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 if 
 
THE 
 
 BRASSFOUNDER'S MANUAL 
 
 mSTRTJCTIONS POR 
 
 MODELLING, PATTERN-MAKING, MOULDING, ALLOYING 
 TURNING, FILING, BURNISHING, BRONZING, 
 Etc., Etc. 
 
 CONTAINING COPIOUS RECEIPTS AND TABLES, AND NOTES ON 
 PRIME COSTS AND ESTIMATES 
 
 By WALTER GRAHAM 
 
 FIFTH EDITION 
 
 LONDON 
 
 CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND CO. 
 
 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 
 1879 
 
CJ>A/S 
 S8S 
 
 J 
 
 ^7f 
 
 LONPON : 
 
 PEINTF.D EY VIRTUE ANl. CO., LIJIITED, 
 CITY EOAD. 
 
PEEFACE TO THE FIKST EDITION. 
 
 These pages appear in type for the purpose of 
 siij)plying the felt want, and of gratifying the 
 imiyersal desire among Brassfounders, for such a 
 production. 
 
 The author has been careful not to enlarge the 
 Manual beyond a cost accessible to all workmen. 
 In accomplishing this, greater space has been 
 devoted to those particulars in which Avorkmen are 
 considered most defective, and consequently less 
 space has been assigned to other well-known 
 processes, 
 
 British, American, and Continental works have 
 supplied some of the author^s materials ; which, 
 with the original matter, will, it is hoped, improve 
 and benefit those for whom the treatise is intended. 
 
 35, Rose Street, Garnet Hill, 
 Glasgow, 1861. 
 
PEEFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 The First Edition of this little work was written 
 simply to meet local requirements. It is, however, 
 gratifying to find that it took a wider range of 
 usefulness, which is evidenced by a demand for 
 another edition. 
 
 There has recently been published in Germany 
 some account of a few processes for bronzing brass, 
 very similar to those which seven years ago were 
 proposed in the First Edition of this book. These 
 have been added, together with such new matter 
 as will tend to increase the value of the work, every 
 page of which has been carefully revised. 
 
 Glasgo^v, 1S68. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 General Construction of a Brass-foundry • • # • 1 
 Modelling and Pattern-making 6 
 Moulding ; 
 
 The Apparatus and Materials . , . , , .10 
 
 Crucible Tongs 13 
 
 Fuel 13 
 
 Drying-Stove • , , 14 
 
 Moulding-Tub and 'i'ools , , . , , .15 
 Sands and Facing IMaterials ..».•. 16 
 
 IManipulation .19 
 
 Cores 22 
 
 Alloying, and the Properties of the Metals constituting the 
 
 Alloys . 29 
 
 Lathe Work ,39 
 
 Lathe Turning Tools — for Brass , • . , ,42 
 
 Filing 47 
 
 Grinding , .49 
 
 Emery Belts ....... ^ . 60 
 
 Eevolving Box . . . , . • , , .61 
 Polishing 62 
 
 Chasing • • . 63 
 
 Matting r . ■ 63 
 
vi CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cloudii]^ t 54 
 
 Burnishing 54 
 
 Annealing , , , . , 55 
 
 Cleansing •» , , 56 
 
 Soldering •.»...•.,. 56 
 Pickling 61 
 
 Dipping 1 . • , , 61 
 
 Bronzing c • . , ,62 
 
 Lacquering . 70 
 
 Chemical Analysis of preceding Metals and Alloys . . 74 
 Classified List of most Substances used by Brassfounders : 
 
 Minerals 77 
 
 Metals 80 
 
 Bases and Salts , , .83 
 
 Gums, Eesins, and Colouring Substances • . .86 
 Solvents, Acids, and Oils ....... 88 
 
 Sawdusts 89 
 
 On the Eecovery of Brass from the Ashes and Sweepings of 
 
 the Foundry 90 
 
 On the Eecovery of Copper from the Dipping Liquids , .91 
 
 On the Use of Salt-Cake 91 
 
 Weight of Brass 92 
 
 Tables of Weights 93 
 
 Weights of Copper, Zinc, Tin, and Iron . , . . .97 
 
 Weights of Copper , . .98 
 
 „ Zinc . , . . • . . . .100 
 
 „ Tin 101 
 
 ,j Tinned riatea .102 
 
 „ Lead . 103 
 
 „ Iron , • . . 104 
 
 Tables for Conversions into Decimals 106 
 
 The Hundredweight Eeckoner, so far as is useful to the Brass- 
 founder c « • 0 • . * • . 108 
 
On Iho Subsidiary Books of llio Workshop : 
 
 The Casters' Book 
 
 Tlio Moulding and Casting Shops Expenses Book 
 The Resnlt-Book 
 
 The Dipping and Lacquering Book 
 The Finishers' Book 
 The Time and Material BooV , 
 Sundry Practical Beceipta , . 
 
 T31 
 133 
 133 
 131 
 13> 
 13G 
 137 
 139 
 
% 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOIvS. 
 
 riGUHE PAGE 
 
 1. Horizontal Lathe find Modelling T00I3 . , , . 7 
 
 2. Ordinary Furnace . . . . e • . .11 
 
 3. Stove Furnace . , * » . • • . .11 
 
 4. Gas-Blast Furnace . t » • • • • .11 
 
 5. Tongs ...» 13 
 
 C. Drying-Stovo , 14 
 
 7. Moulding-Tub and Tools . . . . . . .16 
 
 8. Mode of Planting Patterns, including Screws and Chain, 
 
 in Sand 19 
 
 9. Box with Core Casting • 22 
 
 10. False Cores 22 
 
 11. Leaf 23 
 
 12. Core Boxes • ... 23 
 
 13. Moulding Bells in Loam ....... 25 
 
 14. Thickness or Reverse Moulding , . . . .27 
 
 15. Method of Pouring Brass 28 
 
 16. The Lathe 40 
 
 17. Sorts of llests * ... 41 
 
 18. Narrow Turning Tools ...«•.. 42 
 19.. Broad Turning Tools, &o. ...... 42 
 
 20. Angles of Tools 43 
 
 21. Springing, Planing, and Hollo v»' in g Tools . , .43 
 
 22. Screw Combs 46 
 
 23. Mode of Cutting Screws 46 
 
 24. Blast for Soldering . , « • , . , ..59 
 
 25. The Lacquer Stove 72 
 
THE 
 
 BEASSFOUNDEE'S MANUAL 
 
 ON THE GENERAL CONSTRUCTION OF A 
 BRASS-FOUNDRY. 
 
 In erecting new works, or altering old ones, many 
 things require to be considered in order to save 
 time and labour in the process of manufacturing^, 
 as well as to save expense in the first cost. 
 
 It is always good economy to employ a properly 
 cjualified person, acquainted with the vfhole details 
 of the business, to furnish plans for nevf or altered 
 Vv^orks — though there is often some difiiculty in ob- 
 taining an individual so qualified. 
 
 We lay down the following general principles, in 
 the hope that they will prove useful to those who 
 may have to construct a brass-foundry. 
 
 Very much depends upon the extent of the works 
 required. For moderate purposes there will be re* 
 quired — 
 
 B 
 
2 THE BHASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 A warehouse, including offices, &c. 
 
 A pattern shop and pattern room. 
 
 A moulding shop. 
 
 A casting shop. 
 
 A dressing room. 
 
 A finishing shop. 
 
 A dipping and colouring room. 
 
 A lacquering room. 
 
 The sizes of all tlie shops and rooms must be left 
 to the judgment of the employer, who alone knows 
 the class of work he purposes carry mg on, and the 
 extent of space required for his several operations. 
 
 It is exceedingly desirable that a view of all the 
 interiors of the shops should be had from the ware- 
 house, if possible. Connected with the warehouse 
 should be a store-room and packing-hall. 
 
 The Pattern Shop and Pattern Room are usually 
 connected, yet distinct. Both must be accessible 
 from the warehouse. The pattern room is best 
 lighted from the roof, in order to give the largest 
 amount of wall space. Abundance of light is essen- 
 tial in this room. In the pattern shop a few side 
 windows are desirable, as lines are better seen hj 
 side light than by roof light. 
 
 It is common to have both Moulding and Casting 
 Shops in one, and for a small work the plan is wer. 
 enough ; but where a dozen moulders are employed, 
 it is better to divide the work and separate the shops, 
 in which case the floors should not be on the same 
 level, but the casting-shop floor should be 2 feet 
 
THE BRASSiOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 3 
 
 6 inclies above the level of the moulding-shop tioor. 
 This arrangement prevents all stooping on the part 
 of the men when removing the flasks from the 
 benches or tubs to the floor of the casting shop. The 
 moulders never enter the casting shop, but simplj^ 
 place the flasks on the casting-shop floor, through 
 openings in the partition dividing the shops. The 
 moulding shop should therefore be narrow, so as to 
 give the men but a short distance to carry the flasks 
 from the benches to the casting- shop floor. The 
 moulding shop must be well lighted. This is done 
 best from above, immediately over the tubs. The 
 tubs are usually placed along the whole length of 
 the shop ; but where space is valuable, more moulds 
 can be accommodated by placing the tubs at right 
 angles to the wall, two being placed back to back, 
 as desks are in a counting-house. The sand- cellar 
 should be as near the centre of the shop as possible, 
 with a shoot from the outside, so as to save any 
 further carrying. In the moulding shop are placed 
 the drying stove and core stove ; and, if possible, 
 these should be heated by means of steam jackets, 
 so as to save fires in the moulding shop. This plan 
 has also the advantage of keeping the place much 
 cleaner. A water-tap and sink inside this shop is 
 a great convenience. 
 
 The Casting Shop should be of the same length as 
 the moulding shop. The furnaces are best placed 
 
 B 2 
 
4 THE BPvx\SSrOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 midway between the ends of the shop, and on the 
 opposite side from the moulding shop. On the one 
 side of the furnaces should be the coke cellar, with 
 a shoot from the outside. On the other side, the 
 ash cellar. Near the spot where the boxes are 
 poured, gratings should be placed, on which the boxes 
 are to be emptied, the sand passing by an inclined 
 plane back into the moulding shop. One of the 
 most important things to be attended to in the con- 
 struction of a casting shop is its ventilation. There 
 shoidd be openings at the floor-level and in the 
 roof, so as to create a current. 
 
 The Dressing Room must adjoin the casting shop, 
 so that all the castings can be easily handed over, 
 on being weighed, for the purpose of removing the 
 grates and dressing the castings, which in turn 
 are handed into the warehouse and again weighed. 
 Hence the necessity of having the dressing room 
 adjoining the warehouse. The size of this room 
 need not be large, and all the furniture required for 
 it is a bench with a fevv^ vices. 
 
 The Finishing Shop is one on which there is a 
 great variety of opinions. It should, however, bo 
 roomy, rectangular, and well lighted, either from 
 the roof or from the sides. Most people prefer the 
 benches round the walls, and the lathes, &c., in the 
 centre of the floor ; others prefer the benches short, 
 and at right angles to the wall, the workmen arc 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDEU'S MANUAL. X;;^^/^ 
 
 placed in pairs, back to back, one latbe is placed al 
 the end of each bench, and the vertical, buffs, &c., in 
 the centre of the floor. Others, again, would place the 
 benches in the centre of the shop, leaving the walls 
 for the other tools. Some will have the lathes all 
 driven from below, so as to show no belting above, 
 while others disapprove altogether of this plan, and 
 prefer the older method of driving all from above. 
 These are matters which must be left very much to 
 individual judgment. 
 
 The Dij)ping and Colouring Room must adjoin 
 the finishing shop, and open into it. It must be 
 well supplied with water and sinks, and have abun- 
 dance of ventilation. If possible, let the light be 
 from the north. 
 
 The Lacquering Room must have a window opening 
 into the finishing shop, and a door or window open- 
 ing into the warehouse. It must be so constructed 
 as to be perfectly free from smoke. It must also 
 be kept free from dust, and should be lighted from 
 the north, and be well ventilated. 
 
6 
 
 THE BRASSFOTJNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 MODELLING AND PATTERN-MAKINa. 
 
 Modelling and Pattern-making are distinct brandies 
 of business. They are also distinct from that of a 
 brassfonnder ; but, though distinct, yet they are 
 as essential to him as the bending of glass tubes 
 and the construction of glass apparatus are to the 
 chemist. "Where work is divided, and every one 
 has his own department to perform, like so many 
 parts of an engine, it may matter little whether 
 or not he can put his hand to modelling and making 
 of patterns ; but, in a country where small work- 
 shops abound, it is of importance that the general 
 principles of modelling and making of patterns be 
 well understood. Such particulars are here given 
 as will prevent a workman from appearing bewil- 
 dered when questioned on or required to perform 
 some little work pertaining to either branch. 
 
 The materials commonly employed for modelling 
 are pipeclay and stucco. The former is used for 
 work of a protracted nature, the latter for straight 
 flat models which can be finished off at once. 
 Pipeclay, which is decomposed felspar, is made into 
 a putty with water or glycerine : the glycerine pre- 
 vents its getting hard for a considerable time. 
 
 Almost the only tools required for modelling 
 
THE BUASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 7 
 
 (save some tliin brass wire for cutting and dividing, 
 such, as is used for cutting soap or cheese) are 
 represented in Fig. 1. They are made of box- wood. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Horizontal Lathe and Modelling Tools. 
 
 They are represented one-fourth size. The handles 
 are 6 inches long; the sharpest edges are slightly 
 nicked ; the others are all more or less blunt. 
 
 The horizontal lathe or turning- table represented 
 in Fig. 1 will be understood from the woodcut. It 
 is provided with a tool-rest ; in revolving the handle 
 on the left, it operates on pulleys below, and turns 
 the circular table on which the model is placed. 
 It will be found exceedingly useful for circular 
 work. 
 
 A few nicely planed boards, of various sizes, are 
 always in requisition. On these boards an outline 
 of scroll or other work is drawn, the clay placed 
 thereon and modelled. 
 
8 
 
 THE RllASSFOUNDER^S :MANUAL. 
 
 Clay is modelled with the hand and wood tools, 
 mostly by pressure. The clay adheres to wood, or 
 the turning-table, when slightly moistened, amd 
 requires no other fixture. A very little practice 
 will enable a man of ordinary abilities to accom- 
 plish much in this material, whicli would take 
 greater expense and longer time to fashion in wood. 
 
 Modelsj made either in clay or wood, and which 
 are intended for immediate use, require to be made 
 larger than the size given, by one quarter of an inch 
 to every foot. For this purpose, it is best to con- 
 struct a measure or rule properly divided, so as to 
 save time and calculation. 
 
 Should it be required, however, to make a metal 
 pattern from the clay or wood, then the shrinkage 
 will be double, and the model will require to be made 
 half an inch larger per foot every way, a second 
 measure or rule being required. The real shrinkage 
 is only three-sixteenths, but the other sixteenth is 
 allowed for finishing. 
 
 Patterns exactly rectangular do not draw well from 
 the sand ; hence all patterns should be made with a 
 taper of at least one* eighth of an inch to every 
 foot* 
 
 Sharp internal angles should be avoided, as they 
 leave an arris on the sand, which requires mending. 
 
 It is often necessary, in model-making, to take 
 impressions and casts from existing works, which 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. ' 
 
 cannot be dismantled or cut np. For tKis purposje, 
 the impression is usually taken in gutta percha, 
 whicli is to a certain extent flexible wben cold. The 
 best mode of softening the gutta percha is by apply- 
 ing the heat from the front of a fire. It is some- 
 times more conyenient ta warm it in hot water, and, 
 as soon as the impression is taken, place it in cold 
 water until cold ; gutta percha always contracts 
 unless put into cold water. Stucco is also much 
 employed ; or, better, a composition of 
 
 1 part yellow wax, 
 4 parts black resin. 
 
 When much relief or coreing is required, a flexible 
 
 mould can be made of 
 
 12 parts glue, 
 3 parts treacle, 
 
 the treacle being applied after the glue is melted, in 
 the usual way. 
 
 Mr. Overman of Philadelphia enumerates sulphur, 
 bread-crumbs, glass, alum, saltpetre, &c., as materials 
 for taking impressions and casts. 
 
 Wood patterns should be varnished or painted, so 
 as not to absorb moisture. All patterns, if brushed 
 with black lead, like a grate, will leave the sand 
 more freely, and save considerable mending. 
 
 A great saving is often effected in making pat- 
 terns of mouldings or bends by sweeping them up 
 in stucco. The process is almost exactly the same 
 
 b3 
 
10 
 
 THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 as that described under ^^Loam-moulding.'' It is not 
 essential to have all patterns exactly of the thickness 
 of the casting wanted, as it is often cheaper to take 
 a thickness off the pattern in manner afterwards 
 explained. 
 
 MOULDING. 
 
 THE APPARATUS AND MATERIALS. 
 
 Brassfounders' furnaces are mostly sunk under the 
 floor level ; the pit for the removal of the ash is 
 covered by hinged iron gratings. The covers for 
 the furnace-top are constructed of cast iron, and 
 usually dome- shaped, though not necessarily ; a 
 damper is inserted in the flue to regulate the draft. 
 The internal building of the furnace is of fire-brick, 
 grotted with fire-clay. 
 
 In large works it is common to have an air-fur- 
 nace, instead of the ordinary one (Fig. 2). The 
 difference exists in the admission of a blast under 
 the furnace bars, and stopping up the ordinary 
 opening at the ash-pit. The blast is obtained from 
 a patent fan, driven by the engine. 
 
 Throughout the country there are almost an end- 
 loss quantity of small brass-foundries, where the 
 
THE BUASSrOUNDEu's MANUAL^ "-''^ I'f^J 
 
 regular furnace cannot be applied. The s£oTe- 
 furnace (Fig. 3), or a modification of it, is genemUy^ 
 
 m 
 
 '0 
 
 Fig. 2.~-0rdinary Melting Furnace, 
 
 adopted. The third furnace (Fig. 4) is only in^ 
 tended for small work ; it is extremely clean, and 
 
 , 1 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ll 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — : ! 
 
 Fig. 3.— Stove Furnace. 
 
 Fig. 4.— Gas-Blast Furnace. 
 
 can be used on a bench ; the kneed-pipe over the 
 crucible is made of fire-clay. The heat from this 
 furnace is most intense. 
 
12 anE brassfotjNdek's manual. 
 
 Ill passing, it may be well to explain that fire- 
 clay is a compound of silica, alumina, and water, 
 mixed to a greater or less extent with foreign sub- 
 stances. The bricks are made from pounded clay, in 
 other respects like ordinary bricks. The foreign 
 matters are chiefly oxide of iron, lime, magnesia, 
 black lead, and bitumen. These contaminations 
 impair the value of the clay, and render it less fit 
 for standing fire. Pure clay is white, opaque, and 
 unctuous. 
 
 Next in importance to the furnaces are the 
 crucibles ; these should not corrode, should not 
 allow liquids or gases to pass through them, and 
 should resist every sudden change of temperature. 
 
 The common crucibles are made from 
 
 1 part fire-clay, 
 
 2 parts black lead. 
 
 The Berlin crucibles consist of 
 
 8 parts fire-clay, 
 
 4 parts black lead, 
 
 5 parts powdered coke, 
 
 3 parts old ground crucibles. 
 
 The Stourbridge crucibles are composed of 
 
 4 parts fire-clay, 
 
 2 parts burned -clay cement, 
 1 part ground coke, 
 
 1 part ground pipe-clay. 
 
 Mr. Austey's patent crucibles contain 
 
 2 parts fire-clay, 
 
 1 part ground gas-coke* 
 
THE BRASSFOTJNDEr's MANUAL. . . >.13 -J^^ 
 
 The crucibles in general use are known as blue 
 pots; tliey consist chiefly of fire-clay and black > 
 lead ; they are manufactured either as pottery-ware, 
 on a wheel, or by mould and mandrel. The mate- 
 rials should be free from lime, and wrought as com- 
 pacted as possible, and slowly dried in a kiln. 
 
 When fire-clay cannot be had, common clay, 
 steeped in hot hydrochloric acid, and well washed 
 with hot water, and dried, may be substituted. 
 
 CRUCIBLE TONGS. 
 
 Fig. 5 exhibits the forms of tongs best suited 
 for furnace- work. The great object is to hold the 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 crucible fast. These tongs should be strong, and of 
 various sizes. 
 
 FUEL. 
 
 Hard coke is generally employed for brassfounders' 
 furnaces and stoves. Coke should leave only a small 
 per-centage of ash, and should practically convert 
 six to eight pounds of water into steam, for every one 
 
14 
 
 THE BRASSrOUNDEU's MANUAL. 
 
 pound of coke consumed. Much larger quantities are 
 commonly published, but they relate to theoretical 
 quantities, making no allowance for the lost heat 
 which passes up the chimney. Gas-coke is also very 
 much employed ; it has the advantage of cheapness. 
 
 DRYING-STOVE. 
 
 Fig. 6 exhibits a drying- stove, half open ; the fire 
 is placed on the lower grating : the air is admitted 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 'u'lllllllllll 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 }iiiiiiinir^ 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 through openings at the foot of the doors, or from 
 imder the doors when made a little shorter than the 
 size ; the mould-boxes and cores are placed on tlie 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 15 
 
 upper grating, and the draft conducted to the flue 
 on the top of the stove. The doors are made of iron, 
 the other three sides of stone or brick. The size 
 will depend on the extent of work. Drying-stoves 
 are beneficial, on account of so much damp sand and 
 loam being used by the moulders ; their use pro- 
 duces sounder and sharper castings, as will bo 
 explained under Sands.^' 
 
 A much cleaner stove is obtainable by making a 
 steam-tight jacket for the stove, and so heating it 
 with the exhaust steam from the engine. This saves 
 space and all the fuel for this stove, as well as the 
 time wasted in attending to it. In this case the stove 
 must be made wholly of iron. 
 
 For small cores it is exceedingly convenient to 
 have an ordinary range- oven, mounted with a steam- 
 jacket or case in the same way, and supplied with 
 steam also from the exhaust. Care must be taken, 
 however, to let the steam have an outlet. 
 
 MOULDING-TUB AND TOOLS. 
 
 The construction, nature, and application of the 
 respective parts of the apparatus given in Fig. 7 will 
 be apparent at a glance. The moulding- tub requires 
 to be made very strong ; it is constructed of wood, 
 and provided with sliding bars, and a quantity of 
 one-inch boards, with cross ends, the size of the 
 inoulding-boxes. The moulding-boxes are simply 
 
16 
 
 THE BRASSPOUNDEr's MANXTAL. 
 
 rectangular rims of iron, with snugs and pins exactly 
 fitted, so that when the one half is placed upon the 
 other there will be no possibility of shifting a hair's- 
 breadth. The cramps are made of wood, sufficiently 
 long to clasp the moulding-boxes lengthwise 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 When the boxes are large, several bars are cast 
 across them. "When the boxes are subject to much 
 rough work, the bars are best made of malleable 
 iron, cast in ; where lightness is desirable in large 
 boxes, they should be entirely made of malleable 
 iron. 
 
 SANDS AND FACING MATERIALS. 
 
 /Sa/^f/.— Moulding may be executed in many sub- 
 stances, but none so conveniently or so perfectly as 
 
TME BUASSFOUNDEll's MANUAL. 
 
 17 
 
 sand, containing a little loam or clay. The greater 
 the quantity of pure sand or silex, the more readily 
 'v^^ill the gases generated at pouring escape, the less 
 risk of blown-holes, and the greater chance of a good 
 casting. The greater the quantity of loam or clay, 
 the more perfect will be the impression, but the 
 greater risk of spoiled castings. These remarks 
 apply only to green-sand casting, as the difficulty is 
 altogether removed by using the drying-stove. 
 
 Sands for moulding purposes, though varying in 
 grain, have the composition of about 
 
 94 parts silex, 
 4 parts clay, 
 
 2 parts oxide of iron and impurities. 
 100 
 
 Lime, magnesia, and metallic oxides are detri- 
 mental substances to the moulder, and sands con- 
 taining them in any larger proportions than above 
 should be avoided. They do not stand the heat ; 
 they melt in the presence of the poured metal ; they 
 boil, unite with and blister the surface of the cast- 
 ing ; they generate gases, cause hosts of air-holes, 
 and destroy more than the sand is worth. 
 
 Moulding- sand is obtained from the beds of large 
 rivers, in the vicinity of granite or slate mountains ; 
 in the rivers of coal districts, if the iron is not 
 too abundant ; but never in mica, lime, or volcanic 
 districts. 
 
18 
 
 THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 Core Sand, — This sand, though gritty and porous, 
 must be adhesive, fresh, and pure. Rock sand, that 
 is, the accumulation of washed sand, from a newly 
 broken primitive or felspar rock, receives the pre- 
 ference ; where this is not to be had, pounded blast- 
 furnace cinder, tempered with a little clay, may be 
 used ; failing both, free sand, mixed with clay or 
 barm, may be employed. 
 
 Parting Sand, — This may be either red brickdust, 
 fresh free sand, sea or river fine sand, or blast-cinder 
 powder. It must be a substance which does not 
 retain damp ; preference being given in the order 
 above indicated. 
 
 Facing the Sand, — When hot metal comes in con- 
 tact with fresh sand, the sand partially melts, and a 
 rough casting is the result. To obviate this, fine 
 charcoal is dusted upon the mould, or the mould is 
 smoked with cork shavings or pitch torches, by 
 which a very fine deposit of carbon is obtained, and 
 a smooth skin secured to the casting. Carbon does 
 not adhere well to old sand ; when it is used, it is 
 necessary, first, to dust the mould with pease-meal, 
 and then add the carbon. Avoid excess of both, 
 otherwise the casting will come out faint, instead of 
 sharp, the carbon collecting in the hollows and 
 preventing the metal running up. 
 
THE BHASSFOUNDEIl's MANUAL. 
 
 19 
 
 MANTPDXATION. 
 
 Ordinary plain work is arranged according to 
 circumstances in tie flask. Fig. 8 shows a general 
 arrangement. When only one or two castings are 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 required from a pattern, the pattern is rapped 
 into the flask, that is, the top part being rammed 
 up, a portion of the sand is removed, and the pattern 
 inserted, or rapped in." After sprinkling on some 
 parting sand, the drag is placed on, and facing sand 
 sieved in, after which the ordinary sand is rammed 
 in till the flask is full ; then the flasks, top and 
 drag, are turned over so that the drag is lowest, 
 when the top part is taken ofi* and emptied, the face 
 of the drag cleaned again, and dusted with parting 
 sand. After this, the top part is put on, and filled 
 and rammed with facing and ordinary sand, as was 
 done above. The top part is again removed, and 
 the patterns withdrawn. In the process of parting 
 the box and withdrawing the patterns it often occurs 
 that part of the sand is torn away, which in con- 
 
20 ^ THE brassfounder's manuat,. 
 
 sev'][uence requires to be mended. The greater por- 
 tion of the moulder's time is taken up by this 
 process of mending. The moulds being mended, 
 finished, and provision made for the escape of gases 
 and air, as well as for the admission of the metal or 
 alloy, by gates and runners, the top and drag are 
 put together, closed, and cramped. The mould is 
 then immediately placed on the casting-shop floor, 
 and poured along with other flasks. This mould, 
 not haying been dried, is called a green sand 
 mould. If, however, the castings are required to 
 be of a fine external appearance, the mould, before 
 being closed, would have been placed in the drying- 
 stove, and smoked. 
 
 When a large quantity of any article is required, 
 the patterns are planted on a plate, usually iron, and 
 the flasks are rammed up on the plate, the whole 
 boxful of patterns being lifted out of the sand at 
 one and the same time. There is great economy 
 in this method. For that very reason it is disliked 
 by some workmen, who, being on day- wages, often 
 endeavour to set it aside, whenever it is possible, 
 and commonly by producing a large amount of 
 badly formed castings when plate-moulding. 
 
 It is to be regretted that so much ignorance 
 exists among workmen on the very first principles 
 of political economy, notwithstanding all that has 
 been done to convince them tliat economy in labour 
 
THE BKASSFOUNDEU'S MANUAL. 
 
 21 
 
 produces a larger amount of work to individual 
 establisliments or countries. 
 
 There is now working its way gradually through- 
 out the country a method of removing the' plate 
 on which the patterns are placed from the flask, 
 after the flask has been rammed up ; and, from 
 the almost mathematical accuracy of the lift, much 
 of the mending before referred to is avoided, and 
 ten times the amount of work performed by one 
 man. In fact, the attention of manufacturers at 
 the present moment is more than ever directed 
 to labour-saving machinery, and the time is fast 
 approaching when the largest amount of castings 
 will be moulded by machinery. Such a result will 
 benefit the workmen as much as the employers, 
 unless the present workmen refuse to work such 
 machinery, in which case they will have to follow 
 the example of the hand-loom vreavers, which would 
 be anything but comfortable to them. It is folly 
 to expect the art of moulding to stand still, while 
 all the world around is on the march of progress, 
 and daily showing how little we knew before, and 
 how much is to be learned, in the present and the 
 future, before we arrive at anything like perfection. 
 
22 THE biussfounder's manual* 
 
 CORES. 
 
 When a liole or opening is required to be left 
 in a casting, a piece of baked sand, exactly tbe size 
 of the hole or opening wanted, is inserted in the 
 mould, so as to occupy the exact position of the hole 
 or opening, and prevent the metal or alloy from 
 running into such space. In order to keep the core 
 in its exact place, it is made a little longer than 
 necessary, so as to have a bearing at each end. 
 The pattern has in consequence prints upon it, so 
 as to leave an impression in the sand to receive this 
 additional length. These prints are represented 
 black in Fig. 9. 
 
 Fig. 9.— Box with Core Casting. 
 
 Many cores, hov/ever, have only one bearing, as 
 
 Fig. 10.— Fake Cores. 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 False Cores (Fig. 10), whicli are only inserted a 
 short way into the mould, as, lor example, in the 
 fluting of a column shaft. The same thing occurs 
 in casting some leaves (Fig. 11), or similar work. 
 
 In column capitals, richly ornamented, four, six, 
 or eight cores are usually employed, as the case 
 may require. Thus, from the simplest of core cast- 
 
 rig. 11.— Leaf. 
 
 ings to the highest and most complicated, the same 
 principle pervades, and. the same plans are adopted, 
 though often requiring considerable skill, practice, 
 and neat manipulation. 
 
 Cores are usually made in core-boxes (Fig. 12). 
 
 Fig. 12.~-Core Boxes. 
 
 The first of the above figures {a) represents sliding 
 bars on a wooden board for making square cores ; the 
 second (b), a tin mould for tapered cores; and the 
 third {c), a metal box for cylindrical cores. Cores, 
 
24 
 
 THE BRASSFOUNDKR's MANUAL. 
 
 however, are not confined to these forms, although 
 these are the most frequent ; they consist of every 
 form and shape, regular and irregular, plain and 
 ornamental, of one and of several parts. It is often 
 costly to construct core-boxes ; but, as a general rule, 
 a costly core-box can be dispensed with, by moulding 
 the pattern in sand, and casting it solid from a com- 
 position of 
 
 1 part plaster of paris, 
 
 2 parts brickdnst. 
 
 Water, q.s. 
 
 and scraping down to the size required to form the 
 core. 
 
 It is necessary that all cores should be vented, 
 that is to say, have a hole through them, which is 
 done in the process of making, by inserting a wire, 
 and withdrawing it immediately before opening the 
 core-box to take out the core. Without such vents 
 the casting is sure to be bad, the gases having no 
 way of escape. When the cores are large, core- 
 irons are required to support the sand core. It is 
 customary to support large and long cores in the 
 centre by brass nails or chaplets. It is better, how- 
 ever, to avoid such, and balance the core by a heavy 
 end on the core bar if possible. 
 
 To give consistency to the sand used in making 
 cores, about one-half should be pure rock sand, 
 which contains a certain proportion of clay, but not 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDEU'S MANUAL. 
 
 25 
 
 generally enough ; hence the addition of clay- water 
 or British gum is necessary so give the sand the 
 proper amount of cohesiveness. 
 
 The cores must be thoroughly dried in a stove, 
 the temperature being between 300*^ and 400^ Fahr. 
 After the cores are dry, they are black- washed, or 
 coated with a mixture of ground charcoal and water, 
 a little clay or size being added ; they are returned 
 to the stove to have this wash dried, after which 
 they are ready for the mould. The black wash 
 causes the core to leave the casting readily, and 
 renders the surface of the casting next the core 
 smooth and free from defects. 
 
 In green-sand moulds it is better not to insert 
 the cores till within a short time before pouring, so 
 as to prevent their absorbing moisture. 
 
 Fig. 13.— Moulding Bells in Loam.. 
 
 Large and heavy castings, such as large churcli 
 bells, are moulded in loam. 
 
 Q 
 
26 
 
 THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 In Fig. 13, A and b are templets ; a is made to 
 tlie inside shape of the bell, b to the outside. An 
 iron lintel is thrown across at c, supported by the 
 under and supporting the upper brickwork. The 
 core is left for a fire to dry the building and the 
 coating of loam d, which is placed over the building 
 and formed by a, which revolves round with the 
 spindle. This is faced ; a coating of fresh sand, 
 indicated by the thick black line, and swept by b, 
 is then applied. This is also faced ; b is withdrawn, 
 and uj)on an iron ring, f g, a large quantity of 
 loam is erected. "When dry, the upper loam is 
 raised by a crane ; the sand picked out ; the snugs, 
 inscription, &c., which have been sejDarately moulded 
 in wax or clay, are inserted ; the whole dried and 
 cast. 
 
 Statuary, — In works of Fine Art, such as statuary, 
 a rough core is constructed of iron ribs, wire gauze, 
 and stucco ; a layer of wax, containing a little 
 white pitch and tallow, is laid on the structure and 
 modelled. The foregoing composition of brickdust 
 and plaster of paris is laid on in quantity, the wax 
 melted out, and the metal poured. But this is 
 more within the dej)artment of the artist than of 
 the brassfounder. 
 
 Ordnance, — Brass ordnance are cast in a manner 
 peculiar to themselves. A w^ood spindle is wound 
 with soft rope, a shade smaller than the interior 
 
THE BRASSFOIJNDER's MANUAL. y .2f'^/^ 
 
 diameter of the gun ; loam is applied to the rop^"^ 
 till the proper thickness of the metal is acquired ; the 
 whole is turned to the shape or pattern of a drawing ; 
 the spindle and rope are then withdrawn ; the loam 
 dried and faced ; another and thicker layer of loam is 
 applied and dried; the first picked out ; the air escape- 
 holes, which are required for every mould, being 
 made, the gun is cast, turned, bored, and tested. 
 
 Thickness or Reverse Moulding, — "When a thin 
 casting is required from a thick pattern, the upper 
 half of the mould is moulded from the opposite 
 impression, and a thin sheet of clay inserted between 
 the two half boxes, as shown by the dotted lines in 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 Fig. 14.— Thickness or Reverse Moulding, 
 
 Moulding Screws, — The pattern is screwed into 
 the sand. See Fig. 8. 
 
 Odd Sides, — This term is given to the practice 
 of taking off two impressions from the one setting 
 of patterns, so that when the patterns are taken 
 out, they can be placed in this third or odd side 
 without re-arrangement. 
 
 Flowers^ Insects, (f'c, — It is sometimes required to 
 copy nature from natural objects, such as a butterfly, 
 
 c 2 
 
28 
 
 IHE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 a flower, a bird, in short, anything which can be 
 consumed by fire. The object is suspended in a 
 box, and surrounded with a compound of brickdust 
 and plaster of paris — two to one in water. The 
 mould is placed in a furnace to consume the pattern, 
 which being done, the metal is poured. 
 
 Mixing and Pouring Metals.—Hhis is yet an open 
 subject. The method commonly adopted for brass 
 is to melt the least volatile metal first, and to plunge 
 the more volatile under the liquid surface with the 
 tongs, in small lumps and hot, in preference to 
 large pieces, which are apt to thicken the copper 
 and cause it to set. We say hot, for the least 
 moisture adhering to cold metal would create 
 danger from being driven ofl- in all directions. We 
 say under the surface, so as to prevent loss from 
 
 its volatile nature. To prevent such loss, charcoal 
 and broken glass have been employed in layers 
 above the metals. 
 
 If the metal or alloy be too hot, the casting will 
 
 Fig. 15.- Method of Pouring Brass. 
 
THE BUASSrOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 29 
 
 be discoloured or sand-burned.^^ The best cast- 
 ings are produced wlien the metal is at such a 
 heat as will cool quickly. The heavy castings take 
 longer to cool, and, consequently, should be poured 
 last. Care must be taken to skim the metal. Fig. 15 
 shows the method of pouring brass. Small work is 
 poured vertically, large work horizontally. 
 
 ALLOYING, 
 
 AND THE PROPERTIES OF THE METALS CONSTITUTING 
 THE ALLOYS. 
 
 The metals form part of the elements of nature, 
 are decompounded bodies, and distinguished from 
 the other elements by their lustre, &c. 
 
 The Lustre is so characteristic as to have formed 
 the common expression metallic lustre.^^ 
 
 Weight is also a rough distinguishing charac- 
 teristic. 
 
 Fusibility is a property common to all metals. 
 Before some metals are rendered fluid by heat, they 
 become pasty ; such is an indication of malleability. 
 The following Table gives the degrees (Fahr.) of 
 heat at which metals fuse : — 
 
30 
 
 THE BRASSFOTJNDER's MANUAIi, 
 
 
 . . 442^ 
 
 
 
 . . 497^ 
 
 
 
 . . 612° 
 
 
 
 . , 773° 
 
 
 
 . . 810° 
 
 
 Silver . . . 
 
 . . 1,873° 
 
 
 
 . . 1,996° 
 
 
 Gold 
 
 . . 2,016° 
 
 
 
 . , 2,786° 
 
 
 
 . . 2,800° 
 
 (about) 
 
 
 
 (about) 
 
 Malleability, or tlie property of being beat out 
 into thin plates witbout cracking or breaking, is 
 common to several metals. Tbe order of mallea- 
 bility is as follows, beginning at the most mal- 
 leable ; — 
 
 Silver, Zinc, 
 Copper, Iron, 
 Tin, Nickel. 
 Lead, 
 
 Ductility is also a property found in some metals. 
 It is allied to malleability, and often confounded 
 with it. It is the property of being drawn into 
 wire. The following is the order in which the 
 metals are ductile : — 
 
 Iron, Tin, 
 Copper, Lead, 
 Silver, Nickel. 
 Zinc, 
 
 Tenacity^ or the resistance to being pulled asunder 
 by the force of tension, varies exceedingly in metals. 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 31 
 
 The order of tenacity, beginning with the most 
 tenacious, is as follows : — 
 
 Iron 549 
 
 Copper 302 
 
 SUver 137 
 
 Zinc 109 
 
 Tin 34 
 
 Lead 27 
 
 Brittleness, resulting from hardness, is a projperty 
 also met with ; and where the brittleness is not 
 extreme, hardness is in favour where subjected to 
 the force of compression. 
 
 All metals are conductors of heat and electricity, 
 and on becoming liquid evolve heat. 
 
 As a general rule, the substances (elements) of 
 nature unite together in fixed and definite atomic pro- 
 portions, thereby forming new compounds. Metak 
 unite with non- metallic bodies, and obey the same 
 general law ; but metals, when united with metals, 
 appear to form an exception, though much doubt 
 exists on the subject. They seem to mix in any 
 proportion, and are thereby modified ; possessing 
 thereafter properties which fit them for many pur- 
 poses in commerce and art. These compounds, being 
 considered at present non -chemical bodies, are 
 classed together under the French term of alloys. 
 
 The best known and most serviceable of all the 
 alloys are those composed of copper and zinc, to 
 which have been given the term brass. For most 
 
32 
 
 THE BRASSFOUKDEr's MANUAL. 
 
 purposes it is better than copper, being less liable to 
 discolour, harder, closer in grain, more workable, and 
 fusible at a lower degree of heat. It is infinitely better 
 than zinc, being harder, more durable, closer grained, 
 less tarnishable, less brittle, and of better colour. 
 
 This alloy is formed by fusing together the two 
 metals, copper and zinc, in a crucible. The copper, 
 requiring 1996"^ of heat to melt, is fused first, and 
 the zinc, which only requires 773^, is afterwards 
 introduced. If greater heat is used, the metals will 
 vaporise and cause loss. The zinc is introduced 
 immediately before pouring ; if allowed to remain 
 long in the furnace, much of it will pass up the 
 chimney. In adding the zinc in mass, care must 
 be taken to have it warm and perfectly free from 
 moisture, to prevent danger. 
 
 When the alloy is cast in heavy blocks, it is found 
 that the heavy metal subsides in setting, that a 
 greater proportion of copper is set in the under 
 half of the casting, and thus the composition is 
 redder below and whiter above, to prevent which 
 some parties have recommended that the casting 
 be fed ; but it is not easy to see how feeding will 
 affect the surface of a block, which surface is set 
 before the interior, the interior alone being capable 
 of being fed. The setting in accordance with spe- 
 cific gravity occurs with other alloys. The greater 
 the difference between the specific gravities, the 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDEK's MANUAL. 
 
 33 
 
 greater is the difference between the composition 
 of the upper and lower portions of the casting. 
 
 There are two properties which are of great yaliie 
 to castings, and which are easily produced in brass. 
 The first is skarpnesSj and is obtainable by the 
 addition of a little lead (from one quarter to two 
 per cent.) ; the second is hardness — bushes, for 
 example, requiring it, — and it is produced by a slight 
 addition of tin (from point nothing to point eight 
 per cent. ; thus forming ternary alloys. 
 
 The following table of brasses presents at a glance 
 the proportions of the composition, the colour the 
 alloy presents, and the name under which the com 
 pound is known 
 
 BRASSES.— Proportions and IIesults. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Colour. 
 
 Description. 
 
 "Wire. 
 
 Fumes. 
 
 Gold 
 
 The gold wire of Lyons. 
 
 lib. 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 Red 
 
 The jewellers' gilding alloy. 
 
 
 
 
 The platin. 
 
 J' 
 
 3^3 
 
 3) 
 
 Rich sheet-hrass. 
 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 33 
 
 Deep yellow 
 
 Pinchbeck, Bath^ similar. 
 
 -'■ 3? 
 
 5 „ 
 
 )) 
 
 Dutch alloy. 
 
 J) 
 
 6 „ 
 
 Bright yellow 
 
 Bristol sheet. 
 
 ■*■ >J 
 
 7 „ 
 
 J3 
 
 Good brass wire. 
 
 ■'■ J3 
 
 8 „ 
 
 Full yellow 
 
 Good ordinary brass* 
 
 3? 
 
 9 » 
 
 Mnntz's extreme. 
 
 ?) 
 
 10 „ 
 
 3) 
 
 Sheathing. 
 
 
 12 „ 
 
 Pale yellow 
 
 Spelter solder for copper or iron. 
 
 ^ 33 
 
 14 „ 
 
 ?> 
 
 Dipping-brass. 
 
 33 
 
 1 lb. 
 
 
 Spelter solder for brass. 
 
 •'• J? 
 
 2 „ 
 
 WHtish 
 
 "Watchmakers' brass, crystalline. 
 
 ^ 53 
 
 8 „ 
 
 
 Lap-alloy. 
 
 The next most seryiceable class of alloys is that 
 c 3 
 
34 
 
 THE BKASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 composed of copper and tin, to which, the terms 
 bell-metal and hronze are given. Of themselves, 
 these metals are too soft and flexible for most pur- 
 poses ; when united by fusion, the compound is very 
 hard, brittle, and sonorous. 
 
 Bronze is of great antiquity. It has been used 
 for weapons, guns, tools, gongs, and bells for time 
 unknown. Tin improves castings of copper. A 
 little zinc, in addition, produces better results. A 
 little brass adds brilliancy to the colour. Lead dulls 
 and destroys it. It is necessary to heat the tin 
 before adding to the copper, as it is apt when cold 
 to produce a lump at the bottom of the crucible. 
 
 The particulars of the difierent bronzes are set 
 forth in the following table : — 
 
 SIMPLE BRONZES.— Proportions and Results. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 ColOLU'. 
 
 Description. 
 
 1 lb. 
 
 O'o oz. 
 
 Reddish yellow 
 
 Ancient nails. 
 
 ^ j> 
 
 1- „ 
 
 >) 
 
 Soft gun bronze. 
 
 J5 
 
 1-3 „ 
 
 J) 
 
 For mathematical instruments. 
 
 ■'■ 
 
 1-0 „ 
 
 J? 
 
 For toothed wheels. 
 
 )J 
 
 2- „ 
 
 Yellow red 
 
 Ordnance. 
 
 ^ >) 
 
 2-3 „ 
 
 11 
 
 Hard weapon and tool bronze. 
 
 3? 
 
 2-5 „ 
 
 J) 
 
 Bluish red 
 
 „ machinery-bearing bronze. 
 
 1 >5 
 
 3- „ 
 
 Soft, for musical bells. 
 
 ■'■ 11 
 
 3-0 „ 
 
 ?> 
 
 „ gongs. 
 
 ^ 
 
 4- „ 
 
 Ash grey 
 
 „ house-bells. 
 
 ^ J) 
 
 4-0 „ 
 
 
 „ larger bells. 
 
 ^ JJ 
 
 5- 
 
 Dark grey 
 
 5, the largest bells. 
 
 1 )) 
 
 7- „ 
 
 Whitish 
 
 Ancient mirrors. 
 
 8- » 
 
 Whiter 
 
 Speculum bronze. 
 
 ^ i1 
 
 32- „ 
 
 Whiter still 
 
 Pewterers' temper. 
 
 The J apanese, who are great bronjze- workers, add 
 lead; zinc, and iron to their bell-metal, with wonderful 
 
THE BRASSrOUNDER S MANUALAV. 
 
 effect. Their name for these compounds is kara haiie. 
 The following are the proportions they use : — 
 KAEA KANE. -(Bell IMetal.) 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Quality. 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 
 3 
 
 First. 
 
 60 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 's 
 
 
 Second. 
 
 60 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 Third. 
 
 For small bells they emjDloy the first quality, 
 and for large bells the third quality. 
 
 There is another kind of bronze, known as Fon- 
 tainemoreau's Bronze^ ia which zinc predominates. 
 It is said to answer well for chill moulding, that is, 
 for pouring in metal moulds, by which method it 
 is rendered very homogeneous. The crystalline 
 nature of the zinc is entirely changed bj^ the addi- 
 tion of a small proportion of copper, iron, &c. The 
 alloy is hard, close-grained, and resembles steel. 
 Moreover, it is more fileable than either zinc or 
 copper. The following table presents the propor- 
 tions in use : — 
 
 FONTAINEMOllEAU'S BROISr^ES. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Cast iron. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 90 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 91 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 92 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 92 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 97 
 
 2i 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 97 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 99i 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 99 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
36 
 
 THE BllASSFOITNDEll's MANUAL. 
 
 The union of copper with, lead is usually termed 
 "pot metaV Lead has the tendency to separate 
 from copper, and cannot be employed in larger pro- 
 portion than 8 oz. to 1 lb. of copper. Arsenic aids 
 its fusibility. Tin, in small proportion, improyes 
 the alloy. The following are the ordinary com- 
 pounds : — 
 
 Load. 
 
 Copper, 
 
 Description. 
 
 oz. 
 
 lb. 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 Ked ductile alloy. 
 
 4 
 
 
 do. 
 
 6 
 
 
 Dry pot metalj or cock alloy. 
 
 7 
 
 
 do. but shorter. 
 
 8 
 
 
 "Wet pot metal. 
 
 The following table presents some additional com- 
 pounds for special work : — 
 
 Tron. 
 
 Eras3. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Description. 
 
 
 
 
 0-5 
 
 1 
 
 
 Mortar alloy. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1-6 
 
 1-6 
 
 \{ 
 
 Socket alloy, Steven- 
 
 
 
 
 
 son's. 
 
 
 
 0-5 
 
 1-5 
 
 
 
 Pump metal. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2-0 
 
 
 
 Suspending metal. 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1-5 
 
 
 
 Wheel work. 
 
 
 1-0 
 
 
 2-3 
 
 
 
 Turning work. 
 
 o'i 
 
 
 0-75 
 
 
 
 
 Keir work, forgeable. 
 Aich metal, resists 
 sea-water. 
 
 0-02 
 
 
 0-6 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 00-3 
 
 
 0-5 
 
 0-02 
 
 
 if 
 ^ 1 
 
 Sterro metal, for 
 
 
 
 
 pumps. 
 
 Of the above compounds the keir metal is capable 
 of being made into any shape by the hammer, and 
 is fit for propeller-blades, sheathing, and bolts. 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 37 
 
 The aicli metal is said to be stronger tlian copper. 
 Sterro metal is said to stand 75,000 lbs. to tbe square 
 incli. 
 
 In using iron filings employ a little corrosive 
 sublimate for fixing it. 
 
 Of all the alloys, perhaps no class has occupied 
 more attention than the white alloys. First, as a 
 substitute for silver, and secondly, as a source of 
 solder, these compounds have been very successful, 
 and have added very much to the industry of our 
 country. The following table presents the most 
 important :• — 
 
 Table of White Allots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :^ 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 
 
 -i 
 
 <D 
 Oc 
 
 § 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 Description. 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 <A 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 0^ 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 dwts 
 
 lb. 
 
 dwts 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Nickel, or G-erman silver. 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 13 
 
 "9 
 
 "2 
 
 1 
 
 i" 
 
 
 White copper of China. 
 Queen's metal. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 lbs. 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 3-5 
 
 
 Britannia metal. 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 White button metal. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1-5 
 
 
 "i 
 
 
 
 Solder for bell metal. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 0-6 
 1- 
 
 0-*5 
 
 0-15 
 
 
 
 Do. brass. 
 Do. tin. 
 
 **i 
 
 
 0-5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do. silver. 
 
 1 
 
 
 0-3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i' 
 
 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 1 
 
 
 0-15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do, Mokume. 
 
 835 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 165 
 
 
 
 French coin. 
 
 950 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M. Piligot's coin alloy. 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 800 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 800 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 835 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30to50 
 
 
 
 Grin shi bu ichi. 
 
 The substituting of zinc for copper in silver alloys 
 
38 
 
 THE BRASSFOUNDEr's MANUAL. 
 
 gives greater fusibility to the alloy. Some small 
 Swiss coins contain zinc in their composition. 
 
 Another very interesting alloy has lately come 
 to us from Japan, called shakdo. It is composed 
 of copper, with from one to ten per cent, of gold. 
 On being polished it is boiled in a bronze, which we 
 shall describe among the artificial bronzes, present- 
 ing a bluish-black colour of great beauty. 
 
 There is another interesting alloy being tried in 
 America, but which little concerns the brassfounder, 
 being the introduction of a richer metal with iron, 
 which is said to render cast iron doubly strong. 
 
 The employment of arsenic into alloys requires 
 the use of a good flux to unite it well with the other 
 metals ; that flux is commonly nitre, or one part 
 nitre and two of tartar. The alloys made with 
 arsenic are chiefly for speculums — that is, telescope 
 mirrors. 
 
 Table of Speculum Alloys. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Brass." 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 29 
 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 32 
 
 15 
 
 
 In using arsenic, it must be introduced into the 
 crucible when the mixture is in a melting state. 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 39 
 
 Being in a coarsely-pounded state, it is tied up 
 into a paper bag, and let into the crucible by a pair 
 of tongs. The whole mixture requires to be stirred 
 with a birch rod till vapours cease to rise. Avoid 
 breathing or inhaling while the vapours appear ; as 
 soon as they are over the alloy is ready for pouring. 
 Arsenic renders alloys white and hard. 
 
 The alloys containing arsenic should be taken out 
 of the flask as soon as properly set, and placed in hot 
 ashes, and in a proper place for protracted annealing. 
 
 It is said that speculums are sometimes made 
 iiom plati7ia. It is also on record that platina, plus 
 iron, forms the composition of some Spanish gun- 
 barrels, which never rust, and that iron and copper 
 may be coated with the composition. 
 
 LATHE WORK. 
 
 The Lathe. — Lathes are almost endless in variety ; 
 yet one principle pervades all ordinary lathes, 
 whether propelled by foot or steam. For brass- 
 founders' purposes, the common ordinary lathe, of a 
 somewhat light make, will be found most useful. The 
 following woodcut represents, typically, an ordinary 
 
40 
 
 THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 lathe, the cross or slide bar a generally fixed to 
 an iron stand, is made of iron, with its top surface 
 planed. On this bar are fixed the heads and rest. 
 It is of the utmost importance that c d, e f be 
 
 Fig. 16.— Lathe. 
 
 in one and the same horizontal line. The chuck h 
 IS made to unscrew, so as to allow different sizes and 
 forms of chucks to be used on the same lathe. The 
 chuck-head is always furnished with a loose and 
 fixed pulley, for the shifting of the belt. In the 
 better class of lathes a cone takes the place of the 
 loose and fixed pulleys; in which case a corre- 
 sponding cone is necessary on the driving or counter 
 shaft. By this means different speeds are attainable, 
 to suit different classes of work, h i k represent the 
 three principal parts of a lathe, yi^., the chuck-head, 
 the rest, and the popit-head. 
 
 Chucks. — These are screwed to the spindle c r>, 
 and are either of iron, lead, or wood* For most 
 purposes iron chucks are preferred; they are per- 
 fectly round, and contain a number of holes for bolts 
 and screws. Chucks are made with sliding plates, 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDEr's MANUAL. 
 
 41 
 
 which yield to the tool, for turning ovals and ec- 
 centrics. Some of these are very elaborate pieces 
 of workmanship, and produce work of endless 
 beauty. When work cannot be fixed to the chuck 
 by screws, wedges, or spikes, it can be fastened by 
 a cement composed of — 
 
 Rests, — These consist of two parts ; viz., the 
 socket, with a ground or planed sole for the slide- 
 bar ; and tlie T, to revolve and fix at any angle re- 
 quired. These Ts are constructed of various forms, 
 to meet the various requirements, as shown below. 
 
 For many purposes light slide-rests are superior 
 to the ordinary hand-rest figured above ; and as it 
 is generally made self-acting, the work can often be 
 left alone, to execute itself. 
 
 The principle of the slide-rest consists in the 
 tool being carried along the work by a screw, 
 which screw can be worked by the motion of the 
 
 8 parts rosin, 
 I i3art yellow wax, 
 Brick dust, q. s. 
 
 Point flat. 
 
 Fig. 17.— Point up. Point clown. 
 
42 THE BRASSFOUNDER^S MANUAL. 
 
 lathe, and so rendered self-acting. By another 
 8crew, the tool is made to approach the work or 
 recede from it at pleasure. Small slide-rests arc 
 found most convenient l<dY fixed- shaped tools. 
 
 Popit or Puppit'head,- — These require to be well 
 made, having nicely fitted spindles, heavy fly- 
 wheels, and screws for fixing at top. The soles 
 require to be ground or planed, and have provision 
 — as also the rests — for fixing fast to the slide-bars, 
 such as a screw with large scroll nut. 
 
 LATHE TTJHNING TOOLS—FOR BRASS. 
 
 Narrow Tools, — These are used for breaking out, 
 that is, in the first process, a is sometimes made 
 
 ABC D E 
 
 Fig. IS. 
 
 from an old square file, and b from a triangular file ; 
 c is a pointed tool, a little rounded ; d is a gouge 
 breaker ; e and f are handed tools. 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
 Broad Tools. — These are used for finishing. 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDEU'S MANUAL. 43 
 
 Where the double line is shown, Fig. 19, the tool 
 
 Tig. 20. 
 
 is ground to an angle of 80"^ ; where the single line 
 is drawn, the tool remains at 90°. See Fig. 20. 
 
 Springing^ Planing^ and Hollowing Tools. — The 
 springing tool. A, acts as a scraper, to remove all 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 roughness ; and, from the spring which it possesses, 
 the form or shape of the work remains untouched ; 
 B is a planing tool for " thin cuts," and leaves the 
 work beautifully smooth; c and d are hook tools, 
 for hollow work. 
 
 General Remarks on Lathe Work— It will be 
 observed that brassfounders' turning tools are of 
 very simple forms, confined generally to round or 
 flat, right or left handed side tools and hooks— all 
 of which resemble very closely the tools for turning 
 hard wood, excepting that the angle is different. 
 The angles we have given above are the finished 
 
44 
 
 THE BRASSrOUNDER^S MANUAL. 
 
 angles, that is, wlieii sharpened ; they are generally 
 ground to the angles of 60° to 70''. 
 
 Should the work, on being chucked, not be per- 
 fectly concentric, a narrow tool must be employed 
 to rough it out before resorting to the broad finish- 
 ing tools; but where a large number of articles 
 of the same kind are to be turned, it can com- 
 monly be arranged to have them well formed, 
 clean cast, and truly chucked, in order to avoid 
 waste of time roughing out, and so allow the 
 man to proceed at once Avith a fixed tool to finish 
 the work. 
 
 Eings or markings are very apt to appear on the 
 work when broad flat tools are laid close down on 
 the rest, cutting equally keen on the tooFs whole 
 surface. Thin goods vibrate and sound like a bell 
 under the circumstance. 
 
 To give the tool proper rotation, the tool is some- 
 what held in the operator's hand, and never allowed 
 to be at rest, the fingers being kejpt over the rest 
 and under the tool. The tool should not be allowed 
 to incline much, in case of turning the work out 
 into furrows. 
 
 Turning about the rest in its socket is, as much as 
 possible, to be avoided. It is commonly retained in 
 a parallel position to the mandril, and face or hollow 
 work turned from an arm-rest running nearly at 
 right angles to the mandril. 
 
THE BKASSFOUNDEr's MANUAL. 
 
 45 
 
 FinistLing tools are sometimes burnislied at the 
 edges, so as to act as biirnisliers. 
 
 In forming the tools for the slide-rest, the rough- 
 ing- out tools require to be slightly rounded at the 
 advance corner ; those intended for finishing are quite 
 sharp. To save the springing of the tool, it should 
 be grasped as near the cutting end as possible. 
 
 Turning Tools for other Metals, — Zinc requires the 
 same tools as brass ; copper and bronze require the 
 tools used for iron ; lead, tin, pewter, and the other 
 soft metals, require the tools employed for soft 
 wood. 
 
 Lathe-Boring^ Widening^ and Countersinking, — 
 These are accomplished by the ordinary drills, 
 wideners, and counter- sinks, introduced into a stock 
 on the chuck. The popit-head, with its boring 
 flange, is moved along by its screw with great exact- 
 ness. Pulleys and wheels are generally chucked, 
 and a stationary drill thrust through them by the 
 popit-head. Branches for tapered work are usually 
 made five-sided — the angles requiring to be more 
 obtuse than in turning tools, and the velocity of the 
 lathe less in boring than in turning. 
 
 All brass- work is wrought dry. 
 
 There is great diversity in the manner 
 of making screws. Combs are to a greater or less 
 extent in common use. The work is chucked ; and, 
 by the aid of an arm-rest, the comb is moved to 
 
46 
 
 THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 and fro, so as to form tlie thread. The general 
 form of sucK Dombs is here shown. 
 
 Fig. 22.— Screw Combs. 
 
 Traversing mandrils are also in use for making 
 screws. In this case the work moves, and the tool 
 is fixed. Screws are also formed by stocks and dies, 
 and with the screw-plate ; but for many purposes 
 the ordinary screwing machines and screw-cutting 
 lathes are found of great service. Screws and 
 spirals may, however, be constructed by an ordinary 
 lathe when a slide-rest, &c., cannot be commanded. 
 The plan is to rule a piece of paper, the pitch of the 
 
 
 
 
 '1^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 23.~Mo(ie of Cutting Screws. 
 
 screw or spiral required, and paste it to the rod, as 
 in Fig. 23, chisel the line so formed, and the groove 
 thus formed will guide the turning tool. 
 
 The following table gives the number of threads 
 to the inch which is now generally employed in rela- 
 tion to the diameter, and known as Mr. Whitworth's 
 table : — 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 Standard Tables. 
 
 i 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 1 G 
 
 14 
 
 j- 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 10^ 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 inch diameter, 
 threads per inch. 
 
 7 
 
 H 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 U 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 If 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 ^ 
 
 2 
 
 ^2 
 
 
 inch diameter, 
 threads per inch. 
 
 4 
 
 H 
 
 4 
 
 2f 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 3J 
 
 3i 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 3i 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 
 inch diameter, 
 threads per inch. 
 
 47 
 
 For finer threads, the following may be adopted 
 instead of Mr. "Whitworth's :~ 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 5_ 
 
 1 6 
 
 3. 
 
 1 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 inch diameter. 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 threads per inch. 
 
 Screws are sometimes east, and nuts very fre- 
 quently cast upon screws. 
 
 FILING. 
 
 The file is a tool of very great antiquity. It is 
 cut, by band or machinery, by percussion, and after- 
 wards tempered. The moist oil, which is on all new 
 files, is apt to collect the filings, and should have 
 sprinkled over it powdered chalk, before using. 
 The sorts adapted to brass-foundry work are float, 
 
48 THE BRASSrOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 bastard, and smooth files : they are round, half 
 round, square, flat, hand, equalling and rufilers, and 
 vary from 4 to 14 inches. The handles and mount- 
 ings are sometimes bent, and formed to answer 
 the respective work which they are intended to per- 
 form. 
 
 Files are only intended to work by advanced 
 strokes, the pressure should be relaxed in withdraw- 
 ing the strokes ; they should not be used side- 
 wards. 
 
 The proper position or height at which the work 
 can be best wrought depends upon its size. Small 
 work should be vice-height ; mid-sized work should 
 be elbow-height ; large work should be from 2 to 3 
 inches under elbow-height. 
 
 Of late years there has been introduced a filing 
 machine for flat surfaces, very much after the motion 
 of a nibbling machine, by which the work is per- 
 formed with great rapidity. Where a great deal of 
 flat work is done, such a machine is a valuable in- 
 strument. The files used for these machines can 
 either be the common file or a very broad file made 
 for the purpose. For flat work, grinding can some- 
 times take the place of filing. 
 
XHHs brassfotjnder's manuai^. 
 
 49 
 
 GRINDING. 
 
 The stones used for grinding are varieties of sand- 
 stones, commonly from the coal districts, and.known as 
 grit-stones. They are of a hard, close-grained, yet 
 sharp nature ; should be uniform in colour, and free 
 from veins. According to these properties are the 
 stones of different localities suited to the different 
 kinds of grinding work. 
 
 These stones are commonly driven by steam power. 
 The velocity, when great, is attended with danger 
 from accidental fracture. It is usual to provide 
 against this by bolting to the sides of the stone iron 
 plates and rings, being careful to interpose felt, can- 
 vas, or other soft material between the bolts and the 
 stone. 
 
 Wet grinding cuts quickly, and prevents the grain 
 of the stone being choked with particles of metal. 
 
 Dry grinding cuts more slowly, leaves a smoother 
 skin, but gives off a considerable amount of dust. 
 
 Small stones are moved with treadles or with 
 crank -handle. 
 
50 
 
 TOE BRASSFOUNPEE's MANUAL. 
 
 EMERY BELTS. 
 
 The emery belts are now doing mucli to take the place 
 of tlie grindstone. Having an ordinary belt-pulley on 
 tbe driving shaft of the shop gearing, and another 
 belt-pulley on a stand placed on the floor, the leather 
 belt driving the latter is, before being placed on the 
 pulleys, brushed over on the one side with glue, and, 
 while the glue is yet hot, saturated with emery ; the 
 belt, being placed on the pulleys, is now ready for 
 work. The grinder holds the work almost close to 
 the pulley over which he sits. A second belt should 
 always be in readiness to replace the one in use. 
 These belts are found to be more speedy in the execu- 
 tion of work than grinding on stones. A very grea'j 
 amount of filing is saved by resorting to the emery 
 belts. For some purposes emery wheels take th3 
 place of belts. These generally consist of a satu- 
 rated endless band fixed round a wooden wheel, 
 which wheel revolves on its axis in the lathe. 
 
REVOLVING BOX. 
 
 A METHOD long used for dressing shot and polish- 
 ing chains is for some purposes of the brassfounder 
 a great acquisition. It consists essentially of a poly- 
 gonal-sided iron drum, with an axle passing through 
 the ends. In one of the sides is a sliding door, or 
 grating, to admit or take out the castings. The ends 
 are sometimes grated and sometimes solid. The 
 drum is made to revolve on its axle by means of pul- 
 leys and belt from the ordinary shop gearing. The 
 castings are inserted as they come from the dressing 
 shop, the door closed firmly, and the revolution allowed 
 to go on, without attendance, for so many hours, ac- 
 cording to the nature of the work. From the grated 
 door, or ends, a considerable amount of brass dust 
 drops into a receiver below, and is afterwards col- 
 lected. When the work has been duly polished, 
 it will be found that little more requires to be done 
 to it, after coming from the revolving drum. 
 
 D 2 
 
52 
 
 THE BRASSFOUKDER's MANUAL. 
 
 POLISHING. 
 
 Brass work is polished by: hand labour with emery- 
 cloth and oil. Flat surfaces must be rubbed straight ; 
 no curling marks whatever must be seen. Tubes are 
 polished lengthwise. Circular work is polished from 
 edge to centre. The use of cork or wood, in straps, 
 cubes, or balls, for wrapping the emery-cloth upon, is 
 of absolute importance. These straps, cubeSj and 
 balls are also employed with baize, for finishing 
 with rotten-stone or whiting, to give greater lustre. 
 Straps, cubes, and balls are also coated with buff- 
 leather.for polishing with crocus and oil. Polish is not 
 so much imj)arted by strength as by light and rapid 
 friction. When the work is not .to be lacquered, a 
 minute quantity of oil is allowed, to remain on the 
 surface to prevent tarnishing, but the amount must 
 not be so great as to appear oily. 
 
 Brass w^ork is also polished by revolving wheels 
 covered with the best hide or old tanned leather. Lea- 
 ther tanned by the modern quick processes absorbs 
 too much oil, and becomes too soft for good polishing 
 leather. The harder the leather, the more glaze is 
 imparted to the work. The leather is soaked in water 
 for a few hours before being glued and tacked down to 
 the wheel, in order that it may contract and become 
 hard on drying. The tacks or nails must be with- 
 
X 
 
 THE BRASSFOXJNDEU S MANUAL. 
 
 S3 V\\ 
 
 drawn before use. Emery, crocus, &c., are used on ' ^ 
 these wheels exactly as on straps. 
 
 CHASING. 
 
 The art of chasing," says Holtzapffel, " may bo 
 considered as the sequel to that of forging'^ — less the 
 red heat ; but the various hammers and swage tools 
 now dwindle into the most diminutive sizes, and are 
 required of as many shapes as may nearly correspond 
 with the minute detail of the most complex works. 
 Some are grooved and checkered at the ends, and 
 others are polished as carefully as the planishing 
 hammers, that they may impart their own degree of 
 perfection and finish to the work.'' 
 
 MATTING. 
 
 This is a process allied to chasing, and most fre- 
 quently performed on metal patterns. It is simply 
 the indenting of miniature hollows by means of a 
 round-pointed chisel, and making the surface like a 
 file — less the sharp points. Work of tliis nature re- 
 quires no finishing on its surface ; but on being cast 
 is ready for dipping. 
 
54 
 
 THE BRASSFOTJNDEK's MANUAL. 
 
 CLOUDING. 
 
 This process was first introduced by the elder 
 HoltzapfFel. It consists of mixing charcoal with 
 water, and pouring on the face of polished brass so 
 as to produce a great yariety of circular marks. 
 Slate pencil is employed to fill in portions of the 
 cloud. The work when dry is ready for lacquer- 
 ing. 
 
 BURNISHING. 
 
 This process imparts the highest possible finish to 
 brass or other work. The principle on which this 
 process dej)ends seems to be, that a hard and highly 
 polished substance will, by friction and pressure, 
 impart to another substance its own polish. The 
 softer the substance acted upon, the duller will be 
 the surface. 
 
 All work intended to be burnished should be highly 
 finished before the burnisher is applied, or the work 
 will be loaded with furrows. 
 
THE BRASSrOTmDER's MANUAL. 
 
 65 
 
 Burnisliers are made from hardened steel, and 
 mostly shaped like a flattened round file. Some are 
 mounted like spokeshaves, with and without foot- 
 straps ; others are bent at right angles : some are in 
 the form of hooks ; while a few, for long straight 
 surfaces, are attached to a spring-pole from the 
 ceiling. 
 
 Burnishers must be kept scrupulously polished be- 
 tween bufi'-leather sticks with crocus and oil. While 
 in use, they require the application of a lubricous 
 substance, such as sour beer or vinegar water 
 
 ANNEALINGf. 
 
 Work should be annealed before it is dipped. 
 Work which has not been soldered is heated to red- 
 ness over a charcoal fire, and allowed to cool very 
 slowly, say for two hours. Work which has been 
 hard soldered requires five or six hours' cooling pro- 
 cess. Work which is soft soldered requires to be 
 annealed before soldering. 
 
66 
 
 THE BRASSFOXJNDEll^S MANUAL. 
 
 CLEANSING. 
 
 The annealing process cleanses from oil and nearly 
 all impurities^ except when the work is afterwards 
 handled. Should further cleansing be necessary, the 
 work is boiled in potash water. 
 
 SOLDERING. 
 
 For the most part, this process is analogous to glu- 
 ing. The edges of the metals are freed from their 
 coating of oxygen, and united by a more fusible 
 alloy, or metal ; thus in 
 
 Soft Soldering. — The solder is an alloy of 2 parts of 
 tin to 1 part of lead, fusible at 340^ ; or, for cheap- 
 ness, the proportion is sometimes 3 to 2, fusible at 
 334^. This substance is applied with a hot copper 
 bolt, or by blowpipe flame. Heat, however, would 
 soon cause the edges of the metal again to oxidise ; 
 therefore, the edges are covered with a substance 
 having a strong attraction for oxygen, and disposing 
 the metal to unite to the solder at a low temperature. 
 Such substances are called fluxes, and are chiefly 
 
 Borax, Muriate of zinc, 
 
 Besin, Venice turpentine, 
 
 Sal-ammoniac, Tallow, or oil. 
 
THE brassfounder's manua^^ 57 ^ 
 
 For brass or other similar alloy, resin, sal^^^ipfcpijia^^ 
 and muriate of zinc are the proper fluxes, 
 the work be heavy and thick, the soldering requires 
 to be done oyer a charcoal fire in order to keep the 
 tool heated within proper limits. The surfaces are 
 as well to be tinned before soldering ; in some cases 
 simple dipping into a pot of melted solder effects the 
 purpose, but the dip must be done instantly to be 
 effective. 
 
 Zinc, in some hands, is difficult to solder, from the 
 fact that it is apt to withdraw the tin from the solder- 
 ing bolt, zinc and copper having a stronger affinity 
 for each other than tm and copper. The proper flux 
 is muriate of zinc, made by dissolving small bits of 
 zinc or zinc drops in muriatic acid mixed with an 
 equal bulk of water. 
 
 Tin and lead require resin or oil as the flux. 
 
 Pewter requires a flux of oil, and may, in addition 
 to the soldering-bolt process, be soldered by a 
 current of heated air. 
 
 Britannia metal should have muriate of zinc for a 
 flux, and be soldered by the blowpipe. 
 
 Iron requires the surfaces tinned before being 
 soldered. 
 
 Soldering per se, — -This process is performed by first 
 heating the articles to be soldered, and then pouring 
 on very hot metal till a union is effected. Lead and 
 brass are capable of being united in this way. 
 
 D 3 
 
58 THE brassfotjnder's manual. 
 
 Table op Solder Alloys, and the Heat at which they 
 Melt. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Melts at 
 
 1 part 
 
 25 parts 
 
 000^ Jbanr. 
 
 1 „ 
 
 10 „ 
 
 541 „ 
 
 1 
 
 5 „ 
 
 511 „ 
 
 1 
 
 3 „ 
 
 482 „ 
 
 1 » 
 
 2 „ 
 
 441 „ 
 
 1 
 
 1 part 
 
 370 „ 
 
 3 parts 
 
 2 parts 
 
 334 „ 
 
 2 „ 
 
 1 part 
 
 340 „ 
 
 3 „ 
 
 ^ J? 
 
 356 „ 
 
 4 „ 
 
 >) 
 
 365 „ 
 
 5 „ 
 
 if 
 
 378 „ 
 
 6 „ 
 
 ^ i> 
 
 381 „ 
 
 Table of Bismuth Solders. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Bismuth. 
 
 Melts at 
 
 4 parts 
 
 4 parts 
 
 1 part 
 
 320^ Fahr. 
 
 3 „ 
 
 3 „ 
 
 1 
 
 310 „ 
 
 2 „ 
 
 2 „ 
 
 1 
 
 229 „ 
 
 1 part 
 
 1 part 
 
 1 „ 
 
 254 „ 
 
 2 parts 
 
 1 „ 
 
 2 parts 
 
 236 „ 
 
 3 „ 
 
 5 parts 
 
 3 „ 
 
 202 „ 
 
 Hard Soldermg. — The alloy used in hard solder- 
 ing is made from equal parts of copper and zinc ; 
 much of the zinc, however, is lost in the process, so 
 that the real proportion is not equal parts. The 
 alloy is again heated over a charcoal fire, and 
 broken to granulations in an iron mortar. A dif- 
 ferent proportion is used for soldering copper and 
 iron, viz., three-fourths zinc to one of copper. The 
 commercial name is " spelter-solder.'^ 
 
THE BRxVSSFOUNDER^S MANUAL. 
 
 59 
 
 The flux employed for spelter-solder is borax, 
 which can either be used separately, or mixed, by 
 rubbing, to a cream, or mixed with the solder in a 
 very little water. 
 
 When the work is cleaned, bound, fluxed, and 
 speltered^ the whole is subjected to a clear charcoal 
 or coke flre ; or what is now becoming far more 
 general, convenient, cleanly, and manageable, a 
 bellows blowpipe. 
 
 The air passes from a bellows propelled by the 
 foot through A, Fig. 24. The gas passes through 
 B, and the flame can be directed to any point, on 
 account of its being hinged at c c. The flame can 
 bo extended by using several stands, or by con- 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
60 THE BUASS founder's jMANUAL. 
 
 structing several burners on one stand. The heat 
 is mucli greater than from charcoal, can be regu- 
 lated at pleasure, and kept at the same temperature 
 for any given time. 
 
 In the process of hard soldering, the water should 
 be driven off by gentle heat ; the fusion of the flux 
 soon follows ; a glassy substance appears after the 
 froth, which, in its turn, is replaced by the alloy in 
 red liquid form ; the blue flame from the ignited 
 zinc informs the operator that the solder now fuses, 
 so that as soon as the work is flushed with solder it 
 must be withdrawn, allowed to set, and cooled in 
 water. 
 
 The common blowpipe is eminently useful to the 
 brassfounder, and should be mastered early. The 
 cheeks should form the bellows, the wind coming 
 from the mouth, not directly from the lungs. 
 
 The composition of the hard solders has been 
 given among alloys ; the only other which requires 
 notice is one suited for brazing steel. Its composition 
 is 
 
 19 parts sih^er, 
 1 part copper, 
 1 part brass. 
 
 Before the metals are placed in the furnace, they 
 should be covered over with charcoal dust. 
 
TKK l^HASSFOUNDEU^S MANUAt\\^ ^J.^ 61 
 
 PICKLING. 
 
 When the work is quite free from grease or other 
 
 impurities, it is left for an hour or two in a glass 
 
 or earthenware vessel containing 
 
 1 part nitric acid, 
 3 parts water, 
 
 and afterwards scoured with a brush quite clear, 
 using fine sand and water. Some work requires to 
 be scoured with pumice-stone and water. 
 
 In many cases, and as a matter of economy, the 
 old nitrous acid, diluted with water, from the 
 dipping process, is employed as the pickling liquid. 
 
 DIPPING. 
 
 When the work is pickled, it is immersed for an 
 
 instant in pure nitrous acid ; a bright surface is at 
 
 once imparted to the metal or alloy. 
 
 On no account must iron or wood be employed in 
 
 the process of dipping. If nippers are used, they 
 
 must be of brass. 
 
 At times some confusion occurs by using the term 
 aquafortis indiscriminately to nitric and nitrous 
 
 acids. 
 
62 THE BRASSFOUNDEH'S MANUAL. 
 
 BRONZING. 
 
 This term takes its origin from tlie Italian, and was 
 first employed by a school of artists to denote the 
 brown paint upon their statuary. The term has 
 been extended so as to include the chemical stain or 
 deposit applied to metals, for the purpose of impart- 
 ing to them an antique appearance. 
 
 This process has been little developed till within 
 the last few years. Most of the processes have been 
 kept secret, and, consequently, a general dissatisfac- 
 tion has existed for some time. The want of some 
 standard process, which will produce rapid and 
 certain results, with a choice of tints and colours, 
 is much to be regretted. Should the author have, 
 in an humble measure, mapped the course or pointed 
 to the resources, he shall only have done a duty 
 which was demanded by the times. 
 
 Nearly all that has been published on the subject 
 of bronzing— save some variations, and a few receipts 
 unworthy of the paper on which they are printed 
 — is here collected from a variety of sources ; but 
 mainly from Messrs. Cooley, Holtzapffel, and Napier, 
 of Britain, and Messrs. Larkin and Overman, of the 
 United States. Most of the published bronzes re- 
 quire days or hours to accomplish their work. 
 
THE BRASSFOTJNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 63 
 
 1. Vinegar alone. 
 
 2. Aquafortis, dilute. 
 
 3. Sal-ammoniac, strong solution. 
 
 4. Livers of sulphur, solution. 
 
 5. Hydrosulphuret of ammonia. 
 
 6. Bichloride of platinum. 
 
 7. Sal-ammoniac + vinegar (+ salt). 
 
 8. Sal-ammoniac half-pound; nitrous acid, one-third quart; 
 
 water, two-thirds quart. 
 
 9. Sal-ammoniac, one ounce ; verdigris, two ounces ; vinegar, 
 
 one pint. 
 
 10. Sal-ammoniac, three ounces; salts of sorrel, one ounce; 
 
 vinegar, one quart. 
 
 11. Sal-ammoniac, one part; cream of tartar, three parts; salt, 
 
 six parts ; nitrate of copper, eight parts ; hot water, twelve 
 parts. 
 
 12. Corrosive sublimate, one ounce ; vinegar, one pint. 
 
 13. Blacklead, or crocus + water; coat the metal, and burn 
 
 over a fire. 
 
 14. Sulphuret of potassium and water, set in flat dishes, and the 
 
 metal suspended over it. Effect, same as Ko. 5. 
 
 15. Muriatic acid, six pounds ; oxide of iron, two pounds ; yel- 
 
 low arsenic, one pound. iV.jS. Immerse ; allow to stand 
 moist till quite black, or the colour required ; wash ; dry 
 in sawdust ; and brush with blacklead like a grate. 
 
 Since the foregoing was written, tlie following has 
 appeared in The Eiigineer of February 14, 1868 : — 
 
 Although no alloy presents a more agreeable 
 appearance to the eye than brass when it is in a 
 high state of polish, yet the facility with which it 
 tarnishes has rendered it necessary to colour or 
 bronze it, especially in those instances where its 
 use exposes it to the liability of being frequently 
 handled. Many of our readers no doubt remember the 
 
64 THE BRASSFOrNDEU'S MANUAL. 
 
 time when all scientific instruments, such, as theodo- 
 lites, levels, circumferenters, sextants, and numerous 
 others of a smaller character, used in the drawing- 
 office, were all manufactured bright, as it is termed. 
 At present the best makers universally bronze in- 
 struments of the former class, and though they have 
 not absolutely renounced the manufacture in brass 
 of those belonging to the latter, yet they invariably 
 recommend, and justly too, those made of white 
 metal. The reason that it was not until comj)ara- 
 tively recently that brass was coloured or lacquered 
 is probably because it takes a layer of colour very 
 badly, and without certain precautions when a coat- 
 ing is laid on, the least shock will suffice to cause 
 it to scale off. Some interesting details have lately 
 been published respecting this very practical subject 
 in a German contemporary, illustrating the methods 
 employed in obtaining a colour of any required tint. 
 An orange tint, inclining to gold, is produced by 
 first polishing the brass, and then plunging it for a few 
 seconds into a neutral solution of crystallised acetate 
 of copper, care being taken that the solution is com- 
 pletely destitute of all free acid, and possesses a 
 warm temperature. Dipped into a bath of coppei^, 
 the resulting tint is a greyish green, while a beau- 
 tiful violet is obtained by immersing it for a single 
 instant in a solution of chloride of antimony, and 
 rubbing it with a stick covered with cotton. The 
 
THE BUASSFOUNDER's JNIA^^'AL. 
 
 65 
 
 temperature of tlie brass at the time the operation 
 is in progress has a great influence upon the beauty 
 and delicacy of the tint ; in the last instance it 
 should be heated to a degree so as just to be tolerable 
 to the touch. A moire appearance, vastly superior 
 to that usually seen, is produced by boiling the 
 object in a solution of sulphate of copper. According 
 to the proportions observed between the zinc and 
 the copper in the composition of the alloy, so will 
 the tints obtained vary. In many instances it 
 requires the employment of a slight degree of 
 friction, with a resinous or waxy varnish, to bring 
 out the wavy appearance characteristic of moire, 
 which is also singularly enhanced by dropping a 
 few iron nails into the bath. There are two methods 
 of procuring a black lacquer upon the surface of 
 brass. The one, which is that usually employed for 
 optical and scientific instruments, consists in first 
 polishing the object with tripoli, then washing it 
 with a mixture composed of one part of nitrate 
 of tin and two parts of chloride of gold, and 
 after allowing this wash to remain for nearly a 
 quarter of an hour, wiping it off with a linen cloth. 
 An excess of acid increases the intensity of the 
 tint. In the other method, copper turnings are 
 dissolved in nitric acid until the acid is saturated ; 
 the objects are immersed in the solution, cleaned, 
 and subsequently heated moderately over a charcoal 
 
66 THE BRASSFOUNDER^S MANUAL. 
 
 fire. This process must be repeated in order to 
 pi'oduce a black colour, as tbe first trial only gives 
 a deep green, and the finishing touch is to polish 
 with olive oil. .Much pains are taken abroad to give 
 brass objects ^ an English look/ for which purpose 
 they are first heated to redness, and then dipped in 
 a weak solution of sulphuric acid. Afterwards they 
 are immersed in dilute nitric acid, thoroughly washed 
 in water, and dried in sawdust. To efiect a uni- 
 formity in the colour, they are plunged into a bath 
 consisting of two parts of nitric acid and one part of 
 rain-water, where they are sufiered to remain for 
 several minutes. Should the colour not be free from 
 spots and patches, the operations must be repeated 
 until the desired effect is produced.'^ 
 
 The Japanese polish their brass, and boil it in a 
 solution composed of — 
 
 Sulphate of coppe?, 
 Alum, and 
 Verdifjris. 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDEK S MANUAL. 
 
 The following tables exhibit — 
 
 THE AUTHOR'S BRONZINa LIQUIDS OF 186L 
 
 To be used for Brass ht/ simple immersion. 
 
 No. pt. 
 1 1 
 
 dr. pt 
 
 oz.'gr, 
 
 30 
 
 oz. dr, 
 
 dr. 
 
 dr. 
 
 dr.' dr. 
 
 ( Brown, and every 
 ( shade to black. 
 Do. do. 
 
 ( Brown, and every 
 ( shade to red. 
 
 Do. do. 
 Brownish red 
 
 Do. 
 Dark hrown. 
 Yellow to red. 
 Orange. 
 Olive-green. 
 Slate. 
 Blue. 
 
 Steel-gre3% 
 Black. 
 
 iV.Z?.— In the preparation of No. 5, the liquid must be brought to boil and cooled. 
 In using No. 13, the heat of the liquid must not be under 180". 
 No. 6 is slow in action, taking an hour to produce good results. 
 The action of the others is, for the most part, immediate. 
 
68 
 
 THE BRASSFOTJNDETt's MANUAL. 
 
 THE AUTHOR'S BRONZINa LIQUIDS OF 186L 
 To he used for Copper hy simple immersion. 
 
 No. 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 
 dr. 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 dr. 
 
 dr. 
 
 dr. 
 
 dr. 
 
 j Brown., and every shade 
 j to black. 
 Dark-brown drab. 
 
 Do. 
 Bright red. 
 
 i Red, and every shade to 
 \ black. 
 
 Steel-grey, at 180 . 
 
 Ton Zing. 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 Nitrate of Iron. 
 
 Protochloride of Tin. 
 
 Sulphate of Copper. 
 
 Muriate of Iron. 
 
 Muriate of Lead. 
 
 Pearlash. 
 
 Sulphocyanide of Potassium. 
 
 Hyposulphite of Soda. 
 
 Garancine Infusion. 
 
 Logwood Infusion. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 pt. 
 
 dr. 
 
 dr. 
 
 dr. 
 
 dr. 
 
 oz. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dr. 
 
 dr. 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 
 "i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 "i 
 
 
 
 
 Dark grey. 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 "1 
 
 * 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J .» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 25 
 
 "2 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Green-grey. 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 Red Boil. 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Copper colour. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( Plates so cy^z. 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 j Copper colour, witli 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) agitation. 
 
 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 Purple Boil. 
 
 * Made to the consistency of cream, 
 
THE BUASSFOUNDEU'S MANUAL. 
 
 69 
 
 Mr. Larkin stated in 1866 that, for the pur- 
 pose of rendering the alloys, which are of a silvery- 
 grey colour, perfectly suitable as substitutes for 
 copper, bronze, brass, and other metals, the colour 
 j)roper to the metals of which they are- intended 
 to be substitu tes is imparted to them by means 
 of any solution of copper. The hydrochlorate of 
 copper is found to answer best. 
 
 Firstly. For giving the alloys a blackish-bronze 
 colour, they are treated with a solution of the salt of 
 copper diluted with a considerable quantity of water, 
 and a small quantity of nitric acid may be added. 
 
 Secondly. To impart a lead or copper colour, 
 add to the solution of the salt of copper liquid am- 
 monia and a little acetic acid. The salt of copper 
 may be dissolved in the liquid ammonia. 
 
 Thirdly. To impart a brass or antique bronze 
 colour, either of the three following means may be 
 adopted : — 
 
 1st. A solution of copper, with some acetic acid. 
 *^2nd. The means before described for copper colour, 
 with a large proportion of liquid ammonia. 
 
 3rd. Water acidulated with nitric acid, by which 
 beautiful bluish shades may be produced. It must 
 be observed, however, this last process can only be 
 properly employed on the alloys which contain a 
 portion of copper. 
 
 In either of these methods of colouring, a solution 
 
70 THE buassfounder's manual. 
 
 of sal-ammoniac may be substituted for the liquid 
 ammonia. The quantities of each ingredient have 
 not been stated, as these depend upon the nature of 
 the alloy, the shade or hue desired, and the durability 
 required. 
 
 " The bluish -bronze colour may be superadded to 
 the red or copper colour, whereby a beautiful light 
 colour is produced on the prominent parts of the 
 article bronzed, or on the parts from which the 
 blackish-bronze colour may have been rubbed off. 
 
 These new alloys may be used as substitutes for 
 various metals now in general use, such as ?ion, lead, 
 tin, or copper, in pipes and tubes ; and broni.p, brass, 
 and copper, in machinery and manufactories, as well 
 as for most of the other purposes for which more 
 expensive metals are employed.'^ 
 
 Brass obtains a very beautiful drab-bronze by being 
 worked in moulders' damp sand for a short time and 
 brushed up. 
 
 LACQUERING. 
 
 This process is simply varnishing for the purpose 
 of protecting the colour of the metal, and should be 
 applied within an hour after dipping or bronzing. 
 The lacquer, like all other varnish, consists of a 
 
THE BEAbSrOUNDEH's MANUAL. 
 
 71 
 
 solution of gum or resin; and when coloured, it U 
 
 so by tlie introduction of other substances, usually 
 
 another gum or resin, 
 
 T/ie Materials. — These substances should be kept 
 
 in separate and well-labelled bottles, both in a dry 
 
 state (excepting liquids) and in solution, so that at 
 
 any moment a required tint may be produced. 
 
 Beneath, we give a list of the materials ; their nature 
 
 and properties will be found in their proper place. 
 
 The lacquer = Shellac + spirits of wine. 
 Other substances [Turpentine, spirits of. 
 
 „ varnish. 
 ..." Mastic varnish, 
 Canada balsam. 
 B ... Pyro-acetic ether. 
 
 {Bi-agon's blood. 
 Annotta. 
 jded Saunders. 
 /Turmeric. 
 Gamboge. 
 
 D = yellow 
 
 Saffron. 
 Sandarac. 
 ^Cape aloes. 
 
 T/ie Effect of Light and Heat on Lacquers.— 
 Throughout the whole of nature, light and heat 
 produce wonderful effects. Some substances will 
 remain as long as wished in the dark, but will change 
 and explode when brought to the light. Lacquers, 
 after a like order, change in the light, and become 
 dark in colour ; while heat, from whatever source, 
 sets up evaporation and continual change. There is 
 
THE BKASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 a common practice of keeping lacquers in black bot- 
 tles, to prevent the action of light ; but the lacquer 
 might as well be in clear \v^hite glass bottles, as 
 the only colour through which the chemical rays of 
 light will not pass is yellow. Therefore, the only 
 bottles in which lacquers can be kept free from its 
 action are made of yellow glass or stone- ware. 
 
 Lacquer Dishes and Brushes, — Besides the above- 
 mentioned bottles, there are required flat dishes, 
 with cross rods and camel-hair brushes. These 
 dishes should be made of plate glass, cemented with 
 marine glue ; the plate glass drilled, and a glass rod 
 inserted at the proper place, and also fixed with 
 marine glue. The brushes must have no tinned- 
 plate fastenings. 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 Lacquer Room and Stove. — It is usual to set apart 
 a room for the purpose of lacquering, to be perfectly 
 
 i 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDER'S MANUAL. .^^ 
 
 free from dust, and yet adjacent to tlie firf 
 shop. This room is furnished with a hot-plate 
 with the coking-door and ashpit outside of the room. 
 The ordinary construction is that of the foregoing 
 figure, where the vent passes up the wall which 
 divides the finishing-shop from the lacquering- 
 room. 
 
 The flue passes to the front of the stove, and then 
 returns to the wall. 
 
 It is sometimes better to do away with the ordinary 
 stove, and substitute a steam chest in the centre of 
 the room. The steam chest need not be deep — 
 usually about four inches — set on legs the height of 
 a table. The other sizes will depend upon the amount 
 of work sent through the lacquer-room. 
 
 An iron canopy, hung with weights on pulleys, 
 surmounts the stove or steam chest in order to con- 
 fine the heat. A few old dish-covers for the same 
 purpose, for small articles, will be found of service. 
 
 The work should be heated to the degree of boiling 
 water, so as to drive off all cold and moisture, and 
 cause the evaporation of the spirits in the lacquer. 
 When the work is too hot, it oxidizes. 
 
 The following table gives in detail the proportions 
 of the various substances employed in the manufac- 
 ture of lacquers ; the broad principles by which colour 
 is given to them will 1x3 apparent at a glance, and 
 require no explanation. 
 
74 
 
 THE BRASSrOUNDEll's MAKUAL» 
 TABLE OF LACQUERS. 
 
 Solutions. 
 
 Eeds. 
 
 Yellows. 
 
 No 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 dr. 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 pt. dr. 
 
 dr. 
 
 dr. dr. 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 dr. 
 
 dr. 
 
 27 
 
 Strong simple. 
 Simple pale. 
 Fine pale. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Pale gold. 
 Pale yellow. 
 
 Do. lloss'a 
 Full j^ellow. 
 Gold. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Deep gold. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Red. 
 
 Do. 
 Tin lacquer. 
 Green, for bronze. 
 
 iV.P.— The union of red with yellow produces a fine orange colour. 
 
 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PRECEDING 
 METALS AND ALLOYS. 
 
 To Dissolve. — -The metals and alloys are soluble 
 in certain acids — most of them require a little time ; 
 the finer they are reduced before being added to the* 
 acids^ the sooner will the solution be complete, 
 
THE BKASSFOUNDER's MANX.UL. 
 
 75 
 
 Copper, zinc, Lismntli, and nickel are soluble in nitric acid. 
 Lead and antimony are soluble in one part nitric acid with two 
 
 parts hot water. 
 Tin is soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 To Precipitate : — 
 
 Copper, tin, lead, bismuth, and antimony, when in acid solution, 
 are precipitated when there is introduced into the solution 
 sulphuretted hydrogen gas. 
 
 Zinc and nickel are precipitated by hydro -sulphur et of ammonia. 
 
 "When a precipitate is formed in any solution, a 
 cliemical union lias taken place — two substances have 
 united on account of the strong affinity they have for 
 one another ; they unite, not as an irregular mass, but 
 in definite atomic proportions or fixed amounts. In 
 the preceding precipitates, the sulphur of the precipi- 
 tate unites to the metal and forms a chemical sub- 
 stance known as a Sulphide of the Metal. 
 
 Reduction to Relative Weights. — For the most part, 
 these sulphides are composed of one grain or atom 
 of sulphur with one grain or atom of the metal, ex- 
 cept in the case of bismuth and antimony, where two 
 grains of sulphur unite with one grain of the metal. 
 By using the word grain, we do not mean a grain 
 weight, but the smallest conceivable quantity or atom. 
 Now, to find the weight of this atom, which no one 
 has ever seen, a cubic inch of the lightest known sub- 
 stance, hydrogen gas, is taken, and a cubic inch of 
 sulphur, and we find that it takes sixteen, of the cubic 
 inches of hydrogen to poise the one cubic inch of 
 
 e2 
 
76 
 
 THE BUASSFOUNDEK's MANUAL, 
 
 sulphur ; so vre say, the weight of sulphur is 16, and 
 by the same process we find the weight of the metals 
 to be— 
 
 Copper 31 '7 
 
 Zinc 32-6 
 
 Tin 58- 
 
 Lead 103*7 
 
 Nickel 29-6 
 
 Antimony 129* 
 
 Bismuth 218- 
 
 To Separate and JDetermi?ie. — When it is the simple 
 anatysis of only one metal which is sought for, and 
 that metal known/ the dried sulphide precipitate 
 contains 16 parts of sulphur to the number of parts 
 placed opposite the name of the metal in the above 
 list, except in the cases of bismuth and antimony, 
 when the equiA^alent or weight for sulphur is 32. 
 
 "When, however, the object treated is comj^lex^ 
 separation must take place. 
 
 Tin is not soluble in nitric acid, and will remain 
 behind as a binoxide of tin ; every 74 grains of 
 which contain 58 grains of pure tin. 
 
 If lead is present, it is precipitated by sulphuric 
 acid as a sulphate ; every 152 grains of which con- 
 tain 104 grains of pure lead. 
 
 When copper is present, it is precipitated by 
 sulphuretted hydrogen, washed with potash to dis- 
 solve the antimony or arsenic if present ; every 48 
 parts of which contain 32 parts of copper. 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 77 
 
 If zinc is present, precipitation is formed by car- 
 bonate of soda, and boiled ; eyery 40 parts contain 
 32 parts of zinc. 
 
 When it is wished simply to know wnat metal is 
 present, the most convenient mode is to pound a 
 grain weight of the substance under examination 
 with about 100 grains of borax or other salt, and 
 subject it to the blowpipe. See Plattner's, Mitcheirs, 
 or Elderhost's works for instructions on Blowpipe 
 Analysis ; also the respective metals, at page 80. 
 
 CLASSIFIED LIST OP MOST SUBSTANCES 
 USED BY BRASSFOUNDERS. 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 Black-lead, — Obtained from Cumberland, where it 
 exists in a bed of trap-rock, alternating with clay- 
 slate. It contains no lead, but is carbon \ the same 
 substance, chemically, as the diamond, except 
 in a different condition, and containing a small 
 proportion of iron, in which state it has been termed 
 a non-cohesive alloy. Commercial black-lead is 
 
78 THE brAlSsfounder's manual. 
 
 often adulterated to tlie extent of from 30 to 70 per 
 cent. 
 
 Chalk, — Obtained from the white cliffs along the 
 south-east coast of England. It is an earthy car- 
 bonate of lime. When scraped down, it makes a 
 better polishing substance than the prepared chalk 
 known as whiting. 
 
 Crocus, — Obtained by calcining green vitriol, sul- 
 phate of iroUy roasting, and washing. It is also pre- 
 pared by precipitation with carbonate of soda. In 
 this state it is very fine. It forms a sesquioxide of 
 iron, soluble in acids. 
 
 Emery, — Obtained from the islan-ds of the Grecian 
 Archipelago, where it is found at the foot of the 
 primitive mountains. It is a granular variety of 
 corundum or adamantine spar. It ranks next to the 
 diamond in hardness. 
 
 Plaster of Paris, — Obtained from gypsum by 
 decomposition ; it should be heated to dryness before 
 being mixed, and used with as little water as possi- 
 ble. It is much adulterated. 
 
 Pumice-stone, — Obtained from Campo Bianco, one 
 of the islands of Lipari. It is the green glassy fel- 
 spar melted by volcanic fire, and acted on by gases 
 or watery vapours, and ejected as a whitish, spongy, 
 porous substance. See Professor Silliman's Visit 
 to Europe in 1851,^^ vol. ii. j). 4. 
 
 Sulphur. — In its crude state it is known as brim- 
 
THE BRASS^'OUNDEr's MANUAL. 
 
 79 
 
 Btone. It is an element of nature, soluble in hot 
 potash, melts at 218^, and is volatile above 300"^ ; 
 burns with a blue flame, and leaves no residue. It is 
 obtained from the sulphides of iron, lead, and copper ; 
 in a purer state from Sicily, where it is found imbedded 
 in blue clay. It is emitted from volcanoes, although 
 to no great extent, in the form of sulphurous-acid va- 
 pours, which crystallize into beautiful needle-shaped 
 crystals, crossing and entangling with one another in 
 brilliant and eudless confusion. The connection be- 
 tween sulphur and volcanoes may be so expressed. 
 Heat comes from the sun, and therewith electricity ; 
 the earth is charged with it according to the conduct- 
 ing or non-conducting nature of the soil ; when the 
 electric current is retarded by a bad conductor, 
 such as sulphur, soil heat is evolved ; hence arise 
 volcanoes in sulphurous countries. In like manner 
 thunder-storms are simply valves for the escape 
 of forces which would tear up the world by earth- 
 quakes. 
 
 Sulphur makes an excellent flux in the manufac« 
 ture of brazing solder. It makes excellent casts, and 
 is extensively used as a substitute for bat-lead. 
 
 Rotten- st'One, — The sort commonly employed in 
 this country is, according to Holtzapffel, peculiar to 
 England, and is found in large quantities both in 
 Derbyshire and South Wales. It is also obtained 
 from Tripoli, in Asia Minor ; and is much used, under 
 
80 
 
 THE BKASSFOTJNDEll^S MANUAL. 
 
 the name of Tripoli, all over the world. It is found 
 in small patches in some of the western islands of Scot- 
 land ; and furnishes beautiful specimens of the shells 
 of the decayed plants for the microscope. This sub- 
 stance was formerly believed to be animal infusoria^ 
 and has been much studied of late, under the name 
 of Diatomacece, 
 
 Sa?ids. — Brassfounders' sands are obtained prin- 
 cipally from Hampstead or Belfast. They contain 
 about 94 per cent, of silex. Their properties have been 
 already described. 
 
 W/iitin^.—GTOund and washed chalk. Its particles 
 are very fine, and hardly able to abrade. Its princi- 
 pal object is to absorb the oil or grease from the work 
 previously polished by other means, and to impart a 
 finishing gloss. 
 
 METALS. 
 
 Copper —Ohtained from Cornwall, in England, by 
 calcining and roasting the ore, which yields 8 per 
 cent, or so of metal : we raise about 15,000 tons per 
 annum. About ten times as much is imported from 
 Chili, Cuba, United States, Australia, and South 
 Africa. About 30,000 tons per annum are usually 
 exported from this country to British India, France, 
 Egypt, and Holland. 
 
 Damp air, acid vapours, ammoniacal liquids, and 
 gases produce green salts upon the surface of copper ; 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 81 
 
 it is also acted on by a weak solution of common 
 salt, while it is not acted upon at all by a strong 
 solution. 
 
 Copper is precipitated from solutions by sulpliu- 
 retted hydrogen gas, giving a black deposit. It is 
 also precipitated by potash, soda, carbonate of soda, 
 and ammonia, yielding blue or bluish-green deposits. 
 Ferro- cyanide of potassium gives a reddish-brown 
 precipitate. In mass, copper and its alloys impart a 
 green colour to the outer flame of the blowpipe Avhen 
 it is exposed to the inner flame. 
 
 Lead, — Obtained from Derbyshire, in the form of 
 sulphide and slickenside ores. The term ^^slickenside'^ 
 arises from the loose nature of the rock, which, on 
 being struck, comes tumbling down for hours, while 
 a series of violent and dangerous explosions is set up, 
 and the ore is left broken to the miner's hand. 
 
 About 70,000 tons are raised annually in this 
 country. About half 'that quantity is imported chiefly 
 from Spain and Sardinia. We export about 20^000 
 tons to the United States, France^ and China. 
 
 The atmosphere produces on lead a coating of car- 
 bonate of lead. Pure water absorbs a portion of 
 lead, and forms a poison. Lead is precipitated from 
 solutions by sulphuretted hydrogen gas, producing a 
 black deposit ; it is also precipitated by potash, car- 
 bonate of soda, and ammonia, yielding a white preci- 
 pitate. Chromate of potash gives rise to a yellow 
 
 E 3 
 
82 
 
 THE BUASSFOTTNDEK's MANUAL. 
 
 deposit ; in mass it produces a yellow oxide on char* 
 coal before the blowpipe. 
 
 Tin, — Obtained from Cornwall, from tbe oxide, 
 intermixed with quartz. The ore is blackish, but 
 white when pounded ; it is obtained in large pieces, 
 being blasted by gunpowder. In the pounded state 
 it is smelted and again refined. Though the ores are 
 much mixed up with other metals^ as arsenic, tin, 
 zinc, copper, &c,, yet they yield at times 70 per cent, 
 of pure tin. We raise about 10,000 tons a year, and 
 import about half that quantity, chiefly from British 
 India ; while we export about 7,000 tons to France 
 and the United States. 
 
 Air and water have little effect on tin ; acids pro- 
 duce rapid oxidation, and at the melting point it is 
 converted into putty powder. A black precipitate 
 occurs with sulphuretted hydrogen ; a purple with 
 terchloride of gold. 
 
 In mass, with equal parts of carbonate of soda and 
 cyanide of potassium^ as flux, metallic tin is pro- 
 duced by the inner flame of the blowpipe. 
 
 Zinc or Spelter, — Obtained chiefly from Hamburg, 
 Prussia, Belgium, and Holland. The ores are mostly 
 carbonates and silicates, and are reduced by calcining 
 and smelting. Zinc is very impure, being imperfectly 
 reduced ; there remaining much arsenic and iron* 
 
 We import about 35,000 tons per annum, and 
 obtain from British mines about 4^000 tons. The 
 
THE brassfoijndek's MAInUAL. 
 
 83 
 
 exports amount to about 8,000 tons to British India 
 and France. 
 
 Exposed to the air, zinc becomes grey from a 
 coating by oxygen. It is brittle when cold ; ductile 
 at 212^ to 300^; brittle again at 450^ ; fuses at 770^; 
 while at 940"^ it is conyerted into flowers of zinc. 
 
 Potash, soda, and ammonia produce a white pre- 
 cipitate, soluble in excess of the precipitant. 
 
 In mass, moistened with cobalt, it produces a 
 beautiful green before the blowpipe. 
 
 BASES AND SALTS. 
 
 As a general rule, bases are oxides of metals, 
 and salts are bases in union with acids. 
 
 Arsenic. — The arsenic of the shops is an oxide of 
 the metal arsenic. It has acid properties, and receives 
 the additional name of ai^senious acid. 
 
 Bichloride of Platinum, — This is the metal plati- 
 num in union with two atoms of chlorine. 
 
 Borax. — This is the bi-borate of soda. It has a 
 strong attraction for oxygen when heat is applied. 
 Used as a flux, it frees the metal from its oxide, and 
 allows the solder to have complete union with the 
 metal. 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, aho known as Muriate of Zinc. — 
 This is formed when sheet zinc is dissolved in 
 hydrochloric acid, filtered, and crystallized. It is 
 caustic, and used as a flux. 
 
84 THE BllASSFOUNDEH^S MANUAL. 
 
 Cream of Tartar, — The bitartrate of potasli. 
 This is used to dispose one metal to adhere to another. 
 
 Cyanide of Potassium, — The yellow prussiate of 
 potash heated y/ith the dry carbonate. 
 
 Ferrocyanide of Potassium, — The result of uniting 
 potash with iron turnings and refuse animal mat- 
 ter. It is the yellow prussiate of potash. 
 
 Hyposidphite of Soda, — This is soda, plus hypo- 
 sulphurous acid. It is soluble to a very large 
 extent in water. 
 
 Muriate of Tin,— One ounce of powdered tin is 
 dissolved in four ounces of concentrated muriatic acid 
 by means of heat, and when cold is diluted with an 
 equal bulk of water. This substance is used to tin 
 iron and steel. The iron is dipped into the solution, 
 and by its side a plate of clean copper ; a voltaic cur- 
 rent is set up, and tin is deposited on the iron. 
 
 Nitrate of Cojoper, — This is copper, plus nitric 
 acid ; crystallizes blue ; soluble in water, and readily 
 parts with its copper. 
 
 Nitrate of Iron. — This is iron dissolved in nitric 
 acid to a syrup. 
 
 Perckloride of 7r(?;^,— This is rust, or oxide of 
 iron, dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Crystallizes 
 red ; soluble in water ; very corrosive. 
 
 Peroxide of Iron^ Hydrated,-^\n.^ is the preci- 
 pitate which is formed on the addition of potash or 
 ammonia to a solution of sesquioxide of iron. 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDEr's MANUAL. 
 
 85 
 
 Potash is a crude carbonate of tlie hydrated 
 oxide of potassium, and is obtained from America 
 and Russia. It is also manufactured at home from 
 the sulphate by roasting. It is a strong alkali. 
 
 Protochloride of Tin, — This is an excess of tin 
 digested in hot hydrochloric acid. Its crystals arc 
 like needles. It is a deoxidizing agent. 
 
 Sal' Ammoniac, — This is hydrochlorate of ammo- 
 nia. Can be made either from gas-liquor or bone- 
 liquor. 
 
 Soda, — A carbonate of sodium obtained from sea- 
 salt. It is a strong alkali, and, like potash, unites 
 with oil, grease, or fatty matter, and is converted into 
 soap. 
 
 Stannate of Potash, — This is potash with stannic 
 acid, which acid is a product of potash and per- 
 chloride of tin. It is used for tinning in the • same 
 manner as cream of tartar* 
 
 Sulphide of Antimony, — This is simply sulphur, 
 plus antimony. In itself it has little action; with 
 potash, it deposits red on copper ; with acids, its 
 action is frequently apparent. 
 
 Sulphocyanide of Potassium, — This is made by 
 digesting 3 parts of cyanide of potassium with 1 
 part of sulphur and 6 parts of water. The crystals 
 are white, deliquescent, soluble in water, and unite 
 with the persalts of iron. 
 
 Ter sulphide of ArseniC'-^T^x^ is formed by sub- 
 
86 
 
 THE BRASSFOrXDEu's MANUAT.. 
 
 limation of arsenious acid with sulphur. It is also 
 found native. Those formed by nature are yellow 
 and red, and may be produced by the receipt in the 
 table of bronzes for brass. 
 
 White-lead, — This is subcarbonate of lead, and 
 is produced wheneyer sheet-lead is acted on by 
 vinegar. Commercial white-lead contains contamina- 
 tions of baryta, and sometimes chalk. 
 
 GUMS, RESINS, AND COLOURING SUBSTANCES. 
 
 A7inotta, — Obtained from the seed of the Bixa 
 Orellana of South America. It contains 
 
 28 per cent, of resin, and 
 
 20 per cent, of colouring matter. 
 
 It has the colour of flame, and possesses a strong 
 smell. 
 
 With pearlash the colour of annotta may be regu- 
 lated in solution ; precipitated thereafter with oil of 
 vitriol, diluted with 20 parts of water, and dried. 
 
 Cape Aloes, — Obtained from the aloe of the Cape 
 of Good Hope. It contains a gum and a resin in 
 mechanical mixture. In mass it is greenish brown ; 
 in powder it is a greenish yellow ; soluble to a large 
 extent in boiling water. 
 
 Dragon^ s Blood, — Obtained from various species of 
 the genus Calamus ^ principally from Draccena draco, 
 
THE BUASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 87 
 
 or dragon-tree. One of these trees growing at 
 Oratava, in Teneriffe, is said to be 6,000 years 
 old at present. This plant is of very slow growth. 
 The resin is of a red colour, in lump dark, in 
 powder bright, and yields transparent solutions 
 soluble in ether and alcohol. It is much adulte- 
 rated. A factitious article is made from shellac, 
 Canada balsam, gum benzoin, sanders wood, and 
 Venetian red. 
 
 Gamboge, — Obtained from the GracinicB, It is 
 brought from Siam, is yellow, and soluble in ether 
 and alcohol. 
 
 Gum Arabic, — Obtained from the acacia-tree of 
 Arabia, &c. Well known. 
 
 Gum British. — Chiefly used for giving adhesion to 
 the sand for making cores ; is obtained by exposing 
 dry potato starch to calcination in a stove heated to 
 400^ Fahr. 
 
 Lac. — Obtained as a concrete juice upon the 
 branches of the Ficus Indica, &c., and is produced by 
 the puncture of an insect. Lac should be obtained 
 as pale as possible ; when required white, it can be 
 bleached by passing a current of chlorine gas through 
 it, or by boiling the solution for a few minutes with 
 animal charcoal, filtering through silk and then paper. 
 
 Resin. — An after-product in the making of turpen-^ 
 tine. According to Liebig, all resins are oxidized 
 essential oils* It is soluble in alcohol. 
 
88 
 
 THE BRASSFOTJNDEr's MANUAL. 
 
 Saffron. — Obtained from the pistils of the safiron 
 crocus. It contains a polychromatic principle. 
 
 "VYitli alcohol it gives a gold-yellow colour ; 
 With sulphuric acid, a lilac colour ; 
 With nitric acid, a green colour. 
 
 Sandarac. — Obtained from the juniper-tree of 
 Africa ; it has a slight smell ; it easily dissolves. 
 
 Turmeric, — Obtained from the Curcuma longa root 
 of Ceylon. It imparts brown to alkalies^ and red to 
 acids. 
 
 SOLVENTS, ACIDS, AND OILS. 
 
 Spirits of WinCy or Alcohol. — This is derived from 
 malt. It is combustible, pungent to taste, and has a 
 penetrating odour. It can be purchased free from 
 duty, under the name of methylated spirits, and recti- 
 fied as follows : — 
 
 To every pint add four ounces perfectly dry pearl- 
 ash ; shake the bottle occasionally for several days, 
 decant the clear liquid, and distil from a flask through 
 a Liebig condenser. The product should yield 90 
 per cent, real alcohol. 
 
 Water is detected in spirits of wine by sulphate of 
 copper ; wood spirits, by potash. Under the name 
 
 Finish,^^ alcohol is sold containing some resinous 
 matter. 
 
 Pyroacetic Ether, Or Acetone.— Thi^ is made by 
 the dry distillation of acetate of baryta in a shallow 
 
THE BRASSrOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 89 
 
 retort, and at as low a heat as consistent with its 
 decomposition. The oil is separated from the product, 
 and the latter rectified over quicklime, mixed with a 
 little animal charcoal. The process is repeated till 
 the boiling point is constant, and the acetone pure. 
 
 Stdjyhuric Acid. — Oil of vitriol, a compound of 
 sulphur and oxygen. Well known. 
 
 Nitric Acid, — Aquafortis, a compoimd of nitrogen 
 with oxygen in the proportion of 1 to 5. 
 
 Nitrons Acid. — The peroxide of nitrogen, having 
 the proportion of 1 of nitrogen to 3 of oxj^gen. 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid, — Marine acid, or spirits of 
 salt, a compound of equal proportions of hydrogen 
 and chlorine. 
 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen. — Equal parts of sulphur 
 and hydrogen. A highly poisonous gas. 
 
 Sweet Oe7. —Formerly obtained from the wild or 
 rape turnip, but now from the seeds of the Brassica 
 7iajms. 
 
 Sperm Oil. — Obtained from the head of the sper- 
 maceti whale. Does not thicken by age or friction. 
 
 The quality of oils is known from the amount of 
 soapy cream which arises when mixed with pearlash. 
 
 SAWDUSTS. 
 
 Sawdust. — It is best obtained from boxwood, be- 
 cause it contains no resinous substance. The next 
 best is from beechwood. 
 
90 THE brassfoxjnder's manual. 
 
 ON THE RECOVERY OF BRASS FROM 
 THE ASHES AND SWEEPINGS OF THE 
 FOUNDRY. 
 
 The ashes and sweepings are generally sold, t\\o 
 brassfounder not troubling himself with details of 
 recovery. 
 
 In the case of sweepings, they are put into a tub 
 with about four times their bulk of water and washed ; 
 the dust rises to the top, and after the metal settles 
 to the bottom, the bulk of the water is poured off. 
 This process is repeated till the water is pretty clean. 
 The metal is allowed to dry, then put into a close 
 crucible and melted. It is usually run into ingots. 
 
 More care is required with the ashes : the best 
 smelters grind them before washing, and then pro- 
 ceed as above. The metal obtained from the ashes 
 is generally rich in copper, and it is usual to add some 
 zinc, in order to reduce the quality. 
 
 Care must be taken to prevent fine particles being 
 Trashed away. 
 
THE BRASSFOTJNDEK's MANUAL. 91 
 
 ON THE RECOVERY OF COPPER FROM THE 
 DIPPING LIQUIDS. 
 
 It must be evident to those who have read the fore- 
 going pages that, in the process of dipping brass, 
 part of the ingredients must be dissolved in liquids. 
 
 The best method of recovering the loss is by eva- 
 porating the liquids to a considerable extent, and 
 introducing zinc drops in order that they may be 
 covered over with copper, in which state they are 
 melted in the usual manner. 
 
 ON THE USE OF SALT-CAKE. 
 
 In smelting expensive metals, the use of a little salt- 
 cake as a flux greatly improves the appearance of 
 the metal or alloy, the refuse uniting with the salt- 
 cake to the surface of the crucible, and is skimmed 
 off. 
 
92 
 
 THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 WEIGHT OP BRASS. 
 
 There already exists a table of weights for cast brass 
 per square foot, whicli has been piiblislied in several 
 books. The author has had considerable difficulty in 
 attempting to reconcile published with actual 
 weights, on account, no doubt, of the different 
 proportions of copper and zinc used in its manufac- 
 ture. This will be found at all times a difficulty with 
 alloys. 
 
 The following tables, however, are calculated from 
 actual and repeated weighings at cardinal points, and 
 are adapted to the present state of the trade. 
 
 The tables on sheet brass per wire gauge, brass 
 tubings, bar brass, and brass wire, &c., will, the author 
 trusts, be found of considerable advantage. 
 
 The first two tables are drawn out in a peculiar 
 skeleton-like form, in order that attention may be 
 directed to a sort of ratio which exists, especially in 
 sheet brass per wire gauge, and at the same time to 
 assist the memory in recollecting those sizes which 
 have even weights. 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDER'S MANUA^Jif^ ^ 7 
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THE BRaSSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 X 
 
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THE 
 
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 95 
 
 
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96 
 
 THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
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THE BKASSFOUNDER^S ]ViANUAL> 
 
 97 
 
 WEIGHTS OF COPPER, ZINO, TIN, AND 
 IRON. 
 
 Next to brass and the alloys rank copper, zinc, tin, 
 and iron in importance to the brassfounder ; and as 
 these metals are always in demand, we have annexed 
 the following tables of weights, which we have no 
 doubt will be found of use. 
 
 Should these tables not furnish exactly the sizes 
 required for any special calculation, the result re- 
 quired will be found by taking the Aveight in wrought 
 ii'on, and multiplying it by 
 
 r09 for brass, 
 1-15 for copper, 
 1-48 for lead, 
 0-94 for tin, 
 0-92 for zinn, 
 vol for Bi^l 
 
98 
 
 THE BKASSrOUNDER's MANUAI-. 
 
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THE BKASSFOUNPER's MANUAL. 
 
 
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100 
 
 THE BKASSFOUNDEe's MANUAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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THE BRASSFOTJNDER's MANUAL, 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 
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102 
 
 THE BRASSFO-UNDEb's MANUAL. 
 
 TINNED PLATES. 
 
 Brand Mark. 
 
 In 
 
 /I 0 
 
 '20 
 
 3 C 
 
 HC 
 
 Hx 
 
 Ix 
 
 2x 
 
 3x ... 
 
 Ixx , 
 
 Ixxx .... 
 Ixxxx .... 
 
 DC 
 
 Dx 
 
 Dxx 
 
 Dxxx .... 
 Dxxxx . . , 
 
 SDC 
 
 SDx 
 
 S Dxx 
 
 S Dxxx . . 
 S Dxxxx . . 
 Wasters, 
 WO and 
 Mixed .... 
 
 TT 
 
 \XTT 
 
 No. of 
 Sheets 
 in a 
 Box. 
 
 225 
 225 
 225 
 225 
 225 
 225 
 225 
 225 
 225 
 225 
 225 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 
 225 
 
 450 
 450 
 
 Dimensions. 
 
 Length. 
 
 ISJ 
 12f 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 12f 
 
 13| 
 13| 
 
 16f 
 16i 
 16:1 
 
 161 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 131 
 
 131 
 131 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 H 
 H 
 xo 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 12i 
 12i 
 12j 
 11 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 Weight of a Box, 
 
THE brassfoujs^der's ma:n'ual. lOiJ 
 
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THE brassfoundek's manual. 
 
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 3-15 
 
 co|co 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 2*66 
 
 H|qo 
 
 I— ( 
 
 CO 
 
 
 •/2 rH 
 
 <5 
 
 p 
 O 
 
 .9 
 
 CO 
 
 lbs. 
 12*6 
 
 t-!co 
 
 lbs. 
 12-2 
 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 11*2 
 
 CM 
 
 i o 
 
 
 
 
 ;3 o 
 
 Hoo 
 
 
 <M 
 
 CO 
 
 rA 
 
 
 :9 CO 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 olx 
 1— 1 
 
 . CO 
 
 m 
 
 
 . CO 
 
 5 CO 
 
 1— 1 
 
 jQ CO 
 
 r— 1 
 
 M CO 
 
 :2 lb 
 
 
 w CO 
 5 lb 
 
 r— 1 
 
 lO 
 
 
 2q 
 o 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 EH 
 
 
 W 
 
 § 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 W 
 
 pa 
 
 
 W 
 
 <N 
 
 jO CO 
 
 (M 
 
 . o 
 
 CO 
 (M 
 
 . o 
 
 S rH 
 
 (N 
 
 <M 
 
 . CI 
 
 — t 
 
 (M 
 
 ^ ;h 
 
 O 
 
 <M 
 
 . o 
 
 C5 
 
 . 1^ 
 
 :2 th 
 
 CO 
 rH 
 
 9 
 
 !>• 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 IC) 
 rH 
 
 ^ 9 
 
 
 3 00 
 
 CO j ^ ^ 
 
 I— t 
 
 
 rH 
 
 1—1 
 
 
 o 
 
 rH 
 
 r/2 
 
 :9 lb 
 
 Oi 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 lO 
 
 
 
 . CO 
 
 CO 
 
 . 
 
 6 
 ^ I— ( 
 
 
 . 
 
 ^ _!_! 
 
 — ' 1 
 
 T— 1 
 
 
THE 13RASSrOUNI)EB*S MANUAt. 
 
 105 
 
 lin. 
 
 lbs. 
 40-0 
 
 
 r-l CO 
 
 
 . O 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 ou u 
 
 
 
 >o|co 
 
 o 
 
 i to 
 
 
 • 
 
 ^ (M 
 
 
 rn* O 
 
 
 . ^ 
 
 
 . 9> 
 
 ^ to 
 
 •-' rH 
 
 
 . ^ 
 
 
 . o 
 
 B o 
 
 
 ^. to 
 
 
 ;2 to 
 
 'CO 
 
 ^. tp 
 5 
 
 Pi 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 lin. 
 
 TO ^ 
 
 ;S ^ 
 
 
 «5 9 
 ;3 CO 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Z D 
 
 r-f,H 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 . ^ 
 
 
 . CO 
 
 
 . "—I 
 
 
 . ^ 
 
 jQ OO 
 
 
 . ^ 
 
 e<*D 
 
 
 
 . CO 
 
 jQ CO 
 
 
 . r-f 
 
 o 
 
 Hi 
 
 9h 
 O 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 1H 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 pel 
 
 lin. 
 
 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 r-i'.iO 
 
 ^ »H 
 
 
 
 
 a ? 
 
 
 
 'in 
 
 
 
 a « 
 
 
 a S 
 
 
 
 F 3 
 
106 
 
 THE BRASSFOUNDEr's MANtTAl,. 
 
 lin. 
 
 m CO 
 
 
 lbs. 
 2-92 
 
 
 . o 
 
 «o|a) 
 
 lbs. 
 2-08 
 
 
 £ o 
 
 tH 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 1-46 
 
 
 
 
 ^ o 
 1— ( 
 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 CO 
 
 <1 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 O 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 n 
 o 
 
 PI 
 
 Hi 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 
 16 oz. 
 
 o 
 
 8oz. 
 
 o 
 
 »p 
 
 to 
 
 !>. 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 I-H 
 
 C5 
 
 
 CO 
 tH 
 
 rH 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 rH 
 
 cp 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 tH 
 GO 
 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 OO 
 
 to 
 
 r-t 
 
 00 
 
 I-H 
 
 00 
 
 
 00 
 
 C^l 
 
 to 
 
 
 to 
 
 I-H 
 rH 
 
 !>. 
 
 CO 
 
 <M 
 
 
 05 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 Ci 
 
 o 
 
 rH 
 
 to 
 
 CD 
 
 
 to 
 
 O 
 rH 
 
 CD 
 
 
 c<> 
 
 Oi 
 
 Oi 
 to 
 
 r-l!cq 
 1—1 
 
 Oi 
 
 o 
 
 
 CD 
 •tp 
 
 
 CD 
 O 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
THE brassfouxder's jNIANUAL. 107 
 
 Pounds AvoiiiBurois into Decimal Pakts of One HuNDIlED^YEIGHT. 
 
 qrs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cwi. 
 
 qrs. lbs. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 qrs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 qrs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 0 
 
 
 •0044 
 
 1 0= 
 
 •25 
 
 2 
 
 0= 
 
 •5 
 
 3 
 
 0= 
 
 •75 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 •0089 
 
 1 1 
 
 •2589 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 •5089 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 •7589 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 •0178 
 
 1 2 
 
 •2678 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 •5178 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 •7678 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 •0268 
 
 1 3 
 
 •2768 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 •5268 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 •7768 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 •0357 
 
 1 4 
 
 •2857 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 •5357 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 •7857 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 •0446 
 
 1 5 
 
 •2946 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 •5446 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 •7946 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 •0535 
 
 1 6 
 
 •3035 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 •5535 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 •8035 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 •0625 
 
 1 7 
 
 •3125 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 •5625 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 •8125 
 
 0 
 
 8 
 
 •0714 
 
 1 8 
 
 •3214 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 •5714 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 •8214 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 •0803 
 
 1 9 
 
 •3303 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 •5803 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 •8303 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 •0892 
 
 1 10 
 
 •3392 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 •5892 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 •8392 
 
 0 
 
 11 
 
 •0982 
 
 1 11 
 
 •3482 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 •5982 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 •8482 
 
 0 
 
 12 
 
 •1071 
 
 1 12 
 
 •3571 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 •6077 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 •8571 
 
 0 
 
 13 
 
 •1160 
 
 1 13 
 
 •3660 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 •6160 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 •8660 
 
 0 
 
 14 
 
 •125 
 
 1 14 
 
 •375 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 •625 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 •875 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 •1339 
 
 1 15 
 
 •3839 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 •6339 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 •8839 
 
 0 
 
 16 
 
 •1429 
 
 1 16 
 
 •3929 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 •6429 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 •8929 
 
 0 
 
 17 
 
 •1518 
 
 1 17 
 
 •4018 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 •6518 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 •9018 
 
 0 
 
 18 
 
 •1607 
 
 1 18 
 
 •4107 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 •G607 
 
 b 
 
 18 
 
 •9107 
 
 0 
 
 19 
 
 •1696 
 
 1 19 
 
 •4196 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 •t)696 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 •9196 
 
 0 
 
 20 
 
 •1786 
 
 1 20 
 
 •4286 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 •6786 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 •9286 
 
 0 
 
 21 
 
 •1876 
 
 1 21 
 
 •4375 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 •6875 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 •9375 
 
 0 
 
 22 
 
 •1964 
 
 1 22 
 
 •4464 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 •6964 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 •9464 
 
 0 
 
 23 
 
 •2054 
 
 1 23 
 
 •4554 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 •7054 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 •9554 
 
 0 
 
 24 
 
 •2143 
 
 1 24 
 
 •4643 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 •7143 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 •9643 
 
 0 
 
 25 
 
 •2232 
 
 1 25 
 
 •4732 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 •7232 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 •9732 
 
 0 
 
 26 
 
 •2321 
 
 1 26 
 
 •4821 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 •7321 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 •9821 
 
 0 
 
 27 
 
 •2411 
 
 1 27 
 
 •4911 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 •7411 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 •9911 
 
 SaxjARE Inches into Decimal Parts of 1 Ft. Squaiie. 
 
 144" 
 
 130" 
 
 115" 
 
 100" 
 
 87" 
 
 72" 
 
 57" 
 
 43" 
 
 28" 
 
 14" 
 
 l^OO 
 
 •90 
 
 •80 
 
 •70 
 
 •60 
 
 •50 
 
 •40 
 
 •30 
 
 •20 
 
 •10 
 
 13" 
 
 11" 
 
 10" 
 
 9" 
 
 8" 
 
 7" 
 
 6" 
 
 4"^3 
 
 2"-9 
 
 1"^4 
 
 •9 
 
 •8 
 
 •7 
 
 •6 
 
 •5-6 
 
 •5 
 
 •4 
 
 •3 
 
 •2 
 
 •1 
 
108 THE BRASSFOtTNDEIl's MANUAL. 
 
 Birmingham Wiiie C4auge, into Decimal Parts op One In'cti 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 = in. 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 = in. 
 
 B.w.a. = 
 
 = in. 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 = in. 
 
 No. 1 = 
 
 . -31 
 
 No. 10 = 
 
 = ^137 
 
 No. 19 = 
 
 •042 
 
 No. 28 = 
 
 •014 
 
 2 
 
 •28 
 
 11 
 
 •125 
 
 20 
 
 •035 
 
 29 
 
 •013 
 
 3 
 
 •26 
 
 12 
 
 •109 
 
 21 
 
 •032 
 
 30 
 
 •012 
 
 4 
 
 •24 
 
 13 
 
 •095 
 
 22 
 
 •028 
 
 31 
 
 •01 
 
 5 
 
 •22 
 
 14 
 
 •083 
 
 23 
 
 •025 
 
 32 
 
 •009 
 
 6 
 
 •2 
 
 lo 
 
 •072 
 
 24 
 
 •022 
 
 S3 
 
 •008 
 
 7 
 
 •187 
 
 16 
 
 •065 
 
 25 
 
 •02 
 
 34 
 
 •007 
 
 8 
 
 •166 
 
 17 
 
 •056 
 
 26 
 
 •018 
 
 35 
 
 •005 
 
 9 
 
 •158 
 
 18 
 
 •019 
 
 27 
 
 •016 
 
 36 
 
 •004 
 
 Surface of Tubes, One Foot Long, by Diameter, into Decimal 
 Parts of Square Feet. 
 
 Bore . . 
 Surface 
 
 i 
 
 •1636 
 
 3. 
 
 •1963 
 
 i 
 •2291 
 
 1 
 
 •2618 
 
 H 
 •2945 
 
 U 
 •3270 
 
 If 
 •3599 
 
 U 
 •3927 
 
 Bore . . 
 Surface 
 
 V5 
 
 •4253 
 
 •4580 
 
 •4906 
 
 2 
 
 •5233 
 
 2i 
 •5890 
 
 •6544 
 
 n 
 
 •7199 
 
 3 
 
 •7854 
 
 THE HUNDREDWEIGHT RECKONS ER, 
 
 so FAR AS IS USEFUL TO THE BRASSFOUNDER. 
 
 The following tables reckon from 3d. to 1^. 6d. per 
 pound. By doubling tbe amount the reckoning gives 
 easily to 3s. per pound, wbicb embraces tlie limits, 
 generally, of a brassfounder. 
 
THE BUASSFOUNDEr's MANUAL, 
 
 The Hundredaveight Eeckoner. 
 d(I. per lb., or 285. per cwt. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 
 qrs 
 
 . lbs 
 
 
 5, 
 
 d. 
 
 qrs, lbs. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 d. 
 
 qrs 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
 IS 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 2 0 
 
 
 14 
 
 Q 
 
 3 
 
 G 
 
 IS 
 
 21 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 IS 
 
 Q 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 1 
 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 J? 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 Q 
 
 (5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 )) 
 
 7 
 
 Q 
 
 2 2 
 
 }) 
 
 14 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 )) 
 
 21 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 » 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 )j 
 
 7 
 < 
 
 9 
 
 2 3 
 
 )> 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 » 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 5> 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 )) 
 
 
 0 
 
 2 4 
 
 ?J 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 22 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 5> 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 >? 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 2 5 
 
 )) 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 G 
 
 5) 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 )y 
 
 8 
 
 G 
 
 2 6 
 
 
 15 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 G 
 
 " 
 
 22 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 JJ 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 2 7 
 
 » 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 )i 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 2 8 
 
 J) 
 
 16 
 
 0 
 
 
 8 
 
 j> 
 
 23 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 >i 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 2 9 
 
 5> 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 5J 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 }) 
 
 2 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 J) 
 
 9 
 
 G 
 
 2 10 
 
 )) 
 
 16 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 J> 
 
 23 
 
 G 
 
 11 
 
 J) 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 >j 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 2 11 
 
 J) 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 >) 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 3) 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 3} 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 2 12 
 
 )> 
 
 17 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 5J 
 
 24 
 
 0 
 
 13 
 
 J3 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 J) 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 2 13 
 
 )> 
 
 17 
 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 » 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 >) 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 J> 
 
 10 
 
 G 
 
 2 14 
 
 5) 
 
 17 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 5> 
 
 24 
 
 G 
 
 15 
 
 >) 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 >> 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 2 15 
 
 }> 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 >) 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 J) 
 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 J) 
 
 11 
 
 0 
 
 2 16 
 
 )> 
 
 18 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 )) 
 
 25 
 
 0 
 
 17 
 
 5> 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 V 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 2 17 
 
 >> 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 J> 
 
 25 
 
 
 18 
 
 >> 
 
 4 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 )> 
 
 11 
 
 G 
 
 2 18 
 
 J> 
 
 18 
 
 G 
 
 
 18 
 
 ?> 
 
 25 
 
 G 
 
 1 Q 
 
 >J 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 5) 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 2 19 
 
 >> 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 
 19 
 
 5) 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 >) 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 J) 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 2 20 
 
 J) 
 
 19 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 >J 
 
 26 
 
 0 
 
 21 
 
 5> 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 JJ 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 2 21 
 
 5> 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 )i 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 )> 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 >> 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 2 22 
 
 ?J 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 >) 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 » 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 J> 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 2 23 
 
 3> 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 3) 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 » 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 >) 
 
 13 
 
 0 
 
 2 24 
 
 )) 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 
 27 
 
 0 
 
 25 
 
 )) 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 ?) 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 2 25 
 
 >f 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 » 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 If 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 )> 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 2 26 
 
 i> 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 27 
 
 )) 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 J> 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 2 27 
 
 » 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 )) 
 
 27 
 
 9 
 
110 THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 The Hundredweight Kegkoner. 
 4(/. per lb., or 37^. id, per cwt. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 s. 
 
 rf. 
 
 1 (l^'s 
 
 .lbs. 
 
 
 
 d. 
 
 qrs. lbs. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 d. 
 
 qrs. lbs. 
 
 
 S, 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 is 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 2 0 
 
 is 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 3 0 
 
 is 
 
 28 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 is 0 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 >> 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 1 
 
 35 
 
 19 
 
 0 
 
 3 1 
 
 JJ 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3> 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 2 2 
 
 )} 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 3 2 
 
 JJ 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 ,y 1 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5? 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 2 3 
 
 Ji 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 3 3 
 
 JJ 
 
 29 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 V 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 J) 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 2 4 
 
 )i 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 3 4 
 
 5J 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5) 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 )> 
 
 11 
 
 0 
 
 2 5 
 
 ;j 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 3 5 
 
 JJ 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 JJ 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 jj 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 3 6 
 
 )J 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 55 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 2 7 
 
 5) 
 
 21 
 
 0 
 
 3 7 
 
 JJ 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 J> 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 2 8 
 
 J> 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 3 8 
 
 J5 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 » 3 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 » 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 2 9 
 
 J5 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 3 9 
 
 5J 
 
 31 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 » 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 55 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 2 10 
 
 J> 
 
 22 
 
 0 
 
 3 10 
 
 J5 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 » 3 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 >5 
 
 13 
 
 0 
 
 2 11 
 
 J> 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 3 11 
 
 JJ 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 ?5 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 2 12 
 
 }) 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 3 12 
 
 5J 
 
 32 
 
 0 
 
 13 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 JJ 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 2 13 
 
 J5 
 
 23 
 
 0 
 
 0 13 
 
 55 
 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 >> 
 
 14 
 
 0 
 
 2 14 
 
 5> 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 3 14 
 
 JJ 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 » 5 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 }i 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 2 15 
 
 5) 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 3 15 
 
 J5 
 
 33 
 
 0 
 
 16 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 J) 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 2 16 
 
 )f 
 
 24 
 
 0 
 
 3 16 
 
 JJ 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 J> 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 2 17 
 
 )} 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 3 17 
 
 JJ 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 J> 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 2 18 
 
 5> 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 3 18 
 
 JJ 
 
 34 
 
 0 
 
 19 
 
 » 6 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 » 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 2 19 
 
 )> 
 
 25 
 
 0 
 
 3 19 
 
 5J 
 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 16 
 
 0 
 
 2 20 
 
 J> 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 3 20 
 
 JJ 
 
 34 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 „ 7 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 >> 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 2 21 
 
 JJ 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 3 21 
 
 JJ 
 
 35 
 
 0 
 
 22 
 
 .V 7 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 >> 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 2 22 
 
 J) 
 
 26 
 
 0 
 
 3 22 
 
 5J 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 „ 7 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 » 
 
 17 
 
 0 
 
 2 23 
 
 J5 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 3 23 
 
 JJ 
 
 35 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 2 24 
 
 JJ 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 3 24 
 
 5J 
 
 36 
 
 0 
 
 25 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 J) 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 2 25 
 
 JJ 
 
 27 
 
 0 
 
 3 25 
 
 5J 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 5) 
 
 18 
 
 0 
 
 2 26 
 
 J> 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 3 26 
 
 J5 
 
 36 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 » 9 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 55 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 2 27 
 
 JJ 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 3 27 
 
 JJ 
 
 37 
 
 0 
 
THE BRASSFOUNDEe's MANUAL. 
 
 Ill 
 
 The Hundredweight Eeckoner. 
 6d. per lb., or 46*. M. per cwt. 
 
 Ib3. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 qrs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 d. 
 
 qrs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 S. 
 
 d. 
 
 qrs. lbs. 
 
 
 S. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
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 113 
 
 The Hundredweight Beckoneii. 
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114 
 
 THE BRASSFOUNDEPv^S MANUAL. 
 
 The Huxdredweight Eeckoxer 
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TUE liRASSFOLXDEU's MANUAL- 
 
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IIG THE BRASSFOUNDER^S MANUAL. 
 
 The Hundkedweight Eeckoner. 
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 lbs. 
 
 
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 Tke Hundhedaveight Eeckoneii. 'v^*^ .>N 
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 IHE BUASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 
 
 The Hundredweight Reckoner. 
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 lbs. 
 
 
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THE BRASSFOUNDER's MANUAL. 119 
 
 The Hundredweight Reckoner. 
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 THE BRASKFOUNDER^S INIANUAL. 
 
 The Hundredweight Reckoner. 
 Is. Id, per lb., or 1215. id. per cwt. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 s. 
 
 
 qrs. lbs. 
 
 s. 
 
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THE BRASSPOUNDEU\s MANUAL. 121 
 
 The Hundredweight Keckoner. 
 Is. l^d. per lb., or 126s. per cwt. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 s. 
 
 
 qrs 
 
 lbs. 
 
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122 THE brassfounder's manual. 
 
 The Hundredweight Reckoner. 
 Is. 2d. per lb., or 1305. Sd, per cwt. 
 
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THE BRASSFOtJNDER-S MANUAL. 
 
 The Hundredweight Reckoneh. 
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 THE BKASSFOUNDEk's ISIANUAL. 
 
 The Hundredweight Keckoneii. 
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 0 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5> 
 
 90 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 ,,132 
 
 0 
 
 5 „ 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 JJ 
 
 49 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 >? 
 
 91 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 ,,133 
 
 6 
 
 6 „ 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3> 
 
 51 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 )> 
 
 93 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 „ 135 
 
 0 
 
 7 „ 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 J) 
 
 52 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 ?) 
 
 94 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 „ 136 
 
 6 
 
 8 „ 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 )> 
 
 54 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 3J 
 
 96 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 ,,138 
 
 0 
 
 9 „ 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 f> 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 )) 
 
 97 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 ,,139 
 
 6 
 
 10 „ 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 )) 
 
 57 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 ?) 
 
 99 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 „ HI 
 
 0 
 
 11 „ 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 58 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 >) 
 
 100 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 ,,142 
 
 6 
 
 12 „ 
 
 18 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 » 
 
 60 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 V 
 
 102 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 „ 144 
 
 0 
 
 13 „ 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 J) 
 
 61 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 J5 
 
 103 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 ,,145 
 
 6 
 
 H „ 
 
 21 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 3i 
 
 63 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 JJ 
 
 105 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 „ 147 
 
 0 
 
 15 „ 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 JJ 
 
 64 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 >3 
 
 106 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 ,,148 
 
 6 
 
 16 „ 
 
 24 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 )J 
 
 66 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 3J 
 
 108 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 „ 150 
 
 0 
 
 17 „ 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 J) 
 
 67 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 V 
 
 109 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 „ 151 
 
 6 
 
 18 „ 
 
 27 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 )) 
 
 69 
 
 0 
 
 
 18 
 
 >} 
 
 111 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 „ 153 
 
 0 
 
 19 „ 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 J5 
 
 70 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 
 112 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 „ 154 
 
 6 
 
 20 „ 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 ;> 
 
 72 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 » 
 
 114 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 „ 156 
 
 0 
 
 21 „ 
 
 31 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 
 73 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 J5 
 
 115 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 ,,157 
 
 6 
 
 22 „ 
 
 33 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 j> 
 
 75 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 J3 
 
 117 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 „ 159 
 
 0 
 
 23 „ 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 )) 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 )J 
 
 lis 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 ,,160 
 
 6 
 
 24 „ 
 
 36 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 2i 
 
 3? 
 
 78 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 J) 
 
 120 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 ,,162 
 
 0 
 
 25 „ 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 J> 
 
 79 
 
 6 
 
 2 25 
 
 JJ 
 
 121 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 „ 163 
 
 6 
 
 26 „ 
 
 39 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 1) 
 
 81 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 3> 
 
 123 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 „ 165 
 
 0 
 
 27 „ 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 )> 
 
 82 
 
 6 
 
 2 27 
 
 » 
 
 124 
 
 6 
 
 3 27 
 
 „ 166 
 
 6 
 
tnv. BRASSi^OUNDER^S MAKUAL. 13 1 
 
 ON THE SUBSIDIARY BOOKS OF"^ THE ' 
 ■\yORKSPIOP. 
 
 pEiiiiA rs at no former period lias there been a stronger 
 desire than at present, among manufacturers, to 
 arrive at costs and prevent waste in the workshops. 
 The more costly the metals, the greater necessity there 
 is for checks. The greater the competition in a 
 trade, the greater necessity for arriving accurately at 
 prime costs. 
 
 We hope to place this important subject clearly 
 before the reader, keeping out of view the ordinary 
 books of an accountant, such as day-books and 
 ledgers : these are understood by book-keepers, and 
 require no remarks here. Should the reader be 
 ignorant of such, he can be suj)plied by any book- 
 seller with works on the subject. "We only purpose 
 treating of subsidiary or workshop books. First, 
 
 THE CASTERS^ BOOK. 
 
 EvKUY morning the casters have their metals weighed 
 out to them from the stove, and booked as follows :— 
 
 GIVEN OUT. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Brass. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1868. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Ihs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 qrs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 April 3 
 
 112 
 
 5G 
 
 8i 
 
 < 
 
 U 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 
 200 
 
 100 
 
 3o 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 14 
 
132 
 
 THE BPwASSFOUNDEIl^S MANUAL. 
 
 On the opposite page, and in tlie same lines, are 
 entered every evening tlio returns in the following 
 manner :~ 
 
 RETURNED. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Fine 
 Castngs. 
 
 Commn. 
 Castngs. 
 
 Gates 
 
 Copr. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Loss. 
 
 - 1868. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 qrs. 
 
 lbs 
 
 'per ceil 1. 
 
 Apr. 3 
 
 200 
 
 2i 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 U 
 
 2-64 
 
 4 
 
 200 
 
 80 
 
 oG 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 2-65 
 
 The difference between the totals of the given-outs 
 and the returns is entered in the last column, 
 headed by Loss, so as to shov>^ the percentage of loss 
 every day. Thus, on Aj)ril 3rd, on 266 lbs. of returns 
 there is a loss of 7 lbs., which comes to 2*64 per cent. 
 On April 4th there are 9 lbs. of loss on 341 lbs., which 
 comes to 2*65 per cent. 
 
 At the bottom of every page the columns contain- 
 ing castings on returned side are added up, and the 
 summation carried over to next page ; and this is 
 repeated until the end of each month, when the 
 result will show the amount of castings produced 
 during the month. At the end of each month obtain 
 the following results :~ 
 
 1st. Total V/ eight of castings produced ; 
 2nd. Average loss per cent. ; 
 
 3rd. The proportions between copper, zinc, &c., Used. 
 
 These results are entered into a result-book, to be 
 hereafter explained* 
 
THE BRASSFOUXDER S MANt[ATij^ ^./:^ 1 
 
 THE MOULDING A^B CASTING 
 EXPENSES BOOK. 
 
 In this book are entered, under separate headings, 
 every expense inside the casting and moulding shops, 
 except for new plant. Thus, sands, coke, potties, 
 wages, rent, interest on plant, &c., are made up to the 
 end of every month, taking care to carry to the fol- 
 lowing month the quantities in stock, and not to 
 include these quantities in the result, which result is 
 carried to the result-book as 
 
 4tli. The expenses of moulding and casting. 
 
 The interest on plant requires to be rated at ten per 
 cent. Such articles as brushes, which go soon to 
 waste, are not included in plant, but belong to the 
 general expenses, 
 
 THE RESULT-BOOK. 
 
 In this book are collected all the results of other 
 books, under headings, and bearing dates. Thus, from 
 the two books already named we collect — 
 
 1st. The total weight of castings produced ; 
 2nd. Average loss per cent. ; 
 
 3rd. The proportion between copper, zinc, &c., used ; 
 4th. The expenses of moulding and casting — 
 
 A. AYages; 
 
 B. A.11 other expenses. 
 
 Having arrived at these results, we are able to 
 
I3i TltE BRASSI^OUNDEU^S MANUAL. 
 
 arrive at tlie net cost of the castings. Of course tliG 
 price paid at the time for the ingot metals will be 
 known. Thus : — 
 
 1st. Total weight produced, one month, 3 tons 1 cwt. 
 3rd. The proportions and prices being, — 
 
 £ £ s. d. 
 
 2 tons copper at 80 160 0 0 
 
 1 ton zinc „ 28 28 0 0 
 
 84 lbs. tin ,,100 per ton . . 3 15 0 
 
 28 lbs. lead „ 28 „ . . 0 7 0 
 
 192 2 0 
 
 2nd. Average loss 2 '75 per cent. .•••«•. 558 
 4th. Wages and other expenses 115 15 0 
 
 £313 2 8 
 
 Dividing this sum by the weight produced, we 
 arrive at elevenpence per pound as the net cost of the 
 castings produced ; the operation being, 3 tons 1 cwt. 
 equals 6,832 lbs., and £313 2^. 8^. equals 75,152 
 pence. 
 
 6832)75152(11^?. per ponna. 
 6832 
 
 6832 
 6832 
 
 It must now^ be perfectly clear that the same prin- 
 ciple carried out in each department will yield like 
 results. 
 
 THE DIPPING AND LACQUEEING BOOK. 
 
 In this book everything used during one month, and 
 all wages paid during the same period, together with 
 
THE BHASSFOUNDEr's MANtJAL. 
 
 13o 
 
 proportion of rent and interest on plant, arc carried 
 to result-book as — 
 
 5ih. Expenses, dipping and lacquering— 
 
 A. Wages ; 
 
 B. All other expenses. 
 
 Then all goods passing from these departments; 
 being measured and reduced to superficial feet, are 
 carried to resultbook as — 
 
 6tli. Superficial feet dipped and lacquered. 
 
 Then the expenses, divided by superficial feet, gives 
 the cost of dipping and lacquering per foot. 
 
 THE FINISHERS^ BOOK. 
 
 In this book are entered all wages and every other 
 expense, including rent and interest on plant ; and 
 from this book are carried monthly to the result- 
 book — 
 
 7tli. Wages; 
 
 8tli. All other expenses. 
 
 Under wages we only include wages paid to pro- 
 ducers, that is, to those whose time is entered against 
 the job at which they are working. The wages of 
 non-producers, such as labourers, are entered along 
 with other general expenses. Except Avhere there is a 
 blast-furnace, the whole expense of the engine is 
 charged among expenses. Having arrived at these 
 results, the following proportion is struck : — 
 
136 
 
 THE BiiASSFi^UKDETl^S MA^^^AL. 
 
 As one luoiitli's wages are to one month's cxpensoSj 
 so is one pound of wages to the expenses on one 
 pound of wages. 
 
 THE TIME AND MATERIAL BOOK, 
 
 In this book are entered together the workmen's 
 time at their respective jobs, or the sum allowed if on 
 piece-work, and all the materials used at said jobs. 
 
 We have now gone through all the books neces- 
 sary to arrive exactly at the cost of work, from the 
 moment the work is given out from the store or ware- 
 house, until it returns to the store or warehouse 
 finished ; and we have only to express the hope that the 
 arrangement set forth here will be found of service 
 to the reader. 
 
 There is connected with the question of cost 
 another question of too much importance to be treated 
 of in a few pages, and which, therefore, we cannot 
 enter upon here, but simply throw it out that the 
 reader may think over it. The question is, What 
 should the work cost ? — and this question is quite 
 different from, What does the work cost p 
 
THE BHASSFOUNDEK^S MANtVJL. 
 
 137 
 
 SUNDRY PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. 
 For Cementing Brass Letters to Glass Windows 
 
 16 parts copal varnish, 
 
 5 parts drying oil, 
 
 3 parts turpentine, 
 
 3 parts oil o^^ ditto, 
 
 5 parts liquid glno, 
 10 parts stucco. 
 
 For Fixing Metal to Leather 
 
 AYash the metal in hot gelatine, 
 
 Steep the leather in hot gall-nut infusion, 
 
 And unite while hot. 
 
 For Fixing Metal to Marble, Stone^ or Wood : — 
 
 4 parts carpenters' glue, 
 1 part Yenice turpentine. 
 
 For Fixing Glass to Glass : — 
 
 A. Marine glue gives a black join. 
 
 B. Curd of milk. 
 Quicklime, 
 Camphor. 
 
 For Coating Acid Tronglis 
 
 1 part pitch, 
 1 part rosin, 
 
 1 part plaster of Paris (perfectly dry"), 
 Melted together. ' 
 
138 
 
 THE BllASSJ'OTJKDEll^S MA>'UAL. 
 
 For Cold Tinning : — 
 
 Tin -\- mercury : — Mix till soft and friable, clean with spirits of 
 salt, and, while moist, rub on the above amalgam, and after tho 
 metal is tinned evaporate the mercury by heat. 
 
 KB. — Avoid using the above for dishes or pans. 
 
 For Cold Silvering : — 
 
 1 part chloride of silver, 
 3 parts pearlash, 
 1| parts common salt, 
 1 part whiting. 
 
 Clean the metal with soft leather or cork, moisten tho metal 
 with water, and rub on the above. After the metal is silvered, 
 wash in hot water slightly alkaline. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Acetone, S3. 
 
 Acids, 88; sulpliuiic, 89; nitric, 89; 
 
 nitrous, 89 ; hydrochloric, 89, 
 Acid troughs, receipt for coating, 137. 
 Aich metal, 37. 
 
 Air furnace sometimes used, 10 ; how 
 it differs from ordinary melting 
 furnace, 10. 
 
 Alloying, 29. 
 
 Alloys, 31 ; of copper and zinc, 31 ; how 
 
 formed, 32; of copper and tin, 34 ; 
 
 copper with lead, 36 ; compounds for 
 
 special work, 36 ; white alloys, 37 ; 
 
 Bhakdo, a Japanese alloj'-, 38 ; 
 
 American, 38; use of arsenic in, 
 
 38; solder, 58. 
 
 loes, Cape, 86. 
 lyBis of metals and alloys, 74. 
 ealing, 65. 
 Annotta, 86. 
 
 Antimony, sulphide of, 85. 
 
 Arsenic, 83 ; use in alloys, 38 ; result, 
 
 39 ; tersulphide of, 85. 
 Austey's patent crucibles, 12. 
 
 Bases and salts, 83. 
 Bell metal or bronze, see Bronze. 
 Bells moulded in loam, 25. 
 Berlin crucibles, 12. 
 Bichloride of platinum, 83. 
 Bismuth solders, table of, 58. 
 Blacklead, 77. 
 "Blue pots," 13. 
 
 Books of the workshop, 131; casters', 
 131 ; moulding and casting shops 
 expenses book, 133; the result 
 book, 133 ; the dipping and lacquer- 
 ing book, 134 ; the finishers' book, 
 135 ; the time and material book, 137. 
 
 Borax, 83. 
 
 Brass, how formed, .32 ; sharpness and 
 hardness of, 33 ; table showing pro- 
 portions of copper and zinc and 
 results, 33 ; recovery of, from ashes 
 and sweepings of foundry, 90; 
 weight of, 92; tables of weights of 
 sheet brass, 93; of cast brass, 94; of 
 round cast rods, 95 ; of brass wire, 
 95 ; of plain brass tube, 95 ; of spiral 
 brass tube, 95 ; of fluted brass tube, 
 96 ; of square bar brass, 96 : of brass 
 baUs, 96. 
 
 Brass-foundiy, general construction 
 of, 1. 
 
 Brass letters, receipt for cementing 
 them to glass windows, 137. 
 
 Brass ordnance, 26. 
 
 Brittleness of metals, 31. 
 
 Bronze, how formed, 34; table of pro- 
 portions and results, 34 ; Japanese, 
 35 ; Fontainemoreau's. 35 ; coloui'- 
 ing, 69. 
 
 Bronzing, 62; German process, 64. 
 Bronzing liquids, 67 ; for brass, 67; 
 
 for copper, 68 ; for zinc, 68. 
 Burnishing, 54. 
 
 Cape aloes, 86. 
 Casters' book, 131. 
 Casting shop, arrangement of, 3. 
 Casting shop expenses book, 133. 
 Casts, various substances used for 
 taking, 9. 
 
 Cementing brass letters to glass win- 
 dows, 137. 
 Chalk, 78. 
 Chasing, 63. 
 
 Chemical analysis of metals and alloys, 
 74 ; how to dissolve, 74 ; to precipi- 
 tate, 75; reduction, 75; to separate 
 and determine, 76. 
 
 Chloride of zinc, 83. 
 
 Chucks, 40. 
 
 Classified list of substances used by 
 brassfounders, 77; minerals, 79; 
 meiais, BU ; bases and salts, 83 ; 
 gums, resins, and colouring sub- 
 stances, 56; solvents, acids, and 
 oils, 88 ; sawdusts, 89. 
 
 Clay, how modelled, 8 ; fire-clay, 12. 
 
 Cleansing, 56. 
 
 Clouding, 54. 
 
 Coating acid troughs, 137. 
 
 Coke as fuel, 13. 
 
 Cold silvering, receipt for, 138. 
 
 Cold tinning, receipt for, 138. 
 
 Colouring and dippinfj room, arrange- 
 ment oi", 5. 
 
 Colouring bronze, 69 
 
 Combs, screw, 45. 
 
 Copper, 80 ; recovery of, from the dip- 
 ping liquids, 91. 
 
 Copper and zinc, alloy of, 31 ; propor- 
 tions and results, 33. 
 
 Cojiper and tin, alloy of, 34; proper- 
 
140 
 
 tior.s arid results, 34 ; "with zinc, lead, 
 
 and iron, proporllons and results, 35. 
 Copper, nitrate of, 84. 
 Copper, weights of, 97 ; tables of sheet 
 
 copper, 98 ; of plates of copper, 98 ; 
 
 of square har co^^per, 98; of round 
 
 bar copper, 99 ; of copper tubes, 99 • 
 
 of copi; er balls, 99. 
 Core boxes, 23 ; how to dispense with^ 
 
 24. 
 
 Cores, 22 ; false, 23 ; should db vented, 
 
 24 ; must be dried, 25. 
 Core sand, 18 ; togive consistency to, 24. 
 Countersinking, 45. 
 Cream of tartar, 84. 
 Crocus, 78. 
 
 Crucibles, 12; common, 12; Berlin, 
 12 ; Stourbridge, 12 ; Austey's patent, 
 12; blue pots, 13. 
 
 Crucible tongs, 13. 
 
 Cyanide of potassium, 84. 
 
 Decimals, tables for conversions into, 
 106 ; ounces into decimal parts of a 
 pound, 106 ; pounds into decimal 
 parts of one hundredweight, 107; 
 square inches into decimal parts of 
 one square foot, 107; Birmingham 
 wire gauge into decimal parts of one 
 inch, 108 ; surface of tubes one foot 
 long by diameter into decimal parts 
 of square feet, 108. 
 
 Dipping, 61. 
 
 Dipping and lacquering book, 134. 
 Dipping and colouring room, arrange- 
 ment of, 5. 
 Dissolving metals, 74. 
 Dragon's blood, 86. 
 Dressing room, arrangement of, 4. 
 Drjing stove, 14. 
 
 Ductility of metals, 30 ; order of, 30. 
 
 Emer}', 78. 
 
 Emery belts, 50. 
 
 Expenses book for moulding and cast- 
 ing shops, 133. 
 
 Facing the sand, 18. 
 
 Eerrocyanide of potassium, 84. 
 
 Filing, 47 ; machine, 48. 
 
 Finishers' book, 135. 
 
 Finishing shop, arrangement of, 4. 
 
 Fire-clay, how composed, 12; sub- 
 stitute for, 13. 
 
 Flowers, moulding, 27. 
 
 Fontainemoreau's bronzes, 35. 
 
 Fuel for furnaces and stoves, 13. 
 
 Furnaces for brassfounders, 10 ; ordi- 
 nary melting furnace, 10 ; stove 
 furnace, 11; gas blast fmnace, 11; 
 fuel'for, 13. 
 
 Fusibility of metals, 29 ; table showing 
 degrees of heat, 39. 
 
 Gamboge, 87. 
 
 Gas-blast furnace, 11. 
 
 Glass, receipt for fixing glass to, 137 * 
 
 for cementing brass letters to, 137. 
 Grinding, 49 ; wet, 49 ; dry, 49. 
 Gum Arabic, 87 ; British, 87. 
 Gutta-percha used for taking impres^ 
 
 sions, 9. 
 
 Hundredweight reckoner, from Sd. to 
 
 Is. Gd. per pound, 103—130. 
 Hyposulphite of soda, 84. 
 
 Insects, moulding, 27. 
 
 Iron, nitrate of, 84; perchloride of, 
 84 ; peroxide of, 84 ; weights of, 97 ; 
 tables of sheet iron, 104 ; of plates of 
 iron, 105 ; of square bar iron, 105 ; of 
 round rod iron, 105 ; of flat iron, 106. 
 
 Japanese bronzes, 34, 33. 
 
 Kara kane, 35. 
 Keir metal, 36. 
 
 Lac, 87. 
 
 Lacquer dishes and brushes, 72. 
 
 Lacquer room, arrangement of, 5, 72. 
 
 Lacquering, 70 ; materials, 71; effect 
 of light and heat, 71 ; book, 134. 
 
 Lacquers, table of, 74. 
 
 Lathe, 39 ; chucks, 40 ; rests, 41 ; popit 
 orpuppit head, 42. 
 
 Lathe boring, widening, and counter- 
 sinking, 45. 
 
 Lathe, horizontal, 7. 
 
 Lathe turning tools for brass, 42 ; 
 narrow tools, 42 ; broad tools, 42 ; 
 springing, planing, and hollowing 
 tools, 43; turning tools for other 
 metals, 45 ; screws, 45 ; screw 
 combs, 46; Whitwortli's tables for 
 cutting screws, 47. 
 
 Lathe work, 39 ; remarks on, 43. 
 
 Lead, 81 ; tables of weights of, 103; of 
 sheet lead, 103 ; of square bar lead, 
 103 ; of round bar lead, 103 ; of leai 
 pipes, 104. 
 
 Loam moulding, 25. 
 
 Lustre, 29. 
 
 Malleability of metals, 30; order of, 
 30. 
 
 Matting, 53. 
 
 Melting furnace, 11. 
 
 Metal, receipt for fixing to leather, 
 
 137 ; to marble and stone, or wood, 
 
 137. 
 
 Metals, methods ot mixing and pour- 
 ing, 28. 
 
 Metals used by brassfounders, 80. 
 
 Minerals used by brassfounders, 77. 
 
 Modelling, 6 ; materials employed, 6 , 
 tools required, 7 ; horizontal lathe 
 or turning-table, 7 ; clay, 8. 
 
TKDEX. 
 
 141 
 
 Models in chiy, 8 ; wood, 8 , metal, 8 ; 
 
 gutta-perclia, 9 ; stucco. 9. 
 Mould, flexible, how to make, 9 ; green 
 
 sand, 25. 
 Mouldiaig boxes, 15. 
 Moulding sand, 17. 
 
 Moulding shop, arrangement of, S; ex- 
 pense book, 133. 
 
 Moulding, apparatus and materials, 10 ; 
 sand for, 16 ; manipulation, 19 ; in 
 loam, 25; bells, 25; statuary, 26; 
 ordnance, 26 ; thickness or reverse 
 moulding, 27 ; screws, 27 ; odd sides, 
 27; flowers, insects, &c., 27; mix- 
 ing and pouring metals, 28. 
 
 Moulding-tub and tools, 15. 
 
 Muriate of zinc, S3 ; of tin, 84. 
 
 Nitrate of copper, 84 ; of iron, 84. 
 Nitric acid, 89. 
 Nitrous acid, 89. 
 
 Odd sides, 27. 
 
 Oils, 89 ; sweet, 89 ; sperm, 89- 
 Ordnance casting, 26. 
 
 Parting sand, 18. 
 
 Pattern-making, 6. 
 
 Pattern room, arrangement of, 2. 
 
 Pattern shop, arrangement of, 2. 
 
 Percliloride of iron, 84. 
 
 Peroxide of iron, hydrated, 84. 
 
 Pickling, 61. 
 
 Plaster of Paris, 78. 
 
 Pipe-clay for modelling, 6. 
 
 Polishing, 52. 
 
 Popit or puppit head, 42. 
 
 Potash, 85 ; stannate of, 85. 
 
 Potassium, sulphocyauide of, 85 ; 
 
 cyanide of, 84. 
 Pot metal, 36. 
 Protochloride of tin, 05. 
 Pumice-stone, 78. 
 P}Toacetic ether, 88. 
 
 Ready reckoner, hundredweight, 108, 
 130. 
 
 Receipts, 137—138. 
 Resin, 87. 
 
 Rests for lathe work, 41. 
 Result book, 133. 
 Reverse moulding, 27, 
 Revolving box, 51. 
 Rock sand, 18. 
 Rotten-stone, 79. 
 
 Saffron, 88. 
 ,Sai-ammoniac, 85. 
 Salt cake, use of, 91. 
 Salts. 83. 
 
 Sand for moulding, 16, 80; composi- 
 tion of, 17; where obtained, 17; core 
 sand, 18; parting sand, 18; facing 
 the sand, 18. 
 
 Sandarac, 88. 
 
 Sawdust, 89. 
 
 Screw combs, 46. 
 
 Screws, moulding, 27; making with 
 lathe, 45 ; mode of cutting, 46 ; 
 Whitworth s tables for cutting, 47. 
 
 Shakdo, 38. 
 
 Soda,. 85. 
 
 Soldering, 56 ; soft, 56 ; table of solder 
 
 alloj^s, 58 ; hard, 58. 
 Solvents, 88. 
 Speculum alloys, 38. 
 Spelter, 82. 
 Sperm oil, 89. 
 Spirits of wine, 88. 
 Stannate of potash, 85. 
 Statuary, moulding, 26. 
 Sterro metal, 37. 
 Stove furnace, 11. 
 Stoves for drying, 14. 
 Stucco employed in modelling, 6, 9. 
 Sulphide of antimony, 85. 
 Sulphocyauide of potassium, 85. 
 Sulphur, 78. 
 
 Sulpliui-etted hydrogen, 89. 
 Sulphuric acid, 89. 
 
 Tenacity of metals, 30 ; order of, 31. 
 
 Tersulphide of arsenic, 85. 
 
 Thickness moulding, 27. 
 
 Time and material book, 136. 
 
 Tin, 82 ; muriate of, 84 ; protocliloride 
 of, 85; weights of, 101; tables of 
 plates of tin, 101 ; of ordinary block- 
 tin tubes, 101 ; of tinned plates, 102 
 
 Tongs, crucible, 13. 
 
 Tools for modelling, 7 ; for lathe-tui-n- 
 ing, 42. 
 
 Weight of brass, 29, 92 ; tables of, 93, 
 94. 
 
 Weights of copper, -jinc, tin, and iron, 
 97. 
 
 White alloys, 37. 
 White-lead, 86. 
 Whiting, 80. 
 
 Whitworth's tables for screws, 47. 
 Wood, models made in, 8. 
 Wood patterns, 9. 
 Workshop, books for, 131. 
 
 Zinc or spelter, 82 ; clilcride or muriate 
 of, 83 ; w^eights of, 97 ; table of 
 sheet zinc, 100 ; of plates of zinc, 
 100 ; of square bar zinc, 100 ; ol 
 round rod zinc, 101. 
 
 PRINTED BY V RTUE AND CO., LIMITED, CITY ROAD, LONDON. 
 
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 No. ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, ETC. 
 
 16. ARCHITECTURE— ORDERS— Orders and their Esthetic 
 
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 17. ARCHITECTURE— STYLES— History and Description of 
 
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 25. MASONRY AND STONECUTTING, Rudimentary Treatise 
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 42. COTTAGE BUILDING. By C. Bruce Allen, Architect. 
 
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 45. LIMES, CEMENTS, MORTARS, CONCRETES, MASTICS, 
 
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 83**. CONSTRUCTION OF DOOR LOCKS. Compiled from the 
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 and a Note upon Iron Safes by Robert Mallet, M.I. C.E, Illus. 2s. 6d. 
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 Architecture, Building, etc., continued. 
 1 1 6. THE ACOUSTICS OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS; or, The 
 
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 124. CONSTRUCTION OF ROOFS, Treatise on the, as regards 
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 127. ARCHITECTURAL MODELLING IN PAPER, the Art of. 
 
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 128. VITRUVIUS—THE ARCHITECTURE OF MARCUS 
 
 VITRUVIUS POLLO. In Ten Books. Translated from the Latin by 
 Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A., F.R.A.S. With 23 Plates. 5s. 
 130. GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE, An Inquiry into the Principles 
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 Greece. By the Earl of Aberdeen, is. 
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 16, 17, 18, 128, and 130, in One Vol., entitled ''Ancient and Modern Architec- 
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 132. DWELLING-HOUSES, a Rudimentary Treatise on the Erection 
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 156. QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENTS, How to Calculate and 
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 182. CARPENTRY AND JOINERY— "Tu.^ Elementary Prin- 
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 Thomas Tredgold, C.E. With Additions from the Works of the most 
 Recent Authorities, and a TREATISE ON JOINERY hy E. Wyndham 
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 182*. CARPENTRY AND JOINERY. ATLAS of 35 Plates to 
 accompany the foregoing book. With Descriptive Letterpress. 4to. 6s.; 
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 187. HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS. By George Wight- 
 
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 188. HOUSE PAINTING, GRAINING, MARBLING, AND SIGN 
 
 WRITING : A Practical Manual of, containing full information on the 
 Processes of House-Painting, the Formation of Letters and Practice of 
 Sign-Writing, the Principles of Decorative Art, a Course of Elementary 
 Drawing for House-Painters, Writers, &c., &c. With 9 Coloured Plates of 
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 boards. 
 
 189. THE RUDIMENTS OF PRACTICAL BRICKLAYING. 
 
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 Pointing ; Paving, Tiling, Materials ; Slating and Plastering ; Practical 
 Geometry, Mensuration, &c. By Adam Hammond. Illustrated, is. 6d. 
 191. PLUMBING. A Text-Book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of 
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 By W. P. Buchan, Sanitary Engineer. 3s. 6d.t 
 
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 192. THE TIMBER IMPORTER'S, TIMBER MERCHANTS, 
 
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 Second Edition, Revised. 334 
 
 205. THE ART OF BETTER PAINTING MADE EASY. By 
 
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 &c. By Sir Edmund Beckett, Bart., LL.D., Q.C., E.R.A.S. Second Edition, 
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 219. CIVIB ENGINEERING. By Henry Law, AI.Tnst. C.E. 
 
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 ?9. THE DRAINAGE OF DISTRICTS AND LANDS. By G. 
 
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 30. THE DRAINAGE OF TOWNS AND BUIBDINGS. By 
 
 G. Drysdale Dempsey, C.E. {_New Edition in prepa^'ation. 
 
 31. WELL-DIGGING, BORING, AND PUMP- WORK. By John 
 
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 35. THE BLASTING AND QUARRYING OF STONE, for 
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 62. RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION, Elementary and Practical In- 
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 by Edward Nugent, C.E. With Statistics of the Capital, Dividends, and 
 Working of Railways in the United Kingdom. By E. D. Chattaway. 4s. 
 80*. EMBANKING LANDS FROM THE SEA, the Practice of. 
 
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 and Particulars of actual Embankments, &c. By J. Wiggins, F.G.S. 2s. 
 
 81. WATER WORKS, for the Supply of Cities and Towns. With 
 a Description of the Principal Geological Formations of England as in- 
 fluencing Supplies of Water ; and Details of Engines and Pumping Machinery 
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 117. SUBTERRANEOUS SURVEYING, an Elementary and Prac- 
 
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 Subterraneous Surveys without the Use of the Magnetic Needle, and other 
 Modern Improvements. By Thomas Baker, C.E. Illustrated. 2s. 6d.t 
 
 118. CIVIL ENGINEERING IN NORTH AMERICA, a Sketch 
 
 of. By David Stevenson, F.R.S.E., &c. Plates and Diagrams. 3s. 
 
 197. ROADS AND STREETS [THE CONSTRUCTION OF), 
 in two Parts : I. The Art of Constructing Common Roads, by Henry 
 Law, C.E., revised and condensed by D. Kinnear Clark, C.E. ; II. Recen r 
 Practice, including pavements of Stone, Wood, and Asphalte. Second 
 Edition, revised, bv D. K. Clark, M.I. C.E. 4s. 6d.1: 
 
 203. SANITARY WORK IN THE SMALLER TOWNS AND IN 
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 Nuisance and their Remedies ; 2. Drainage ; 3. Water Supply. A useful 
 book for Members of Local Boards and Rural Sanitary Authorities, Health 
 Officers, Engineers, Surveyors, &c. By Chahles Slagg, A. I. C.E. 2s. 6d.J 
 
 212. THE CONSTRUCTION OF GAS-WORKS, and the Manu- 
 
 facture and Distribution of Coal Gas. Originally written by Samukl 
 Hughes, C.E. Sixth Edition, re-written and much Enlarged by William 
 Richards, C.E. With 72 Illustrations. 4s. Cd.t IJjist published. 
 
 213. PIONEER ENGINEERING. A Treatise on the Engineering 
 
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 Joseph Glynn, F.R.S., &c. Illustrated, is. 6d. 
 
 34. THE STEAM ENGINE, a Rudimentary Treatise on. By Dr., 
 
 Lardner. Illustrated, is. 6d. 
 
 59. STEAM BOILERS: their Construction and Management. By 
 
 R. Armstrong, C.E. Illustrated, is. 6d. 
 67. CLOCKS, WATCHES, AND BELLS, a Rudimentary Treatise 
 
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 A New, Revised, and considerably Enlarged Edition (the 6th), with very 
 
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 82. THE POWER OF WATER, as applied to drive Flour Mills, 
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 98. PRACTICAL MECHANISM, the Elements of; and Machine 
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 114. il/^ 6'Zr/iV£'i? F, Elementary Principles of, in its Construction and 
 
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 139. THE STEAM ENGINE, a Treatise on the Mathematical Theory 
 
 of, with Rules and Examples for Practical Men. By T. Baker, C.E. is. 6d. 
 162. THE BRASS FOUNDER'S MANUAL; Instructions for 
 
 Modelling, Pattern-Making, Moulding, Turning, Filing, Burnishing, 
 
 Bronzing, &c. With cooious Receipts, &c. By Walter Graham. 2S.$ 
 
 164. MODERN WORKSHOP PRACTICE, as applied to Marine, 
 
 Land, and Locomotive Engines, Floating Docks, Dredging Machines, 
 Bridges, Cranes, Ship-building, &c., &c. By J. G. Winton. Illustrated. 3s. t 
 
 165. IRON AND HEAT, exhibiting the Principles concerned in the 
 
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 Heat in the Smelting Furnace. By J. Armour, C.E. 2s. 6d.t 
 
 166. POWER IN MOTION : Horse-Power, Toothed-Wheel Gearing, 
 
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 167. IRON BRIDGES, GIRDERS, ROOFS, AND OTHER 
 
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 171. THE WORKMAN'S MANUAL OF ENGINEERING 
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 190. STEAM AND THE STEAM ENGINE, Stationary and 
 
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 By D. K. Clark, M.I. C.E. Second Edition, revised. 3s. 6d.t 
 200. FUEL, its Combustion and Economy. By C. W. Williams, 
 
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 and Economy of Fuel— Coal, Coke, Wood, Peat, Petroleum, &c. — by D. K. 
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 202. LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES. By G. D. Dempsey, C.E. ; with 
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 211. THE BOILERMAKER'S ASSISTANT in Drawing, Tem- 
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 216. MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION ; A Theoretical and 
 
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 struction. By Francis Campin, CP". 3s. t \_jfust published. 
 
 217. SEWING MACHINERY, being a Practical Manual of the 
 
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 223. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, A Practical Treatise on. 
 
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 51. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, the Rudiments of; or an ExposU 
 
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 53*. SHIPS FOR OCEAN AND RIVER SERVICE, Elementary 
 
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 53**. AN ATLAS OF ENGRA VINGS to Illustrate the above. Twelve 
 
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 54. MASTING, MAST-MAKING, AND RIGGING OF SHIPS, 
 
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 54*. IRON SHIP-BUILDING, With Practical Examples and Details 
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 54**. AN ATLAS OF FORTY PLATES to Illustrate the above. 
 
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 80. MARINE ENGINES, AND STEAM VESSELS, a Treatise 
 
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 99. NAVIGATION AND NAUTICAL ASTRONOMY, in Theory 
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 100*. TABLES intended to facilitate the Operations of Navigation and 
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 106. SHIPS' ANCHORS, a Treatise on. By G. Cotsell, N.A. is. 6d. 
 
 149. SAILS AND SAIL-MAKING, an Elementary Treatise on. 
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 155. THE ENGINEER'S GUIDE TO THE ROYAL AND 
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 55 PRACTICAL NAVIGATION, Consisting of The Sailor's 
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 The Second or Supplementary Volume, recording analyti- 
 cally the Progress recently made in the Design and Construction 
 of Tramways, and in the Means of Locomotion by Mechanical 
 Power, may be had separately. With Wood Engravings. Large 
 Crown 8vo, I2J-. cloth. IJust published. 
 
 *' All interested in tramways must refer to it, as all railway engineers have turned 
 to the author's work ' Railway Machinery.' " — The Engineer. 
 
 Pioneer Engineering, 
 
 PIONEER ENGINEERING. A Treatise on the Engineering 
 Operations connected with the Settlement of Waste Lands in New 
 Countries. By Edward Dobson, A.I.C.E. W^ith Plates and 
 Wood Engravings. Revised Edition. i2mo, 5^-. cloth. 
 
 *' A workmanlike production, and one without possession of which no man should 
 start to encounter the duties of a pioneer engineer." — Athencetuii. 
 
 Steam Engine. 
 
 TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE. By T. M. 
 GoODEVE, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Author of *'The Principles 
 of Mechanics," '*The Elements of Mechanism," &c. Third 
 Edition. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. 
 "Mr. Goodeve's text-book is a work of which every young engineer should pos- 
 sess himself." — Mining Journal, 
 
 Steam. 
 
 THE SAFE USE OF STEAM : containing Rules for Unpro- 
 fessional Steam Users. By an Engineer. 4th Edition. Sewed, 6^/. 
 
 If steam-users would but learn this little book by heart, boiler explosions would 
 become sensations by their rarity." — English Mechanic, 
 
 Mechanical Enginee7dng. 
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING: Comprising Metallurgy, 
 Moulding, Casting, Forging, Tools, Workshop Machinery, Mecha- 
 nical Manipulation, Manufacture of the Steam Engine, &c. By 
 Francis Campin, C.E. i2mo, 3>r. cloth boards. 
 
 Works of Construction. 
 
 MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION : a Theoretical and 
 Practical Treatise on the Strains, Designing, and Erection of 
 Works of Construction. By F. Campin,C.E. i2mo. -^s. 6d. cl. brds. 
 
 Iron Bridges, Girders, Roofs, &c. 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE APPLICATION OF IRON 
 TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, GIRDERS, 
 ROOFS, AND OTHER WORKS. ByF. Campin, C.E. i2mo,3j-. 
 
 Boiler Constr^lction. 
 
 THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S OFFICE BOOK: 
 Boiler Construction. By Nelson Foley, Cardiff, late Assistant 
 Manager Palmer's Engine Works, Jarrow. With 29 full-page 
 Lithographic Diagrams. Folio 21^. half-bound. \Just ptLblished. 
 
6 WORKS IN ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, ETC., 
 
 Oblique Arches. 
 
 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION of 
 OBLIQUE ARCHES. By John Hart. srdEd. Imp. 8vo, S^.cloth. 
 
 Oblique Bridges. 
 
 A PRACTICAL and THEORETICAL ESSAY on OBLIQUE 
 BRIDGES, with 13 large Plates. By the late Geo. Watson 
 Buck, M.I. C.E. Tlnrd Edition, revised by his Son, J. H. Watson 
 Buck, M.LC.E. ; and with the addition of Description to Dia- 
 grams for Facilitating the Construction of Oblique Bridges, by 
 W. H. Barlow, M.LC.E. Royal 8vo, 12s. cloth. 
 
 "The standard text book for all engineers regarding skew arches is Mr. Buck's 
 treatise and it would be impossible to consult abetter." — Engineer. 
 
 Gas and Gaswo7^ks. 
 
 THE CONSTRUCTION OF GASWORKS AND THE 
 MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL-GAS. 
 Originally written by Samuel Hughes, C.E. Sixth Edition. 
 Re-written and much Enlarged, by William Richards, C.E. 
 With 72 Woodcuts. i2mo, ^s. cloth boards. 
 
 Waterworks for Cities and Towns. 
 
 WATERWORKS for the SUPPLY of CITIES and TOWNS, 
 with a Description of the Principal Geological Formations of Eng- 
 land as influencing Supplies of Water. By S. Hughes. OfS. 6d. cloth. 
 
 Locomotive-Engine Driving. 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE-ENGINE DRIVING ; a Practical Manual for 
 Engineers in charge of Locomotive Engines. By Michael 
 Reynolds, M. S.E., formerly Locomotive Inspector L. B. and 
 S. C. R. Fourth Edition, greatly enlarged. Comprising A 
 KEY TO THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE. With Illustra- 
 tions and Portrait of Author. Crown 8vo, 4^. 6^. cloth. 
 " Mr. Reynolds has supplied a want, and has supplied it well. We can confidently 
 
 recommend the book not only to the practical driver, but to every one who takes an 
 
 interest in the performance of locomotive engines." — Engineer. 
 
 The Engineer, Fireman, and Engine-Boy. 
 
 THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, FIREMAN, 
 AND ENGINE-BOY : comprising a Historicp.1 Notice of the 
 Pioneer Locomotive Engines and their Inventors, with a project 
 for the establishment of Certificates of Qualification in the Running 
 Service of Railways. By Michael Reynolds, Author of 
 Locomotive- Engine Driving." Crown 8vo, 4^-. ()d. cloth. 
 " From the technical knowledge of the author it will appeal to the railway man of 
 to-day more forcibly than anything written by Dr. Smiles." — English Mechanic. 
 
 Stationary Engine Dj^iving. 
 
 STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING. A Practical Manual for 
 Engineers in Charge of Stationary Engines. By Michael Rey- 
 nolds (''The Engine-Driver's Friend"), Author of Locomo- 
 tive-Engine Driving," &c. With Plates and Woodcuts, and Steel 
 Portrait of James W att. Crown 8vo, 4^. 6d. cloth, 
 
 E^igine- Driving Life. 
 
 ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE ; or Stirring Adventures and Inci- 
 dents in the Lives of Locomotive Engine- Drivers. By Michael 
 Reynolds. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. \Jtist published. 
 
PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOmIc CGT.V 7V X 
 
 : : ^^^T^- — "^A 
 
 Construction of Iron B earns y Pillars, ^&c. '-'^>, \ 
 
 IRON AND HEAT ; exhibiting the Principles concerned in the .A j 
 construction of Iron Beams, Pillars, and Bridge Girders, and the * 
 Action of Heat in the Smelting Furnace. By J. Armour, C.E. 35". 
 
 Fire Engineering. 
 
 FIRES, FIRE-ENGINES, AND FIRE BRIGADES. With 
 a History of Fire-Engines, their Construction, Use, and Manage- 
 ment ; Remarks on Fire- Proof Buildings, and the Preservation of 
 Life from Fire ; Statistics of the Fire Appliances in English 
 Towns ; Foreign Fire Systems ; Hints on Fire Brigades, &c., &c. 
 By Charles F. T. Young, C.E. With numerous Illustrations, 
 handsomely printed, 544 pp., demy 8vo, i/. 4^-. cloth. 
 
 We can most heartily commend this book," — Engineering. 
 "Mr. Young's book on 'Fire Engines and Fire Brigades' contains a mass of 
 information, wliich has been collected from a variety of sources. The subject is so 
 intensely interesting and useful that it demands consid.tr:x.tioi\.''— Building News. 
 
 Trigonometrical Surveying, 
 
 AN OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING A 
 TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY, for the Formation of Geo- 
 graphical and Topographical Maps and Plans, Military Recon- 
 naissance, Levelling, &c., with the most useful Problems in Geodesy 
 and Practical Astronomy. By Lieut. -Gen. Frome, R.E., late In- 
 spector-General of Fortifications. Fourth Edition, Enlarged, and 
 partly Re-written. By Captain Charles Warren, R.E. With 
 19 Plates and 115 Woodcuts, royal 8vo, 16^. cloth. 
 
 Tables of Cttrves. 
 
 TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES and MULTIPLES 
 for setting out Curves from 5 to 200 Radius. By Alexander 
 Beazeley, M. Inst. C.E. Second Edition. Printed on 48 Cards, 
 and sold in a cloth box, waistcoat-pocket size, 3^-. 6d. 
 ** Each table is printed on a small card, which, being placed on the theodolite, leaves 
 the hands free to manipulate the instrument." — Engineer. 
 
 *' Very handy ; a man may know that all his day's work must fall on two of these 
 cards, which he puts into his own card-case, and leaves the rest behind." — 
 
 Engineering Fieldwork. iAtke7ueum. 
 
 THE PRACTICE OF ENGINEERING FIELDWORK, 
 applied to Land and Hydraulic, Hydrographic, and Submarine 
 Surveying and Levelling. Second Edition, revised, with consider- 
 able additions, and a Supplement on WATERWORKS, SEWERS, 
 SEWAGE, and IRRIGATION. By W. Davis Haskoll, C.E. 
 Numerous folding Plates. In i Vol., demy 8vo, i/. 5^-., cl. boards. 
 
 Large Tunnel Shafts, 
 
 THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS. 
 A Practical and Theoretical Essay. By J. H. Watson Buck, 
 M. Inst. C.E., Resident Engineer, London and North- Western 
 Railway. Illustrated with Folding Plates. Royal 8vo, 12s. cloth. 
 
 *' Many of the methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason, and the 
 observations on the form of arch, the rules for ordering the stone, and the construc- 
 tion of the templates, will be found of considerable use. We commend the book to 
 the engineering profession, and to all who have to build similar shafts." — Biulding 
 News. 
 
 " Will be regarded by civil engineers as of the utmost value, and calculated to save 
 much time and obviate many mistakes." — Colliery Guardian. 
 
8 WORKS IN ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, ETC., 
 
 Survey Practice. 
 
 AID TO SURVEY PRACTICE : for Reference in Surveying, 
 Levelling, Setting-out and in Route Surveys of Travellers by Land 
 and Sea. With Tables, Illustrations, and Records. By Lowis 
 D'A. Jackson, A-M.I.C.E. Author of "Hydraulic Manual and 
 Statistics," &c. Large crown, 8vo, \2s. 6d., cloth. 
 " Mr. Jackson has produced a valuable vade-tnecum for the surveyor. We can 
 recommend this book as containing an admirable supplement to the teaching of the 
 accomplished surveyor. " — A thencewn. 
 
 "A general text book was wanted, and we are able to speak with confidence of 
 Mr. Jackson's treatise. . . . We cannot recommend to the student who knows 
 something of the mathematical principles of the subject a better course than to fortify 
 his practice in the field under a competent surveyor with a study of Mr. Jackson's 
 useful manual. The field records illustrate every kind of survey, and will be found 
 an essential aid to the student." — Biiildiiig News. 
 
 The author brings to his work a fortunate union of theory and practical expe- 
 rience which, aided by a clear and lucid style of writing, renders the book both a very 
 useful one and very agreeable to read." — Builder. 
 
 Sanitaiy Work, 
 
 SANITARY WORK IN THE SMALLER TOWNS AND 
 IN VILLAGES. Comprising : — i. Some of the more Common 
 Forms of Nuisance and their Remedies ; 2. Drainage ; 3. Water 
 Supply. By Chas. Slagg, Assoc. Inst. C. E. Crov^^n 8vo, 3^". cloth. 
 
 "A very useful book, and may be safely recommended. The author has had 
 practical experience in the works of which he treats." — Binlder. 
 
 Locomotives, 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES, A Rudimentary Treatise on. Com- 
 prising an Historical Sketch and Description of the Locomotive 
 Engine. By G. D. Dempsey, C.E. With large additions treat- 
 ing of the Modern Locomotive, by D. Kinnear Clark, C.E., 
 M.I.C.E., Author of "Tramvi^ays, their Construction and Working," 
 &c., &c. With numerous Illustrations. i2mo. 3^". 6t^. cloth boards. 
 "The student cannot fail to profit largely by adopting this as his preliminary text- 
 book." — Iron and Coal Trades Review. 
 
 Seems a model of what an elementary technical book should be." — Academy. 
 
 Fttels and their Econoiny, 
 
 FUEL, its Combustion and Economy ; consisting of an Abridg- 
 ment of A Treatise on the Combustion of Coal and the Prevention 
 of Smoke." By C. W. Williams, A. I. C.E. With extensive 
 additions on Recent Practice in the Combustion and Economy of 
 Fuel — Coal, Coke, Wood, Peat, Petroleum, &c. ; by D. Kin- 
 near Clark, C.E., M.I. C.E. Second Edition, revised. With 
 numerous Illustrations. i2mo. \s. cloth boards. 
 Students should buy the book and read it, as one of the most complete and satis- 
 factory treatises on the combustion and economy of fuel to be had." — Enghieer. 
 
 Roads and Streets, 
 
 THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS AND STREETS. In 
 Two Parts. 1. The Art of Constructing Common Roads. By 
 Henry Law, C.E. Revised and Condensed. II. Recent 
 Practice in the Construction of Roads and Streets : including 
 Pavements of Stone, Wood, and Asphalte. By D. Kinnear 
 Clark, C.E., M.I. C.E. Second Edit., revised. i2mo, 5^-. cloth. 
 
 ** A book which every borough surveyor and engineer must possess, and which will 
 be of considerable service to architectSj builders, and property owners generally." — 
 Bidldin^ News. 
 
PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & CO. 9 
 
 Sewing Machine {The), 
 
 SEWING MACHINERY ; being a Practical Manual of the 
 Sewing Machine, comprising its History and Details of its Con-' 
 struction, with full Technical Directions for the Adjusting of Sew-/- 
 ing Machines. By J. W. Urquhart, Author of ^'ElectTo 
 Plating: a Practical Manual;" "Electric Light: its Production 
 and Use." With Numerous Illustrations. i2mo, 2s, 6d. cloth 
 boards. 
 
 Field-Book for Engineers. 
 
 THE ENGINEER'S, MINING SURVEYOR'S, and CON- 
 TRACTOR'S FIELD-BOOK. By W. Davis Haskoll, C.E. 
 Consisting of a Series of Tables, with Rules, Explanations of 
 Systems, and Use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and Plotting 
 the Work with minute accuracy by means of Straight Edge and Set 
 Square only; Levelling with the Theodolite, Casting out and Re- 
 ducing Levels to Datum, and Plotting Sections in the ordinary 
 manner; Setting out Curves with the Theodolite by Tangential 
 Angles and Multiples with Right and Left-hand Readings of the 
 Instrument ; Setting out Curves without Theodolite on the System 
 of Tangential Angles by Sets of Tangents and Offsets ; and Earth- 
 work Tables to 80 feet deep, calculated for every 6 inches in depth. 
 With numerous Woodcuts. 4th Edition, enlarged. Cr. 8vo. \2s. cloth. 
 *' The book is very handy, and the author might have added that the separate tables 
 
 of sines and tangents to every minute will make it useful for many other purposes, the 
 
 genuine traverse tables existing all the same." — AthencEum. 
 
 " Cannot fail, from its portability and utility, to be extensively patronised by the 
 
 engineering profession." — Mhiing Journal. 
 
 Earthwork, Measicrement and Calculation of. 
 
 A MANUAL on EARTHWORK. By Alex. J. S. Graham, 
 C.E., Resident Engineer, Forest of Dean Central Railway. With 
 numerous Diagrams. iSmo, 2s. 6d, cloth. 
 •* As a really handy book for reference, we know of no work equal to it ; and the 
 railway engineers and others employed in the measurement and calculation of earth- 
 work will find a great amount of practical information very admirably arranged, and 
 available for general or rough estimates, as well as for the more exact calculations 
 required in the engineers' contractor's offices." — Artizaji. 
 
 THE WORKMAN'S MANUAL OF ENGINEERING 
 DRAWING. By John Maxton, Instructor in Engineering 
 Drawing, Royal Naval College, Greenwich, formerly of R. S. N. A., 
 South Kensington. Fourth Edition, carefully revised. With upwards 
 of 300 Plates and Diagrams. i2mo, cloth, strongly bound, 4^'. 
 A copy of it should be kept for reference in every drawing office." — Engineering, 
 *' Indispensable for teachers of engineering drawing." — Mechanics' Magazine, 
 
 Weales Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 A DICTIONARY of TERMS used in ARCHITECTURE, 
 BUILDING, ENGINEERING, MINING, METALLURGY, 
 ARCHEOLOGY, the FINE ARTS, &c. By John Weale. 
 Fifth Edition, revised by Robert Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Mining 
 Records, Editor of *' Ure's Dictionary of Arts." i2mo, 6s. cl. bds. 
 
 " The best small technological dictionary in the language." — Architect. 
 
 * The absolute accuracy of a work of this character can only be judged of after 
 extensive consultation, and from our examination it appears very correct and very 
 complete." — Mining Journal. 
 
 Drawing 
 
10 WORKS IN MINING, METALLURGY, ETC., 
 
 MINING, METALLURGY, ETC. 
 
 Metalliferous Minerals and Mining, 
 
 A TREATISE ON METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND 
 MINING. By D.C. Davies, F.G.S., author of "A Treatise on 
 Slate and Slate Quarrying." With numerous wood engravings. 
 Second Edition, revised. Cr. 8vo. \2.s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " Without question, the most exhaustive and the most practically useful work we 
 have seen ; the amount of information given is enormous, and it is given concisely 
 and intelhgibly." — Mining Jouriial. 
 
 " The volume is one which no student of mineralogy should be without." — Colliery 
 Guardian. 
 
 *' The author has gathered together from all available sources avast amount of 
 really useful information. As a history of the present state of mining throughout 
 the world this book has a real value, and it supplies an actual want, for no such infor- 
 mation has hitherto been brought together within such limited space." — Athenceum. 
 
 Slate a7td Slate Quarrying. 
 
 A TREATISE ON SLATE AND SLATE QUARRYING, 
 Scientific, Practical, and Commercial. By D. C. Davies, F.G.S., 
 Mining Engineer, &c. With numerous Illustrations and Folding 
 Plates. Second Edition, carefully revised. i2mo, 3^. 6d. cloth boards. 
 " Mr. Davies has written a useful and practical hand-book on an important industry, 
 with all the conditions and details of which he appears familiar." — Engineering. 
 
 The work is illustrated by actual practice, and is unusually thorough and lucid. 
 . . . Mr. Davies has completed his work with industry and skill." — Builder. 
 
 Metallurgy of Iron, 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE METALLURGY OF IRON : con- 
 taining Outlines of the History of Iron Manufacture, Methods of 
 Assay, and Analyses of Iron Ores, Processes of Manufacture of 
 Iron and Steel, &c. By H. Bauerman, F.G.S., Associate of the 
 Royal School of Mines. With numerous Illustrations. Fourth 
 Edition, revised and much enlarged. i2mo, cloth boards, 5 J. 
 " Has the merit of brevity and conciseness, as to less important points, while all 
 material matters are very fully and thoroughly entered into." — Standard. 
 
 Manual of Mining Tools. 
 
 MINING TOOLS. For the use of Muie Managers, Agents, 
 Mining Students, &c. By William Morgans, Lecturer on Prac- 
 tical Mining at the Bristol School of Mines. Volume of Text. 
 i2mo, 3^-. With an Atlas of Plates, containing 235 Illustrations. 
 4to, 6s, Together, 9^. cloth boards. 
 *' Students in the Science of Mining, and Overmen, Captains, Managers, and 
 
 Viewers may gain practical knowledge and useful hints by the study of Mr. 
 
 Morgans' Manual." — Colliery Guardian. 
 
 Minings Sttrveying and Valuing. 
 
 THE MINERAL SURVEYOR AND VALUER'S COM- 
 PLETE GUIDE, comprising a Treatise on Improved Mining 
 Surveying, vv^ith new Traverse Tables ; and Descriptions of Im- 
 proved Instruments ; also an Exposition of the Correct Principles 
 of Laying out and Valuing Home and Foreign Iron and Coal 
 Mineral Properties. By William Lintern, Mining and Civil 
 Engineer. With four Plates of Diagrams, Plans, &c., i2mo, \s. cloth. 
 *' Contains much valuable information given in a small compass, and which, as far 
 as we have tested it, is thoroughly trustworthy." — Iron and Coal Trades Review. 
 
 The above, bound with Thoman's Tables. (See page 20.) 
 Price 7i-. 6d, cloth. 
 
PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & CO. ii 
 
 Coal and Coal Mining. 
 
 COAL AND COAL MINING : a Rudimentary Treatise on. By 
 Warington W. Smyth, M.A., F.R.S., &c., Chief Inspector 
 of the Mines of the Crown. Fifth edition, revised and corrected. 
 i2mo, with numerous Illustations, 4^-. cloth boards. 
 ** Every portion of the volume appears to have been prepared with much care, and 
 as an outhne is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries, as well as 
 of the two principal methods of working, the book will doubtless interest a very 
 large number of readers." — Mining Journal. 
 
 U^idergrotmd Pit^nping Machinery, 
 
 MINE DRAINAGE ; being a Complete and Practical Treatise 
 on Direct- Acting Underground Steam Pumping Machinery, with 
 a Description of a large number of the best known Engines, their 
 General Utility and the Special Sphere of their Action, the Mode 
 of their Application, and their merits compared with other forms of 
 Pumping Machinery. By Stephen Michell, Joint- Author of " The 
 Cornish System of Mine Drainage. " 8vo, i ^s. cloth, \yiist published* 
 
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, NAVIGATION, ETC. 
 
 4 
 
 Pocket Book for Naval Architects & Shipbuilders. 
 
 THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIPBUILDER'S 
 POCKET BOOK OF FORMULA, RULES, AND TABLES 
 AND MARINE ENGINEER'S AND SURVEYOR'S HANDY 
 BOOK OF REFERENCE. By Clement Mackrow, M. Inst. 
 N. A., Naval Draughtsman. Second Edition, revised. With 
 numerous Diagrams. Fcap., \2s. 6d., strongly bound in leather. 
 " Should be used by all who are engaged in the construction or design of vessels." 
 — Ejigineer. 
 
 *' There is scarcely a subject on which a naval architect or shipbuilder can require 
 to refresh his memory which will not be found within the covers of Mr. Mackrow's 
 book." — English Mechanic. 
 
 " Mr. Mackrow has compressed an extraordinary amount of information into this 
 useful volume." — AtJiencEtun. 
 
 Grantham s Iron Ship-Building, 
 
 ON IRON SHIP-BUILDING; with Practical Examples and 
 Details. Fifth Edition. Imp. 4to, boards, enlarged from 24 to 40 
 Plates (21 quite new), including the latest Examples. Together 
 with separate Text, also considerably enlarged, i2mo, cloth limp. 
 By John Grantham, M. Inst. C.E., &c. 2/. 2s, complete. 
 
 ** Mr. Grantham's work is of great interest. It will, we are confident, command an 
 extensive circulation among shipbuilders in general. By order of the Board of Admi- 
 ralty, the work will form the text-book on which the examination in iron ship-building 
 of candidates for promotion in the dockyards will be mainly based." — Engineering, 
 
 Pocket-Book for Ma7H7te Engineers. 
 
 A POCKET-BOOK OF USEFUL TABLES AND FOR- 
 MULA FOR MARINE ENGINEERS. By Frank Proctor, 
 A.LN.A. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. Royal 32mo, 
 leather, gilt edges, with strap, 4s. 
 
 "A most useful companion to all marine engitieers." — United Service Gazette. 
 
 ** Scarcely anything required by a naval engineer appears to have been iox- 
 
12 WORKS IN NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, ETC., 
 
 L ight-Hoitses, 
 
 EUROPEAN LIGHT-HOUSE SYSTEMS ; being a Report of 
 a Tour of Inspection made in 1873. ^1 Major George H. 
 Elliot, Corps of Engineers, U.S.A. Illustrated by 51 En- 
 gravings and 31 Woodcuts in the Text. 8vo, 21^-. cloth. 
 
 Surveying [Land and Marine), 
 
 LAND AND MARINE SURVEYING, in Reference to the 
 Preparation of Plans for Roads and Railways, Canals, Rivers, 
 Tov/ns' Water Supplies, Docks and Harbours ; vi^ith Description 
 and Use of Surveying Instruments. By W. Davis Haskoll, C. E. 
 With 14 folding Plates, and numerous Woodcuts. Svo, \2s.(id. cloth. 
 
 A most useful and well arranged book for the aid of a student." — Builder. 
 
 Of the utmost practical utility, and may be safely recommended to all students 
 who aspire to become clean and expert surveyors." — Mining Journal. 
 
 Storms. 
 
 STORMS : their Nature, Classification, and Laws, with the 
 Means of Predicting them by their Embodiments, the Clouds. 
 By William Blasius. Crown Svo, loj-. 6d. cloth boards. 
 
 Rttdimentary Navigation, 
 
 THE SAILOR'S SEA-BOOK: a Rudimentary Treatise on Navi- 
 gation. By James Greenwood, B. A. New and enlarged edition. 
 By W. H. RossER. i2mo, -^s, cloth boards. 
 
 Mathematical and NatUical Tables. 
 
 MATHEMATICAL TABLES, for Trigonometrical, Astronomical, 
 and Nautical Calculations ; to which is prefixed a Treatise on 
 Logarithms. By Henry Law, C. E. Together with a Series of 
 Tables for Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. By J. R. 
 Young, formerly Professor of Mathematics in Belfast College. 
 New Edition. i2mo, 4J-. cloth boards. 
 
 Navigation {Practical), with Tables. 
 
 PRACTICAL NAVIGATION : consisting of the Sailor's Sea- 
 Book, by James Greenwood and W. H. Rosser ; together 
 with the requisite Mathematical and Nautical Tables for the Work- 
 ing of the Problems. By Henry Law, C.E., and Professor 
 J. R. Young. Illustrated with numerous Wood Engravings and 
 Coloured Plates. i2mo, ^s. strongly half bound in leather. 
 
 WEALE'S RUDIMENTARY SERIES. 
 
 The following hooks in Naval Architecture, etc., are published in the 
 above series, 
 
 MASTING, MAST-MAKING, AND RIGGING OF SHIPS. By 
 
 Robert Kipping, N.A. Fourteenth Edition. i2mo, 2s. 6d. cloth. 
 SAILS AND SAIL-MAKING. Tenth Edition, enlarged. By Robert 
 
 Kipping, N.A. Illustrated. i2mo, y. cloth boards. 
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. By James Peake. Fourth Edition, 
 
 with Plates and Diagrams. i2mo, ^s. cloth boards. 
 MARINE ENGINES, AND STEAM VESSELS. By Robert 
 
 Murray, ,C.E. Seventh Edition. i2mo, 3^. 6d. cloth boards. : 
 
PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & CO. 13 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, ETC. 
 Construction. — * — 
 
 THE SCIENCE of BUILDING : An Elementary Treatise on 
 the Principles of Construction. By E. Wyndham Tarn, M.A., 
 Architect. With 58 Wood Engravings. 2nd Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. Crown 8vo, 7 J. 6^. cloth. 
 '* A very valuable book, which we strongly recommend to all students." — Builder, 
 " No architectural student should be without this hand-book." — Architect. 
 
 Villa Architecture. 
 
 A HANDY BOOK of VILLA ARCHITECTURE ; being a 
 Series of Designs for Villa Residences in various Styles. With 
 Detailed Specifications and Estimates. By C. Wickes, Architect, 
 Author of "The Spires and Towers of the Mediaeval Churches of Eng- 
 land," &c. 31 Plates, 4to, half morocco, gilt edges, iL is. 
 Also an Enlarged edition of the above. 61 Plates, with Detailed 
 Specifications, Estimates, &c. 2/. 2s. half morocco. 
 ** The whole of the designs bear evidence of their being the work of an artistic 
 architect, and they will prove very valuable and suggestive." — Building News. 
 
 Use/id Text- Book for Architects. 
 
 THE ARCPIITECT'S GUIDE : Being a Text-book of Useful 
 Information for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, Contractors, 
 Clerks of Works, &c. By Frederick Rogers. Author of 
 Specifications for Practical Architecture," &c. Cr. 8vo, ds. cloth. 
 "As a text-book of useful information for architects, engineers, surveyors, &c., it 
 would be hard to find a handier or more complete little volume." — Standard. 
 
 Taylor and Cresys Rome. 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF ROME. By 
 the late G. L. Taylor, Esq., F.S.A., and Edward Cresy, Esq. 
 New Edition, Edited by the Rev. Alexander Taylor, M.A. (son 
 of the late G. L. Taylor, Esq.), Chaplain Jof Gray's Inn, This is 
 the only book which gives on a large scale, and with the precision 
 of architectural measurement, the principal Monuments of Ancient 
 Rome in plan, elevation, and detail. Large folio, with 130 Plates, 
 half-bound, 3/. 3j-. 
 
 Originally published in two volumes, folio, at 18/. i8j. 
 
 Vitrttvitts^ Architectwe. 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURE OF MARCUS VITRUVIUS 
 POLLIO. Translated by Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A., F.R.A.S. 
 Numerous Plates. i2mo, cloth limp, ^s. 
 
 The Young Architect' s Book. 
 
 HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS. By George Wight- 
 wick, Architect. New Edition, revised and enlarged. By G. 
 HusKissoN GuiLLAUME, Architect. i2mo, cloth boards, 4J. 
 Will be found an acquisition to pupils, and a copy ought to be considered as 
 necessary a purchase as a box of instruments." — Architect, 
 
 " A large amount of information, which young architects will do well to acquire, if 
 they wish to succeed in the everyday work of their profession." — English Mechanic. 
 
 Drawing for Btdlders and Students. 
 
 PRACTICAL RULES ON DRAWING for the OPERATIVE 
 BUILDER and YOUNG STUDENT in ARCHITECTURE, 
 By George Pyne. With 14 Plates, 4to, 7^. ^d, boards, 
 
14 WORKS IN ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, ETC., 
 
 Cement, 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. By Henry Faija, 
 A.M., Inst. C.E., with Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3^-. 6d. cloth. 
 " A useful compendium of results for the practical builder and architect." — Build- 
 ing News, 
 
 The House-Owner^ s Estimator. 
 
 THE HOUSE-OWNER'S ESTIMATOR; or, What will it 
 Cost to Build, Alter, or Repair? A Price-Book adapted to the 
 Use of Unprofessional People as well as for the Architectural 
 Surveyor and Builder. By the late James D. Simon, A.R.I.B.A. 
 Edited and Revised by Francis T. W. Miller, A.R.I.B.A., 
 Surveyor. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 3^-. 6^/., cloth. 
 In two years it will repay its cost a hundred times over." — Field. 
 *' A very handy book for those who want to know what a house will cost to build, 
 alter, or repair." — English Mecha7iic. 
 
 Boiler and Factory Chimneys. 
 
 BOILER AND FACTORY CHIMNEYS ; their Draught-power 
 and Stability, with a chapter on Lightning Conductors. By Robert 
 Wilson, C.E. Crown 8vo, 3^. 6d. cloth. 
 
 Civil and Ecclesiastical Btdlding. 
 
 A BOOK ON BUILDING, CIVIL AND ECCLESIASTICAL, 
 Including Church Restoration. By Sir Edmund Beckett, 
 Bart., LL.D., Q.C., F.R.A.S., Chancellor and Vicar-General 
 of York. Author of "Clocks and Watches and Bells," &c. 
 Second Edition, i2mo, ^s. cloth boards. 
 "A book which is always amusing and nearly always instructive. Sir E. Beckett 
 
 will be read for the raciness of his style. We are able very cordially to recommend 
 
 all persons to read it for themselves. ' — Times. 
 
 " We commend the book to the thoughtful consideration of all who are interested 
 
 in the building art." — Binlder. 
 
 Architecture, Ancient and Modern. 
 
 RUDIMENTARY ARCHITECTURE, Ancient and Modern. 
 Consisting of VITRUVIUS, translated by Joseph Gwilt, 
 F.S.A., &c., with 23 fine copper plates; GRECIAN Archi- 
 tecture, by the Earl of Aberdeen ; the ORDERS of 
 Architecture, by W. H. Leeds, Esq. ; The STYLES of Archi- 
 tecture of Various Countries, by T. Talbot Bury ; The 
 PRINCIPLES of DESIGN in Architecture, by E. L. Garbett. 
 In one volume, half-bound (pp. i,ioo), copiously illustrated, 12s. 
 Sold separately^ in twO'Vols., as follows — 
 ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE. Containing Gwilt's Vitruvius 
 and Aberdeen's Grecian Architecture. Price 6s. half -bound. 
 
 N.B. — This is the only edition of VITRUVIUS proctcrable at a 
 moderate price. 
 
 MODERN ARCHITECTURE. Containing the Orders, by Leeds ; 
 The Styles, by Bury; and Design, by Garbett. ds. half-bound. 
 
 House Painting. 
 
 HOUSE PAINTING, GRAINING, MARBLING, AND 
 SIGN WRITING: a Practical Manual of. With 9 Coloured 
 Plates of Woods and Marbles, and nearly 150 Wood Engravings. 
 By Ellis A. Davidson. Third Edition, Revised. i2mo, 6s. cloth. 
 
 *• Contains a mass of information of use to the amateur and of value to the practical 
 man. "—English Mechanic. 
 
PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & CO. 15 
 
 Plumbing. 
 
 PLUMBING ; aText-book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the 
 Plumber. With chapters upon House- drainage, embodying the 
 latest Improvements. By W. P. BuCHAN, Sanitary Engineer. 
 Third Edition, enlarged, with 300 illustrations, I2mo. \s. cloth. 
 ** The chapters on house-drainage may be usefully consulted, not only by plumbers, 
 but also by engineers and all engaged or interested in house-building." — Iro7i. 
 
 Handbook of Specifications. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF SPECIFICATIONS ; or, Practical 
 Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder, in drawing 
 up Specifications and Contracts for Works and Constructions. 
 Illustrated by Precedents of Buildings actually executed by eminent 
 Architects and Engineers. By Professor Thomas L. Donald- 
 son, M.I.B.A. New Edition, in One large volume, 8vo, with 
 upwards of 1000 pages of text, and 33 Plates, cloth, \l. \\s, 6d. 
 "In this work forty-four specifications of executed works are given. . . . Donald- 
 son's Handbook of Specifications must be bought by all architects." — Builder. 
 
 Specifications for Practical Architecture, 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCPIITECTURE : 
 A Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder ; with 
 an Essay on the Structure and Science of Modern Buildings, By 
 Frederick Rogers, Architect. 8vo, 15J". cloth. 
 
 \* A volume of specifications of a practical character being greatly required, and the 
 old standard work of Alfred Bartholomew being out of print, the author, on the basis 
 of that work, has produced the above. — Extract from P7-eface, 
 
 Designing, Measuring, and Valuing. 
 
 THE STUDENT'S GUIDE to the PRACTICE of MEA- 
 SURING and VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORKS; containing 
 Directions for taking Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing 
 the Quantities into Bill, with Tables of Constants, and copious 
 Memoranda for the Valuation of Labour and Materials in the re- 
 spective Trades of Bricklayer and Slater, Carpenter and Joiner, 
 Painter and Glazier, Paperhanger, &c. With 43 Plates and Wood- 
 cuts. Originally edited by Edward Dob&on, Architect. New 
 Edition, re-written, with Additions on Mensuration and Construc- 
 tion, and useful Tables for facilitating Calculations and Measure- 
 ments. By E. Wyndham Tarn, M.A., 8vo, \os. 6d. cloth. 
 
 •* Well fulfils the promise of its title-page. Mr. Tarn's additions and revisions have 
 much increased the usefulness of the work." — Engineervig, 
 
 Beaton s Pocket Estimator. 
 
 THE POCKET ESTIMATOR FOR THE BUILDING 
 TRADES, being an easy method of estimating the various parts 
 of a Building collectively, more especially applied to Carpenters' 
 and Joiners' work, priced according to the present value of material 
 and labour. By A. C. Beaton, Author of '* Quantities and 
 Measurements." Second Edition. Waistcoat-pocket size. \s, 6d. 
 
 Beaton s Builders' and Surveyors Technical Guide. 
 
 TFIE POCKET TECHNICAL GUIDE AND MEASURER 
 FOR BUILDERS AND SURVEYORS: containing a Complete 
 Explanation of the Terms used in Building Construction, Memo- 
 randa for Reference, Technical Directions for Measuring Work in 
 all the Building Trades, &c. By A. C. Beaton, is. 6d. 
 
i6 WORKS IN CARPENTRY, TIMBER, ETC., 
 
 Builder s and Contractor s Price Book. 
 
 LOCKWOOD & CO.'S BUILDER'S AND CONTRACTOR'S 
 PRICE BOOK, containing the latest prices of all kinds of Builders' 
 Materials and Labour, and of all Trades connected with Building, 
 &c., &c. The whole revised and edited by F. T. W. Miller, 
 A.R.I.B.A. Fcap. half-bound, 4^. 
 
 CARPENTRY, TIMBER, ETC. 
 
 « 
 
 Tredgold's Carpentry, new a^id cheaper Edition. 
 
 THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY : 
 a Treatise on the Pressure and Equilibrium of Timber Framing, the 
 Resistance of Timber, and the Construction of Floors, Arches, 
 Bridges, Roofs, Uniting Iron and Stone with Timber, &c. To which 
 is added an Essay on the Nature and Properties of Timber, &c., 
 with Descriptions of the Kinds of Wood used in Building ; also 
 numerous Tables of the Scantlings of Timber for different purposes, 
 the Specific Gravities of Materials, &c. By Thomas Tredgold, 
 C.E. Edited by Peter Barlow, F.R.S. Fifth Edition, cor- 
 rected and enlarged. With 64 Plates, Portrait of the Author, and 
 Woodcuts. 4to, published at 2/. 2s. ^ reduced to i/. 5«f. cloth. 
 " Ought to be in every architect's and every builder's library, and those who 
 do not already possess it ought to avail themselves of the new issue." — Builder. 
 
 **A work whose monumental excellence must commend it wherever skilful car- 
 pentry is concerned. The Author's principles are rather conrirmed than impaired by 
 time. The additional plates are of great intrinsic value." — Buildi7ig News. 
 
 Grandys Timber Tables. 
 
 THE TIMBER IMPORTER'S, TIMBER MERCHANTS, 
 and BUILDER'S STANDARD GUIDE. By Richard E. 
 Grandy. 
 
 2nd Edition. Carefully revised and corrected. i2mo, 31. 6<^. cloth. 
 
 ** Everything it pretends to be : built up gradually, it leads one from a forest to a 
 treenail, and throws in, as a makeweight, a host of material concerning bricks, columns, 
 cisterns, &c. — all that the class to whom it appeals requires." — English Mechanic. 
 
 Timber Freight Book. 
 
 THE TIMBER IMPORTERS' AND SHIPOWNERS' 
 FREIGHT BOOK : Being a Comprehensive Series of Tables for 
 the Use of Timber Importers, Captains of Ships, Shipbrokers, 
 Builders, and all Dealers in Wood whatsoever. By William 
 Richardson, Timber Broker. Crown 8vo, 6^-. cloth. 
 
 Tables for Packing-Case Makers. 
 
 PACKING-CASE TABLES ; showing the number of Superficial 
 Feet in Boxes or Packing-Cases, from six inches square and 
 upwards. By W. Richardson. Oblong 4to, 3J. ^d. cloth. 
 
 ** Invaluable labour-saving tables." — Ironmonger. 
 
 Coach Btdlding. 
 
 COACH BUILDING: A Practical Treatise, Historical and 
 Descriptive, containing full information of the various Trades and 
 Processes involved, with Hints on the proper keeping of Carriages, 
 &c. With 57 Illustrations. By J ames W. Burgess. i2mo, 3j"., 
 cloth boards, [yiist published. 
 
PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & CO/ / '^17 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 Hortofis Measurer. , <t 
 
 THE COMPLETE MEASURER ; setting forth the Measure- 
 ment of Boards, Glass, &c. ; Unequal-sided, Square-sided, Qc> 
 tagonal-sided. Round Timber and Stone, and Standing Timbe^ 
 With just allowances for the bark in the respective speeier^ln 
 trees, and proper deductions for the waste in hewing the trees, 
 &c. ; also a Table showing the solidity of hewn or eight-sided 
 timber, or of any octagonal-sided column. By Richard Horton. 
 Third edition, with considerable and valuable additions, i2mo, 
 strongly bound in leather, 5^", 
 
 HoiHons Undei'wood and Woodland Tables. 
 
 TABLES FOR PLANTING AND VALUING UNDER- 
 WOOD AND WOODLAND ; also Lineal, Superficial, Cubical, 
 and Decimal Tables, &c. By R. Horton. i2mo, 2s. leather. 
 
 Nicholson s Carpenter s Guide. 
 
 THE CARPENTER'S NEW GUIDE ; or, BOOK of LINES 
 for CARPENTERS : comprising all the Elementary Principles 
 essential for acquiring a knowledge of Carpentry. Founded on the 
 late Peter Nicholson's standard work. A new Edition, revised 
 by Arthur Ashpitel, F.S.A., together with Practical Rules on 
 Drawing, by George Pyne. With 74 Plates, 4to, i/. \s. cloth. 
 
 Dowsing^ s Timber Merchant' s Companion. 
 
 THE TIMBER MERCHANT'S AND BUILDER'S COM- 
 PANION ; containing New and Copious Tables of the Reduced 
 Weight and Measurement of Deals and Battens, of all sizes, from 
 One to a Thousand Pieces, also the relative Price that each size 
 bears per Lineal Foot to any given Price per Petersburgh Standard 
 Hundred, &c., &c. Also a variety of other valuable information. 
 By William Dowsing, Timber Merchant. Third Edition, Re- 
 vised. Crown 8vo, 3^. cloth. 
 **Everything is as concise and clear as it can possibly be made. There can be no 
 doubt that every timber merchant and builder ought to possess it." — Hull Advertiser. 
 
 Practical Timber Merchant. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL TIMBER MERCHANT, being a Guide 
 for the use of Building Contractors, Surveyors, Builders, &c., 
 comprising useful Tables for all purposes connected with the 
 Timber Trade, Essay on the Strength of Timber, Remarks on the 
 Growth of Timber, &c. By W^ Richardson. Fcap. 8vo, 3^. 6^/. cl. 
 
 IVoodworking Machinery, 
 
 WOODWORKING MACHINERY; its Rise, Progress, and 
 Construction. With Hints on the Management of Saw Mills and 
 the Economical Conversion of Timber. Illustrated with Examples 
 of Recent Designs by leading English, French, and American 
 Engineers. By M. Powis Bale, M.I.M.E. Large crown 8vo, 
 \2.s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " Mr. Bale is evidently an expert on the subject, and he has collected so much 
 information that his book is all-sufficient for builders and others engaged in the con- 
 v^ersion of timber." — Architect. 
 
 " The most comprehensive compendium of wood-working machinery we have 
 seen. The author is a thorough master of his subject." — Building News. 
 
 "It should be in the office of every wood-working factory." — E7iglish Mechanic, 
 
i8 
 
 WORKS IN MECHANICS, ETC., 
 
 ^ . MECHANICS, ETC. 
 
 1 Mrmng, — * — 
 
 LATHE- WORK : a Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances, 
 and Processes employed in the Art of Turning. By Paul N. Has- 
 LUCK. With numerous Illustrations drawn by the Author. 
 Crown 8vo, 5^-. cloth. [Just published. 
 
 " Evidently written from personal experience, and gives a large amount of just 
 that sort of information which beginners at the lathe require." — Builder. 
 
 " Expounds the art and mystery of the turner in an informative fashion." — Scotsman. 
 " Mr. Hasluck's book will be a boon to amateurs." — Architect. 
 
 Mechaiiics Workshop Companion, 
 
 THE OPERATIVE MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP COM- 
 PANION, and THE SCIENTIFIC GENTLEMAN'S PRAC- 
 TICAL ASSISTANT. By W. Templeton. 12th Edit., with 
 Mechanical Tables for Operative Smiths, Millwrights, Engineers, 
 &c. ; and an Extensive Table of Powers and Roots, i2mo, ^s. bound. 
 " Admirably adapted to the wants of a very large class. It has met with great 
 success in the engineering workshop, as we can testify ; and there are a great many 
 men who, in a great measure, owe their rise in life to this little work." — Building News, 
 
 Engineers and Machinist' s Assistant, 
 
 THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINIST'S 
 PRACTICAL ASSISTANT ; comprising a Collection of Useful 
 Tables, Rules, and Data. By Wm. Templeton. iSmo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 ** A more suitable present to an apprentice to any of the mechanical trades could not 
 possibly be made." — Building News. 
 
 Superficial Measurement. 
 
 THE TRADESMAN'S GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL MEA- 
 SUREMENT. Tables calculated from i to 200 inches in length, 
 by I to 108 inches in breadth. For the use of Architects, Engineers, 
 Timber Merchants, Builders, &c. By J. Hawkings. Fcp. y. 6d, cl. 
 
 The High-Pressure Steam Engine, 
 
 THE HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM ENGINE ; an Exposition 
 of its Comparative Merits, and an Essay towards an Improved 
 System of Construction, adapted especially to secure Safety and 
 Economy. By Dr. Ernst Alban. Translated from the German, 
 with Notes, by Dr. Pole, F.R.S. 8vo, i6j". 6^. cloth. 
 
 Steam Boilers, 
 
 A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILERS : their Strength, Con- 
 struction, and Economical Working. By R. Wilson, C.E. 
 Fifth Edition. i2mo, 6^. cloth. 
 
 *' The best work on boilers which has come under our notice." — Ejigineering. 
 *'The best treatise that has ever been published on steam boilers." — Engineer. 
 
 Power in Motion, 
 
 POWER IN MOTION: Horse Power, Toothed Wheel Gearing, 
 Long and Short Driving Bands, Angular Forces, &c. By James 
 Armour, C.E. With 73 Diagrams. i2mo, 3^., cloth. 
 
 Mechanics, 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. By Dionysius 
 Lardner, D.C.L. New Edition, Edited and considerably En- 
 larged, by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S., &c., post 8vo, 6^. cloth. 
 
 " Studiously popular .... The application of the various branches of physics to 
 the industrial arts is carefully shown." — Mining Jotirjtal. 
 
PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & CO. 19 
 
 MATHEMAT ICS, TABLES, ETC. 
 Gregory s Practical Mathematics, 
 
 MATHEMATICS tor PRACTICAL MEN ; being a Common- 
 place Book of Pure and Mixed Mathematics. Designed chiefly 
 for the Use of Civil Engineers, Architects, and Surveyors. Part 1. 
 Pure Mathematics — comprising Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, 
 Mensuration, Trigonometry, Conic Sections, Properties of Curves. 
 Part II. Mixed Mathematics — comprising Mechanics in general, 
 Statics, Dynamics, Hydrostatics, Hydrodynamics, Pneumatics, 
 Mechanical Agents, Strength of Materials. With an Appendix of 
 copious Logarithmic and other Tables. By Olinthus Gregory, 
 LL.D., F.R. A.S. Enlarged by Henry Law, C.E. 4th Edition, 
 revised by Prof. J. R. Young. With 13 Plates. 8vo, i/. u. cloth. 
 
 ** The engineer or architect will here find ready to his hand, rules for solving nearly 
 every mathematical difficulty that may arise in his practice." — Builder. 
 
 The Metric System. 
 
 A SERIES OF METRIC TABLES, in which the British 
 Standard Measures and Weights are compared with those of the 
 Metric System at present in use on the Continent. By C. H, 
 DowLiNG, C.E. 2nd Edit, revised and enlarged. 8vo, \os. 6d. cl. 
 ** Their accuracy has been certified by Prof. Airy, Astronomer-Royal." — Builder. 
 
 Inwood's Tables, greatly enlargect and improved, 
 
 TABLES FOR THE PURCHASING of ESTATES, Freehold, 
 Copyhold, or Leasehold; Annuities, Advowsons, &c., and for the 
 Renewing of Leases held under Cathedral Churches, Colleges, or 
 other corporate bodies ; for Terms of Years certain, and for Lives ; 
 also for Valuing Reversionary Estates, Deferred Annuities, Next 
 Presentations, &c., together with Smart's Five Tables of Compound 
 Interest, and an Extension of the same to Lower and Intermediate 
 Rates. By William In wood. 21st edition, with Tables of 
 Logarithms for the more Dimcult Computations of the Interest of 
 Money, Disco unt,&c. By M. Fedor Thoman. i2mo. 8j. cloth. 
 
 *• Those interested in the purchase and sale of estates, and in the adjustment of 
 compensation cases, as well as in transactions in annuities, life insurances, &c., will 
 find the present edition of eminent service. " — Engineering. 
 
 Geometry for the Architect, Engineer^ &c. 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, for the Architect, Engineer, and 
 Mechanic. By E. W. Tarn, M. A., Architect. Second Edition, with 
 Appendices on Diagrams of Strains and Isometrical projections. 
 DemySvo, gs. cloth. 
 
 Mathe^natical Instruments, 
 
 MATHEMATICA.L INSTRUMENTS: Their Construction, 
 Adjustment, Testing, and Use ; comprising Drawing, Measuring, 
 Optical, Surveying, and Astronomical Instruments. By J. F. 
 Heather, M.A. Enlarged Edition. i2mo, 5^. cloth. 
 
 Weights, Measui'es^ Moneys, &c, 
 
 MEASURES, WEIGHTS, and MONEYS of all NATIONS, 
 and an Analysis of the Christian, Hebrew, and Mahometan 
 Calendars. Entirely New Edition, Revised and Enlarged. By 
 W. S. B. Woolhouse, F.R.A.S. i2mo. 2s, 6d. cloth boards. 
 
20 WORKS IN MATHEMATICS, ETC., 
 
 Compound Interest and Annuities. 
 
 THEORY of COMPOUND INTEREST and ANNUITIES ; 
 with Tables of Logarithms for the more Difficult Computations of 
 Interest, Discount, Annuities, &c., in all their Applications and 
 Uses for Mercantile and State Purposes. By Fedor Thoman, 
 of the Societe Credit Mobilier, Paris. 3rd Edit., i2mo, \s, 6d. cl. 
 " A very powerful work, and the Author has a very remarkable command of his 
 subject." — Professor A. de Morgan. 
 
 Iron and Metal Trades Calctdator, 
 
 THE IRON AND METAL TRADES' COMPANION: 
 Being a Calculator containing a Series of Tables upon a new and 
 comprehensive plan for expeditiously ascertaining the value of any 
 goods bought or sold by weight, from 15. per cwt. to 112^. per 
 cwt., and from one farthing per lb. to \s. per lb. Each Table ex- 
 tends from one lb. to 100 tons. ByT. DowNiE. 396 pp., 9^-., leather. 
 " A most useful set of tables, and will supply a want, for nothing like them before 
 existed. " — Building Ne^vs. 
 
 Iron and Steel, 
 
 'IRON AND STEEL': a Work for the Forge, Foundry, 
 Factory, and Office. Containing Information for Ironmasters and 
 their Stocktakers ; Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Sheet Rolling 
 Mills ; Iron and Metal Founders ; Iron Ship and Bridge Builders ; 
 Mechanical, Mining, and Consulting Engineers ; Architects, Builders, 
 &c. By Charles Hoare, Author of 'The Slide Rule,' &c. Eighth 
 Edition. With folding Scales of "Foreign Measures compared 
 with the English Foot," and "fixed Scales of Squares, Cubes, 
 and Roots, Areas, Decimal Equivalents, &c." Oblong, 32mo, 6j., 
 leather, elastic-band. 
 *' For comprehensiveness the book has not its equal." — Iron. 
 
 Comprehensive Weight Calculator, 
 
 THE WEIGHT CALCULATOR, being a Series of Tables 
 upon a New and Comprehensive Plan, exhibiting at one Reference 
 the exact Value of any Weight from lib. to 15 tons, at 300 Pro- 
 gressive Rates, from I Penny to 168 Shillings per cwt.,' and con- 
 taining 186,000 Direct Answers, which, with their Combinations, 
 consisting of a single addition (mostly to be performed at sight), 
 will afford an aggregate of 10,266,000 Answers ; the whole being 
 calculated and designed to ensure Correctness and promote 
 Despatch. By Henry Harben, Accountant, Sheffield. New 
 Edition. Royal 8vo, i/. 5^-., strongly half-bound. 
 
 Comprehe7tsive Discount Guide, 
 
 THE DISCOUNT GUIDE : comprising several Series of Tables 
 for the use of Merchants, Manufacturers, Ironmongers, and others, 
 by which may be ascertained the exact profit arising from any mode 
 of using Discounts, either in the Purchase or Sale of Goods, and 
 the method of either Altering a Rate of Discount, or Advancing a 
 Price, so as to produce, by one operation, a sum that will realise 
 any required profit after allowing one or more Discounts : to which 
 are added Tables of Profit or'^Advance from to 90 per cent.. 
 Tables of Discount from 1} to 98I per cent., and Tables of Commis- 
 sion, &c., from \ to 10 per cent. By Henry Harben, Accountant. 
 New Edition, Demy 8yo, i/. ^s.^ half-bound. 
 
PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & CO. 21 
 
 SCIENCE AND ART. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 y . 
 
 T/ie Co7ist7'itction of the Organ. J 
 
 PRACTICAL ORGAN BUILDING. By W. E. Dicjv.soN^ 
 M.A., Precentor of Ely Cathedral. Crown 8vo, 5^-. cltsth. !• 
 
 " In many respects the book is the best that has yet appeared on the subjecf!'''*'^^'' 
 cordially recommend it." —ii;^^/z>/^ yi/^'(r/^rt;izV. 
 
 "Any practical amateur following the instructions here given might build an 
 organ to his entire satisfaction." — Leeds MercJtry. 
 
 Dentistry, 
 
 MECHANICAL DENTISTRY. A Practical Treatise on the 
 Construction of the various kinds of Artificial Dentures. Com- 
 prising also Useful Formulae, Tables, and Receipts for Gold 
 Plate, Clasps, Solders, etc., etc. By Charles Hunter. With 
 numerous Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, "Js. 6d. cloth. 
 
 *'The work is very practical." — Monthly Revieiv of Dental Surgery. 
 
 *'An authoritative treatise We can strongly recommend Mr. Hunter's 
 
 treatise to all students preparing for the profession of dentistry, as well as to every 
 mechanical dentist." — Dublin J otirnal of Medical Science. [and Circtdar. 
 
 " The best book on the subject with which we are acquainted." — Medical Press. 
 
 Brewing. 
 
 A HANDBOOK FOR YOUNG BREWERS. By Herbert 
 Edwards Wright, B.A. Crown 8vo, 3i-. 6d, cloth. 
 
 " A thoroughly scientific treatise in popular language. It is evident that the 
 author has mastered his subject in its scientific aspects." — Morning Advertiser. 
 
 " We would particularly recommend teachers of the art to place it in every pupil's 
 hands, and we feel sure its perusal will be attended with a.dy3.ntagQ."— Brewer. 
 
 Gold and Gold-Working. 
 
 THE GOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK : containing full instruc- 
 tions for the Alloying and Working of Gold. Including the Art of 
 Alloying, Melting, Reducing, Colouring, Collecting and Refining. 
 The processes of Manipulation, Recovery of Waste, Chemical and 
 Physical Properties of Gold, with a new System of Mixing its 
 Alloys ; Solders, Enamels, and other useful Rules and Recipes, &c. 
 By George E. Gee, Goldsmith and Silversmith. Second Edition, 
 considerably enlarged. i2mo, 3^". dd. cloth boards. 
 *'The best work yet printed on its subject for a reasonable price. ' — Jeweller. 
 " We consider that the trade owes not a little to Mr. Gee, who has in two volumes 
 
 compressed almost the whole of its Hterature, and we doubt not that many a young 
 
 beginner will owe a part of his future success to a diligent study of the pages which 
 
 are peculiarly well adapted to his use." — Clerkenwell Press. 
 
 " Essentially a practical manual, well adapted to the wants of amateurs and 
 
 apprentices, containing trustworthy information that only a practical man can 
 
 supply.' ' — English Mechanic. 
 
 Silver and Silver Working. 
 
 THE SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK, containing full In- 
 structions for the Alloying and Working of Silver, including the 
 different modes of refining and melting the metal, its solders, the 
 preparation of imitation alloys, &c. By George E. Gee, 
 Jeweller, &c. i2mo, 3^". 6d. cloth boards. 
 *' The chief merit of the work is its practical character. The workers in the trade 
 will speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study it." — English Mechanic. 
 
 "This work forms a valuable sequel to the author's Practical Goldivorker, and 
 supplies a want long felt in the silver trade," — Silversmith's Trade Joitrnal. 
 
22 
 
 WORKS IN SCIENCE AND ART, ETC., 
 
 Electric Lighting. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT : Its Production and Use, embodying plain 
 Directions for the Working of Galvanic Batteries, Electric Lamps, 
 and Dynamo-Electric Machines. By J. W. Urquhart, C. E., 
 Author of Electroplating : a Practical Handbook." Edited by 
 F. C. Webb, M.LC.E., M.S.T.E. With 94 Illustrations. 
 Crown 8vo, 7^-. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " It is the only work at present available, which gives a general but concise history 
 of the means [which have been adopted up to the present time in producing the 
 electric hght, "—71/ etropolitan. 
 
 "An important addition to the literature of the electric light. Students of the 
 subject should not fail to read it." — Colliery Guardian. 
 
 Electroplating, &c, 
 
 ELECTROPLATING: A Practical Handbook. By J. W. 
 Urquhart, C.E. Crown 8vo, 5^-. cloth. 
 
 ** A large amount of thoroughly practical information." — Telegraphic Journal, 
 "An excellent practical manual." — Engineering, 
 
 " The information given appears to be based on direct personal knowledge. . . . 
 Its science is sound, and the style is always (\qzx.'^ —A thence nm. 
 
 "Any ordinarily intelligent person may become an adept in electro-deposition 
 with a very little science indeed, and this is the book to show him or her the way.'* 
 ^Builder. 
 
 "The volume is without a rival in its particular sphere." — Design and Work. 
 
 Electrotyping, &c. 
 
 ELECTROTYPING : a Practical Manual on the Reproduction 
 and Multiplication of Printing Surfaces and Works of Art by the 
 Electro-deposition of Metals. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E. 
 Crown 8vo, 5^-. cloth. [yicsl published. 
 
 "Will serve as a guide, not only to beginners in the art, but to those who still 
 practise the old and imperfect methods of electrotyping." — Iron. 
 
 "The book throughout is entirely practical, is lucid and clear in style, and the 
 minutest details are so stated that amateurs will find no difficulty whatever in follow- 
 ing them out. We have no hesitation in recommending it as a reliable work." — 
 Paper and Printing Trades yonrnal. 
 
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 AIDE-MEMOIRE to the MILITARY SCIENCES. Framed 
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 Field Fortification. 
 
 A TREATISE on FIELD FORTIFICATION, the ATTACK 
 of FORTRESSES, MILITARY MINING, and RECON- 
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PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & CO. 23 
 
 The Alkali Trade — Sulphuric Acid, &c. 
 
 A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE, including the 
 Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Soda, and Bleaching 
 Powder. By John Lomas, Alkali Manufacturer, Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne and London. With 232 Illustrations and Working Draw- 
 ings, and containing 386 pages of text. Super-royal 8vo, 
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 of the trade ; (2) a Hatidy Vohcme which Mamif aether ers can pttt into the hands of 
 their Managers and Forernen as a useful gtiide hi their daily rozi7ids of duty. 
 
 Synopsis of Contents. 
 
 Chap. I. Choice of Site and General 
 Plan of Works — II. Sulphuric Acid — 
 III, Recovery of the Nitrogen Com- 
 pounds, and Treatment of Small Pyrites 
 — IV. The Salt Cake Process— V. Legis- 
 lation upon the. Noxious Vapours Ques- 
 tion — VI. The Hargreaves' and Jones' 
 Processes — VII. The Balling Process — 
 VIII. Lixiviation and Salting Down — 
 
 IX. Carbonat''ng or Finishing — X. Soda 
 Crystals — XI. Refined Alkali — XII. 
 Causcic Soda — XIII. Bi-carbonate of 
 Soda — _XI V. Bleaching Powder — XV. 
 Utilisation of Tank Waste — XVI. General 
 Remarks — Four Appendices, treating of 
 Yields, Sulphuric Acid Calculations, Ane- 
 mometers, and Foreign Legislation upon 
 the Noxious Vapours Question. 
 
 "The author has given the fullest, most practical, and, to all concerned in the 
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 produced with great completeness," — Athenccnm. 
 
 "The author is not one of those clever compilers who, on short notice, will 'read 
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 Chemical Analysis, 
 
 THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK of CHEMICAL ANA- 
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24 WORKS IN SCIENCE AND ART, ETC., 
 
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26 
 
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