- TWlTlTTTEIITinBUgl VIEWS IN THE OTTOMAN DOMINIONS, IN EUROPE IN ASIA, AND SOME OF THE MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS, FROM THE ©rtfltnal ©ratotitfls TAKEN FOR SIR ROBERT AINSLIE, LUIGI MJLYER, F. *4. S. DESCRIPTIONS HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE. LONDON: PRINTED BT T BENSLET, BOLT COURT, FLEET STREET, FOR R. BOWYER, 80, PALL MALL. 1810. ■ ! ‘tf i f *** . P > ■ ■ . ■ TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES, Cliis Worft, CONSISTING OF VIEWS FROM THE CELEBRATED COLLECTION OF DRAWINGS IN THE POSSESSION OF SIR ROBERT AIN SUE, BART. IS, WITH HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS’S PERMISSION, AND UNDER HIS EXPRESS PATRONAGE AND APPROBATION, DEDICATED, WITH UNFEIGNED GRATITUDE AND RESPECT, HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS’S MOST DEVOTED AND OBEDIENT SERVANT, 80 , Pall Mall. ROBERT BOWYER. TURKEY IN EUROPE. O ne of the finest portions of this quarter of the globe, including coun- tries that will ever be revered by the classical reader, has long groaned under the despotism of a horde of Asiatic conquerors, by whom it was overrun in the fifteenth century. It was in vain that Constantine, trans- ferring the seat of empire from Italy to Thrace, sought to raise .Byzan- tium, to which he gave the name of Constantinople, to a higher pitch of splendour, than Rome had enjoyed. Widely extending conquests, as they rendered the prospect of danger still more and more remote, enervated the posterity of the ancient Romans; and while the heart was enfeebled, little vigour could be expected in the extremities. As the empire declined, and at length was divided into two, this metropolis of the eastern division was far from answering the hopes of Constantine; nor has it attained more lustre under the sceptre of the Turks. History knows nothing of this people out of Asia till the end of the thirteenth century. In the beginning of the fourteenth they passed the Dardanelles, and penetrated into Thrace, now part of Romania, plant- ing the standard of Mohammed on the walls of Gallipoli. In this pro- vince they maintained their footing, and extended their sway through it and Macedonia, till in 1300 Adrianople became the chief seat of their government in Europe under Amurath. Bajazet, his son, enlarged his dominions by new conquests, driving out the petty princes of Thessaly, Macedonia, Phocis, Peloponnesus, Mcesia, and Bulgaria; and laid siege to Constantinople, which he reduced to great extremity. At this junc- ture news was brought to Bajazet, that Timour, more generally known by the name of Tamerlane, having overrun great part of Asia, had turned his arms against the Turks, and was preparing to break into Syria. On this Bajazet raised the siege, and made great preparations to meet the Tatar, by whom he was completely vanquished and made prisoner, at the celebrated battle of Ancyra, in 1402. This gave a considerable B 2 check to the Turkish power; but in 1412 the emperor Sigismund was defeated by the sultan Mousa with great slaughter. Again was Constantinople besieged in 1424 by Amurath the second, and in imminent danger of being taken; but an impostor being incited to make pretensions to the Ottoman throne, the city was a second time freed from it’s peril in consequence of the Turkish forces being called into Asia. This respite was of short duration, for Amurath soon vanquished his rival, and entered Macedonia at the head of a powerful army. With this he ravaged the country; and took and plundered Thessalonica, as he did most of the cities of Æi'tolia, Phocis, and Bœotia. From Greece he marched into Servia, and soon reduced that country. He thence turned his arms against Hungary, and laid siege to the strong city of Belgrade, but met with a vigorous and effectual resistance. In one sally no less than fifteen thousand Turks were slain by the Christians, which obliged the sultan to desist from his enterprise. On his retreat he was pursued by the celebrated John Hunniades, who came up with him; attacked his army, cut great numbers of his men to pieces, and obliged the rest to flee with precipitation. In the plains of Transylvania they soon after experienced a still more signal defeat from the same general, leaving twenty thousand dead on the field of battle, and almost as many falling in the pursuit, while not more than three thousand of the Christians were killed. The Turks received other severe checks from the Hungarians; as well as from the Albanians, who were headed by George Castriota, re- nowned in Turkish history under the name of Scanderbeg. At length in the beginning of April, 1453 , Mohammed Il.laid siege to Constantinople, the walls of which then included almost the whole of the western empire. Torn to pieces by intestine dissensions, the consequence of religious factions, it made a more vigorous defence, than might have been expected. The force that the minister was able to enrol at the command of Constantine Paleologus was inconsiderable. It did not amount to quite five thousand volunteers; and, including the Italian auxiliaries, eight thousand were the utmost of the troops the emperor could muster. For fifty three days it withstood the enemy. Breaches were repeatedly made; and as often a new wall arose, to re- pel the assailants. Mohammed, tired by the resistance he experienced. 3 offered Constantine advantageous terms of capitulation: but these the Greek emperor refused, determined to defend this last remnant of his empire, or perish with it. A report having spread in the Turkish camp, that Hunniades was advancing witli a large army to the relief of the city, the soldiers of Mohammed were seized with a panic, began to mutiny, and in a tumultuous manner pressed the sultan to raise the siege. This he would have been in consequence compelled to do, had he c advice ot ^ogan, one of his officers, who suggested to him, to order an assault without delay, at the same time promising to give up the city to be plundered by the soldiery. At three in the morning of tuesday the 29th of May the assault began. Such troops as the sultan valued least were first employed, with a design to tire the Christians, who made great havoc among this disorderly multitude. After the carnage had lasted some hours, the janizaries advanced in good order with other fresh troops, and renewed the attack with great vigour. Twice the Christians repulsed the enemy; but being at length exhausted by the continual fatigue, they were unable to stand their ground, and the Turks broke into the city in several places. Justini- ani, who had the' command of the Genoese troops and a select body of Greeks, having received a wound in the thigh and another in the hand, caused himself to be conveyed to Galata, where he soon after died. His retreat so disheartened his men, that they presently quitted their posts, and fled in confusion. Constantine, however, attended by a few of the most resolute of his followers, still kept his stand, undauntedly Striving to oppose the multitude of barbarians, that now poured in from every quarter; till, all his friends lying dead around him, he fell the last in the breach. For three days pillage and massacre roamed un- controlled over this unhappy city; when Mohammed enjoined his army under pain of death to forbear from all farther hostilities. The next day he made his public entry in triumph into Constantinople, and chose it for the seat of the Turkish empire, which it still continues. Servia now engaged the attention ‘of the conqueror, and in 1454 he entered that country at the head of his army, and imposed on it a tri- bute of forty thousand ducats. On his return' he peopled the towns and villages about Constantinople with four thousand men and women, who had fallen to his share, and laid the foundations of the extensive 4 palace, now known by the name of the seraglio. The following year he sent a fleet against the islands of Rhodes and Chios, where it was repulsed; but Cos and some other places were reduced. He then turned his arms against Hungary, and laid siege to the city of Belgrade. At first he met with some success, beat down part of the wall, and stopped the navigation of the Danube with sixty ships. The arrival of Hunniades however quickly turned the scales: in a vigorous sally he entirely routed the Turkish army, Mohammed himself fled wounded in the thigh, and all his ships were burned. Mohammed, thus repulsed from Belgrade, made preparations for the entire conquest of the Morea, the ancient Peloponnesus. The taking of Constantinople had struck such terrour into the Grecian princes, bro- thers of Constantine, that they prepared to retire to Italy. On this the Albanians seized the country, and chose Manuel Cantacuzenus, a Greek, for their prince ; offering to the sultan the cities and fortresses, if he would allow them to keep possession of the open fields for their flocks, as their way of life was that of shepherds. This proposal was not approved by Mohammed. Accordingly he attacked the Albanians, defeated them, drove them out of the Morea, and left it in the hands of the Grecian princes, whom he rendered tributary. As soon as Mohammed had withdrawn his forces, the Greeks re- volted: but, on the return of the sultan with a powerful army, Thomas Paleologus fled to Italy with his family, while Demetrius submitted, and was carried to Constantinople with most of the leading men in the principal cities, where Turkish governors were appointed. The Greeks still made some faint struggles in various places, but with little effect, the whole country being subdued in 1459, except some maritime places held by the Venetians. Against Scanderbeg, Mohammed was less successful ; but, after hav- ing had several of his armies defeated by this able general, he concluded a peace with him in 14(31. This peace enabled him not only to complete bis conquest of most of the Grecian islands, but to subdue Walachia, Bosnia, and Illyria, and extend his sway nearly to the confines of Italy. The Venetians, aware that the ambition of the Turks would not be satisfied, while their empire had any limits, entered into an alliance with the Hungarians, to prevent the West of Europe from being overrun by them; and to this 5 alliance Scanderbeg was soon induced to accede. The Hungarians made an incursion into the Turkish dominions on the West, while the Venetians invaded the Morea, where they made some conquests, but were soon obliged to abandon them. They recovered the isle of Lemnos indeed; but, being defeated in two engagements by land, found themselves under the necessity of soliciting assistance from France, Spain, and Germany. Having obtained considerable supplies from these powers, they again entered the Morea, but with worse success than before. On this they applied to Matthias, king of Hungary, to attempt a diversion in their favour. Accordingly he made a fresh in- cursion upon the Turks, ravaged Servia, and carried off a vast number of prisoners, with a great booty. Mean time several Turkish armies sent against Scanderbeg had been defeated and dispersed, till the death of this Hero, in 1466, freed the sultan from the most formidable enemy he had ever encountered. This event was followed by the reduction of Epirus and Albania under the Turkish sceptre: and the Venetians at length found themselves under the necessity of concluding a peace with the Turks in 1479- This peace was of short duration, the war being renewed in 1481, when the Turks invaded Italy, and took the city of Otranto, an event that diffused great terrour throughout Europe. This terminated the exploits of Mohammed II, who died the same year of the gout, and was succeeded by his son Bajazet II. The year 1517 brought a consider- able accession to the Ottoman dominions in the conquest of Egypt by Selim I, who had dethroned and put to death his father, and slain his elder brother. But Europe experienced little disturbance of it’s tran- quillity from the Turks, till Solyman I set out with a great army to con- quer Hungary. The city of Belgrade was immediately invested by him, and soon taken; but the obstinate resistance of Rhodes, and a rebellion in Egypt, called off his attention from Hungary till 1525. The following year was rendered memorable by the battle of Mo- hatz, where Lewis, having rashly engaged a Turkish army of two hun- dred thousand men with only twenty-five thousand, lost his life, and all his forces were cut to pieces, except a few of the cavalry. This defeat was followed by the surrender of Buda, which was retaken by the Hungarians in 1528: but the following year it was taken again by the Turks, and both Upper and Lower Moldavia submitted to their c 6 sway. They then invested Vienna, but were obliged to abandon the siege, and soon after expelled from the German dominions. In 1540 the war was renewed in Hungary, and the greater part of that kingdom mastered by the Turks; Ferdinand, emperor of Germany, taking possession of the rest. From the great defeat of the Turks at the battle of Lepanto, one of the most memorable sea-fights recorded in history, we may date the decline of the Ottoman power in the west: for though they continued to make incursions on the side of Hungary with various success, they were unable to extend their dominions, and found it difficult' to withstand the western powers. The emperor Itodolphus having entered into a confederacy with the princes of Transylvania, Walachia, and Moldavia, the Turks and their Tatar auxiliaries were defeated in several engagements, and entirely driven out of these provinces. Early in the seventeenth century the Turks first engaged in a war with Poland, but it was terminated by a peace in the year in which it began. In the year 16/2 hostilities recommenced; and in the follow- ing year the Germans and Russians joined the Poles, whose army was headed by the celebrated John Sobieski. Mohammed was entirely defeated by Sobieski, who was soon after proclaimed king of Poland; but the nobles, jealous of his glory, refusing to support him properly in pursuing his advantages, he was obliged to conclude a treaty four years after. By this the Poles resigned their pretensions to Kaminieck, which the Turks had taken in the first year of the war, and to the sove- reignty over the Cossacks of Podolia. With Russia the Turks continued to war unsuccessfully, and the peace with Poland was of no long duration. In 1683 the Turks had laid siege to Vienna, but were forced to raise it by Sobieski. The Ve- netians soon after declared war against them, and their affairs seemed to be going to wreck, till they were revived in 1688 by the vizir Ahmed Kyoprili, an experienced general, and a man of the most upright and blameless character. In 1691 Ahmed fell in a battle against the Ger- mans at Islankamen, when the Turks were defeated; and no one could be found to retrieve their affairs, which continued declining down to the battle of Zenta in 1697, when they received a signal overthrow from prince Eugene. By the peace of 1699 the Turks relinquished Transylvania to the 7 Austrians, the Morea to the Venetians, and Azof to the Russians. The war that was terminated by the treaty of Utrecht having left the powers of Europe in an exhausted state, the Turks considered the opportunity favourable for recovering the Morea from the Venetians, and they have held it ever since it was confirmed to them by the treaty of Passarowitz. In 1736 they waged a successful war against the Russians and Aus- trians; and by the peace of 1/30 resumed Belgrade and Orsova, with some parts of Servia and Wallachia formerly ceded to Austria, and Azof, which the Russians were constrained to abandon. In 1769 a war commenced with Russia, which almost threatened destruction to the Ottoman empire; and in 1 //A the Turks were glad to obtain peace on the terms of the Russian general. In 1 / 8 / the war was renewed, and the emperor Joseph thought proper to engage in it as the assistant of his Russian ally. The success of the war was various between the Turks and Austrians, the Russians taking but little part in it at the commencement: and soon after the death of Joseph, a separate peace was made with Leopold. Catharine continued the war alone from the summer of l/QO till the close of l/Ql, during which time the Turks suffered several defeats; but the peace then concluded gave her only Oczakow, with the district extending from the Bogh to the Niester. Nothing perhaps contributes more to weaken the power of the Turks in Europe, than the radical defects inherent in its government, assisted by the interference of Russia in the provinces nominally under it’s dominion, which is openly sanctioned by late treaties. It has been the modern policy of Russia, to cherish insubordination, or foment rebellion, in these provinces, availing itself particularly of it’s situation as chief of the Greek church: and in the year 1802 , when prince Ipsilanti was made governor of Wallachia, and prince Murusi governor of Moldavia, it was expressly stipulated between the Russian minister and the Porte, that neither of them should be removed from his office unless proved guilty of an offence, which that minister should allow to be of a nature to justify his deposition. A situation like this cannot be permanent. At present Turkey in Europe comprises the provinces of Moldavia, Bessarabia, Wallachia, Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia, part of Croatia and Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Albania, Romania, and the Morea. It’s 8 extent from Choczim, on the northern frontier of Moldavia, in lat. 48° 52' N., to Cape Matapan, the southern extremity of the Morea, in lat. 36° 35 , is about 8fO miles: and from the western confine of Turkish Croatia, in long. l6° 20 E. from Greenwich, to the Straits of Constantinople in 29° to’, about 680 miles. The river Dniester forms the north-eastern boundary of this country, separating it from Russia. The southern part of the grand Carpathian chain of mountains, the Bastarnic Alps of the ancients, bounds Wallachia on the north-west, and part of Moldavia on the west. This, with the Save and a small por- tion of the Danube, constitutes the principal part of the frontier on the side of Austria. But the most extensive boundary of the country is it’s maritime coast; the Black Sea, Sea of Marmora, Archipelago, Medi- terranean, and Gulf of Venice, washing it’s irregularly indented shores from the mouth of the Dniester to Dalmatia, the two extremities of it’s northern limits. Moldavia and Wallachia are a part of the ancient Dacia; and Yassy, the capital of Moldavia, was the Jassiorum Municipium of the Romans. Bessarabia, or Budzac, was a country of the Getas and Peucini. Bul- garia includes the principal part of the two provinces of Mæsia. The ancient Pannonia is now divided into Servia, Bosnia, and Turkish Croatia; though the latter appears to include also a small portion of Noricum. Dalmatia, which retains it’s old name; Albania, formerly Epirus; and Herzegovina; were included in the ancient Illyricum: except that Albania extends on the south beyond Illyricum into Mace- donia. Romania, or Rumelia, by far the most extensive division, spreads over ancient Thrace, Paeonia, Macedonia, and the northern part of Greece. And the peninsula of the Morea is the ancient Pelo- ponnesus. The population of this country has been computed at eight millions, which, supposing it to contain 182,560 square miles, would give forty- three persons to a square mile; but as there are many mountainous and barren tracts, and the population of the best is apparently thin, this is probably beyond the truth. These regions enjoy an excellent climate, salubrious air, and regular seasons; though in the province of Moldavia the winter is long and severe. The general appearance of the country is mountainous; but the hills are interspersed with pleasant plains, and delightful valleys. 9 On the north-west of Constantinople lies a plain country of great extent, and on the shores of the Black Sea are many level deserts. The soil however is for the most part fertile, the northern parts producing wheat and rich pasture, the middle and southern abundance of rice. Beside the grand stream of the Danube many large and beautiful rivers intersect these provinces, and the numerous gulfs of the Archipelago and Medi- terranean diversify and enrich the country. Next to the Danube perhaps, though far inferior, is the Maritz, or ancient Hebrus, which, rising in the ancient Hæmus, runs toward the E. and S., till, after a course of 250 miles, it falls into the Archipelago. The Yardari, the ancient Axius, rising in mount Scardus, a western branch of the same chain, pursues a S. E. course for above 200 miles, and then falls into the gulf of Salonica. Walachia and Bessarabia contain some lakes of considerable extent, as those around Ismail, and that to the east of Surza, which commu- nicates with the Danube, if it do not form a part of it. Nor are Albania and the southern provinces destitute of collections of inland waters, though they are of less importance. The southern slopes of the hills in Moldavia and Walachia are fre- quently appropriated to the vine, the produce of which, though not managed with much care, forms an article of exportation to Russia. It is a light wine, and to increase it’s strength it is common, to expose the casks containing it to the open air when the cold weather sets in. Thus in a few nights the wine is encircled with a thick crust of ice, through ' O which a hole is bored with a red hot iron, and the liquor is drawn off clear and strong. The wheat is excellent, and commonly harvested in june. Indian corn is much cultivated. The woods abound with useful timber; and there are many plantations of mulberry trees for the purpose of feeding silk-worms. Among the fruit trees the apple is the most common, and there is one variety, that appears natural to the climate. It bears without cul- ture a fruit called domniasca, which is perhaps the finest in Europe, both for size, odour, and flavour. It has been supposed, that the crab is the original stock, whence all the varieties that spread our tables, and gratify our palates, have sprung; and that these have attained their increase of size, and excellence of flavour, solely from the art of horti- culture: but is it not more probable, that the domniasca is entitled to a j> 10 share in their genealogy, if it be not the parent of them all? The pear, the plum, the cherry, the service, the walnut come to great perfection with little culture; but the climate is unfavourable to the growth of the olive and the fig. The effect of subjugation to a foreign power and despotic govern- ment is very conspicuous in the people of this country. The Dacians were a brave and warlike race; but these, their descendants, submit to the grossest ill-treatment without resistance, taking blows from any stranger as patiently as an awkward recruit from the cane of his corporal . A trifling present however will obtain from them the most cheerful and ready services. Their appearance in their summer dress is precisely that of the ancient Dacians, as represented on Trajan’s column. A savage figure habited in a shirt of coarse linen girt round the waist, and a pair of long drawers ; a hatchet hanging at the girdle ; a sheepskin thrown over the left shoulder and fastened on the breast; and sandals of undressed leather on the feet. The peasants are called rumuns, or romans, now a term of reproach, by which they are distinguished from the boyars, or nobles. Their language is a corruption of the latin, some- what resembling the italian, but more debased by barbarian mixture. The boyars of the most ancient families assert, that they are the descend- ants of the Slavi, and a distinct race from the people, who have sprung from the alliances of the Romans with the original Dacians. SICILY AND THE LI PARI ISLANDS. Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean sea, Sardinia excepted. It is about 170 miles in length, and near 120 broad at one end; it being of a triangular shape, whence it was anciently termed Trinacria, and sometimes Triquetra. It’s present name appears to be derived from the Siculi, the ancient inhabitants of Ausonia in Italy, who, driven from their native country by the Opici, took shelter in this island. These, as their numbers increased, not content with the land ceded to them on their arrival by the Sicani, the former possessors of the country, made war upon their hosts, and drove them into a corner of the island. The Cyclops and Lestrigons are said to have inhabited the vicinity of mount Ætna, before the Sicani, from whom the island was called Sicania, came 11 into this country from Spain: but of these we know nothing but what is related by the ancient poets. About three centuries after the Siculi had taken possession of the island, the Greeks began to establish colonies on it, and built many cities in various parts. The first of these were a body of Chalcidians from Eubœa, headed by Thucles, who built Naxus, and erected without the city an altar to Apollo, that acquired high repute for it’s oracles. The foundations of Syracuse were laid by Archias the Corinthian, one of the descendants of Hercules, about the year 732 B. C. The Greeks in their turn found competitors for this fertile island in the Carthaginians, who at various times sent large bodies of forces to establish themselves there; and about two centuries after the building of Syracuse they were in possession of all the western part, the eastern being inhabited by the Greeks, while the Siculi were confined to the centre of the island. The Carthaginians found a vigorous opponent to their project of enslaving all Sicily in Gelo, who had been elected prince of Syracuse on account of his virtues. At his death his brother Hiero was chosen to succeed him, the people expecting in him similar qualities, on account of his consanguinity with their deceased chief. In this they were greatly deceived; for, relying on the reputation of his late brother, he began his reign with great tyranny. Made sensible of his errour, however, and possessing sufficient wisdom to profit by his experience, he adopted more equitable measures. At his death the Syracusans would not again place their liberties at the mercy of a master, and retained their freedom for sixty years. But their peace was disturbed by the Carthaginians, who plundered Agri- gentum, and threatened the rest of the Grecian states; though at length they made a treaty of peace with Syracuse: as well as by the Athenians, who made a more serious attack on them. These, under pretence of sup- porting their allies, the people of Segesta, but in reality from a greediness of dominion, invested Syracuse with a formidable armament both by sea and land under the command of Nicias: but from disagreements among the Athenian commanders, ill conducted attacks, and inadequate supplies, their forces were all destroyed or made captive. At length Dionysius acquired the chief command against the Car- thaginians, and, in order to gain the soldiery, doubled their pay. He 12 next pretended, that his life was in danger, and thus obtained an armed guard. After these preliminaries he assumed the title of king; and though he exercised his illegal power in a tyrannical manner, he not only maintained himself on the throne, but transmitted his sceptre to his son. The younger Dionysius was less successful. He recovered the throne, indeed, after having been once compelled to relinquish it: but he was finally expelled from Sicily by Timoleon, and died in exile at Corinth. The Syracusans however did not long preserve their freedom; Agathocles, a more inhuman tyrant than any of his predecessors, usurp- ing the throne. In a war with the Carthaginians he was reduced to the utmost extremity, his troops being driven from post to post, till at length he was shut up in his capital. On this, as a last resource, he embarked with the flower of his troops, leaving the rest to defend Syra- cuse, and sailed to Africa, where he ravaged the territory of -the Cartha- ginians with fire and sword. An army of courageous patriots might now have sealed the fate of Carthage, but these were ungovernable assassins. Riot, discord, and murder pervaded the victorious camp ; and the tyrant, after seeing his children and friends slaughtered before his face, escaped back to Sicily, where he met a death as tragical as his crimes deserved. Anarchy now raged throughout the island, and the various factions called in the assistance of different foreign powers. The chief of these was Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who reduced them all to some degree of order and obedience; but from an ally he soon became the tyrant of the country, over which he ruled with despotic sway, till the Sicilians assumed courage to expel him from the island. Meantime the Mamertini, a band of mercenaries, introduced by Agathocles, being refused their claim to vote at the election of magis- trates for Syracuse, endeavoured to acquire this privilege by force of arms; but were defeated, and ordered out of the island. On their way the inhabitants of Messina received them with great hospitality, which the miscreants repaid with the basest treachery. They conspired against their hosts, murdered all the males in the city, obliged the females to become their wives, and established themselves in the place, to which they gave the name of Mamertina. These, though defeated by Pyrrhus, still maintained their footing in the island; and Iliero the 2d found it 13 necessary to form a league with the Carthaginians for their extermination. On this the Mamertini implored the assistance of the Romans, who, tempted by the prospect of extending their arms beyond the limits of Italy, crossed the strait of Messina, defeated the Carthaginians, and humbled Hiero into an ally of the republic. This gave rise to the first Punic war, which was carried on for many years in Sicily with various success. Hamilcar, of the family of Barcas, long maintained the conflict at the head of the Carthaginians; till the repeated overthrows of his colleagues, and various disappoint- ments, induced him to advise the government of Carthage to relinquish Sicily as the price of peace. At this time a kind of telegraphic communication was established between Carthage and it’s Sicilian possessions. Fires kindled on the promontory of Lilybæum were descried on the Hermæan promontory in Africa, whence similar fires could easily be seen at Carthage; and intelligence, that the required succours had sailed from the port of Car- thage, was as quickly transmitted from the Hermæan promontory to Sicily by the same means. Hiero at this period retained the friendship of both parties, and thus preserved his portion of Sicily in tranquillity. But his grandson, Hieronymus, contracting a fresh alliance with Carthage, soon fell a victim to the troubles excited by his tyranny and cruelty. Once more, and for the last time, the Syracusans found themselves in possession of independence; for when the affairs of Hannibal in Italy had begun to decline, through want of assistance from party jealousy at Carthage, the Roman consul Marcellus invaded Sicily, and laid siege to Syracuse. Never perhaps did any event more conspicuously show what may be effected by genius and science. The engines invented by Archi- medes on this occasion for a long time baffled all the attempts of a for- midable fleet and army. A fleet of sixty quinqueremes, beside a much greater number of smaller vessels, advanced to the assault, their decks covered with soldiers armed with slings, bows, and darts, to drive the Syracusans from their ramparts, which on one side were washed by the sea. In the midst of these approached a machine, on which the Roman consul placed still more dependence. Eight galleys, joined together side by side, supported on massy posts a platform, that overtopped the highest towers of the walls, and was surrounded by a parapet. As it E 14 advanced a huge stone was discharged at it by Archimedes, then a second, and immediately a third; all which falling on it with a vast crash, the supports gave way, the galleys parted, and this machine, erected with much trouble and expense, was battered to pieces. Mean- time other engines showered on the ships such volleys of stones, and beams pointed with iron, that the Roman fleet retired in confusion. On the land side they had no better success, similar engines scattering destruc- tion through their ranks as they approached. In another attack the Romans contrived to get close under the walls before daybreak, hoping thus to avoid the destructive engines of Ar- chimedes. But in this they were disappointed. They were not only overwhelmed with stones and darts as before, but powerful levers with iron hooks laid hold of the prows of their vessels, and, raising them up, immerged the poop, and then let them fall, so that they sunk ; or even lifted the smaller vessels entirely out of the water, and then dashed them to pieces. Archimedes also contrived a burning mirror, by means of which he fired their ships. The Romans were so repeatedly foiled in their attacks, that at length they converted the siege into a blockade. A body of Carthaginians under Hippocrates and Himilco, with many Sicilians, came to the assist- ance of the Syracusans: but the plague broke out among them, on which the Sicilians dispersed, and all the Carthaginians, with their two generals, perished. Still it was through treachery alone, that Marcellus made himself at last master of the city; when Archimedes was slain, while solving a problem, by a Roman soldier. From this time Sicily remained a province of the Romans, suffering repeatedly from the tyranny and rapacity of it’s governors, but almost a stranger to war, till in the decline of the Roman empire the northern nations ravaged it’s coasts; and in the eighth century the Saracens began to disturb it’s tranquillity. In 82 / they availed themselves of the dis- sensions among the Sicilians to subdue the country, and for two hundred years it was under the dominion of the crescent. In 1038 George Maniaces was sent by the Greek emperor with a great army to attack Sicily. This he did with considerable success, owing chiefly to the valour of some Norman mercenaries. But his ingratitude to these troops induced them to leave him and invade Italy, after which the 15 Mohammedans drove the Greeks out of the island. The Normans having established .themselves on the continent, again invaded Sicily; and, after a ten years war, made themselves master of the island, of which Roger Guiscard, one of their leaders, assumed the title of great earl. The younger son of a private gentleman, he governed a nation of strangers with vigour and justice, and transmitted his possessions undisputed to his posterity. The second son, who succeeded to the earldom after the death of the elder, obtained Naples likewise in right of his uncle, and assumed the title of king. The Norman line continued to reign, till their kingdom was subdued by Henry VI, emperor of Germany. After various internal contests Charles of Anjou became king of Sicily in 1266 . In 1282 the tyranny and oppressions of the French induced the Sicilians to rise, and 8000 are said to have been massacred. Immediately on this event, known by the name of the Sicilian vespers, Peter of Arragon was invited to the throne, which he accepted: but Charles of Anjou still retained his Nea- politan territories. Sicily continued to be governed by it’s own kings till the beginning of the sixteenth century. At the peace of Utrecht it was ceded to Victor, duke of Savoy, who was soon after forced by the emperor Charles VI to relinquish it for Sardinia. The Spaniards afterward recovered Sicily from the Germans; and since the beginning of the eighteenth century it has continued under the government of a son of the king of Spain. Though Sicily is in a warm climate, the air is healthful, being refreshed with seabreezes on every side. It was always remarkable for its fertility, constantly supplying Rome and Carthage with corn, and frequently other countries on the Mediterranean. It’s productions still maintain great repute ; and among them is the sugar-cane, which grows native here, as well as in the West Indies; but it’s produce, though a more powerful sweet, is inferior in flavour to that of the American cane. On the north of Sicily is an assemblage of small islands, known by the- name of Lipari, by which the largest of them is designated, as is likewise it’s capital. The names of the others are Volcano, Volcanello, which is now joined to it by the lava and ashes that have filled up the strait formerly between them, Stromboli, Panaria, Baziluzzo, Liscabianca, Datoli, Salina, Felicuda, and Alicuda. They stretch chiefly in a line from east to west, Stromboli being at the eastern extremity, and Alicuda 16 at the western ; Lipari is nearly in the centre ; and Volcano is the southernmost of the group. These were called by the ancients the Æolian islands, and the winds were supposed to be kept imprisoned in their caverns by the god Æolus, who held here his court. According to Pliny however they derived this name from a king Æolus, who reigned here at the time of the Trojan war. From their fiery eruptions the Romans gave them like- wise the appropriate name of Vulcanise, as the Greeks did of Hephaes- tiades. In the time of Strabo they were called, as now, the Lipari islands. The modern Stromboli was the Strongyle of the ancients; Panaria, their Euonymos; Lisoabianca, Liscanera; Salina, Didyme; Felicuda j Phoenicusa; Alicuda, Ericusa; Lipari, Lipara; and Volcano, Hiera. All these islands are evidently of volcanic origin ; and were probably in very remote times raised up from the bottom of the sea by the efforts of that vast bed of subterranean combustion, of which Etna, Volcano, and Vesuvius, are still the constant or occasional vents. Of the islands above enumerated most are inhabited, though some very scantily; and others have been inhabited formerly, that are now desert. And beside these there are several of little extent, that are merely barren rocks. The city of Lipari is in the eastern part of the island of that name, and on the summit ot an adjacent rock, accessible only at one place, stand the castle and cathedral. Here too the ancients had erected the temple of their tutelary deity, as well as their citadel. Considerable portions of the ancient walls are still standing in different places, the structure of which is Grecian. They are composed of massy stones well cut, the courses being three feet high. In the city there are convents for monks, but no nunneries. Women however, who wish to embrace a life of religious celibacy, are allowed, with the concurrence of their confessors, to vow perpetual virginity, and assume an appropriate dress; but they still continue to live with their parents, and mix in society like other women. Indeed under the sanc- tion of this vow and this dress they are allowed liberties, which other women dare not venture to take; and hence the tongue of scandal does not scruple to affirm, that many take the vow to enjoy greater freedom. TURKEY IN ASIA. The history of the establishment of the Turks in Europe, and an ac- count of their possessions in that quarter of the globe, having already been given, we shall next take a view of the territories, that own their domi- nion in Asia. Skirted on the west by the seas, that separate it from Europe, it occupies the whole of the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, but here is of no great breadth, being bounded by the deserts of Arabia: including the whole of Asia Minor, it extends from the Archipelago and the Euxine to the confines of Persia: on the north it is divided from the Russian dominions by the river Cuban and the chain of mount Cau- casus; and on the south it stretches down to the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates. Thus it reaches near 1100 miles from north to south, and not much less from east to west; but it’s figure is so irregular, that it is computed to contain not more than 4/0400 square miles. This however is above four times as much as Great Britain and Ireland too-e- O ther; though it’s population is estimated only at ten millions, or not quite two thirds that of the United Kingdom. The most prominent features of the history of this country are exhi- bited to us in those of Armenia and Syria. Armenia was a kingdom in very remote times, but was soon split into several petty kingdoms These were rendered tributary to the Medes by Astyages. As a part of the Persian empire this country was subdued by Alexander, and remained subject to the Macedonians till the time of Antiochus the Great. During the minority of this prince, two of it’s governors, Ar- taxias and Zadriades, united their forces; seized on some neighbouring provinces, which they added to their own; and thus formed two new kingdoms, those of Armenia Major and Armenia Minor. An alliance with the Romans, the common resource of revolters in those ao-es, enabled them to frustrate the subsequent endeavours of Antiochus; and, at the death ot Artaxias, his son succeeded to the throne of Armenia r 18 Major. After some time the Armenians were involved in a war with the Parthians, which they carried on without success; and were obliged to deliver up Tigranes, the eldest son of their king, as a hostage for their preserving the conditions, on which they were granted a peace. This son, however, was restored to his kingdom on the death of his father. He afterward married the daughter of Mithridates Eupator, and formed an alliance with that king against the Romans. He then invaded Cappadocia, and took possession of it, but surrendered it to Ariarathes, the son of Mithridates. Having been chosen king of Syria, he invaded Armenia Minor, which he reduced to his obedience; and engaged in several other successful expeditions, by which he enlarged the boun- daries of his kingdom. At length he was defeated in a bloody battle by Lucullus, the Roman general, near Tigranocerta. Of this strong town, seated on an eminence near the confines of Assyria, Lucullus soon after made himself master, with the vast treasures deposited there, as in a place of security. A second defeat obliged Tigranes to take refuge in the remotest part of his dominions: but a mutiny of the Roman soldiers under Lucullus, and a disagreement between him and Pompey, who succeeded him in the command, having encouraged Tigranes and Mithridates to collect their scattered forces, they recovered Armenia, Cappadocia, and a great part of Pontus. At this juncture the son of Tigranes revolted from his father, joined the Romans, and led Pompey into the heart of Armenia. On this Ti- granes surrendered himself into the hands of Pompey, and appealed to him for justice against his son. As the Romans were fond of a show of equity, when they conceived it compatible with their own interests, Pompey restored the kingdom of Armenia to Tigranes, with the greater part of Mesopotamia; imposing on him however a fine of 6000 talents. Tigranes, being put in possession of his kingdom, ceded to the Romans, it is said voluntarily, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Syria, and the part of Phenicia he possessed, reserving to himself only his paternal kingdom. His successor, Artuasdes, was put to death by order of Mark Antony, who conferred the kingdom of Armenia on Alexander, his son by Cleo- patra. Artaxias, however, the eldest son of Artuasdes, was proclaimed king by the Armenians; but he was soon obliged by the Romans to aban- don his kingdom, and flee into Parthia, where he was put to death. Tiberius, being sent by Augustus to settle the affairs of the East, 19 bestowed the kingdom of Armenia on Tigranes, the younger brother of Artaxias. But he did not reign long, before Tiberius ordered him to be put to death likewise. Augustus then placed on the throne Artuasdes, who is supposed to have been the son of Artaxias; but the Armenians expelled him, and called in the assistance of Phraates, king of Parthia, preferring his yoke to that of the Romans. Phraates however retired at the approach of the Roman army, and Artuasdes was restored to the throne. After a succession of several kings, generally holding the crown as vassals of the Roman empire, but occasionally under subjection to the Parthians, Trajan reduced this ancient kingdom to the state of a province. Soon after this it recovered its rank, and was governed by it’s own kings in the reign of Constantine the Great and his successor, to whom they were feudatories. In the fourth century the Romans renounced all connection with this kingdom, abandoning it to Sapor, king of Persia, who again reduced it to the state of a province. In the year 68 7 it was subdued by the Saracens, who held it till they were expelled by the irruption of the Turks. These however, by turning their arms against Persia and other eastern countries, gave the Armenians an opportunity of throwing off the yoke, and of choosing kings for themselves, till the country was subdued by Occadan, son of Zingis. After this conquest Armenia had again kings of it’s own, as Leo, having been driven from his throne by the Turks, came into England in the reign of Richard, to solicit aid against them: but in the year 14/2, Uffan Cassanes, king of Armenia, succeeding to the crown of Persia, governed his former kingdom as a province. In this state it continued till Selim II, in the year 1522, conquered it from the Persians, and made it a province of the Turkish empire, which it has continued ever since under the name of Turcomania. The fate of Armenia Minor generally followed that of Armenia Major. Aristobulus, the great grandson of Herod, was made king of this country by Nero. At his death he was succeeded by his kinsman Tigranes, who dying without issue, Vespasian made it a province of the Roman empire. On the decline of the power of the eastern emperors it was subdued by the Persians, and from them it was ultimately con- quered by the Turks. 20 Syria appears to have been anciently called Aram, after the youngest son of Shem. When it changed it’s name to Syria; and when, from several petty states, it became one kingdom, is not known. It was at length swallowed up in the great Assyrian monarchy, but after the death of Alexander it began to make a conspicuous figure in history. Under Seleucus, one of the generals of that conqueror, it’s first king, it was not confined to the present Syria; but extended from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Of all the generals of Alexander, Eumenes alone adhered with fidelity to the interests of the heirs of the Macedonian hero. Antigonus having openly seized for himself the provinces of which he was governor, Eu- menes requested the aid of Seleucus, whom Alexander had made governor ol Babylon, against the révolter. Far from complying with his request, Seleucus followed the general example; and attempted to destroy Eu- menes with his whole army, by cutting the banks of the Euphrates, and inundating the plain on which he was encamped. From this imminent peril Eumenes extricated his troops without loss of a man ; and Seleucus, being equally unsuccessful in an attempt he made to seduce his soldiers from their allegiance, entered into a truce with him, and allowed him a passage through his province. In the mean time he sent advice to Antigonus, that he might attack him betore he could be joined by any other forces. This Antigonus did: but. having defeated Eumenes through treachery, he repaired to Babylon; where, after he and his whole army had been feasted by Seleucus, he demanded of the traitor an account of the revenues of his province. This he did not choose to give; and, as he was then too weak to cope with Antigonus, he fled into Egypt. Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, having been defeated by Ptolemy at Gaza, Seleucus began to entertain hopes of recovering the province he had lost; and had the hardihood to set out with a thousand foot, and two hundred horse, with which he was furnished by Ptolemy, for the recovery of Babylon. At Carrhae, in Mesopotamia, he prevailed with the Macedonian garrison to revolt from Antigonus, and join him ; and with this reinforcement he entered the territories of Babylon, where those who had formerly been under his command readily flocked to his standard, encouraged by his lenity, and detesting Antigonus for the severity, with which he had treated them. When he approached the city of Babylon, 21 the few who adhered to Antigonus retired into the citadel, where they soon found themselves obliged to surrender. Thus Seleucus recovered his children, friends, and domestics, who had been kept prisoners in this fortress ever since his flight. Aware that he should not long remain in quiet possession of this great city, he prepared to defend himself with vigour. Nicanor, governor of Media, in hopes of crushing him before he had acquired too great strength, marched against him with ten thousand foot and seven thou- sand horse: but Seleucus, with only three thousand foot and four hun- dred horse, contrived to draw him into an ambush, and cut to pieces almost the whole of his army. They that escaped the slaughter wil- lingly joined the forces of the conqueror. All Media and Susiana immediately submitted to him on the news of this victory. At this, Antigonus, taking alarm, sent his son De- metrius with an army of five thousand Macedonian foot, ten thousand mercenaries, and four thousand horse, to recover these territories. He proceeded against Babylon, left in the care of Patrocles by Seleucus, who was then in Media. Patrocles, aware that it would be in vain tor him to attempt the defence of so large a place with his small force against an army so superior, obliged all the inhabitants to leave it, and disperse themselves over the neighbouring country; while he, with his troops, retired into two forts, which he thought they were capable of defending. When Demetrius arrived, he was surprised to find the stillness of death throughout the streets of Babylon : the city was com- pletely deserted. Immediately attacking the forts, one of them was soon reduced: but the other was so ably maintained, that Demetrius found the time allowed him by his father for the conquest expired, and marched away, leaving five thousand foot and one thousand horse under the com- mand of Archelaus, to carry on the siege. Suffering his soldiers to live at discretion as they proceeded through the country, the Babylonians were so much embittered against them, that they ever after remained firmly attached to Seleucus. The fortress held out till Seleucus returned, who immediately raised the siege, recovered the castle garrisoned by the forces of Antigonus, and finally established his authority in Babylon. This being effected he returned into Media, where he defeated Nicanor, the general ot Antigonus, and slew him with his own hand. Having thus confirmed himself in the possession of Media, he reduced G 22 all Persia, Bactria, and Hyrcania, subjecting to his new empire all the country, that had been conquered by the Greeks on the west of the Indus, and taking the title of king of Babylon and Media. Not satisfied with this, he crossed the Indus, in order to subjugate anew the countries beyond it, which had owned the sway of Alexander: for while the generals of the Macedonian conqueror had been warring with his family, and with one another, Sandracottus, a native of India, had roused his countrymen to assert their rights, and drive out the Greeks. Seleucus had not marched far into the country, before he found him- self opposed by an army of six hundred thousand men, prepared to defend their liberty, and furnished with a prodigious number of ele- phants. Fearful of the event, he offered Sandracottus to leave him in quiet possession of his crown, if he would furnish him with five hundred of his elephants. To this Sandracottus assented; and Seleucus, strength- ened by this accession to his force, which he seemed determined to employ somewhere, marched back into the west against Antigonus. Having formed a junction with Lysimachus and Ptolemy, the adverse forces met at Ipsus, in Phrygia, where a bloody battle ensued, in which Antigonus fell, and his forces were totally defeated. After this victory Seleucus marched into upper Syria, which he reduced entirely. Here he founded the city of Antioch, on the river Orontes, and built several other cities. Though these would appear to have been the occupations of peace; and his marriage with Stratonice was intended to strengthen the alliance, into which he had just entered with Demetrius; he assisted Lysimachus and Ptolemy in depriving his father-in-law of the best part of his dominions. When Demetrius was thus reduced so low, that Seleucus was no longer under any apprehensions from him, he entered into a war with Lysi- machus, with whom he had hitherto lived in strict friendship. Neither this friendship, their former fellowship in arms, nor the reflexion, that of the thirty six generals left by Alexander they alone survived, could prevent these two warriors, each upwards of seventy years old, from turning their arms against each other. They met at Curopedion, in Phrygia, where an obstinate engagement took place. The victory was long doubtful, till Lysimachus was run through with a spear, on which his 23 troops fled. The possession of all the provinces before subject to Lysi- machus, which immediately followed, was not so gratifying to Seleucus as the death of his competitor, which left him the last of Alexander’s generals, and, as he styled himself the conqueror of conquerors. But his triumph was of short duration; for, seven months after, as he was marching toward Macedonia, to take possession of that kingdom, he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, the eldest son of Ptolemy Soter, who, having been disinherited for his vices by his father, had found an asy- lum with Seleucus, and received many favours from his hands. Seleucus was succeeded by his son, Antiochus Soter, who reigned nineteen years. Having resigned to Antigonus Gonatus all preten- sions to the crown of Macedonia, he made war on Eumenes, king of Pergamus, but was defeated by him and obliged to relinquish part of his dominions in Asia Minor. At his death, in the year 261 B. C., his son, Antiochus Theos, suc- ceeded to the remainder of his dominions. While he was engaged in a war with Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, the Parthians and Bac- trians resumed their independence, and could not be subjugated by any of his successors. On the revolt of these nations, he made peace with Ptolemy, and, having divorced his wife Laodice, married Berenice, Ptolemy’s daughter, as a guarantee of the peace concluded between them. No sooner was Ptolemy dead, however, than Antiochus divorced Bere- nice, and took back Laodice; who, that she might not be repudiated a second time, put an end to his life by poison, after he had reigned fifteen years. Though her son, Seleucus Callinicus, was thus raised to the throne, Laodice did not think herself safe, as long as Berenice was alive. Ac- cordingly she began to concert measures for the destruction of Berenice and a son she had by Antiochus. Berenice having fled with her son to Daphne, and there taken refuge in an asylum built by Seleucus Nicator, the sons of Seleucus Callinicus laid close siege to the place. The cities of Asia immediately formed a confederacy in her favour; and her brother, the king of Egypt, hastened to her relief with a large army; but before either of these could come to her assistance, she and her son were mur- dered, with all the Egyptians that attended them. But though Ptolemy was too late to save his sister, he resolved to take vengeance on her assassins. Joined by the forces of the confe- 24 deracy, lie carried every thing before him, made himself master of all Syria and Cilicia, and put Laodice to death. Having passed the Eu- phrates, he subdued all the country as far as Babylon and the Tigris, and would probably have conquered the whole of the Syrian empire, had not seditions rising in Egypt obliged him to return home. On Ptolemy’s return to Egypt, Seleucus attempted to recover what he had lost: but a violent storm having destroyed his fleet, and his forces being defeated by land, he concluded a truce with Ptolemy for ten years. He then turned his arms against Arsaces, the Parthian monarch, who had now established himself firmly on the throne, and gave rise to the dynasty of the Arsacidæ. In a battle, that proved decisive, Seleucus was com- pletely defeated, taken prisoner, and died a captive four years after. The Parthians long celebrated the anniversary of this victory as the day of the establishment of their indépendance. Seleucus Callinicus was succeeded by his eldest son, Seleucus Ce- raunus, a weak prince, who reigned only one year, before he was poisoned by two of his officers. On his death, his brother Antiochus, afterward surnamed the Great, ascended the throne in the year 225 B. C. The youth of Antiochus tempted two of his generals, Alexander, governor of Persia, and Molo, governor of Media, to revolt against his authority: though it is said, that their dread of the cruelty of Hermias, the king’s prime minister, was their original inducement. They had hoped, that Achæus, the governor of the provinces of Asia Minor, would have joined them; but in this they were disappointed. Epigenes, the commander ot the troops about the king’s person, advised him to march against the rebels without delay: but Hermias, who had purposes of his own to answer, accused him of a treacherous design, to betray the king into the hands of his enemies. Having his mind thus poisoned with unjust suspicions, Antiochus sent two of his generals into the East, while he undertook an expedition against Ptolemy Philopator, to recover Cœlo- syria. He gained at first several advantages, but being defeated in the decisive battle of Raphia, he was obliged to abandon his conquests, and retire with the remains of his shattered army to Antioch. The result was a négociation for peace, which he obtained on condition of surren- dering to Ptolemy the whole of Cœlosyria and Palestine. Antiochus then proceeded against Achæus, whom the machinations of Hermias had driven into revolt. Achæus, being obliged to quit the 25 field, shut himself up in the castle of Sardis; but was at length betrayed by two Cretans, and delivered up to the king, who put him to death, and thus terminated the war in Asia Minor. He then attempted the recovery of the provinces in the East, that had shaken off the Syrian yoke. Media he did regain; but finding in Arsaces a formidable enemy, he concluded a treaty with him, by which it was agreed, that Arsaces should retain possession of Partlria and Hyrcania, on condition of assisting Antiochus to recover the other provinces, that had revolted. In like manner he concluded a peace with Euthydemus, king of Bactria, who sent his son to Antiochus, to confirm the treaty. The person and man- ners of this youth pleased the king of Syria so much, that he gave him one of his daughters in marriage. After this pacification Antiochus crossed Mount Caucasus, and entered India, where he renewed his alliance with Sophagasenus, king of that country; and having marched through Arachosia, Drangiana, and Carmania, he returned by way of Persia, Babylonia, and Mesopotamia, to Antioch, after an absence of seven years on a successful expedition, in which he acquired the surname of Great. In the year 204 B. C. Antiochus concluded a treaty with Philip king of Macedon for partitioning the dominions of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who had succeeded to the throne of his father Philopater at the age of five years. Philip was to have Egypt, with Caria, Lybia, and Cyrene. The rest was to fall to the share of Antiochus, who immediately marched into Ccelosyria and Palestine, and soon made himself master of them. Alarmed at the danger threatening the infant king from two such powerful enemies, his guardians applied for succour to the Romans; whose fame was then preeminent, Scipio having just concluded the second Punic war; and offered them the guardianship of the king, and the regency of the kingdom during his minority. The Romans did not hesitate to accept an offer, that promised them fresh enemies, and an extension of their conquests. Accordingly they sent an embassy to the confederated kings, enjoining them to desist from their enterprise, and restore the territories of a pupil of Rome; and Marcus Emilius Lepidus, one of the ambassadors, had no sooner delivered this message, than he repaired to Egypt, to regulate the affairs of the kingdom. • Aristomenes the Acarnanian, an old and experienced officer, being appointed by him to conduct the government, recruited his army as well H 26 as he could, and sent Scopas into Ætolia, to raise auxiliaries. Having assembled six thousand of these, and being joined by the Egyptian army, Scopas soon reduced Judea; garrisoned the citadel of Jerusalem, and on the approach of winter returned to Alexandria laden with spoil. Antiochus was at this time in Asia Minor; but being informed of what had passed in his absence, on the approach of spring he repaired to Palestine, encountered Scopas in a pitched battle, and defeated him with the loss of half his army. Scopas made good his retreat to Sidon, however, with about ten thousand men: but Antiochus following him closely, and investing the place, he was reduced to the necessity of surrendering at discretion. The inhabitants of Judea appear to have received Antiochus with great cordiality, as their deliverer out of the hands of the Egyptians, against whom the Jews had ever cherished an hereditary animosity; and on his approach to Jerusalem he was treated with the utmost respect and hospitality. In return for this Antiochus granted them many privileges and favours. From Palestine Antiochus proceeded to Asia Minor; and as he sailed along the coasts of Cilicia, Pamphylia, Lycia, and Caria, many of the maritime cities of those provinces voluntarily submitted themselves to him. Thus he advanced till he came to Ephesus, of which place he made himself master, and there took up his winter quarters. Smyrna, Lampsacus, and other Greek cities of Asia, which at that time enjoyed their liberty, now concurred in imploring the protection of the Romans; who at last suffered themselves to be prevailed on to inter- fere. Still the succours solicited by these cities were delayed, and much time was wasted in fruitless négociation; though Antiochus did not remain idle, for he crossed the Hellespont, and seized all the Thracian Chersonese. While affairs were in this state, in the year 1()5 B. C. Hannibal, whom the Carthaginians had agreed to deliver up to the Romans, sought the protection of Antiochus, and engaged him to make rvar against the Romans. With this view Antiochus endeavoured to strengthen himself by new alliances, giving his eldest daughter, Cleopatra, to Ptolemy, king of Egypt, and his second daughter, Antiochis, to Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, to wife. Hannibal exhorted Antiochus to send him immediately into Italy with an army: and when we consider, that he was the most consummate 27 general of his age, a sworn foe to the Romans from his infancy, and tutored by the experience not only of the victories he had achieved, but of the misfortunes he had sustained through treachery and party spirit at home, it seems strange, that Antiochus should have rejected his advice, and followed the counsels of others. Probably however, though the life of Hermias had paid the forfeit of his treachery, the ear of Antiochus was still open to the suggestions of some interested minister, so that he was deterred from adopting the only measure, that could have given him any probability of success. But sadly did he rue his having listened to the counsels of men, whose little minds sought only their own petty interests, and were unable to comprehend them in the general welfare of their sovereign and their country. Passing over into Greece, he was made generalissimo of the Greek forces, but this he found little more than an empty name. Again Han- nibal renewed his advice, and recommended him to use his utmost endeavours to gain Philip of Macedon; or, if he found this impracticable, to send his son Seleucus with an army into Macedonia, so as to prevent Philip from assisting the Romans. Instead of this he contented himself with falling on a body of five hundred Romans, without any declaration of war; and made Philip his enemy, by entertaining as a guest the regent of Athamania, who was a pretender to the crown of Macedon. Mean- time he fell in love with a young woman of Chalcis, married her, and became so great a slave to his passion, as to neglect all his other affairs. His forces, following the example of their chief, gave themselves up to luxury and dissipation, and every trace of military discipline soon vanished. Roused at length from his lethargy by a declaration of war against him at Rome, in the year 101 B. C., he set out for Ætolia, where he was led to expect great reinforcements. All the troops he could raise there, however, amounted but to four thousand men; and with these, added to the ten thousand foot and five hundred horse he brought with him, he had to oppose the Roman army, advancing against him in con- junction with the Macedonians. Thus circumstanced, he very prudently seized on the straits of Thermopylae. But instead of defending this celebrated and important pass with vigour, he was the first to set his army the example of flight, and it was nearly destroyed in the battle or in the pursuit. 28 Thus disgraced he returned into Asia; but soon after fitted out a fleet of two hundred sail, with which he embarked for the Thracian Cher- sonese; fortifying the cities of Lysimachia, Sestos, and Abydos, with other places in that neighbourhood, to prevent the Romans from crossing the Hellespont. Meantime Polyxenidas, the Syrian admiral, sent intel- ligence to the king, that the Roman fleet had appeared off Delos; on which he was ordered to seek and engage it. He did so, and was defeated; forty of his ships being taken or sunk in the conflict. Soon after Polyxenidas destroyed the Rhodian fleet by stratagem, which was the last success obtained on the part of the Syrians. Antiochus sat down before Pergamus, but was obliged to raise the siege with loss. The Phenician fleet, commanded by Hannibal, was defeated by the Rhodians; and the Syrian fleet under Polyxenidas suffered another defeat from the Romans. At these events Antiochus was so much disheartened, that he abandoned the frontiers of his kingdom; and suffered Lysimachia and Abydos, the keys of Asia, to fall into the hands of the enemy with- out resistance. Antiochus now sued for peace, but the conditions demanded by the Romans were so severe, that he refused to submit to them, and impru- dently resolved to risk his all on a general battle. With about sixty thousand men he encamped near Magnesia at the foot of mount Sipylus, and surrounded himself with strong entrenchments. The Romans, with nearly thirty thousand, insulted him daily in his camp, and threatened to attack it, hoping thus to draw him out of his favourable situation. This at length succeeded; for the king, thinking it disgraceful longer to decline the combat with an enemy so much inferior in number, accepted the challenge, and drew out his troops for battle. It is said, that in the battle, in the pursuit, and in the plunder of the camp, no less than fifty thousand foot and four thousand horse were slain on the part of the Syrians, and fifteen hundred made prisoners: while of the Roman army only three hundred foot and twenty-five horse were killed. Eumenes lost only fifteen of his men. No wonder therefore, that this victory, as the ancients tell us, seemed a prodigy to all nations both in the east and west. The Romans took fifteen elephants on this occasion, and the riches they found in the camp were immense. From this calamitous field of battle Antiochus escaped to Sardis, with what he could collect of his scattered forces. Thence, after a little rest. 29 he marched to Apamea, to join his son Seleucus, who had fled thither. Scipio, who by this victory acquired the surname of Asiaticus, soon made himself master of all the neighbouring country. Deputies hastened to him from all parts with their submission. The adjacent city of Mag- nesia surrendered to the Romans of course; and the cities of Thyatira, Trallis, Magnesia in Caria, and even Ephesus declared for them ; as did the whole country of Lydia. Sardis at once opened it’s gates to the consul, who marched to that city; but Antiochus had already departed thence. Thither the king of Syria, despairing of being again able to make head against the enemy, sent his nephew Antipater, and Zeuxis, late governor of Lydia and Phrygia, to sue for peace. They were directed to make their application to Scipio Africanus, the brother of the consul, who was celebrated for his clemency; and who had before shown his gratitude to Antiochus, for returning him his son, who had been taken prisoner, without ransom. The terms demanded by the Romans were, that Antiochus should relinquish all pretensions to any part of Europe, and confine his domi- nions to Asia on the other side Mount Taurus; that he should pay fifteen thousand Eubœic talents, or near three millions sterling, for the expenses of the war; five hundred down, two thousand five hundred when the articles were ratified by the senate and people, and one thousand annually for twelve years; that he should satisfy the demands of Eumenes, king of Pergamus, paying four hundred talents owing him, beside what remained due for the corn his father had sent to the king of Syria: that he should deliver up to the Romans, Hannibal the Carthaginian, Thoas the Etolian, Mnesilochus the Acarnanian; and Philo and Eubulus, two Chal- cidians, as the persons who had incited the present war; and that he should give twenty hostages, to be chosen by the Romans, his youngest son Antiochus being one, as pledges for his faithful performance of his engagements. The ambassadors had been ordered to refuse no terms, consequently these were accepted; but the senate afterward made this modification in the last article, that all the hostages should be changed annually, except the son of the king, who was to remain at Rome as long as the republic should think fit. The consul now divided his army into three bodies, which he placed in winter quarters; one at Magnesia, one at Trallis, and the third at I 30 Ephesus, where he and his brother fixed their residence. Thither Antiochus sent the hostages he had promised, the Roman prisoners and deserters, and the strangers that had been demanded; except Hannibal, who had quitted the king’s dominions immediately after his defeat; and Thoas, who, as soon as he heard a treaty was on foot, prudently with- drew into Ætolia. Antiochus did not long survive this disaster, but the manner of his death is not certain. Jerom, on the authority of Strabo, says, that, having seized on the treasures in the temple of Jupiter Belus, in the province of Elemais, to assist him in making good his engagement with the Romans, he was slain in an insurrection of the people, instigated no doubt by the priests. Aurelius Victor relates, that, giving himself up to every kind of dissolute pleasure, he was killed at an entertainment by one of his guests, whom he had insulted. His death however hap- pened in the year 18/ B. C., in the thirty-seventh year of his reign, and fifty-second of his age. The prophecies of Daniel, from the 10th verse of the 11th chapter to the 45th, are supposed to relate to the actions of this king and his successors. The glory of the Syrian monarchy had declined with Antiochus, and never revived. His eldest son Seleucus, having reigned eleven years, was poisoned by one Heliodorus, who usurped the crown. Antiochus Epiphanes, who had been detained at Rome as a hostage thirteen years, was at this time on his way home, being exchanged for Demetrius, his brother’s son. Aided by Eumenes, king of Pergamus, and Attains, the brother of Eumenes, he drove out the usurper, and ascended the throne. From his residence at Rome he appears to have derived little benefit, for his conduct was foolish and extravagant in an extreme degree ; so that instead of Epiphanes, or the illustrious, the title he had assumed on his accession, he was commonly called Epimanes, or the Madman. He had not been long seated on the throne, before the government of Egypt required from him the restoration of Cœlosyria and Palestine. This involved him in a war with that country, during which the Jews were great sufferers. A pretty general apostacy of the Jews appears to have taken place about this time. The priests quarrelled among themselves, robbed the temple of it’s holy vessels, to purchase the high -priesthood of the king of Syria, and even renounced their religion for that of the Greeks. A 31 false rumour, that Antiochus had been slain at the siege of Alexandria, led many of the Jews to rejoice publicly at the death of one by whom their temple had been plundered and polluted. For this on his return he took ample vengeance, putting to deatfi about forty thousand persons, and carrying off as many for slaves. Antiochus had made three successful expeditions against the Egyp- tians, and was on his way for a fourth, when he was met by three deputies of the Romans, to whom Ptolemy Euergetes and his sister Cleopatra had applied for assistance. Antiochus desiring time to deli- berate on his answer to the decree of the senate, enjoining both princes to suspend hostilities, under pain of forfeiting the friendship of Rome, Popilius, one of the deputies, drew a circle round the king with a rod, which he held in his hand, and insisted on a peremptory answer, before the king quitted the circle. After a few minutes hesitation, Antiochus declared his readiness to comply with the demand. Exasperated pro- bably at this check, and his inability to revenge the insult, he repaired to Jerusalem, and with extreme cruelty compelled the Jews to violate the principles of their religion, and worship idols at the altars erected to them in the temple. At length the Maccabees rose to vindicate the religion of their fore- fathers, and proceeded with such vigour and success, that Antiochus determined to march against them in person, swearing to exterminate the whole nation. But his threats were vain, for his progress was arrested by the hand of Death. A violent pain in his bowels seized him, which obliged him to halt at Tabæ, on the confines of Persia and Babylonia, where he died in the 12th year of his reign, and 30th of his age. He was succeeded by his son, Antiochus Eupator, a child of nine years old, who was placed on the throne by Lysias; though the deceased monarch had appointed Philip, his prime minister, to be his son’s guardian. Lysias proceeded with the army against the Jews, but was defeated by Judas Maccabæus. From another expedition against the Jews, and the siege of Jerusalem, Lysias was called off by the intelligence, that Philip had seized Antioch, and assumed the government. Him he defeated, and put to death : but Demetrius, the rightful heir to the throne, having escaped from the Romans, who had refused to set him at liberty, arriving 32 in Syria, both Lysias and Antiochus Eupator were delivered up to him by their army, and put to death. Demetrius freed Babylonia from the tyrannical rule of two brothers, who bad been set over them by Antiochus Epiphanes, and hence was surnamed Soter, or Saviour. He sent his armies against Jerusalem, to establish Alcimus in the high-priesthood; and in this contest Judas Maccabæus lost his life, It was not long, however, before he fell in battle himself against the kings of Egypt, Pergamus, and Cappadocia. After a variety of usurpers and tyrants, the kingdom of Syria at length fell under the dominion of Tigranes, king of Armenia, in the year 83 B. C.; and on his overthrow by the Romans was made a pro- vince of that republic. From them it was taken by the Saracens in the reign of the khalif Omar, and has long remained a province of the Ottoman empire. VIEW OF CONSTANTINOPLE VIEW OF CONSTANTINOPLE. The metropolis of the Turkish empire, in the latitude of 41° 10' N. and longitude of 29 E. from London, may vie in situation with any capital in the world. It owes it’s name to Constantine the Great, who in the year 330 transferred the seat of empire from Home to this spot, the site of the ancient Byzantium. With abundance of materials near at hand in the marble quarries of Proconnessus, and the forests that skirted the Euxine sea, and having at his command numbers of labourers and mechanics, the city advanced with considerable rapidity; and to supply the want of artists, as well as the time requisite for the finishing of works of sculpture, the cities of Greece and Asia were robbed of their principal ornaments, to enrich this new capital. But it did not arise under fortunate auspices. The flourishing days of Greece and Rome had passed away and the last great monarchy was verging to it’s downfall. In the introductory part of this work the calamities attendant on it’s subjugation by the Turks have been mentioned • and instead of rising like most other cities from a small beginning to a state of mag- nificence, this has rather declined than improved. It is true it still contains several public buildings not unworthy of notice; but for none of the fine arts have the Turks any taste, and the houses in general are as mean in appearance, as the streets are narrow. It’s population appears according to the most probable estimates to be about 400000, of which 200000 are Turks, 100000 Greeks, and the rest Jews, Armenians and strangers from various parts of Europe. The Seraglio, or palace of the Grand Sigmor, is supposed to contain 10000 inhabitants, and to occupy the whole of the ancient Byzantium. Constantinople has a spacious harbour capable of containing 1200 vessels, while the rapidity of the current through the narrow strait above it, and through the' Dardanelles below, renders it not very easily assailable by a hostile fleet. Near the harbour is the suburb of Galata, chiefly inhabited by Greeks and foreigners; and beyond this is Pera, where the foreign ambassadors have their residence. La métropole de l’empire Turc, située dans lu latitude de 41”. 10". N. et dans la longitude de a 9 ”. E. de Londres ne 1, cede t situation, a aucune capitale du inonde. Elle doit son nom à Constantin le Grand, lequel, en 330 transferra le slice de 1’ ■ ’/ n‘ * à cet endroit, l’as, line de l’aneien Byzance. Comme ii trouva des matériau* en abondance et HI ée 1 1 T"*, de Proeonnese, ainsique dans les forêts de la Mer Noire; et qu’il eut à se, ordres „„ grand n’ombre de laboureur, e.'d’a”^ Ta^'le viUeTde GrecéT.'^ d’AsTe' ^ ^ " T “ * ““ ** P °"' °™ge, de seulp’.ure, les s de urece et d Asie fuient pillees de leur, meilleur, ornemen,, pour enrichir cette capitale nouvelle. Mai, < elle ne ,’e,t levé. MOSQUE OF SULTAN ACHMET. MOSQUE OF SULTAN ACHMET, AT CONSTANTINOPLE. The Mosque of Sultan Achmet is situate in the ancient hippodrome, or circus, of which it occupies one side. It is considered as one of the finest of the royal mosques, and is remarkable in having been erected by Achmet, in contradiction to the laws of the empire, which forbade the Grand Signior to undertake works of this magnitude, unless he had previously wrested from the infidels some towns or provinces to defray the expense. This Achmet had not done; “ never having,” says Grelot, “ been present at any combats but mock ones in his seraglio, for the exercise of his pages.” Wishing, however, to immortalize his name by the erection of a magnificent mosque, notwith- standing the remonstrances of the mufti, sheiks, and doctors of the law, who represented it as criminal, he persisted in his undertaking, and completed the structure, which he called Imansis Giamisi, i. e. the Temple of the Incredulous, from his disbelief in their denunciations. The body of the edifice is of a square form, covered with a dome, rather small in proportion to the whole building, which is much increased in bulk by four semidomes attached to the different sides, and a square tower at each angle. The whole is encompassed by six minarets, built of a hard white stone resembling marble, each containing a winding staircase, and different galleries of pierced work, whence the Turks are summoned to prayer. The entrance is through a spacious court, to which there is an ascent of thirteen steps at each gate; in the centre is a fountain of marble of an hexagonal form; and round the whole enclosure a cloister or peristyle, consisting of twenty-six arches, each of which has a cupola, supported by pillars ot Egyptian granite, with capitals in the Turkish style. The Hippodrome is 423 paces in length, and 113 in breadth; and is the only place preserved of the ancient city. The Turks appropriate it to it’s former use, and call it Atmeidan, which signifies a place for horses. It contains two obelisks of great antiquity, and the remains of the celebrated brazen serpent, supposed to have formerly supported the golden tripod consecrated to Apollo at Delphi. I his curious pillar is about fourteen feet m height, and consists ot the bodies ol three serpents wreathed together. It was first mutilated by Mahomet II, who, considering it as possessed of talismanic properties, broke oil one of the heads with his battle-axe when lie entered the city, in revenge for the resistance he had met with. The remaining heads were, broken off about a century ago. The principal obelisk is formed of one piece of gra- nite, sixty feet in length, covered on each side with hieroglyphics. It contains on the pedestal inscriptions, signifying, that it was restored by Theodosius. The other is composed of many pieces; is at present much decayed; and is supposed to have been formerly covered with plates of metal. La Mosquée du Sultan Achmet est située dans l'Hippodrome ou Cirque, dont elle occupe un coté. On le regarde comme une des plus belles des mosquées royales, et elle est remarquable pour avoir été érigée par Aclimet maigre les loix de 1 empire, qui défendaient au Grand Seieneur d’entreprendre des ouvrages de celte grandeur, à moins qu’il n’eut auparavant enleve aux infidèles quelques villes ou provinces pour subvenir aux frais, ce que ce Sultan n’avait pas fait: “ n’ayant jamais,” dit Grelot, “ assiste a d autres combats qu a ceux qu’il l'esait représenter dans son sérail par ses pages pour les exercer.” Voulant cependant immorta iser son nom par la construction d’une mosquée magnifique, il persista dans son entreprise, malgré les remonstrances du mufti, des cheiks, et des docteurs de la loi, oui la lui représentaient comme criminelle, et il acheva cet edifice qu’il appella Imansis Giamisi, c est a dire, le lernple de 1 Incrédule, d’après son peu d’égard pour leurs oppositions. Le corps du bâtiment est de forme quarrée, surmonte d un dome, trop petit en proportion de tout l’edi lice dont la masse est fort augmentée par quatre semi-dômes attachés aux différens côtes, et une tour quarree a chaque anwle. Le tout est entouré de six minarets, bâtis en pierre blanche et dure comme du marbre, ayant chacun un escalier tournant, et différentes ealleries travaillées à jour, d’où l’on appelle les Turcs à la prière. On entre par une cour spacieuse, a laquelle il y a un perron de treize marches à chaque porte, et au centre une fontaine de marbre de forme hexagone. Autour de 1 enceinte régné un cloître ou peristile composé de vingt-six arches, dont chacune a une coupole soutenue par des colonness de granit Egyptien, avec des cliapi- aux à-la-Titnjue. L’Hippodrôme , _ . à sa première destination, et l’appellent Atmeidan, ce qu les restes du fameux serpent d’airain, que l’on croit avoit de Delphos. Ce pillier curieux a environ quatorze pieds ue uauicu., cl c*.. .w.u.v l.l.o w, r -- mutilé par Mahomet II, qui lui supposant des vertus magiques brisa une des têtes avec sa hache, lorsqu il entra dans la ville, pour se vitrer de la résidence qu’il y avait rencontrée. Les têtes restantes ont été bnsees environ un stecle depuis. L obélisque principal est formé d'un morceau de grand de soixante pied, de long; couvert d'hiéroglyphe de tou, le, côté,: sur le piédestal on lit une m,cripl,on qui apprend qu'il lut réparé par Théodose. _ Le plus petit est compose de plusieurs pieces, et est u present tort degrade. On suppose qu’il était autrefois couvert de plaques de métal. ou peristile composé c teaux u-la-ïn ^ ^ de j et us ( ] e ] iir g e . c ’ est ] a seu le place de l’ancienne ville qui soit conservée. Les Turcs l’ont rendue • • ‘ 1 ” -ii — * --Han, ce qui signifie un manège. Il renferme deux obélisques d’une grande antiquité, et croit avoir autrefois servi de support au trépied d’or consacré à Apollon, dans le temple ' P E R A Pera is one of the suburbs of Constantinople, or more properly a quarter of the great suburb of Galata, on the north side of the harbour, and opposite Scudar. It stretches for more than two miles along the summit of a lofty hill, commanding diversified and beautiful views of the grand seraglio, and principal buildings of the city, with the vessels in the harbour, and a great part of the coast of Asia; and is considered as the most salubrious spot about Constantinople. It is inhabited by Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, with a considerable number of Roman Catholics, who have at their head a Romish ecclesiastic with the title of archbishop. The ambassadors of England, Sweden, and Holland, have domestic chapels for protestants; and a general toleration is either allowed, or winked at. Almost all the envoys and ambassadors from different countries have their winter residence in this suburb. The envoy from Russia is sup- ported by his court in extraordinary splendour. The streets are badly paved, and the houses are irregularly built. The women never appear abroad unless disguised by the mahramah, which consists of two pieces of white muslin, one tied under the chin, enveloping the head, and the other across the mouth and part of the nose. Yellow hoots are drawn over the feet, and a loose kind of riding-coat, called seredje, with a large square cape hanging low behind, is universally worn by the Turkish women, who thus equipped may walk in the public streets without scandal. The last-mentioned garment is generally of green cloth, a colour no Christian is permitted to wear. The female figures in the print annexed may convey some idea of this dress. The view represents a small mosque and fountain at the entrance of the town, and is taken from the north part, called the Burying Ground. The figures on horseback are Tatar couriers, or messengers of government, who are under the immediate orders of the Bashaw and his ministers; their dress consists of a yellow cap, the lower part covered with black lambskin; a cloth coat, wrapping round the body, with short wide sleeves- blue Lrowsers, made very wide, and buttoned tight round the small pari, of the leg; and strong red boots, which are drawn over the trowsers as high as the calf of the leg. The stirrups are plates of iron nearly as long as the foot. A large Turkish sabre is also hung at the belt. The figure in the left hand corner of the view represents a water- carrier, with his leathern bag slung over his back, carrying water through the streets for sale. The inscriptions which are affixed over the entrance of the mosques are in general sentences from the Koran. Pera esl un des fauxbourgs de Constantinople, ou, pout parler plus proprement, un quartier du grand fauxbourg de Galata, au nord du port, et vis-à-vis Scudar. Il s’étend à plus de deux milles le long du sommet d’une haute montagne, et est regardé comme l’endroit le plus sain de Constantinople. 11 commande divers belles vues du grand sérail, des principaux édifices de la ville, des vaisseaux dans le port, et d'une grande partie de la côte d’Asie. Il est habité par des Grecs, des Arméniens, des Juifs, et par un grand nombre de Catho- liques Romains, qui ont à leur tête un ecclésiastique Romain, qui a le titre d’archévêque. Les embassadeurs d’Angleterre, de Suède, et d’Hollande, y ont des chapelles privées pour les Protestans; et on y tolère en général tout espèce de culte. Presque tous les embas- sadeurs et envoyés résident en hiver dans ce fauxbourg. L’envoyé de Russie y est soutenu par sa cour dans une splendeur extraordinaire. Les rues sont mal pavées, et les bâtimens irréguliers. Les femmes ne sortent jamais sans être affublées du mahramah, qui consiste en deux morceaux de mousseline blanche, un noué sous le menton, enveloppant la tête, et l’autre couvrant une partie du nez, et la bouche. Leur chaussure consiste en un espèce de brodequins, ou demi-bottes, de maroquin jaune; elles portent aussi un manteau, ou tunique, appellé seredge, ayant une espèce de grande coqueluche quarrêe, qui pend assez bas par derrière, et ainsi habillées peuvent se promener dans les rues sans donner le moindre scandai. Cette tunique est généralement d’une étoffé verte, couleur qu’il n’est pas permis aux Chrétiens de porter. Les figures de femmes représentées dans la gravure peuvent donner une idée de cet habillement. La vue repré- sente une petite mosqué et une fontaine à l’entrée de la ville, et est prise de la partie du nord, appellée le Cimetière. Les figures à cheval sont des couriers Tartars, ou messagers du gouvernement, qui sont immédiatement sous les ordres du Pacha et de ses ministres: leur habillement consiste en un bonnet jaune, dont la partie inférieure est couverte de peau d’agneau noir; un justaucorps, avec des manches courtes et larges; des pantalons bleus, très larges, et boutonnés à la partie mince de la jambe; et des bottes rouges, qui montent jusqu’au gras-de-jambe. Les étriers sont des plaques de fer presque aussi longues que le pied; et ils ont un grand sabre Turque pendant a un baudrier. La figure à main gauche représente un porteur-d’eau, avec son sac de cuir sur le dos, pour vendre de l’eau dans la ville. Les inscriptions qui sont au-dessus de l’entrée des mosqués sont généralement des sentences tirées du Koran. TBRAFiA.. T E R A P I A, IN ROMANIA. Terapia is an inconsiderable town, situate on the borders of the canal of Constan- tinople, about three leagues from that capital, and near the ancient Pharmacius Sinus, now called the Gulf of Terapia. The drawing represents the house of the archbishop, before which the ladies, and other principal inhabitants of the town, are assembled to celebrate the vigil of St. John the Baptist; when it is customary for the Greeks, as well as the Latins in different parts of Europe, to kindle large fires, which are kept burning the greater part of the night. At this time many absurdities are practised by the lower classes of people, which, being intermixed with their devotions, are considered as meri- • torious. Among others is that of jumping over the fire, and afterward plunging into the canal, and swimming about, as represented in the view. At these grand festivals (says a French author) it frequently happens, that such disorders take place, as would shock any person, that has the least ideas of true religion; the service being interrupted by buffooneries, laughter, and ridiculous acclamations; and the priests and singers drinking wine freely upon these occasions, in order to solemnize the festival with greater spirit. It should, however, be recollected, that the Latin and Greek churches hold each other in abhorrence, and consequently are inclined to exaggerate in their descriptions of the ceremonies of the opposite party. The Greeks observe three vigils yearly, viz. that of the Epiphany, of St.John the Baptist, and of the Exaltation of the Cross. Tfrapi a est une ville peu considérable, sur le canal de Constantinople, éloignée d’environ trois lieues de cette capitale, près de l’ancien Pharmacias Sinus, aujourd'hui appelé le Golfe de Térapia. Ce tableau représente la maison de l’archevêque, devant laquelle les dames, avec les autres principaux habitans de la ville, se sont assemblées pour célébrer la vigile de St. Jean Baptiste, à laquelle les Grecs aussi bien que les Latins, dans les differentes parties de l’Europe, ont coutume d’allumer de grands feux qu’ils entretiennent la plus grande partie de la nuit. Dans ce tems-ci le bas peuple donne dans plusieurs absurdités qui, mêlées à ses œuvres de dévotion, sont regardées comme méritoires; entr’ autres actes de super- stition, est celui de sauter par dessus le feu, et ensuite de plonger dans le canal, et de nager ça et là, comme on le voit dans le tableau. A ces grandes fêtes, dit un auteur Français, il se commet souvent des desordres qui choqueraient tout homme qui a la moindre idée de la vrai religion. Le service est interrompu par des bouffonneries, des éclats de rire, et des acclamations ridicules; et les prêtres et les chanteurs n’épargnent nullement le vin dans ces sortes d’occasions, pour solenniser la fête avec plus d’éclat. 11 faut cependant se rappeler que les églises Grecque et Latine, se detestent l’une l’autre; et sont par conséquent portées à l’exagération dans leur descrip- tion de ces ceremonies. Les Grecs ont trois vigiles par an : c’est-a-dire celle de l’Epiphanie, de la St. Jean, et de l'Exaltation de la Croix. TURKISH ENCAMPMENT. TURKISH ENCAMPMENT AT DAUD PASCIA IN ROMANIA. Da™ Pascia, formerly called Chiumlikioi, is situate about ten miles to the west of Constantinople, on the road leading from that city to Kustchiuk, or the Little Bridge. The two rivers known in antiquity by the name of Kiclarus and Barhisis enter here into the canal of Ejoup, and, afterward falling into the port of Constantinople, form what is there called the Fresh Waters. At this place, in the spring of the year 1788, the Grand Vizier Jussuf bashaw formed an encampment upon a very extensive scale, consisting of upward of 100000 men, with 300 pieces of cannon, preparatory to the march of the Turkish army against the Austrian and Russian forces. Here, under an elegant and spacious tent, the Vizier for some time gave audience to the foreign minis- ters; and it was during a ceremony of this kind (an audience given to the British ambassador, Sir Robert Ainslie), that the drawings of this encampment were taken, for which a particular permission was granted. The tent appropriated to this ceremony appears remotely in the view annexed, which represents the approach to it, and the general appearance of the camp. The tents appertaining to the Grand Vizier are distinguished by their green colour. The three horse-tails, on the tops of which are gilded ornaments in the shape of a pear, are called thouy, or tugh*, and are always carried before the Vizier on his march. This singular military ensign is said to owe it’s origin to a Turkish general, whose soldiers having lost their colours, he cut oft a horse’s tail, and, placing it on the top of a lance, rallied his forces by it, and gained a complete victory. This ensign, among the Turks, is held next in honour to the standard of Mohammed. * A tugh consists of a quantity of horsehair, sufficient to make a full horse-tail. It is generally painted with red, and fastened to the top of a long pole, painted green, on the head of which is an apple of silver gilt. La Motraye. Daud Pascia, autrefois appelé Chiumlikioi, est situé entre Constantinople et Kustchiuk Czemege, ou le Petit Pont, éloigne d’environ dix miles à l’ouest de cette métropole. Les deux rivières connues dans l’antiquité sous le nom de Kidarus et de Barbisis, entrent ici dans le canal d’Ejoup, et se jettant ensuite dans le port de Constantinople, forment ce qu’on appelé là les Eaux Douces. Ce fut ici, au printems de l’année 1788, que le Grand Visir Jussuf Pacha forma un camp d’une très grande étendue, renfermant plus de 100000 hommes, avec 800 pièces de canons, avant la marche de l’armée Turque contre les troupes Russes et Autrichiennes. Ce fut ici qu il donna, pendant quelque terns, sous une tente spacieuse et élégante, audience aux ministres des puissances étrangères; et ce fut, pendant une cérémonie de cette espèce (dans une audience donnée à Monsieur le Chevalier Ainslie, ambassadeur de sa Majesté Britannique), que les tableaux de ce camp furent tirés, par une permission particulière accordée à cet effet. La tente préparée pour cette ceremonie paroit dans le lointain dans cette Gravure, qui représente l’approche, et la vue générale du camp. On distingue les tentes du Grand Visir par leur couleur vert. Les trois queus à cheval, au haut desquelles il y a des ornemens dorés en forme d’une poire, sont appelées thouy, ou tugh*, et sont toujours portées devant le Visir, quand il se met en marche. Ce singulier enseigne militaire doit, dit-on, son origine à un général Turc, dont les soldats aj'ant perdu leurs drapeaux, il coup a la queue à un cheval, la plaça sur une lance, railla par là ses troupes, et remporta une victoire complète. Cet étendard, parmi les Turcs, est regarde comme le plus honorable après celui de Mahomet. * On appelé Tugh la quantité tic crins il cheval suffisante pour faire une queue entière de cheval. Elle est ordinairement peinte en rouge, et attachée au haut d une longue perche peinte en vert; au haut-bout de laquelle est une pomme d'argent dorée. La Motraye. H i AQUEDUCT NEAR BELGRADE. AQUEDUCT NEAR BELGRADE, IN ROMANIA. The village of Belgrade is about twelve miles to the north of Constantinople, and at a short distance from the Black Sea, which in a clear day is within view. It derives it’s name from the pleasantness of it’s situation, and is much frequented by the foreign ambassadors, as well as by the principal Turks and other persons of fashion, for the cool and refreshing shades it affords during the scorching heats of summer. At this village Lady Montague often resided. In one of her letters dated thence she says, “ The heats of Constantinople have driven me to this place, which perfectly “ answers the description of the Elysian Fields. I am in the middle of a wood con- “ sisting chiefly of fruit-trees, watered by a vast number of fountains famed for the “ excellency of their water, and within sight of the Black Sea, from which I perpetually “ enjoy the refreshment of cool breezes, that make me insensible of the heats of surn- “ mer.” In this neighbourhood several capacious cisterns or reservoirs are formed for the purpose of collecting the water, of which there is an abundant supply from the different springs. “ From these cisterns,” says Wheler, “ the water is conveyed by “ channels under ground to the several aqueducts, that carry it by many windings and “ turnings over the low vallies, from the tops of hills to hills, until at last it is brought “ with a vast charge to Constantinople, where it is again collected in large basins, and “ finally dispersed in earthen pipes to the different quarters of the city.” The annexed View is taken near Belgrade, and represents one of the principal aqueducts alluded to. It consists of two extensive rows of arches, the uppermost containing above forty, and the under one about twenty. In the deepest part of the valley a third row of arches is formed. It’s height at this part is near 100 feet. This edifice, as well as several others of a similar kind, which are seen between this place and the metropolis, are supposed to have been erected by the latter Roman and Greek emperors; but, being much injured from time and neglect, were completely restored by Solyman the Great. The care of them at present, and the cleansing of the different channels through which the water passes, is imposed on the inhabitants of the adjacent villages, for which service they are exempted from all other taxes. Le village de Belgrade au nord de Constantinople en est éloigné d’environ douze milles, à une petite distance de la Mer Noire qu’on en peut voir dans les beaux jours. Il tire son nom de l’aménité de sa situation, et est bien fréquenté par les ambassadeurs étrangers aussi bien que par les principaux Turcs et d’autres personnes de qualité, à cause des ombrages frais et agréables qu’il procure pendant les chaleurs étouffantes de l’été. Lady Montagne a souvent résidé dans ce village. Dans une de ses lettres qui en est datée elle s’exprime ainsi : " Les chaleurs de " Constantinople m’ont forcée à me retirer dans ce lieu, qui répond parfaitement à la peinture des Champs Elisées. Je suis au milieu “ d’un bois formé principalement d’arbres fruitiers, arrosé d’un grand nombre de fontaines célébrés pour la bonté de leurs eaux, et à la “ vue de la Mer Noire, d’où je reçois la fraicheur constante des vents agréables qui m’empechent de sentir les chaleurs de l’été,” On trouve dans ce voisinage plusieurs grandes citernes, ou réservoirs formés pour ramasser l’eau qui y vient en abondance des sources différentes. “ C’est de ces citernes,” dit Wheler, que l’eau est conduite par des canaux souterrains à un grand nombre d’aqueducs, qui “ la portent par plusieurs tours et détours par dessus les basses vallées au sommet d’une colline à une autre, jusqu’à ce qu’enfin elle “ arrive à grand frais à Constantinople, où elle est encore reçue dans de grands bassins, et enfin distribuée par des tuyaux de terre dans “ les différens quartiers de la ville.” La présente Vue est prise près de Belgrade, et réprésente un des principaux aqueducs ci-dessus-mentionnés. Il est formé de deux rangées etendues d’arcades dont la supérieure contient environ quarante, et l’inférieure environ vingt. Dans la partie la plus enfoncée de la vallée on a fait une troisième rangée d’arcades. Il a dans cet endroit a peu près cent pieds de hauteur. Cet édifice, comme plusieurs autres semblables que l’on voit entre cette place et la métropole, sont supposés avoir été bâtis par les derniers empereurs Romains et Grecs; mais étant beaucoup endommagés par le tems et la négligence, ils furent entièrement réparés par Soliman le Grand. Les habitans des villages voisins sont aujourdhui obligés d’en avoir soin, et de curer les différens canaux par où l’eau passe; et en récompense ils sont exempts de toute autre taxe. PICCOLO BENT. PICCOLO BENT, IN ROMANIA. The Piccolo Beut, or Bendt, so called to distinguish it from the Chuchook or greater Bent, in the same neighbourhood, is a capacious sheet of water, collected principally from the springs in the vicinity of the village of Belgrade, from which it is about a mile distant. The reservoir is formed in a dingle, surrounded by umbrageous groves of chestnut and plane trees, many of them of a prodigious size. The water issues from two tioughs of stone, and, falling over a high and massive wall, forms two beautiful cascades, which, after breaking over several stone steps, are conveyed by different aqueducts to Con- stantinople to supply part of the inhabitants of that city. I he wall or dam is solidly built in a kind of rustic work, and was, in all probability, erected by some of the latter Roman emperors. Several aqueducts in the environs of this place appear also from their style of building to have been raised about the same period : these edifices, being much decayed, were restored by Solyman the Second, surnamed the Magnificent, who, from his having constructed and repaired so many works of public utility, is called by la Motraye the Sextus Quintus of Constantinople. The romantic scenery of this spot has rendered it justly celebrated, as well by travellers who have visited the Turkish metropolis, as by the Turks themselves; by whom it is much frequented in the summer season, on account of it’s groves and refreshing coolness; nothing to the ears of a Mohammedan being more grateful than the sound of falling water, even when on a diminutive scale. Here Achmet the Third, attracted by the beauties of the place, erected a chiosk, or summer-house, about seventy years ago; which, beside it’s profuse carving and gildiim, contained several poetical descriptions of the adjacent country in embossed letters of gold round the apartments. To this delicious retreat it’s royal founder frequently retired with his favourite ladies. This chiosk is now falling to pieces from neglect, one emperor never repairing the works of another. Le Piccolo Bent, ou Bendt, ainsi appelle pour le distinguer dn Chuchook, ou du plus grand Bent, dans le même voisinage, est une grande nappe d'eau, formée principalement des sources qui se trouvent autour du village de Belgrade, dont elle est éloignée d'environ Ce réservoir est dons un enfoncement, et environné de bocages touffus de châtaigniers et de platanes, dont plusieurs sont d’une grandeur prodigieuse. L'eau en sort par deux auges de pierre, tombe du sommet d’une haute et grosse muraille, et forme par sa chute deux superbes cascades, qui après avoir roulé sur plusieurs marches en pierre, sont conduits par différais aqueducs à Constantinople pour fournir de l’eau à une partie des habitans de cette ville. 1 La uni raille ou l’ecluse est solidement bâtie: c’est une espèce d’ouvrage rustique qui très probablement fut bâti par quelques-uns des derniers empereurs Romains. Plusieurs aqueducs dans les environs de ce lieu paroissent aussi par leur structure avoir été bâtis à peu près dans le même teins : ces batimens ayant été beaucoup endommagés furent réparés par Soliman Second, surnommé le Mag- nifique, qui, pour avoir bâti et réparé plusieurs edifices utiles au public, est appellé par la Motraye le Sixte Quinte de Constantinople. Les scenes romanesque de ce lieu lui ont attiré avec raison les eloges tant des voyageurs qui ont visité la métropole Turque, que des Turcs eux-mêmes, qui le fréquentent beaucoup en été, à cause de ses bocages, et de sa fraîcheur délicieuse; car rien n’est plus agréable à l’oreille d’un Mahometan que le bruit d’une chûte d’eau, même seroit-elle d’une grandeur moins considerable. Attire par la beauté du lieu, Achmet Trois a fait élever ici, depuis environ soixante dix ans, un chiosk, ou maison dé plaisance, qui outre la profusion de sa sculpture, et de sa dorure contient plusieurs descriptions poétiques du pays d’à l’entour en lettres d’or en bosse autour des appartemens. C’etoit dans cette rétraite délicieuse que son fondateur royal se retirait souvent avec ses dames favorites. Ce chiosk est négligé et tombé aujourdhui en ruine; car l’un empereur ne repare jamais les ouvrages d’un autre. CARAVAN SARY Ai’ KU STCHU 'K-CZKMEGE CARAVANSARY Aï KUSTCHIUK CZEMEGE, IN ROMANIA. Caravansaries (sometimes called hans or khans) are public edifices established in almost every town and village throughout the Turkish empire, for the accommodation of travellers of every nation, religion, and condition, as well as for the purposes of traffick. Those in the large towns are in general extensive buildings, mostly of stone, roofed with lead, of a quadrangular form, consisting of two, and sometimes of three stories. To each belongs a garden, and frequently a fountain and mosque. The interior of the building contains a platform or bench, about three feet from the ground, and six in width, intersected with hearths and chimneys for dressing their food. Upon this bench the passengers, after eating their suppers cross-legged, take their repose upon mats and straw provided for the purpose. Some, however, for their better accommodation, carry mattresses or carpets with them. The horses are ranged at the feet of their respective masters, where the mangers are placed; the rest of the space is occupied by the caravans and beasts of burden. In some of the larger khans private apartments may be had, but they contain no other furniture than mats and straw for bedding. Travellers lodge gratis in these houses of hospitality; and, in several, pi l law (a Turkish dish of rice boiled with bread and meat) is given to those who will accept it, as well as straw for the horses. Wine is sometimes sold at the door for the accom- modation of Christian passengers. Most of these caravansaries have been erected from devotion, at the expense of individuals; but their first institution, according to tradition, is derived from Ibrahim bashaw, who, being rewarded with great riches, in consequence of his services to Sultan Selim, and honoured with the title of khan*, founded several, whence they bear the name of khans. The View is taken from the village of Kustchiuk Czemege, or Ponte Piccolo, in the neighbourhood of Constantinople. The figure on horseback represents one of the Bostangi (a sort of guards for the palace and gardens of the Grand Seignior). Those sitting on the steps are supposed to be passengers waiting for the departure of the caravan. The female figures are in the ordinary dress of Mohammedan women. * Khan, by corruption chain or han, signifies in the Turkish language blood, or prince of the blood. Les Caravansérails (quelquefois appelles hans ou kans) sont des édifices publiques établis dans presque toutes les' villes et villages de l’empire de Turquie, pour la réception des voyageurs de toutes les nations, réligions, et conditions, aussi bien que pour la commodité du commerce. Ceux des grandes villes sont généralement des grands bâtiments de pierres, de forme quadrangulaire, de deux, et quelque- fois trois étages, couverts en plomb, auxquels il y a un jardin, souvent une fontaine, et une mosquée qui leur appartient. L’intérieur de l’édifice contient une plate-forme élevée d’environ trois pieds de la terre, et de six de largeur, entrecoupée de cheminés pour y préparer les aliments. C’est sur ces plate-formes que les passagers (après avoir mangé leur soupes les jambes croisés) prennent leur repos sur des nattes et de la paille fournie pour cet usage. Quelqu’uns cependant pour leur plus grande commodité portent avec eux des matelas ou des tapis. Les chevaux sont rangés aux pieds de leur maîtres respectifs, et où les mangeoires sont placées : le reste de l’espace est occupé par les caravanes et les bêtes de charge. Dans quelqu’uns des plus grands kans on peut avoir des appartements particuliers, mais ils ne contiennent d’autre fourniture que de la paille et des nattes pour coucher. Les voyageurs logent gratis dans ces maisons d’hospitalité; et dans plusieurs ou donne à ceux qui veulent l’accepter un plat de pillau, ragoût turque composé de riz bouilli avec de la viande et du pain: on leur donne aussi de la paille pour leur chevaux. On vend quelquefois du vin à la porte pour les voy- ageurs Chrétiens. La plus grande partie de ces caravansérails ont été bâtis par dévotion, aux dépens d’individus; mais leur premiere institution, suivant la tradition, vient d’ibrahim pacha, lequel ayant été recompensé de ses services envers le Sultan Selim par de grandes richesses, et honoré du titre de Chkan*, en fonda plusieurs; et c’est de la que leur vient le nom de kans. La Vuë est prise du village de Kustchiuk Czemege, ou Ponte Piccolo, dans le voisinage de Constantinople. La figure à cheval représente un des Bostangi (espèce de gardes pour les palais et les jardins du Grand Seigneur). Ceux qui sont assis sur les gradins sont supposé être des passagers attendant le départ de la caravane. Les figures de femmes sont dans le costume ordinaire des Mahometanes. * Chkan, par corruption cham ou han, signifie en langue turque sang, ou prince àu sang. PONTE PICCOLO. PONTE PICCOLO IN ROMANIA. Ponte Piccolo, or the Little Bridge, is an inconsiderable town, pleasantly situate at the head of a salt lake on the borders of the Archipelago, about five leagues to the west of Constantinople. It receives it’s name from a stone bridge of thirty-six arches, constructed by Solyman II, in the year of the Hegira 974. The lake is of unequal breadth, and about fifteen miles in length, communicating with the sea by a narrow channel, over which the bridge is erected. The town contains a mosque, and five hans or caravansaries, some of them tolerably handsome*. This place was known to the ancients by the appellation of Bathinia, or Bathinis, according to Pomponius Mela and the younger Pliny. At this town the regulations of the Michmander begin; this is a Turkish ollicer appointed by the Porte to accompany foreign ministers while travelling in the domi- nions of the Grand Signior, with orders to pay them every attention, and to provide whatever may be necessary for their accommodation in the different towns they pass through. Boscowich, who came through Ponte Piccolo in the suite of the English ambassador m the year 1762, says, “ We had here for lodging, or konax, as the Turks call it, two miserable Greek houses, in which were several images of saints, as ill made, and as hideous, as it is possible to conceive: these are almost always found in the habitations of the Greeks, and are frequently intermixed with wretched paintings, before which, even in the poorest houses, a dirty lamp is kept continually burning.” The group of figures under the tent in the View annexed represents a band of gipsies found in that situation by the artist, exercising the farrier’s art. ' A view of one of the principal caravansaries, with pari of the town, will be found under it’s Turkish name, Kustchiuk Czemege. Ponte Piccolo, ou Petit Pont, est une petite ville agréablement située, à la source d’un lac salé, sur les bords de l’Archipel, à cinq lieues environ de Constantinople, vers l’ouest. Elle prend son nom d’un pont de pierre de trente six arches, construit par Solyman II l’an neuf cent soixante et quatorze de l’Egire. Le lac est d’une largeur inégale et d’a peu près quinze milles de long; il est joint à la mer par un canal étroit, sur lequel on a construit le pont. La ville a une mosquée, et cinq hans ou caravansérails, dont quelques un9 sont assez beaux*. Cette ville fut nommée autrefois Bathinia, ou Bathinis, selon Pomponius Mêla et Pline le jeune. C’est à Ponte Piccolo que commencent les fonctions du Michmander, officier Turc, nommé par la Porte pour accompagner les ministres étrangers pendant qu’ils voyagent dans les états du Grand Seigneur. Il a ordre d’avoir pour eux toutes sortes d’attentions, et de leur procurer tout ce dont ils peuvent avoir besoin dans les differentes villes par lesquelles ils passent. Boscovich qui traversa Ponte Piccolo en 1762 à la suite de l’ambassadeur d’Angleterre dit; “ Nous eûmes pour logement, ou conax, suivant la dénomination Turque, deux chétives maisons grecques, dans lesquelles se trouvaient diverses images de saints, aussi mal-faites et aussi hideuses qu’il soit possible de l’imaginer. Ces images se voyent presque toujours dans les habitations des Grecs; elles y sont Iréquemment melées avec des peintures détestables, audevant desquelles, même dans les maisons les plus pauvres, une lampe sale brûte continuellement.” Le groupe de figures que l'on apperçoit sous la tente représente des Egyptiens, dans la situation où l’artiste lés a vues, exerçant l’art de maréchal. • La Vue d'un des principaux caravansérails, avec une portion de la ville, paroltra sous son nom Turc, Kustchiuk Czemege. FONTE GRNNDE. PONTE GRANDE, IN ROMANIA. Ponte Grande, or the Great Bridge, called by the Turks Bujuk-Czekme*, is situate on the northern coast of the sea of Marmora, between Ponte Piccolo and the village of Karaclikioi, about eight leagues distant from Constantinople to the west. It was constructed by Solyman the Magnificent, across a salt lake, or arm of the sea, four miles in length; and consists of four parts nearly contiguous to each other. The whole is solidly built of stone, and is of considerable extent, containing twenty-six large arches. This bridge gives name to the adjoining town, which is tolerably large and populous, inhabited by Turks and Greeks. It stands on the west side of a hill at the head of the lake, and affords several caravansaries, one of which is very spacious and handsome. The surrounding country is in a good state of cultivation, and displays several vineyards, with interspersed villages. This place was known to the ancients by the name of Milanthias, and the lake by that of Atheras. Numerous caravans of camels are frequently met with on the road in this province, conveying merchandise from one town to another. “ These I have sometimes found,” says a modern traveller, “ by the road side sleeping on their knees, ranged by the side of each other with their heads outward, and forming a circle, within which their burdens are deposited.” * The Turkish language, like the Welsh, seems to set orthography at defiance. The name of this town (as well as others) is so differently written by travellers, that it is sometimes difficult to recognise it. Buyuk-Checkmegeh, Beu-Chaque-Medja, Buyuk- Chiesmedgick, Bou'iouc-Tchesmega, &c., may serve as an example. Ponte Grande ou le Grand Pont, que les Turcs appellent Bujuk-Czekme •, est situé sur la côte septentrionale de la mer de Marmora, entre Ponte Piccolo et le village de Karaclikioi, à environ huit lieues de Constantinople à l’ouest. Il fut construit par Soliman le Magnifique, sur un lac d’eau salée, ou bras de mer, de quatre milles de long, et consiste en quatre parties presque contiguës les unes aux autres: le tout est solidement bâjj eu pierre, et a une étendue considérable de vingt six grandes arches. Ce pont donne le nom à la ville coutigue qui est assez grande et populeuse, habitée par des Turcs et des Grecs. Elle est sur la côte occidentale d’une montagne a la source du lac, et l’on y trouve plusieurs caravansérails; dont l’un est beau et très spacieux. Le pays qui l’entoure est bien cultivé; il contient plusieurs vignobles, et est parsemé de différentes villages. Les anciens nommaient cette ville Milanthias, et le lac Atheras. On rencontre souvent sur la route dans cette province de nombreuses caravanes de chameaux, portant des marchandises d’une ville à l’autre. " J’en ai vu quelquefois,” dit un voyageur moderne, “ sur le chemin rangés à coté d’un de l’autre, dormant sur leurs genoux, et la tête en avant, formant un cercle dans lequel leurs fardeaux étaient déposés.” • La langue Turque comme la langue Galloise semble mettre l'ortographe en défaut. Le nom de cette ville (ainsi que celui des autres) est écrit si différemment par les voyageurs, qu’il est quelquefois difficile de le rcconnaitre. Buyuk-Checkmegeh, Beu-Chaque-Medja, Buyuk-Chiesmedgick, Bouïouc-Tchesmega, &c. peuvent servir d'exemple. TCHIL'RLUK. T C H I U R L U K, IN ROMANIA. The town of Tchiarluk, or Chourlù, stands on a rising ground between Borgas and Siluria, twenty-four leagues from Constantinople to the north-west, about seven from the coast of the Euxine, and nearly the same distance from the sea of Marmora. From it’s elevated situation, it commands very extensive prospects, which are bounded to the south-east by the last-mentioned sea. It contains a conac, or little seraglio, built for the use of the Grand Seignor when he travels this road : this was visited by Lady Wortley Montague, who describes it in the following words: “ I had the curiosity to “ view all the apartments destined for the ladies: they were in the midst of a thick “ grove of trees, made fresh by fountains; but I was most surprised to see the walls “ almost covered with little distichs of Turkish verse written with pencils.” This place is supposed by Pocock to be the lzhrallon ol the Itinerary, which is mentioned as eighteen miles from Heraclea, in the way to Adrianople. r Ihe Greeks and Armenians have a church here; and from an inscription in the churchyard ot the latter, which makes mention of a Perinthian, the above author supposes this place was in the district of Perinthus, called afterward Heraclea. Near the town are seen the remains of an ancient enclosure, built with brick and stone, supposed to be part of the wall constructed by Anastasius Dicolus in the sixth century, to prevent the incursions of the Bulgarians. This spot is also famous on account of a battle fought between Bajazet and his son Selim. The adjacent country is thus described by a modern traveller: “ The first signs of “ cultivation we met with were the vineyards belonging to Chourluk, which are three “ miles in extent. Before reaching these we crossed a very dreary country, in which “ not a tree or a stone was to be seen. The soil was very white, but neither sand nor “ clay; and what little vegetation there was, was nearly destroyed by innumerable “ quantities of ground-squirrels. On this side the town we pursued our journey over “ a country equally open and barren.” La ville dcTchiurluk, ou Chiourlù, est sur un terrein élevée entre Borgas et Silurie, à vingt quatre lieues nord-ouest de Constantinople, à sept environ des bords de l’Euxin, et à peu près à la même distance de la mer de Marmora. Elle domine par sa situation une vue très étendue, bornée au sud par cette même mer. On y trouve un conac, ou petit sérail, destiné au Grand Seigneur quand il voyage sur cette route. Lady Wortley Montague qui le visita, dit qu’elle eut la curiosité de voir les appariements destinés aux femmes; qu’ils sont au milieu d’un bois épais, raflïaichis par des fontaines; mais qu’elle fut très surprise de trouver les murs presque couverts de petits distiques en vers Turcs écrits au crayon. Pucock suppose que ce lieu est l’izhrallon dont il est parlé dans l’Itinéraire, comme étant à dix huit miles d’Héraclée sur le chemin d’Adrianople. Les Grecs et les Arméniens y ont une église, et d’après une inscription placée dans le cimetière de ce dernier, qui fait mention d’un Périnthien, le même auteur croit que cette place était dans le district de Périnthus, ensuite appelle Héracl.'e. On voit près de la ville les restes d’une ancienne enceinte, bâtie en brique et en pierre, que l’on croit être une partie d’un mur construit dans le sixième siècle par Anastase Dicolus, pour empêcher les incursions des Bulgares. Ce terrein est aussi fameux par le combat qui y eut lieu entre Bajazet et son fils Séliin. “ Les premiers signes de culture,” dit un voyageur moderne en parlant des contrées adjacentes, “ que nous rencontrâmes, turent “ des vignobles dépendants de Chourluk, qui ont trois milles d’étendue. Avant d’y parvenir nous traversâmes un pays très aride, dans “ lequel on ne voit ni un arbre ni une pierre. Le sol est très blanc, mais ce n’est ni du sable ni de l’argile, et le peu de végétation qui “ s’y trouve est presque détruit par une quantité innombrable d’ecureuils. Nous continuâmes notre voyage de ce côte de la ville dans “ un pays également ouvert et stérile.” ' _____ ■ :muts, pour l’écoulement de l’eau , es pour ces égouts que de vider, , qui dévoient soutenir le poids d’un bâti- Parmi les temples dédiés aux divinités païennes, celui de Diane à Eplièse, l’une des sept merveilles du i Il fut érigé aux dépens communs de tous les , tats de 1’ Asie; et exigea, à ce qu’on «lit, un travail de deux c Selon Pline, on en choisit l'assiette à l’ouverture d’un marais, au pied d’une n qu’ailleurs aux dangers des tremblemens de terre. Mais de là provint la nécessité de construire des é«t qui tomboit de la montagne, dans le marais, ou dans le Caïster ■ et tellp fur l-, °; , ,i , .... °. ’ .. ‘ , lslel , et ieiie rut 1.1 quaniue de pienes lequises pour ces égouts que de vider, a peu pies, les cameies du pais 1 our aüermir les fondemens de ces tranchées souterraines, qui dévoient soutenir le poids d’un bâti- ,nent « «■“■* ° n ,P°“ *» 1 c .°“'-' hesde charbon de bois bien enfoncé»; c.r les anciens n ignoraient pas, que in clmrbonniïation du bois le Ehon TnÔLr^n le bblim’cM f'T ,,! ’ “ 4 qui désigna et qui Lnunença cet édifice s'apneïoit Ctesiphon , et, apics sa molt, batiment fut continue sous la direction de son bis, Metagene; mais on ignore par qui il fut achevé célé",“ d“. .ot!S it'dqu'rr' °" * n,plOI “ p,US d “ *»*> « P“™> «»*->! Scopi, r„£ des artistes le, pin: La renommée extraordinaire de ce le, noie fat cause qu’il essuya un sort singulier. Un certain Erostrate vit en le détruisant le moyen infaillible de transmet!, e son nom a la poster,, e ; cl, dans ce dessin, il y mi, le feu. A lin de fruste,- son intention les élaB Asiatique, publièrent » décret par lequel défense lut fane de le nommer : mais leur décret devint inutile, d’autantque le noli d' Era- Cet événement eut lieu le jour de la naissance d’un homme qui prit une autre route sa gloire, non à détruire uu seul temple; non à culbuter des poutres, ni des pienes nanimees ; mais a écraser des milliers de ses semblables. — r Sur les ruines de ce temple il s'éleva un antre, dont l’architecte fut Dinocrate, et dont la sculpture fut enrichie par la main de Praxitèle. Ce temple eut 411 pieds de baigneur, et 213 de largeur. Il fut orné de quatre cens colonnes, hautes de 68 pieds. Ce temple duroit encore du terns de Pline, et de btrabon; et on suppose qu’il a élé détruit sous le régné de Constantin, d’après le décret de cet trate nous est transmis par plusieurs liistor vers la renommée : de eet Alexandre qui fonda empereur, selon lequel on devoit abattre tous les temples des divinités païennes. Chaque année, tous les Ioniens s’en allo.ent à Epbèse, avec leurs femmes et enfans, pour y célébrer la fête de Diane laquelle se fir Ephèsieïr “ aS CnCC extra0rd,naire i et - l’observe Demétrius dans les Actes des Apôtres, amena beaucoup ulte de Diane s’étendoit très loin. Un de ses temples tint autrefois l’endroit oïl se trouve maintenant l’église de St. Paul II v “ bu cerf et une biche, devant le grand an, cl de”ce„e église; coulu2 nec une pompe et une d’argent aux Ephèsiens Le 1 ’ avoit des évidemment dérivée du culte de Diane, régné d’Elizabeth, . - — ô 1011 " “ u ™ uc «.eue église ; laquelle ces animaux etoient consacrés. Une cérémonie de cette espèce continu; s «KANB GALLKHY OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA-. PART OF THE GRAND GALLERY OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. This plate exhibits a nearer view of the principal part of the ruins of this celebrated temple, with some remains of the ancient city in the distance. Having already given such an ample account of the temple, little remains to be added here. We shall only observe, that the great Diana of the Ephesians was not the common Diana, the goddess of hunting ; she was nature personified, the most ancient Diana, the Isis of the Egyp- tians. Her first temple too was the work of nature, an aged elm, in the hollow of which the Amazons, when they founded the first Ephesus, placed a small statue of her in ebony, carved by one Canitia, though subsequently fabled to have been sent down from Heaven by Jupiter. Some authors tell us, that the temple having risen with increasing splendour from seven repeated misfortunes, was finally burnt by the Goths in their third naval invasion, in the year 260. If however, agreeably to the preceding account, the first temple was burnt by Erostratus at the birth of Alexander, and the second destroyed in the reign of Constantine, about the year 323, their report is palpably erroneous in more respects than one, even if we reckon the hollow tree among the number of the temples. Cette planche déployé une vue plus proche de la partie principale de ce temple célébré, avec quelques restes de l’ancienne cite, aperçus de loin. Ayant donné déjà l’histoire du temple très en détail, il ne me reste que peu de chose à ajouter ici. Il suffit d’observer que la grande Diane des Ephésiens n’étoit pas la Diane ordinaire, déesse de la chasse: elle fut la nature personnifiée; la plus ancienne Diane, l’Isis des Egyptiens. Son premier temple a été l’ouvrage de la nature, un orme âgé, dans le creux desquel les Amazones, lorsqu’elles fondèrent la première ville d’Ephèse, ont placé une petite statue d’ébène, sculptée par une nommée Canitia, quoique la fable ensuite l'ait envoyée du ciel, comme un présent de Jupiter. Quelques auteurs nous débitent, que le temple, s’étant relevé tou- jours avec plus de splendeur de sept accidens consécutifs, fut brûlé à la fin par les Goths, pendant leur troisième invasion navale l’an 260. S’il est vrai, pourtant, selon le récit précédent, que le premier temple ait été brûlé par Erostrate, à la naissance d’Alexandre ; et que le second ait été détruit sous le régné de Constantin, vers l’an 323, il est clair que ces auteurs se trompent; en comptant même l’arbre creux parmi le nombre des temples. 5JJÏNS or THE BATHS AT EÏHESUS, RUINS OF THE BATHS OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. Ablutions were probably a very ancient part of ceremonial worship; and these not only partial, but in many occasions total ; so that baths must have been a necessary appen- dage of such a temple, as that of the Diana of the Ephesians. That men appearing in the presence of a deity, and offering up their homage to him, should be purified from every stain, must be a natural suggestion, as soon as religious worship assumed any form of solemnity. The external ablution of the body, not only as the means of per- sonal cleanliness, but as typical of the purification of the heart and mind, would neces- sarily follow. This practice too would be the more readily adopted, as it was common in ordinary life; for in this respect the most ancient nations, of which we have any account, appear to have been much superior to the moderns, those of the east excepted. To what this is owing is not easy to say ; or how far the European mode of dress, with it’s variety of garments, ligatures, and fastenings, contributes to it, by rendering bathing more troublesome to us: yet it appears much to be regretted, as to this circumstance we are probably indebted for many diseases, under which we labour; and many infir- mities, which the practice of frequent and complete ablution would remove. Il est probable que très anciennement l’usage des bains faisoit partie des cérémonies religieuses ; et que cela se pratiquoit non seule- ment d’une manière partielle, mais entièrement, à bien des occasions : de sorte que les bains ont dû être un apanage nécessaire d’un temple tel que celui de Diana à Ephèse. Que des hommes, qui se présentoient devant la divinité ponr lui offrir leur hommage, fussent purifiés de toute tâche, c’est ce que la nature a dû suggérer, desque le culte religieux prit une forme quelconque de solennité. Il s’en suivrait nécessairement, que l’action externe de laver le corps fût regardée non seulement comme un moyen de propreté personnelle, mais comme un type de la pureté du coeur et de l’esprit. Aussi cette pratique serait elle adoptée plus volontiers, d’autant que ce fut un usage ordinaire; car, à cet égard, les nations les plus anciennes dont nous ayons connoissance ont surpassé de beaucoup les modernes, à l’exception de celles de l’orient. On ne sait guère à quoi cela doit s’attribuer; ni combien il provient de nos modes Européennes, avec toute la variété de nos habits, de nos liens, 8tc.; ce qui nous rend l’usage des bains plus incommode: en tout cas, cela est fâcheux, puisqu’il en résulte plusieurs des maladies dont nous souffrons; ainsi que beaucoup d’infirmités dont nous pourrions être quittes par le moyen de bains complets et fréquens. TORT OF LATACHIA., PORT OF LATACHTA, IN SYRIA. The port of Latachia, like most of the others on the coast of Syria, is a kind of basin, environed by a mole, the entrance to which is very narrow. It might formerly have contained from twenty to thirty vessels; but the Turks have suffered it to be so choked up, that it will scarcely at present admit a fifth part of that number. Ships of four hundred tuns burden cannot ride here; and seldom a year passes, that one or more vessels are not stranded in the entrance. Notwithstanding this inconvenience Lata- chia carries on a considerable commerce, consisting chiefly of tobacco, of which up- wards of twenty cargoes are annually sent to Damietta: the returns from which place consist of rice, which is bartered in Upper Syria for oils and cottons, lhe town can- not he considered as a place of any strength; and might, according to the representa- tion of a modern writer, be taken by a single privateer, not being provided with either cannon or soldiers. It stands on the ruins of the ancient city, and is built partly with it's remains. The same may be asserted of Tripoli, Antioch. Berut, and most of the towns on this coast, occasioned, in all probability, by earthquakes that have destroyed them at different periods*. The annexed drawing is taken from the rocks between the custom-house and the fort, and represents the latter building, with the harbour and surrounding country. * Since this view was taken Latachia lias again experienced this dreadful calamily, by which great part of the town is said to have heen destroyed. Lf. port de LaUtchie, comme la plupart des autres sur les côtes de la Sirie, est une espèce de bassin environné d’un mole, dont l’entrée est très étroite. Il auroit pu autrefois contenir vingt ou trente vaisseaux; mais les Turcs l’ont laissé s’encombrer tellement qu à peine pourroit-il reçevoir adjourdhui la cinquième partie de ce nombre. Les vaisseaux de quatre cents tonneaux - ne sauraient décharger ici, et rarement se passe-t-il une année sans qu’on voye échouer à l’entrée un ou même plusieurs vaisseaux. Malgré cet inconvénient Lata- chie fait un commerce considérable qui consiste principalement en tabac, dont on envoit tous les ans plus de vingt cargaisons à Damiette. En retour on en rapporte du riz qui s’échange dans la Haute Sirie, pour de l’huile et du coton. On ne peut nullement considérer la ville comine une place forte, suivant même la remarque d’un écrivain moderne, elle aurait pu être prise par un simple corsaire, vue qu’elle n’étoit pourvue ni de canons, ni de soldats. Elle est bâtie sur les ruines de l’ancienne ville, et elle est en partie construite de ses restes. On peut dire la même chose de Tripoli, d’Antioche, de Berut, et de la plupart des villes qui sont sur cette côte. Il y a toute apparence que ces changemens ont été occasionnés par des trembleraens de terre qui les ont détruites à différentes époques.* Ce dessein est pris de dessus les rochers qui sont entre la douane et le fort ; et représente le dernier édifice avec le port, et le pays d’à l’entour. * Depuis que cette perspective a été faite Latachie a encore essuié ce malheur terrible, par lequel une grande partie de la ville a été détruite. mqsqüe in latachia.. MOSQUE AT LATACHIA, IN SYRIA. The town of Latachia is pleasantly situate on the coast of Syria, between Tortosa and Antioch; distant from the former twelve leagues to the north, and from the latter fifteen to the south-west. It was formerly called Laodicea, and was founded by Seleu- cus Nicator, the first king of Syria, who named it after his mother Laodice. It stands in a fruitful plain, on the southern side of a peninsula, which projects near half a league into the sea. The walls are about a mile and a half in circumference: they enclose many spacious gardens, with a monastery belonging to the Latin convent of the Holy Land, and four Greek churches; to one of which there is a cemetery, where the Eng- lish, as well as those of the church of Rome, are interred. The houses are chiefly built of the fragments of the ancient city, many of which are still to be found in different places about this neighbourhood. The town is at present within the jurisdiction of Tripoli, and contains between four and five thousand inhabitants. One of the princi- pal remains of antiquity here is part of a portico of the Corinthian order, consisting of four columns, with an entablature, richly decorated. Attached to this ruin is a small mosque, which, with an adjoining burial-place, form the subject of the present view. Among the gravestones, one crowned with a turban carved in stone may be observed : this manner of decorating the tombs is very common throughout the Turkish territories, the turban by it s shape denoting the rank or profession of the defunct. The females have generally a simple stone or pillar, without any ornament, except they die unmar- ried, when a rose is sometimes carved on the top of it. These stones are particularly vene- rated by the Turks, who do not, on any account, ever remove one that serves as a monu- ment. The tombs of the sultans, and some other great men, have lamps constantly burning in them. La ville de Lataqtlie est agréablement située sur la côte de Syrie, entre Tortose et Antioche, à douze lieues au nord de la première, et à quinze au sud ouest de la dernière. Elle était autrefois appelée Laodicée, du nom de la mère de Séleucus Nicator, premier roi de Syrie, par qui elle fut bâtie. Elle est dans une plaine fertile, sur la partie sud d’une péninsule, qui s’avance dans la mer de près d’une demie lieue. Les murs ont environ un mille et demi de circonférence ; ils renferment plusieurs jardins spacieux, un monastère appartenant au couvent Latin de la Terre Sainte, et quatre églises Grecques, dans l’une desquelles est un cimetière où les Anglais sont enterrés, ainsi que ceux de l’église de Rome. Les maisons sont principalement bâties avec les fragments de l’ancienne ville, que l’on trouve toujours dans les différents lieux de ce voisinage.— La ville est actuellement dans la jurisdiction de Tripoli, et contient entre quatre et cinq mille habi- tants. Un des principaux restes de l’antiquité qui se voit ici est la partie d’un portique, d’ordre Corinthien, consistant en quatre colonnes, avec un entablement richement décoré. — Une petite mosquée qui tient à cette ruine, ainsi qu’un cimetière adjacent, forment le sujet du dessin ci-joint. Parmi les pierres de tombeaux on peut en observer une couronnée d’un turban taillé dans la pierre; cette ma- nière de décorer les tombes est très commune chez les Turcs, la forme du turban indiquant le rang ou la profession du défunt. Les femmes n’ont en général qu’une simple pierre, ou une colonne sans aucun ornement, à moins qu’elles ne meurent sans avoir été mariées, alors une rose est quelquefois ciselée sur le sommet de la colonne. Ces pierres sont particulièrement respectées par les Turcs, qui sous aucun pretexte ne remuent jamais celles qui servent de monument. Des lampes brûlent sans cesse dans les tombeaux des Sultans, et de quelques autres grands. 14 Fl: TRIUMPHAL ARCH AT LATACHIA, IN SYRIA. The edifice delineated in the present engraving is situate toward the south-east corner of the town. The north and west sides are represented in the drawing, to which the other two sides correspond. It has four entrances similar to the Forum Jani at Rome, and is supposed to have been erected as a triumphal arch in honour of Lucius Verus, or Septimius Severus. The building is nearly entire; but it’s sides have been long since blocked up by the Turks, who occupy it at present as a mosque. The upper part is decorated with basso-relievoes of shields, axes, and other military implements, and the ceiling in the interior is ornamentd in a corresponding style. Van Egmont observes, that it has a cupola, which he conjectures was added by the Turks at the time they appropriated it to a religious purpose. The same author also is of opinion it has been used as a church by the Greeks, from observing at the east end (the place of the altar) some traces of fresco painting agreeable to the taste of those people in their places of worship. In the way from this structure toward the port several pillars of granite are seen standing in the gardens, which seem to have originally formed two extensive rows, and are supposed by Pocock to be the remains of a portico on each side of a grand avenue, that conducted from the triumphal arch to the harbour. An engraving of this antiquity is given by the last-mentioned author, in which the pediment, if it can be so called, is erroneously represented in the frieze, formed by a continuation of the architrave mouldings, with it’s apex at the bottom of the cornice. It is remarkable, that neither of the ingenious travellers above mentioned has noticed the unfinished state of the walls at the different corners of this edifice. As they evi- dently form a part of the original building, and at the same time destroy it’s symmetry, it is not easy to form a satisfactory conjecture respecting the purpose of their con- struction. -L’edificu représenté dans cette gravure-ci est au côté du sud-est de la ville. On voit dans le dessein les côtés du nord, et de l’ouest, auxquels les deux autres côtés correspondent. Il y a quatre entrées comme au Forum Jani à Rome ; et on suppose qu’il fut élevé comme un arc de triomphe à l’honneur de Lucius Verus, ou de Septimius Severus. Le bâtiment est presqu'en entier: mais les côtés en ont été depuis long tenis bouchés par les Turcs qui en ont fait à présent une mosquée. Le haut est orné de figures de boucliers, de haches, et d’autres instruments militaires en bas relief: le plafond de l’intérieur est décoré d’une manière correspondante. Van Egmont remarque qu'il a un dôme qu’il croit avoir été ajouté par les Turcs dans le temsqu’ils les dédièrent pour le culte. Le même auteur croit aussi qu’il a servi d’église aux Grecs, parce qu’on voit au bout qui esta l’est (place de l’autel) quelques vestiges des peintures de fresco conformes au goût de ce peuple dans les lieux de leur culte. Eu allant de cet édifice vers le port on voit debout dans les jardins plusieurs colonnes de granit qui semblent originairenn nt avoir formé deux vastes colonnades, et sont supposées par Pocock être les débris d’un portique à chaque côté d’une grande avenue qui condui- sait de l’arc de triomphe au port. Le dernier auteur ci-dessus mentionné a donné une gravure de ce bâtiment antique dans laquelle le fronton, si on peut l’appeller ainsi, est mal représenté dans la frise formée par une suite de moulures de l'architrave avec son sommet au bas de la corniche. Il est étonnant qu’aucun des ingénieux voyageurs ci-dessus mentionnés n’ayent remarqué l’état imparfait des murs aux différens coins de cet édifice : comme ils font évidemment partie du premier bâtiment, et qu’ils en détruisent en même tems la symétrie, il n’est pas facile de former unejuste idée de l’objet de leur construction. CATHEDRAL AT TOKFOSA. . CATHEDRAL AT TORTOSA, IN SYRIA. Tortosa is situate between Tripoli and Latachia, on the seacoast of Syria, nearly oppo- site the island of the same name, formerly called Aradus, whence Tortosa on the conti- nent was sometimes denominated Antaradus. It’s ancient name was Orthosia. It was an episcopal see in the province of Tyre, and it appears from the accounts of different authors, as well as from it’s remains, to have been once a place of considerable strength and importance. The walls, which are in part standing, are built of large square stones; these are flanked at proper distances by strong towers, and surrounded by a ditch. The castle and the cathedral church are among the principal buildings remaining at present: the former is entered on the north side by an old drawbridge, which leads to a spacious apartment at this time nearly unroofed: on the east and south side of this building the city formerly stood; but few traces of it are now visible, and it’s present inhabitants consist chiefly of poor fishermen and their families. The cathedral, of which the interior view is given, stands about a furlong to the east of the castle. Tradition ascribes it’s origin to Martha, one of the sisters of Lazarus. It is in length one hundred and thirty feet, in breadth ninety-three, and in height sixty-one: the walls, arches, and massive pillars are of coarse marble, and still so entire, that a trifling expense would suffice to restore it to it’s original perfection. “ But to the grief of all Christian beholcl- “ ers,” says Maundrell, “ it is now made a stall for cattle; and we were, when we went “ to see it, almost up to our knees in dirt and mire.” Beneath the church are capacious vaults, now used for housing oxen and buffaloes, which are bred here in great numbers, and are one of the principal branches of the bashaw of Tripoli’s revenue. ’I ORTOSE est située entre Tripoli et Latachie sur la côte de Sirie, à peu près vis-à-vis l’île qui porte le même nom, autrefois appelée Aradtis, ce qui fit donner pendant quelque temsàTortose sur le continent le nom d’ Antaradus. Anciennement elle s'appelait Oitiiosie. C’était un évêché suffragant de Tyr, et il parait selon les differens auteurs, aussi bien que par ce qui en reste encore, que c’était autrefois une place forte et importante. Les murs qui subsistent encore en partie sont bâtis de grandes pierres carrées, flanqués à des distances con- venables de fortes tours, et environnées de fossés. Le château, et l’église cathédrale, sont les principaux édifices qui subsistent aujourd'hui: on entre dans le prémier du côté du nord par un vieux pont-levis qui conduit à un appartement spacieux à présent presque sans couver- ture: la ville était autrefois à l’est, et au sud de cet édifice; mais on en voit aujourd’hui très peu de traces, et ses habitants actuels sont presque tous des pauvres pêcheurs avec leurs familles. La cathédrale dont l’interieur est représenté dans ce tableau est à l’est du châ- teau, et en est éloignée d’environ un stade. La tradition en attribue l’origine à Marthe, une des sœurs de Lazare. Elle a cent trente pieds de longueur, quatre-vingt treize de largeur, et soixante-un de hauteur. Les murs, les arcades, et les colonnes massives sont d’un marbre grossier, et si entières qu’une dépense légère suffirait pour lui donner sa première perfection: “ Mais au regret de tous les “ spectateurs Chrétiens,” dit Maundrell, “on en a fait à présent une étable pour le bétail, et quand nous allâmes la voir nous fumes " presqu’aux genoux dans la boue.” Au-dessus de l’église il y a de grandes caves employées maintenant à établer des bœufs et des buffalos, que l’on nourrit ici en grand nombre, qui forment une des principales branches du revenu du pacha de Tripoli. VIEW NEAR TORTOSA. VIEW NEAR TORTOSA, IN SYRIA. A. representation of one of the most remarkable remains of antiquity is given in this View. It consists of a monument, or throne, the upper part of which is constructed of large stones placed upon a base or pedestal, in the centre of an area of considerable extent, formed by excavations from the natural rock, of which the pedestal, as well as several surrounding pillars, is a part. For what purpose this monument was raised, it is not easy to conjecture. Maundrell supposes it to have served as a temple for an idol of the Phenicians. His words are as follows : “ We here observed a court of fifty-five yards square cut in the natural rock, the sides of the rock standing round it. On three sides it was thus encompassed, but to the northward it lay open. In the centre of this area was a square part of the rock left standing, being three yards high and five yards and a half square. This served for a pedestal to a throne erected upon it. The throne was composed of large stones, one hanging over all at top in the manner of a canopy. The whole structure was about twenty feet high, fronting toward that side where the court was open. The stone that made the canopy was five yards and three quarters square, and carved round with a handsome cornice. What all this might be designed for, we could not imagine, unless, perhaps, the court may pass for an idol temple, and the pile in the middle for the throne of the idol; which seems the more probable, in regard that Hercules, i. e. the Sun, the great abomination of the Phenicians, was wont to be adored in an open temple. At the two innermost angles of the court, and likewise on the open side, were left pillars of the natural rock, three at each of the former, and two at the latter.” This antiquity is near the seacoast, in the vicinity of Tortosa, and at an inconsiderable distance from the Sepulchral monuments, and Fountain of serpents, in the preceding Views. C ette Vue représente un des restes de l’anliquité des plus remarquables. C’est un monument ou trône dont la partie supérieure est construite en larges pierres placées sur une base ou piédestal, dans le centre d’un aire ou cour d’une étendue considérable, formé par les excavations du roc naturel, dont le piédestal ainsi que plusieurs piliers environnants, sont une partie. Il n’est pas aisé de deviner à quelle intention ce monument fut élevé. Maundrell suppose qu’il servait de temple à une idole des Phéniciens. Voici ce qu’il en dit: “ Nous observâmes ici une cour quarrée de vingt-six toises de chaque côté, taillée dans le roc vif, les côtés du roc l'entourant. Elle était ainsi environnée de trois côtés, mais entièrement ouverte au nord. Dans le centre de cet espace il y avait encore subsistant un morceau quarré du roc, ayant trois verges de hauteur et cinq verges et demi de chaque côté. Ce morceau servait de piédestal à un trône élevé dessus. Il était composé de grandes pierres, dont l’une était suspendue sur les autres au sommet en forme de dais. Tout l’édifice était d’environ vingt pieds de haut, en face du côté où la cour était ouverte. La pierre qui formait le dais avait en quarré cinq verges trois quarts, et était ceinte d’une belle corniche ciselée. Nous ne pûmes pas imaginer à quoi tout cela était destiné, à moins peut-être que la cour ne passe pour le temple d’une idole, et le monument du milieu pour son trône; ce qu’il y a de plus probable à cet égard c'est qu’Hercules, c’est à dire le Soleil, que l’écriture reprochait aux Phéniciens d’adorer, avait coutume de l’être dans un temple ouvert. Aux deux angles inté- rieurs de la cour, et aussi du côté ouvert, on avait laissé des piliers du roc, trois à chacun du premier, et deux au dernier.” Cette antiquité est près des côtes de la mer, non loin de Tortose, à peu de distance des Monumens destinés à la sépulture, et de la Fontaine des serpens, que l’on voit dans les Dessins précédens. FOUNTAIN OF SERPENT' FOUNTAIN OF SERPENTS, IN SYRIA. About three miles distant from Tortosa, formerly Antaradus, and at an inconsiderable distance from the seacoast, is an edifice called the Fountain of Serpents; an appellation it in all probability receives from the number of venomous reptiles it is supposed to harbour, several of which are said to be of an enormous size, and are so much dreaded by the natives in its vicinity, that it is with great difficulty they can be prevailed on to accompany a stranger to the spot, even when well rewarded. The building consists of four fronts or arches of equal dimensions, partly of brick, and partly of stone, solidly constructed; and is supposed, by the style of architecture, to be the work of the Saracens. It stands in the midst of scattered blocks of stone, many of which are of immense bulk, and have, it is probable, formed a part of some temple erected by the Phenicians. The spring issues from between several large quadrangular stones, regularly placed under one of the arches, and, forming a small rivulet, falls into the sea. From the secluded situation of this monument of antiquity, partly hidden by large trees, and surrounding hills, it is but little known, except to the mariners inhabiting the coast, who frequently visit it for a supply of water. I his place is slightly mentioned by Maundrel, who says, “ On a green plot, within an hour ol lortosa, and at a small distance from the sea, is a good fountain, with a bad name, called the Serpent Fountain.” Environ à trois milles de Tortose, autrefois Antaradus, pas très-loin du bord de la mer, on voit un édifice, appellé, La Fontaine des Serpents : nom qu’elle reçoit probablement du nombre de reptiles venimeux qu’on suppose qu’elle contient; plusieurs desquels sont (à ce-que l’on dit) d’une grosseur énorme, et sont si redouté des habitans du voisinage, que c’est avec beaucoup de peine qu’un étranger peut leur persuader de les y accompagner, meme en les payant bien. L’édifice consiste en quatre façades ou arcbes de dimensions égales, solidement bfuies, partie en briques et partie en pierres: le style de son architecture le fait supposer être un ouvrage des Sarazins; il est entouré de blocs de pierres épars, plusieurs desquels sont d’une grosseur immense : il est probable qu’ils faisoient partie de quelque temple érige par les Phéniciens. La source coule entre plusieurs grandes pierres de forme quadrangulaire régulièrement placées sous une des arches, et forme un petit ruisseau, qui se jette dans la mer. La situation retirée de ce monument antique caché en partie par de grands arbres, et par les montagnes qui l’entourent, est très-peu connue, excepté des matelots, qui habitent la côte et qui vont souvent à cette fontaine pour prendre de l’eau. Maundrel parle peu de cette place: il dit: "Environ à une lieu de Tortose et à peu de distance de lamer, il y a une bonne fontaine portant un mauvais nom, appellée La Fontaine des Serpents.” uK THU COAS’I MONUMENT ON THE COAST OF SYRIA. Different Views of sepulchral and other monuments of antiquity, with which this province abounds, have been already given. The present delineation is taken from a remarkable monument on the coast of Syria, between Tripoli and 1 ortosa, at an inconsiderable distance from the latter place, and in the vicinity of the antiquities represented in the preceding Plates. It consists of a well-proportioned pedestal formed of one block of stone of a prodigious bulk, upon which another stone, nearly of equal dimensions, forms part of the shaft of an obelisk. Whether it were left originally in it’s present shape, or have been since mutilated, is not easy to ascertain; but from the angles on it’s summit being rounded, it was probably, notwithstanding it s unfinished appearance, considered as complete. The entrance is formed principally of one large stone at a little distance from the body of the monu- ment. From this aperture a descent of several steps leads to the subterraneous apart- ments, of which a view is given in the following Plate, accompanied with some farther particulars. On a déjà donné différentes Vues des sépulcres et des autres monuments de l’antiquité qui sont en abondance dans cette province. Le présent Tableau montre un monument remarquable sur la côte de Sirie, entre Tripoli et Tortose, à une très petite distance de la dernière place, dans le voisinage des antiquities représentées dans les Planches précédentes. Il est composé d’un piédestal bien propor- tionné, formé d’un bloc de pierre d’une grandeur prodigieuse, sur laquelle une autre pierre à peu-prèsde la même dimension, forme une partie du fut d’un obélisque. On ne peut pas facilement décider s’il avoit été originairement laissé dans sa forme actuelle, ou s’il a été mutilé depuis; mais comme ses angles s’arrondissent au sommet il est probable qu’il fut regardé comme achevé, malgré son apparence imparfaite. L’entrée est principalement formée d’une grande pierre à une petite distance du corps du monument. Une descente de plusieurs degrés conduit de cette ouverture aux appartenons souterrains, dont on donne une vue dans la Planche suivante, accompagnée de quelques autres détails. v ° ■■ MONUMENT ON THE COAST OF SYRIA, PLATE II. The interior of this monument appears to have been attentively examined by Mann- drell, in whose publication a plan of the subterraneous apartments is given. His de- scription of it is in the following words: — “ In this neighbourhood we discerned another tower erected likewise over a sepulchre, which had this singularity, that the cells were cut into the rock eighteen feet in length, possibly to the intent that two or three corpses might be deposited at the feet of one another.” This sepulchre was also ex- plored by Van Egmont, whose observations it may not be improper to subjoin. “ Be- tween Tortosa and Tripoli we found several monuments of antiquity, serving formerly for burial-places: among others, a pedestal consisting of two huge stones, one placed on the other, which denoted that there was a burial-place under it: accordingly, we found the entrance, and descended by several steps into two chambers, in each of which were six niches, three on each side, for laying dead bodies in.” Notwithstanding the present solitary appearance of this part of the coast of Syria, there is little doubt of it’s having in former ages resounded with the “ busy hum of men.” The various remains of antiquity, with which it abounds, are sufficient indi- cations of the existence of some considerable town in this neighbourhood at an early period; and perhaps the Ximyra, laid down by Strabo hereabout, called by Pliny Simyra, and conjectured by Maundrell to have been the residence of the Zemarites mentioned in Genesis, chap, x, stood on or near this spot. It is to be regretted, that of the different ruins in these parts so few are to be found containing either inscription or characters, by which their origin might be traced. In the View annexed, from the appearance of the walls in different parts, and particularly over the niches in which the bodies were placed, it is supposed some characters have been effaced. Ij intérieur de ce monument paroit avoir été attentivement examiné par Maundrell, qui dans sa publication donne un plan des ap- partemens souterrains. Voici la description qu’il en fait : “ Dans ce voisinage nous découvrîmes une autre tour, élevée aussi sur un sépulcre, qui avoit cette singularité, que les cellules coupées dans le roc avaient dix-huit pieds de longueur, probablement dans l’inten- tion d’y placer deux ou trois corps les uns aux pieds des autres.” Ce sépulcre fut aussi examiné par Van Egmont, dont il ne sera pas hors de propos de joindre ici les observations. “ Entre Tortose et Tripoli nous trouvâmes plusieurs monuments de l’antiquité, qui ser- vaient autrefois de lieux de sépulture; entr’autres un piédestal formé de deux énormes pierres placées l’une sur l’autre; ce qui marquait qu’il y avait au dessous un lieu pour la sépulture. Nous trouvâmes l’entrée, et nous descendîmes plusieurs degrés dans deux chambres dans chacune desquelles il y avait six niches, trois de chaque côté, pour y placer des corps morts.” Quoique la côte de la Sirie ne présente aujourdhui dans cette partie qu’une apparence solitaire, il y a cependant peu de doute qu’elle n’ait retenti dans les temps passés “ bu bruit d’hommes occupés au travail.” Les restes de l’antiquité de différente espèce que l’on y voit en abondance prouvent assez qu’il y avait quelque ville considérable dans le voisinage autrefois; peut-être même que c’était ici, ou aux environs qu’existait la Ximyra dont parle Strabon, que Pline appelle Simyra, et que Maundrell a conjecturé avoir été la résidence des Tsemariens, dont on fait mention au ch. x.' me de la Genèse. C’est dommage que parmi les ruines de ce pays il se trouve si peu qui portent des inscriptions ou des caractères qui en fassent con- noître l’origine; dans leTableau annexé,suivant toute apparence sur différens endroits des murs, et particulièrement au dessus des niches dans lesquelles on plaçoit les corps morts, quelque caractères ont été effacés. MONUMENT BETWEEN TJUDFOU AND T0R1KMA. MONUMENT BETWEEN TRIPOLI AND TORTOSA IN SYRIA. Among the several monuments of antiquity on this part of the coast of Syria, the sub- ject of the present Engraving deservedly claims attention It stands in a cluster of trees near the road leading from Tortosa to Tripoli, about a mile to the west of the monument given in the last Plate. It is formed chiefly of stones of a prodigious mag- nitude, some of them containing upwards of 2000 cubic feet, and is supposed, from the manner of it’s construction, to have been erected as a place of sepulchre at a very re- mote period, probably before the use of arched work in masonry was known. This antiquity is noticed by Pocock, who lias given an engraving of it’s summit as it appeared above the surrounding bushes, which he says rendered it inaccessible. It was, how- ever, attentively examined by Maundrell, who describes it in the following words: “ Our curiosity was again arrested by the observation of another tower, which appeared in a thicket not far from the way-side. It was 33 feet and a half high, and 31 feet square, composed of huge square stones, and adorned with a handsome cornice all round at the top. It contained only two rooms, one above the other, into both which there were entrances on the north side, through two square holes in the wall. 1 lie separation between the rooms, as also the covering at the top, was made not of arched work, but of vast flat stones, in thickness about four feet, and of so great an extent, that two of them in each place sufficed to spread over the whole fabric. This was a very ancient structure, and probably a place of sepulture. Pa,m, le grand nombre de — de l'antiquité q», se trouvent dans cette partie de lu cote de la S, rie, le jmjet de cette mérite une attention particulière. Il est .itué dans nn groupe d'arbres, près de lu route qu. conduit de To, .ose à Tripoli, éloigné d'environ un mille, à louent, du monument présenté dans la dernière Planche. Il est, en grande partie, forme de pierres tmmen.e. dont quelques-unes ont plus de 3000 pieds cube»; et on suppose qu’il fut élevé pour servir de sépulture dans un tem, très ", ule, avant que l'on connût, en maçonnerie, l'usage de, ouvrages en voûle. Ce monument de l'an.iqui.e n a pas échappé a mil de Pocock, qu donné un tableau de sou sommet, tel qu'il paraissait audessu. de» buisson, qui l'environnent, et qui, suivant lu,, le rendent inaccessible Cependant il fut attentivement examiné par Maundrell, qui en a donné la description, dans les termes su, van* i " Notre curiosité fut encore attirée par la vue d'uue autre tour qui paru, dans un huilier presque sur le bord du chemin. Elle B.ai, 33 p.eds^ ^ — teur et 3 1 pied, carrés, formée de grandes pierres carrées, et ornée d'une belle corniche, tout autour du sommet. Elle coût qim deux^ chambres, /une audesjde „tt,L Toute, deux avaient une entrée du cô^ tk nor ^ mur I a s-Daration entre les deux chambres, ainsi que la couverture d en haut liaient laites non . ' , b r . plates qffi avaient quatre pied, d'épaisseur, e. une si grande étendue que deux d'entr'elles, en chaque endroit, suffisaient pou, couvr.r l'édifice. Il était d'une très ancienne structure, et avait probablement servi de lieu de sepulture. MONUMENT-S NEAR- TOETOSA-. MONUMENTS NEAR TORTOSA, IN SYRIA. T. he monuments here represented stand on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, between Tortosa and Tripoli, at a short distance from the former town, which is seen remotely in the View. They consist of cylindrical towers of nearly equal hulk, placed on pedestals, at the angles of one of which are four lions rudely carved. Their height from the ground is between thirty and forty feet: each tower is formed of one entire stone. Some, indeed, probably from the apparent impossibility of raising such immense masses, have supposed them to be hewn from the living rock; but as several stones of much larger dimensions are found in different parts of this province, considerably ele- vated from the ground, this latter opinion is in all likelihood incorrect*. These curious remains of antiquity are noticed by Pocock and Van Egmont, as well as by Maundrell : by the two former, indeed, they were but superficially surveyed : bu t the latter examined them with the greatest attention, and penetrated into every apart- ment. This intelligent traveller says: “ We discovered these towers to be sepulchral monuments, erected over vaults hewn out of the solid rock, in which were several niches or cells sufficiently capacious to admit large stone coffins. 1. he entrances were choked up with dirt and brambles, but we removed these obstacles, although it cost us some lime and pains, encouraging ourselves with the hopes, or rather making ourselves merry with the fancy of hidden treasure: but as soon as we entered the vaults, we found that our golden imaginations ended in dust and putrefaction. Of these subterraneous apartments, two appertain to one tower and three to the other; the former containing six cells or niches, and the latter seventeen. The vaults are about six feet in height, and from eight to ten or eleven in length and width. The entrance is at a little distance to the south of each monument, by a descent of eight or nine steps; at the foot of this the mouth of the sepulchre presents itself, which can only be passed by crawling on the hands and knees. As these monuments contain no trace of any inscription, it is not possible to ascer- tain with precision at what period they were erected. Strabo mentions several towns which formerly stood on this coast; and the number of ruins of different kinds still scattered about evidently demonstrate the existence of some considerable city near this spot, to which, perhaps, these burial-places belonged. Plate II exhibits the same monuments from a different point of view. * In the remains of the wall at Balbec, there are three stones of an asonishing size, lying end to end ; the largest is sixty-three feçt long, twelve high, and twelve wide, containing upwards of 9000 cubic feet, or between six and seven hundred tons. The weight of such an enormous block seems to set the mechanic powers at defiance : they are nevertheless elevated to the height of twenty l'eet above the ground. Les monumens que l’on voit ici représentés sont placés sur la côte orientale de la Méditerranée, entre Tortose et Tripoli, à une petite distance de la première ville, que l’on apperçoit dans le lointain. Ils consistent en tours cylindriques de taille à peu près égale, placées sur des piédestaux aux angles d’un desquels il y a quatre lions grossièrement sculptés. La hauteur de ces tours est entre trente et qua- rante pieds. Chaque tour est formée d’une pierre entière. D’après l’impossibilité apparente de lever des masses aussi imposantes, quelques personnes ont cru qu’elles avaient été taillées dans le roc vif, mais comme on a trouvé dans différentes parties de cette province plusieurs pierres d’une plus grande dimension, considérablement élevées de terre, il est vraisemblable que cette opinion n’est pas exacte*. Ces restes curieux de l’antiquité furent remarquées par Pocock, et Van Egmont, ainsi que par Maundrell: les deux premiers, il est vrai, ne firent que les examiner superficiellement, mais le dernier y mit le plus grande attention, et pénétra dans tous les appartemens. Ce voyageur intelligent s’exprime ainsi: “ Nous découvrîmes que ces tours étaient des sépulcres érigés sur des voûtes creusées dans le roc solide, dans lesquelles il y avait plusieurs niches ou cellules assez vastes pour recevoir de grands cercueils de pierre. Les entrées en étaient bouchées par des ronces et des ordures, mais nous éloignâmes ces obstacles malgré le tems et les peines que cela nous coûtât, en- couragés par l’espoir de trouver des trésors cachés, mais dès que nous fumes entrés dans les voûtes nous apperçumes que nos songes dorés se changeaient en poussière et en putréfaction.” Deux de ces appartemens souterrains appartiennent à une tour, et trois à l’autre; la première contient six cellules ou niches, et la seconde dix-sept. Les voûtes ont environ six pieds de hauteur, et de huit jusqu’à dix ou onze en longueur et en largeur. L'entrée est au sud de chaque monument à une petite distance: on y descend par un escalier de huit ou neuf degrés, au pied duquel l’entrée de la caverne se présente, mais on ne peut la passer qu’en rampant sur les mains et les genoux. Comme ces monumens ne portent aucune trace d’inscription il n’est pas possible d’assurer avec précision dans quel tems ils furent élevés. Strabon parle de plusieurs villes qui étaient autrefois sur cette côte. Le nombre de ruines de diffêrens genres encore aux en- virons, prouvent évidemment l’existence de quelque cité considérable auprès de ce lieu, à laquelle peut être ces sepultures appartenaient. La II cmc planche représente les mêmes monumens d’un autre point de vue. « Dans les restes (l'une muraille à Balbec, il y a trois pierres d’une taille étonnante, qui sont bout à bout: la plus grande a soixante-trois pieds de long, douze de haut, et douze de large, ce qui lui donne une dimension de f)000 pieds cubiques. Le poids de blocs aussi énormes étant de ÛOOO à 7000 quintaux, semblant mettre en défaut les forces mécaniques, ils sont néanmoins élevés à la hauteur de vingt pieds au-dessus de terre. CASTLE IN THE ISLAND OF TORTOSA IN SYRIA. A descriptive account of the island of Tortosa accompanies the former View, which represents the entrance to the harbour by moonlight. The present engraving is taken within the mole, and exhibits the castle and harbour in the most advantageous point of view. The fortress is very large, and solidly constructed upon an elevated rock. It consists of several square towers, and appears to have been originally a place of con- siderable strength, but from neglect a great part of it is at present nearly in a ruinous state. Une description de l’île de Tortose accompagne le tableau précédent, qui représente l’entr'e du havre au clair de la lune. La pré- sente gravure est prise du dedans du mole ; et fait voir le château et le port dans le point de vue le plus avantageux. La fortresse est très grande, et solidement bâtie sur un rocher élevé. Elle est compos e de plusieurs tours carrées, et parait avoit été autrefois une place très forte; mais aujourdhui par un effet de la négligence une grande partie en est presqu’en ruine. THE ISLAND OF TORTQSA. , ISLAND OF TORTOSA IN SYRIA. Tins island is situate about a league and a half distant from the toWn of Tortosa, on the continent. It is known to the Turks by the name of Aurat, and is supposed by VanEgmont to be the ancient Arvedi, Arpad, or Arvad, mentioned in Genesis, chap, x, and other parts of Scripture. It was called by the Greeks and Romans A rad us, under which appellation it is frequently mentioned by Strabo, Arrian, Quintus Curtius, and other ancient authors. The island is about a mile in circumference, and almost entirely surrounded with an immense wall, said to be the work of the Phoenicians, the stones of which are of prodigious bulk, some of them measuring thirty feet in length, and from ten to twelve in thickness. Within this enclosure, which forms a kind of mole, the Turkish vessels are effectually sheltered from the violence of the wind : they enter by an aperture or space, whether the effect of accident, or purposely so left, is not known. Theisland exhibits the ruinsof some dwellings, and a castle of considerable extent, in which Godfrey of Bouillon held a council of the principal Christians for the deliverance of Jerusalem from the infidels. Several cannons taken from the Christians at different times are still mounted on the walls, marked with the Venetian arms, as well as with those of France. Here a garrison of fifty or sixty Turks is kept to prevent the seizure of their vessels by the corsairs, who frequently infested this part, and committed many depredations. The castle was built, as it is asserted, with materials from the ruined town of Tortosa, to which it is nearly opposite, and is sometimes used by the Turks as a place of confinement. The island is nearly an entire rock, but affords an abundant supply of excellent water, with some fig, olive, and other fruit-trees. This place formed part of the conquests of the Macedonian hero, who, with the surrender of it, received a crown of gold from Strato, son of Gerostratus, then king of Aradus and the neighbouring territory. Cette isle est située à une lieue et demie environ de la ville de Tortose sur le continent. Les Turcs la connaissent sous le nom d’Aurat, et Van Egmont la croit l’ancienne Arvedi, Arpad, ou Arvad, dont il est parlé dant le chapitre 10' de la Genèse, et en d’autres endroits de l’Ecriture. Les Grecs et les Romains l’appellaient Aradus, et c’est sous ce nom que Strabon, Arrien, Quinte-Curce, et d’autres auteurs anciens en parlent souvent. L’isle a environ un mille de circonférence, et est presque entièrement entourée d’un mur immense, que l’on dit être l’ouvrage des Phéniciens; les pierres en sont d’une taille prodigieuse; quelques unes ont trente pieds de long, et dix ou douze d’épaisseur. Les vaisseaux Turcs sont à l’abri de la violence du vent dans cette enceinte, qui forme une espèce de mole : on ne sait si l’ouverture par laquelle ils y entrent est l'effet du hazard, ou si on l’a faite exprès. On trouve dans l’isle les ruines de quelques habitations et un château d’une étendue considérable, dans lequel Godefroi de Bouillon tint un conseil des principaux Chrétiens sur les moyens de délivrer Jerusalem des infidelles. Il existe encore sur les murs plusieurs canons pris à différentes fois sur les Chrétiens, portant les armes de Venise, ainsi que celles de France. On y entretient une garnison de cinquante ou soixante Turcs pour empêcher les corsaires, qui in- festent fréquemment cette côte, et y commettent beaucoup de dégâts, de s’emparer de leurs vaisseaux. On assure que ce château a été bâti avec les débris de la ville de Tortose dont il est presque en face ; les Turcs l’employent quelquefois comme un lieu d’exil. Cette isle n’est presque qu’un rocher, mais qui fournit abondamment d’excellente eau, avec quelques figuiers, des oliviers, et d’autres arbres fruitiers. L’ilse de Tortose formait une partie des conquêtes du héros de Macédoine, qui lors de la reddition de cette place reçut une couronne d’or de Straton, fils de Gerostrate, alors roi d’Aradus et du territoire voisin. '■m CASTLE IK THE ISLAND OF TORTQSA . CASTLE IN THE ISLAND OF TORTOSA, IN SYRIA. A descriptive account of the island of Tortosa accompanies the former View, which represents the entrance to the harbour by moonlight. The present engraving is taken within the mole, and exhibits the castle and harbour in the most advantageous point of view. The fortress is very large, and solidly constructed upon an elevated rock. It consists of several square towers, and appears to have been originally a place of con- siderable strength, but from neglect a great part of it is at present nearly in a ruinous state. Une description de l’île de Tortose accompagne le tableau précédent, qui représente l’entrée du havre au clair de la lune. La pré- sente gravure est prise du dedans du mole ; et fait voir le château et le port dans le point de vue le plus avantageux. La fortresse est très grande, et solidement bâtie sur un rocher élevé. Elle est compos;' e de plusieurs tours carrées, et parait avoit été autrefois une place très forte ; mais aujourdhui par un effet de la négligence une grande partie en est presqu’en ruine. RUINS OF AN ANCIENT TEMPLE IN SAMOS. I me island of Samos, in the Archipelago, is about eighty-seven miles in circumference. It is separated from lire coast of Ionia, in Asia Minor, by a narrow strait only; and was sometimes called Samos of Ionia, to distinguish it from two other islands of the same name, Samos of Thrace, or Samothrace; and Cephallenia, near Ithaca, part of the dominions of Ulysses. It had anciently been known by the names of Parthenia, Anthe- rnusa, Stéphane, Melamphyllus, Anthemus, Cyparissia, and Dryusa. The first inhabi- tants we read of were the Leleges, to whom the Ionians succeeded. Their government was successively monarchical, democratical, and oligarchical. But the most flourish- ing state of the island was under the tyrant Polycrates. It can hardly be supposed however, that the tyranny of a government should promote the prosperity of a nation, though they have frequently appeared together. The tyranny of many, or of a few indeed, has never prospered; but under the tyranny of a single individual a nation has frequently exhibited great splendour and power, yet these have been merely temporary: when the talents that sustained them died with the individual, they too perished. It appears likewise, that, when a nation has attained a certain height of prosperity, it is prepared for submission to the yoke of a tyrant : the decline is not perceived, till the tyrant is no more ; but the germe of destruction is there, and the best days of the nation are past away, never to return again. Tyranny is the offspring, not the parent, of prosperity. When Xerxes invaded Europe, the Samians assisted the Greeks against the Per- sians. The Athenians were at one time sovereigns of the island ; and, the Samians having revolted, Pericles subjugated it again in the year 441 B.C. Eumenes, king of Pergamus, annexed Samos to his dominions ; but Augustus restored it's liberty. Under Vespasian it became a Roman province; and at length, with the rest of the western empire, fell under the dominion of the Turks. I he ruins of the ancient temple represented in the view are on the northern side of a bay, that faces the continent of Asia; but even tradition does not say, to which of the heathen deities it was erected. L ,LE