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mm 
 
TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 COLORING MATTERS DERIVED FROM COAL TAR. - 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/treatiseoncoloriOOduss_0 
 
TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 COLORING MATTERS DERIVED FROM 
 COAL TAR; 
 
 THEIK 
 
 Ipratfeal giplicatixm in ggnng Cotton, Wool, aub Silk. 
 
 THE 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF THE ART OF DYEING AND THE DISTILLATION 
 OF COAL TAR, 
 
 WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 | 
 
 MOST IMPORTANT NEW DYES NOW IN USE. 
 
 BY 
 
 Professor H. DTJSSAUCE, Chemist, 
 
 Lately of the Laboratories of the French Government, viz., the Mining 
 Botanical Garden, the Imperial Manufacture of the Gobelins, the 
 Conservatoire Imperiale of Arts and Manufactures, Professor 
 of Industrial Chemistry to the Polytechnic Institute, 
 Paris. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
 INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER, 
 406 Walnut Street. 
 
 1863. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in 
 and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 COLLINS, PRINTER. 
 
 THE GETTY CENTER 
 LIBRARY 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The object of this work is not to present 
 to the public a treatise on the art of dyeing, 
 but simply to furnish a full and clear de- 
 scription of those colors concerning which 
 so much is said and so little known. 
 
 The greater part of the coloring matters 
 employed by dyers, belongs to the vegetable, 
 a few to the mineral, and fewer still to the 
 animal kingdoms. Within a few years past 
 a great variety of colors, among which are 
 crimson, red, violet, blue, green, scarlet and 
 yellow, have been obtained from a single sub- 
 stance — coal tar — and the shades produced 
 on silk and wool by these colors are unri- 
 valled in beauty. 
 
 As yet no distinct treatise on this subject 
 has been published ; all the information we 
 
 P 
 
 37 7 / 
 
Vi 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 have is found scattered here and there 
 through many scientific and industrial publi- 
 cations, and thus rendered almost inaccessible 
 to the practitioner. Our object has been to 
 collect these scattered items, and, in con- 
 nection with our knowledge of the subject, 
 prepare a practical work for the dyer and 
 calico printer, authors having devoted them- 
 selves more to the theory than the practice. 
 The manipulations described in the different 
 journals are difficult, and the great number of 
 formula) used, render the explanation unin- 
 telligible to any one not acquainted with 
 chemical theories. We have endeavored to so 
 simplify the recipes and minutely describe the 
 manipulations as to enable any one, though 
 not a chemist, to manufacture these colors. 
 The principal works which we have consulted 
 are : Les Comptes Rendus, Annates de Chimie 
 et de Physique, Bulletin de la Societe d^ encou- 
 ragement^ Moniteur industries The Chemical 
 News, London Journal of Pharmacy, Ameri- 
 can Druggists Circular, etc. etc. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 vii 
 
 The book is divided into several chapters. 
 The first is devoted to the general notions of 
 the art of dyeing; several treat of the fabri- 
 cation of colors of coal tar and their applica- 
 tions ; and we terminate by the processes to 
 manufacture different new colors, and the 
 theory of the fixation of colors and mordants. 
 
 This work, the only one of the kind thus 
 far published, we trust is destined to render 
 great services to the dyer by removing the 
 uncertainties now attending this new branch 
 of industry, and enabling the dyer himself 
 to manufacture those colors which he is now 
 obliged to purchase at a very high price. 
 
 The approbation of the profession will be 
 our most satisfactory reward. 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 New Lebanon, N. Y., 
 
 April, 1863. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Historical notice of the art of dyeing .... 25 
 CHAPTER If. 
 
 Chemical principles of the art of dyeing • . .33 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Preliminary preparation of stuffs . . . . ,39 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Mordants ......... 43 
 
 CHAPTER V, 
 
 Dyeing . .47 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 On the coloring matters produced by coal tar . . 49 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Distillation of coal tar . . . . . . .52 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 History of aniline — Properties of aniline — Preparation 
 of aniline directly fron coal tar . . • .60 
 
X 
 
 CONTENTS, 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Artificial preparation of aniline— Preparation of benzole 
 —Properties of benzole— Preparation of nitro-benzole 
 — Transformation'^ nitro-benzole into aniline, by 
 means of sulphide of ammonium ; by nascent hydro- 
 gen]; Ihy acetate of iron ; and by arsenite of potash 
 — Properties of the bi-nitro-benzole . . .68 
 
 .* ? 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Aniline purple — Violine — Roseine — Emeraldine — Bleu 
 de Paris ......... 81 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Futschine, or magenta 92 
 
 CHAPTER XIL 
 
 Coloring matters obtained by other bases from^coal tar 
 — Nitroso-phenyline — Di-nitro-aniline — Nitro-pheny- 
 line — Picric acid — Rosolic acid — Quinoline . . 98 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Naphthaline colors — Chloroxynaphthalic and perchlo- 
 roxynaphthalic acids — Carminaphtha — Ninaphthala- 
 mine — Nitrosonaphthaline — Naphthamein — Tar red 
 — Azuline 104 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Application of coal tar colors to the art of dyeing and 
 calico printing . . . . . . . ,112 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Action of light on coloring matters from coal tar . 
 
 120 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 xi 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Latest improvements in the art of dyeing — Chrysanimio 
 acid — Molybdic and picric acids — Extract of madder 125 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Theory of the ligation of coloring matters in dyeing and 
 printing .,.....„. 133 
 
 CHAPTER XVIIL 
 Principles of the action of the most important mordants 144 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 Aluminous mordants ...... 148 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 Ferruginous mordants . . . . . . .159 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 Stanniferous mordants . . , . . . .170 
 
 CHAPTER XXIL 
 Artificial alizarin . .175 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Metallic hyposulphites as mordants — Dyer's soap — Pre- 
 paration of indigo for dyeing and printing — Relative 
 value of indigo — Chinese green— Murexide . .179 
 
 t 
 
(INSTITUTE 
 
 COLORING MATTERS FROM COAL TAR. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICE OF THE ART OF DYEING. 
 
 The art of Dyeing has been successfully prac- 
 tised in the East Indies, Persia, Egypt, and Syria, 
 from time immemorial. In the Pentateuch, fre- 
 quent mention is made of linen cloths dyed blue, 
 purple, and scarlet; and of ram skins dyed red; 
 the works of the Tabernacle, and the vestments 
 of the High Priest were commanded to be of pur- 
 ple. 
 
 The Tyrians were probably the only people of 
 antiquity who made dyeing their chief occupation, 
 and the staple of their commerce. The opulence 
 of Tyre seems to have proceeded, in a great mea- 
 sure, from the sale of its rich and durable purple. 
 It is unanimously asserted by all writers, that a 
 Tyrian was the inventor of the purple dye, about 
 1500 years before the birth of Christ, and that 
 the King of Phoenicia was so captivated with the 
 
 % 
 
26 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICE. 
 
 color, that he made purple one of his principal 
 ornaments, and that, for many centuries after, Ty- 
 rian purple became a badge of royalty. So highly 
 prized was this color, that in the time of Augustus, 
 a pound of wool dyed with it, cost at Eome, a sum 
 nearly equal to thirty pounds sterling. The Ty- 
 rian purple is now generally believed to have been 
 derived from two different kinds of shell-fish, de- 
 scribed by Pliny under the names purpura and 
 huccinum, and was extracted from a small vessel 
 or sac in their throats to the amount of one drop 
 from each animal; but an inferior substance was 
 obtained by crushing the whole substance of the 
 buccinum. At first it is a colorless liquid, but by 
 exposure to air and light it assumes successively a 
 citron-yellow, green, azure, red, and, in the course 
 of forty-eight hours, a brilliant purple hue. If the 
 liquid be evaporated to dryness soon after being 
 collected, the residue does not become tinged in 
 this manner. These circumstances correspond 
 with the minute description of the manner of 
 catching the purple-dye fish given in the work of 
 an eye-witness, Eudocia Macrembolitissa, daughter 
 of the Emperor Constantine the Eighth, who lived 
 in the eleventh century. The color is remarkable 
 for its durability. Plutarch observes, in his life 
 of Alexander, that, at the taking of Susa, the 
 Greeks found, in the royal treasury of Darius, a 
 quantity of purple cloth, of the value of five thou- 
 sand talents, which still retained its beauty, though 
 
HISTORICAL NOTICE. 
 
 27 
 
 it had lain there one hundred and ninety years. 
 This color resists the action even of alkalies, and 
 most acids. 
 
 Pliny states that the Tyrians gave the first 
 ground of their purple dye by the unprepared 
 liquor of the purpura^ and then improved or 
 heightened it by the liquor of the buccinum. In 
 this manner they prepared their double-dyed pur- 
 ple — purpura dibapha — which was so called, either 
 because it was immersed in two different liquors, 
 or because it was first dyed in the wool and then 
 in the yarn. 
 
 In ancient Greece it does not appear that the 
 art of dyeing was much cultivated. In Eome it 
 received more attention ; but very little is now 
 known of the processes followed by the Eornans, 
 such arts being held, by them ; in low estimation. 
 The principal ingredients used by these people 
 were the following : Of vegetal matters, alkanet, 
 archil, broom, madder, nutgalls, woad, and the 
 seeds of the pomegranate, and of an Egyptian 
 acacia; and of mineral productions, sulphate of 
 iron, sulphate of copper, and a native alum mixed 
 with the former. 
 
 The progress of dyeing, as of all other arts, was 
 completely stopped in Europe, .for a considerable 
 time, by the invasion of the Northern barbarians 
 in the fifth century. In the East the art still con- 
 tinued to flourish, but it did not revive in Europe 
 until towards the end of the twelfth or the begin- 
 
28 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICE. 
 
 ning of the thirteenth century. One of the places 
 chiefly celebrated for this art was Florence, where, 
 it is said, there were no less than two hundred 
 establishments at work in the early part of the 
 fourteenth century. A Florentine dyer, having 
 ascertained in the Levant a method of extracting 
 a coloring principle from the lichens which furnish 
 archil, introduced this on his return, and acquired 
 by its sale an immense fortune. 
 
 The discovery of America tended greatly to the 
 advancement of this art, as the dyers were sup- 
 plied thence with several valuable coloring mate- 
 rials previously unknown; amongst which are 
 logwood, quercitron, Brazil-wood, cochineal, and 
 annotto. About the year 1650, also, a great im- 
 provement in dyeing took place, which consisted 
 in the introduction of a salt of tin as an occasional 
 substitute for alum. With cochineal, the former 
 was found to afford a color far surpassing in bril- 
 liancy any of the ancient dyes. To Cornelius 
 Drebbel the merit of this application is attributed. 
 His son-in-law established an extensive dye-house 
 at Bow, near London, about the year 1563. 
 
 For several centuries the Italians, and par- 
 ticularly the Venetians, prosecuted the art of 
 dyeing to a large extent, and long held a complete 
 monopoly of the art, and procured large sums by 
 it from other nations. In the year 1548, one John 
 Ventura Eosetti published a book, termed Plictho J s 
 Art of Dyeing , in which he teaches how to give to 
 
HISTORICAL NOTICE. 29 
 
 cloth, linen, cotton and silk, real and beautiful, 
 as well as false and common dyes, which is, per- 
 haps, the first book that ever appeared upon the 
 subject, and laid the first foundation for the im- 
 provement of this art which afterwards took place; 
 it having excited the French, English, and Germans 
 to apply in earnest, in their different countries, to 
 improving so useful and extensive a branch of 
 manufacture. 
 
 After this period the art was extensively carried 
 on by the Flemings, and many of them emigrating 
 to Germany, France, and England, established 
 themselves as dyers, and thus gave great impetus 
 to its advancement. In 1667, a Fleming named 
 Brauer came to England with his whole family, 
 and brought the dyeing of woollen there to that 
 degree of perfection at which it has been ever since 
 maintained. Shortly after this several works were 
 published upon the art, which did much to im- 
 prove it and make it more cultivated. 
 
 Logwood and indigo began to be employed as 
 dyes in Europe about the middle of the sixteenth 
 century, but not without considerable opposition 
 from the cultivators of the native woad ; the former 
 were prohibited in England by Queen Elizabeth, 
 under a very heavy penalty, and all found in the 
 country was ordered to be destroyed: their use 
 was not permitted till the reign of Charles the 
 Second. 
 
 Indigo, the innoxious and beautiful product of 
 
 3* 
 
30 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICE. 
 
 an interesting tribe of tropical plants, which is 
 adapted to form the most useful and substantial 
 of all dyes, was actually denounced as a dangerous 
 drug— food for the devil, it was called — and for- 
 bidden by Parliament, in the reign of Elizabeth, 
 to be used. An act was passed, authorizing 
 searchers to burn both it and logwood in every 
 dye-house where they could be found, and this 
 act remained in full force till the time of Charles 
 the Second, a period embracing a considerable part 
 of a century. A foreigner might have supposed 
 that the legislators of England entertained such 
 an affection for their native woad, with which 
 their denuded sires used to stain their skins in 
 the olden times, that they would allow no out- 
 landish drug to come in competition with it. A 
 most instructive and interesting volume might be 
 written, illustrative of the evils inflicted upon arts, 
 manufactures, and commerce, in consequence of 
 the ignorance of lawgivers. 
 
 When these absurd prejudices were gradually 
 overcome in .the eighteenth century, the art of 
 dyeing made considerable progress. Madder, from 
 which the color known as Turkey or Adrianople 
 red is produced, then began to be properly appre- 
 ciated; and quercitron, a fine yellow dye, was 
 brought extensively into notice by Dr. Bancroft. 
 But the chief improvements of the moderns in 
 this art, consist in the employment of pure mor- 
 dants, and in the application of colors derived 
 
HISTORICAL NOTICE. 
 
 31 
 
 from mineral compounds, as sesquioxide of iron, 
 prussian -blue, chrome-yellow, chrome-orange, man- 
 ganese-brown, etc. Each of these may be obtained 
 as an insoluble precipitate, by mixing together 
 two dissolved salts; in the dyeing processes, the 
 proper solutions are made to mingle, and produce 
 the deposit within the fibre by impregnating first 
 with one solution and afterwards with the other. 
 As the precipitate thus produced is imprisoned 
 within the fibre, it is not removable by mere 
 aspersion with water. 
 
 In India, was discovered the mode of dyeing 
 Turkey red, which is the most, durable vegetal 
 tint known. It was afterwards practised in other 
 parts of Asia and in Greece; and about the middle 
 of last century, dye-works for this color were 
 established near Eouen and in Languedoc by 
 several Greeks. In 1765 the French government, 
 convinced of the importance of the process, caused 
 an account of it to be published; but it was not 
 introduced into England until the end of the 
 eighteenth century, when a Turkey-red dye-house 
 was established in Manchester by M. Borelle, who 
 obtained a grant from government for the disclo- 
 sure of his process. The method, which was made 
 public, does not seem to have been very successful. 
 A better mode was introduced into Glasgow about 
 the same time by another Frenchman, named 
 Papillon. Previous to this, however, Mr. Wilson 
 •of Ainsworth, near Manchester, had obtained the 
 
32 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICE. 
 
 secret from the Greeks at Smyrna, which he re- 
 vealed; but the process was said to be expensive, 
 tedious, and less applicable to manufactured goods 
 than to cotton in the skein. The greater part of 
 the Turkey-red dyeing executed in Great Britain, 
 is still carried on in Glasgow. 
 
THE ART OF DYEING. 
 
 S3 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE ART OF DYEING. 
 
 The art of dyeing has been of late so scientifi- 
 cally cultivated that it would require a greater 
 space than the limits of this treatise can afford, to 
 give a complete idea of it, and we shall confine 
 ourselves to the explanations of the chemical 
 principles, on which are based the preliminary pre- 
 parations of the textile fibres to render them fitted 
 for the manufacture of tissue and those on which 
 is founded the art of fastening coloring matters. 
 
 Preparation of the Textile Fibres. 
 
 The textile fibres used in manufactures are 
 either of vegetable or animal origin; the first 
 being chiefly Hemp, Flax, and Cotton, and the 
 second wool, hair of animals, and silk spun by the 
 silk worm. 
 
 Cotton is nearly pure lignin, while hemp and 
 flax are composed of lignin in long filaments, 
 which, when dry, adhere to each other by means 
 of a gelatinous substance called Pectin, although 
 it differs probably from that found in fruits, and 
 which must be removed to render them fit for 
 
34 
 
 THE ART OF DYEING. 
 
 spinning and weaving. For this purpose they are 
 rotted, which operation consists in plunging them 
 tied in bundles, into water, where they are left, 
 until fermentation commences, which is manifested 
 in stagnant waters, by a very disagreeable odor ; 
 the bundles are then withdrawn from the rotting 
 pond, and, after having been dried in the air, are 
 subjected to a mechanical operation of which the 
 object is to detach the foreign substances, which 
 have become friable by the desiccation* ensuing on 
 the rotting, and to isolate the fibres. Hemp and 
 flax thus prepared are fit to be connected by 
 spinning into unbleached thread, which may be 
 immediately used for weaving cotton, undergoes 
 no preliminary preparations, and may be imme- 
 diately spun and woven. 
 
 Wool, as it is found on the living animal, is im- 
 pregnated with a considerable quantity of foreign 
 matters, commonly called grease (suint), and which 
 consists essentially of substances soluble in water, 
 and fatty substances insoluble in that fluid. Sheep 
 are usually washed before being shorn, and then 
 yield what is called washed wool, which has just 
 lost a large portion of its soluble matters, and a 
 portion of the fatty matters, which separated in 
 the state of an emulsion. Wool which has not 
 undergone this operation is called unwashed wool, 
 and the process by which the grease is removed 
 from wool is known by the name of scouring. Un- 
 washed is scoured with wash wool in a bath of 84 
 
• 
 
 THE ART OF DYEING. 35 
 
 gallons of water, and 20 to 22 gallons of putrefied 
 urine, the whole being heated at 122° or 140° for 
 soft wool, and to 158° or 167° for harsh wool; after 
 dipping 6 lbs. 12 oz. or 9 lbs. of unwashed wool 
 into the bath, and stirring it with a stick for 10 
 minutes, they are removed and allowed to drain 
 over the kettle, the same being done with another 
 lot, until about 90 lbs. in all have been thus 
 treated ; 1 J galls, to 2 galls, of putrid urine are 
 then added, and 112 lbs. of washed wool passed 
 through it, which is scoured both by the carbonate 
 of ammonia of the putrefied urine and the alka- 
 line substance yielded by the unwashed wool. 
 The same operation is repeated on a new lot of 90 
 lbs. of washed wool, after which a new dose of 1 J 
 to 2 galls, of putrid urine is added, and 45 lbs. of 
 unwashed wool, washed in it. This alternate 
 scouring of wash and unwashed wool is continued 
 during the whole clay, adding urine at each fresh 
 quantity of unwashed wool. After this operation 
 the unwashed wool should be considered as wash, 
 and treated accordingly. 
 
 When the wool scourer has no unwashed w r ool ; 
 he makes his bath of 183 galls, of water and 84 
 galls, of urine, heats it at 120° or 140° and passes 
 through it 68 lbs. of wool in 5 lots, each of which 
 he leaves in the bath for 12 or 15 minutes, after 
 which he adds 2 pints of water and \ gall, of 
 urine, and then scours an additional portion of 68 
 
36 
 
 THE ART OF DYEING. 
 
 lbs. of wool, &c. Some scourers add marly clay 
 to the bath. 
 
 "Wash wool contains less than 15 per cent, of 
 grease, while unwashed contains much more, and 
 by washing, scouring, and drying loses as much as 
 60 or 70 per cent, of its weight. "When the washed 
 wool contains less than 5 per cent, of grease, 
 it is scoured with soap or carbonate of soda. 
 
 The nature of the fatty matters of the grease is 
 peculiar, and they have been called by Mr. Chev- 
 reul stearerin and elaierin; the first is solid, but 
 uncrystallizable, the second is oleaginous. These 
 fats are not saponified by weak alkalies, but when 
 they are boiled for a long time with a solution of 
 caustic potash, the liquid is found to contain two 
 salts of potash, formed by peculiar fat acids which 
 have been called steareric and elaieric acids, while 
 nothing analogous to glycerin Jias been found, the 
 oxygen of the air may possibly have some share 
 in the formation of these fat acids. 
 
 After scouring, the wool is washed in river 
 water, in willow baskets. When it is intended to 
 be perfectly white, it is exposed for some time in 
 a moist state in rooms in which sulphur is burned, 
 where the sulphurous acid finishes the bleaching, 
 and the excess of it is removed by fresh washings. 
 It is important not to prolong too much the action 
 of the sulphurous acid, because it exerts a decom- 
 posing agency on the nitrogenous substance of the 
 wool. 
 
THE ART OF DYEING. 
 
 37 
 
 Wool contains a proximate sulphuretted prin- 
 ciple, which may be separated by successive 
 immersions in lime-water. Wool which has 
 been heated with a weak alkaline solution, disen- 
 gages sulphydric acid, when it is again heated 
 with acidulated water, and is blackened when 
 boiled with a solution of a salt of lead or prot- 
 oxide of tin. 
 
 Raw Silk, as obtained from the cocoons, is im- 
 pregnated with a gelatinous substance, which 
 makes it very stiff, and generally gives it a golden 
 yellow tinge. This substance, which forms about 
 Jth of the weight of raw silk, dissolves readily in 
 alkaline liquids, but as caustic alkalies attack the 
 silk itself, soap is almost always used, and some- 
 times, but rarely, carbonate of soda. 
 
 The operation which is called Scouring (De- 
 CREUSAGe) the silk, is divided into three stages, the 
 ungumming (degommage), boiling, and bleaching. 
 The ungumming is done in a tin boiler containing 
 for every 100 parts of silk, 1800 or 2500 parts of 
 water, and 80 of soap. It is first boiled to dissolve 
 the soap, and then cold water is added so as to 
 lower the temperature at about 200°, when the 
 silk is dipped into it in skeins, supported by sticks 
 called lisoirSj being there left until all the gelati- 
 nous matter is dissolved, and afterwards wound 
 on a bobbin. This operation lasts from f to 1J 
 hours. Several skeins are then united, forming a 
 hank, which is boiled for 1J hours in a bath con- 
 4 
 
38 
 
 THE ART OF DYEING. 
 
 taining 20 or 30 parts of soap for 2000 parts of 
 water, which constitute the boiling (Cuite). The 
 hanks are undone, twisted into skeins, wound on 
 a bobbin, and then washed in a weak solution of 
 carbonate of soda, and in water. The bleaching 
 consists in dipping the silk held by the lisoirs, 
 into a bath heated at 203°, and composed of 
 84 galls, of water, and from 1 lb. 2 oz. to 1 lb. 12 
 oz. of white Marseilles soap. Silks which are in- 
 tended to be white, are exposed in addition to 
 sulphurous acid. 
 
PREPARATION OF STUFFS. 
 
 39 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 PRELIMINARY PREPARATION OF STUFFS. 
 
 Before being printed, cotton stuffs are singed 
 with the intention of removing the filaments 
 which project from the tissue. The shearing is 
 performed by machines called shearing machines, 
 composed of two revolving cylinders, one of 
 which, furnished with brushes, raises the nap, 
 while the other, provided with knives arranged 
 spirally, shears it. In singing, the stuff is passed 
 rapidly over a metallic cylinder, heated to nearly 
 a white heat, which burns off the down. Cotton 
 stuffs intended to be perfectly white, are previously 
 bleached, which operation is also more or less 
 completely performed on goods which are to be 
 printed. 
 
 Linen and cotton goods are bleached by two 
 processes : 1. By washing them in alkaline lyes, 
 and exposing them on the grass. 2. By chlorine 
 and by the alkaline hypochlorites. 
 
 The first is the oldest, and was used par- 
 ticularly for bleaching flax and hemp goods. It 
 is divided into the following operations : 1. Scour- 
 ing, which consists in dipping the stuffs for twenty- 
 
40 
 
 PREPARATION OF STUFFS. 
 
 four hours in a weak solution of caustic potash, 
 heated at about 99 °, washing, and then boiling 
 them for twenty minutes in the same alkaline 
 lye. 
 
 2. The boiling, which consists in boiling the 
 scoured stuffs, after having washed them in water, 
 and compressed them between cylinders. 
 
 3. Bleaching, which consists in boiling them for 
 six hours with an alkaline lye containing 1 part 
 of caustic potash for 16 parts of stuff, washing 
 them, and exposing them for five or six hours on 
 the grass; the alkaline washings and exposure on 
 the grass being renewed until the stuffs are per- 
 fectly bleached. During the exposure on the 
 grass, the coloring matters are bleached by the 
 influence of the solar rays and moisture; the 
 absorption of oxygen converting them into new 
 substances, more readily soluble in the alkaline 
 liquors. Lastly, the stuffs are passed through 
 water heated at 105° or 120°, containing about 
 q\ of sulphuric acid, which dissolves the metallic 
 oxides, after which they are washed and calen- 
 dered. 
 
 This process requires a great length of time, 
 and bleaching by the hypochlorites or chlorine 
 is more expeditious. The chlorine acting on the 
 coloring matter in the presence of the water, de- 
 composes this water into hydrogen and oxygen ; 
 hydrogen combines with the chlorine to form 
 hydrochloric acid, while oxygen in the nascent 
 
PREPARATION OF STUFFS. 
 
 41 
 
 state oxidizes the resinous and coloring matters, 
 and renders them soluble in alkaline lyes. The 
 hypochlorites are reduced to the state of chlo- 
 rides, and act at the same time by means of the 
 nascent oxygen given off by the hypochlorous acid 
 and the base, while the concurrence of an acid 
 effecting the decomposition of the hypochlorites 
 hastens the bleaching. Thus in both processes it 
 is in the end always an oxidizing action, which 
 effects the bleaching and destruction of the foreign 
 substances. 
 
 Hypochlorite of lime, dissolved in water, is 
 now solely used in bleaching, and it is preferable 
 to all dilute solutions, because it is less liable to 
 injure the ligneous fibre of the tissue, although 
 the bleaching then requires more time. 
 
 The stuffs, after being passed over the heated 
 
 cylinder to be singed, are immediately dipped 
 
 into a vat filled with water to cool them, where 
 
 they then remain for twenty-four hours, and lose 
 
 a considerable portion of their soluble principles. 
 
 They are then to be perfectly dried," either by 
 
 being beaten or compressed between cylinders, 
 
 and then kept for twelve hours in a vat filled 
 
 with water heated by steam, where they are 
 
 arranged in alternate layers with slaked lime; 
 
 after being again beaten, they are left for twelve 
 
 hours in a lye of caustic soda, consisting for 300 
 
 parts of stuffs, of 10 parts of caustic soda for 
 
 1500 of water. This lye is replaced by another 
 
 4* 
 
42 
 
 PREPAEATION OF STUFFS. 
 
 containing only 7.5 of soda, which is also allowed 
 to act for twelre hours ; after which the stuffs, 
 pressed dry, are passed through the hypochlorite 
 of lime, and then through sulphuric acid. The 
 bath of hypochlorite generally contains 0.15 
 parts of chlorine or a quart of water ; and the 
 stuffs after being immersed in it are passed be- 
 tween two wooden cylinders, descending them 
 immediately into a bath acidulated with sulphuric 
 or hydrochloric acid, which hastens the bleaching 
 by isolating the hypochlorous acid. 
 
 After being washed in fresh water, they are for 
 a second time subjected to the action of alkaline 
 lyes, hypochloride of lime, and the acid baths, and 
 lastly, after another washing in fresh water, they 
 are dried in washing machines, and more body is 
 given to them by dressing them with starch. 
 
MORDANTS. 
 
 43 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 MORDANTS. 
 
 The tissues of muslin or linen stuffs have, for 
 a great number of coloring substances, an affinity 
 sufficiently powerful to fasten them on their sur- 
 faces, and to acquire a deep color, while the com- 
 bination is nearly strong enough to enable them 
 to resist washing; particularly with alkaline soaps. 
 They are made fast, and at the same time the 
 color is heightened by previously depositing on 
 the tissues certain substances which have a greater 
 affinity for these tissues than the coloring matter, 
 and which possess, at the same time, the pro- 
 perty of forming, with the coloring matters, com- 
 pounds sufficiently fixed to resist washing in fresh 
 water and in soapsuds. These substances which 
 thus play an intermediate part between the woven 
 fabrics and the coloring matters, are called mor- 
 dants. The affinities, by virtue of which they are 
 fastened on the fabric, exhibit this essential dif- 
 ference from those observed in ordinary chemical 
 operations, that, in the latter, combination gene- 
 rally ensues only between disaggregated sub- 
 stances, and if one of the substances is originally 
 
44 
 
 MORDANTS. 
 
 aggregated, it becomes disaggregated by the 
 simple fact of combination ; while, in dyeing, the 
 woven fabric retains its form and consistence, 
 without being in the slightest degree disaggre- 
 gated by the mordants and coloring matters. 
 Certain mordants do not change the shade of the 
 coloring matters, such, for example, as the salts 
 of alumina and chloride of tin; while others, 
 on the contrary, alter the color, as the salts of 
 iron, copper, manganese. The salts of alumina, 
 used as mordants, are the sulphate and acetate of 
 alumina and alum ; the fastening of color by alum 
 being called aluming. 
 
 In order to alum cotton, flax, or hempen stuffs, 
 they are left for twenty-four hours in a tepid bath, 
 containing one pound of alum for six pounds of * 
 fabric, when a portion of the alum adhering to 
 the stuff, renders the latter fit for dyeing. For 
 dark colors, the ordinary commercial alum is 
 used ; pure alum being preferred for bright colors, 
 because common altfm contains a small quantity 
 of sulphate of iron, which would modify the 
 color. 
 
 Wool is alumed by being first boiled in bran- 
 water for an hour, and washed in fresh water, and 
 then kept for two hours in a boiling solution 
 which contains ten to fifteen per cent, of alum, a 
 small quantity of cream of tartar being generally 
 added, which facilitates the deposit of alumina on 
 the tissue, probably in converting a portion of the 
 
MORDANTS. 
 
 45 
 
 sulphate of alumina into a tartrate more easy to 
 decompose. When the wool is alumed, it is left 
 for two days to rest before dyeing, in order to 
 render the combination of the mordant with the 
 fibre more intimate. 
 
 Silk is alumed when cold, by keeping it for 
 fifteen or sixteen hours in a bath containing ^ of 
 alum, after which it is removed and washed. 
 Acetate of alumina, which is often used as a mor- 
 dant for ligneous stuffs, and for certain colors, is 
 prepared like we shall see hereafter, by decom- 
 posing alum by acetate of lead. The solution of 
 acetate of alumina thus obtained being generally 
 thickened with gum or starch. 
 
 Stuffs of lignin, mordanted with alum, are 
 again subjected, before being dyed, to another 
 operation, the effect of which is not well under- 
 stood; they are immersed for some time in two 
 baths of water, containing from six to eight per 
 cent, of cow-dung. To the first of these baths a 
 certain quantity of chalk is added, the intention of 
 which appears to be to saturate the acid partly 
 adhering to the tissue with the mordant; while 
 the second contains only water and dung. The 
 temperature of these two baths varies according 
 to the nature of the stuffs and that of the mor- 
 dants. The cow-dung appears to act by means 
 of the phosphates it contains, for a mixture of 
 phosphate of soda and lime can be substituted 
 for it, 
 
46 
 
 MORDANTS. 
 
 Protochloride of tin is chiefly used for obtain- 
 ing the oxide of tin as a mordant, which adheres 
 very firmly to the tissues. Bichloride of tin is 
 often used for freshing colors, particularly those 
 of cochineal and madder. 
 
 The mordant of oxide of iron is furnished by 
 the proto-acetate, prepared by the action of pyro- 
 ligneous acid on old iron. 
 
 The question of mordants is so important, that 
 we will treat it hereafter at some length. 
 
DYEING. 
 
 47 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 DYEING. 
 
 After the stuffs are mordanted, they are .im- 
 mersed in order to be dyed, in solutions of color- 
 ing matters of various temperatures, and then 
 left for a longer or shorter time, according to the 
 nature of the stuff and the tint of color to be 
 obtained. It is essential that all parts of the fabric 
 should remain the same length of time in the dye; 
 to which effect it is rolled around a wooden roller 
 suspended under the dye tub, and is unrolled 
 through the tub, this process being continued 
 until the color has obtained the shade required. 
 In order to obtain a regular shade, it is better to 
 use successive baths of different strength, com- 
 mencing with the weakest. The baths are some- 
 times composed of a single coloring matter, and 
 sometimes of a mixture of several, while at other 
 times the stuff is passed successively through two 
 baths containing different colors, and thus an in- 
 termediate shade is obtained ; the colors are fast- 
 ened by washing in soapsuds or in other solutions. 
 
48 
 
 DYEING. 
 
 It would lead us too far to give a description of 
 the methods of preparing the different solutions 
 for dyeing and the manipulations of the process. 
 For this we refer the reader to a regular work on 
 the art of dyeing. 
 
COLORING MATTERS PRODUCED BY COAL TAR. 49 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 ON THE COLORING MATTERS PRODUCED BY COAL 
 TAR. 
 
 History. — Until the year 1854, Aniline was 
 known only by chemists; it was a product of the 
 laboratory which was found only with difficulty; 
 still, Industry had not the less desire to use it, on 
 account of its high price and its difficult and costly 
 preparation. At that time, Mr. Dumas presented 
 to the Academy of Science of Paris a paper on a 
 new method of formation of artificial organic bases, in 
 which Mr. Bechamp made known a process by 
 which he was enabled to obtain Aniline not only 
 easily, but also at a low price. 
 
 By the efforts of Messrs. Eenard Brothers, Franc, 
 Tabourin and Bechamp, Aniline is now a product 
 which can be obtained easily. 
 
 In 1826, Unverdorben, studying the products 
 which result from the dry distillation of animal 
 matters with indigo, discovered among the pyro- 
 geneous products of this last substance, an organic 
 basis, volatile, liquid, and heavier than water, 
 which he called Crystalline, because with mineral 
 acids it produces easily crystallized salts. 
 5 
 
50 COLORING MATTERS PRODUCED BY COAL TAR. 
 
 Mr. Fritzsche afterwards studied these products, 
 and called Aniline (from the name of the indigofera 
 anil) the basis obtained in distilling indigo with 
 caustic potash. He demonstrated that this basis 
 was identical to Crystalline. Subsequently Mr. 
 Eunge isolated, by a process modified by Hoffmann, 
 among the bases which exist in the heavy oils of 
 the distillation of coal tar, an oily organic basis 
 from which he developed a fine violet blue color 
 by hypochlorite of lime. 
 
 Mr. Zinin afterwards, by the action of sulphuret 
 hydrogen on nitro-benzine in connection with 
 ammonia, produced an organic basis which he 
 called Benzidum. 
 
 When the identity of all these products was 
 established, chemists adopted the name of Aniline 
 to designate them all, this title being the best for 
 the formation of compound names. 
 
 These first experiments gave birth to others 
 which showed that in a multitude of reactions, 
 Aniline could be produced, so it could be formed 
 by the action of alkalies and alcohol on nitro- 
 benzine. 
 
 Messrs. Laurent and Hoffmann, in heating for 
 fifteen days, in a tube, phoenic acid with ammonia, 
 have also produced Aniline. 
 
 During all the time that this product could be 
 made only by the above processes, Aniline was 
 simply an object of curiosity. Its extraction from 
 
COLORING MATTERS PRODUCED BY COAL TAR. 51 
 
 coal tar was difficult, and from indigo, the quantity 
 produced was too small and too costly. 
 
 Mr. Perkins, the great English manufacturer, 
 studied the production of Aniline at the same time 
 as several French chemists, but the French being 
 too much engaged with the theoretical question, 
 left to Mr. Perkins the honor of the industrial dis- 
 covery. It was with the benzine (benzole) that 
 he succeeded in producing the largest quantities 
 of Aniline. 
 
52 
 
 DISTILLATION OF COAL TAB. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR. 
 
 The dry distillation of organic matters, vege- 
 table or animal, from the great variety of products 
 to which it gives rise, constitutes one of the most 
 interesting operations of chemistry. 
 
 Their reactions are very complex, and some of 
 them have been very little studied, as indeed is 
 the case with many of the substances formed. 
 
 If the body submitted to dry distillation could 
 be maintained during the operation under uniform 
 conditions of desiccation, temperature, and pres- 
 sure, the reactions and the products would be 
 more simple. If, for example, wood be heated 
 very slowly in close vessels, first to 212° F., then 
 to 392° and 572°, and so on, there is at first dis- 
 engaged almost pure water, then impure strong 
 acetic acid, and afterwards a mixture of acetone 
 and acetate of methylene; the maximum of char- 
 coal is left as residue, and the least amount of tar 
 and gas is produced, the latter consisting only of 
 carbonic acid and carburetted hydrogen. 
 
 In practice, however, when wood is distilled in 
 iron cylinders, heated from the outside, the heat 
 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR. 
 
 53 
 
 only penetrates to the interior gradually. The 
 outside layers are, therefore, the first decomposed; 
 they at first lose water, then furnish pyroligneous 
 acid and wood spirit, at the same time giving off 
 carbonic acid and a little carburetted hydrogen. 
 
 The inner layers in turn are similarly decom- 
 posed, but the products as they are given off are 
 brought into contact with the outer layer, already 
 in a more advanced state of decomposition and at 
 a much higher temperature, and hence new reac- 
 tions take place and new products are formed. 
 Thus, the vapor of water in contact with red hot 
 charcoal is decomposed, and forms carbonic acid 
 and hydrogen; a part of the carbonic acid is again 
 decomposed by the red hot carbon to form some 
 oxide of carbon. A part of the nascent hydrogen 
 combines with carbon to form various hydro- 
 carbons; one part of the acetic acid is decomposed 
 by the high temperature to form acetone and car- 
 bonic acid; another part reacts on the wood spirit, 
 and forms methylic acetate; a fraction of the wood 
 spirit and acetone are also decomposed, producing 
 tarry matters, pyroxanthine, oxyphenic acid, duma- 
 sine, etc. To these must be added the influence 
 of certain nitrogenized bodies, and we can under- 
 stand how all these compounds, successively 
 formed under the most favorable circumstances 
 for acting on one another, since they are in the 
 nascent state and exposed to a high temperature, 
 may give rise to the formation of a great variety 
 
 5* 
 
54 DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR. 
 
 of different compounds, which will be set free 
 either in the state of a permanent gas or of a 
 condensable vapor, and leave fixed carbon as a 
 residue. 
 
 The same takes place whether wood, coal, 
 asphalte, peat, resin, oils, or animal matters be 
 distilled; but it is evident that the original com- 
 position of the material submitted to dry distilla- 
 tion must powerfully influence the nature and 
 composition of the products. In those which, 
 like wood, are rich in oxygen and poor in nitro- 
 gen, the pyrogeneous products contain much 
 acetic acid and but little ammonia, and conse- 
 quently have an acid reaction ; on the contrary, 
 the matters containing much nitrogen, and but 
 little oxygen, like coal and animal matters ; give 
 rise to the formation of much ammonia, and the 
 products have an alkaline reaction. 
 
 In this division we intend only to confine our 
 attention to the products obtained by the distilla 
 tion of coal tar from gas works. Considerable 
 differences are noticed in the composition of the 
 tar procured from different qualities of coal and 
 schists, according to the rapidity with which the 
 distillation has been conducted. Some tars, for 
 instance, contain but little benzole, but much 
 naphthaline; boghead tar is rich in paraffine; 
 others contain a preponderating quantity of 
 phenyl and benzole. 
 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR. 
 
 55 
 
 Table of the Products Obtained by Distillation and 
 Rectification of Coal Tar. 
 Solid Products. 
 
 Carbon, 
 
 Naphthaline, 
 
 Paranaphthaline 
 
 or Anthraceine, 
 Paraffine, 
 
 Liquid Products. 
 
 Chrysene, 
 Pyrene. 
 
 Acids. 
 Rosolic, 
 Brunolio, 
 Phenic, 
 Phenol, 
 Acetic, 
 Buthyric. 
 
 Neutrals. 
 Water, 
 
 Essence of Tar, 
 
 Light Oil of Tar, 
 
 Heavy Oil of Tar, 
 
 Benzole, 
 
 Toluole, 
 
 Cuinole, 
 
 Cymole, 
 
 Propyle, 
 
 Butyl e, 
 
 Amyle, 
 
 Caproyle, 
 
 Heptylene, 
 
 Hexylene. 
 
 Gaseous Products. 
 
 Bases. 
 Ammonia, 
 Methylamine, 
 Ethylamine, 
 Aniline, 
 Quinoline, 
 Picoline, 
 Toluidine, 
 Lutidine, 
 Cumidine, 
 Pyrrhol, 
 Poetinine. 
 
 Hydrogen, 
 Carburetted Hydro- 
 gen, 
 
 Bicarburetted Hy- 
 drogen, 
 
 Various Hydro-Car- 
 bides, 
 Oxide of Carbon, 
 Sulphuret of Car- 
 bon, 
 
 Carbonic Acid, 
 Sulphydric Acid, 
 Hydrocyanic Acid. 
 
 Whatever may be the composition of the dif- 
 ferent kinds of tar, they are all submitted to dis- 
 tillation in order to isolate the principles capable 
 of industrial application. But, first of all, it is 
 
56 
 
 DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR. 
 
 necessary to separate the tar, as far as possible, 
 from the ammoniacal liquor which is found with 
 it. For this purpose, it is heated some hours at 
 176° or 212° F., by which it is rendered more 
 liquid, and then the water separates more easily. 
 It is then allowed to cool very slowly, and the 
 water is drawn off by a tap placed at the lower 
 part of the boiler. A certain quantity of tar 
 obstinately retains the w T ater, constituting a 
 buttery matter, which may be allowed to run 
 away w T ith the water, to be added afterwards to 
 another quantity of tar to be deshydrated by a 
 fresh operation. 
 
 Experience seems to have demonstrated that 
 the most simple process, that is to say, distillation 
 over a naked fire at the ordinary pressure, is still 
 the most practicable and advantageous. As the 
 volatile products have but little latent heat, the 
 height of the still should be somewhat less than 
 the diameter; for the same reason the head must 
 be carefully protected from cold, and it is well to 
 furnish the inside with a circular gutter, in which 
 the products condensed in the head may be col- 
 lected and run into the refrigerator. By this 
 means the products are prevented from flawing 
 back into the boiling tai^ and being decomposed 
 by coming in contact with the sides of the still, 
 which, especially towards the end of the operation, 
 becomes very hot. 
 
 In condensing the vapors, it is necessary to 
 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR. 57 
 
 observe certain precautions. At the beginning 
 of the operation, when the lighter and more 
 volatile oils are passing, the worm must be well 
 cooled to make quite sure of the condensation. 
 Later, when the heavier and less volatile products 
 are coming over, the water in the refrigerator 
 may be allowed to get heated at 86° or 104° F., 
 and at last when the matters capable of solidi- 
 fying, such as naphthaline and paraffine, pass, 
 the temperature of the refrigerator should never 
 be under 104° F., and it may be allowed without 
 inconvenience to raise to 140° or 158° F. At 
 this temperature the products condense perfectly, 
 but remain liquid and run with ease. If the 
 refrigerator was kept quite cold during the whole 
 process, it might happen toward the end, that the 
 condensed tube would become blocked up by the 
 solidified products, and a dangerous explosion 
 might ensue. 
 
 At the beginning of the distillation the tar 
 should not be allowed to boil too fast. Some dis- 
 tillers at this period pass a current of steam at 
 230° or 248° F., through the tar to assist the dis- 
 engagement of the more volatile oils. 
 
 These, in condensing, form a very limpid fluid 
 liquid, having the density of .780, which gradually 
 rise to .850 ; the mean (Tensity of all the products 
 united is about .830. It is this, which constitutes 
 the benzine of commerce. It contains a great 
 variety of compounds whose boiling points range 
 
58 
 
 DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR. 
 
 from 140° to 392°. They belong to the following 
 series : — 
 
 O H n e. g. Amylene, C 5 H 5 
 
 Hexylene (oleine Caproylene) C 6 H 5 
 
 Hepthylene (Oenenthylene) C 7 H 7 
 
 etc. 
 
 O H n + 2 e. g. Propyle C 12 H 14 
 
 Butyle C 16 H 8 
 
 Amyle C 20 H 22 
 
 etc. 
 
 Cn H n — 6 e. g. Benzine C 12 H 6 
 
 etc. 
 
 When the density of the products exceeds 
 .850, the current of steam is stopped and the heat 
 increased. As soon as the temperature of the tar 
 has risen from 392° to 428° R, the distillation re- 
 commences, and the oil condensed is found to have 
 a sp. gr. .860 to .900, the mean being from .880 to 
 .885. This product constitutes the heavy oil of 
 tar, and contains phenol, creasote, and aniline. 
 
 Lastly, the ultimate products of the distillation, 
 which on cooling become a buttery mass, or crys- 
 talline, if they contain much naphthaline, are 
 set aside for the preparation of paraffine. They 
 are placed in vats, which are cooled, in order that 
 the solid matters may separate by crystallization. 
 
 2000 parts of rough oil of tar obtained by the 
 distillation of Boghead coal furnished on rectifi- 
 cation : — 
 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR. 59 
 
 1208 parts light oil, density = .825 
 200 " heavy oil = . . .860 
 400 " pitch 
 192 " gas escaped 
 
 2900 parts of tar from gas works using Boghead 
 coal, distilled in a similar manner, yielded : — 
 
 Water, slightly aminoniacal . . . .168 
 Light hydro-carbons, mean density .820 . . 480 
 Heavy hydro- carbons, mean density, .863 . 883 
 Fatty pitch, solid when cold, liquid at 302° F. 1195 
 Loss 6 per cent 174 
 
 2900 
 
60 
 
 HISTORY OF ANILINE. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 HISTORY OF ANILINE — PROPERTIES OF ANILINE — 
 PREPARATION OF ANILINE • DIRECTLY FROM COAL 
 TAR. 
 
 § 1. History of Aniline. 
 
 Aniline was discovered in 1826 by Unverdor- 
 ben. The original method for its preparation was 
 by digesting indigo with hydrate of potash, and 
 subjecting the resulting product to distillation. 
 Aniline was also obtained from the basic oils of 
 coal tar; but the process which is now employed 
 for its preparation is a remarkable instance of the 
 manner in which abstract scientific research be- 
 comes, in the course of time, of the most import- 
 ant practical service. It was Faraday who first. dis- 
 covered benzole; he found it in^>il-gas. After this 
 it was obtained by distilling benzoic acid with 
 baryta, which result determined its formula, and 
 was the cause of its being called benzole. After 
 this, Mansfield found it to exist in large quantities 
 in common coal tar naphtha, which is the source 
 from which it is now obtained in very large quan- 
 tities. Benzole, when studied in the laboratory, 
 was found to yield, under the influence of nitric 
 
HISTORY OF ANILINE. 
 
 61 
 
 acid, nitro-benzole. Zinin afterwards discovered 
 the remarkable reaction which sulphide of ammo- 
 nium exerts upon nitro-benzole, converting it into 
 aniline. And, lastly, Bechamp found that nitro- 
 benzole was converted into aniline when submit- 
 ted to the action of ferrous acetate. It is Be- 
 champ's process which is now employed for the 
 preparation of aniline by the tun. Had it not 
 been for the investigations briefly cited above, the 
 beautiful aniline colors now so extensively em- 
 ployed, would still remain unknown. When Mr. 
 Perkins discovered aniline purple, nitro-benzole 
 and aniline were only to be met with in the labo- 
 ratory ; in fact, half a pound of aniline was then 
 esteemed quite a treasure, and it was not until a 
 great deal of time and money had been expended 
 that he succeeded in obtaining this substance in 
 large quantities, and at a price sufficiently low for 
 commercial purposes. 
 
 The coloring matters obtained from aniline are 
 numerous; they are the following: Aniline purple, 
 violine, roseine, futschine, alpha aniline purple, 
 bleu de Paris, nitroso-phenyline dinitraniline, and 
 nitro-phenyline diamine. 
 
 § 2. Chemical Properties of Aniline. 
 
 Pure aniline is a colorless liquid, very astrin- 
 gent, having an aromatic odor and an acid burning 
 taste, slightly soluble in water, very soluble in 
 alcohol and ether. 
 
 6 
 
62 
 
 HISTORY OF ANILINE. 
 
 Its specific gravity =1.028. It does not freeze 
 at —20. 
 
 It boils at 262°.4 F., and distils unchanged. 
 When warmed it dissolves sulphur and phosphorus. 
 
 It is a powerful basis, combining with acids, 
 and forming salts, which in general are soluble. 
 
 It decomposes salts of protoxide and peroxide 
 of iron, and the salts of zinc and alumina, preci- 
 pitating from them the metallic oxides. 
 
 It precipitates also the chlorides of mercury, 
 platinum, gold, and palladium, but does not pre- 
 cipitate the nitrates of mercury and silver. 
 
 Aniline easily oxidizes, turning yellow in water, 
 and in time becoming resinified. 
 
 When aniline dissolved in hydrochloric acid is 
 acted on by chlorine, the solution takes a violet- 
 color, and on continuing the current of chlorine, 
 the liquid becomes turbid and deposits a brown- 
 colored resinoid mass. In distilling the whole, 
 vapors of trichlor aniline and trichlorophenic acid 
 pass over. 
 
 A solution of the alkaline hypochlorites colors 
 aniline violet blue, which turns rapidly red, espe- 
 cially in contact with acids. 
 
 A mixture of hydrochloric acid and chlorate of 
 potash acts on aniline, the final result of the action 
 being chloranile C 12 CI 4 O 4 , but in the course of the 
 reaction several colored intermediary bodies are 
 formed. 
 
 If a solution of chlorate of potash in hydro- 
 
HISTORY OF ANILINE. 
 
 63 
 
 chloric acid be added to a solution of a salt of 
 aniline mixed with an equal volume of alcohol, 
 and care is taken to avoid an excess of the hydro- 
 chloric solution, a flocculent precipitate is deposited 
 after a time of a beautiful indigo blue color; this 
 precipitate filtered and washed with alcohol con- 
 tracts strongly, and passes to a deep green. The 
 filtered liquid has a brownish red color ; on boil- 
 ing it, adding fresh quantities of hydrochloric 
 acid and chlorate of potash, a yellow liquor is 
 obtained, which deposits crystallized scales of 
 chlor anile. 
 
 An aqueous solution of chromic acid gives, with 
 solutions of aniline, a green, blue, or black pre- 
 cipitate, according to the concentration of the 
 liquors. 
 
 When a small quantity of an aniline salt is 
 mixed in a porcelain dish with a few drops of 
 strong sulphuric acid, and a drop of a solution of 
 bichromate of potash is allowed to fall on the 
 mixture, a beautiful blue color appears after some 
 minutes, which, however, soon disappears. 
 
 Diluted nitric acid combines with aniline with- 
 out adhering to it immediately; but after some 
 time nitrate of aniline crystallizes in the form of 
 concentric needles, the mother liquor turns red 
 colored, and the sides of the evaporating dish 
 become covered with a beautiful blue effer- 
 vescence. When a few drops of strong nitric acid 
 are poured upon aniline, it is immediately colored 
 
64 
 
 HISTORY OF ANILINE. 
 
 a deep blue; on applying heat the blue tint quickly 
 passes to yellow, a lively reaction is manifested, 
 which results in the formation of picric acid, or 
 trinitrophenisic acid. 
 
 Potassium dissolves in aniline, disengaging 
 hydrogen, whilst all becomes a velvet-colored pap. 
 
 The other reactions of aniline which are cha- 
 racterized by the formation of Futschine Aza- 
 leine, will be related in the sequel of this book, 
 when describing their preparations. 
 
 § 3. Preparation of Aniline directly from Coal Tar. 
 
 The method which appears to be the most ra- 
 tional, and which deserves to be tried, would consist 
 in treating the tar as condensed in gas works with 
 hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, diluted with three 
 or four times its volume of water. Mechanical 
 means for affecting the intimate mixture of the 
 tar with the acid might be easily contrived, but 
 in the absence of any special contrivance, the end 
 may be obtained by half filling a barrel with the 
 tar, adding one-fifth or one-sixth of its volume of 
 acid, and rolling and shaking the barrel until the 
 acid has taken up the bodies with which it is able 
 to combine; the whole might thus be run into a 
 cistern, where, by degrees," the watery liquid would 
 separate from the tar. 
 
 The same acid liquid might be used over and 
 over again until the bases have nearly saturated 
 the acid. A very impure aqueous solution would 
 
HISTORY OF ANILINE. 
 
 65 
 
 thus be obtained, containing the hydrochlorates 
 or sulphates of ammonia, and all the other organic 
 bases contained in the tar, such as aniline, quino- 
 line, pyrrol, picoline, pyrrhidine, lutidine, toluidine, 
 cumidine, etc. 
 
 By evaporating this solution almost to dryness, 
 and then distilling with an excess of milk of lime, 
 the bases would be set at liberty. Ammonia, as 
 the most volatile, would be disengaged first, and 
 might be condensed apart, and by raising the tem- 
 perature higher and higher, the organic bases 
 would be disengaged. Aniline would be found 
 among the liquids distilling between 302° and 
 482° F. 
 
 The manipulation of the tar, however, is an 
 extremely disagreeable operation, and presents 
 many difficulties; it is therefore preferable, in 
 many cases, to distil the tar first, and operate on 
 the most pure and limpid distilled oil. 
 
 Aniline, because of its high boiling point, is 
 never met with, in the light and volatile liquids 
 when first distilled from tar. The most of it is 
 found in those which distil between 302 and 356.° 
 These, according to Hoffmann, contain about 10 
 per cent, of organic bases, mostly aniline and qaino- 
 line. The oils which distil above 482°, contain 
 mostly quinoline and very little aniline. 
 
 The following process for extracting the two 
 bases from the oil and separating them, is due to 
 Hoffmann. The oil is agitated strongly with com- 
 
 6* 
 
66 
 
 HISTORY OF ANILINE. 
 
 mercial hydrochloric acid. The mixture is then 
 allowed to rest for 12 or 14 hours, and the oil is 
 separated from the acid ; the latter is treated again 
 by fresh quantities of oil until nearly saturated. 
 The still acid solution is filtered to retain the oil 
 interposed mechanically. It is then placed in a 
 copper still and supersaturated with an excess of 
 milk of lime. At the moment of saturation an 
 abundance of vapors are given off, and the head 
 must be quickly fixed on the still. Heat is now 
 applied so as to obtain a quick and regular ebulli- 
 tion. 
 
 The* condensed product is a milky liquid with 
 oily drops floating on it. The distillation is car- 
 ried on, as long as the vapor has the peculiar odor 
 of the first part distilled, or the condensed product 
 gives the characteristic reaction of aniline with 
 chloride of lime. 
 
 The milky liquid is now saturated with hydro- 
 chloric acid ; it is then concentrated in a water 
 bath ; and lastly, decomposed in a tall narrow ves- 
 sel by means of a slight excess of hydrate of pot- 
 ash or soda. The bases set free, unite and form 
 an oily liquid, which floats on the alkaline solu- 
 tion. This is removed with a pipette and rectified. 
 The rectified product is aniline, sufficiently pure 
 for industrial purposes, especially if we set aside 
 the part distilling above 392° or 428° F., which is 
 principally composed of quinoline. 
 
 To obtain aniline chemically pure, the neutral 
 
. HISTORY OF ANILINE. 
 
 67 
 
 oils forming part of the oily layer must be com- 
 pletely removed. This is done by dissolving the 
 whole in ether, and adding dilute hydrochloric 
 acid, which combines with and separates the bases, 
 and leaves the oil in solution in ether. The acid 
 solution is then decanted, decomposed with pot- 
 ash, and submitted to careful fractional distillation. 
 If the products are gathered separately in three 
 parts, the first will contain ammonia, water, and 
 some aniline; the second will be pure aniline; while 
 the third portion will contain mostly quinoline. 
 An alcoholic solution of oxalic acid is now added 
 to the impure aniline, which precipitates oxalate 
 of aniline, as a mass of white crystals, which are 
 washed with alcohol, and then pressed. The salt 
 is then dissolved in a small quantity of water, to 
 which a little alcohol is added. From this solu- 
 tion, the oxalate crystallizes in stellated groups 
 of oblique rhomboidal prisms. These crystals are 
 decomposed by a caustic alkali, to set free the 
 aniline, and when this is distilled, water at first 
 passes, then water charged with aniline, and lastly, 
 at 359° F., chemically pure aniline. 
 
63 
 
 PREPARATION OF ANILINE,, 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL PREPARATION OF ANILINE— PREPARA- 
 TION OF BENZOLE— PROPERTIES OF BENZOLE — 
 PREPARATION OF N1TRO-BENZOLE — TRANSFOR- 
 MATION OF NITRO-BENZOLE INTO ANILINE, BY 
 MEANS OF SULPHIDE OF AMMONIUM ; BY NASCENT 
 HYDROGEN; BY ACETATE OF IRON; AND BY 
 ARSENITE OF POTASH — PROPERTIES OF THE BI- 
 NITRO-BENZOLE. 
 
 Artificial Preparation of Aniline. 
 
 This process constitutes one of the most im- 
 portant and curious reactions of organic chem- 
 istry; it enables us to obtain aniline in any quan- 
 tity. It is not difficult to prepare, but certain 
 precautions are however necessary, when ope- 
 rating on a large scale. The process can be 
 subdivided into three distinct operations : — 
 
 1. Preparation of benzole. 
 
 2. Transformation of benzole into nitro-ben- 
 zole. 
 
 3. Reduction of nitro-benzole into aniline. 
 
PREPARATION OF BENZOLE. 69 
 
 § 1. Preparation of Benzole. 
 
 The only process we think necessary to notice 
 is that by which benzole is obtained on a large 
 scale, viz : the extraction from coal tar, or from 
 the first products of the distillation of coal tar, 
 light oil, or crude naphtha. 
 
 The manufacturer who wishes to distil tar in 
 order to procure the largest amount of benzole, 
 should choose a light fluid tar, and especially one 
 distilled from boghead or cannel coal. To form a 
 comparative estimate of the value of different tars, 
 the following experiment may be performed :— 
 
 About 2J gls. of tar are distilled until the 
 vapors, instead of condensing into a liquid, fur- 
 nish a product which, on cooling, becomes solid, 
 or of a buttery consistence. By carefully observ- 
 ing when the condensed oil becomes heavier than 
 the water, and measuring the volume of the lighter 
 oils which float on the surface of the water, and 
 then comparing the volumes, we are enabled to 
 estimate with tolerable accuracy the value of the 
 tar. Of course, the one which yields the largest 
 amount of light oil is the best. 
 
 Crude naphtha, or the benzole of commerce, is 
 generally a yellow or brown liquid, having a 
 density varying from .90 to .95 ; it usually con- 
 tains, besides benzole, some of the homologues of 
 benzole, toluol, cumol, and cymol. It is impossi- 
 ble to separate these bodies by an ordinary pro- 
 
70 
 
 PREPARATION OF BENZOLE. 
 
 cess of rectification ; for although the boiling point 
 of toluol is 226° or 228°, and that of cumol 289° 
 or 293°, their vapors are, so to say, dissolved in 
 the vapor of benzole, and are carried over and 
 condensed together. Their presence, however, 
 does not interfere with the preparation of nitro- 
 benzole and aniline. 
 
 When you have obtained the light oil from 
 the coal tar, wash it with a little sulphuric acid 
 (10 per cent, of strong acid). Leave it one hour, 
 and saturate with soda. 
 
 Distil ; the product escapes through a cool 
 worm. 
 
 In the receiver are two oils, one lighter and 
 the other heavier than water, the first occupies 
 about one-tenth of the total volume: it is the 
 benzole; add to it a little sulphuric acid, wash 
 and distil it. 
 
 The benzole found in commerce is sometimes 
 very impure; some has been met with, contain- 
 ing merely a trace of real benzole. Such an 
 article is ordinarily the result of the distillation 
 of bituminous schists or asphaltum, and besides 
 hydrocarbons belonging to another series than 
 that of benzole, it generally contains a small 
 amount of oxygenated products, and consequently 
 cannot be advantageously used in the preparation 
 of aniline. . It is therefore important to be able 
 to detect benzole in a mixture of other oils. For 
 this purpose we may avail ourselves of the facility 
 
PROPERTIES OF BENZOLE. 
 
 with which true benzole is converted into nitro- 
 benzole, and then into aniline by the action of 
 nascent hydrogen. 
 
 The following is Hoffmann's method : a drop of 
 benzole is heated in a small test tube, with fuming 
 nitric acid, to convert it into nitro-benzole. A 
 good deal of water is then added, to precipitate 
 the nitro-benzole in small drops, which must be 
 taken up by ether. The ethereal solution is 
 then poured into another small tube, and equal 
 volumes of alcohol and diluted hydrochloric acid 
 are then added; a few fragments of granulated 
 zinc are then dropped in. In about 5 minutes 
 sufficient hydrogen will have been disengaged to 
 produce aniline, which will be found combined 
 with the acid. The liquid is supersaturated with 
 an alkali and shaken with ether, which dissolves 
 the aniline set free. A drop of this ethereal solu- 
 tion allowed to evaporate in a watch glass, and 
 mixed after the evaporation of the ether with a 
 drop of a solution of hypochlorite of lime, will 
 show the violet tints which characterize aniline. 
 The operations may be executed rapidly, ^and 
 without any difficulty. 
 
 Properties of Benzole. 
 
 At the ordinary temperature, benzole is in the 
 form of a colorless, very fluid liquid, of an agree- 
 able odor, and has, a specific gravity of .85 at 
 
72 PROPERTIES OF BENZOLE. 
 
 59° F. At a very low temperature it crystallizes or 
 forms a mass like camphor, which melts at 41°. 
 
 Its boiling point is between 176° and 170°.8 ; 
 and it distils without undergoing any change. It 
 is nearly insoluble in water, to which it imparts 
 its peculiar odor; it is very soluble in alcohol, 
 ether, wood spirit, the essential and fatty oils ; it 
 easily dissolves camphor, wax, fatty matters, India 
 rubber, gutta percha, and a great number of resins. 
 Amongst the last those which are the least soluble 
 in it are shellac, copal, and animi. It is very in- 
 flammable, and burns with a smoky flame. Hy- 
 drogen gas passed through it, and charged with 
 its vapor, burns with a very clear, luminous flame. 
 
 Chlorine and bromine convert benzole into the 
 terchloride and terbromide of benzole. To the 
 direct solar light, the change takes place very 
 quickly. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves 
 benzole, and when the mixture is gently heated a 
 copulated acid, sulpho-henzolic acid, is formed, C 12 , 
 H 6 ,S 2 ,0 6 , the hydrogen of which may be replaced 
 by metals. As this acid is soluble in water, in 
 purifying rough benzole with sulphuric acid, it is 
 necessary to avoid using an excess of the acid, 
 and also heating the mixture. A solution of 
 chromic acid does not act on benzole, and is there- 
 fore a good agent for the purification. Concen- 
 trated nitric acid converts benzole into nitro- 
 benzole, to the manufacture of which we proceed. 
 
PREPARATION OF NITRO-BENZOLE. 73 
 
 Preparation of Nitro-Benzole. 
 
 The preparation of nitro-benzole is accom- 
 plished on a large scale, by allowing a fine stream 
 of benzole, and another of the strongest nitric 
 acid, to run together in a worm or long glass tube 
 kept well cooled. The two liquids react on each 
 other on coming in contact, heat is disengaged, 
 and nitro-benzole is formed. 
 
 Commercial nitric acid, mixed with half its 
 volume of sulphuric acid, may be substituted for 
 the concentrated nitric acid. 
 
 The nitro-benzole collected at the end of the 
 worm, is first washed with water, then with a 
 solution of carbonate of soda, and afterwards once 
 more with water. 
 
 Properties of Nitro and Bi-Nitro-Benzole— 
 Nitro-Benzole. 
 
 Nitro-benzole is a yellowish liquid, which, at 
 59° R, has a specific gravity of 1.209. It boils 
 at 415°, 4 F., and cools at 37°, 4; it crystallizes in 
 needles. Having an odor closely resembling that 
 of the bitter almond, it has been largely used in 
 perfumery for scenting fancy soaps, for which 
 purpose it has one advantage over the oil of bitter 
 almonds-— it is less affected by the action of alka- 
 lies. Almost insoluble in water, it is very soluble 
 in alcohol, ether, and essential oils. 
 
 Concentrated sulphuric and nitric acids dissolve 
 7 
 
74 
 
 BI-NITRO BENZOLE. 
 
 it, but it is precipitated by the addition of water. 
 It is decomposed by a continued boiling with 
 sulphuric acid; and under the same circumstances 
 with concentrated nitric acid, it forms bi-nitro- 
 benzole. Neither the alkalies in strong aqueous 
 solution, nor quick lime, act on nitro-benzole ; 
 but an alcoholic solution of the alkalies, acts 
 energetically and forms azoxy-benzole (C 24 ,H 10 ,N 2 , 
 O 2 ). By the action of nitric acid on this last 
 substance a number of other interesting bodies are 
 produced, which it is not necessary to describe 
 here. 
 
 Bi-Nitro-Benzo le. 
 
 Bi-nitro-benzole is formed when nitro-benzole 
 is added, drop by drop, to a mixture of equal parts 
 of fuming nitric acid and sulphuric acid, as long 
 as the liquids will mix. If such a mixture be 
 boiled for a few minutes ; it becomes, on cooling, 
 a thick magma of bi-nitro-benzole, which is easily 
 purified by repeated washings with water. A 
 single crystallization from alcohol will furnish 
 this body in long brilliant prisms which melt at a 
 temperature above 212°, and crystallize again on 
 cooling in a radiated mass. 
 
 Bi-nitro-benzole is very soluble in warm alco- 
 hol. When a plate of zinc, well cleaned, is placed 
 in a cold alcoholic solution of bi-nitro-benzole, and 
 hydrochloric acid is added by degrees, we observe 
 that the disengagement of hydrogen, which at first 
 
BI-NITRO-BENZOLE; 
 
 75 
 
 takes place ; soon ceases, and' at the same time the 
 liquid takes a crimson red tint.* The reaction 
 being completed, the excess of zinc is removed 
 and the liquor is saturated by an alkali, which 
 precipitates the oxide of zinc colored in deep pur- 
 ple. The precipitate is collected on a filter and 
 washed with alcohol. 
 
 By distilling the highly colored alcoholic wash- 
 ings, washing the residue with cold water, then 
 re-dissolving it in alcohol and evaporating it afresh 
 to dryness, the new matter is obtained perfectly 
 pure, ^he authors have given it the name of 
 Nitrosophenyline, C 12 H 6 N 2 O 2 . When obtained as 
 above, it is a black shining substance; when 
 heated, it fuses and decomposes directly; it is 
 almost insoluble in water, but freely soluble in 
 alcohol and acids. An alcoholic solution contain- 
 # ing only 0.2 per cent, is so deeply colored that by 
 reflected light the solution seems opaque and of 
 an orange red. 
 
 Concentrated hydrochloric and diluted sulphuric 
 and nitric acids form magnificent crimson red solu- 
 tions with nitrosophenyline, which is precipitated 
 from them again unchanged by alkalies. 
 
 Bi-nitro-benzole treated with an alcoholic solu- 
 tion of sulphide of ammonium, is at first converted 
 into nitro-aniline. 
 
 C 12 H 6 (NO) 4 N=.C 12 H 6 N 2 O 4 , 
 
 * Cliurcli & Perkins. Quart. Journ. Chem. Soc, ix. p. 1. 
 
76 
 
 BI-NITR0-BENZ0LE. 
 
 that is to say, aniline, in which one equivalent of 
 hydrogen is replaced by one of nitrous vapor. 
 Nitro-aqjline crystallizes in yellow needles, which 
 stain the epidermis like picric acid. 
 
 Transformation of Nitro- Benzole into Aniline. 
 
 (a). By means of Sulphide of Amm.onium. — An 
 alcoholic solution of nitro-benzole, after having 
 been saturated with ammoniacal gas, is treated 
 with a current of sulphuretted hydrogen. The 
 liquor now becomes of a deep dirty green color, 
 and deposits a little sulphur. It is now left^ twenty- 
 four hours, during which time crystals of sulphur 
 are deposited, the odor of sulphuretted hydrogen 
 disappears, and is replaced by a strong ammoniacal 
 smell. If distilled now to recover the alcohol, a 
 good deal of sulphur is deposited, and it is impos- 
 sible to continue the distillation long, on account 
 of the violent bumping which ensues. It is, there- 
 fore, allowed to cool, and the sulphur is removed. 
 On distilling the liquor again, more sulphur is 
 deposited, which must also be removed. The 
 process must be continued, re-saturating the liquor 
 with sulphuretted hydrogen if need be, until a 
 heavy oily matter (aniline) deposits, which must 
 be separated from the liquor and re-distilled by 
 itself. The aniline is thus obtained nearly pure. 
 
 Instead of using an alcoholic solution of nitro- 
 benzole, and treating it successively with ammonia 
 and sulphuretted hydrogen, the alcoholic solution 
 
REDUCTION OF NITRO-BENZOLE. 77 
 
 of sulphide of ammonium may be prepared before- 
 hand, and the nitro-benzole poured into it. A 
 part is dissolved immediately, and the remainder 
 by dryness in the course of the operation. It is 
 sometimes advantageous, instead of waiting until 
 the aniline separates, to add hydrochloric acid to 
 the liquor in the retort until it is slightly acid, 
 and then to distil almost to dryness, by which 
 means chloride of aniline is obtained. This is 
 decomposed by an excess of caustic soda, and the 
 aniline set at liberty, is distilled off. 
 
 To avoid any danger from the bumping, a tinned 
 copper still must be used, which should be heated 
 by steam under a high pressure ; at first the tem- 
 perature should not exceed 162° F., but after some 
 time it could be raised to 212° or 230° P. 
 
 The arnmoniacal alcohol condensed in the worm 
 may be re-saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen, 
 and used over again with a new quantity of nitro- 
 benzole. 
 
 (b). Reduction of Nitro- Benzole by Nascent Hydro- 
 gen. — In preparing aniline by this process, the 
 nitro-benzole and zinc are placed in a vessel, and 
 diluted hydrochloric or sulphuric acid is added 
 so as to produce the disengagement of a small 
 quantity of hydrogen. By degrees the nitro-ben- 
 zole disappears, and aniline is formed, which re- 
 mains in solution in hydrochloric or sulphuric 
 acid. 
 
 if * 
 
78 REDUCTION OF NITRO-BENZOLE. 
 
 To isolate it, an excess of caustic soda is added 
 and the mixture is distilled; the aniline passes over 
 with the vapor of water. 
 
 Beauchamp first recommended the employment 
 of acetic acid and iron filings. He places in a re- 
 tort 1 lb. of nitro-benzole, 1J lb. of iron filings, 1 
 lb. of concentrated acetic acid. The reaction takes 
 place without the application of external heat, the 
 mixture becoming hot by itself, and the vapor 
 being condensed in a receiver which must be kept 
 well cooled. The condensed products consist of 
 aniline, acetate of aniline, and some unchanged 
 nitro-benzole. These are allowed to cool, and are 
 then returned to the retort and again distilled to 
 dryness. 
 
 The distillate is now treated with fused caustic 
 potash, and the aniline separates as an oily layer, 
 which must be removed and distilled once more. 
 
 The residue of the mixture of iron filings, acetic 
 acid and nitro-benzole, which remains in the re- 
 tort after the distillation, still contains a consider- 
 able amount of- aniline; to obtain this, the retort 
 must be washed out with water acidulated with 
 sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, and the solution 
 filtered, and then evaporated to dryness. 
 
 The dry residue is then mixed with quick lime 
 and placed in an iron or refractory ware retort, 
 and distilled, and the aniline thus obtained must 
 be rectified. 
 
REDUCTION OF NITKO- BENZOLE, ETC. 79 
 
 (c). Reduction of Nitro- Benzole by Acetate of Iron. 
 — Acetate of iron reacts on nitro-benzole and con- 
 verts it into aniline, while the sulphate, chloride 
 and oxalate of iron, have no action on it. The 
 reaction is represented thus, 
 
 C 12 II 5 AzO 4 + 12 FeO + 2HO + A= 
 
 Nitro Benzole + Acetate of Iron, 
 
 C' 2 H 7 Az + _ A 
 
 Aniline + Acetic Acid. 
 
 One part of nitro-benzole is placed in a retort 
 with an aqueous solution of acetate of iron, the 
 retort is then heated over a water bath for several 
 hours, and then the contents are filtered, being 
 dilated with water if they have become pasty. 
 
 The residue left on the filter, which is princi- 
 pally peroxide of iron, is washed with boiling 
 water. The filtrate and washings are then dis- 
 tilled. The condensed products being w T ater, 
 acetic acid, and acetate of aniline. These may be 
 again distilled with strong sulphuric acid, using 
 4-10 the weight of the nitro-benzole employed to 
 recover the acetic acid, and form sulphate of 
 aniline, and the latter may be decomposed by 
 caustic potash and the aniline distilled off. This 
 process has not been found advantageous, and has 
 consequently been given up. 
 
80 
 
 REDUCTION OF NITRO-BENZOLE, ETC. 
 
 (d). Reduction of Nitro -Benzole hy Means of Arse- 
 nite of Potash or Soda. — In this process digest 
 nitro-benzole with a solution of arsenious acid in 
 a strong lye of caustic soda or potash, or place the 
 arsenical solution in a tubulated retort, heat it to 
 the boiling point, and then allow the nitro-benzole 
 to fall drop by drop in it. Under these circum- 
 stances, nitro-benzole is transformed into aniline, 
 which distils over, and it is only necessary to 
 saturate with an alcoholic solution of oxalic acid 
 to obtain perfectly pure oxalate of aniline. 
 
ANILINE PURPLE. 
 
 81 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 ANILINE PURPLE — VIOLINE — ROSEINE— EMERAL- 
 DINE — BLEU DE PARIS. 
 
 It has been known for many years that hypo- 
 chlorites react on aniline and its salts, producing 
 a purple-colored solution; in fact, hypochlorites 
 are the distinguishing test for aniline ; but nothing 
 definite was known of this purple-colored solu- 
 tion, it being simply stated that aniline produced 
 with hypochlorites a purple-colored liquid, but 
 that this color was very fugitive. Many absurd 
 statements have been made respecting the dis- 
 covery of aniline purple. We will just briefly 
 mention how it was discovered by Mr. Perkins. 
 
 In the early part of 1856, he commenced an 
 investigation on the artificial formation of quinia. 
 To obtain this basis, he proposes to act on tolui- 
 dine with iodide of allyle, so as to form allyle 
 toluidine, which has the formula: — 
 
 § 1. Aniline Purple. 
 
 V, H 7 , 
 C 3 , H 5 , 
 H, 
 
* 82 
 
 ANILINE PURPLE. 
 
 thinking it not improbable that by oxidizing 
 this, he might obtain the desired result thus: — 
 2 (C 10 H 13 N) + 0 3 *= C 20 II 24 N 2 O 2 +H 2 0. 
 
 Allyle-toluidine. Quinia. 
 
 For this purpose he mixed the neutral sulphate 
 of allyle toluidine with bichromate of potash ; but 
 instead of quinia he obtained a dirty reddish- 
 brown precipitate. Nevertheless, being anxious 
 to know more about this curious reaction, he pro- 
 ceeded to examine a more simple base under the 
 same circumstances. For this purpose he selected 
 aniline, and treated its sulphate with bichromate 
 of potash. This mixture produced nothing but a 
 very unpromising black precipitate, but on in- 
 vestigating this precipitate he found it to contain 
 the substance which is now, we may say, a com- 
 mercial necessity, namely, aniline purple. 
 
 The method adopted for the preparation of 
 aniline purple is as follows: Solutions of equiva- 
 lent proportions of sulphate of aniline and bi- 
 chromate of potash are mixed, and allowed to 
 stand till the reaction is complete. The resulting 
 black precipitate is then thrown on a filter, and 
 washed with water until free from sulphate of 
 potash. It is then dried. This dry product is 
 afterwards digested several times with coal-tar 
 naphtha until all resinous matter is separated, 
 and the naphtha ceases to be colored brown. 
 After this it is repeatedly boiled with alcohol to 
 
ANILINE PUKPLE. 
 
 83 
 
 extract the coloring matter. This alcoholic solu- 
 tion, when distilled, leaves the coloring matter in 
 the bottom of the retort as a beautiful bronze- 
 colored substance. 
 
 The aniline purple prepared according to the 
 process just described; although suitable for prac- 
 tical purposes, is not chemically pure. If re- 
 quired pure, it is best to boil it in a large quan- 
 tity of water, then filter the resulting colored 
 solution, and precipitate the coloring matter from 
 it by means of an alkali. The precipitate thus 
 obtained should be collected on a filter, washed 
 with water until free from alkali, and dried. 
 When dry it is to be dissolved in absolute alcohol, 
 the resulting solution filtered, and then evapo- 
 rated to dryness over the water-bath. Thus 
 obtained, aniline purple appears as a brittle sub- 
 stance, having a beautiful bronze-colored surface ; 
 but if some of its alcoholic solution be evaporated 
 on a glass plate, and viewed by transmitted light, 
 it appears a beautiful bluish violet color. If 
 considerable quantities of an alcoholic solution of 
 the coloring matter, containing a little water, be 
 evaporated to dryness, the surface of the coloring 
 matter next to the evaporating dish when detached, 
 often possesses a golden green appearance. Ani- 
 line purple is, with difficulty, soluble in cold 
 water, although it imparts a deep purple color to 
 that liquid. It is more soluble in hot water, but 
 its hot aqueous solution when left to cool assumes 
 
84 
 
 ANILINE rUKPLE. 
 
 the form of a purple jelly. It is very soluble in 
 alcohol, though nearly insoluble in ether and 
 hydrocarbons. Aniline dissolves it readily. In 
 properties, it seems to be slightly basic, as it is 
 more soluble in acidulated than in pure water. 
 Alkalies and saline substances precipitate it from 
 its aqueous solution, as a dark purplish-black 
 powder. Bichloride of mercury precipitates it 
 in a very finely divided state ; a little of this pre- 
 cipitate, which appears to be a double compound 
 of chloride of mercury and coloring matter, when 
 suspended in water and viewed by transmitted 
 light ; appears of a blue or violet color. If a small 
 quantity of hydrates of potash or soda be added to 
 an alcoholic solution of the coloring matter, it 
 causes it to assume a violet tint, but without 
 effecting any change in the coloring matter itself. 
 Ebullition with alcoholic potash does not decom- 
 pose it. Aniline purple dissolves in concentrated 
 sulphuric acid, forming a dirty green solution. 
 This, when slightly diluted, assumes a beautiful 
 blue color. Excess of water restores it to its 
 original purple color. We have had a specimen 
 of this coloring matter heated for an hour to 100° 
 Centigrade with Nordhausen sulphuric acid, with- 
 out suffering decomposition, being restored to its 
 original color by means of water, and possessing 
 precisely the same properties as it had before 
 being subjected to this powerful agent. Hydro- 
 chloric acid acts upon it in the same manner as 
 
ANILINE PURPLE. 
 
 85 
 
 sulphuric acid. It is decomposed by chlorine, 
 and also by fuming nitric acid. Bichloride of tin 
 is without action upon it. Powerful reducing 
 agents have a peculiar action upon this coloring 
 matter, somewhat analogous to the action of re- 
 ducing agents on indigo. An alcoholic solution 
 of the coloring matter when mixed with a little 
 protoxide of iron changes to a pale brown color. 
 This solution also becomes purple when exposed 
 to the action of the atmosphere. Sulphurous 
 acid does not affect the color of this substance. 
 
 This coloring matter forms a remarkable com- 
 pound with tannin. When an aqueous solution 
 of the coloring matter is mixed with a solution of 
 tannin, precipitation takes place; the precipitate 
 thus formed, after having been well washed, no 
 longer possesses the properties of the pure color- 
 ing matter. It is insoluble in water. Like the 
 pure coloring matter, it dissolves in concentrated 
 sulphuric acid, forming a dirty green liquid, but 
 on adding an excess of water to that solution, the 
 new compound is precipitated unchanged. This 
 compound is rather duller in color than the pure 
 coloring matter itself. Aniline purple, when 
 agitated with a little moist binoxide of lead, is 
 transformed into Eoseine. Its coloring matter is 
 remarkable for its intensity; a few grains will 
 color a considerable quantity of spirit of wine. 
 
 8 
 
86 
 
 VIOLINE. 
 
 § 2. Violine. 
 
 This coloring matter, which is a product of the 
 oxidation of aniline, was first obtained by Dr. 
 David Price. He prepares it by heating an aqueous 
 liquid, containing two equivalents of sulphuric 
 acid and one equivalent of aniline, to the boiling 
 point, and then adding one equivalent of binoxide 
 of lead, boiling the mixture for some time and 
 filtering it whilst hot. The filtrate, which is of a 
 dark purple hue, is boiled with potash, to separate 
 the excess of aniline, and also to precipitate the 
 coloring matter. When all the free aniline is 
 volatilized, the residue is thrown on a filter and 
 slightly washed with water, and then dissolved in 
 a dilute solution of tartaric acid. This solution, 
 after filtration, is evaporated to a small bulk, re- 
 filtered, and then precipitated by means of an 
 alkali. Thus obtained, violine presents itself as a 
 blackish purple powder, which, when dissolved in 
 alcohol and evaporated to dryness, appears as a 
 brittle, bronze-colored substance, similar to aniline 
 purple, but possessing a more coppery colored 
 reflection. It is more insoluble in water than the 
 preceding coloring matter; it is very soluble in 
 alcohol ; insoluble in ether and hydrocarbons : 
 these solutions possess a color somewhat similar 
 to that of the field violet. Concentrated sulphuric 
 acid dissolves it, forming a green solution, but 
 excess of water restores it to its original color. 
 
ROSE IN E. 
 
 87 
 
 Like aniline purple, reducing agents deprive it 
 of its color, which is restored by" the action of the 
 atmosphere. Tannin produces an insoluble com- 
 pound with it. When agitated with a small 
 quantity of binoxide of lead, it is converted into 
 aniline purple, excess of this reagent changes it 
 into roseine. 
 
 § 3. Roseine. 
 
 This substance nearly always accompanies ani- 
 line purple, though, in very small quantities. It 
 was first noticed publicly by 0. Greville Williams, 
 and afterwards by Dr. David Price. Williams 
 used manganates ifor its preparation, but Dr. David 
 * Price prepared it by means of binoxide of lead. 
 His process is as follows : # To a boiling solution of 
 one equivalent of sulphate of aniline, two equiva- 
 lents of binoxide of lead are added, and the 
 mixture boiled for a short time. The rose-colored 
 solution is then filtered, and the filtrate evaporated 
 to small bulk, which causes a certain amount of 
 resinous matter to be separated; this evaporated 
 solution is then filtered, and the coloring matter 
 precipitated by means of an alkali, it is then col- 
 lected on a filter, slightly washed, and then dried. 
 The coloring matter thus prepared, readily dis- 
 solves in alcohol, forming a fine crimson colored 
 liquid, which when evaporated to dryness, leaves 
 the coloring matter as a dark brittle substance, 
 having a slightly metallic reflection. It is much 
 
88 EMERALDINE, OR ANILINE GREEN. 
 
 more soluble in water than either aniline purple 
 or violine, but like them it is insoluble in hydro- 
 carbons, and is more soluble in acids than in 
 neutral liquids. Concentrated sulphuric acid dis- 
 solves it, forming a green solution; excess of 
 water restores it to its original color. It forms a 
 compound with tannin ; and is also decolorized, or 
 nearly so, by powerful reducing agents. 
 
 The three coloring matters just mentioned, 
 namely, aniline purple, violine and roseine, are 
 evidently closely allied, for they have nearly the 
 same properties. They are all formed under simi- 
 lar circumstances, namely, by the action of oxidiz- 
 ing agents in the presence of water ; they are all 
 slightly soluble in water, though as the shade of • 
 color becomes redder, so their solubility increases; 
 alkalies precipitate them from their aqueous solu- 
 tions ; concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves then^ 
 forming green solutions which an excess of water 
 restores to the original color of the coloring mat- 
 ters ; powerful reducing agents deprive them of 
 their color or nearly so, but it is again restored by 
 the influence of oxygen ; and lastly, tannin forms 
 insoluble compounds with them all. 
 
 § 4. Emeraldine or Aniline Green. 
 
 Most chemists, who have worked with aniline 
 in the laboratory, must have noticed the peculiar 
 green-colored substance which forms on the out- 
 side of the various kinds of chemical apparatus 
 
BLEU DE PARIS. 
 
 89 
 
 that have been standing in the vicinity of any 
 quantity of this body. This product is aniline 
 green. It has been known for several years; it 
 may be formed by various processes. One consists 
 in oxidizing aniline with chloric acid; this is 
 effected by mixing an hydrochloric solution of 
 aniline with chlorate of potash. It r^iay also be 
 obtained by oxidizing a salt of aniline by perchlo- 
 ride of iron. Obtained by either of these processes, 
 it presents itself as a dull green precipitate, which 
 when dried assumes an olive green color. It is 
 insoluble in water, alcohol, ether and benzole. 
 Sulphuric acid dissolves it, forming a dirty purple- 
 colored solution, from which it is precipitated 
 unchanged by water. With alkaline solutions, 
 it changes to a deep color somewhat similar to 
 indigo, but acids restore it to its original color. 
 The color of aniline green is much enlivened by 
 the presence of an excess of acid, but unfortunately 
 as soon as this acid is removed, it passes back to 
 its normal color. 
 
 § 5. Bleu de Paris. 
 
 This is another coloring matter produced under 
 circumstances similar to those which give Fut- 
 schine. MM. Persoz, De Luynes, and Salvetat 
 give the following account of its preparation and 
 properties: "9 grains of bichloride of tin and 
 16 grains of aniline heated for thirty hours at a 
 
 8* 
 
90 
 
 BLEU DE PARIS. 
 
 temperature of about 356° F., in a sealed tube 
 produce neither a red nor a violet, but a very pure 
 and lively blue.* Mr. Perkins repeated the ex- 
 periment twice, but he obtained only a dirty green 
 color ; but at last he obtained the blue as described 
 by MM. Persoz, De Luynes, and Salvetat. This 
 blue crystallizes from the alcoholic solution in the 
 form of fine needles, having the aspect of ammo- 
 niacal sulphate of copper; soluble in water, alco- 
 hol, wood-spirit and acetic acid ; insoluble in ether 
 and bisulphide of carbon. With concentrated 
 sulphuric acid it forms an amber-colored solution, 
 which water converts into a magnificent blue li- 
 quid. Strong nitric acid decomposes it, chromic 
 acid precipitates it from its aqueous solution with- 
 out decomposition, chlorine destroys it, sulphurous 
 
 * When you break the tubes in which the reaction has 
 been effected, you obtain a blackish matter which, exhausted 
 by boiling water, colors it blue ; the solution, treated by 
 common salt, left to precipitate the coloring matter that 
 you collect on a filter, whilst the liquor takes a green shade 
 more or less dark. The blue precipitate is redissolved anew 
 in water, and precipitated again by the chloride of sodium. 
 This operation is repeated several times to separate com- 
 pletely the green coloring matter, at last precipitate by few 
 drops of hydrochloric acid, collect the blue matter on a filter, 
 wash first with water acidulated with hydrochloric acid, 
 then with pure water, the washing is terminated when the 
 water begins to pass blue. 
 
 To obtain it crystallized, dissolve it in boiling alcohol, 
 which, by cooling, deposits it in form of fine needles. 
 
I 
 
 BLEU DE PARIS. 91 
 
 acid does not decolorize it, sulphide of ammonium 
 is without action upon it. It is precipitated from 
 its aqueous solution by alkalies and saline com- 
 pounds. Submitted to the action of heat, it melts 
 and decomposes in giving violet vapors. 
 
I 
 
 92 FUTSCHINE, OK MAGENTA. 
 
 CHAPTER XT. 
 
 FUTSCHINE, OR MAGENTA. 
 
 This beautiful product, which is often impro- 
 perly called Koseine, is a member of an entirely 
 different series of compounds from the foregoing, 
 being formed under very different circumstances, 
 and possessing very different properties. This 
 coloring matter was first observed by Natanson, 
 in 1856, when studying the action of chloride of 
 Ethylene on aniline, and afterwards, shortly before 
 it was practically introduced into the arts ; by Dr. 
 Hoffmann, when preparing cyantrephenile-diamine 
 by the action of bichloride of carbon on aniline. 
 It was M. Verguin who first brought it forward 
 as a dyeing agent, and who, we believe, taught 
 manufacturers how to prepare it on a large scale. 
 Futschine is invariably formed at a temperature 
 ranging from 17° to 19° Centigrade. It is pro- 
 duced from aniline by the action of reducible 
 chloronized, brominized, iodized or fluorized sub- 
 stances, as well as by weak oxidizing agents. 
 The substances used for its preparation on the 
 large scale are perchlorides of tin and of mercury, 
 
FUTSCHINE, OR MAGENTA. 
 
 93 
 
 and the nitrate of mercury. It has also been pre- 
 pared with bichloride of carbon. 
 
 Preparation of Futschine by the action of Bichlo- 
 ride of Tin on Aniline, — Aniline combines with bi- 
 chloride of tin, evidently producing a double com- 
 pound. This product is a white substance, and 
 may be prepared by adding to aniline, bichloride 
 of tin in the anhydrous state or dissolved in water. 
 Anhydrous bichloride of tin combines with aniline 
 with great energy to form this compound. To 
 prepare Futschine from the double compound, it is 
 necessary that it should be free from water, or 
 nearly so; therefore anhydrous bichloride of tin is 
 generally employed for its preparation. The pro- 
 cess adopted is as follows : anhydrous bichloride 
 of tin is slowly added to an excess of aniline, the 
 mixture being constantly stirred, and the pasty 
 mass thus formed gradually heated ; as the tem- 
 perature increases, it becomes quite liquid and 
 also brown in color. As soon as the temperature 
 nearly approaches the boiling point, the mixture 
 rapidly changes to a black-looking liquid, which, 
 when viewed in thin layers, presents a rich crim- 
 son color; this is kept at its boiling point some 
 time, and then well boiled with a large quantity 
 of water ; by this means the principal part of the 
 coloring matter is extracted, together with con- 
 siderable quantities of tin in the form of a proto- 
 compound. The aqueous solution of the coloring 
 matter and hydrochlorate of aniline is then boiled. 
 
94 
 
 FUTSCHINE, OR MAGENTA. 
 
 so as to volatilize any free aniline it may contain, 
 and then saturated with chloride of sodium. The 
 chloride of. sodium causes the coloring matter to 
 separate as a semi-solid, pitchy substance of a 
 golden green aspect, while the hydrochlorate of 
 aniline remains in solution. The coloring matter 
 thus obtained, may be further purified by di- 
 gestion wittr benzole, which dissolves out a cer- 
 tain amount of resinous matter. 
 
 Preparation of Futschine by the Action of Nitrate 
 of Mercury on Aniline. — When protonitrate of 
 mercury is left in contact with aniline for some 
 time, it forms a white pasty mass, but when care- 
 fully heated to 170° or 180° Centigrade, it reacts 
 upon it, forming a brown liquid, which gradually 
 changes till of a dark crimson color. At the 
 same time the whole of the metal of the mercury 
 salt collects at the bottom of the vessel the expe- 
 riment is conducted in. This product, when 
 separated from the metallic mercury and allowed 
 to cool, becomes semi-solid, being filled with 
 crystals of nitrate of aniline. To purify this pro- 
 duct it is best to dissolve out the nitrate of aniline 
 it contains, in a small quantity of cold water, and 
 then to boil the remaining product several times 
 with fresh quantities of water, until the principal 
 of the coloring matter is extracted, and filter the 
 resulting aqueous solution while hot. On cool- 
 ing, the solution will deposit the coloring matter 
 as a golden-green, tarry substance, from which 
 
FUTSCHINE, OR MAGENTA. 
 
 95 
 
 benzole separates a small quantity of a brown 
 impurity, leaving the coloring matter as a brittle 
 solid. 
 
 We have briefly described the above processes, 
 because they may, to some extent, be regarded as 
 types of most of the methods employed for the 
 production of this coloring matter; the first, re- 
 presenting its formation, by the action of reduc- 
 ible chlorides upon aniline, and the latter by the 
 influence of weak oxidizing agents. 
 
 FutschinS is undoubtedly an organic basis, and 
 a more powerful one than is generally supposed. 
 The products obtained from aniline by means of 
 bichloride of tin, is hydrochlorate of Futschine, 
 and that obtained by the oxidizing action of ni- 
 trate of mercury, is the nitrate of Futschine. Our 
 reason for stating this is, that on examining the 
 coloring matter obtained by chloride of tin, it is 
 found to contain large quantities of combined hy- 
 drochloric acid, and when nitrate of mercury was 
 used, considerable quantities of combined nitric 
 acid, therefore we conclude that the former is the 
 hydrochlorate and the latter the nitrate. 
 
 Futschine is separated from its salts by precipi- 
 tation with a small quantity of ammonia. When 
 freshly precipitated, Futschine is a red, bulky 
 paste, which, when dry, contracts, forming a 
 purplish red powder. It is difficultly soluble in 
 water, but an excess either of hydrochloric or sul- 
 phuric acid dissolves it, forming a brownish yellow 
 
96 
 
 FUTSCHINE, OK MAGENTA. 
 
 liquid, from which ammonia separates it un- 
 changed. By this reaction it may be distinguished 
 from Eoseine, which dissolves in strong sulphuric 
 acid producing a green liquid. Caustic alkalies 
 or ammonia i n excess partially precipitate Futschine 
 from its salts, but at the same time dissolve a con- 
 siderable quantity of it, forming nearly colorless 
 liquids. Acetic acid added to these alkaline solu- 
 tions, restores the color of the Futschine ; and if 
 the liquids are concentrated, the bases precipitate 
 it as a red, flocculent substance. An alcoholic 
 solution of Futschine, when evaporated to dryness, 
 leaves the coloring matter as a brittle mass, having 
 a beautiful golden-green metallic reflection. By 
 transmitted light it has a red color. Futschine 
 has been analyzed, and is represented by the for- 
 mula, C 12 H 12 N 2 0. 
 
 In the hydrochlorate, Mr. Bechamp found a 
 quantity of hydrochloric acid corresponding with 
 the formula C 12 H 12 N 2 0 HC1. He also examined 
 the hydrochloro-platinate which is a purple pre- 
 cipitate; it has the formula C 12 H 12 N°OHPtC] 3 . 
 The existence of oxygen in this basis is remark- 
 able, because, in many instances, it is produced 
 from agents which do not contain a trace of oxy- 
 gen, as, for example, bichloride of tin and aniline. 
 The only way to account for the presence of oxy- 
 gen in the product analyzed, is as an hydrate, 
 thus : — 
 
FUTSCHINE, OR MAGENTA. 97 
 
 C i2 H i2 N 2 0 = c ,2 H 10 N 2 + H 2 0 
 
 Futschine. Anhydrous Water. 
 
 Futschine. 
 
 This is, perhaps, to some extent confirmed by 
 an experiment made with iodaniline. Iodaniline, 
 when heated, yields Futschine; this change can be 
 expressed thus : — 
 
 2 (C 6 [H 6 1] N) = C 12 H 10 N 2 +* 2HI 
 
 Iodaniline. Anhydrous Iodhydric 
 
 Futschine. Acid. 
 
 But supposing the Futschine examined by Mr. 
 Bechamp to have been an hydrate, it is remark- 
 able that its hydrochlorate, and, more particularly 
 its hydrochloro-platinate should also be hydrates ; 
 but as our knowledge of this body is as yet but 
 scanty, we must wait for the accumulation of 
 facts before we can form any fixed opinion respect- 
 ing its constitution. The compounds investigated 
 by Mr. Bechamp appear to be uncrystaliizable. 
 Keducing agents decolorize Futschine, but the 
 oxygen of the air renders it its color. Like 
 aniline purple, Futschine is a very intense color- 
 ing matter; tannin precipitates both Futschine 
 and its salts, forming difficultly soluble substances. 
 Bichloride of mercury precipitates this substance 
 and its salts, forming double compounds; when 
 preparing Futschine by means of bichloride of 
 tin, there are two coloring matters produced, one 
 possessing an orange color, and the other a purple 
 hue. Little is known of them. 
 9 
 
98 
 
 COLORING MATTERS 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 COLORING MATTERS OBTAINED BY OTHER BASES 
 FROM COAL TAR — NITROSO-PHENYLINE — DI-NI- 
 TRO-ANILINE — NITRO-PHENYLINE — PICRIC ACID 
 — ROSOLIC ACID — QUINOLINE. 
 
 The bases toluidine, xylidine, and cumidine, 
 yield coloring matters under the oxidizing agents, 
 and also when submitted to the action of reduci- 
 ble chlorides, at high temperatures, analogous to 
 those obtained from aniline under similar circum- 
 stances, but the results generally are not so good, 
 the color of the products becoming tinged with 
 brown, as the bases get higher in the series. 
 
 Nitroso-Pheny line. 
 
 This remarkable body is obtained by the action 
 of nascent hydrogen on an alcoholic solution of 
 di-nitro-benzole. It is represented by the formula 
 C 6 H 6 N 2 0. This body is almost insoluble in water, 
 but soluble in acids and in alcohol, producing 
 crimson-colored solutions, but its color is not 
 nearly so brilliant as that of Futschine. Any 
 experiments with it, as regards its dyeing proper- 
 ties, have not been tried. 
 
OBTAINED FROM COAX TAR. 
 
 99 
 
 Di-nitro- Aniline, 
 
 Di-nitro-aniline is obtained by decomposing 
 di-nitro-phenyle citra-conamide by means of car- 
 bonate of soda. When pure, it crystallizes in 
 yellow tables. It dissolves very sparingly in 
 water, producing a yellow liquid. It has the 
 formula C 6 H 5 (N0 2 )N 2 : It does not combine 
 with acids or alkalies, although it appears to be 
 more soluble in acidulated than in pure water c 
 Silk can be dyed yellow with di-nitro-aniline. 
 
 Nitro-phenylene diamine, or Nitro-azo-phenylamine. 
 
 Di-nitro-aniline, when submitted to the action 
 of sulphide of ammonium, changes into this beau- 
 tiful base, which crystallizes in needles of a red 
 color, somewhat similar in appearance to chromic 
 acid. It dissolves in water, forming a yellow or 
 orange-colored solution like that of bichromate 
 of potash. Alcohol and ether dissolve it freely. 
 This base possesses the power of dyeing silk a 
 very clear golden color. 
 
 Picric, or Dinitro-phenic Acid. 
 
 This beautiful acid was discovered as early as 
 1788, by Hausmann. It may be obtained by the 
 action of heated nitric acid on a great variety of 
 substances. The following are the names of some 
 of them : Indigo, Aniline, Carbolic acid, Saligenine, 
 Salicylious and Salicylic acids, Salicin, Phlorizin, 
 
100 
 
 COLORING MATTERS 
 
 Cumanin, Silk, Aloes, and various Gum-resins. It 
 is now prepared for commercial purposes from 
 carbolic acid, and also from certain gum-resins. 
 We have prepared it from carbolic acid on a large 
 scale, in the following manner, with success: As 
 strong nitric acid acts very violently, when brought 
 in contact with carbolic acid, we have found it 
 best to use an acid having a gravity less than 1.3, 
 so as partially to convert the carbolic acid, and 
 afterwards to boil it in stronger acid to change it 
 into picric acid. On diluting the acid solution, the 
 impure picric acid precipitates; to further purify 
 this, it should be crystallized from boiling water. 
 When preparing this product for commercial pur- 
 poses, it is advantageous to let all the nitrous fumes 
 formed in its preparation, together with a certain 
 amount of atmospheric air, to pass over a fresh 
 quantity of carbolic acid. This will absorb them 
 and at the same time be converted into nitro, or 
 di-nitro-phenic acid, and consequently diminish the 
 quantity of nitric acid required for its manufac- 
 ture. 
 
 When preparing picric acid from carbolic acidj 
 there is always a quantity of a yellow, resinous mat- 
 ter produced, and at times a considerable quantity 
 of oxalic acid. The latter is always produced when 
 the acid which is used to finally convert the car- 
 bolic acid is too weak, for then it rapidly decom- 
 poses the picric acid, yielding carbonic and oxalic 
 acids. Picric acid, when pure and dry, is of a light 
 
OBTAINED FROM COAL TAR. 101 
 
 primrose-yellow color, crystallizing in strongly- 
 shining lamina. It possesses an extremely bitter 
 taste, and dissolves in water with a beautiful yellow 
 color. When digested with protoxide of iron, in the 
 cold, it yields a brown amorphous compound, which 
 dissolves in water with a blood red color. Picric 
 acid was introduced as a dye about five or six 
 years since, by MM. Guinon, Marnas, and Bonney, 
 eminent silk dyers of Lyons. Many of the cheap 
 products sold as picric acid are of a brown color, 
 and consist of impure di- and tri-nitro-phenic acids ? 
 and sometimes of this crude product and ground 
 turmeric. 
 
 Rosolicacid. — Eunge first noticed this substance 
 in 1834, when studying creosote, but it was almost 
 lost sight of, until again observed by Dr. Hugo 
 Miller only a short time since. He accidentally 
 observed that when crude phenate of lime is ex- 
 posed to a moist, heated atmosphere, as that of an 
 ordinary drying stove, it gradually changes in 
 color, and assumes a dark red tint ; this coloration 
 is owing to the formation of rosolate of lime. Dr. 
 Muller prepared rosolic acid from this product in 
 the following manner : The crude rosolate of lime 
 is first boiled with a solution of carbonate of am- 
 monia. By this means a crimson solution containing 
 the rosolic acid is obtained ; this solution is then 
 evaporated nearly to dryness, during such process 
 ammonia is given off, and the crimson-colored 
 liquid gradually changes to a yellowish red, and 
 
 9* 
 
102 
 
 COLORING MATTER 
 
 at the same time a dark resinous matter separates ; 
 the resinous substance is crude rosolic acid. In 
 order to purify it, it is submitted to the following 
 treatment, proposed by Eunge : The crude rosolic 
 acid is dissolved in alcohol, and by hydrate of 
 lime in slight excess. The beautiful crimson 
 solution which is thus formed is agitated for some 
 time with the undissolved portion of the lime, 
 filtered, and the filtrate diluted with water, and, 
 lastly, the alcohol distilled off. The residuary 
 rosolate of lime is then decomposed with just a 
 sufficient quantity of acetic acid, and the whole 
 boiled until every trace of free acetic acid and still 
 adhering alcohol is volatilized. The rosolic acid 
 separates first as a red precipitate, but when heated, 
 cakes together, forming a dark, brittle substance? 
 having a greenish metallic lustre. 
 
 It may be still further purified by solution in 
 alcohol, to which a little hydrochloric acid has 
 been added, and precipitation with water. Pure 
 rosolic acid is a dark amorphous substance, pos- 
 sessing the greenish metallic lustre of cantharides. 
 Its powder is of a red, or rather scarlet shade, 
 which, if rubbed with a hard, smooth body, assumes 
 a bright gold-like lustre. In thin layers, rosolic 
 acid presents an orange color, when viewed with 
 transmitted light, but with reflected light, a golden 
 metallic appearance. When thrown down from an 
 alcoholic solution with water, it forms a flocculent 
 precipitate of a bright red color, resembling the 
 
OBTAINED FROM COAL TAR. 103 
 
 basic chromate of lead. Concentrated acids, as 
 acetic, hydrochloric, and sulphuric, dissolve rosolic 
 acid, forming a brownish yellow solution, of which 
 water precipitates rosolic acid unchanged. To cold 
 water, it imparts a bright yellow color, and is 
 more soluble in hot than cold water. Alcohol 
 and ether dissolve it. With ammonia, caustic 
 alkalies and caustic earths, it forms dark red com- 
 pounds. These compounds are very unstable. No 
 precipitates are formed with aqueous solutions of 
 the rosolates, with the basic acetate of lead, or with 
 any other metallic salt. According to Dr. Muller, 
 it is represented by the formula C 23 H 22 0 4 . Ko- 
 solic acid has been prepared lately on a large scale 
 for the purpose of printing muslin. It was rosolate 
 of magnesia which was employed. It is not used 
 since the discovery of Futschine. 
 
104 
 
 NAPHTHALINE COLORS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 NAPHTHALINE COLORS — CHLOROXYNAPHTHALIC 
 AND PERCHLOROXYNAPHTHALIC ACIDS — CARMI- 
 NAPHTHA — NINAPHTHALAMINE — NITROSO- 
 NAPHTH ALINE — NAPHTHAMEIN — TAR RED — 
 AZULINE. 
 
 The beautiful hydro-carbon naphthaline, which 
 has yielded such a long category of substances to 
 the chemist, up to the present time has yielded 
 nothing of practical importance to the dyer. From 
 it, the following color derivatives having been ob- 
 tained, namely : Chloroxy naphthalic acid, Perchlor- 
 oxynaphthalic acid, Carminaphtha, Ninaphthala- 
 mine, Nitrosonaphthaline and Naphthamein. 
 
 Chloroxynaphtkalic and Perchbroxynaphthalic 
 Acids. 
 
 These acids were discovered by Laurent. They 
 are produced by digesting the chlorides, namely : 
 the chloride of chloroxynaphthyle and the chlo- 
 ride of perchloroxynaphthyle with an alcoholic 
 solution of hydrate of potash. They are difficult 
 to obtain in quantity. Mr. Perkins has not ob- 
 tained satisfactory results in their preparation. 
 They have the formula C 10 (H 5 CI) O 3 and C l0 (H CP) 
 
NAPHTHALINE COLORS. 
 
 105 
 
 O 3 respectively. They are regarded with great 
 interest, as being very closely allied with alizarine, 
 the coloring matter of madder; in fact they are 
 viewed as chlor-alizaric acid. The synopsis is based 
 upon the idea of alizarine having the formula C 10 
 H 6 O 3 , but it happens very unfortunately for this 
 theory, that the formula of alizarine itself is still a 
 disputed point. Chloroxynaphthalic acid is of a 
 yellow color, insoluble in water and with difficul- 
 ty soluble in alcohol and ether ; it dissolves in 
 concentrated sulphuric acid. This acid is a very 
 sensible test for alkalies, being changed to an 
 orange red by them. This may be shown by 
 moistening paper with a weak alcoholic solution 
 of this acid, drying it, and then exposing it to 
 ammoniacal vapors. This will cause it to assume 
 a red color. 
 
 The chloroxyn aphtha! ates are described as pos- 
 sessing great beauty, and are of yellow, orange, 
 or crimson colors. The potash salt is of a red 
 crimson color, and slightly soluble in water ; the 
 baryta salt crystallizes in silky needles, having a 
 golden reflection. The strontia, lime, alumina, 
 and lead salts are of an orange color ; the cadmium 
 salt is a vermilion colored precipitate ; the copper 
 and cobalt salts are crimson ; and the mercury salt 
 is of a red brown color. Once some silk was 
 dyed with a small quantity of chloroxynaphthalate 
 of ammonia, which Mr. Perkins prepared, and 
 found it to produce a good golden yellow color, 
 
106 
 
 NAPHTHALINE COLORS. 
 
 of great stabilty under the influence of light. 
 Perchloroxynaphthalic acid is a yellow, crystalline 
 body, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol 
 and ether. With potash or ammonia it forms 
 insoluble salts of red or crimson color of great 
 beauty. 
 
 Carminaplitha. 
 
 This coloring matter was also discovered by 
 Laurent. It is obtained by heating naphthaline 
 with a solution of bichromate of potash, and then 
 adding sulphuric or hydrochloric acids. It is 
 described as a fine red substance, soluble in alka- 
 lies, but precipitated from its alkaline solutions 
 by means of acids. Mr. Perkins never obtained 
 this product when oxidizing naphthaline. 
 
 Ninaphthalamine. 
 Ninaphthalamine is a name which has been 
 given to a remarkable base which was noticed by 
 Laurent and Zinin ; but nothing was known of its 
 nature until resubjected to investigation by Mr. 
 Wood, who has both described and analyzed it 
 and some salts. Its formula is C 10 (H 8 NO) N, or 
 naphthalamine in which H is replaced by NO. 
 Mr. Wood prepares this base in the following 
 manner: Sulphuretted hydrogen is to be passed 
 through a boiling solution of dinitronaphthaline 
 in weak alcoholic ammonia, until nearly all the 
 alcohol has distilled off, which operation should 
 occupy two or three hours. The residue is then 
 
NAPHTHALINE COLORS. 
 
 to be boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, and filtered. 
 The filtrate, on cooling, deposits an impure sul- 
 phate of ninaphthalamine in the form of brownish 
 crystals which are purified by recrystallization in 
 water two or three times. Mr. Perkins has found 
 when crystallizing this salt, that it is best to use 
 water acidulated with sulphuric acid. When pure, 
 this sulphate has to be decomposed with ammonia, 
 and the resulting precipitate of ninaphthalamine 
 washed with water. Thus obtained, ninaphthala- 
 mine appears as a bright red-colored crystalline 
 precipitate, which, when viewed under a lens 
 appears as beautiful needles. It is very soluble 
 in alcohol, producing a solution which, when diluted, 
 is of an orange color slightly tinged with brown, 
 not nearly so pure in color as that of nitropheny- 
 linediamine. It is slightly soluble in water, and 
 possesses the power of dyeing silk with a color 
 somewhat similar to that of ordinary annoto. 
 With acids it produces colorless salts. Its formula 
 is the same as that of nitroso-naphthaline, though 
 it possesses v^ry different properties. As a dyeing 
 agent we do not think it would be of any value 
 even if it could be obtained cheaply. 
 
 Nitroso-naphtha line. 
 
 This peculiar body is a product of the action 
 of nitrous acid on naphthalamine. It is prepared 
 by mixing a solution of hydrochlorate of naphtha- 
 lamine with nitrate of potash. From this mixture 
 
108 
 
 NAPHTHALINE COLORS. 
 
 it separates a reddish brown precipitate. This, 
 when washed with water on a filter and then dried, 
 is dissolved in alcohol, filtered, and evaporated to 
 dryness on the water-bath. Thus prepared, it is 
 a crystalline, dark-colored substance, having a 
 greenish metallic reflection. It is soluble in al- 
 cohol, and also in benzole, forming orange red 
 solutions. When acids are added to an alcoholic 
 solution of nitroso-naphthaline it immediately 
 assumes a most beautiful violet color, as fine as 
 aniline purple. Alkalies restore it to its original 
 color. Silk may be dyed a beautiful purple shade 
 with this substance, provided a certain quantity 
 of hydrochloric or sulphuric acids be present. But 
 what is most unfortunate is, that when the silk, 
 thus dyed is rinsed in water, the color immediately 
 passes back to that of the pure nitroso-naphthaline, 
 and also that the amount of acid required to keep 
 up the purple shade if left in the silk rots it in a 
 few days. Could this purple be fixed, nitroso- 
 naphthaline would be a cheap and most useful 
 dye. Mr. Perkins has endeavored 40 produce" the 
 sulpho-acid of nitroso-naphthaline, thinking that 
 if such a compound could be obtained, it would 
 possess a purple color, because it would be an acid 
 itself. But although sulphuric acid does dissolve 
 it, forming a blue solution, yet no combination 
 takes place. He also endeavored to produce this 
 desired result by treating sulpho-naphthalamic acid 
 with nitrous acid, but obtained only nitroso-naph- 
 
NAPHTHALINE COLORS. 
 
 109 
 
 thaline, the acid of the sulpho-naphthalmic acid 
 having apparently separated. 
 
 Naphthamein. 
 
 Piria observed that naphthalamine and its salts 
 produced blue precipitates, afterwards becoming 
 purple, when brought in contact with perchloride 
 of iron, terchloride of gold, nitrate of silver, and 
 other oxidizing agents. This product of oxidation 
 he terms naphthamein. It is prepared by adding 
 a solution of perchloride of iron to a solution of 
 hydrochlorate of naphthamein. This mixture gra- 
 dually changes and becomes blue, and after the 
 lapse of a short time deposits a blue precipitate. 
 This, when separated by means of a filter, is washed 
 with water, which causes it to change in color, 
 until a reddish brown purple. The filtrate from 
 this substance contains proto-chloride of iron, and, 
 according to Piria, chloride of ammonium. Naph- 
 thamein, when heated, fuses and decomposes, leav- 
 ing a residue of charcoal behind. It is insoluble 
 in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, but more 
 soluble in ether. It forms a blue solution with 
 concentrated sulphuric acid, and is precipitated 
 from this solution by means of water. Silk and 
 cotton may be dyed with it, but the color of this 
 compound is so inferior, as to render it useless as 
 a dyeing agent. 
 
 10 
 
110 
 
 NAPHTHALINE COLORS. 
 
 Tar Bed. 
 
 This coloring matter was discovered by Mr. 
 Clift, of Manchester, in 1853. It is obtained by 
 exposing a mixture of the more volatile parts of 
 the basic oils of coal-tar and hypochlorite of lime 
 to the air for about three weeks. Of the pure 
 coloring matter we know nothing, except that with 
 tannin it forms an insoluble, or difficultly soluble 
 substance. With different mordants it yields dif- 
 ferent colors. It seems probable that this coloring 
 matter is derived from pyrhole. 
 
 Azuline. 
 
 This substance, which is a beautiful blue dye, 
 has been introduced within the last year. It was 
 discovered by MM. Guinon, Marnas and Bonney, 
 of Lyons, who keep the process for its preparation a 
 secret. It is obtained from coal-tar, but from 
 which of its numerous derivatives is not known. 
 This coloring matter is a brittle, uncrystallizable 
 body, possessing a coppery, metallic reflection. 
 It is very difficultly soluble in water, but soluble 
 in alcohol, producing a magnificent blue solution, 
 having but a slight tinge of red. With concen- 
 trated sulphuric acid it forms a blood-red liquid 
 which, when poured into an excess of water, pre- 
 cipitates the coloring matter unchanged. Dilute 
 acids have no effect upon azuline. Its alcoholic 
 solution, when mixed with an alcoholic solution 
 of hydrate of potash, also changes to a dull red 
 
NAPHTHALINE COLORS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 color. This, when diluted with water, forms a 
 purple liquid which is gradually restored to its 
 original blue color by hydrochloric acid. With 
 excess of ammonia, the solutions of azuline change 
 to a reddish purple color. This ammoniacal solu- 
 tion, when treated with sulphide of ammonium, 
 gradually assumes a dull, yellowish brown color. 
 Iodine destroys the color of azuline. In color it 
 is not quite so fine as chinoline blue, though far su- 
 perior to Prussian blue. 
 
112 APPLICATION OF COAL TAR COLORS 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 APPLICATION OF COAL-TAR COLORS TO THE ART OF 
 DYEING AND CALICO PRINTING. 
 
 We cannot enter fully into this subject, because 
 we do not feel sufficiently acquainted with the 
 various operations of the dye house or print works 
 to do so, and also because the technical details 
 of dyeing and printing operations would not, we 
 think, interest the reader. We, therefore, propose 
 to speak of the different processes employed for 
 dyeing and printing with coal-tar colors, in gene- 
 ral terms only. 
 
 Dyeing Silk and Wool. 
 
 Silk and wool can be dyed with all the coal tar 
 colors, with the exception of the rosolates, these 
 fibres possessing in most cases a remarkable affi- 
 nity, if we may so speak, for these coloring matters. 
 Many of them, as aniline purple, and violine, are 
 taken from their aqueous solutions so perfectly by 
 these substances that the water in which they have 
 been dissolved is l^ft colorless ; in fact, silk and 
 wool take them up so rapidly that one of the great 
 difficulties the dyer has to contend with, is to get 
 the fibres dyed evenly. 
 
TO THE ART OF DYEING, ETC. 
 
 113 
 
 To Dye Silk with Aniline Purple, Violine and 
 Roseine. 
 
 One process is applicable for dyeing silk with 
 either of these coloring matters, and it is a very 
 simple one. An alcoholic solution of the coloring 
 matter required, is to be mixed with about eight 
 times its bulk of hot water previously acidulated 
 with tartaric acid, and then poured into the dye- 
 bath, which consists of cold water slightly acidu- 
 lated. After being well mixed, the silk is to be 
 worked in it, until of the required shade. If a 
 bluer shade than that of the coloring matter is 
 required, a little solution of sulpho-indigotic acid 
 may be added to the dye bath, or the silk may pre- 
 viously be dyed blue with Prussian blue, or any 
 other blue, and then worked in the dye-bath. 
 
 To Dye Silk with Futschine, Picric Acid, Ghinoline 
 Blue and Violet, 
 
 This process is still more simple than the above, 
 as it is simply necessary to work the silk in cold, 
 aqueous solutions of these coloring matters. With 
 futschine or picric acid, a little acetic acid may be 
 used, but with chinoline colors, acids must be avoid- 
 ed. With picric acid, a very clear green color maybe 
 obtained by adding a little sulpho-indigotic acid 
 to the dye-bath. We may mention that violine is 
 not of such a fine color as that produced by aniline 
 purple and indigo blue ; and also that roseine is 
 not such a good color as futschine, or magenta. 
 
 10* 
 
114 APPLICATION OF COAL TAR COLORS 
 
 To Dye Silh with Azuline. 
 
 The dyeing of silk with this coloring matter is 
 far more difficult than with the preceding, requir- 
 ing to go through two or three different processes. 
 The difficulty, we believe, arises from the insolu- 
 bility of azuline in water. The process generally 
 employed is to work the silk in a solution of the 
 coloring matter acidulated with sulphuric acid, and 
 when of a sufficient depth, to raise the temperature 
 of the dye bath to the boiling point, and work the 
 silk in it again. After this, the silk is well rinsed 
 in water until free from acid, and worked in a 
 bath of soap lather ; it is then again rinsed and 
 finished in a dilute acid bath. 
 
 To Dye Wool with Aniline Purple, Violine, JRoseine, 
 Futschine, etc. 
 
 This operation is generally conducted at a tem- 
 perature of 5° or 6° Centigrade, and the dye-bath 
 is composed of nothing but a dilute aqueous solu- 
 tion of the coloring matter required. Acids should 
 be avoided, or only a very small .quantity used, as 
 the resulting colors are not so fine when they are 
 employed. 
 
 Method of Dyeing Cotton with Colors of Coal Tar. 
 
 When aniline purple was first introduced, con- 
 siderable difficulty was experienced in dyeing cot- 
 ton so as to obtain a color that would resist the 
 action of soap. Aniline purple is absorbed by 
 
TO THE ART OF DYEING, ETC. 
 
 115 
 
 vegetable fibres to a certain extent, and very beau- 
 tiful colors may be obtained by simply working 
 cotton in its aqueous solution ; but when thus dyed 
 the colors will not stand the action of soap. We 
 have tried the use of tin and other mordants, but 
 without any satisfactory result. 
 
 In 1857, Mr. Puller, of Perth, and Perkins, sim- 
 ultaneously discovered a process by which this col- 
 oring matter could be fixed upon vegetable fibres, 
 so as to resist the action of soap. This process is 
 based upon the formation of an insoluble compound 
 of the coloring matter with tannin and metallic 
 base in the fibre. To effect this the cotton has to 
 be soaked in a decoction of sumach, galls, or any 
 other substance rich in tannin, for an hour or two, 
 and then passed into a weak solution of stannate 
 of soda, and worked in it for about an hour. It 
 is then wrung out, turned in a dilute acid liquor, 
 and then rinsed in water. Cotton thus prepared is 
 of a pale yellow color, and has a remakable power 
 of combining with aniline purple. 
 
 The above process may be modified, for example: 
 the stannate of soda may be applied to the cotton 
 before the tannin, and alum may be used in the 
 place of stannate of soda. To dye this prepared 
 cotton with aniline purple it is only necessary to 
 work it in an acidulated solution of the coloring 
 matter ; and when thus prepared the cotton will 
 absorb all the coloring matter of the dye-bath, leav- 
 ing the water perfectly colorless. It has been found 
 
116 APPLICATION OF COAL TAR COLORS 
 
 that cotton thus prepared can be dyed with any 
 coloring matter that forms insoluble compounds 
 with tannin, therefore it is used for dyeing with 
 roseine, violine, futschine, and chinoline colors. 
 
 Cotton may also be dyed a very good and fast 
 color by mordanting it with a basic lead salt and 
 then working it in hot solution of soap to which 
 aniline purple has been added. Oiled cotton, such 
 as is used for dyeing with madder, is also used in 
 dyeing these colors. Cotton simply oiled, and 
 before mordanted with alum and galls, also com- 
 bines rapidly with these coloring matters ; but as 
 the color of the prepared cotton is generally rather 
 yellow, it interferes sometimes with the beauty of 
 the result. Cotton is sometimes coated with albu- 
 men, which is coagulated by the action of steam, 
 and the albumen which covers the cotton dyed in 
 the usual manner. "We may mention that violine, 
 roseine, futschine, and also the chinoline colors 
 combine with unmordanted vegetable fibres, as 
 well as aniline purple. Picric and rosolic acids 
 are not applicable for dyeing cotton. 
 
 Printing Calico with Coal Tar Colors. 
 
 The process generally employed for printing 
 with these coloring matters is simply to mix the 
 coloring matters with albumen or lacterine, print 
 the mixture on the fibre, and then to coagulate 
 the albumen or lacterine by the agency of steam. 
 Mr. Perkins and Mr. Gray, of the Dalmonach 
 
TO THE ART OF DYEING, ETC. 117 
 
 Print Works, discovered the first process of ap- 
 plying these substances to fabrics in a different 
 manner from the above. It consisted in forming 
 a basic carbonate or an oxide of lead on those 
 parts of the cloth which were to be colored, and 
 then working the cloth thus prepared in a hot 
 lather containing the coloring matter. Where the 
 cloth was mordanted with the lead compound 
 coloring matter was absorbed ; but when unmor- 
 danted it was left white, because pure cotton is not 
 dyed with these coloring matters in the presence 
 of soap. This procss was intended for the appli- 
 cation of aniline purple, for at the period of this 
 discovery, the other coal tar colors were unknown. 
 Colors, dyed by this process were very pure, but 
 it had many disadvantages, which have caused it 
 to be disused. Lately the process previously de- 
 scribed for dyeing colors upon cotton prepared 
 with tannin has been applied to calico printing. 
 It consists in printing tannin in the fabric pre- 
 viously prepared with stannate of soda, and then 
 dyeing it in a hot dilute acid solution of the color- 
 ing matter. By this means the parts of the fabric 
 which are covered with tannin are dyed a deep 
 color, but the other parts are only slightly co- 
 lored. These are cleared by means of well known 
 processes. These methods of applying these co- 
 loring matters is also modified by printing a com- 
 pound of the coloring matter required and tannin 
 
118 APPLICATION OF COAL TAR COLORS 
 
 on the prepared cloth, instead of tannin only, and 
 then steaming the goods. 
 
 Method of Applying Aniline Green to Fabrics. 
 
 This process is interesting as being the first 
 example of the production of coal-tal colors on 
 the fabric itself. 
 
 The process is very simple. The design is to 
 be printed on the cloth with a thickened solution 
 of chlorate of potash, dried, passed through a solu- 
 tion of an aniline salt, again dried ; and allowed to 
 hang in a damp atmosphere. In the course of 
 two or three days, the color will be fully deve- 
 loped. The color thus produced may be changed 
 into a dark blue by the agency of soap or an al- 
 kaline liquid. The quantity of aniline used in 
 this process is very small. 
 
 Application of Nitroso-naphthaline. 
 
 If cloth is printed with a thickened solution of 
 a salt of naphthalamine, dried, and then passed 
 through a solution of nitrate of potash, nitroso- 
 naphthaline will rapidly make its appearance as a 
 reddish orange color, but unfortunately the color 
 thus obtained will not resist well the action of soap. 
 
 Of the numerous coloring matters of which we 
 have briefly spoken, there are only few that are 
 at present employed by the dyer and printer, 
 namely; Aniline purple, Futschine, Picric acid and 
 Azuline, but we think it probable that others of 
 
TO THE AKT OF DYEING, ETC. 119 
 
 them will soon be introduced, such as the Bleu de 
 Paris ; and Nitro-phenylenediamine might be used 
 for silk dyeing, as its color is good and it stand 
 the action of light well. Unfortunately the chino- 
 line colors though very beautiful are most fugitive. 
 There has been an endeavor to introduce the chi- 
 noline blue of late, but although a considerable 
 quantity of silk was dyed with it at first, it is 
 now scarcely used, because when exposed to the 
 sun for two or three hours the dyed silk becomes 
 bleached. Aniline purple resists the light best, 
 futschine and alpha aniline purple soon fade, espe- 
 cially on cotton. Aniline and bleu de Paris are 
 not easily acted upon by light when on silk. 
 
 When the coloring matters of coal tar were 
 first discovered, there was a great fear that the 
 workmen engaged in their manufacture would 
 suffer in health. All we can say is, that during 
 the few years Mr. Perkins had to do with this 
 branch of manufacture, there has not been a single 
 case of illness among the workmen, that has been 
 produced by any operation carried on for the pro- 
 duction of aniline purple. 
 
120 
 
 ACTION OF LIGHT ON 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 ACTION OF LIGHT ON COLORING MATTERS FROM 
 COAL TAR. 
 
 We think it will interest the reader to give him 
 an extract of a paper published by our celebrated 
 master, M. Chevreul, on this subject. We trans- 
 late it literally from the Comptes Rendus of the 
 Acad^mie des Sciences, Seance of the 16th July, 
 1860, vol. li. 
 
 Two coloring matters recently produced are of 
 frequent use, one to dye violet, and the other 
 red violet. Both are obtained from aniline. 
 This basis, under the influence of hypochlorites, 
 gives the violet, and treated by the anhydrous 
 bichloride of tin gives the red violet, or futschine. 
 Any coloring matter cannot be compared to the 
 Futschine for the brightness, intensity, and purity 
 of the color. It dyes the silk in 1st red violet, 
 red violet, 5ih violet, and you can raise a gam from 
 the white till the 11th shade, from the shade 4th 
 till the 8th ; we have the color called rose. Car- 
 thamine applied on silk gives, generally, colors 
 from the 3d red violet to the red, it can be then 
 two, three, four or five gams of my chromatic 
 
COLORING MATTERS FROM COAL TAR. 121 
 
 circle comprised between the color of the Futschine 
 and that of the carthamine, both applied on silk. 
 Before the futschine, carthamine was used to give 
 the finest rose, but it was a rose less violet, whilst 
 futschine gives a rose to the 5th violet of the red 
 violet, or the 1st red violet, ordinary color of the 
 rose. 
 
 The roses of cochineal are, for the brightness 
 and intensity, to the roses of carthamine that these 
 are to the roses of futschine. Ladies who like the 
 rose must avoid to place themselves near those 
 who wear the rose of futschine or cochineal, if 
 they wear themselves the rose of carthamine. If 
 thanks are due to the author of the discovery of 
 futschine, it is not a reason to have this color ap- 
 plied on silk used for curtains, tapestry, etc., for 
 if futschine has the beauty of the rose it has also its 
 fragility. It is enough of four hours of exposition 
 to the sun, to have the silk dyed with futschine 
 to become tarnish, turn vinous, and afterwards 
 reddish. 
 
 Futschine on cotton is not stable. A card of 
 specimens of wool, silk, cotton, dyed with futs- 
 chine and carthamine, shows that futschine applied 
 on silks is inferior in stability to the carthamine, for 
 the silk dyed with this latter has an orange color 
 more sensible that the one dyed with futschine, 
 which has a violaceous color, and, however, that one 
 had been raised to the 8th shade, whilst the speci- 
 men dyed with carthamine had been only to the 
 11 
 
122 
 
 ACTION OF LIGHTS. ON 
 
 6, 5th shade. When the red violet of futschine 
 is changed after four hours exposition to the sun, 
 the red violet of cochineal has not changed after 
 one week to the same exposition. Silk mordanted 
 with alum and cream tartar and dyed in red 
 violet, 9th shade, that is the shade above crimson, 
 after an insolation of eight months has lost only 
 8 shades. At last silk dyed in 1st red violet, 10th 
 shade, with cream tartar and tin composition lost 
 in the same length of time l-5th shade. 
 
 I have demonstrated in 1837 the influence of 
 oxygen atmospheric in about every case, which, in 
 stuffs dyed with organic coloring matters, are dis- 
 colorized by their exposition to the sun, in proving 
 that the same can be kept several years in lumi- 
 nous vacuo. I have demonstrated, in the same 
 year, that, on the contrary, Prussian blue is de- 
 colorized in luminous vacuo; it becomes first white, 
 then brownish, and is recolorized by the contact 
 of oxygen. To-day I present to the Academy 
 results very different ; they have been given by 
 picric acid used in dyeing since about 20 years. 
 
 Cold it gives to the wool, yellow, 8th shade ; to 
 the silk 2d yellow 5th shade. Boiling it gives to 
 the wool the 3d orange yellow 9th shade, to the 
 silk the 1st yellow 6th shade ; in both cases it 
 does not fix to the cotton. It is very curious to 
 follow the changes that the wool and silk expe- 
 rience under the influence of luminous air; they 
 are described in the following table :— 
 
COLORING MATTERS FROM COAL TAR. 
 
 123 
 
 After 6 days' 
 
 Color of the Silk, 
 insolation yellow 
 
 9th shade. 
 
 u 
 
 18 " 
 
 a 
 
 5th or. yellow 
 
 9th 
 
 u 
 
 1 month 
 
 u 
 
 4th " 
 
 9-5th 
 
 u 
 
 2 " 
 
 ct 
 
 3d " 
 
 9th 
 
 u 
 
 3 ■ 
 
 a 
 
 3d " 
 
 9-8th 
 
 a 
 
 4 " 
 
 a 
 
 1st " 
 
 7-5th 
 
 u 
 
 5 " 
 
 tt 
 
 1st " 
 
 7-5th 
 
 u 
 
 6 " 
 
 ft 
 
 " l-10th 
 
 6-25th 
 
 a 
 
 8 " 
 
 tt 
 
 5th " 2-10th 
 
 3d 
 
 Color of the Wool. 
 After 6 days' insolation 3d orange yellow 9-5 th shade. 
 
 18 " 
 
 1 months' 
 
 2 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 5 " 
 
 6 " 
 8 " 
 
 3d « 
 
 2d " 
 
 orange yellow 
 tt 
 
 5th orange 
 4th " 
 3d « 
 3d " 
 
 9-5th 
 
 10th 
 
 10-5th 
 a 
 
 11th 
 
 10-75th 
 10-75th 
 11th 
 
 These results are curious when you compare 
 them to the proceedings. This progression by 
 which the wool in 8 months gained 2 shades in 
 passing from the 5th orange yellow 9th shade, to 
 the 3d orange 11th shade, that is, passing by 8 
 gams towards the red. The silk, after gaining 4 
 shades, almost near the red, has begun to descend 
 from the 3d month. 
 
 Reflections. 
 
 This is an important question to know if in the 
 trade the buyer is not exposed to pay very dear, 
 a color beautiful without doubt, but having no 
 stability whatever, in the quality of the tissue. 
 
124 ACTION OF LIGHT ON COLORING MATTERS. 
 
 This inconvenience is a real one, and this reflec- 
 tions have for object not to destroy but attenuate 
 them. 
 
 Industry is free to manufacture any kind of 
 colors, except in the case of a special convention 
 between the manufacturer and the buyer. 
 
 The merchant cannot be responsible, but it is 
 to the buyer to have the merchant indicate on 
 his bill the name of the matter used to dye the 
 stuff, by example if it is a crimson or a rose that 
 the buyer wants sold, he will have the bill with 
 the denomination of crimson or rose of cochineal. 
 I speak here only for stuffs used in tapestry, and 
 I do not refer to the roses of futschine and car- 
 thamine employed for dresses. 
 
 If buyers were knowing the difference which 
 exists between stuffs of the same color, but dyed 
 with different matters, we are certain that before 
 long, our stores will not have other colors than 
 those known to be solids; and if in a public 
 place, the public had on the eyes two comparative 
 tables, one dye with all colors which have been 
 exposed to the sun a certain length of time, and 
 the other with the same colors kept in the dark, 
 the public will be soon instructed of the extreme 
 difference existing between colors, and this in- 
 struction will be the best warrant to not be de- 
 ceived in the trade of colors. We hope to see 
 some enterprising houses establish such tables, 
 and we are sure they will render a great service 
 to the public at large. 
 
LATEST IMPROVEMENTS, ETC. 
 
 125 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 LATEST IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ART OF DYEING. 
 CHRYSAMMIC ACID — MOLYBDIC AND PICRIC 
 ACIDS — EXTRACT OF MADDER. 
 
 Chrysammic Acid. 
 
 Lately a color prepared with aloes has been 
 used to dye, and its fine properties deserve to attract 
 the attention of dyers. Messrs. Sacc and Schlum- 
 berger have given a great attention to this pro- 
 duct. We shall give its preparation and its uses 
 to dye as described by Schlumberger. 
 
 Preparation of the Coloring Matter. 
 
 In a retort of a capacity of 22 to 28 gallons, 
 introduce 67 pounds of commercial nitric acid 
 and add to it about 18 ounces of aloes of the best 
 quality. Heat the retort in a water bath under a 
 chimney, when nitrous vapors begin to disengage, 
 take out the fire and introduce in the retort by 
 small portions 10 lbs. of aloes. When all the 
 aloes has been introduced and the disengagement 
 of nitrous vapors has stopped, pour the whole in a 
 flat dish and evaporate in paste in a sand bath, 
 
 and terminate the evaporation to dryness in a 
 
 11* 
 
126 
 
 LATEST IMPROVEMENTS IN 
 
 water bath. Put the mass on a filter and wash it 
 several times with cold water and dry at a gentle 
 heat. 
 
 The product in dye is of about 66| per cent, of 
 the aloes used. The cost for 2 J pounds are about 
 $1.40. 
 
 Dyeing of Wool with Chrysammic Acid. 
 
 If you dissolve in a kettle full of river water, 
 2 lbs. 12 ounces of aloes purple, that you boil 
 and refresh, and introduce in this bath 34 pounds 
 of well washed wool, this wool, after an hour of 
 ebullition, takes a fine brown color. If the 
 quantity of chrysammic acid is double, you obtain 
 a fine velvet black. 
 
 If you dissolve 1 pound 11 ounces of chry- 
 sammic acid in water, to which you add 2^ lbs. 
 of calcined soda, you obtain a liquid of a very fine 
 purple color, which after a few days is very 
 intense, and which can communicate to 34 pounds 
 of wool, by an ebullition of half an hour, a fine 
 bluish color. The wool wants to be well washed; 
 but do not require any mordant. If for the same 
 quantity of wool you use the double of purple 
 of aloes, you obtain a blue similar to the blue of 
 indigo by the vat. 
 
 If you neutralize the filtered liquor collected 
 from the washings of chrysammic acid obtained 
 by evaporation, with a paste of chalk, and you 
 filter the neutralized liquor, you can obtain with 
 
THE ART OF DYEING. 
 
 127 
 
 this liquor, several shades more or less light of 
 olive green, according to the concentration of the 
 bath. 
 
 At last chrysammic acid receives again a very 
 important application, in the use of it to fix other 
 colors which are not solid. 
 
 If you add 6f lbs. of orseille and 9 ounces of 
 purple of aloes dissolved in caustic soda, you 
 obtain an orseille color on which air and light 
 have no action. 
 
 The extract of orseille found in the trade, com- 
 municates to wool brighter colors than common 
 orseille, but they are not solid. Mr. Schlumberger 
 has found that in mixing 11 J lbs. of this extract 
 with 18 ounces of dry aloes purple, and leaving 
 the mixture several days, the colors obtained are 
 solid and kept all their beauty. 
 
 Chrysammic acid then is one of the most solid 
 colors that the wool dyer can find, and it deserves 
 a more attentive study. 
 
 Molybdic and Picric Acid. 
 
 1. It is only since a short time that molybdic acid 
 is used in the art of dyeing and different modes 
 for its preparation have been indicated. 
 
 The molybdic acid can be prepared in the 
 following manner. Melt together equal weights 
 of molybdate of lead reduced to fine powder, with 
 calcined soda, in an iron crucible, decant the 
 formed molybdate of soda, then prepare with hot 
 
128 
 
 LATEST IMPKOVEMENTS IN 
 
 water a concentrated solution of this molybdate 
 that you decompose by an excess of nitric acid, 
 and you boil till the molybdic acid separates in 
 the form of a fine yellow precipitate ; this precipi- 
 tate is washed with water and at last dried. 
 
 The molybdate of ammonia is prepared in the 
 following manner: Introduce little by little in 
 caustic ammonia, molybdic acid, as much as it can 
 be dissolved. The dissolution of molybdic acid is 
 accompanied by a disengagement of heat, and 
 presents itself in the form of a light yellow color, 
 which has a very strong ammoniacal smell, and 
 must be kept out of the contact of the air. 
 
 I give now the different processes to dye stuffs 
 with these preparations. 
 
 Dyeing of Silk. 
 
 You can obtain a very dark blue in impreg- 
 nating silk with molybdate of ammonia : you leave 
 to dry, and pass in a bath of hydrochloric acid, 
 and immediately, without washing, in a bath of 
 chloride of tin, to develop the blue color; wash 
 well and dry. You can obtain lighter shades in 
 diluting the molybdate of ammonia with water. 
 Silk impregnated with a solution of molybdate of 
 soda, at 20° B., dried and pass in hydrochloric acid 
 and chloride of tin baths, takes a nice blue color. 
 In diluting the molybdate of soda with water, you 
 can obtain lighter shades. 
 
 These colors are very solid to the light. 
 
THE ART OF DYEING. 
 
 129 
 
 Dyeing of Cotton. 
 
 The color on cotton appears less fine than on 
 silk. The finest and darkest blues are obtained 
 with the molybdate of ammonia; but, if the bath 
 is diluted with three times its volume of water, 
 you have then a gray-blue. 
 
 We have not the least doubt that before many 
 years this substance will be used by all the pro- 
 fession. 
 
 2. Picric acid has been employed first by Mr. 
 Guinon of Lyons, France, in the dyeing of silk 
 and wool. Its process, to manufacture it by treat- 
 ing coal tar by nitric and sulphuric acids, he ob- 
 tains a resinoid matter, which, dissolved in more 
 or less water, gives the shade wanted. It is in 
 this bath, heated at 105°, that he passes the silk 
 without mordant, and he introduces it afterwards 
 in the warm room, without washing, to fix the 
 color. 
 
 The process to prepare it consists in heating 
 coal tar, and to introduce into it three times its 
 weight of nitric acid ; that you let run in it by a 
 small glass pipe: boil with the acid till in a syrupy 
 consistence ; wash several times with cold water, 
 and afterwards with warm water, to separate the 
 acid from the resinoid matters, and evaporate it 
 to dryness to obtain crystals. 
 
 15| grs. of picric acid, dissolved in a sufficient 
 quantity of water, could dye, in yellow, 
 pounds of silk. 
 
130 
 
 LATEST IMPROVEMENTS IN 
 
 Silk cloths take in it a very fine shade, with- 
 out alterating their brightness. The results are 
 the same with wool. With potash the shades can 
 vary till yellow orange. 
 
 For more details on this acid, we refer to Chap- 
 ter VII. 
 
 Madder. 
 
 Madder is one of the coloring matters which 
 has been the most studied in these last times. 
 That plant has been submitted to many treat- 
 ments in "order to extract from it its pure coloring 
 matter. We shall enumerate briefly some of the 
 most important treatments which have been tried 
 on this plant. 
 
 Extract of Madder by Messrs. Julian and Roguer. 
 
 They operate on madder in powder; they shake 
 it conveniently in large vats, with cold or hot 
 water, deprived of calcareous salts. They run it 
 in vat- filters. 
 
 According to the colors they wish to obtain, 
 they leave the madder thus in paste in the vat- 
 filters from one to five days, according to the want 
 or not of an alcoholic fermentation. This paste is 
 then well pressed and carried into ovens to be dried. 
 The water collected after the pressure is submitted 
 to the alcoholic fermentation. 
 
THE ART OF DYEING. 
 
 131 
 
 Extract of Madder by Koecklin. 
 
 His process gives an extract of madder free of 
 ligneous matters, and the colors obtained in dye- 
 ing are as good and solid as madder itself. He 
 uses the neutral organic oxides, such as acetone, 
 hydrate of methylene, alone or combined with 
 alcohols or heterogenous substances. These oxides 
 are used as solvents of the coloring matter. 
 
 It is by maceration and expression that he sa- 
 turates the solvent; the bath being saturated, he 
 precipitates the coloring matters by water, i. 
 till water does not produce any precipitate. The 
 precipitate filtered and dried constitutes the ex- 
 tract of madder. 
 
 It is a known fact, that in the use of madder in 
 dyeing, they utilize only two-thirds of the color- 
 ing matter, the last is retained in the residuum. 
 Mr. Schwarts tried many experiments, the object 
 of which was to utilize this coloring matter, and 
 he has not succeeded. The best process he found 
 is the following: — 
 
 He takes 7 pounds 14 ounces of commercial 
 sulphuric acid, and reduces it at 60° B. ; after it is 
 cooled, he adds to it 6 \ ounces of flour of madder, 
 which is equivalent to 13 ounces of washed mad- 
 der. He leaves to macerate half an hour and throws 
 the whole on a flannel: the filtration is slow, and the 
 filtrate is of a very dark orange color. He pours 
 this liquid in half a gallon of water, which preci- 
 
132 LATEST IMPROVEMENTS IN ART OF DYEING. 
 
 pitates all the coloring matter, and then filters a 
 second time through a thick flannel cloth. The 
 filtrate is an acid which marks 35° B. 
 
 The two matters left on the filters are perfectly- 
 washed with water, dried and weighed, they give 
 three ounces of residuum, with a tinctorial power 
 equal to six ounces of madder, and half an ounce 
 of extract, equal to fifteen ounces of madder. For 
 the acid at 35°, it can be used again in bringing 
 it at 60° by distillation. 
 
THEORY OF COLORING MATTERS, ETC. 133 
 
 CHAPTBE XVII. 
 
 THEORY OF THE FIXATION OF COLORING MATTERS 
 IN DYEING AND PRINTING. 
 
 There are two methods of coloring stuffs which 
 must not be confounded with each other. By one 
 of these, the coloring matters, lakes, etc., are mixed 
 with gums or varnishes to make them into a color 
 which is applied to the stuff, and which, on drying, 
 adheres to it. Whether these coloring matters 
 are mixed with a fat varnish, drying oil, white of 
 egg, the result is always the same ; but this opera- 
 tion, which is purely mechanical, and which may 
 be performed on every kind of fabric, will only 
 occupy the printer's attention so far as relates to 
 the discovering of that glutinous body which is 
 most capable of rendering this or that colored sub- 
 stance adherent to such or such fabric. By the 
 other method the coloring matters, brought to the 
 proper conditions, are deposited and then fixed 
 on the goods in such a manner as to be incorpo- 
 rated with the fibre, and only to be capable of being 
 detached from it by the intervention of a more or 
 less powerful chemical agent; but some of them 
 — and in this number are several substances of the 
 12 
 
134 THEORY OF THE FIXATION OF COLORING 
 
 organic kingdom, such as indigotin, carthamin, 
 curcumin, and among the mineral colors ; the ox- 
 ides of iron, chromium, lead, etc. — only require to 
 be applied on the goods ; whilst a greater number 
 of others, such as madder, cochineal, Brazil and 
 Campeachy woods, quercitron, and weld, unite 
 with the different fibres only by the co-application 
 of auxiliaries, which are designated by the name 
 of mordants ; it is in consequence of this difference 
 that all who have written on dyeing have divided 
 coloring matters into those which adhere to the goods 
 of themselves, and those which can only be fixed by 
 the co-application of mordants. 
 
 To discover the cause in virtue of which the 
 different colored bodies unite with the textile fibres 
 of cotton, wool, and silk, to such a degree as to 
 form with them one body ; to explain how it hap- 
 pens that one and the same substance has not the 
 same aptitude for each of these fibres — such is the 
 question which first presented itself to the scien- 
 tific men who devoted their attention to the appli- 
 cation of colors, and the solution of which is more 
 especially important to the art of dyeing, of which 
 the printing of fabrics is but a particular case. 
 Hellot and Le Pileur d'Apligny, Macquer, 
 Berthollet, Bergmann, and Chevreul, who 
 are justly entitled to rank as high authorities on 
 this subject, have given forth different opinions 
 on this point. The first two saw in the fixation 
 of the colors on the goods only a purely mechani- 
 
MATTERS IN DYEING AND PRINTING. 135 
 
 cal operation ; the last four, on the contrary, only 
 an operation purely chemical. 
 
 Of all chemists Mr. Chevreul is the one who has 
 searched most deeply into this important matter, 
 and in comparing the general phenomena of dye- 
 ing with those which natural philosophers and 
 chemists generally consider as dependent' on mo- 
 lecular forces, the causes of chemical action, he 
 arrives at the conclusion, that the first are of the 
 number of those which take place when two or 
 more bodies are in contact and their combination 
 is effected slowly. 
 
 It appears therefore that whilst Hellot and 
 d'Apligny attribute all the effects produced by 
 coloring matter, to the existence in the fibres, of 
 pores more or less numerous and spacious, in 
 which the coloring matter lodges, all chemists 
 repudiate this view, and trace the same effects to 
 chemical affinity. 
 
 Such were the notions entertained by scientific 
 men on the causes of the adherence of coloring 
 matters to the goods, when the views of Mr. 
 Walter Crum were published. According to 
 the experiments of de Saussure, experiments so 
 full of interest and so well known, chemists were 
 aware that charcoal absorbs gases without altering 
 their nature, in proportions which vary according 
 to the nature of these gases, its own nature, and its 
 state of porosity. No one is now ignorant of the 
 applications which are daily made of this body in 
 
136 THEORY OF THE FIXATION OF COLORING „ 
 
 the arts, for decoloring syrups, by freeing them 
 from different substances. It is in connection 
 with this order of facts, and enlightened, more- 
 over, by the theoretic works of the celebrated 
 chemist of Berlin, that Mr. Crum proceeds to ad- 
 duce arguments in favor of the ideas of Hellot. 
 He advances, in fact, after passing in review the 
 different modes of action of porous bodies, that 
 several dyeing operations depend on the capillary 
 action described by de Saussure ; and this opinion 
 he bases chiefly on the result of the microscopic 
 examination of the fibres of cotton, which was 
 made by Mr. Thompson, of Clitheroe, and M. 
 Bauer — this examination having established that 
 these fibres are formed of transparent and glass- 
 like tubes, which, though cylindrical before their 
 maturity, flatten, on the contrary, from end to 
 end, as they ripen, and then present the aspect of 
 two separate tubes. Mr. Crum thinks that, since 
 the sides of these tubes permit water to pass 
 through, they must be porous; but he adds, that 
 neither the form, nor even the existence of such 
 lateral perforations have been capable of being 
 discovered by the aid of the most powerful mi- 
 croscope. This, as will be seen, is the hypothesis 
 put forward by Le Pileur d'Apligny, presented 
 under a new form, and with the reserve of a mind 
 essentially experimental. This being assumed, 
 the eminent Scottish manufacturer explains the 
 fixation of the colors in the following manner. 
 
MATTERS IN DYEING AND PRINTING. 137 
 
 He first admits that the mineral base of a madder- 
 dyed color — oxide of iron or aluminium — treated 
 with a volatile acid — acetic acid, for example — 
 gives rise to a solution which, when impressed on 
 the fabric, is there gradually decomposed in course 
 of time, abandoning its acid, just as it would be de- 
 composed in similar circumstances without the inter - 
 vention of the cotton; and if this base, deposited on 
 the fabric, remains adhering to it so powerfully as 
 to resist the action of the most perfect washing, it 
 is because the solution, after having penetrated by 
 the lateral openings into the interior of the tubes 
 which compose the cotton, is there decomposed, 
 and the oxide being set free in the narrow pas- 
 sage where it is enclosed, can no longer be disen- 
 gaged from it. When the cotton, then, composed 
 of sacs thus lined with metallic oxide, passes into 
 a madder-bath, or one of any other coloring mat- 
 ter, the latter combines with the metallic oxide by 
 a true chemical action to form a lake, or what is 
 properly called a color. 
 
 Such are, in few words, the principal considera- 
 tions which this chemist brings to bear on the 
 question. Persoz holds a different opinion, and 
 proceeds to examine how far this theory, which, 
 by the author's admission, has several points of 
 resemblance to that of Hellot ; and Le Pileur 
 d'Apligny, admits of being supported by the facts 
 on which it is based. The following are Persoz's 
 views on the subject: — 
 
 12* 
 
188 THEORY OF THE FIXATION OF COLORING 
 
 According to the first proposition, the acetate 
 of alumina, for example, would be decomposed in 
 presence of the goods, just as if it were free, and 
 experience seems to him to be here opposed to 
 such an assertion. He does not dispute that this 
 salt, free, or in presence of the goods, is composed 
 of acetic acid and alumina, or basic acetate; but 
 that, for equal quantities, and diffused over equal 
 surfaces of cotton cloth, plates of glass, mica, or 
 platinum, and dried, moreover, in the same condi- 
 tions, this acetate gives up always the same quan- 
 tity of alumina, is what he finds it impossible to 
 admit. In fact, if the desiccation takes place at a 
 temperature but little elevated, the quantity of the 
 earth, taken from the acetate by the cotton, will 
 be incomparably greater than that which would 
 be liberated on the glass or mica plates; it must 
 be concluded, therefore, that the textile fibre of 
 the cotton exercises a powerful influence on the 
 decomposition of the acetate of alumina. But if 
 any doubt still exist as to the part which the fibre 
 performs in the decomposition of a mordant, the 
 subjoined fact ought, he thinks, to dispel tbem. 
 A solution of cubical alum, submitted to sponta- 
 neous evaporation, yields crystals of cubical alum ; 
 but if one puts in it, for a certain time, stuffs of 
 silk and cotton, this same solution now furnishes, 
 after undergoing a spontaneous evaporation, no- 
 thing but octahedral crystals of alum, deprived as 
 
it is by these stuffs of a notable portion of its 
 base. 
 
 The organic and inorganic kingdoms, espe- 
 cially the former, furnish a great number of sub- 
 stances which possess the property of dyeing 
 stuffs, either constituting colors by themselves, or 
 entering as elements into compounds of a more 
 complicated nature; but, to receive an application, 
 these substances, simple or complex, must unite, 
 if not by themselves, at least by the intervention 
 of a suitably selected body, two essential qualities: 
 first, that of being insoluble or nearly so; second, 
 that of resisting as much as possible the destructive 
 action of the air and the solar rays. The first of 
 these qualities is indispensable; for if it be want- 
 ing, there is coloration of the goods, but not dyeing, 
 in the proper sense of the word; a simple washing 
 with water suffices to discharge the color. The 
 second is not essential in the same degree, since 
 it is subordinate to the stability which is intended 
 to be given to the colors applied to a fabric. 
 
 Indigotin, carthamin, curcumin, oxide of iron, 
 oxide of chromium, sulphide of arsenic, sulphide 
 of antimony, are dyeing substances by themselves. 
 When one interrogates experiment as to the 
 means of making them adhere to the goods, so 
 strongly as to constitute one body with them, it 
 is found to be necessary either to form these co- 
 lors on the stuff itself, by putting in presence of 
 the latter the elements of which they consist, and 
 
140 THEORY OF THE FIXATION OF COLORING 
 
 one of which at least must be soluble, or, if these 
 tints are previously formed, to make them enter 
 into a soluble combination with which one im- 
 pregnates the fabric to set them afterwards at 
 liberty, in such a condition that they combine with 
 the fabric in the nascent state, either as protoxide, 
 which, by oxidizing in the air, passes by degrees 
 into the state of sesquioxide, or in the state of 
 sesquioxide at first. The color of sesquioxide of 
 chromium is fixed only in the same conditions. 
 Again, to make the sulphides of antimony and 
 arsenic adhere, it is sufficient to apply to the 
 goods one of the saline and soluble combinations 
 of these bodies, then to decompose it by an acid 
 so as to set them at liberty. The fixation of car- 
 thamine takes place under circumstances nearly 
 similar. 
 
 The greater part of coloring matters — nine- 
 tenths at least — are not of a dyeing power by 
 themselves, and only become so by entering into 
 a combination which has for its object, not only 
 to give them the first quality essential to every 
 tint for being fixed, insolubility, but oftener also 
 to make them contract a shade which they do 
 not assume by themselves. The coloring matter 
 of madder, for example, which is soluble in water, 
 acquires the property of dyeing only in so far as 
 it is combined with a body capable, in the first 
 place, of forming with it an insoluble compound, 
 as certain fatty substances, the oxides of aluminum, 
 
MATTERS IN DYEING AND PRINTING. 141 
 
 tin, iron, et cetera, and then making it contract the 
 hue which one desires to obtain. 
 
 The different dye woods do not dye better by 
 themselves than madder ; and they require, like 
 it, to enter previously into a combination. 
 
 Chromic acid itself, rich as it is in color, becomes 
 a dyeing substance only so far as it forms part of 
 a saline combination, which should present, along 
 with the shade desired, the greatest possible insolu- 
 bility. Even the alumina, which serves as a base 
 to all the organic colors, is not capable of fixing 
 the chromic acid. 
 
 It is only in so far as they are formed on the stuffs 
 themselves, that the dyeing compounds of this 
 group become adherent to them. In any other 
 case there is no dyeing, unless, as sometimes hap- 
 pens, the combination becomes by slow degrees 
 insoluble, either by itself — carthamin — or by the 
 intervention of a suitable agent — catechu. Ex- 
 perience proves, moreover, that of the two sub- 
 stances which usually occur or co-operate to the 
 formation of the color, it is that which is insoluble 
 which should be fixed first on the fabric, and with 
 the same precautions as if one were dealing with 
 one of the substances which are of a dyeing nature 
 when used by themselves. The dyer deviates 
 from this rule, only in so far as the elements of 
 the lake, happening to be equally soluble, and 
 endued moreover with an equal inclination for the 
 fibre of the stuff, render it a matter of indifference 
 
142 THEORY OF THE COLORING 
 
 whether the latter be first impregnated with the 
 one or the other: thus the colored combination 
 which is formed by nut-gall and a ferruginous 
 preparation, is rendered adherent either by first 
 depositing the iron compound on the fabric, and 
 afterwards passing the latter into a decoction of 
 nut-gall, or by commencing with impregnating 
 the stuff with this infusion, to pass it afterwards 
 into a ferruginous preparation. 
 
 This rapid glance at the formation and fixation 
 of dyeing substances, will doubtless suffice to 
 make it understood that the subject under con- 
 sideration presents different orders of facts, which 
 it is necessary not to confound. In the fixation * 
 of indigo, for example, there are, on the one hand, 
 the formation of indigo-blue, and on the other, 
 the adherence of the latter to the stuff. The first 
 of these facts enters into the phenomena of oxi- 
 dation that are best defined ; the second into those 
 of adherence or juxtaposition, which are con- 
 founded more or less with the facts pertaining to 
 the aggregation of similar particles. In the fixa- 
 tion of the color of madder, and of all its con- 
 geners, there are in like manner two orders of 
 facts : the one which relates to the most clearly 
 understood chemical actions — namely, the union 
 of this coloring matter with the oxide, which is 
 called in to give it, besides the insolubility neces- 
 sary to it, the desired shade; the other, which 
 consists in the juxtaposition and adherence to the 
 
MATTERS IN DYEING ANL> PRINTING. 143 
 
 stuff, of the lake which it produces. So, in the 
 fixation of chromic acid, considered as a coloring 
 matter, it is necessary to distinguish between the 
 formation of the colored saline compound which 
 one wishes to obtain, and its fixation, properly 
 speaking, on the fabric. There are, therefore, in 
 all the operations of dyeing and of the fixation of 
 the colors, certain phenomena, which, inasmuch 
 as they belong to the most common chemical re- 
 actions, cannot give rise to any discussion ; let it 
 now be considered whether it be not possible to 
 dissipate likewise all uncertainty in what concerns 
 the others. 
 
144 PRINCIPLES OF THE ACTION OF 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF THE ACTION OF THE MOST IMPORT- 
 ANT MORDANTS. 
 
 Hitherto, the term mordant has been applied 
 to every substance which possesses the twofold 
 property of uniting, on the one hand, with the 
 goods, and on the other with the coloring matters. 
 From this, it might appear that the mordants 
 possess properties quite peculiar, whilst in reality 
 it is not so. Placing one's self in the point of view 
 which accords with the theory advanced by Per- 
 soz, one sees in these bodies only the elements, 
 the constituent principles, of a saline compound 
 which forms on the fabric itself to become adhe- 
 rent to it. 
 
 From the fact that the colorable and colored 
 principles all combine with the metallic oxides to 
 form insoluble compounds, it would seem also 
 that these last should all be capable of fulfilling 
 the part of mordants, and, consequently, of be- 
 coming the base of the colored lakes formed on 
 the stuff. It is not so, however ; the number of 
 bodies which possess this property is very limited. 
 They are, among the compounds of the inorganic 
 
THE MOST IMPORTANT MORDANTS. 145 
 
 kingdom, the oxides of aluminium, iron, chromium, 
 and tin ; among the products of the organic king- 
 dom, the modified fatty bodies. The Editor has 
 already pointed out a resemblance of the oxides 
 of aluminum, iron, and chromium among them- 
 selves, observing that the volume of their equiva- 
 lents is the same; considered under another re- 
 lation, these three compounds are, of all the 
 metallic oxides, those which exhibit in the highest 
 degree the property of passing from a state in 
 which they possess their full aptitude- for com- 
 bining, to an isomeric state in which they become 
 indifferent in the presence of the most energetic 
 agents. 
 
 For a body to be capable of performing the 
 part of a mordant, it is necessary, in accordance . 
 with the views already stated, that the dimensions 
 of its molecules be in a simple ratio to those of 
 the surface of the fibre, and that, being fixed on 
 the fabric, it give rise to a colored compound, the 
 faces of which, being also in a simple relation with 
 those of the fibre, cause its adherence. 
 
 All the mordants do not in the same manner 
 render the colors adherent to the stuffs; some 
 cause them to undergo only slight changes of 
 shade, depending on the acid or basic character 
 which the mordant performs, and especially on 
 the dimensions of the colored molecule which is 
 formed. Thus, let hydrate of lead, on the one 
 hand, be deposited on a stuff, and on the other, 
 18 
 
146 PRINCIPLES OF THE ACTION OF 
 
 hydrate of alumina, both colorless, but possessed 
 of different properties, and let this stuff be passed 
 into a bath of cochineal ; the aluminous mordant 
 will be dyed red, and the lead mordant a deep 
 black. The same will be the case, and for the 
 same reason, with hydrate of tin and hydrate of 
 alumina, which, if fixed on a stuff and dyed in a 
 madder bath, will give — the latter, a red inclining 
 to rose- violet, the former, a red inclining to orange. 
 The others, particularly the oxide of iron, cause 
 the colorable or colored principle to previously 
 undergo an alteration ; for, if the iron oxide com- 
 bined purely and simply with the coloring matter 
 of the madder, for example, which in its state of 
 isolation is of a clear brown or orange-yellow, one 
 „ should obtain lakes of a clearer color than that 
 which is peculiar to this oxide, whilst lakes are 
 produced of which the shade varies from the most 
 intense black to the most delicate lilac, according 
 to the proportion of oxide on the stuff. 
 
 The nature of the principal mordants being 
 known, the first point to be investigated is this — 
 whether it be a matter of indifference to employ 
 one saline combination rather than another, to 
 render their base adherent to the goods ? There 
 are, in this question, two points to be considered : 
 the first is one which the manufacturer should 
 never lose sight of in the operations by which he 
 applies a mordant on the goods, namely, the che- 
 mical part which this mordant, once fixed, ought 
 
THE MOST IMPORTANT MORDANTS. 147 
 
 to fulfil in presence of the coloring matter. Sup- 
 pose, for example, that instead of having set at 
 liberty on the goods hydrated alumina in that state 
 in which it has all its chemical properties, it has, 
 in point of fact, been deposited thereon in that 
 state in which it loses momentarily all its aptitude 
 for combining — the operation will be a failure, and 
 goods thus mordanted will not dye. The second 
 point is this, namely, that the brightness and in- 
 tensity of the color which is obtained from 
 a mordant depend on the manner in which this 
 mordant is set at liberty, and passes into the inso- 
 luble state on the fibre, to be brought into imme- 
 diate contact with it. Thus, let hydrate of alumina 
 be prepared with every precaution, let one part 
 of it be slowly dried, and another quickly, and 
 there will be obtained, in the first case, a coherent 
 mass of a horny aspect, in the second, a dull and 
 opaque mass ; and these two pieces, immersed in 
 a solution of coloring matter of pure madder, will 
 be dyed, the one of a red almost brown, the other, 
 a dull and pale red. It is important, therefore, to 
 seek, among saline combinations, that which yields 
 most easily to the goods the base which it contains, 
 and which is required to perform the part of a 
 mordant, by preserving to this base all its chemi- 
 cal power, and the physical state most favorable 
 to the reflection of the luminous rays. 
 
148 
 
 ALUMINOUS MORDANTS, 
 
 CHAPTEE XIX. 
 
 ALUMINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 The aluminous compounds which are used to 
 deposit on stuffs the oxide of aluminum in the 
 state in which it acts as a mordant, by attracting 
 to it and fixing the coloring matter of a dye-bath, 
 are of two kinds. In some, the alumina is in the 
 state of a base ; in others, it performs the part of 
 an acid. 
 
 In the basic state, there are as many aluminous 
 salts as acids, but all of them cannot be employed 
 as mordants, those which are insoluble are taken 
 off, by the slightest washing, from the stuff on 
 which they are applied ; such are the tri-basic sul- 
 phate, the phosphate, the phosphite, the arseniate, 
 the borate of alumina, et cetera. Those which are 
 soluble behave in three different manners : some 
 are basic, or capable of becoming so by giving up 
 a part of their acid, and therefore require to be 
 only deposited on a fabric to yield to the fibre, 
 either in the cold or with the aid of a temperature 
 more or less elevated, all or part of the alumina 
 which they contain : such are the pure or impure 
 acetate of alumina, cubic alum, oxalate of alumina 
 
ALUMINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 149 
 
 the butyrate and the formiate. Others, either 
 neutral or containing an excess of acid, are divi- 
 ded into two groups ; 1st, the salts of alumina in 
 which the oxide is not masked, and which, conse- 
 quently, may always become mordants or yield 
 their oxide to the goods when their acid is satu- 
 rated with no base, or when, by the aid of another 
 salt, by double decomposition, the formation of a 
 new aluminous salt, insoluble and adherent to the 
 stuff, is determined ; to this category belong the 
 sulphate, the seleniate, the chlorate, the bromate, 
 the iodate, the bi-phosphate, the bi-arseniate, the 
 nitrate, the chromate, the chloride, the bromide, 
 the iodide, and octahedral alum ; 2d, the salts of 
 alumina of which the base is masked, and which, 
 saturated by an oxide, or mixed with another salt, 
 would never furnish to the fabric an aluminous 
 compound, insoluble, adherent, and capable of 
 attracting the coloring matter. It is in this group 
 that the tartrate, the citrate, and the malate of 
 alumina range themselves. Thus, with the excep- 
 tion of these last three, it may be said that all the 
 compounds of alumina can serve for mordants; 
 with this difference, nevertheless, that some re- 
 quire only to be deposited on the stuff, at a 
 temperature more or less elevated, to fix their 
 base upon it, while others would remain upon it 
 indefinitely without giving up alumina to the 
 fabric, if by the intervention of something the 
 base did not become free and insoluble. This 
 
 13* 
 
150 
 
 ALUMINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 will be better understood by repeating the follow- 
 ing experiments of Persoz. After previously 
 scouring with an acid from all foreign matters, 
 the samples of calico, A, B, C, D, E, he impreg- 
 nated — 
 
 Sample A with a solution of acetate of alumina at 6° Twad- 
 dell; 
 
 Sample B with a solution of nitrate of alumina in the pre- 
 ceding liquor, and marking 12° Twaddell ; 
 
 Sample C with a solution of nitrate of alumina at 6° Twad- 
 dell ; 
 
 Sample D with a solution of alum in an acetate of alumina at 
 
 3°, and marking 9° Twaddell ; 
 Sample E with a solution of alum marking 9° Twaddell ; 
 
 and these samples, dried at the same temperature, 
 in the same conditions, then rinsed several times 
 in distilled water, lastly dyed in a madder bath, 
 were found as follows : — 
 
 Sample A, charged with coloring matter of an 
 intensity proportional to the quantity of oxide 
 yielded to the fabric by the acetate. 
 
 Sample B — though impregnated with a prepara- 
 tion containing much more alumina — was dyed a 
 much weaker shade, showing the influence of the 
 nitrate which always renders the decomposition 
 of the acetate a little more difficult. 
 
 Sample C, always colorless when the nitrate of 
 alumina employed contained one equivalent of 
 base for three equivalents of acid, and the cloth 
 on which it was applied was entirely freed from 
 the calcareous substances with which it is some- 
 
ALUMINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 151 
 
 times charged on coming from the operations of 
 bleaching, which are always finished with washings 
 in water. 
 
 Sample D, of a shade less intense, by half, than 
 that of sample A, so that the alum associated with 
 the acetate of alumina was a pure loss in the pro- 
 cess. 
 
 Sample E, colorless like sample C, and in the 
 same conditions. 
 
 When other samples, A', B', C, D', E', were 
 impregnated with the same solutions, but after 
 being dried were passed into menstrua containing 
 either bi-carbonate of potash or soda, or the neu- 
 tral arseniate of potash and a little chalk, or any 
 other saturating body incapable by its nature of 
 redissolving the aluminous compound which is 
 formed ; and when, as in the preceding case, all 
 the samples had been washed and passed into a 
 madder bath, the following is the state in which 
 they presented themselves : — 
 
 Sample A' had a shade of a much higher tone 
 than sample A. 
 
 Sample B' was of a shade double the intensity 
 of that of sample B. 
 
 Sample C of the same shade and tone as sample - 
 A', while C was colorless, or very slightly tinted. 
 
 Sample D' of a deeper dye than D, intermediate 
 between those of A' and B'. 
 
 Sample E' ; instead of being colorless as sample 
 
152 
 
 ALUMINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 E, had a tint the intensity of which was propor- 
 tional to the alumina of the alum which was fixed. 
 
 Chloride of alumina gives the same results as 
 the nitrate. 
 
 Oxalate of alumina presents an important pe- 
 culiarity, which must be taken into consideration ; 
 at the moment of its formation it has not the 
 property to yield its basis to the goods, but by 
 prolonged contact, or instantaneously by action of 
 the steam, this salt undergoes a transformation, 
 and giving a part of its basis to the goods, becomes 
 a mordant. 
 
 Alum is of all ingredients the most generally 
 employed, and that which has been longest in 
 use. The octahedral alum has always the pro- 
 perty of yielding to the stuff' all or part of the 
 alumina it contains, when it has been previously 
 saturated with acetate of lead, lime, baryta, &c, 
 which, by double decomposition, gives sulphates 
 more or less soluble and a proportionate quan- 
 tity of acetate of alumina. 
 
 Old Mordants. 
 
 Eed mordant, from 1760 to 1800. In 22 gallons 
 of water, they dissolved, 
 
 55.5 lbs. alum, to which they add 
 
 5.5 " 
 
 arsenious acid, 
 
 5.5 " 
 
 litharge, 
 
 14.0 " 
 
 acetate of lead, 
 
 1.54 " 
 
 sulphuret of antimony, 
 
 1.54 " 
 
 chloride of mercury, 
 
 3.3 « 
 
 carbonate of soda. 
 
ALUMINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 153 
 
 Other from 1800 to 1824. In 22 gallons of water, 
 they dissolved, 
 
 49.5 lbs. alum, and to this add 
 5.0 " acetate of copper, previously dissolved in 
 one quart of acetic acid, 
 27.5 " chlorhydrate of ammonia ; 
 24.2 " carbonate of potash, 
 24.2 " " lime, 
 
 19.1 " acetate of lead. 
 
 New Mordants. 
 Mr. D. Koechlin, in his memoir on red mor- 
 dants, gives the composition of the three fol- 
 lowing: — 
 
 Mordant No. 1. 
 In 22 gallons of water dissolve , 
 88.0 lbs. alum, 
 8.8 " carbonate of soda, 
 88.0 a acetate of lead. 
 
 Mordant No. 2. 
 In 22 gallons of water dissolve 
 60.0 lbs. alum, 
 
 6.0 " carbonate of soda, 
 44.5 u acetate of lead. 
 
 Mordant No. 3. 
 In 22 gallons of water dissolve 
 44.5 lbs. alum, 
 
 5.0 " carbonate of soda, 
 29.7 " acetate of lead. 
 
154 
 
 ALUMINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 The following is the process to prepare these 
 mordants : — 
 
 In a tub containing the powdered alum, pour 
 the quantity of warm water necessary to dissolve 
 it, then add the carbonate of soda, and at last the 
 acetate of lead. A precipitate of sulphate of lead 
 is formed. Shake the whole for one hour without 
 interruption, and afterwards from time to time 
 only. When the mordant has cooled and the sul- 
 phate of lead has deposited, decant the clear liquor 
 and keep it in stoneware vessels. 
 
 It would seem, at first view, that in all estab- 
 lishments, it must exist a mother mordant with 
 which all the others might be prepared by diluting 
 it more or less with water, and making additions 
 to it of substances suitable for the different shades ; 
 however, it is not the custom of dyers and calico 
 printers who prefer to prepare several kinds of 
 mordants, being guided by the following consider- 
 ations : — 
 
 1. There are a few shades for which a very 
 strong mordant is required, or one demanding a 
 greater quantity of acetate of lead than a mordant 
 of mean density. 
 
 2. This last, into the preparation of which less 
 acetate of lead enters, keeps longer than a strong 
 mordant, which soon, by decomposition in the 
 cold, depositing more subacetate of alumina than 
 the mordant of mean density, would not always 
 give a constant result when diluted with water. 
 
ALUMINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 155 
 
 3. A strong mordant, in which the acid acetate 
 predominates, would not suit in several styles of 
 printing, especially in that which consists of two 
 or three reds where mordants of different density 
 are printed one on another, because then the mor- 
 dants getting confounded together would produce 
 less distinct tints. 
 
 4. The mode of giving consistence to a mordant, 
 or of thickening, varies according to the kind of 
 printing for which it is intended, and an acid 
 mordant cannot be inspissated so easily as another, 
 with any of the substances which are employed 
 for that purpose. 
 
 5. A strong and acid mordant is less easily 
 discharged by the operation of dunging. 
 
 In many calico-printing works in the neighbor- 
 hood of Paris and Eouen, they use for the prepa- 
 ration of the red mordants, sulphate of alumina, 
 which is now manufactured in pretty large quan- 
 tities. As it occurs in commerce, it contains : — 
 
 Centesimally. 
 
 Sulphuric acid 33.178 
 
 Oxide of aluminum .... 17.820 
 Water 49.002 
 
 100.000 
 
 It requires, therefore, seventy-five parts of 
 acetate of lead to effect its partial saturation, and 
 one hundred and eighteen parts of this same salt 
 to render the double decomposition complete, and 
 in order that all the sulphuric acid may be pre- 
 
156 
 
 ALUMINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 cipitated in the state of insoluble sulphate of lead. 
 Nevertheless, these proportions of acetate may 
 vary considerably, for, as has been already 
 remarked, the composition of the sulphate of 
 alumina is not always the same. It is certain 
 that the commercial article contains different 
 quantities of acid and of base, and the manufac- 
 turer cannot exercise too much circumspection in 
 the use of this salt, especially for certain kinds of 
 printing. 
 
 M. D. Koechlin prepares the red mordant with 
 the sulphate of alumina by operating in the fol- 
 lowing manner: — 
 
 To one hundred and ten parts of a solution of 
 sulphate of alumina, marking 52° Twaddell when 
 it is hot, and 56° when cold, he adds one hundred 
 parts of acetate of lead dissolved in thirty parts of 
 water; a double decomposition takes place between 
 these two salts, and a solution of acetate of lead is 
 obtained, marking 24° to 26° — the most concen- 
 trated which can be obtained. 
 
 There are print-works in which the acetate is 
 replaced by an equal weight of acetate of lead ; 
 but when one does not wish to use either the 
 one or the other, equivalent quantities of acetate 
 of lime, baryta, or soda may be substituted, since 
 2375 pounds crystallized acetate of lead are replaced either 
 
 by 
 
 1600 pounds anhydrous acetate of baryta, or by 
 1708 " crystallized acetate of soda, or by 
 1233 " anhydrous acetate of potash 
 
ALUMINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 157 
 
 If commerce supplied the market with the 
 acetates of baryta or lime in a state of purity, the 
 manufacturer would find a great advantage in 
 using them, because he would leave the sulphate 
 of lime or of baryta, the product of the double 
 decomposition, mixed with the mordant, and these 
 salts would contribute as a mastic to the thickening 
 of the color. 
 
 Instead of making the mordants by the way of 
 double decomposition, which always necessitates 
 the employment of an acetate, the mordant of which 
 M. D.Kcechlin indicated the preparation has long 
 been manufactured on the large scale, and the fol- 
 lowing is the process employed: 1. Neutralize a 
 solution of alum, saturated in the cold, with car- 
 bonate of potash, which is added by degrees 
 with agitation, till the flakes which are formed 
 begin to be no longer redissolved. 2. Bring this 
 neutralized solution to the boiling point, so as to 
 cause the formation of basic sulphate of alumina, 
 which is collected and afterwards treated with 
 acetic acid, wherein it dissolves perfectly, espe- 
 cially in the heat, furnishing one of the strongest 
 and most reliable mordants that can be prepared 
 and employed. But it would be too troublesome 
 to make this preparation on a small scale and in 
 the works themselves, since it would be necessary 
 to throw away the water from which the basic 
 sulphate of alumina had been separated, and along 
 with this water the sulphate of potash, so that all 
 14 
 
158 
 
 ALUMINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 the potash of the alum, the whole of that which 
 served for its precipitation, and lastly, a certain 
 quantity of the alum itself would be lost. If, on 
 the contrary, the fabrication of this product were 
 conducted on the large scale in an alum factory, 
 where the water more or less saturated with sul- 
 phate of potash might enter again continually into 
 a new operation, there would be no loss of alkali; 
 the basic sulphate of alumina produced would be 
 constant in its composition, dissolving well in the 
 acetic acid ; and in this case one would economize 
 the whole of the potash of the alum, which 
 might be turned to good account, and all the 
 oxide of lead, when the acetate of this base was 
 employed. 
 
 Applications. — The mordants of alumina are 
 employed alone or with some other mordants, for 
 the fixation of all coloring matters, which require 
 an intermediate agent to constitute a color, and to 
 become afterward adherent to the goods. 
 
FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 159 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 I FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 The ferruginous preparations, like aluminous 
 ones, only perform the part of mordants so far as 
 they are soluble, and cause a deposit of oxide of 
 iron on the stuff*. Iron presents several degrees 
 of oxidation, and it is necessary to find, not only 
 the saline combination which best gives up its 
 base to the stuff, but further, that which possesses, 
 in addition to this property, the degree of oxida- 
 tion necessary to attract the coloring matters with- 
 out injuring the goods. The fact must not be 
 lost sight of, that, in depositing a ferruginous 
 preparation on the goods, the iron may be com- 
 bined either in the state of protoxide, which 
 passes by little and little to the state of sesqui- 
 oxide and even of ferroso-ferric oxide — Te 3 0 4 ; 
 or in the state of sesqui-oxide, which may be hy- 
 drated, namely, in that in which it preserves its 
 chemical condition, or anhydrous, exhibiting that 
 modification in which it is, so to speak, unfit to 
 perform any part ; are Jastly in the state of a 
 subsalt or insoluble neutral salt. 
 
160 FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 In a paper entitled, Employment of pyroligneous 
 acid in some operations of the arts, and published in 
 the Annates des arts et manufactures , M. Bosc exa- 
 mines in what state of oxidation iron should exist 
 on the goods to serve as a base for black. Ac- 
 cording to this author, one should obtain on 
 cotton a deep black tint, firm and brilliant, only 
 in so far as use is made of a salt of iron with a 
 base of black or protoxide, and the most favora- 
 ble combination would result from the solution of 
 the iron in acetic acid, because this acid, by the 
 carbon which it contains, would prevent oxida- 
 tion, and maintain the oxide at its inferior degree. 
 
 Arriving at the same conclusions, in a very 
 extended memoir which treats of the fixation of 
 the mordants of iron on cotton goods, M. H. 
 Schlumberger establishes, first, that the acetate 
 of iron obtained by several processes gives re- 
 sults very similar, and bases this proposition on 
 the following experiments: — 
 
 He thickened with gum-water on the one hand, 
 and with starch on the other, the following solu- 
 tions of equal strength — 10° Twaddell — videlicet, 
 
 The first, pf acetate of iron obtained by the 
 double decomposition of sulphate of iron and 
 acetate of lead. 
 
 The second, of acetate of iron produced from a 
 solution of iron in acetic acid. 
 
 The third, of acetate of iron produced by a 
 solution of the metal in ordinary vinegar. 
 
FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 161 
 
 The fourth, of acetate of iron prepared by means 
 of partially purified pyroligneous acid. 
 
 The fifth, of acetate of iron from which the tar 
 had been separated by five minutes' boiling. 
 
 The sixth, of crude acetate of iron containing a 
 great excess of tar. 
 
 The seventh, and last, of crude acetate of iron 
 mixed with the purified salt. 
 
 These compositions were printed in the same 
 conditions on pieces of calico ; each resulting sam- 
 ple was then divided in two, and exposed to the 
 atmosphere, one-half for two days only, the other 
 for ten, before being submitted to the operation 
 of dunging, and passed into a madder-bath where 
 all gave a very fine violet, intense and very rich. 
 
 When an acetate is employed as a mordant, 
 theory and practice direct that the proto-acetate of 
 iron be applied, in preference to the goods, and 
 this, by decomposing on the stuff, passes by slow 
 degrees to the state of a basic salt, which oxidizes 
 in the air ; and, as it was desirable to inquire into 
 the circumstances in which this oxidation might 
 be effected without danger to the fabric, M. H. 
 Schlumberger turned his attention to the question, 
 and relates the results of experiments which he 
 made on the four ferruginous preparations which 
 follow, some at 24° Twaddell, and others at only 
 7°. 
 
 1. Acetate of iron obtained directly from the 
 solutions of iron in acetic acid. 
 
 14* 
 
162 
 
 FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 2. Crude acetate of iron. 
 
 3. Acetate of iron obtained by the double 
 decomposition of acetate of lead and sulphate of 
 iron. 
 
 4. The same solution, but with an excess of 
 acetate of lead added. 
 
 After printing these different solutions, gum- 
 med and not gummed, on as many samples as 
 were necessary to study the different circum- 
 stances of oxidation, he exposed some, in a place 
 with a mean temperature, to a moist air and dif- 
 fused light ; others in a warm situation, dry and 
 darkened; others in fine to the rays of the sun 
 and to all the atmospheric variations ; and left in 
 these different conditions the half of each of these 
 samples for six days, and the other half for 
 twenty-one days ; then he passed them all into 
 dung, to be subsequently cleaned and dyed, after 
 which he found — 
 
 1. That the weakening of the stuff generally 
 took place only in the samples on which the con- 
 centrated ferruginous solutions had been printed, 
 and that in one case only, this weakening was 
 remarked on the stuffs impregnated with a solu- 
 tion marking 6° ; 
 
 2. That the goods were weakened by any of 
 the four mordants mentioned above ; less, how- 
 ever, with the last, containing an excess of the 
 acetate of lead ; 
 
 3. That the pure mordants weakened the stuff 
 
FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 163 
 
 much more than those which were thickened with 
 gum, starch, or fecula ; 
 
 4. That exposure to the solar rays promotes in 
 a given time the injurious effect on the goods, to 
 such a degree that weak mordants, which do not 
 attack the calico in darkness or in a diffuse light, 
 deteriorate it very powerfully in the sun ; 
 
 5. That in all the cases the weakening of the 
 fabric does not decidedly show itself till the third 
 or sixth day, but that at this period it is nearly 
 the same as after the twenty -first day of the con- 
 tact of the mordant with the stuff ; 
 
 6. Lastly, that as the samples are passed into 
 the dung at a boiling heat, or only at the tempera- 
 ture of 122°, and according as, on taking them 
 out of this bath, they are or are not dipped into 
 a dilute solution of chlor-oxide of calcium, the 
 deterioration of the fabric is more or less decided, 
 that is to say, it is scarcely perceptible if the 
 samples have been cleared in a dung-bath heated 
 to 122°, and if they have not been passed into 
 bleaching powder liquor; and, on the contrary, 
 it is always strongly marked when the same sam- 
 ples have been passed into the dung at a boiling 
 temperature, or immersed immediately in the 
 chlor-oxide. 
 
 After having thus shown, on the one hand, that 
 this weakening of the fabric is due to the oxida- 
 tion which takes place by reason of the quantity 
 of protoxide which is deposited upon it, and on 
 
164 FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 the other, that it is reduced to nothing when the 
 mordants are weak, and is very marked when 
 they are concentrated, M. H. Schlurnberger ex- 
 plains this by the consecutive effects of the com- 
 bination of the protoxide with the fabric, a 
 circumstance involving disengagement of heat 
 and electricity. M. Persoz accounts for this phe- 
 nomenon by the fact of the momentary production 
 of ferric acid — Fe0 3 — which, as he ascertained by 
 direct experiment, destroys the tissues with great 
 energy when it is free in their presence. 
 
 It appears, from the researches of Schlurn- 
 berger, that if, for fast impressions in black or 
 violet, use is made of crude acetate of iron 
 strongly charged with a tar which obstinately 
 maintains the iron in the state of protoxide on 
 the cloth, very bad results are obtained in the 
 dyeing, whilst the same salt mixed with a certain 
 quantity of acetate, prepared by the solution of 
 iron in acetic acid, never gives any but good re- 
 sults. 
 
 To these two orders of facts — which demon- 
 strate, the one, the inefficacy of a mordant too 
 energetically maintained in the state of protosalt, 
 the other, on the contrary, the efficacy of the 
 mordant which is capable of passing to a superior 
 degree of oxidation — Schlurnberger adds others, 
 which he adduces as affording unequivocal proof 
 that a too advanced oxidation is always hurtful. 
 
 Thus, for example, after having steamed samples 
 
FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 165 
 
 on which were printed mordants of violet and 
 puce-color — mixture of iron and alumina — he 
 remarked that these samples, when dyed and 
 heightened, presented shades of a much more 
 reddish tint than if the mordants had not been 
 submitted to the action of the steam, which, 
 nevertheless, appeared to him more hurtful to 
 the puce mordants containing alumina, than to 
 the black mordants with an iron base, and hence 
 he concluded that this result is due to a more 
 advanced oxidation ; but Persoz thinks that there 
 is here a misapprehension as to the part performed 
 by the steam, which does not, in his opinion, set 
 up any phenomenon of oxidation, but simply a 
 change of physical state due to the heat, which 
 renders indifferent a certain quantity of the ox- 
 ides of iron and aluminum that are fixed on the 
 stuff, and produce in this case, mixed with the 
 violet — the sesqui-oxide, a kind of brown ; and 
 alumina, a less full shade. 
 
 Other samples, impregnated in like manner 
 with mordants, and dipped, some into a solution 
 of bichromate of potash, others into a bath of 
 bleaching powder diluted and heated to 104°, did 
 not give better results ; the tints of the samples 
 passed into the bichromate were even more red- 
 dish than those of the specimens passed into the 
 steam, which may be accounted for, when it is 
 borne in mind that always when a stuff* on which 
 a protosalt is printed, is dipped into a solution of 
 
166 FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 bichromate of potassa, there is a double decom- 
 position, followed by deterioration, and conse- 
 quently the formation of a compound which may 
 be represented by a certain quantity of sesqui- 
 oxides of chrome and iron ; now, these acting as 
 mordants, and the former producing brown shades, 
 it is not surprising that one cannot obtain fine 
 violets. 
 
 As for the action of the chlor-oxide of calcium, 
 it is very simple : it modifies the physical state of 
 the sesqui-oxide without changing its composition. 
 
 According to Mr. Mercer, the best iron mor- 
 dant is the crude acetate — pyrolignite — properly 
 made, free from tar ; but containing all the ethereal 
 oils and spirit, as also the deoxidizing coloring 
 matter, which prevent the too rapid oxidation of 
 the iron. This mordant, combined with a proper 
 quantity of white arsenic — arsenious acid — so as 
 to form sesqui-arsenite of iron as oxidation pro- 
 gresses and acetic acid evaporates, is the height 
 of perfection for lilacs and fine plate work. The 
 English purple plate styles from this mordant are 
 unequalled. 
 
 To sum up, it may be affirmed, without fear of 
 contradiction from experiment, that when solutions 
 of iron obtained by acetic acid are applied on the 
 stuff, with the view of making them perform the 
 part of mordants, it is right that they be in the 
 state of protoxide, in order that, the oxidation tak- 
 ing place on the cloth, there may be formed a basic 
 
FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 167 
 
 acetate which will preserve to the sesqui-oxide 
 its chemical properties, and pass to the state of 
 phosphate or arseniate in the operation of dunging. 
 It is necessary that this oxidation be slow and 
 progressive, for, if it is rapid, the risk of the stuff 
 being deteriorated, or of the sesqui-oxide passing *» 
 into that isomeric state in which it becomes, as it 
 were, indifferent to chemical agents, is incurred. 
 
 As for the other ferruginous compounds, all 
 the acid salts are unfit to perform the part of mor- 
 dants, while it is otherwise with the neutral salts, 
 seeing that the protoxide which they contain, 
 passing to the state of sesqui-oxide by absorbing 
 the oxygen of the air, they no longer contain 
 enough of acid to form a neutral salt, and con- 
 sequently there is the formation of a basic salt 
 which becomes fixed on the stuff. It is thus that 
 one explains why the neutral protosulphate which 
 remains on the calico yields to it always a certain 
 quantity of its base, whereas, when it is acid, this 
 phenomenon no longer presents itself. As for 
 the sesquisalts, all those which, from any cause 
 whatever, can pass into the state of basic salts, 
 then become true mordants, capable of attracting 
 coloring matters. 
 
 When the iron is in contact with the calico in 
 presence of moist air, it produces, by oxidizing, 
 spots of rust, which become fixed on the cloth 
 and attract the coloring matter. 
 
 In the same circumstances the protosulphate pre- 
 
168 
 
 FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 sents the same results, either, from the circum- 
 stances that, passing into the state of sulphate, by 
 an absorption of oxygen, it is immediately trans- 
 formed into a basic salt by fixing a higher 
 proportion of oxygen, or that it has directly the 
 power of fixing by a double decomposition a certain 
 quantity of coloring matter. 
 
 The Alkaline Mordants of Iron. — Few, besides 
 Haussmann, have employed as mordants alkaline 
 ferruginous solutions. He dissolves iron, or the 
 protosulphate gently in nitric acid, under which 
 condition there was always the formation of an 
 ammoniacal salt. The following directions explain 
 the reaction. 
 
 8Fe + 19N0 5 + 4H0 = 5(Fe 2 0 3 ,3N0 5 ) + NH, 3 N0 5 H0 + 
 
 Iron. Nitric acid. Water. Sesqui-nitrate of iron. Nitrate of am- 
 monia. 
 
 NO* + NO 
 V , ' » , 1 
 
 Bioxide of nitrogen. Protoxide nitrogen. 
 
 The liquor abstracted was afterwards saturated 
 with carbonate of potash, which was poured in 
 very cautiously. The precipitate which formed 
 at first was soon redissolved by an excess of car- 
 bonate of potash, giving rise to a double salt, 
 which was decomposed by the alkaline oxide. 
 Haussmann states that he uses this solution with 
 success in many circumstances. 
 
 Applications. — Those mordants are used alone 
 or mixed with those of alumina. In the first case 
 they serve with the red coloring matters to pro- 
 
FERRUGINOUS MORDANTS. 
 
 169 
 
 duce on the stuffs gray, lilacs, violets and blacks ; 
 with the yellow they give grays, olives more or 
 less deep, with a mixture of red and yellow, a 
 multitude of shades, from clear gray to the deepest 
 black. Associated with alumina mordants, the fer- 
 ruginous give with red coloring matters, pure 
 shades more or less intense ; with yellow, yellows 
 more or less olive; with a mixture of red and 
 yellow they give brown colors, dead leaves, rather 
 mauve, &c, which vary indefinitely according to 
 the respective proportions of the mordants of 
 alumina and iron. 
 
 15 
 
170 
 
 STANNIFEROUS MORDANTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 STANNIFEROUS MORDANTS. 
 
 Tin, by uniting with oxygen, gives two oxides, 
 one which reacts as a powerful base, the other as 
 an acid ; both are applicable as mordants. From 
 all metallic compounds the stanniferous combina- 
 tions are those which adhere to the goods with 
 the greatest energy. The choice between a stan- 
 nous and stannic salt is determined by the nature 
 of the goods, and by that of the colors that it is de- 
 sired to fix upon them. It will here be sufficient 
 to consider the conditions in which these com- 
 pounds must exist. 
 
 The compounds in which the oxide of tin performs 
 the part of a base are of two kinds ; some having a 
 base of protoxide, and others of binoxide. The 
 protoxide is the* most generally used ; it cannot 
 be separated on the stuff without giving up to it 
 a certain quantity of its base, seeing that, when 
 treated with water, it undergoes a partial decom- 
 position, and is transferred into an acid salt, 
 which remains in solution in that medium, and 
 
STANNIFEROUS MORDANTS. 171 
 
 into a basic insoluble compound, which adheres 
 to the fabric. 
 
 Instead of chloride of tin, Bancroft employed 
 a solution of the protosulphate in hydrochloric 
 acid, which decomposes more easily in presence of 
 the goods. He prepares it in the following man- 
 ner : On 22 lbs. of granulated tin, introduced 
 in a stoneware vessel, he pours 36 lbs. of com- 
 mercial hydrochloric acid free from iron, adds 
 little by little to this mixture 16 J lbs. of sulphuric 
 acid ; there is development of heat, the tin is 
 attacked first with violence, but it dissolves more 
 slowly in proportion as the liquor comes more 
 concentrated. The mixture is heated in a sand 
 bath till complete dissolution. The whole being 
 left to cool, a saline mass is obtained which con- 
 tains a slight excess of tin. The liquor is de- 
 canted, the remaining metal is weighed to know 
 how much has been dissolved, and the liquor is 
 diluted with as much water that its weight may 
 be eight times that of the tin dissolved ; that is to 
 say, 160 lbs. for example, if there have been 20 
 lbs. of tin dissolved. Among the compounds of 
 binoxide of tin, there is a multitude of preparations 
 which are employed as mordants or constituent 
 parts of the latter which are applied on the goods, 
 and which contained binoxide, either pure or mixed 
 with protoxide. They are generally called Tin 
 compositions. The following are some of them:— 
 
172 STANNIFEROUS MORDANTS. 
 
 1st. 22 lbs. of tin in ribands are dissolved with 
 precaution in a mixture of 
 55 " nitric acid, 
 120 " commercial hydrochloric acid. 
 
 2d. 22 u granulated tin are. dissolved in a 
 mixture formed of 
 
 44 " hydrochloric acid, 
 
 44 " nitric acid in which has been pre- 
 viously dissolved 
 
 11 " hydrochlorate of ammonia. 
 
 3d. 22 " tin in ribands are gradually dis- 
 solved in 
 
 176 u nitric acid at 40° in which has been 
 previously dissolved 
 22 a chlorhydrate of ammonia. 
 
 4th. 22 " tin are dissolved in 
 
 22 " nitric acid at 62°, 
 
 44 a hydrochloric acid, 
 
 44 " water. 
 
 5th. 22 " protochloride of tin are dissolved in 
 a mixture of 
 
 35 " hydrochloric acid and 
 
 17 J " nitric acid; 
 
 or of 
 
 17| " hydrochloric acid or 
 
 15 " nitric acid ; 
 or lastly of 
 
 11 u hydrochloric acid, 
 
 15 " nitric acid. 
 
STANNIFEROUS MORDANTS. 
 
 173 
 
 6th. 22. lbs protochloride of tin are gradually 
 dissolved in 
 27| " nitric acid. 
 Further, in a mixture formed, 
 7th. 22 lbs. nitric acid, and 
 
 22 11 hydrochloric acid, 
 as much tin is dissolved as these acids can reduce, 
 and then heat is applied to dissolve in this liquor 
 previously decanted 
 
 2.2 lbs. protochloride of tin. 
 8th. 22 " tin are dissolved with caution in 
 42 " nitric acid at 64°, 
 33 " hydrochloric acid at 36° ; the solu- 
 tion being effected, add 
 5 J f< acetate of lead. 
 
 Lastly, protochloride of tin is dissolved by 
 small portions at a time to the point of saturation 
 in nitric acid at 66° or 68°. The resulting solu- 
 tion has the consistence of a jelly. 
 
 With reference to the Compounds in which Oxide of 
 Tin performs the part of an Acid, 
 
 These mordants are of frequent use ; they are 
 prepared by dissolving protoxide of tin, or, for 
 greater economy, protochloride, in hydrate of 
 potash or soda. These bases form with chlorine 
 alkaline chlorides, and the stannous acid set free, 
 combines with the excess of base to form a solu- 
 ble stannite. 
 
 This compound has very little stability; car- 
 15* 
 
174 
 
 STANNIFEROUS MORDANTS. 
 
 bonic acid of the air tends to decompose it, and an- 
 other cause is the unstability of its molecules, the 
 atom of protoxide is divided in two and is trans- 
 formed in binoxide, and metallic tin like shows 
 the following reaction : — 
 
 2SnO = Sn02 +Sn 
 
 Application of the tin mordants. — The tin mordants 
 are rarely employed to obtain dyed colors on those 
 called maddered; they are used to combat the 
 effects of iron, or after the dyeing is effected, to 
 transform by substitution a lake with a base of 
 alumina into another lake with a stanniferous lake. 
 These mordants figure in all the colors of applica- 
 tion, and specially in steam colors. 
 
 Other mordants are used to fix colors on 
 fabrics as compounds with a base of sesqui- 
 oxide of chrome. But although the latter oxide 
 is isomorphous with alumina, and sesquioxide of 
 iron is susceptible of adhering to the goods, and 
 attracting coloring matters, it gives rise, by its 
 greenish gray shade, to lakes which are not clear 
 in the colors. 
 
 These compounds, as well as those of some 
 other metallic oxides, not being in general use, 
 do not require to be minutely discussed, and with 
 reference to the fatty organic mordant which plays 
 so important a part in the Turkey red, we refer to 
 general works on the art of dyeing and calico 
 printing. 
 
ARTIFICIAL ALIZARIN. 
 
 175 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL ALIZARIN. 
 
 We have seen that the bi-nitro-naphthaline is a 
 fecund spring of colored products; the action of re- 
 ducing agents, such as the sulphurets, the stan- 
 nous salts dissolved in caustic potash, the cyanide of 
 potassium, &c, give with this substance derivated 
 products which are red, violet, blue and very rich. 
 When the reducing agents are of an acid nature, 
 such as a mixture of zinc and diluted sulphuric 
 acid, iron filings and acetic acid, the bi-nitro-naph- 
 thaline is not alterated. 
 
 If you make to act concentrated sulphuric acid 
 on the crystallized bi-nitro-naphthaline, it is no 
 chemical reaction. In heating the mixture at 
 482° the bi-nitro-naphthaline is dissolved, and sul- 
 phuric acid begins to act only after a long ebulli- 
 tion. When this solution is diluted with water, the 
 bi-nitro-naphthaline is precipitated unalterated; 
 the same if you treat madder at 212°, by con- 
 centrated sulphuric acid all the products are 
 destroyed but one — the coloring principle — or 
 alizarine. 
 
176 
 
 ARTIFICIAL ALIZARIN. 
 
 The formula of alizarine is represented by — 
 
 C 20 H 6 O 6 
 
 that of the bi-nitro-naphthaline by — 
 
 C 20 H 6 (NO 4 ) 2 
 
 A reducing agent capable to take two molecules 
 of oxygen, and change the nitrogen in ammonia, 
 could probably change the bi-nitro-naphthaline in 
 alizarine, and the experiment has confirmed that 
 theory. The following process permits to prepare 
 artificial alizarine:— 
 
 Make a mixture of bi-nitro-naphthaline and 
 concentrated sulphuric acid, that you introduce in 
 a large dish heated in a sand bath. By the action 
 of heat the bi-nitro-naphthaline is dissolved in sul- 
 phuric acid. When the temperature is at about 
 392°, throw in it some small pieces of zinc; few 
 minutes after it disengages sulphurous acid ; half an 
 hour after the operation is achieved. If you let fall 
 a drop of the acid mixture in cold water, a mag- 
 nificent red violet color is formed, due to the 
 formation of artificial alizarine; sometimes the 
 reaction is very energetic ; if the quantity of zinc 
 is too considerable, the sulphuric acid boils rapidly, 
 and a large quantity of white vapors are disen- 
 gaged. The zinc must be added by small portions 
 at a time. 
 
 When the reaction is achieved, dilute the liquid 
 with eight or ten times its volume of water, and 
 boil, few minutes after you filter. The artificial 
 
ARTIFICIAL ALIZARIN. 
 
 177 
 
 alizarine deposit on form of a red jell. The other 
 water is strongly colored in red, and contains a 
 considerable quantity of alizarine in solution. 
 This water can be used directly to dye. 
 
 In the preceding reaction the zinc can be sub- 
 stituted by many other substances, such as tin, 
 iron, mercury, sulphur, carbon, &c. The two 
 following equations show the reaction : — 
 
 C 20 H 6 (NO 4 ) 2 + 12M + 18S0 3 ,H0 = C 20 H 5 O 6 + 2(S0 3 NH 3 H0)* 
 
 Bi-nitro-naph- Alizarine. Sulphate of am- 
 
 thaline. monia. 
 
 + 12SCMO + 10HO + 4S0 2 
 
 Metallic Sulphate. 
 C20H<3(NO 4 )2 + IOC + 14(S0 3 H0)= CW + 
 
 Bi-nitro-naphthaline. Alizarine. 
 2(S0 3 ,NH 3 H0) + 10CO* + 12 So 2 -fc 6H0 
 
 In the first equation it is the metal which acts 
 on sulphuric acid, in the second it is the carbon 
 itself. 
 
 This artificial alizarine has all the characters 
 of the ordinary alizarine. The following table 
 shows how the two coloring matters comport: — 
 
178 METALLIC HYPOSULPHITES AS MORDANTS. 
 
 COLORING MATTER OF THE 
 MADDER 
 
 is precipitated in jell from its 
 solutions, 
 
 is sublimated between 4190 
 and 464o. 
 
 Little soluble in water, solu- 
 ble in alcohol, ether, and a 
 solution of alum, 
 
 unalterable by sulphuric acid 
 heated at 3920, hydrochloric 
 acid; alterable by nitric acid, 
 
 soluble in caustic or carbonat- 
 ed alkalies with a purple 
 color. 
 
 The ammoniacal solution gives 
 purple precipitates with the 
 salts of baryta and lime. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL 
 RED MATTER 
 
 is precipitated in jell from its 
 solutions, 
 
 is sublimated between 419° 
 and 464o. 
 
 Little soluble in water, solu- 
 ble in alcohol, ether, and a 
 solution of alum, 
 
 unalterable by sulphuric acid 
 heated at 3920 ? hydrochloric 
 acid; alterable by nitric acid, 
 
 soluble in caustic and carbo- 
 nated alkalies with a blue 
 violet color. 
 
 The ammoniacal solutions give 
 purple precipitates with the 
 salts of baryta and lime. 
 
 The elementary analysis gives — 
 
 Carbon . . 63.26 . . 63.51 
 Hydrogen . . 2.10 . . 2.30 
 New studies deserve to be done on this inte- 
 resting body, which is called to render important 
 services in the arts of dyeing and calico printing. 
 
 This new' substance gives colors as good and 
 solid as the carmine of madder for impression and 
 fixation of colors by steam on mordanted cotton 
 cloths. 
 
METALLIC HYPOSULPHITES AS MORDANTS. 179 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 METALLIC HYPOSULPHITES AS MORDANTS— DYER ? S 
 SOAP — PREPARATION OF INDIGO FOR DYEING 
 AND PRINTING — RELATIVE VALUE OF INDIGO — 
 CHINESE GREEN — MUREXIDE. 
 
 Mr. E. Kopp, a short time ago, has introduced 
 the use of metallic hyposulphites as mordants, 
 and he has shown that their use is preferable to 
 the acetate of the same base. The hyposulphite 
 of lime is the one used to obtain the others, its 
 fabrication is known by every chemist. 
 
 Hyposulphite of Alumina. 
 
 To prepare a solution of hyposulphite of alumina 
 he decomposes 64.60 grains of sulphate of alu- 
 mina (3(S0 3 )AP0 3 +18HO), dissolves in water by 
 75.66 grains of crystallized hyposulphite of lime; 
 he filters and expresses the residue of sulphate 
 of lime. The solution is clear, limpid, and kept 
 very well to the air ; a solution of hyposulphite 
 of alumina marking 1.20 contains as much alu- 
 mina as a solution of acetate of alumina at 1.10 
 of specific gravity. This solution can be thick- 
 ened by gum, roasted starch, &c. 
 
180 METALLIC HYPOSULPHITES AS MORDANTS. 
 
 If you use alum, you find that 13 J lbs. of alum 
 are decomposed completely by 9 lbs. 2 ounces of 
 hyposulphite of soda (S 2 0 2 NaO + 5HO), or by 9 
 lbs. 3 ounces of crystallized hyposulphite of lime 
 (S 2 0 2 CaO + 6HO). It follows that 4 J lbs. of this 
 last salt can take the place of 6 lbs. 12 ounces of 
 acetate of lead. 
 
 Hyposulphite of Protoxide of Iron. 
 
 This salt can be obtained by the action of sul- 
 phurous acid on protosulphuret of iron mixed with 
 water, or by the decomposition of the protosulphate 
 of iron by the hyposulphite of lime ; it must be kept 
 out of the contact of the air. In dyeing it be- 
 haves like the other iron mordants. 
 
 Hyposulphite of Chrome. x 
 
 This salt is prepared like the corresponding 
 salt of alumina. It must be prepared a short 
 time before its use. 
 
 Hyposulphite of Tin. 
 
 All stannous salts being acids when they are 
 mixed with an alkaline hyposulphite, they disen- 
 gage hyposulphurous acid. With the salts of prot- 
 oxide of tin, they form a stannous sulphuret or 
 oxy-sulphuret which are precipitated with stan- 
 noso-stannic ; this formation takes a certain time 
 according to the concentration of the liquors. 
 
SOAP FOR DYERS. 
 
 181 
 
 In using a salt of peroxide of tin, it is no precipi- 
 tation of tin in the liquors. The above observation 
 shows that in using hyposulphites, you must avoid 
 mixing with a stannous salt, but always use a 
 stannic salt or a mixture of them both. 
 This salt gives a very good mordant. 
 
 Dyers add to it from 5 to 6 quarts of lye of potash 
 at 5°, and 18 to 20 quarts of lye at 22°. The 
 coction of the soap lasts twelve hours. 
 
 SOAP FOR DYERS. 
 
 This soap is composed of — 
 Ordinary oil or fatty body 
 Palm oil . 
 Spirit of Turpentine 
 
 . 180 lbs. 
 . 33f" 
 
 In all 
 
 225 " 
 
 16 
 
182 PEEP A RATION OF INDIGO FOK 
 
 PREPARATION OF INDIGO FOR DYEING AND 
 CALICO PRINTING. 
 
 Take 2 qts. of a paste containing about 2 lbs. 
 of indigo in fine powder, mix with it 2 qts. of 
 glucose prepared with rice starch. Take after- 
 wards 2 J lbs. of slacked lime diluted with water, 
 that you mix with the glucose and indigo, add 
 then 2 lbs. of solid caustic soda and shake care- 
 fully. This compound thus prepared is ready 
 for impression which is executed by the ordinary 
 process. To dye with this indigo mix together the 
 materials, viz : indigo, glucose, lime, soda, let it 
 work a certain length of time at the ordinary tem- 
 perature, and introduce it in the vat ready for the 
 dyeing. 
 
 Relative value of indigo. 
 
 
 
 Relative value 
 
 Ashes 
 
 Water 
 
 Country. 
 
 in coloring 
 
 in 100 
 
 in 100 
 
 
 
 matter. 
 
 parts. 
 
 parts. 
 
 Indigo of East India 
 
 . 68. 
 
 4.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 . 66. 
 
 5.8 
 
 6.0 
 
 tt 
 
 u 
 
 . 64. 
 
 8.1 
 
 8.0 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 . 54. 
 
 11.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 . 51.5 
 
 7.2 
 
 7.5 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 . 54. 
 
 3.6 
 
 7.0 
 
 a 
 
 tt 
 
 . 45. 
 
 14.0 , 
 
 8.4 
 
 Spanish Indigo 
 
 . 55. 
 
 12.3 
 
 6.0 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 . 50. 
 
 13.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 . 44.5 
 
 19.0 
 
 5.5 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 . 28. 
 
 33.4 
 
 4.5 
 
 Bengal 
 
 
 . 64. 
 
 5.9 
 
 4.0 
 
 ii 
 
 
 . 47. 
 
 24.6 
 
 5.0 
 
DYEING AND CALICO PRINTING. 
 
 183 
 
 Benares 
 
 . 45. 
 
 20.7 
 
 8.4 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 . 50. 
 
 16.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 Madras 
 
 . 41. 
 
 10.6 
 
 6.7 
 
 Oude 
 
 . 46. 
 
 6.3 
 
 8.5 
 
 Caraccas 
 
 . 52.5 
 
 16.2 
 
 6.4 
 
 Madras 
 
 . 35. 
 
 33.3 
 
 6.0 
 
 Java 
 
 . 63.5 
 
 5.4 
 
 4.8 
 
 Bengal 
 
 . 59.5 
 
 7.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 CI 
 
 . 56. 
 
 11.0 
 
 5.3 
 
 a 
 
 . 45.5 
 
 14.0 
 
 7.2 
 
 a 
 
 . 24. 
 
 44.0 
 
 4.4 
 
 Manille 
 
 . 35.5 
 
 28.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 China Green. 
 
 Mr. Charvin has extracted from the Rhamnus 
 catharticus a green coloring matter similar to the 
 Chinese green (green indigo) but less costly. 
 This product is in irregular plates with a variable 
 aspect, according to the thickness of the plate. 
 Like the Chinese Lo-Kao this product seems to 
 be a lake, that is, a combination of an organic 
 substance with an earthy matter. Gradually heated, 
 it lost first water without any sublimate product ; 
 in burning, it left a considerable quantity of ashes. 
 The following is the result of a comparative ex- 
 periment done at the same time with that product 
 and the lo-Kao, with the analysis of Mr. Persoz : — 
 
 
 Green. Charvin. 
 
 Chinese. 
 
 Chinese 
 
 
 
 
 by Persoz. 
 
 Water 
 
 13.5 
 
 9.5 
 
 9.3 
 
 Ashes 
 
 33. 
 
 28.5 
 
 28.8 
 
 Coloring matter 
 
 53.5 
 
 62. 
 
 61.9 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
184 PREPARATION OF INDIGO FOR 
 
 Mr. Persoz defines the lo-Kao "a lake formed 
 by cyanine, having for base phosphated magnesia, 
 alumina, and oxide of iron." In Mr. Charvin's 
 process, lime is only found, mixed with a little 
 alumina and silica without phosphoric acid, but 
 the coloring matter is the same in the two pro- 
 ducts. The chemical reactions of Mr. Charvin's 
 green are similar to the Chinese lo-Kao. 
 
 Preparation. — In a kettle containing boiling 
 water he puts 2 pounds of Rhamnus caiharticus 
 bark; a few minutes after a pink skim is produced. 
 He then puts the whole into an earthen jar, well 
 covered, and then allows it to rest till next day. 
 The liquid is yellowish ; it is decanted and lime 
 water added to it, which produces a change of 
 color ; it turns reddish-brown, the liquid is put in 
 jars — very little in each one — and the whole is ex- 
 posed to air and light. The reddish-yellow color 
 is modified and takes a green shade; little by little 
 the green color becomes more general, and is then 
 deposited in plates. All the liquids are mixed 
 together and carbonate of potash is added ; a 
 green precipitate is produced; he leaves it to de- 
 posit, decants the liquid and collects the precipi- 
 tate and dries it. The experiments of Mr. Char- 
 vin prove, 
 
 1st. That his green coloring matter is of the 
 same nature as the Chinese lo-Kao, and will dye 
 silk in as beautiful a green as the lo-Kao. 
 
DYEING AND CALICO PRINTING. 
 
 185 
 
 2d. This matter is extracted from an indige- 
 nous plant, the Rhamnus catharticus. 
 
 3d. That the process will permit to manufac- 
 ture it for dyers at the price of $8.90 per pound. 
 
 MUREXIDE. 
 
 Murexide can be manufactured with guano or 
 uric acid, the processes are different. 
 
 Fabrication with Guano. 
 
 The choice of a good guano is important, the 
 one containing the most urate of ammonia is 
 the best. In the best Peruvian guano we found 
 at least 5 and the most 15 per cent, of uric acid. 
 
 1. Treat the guano by hydrochloric acid to de- 
 compose the carbonate and oxalate of ammonia, 
 the carbonate and phosphate of lime, the phos- 
 phates of ammonia and magnesia. This operation 
 is done in a lead kettle. You heat the acid which 
 marks 12° B. and you throw in it gradually the 
 guano by small portions. 
 
 2. Boil the mixture one hour, draw the liquid 
 in wooden vessels, wash the deposit by decanta- 
 tion. 
 
 3. The guano after this treatment is thrown on 
 large filters ; the product thus obtained contains 
 from 42 to 45 per cent, of dry substance. 
 
 4. Tt is in this product that exists the uric acid 
 
 16* 
 
186 PREPARATION OF INDIGO FOR 
 
 mixed with sand, gypsum, organic deposits, and 
 extractive matters. 
 
 5. In a porcelain dish put 6 pounds of this 
 guano thus prepared with 1J pound of hydro- 
 chloric acid at 24° B., carry the whole at 122°. 
 Take the dish from the fire and pour in it little by 
 little in shaking all time 7 ounces of nitric acid 
 at 40° B.; be careful that the temperature does 
 not rise above 143° and fall below 111°. 
 
 6. The mixture is then diluted with an equal 
 volume of water and filtered, wash the deposit with 
 water, reunite all the solutions and precipitate by 
 a saturated solution of chloride of tin. 
 
 7. When the precipitate is well formed, decant 
 the brown liquid and wash it with water containing 
 hydrochloric acid. 
 
 8. Throw the precipitate on a filter, dry it and 
 expose it to vapors of ammonia which transform 
 it into murexide. 
 
 Preparation of Uric Acid contained in Guano. 
 
 The guano is treated by hydrochloric acid as 
 we have seen above. 
 
 In a copper kettle of about 125 gallons put 96 
 gallons of water, 10 lbs. of caustic soda, and the 
 mass obtained by the treatment of 252 lbs. of 
 guano by hydrochloric acid and well washed with* 
 water. 
 
 Heat the mixture till boiling, shake all time 
 and kept at this temperature for one hour. 
 
Add to it a milk formed with 2| lbs. or 3J lbs. 
 of caustic lime, shake well, boil J of an hour, take 
 the kettle from the fire and let it settle for 3 or 
 4 hours. 
 
 Decant, and in the clear liquid put some hydro- 
 chloric acid to precipitate the uric acid. Wash 
 this precipitate by decantation, collect it on a filter 
 and dry it. 
 
 When you have taken all the clear liquid from 
 the kettle, put on the residue a quantity of water 
 equal to the first used, add again from to 7f 
 lbs. of caustic soda ; operate as above except that 
 for the clarification you use only from 19 ounces 
 to 1J lb. of lime. 
 
 After this second treatment the guano is gene- 
 rally free of uric acid ; however, it is good and safe 
 to repeat the operation a third time with less soda 
 and lime. 
 
 The uric acid, such as it is, can be used immedi- 
 ately to prepare Murexide. 
 
 Fabrication of Murexide after the Extraction of 
 Uric Acid. 
 
 For 2 lbs. of uric acid you must use 2 lbs. 10 
 ounces of nitric acid at 36° B. 
 
 The acid is put in a dish which is kept in cold 
 water ; then you throw the uric acid by portions 
 in the nitric acid; the dose must not exceed one 
 ounce at a time ; you must distribute all the uric 
 acid in the mass with a porcelain spatula, and you 
 
188 PREPARATION OF INDIGO FOR 
 
 must not add uric acid till the mixture has come 
 at 80°. 
 
 When all the uric acid has been added, you let 
 cool, and then you heat the whole slowly in a sand 
 bath; when the liquid begins to swell take out 
 from the fire, and when the swelling has fallen back 
 begin again. "When you heat for the third time, 
 raise the temperature at 230°, and then put in the 
 bath 9 J ounces of liquid ammonia at 24°B., which 
 transforms the mixture into murexide. Leave the 
 dish about 2 minutes on the sand bath, take it out 
 and leave to cool; you found a kind of paste in 
 the mixture which is known by the name of 
 murexide in paste. 
 
 To obtain it dry and pure, mix that paste with 
 water, filter and wash well ; the last washing must 
 be done with ammonia diluted with water; dry in 
 the oven the product left on the filter — it is the 
 Dry murexide. 
 
 Application. — Murexide can be applied for calico 
 printing in powder or in paste. 
 
 Impression with the Color. — In 9 gallons of boiling 
 water dissolve 25J lbs. of crystallized nitrate of 
 lead, let cool the liquid till 144°; dissolve first 
 in it 5 lbs. of powdered murexide or 15 lbs. of 
 murexide in paste, then 39 lbs. of powdered gum; 
 when all is cold it can be used. The printing 
 terminated, hang the stuffs in a damp place and 
 you fix the purple by ammoniac gas, the same 
 process you pass woollen stuffs to sulphurous acid. 
 
DYEING AND CALICO PRINTING. 189 
 
 Passage of the Stuffs in the Bath of Sublimate. — 
 The warm bath in which the tissues are passed 
 after exposition to the ammoniacal gas is composed 
 of 191 gals, of water and 2 lbs. 11 ounces of corro- 
 sive sublimate. The tissues are passed in this bath 
 and then in running water, then they receive the 
 bath of acetate of soda. 
 
 Acetate of Soda. — This bath is composed of 360 
 gals, of water with 1 lb. of acetate of soda and 
 1 lb. of chlorhydrate of ammonia ; the tissues are 
 passed in for 20 minutes, then well washed and 
 dried. 
 
 This progress gives a very beautiful purple red, 
 all the gradations of red and rose can be obtained 
 with murexide — the colors obtained are very 
 solid. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Aluming 44 
 
 Aniline, history of . . . . .60 
 
 properties of 60, 61 
 
 direct preparation of .... 60, 64 
 
 artificial preparation of 68 
 
 di-nitro 99 
 
 green 88 
 
 purple 81 
 
 to dye with 113 
 
 green, to fabrics, method of application of . 118 
 
 oxalate . . .67 
 
 Allyle-toluidine 82 
 
 Art of dyeing, historical notice of the ... 25 
 chemical principles of the .... 33 
 
 Azuline 110 
 
 Alkaline mordants of iron 168 
 
 Alizarin, artificial 175 
 
 Alumina, hyposulphite of 179 
 
 Acetate of soda 188 
 
 B 
 
 Benzole, preparation of 68, 69 
 
 properties of 68, 71 
 
 properties of the bi-nitro . . . 68, 73 
 
 bi-nitro . 74 
 
192 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bleaching silk 37 
 
 cotton 39 
 
 Bleu de Paris 89 
 
 Benzolic acid, sulpho- 72 
 
 Boiling cotton 40 
 
 silk 37, 38 
 
 Bath of sublimate, passage of stuff in 189 
 
 C 
 
 Oarminaphtha 106 
 
 Chloroxynaphthalate of ammonia .... 105 
 Calico with coal tar colors, printing .... 116 
 
 Chloroxynaphthalic acid 104 
 
 Coal tar, on the coloring matters produced by . .49 
 history of the coloring matters produced by . 49 
 
 distillation 52 
 
 to the arts of dyeing and calico printing, appli- 
 cation of , .112 
 
 colors, printing with 116 
 
 Chloraniline, tri- 62 
 
 Chlorophenic acid, tri- 62 
 
 Chloranile ......... 62 
 
 Cotton 33 
 
 Cotton with colors of coal tar, to dye . . . 114 
 Cotton with molybdic acid, to dye . . , .129 
 
 Crysammic acid 125 
 
 preparation 125 
 
 Cumidine . . . . , . . . . . 65, 98 
 
 Chrome, hyposulphite of 180 
 
 China green 183 
 
 D 
 
 Distillation and rectification of coal tar, table of the 
 
 products obtained by the 55 
 
 Dyeing 47 
 
INDEX. 
 
 193 
 
 E 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Emcraldine .... . . . . 88 
 
 F 
 
 Fibres, preparation of the textile . . . .33 
 Fixation of coloring matters in dyeing and printing, 
 
 theory of the . 133 
 
 Futschine . -. . . . . ... 92 
 
 by action of bichloride of tin on aniline, pre- 
 paration of . . . . . . . 93 
 
 by action of nitrate of mercury, preparation of 94 
 
 (t 
 
 Guano, preparation of uric acid in ... 186 
 
 [ . H 
 
 Hyposulphite, metallic, as mordants .... 179 
 
 of alumina . . ' 179 
 
 of protoxide of iron 180 
 
 of chrome 180' 
 
 of tin 180 
 
 I 
 
 Iodaniline . . .97 
 
 Improvements in the art of dyeing . . . . 125 
 
 Iron, the alkaline mordants of . . . . . 168 
 
 Indigo, preparation of, for dyeing and calico printing 182 
 
 relative value of . . . . . . 182 
 
 L 
 
 Light on coloring matters from coal tar, action of . 120 
 
 Lutidine . . . . . . . . . 65 
 
 17 
 
194 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 M 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Madder 130 
 
 extract of 130, 131 
 
 Magenta 92 
 
 Molybdic acid 127 
 
 Mordants 43 
 
 aluminous . . . . . . . 148 
 
 old 152 
 
 new . 153 
 
 ferruginous 159 
 
 principles of the action of the most important 144 
 
 stanniferous 170 
 
 Metallic hyposulphites as mordants .... 179 
 
 Murexide . . . 185 
 
 fabrication of, after extraction of . . . 185 
 
 Uric acid 185 
 
 application of 185 
 
 N 
 
 Naphthamein .109 
 
 Nitro-phenisic acid, tri- * 64 
 
 Nitro-benzole, preparation 68 
 
 properties 68, 73 
 
 into aniline, transformation of . . . .68 
 by sulphide of ammonium, reduction of . .76 
 by nascent hydrogen, reduction of . . .77 
 by acetate of iron, reduction of . . .79 
 
 Nitro-azo-phenylamine 99 
 
 Ninaphthalamine 106 
 
 Nitroso-phenyline 98 
 
 Nitro-phenyline diamine 99 
 
 Nitroso-naphthaline 107 
 
 application of 118 
 
 Nitroso-phenyline 74 
 
INDEX. 195 
 P 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Perchloroxynaphthalic acid 104 
 
 Picric acid 64, 99, 127, 129 
 
 Picoline 65 
 
 Preparation of nitro-benzolc 73 
 
 of binitro-benzole 73 
 
 of futschine 93, 94 
 
 Pyrrol . . . 65 
 
 Pyrrhidine 65 
 
 Protoxide of iron, hyposulphite of . . . . 180 
 
 Q 
 
 Quinoline 65 
 
 B 
 
 Eed, tar 110 
 
 Roseine 87 
 
 to dye with . . . . . . . 113 
 
 Rosolic acid 101 
 
 Scouring wool 35 
 
 Silk 37 
 
 Silk 37 
 
 Silk and wool with coal tar colors, dyeing . . . 112 
 with futschine, picric acid, chinoline blue and 
 
 violet, to dye 113 
 
 with azuline, to dye .114 
 
 with molybdic acid, to dye . . . .128 
 
 Singing cotton stuffs . . . . . . .39 
 
 Stuffs, preliminary preparations of . . . .39 
 
 Stannous salt 170 
 
 Stannic salt . - 170 
 
 Soap for dyers 181 
 
 Sublimate, passage of stu ns in bath of . . .189 
 Soda, acetate of . 189 
 
rs6 
 
 TNDKX, 
 
 T 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Tar red . . . 110 
 
 Transformation of nitro-benzine into aniline . . 76 
 Toluidine ........ 65, 98 
 
 Tin .......... 170 
 
 oxide of, as a base 170 
 
 protosulphate of . . . . .171 
 
 compositions of 171 
 
 - oxide of, as an acid 173 
 
 mordants, application of . . . . .174 
 hyposulphite of 180 
 
 r b 
 
 Ungumming silk 37 
 
 Uric acid in guano, preparation of ... 186 
 
 V ' 
 
 Violine 86 
 
 to dye with . . . . . . . 113 
 
 % 
 
 Wool . . \ . ... ... 34 
 
 Wool with aniline purple, violine, roseine, futscliine, 
 
 to dye . . . . . . . . 114 
 
 with chrysammic acid, dyeiug . . . . 126 
 
 X 
 
 Xylidine . . .... . . . . 98 
 
DIRECTED BY 
 
 Prof. H. DUSSAUCE, Chemist, 
 
 Lately from the Laboratories of the French Government, viz., the Mining, 
 the Botanical Garden, the Imperial Manufacture of the Gobelins, and, 
 the Conservatoire Imperial of Arts and Manufactures, etc. 
 
 Advice and Consultations on Chemistry as applied to Arts and Manufac- 
 tures, Agriculture, Metallurgy, Mining Surveys, Plans of Factories, Draw- 
 ings of Apparatus, Chemical Manufactures, Analysis of Ores, Manures, 
 Guanos, Mineral Waters, Soils, Plants, Greases, Oils, Soaps, Tallows, and 
 Commercial Essays in General. 
 
 Prof. H. Dussauce will undertake experiments on any industrial subject, 
 and charge nothing except for the actual expenses incurred. 
 
 By his long study in the laboratories of the French government, Prof. H, 
 Dussauce has in his possession plans and drawings of Factories and Appa- 
 ratus, and would send them to any person desiring their use. He will also 
 give advice, information, recipes, etc. etc., on the following Arts: — 
 
 Chemical Products — Metallurgy — Galvanoplasty — Electro-Plating and 
 Gilding — Coal and Charcoal — Daguerreotype Photography — Lighting and 
 Heating by Gas — White and Color of Zinc and Lead — Glass — Brick — Pottery 
 — China — Limes — Plasters — Matches — Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Oils 
 — Saltpetre and Powder — Wines, Beers, Ciders, and Liquors in general — Dis- 
 tillation — Starch — Sugar — Paper — Dyeing and Calico Printing — Indigo — 
 Inks — Leathers — Gelatine — India Rubber and Gutta-Percha — Varnishes — 
 Vegetable Colors — Perfumery — Agriculture — Animal Black — Natural and Ar- 
 tificial Manures — Candles and Soap of every description, &c. &c. 
 
 For consultation, advice, information, recipes, formulae, drawings, plans, 
 analyses, commercial essays, experiments, &g., 
 
 Address Prof. H. DUSSAUCE, Chemist, 
 
 New Lebanon, N. Y. 
 
 REFER 
 
 Dr. H. Townsend, Albany. 
 Dr. A. S. Heath, 647 Broadway, N. Y. 
 Dr. D. E. Coutaret, 132 Thompson, N. Y. 
 Prof. H. Cleveland, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 Ch. Lassalle, Ed. of the Courrier des Etats 
 
 Unis, Walker Street, N. Y. 
 B. Keis, 72 Beaver Street. 
 J. C. Hull Sons, 32 Park Row, N. Y. 
 
 ENCES, 
 
 H. M. Piatt, 21 Maiden Lane, N. Y. 
 
 B. Darling, Providence, R. I. 
 Ph. Tompert, Louisville, Ky. 
 
 A. Rapelye, 68 Cedar Street, N. Y. 
 A. H. Heath, 647 Broadway, N. Y. 
 
 C. Coyle, Louisville, Ky. 
 
 F. Emerich, 27 Maiden Lane, N. Y. 
 Thain & McKeone, Philadelphia, etc. etc. 
 
PARTRIDGE & HARWAY, 
 
 ALFRED H. PARTRIDGE. 
 
 JAMES L. HARWAY. 
 
 Office IVo. 27 Cliff Street, New York, 
 
 Importers and Manufacturers of and Dealers in 
 
 DYESTUPPS, DYEWOODS, ACIDS, 
 
 Extract Logwood^ cfco. 
 
 Have always on hand from our Dyewood Mills, Extract and Chemical Works, 
 a full supply of the following articles, and offer at Wholesale and Retail, 
 
 INDIGO. 
 
 Bengal, 
 Guatemala, 
 Chemic, 
 Indigo Paste, 
 Ext. Indigo. 
 
 DYE STUFFS. 
 
 Argols, 
 
 Alum, 
 
 Annotto, 
 
 Bichromate Potash, 
 
 Blue Vitriol, 
 
 Cochineal, 
 
 Cudbear, 
 
 Cream Tartar, 
 
 Chlorate Potash, 
 
 Copper Dust, 
 
 Copperas, 
 
 Cutch, 
 
 Divi Divi, 
 
 French Berries, 
 
 Flavine, 
 
 Lac Dye, 
 
 Litharge, 
 
 Madder, 
 
 Nitrate Lead, 
 
 Nut Galls, 
 
 Orchille, 
 
 Persian Berries, 
 
 Prussiate Potash, 
 
 " " Red, 
 
 Red Orpiment, 
 Safflower, 
 Salts Tartar, 
 Sal Ammoniac, 
 Sugar Lead, white, 
 
 Sugar Lead, brown, 
 Soluble Blue, 
 Sumac, 
 
 Terra Japonica, 
 Turkey Berries, 
 Turmeric, 
 Tin, 
 
 Verdigris, 
 Valonia, 
 Woad, 
 Weld. 
 
 DYEWOODS. 
 
 Barbary Root, 
 Bar Wood, 
 Brazil " 
 Cam " 
 Fustic, 
 
 Green Ebony, 
 Hyper Nic, 
 Hache Wood, 
 Log " 
 Nic 
 
 Peach " 
 Red " 
 Sapan " 
 Red Sanders, 
 Maple Bark, 
 Quercitron Bark. 
 
 EXTRACTS. 
 
 Ext. Logwood, 
 " Fustic, 
 " Hyper Nic, 
 " Quercitron, 
 " Safflower. 
 
 ACIDS. 
 
 Aqua Fortis, 
 
 " " Single, 
 Aqua Ammonia, 
 Acetic Acid, 
 Crimson Spirits, 
 Citric Acid, 
 Dipping " 
 Iron Liquor, 
 Muriatic Acid, 
 
 " " Pure, 
 Muriate Tin, 
 
 " " Strong, 
 Nitric Acid, 
 
 it, a p ure) 
 
 Nitrate Iron, 
 Nitro-Mur. Tin, 
 Oxy- " 
 Sulph. " " 
 Oxalic Acid, 
 Oil Vitriol, 
 Parting Acid, 
 Pyroligneous Acid, 
 Plumb Spirits, 
 Red Liquor, 
 Sapan " 
 Tin Crystals, 
 Tartaric Acid, 
 
 " " Ground 
 Telegraphic Acid. 
 
 SUNDRIES. 
 
 Alcohol, 
 Acetate Lime, 
 Arsenic, 
 
 Brimstone, Roll, 
 
 Bleaching Salts, 
 Borax, 
 Bicarb. Soda, 
 Carb. Ammonia, 
 China Clay, 
 Fullers' Earth, 
 Flour Sulphur, 
 Glauber's Salts, 
 Gum Arabic, 
 " British, 
 " Senegal, 
 " Shellac, 
 " Substitute, 
 " Tragacanth, 
 Glue, 
 
 Hydrometers, 
 
 Irish Moss, 
 
 Manganese, 
 
 Marble Dust, 
 
 Nitrate Soda, 
 
 Pot Ashes, 
 
 Pearl " 
 
 Rosin, 
 
 Sal Soda, 
 
 Soda Ash, 
 " " Prepared, 
 
 Sal iEratus, 
 " Enixum, 
 " Acetosella, 
 
 Sulph. Zinc, 
 " Potash, 
 " Ammonia, 
 
 Saltpetre, 
 
 Teazles, 
 
 Vat Nets, 
 
 Venetian Red, 
 
 Whiting. 
 
 g^gr Aniline Colors in quantities to suit. t *®H 
 
ANILINE COLOKS; 
 
 PRODUCTS OF 
 
 RENARD ERERES, AND FRANC, 
 
 I/YOISrS, FRANCE, 
 
 Secured by tetters Patent of the United States issued 31st July, 
 I860, and 30th July, 1861. 
 
 These Colors are known as 
 
 FEIiStSSQElg ©IE MB {LB El IS IBS®* 
 YtOfcfiT tMPfiftlAtt, 
 
 AND 
 
 BLEU DE LYON. 
 
 The undersigned, SOLE AGENTS in the United States, offer 
 for sale the above named Colors, and will furnish upon application, 
 by mail or otherwise, full directions for their use. 
 
 A. PERSON & HARRIMAN, 
 
 60 and 62 Murray Street, 
 
 New York. 
 
GEORGE M. BRAGGIOTTI, 
 
 MERCHANT AND AGENT 
 
 i«t l\t "toppi* feiranira*" at Smpra snli Cimstan- 
 
 HAS ALWAYS ON HAND 
 
 PRIME OPIUM, DRUGS AND GUMS OF ALL SORTS, 
 RUSSIAN AND SMYRNA WOOLS, 
 THE PUREST KISANLIK OTTO OF ROSES, 
 
 AND OTHER EASTERN PRODUCTS, 
 
 At 109 Pearl Street, New York. 
 
 THE INDUSTRIAL CHEMIST, 
 
 DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF 
 
 PRACTICAL SCIENCE, ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AGRICUL- 
 TURE, AND INDUSTRY IN GENERAL, 
 
 Is Edited by PROFESSOR H. DUSSAUCE, 
 
 AND IS PUBLISHED MONTHLY 
 
 By JOHN HILL YER, 
 No. 249 Pearl Street, New York City, 
 
 AT ONE DOLLAR AND FIFTY CENTS PER ANNUM 
 
PUBLISHED BY 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
 
 INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER, 
 
 3\T o . «£L06 Walnut Street, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 JCr" Any of the following Books will be sent by mail, free 
 of postage, at the publication price. Catalogues furnished 
 on application. 
 
 American Miller and Millwright's Assistant: 
 
 A new and thoroughly revised Edition, with additional 
 Engravings. By William Cakter Hughes. In one vol- 
 ume, 12 mo., $1.00 
 
 Armengaud, Amoroux, and Johnson, 
 
 THE PRACTICAL DRAUGHTSMAN'S BOOK OF INDUS- 
 TRIAL DESIGN, and Machinist's and Engineer's Drawing 
 Companion ; forming a complete course of Mechanical 
 Engineering and Architectural Drawing. From the French 
 of M. Armengaud the elder, Prof, of Design in the Con- 
 servatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and MM. Armen- 
 gaud the younger, and Amouroux, Civil Engineers. Re- 
 written and arranged, with additional matter and plates, 
 selections from and examples of the most useful and 
 generally employed mechanism of the day. By William 
 Johnson, Assoc. Inst. C. E., Editor of "The Practical 
 Mechanic's Journal." Illustrated by fifty folio steel 
 plates and fifty wood-cuts. A new edition, 4to.,....$7.50 
 
 Among the contents are : — Linear Drawing, Definitions and Problems, 
 Plate I. Applications, Designs for inlaid Pavements, Ceilings and 
 Balconies, Plate II. Sweeps, Sections and Mouldings, Plate III. Ele 
 mentary Gothic Forms and Rosettes, Plate IV. Ovals, Ellipses, 
 
PBACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 ParabolaB and Volutes, Plate V. Rules and Practical Data. Study of 
 Projections, Elementary Principles, Plate VI. Of Prisms and other 
 Solids, Plate VII. Rules and Practical Data. On Coloring Sections, with 
 Applications — Conventional Colors, Composition or Mixture of Colors, 
 Plate X. Continuation of the Study of Projections — Use of sections— de- 
 tails of machinery, Plate XI. Simple applications—spindles, shafts, 
 couplings, wooden patterns, Plate XII. Method of constructing a 
 wooden model or pattern of a coupling, Elementary applications — 
 rails and chairs for railways, Plate XIII. Rules and Practical Data-~ 
 Strength of material, Resistance to compression or crushing force, 
 Tensional Resistance, Resistance to flexure, Resistance to torsion, 
 Friction of surfaces in contact. 
 
 The Intersection and Development of Surfaces, with Ap- 
 plications. — The Intersection of Cylinders and Cones, Plate XIV. The 
 Delineation and Development of Helices, Screws &nd Serpentines, Plate 
 
 XV. Application of the helix — the construction of a staircase, Plate 
 
 XVI. The Intersection of surfaces — applications to stop-cocks, Plate 
 
 XVII. Rules and Practical Data — Steam, Unity of heat, Heating surface, 
 Calculation of the dimensions of boilers, Dimensions of firegrates, 
 Chimneys, Safety-valves. 
 
 The Study and Construction of Toothed Gear.— Involute, cy- 
 cloid, and epicycloid, Plates XVIII. and XIX. Involute, Fig. 1, Plate 
 
 XVIII. Cycloid, Fig. 2, Plate XVIII. External epicycloid, described 
 by a circle rolling about & fixed circle inside it, Fig. 3, Plate XIX. 
 Internal epicycloid, Fig. 2, Plate XIX. Delineation of a rack and 
 pinion in gear, Fig. 4, Plate XVIII. Gearing of a worm with a worm- 
 wheel, Figs. 5 and 6, Plate XVIII. Cylindrical or Spur Gearing, Plate 
 
 XIX. Practical delineation of a couple of Spur-wheels, Plate XX. 
 The Delineation and Construction of Wooden Patterns for Toothed Wheels. 
 Plate XXI. Rules and Practical Data — Toothed gearing, Angular ana 
 circumferential velocity of wheels, Dimensions of gearing, Thickness 
 of the teeth, Pitch of the teeth, Dimensions of the web, Number and 
 dimensions of the arms, wooden patterns. 
 
 Continuation of the Study of Toothed Gear.— Design for a 
 pair of bevel-wheels in gear, Plate XXII. Construction of wooden 
 patterns for a pair of bevel-wheels, Plate XXIII. Involute and 
 Helical Teeth, Plate XXIV. Contrivances for obtaining Differential 
 Movements — The delineation of eccentrics and cams, Plate XXV. Rules 
 and Practical Data— Mechanical work of effect, The simple machines, 
 Centre of gravity, On estimating the power of prime movers, Calcu- 
 lation for the brake, The fall of bodies, Momentum, Central forces. 
 
 Elementary Principles of Shadows. — Shadows of Prisms, Pyra- 
 mids and Cylinders, Plate XXVI. Principles of Shading, Plate XXVII. 
 Continuation of the Study of Shadows, Plate XXVIII. Tuscan Order, 
 Plate XXIX. Rules and Practical Data — Pumps, Hydrostatic principles, 
 Forcing pumps, Lifting and forcing pumps, The Hydrostatic press, 
 Hydrostatical calculations and data — discharge of water through dif- 
 ferent orifices, Gaging of a water-course of uniform section and fall, 
 Velocity of the bottom of water-courses, Calculation of the discharge 
 of water through rectangular orifices of narrow edges, Calculation of 
 the discharge of water through overshot outlets, To determine the 
 width of an overshot outlet, To determine the depth of the outlet, 
 Outlet with a spout or duct. 
 
 Application of Shadows to Toothed Gear, Plate XXX. Ap- 
 plication of Shadows to Screws, Plate XXXI. Application of Shadows to 
 a Boiler and its Furnace, Plate XXXII. Shading in Black — Shading in 
 Colors, Plate XXXIII. 
 
 The Cutting and Shaping of Masonry, Plate XXXIV. Rules 
 and Practical Data — Hydraulic motors, Undershot water wheels, with 
 plane floats and a circular channel, Width, Diameter, Velocity, Num- 
 ber and capacity of the buckets, Useful effect of the water wheel. 
 Overshot water wheels, Water wheels with radial floats, Water wheel 
 with curved buckets, Turbines. Remarks on Machine Tools, 
 2 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 The Study of Machinery and Sketching.— Various applications 
 and combinations : The Sketching of Machinery, Plates XXXV. and 
 XXXVI. Drilling Machine; Motive Machines; Water wheels, Con- 
 struction and setting up of water wheels, Delineation of water wheels, 
 Design for a water wheel, Sketch of a water wheel ; Overshot Water 
 Wheels. Water Pumps, Plate XXXVII. Steam Motors; High-pressure 
 expansive steam engine, Plates XXXVIII., XXXIX. and XL. Details 
 of Construction ; Movements of the Distribution and Expansion Valves ; 
 Rules and Practical Data — Steam engines : Low-pressure condensing 
 engines without expansion valve, Diameter of piston, Velocities. 
 Steam pipes and passages, Air-pump and condenser, Cold-water ana 
 feed-pumps, High-pressure expansive engines, Medium pressure con- 
 densing and expansive steam engine, Conical pendulum or centrifugal 
 governor. 
 
 Oblique Projections. — Application of rules to the delineation of 
 an oscillating cylinder, Plate XLI. 
 
 Parallel Perspective. — Principles and applications, Plate XLII. 
 
 True Perspective. — Elementary principles, Plate XLIII. Appli- 
 cations — flour mill driven by belts, Plates XLIV. and XLV. Descrip- 
 tion of the mill, Representation of the mill in perspective, Notes of 
 recent improvements in flour mills, Schiele's mill, Mullin's " ring mill- 
 stone," Barnett's millstone, Hastie's arrangement for driving mills, 
 Currie's improvements in millstones ; Rules and Practical Data — Work 
 performed by various machines. Flour mills, Saw mills, Veneer-sawing 
 •machines, Circular saws. 
 
 Examples of Finished Drawings of Machinery. — Plate A, 
 Balance water-meter ; Plate B, Engineer's shaping machine ; Plate 
 C D E, Express locomotive engine ; Plate F., Wood planing machine ; 
 Plate G, Washing machine for piece goods ; Plate H, power loom ; 
 Plate I, Duplex steam boiler ; Plate J, Direct-acting marine engines. 
 
 Drawing Instruments. 
 
 Barnard (Henry), National Education in Eu- 
 rope: 
 
 Being an Account of the Organization, Administration, 
 Instruction, and Statistics of Public Schools of differ- 
 ent grades in the principal States. 890 pages, 8vo., 
 cloth, $3.00 
 
 Barnard (Henry), School Architecture, 
 
 New Edition, 300 cuts, cloth, $2.00 
 
 Beans, A Treatise on Railroad Curves and the 
 Location of Railroads. 
 
 By E. W. Beans, C. E. 12mo. (In press.) 
 
 Bishop, A History of American Manufactures, 
 
 From 1608 to 1860 ; exhibiting the Origin and Growth 
 of the Principal Mechanic Arts and Manufactures, from 
 the Earliest Colonial Period to the Present Time ; with a 
 
PKACTICAIi AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Notice of the Important Inventions, Tariffs, and the Re- 
 sults of each Decennial Census. By J. Leander Bishop, 
 M. D, : to which is added Notes on the Principal Manu- 
 facturing Centres and Remarkable Manufactories. By 
 Edward Young and Edwin T. Freedley. In two vols., 
 8vo. Vol. 1 now ready. Price, $3.00 
 
 Bookbinding s A Manual of the Art of Book* 
 
 binding, 
 
 Containing full instructions in the different branches of 
 Forwarding, Gilding and Finishing. Also, the Art of 
 Marbling Book-edges and Paper. By James B. Nicholson. 
 Illustrated 12mo., cloth, $1.75 
 
 CONTENTS.— Sketch of the Progress of Bookbinding,. Sheet- 
 work, Forwarding the Edges, Marbling, Gilding the Edges, Covering, 
 Half Binding, Blank Binding, Boarding, Cloth-work, Ornamental Art, 
 Finishing, Taste and Design, Styles, Gilding, Illuminated Binding, 
 Blind Tooling, Antique, Coloring, Marbling, Uniform Colors, Gold 
 Marbling, Landscapes, etc., Inlaid Ornaments, Harmony of Colors, 
 Pasting Down, etc., Stamp or Press-work, Restoring the Bindings of 
 Old Books, Supplying imperfections in Old Books, Hints to Book Col- 
 lectors, Technical Lessons. 
 
 Booth and Morfit, The Encyclopedia of 
 Chemistry, Practical and Theoretical : 
 
 Embracing its application to the Arts, Metallurgy, Mine- 
 ralogy, Geology, Medicine, and Pharmacy, By James C. 
 Booth, Melter and Refiner in the United States Mint ; 
 Professor of Applied Chemistry in the Franklin Institute, 
 etc.; assisted by Campbell Morfit, author of " Chemical 
 Manipulations," etc. 7th Edition. Complete in one 
 volume, royal octavo, 978 pages, with numerous wood 
 cuts and other illustrations, $5.00 
 
 From the very large number of articles in this volume, it is entirely 
 impossible to give a list of the Contents, but attention may be called 
 to some among the more elaborate, such as Affinity, Alcoholometry, 
 Ammonium, Analysis, Antimony, Arsenic, Blowpipes, Cyanogen, Dis- 
 tillation, Electricity, Ethyl, Fermentation, Iron, Lead and Water. 
 
 Brewer; (The Complete Practical) 
 
 Or Plain, Concise, and Accurate Instructions in the Art 
 of Brewing Beer, Ale, Porter, etc., etc., and the Process 
 of Making all the Small Beers. By M. Lafayette Bykn, 
 
 M. D. With Illustrations. 12mo $1.00 
 
 " Many an old brewer will find in this book valuable hints and sug- 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIHD. 
 
 gestions worthy of consideration, and the novice can post himself up 
 in his trade in all its parts,"— Artisan. 
 
 Builder's Pocket Companion: 
 
 Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying, and 
 Architecture ; with Practical Rules and Instructions con- 
 nected with the subject. By A. C. Smeaton, Civil Engi- 
 neer, etc. In one volume, 12mo., $1.00 
 
 CONTENTS-The Builder, Carpenter, Joiner, Mason, Plasterer, 
 Plumber, Painter, Smith, Practical Geometry, Surveyor, Cohesive 
 Strength of Bodies, Architect. 
 
 " It gives, in a small space, the most thorough directions to the 
 builder, from the laying of a brick, or the felling of a tree, up to the 
 most elaborate production of ornamental architecture. It is scientific, 
 without being obscure and unintelligible ; and every house-carpenter, 
 master, journeyman, or apprentice, should have a copy at hand 
 always."— Evening Bulletin. 
 
 Byrne, The Handbook for the Artisan, Me- 
 chanic, and Engineer, 
 
 Containing Instructions in Grinding and Sharpening of 
 Cutting Tools, Figuration of Materials by Abrasion, Lapi- 
 dary Work, Gem and Glass Engraving, Varnishing and 
 Lackering, Abrasive Processes, etc., etc. By Oliver 
 Byrne. Illustrated with 11 large plates and 185 cuts. 
 8vo., cloth, $5.00 
 
 CONTENTS— Grinding .Cutting Tools on the Ordinary Grind- 
 stone ; Sharpening Cutting Tools on the Oilstone ; Setting Razors ; 
 Sharpening Cutting Tools with Artificial Grinders ; Production of Plane 
 Surfaces by Abrasion ; Production of Cylindrical Surfaces by Abra- 
 sion ; Production of Conical Surfaces by Abrasion ; Production of 
 Spherical Surfaces by Abrasion; Glass Cutting; Lapidary Work; 
 Setting, Cutting, and Polishing Flat and Rounded Works; Cutting 
 Faucets ; Lapidary Apparatus for Amateurs ; Gem and Glass Engrav- 
 ing ; Seal and Gem Engraving ; Cameo Cutting ; Glass Engraving, 
 Varnishing, and Lackering ; General Remarks upon Abrasive Pro- 
 cesses ; Dictionary of Apparatus ; Materials and Processes for Grinding 
 and Polishing commonly employed in the Mechanical and Useful Arts. 
 
 Byrne. The Practical Metal- worker's Assist- 
 ant, 
 
 For Tin-plate Workers, Braziers, Coppersmiths, Zinc- 
 plate Ornrmenters and Workers, Wire Workers, White- 
 smiths, Blacksmiths, Bell Hangers, Jewellers, Silver and 
 Gold Smiths, Electrotypers, and all other Workers in 
 Alloys and Metals. Edited by Oliver Byrne. Complete 
 in one volume, octavo, $7.50 
 
 It treats of Casting, Founding, and Forging; of Tongs and other 
 Tools ; Degrees of Heat and Management of Fires ; Welding of 
 
 5 
 
PBACTICAIj and scientific books, 
 
 Heading and Swage Tools ; of Punches and Anvils ; of Hardening and 
 Tempering; of Malleable Iron Castings, Case Hardening, Wrought 
 and Cast Iron; the Management and Manipulation of Metals and 
 Alloys, Melting and Mixing ; the Management of Furnaces, Casting 
 and Founding with Metallic Moulds, Joining and Working Sheet Metal ; 
 Peculiarities of the different Tools employed ; Processes dependent on 
 the ductility of Metals ; Wire Drawing, Drawing Metal Tubes, Solder- 
 ing ; The use of the Blowpipe, and every other known Metal Worker's 
 Tool. 
 
 Byrne, The Practical Model Calculator, 
 
 For the Engineer, Machinist, Manufacturer of Engine 
 Work, Naval Architect, Miner, and Millwright. By 
 Oliver Byrne, Compiler and Editor of the Dictionary of 
 Machines, Mechanics, Engine Work and Engineering, and 
 Author of various Mathematical and Mechanical Works. 
 Illustrated by numerous engravings. Complete in one 
 large volume, octavo, of nearly six hundred pages,. .$3. 50 
 
 The principal objects of this work are : to establish model calcula- 
 tions to guide practical men and students ; to illustrate every practical 
 rule and principle by numerical calculations, systematically arranged ; 
 to give information and data indispensable to those for whom it is in- 
 tended, thus surpassing in value any other book of its character ; to 
 economize the labor of the practical man, and to render his every-day 
 calculations easy and comprehensive. It will be found to be one of 
 the most complete and valuable practical books ever published. 
 
 Cabinetmaker's and Upholsterer's Companion, 
 
 Comprising the Rudiments and Principles of Cabinet- 
 making and Upholstery, with Familiar Instructions, il- 
 lustrated by Examples for attaining a proficiency in 'the 
 Art of Drawing, as applicable to Cabinet Work ; the 
 processes of Veneering, Inlaying, and Buhl Work ; the 
 Art of Dyeing and Staining Wood, Bone, Tortoise Shell, 
 etc. Directions for Lackering, Japanning, and Varnish- 
 ing ; to make French Polish ; to prepare the best Glues, 
 Cements, and Compositions, and a number of Receipts 
 particularly useful for Workmen generally. By J. Stokes. 
 In one volume, 12mo. With Illustrations, 75 
 
 " A large amount of practical information, of great service to all 
 concerned in those branches of business." — Ohio State Journal. 
 
 Campion, A Practical Treatise on Mechanical 
 Engineering; 
 
 Comprising Metallurgy, Moulding, Casting, Forging Tools, 
 Workshop Machinery, Mechanical Manipulation, Manu- 
 facture of Steam Engine, etc., etc. Illustrated with 28 
 plates of Boilers, Steam Engines, Workshop Machinery, 
 6 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENEY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 etc., and 91 Wood Engravings ; with an Appendix on the 
 Analysis of Iron and Iron Ores. By Francis Campion, 
 C. E., President of the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' 
 Society, etc. (In press.) 
 
 Celnart. The Perfumer. 
 
 From the French of Madame Celnart ; with additions by 
 Professor H. Dussauce. 8vo. (/» press.) 
 
 Colburn. The Locomotive Engine ; 
 
 Including a Description of its Structure, Rules for Esti- 
 mating its Capabilities, and Practical Observations on its 
 Construction and Management. By Zerah Colburn. Il- 
 lustrated. A new edition. 12mo, 75 
 
 " It is the most practical and generally useful work on the Steam 
 Engine that we have seen." — Boston Trawler." 
 
 Dagnerreotypist and Photographer's Companion, 
 
 12mo., cloth, $1.00 
 
 Distiller (The Complete Practical), 
 
 By M. Lafayette Byrn, M.D. With Illustrations. 12mo. 
 
 $1.00 
 
 M So simplified, that it is adapted not only to the use of extensive 
 Distillers, but for every farmer, or others who may want to engage in 
 Distilling." — Banner of the Union. 
 
 Dussauce, Practical Treatise 
 
 On the Fabrication of Matches, Gun Cotton, and Fulmi- 
 nating Powders. By Prof. H. Dussauce. (In press.) 
 
 CONTENTS — Phosphorus. —History of Phosphorus; Physical 
 Properties ; Chemical Properties ; Natural State ; Preparation of 
 White Phosphorus ; Amorphous Phosphorus, and Benoxide of Lead. 
 Matches. — Preparation of Wooden Matches ; Matches inflammable by 
 rubbing, without noise ; Common Lucifer Matches : Matches without 
 Phosphorus ; Candle Matches ; Matches with Amorphous Phospho- 
 rus ; Matches and Rubbers without Phosphorus. Gun Cotton. — Proper- 
 ties ; Preparation ; Paper Powder ; use of Cotton and Paper Powders 
 for Fulminating Primers, etc.; Preparation of Fulminating Primers, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 Dussauce. Chemical -Receipt Book : 
 
 A General Formulary for the Fabrication of Leading 
 Chemicals, and their Application to the Arts, Manufac- 
 tures, Metallurgy, and Agricu ture. By Prof. H. Dus- 
 sauce. (/« press.) 
 
PEACTICAIi AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. 
 
 DYEING, CALICO PEINTING, COLOES, COTTON SPIN- 
 NING, AND WOOLEN MANUFACTURE. 
 
 Baird. The American Cotton Spinner, and 
 Manager's and Carder's Guide: 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Cotton Spinning ; giving the Di- 
 mensions and Speed of Machinery, Draught and Twist 
 Calculations, etc.; with Notices of recent Improvements : 
 together with Rules and Examples for making changes 
 in the sizes and numbers of Roving and Yarn. Com- 
 piled from the papers of the late Robert H. Baird. 
 12mo $1.25 
 
 Capron De Dole, Dnssauce, Blues and Car- 
 mines of Indigo: 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Fabrication of every Commer- 
 cial Product derived from Indigo. By Felicien Capron 
 de Dole. Translated, with important additions, by Pro- 
 fessor H. Dussauce. 12mo $2.50 
 
 Chemistry Applied to Dyeing, 
 
 By James Napier, F. C. S. Illustrated. 12mo $2.00 
 
 CONTENTS— General Properties of Matter.— Heat, Light, Ele- 
 ments of Matter, Chemical Affinity. Non-Metallic Substances. — Oxygen, 
 Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Sulphur, Selenium, Phosphorus, Iodine, 
 Bromine, Fluorine, Silicum, Boron, Carbon. Metallic Substances. — 
 General Properties of Metals, Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Soap, 
 Barium, Strontium, Calcium, Magnesium, Alminum, Manganese, Iron, 
 Cobalt, Nickel, Zinc, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Bismuth, Tin, Titanium, 
 Chromium, Vanadium, Tungstenum or Wolfram, Molybdenum, Tella- 
 rium, Arsenic, Antimony, Uranium, Cerium, Mercury, Silver, Gold, 
 Platinum, Palladium, Iridium, Osmium, Rhodium, Lanthanium. Mor- 
 dants. — Red Spirits, Barwood Spirits, Plumb Spirits? Yellow Spirits, 
 Nitrate of Iron, Acetate of Alumina > Black Iron Liquor, Iron and Tin 
 for Royal Blues, Acetate of Copper. Vegetable Matters used in Dyeing. — 
 Galls, Sumach, Catechu, Indigo, Logwood, Brazil-woods, Sandal-wood, 
 Barwood, Camwood, Fustic, Young Fustic, Bark or Quercitron, Fla- 
 vine, Weld or Wold, Turmeric, Persian Berries, Safflower, Madder, 
 Munjeet, Annota, Alkanet Root, Archil. Proposed New Vegetable 
 Dyes. — Sooranjee, Carajuru, Wongshy, Aloes, Pittacal, Barbary Root. 
 Animal Matters used in Dyeing. — Cochineal, Lake or Lac, Kerms. 
 
 This vflill be found one of the most valuable books on the subject of 
 dyeing, ever published in this country. 
 
 Dussauce. Treatise on the Coloring Matters 
 Derived from Coal Tar; 
 
 Their Practical Application in Dyeing Cotton, Wool, and 
 
 8 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 Silk ; the Principles of the Art of Dyeing and of the Dis- 
 tillation of Coal Tar; with a Description of the most Im- 
 portant New Dyes now in use. By Professor H. Dus- 
 sauce, Chemist. 12mo $2.50 
 
 CONTENTS— Historical Notice of the Art of Dyeing— Chemical 
 Principles of the Art of Dyeing— Preliminary Preparation of Stuffs — 
 Mordants — Dyeing — On the Coloring Matters produced by Coal Tar — 
 Distillation of Coal Tar — History of Aniline— Properties of Aniline — 
 Preparation of Aniline directly from Coal Tar— Artificial Preparation 
 of Aniline — Preparation of Benzole — Properties of Benzole — Prepara- 
 tion of Nitro-Benzole — Transformation of Nitro-Benzole into Aniline, 
 by means of Sulphide of Ammonium ; by Nascent Hydrogen ; by Ace- 
 tate of Iron ; and by Arsenite of Potash — Properties of the Bi-Nitro- 
 Benzole— Aniline Purple — Violine — Roseine — Emeraldine — Bleu de 
 Paris — Futschine, or Magenta — Coloring Matters obtained by other 
 bases from Coal Tar — Nitroso-Phenyline — Di Nitro-Aniline — Nitro- 
 Phenyline— Picric Acid— Rosolic Acid— Quinoline — Napthaline Colors 
 — Chloroxynaphthalic and Perchloroxynapthalic Acids — Carminaph- 
 tha — Ninaphthalamine — Nitrosonaphthaline — Naphthamein — Tar Red 
 — Azuline — Application of Coal Tar Colors to the Art of Dyeing and 
 Calico Printing — Action of Light on Coloring Matters from Coal Tar 
 — Latest Improvements in the Art of Dyeing — Chrysammic Acid — Mo- 
 lybdic and Picric Acids — Extract of Madder — Theory of the Fixation 
 of Coloring Matters in Dyeing and Printing — Principles of the Action 
 of the most important Mordants — Aluminous Mordants — Ferruginous 
 Mordants — Stanniferous Mordants — Artificial Alizarin — Metallic Hy- 
 posulphites as Mordants — Dyer's Soap — Preparation of Indigo for Dye- 
 ing and Printing — Relative value of Indigo — Chinese Green Murexide. 
 
 Dyer and Color-maker's Companion: 
 
 Containing upwards of two hundred Receipts for making 
 Colors, on the most approved principles, for all the 
 various styles and fabrics now in existence ; with the 
 Scouring Process, and plain Directions for Preparing, 
 Washing-off, and Finishing the Goods. Second edition. 
 In one volume, 12mo 75 
 
 French Dyer, (The) : 
 
 Comprising the Art of Dyeing in Woolen, Silk, Cotton, 
 etc., etc. By M. M. Riffault, Vernaud, De Fontenelle, 
 Thillaye, and Mallepeyre. {In press.) 
 
 Love, The Art of Dyeing, Cleaning, Scouring, 
 and Finishing, 
 
 On the Most Approved English and French Methods ; 
 being Practical Instructions in Dyeing Silks, Woolens 
 and Cottons, Feathers, Chips, Straw, etc., Scouring and 
 Cleaning Bed and Window Curtains, Carpets, Rugs, etc., 
 French and English Cleaning, any Color or Fabric of 
 Silk, Satin, or Damask. By Thomas Love, a working 
 Dyer and Scourer. In one volume, 12mo $3.00 
 
PBACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 O'Neill, Chemistry of Calico Printing, Dye- 
 ing, and Bleaching ; 
 
 Including Silken, Woolen, and Mixed Goods ; Practical 
 and Theoretical. By Charles O'Neill. (In press.) 
 
 O'M'I. A Dictionary of Calico Printing and 
 
 Dyeing. 
 
 By Charles O'Neill. (In press.) 
 
 Scott, The Practical Cotton«spinner and Man- 
 ufacturer ; 
 
 Or, The Manager and Overlooker's Companion. This 
 work contains a Comprehensive System of Calculations 
 for Mill Gearing and Machinery, from the first Moving 
 Power, through the different processes of Carding, Draw- 
 ing, Slabbing, Roving, Spinning, and Weaving, adapted 
 to American Machinery, Practice and Usages. Compen- 
 dious Tables of Yarns and Reeds are added. Illustrated 
 by large Working-Drawings of the most approved Ameri- 
 can Cotton Machinery. Complete in one volume, oc- 
 tavo $3.50 
 
 This edition of Scott's Cotton-Spinner, by Oliver Byrne, is designed 
 for the American Operative. It will be found intensely practical, and 
 will be of the greatest possible value to the Manager, Overseer, and 
 Workman. 
 
 Sellers. The Color-mixer, 
 
 By John Sellers, an Experienced Practical Workman. 
 To which is added a Catechism of Chemistry. In one 
 volume, 12mo. (In press.) 
 
 Smith, The Dyer's Instructor; 
 
 Comprising Practical Instructions in the Art of Dyeing 
 Silk, Cotton, Wool and Worsted, and Woolen Goods, as 
 Single and Two-colored Damasks, Moreens, Camlets, 
 Lastings, Shot Cobourgs, Silk Striped Orleans, Plain Or- 
 leans, from White and Colored Warps, Merinos, Woolens, 
 Yarns, etc.; containing nearly eight hundred Receipts. 
 To which is added a Treatise on the Art of Padding, and 
 the Printing of Silk Warps, Skeins and Handkerchiefs, 
 and the various Mordants and Colors for the different 
 10 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENEY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 styles of such work. By David Smith, Pattern Dyer. 
 A new edition, in one volume, 12mo $3.00 
 
 CONTENTS— Wool Dyeing, 60 receipts— Cotton Dyeing, 68 re- 
 ceipts—Silk Dyeing, 60 receipts — Woolen Yarn Dyeing, 59 receipts — 
 Worsted Yarn Dyeing, 51 receipts — Woolen Dyeing, 62 receipts — Da- 
 mask Dyeing, 40 receipts — Moreen Dyeing, 38 receipts — Two-Colored 
 Damask Dyeing, 21 receipts — Camlet Dyeing, 23 receipts — Lasting Dye- 
 ing, 23 receipts — Shot Cobourg Dyeing, 18 receipts — Silk Striped Or- 
 leans, from Black, White, and Colored Warps, 23 receipts — Colored 
 Orleans, from Black Warps, 15 receipts — Colored Orleans and Co- 
 bourgs, from White Warps, 27 receipts — Colored Merinos, 41 receipts 
 — Woolen Shawl Dyeing, 15 receipts — Padding, 42 receipts — Silk Warp, 
 Skein, and Handkerchief Printing, 62 receipts — Nature and Use of Dye- 
 waaes, including Alum, Annotta, Archil, Ammonia, Argol, Super 
 Argol, Camwood, Catechu, Cochineal, Chrome, or Bichromate of Pot- 
 ash, Cudbear, Chemic, or Sulphate of Indigo, French Berry, or Persian 
 Berry, Fustic or Young Fustic, Galls, Indigo, Kermes or Lac Dye, 
 Logwood, Madder, Nitric Acid or Aqua Fortis, Nitrates, Oxalic Tin, 
 Peachwood, Prussiate of Potash, Quercitron Bark, Saffiower, Saun- 
 ders or Red Sandal, Sapan Wood, Sumach, Turmeric, Examination of 
 Water by Tests, etc., etc. 
 
 Toustain. A Practical Treatise on the Woolen 
 Manufacture. 
 
 From the French of M. Toustain. (In press.) 
 
 CJlrich. Dussauce, A Complete Treatise 
 
 On the Art of Dyeing Cotton and Wool, as practised in 
 Paris, Rouen, Mulhouse and Germany. From the French 
 of M. Louis Ulrich, a Practical Dyer in the principal 
 Manufactories of Paris, Rouen, Mulhouse, etc., etc. ; to 
 which are added the most important Receipts for Dyeing 
 Wool, as practised in the Manufacture Imperiale des 
 Gobelins, Paris. By Professor H. Dussauce. 12mo,.$3.00 
 CONTENTS.— 
 
 Rouen Dyes, 106 Receipts. 
 
 Alsace " 235 " 
 
 German " 109 " 
 
 Mulhouse " 72 " 
 
 Parisian " 66 " 
 
 Gobelins " 100 « 
 In all nearly 700 Receipts. 
 
 Easton, A Practical Treatise on Street or 
 Horse-power Railways; 
 
 Their Location, Construction and Management ; with 
 general Plans and Rules for their Organization and Ope- 
 ration ; together with Examinations as to their Compara- 
 
 11 
 
PKACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 tive Advantages over the Omnibus System, and Inquiries 
 as to their Value for Investment ; including Copies of 
 Municipal Ordinances relating thereto. By Alexander 
 Easton, C. E. Illustrated by twenty-three plates, 8vo., 
 cloth $2.00 
 
 Examinations of Drugs, Medicines, Chemicals, 
 etc, 
 
 As to their Purity and Adulterations. By C. H. Peirce, 
 M. D. 12mo., cloth $2.00 
 
 Fisher's Photogenic Manipulation, 
 
 16mo., cloth 62 
 
 Gas and Ventilation; 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Gas and Ventilation. By E. E. 
 Perkins. 12mo., cloth 75 
 
 Gilhart, A Practical Treatise on Banking, 
 
 By James William Gilbart, F. R. S. A new enlarged and 
 improved edition. Edited by J. Smith Homans, editor 
 of " Banker's Magazine. " To which is added " Money,'* 
 by H. C. Carey. 8vo $3.00 
 
 Gregory's Mathematics for Practical Men; 
 
 Adapted to the Pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Me- 
 chanics and Civil Engineers. 8vo., plates, cloth. ..$1.50 
 
 Hardwich, A Manual of Photographic Chem- 
 istry ; 
 
 Including the practice of the Collodion Process. By J. 
 F. Hardwich. (In press.) 
 
 Hav. The Interior Decorator; 
 
 The Laws of Harmonious Coloring adapted to Interior 
 Decorations ; with a Practical Treatise on House Paint- 
 ing. By D. R. Hay, House Painter and Decorator. Il- 
 lustrated by a Diagram of the Primary, Secondary and 
 Tertiary Colors. 12mo. (In press.) 
 12 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 Inventor's Guide — Patent Office and Patent 
 Laws: 
 
 Or, a Guide to Inventors, and a Book of Reference for 
 Judges, Lawyers, Magistrates, and others. By J. Gr. 
 Moore. 12mo., cloth $1.00 
 
 Jervis. Railway Property, A Treatise 
 
 On the Construction and Management of Railways ; de- 
 signed to afford useful knowledge, in the popular style, 
 to the holders of this class of property ; as well as Rail- 
 way Managers, Officers and Agents. By John B. Jervis, 
 late Chief Engineer of the Hudson River Railroad, Cro- 
 ton Aqueduct, etc. One volume, 12mo., cloth $1.50 
 
 CONTENTS. — Preface — Introduction. Construction. — Introduc- 
 tory — Land and Land Damages — Location of Line — Method of Business 
 — Grading — Bridges and Culverts— Road Crossings — Ballasting Track — 
 Cross Sleepers— Chairs and Spikes— Rails— Station Buildings — Loco- 
 motives, Coaches and Cars. Operating. — Introductory — Freight — Pas- 
 sengers—Engine Drivers — Repairs to Track — Repairs of Machinery- 
 Civil Engineer — Superintendent — Supplies of Material — Receipts — Dis- 
 bursements — Statistics — Running Trains — Competition — Financial 
 Management — General Remarks. 
 
 Johnson. The Coal Trade of British America ; 
 
 With Researches on the Characters and Practical Values 
 of American and Foreign Coals. By Walter R. Johnson, 
 Civil and Mining Engineer and Chemist. 8vo $2.00 
 
 This volume contains the results of the experiments made for the 
 Navy Department, upon which their Coal contracts are now based. 
 
 Johnston. Instructions for the Analysis of 
 Soils, Limestones and Manures. 
 
 By J. F. W. Johnston. 12mo ! 38 
 
 Larkin. The Practical Brass and Iron Found- 
 er's Guide; 
 
 A Concise Treatise on the Art of Brass Founding, Mould- 
 ing, etc. By James Larkin. 12mo., cloth $1.00 
 
 Leslie's (Miss) Complete Cookery; 
 
 Directions for (Sookery in its Various Branches. By Miss 
 Leslie. 58th thousand. Thoroughly revised ; with the 
 addition of New Receipts. In one volume, 12mo., half 
 
 hound, or in sheep $1.00 
 
 13 
 
PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Leslie's (Miss) Ladies' House Book; 
 
 A Manual of Domestic Economy. 20th revised edition. 
 12mo., sheep $1.00 
 
 Leslie's (Miss) Two Hundred Receipts in 
 French Cookery. 
 
 Cloth, 12mo 25 
 
 Lieber. Assayer's Guide; 
 
 Or, Practical Directions to Assayers", Miners and Smelters, 
 for the Tests and Assays, by Heat and by Wet Processes, 
 of the Ores of all the principal Metals, and of Gold and 
 Silver Coins and Alloys. By Oscar M. Lieber, late Geolo- 
 gist to the State of Mississippi. 12mo. With illustra- 
 tions 75 
 
 " Among the indispensable works for this purpose, is this little 
 guide."— Artizan. 
 
 Lowig. Principles of Organic and Physiologi- 
 cal Chemistry, 
 
 By Dr. Carl Lowig, Doctor of Medicine and Philosophy; 
 Ordinary Professor of Chemistry in the University of 
 Zurich ; Author of M Chemie des Organischen Verbindun 
 gen." Translated by Daniel Breed, M. D., of the U. S. 
 Patent Office ; late of the Laboratory of Liebig and Lowig. 
 8vo., sheep $3.50 
 
 Marble Worker's Manual; 
 
 Containing Practical Information respecting Marbles in 
 general, their Cutting, Working and Polishing, Veneer- 
 ing, etc., etc. 12mo., cloth $1.00 
 
 Miles, A Plain Treatise on Horseshoeing, 
 
 With Illustrations. By William Miles, Author of "The 
 Horse's Foot." 75 
 
 Morfit. The Arts of Tanning, Currying and 
 Leather Dressing, 
 
 Theoretically and Practically Considered in all their De- 
 tails ; being a Full and Comprehensive Treatise on the 
 14 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 Manufacture of the Various Kinds of Leather. Illus- 
 trated by over two hundred Engravings. Edited from the 
 French of De Fontenelle and Malapeyere. With nu- 
 merous Emendations and Additions, by Campbell Morfit, 
 Practical and Analytical Chemist. Complete in one vol- 
 ume, octavo $10.00 
 
 This important Treatise will be found to cover the whole field in 
 the most masterly manner, and it is believed that in no other branch 
 of applied science could more signal service be rendered to American 
 Manufactures. 
 
 The publisher is not aware that in any other work heretofore issued 
 in this country, more space has been devoted to this subject than a "' 
 single chapter ; and in offering this volume to so large and intelligent 
 a class as American Tanners and Leather Dressers, he feels confident 
 of their substantial support and encouragement. » 
 
 CONTENTS.— Introduction— Dignity of Labor— Tan and Tannin 
 — Gallic Acid — Extractive-Tanning Materials — Oak Barks — Barking 
 of Trees — Method of Estimating the Tanning Power of Astringent 
 Substances — Tan— The Structure and Composition of Skin — Different 
 Kinds of Skin suitable for Tanning — Preliminary Treatment of Skins 
 — Tanning Process — Improved Processes — Vauquelin's Process— Ac- 
 celerating Processes — Keasley's, Trumbull's, Hibbard's, and Leprieur's 
 Processes — Tanning with Extract of Oak-Bark — Hemlock Tanning — 
 With Myrtle Plant— English Harness Leather— Calf Skins— Goat and 
 Sheep Skins — Horse Hides— Buck. Wolf and Dog Skins— Buffalo, or 
 M Grecian" Leather — Russia Leather — Red Skins — Wallachia Leather 
 — Mineral Tanning— Texture and Quality of Leather, and the means 
 of Discovering its Defects— Tawing — Hungary Leather — Oiled Leather 
 — Tanning as practised by the Mongol Tartars— Shagreen — Parchment 
 — Leather Bottles — Tanning of Cordage and Sail Cloth— Glazed or 
 11 Patent" Leather — Helverson's Process for Rendering Hides Hard 
 and Transparent — Currying— Currying of Calf Skins— Currying of 
 Goat Skins — Red Leather — Fair Leather— Water Proof Dressing — 
 Perkins' Machine for Pommelling and Graining Leather — Splitting, 
 Shaving, Fleshing and Cleansing Machines— Embossing of Leather- 
 Gut Dressing. 
 
 Morfit. A Treatise on Chemistry 
 
 Applied to the Manufacture of Soap and Candles ; being 
 a Thorough Exposition, in all their Minutiae, of the prin- 
 ciples and Practice of the Trade, based upon the most 
 recent Discoveries in Science and Art. By Campbell 
 Morfit, Professor of Analytical and Applied Chemistry in 
 the University of Maryland. A new and improved edi- 
 tion. Illustrated with 260 Engravings on Wood. Com- 
 plete in one volume, large 8vo $6.00 
 
 CONTENTS. — CHAPTER I. The History of the Art and its Rela- 
 tions to Science— II. Chemical Combination— III. Alkalies and Alka- 
 line Earths — IV. Alkalimentary — V. Acids — VI. Origin and Composi- 
 tion of Fatty Matters — VII. Saponifiable Fats — Vegetable Fats— Ani- 
 mal Fats— Waxes — VIII. Action of Heat and Mineral Acids of Fatty 
 Matters — IX. Volatile or Essential Oils, and Resins — X. The Proxi- 
 mate Principles of Fats — Their Composition and Properties— Basic 
 Constituents of Fats— XI. Theory of Saponification— XII. Utensils 
 Requisite for a Soap Factory — XIII. Preparatory Manipulations in 
 the Process of Making Soap— Preparation of the Lyea— XIV. Hard 
 
PRACTICAL ALTD SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Soaps— XV. Soft Soaps— XVI. Soaps by the Cold Process— XVII. Sili- 
 cated Soaps— XVIII. Toilet Soaps— XIX. Patent Soaps— XX. Fraud 
 and Adulterations in the Manufacture of Soap— XXI. Candles— XXII. 
 Illumination— XXIII. Philosophy of Flame— XXIV. Raw Material 
 for Candles— Purification and Bleaching of Suet— XXV. Wicks— XXVI. 
 Dipped Candles— XXVII. Moulded Candies— XXVIII. Stearin Candles 
 — XXIX. Stearic Acid Candles — "Star" or "Adamantine" Candles— 
 Saponification by Lime — Saponification by Lime and Sulphurous Acid 
 —Saponification by Sulphuric Acid— Saponification by the combined 
 action of Heat, Pressure and Steam — XXX. Spermaceti Candles — 
 XXXI. Wax Candles— XXXII. Composite Candles— XXXIII. Paraffin 
 —XXXIV. Patent Candles— XXXV. Hydrometers and Thermometers. 
 
 M orthner. Pyrotechnist' s Companion ; 
 
 Or, a Familiar System of Fire-works. By Gr. W. Morti- 
 mer. Illustrated by numerous Engravings. 12mo... 75 
 
 Napier. Manual of Electro-Metallurgy; 
 
 Including the Application of the Art to Manufacturing 
 Processes. By James Napier. From the second London 
 edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrated by Engrav- 
 ings. In one volume, 12mo $1.50 
 
 Napier's Electro-Metallurgy is generally regarded as the very best 
 Practical Treatise on the Subject in the English Language. 
 
 CONTENTS.— History of the Art of Electro-Metallurgy— Descrip- 
 tion of Galvanic Batteries, and their respective Peculiarities— Elec- 
 trotype Processes — Miscellaneous Applications of the Process of Coat- 
 ing with Copper — Bronzing — Decomposition of Metals upon one 
 another — Electro-Plating — Electro-Gilding — Results of Experiments 
 on the Deposition of other Metals as Coatings, Theoretical Observa- 
 tions. 
 
 Norris' s Hand-book for Locomotive Engineers 
 and Machinists ; 
 
 Comprising the Calculations for Constructing Locomo- 
 tives, Manner of setting Valves, etc., etc. By Septimus 
 Norris, Civil and Mechanical Engineer. In one volume, 
 12mo., with Illustrations ! ....$1.50 
 
 " With pleasure do we meet with such a work as Messrs. Norris 
 and Baird have given us."— Artizan. 
 
 u In this work he has given us what are called 'the secrets of the 
 business,' in the rules to construct locomotives, in order that the mil- 
 lion should be learned in all things." — Scientific American. 
 
 Nystrom. A Treatise on Screw-Propellers and 
 their Steam-Engines ; 
 
 With Practical Rules and Examples by which to Calcu- 
 late and Construct the same for any description of Ves- 
 sels. By J. W. Nystrom. Illustrated by over thirty 
 large Working Drawings. In one volume, octavo... $3.50 
 l(i 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENBY CABBY BAIBD. 
 
 Overman. The Manufacture of Iron in all its 
 Various Branches; 
 
 To which is added an Essay on the Manufacture of Steel. 
 By Frederick Overman, Mining Engineer. With one 
 hundred and fifty Wood Engravings. Third edition. In 
 one volume, octavo, five hundred pages $6.00 
 
 " We have now to announce the appearance of another valuable 
 work on the subject, which, in our humble opinion, supplies any defi- 
 ciency which late improvements and discoveries may have caused, 
 from the lapse of time since the date of ' Mushet' and ' Schrivenor.' 
 It is the production of one of our Trans- Atlantic brethren, Mr. Fred- 
 erick Overman, Mining Engineer ; and we do not hesitate to set it 
 down as a work of great importance to all connected with the iron in- 
 terests ; one which, while it is sufficiently technological fully to ex- 
 plain chemical analysis, and the various phenomena of iron under 
 different circumstances, to the satisfaction of the most fastidious, is 
 written in that clear and comprehensive style as to be available to the 
 capacity of the humblest mind, and consequently will be of much ad- 
 vantage to those works where the proprietors may see the desirability 
 of placing it in the hands of their operatives."— London Mining 
 Journal, 
 
 Painter, Gilder and Varnisher's Companion; 
 
 Containing Rules and Regulations in everything relating 
 to the Arts of Painting, Gilding, Varnishing and Glass 
 Staining ; with numerous useful and valuable Receipts ; 
 Tests for the detection of Adulterations in Oils and 
 Colors ; and a statement of the Diseases and Accidents to 
 which Painters, Gilders and Varnishers are particularly 
 liable, with the simplest methods of Prevention and 
 Remedy. Eighth edition. To which are added Complete 
 Instructions in Graining, Marbling, Sign Writing, and 
 Gilding on Glass. 12mo., cloth 75 
 
 Paper-Hanger's (The) Companion; 
 
 In which the Practical Operations of the Trade are sys- 
 tematically laid down ; with copious Directions Prepara- 
 tory to Papering ; Preventions against the effect of Damp 
 in Walls ; the various Cements and Pastes adapted to 
 the several purposes of the Trade ; Observations and Di- 
 rections for the Panelling and Ornamenting of Rooms, 
 etc., etc. By James Arrowsmith. In one volume, 
 12mo 75 
 
 Practical (The) Surveyor's Guide; 
 
 Containing the necessary information to make any per- 
 son of common capaeitv a finished Land Survevor, with- 
 
 * 17 
 
PHACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 out the aid of a Teacher. By Andrew Duncan, Land 
 Surveyor and Civil Engineer. 12mo 75 
 
 Having had an experience as a Practical Surveyor, etc., of thirty 
 years, it is believed that the author of this volume possesses a thorough 
 knowledge of the wants of the profession ; and never having met with 
 any work sufficiently concise and instructive in the several details 
 necessary for the proper qualification of the Surveyor, it has been his 
 object to supply that want. Among other important matters in the 
 book, will be found the following : 
 
 Instructions in levelling and profiling, with a new and speedy plan 
 of setting grades on rail and plank roads — the method of inflecting 
 curves — the description and design of a new instrument, whereby dis- 
 tances are found at once, without any calculation — a new method of 
 surveying any tract of land by measuring one line through it — a geo- 
 metrical method of correcting surveys taken with the compass, to fit 
 them for calculation — a short method of finding the angles from the 
 courses, and vice versa — the method of surveying with the compass 
 through any mine or iron works, and to correct the deflections of the 
 needle by attraction — description of an instrument by the help of 
 which any one may measure a map by inspection, without calculation 
 — a new and short method of calculation, wherein fewer figures are 
 used — the method of correcting the diurnal variation of the needle 
 — various methods of plotting and embellishing maps — the most cor- 
 rect method of laying off plots with the pole, etc. — description of a 
 new compass contrived by the author, etc., etc. 
 
 Railroad Engineer's Pocket Companion for the 
 Field. 
 
 By W. Griswold. 12mo., tucks $1.00 
 
 Riddell, The Elements of Hand-Railing ; 
 
 Being the most Complete and Original Exposition of this 
 Branch of Carpentry that has appeared. By Robert 
 Riddell. Third edition. Enlarged and improved. Il- 
 lustrated by 22 large plates. 4to., cloth $3.00 
 
 Rural Chemistry; 
 
 An Elementary Introduction to the Study of the Science, 
 in its relation to Agriculture and the Arts of Life. By 
 Edward Solly, Professor of Chemistry in the Horticul- 
 tural Society of London. From the third improved Lon- 
 
 don edition. 12mo $1.25 
 
 Sliimk. A Practical Treatise 
 
 On Railway Curves, and Location for Young Engineers. 
 By Wm. F. Shunk, Civil Engineer. 12mo $1.00 
 
 Strength and Other Properties of Metals; 
 
 Reports of Experiments on the Strength and other Pro 
 18 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 perties of Metals for Cannon. With a Description of the 
 Machines for Testing Metals, and of the Classification of 
 Cannon in service. By Officers of the Ordnance Depart- 
 ment U. S. Army. By authority of the Secretary of 
 War. Illustrated by 25 large steel plates. In one vol- 
 ume, quarto .....$10.00 
 
 The best Treatise on Cast-iron extant. 
 
 Tables Showing the Weight 
 
 Op Rounp, Square and Flat Bar Iron, Steel, etc., by 
 Measurement. Cloth 50 
 
 Taylor. Statistics of Coal; 
 
 Including Mineral Bituminous Substances employed in 
 Arts and Manufactures ; with their Geographical, Geo- 
 logical and Commercial Distribution, and Amount of Pro- 
 duction and Consumption on the American Continent. 
 With Incidental Statistics of the Iron Manufacture. By 
 R. C. Taylor. Second edition, revised by S. S. Halde- 
 man. Illustrated by five Maps and many Wood Engrav- 
 ings. 8vo., cloth $6.00 
 
 Templeton, The Practical Examinator on 
 Steam and the Steam Engine ; 
 
 With Instructive References relative thereto, arranged 
 for the use of Engineers, Students, and others. By Wm. 
 Templeton, Engineer. 12mo 75 
 
 This work was originally written for the author's private use. He 
 was prevailed upon by various Engineers, who had seen the notes, to 
 consent to its publication, from their eager expression of belief that 
 it would be equally useful to them as it had been to himself. 
 
 Tin and Sheet Iron Worker's Instructor; 
 
 Comprising complete Descriptions of the necessary Pat- 
 terns and Machinery, and the Processes of Calculating 
 Dimensions, Cutting, Joining, Raising, Soldering, etc., 
 etc. With numerous Illustrations. (In press.) 
 
 Treatise (A) on a Box of Instruments, 
 
 And the Slide Rule ; with the Theory of Trigonometry 
 and Logarithms, including Practical Geometry, Survey 
 ing, Measuring of Timber, Cask and Malt Gauging, 
 
 19 
 
PKACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Heights and Distances. By Thomas Kentish. In one 
 volume, 12mo $1.00 
 
 A volume of inestimable value to Engineers, Gaugers, Students, and 
 others. 
 
 Turnbull, The Electro-Magnetic Telegraph; 
 
 With an Historical Account of its Rise, Progress, and 
 Present Condition. Also, Practical Suggestions in regard 
 to Insulation and Protection from the Effects of Light- 
 ning. Together with an Appendix containing several 
 important Telegraphic Devices and Laws. By Lawrence 
 Turnbull, M. D., Lecturer on Technical Chemistry at the 
 Franklin Institute. Second edition. Revised and im- 
 proved. Illustrated by numerous Engravings. 8vo..$2.00 
 
 Turner's (The) Companion; 
 
 Containing Instruction in Concentric, Elliptic and Eccen- 
 tric Turning ; also various Steel Plates of Chucks, Tools 
 and Instruments ; and Directions for Using the Eccentric 
 Cutter, Drill, Vertical Cutter and Rest ; with Patterns 
 and Instructions for working them. 12mo., cloth 75 
 
 Bell, Carpentry Made Easy; 
 
 Or, The Science and Art of Framing, on a New and Im- 
 proved System ; with Specific Instructions for Building 
 Balloon Frames, Barn Frames, Mill Frames, Warehouses, 
 Church Spires, etc. ; comprising also a System of Bridge 
 Building ; with Bills, Estimates of Cost, and Valuable 
 Tables. Illustrated by 38 plates, comprising nearly 200 
 figures. By William E. Bell, Architect and Practical 
 Builder. 8vo $3.60 
 
 SOCIAL SCIENCE. 
 
 THE WORKS OP HENRY C. CAREY. 
 
 " I challenge the production from among the writers on political 
 economy of a more learned, philosophical, and convincing speculator 
 on that theme, than my distinguished fellow-citizen, Henry C. Carey. 
 The works he has published in support of the protective policy, are 
 remarkable for profound research, extensive range of inquiry, rare 
 logical acumen, and a consummate knowledge of history." — Speech of 
 Hon. Edward Joy Morris, in the House of Representatives of the United 
 States, February 2, 1869. 
 
 20 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 
 
 " Henry C. Carey, the best known and ablest economist of North 
 America. ***** in Europe he is principally known by his 
 striking and original attacks, based upon the peculiar advantages of 
 American experience, on some of the principal doctrines, especially 
 Malthas' ' Theory of Population' and Ricardo's teachings. His views 
 have been largely adopted and thoroughly discussed in Europe." — 
 " The German Political Lexicon," Edited by Bluntschli and Brater. Leipsic, 
 1858. 
 
 " We believe that your labors mark an era in the science of political 
 economy. To your researches and lucid arguments are we indebted 
 for the explosion of the absurdities of Malthus, Say, and Ricardo, in 
 regard to the inability of the earth to meet the demands of a growing 
 population. American industry owes you a debt which cannot be re- 
 paid, and which it will ever be proud to acknowledge. — From a Letter 
 of Hon. George W. Scranton, M. u., Hon. William Jessup, and over sixty 
 influential citizens of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, to Henry C. Carey, 
 April 3, 1859. 
 
 Financial Crises; 
 
 Their Causes and Effects. 8vo., paper 25 
 
 French and American Tariffs, 
 
 Compared in a Series of Letters addressed to Mons. M. 
 Chevalier. 8vo., paper 15 
 
 Harmony (The) of Interests; 
 
 Agricultural, Manufacturing and Commercial. 8vo., 
 
 paper 75 
 
 Cloth $1.25 
 
 u We can safely recommend this remarkable work to all who wish 
 to investigate the causes of the progress or decline of industrial com- 
 munities." — Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 Letters to the President of the United Slates. 
 
 8vo., Paper 50 
 
 Miscellaneous Works; 
 
 Comprising " Harmony of Interests," " Money," "Let- 
 ters to the President," "French and American Tariffs," 
 and " Financial Crises." One volume, 8vo., half bound. 
 
 $2.25 
 
 Money; A Lecture 
 
 Before the New York Geographical and Statistical So- 
 ciety. 8vo., paper 15 
 
 21 
 
PBACTICAIi AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 
 
 Past (The), the Present, and the Future, 
 
 8vo $2.00 
 
 12mo $1.25 
 
 " Full of important facts bearing on topics that are now agitating 
 all Europe. * * * These quotations will only whet the appetite 
 of the scientific reader to devour the whole work. It is a book full of 
 valuable information." — Economist. 
 
 " Decidedly a book to be read by all who take an interest in the pro- 
 gress of social science." — Spectator. 
 
 "A Southern man myself, never given to tariff doctrines, I confess to 
 have been convinced by his reasoning, and, thank Heaven, have not 
 now to learn the difference between dogged obstinacy and consistency. 
 4 Ye gods, give us but light !' should be the motto of every inquirer 
 after truth, but for far different and better purposes than that which 
 prompted the exclamation." — The late John S. Skinner. 
 
 " A volume of extensive information, deep thought, high intelli- 
 gence, and moreover of material utility." — London Morning Advertiser. 
 
 " Emanating from an active intellect, remarkable for distinct views 
 and sincere convictions." — Britannia. 
 
 " 4 The Past, Present, and Future,' is a vast summary of progressive 
 philosophy, wherein he demonstrates the benefit of political economy 
 in the onward progress of mankind, which, ruled and directed by over- 
 whelming influences of an exterior nature, advances little by little, 
 until these exterior influences are rendered subservient in their turn, 
 to increase as much as possible the extent of their wealth and riches." 
 — Diciionnaire Universel des Contemporains, Par G. Vapereau, Paris^ 
 1858. 
 
 Principles of Social Science, 
 
 Three volumes, 8vo., cloth $7.50 
 
 CONTENTS.— Volume I. Of Science and its Methods— Of Man, 
 the Subject of Social Science— Of Increase in the Numbers of Mankind 
 —Of the Occupation of the Earth— Of Value— Of Wealth— Of the For- 
 mation of Society — Of Appropriation — Of Changes of Matter in Place 
 — Of M hanical and Chemical Changes in the Forms of Matter. Vol- 
 ume II. Of Vital Changes in the Form of Matter — Of the Instrument 
 of Association. Volume III. Of Production and Consumption — Of 
 Accumulation — Of Circulation — Of Distribution — Of Concentration 
 and Centralization— Of Competition — Of Population — Of Food and 
 Population— Of Colonization — Of the Malthusian Theory— Of Com- 
 merce— Of the Societary Organization — Of Social Science. 
 
 " I have no desire here to reproach Mr. Malthus with the extreme 
 lightness of his scientific baggage. In his day, biology, animal and 
 vegetable chemistry, the relations of the various portions of the hu- 
 man organism, etc. etc., had made but little progress, and it is to the 
 general ignorance in reference to these questions that we must, as I 
 think, look for explanation of the fact that he should, with so much 
 confidence, in reference to so very grave a subject, have ventured to 
 suggest a formula so arbitrary in its character, and one whose hollow- 
 ness becomes now so clearly manifest. Mr. Carey's advantage over 
 him, both as to facts and logic, is certainly due in great part to the 
 
 f>rogress that has since been made in all the sciences connected with 
 ife ; but then, how admirably has he profited of them ! How entirely 
 is he au courant of all these branches of knowledge which, whether 
 22 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 
 
 directly or indirectly, bear upon his subject ! With what skill does he 
 ask of each and every of them all that it can be made to furnish, 
 ■whether of facts or arguments ! With what elevated views, ana 
 what amplitude of means, does he go forward in his work ! Above 
 all, how thorough in his scientific caution ! Accumulating inductions, 
 and presenting for consideration facts the most undoubted and proba- 
 bilities of the highest kind, he yet affirms nothing, contenting himself 
 with showing that his opponent had no good reason for affirming the 
 nature of the progression, nor the time of duplication, nor the gene- 
 ralization which takes the facts of an individual case and deduces 
 from them a law for every race, every climate, every civilization, 
 every condition, moral or physical, permanent and transient, 
 healthy or unhealthy, of the various populations of the many coun- 
 tries of the world. Then, having reduced the theory to the level of a 
 mere hypothesis, he crushes it to atoms under the weight of facts." — 
 M. De Fontenay in the "Journal des Economistes." Paris, September, 1862. 
 
 " This book is so abundantly full of notices, facts, comparisons, cal- 
 culations, and arguments, that too much would be lost by laying a 
 part of it before the eye of the reader. The work is vast and severe 
 in its conception and aim, and is far removed from the common run 
 of the books on similar subjects." — 11 Mondo Letterario, Turin. 
 
 " In political economy, America is represented by one of the 
 strongest and most original writers of the age, Henry C. Carey, of 
 Philadelphia. *********** 
 
 " His theory of Rents is regarded as a complete demonstration that 
 the popular views derived from Ricardo are erroneous ; and on the 
 subject of Protection, he is generally confessed to be the master- 
 thinker of his country." — Westminster Review. 
 
 " Both in America and on the Continent, Mr. Henry Carey has ac- 
 quired a great name as a political economist. ***** 
 
 " His refutation of Malthus and Ricardo we consider most triumph- 
 ant." — London Critic. 
 
 " Mr. Carey began his publication of Principles twenty years ago ; 
 he is certainly a mature and deliberate writer. More than this, he is 
 readable : his pages swarm with illustrative facts and with American 
 instances. ************ 
 
 " We are in great charity with books which, like Mr. Carey's, theo- 
 rize with excessive boldness, when the author, as does Mr. Carey, 
 possesses information and reasoning power."— London Athenceum. 
 
 " Those who would fight against the insatiate greed and unscrupu- 
 lous misrepresentations of the Manchester school, which we have fre- 
 quently exposed, without any of their organs having ever dared to 
 make reply, will find in this and Mr. Carey's other works an immense 
 store of arms and ammunition. ******** 
 
 li An author who has, among the political economists of Germany 
 and France, numerous readers, is worth attentive perusal in Eng- 
 land." — London Statesman. 
 
 " Of all the varied answers to the old cry of human nature, 4 Who 
 will show us any good V none are more sententious than Mr. Carey's. 
 He says to Kings, Presidents, and People, ' Keep the nation at work, 
 and the greater the variety of employments the better.' He is seek- 
 ing and elucidating the great radical laws of matter as regards man. 
 He is at once the apostle and evangelist of temporal righteousness." 
 — National Intelligencer. 
 
 " A work which we believe to be the greatest ever written by an 
 American, and one which will in future ages be pointed out as the 
 most successful effort of its time to form the great scientia scientiarum.^ 
 —Philadelphia Evening Bulletin. 
 
 23 
 
PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 
 
 The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign; 
 
 Why it Exists, and How it may be Extinguished. 12rao., 
 cloth , $1.25 
 
 CONTENTS —The Wide Extent of Slavery— Of Slavery in the 
 British Colonies — Of Slavery in the United States — Of Emancipation 
 in the British Colonies— How Man passes from Poverty and Slavery 
 toward Wealth and Freedom — How Wealth tends to Increase — How 
 Labor acquires Value and Man becomes Free — How Man passes from 
 Wealth and Freedom toward Poverty and Slavery — How Slavery 
 grew, and How it is now maintained in the West Indies— How Slavery 
 grew, and is maintained in the United States — How Slavery grows in 
 Portugal and Turkey — How Slavery grows in India — How Slavery 
 grows in Ireland and Scotland— How Slavery grows in England — 
 How can Slavery be extinguished]— How Freedom grows in Northern 
 Germany — How Freedom grows in Russia — How Freedom grows in 
 Denmark — How Freedom grows in Spain and Belgium — Of the Duty 
 of the People of the United States— Of the Duty of the People of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 " As a philosophical writer, Mr. Carey is remarkable for the union 
 of comprehensive generalizations with a copious induction of facts. 
 His research of principles never leads him to the neglect of details ; 
 nor is his accumulation of instances ever at the expense of universal 
 truth. He is, doubtless, intent on the investigation of laws, as the 
 appropriate aim of science, but no passion for theory seduces him 
 into the region of pure speculation. His mind is no less historical 
 than philosophical, and had he not chosen the severer branch in 
 which his studies have borne such excellent fruit, he would have 
 attained an eminent rank among the historians from whom the litera- 
 ture of our country has received such signal illustration." — New York 
 Tribune, 
 
 French Politico-Economic Controversy, 
 
 Between the Supporters of the Doctrines of Carey and 
 of those of Ricardo and Malthus. By MM. De Fontenay, 
 Dupuit, Baudrillart, and others. Translated from the 
 " Journal des Economistes," 1862-63. (In press.) 
 
 Protection of Home Labor and Home Produc- 
 tions 
 
 Necessary to the Prosperity of the American Farmer. 
 By H. C. Baird. Paper 13 
 
 Smith, A Manual of Political Economy. 
 
 By E. Peshine Smith. 12mo., cloth. $1.25 
 
 24 
 
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6 6 7-2 X>9^y 
 
 377J 
 Caa.1 7a.r- £h/&rs 
 
 GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 
 
 3 3125 00 
 
 41 0139