Lya^_ 
 
 iip 
 
 3 Y JOim -trUMV2j i/: ' 
 
 U’;- ;Ui*;A ' v; 
 
 .i^XJ 
 
 r?^= 3 ?C'. -rrf.-'W 
 
 -Ufa 
 
 f 
 
 4*' ■'i, **,-. ■ Kri 
 
 t-f< S-ra-.f-hVi.'- , -t 
 
 'V .«?•-«' 
 
 
 XuIJ^lilMlTIjTfil'IfjliTTT! 
 
 . >^|iy 
 
 :J» Iw-- 
 
JERUSALEM IN 1860 
 
 A 
 
 SEEIES OF PHOTOGEAPHIC YIEWS, 
 
 TAKEN EXPRESSLY FOR THIS WORK 
 
 JOHN CRAMB, PHOTOGRAPHER TO THE QUEEN. 
 
 WITH DESCRIPTIVE LETTERPRESS 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. ROBERT BUCHANAN, D.D., 
 
 AUTHOR OF “ A CLERICAL FURLOUGH,” ETC. 
 
 GLASGOW: 
 
 WILLIAM COLLINS, BUCHANAN STREET. 
 
 MDCOCLX. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 PECULIAR fascination belongs to the Holy Land. The fact that it was the cradle of the Christian 
 faith, and the scene of nearly all the great events which the Bible records, must ever invest 
 it with an undying interest to every Chri.stian mind. Hence the ever-increasing demand for 
 information regarding it. To meet this demand travellei's of late years have done a great deal 
 by the pen, and artists have done not a little by the pencil. Hitherto, however, not much use has been 
 made, in illustrating the sacred scenes of Palestine, of the niaiwellous modern art of Photography. And yet 
 it cannot be doubted that there is, perhaps, no other country in the world upon the illustration of which it 
 is more important, that the extraordinary powders of this beautiful art should be brought to bear. ^^^hat 
 those who cannot themselves visit the Holy Land desire, above all things, to have, is something which they 
 can rely upon as an exact and hiithful representation of it. A merely fine picture is not, in this case, what 
 they care to possess, but a life-likeness of the original. This desidemium Photography alone can, vdth 
 absolute certainty, supply. To realize it is the design of the present work. The localities which it exhibits 
 are among the most notable in Judea, and they are so arranged as to form a continuous and connected 
 series. The Letterpress Descriptions, with which the View’s are accompanied, will be found not merely to 
 throw fight on the View^s themselves, but on the geographical features, topographical association.s, and Scri])ture 
 history of the various scenes wdiich they represent. 
 


 PECULIAR interest attaches to the spot from the immediate neighbourhood of which this view 
 was taken. It was here that Jesus shed tears over the coming ruin of the city. Tliis affecting 
 and impressive incident occurred, as Scripture relates, on the occasion of His approaching Jerusalem 
 from Bethany, not many days before his crucifixion ; and when the attending crowds were shouting, 
 
 “ Blessed be the king that cometh in the name of the Lord.” In approaching Jerusalem from Bethany, the 
 
 city is entirely hidden from \fiew by the intervening ilount of Olives, till the last ridge of the hill is turned. 
 The road reaches this ridge at a point where the hiU sinks down considerably, forming a kind of hollow or 
 
 ]>ass between the Mount of Ofience on the left, and the much higher summit of Olivet itself, on the right. On 
 
 rounding this lower lidge, the city bursts all at once, and for the first time, upon the view. The Valley of 
 Johoshaphat, which here narrows into a deep rocky ravine, aU but precipitous on both sides, is immediately in 
 front. Beyond it, and close at hand, is the Haram, with its lofty waU, enclosing the sacred ground upon 
 which stood the ancient Temple, and now occupied by the magnificent Mosque of Omar. Behind the Haram 
 the city itself spreads out, and in the direction of Zion rises high above it. It was this very scene, such as 
 it existed at the period above alluded to, the sudden opening of which upon the eyes of our Lord called 
 forth the pathetic lamentation wliich the evangelist records: “ And when He was come near. He beheld the 
 tcity, and wept over it, saying, If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy day, the things which 
 belong unto thy peace! but now they are hid from thine eyes,” (Luke xix. 41, 42). Although there is no 
 tradition regarding the locality of this particular event, it needs nothing but a careful comparison of the 
 place, with the terms of the Scripture narrative, to enable any one who visits the spot to satisfy himself that 
 nowhere else but here could the incident have occurred. 
 
 The road from Bethany, to which reference has been made, passes close to the right hand of the foreground 
 of the picture; the stony foreground itself occupies, as will be seen, the very brink of the deep defile of the 
 Valley of Jehoshaphat, which crosses the picture from light to left, but is here quite hidden, by its depth and 
 narrowness, from the spectator’s sight. The upper part of the steep bank which forms the farther side of the 
 valley, rises up beyond it, surmounted by the waU of the Haram, wliich, at the point where it turns off at 
 right-angles from the valley, is seventy feet in height. The plateau occupied by the Haram — the ancient 
 enclosure of the Temple — is the Moriah of Scripture. The continuation of the ridge to the left of the Haram 
 is Ophel, which terminates in an abrupt rocky descent at a little distance beyond the extreme left of the 
 picture, and near to the Pool of Siloam. Beyond Ophel it will be observed that there is a hoUow', from 
 which the ground again rises towards Zion, which appears in the distance on the left. The hoUow is part 
 of the VaUey of the Tyropceon, which, in Scripture times, separated Moriah from Zion ; and the course of which 
 can be still distinctly traced, though it has been to a large extent fiUed up by the debris of the city, and 
 by the immense accumulations of the rubbish which, in the course of ages, has been thrown into it. The 
 
 building with a dome upon one end of it, which stands in the left angle of tlie Haram, is the Mosque of 
 El Achsa. It was originally a Christian church. 
 

wmm mAD T©' EETMAIY. 
 
 (SECOND VIEW.) 
 
 present view is taken from nearly the same point as the preceding one, and forms a continuation 
 of it. Instead of looking, as in the fonner case, across the valley westwards, the spectator is 
 here looking up the valley northwards. In the background is the rugged slope of Olivet, thickly 
 strewn, towards the vaUey at its base, with the trees from wliich it takes its distinctive name. The 
 
 road from Bethany slants downwards from the left, across the picture, but hidden l>y the trees and by the 
 
 rapid fill of the hill. It reaches the bottom of the valley beyond, and below the dense mass of wood on 
 the right. Ascending from that point, it may be seen, as it rises above the trees and winds up the opposite 
 side of the valley, towards St. Stephen’s gate, where it enters the city. That gate, though j)artially concealed 
 by a projecting angle of the city wall, will be noticed a little to the right of the centre of the picture. The 
 
 city waU itself, though Saracenic, and oidy about 300 years old, is built, to a large extent, on this side of 
 
 the city, on the boundaries of the ancient wall. The lower courses of the masonry, and especially along the 
 side of the Haram, are in many places, manifestly, altogether different from those above, and of a much older 
 date. Not only are the stones of immensely gi’eater size, — many of them being from twenty-five to thirty 
 feet in length, and of corresponding thickness, — but they are Ijevelled round the edges in a style known to be 
 that of Hebrew times. The Haram terminates northwards at a point a little to the left of St. Stephen’s gate. 
 Beyond this point the wall is of lower elevation, and the larger stones disappear, as will be distinctly seen 
 by a close inspection of the present view. The dark line of buildings, in deep shadow, running inwards from 
 the point of the wall now indicated, form the northern boundaiy of the Haram. The part of the city l}-ino- 
 beyond that line, and to the light of it, corresponds to the ancient Bezethar, the outermost and lowest section 
 of the city in Scripture times. Immediately to the left of it, and beyond the Temple area, was Akra, 
 the second or middle division of the city. Still farther to tlie left, and on the highest ground of all, 
 was Zion, the stronghold of the ancient Jerusalem, but which is not included in the present view. Right 
 
 over the northern and north-western parts of the city, appears a finely wooded and com])aratively level 
 expanse, stretching onwards to the base of the hill of Scopus, and still covered all over with the ruiiLs and 
 foundations of numerous buildings. Far away beyond these woods, in the extreme distance, a range of hills 
 bounds the view. The loftiest jicak of these hills, showing itself like a sharp point on the sky-line of the 
 picture, is Neby Samwil, so called from a tradition that upon that commanding height the Projhet Samuel 
 was buried. Recent and careful investigations have led to the conclusion that it is the ancient Mizpeh of Saul. 
 It overtops the whole of the elevated hill country around it; and this circumstance undoubtedly favoui-s the 
 supposition of its being the Scripture Mizpeh, — a name which signifies a watchtower. It is in the midst 
 of the territoiy of Saul’s tnbe, which was that of Benjamin; and standing upon it, he could survey the entii-e 
 countiy, from the Mediterranean on the west, to the mountains of Ammon and Moab, on the farther side of 
 the Jordan valley, on the east. A finer position, therefore, for a watchtower could not well be conceived. 
 


four preceding views have exhibited the chief objects of interest along the eastern side of the 
 city, and also those which occupy its central parts, between the St, Stephen’s and Damascus gates. 
 The present view places the spectator once more outside of the city; but this time on the opposite 
 
 side from that of the Mount of Olives. Ho is here standing on the north-western fiice of the city, and 
 
 not far from the Damascus gate, wdiich is seen to the left of the centre of the city w-all, half-hidden by the 
 
 mounds which swell up in front of it. The foreground, as will bo noticed, is under cultivation ; as is, indeed, 
 
 the greater part of the extended plateau on this side of the city. The ground is literally covered with small 
 stones; but these, in the climate of Syria, are not without then- use in the fields, as they serwe to protect the 
 soil from the heat of the sun. and thereby cause it to retain its moisture much longer than it coidd do 
 otherwise. 
 
 Between the wall and the mounds by which the lowmr part of it is concealed, there is a deep and pretty 
 broad hollow, immediately beneath it, and which runs along the whole of tliis side of Jerusalem. It is 
 evidently, to a large extent, artificial, and seems to have been dug to .strengthen the defences of the place. 
 Along this trcnch-hke hollow, about a hundred yards beyond the extreme left of the picture, is the entrance 
 to those remarkable excavations which have been recently discovered, and which penetrate a great way under 
 the city. The entrance is veiy narrow, and, even at the distance of a few yaixls, is entirely hidden by weeds 
 and nibbish. It has been foi-med simply by the loosening of a few stones at the l)asemcnt of the wall, where 
 It rests on the solid rock. Within, it expands immediately into a large cavern, beyond which it .stretches on 
 in a long and intricate succession of similar chambers and galleries, all evidently artificial; and still bearintr, 
 in every direction, distinct traces of the tools by which they have been cut. They are manifestly old quarries] 
 from which, in all probability, the materials for many of the chief buildings of the ancient city were dug. They 
 have been explored to the distance of one-third of a mile from the entrance, but it is probable that a more 
 thorough examination might show their extent to be much greater. 
 
 The large building hi the distance, on the extreme right, is the Latin Convent of St. Salvador. It belono-ed 
 originally to the Georgians, but was bought and enlarged by the Latins in 1561, when they were driven mit 
 of their convent on Zion. It contains about fifty monks, oue-hidf of whom are Italiams, and the other half 
 Spaniards. It is the chief convent of the Latin or Eomau Church in Syria. The Greek Church has eiuht 
 convents and five nunneries in the city. The Armenians have also several rehgious houses, and their griat 
 
 convent on Mount Zion is both the largest and richest in Jerusalem. The smaller sects— viz., the Syri an s , 
 
 Copts, and Abyssinians— have also conventual establishments, though of a less considerable kind. The numbers 
 connected with the different Christian churches in the Holy City is said, according to a late enumeration, to 
 bo as follows:— Greeks, 1,500; Latins. 1,200; Armenians, 280; Syrians, Copts, and Abyssinians, 150; Greek 
 Catholics, 110; and Protestants, 100. 
 
 The large solid square tower on the skj'-line in the centre of the picture is that of Hippieus, to wHch 
 
 another opportunity of referring wfil occur. A httle beyond it. but out of sight, is the Jafi’a gate, towards 
 
 ■which the wall runs from the Latin Convent in a direction a little to the east of .south. 
 
 To the left of Hippieus appear the domes of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, already described. The 
 large white modern building, in the middle distance on the extreme left, is the back part of the Austrian Ho.spice, 
 of which a partial front -view appeared in the picture of the Via Dolorosa. 
 


^£KUSikl.EM WR&m S€#E¥S, 
 
 EFORE prfisenting the city in detail, we shall conduct the spectator to the most favourable position 
 for obtaining a comprehensive view of the whole. For this purpose we must ask him to ascend 
 northwards out of the Valley of Gihon, and crossing the open ground which stretches along 
 the west and north-west sides of Jerusalem, to take his stand upon the Hill of Scopus. This 
 
 liill is due north from the city, and about a mde distant from it. It was here that Titus, the 
 
 Koman general, pitched his camp on the occasion of the terrible siege in which the city was destroyed. 
 It commands, as the picture shows, a complete view, not only of the city itself, but of the countiy 
 all around it. Scopus itself is a continuation of Olivet, which fronts the eastern side of Jenisalem, 
 and overhangs the deep valley of Jehoshaphat, along the margin of which that side of the city runs. At 
 the point where the range to Avhich Olivet belongs, comes opposite to the northern extremity of the 
 city, it bends gradually round to the west, and thus enfolds the city on its northern side also. It is from 
 the brow of tliis part of tlic hill — called Scopus, on account of the extensive prospect which it affords — that 
 
 our view is taken. In the foreground is the finely wooded slope, by which the hill itself descends into 
 
 the valley below. Tlie valley, it will he observed, begins here to recede farther and farther away from the 
 jH’csent city wall; but there is abundant evidence to show that the entire space included between the jircsent 
 northern and north-western wall on the one side, and the upper part of the valley on the other, was, in the 
 time of our Lord, covered by the gardens and suburban residences of the wealthier citizens. It is quite certain, 
 indeed, from the statements of Josephus, and from other sources of evidence, that this extensive suburb was 
 actually enclosed by the wall built by Agrippa, about twelve years after the crucifixion. Only on this side, 
 indeed, was it possible to enlarge the city, hemmed in as it was on every other quarter by the deep valleys 
 on the brink of which it stands. The extent to which nature has thus entrenched Jerusalem may be seen 
 at a glance, by looking at this view of the city, from Scopus, in the light of the follovnng statement. The 
 angle of the wall which occupies the centre of the picture, marks the north-eastern extremity, both of the ancient 
 and of the modern city. Following the wall from this angle towards the left, it has the Valley of Jehoshaphat 
 immediately beneath. Down this valley ran the brook Kedron, though now it flows only during a few <lays 
 of the rainiest season of the year. About a fourth of a mile beyond the point where this eastern wall temiinatcs, 
 at the extreme left of the picture, it meets the Valley of Hinnom, which sweeps round the south side of the 
 city, under the lofty and rocky heights of Zion. In tlie picture Zion appears, right over the angle of the 
 wall already noticed, and at the opposite extremity of the city. Rounding the south side of the city the 
 Valley of Hinnom — opening out, as it ascends, into the Valley of Gihon — takes a north-westerly course; and 
 keeps close under the city wall till it advances to a point a little beyond the Tower of Hippicus, whose square 
 and massive form \\dll be easily recognized in the picture, to the right of the highest part of Zion, and about 
 half-way between it and the Latin convent, — the large white building which stands at the most distant part 
 of the city on the extreme light. Only, therefore, between the Tower of Hippicus and the north-eastern 
 angle of the city wall is there any level ground adjacent to the city. Immediately within the eastern wall 
 of the city, and near the middle of it, appears the Mosque of Omar, with its majestic dome, covering ihe 
 sacred site of the ancient Temple of Jerusalem. In subsequent views the principal buildings, and most inter- 
 esting portions of the city, will be seen on a larger scale; but their relative position will be better understood 
 by a careful study of the city as a whole, and as presented in the present picture. 
 
It I* 
 
W iT 
 
 X 1 jfcJk. 
 
 
 have now passed from the exterior to tlie interior of the city; and the view here presented is 
 taken from the eastern wall, at a point a little to the north of St. Stephen’s gate. The spectator 
 is supposed to he standing near the left corner of the foreground, and is looldug diagonally 
 across the city, in a south-westerly direction, towards Mount Zion, which occupies the distance 
 on the right. The foregi’ound, it wdll be noticed, is a scene of complete desolation, nothing appears but the 
 foundations of the buildings of a former age. The same aspect belongs, indeed, to the greater part of the 
 space, enclosed within the walls, of the northern section of the modern city. It will be observed that a high 
 wall stretches out from the left side of the picture towards the centre; above which there spihigs up a 
 lofty and beautiful minaret. Tliis wall has a V’^ery deep liollow at its base, marked in the picture by the 
 deep shadow that hangs over it, and to which tradition has assigned the name of the Pool of Bethesda. 
 Though this hollow, or trench, is now cby, it bears unequivocal marks of having, in former times, been filled with 
 water. The wall in question rests on the solid rock, which has evidently been cut down to a great depth 
 in the same perpendicular with the wall itself, for the puqiose of forming this excavation. The huge fosse 
 thus laboriously dug, probably senmd the purpose both of a puldic reservoir, and at the same time of a 
 defensive moat to protect the Castle of Antonia, which occupied the space immediately beyond the wall. It 
 is 360 feet in length, 130 feet in breadth, and 75 feet in depth. The depth originally was, no doubt, 
 much greater, as the rubbish of centuries has been shot into it. Its length also woidd appear to have been 
 considerably more extended than now, for at the west end it has been arched over, and modern houses now stand 
 above what, anciently, must have been a continuation of this gigantic moat. The sides of it stiU bear the 
 traces of having been thick-coated with cement, so as to prevent any leakage of the water with which it 
 appears to have been filled. Speaking on the subject of this remarkable work, the celebrated American 
 traveller. Dr. Robinson, says, “ I hold it proljable that this excavation was anciently carried quite through 
 the ridge of Bezetha, along the northern side of Antonia to the north-west comer, thus forming the deep 
 trench which (Josephus informs us) separated the fortress from the neighbouring hOl.” He supposes that 
 the Romans, in making their approaches in the great siege to the Castle of Antonia, and to the Temple which 
 it defended, filled up the western part of the trench so as to facilitate their hostile o^^erations; thus reducing 
 its extent, and leaving it to exhibit, in connection with the influence of the many other changes the city has 
 undergone, the appearance it now assumes. There is nothing whatever to .sanction the tradition which 
 identifies it with Bethesda, which would seem, from the Scripture narrative, to have been a pot)l of a much 
 smaller and shallower kind. 
 
 Near the foreground of the picture, toward the right, are the remains of the ancient C’hureh of St. Anne; 
 founded originally in honour of the mother of the Virgin Mary, and standing on the site where, according to 
 monldsh tradition, the mother of Jesus was born. During the period of the Crusades there was attached 
 to it a Convent of Benedictine Nuns; which, when Jerusalem feU finally into the hands of the Saracens, was 
 converted into a Muslem College. It is now the property of the French Emperor, to whom it was lately 
 made over by the Sultan. 
 
 The other prominent buildings which appear in the remoter parts of the picture wiU be described in 
 connection ^vith those subsequent views in which they are presented in greater detail. 
 

HIS view i« taken from nearly the same point as the preceding one. The spectator is still stand- 
 ing upon Scopus; but instead of looking southward, as before, across the Holy City, in the direction 
 
 the present photograph chiefly represents. The Mount of Olives rises, as will be seen from the picture, high 
 
 height from the bed of the valley of Jehoshaphat, at its base, is fuUy 500 feet. Across this hill lay the wiud- 
 
 the town of Lazarus, and of his sisters, Mary and Martha, — which lay on its opposite or eastern side. There 
 is no reason to doubt that the path of the present day is the same which existed in Scripture times, and it 
 
 The only gate on the eastern side of the city is that of St. Stephen, so named from a tradition, that by it 
 
 His visits to Jerusalem, so much of the Saviour’s time was spent. By this gate, therefore, both from its proximity 
 to the Temple, and from its being the natural egress in going towards Bethany, Jesus, on the occasions in 
 question, was no doubt accustomed to issue from the city. The gate of Stephen is exactly at the point where 
 the wall reaches the extreme right of the picture. From that point a slanting path is distinctly visible, descending 
 
 it, lying a very little to the left of the bed of the valley, and to which the path spoken of leads on, is the traditional 
 Gcthsenianc. This tradition, indeed, like many others connected with the Scripture scenes around and within 
 the Holy City, is by no means universally received. Gethsemane was evidently resorted to by Jesus as a place 
 of seclusion and retirement; and such a character coidd hardly belong to a place both so close to the city, and 
 so near to a public thorouglifare. The road from Jericho to Jenisalem, the chief approach to the Holy City 
 from the east, passes it on one side, and the much frequented mountain path from Bethany passes it on the 
 other. Some sequestered spot farther up the valley — and the view now presented e\ndently shows that the 
 sloping sides and hollows around the base of Olivet must have offered many such quiet retreats — would appear 
 to coiTespond much better to the requirements of the Scripture narrative, than the one which tradition has 
 chosen. But to return to the path from Jerusalem to Bethany: From the corner of the wall of the traditional 
 Gethsemane, this path may be seen running nearly straight up the hiU to its very top, at right angles to the 
 terrace-like strata of the limestone rock which appear cropping out, one above another, along the face of 
 the hill. 
 
 The Church of the Ascension, ah'cady alluded to, was built by the Empress Helena, mother of the Roman 
 Emperor Constantine, on the spot where the mosque and minaret now stand. The site of the Church was 
 chosen in deference to a tradition, that from this precise spot on the summit of the mount the Saviour ascended 
 up to heaven. Scripture expressly relates that He led out His disciples “ as far as to Bethany,” and that 
 there, “while He blessed them. He was parted from them, and carried up into heaven,” (Luke xxiv. 50, 51). 
 With that explicit statement, the tradition in Cjiiestion cannot properly be reconciled. 
 
 In the centre of the picture, and immediately beyond the Mount of Olives, a]>pears the Mount of Offence, 
 where Solomon erected altars to the false gods of the heathen. The remote distance bey(>nd is the hiH countiy 
 lying between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. 
 
 of Zion, he is here looking south-east, towards the Mount of Olives. It is that sacred height, crowned 
 with the moscpie and minaret which occupy the site of the ancient Church of the Ascension, which 
 
 above the city, its elevation exceeding that of even the loftiest point of Zion by about 200 feet. Its euthe 
 
 ing mountain path by which the Saviour v'as wont, at the close of the day, to retire from Jerusalem to Bethany, - 
 
 may without difii(mlty be traced in the picture, nearly all the way from the city gate to the crest of the lifll. 
 
 the proto-martyr of the Christian Church was led forth to be stoned to death. This gate is hard by the 
 northern side of the great area wdiich formed the sacred enclosure of the ancient Temple, and w’here, during 
 
 obliquely to the bottom of the valley. The little walled enclosure, having numerous olive trees within and around 
 



 
 T is a siDgular historical fact, that though standing on the summit level of a mountain countiy, and in so 
 comparatively diy and warm a climate as that of Palestine, Jerusalem never seems to have experienced, 
 even in its longest sieges, any want of water. There are no rivers or streams near it; for “the brook 
 Kedron,” even in ancient times, in all probabihty flowed only during the rains. Of natural fountains, 
 or wells, there are also very few, with the exception of the small Fountain of the Virgin, near the lower end 
 of the Valley of Jehoshaphat, the Pool of SiJoam, beneath the extremity of Ophcl, and the well of En Rogcl, some 
 hundred yards beyond Siloani, down the Valley of the Kedron. There are no others in the neighbourhood of 
 the city. For the supply of so immense a population as that of ancient Jerusalem, these scanty sources must 
 have proved altogether inadequate. But this deficiency was amply provided for by that elaborate and extensive 
 system of cisterns, of which the remains are still to be seen anywhere throughout the city. One of the most 
 remarkable of these is the pool which occupies the foreground of the present picture. The view of it, which 
 is here exhibited, is taken from the top of the Tower of Hippicus, which is high enough to enable the 
 spectator to see quite into the pool, enclosed though it bo, all round, -within a dense cluster of buildings; and, 
 at the same time, to include in the same prospect the whole city and country northwards to Scopus. 
 
 This pool is called the Pool of Hezekiah, on account of its answering so exactly to a work of this kind, 
 which Scripture mentions as having been executed by that pious and patriotic king. It is told of him, 
 as one of his memorable acts, that “ he made a pool and a conduit, and brought water into the city,” 
 (2 Kings, XX. 20); and as indicating the locality of this pool, and the source from whence it -was fed, it is 
 further stated, that “he stopped the upper watercourse of Gihon, and brought it straight down to the west 
 side of the city of Da-vid,” (2 Chron. xxxii. 30). The upper watercourse of Gihon, if not stopped, would 
 naturally flow down that valley towards Hinnom and the lower VaUey of the Kedron. Instead of leaving 
 it to take this direction, -which would have carried it past the south side of the City of David, he led it along 
 
 the higher level, by a conduit, to the ivest side of the city. The relative positions of this pool and the upper 
 
 watercourse of Gihon, correspond to this description. The Pool of Hezekiah itself is 240 feet long, by 144 
 feet wide. Its original extent was, however, evidently much greater, as recent excavations prove that it 
 
 reached at least sixty feet farther north than the point where it at present terminates. The bottom of the 
 
 pool is formed by the natural rock, which bears the marks of ha-viug been artificially levelled and covered 
 with cement. 
 
 Besides this larger class of cisterns, of which the vast subterranean tank beneath the Haram, already noticed, 
 is another remarkable example, almost every house of any note had its own private cistern. These smaller 
 cisterns are usually hc-wu out of the soHd rock, and are generally vaulted chambers, into which the water, during 
 the rains, was conducted from the courts and roofs of the houses. In the house occupied by the Prussian 
 Consul, there are no fewer than four of these cisterns, one of which is thirty feet square, by twenty feet deep. 
 It was by these means that the city enjoyed that abundant supply of water, which, even during the protracted 
 siege by Titus, and when so enormous a population was crowded mthiu the walls, seems never to have faded. 
 Though thousands perished from hunger, no hint occurs in the history of that fatal siege by Josephus, that 
 their sufferings were ever aggravated by thirst. Nor is it unworthy of notice, in connection with this interesting 
 fact, that the hostile armies by which Jerusalem was at different times assailed, were compelled, more than 
 once, to raise the siege of the city, from the entire want of water in the country around. 
 
 The buildings to the left of the Pool of Hezekiah, and immediately beyond it, are the French Hospital 
 and the Coptic Convent. In the centre of the picture there is an excellent view of the Church of the Holy 
 Sepulclu’e. In this view the smaller dome, which, in the large picture of the same church, appeared right over 
 the massive campanile, is seen in its proper position, as rising above the central part of the nave. A small 
 part, of what remains of the facade of the church, appears in deep shadow, close to the campanile on the right. 
 
OF 
 
 T«, 
 
 xxvxi 
 
 
 
 Rtateincnts of Scripture with I’egard to the place of our Lord’s crucifixion and Iturial, are much 
 too general to determine its precise locality. It was “without the gate,” (Heh. xUi. 12), though 
 
 still " nigli to the city,” (John xix. 2G). It was beside a buiying-place — for its name was Golgotha, 
 
 the place of a skull; and in its vicinity there was a garden. Beyond these particulars nothing 
 
 is told; and obviously they are such as might apply to many more places than one. The flight of the 
 
 Christians to Pella before the great siege, in which the city perished — their long absence from it — the changes 
 
 wliich the desolations of war produced, both upon the city itself and upon the whole country round — render 
 
 it in the highest degree improbable that any certain knowledge, as to the spot where the Lord lay, shouhl 
 have been handed down. During the first three centuries history is absolutely silent upon the subject; and 
 after the lapse of so long a time, in such an age, and after such social and political convulsions as had mean- 
 while intervened, it is not likely that what was so completely forgotten should have again become known. 
 
 The story upon the strength of which a difterent conclusion \vas long unhesitatingly accepted, is too 
 
 palpably incredible, to satisfy the incpiisitorial and searching strictness of modern impiiry. Tliat the Empress 
 Helena vi.sited Jenisalem in the early part of the fourth century, and that under her nusjiices there took place, 
 what is significantly known as “the invention of the cross,” is no doubt true; but that the real cross, the 
 real Golgotha, and the real sepulchre, were, as that stoiy tells, actually discovered, it would rerpiire a very 
 lilind credulity to believe. The tale is too obviously fabulous to need serious confutation. Over the site 
 where the alleged discovery was made, and wliich must have been far uitJiin the limits of the ancient, 
 as it is of the modem city, a church was first built between the years 326 and 335. This church 
 
 was destroyed by the Persians when they took the city in 614. It was rebuilt a few years after, but was 
 again destroyed in 1010 by the Khalif Hakim. Subsequently to the conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, 
 in 1090, it was once more restored and enlarged; and it is chiefly the church of that date that remains to 
 the present day. It was, iiuleed, extensively injured, and many parts of it destroyed by fire, so recently as 
 the year 1808; but with the exception of the domes, the greater part of the building, such as it is seen in the 
 picture, belongs to the era of the Crusades. The large ragged-looking dome towards the left, with its flying 
 buttresses resting on the adjacent buildings connected with it, overhangs the alleged Holy Sepulchre. This 
 rotunda is sixty-seven feet in diameter, and in the centre of its floor stands the little' marble structure, cased 
 outside with common stone, and within which is the so-called tomb of our Lord. Towards the northern side 
 of the rotunda is the alleged spot where He appeared on the morning of His resurrection to Mary Magdalene; 
 and a little farther on, and within the transept, is the place where He is said to have first shown himself to His 
 virgin mother. The square tower, wfith buttresses at the angles, and with a smaller dome, seen over it, is the 
 remains of the massive campanile, once five storeys in height, which projects from the fagade of the church, 
 to the left of the entrance. Beyond this tower, and extending away to the right, is the nave of the building — 
 now the Greek Church — with the many dependent chapels and ciypts that are ranged around it. The place 
 of “ the invention (finding) of the cross” is at the eastern extremity of the building, i. e., at the opposite 
 end from the rotunda. The rotunda, as not being the exclusive property of any one of the lival churches, but 
 open to them all, is in shameful disrepair. The nave, which forms the Greek Church, is in better order, 
 though its decorations are much more gaudy than graceful. Among the many startling sights that are shown 
 within this remarkable building, are the tomb of Melchizedec, and the tomb of Adam! But the most shameful 
 spectacle of all that is exhibited in this ostensibly sacred place, is the coarse and impious imposture of the 
 holy fire, which is annually kindled within the sepulchre, to the joy and admiration of the half-frantic pilgrims, 
 with whom, at these times, the rotunda is densely thronged. This fire, lighted by the presiding ecclesiastic 
 witlfin the sepulchre, and then thrust thi-ough a hole in the side of it, that the superstitious pilgrims may light 
 their candles at it, is pretended to be kindled by the immediate descent of fire from heaven! It is a relief to 
 the tnily devout mind to think that the place where these shameful scenes are enacted, is certainly 7 iot the 
 sepulchre of our Lord. 
 

 
 X 
 
 ©■F Sim©®S MD M.mMG&I 
 
 ToAver of Hippicus was biiilt by Herod the Great, and was so called in memory of a fiiend 
 
 i who had fallen in battle. Josephus desciibes it with great minuteness. It stood at the north- 
 western angle of Zion, upon a rocky crest, which gave it a commanding position. It was built 
 of enormous bevelled stones, and to the height of thirty cubits was one solid mass. Above this 
 solid part of the tower there were chambers for the guards, and the whole was crowned vdth battlements. 
 When Titus destroyed the city he preserved, Josephus informs us, this particular tower, and two others near 
 it. Its own rock-like sohdity, however, had probably something to do in saving it from the general rain; and 
 when Adrian rebuilt and fortified Jerusalem, fifty years thereafter, advantage was no doubt taken of this relic 
 of the ancient strengths of the city in erecting the new citadel. It still stood in the time of the Crusades, and was 
 known among them by the name of the Castle or Tower of David. When the Mohammedans, in the thirteenth 
 centuiy, overthrew the -walls of the city, this tower was left standing. Such a chain of historical evidence, certify- 
 ing the fact of its having been actually preserved, coupled with its known aspect and character, have furnished 
 ample materials for conclusively identifying it with the nearer and larger of the two structures which occupy 
 the centre of this picture. The tower thus presented answers exactly to the account of Josephus as regards 
 the great size of the stones, the peculiar style of the masoiiiy, and the fact of its being solid throughout. 
 The view of it here given is taken from an open space inside of the city wall, and a httle to the north of 
 the Jaffa gate. The point of view is sufficiently elevated to carry the eye of the spectator over the city wall to 
 the right, and to trace its coui’se from the angle which the Jaffa gate occupies, onwards along the brow of 
 Zion. The dark height in the distance, on the extreme right, is the summit of the Hill of Evil Counsel, 
 rising beyond the narrow Valley of Hinnom, which lies deep down between that hill and Zion. 
 
 The great interest which attaches to the Tower of Hippicus is not deiived exclusively from its historical 
 associations, and its high antiquity. It has an interest of quite a distinct and difierent kind, as throwing a flood 
 of hght on the topography of the ancient city. Josephus expressly mentions it as the point from the immediate 
 vicinity of which the three walls of the city took theii- start, — viz., the first wall, or that of Zion, the original 
 city of David; the second wall, which swept round Akra, the next and later section of the city; and the tliii-d 
 wall, or that of Bezetha, the suburban and lowest part of the city, and the latest built of all. Having such a 
 fixed point as Hippicus from which to begin in tracing these walls, the nature of the ground, the remains of them 
 that still exist, and the historical allusions of Scripture history, and of Josephus, have gone far to settle, wuth 
 at least a great approximation to certainty, their actual course. 
 
 Immediately to the left of the Tower of Hippicus appears in the distance the Anglican Church, attached 
 to which is the house till lately occupied by the British Consul. It is a commodious place of worship, erected 
 since the founding of the Jerusalem bishopric, and capable of containing from two to three hundred worshippers. 
 The court beside it, and around wliich are the houses of the clergy, is hidden by the Tower of Hippicus. There 
 is no other Protestant church in the city. 
 
 The dome upon the sky-line near to the left of the picture is that of a large Jewish Synagogue, recently 
 built on Mount Zion, but of which a nearer and more perfect view will afterwards be presented. The spectator, 
 in this view, is looking a little to the east of south; and as in that direction the ground begins to fall a ver}’ 
 short way behind tlie Anglican Church, the greater part of Zion is altogether out of sight. 
 
 
 
THOUGH the traditions that cluster around this cclehrated street arc, perhaps, without a single 
 exception, utterly destitute of foundation, and are, many of them, altogether childish, it is never- 
 theless impossible not to view it with peculiar interest. It owes its name to the assumption 
 of its being the identical and mournful route, along which our Lord was led from Pilate’s 
 judgment-hall, to the place of execution at Calvary. And though there is no evidence to justify this con- 
 clusion, and much to contradict it, the fact that it has been so long received with implicit faith by tlie 
 
 crowds of pilgrims who annually throng to Jerusalem from the Greek, Latin, and Armenian churches, and 
 
 the place which its various scenes and stories occupy in Italian art, can hardly fail, as a recent traveller 
 observes, to make every thoughtful traveller regard it with at least a passing emotion. The view of it which 
 
 is here presented was taken from the roof of Max’s private hotel. The spectator is looking eastwards, and 
 
 the Mount of Olives is in the distance, wnth the mosque and minaret which occujiy the site of the Church 
 
 of the Ascension, on the sky-line, about mid-way between the centre and the right. On the extreme left, 
 
 within a wall, is the handsome new Austrian Hospice and conventual establishment, built within the last 
 three years. The tall and handsome minaret, in the centre of the picture, belongs to the mosque attached 
 
 to the Serai, or Governor’s house, near the north-west angle of the Haram. Near that spot, but extending 
 
 much beyond it, stood, as cxjilained in connection with a previous view, the palace and foi'tress of Antonia, 
 
 where was Pilate’s judgment-haU, and his ordinary official residence as the Roman governor. The Via Dolorosa, 
 
 beginning at that point, advances w^estwards into the city. It is seen, in the picture, as it comes forward 
 from the distance, passing under an arch, and running along outside the wall of the Austrian Hospice, till, 
 turning off sharply to the right, near the foreground of the picture, it disappears among the houses. It leads 
 
 on finally, and still farther to the right, — though its continuation is not embraced in this view, — to the 
 
 Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Wherever Calvary may have been situated, it certainly was not at the 
 
 place assigned to it by monkish tradition. Our Lord was crucified “ without the gate,” and it has been 
 
 conclusively proved that the traditional Calvary must have been quite within, probably far ivithhi the city 
 of Pilate’s time. The itrobability is that the mournful procession, whose course tradition professes so minutely 
 
 to trace along this Via Dolorosa, never entered it at aU, but rather passed out at once from the city by 
 
 the gate of Stephen, close by the Castle of Antonia, into the open countiy, outside the walls. 
 
 In the wall at the Governor’s house, where this street begins, are two arches Imilt up. Here stood, it 
 is said, the Santa Scala, or Sacred Stair, which led up to Pilate’s judgment-hall. This is the stair which 
 pilgrims now painfully climb upon their knees in the Church of St. John Laterau at Rome ! A little farther 
 on is the Church of the Flagellation, where it is said Jesus was scourged. Beyond this a short way is the arch 
 seen in the picture, and where Pilate, according to the tradition, brought forth the Ideediug Saviour, when 
 he presented him to the Jews, and said, “Behold the man!” As the traveller pursues his course along this 
 famous street, he has pointed, owt to him in succession, as he proceeds from the Dcce Homo arch to the Church 
 of Calvary, and of the Holy Sepulchre, the house of Dives, with the stone in front of it on which Lazarus 
 sat — the house on which Jesus leaned when bending under the weight of his cro.^^s, and on which his shoulder 
 made an impression which still remains — the house of Veronica, who presented the Saviour with the handkerchief 
 Avith which he wiped his bleeding brows, and Avhich is still exhibited to the faithful, on certain great occasions, 
 in St. Peter’s at Rome, — though Lucca and Turin also claim to have, each of them, the true relic thus 
 superstitiously venerated. To mention these things is enough to expose their worse than puerility. None of 
 them were ever heard of earlier than the fourteenth century. They are among the things which serve not to 
 consecrate, but to desecrate the Holy City. 
 

TEl HikMM kMB 
 
 mmmT, of om&e. 
 
 > 
 
 t HIS fine view of the interior of the Haram is taken from the roof of the Governor’s house, and the 
 i spectator is looking a little to the east of south. The Harani-esh-Sherif, or Noble Sanctuary, is upwards 
 of 1500 feet in length from north to south, and considerably exceeds 000 feet in breadth. Josephus 
 desciibes the area of the Temple enclosure as fonning a square; and on the supposition of its not 
 having extended farther north than about 150 feet beyond the great Mosque, its form might, with perfect pro- 
 priety, be so descril)cd. Those who have most carefully examined the question arc satisfied that the Temple 
 enclosure did terminate at the point now mentioned. Its boundaries on the other three sides — the cast, south, 
 and west — arc such as to identify themselves. The nature of the ground, and the character of the substructions 
 by which the enclosure is faced up on these sides, leave no room to doubt that they represent the exact 
 limits of the ancient Temple area. Tliis area was not originally level. In King David’s time it was the 
 rugged, uneven top of Mount IMoiiah, in the midst of which was the threshing-fioor of Araunah the Jebusite. 
 Being selected as the site for the great national Temple of God’s ancient people, it was afterwards levelled 
 artificially, and also extended, especially to the .south, east, and west, upon arched work, faced up and supported 
 externally by massive substruction walls. The lower })arts at least of these retaining walls, with their massive 
 masonry, as also the arches underneath, stiU remain. It has also been {useertained, on good historical and 
 other evidence, that the great Mosque stands upon the exact site of the Hebrew Temple. This splendid 
 Mosque, commonly called by the Muslems the Kubbet-es-Sukkrah, or Dome of the Rock, owes this peculiar 
 name to the fact, that immediately under the dome there is a largo mass of rock, rough and unhewn, rising 
 about five feet above the floor, and about sixty feet in diameter. When the Temple of Solomon was built this 
 rock is supposed to have been preserved in memory of its having been the divinely chosen spot, occupied 
 originally by Araunah’s threshing-floor, and that afterwards the great altar of burnt-otfeiing was erected over 
 it. There is abundant historical proof to show that this rock was so regarded by the Jews in the earlv centuries 
 of the Chi'istian era. Fifty years after the destruction of the city and temple by Titus, the Emperor Adrian 
 built on this site a temple to Jupiter, and [tlaced an equestrian statue of himself on the spot, which was known 
 to have been occupied by the Holy of Holies in the time of the Jews. This statue existed in the days of 
 Jerome, in the fourth centuiy, and the exact position, therefore, occupied by the Temple cannot be matter 
 of dispute. The Mosque which now cover’s that sacred site is sakl to have been founded by the KhaUf Omar, 
 towards the close of the seventh century. It is an octagon, each of the eight sides of which is 67 feet in length. 
 The central part of the edifice, crowned with its noble dome, is 148 feet in diameter. The dome itself is covered 
 with lead. The windows which light the interior are filled with stained glass of exquisite brilliancy, and the 
 piers between the windows arc overlaid with glazed tiles of bright colours, and formed into elaborate arabesque 
 patterns. 
 
 The small elegant building, to the left of the great Mosque, is the Kubbet-es-SilsLlah, or Dome of the 
 Chain, built, some say, as a model of the great Dome of the Rock. The fine Mosque of El-Aksa appears in 
 the distance, to the right, built originally as a Christian church, by the Emperor Justinian, irr the sixth centur}% 
 It occirpies the south-western arrgle of the Haram. It is 272 feet long, and 184 wide. It has evidently under- 
 gone many alterations. Its columns and piers arc partly Roman and partly Saracenic. Besides the various 
 gates wliich led into the Temple area of old, u^rorr its own level, recent discoveries have shown that it had an 
 underground approach from the south, which, ascending through a long colonnade or crypt, emerged into the 
 court above. The great fountain beneath the Temple court has also been lately explored. It is 50 feet in 
 depth, and about 750 feet in circurnfererree, and into it the water from the Pools of Solomon seems to have 
 been conveyed. 
 
 The open space in the foreground of the picture, jis well as the site covered by the modem Governor’s 
 house, was occupied anciently by the gr-eat palace and fortress of Antonia, built origirraUy by the Maccabees. 
 It was afterwards the official residence of the Roman Governors of Judea, and here, there can be little doubt, 
 it was that our Saviour was judged and condemned. 
 

Ji JGtXi 
 
 UC.J 
 
 AWD SEW 
 
 view is taken from a point within the city wall, and near to the Zion gate. That gate is on 
 the south side of the city, and on the very summit of Zion. Outside of it, Zion stretdies on for 
 about one-thii‘d of a mile, till it reaches the precipitous descent into the Valley of Hinnom. In 
 this line between Zion gate and the southern extremity of Zion, there is a small Annenian convent, 
 which, according to one of two rival traditions, occupies the site of the house of Caiaphas, and where the 
 spot is pointed out where Peter denied his Lord. Farther on, and nearer the brow of the hill, are the buildings 
 which are said to cover the tomb of David, and the tombs of the kings. The whole of the space thus alluded 
 to, is beyond the wall of the modem city; and this large portion of Zion, extending northwards to the Jaffa 
 gate and the Valley of Gilmn, and southwards to Ophel and the Pool of Siloam, is still, at the present day. 
 literally “ ploughed as a field.” 
 
 Within the wall, as the view now exliibited sufficiently shows, the aspect of this crowning part of the 
 ancient Jerusalem is ruinous and desolate in the extreme. The foreground is little else than a mass of rubbish. 
 In the remoter part of the picture, the upper part of the Jews’ Quarter appears. The fittle domes on 
 the house-tops form one of the characteristic features of the modern city. When seen in the moonlight, 
 they give it the look of a huge oriental burying-place; and truly it is little else than a city of the dead. 
 Beyond the farthest point embraced in the picture, the hill of Zion slopes rapidly down towards the hollow 
 between it and the Haram, — that is, towards the Valley of the Tyropceon. That eastern face of Zion belongs, 
 in great part, to the Jews’ Quarter, so that, it is only the upper portion of it which is seen in the present 
 view. 
 
 There are four cities in the Holy Land which the Jews hold sacred: Hebron in the south; Safed, the 
 “ city set on an hill,” among the mountains of Galilee, in the north ; Tiberias on the shores of the well- 
 known lake; and Jemsalem. In each of these cities there is a considerable body of resident Jews; but 
 by much the largest number is found in Jerusalem, whose very dust they love and reverence. It is 
 difficult to ascertain their numbers accurately; but in the four cities above-mentioned there are certainly not 
 fewer than 10,000 of the Hebrew race. The number in Jerusalem alone is said to amount to about 6,000. 
 They are chiefly from the various countries of Europe — the majority from Germany, Poland, and the Lower 
 Danube. The greater part of them are very poor, and are subsisted chiefly by the alms of their brethren 
 in other lands. They have ten or twelve synagogues in Jerusalem, but most of these are very small. Within 
 the last two or three years, however, they have built a new and much finer synagogue than any which they 
 previously possessed. Its large and lofty dome, towering Ingh above aU the other buildings around it, forms 
 a conspicuous object in the present view. In connection with the property they have recently acquired, and 
 the establishments they have erected in the neighbourhood of the city, this more imposing rehgious edifice 
 would seem to indicate that their prospects are improving in the land of their fathers. In such a place as 
 Jerusalem, where trade and commerce can hardly be said to exist, and where industry of every kind is 
 repressed by an unintelligent and oppressive government, there is, indeed, but little scope for social progress. 
 The times, however, are significant of approaching change in many places, and not least in the land of Israel. 
 
 
 A\ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 * «