as foon as Ifis, or the Earth, begins to find her felf impregnated -with the 
 Com, Jhe then hangs an Amulet, or facred Charm, round her Heck on the fixth 
 'Day of the Month Phaophi ; afterwards Jhe brings forth Hotus or Harpocrates, 
 about the H r mter Solftice, being on his firft Shootings, but tender and imperfeSi : 
 This is the Reafon, fays he, that when their Lentils and Beans begin to grow 
 up, they offer him the Tops or Flrft-frults of them. 
 
 From this Paftage it may reafonably be conjectur'd, that, among the vatious 
 Symbols of Ifis on this Mummy, the Figure hanging by a fort of Chain round her 
 Neck, and on her Breaft, is this pua^xTf^cv, or Amulet, mention'd by Tlutarch ; 
 fuch as that Goddcfs hung round her Neck, when (he found herfelf impregnated 
 with Corn ; for the Greek Word pjl&KTr&uv implies a Charm for Keeping or Prc- 
 ferving, and is very appofite to the phyfical Character of Ifis, as a Nourifher and 
 Prefervcr in Nature, and as fne was the common Receptacle of every vegetative Body. 
 So that her keeping the Grain for Harveft fate, uncotrupted, and undeftroy'd within 
 her Bofom, was, no doubt, of great Importance to the Egyptians, among whom 
 
 t Menii Ifiie. Vid. Plate 1. after J>. fig.j. • I 9. ' de If. & OC p. ^66. "Ou]<* *lnfi& jZ/ut ynr 
 
 M/fMfinfh Etc. 
 
 cum, irifj^4«^S fhM er iiM 
 
 thev 
 
UAfcJSi^HIHBMHHHHBHIIHIMB 
 
 E * ] 
 
 they imagin'd (he more immediately dwelt : No Wonder then, if among Co many 
 other Attributes of lfis, as are difplay'd on our Mummy, wc fhould find this Amulet 
 mcntion'd by Tlutarch, hanging round her Neck. This Author, in another i Place' 
 has fomcthing concerning this fMsx-ri'm, which opens a Field of vety curious 
 Inquiry s for lays he, The Amulet which hangs round the Neck of\fi s , when inter- 
 preted, ftgnijies a true Voice. From which wc may fulpeft, that this Amulet 
 among its other Virtues, may have alio been made ufe of by way of Oracle among 
 the Egyptians, in like manna as the Urim and Tlmmrnim were among the Jews ■ 
 But this Inquity (hall be refcrved until that other Mummy be treated of which 
 Dr. Mead, as was hinted, prefented to the College of Phvficians; where fomethins 
 of this kind will be (hewn very remarkable. 
 
 That which prefents to View under the Particular laft defcribd, is a curious 
 Girdle, diflinguilh'd by no orhcr Ornaments than thofc of oblong-fquarc Divifions 
 within one another, diverfify'd by diflina Colours of Yellow or Gold Scarlet 
 Blue, and Purple. All that fhall be faid at prelent on this Head, is, That'both the 
 Girdle and Ephod already mcntion'd, which is adorn'd with Paintings of different 
 Rows of precious Srones, beat a ftrong Refcmblancc with the curious Girdle and 
 Bread-plate, mcntion'd to have been on the facrcd Garments of Aaron Levit viii 
 7, 8 : But this is alio intended to be more amply treated of in another Place i fo 
 I (hall proceed. 
 
 What appears below the cutious Girdle, may again, for Order's fake, be call'd 
 the fixth emblematical Reprefentation, confiding of a fmall Globe within what 
 fcems to referable a Boat fupported with Wings, which encompafs the whole 
 Length of the Boat, and which may be conceiv'd to be another Symbol of the 
 'Sun, which the Egyptians fcign'd to have gone round the World in a Boat ■ the 
 Wings fupporting ir being, like the other Wings already defcrib'd, Emblems of 
 the Sun's Velocity, and of the other Elements. 
 
 Now, that the - Egyptians hi& fueh a Notion, « Tlutarch exprefly tells us ; -viz 
 I hat the bun and Moon perform their Revolutions round the Earth, not in Cha 
 riots, but m Boats -, for which he affigns a phyfieal Reafon. * Clemens Alexan- 
 drmus fays, the Egyptians rcprcfenr the Sun lbmetimes in a Boar, and on a Cro 
 codile : AfWn». & pi, 'Of -rto/s, iijffl «e«oM*„ * iRto Sw™. I can't heto 
 remarking rhat the Figure of the Boat on this Mummy is prccifely like what is 
 reprefented as a Boat on the y Menfa Ifiaca. 
 
 Immediately under the Sun in the Boat, is a double Reprefenration of Ofcis 
 fitting at " Banquet m what we imagin'd, by a like Figure in the foregoing Dif- 
 courfc, to be the Chair of Jupiter, or the Sun. Here OfirU is alfo Sairiguifh'd 
 by his common Attributes or rVtrks; viz. his Mitre, Sceptre, and Flagellum Be 
 
 fore him is plae d a kind of Table cover'd with three Sorts ofViandl, but what 
 thofc Eatables exaftly are, cannot be clearly diflinguilh'd on the Mummy The 
 Table on which they arc let, is fupported with one Foot or Leg in the midd e 
 Over the Table, but detaeh'd on one Side, is the Figure of feme Plan, or, the 
 outer Sides of which is reprefented a human Figure, creft, with Hands ftretehd 
 forth roward the Sun in the Boat, in a Pollute of Thankfgiving or Adoration 
 
 First, with regard to the Vegetables or Plants mentioned near the Table which 
 arc but imperfeftly to be feen on rhe Mummy, thcy fcem to be either the HtaS 
 of ripe Ears of Corn .0 fymbolize OJlriss Invention of Agriculture, and he Hrft 
 fruits thereof, ofTer'd up to that Deiry; or, rhe Lotus, which is topical to &,„ 
 and ptoducd in the Nile, which, according ,0 antient Authors, wa h oS 
 
 for g oin?DiffS' OT bCf0rC ° f COm ' " hM S 
 
 - '»■•»■ T»» ' vid= .to P . M . SaffiT^. ttiSTT LffS" "«■""■'«>■ »«• 
 
 Now 
 
 HHpBnHH||^BMMUWWW|n|g| 
 
CO 
 
 cornmodtous. '™^JTi£*a£** /&W < /3r ^ •f e "*- + i 
 the haul and needy Ufe V'fJ^T <f, wd orus Status alfo fays, ««f 
 
 Laws concerning **J^«%£ th , r,„e ,/OfirU, wr* ft f » 
 ^■STTXt^mfA f tTlng Tolls and Lakes, and ,. it 
 mU like Beafts in the Held, - ^corroborate the laft Conjecture, 
 
 St,K Zti cc Kg^ (Sog - *F ™les, with the. Hand. 
 
 PrSBi^ss tffijaw smiaag! 
 
 L 'S m'h^atur^tate, their Legator and Benefactor, 
 
 MbSS Regularity and Propriety of their Manner of Ltvtng. 
 
 What next follows is that which, for Order's fake, may be call'd the feventh 
 
 balming or pamung hav n hr e V m „| p arcnr. On 
 
 different Cotour wfcm > , - a rf ,1 e Vafes „ ^ ^ « J 
 
 w rVh^ nfa Wol The Whole of thefe are not fo very diftinft on the 
 the thud that ot k**. ' ^ > bc ^ om by , fimiU[ 
 
 Mummy "Y^JlVf/^ There 15 rcprefentcd alfo a Bier in the Form of a 
 F.gurc on the ^eflfiaca There p ^ DiffcIcncc> that the iigorc 
 
 Lton with a human Hp UK W upon fcnt it alivCi on ,he Mummy, on 
 
 on the ilafa is on us belly, and done .» rc P^ ,cnt 1 G ' n lhe ^ Me aUo 
 its Back, and dead : In every o< cr relpeft th c ^r. tc »«0»^ 
 
 to re^S the very Perfon of the Deccasd conratnd wtthtn the Coffin. 
 
 Se co N dly what regard^ ^«^—S 
 terSa-^MS^SS defettbd, and the Wolfs 
 H?aX to denote his Perfon and lunaton as lacrcd. 
 
 Thirdly, with re; 
 for [itch, is Herns 
 Inundation of the N 
 times fymbollze it by 
 Rcafon for the Lion 
 Lion, the Inundation 
 Sign, fometimes the . 
 Conduits and Chanels 
 a Lion, by thofe who 
 
 e *ard to the three Vafes, the only Author who feems to account 
 Anollo, who favs, 'When the Egyptians would exprefs the 
 !!, which they call Nun , that is, lays h^^**/*-* 
 a 13m, and fometimes by three large Vafes He alhgns a 
 • Becaufe lays he, 'when the Sun enters the Sign of the 
 '„ then the greateft , <W at ar »W f*» ««. » that 
 "ZTity oflVater increafes Ule , whence, lays he, the 
 rtf <*> Fountains are wont to be made m the Shape of 
 
 preflde over thofe facred Works. 
 
 ■ .„ v . r ., The Eevprians, he < fays, to exprefs the Imtndaiion 
 t^a^eefoll Thl firft they attribute to the Land of Egypr, ^ 
 
 , 4«*» o«,. ; ^•^•fH^s^"?^"' ^fefc S£ ££ 
 
 » Plut 
 
 «(tfO"( - - - 
 
 I. LineG. PI 
 
[ 9 3 
 
 //jf Water that inundates the Country, out of itfelf the fecond Caufc they affign 
 to the Ocean, from whence all Water in general is produc'd ; the third they afcnbe 
 to the Rain, which fails in the moft font her ly Tarts of Ethiopia. 
 
 What now remains to be accounted for, is the Figure of the Cynocepbalus, 
 painted on each Side of the Bier: In their Paws is a kind of Staff; rhcy leem to 
 kneel, or fit on their Legs before the Corps, as if attending it. Theic are both 
 curious and lingular, and it may reasonably be conieaur'd, that they arc thus repre- 
 fentcd on the Mummy, to denote the Nome or Province of Egypt, to which the 
 Deccas'd belong'd. 
 
 STRABO, enumerating the feveral Species of facrcd Animals worlhipp'd in the 
 different Provinces of Egypt, f fays, At Sais, and Thebes in Egypt, the Sheep are 
 worfbipp'd, at Latopolis the Latum Fijb, the Lycopolitans adore the Wolf, and the 
 Hcrinopolitans the Cynoccphalus. 
 
 By this Paffagc, if the Cynocephali cxprefs'd on the Mummy be to fymbolizc the 
 Nome or Province, to which the Pcrfon embalm'd belong'd, then Hermopolis mult 
 be the Place. 
 
 In the s Menfa Ifiaca there are two fuch Figures of Cynocephali fitting, but differ 
 from rhofe on the Mummy, having Crcfcents above their Heads, with the Figure 
 of a fweird-neck'd Serpent in both of them, which plainly confirms thofe to be 
 Lunar Symbols. That they were fuch, ^Tignorius has thefe Words; L Dmdemati 
 /una fpeciem annexam habet, cum qua, ut Jamblkus tradit, communes habet phy- 
 fleas rationes i qua funt, eadem exoriente /atari, deficiente moerere. 
 
 The eighth fymbolical Reprcfentation fcems to belong folcly to Ifis, in fhewing 
 that Goddefs at a cover'd Table, like that ot Ofiris already defcrib'd, the Pifture 
 whereof is alfo twofold, being reprefentcd on each Side of the Mummy: Two 
 human Figures are here attending Ifis, with their Hands lifted up over the Table, 
 but not any Rcprefenration of the Sun is fecn here at all. 
 
 That this cover'd Table may allude as much to Ifis's Invention of the Ufe of 
 Grain, as the other already defcrib'd docs to Ofris's Invention of Agriculrure, is 
 rcafonable to imagin ; for the finding out the Ufe of Grain is attributed folely to 
 Ifis ; wherefore Diodorus Sicu/us, fpcaking how Ofiris, by his Benevolence ro 
 Mankind, had withheld them from devouring one another; At which Time, fays 
 > he, Ifis found the Ufe of Wheat and Barley, which before then had lain by neg- 
 letled in the Fields, like many other Herbs, which grew wild, and were unknown 
 to Mankind. 
 
 The ninth emblematical Reprcfentation confifls of four fquare Partitions, two 
 on each Side of the Mummy ; in the uppermoft of which, on the right, is exhibited 
 a human Figure embalm'd, with the Head of a Swan or Goofc upon its Neck, where 
 a Man is reprefentcd (landing before it, in a Pofture, as it were, of Adoration. In 
 the oppofitc Square on the left Side, is fuch another Figure as the firft, but with a 
 Wolf's Head, and a Man Handing before it alfo. Under the firft Square is a third 
 Figure exactly like the fecond, wirh a Wolf's Head alfo; oppofite to which is a 
 fourth embalm'd Body, and it is altogether human. Both theic laft, as well as the 
 others, have the Figures of Men {landing before them, as if in an Attitude of 
 Adoration. 
 
 Now what we may remark on the aforcfaid Reprcfentation is, That the Figures 
 therein mention'd are very like thofe which 'Porphyry defcribes among the antient 
 
 ' Smb. Geog. lib. 17. p. 579. KaSUwcy Skitoj Tf^itjs!', nai OnfttiTto" Ka.rnv 3 t e* tu NeAco riva /^fliff, 
 AalWoAJTaJ* Aiuov Tt AuKwjsAiTjti- xwitifftA"' 3 'Effi^oAiTiy. * Men& Unci, Plitc 1. after p. 16. 
 
 Fig. E. and Plate 1. after p. 66. Fig. »1. h Piguorius Mtnfa Ifiac. p. 47^ 1 Diodorus Sic. p. 13. 
 
 'FufmriK p.'lnfb'-t'w TtTM TUfi til r/«J»,' JtHfsi* {jStytHm «V "f Mji.7K» yj'^y T «AAiir JlsTawir, 
 
 D Egyptians ; 
 
[ <° ] 
 
 Egyptians-, and for exhibiting them in that manner, he affigns a very humane 
 Reatbn. What he fays is to this Purpofck; The antient Egyptians, being apprifed 
 that the Divinity did not dwell in Man alone, nor fix its Refidence wholly in the 
 human Soul on Earth, but communicated its Influence to the brute Creation alfo i 
 they therefore, in reprefenting and confecrating the Images of the Deities, made 
 ufe of all kinds of Animals, and mix a the Forms of Beafts with thofe of Men: 
 They alfo join'd the Bodies of Birds with thofe of Men ■, fo that you may fee 
 among them certain Images, quite human as far as the Neck, but with the Face 
 of a Bird, or a Lion, or fame fitch Animal ; others with a Man's Head, but the 
 reft of the Body, in the upper or lower Tarts, like that of a Beafi. 
 
 TORTHTRT fubjoins, That fuch Rcprefentations were chiefly intended in 
 order to infpire Humanity into the Breads of Mankind, that they might ufe the 
 Brutes with Tcnderncfs, as being mutual Inhabitants of the fame Globe, and Objefts 
 of the Divine Care, as well as Men. 
 
 The Symbol towatds the Feet of the Mummy, is that of two Wolves or Dogs, 
 of a jet-black Colour : Over the Back of each is the Flagellum of Ofiris. Such 
 Animals as thefe being painted on Captain Lethieullier's Mummy, towards the 
 Feet of the Cofhn there, I have in my Difcourfe thereon endcavour'd to fliew, 
 that fuch were phyfical Symbols of the Sun; to which (for avoiding Repetition) the 
 Reader is rcferr'd. 
 
 What 1 have ventur'd to offer in this and the foregoing Difcourfe, are humbly 
 fubmittcd to the Learned as Conjectures ; which if they are rhought any way con- 
 fident with the Egyptian Theology, and the Accounts of antient Writers, I fhall 
 rhink the I'ains taken therein well beftow'd. 
 
 * Eufeb. ?txp. lib. iii. p. pi. 'A-sro <fi taiitw IfJi^flCM otffxiio-fw, fcoti ■} v^t to 5cTa» otKw&iriuf, lyvuf *>f 
 ■ JV arfyu-au jtivt to Snav ftrthfav, 'art -^uyji if f «irffawf" i™ y»< *J\%9K*v»tw, «AAti ^ifl* n aifru fid 
 va.v1uv iVaSi {[auv. Ail «( Tnr iioioiiov TttfiAdCef nSLv ^mt, ««i ipiutn ti cMju^M Ale/* i*i dvdfu-sat, 
 kbi Taw? ifviut Qujizla ml <tf6f li-auf HJtarAi y& v< •xtf^twmU f«X« ? a X" Ati "Vflfw^W.^To ft Tgtamvw 
 ifriffu, iiA.ioi , l3 J , n £^.^.llnri{£vlll^>^]>lpfp&'■ nai nihil ecu nff «Aii ai'6fw»«9'i K*i a,*.*.*? tivuv fitfr, tri 
 7z' immtijW*, in <Ti ooittCptM, 
 
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r v vim 
 
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