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THE 
 
 arcijttectural SlntiquitoB 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 REPRESENTED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 IN A SERIES OF 
 
 VIEWS, ELEVATIONS, PLANS, SECTIONS, 
 AND DETAILS, 
 
 OF VARIOUS 
 
 ancient Cnglisl) etiificeiai: 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNTS OF EACH. 
 
 JOHN BRITTON, F. S. A. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 rRiSTED run longman, hurst, rees, and okme, patebnoster-row;— j.taylor, 
 
 arcuitectural library, 69, higu holborn; 
 
 and the author. 
 
 1807. 
 
Harding and Wright, 
 
 printers, 
 St, John's Square, London. 
 
TO THE MOST NOBLE 
 
 GRANVILLE- LEVESON GOWER, 
 MARQUIS OF STAFFORD, 
 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 Having received your Lordship's approbation of, and 
 
 directions to write, a Catalogue Kaisonne of the splendid collection of 
 
 pictures now arranged in Cleveland House, and knowing that your 
 
 Lordship has manifested unprecedented liberality in collecting and 
 
 exhibiting that valuable assemblage of ancient and modern Art, I am 
 
 induced to dedicate this volume to your Lordship. 
 
 It is humbly inscribed as a memorial of my own gratitude and 
 high consideration, and from a desire of recording, in this work, a 
 small complimentary tribute to a Nobleman who has publicly evinced 
 much exemplary munificence and refined taste, in promoting the Arts 
 and Literature of his country. 
 
 Sanctioned by your Lordship's approbation of my humble literary 
 productions, it will be my study to render them still more deserving 
 of such distinguished patronage: for, though I shall ever feel pleased 
 with the favourable opinion of every Person of judgment, yet it 
 will afford me much more permanent delight to know, that wherever 
 I have endeavoured to obtain honourable sanction, I have also 
 exerted every effort to deserve and justify such commendations as 
 kindness or liberality may be pleased to confer on my publications. 
 
 Influenced by these sentiments, I beg leave, most respectfully, to 
 subscribe mvself. 
 
 Your Lordship's obliged humble Scjvant, 
 
 JOHN BRIXTON. 
 
 Tavtsfock. Place, London, 
 March 21, 1807.— -r. 
 
A PREFATORY ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 On completing the first vot.ume of this work, I am induced to take a retrospective view 
 of its progress and execution, and indulge a prospective glance at the future arrangement 
 and termination of my task. In anticipating the latter, I feel buoyed up with hope, and 
 uro-ed onward with invigorated zeal, arising from the combined sources of individual 
 partiality towards the subject, and the encouragement of general approbation, commen- 
 datory/ criticism* and friendly assistance. Having long cherished a strong predilection for 
 architectural antiquities, I find it increase upon the investigation of every new subject, and am 
 induced to hope that I shall be enabled, in the sequel of this work, to elucidate some of 
 the doubtful and obscure circumstances relating to the origin, stales, dales, and other 
 peculiarities of the most interesting, ancient, English edifices. But though flattered with these 
 prospects, 1 consider myself only as a medium to accomplish tlicm ; for without the assistance 
 of scientific artists, and the kind communications of intelligent friends, I cannot expect 
 to realize my intentions. Ever ready and willing to acknowledge favours, and 
 desirous of apportioning to each artist, his deserved share of merit and reward, I have 
 made it a rule to specify the names of all persons, and thereby attach to each the 
 credit or discredit that may belong to iiis productions. A careful and emulous topo- 
 graphical Artist is a truly valuable meml)cr of society, but the careless and deceptive one 
 ought to be reprobated and despised. The first administers largely to our rational grati- 
 fications, and his productions tend materially to inform our understandings, and produce 
 delight ; whilst the latter imposes on the mind, and produces much injury. 
 
 To elucidate the principles of ancient architecture, and clearly comprehend its nume- 
 rous varieties, it is absolutely necessary to collect and compare many examples ; from 
 the coincidences and variations of whicli, much useful and pleasing information may be de- 
 rived. It is the object of this work to provide such a desideratum ; and it is the wish of 
 its author to afford satisfaction to the scientific and historical enquirer, by accurate views and 
 details, with literary accounts, of such ancient edifices as are either curious, fine, or beautiful. 
 In the course of three more volumes, I hope to be enabled to complete the present 
 work : and in that compass, I presume, that almost every variety in the ancient arcliitec- 
 ture of England will be comprehended. Besides several other subjects, which I propose to 
 
 elucidate 
 
 • I cannot refle<t on tlit reception I have experienced from art the critical journals, witliout feeling giatefiil for 
 their unanimous and clieering approbation. To merit Uie good opinion of the liberal critic has ever been my 
 actuating principle, and to have obtained this so generally, must at once aifurd me much consolation and pleasure. 
 To tlie Editors of the Annual, Antijucobin, Critical, Eclectic, and Monthly Revieivs ; also to those of tlie British Critic, 
 Euriipcan, and Monthly Magazines, I am much obliged, and willingly acknoH ledge my obligations, 
 
 a 
 
11 A PREFATORY ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 elucidate, I have collected materials for, and shall be induced to give prints and descriptions 
 
 of the following buildings. 
 
 Stewkeley Churcli, Buckinghamshire. Church at Bishop's Cannings, Wilts. 
 
 St. John's Churcli, Devizes, Wilts. Do. at Great Bedwin, Do. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, Northampton. Crojland-Abbey Church, Lincolnshire. 
 
 Henry tiie Seventh's Chapel. Collegiate Church at Manchester. 
 
 Besides several specimens of ancient, domestic, and castellated architecture. 
 
 Any hints, descriptions, or documents, relating to any of these buildings, will be thank- 
 fully accepted, and the obligation duly acknowledged. 
 
 To the various gentlemen, who have already favoured me with assistance or communi- 
 cations, 1 return grateful thanks, and record the following names with sentiments of high 
 respect. 
 
 Sir H. C. Englefield, Bart. F.S. A. &c. William Alexander, Esq. F. S. A. 
 
 Sir R. C. HoARE, Bart. F.S. A. &c. Charles Clarke, Esq. F. S. A. 
 
 Edward King, Esq. F. S. A. &c. J. K. Miller, Esq. 
 
 RicuAUD GouGH, Esq. Henry Ellis, Esq. F. S. A. 
 
 VV. PouDEN, Esq. Architect. Dr. Sayers, Norwich. 
 
 J. A. Repton, Esq. Architect and F. S. A. The Rev. J. Ingram, Saxon Professor. 
 
 W. WiLKiN6,Esq. Junr. y^JcAifeciand F.S. A. Mr. B. Strutt. 
 
 Major Anderson, F. S. A. Mr. J. L. Bond. 
 
 Holland Watson, Esq. MrF. Mackenzie. 
 
 Mr. T. Sharp, Coventry. Mr. W. Lowry. 
 
 Benjamin West, Esq. P. R. A. M. A. Shee, Esq. R. A. 
 
 Among these gentlemen, I feel particularly obliged to Mr. C. Clarke, for bis interesting 
 ** Essays on Crosses and Round Churches,'" which are printed towards the end of the vo- 
 lume. Although these are not strictly architectural, yet they are truly antiquarian, and 
 therefore, 1 presume will be gratifying to many readers of this work. In the course 
 of the following volume, 1 expect to be favoured with many communications, and 
 with permission of the writers, shall make such of them public as are directly, or col- 
 laterally connected with the subject of ancient architecture. To develope its history upon 
 scientific and rational principles, define its variouspeculiarities, and faithfully represent its 
 individual members, and combinations, is the intention of this work. 
 
 JOHN BRITTON. 
 Tavistock- Place, Russel- Square, 
 March 25, 1807. 
 
STONE SCREEN 
 
 IN EDWARD THE CONFESSOR'S CHAPEL: 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY CHURCH. 
 
 This elegant specimen of decorated ancient architecture serves to divide the 
 high altar of Westminster Abbey Church from the chapel, or oratory of Ed- 
 ward the Confessor. Respecting the period when it was erected and ornamented, 
 I have not been fortunate enough to obtain any satisfactory document : but that 
 it cannot be of the age ascribed to it by Mr. Hawkins,* is very evident, from 
 the style of its arches, pedestals, canopies, and other ornaments. That geutleman 
 states that the Screen, with its sculptured frieze, were made in 1296, and 
 attributes them to Pietro CavHini : but when we compare the highly and jni- 
 nutelif wrought tracery and tabernacles of this relic, with the beautiful, tho' 
 less decorated architecture of the Queen's Crosses, we cannot hesitate a moment 
 in referring the former to a much later period. But as their precise date, I believe, 
 is not publicly recorded, we must endeavour to ascertain that point from their 
 style. The whole collectively displays a most florid and elaborate specimen 
 of enriched architectural dressings : the upper parts of the canopies are crowded 
 with crockets and finials ; and the mouldings of the arches assume the ogee- 
 shape. The soffits of the canopies are also covered with delicate tracery, 
 and at the centre of each was a pendant, of similar shape, and style, to those 
 hanging beneath the roof of Henry the Seventh's chapel. Hence I am induced 
 to conclude that they were not finished before that king's reign. The whole 
 Screen is faced, on its eastern front, with nine large, and eight small niches ; 
 twelve of which were designed for, and most probably, were filled with statues 
 of saints, and kings, whilst the five others cover a stone seat, which extends 
 from door to door. In the Title Print to this Volume is represented a portion 
 of the Screen, in which is a door-way, with three niches on each side, and part 
 of the sculptured frieze. The latter is divided into fourteen compartments, by 
 thirteen tre-foil panels, on each of which was formerly a shield. These com- 
 partments contain fourteen groups of figures, which are supposed, by Mr. Haw- 
 kins, to represent as many remarkable events in the life of Edward the Confessor, 
 to whom the chapel was dedicated by Henry III. The Screen is fourteen feet 
 high, by thirty-six long. I propose giving further details of it hereafter, 
 and shall then enter more minutely into its history, and architectural peculiarities. 
 
 * This gentleman has written a long dissertatiou on this subject, which is published in Carter's 
 " Ancient Sculpture and Painting." 
 
'^ 
 
«c 
 
Cl^e ptiovv €f)mc^ of ^t. OBotolpft 
 
 AT 
 
 COLCHESTER, ESSEX. 
 
 J. HE present Town of COLCHESTER occupies a site, which, according to the 
 best authorities, was the principal Station of the Trinobantes, but being subju- 
 gated by the Romans, under Claudius, was converted by him into a Military 
 Colony; soon after which event, London was considered the chief trading Colony 
 in Britain. That Emperor, having invaded * the Island, A. D. 44. and his gene- 
 rals, by conquering the opposing natives, having cleared the way from the sea- 
 shore to Camalodunum, he took possession of this strong-hold, and established 
 in it the second, ninth, and fourteenth Legions, whom he flattered with the ho- 
 norary appellation of " Conquerors of Britain." To commemorate, and give 
 extensive notoriety to this conquest, a Coin was struck, and inscribed on the 
 reverse, col. camalodon. Avc.f with figures of two oxen, &c. A Temple and 
 altar were also erected by him, and consecrated to his name: a Theatre also, 
 with other public works, were progressively raised, to suit the convenience, cus- 
 toms, and luxuries of the Roman people. 
 
 The revolutions of ages, and the desolating power of war, have nearly anni- 
 hilated 
 
 * In this expedition, Elephants were first introduced into Britain. Various teeth of large 
 animals, and bones of an extraordinary size, haye been found at different times at Harwich, and near 
 Stanway, in this county. See Morant's History of Essex, V. I. p. 500; and Gough's Additions to 
 Camden's Britannia, V. II. p. 59. 
 
 + See Camden's Britannia, and Morant's History of Colchester, for engraved representations 
 of various coins, &c. found here. From an examination of the latter work, and a personal survey 
 of Colchester and Maiden, I can have no hesitation in decidedly fixing the Camalodunum of the Ro. 
 mans at the former place. Dion Cassius expressly mentions it as the residence of the British King 
 Cunobeline. Various gold, silver, and brass coins have been found here inscribed cvno. and cvnob. 
 on one side, and cam. or camv. on the other. Speed's History of Great. Britain, chap. VI. 
 Jrch. Antiqs. Pt. I. June 1805. A 
 
AUCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 hilated all these and numerous subsequent buildings ; yet the quantity of coins, 
 urns, pavements, and other vestiges that have been, and are frequently found, is 
 a satisfactory evidence of the Romans having a settled residence here. Nor can 
 we doubt, but that their buildings corresponded in some degree, with the pave- 
 ments, and with the general taste of the arts at that period, Tlie Anglo-Saxons, 
 afterwards possessing the same place, would consequently occupy, or imitate 
 such buildings, and more especially those that were appropriated to the purposes 
 of religion. " History informs us," (observes Mr. Carter, in his work on Ancient 
 Architecture, ) " that tlie Roman temples were overthrown in this country, by 
 the converts to Christianit}^ who raised on their ruins Christian Churches, of 
 which tradition has handed down to us many instances, particularly in the Abbey 
 Churches of Westminster and Bath." This of St. Botolph, it is probable, was 
 similarly founded; as in 1738, several Roman urns, with a lamp, some pieces of 
 melted metal, and two coins of Domitian, were discovered just withinside St. 
 Botolph's-Gate. 
 
 After the departure of the Romans, and particularly under the Saxon, Danish, 
 and early Norman Dynasties, this town was distressed by repeated sieges, and 
 its houses, &c. frequently dilapidated by contending armies. Its fortifications, 
 and monastic buildings, must inevitably have suffered in these conflicts. Among 
 the ancient religious edifices,* which were erected at Colchester, the Priorv 
 Church of St. Botolph presents the most considerable remains. This singu- 
 lar and curious structure becomes eminently interesting to the Architectural An- 
 tiquary, from its style of building, the materials employed, and the period of its 
 erection. Composed almost entirely oi Roman bricks, or wall-tiles, with arches, 
 columns, and piers, nearly resembling some Roman edifices,f and being very 
 dissimilar to anv other ancient structure in this country, we are anxious to ascer- 
 tain the time and mode of its construction, and also to examine and compare its 
 collective and component parts. By the accompanying Views and Plan, the 
 reader, who has not seen the present remains, will, it is hoped, instantly un- 
 derstand their characteristic peculiarities. Of its ground plan and extent, when 
 
 perfect, 
 
 * Of St. John's Abbey, which was a large building founded, and richly endowed, in this town 
 about 1096, only the entrance gate-way, and some fragments of walls, remain. Besides these, here 
 was a Convent of Crouched Friars, and another of Grey Friars ; also St. Mary Magdalen's Hos. 
 
 pital. 
 
 t The shape and proportion of the arches in the western front, as also the disposition of the 
 bricks, very nearly resemble those in the Jewry Wall, at Leicester, which is acknowledged to be 
 Roman. See Carter's " Ancient Architecture," pi. VI. The materials of that are Roman tiles, 
 and bricks, mixed with stones. 
 
ST. BOTOLPH S PRIORY CHURCH. 
 
 perfect, I cannot meet with any drawing or description. Whether it had tran- 
 septs, eastward of the present ruins, like most cathedrals and abbey churches, or 
 terminated at that end, semicircularly, like the early Saxon churches, and the 
 Roman basilicae, I am therefore unable to determine. According to the best 
 historical testimony, it was founded by Eynulph, or Ernulph,* a monk, in the 
 begining of Henry the First's reign, f in, or near, the year 1103, as a bull from 
 Pope Paschal the Second,J is addressed, in 1116, to Ernulph and his brethren, 
 investing them with peculiar powers and privileges, and constituting them the 
 first canons regular of the order of St. Augustine in England. About this period, 
 it was fashionable to erect large and grand churches, which was encouraged and 
 promoted by Henry the First, who thus craftily ingratiated himself into the 
 esteem of the clergy. § Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester, had introduced so 
 much novelty and i)eauty into ecclesiastical building, that it acquired the ap- 
 pellation of " Gundulph's Architecture." Yet his buildings at Rochester, &c. 
 display a manifest difference to this of St. Botolph ; whence we are induced to 
 conclude that it claims a more early origin, and is an imitation of some anterior 
 structure. Deprived of authentic document, we must content ourselves, at pre- 
 sent, with reasonings deduced from analogy, and not hastily draw conclusions un- 
 til fully warranted by the evidence of facts. 
 
 Whatever may be the precise era of the present building, I am induced to 
 refer its erection to a period, anterior to the reign of Henry the First ; the 
 buildings of his time, and even those immediately before, displaying a more ad- 
 vanced style of architecture ; as may be seen in the ancient chapel of the Tower 
 of London, in Rochester Castle, Cathedral, &;c. erected by Bishop Gundulph, 
 and in parts of Durham Cathedral, built by Wm. de St. Carilepho about 1093. 
 The columns, mouldings of arches, and general ornaments of all these structures, 
 
 exhibit 
 
 * Ernulph was a native of France, and soon after the death of Bishop Gundulph, in 1107, was 
 promoted to the abbacy of Peterborough. He became a proficient in " the Saxon style of building, 
 and various specimens of his taste are to be seen at Rochester, Canterbury, and Peterborough," &c. 
 Wilkins' Essay in the Archaeologia, XII. 157. 
 
 + Before the death of Maurice, Bishop of London, and the foundation of Trinity Priory, Lon. 
 don, both in the year 1107, as appears from the Monasticon Anglicanum, II. 44, 46. See the pre- 
 face, p. xviii. of Tanner's Notitia. 
 
 X Monasticon Anglicanum, II. 4.^. 
 
 § This monarch, besides confirming the privileges already granted to the Monks of St. Botolph, 
 augmented their revenues upon this singular condition : — That they should furnish him and his heirs, 
 whenever either made war against the Welsh, " with one horse of five shillings price, a sack, and a 
 spur, for forty days." 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 exhibit more skilful finishing. Mr. Carter observes, that St. Botolph's Church 
 was " erected about the end of the eleventh century ; and, like the Abbey 
 Church at St. Albans, was built out of the ruins of some neighbouring Roman 
 edifice, with the same kind of materials, and much in the same style, with this 
 difference, that the column here is the principal feature."* 
 
 In examining and describing the Remains of this structure, we remark that 
 simplicity and solidity seem to have been the governing principles of the archi- 
 tect. The walls are thick, firm, and strong ; externally supported or strength- 
 ened with a kind of pilaster buttress, and in the western front, where the greatest 
 height was required, and weight given, its strength was increased by numerous 
 arches constructed in the wall, like some in the Pantheon, and m other buildings, 
 at Rome. The tiers of intersecting arches, however, could not have been intended 
 merely for utility, but must have been appropriated and considered as orna- 
 mental. This is more particularly apparent in the grand central entrance door- 
 way, which had five three-quarter columns on each side, supporting sculptured 
 capitals, and springing from these were five semicircular archivolt mouldings 
 of stone, four of which were cut into the projecting zig-zag shape, and the fifth, 
 or outer, was a sort of plain torus moulding. Two other door-ways, with arched 
 mouldings, ivholly of brick, opened into the ailes ; and between these and the 
 central one are two blank arches. Above this tier, appear three others ; the 
 two lower of which are ornamented w.ith a series of intersecting arches spring- 
 ing from square piers. Each pier is composed of a double row of Roman 
 bricks, which, uniting at the point of intersection, forms the true pointed 
 arch. Some learned writers contend that the intersecting arch is not to be 
 found in any Roman, or pure Saxon building. Though not fully prepared to 
 refute this opinion, I think it not irrelevant to notice the following circum- 
 stance. In the Gentleman's Magazine for 1801, p. 1161, is a description by 
 R. Uvedale, accompanied by an engraving, of a Roman tessellated pavement, 
 which was discovered at Louth, in Lincolnshire. It is composed of circular 
 compartments, one of which is ornamented with a series of columjis and inter- 
 secting arches, resembling those on the fronts and walls of many buildings. 
 That the intersecting arches gave origin to the pointed style, has been presumed 
 by dift'erent Antiquaries. Indeed there is much probability and rationality in 
 the conjecture. Among the instances where they both occur in the same 
 building, combining with the semicircular arch, and in parts that were erected 
 at the same period, we may notice the two towers of Southwell Minster, Not- 
 tinghamshire, 
 * Ancient Architecture of England, part I. p. 17. 
 
ST. BOTOLPH S PRIORY CHURCH. 
 
 tinghamshire, * and the old western front of Hereford Cathedral f. From these 
 examples, we may safely conclude that each, and all of these varieties were ia 
 fashion at the same period. 
 
 Above the intersecting arches, will be seen (Plate II.) a circular window, 
 which served to admit light into the upper part of the nave. At each side 
 of this, was a window of a different shape and character to any other in 
 the building. One of these is represented in Plate II. and has semicir- 
 cular dressed mouldings, with three quarter columns, having regular capi- 
 tals and bases. South of this, in the same tier, are parts of five blank arches, 
 singularly disposed, and over them there appears to have been another series 
 of intersecting arches. The whole of this front was plastered with mortar or 
 stucco, after the Roman manner. In the foundation of the north tower, the 
 mortar is made of pounded brick and lime, such as the Romans used, and such as 
 is found in the internal parts of the town-wall. (Plate III. A.) represents the 
 Plan of the present remains, by which it appears that there was a tower at the 
 N. W. and another at the S. W. angles of the front. These are traditionally said 
 to have been battered down, with the other dilapidated parts of the building, 
 during the civil wars in 1648, when Colchester suffered very materially in its 
 public edifices and private property. 
 
 View of the interior ruins (Plate III. B.) taken from the S. E. end. This 
 shews the size of the circular piers or columns which supported the roof, and 
 divided the nave from the ailes. About three feet of the building is buried 
 beneath the present surface, in consequence of which we cannot easily ascertain 
 the character of the bases of the large columns, or of those at the principal 
 entrance. Each column measures nine feet high above the ground, and is six feet 
 in diameter. A kind of capital is formed by two rows of projecting bricks. The 
 whole surface of these, and the remaining superficies of the interior, were covered 
 with plaster or stucco. 
 
 With a few miscellaneous observations, &c. I shall close my account of the 
 present structure. The bricks employed in this building, and of which it is 
 almost wholly composed, are certainly of Roman manufacture, and the whole sur- 
 face, externally and internally, was cased with very firm plaster or stucco. The 
 shape and construction of the arclies coincide with various ancient examples, 
 
 among 
 * See Dickiuson's Antiquities, &c. of Southwell. 4to. 1801. 
 
 + Duncomb's History of Herefordshire. Vol. I. 4to. 1805. 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. I. B 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 among which we may refer to some used in Dioclesian's Baths, the Temple of 
 Minerva Medici, and Adrian's Villa. 
 
 Concerning the antiquity of brick buildings in England, much has been 
 written by Dr. Lyttleton, Archaeologia, Vol. I. and by Mr. Essex, in Vol. IV. of 
 the same work. The former asserts that " Brick was not made for many cen- 
 turies after the Romans left this country, and that the oldest brick buildings in 
 England (posterior to the Roman government) reached not higher than the four- 
 teenth century." Here we see the extreme hazard of venturing general asser- 
 tions ; for the present structure is a decided evidence of the fallacy of the latter 
 opinion. Mr. Goiigh observes, in his Additions to Camden's Britannia, Vol. II. 
 p. 58, that St. Botolph's Priory Church " is a singular instance of Saxon, entirely 
 of Roman brick, if not the oldest piece oi entire brick work in England." 
 
 The Priory Church was parochial as well as conventual, and at present is 
 annexed to a church-yard. Interments have also been made in the nave since the 
 accumulation of rubbish, as some flat and other stones are remaining there. The 
 area of the building is now cultivated as a garden. 
 
 The picturesque character of the present ruins, will be readily acknowledged 
 by every artist upon a mere inspection of Plates II. and III. ; but this character is 
 considerably heightened in the building, which is richly tinted by the ditTerent 
 tiles and mortar, and the various lychens, weeds, &c. that besprinkle its surface. 
 
 The Bull of Pope Paschal II. dated August 1116, invests Ernulph, his 
 brethren, and successors, with liberty to distribute their members at discretion, to 
 govern all others by their own rules, and to enjoy full authority over all other 
 Augustine Canons in England. It likewise exempts them from all secular and 
 ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Besides the possessions bestowed by the founder, by 
 King Henry the First, and by Hugh Fitz-Stephen, the Revenues were addition- 
 ally augmented by various subsequent donations, and at the period of the dissolu- 
 tion, their annual amount was estimated at 134/. 13s. 4d. The site and posses- 
 sions of the Prior}' were granted by King Henry VIII. to Lord Chancellor 
 Audley, who was presented by that monarch, with other church property at 
 Saffron-Walden, &.c. in this county. 
 
Interior ot'thf liuuuf or ^a- 
 
 ^^J-o^amfs :mjo:^ cmVAm.'" 'W,./„-..v,v,/w.;.,,,. 
 
 
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 o 
 
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 t--™ —i ' ' ' ^— *— — J -' ' ' 
 
 I 1 A ^ f je Hf .w .K Ja Sc JW * 
 
 l.rml.11 n,tK,I.J J„ui ii.A-i/rr L-nM-"- /W/iKfc I C/iu. OitDwIkr K. v. JTjfLT.tlM/Mi^r7,.jnJJ.BnUPa 
 
AT 
 DUNSTAPLE, BEDFORDSHIRE. 
 
 JL HE West Front of Dunstaple Priory Church, carries on its face the whole 
 system of our ancient architecture from the pure Saxon, its intermediate changes, 
 the introduction of the pointed mode, the conflict between them for preference, 
 the entire emancipation of the latter, to a full and beauteous display, its decline 
 also in perfection, and near extinction, even so low as the sixteenth century. So 
 complete a school of information, brought into one point on the present subject, 
 is really extraordinary, and cannot otherwise be accounted for than by inferring 
 such an object had formation, at every particular epoch of architectural change, 
 as the work underwent some material repair or alteration." * 
 
 To elucidate the history of this singular building, and explain its architectural 
 characteristics, it will be necessary first to examine the principal historical data, 
 and then see how far they tend to illustrate and develope the various styles which 
 are concentrated in this complex and interesting structure. In perusino- the 
 annals of religious houses we have constant cause to regret the omission of satis- 
 factory documents relating to the descriptions of original buildings, or the mate- 
 rial alterations made at different periods. Wanting these important lights, we are 
 compelled to wander in a pathless maze, and grope about in perplexing darkness. 
 If a glimmering ray occasionally breaks in upon the aching sight, we are cheered 
 in the pursuit, and hope stimulates fatigued curiosity. Thus, in the " Chronicle 
 of Dunstaple," f we find only a few obscure memoranda relating to the building 
 
 of- 
 
 * Carter : Gentleman's Magazine, May 1805, p. 428. 
 
 + This work was published by Hearne, in 2 vols. 8vo. 1733, intitled, " Chronicon sive Annates 
 PrioratQs de Dunstaple, una cum excerptis e chariulario ejusdem Prioratfls." " This ancient Cbro. 
 nicle," observes Mr. Gough, " was written in great part by Richard de Morins, Prior here, who 
 died 1252. Wanley gives an account of him in the Harleian Catalogue," 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 of this church, though the entries are copious concerning the customs, * litiga- 
 tions, and disputes between the monks and the townsmen. 
 
 By this authority it appears, that Henry I. founded the priories of Dunstaple, 
 Reading, and Cirencester previous to the year 1 135 ; and as Robert, Bishop of 
 Hereford, who m'Bs installed in 1131, is one of the witnesses to tlie foundation 
 charter of this at Dunstaple, it is presumed to have taken place after that event. 
 
 In 1204,f the Kinggave and confirmed to the Priory," his /w^.f^j' and gardens 
 at Dunstaple." The year 1213 is memorable for a fire wiiich " burnt the town 
 of Dunstaple, by accident," and in the same year, " on St. Lukes day, the 
 church was dedicated by Hugh, second Bishop of Lincoln," in the presence of 
 many nobles, abbots, priors, and a large assemblage of people. Days of pardon, 
 &c. were granted, and the reliques of many saints were deposited in the great 
 altar. In June 1221, the roof of the Presbytery, which had been repaired the 
 yutunin before, fell ; and in December following, two towers in front of the 
 church fell down ; one falling upon the Aulam Prions, or Prior's Hall, and the 
 other on the roof of the church. That part of the church was repaired from the 
 body to the cross, and the north-icest door, by the parishioners in 1273. 
 
 In 1277, " Martin Michael," says the Chronicler, " made our largest bells, 
 and his son, after his death, made a third. 
 
 The parish built two pinnacles on the north front of the Ciiurch in 1289, 
 and repaired the ruinous stone roof of the porch. In the " 12th kal. of De- 
 cember, 1290," writes the Chronicler, " died Queen Eleanor. Her corpse 
 passed by here, and rested with us one night, and two precious cloths, or 
 Baudekyns, J were given to us, and above 1201b. of wax. When it passed 
 through Dunstaple, the bier stopped in the middle of the market-place, till the 
 
 chancellor 
 
 * An instance which occurs in the Chronicle, Anno Dom. 1248, will serve to characterise one 
 feature in the customs of the times. " On St. Simon and Jude's day. died Simon de Edelesbure, and 
 was buried in our church before the Cross ; of whose goods were procured for the high altar a silver 
 chalice, missal, vestment, a lamp with one light to burn for ever at two masses, sc. a wax light from 
 the Purification to All. 'saints, and two candles from All-Saints to the Purification ; a mass de Domina 
 to be sung there for ever, and pittance to the whole Convent every Monday, when it was not a festi". 
 val, and on his anniversary five quarters in bread, and 1000 herrings to the poor." Chronicle of 
 Dunstaple, translation p. 82. 
 
 f Monasticon Anglicanura II. 132. Hearnes's Chartulary, p 693. Tanner's Notitia: Bedfordshire 
 I This word usually means cloth of gold, or tissue, upon which figures in silk, &c. are embroi- 
 dered. In 1285, Anthony Beck or Beek, Bishop of Durham, gave two baudekyns with the History 
 of our Lord's Nativity, to his Cathedral. It nearly answers to our present word Brocade. 
 
THE PRIORY CHURCH AT DUNSTAPLE. 
 
 chancellor and nobility marked out a proper spot; where, afterwards, at the 
 King's charge, a lofty cross was erected ; the Prior assisting and sprinkling it with 
 
 holy water." 
 
 In the year 1123, at Christmas, King Henry I. was at Dunstaple, where 
 
 he received an embassy from the Earl of Anjou, and thence travelled to 
 
 Woodstock, with his bishops and all his family.* The same monarch built a 
 
 royal palace at Dunstaple, which was called Kingsbury. This edifice " stood 
 
 near the church." f 
 
 In 1273, 1280, and at other times, several grand tournaments were held here. — 
 " On St. Lawrence's Eve 1247, the King (Henry III.) came to Dunstaple with 
 the Queen and Edward, and his daughter Margaret. We gave the King a gilt 
 cnp, and another to the Queen, and to Edward a gold buckle, and another to 
 Margaret; all valued at twenty marks. The King and Queen offered eight 
 cloths of silk, and the King gave us 100 shillings of silver for a thurible, % and 
 a § pix." II 
 
 Though the preceding documents furnish no decided historical or descrip- 
 tive account of the building, or of its architecture, yet they give some hints 
 which may be useful in illustrating the subject. The church was originally 
 constructed in the form of a cross, with a tower in the centre, supported by four 
 lofty semicircular arches ; of which only one remains. This is now walled up, 
 and forms the eastern termination to the present parish church. The interior is 
 divided into a nave and side ailes, by six large massive piers, each of which is 
 surrounded by eight three-quarter columns. These have square-headed capitals, 
 and the arches that spring from them have mouldings, corresponding with the 
 columns, with a facing band of zigzag. On each side of the nave, over the large 
 arches, is a range of small windows, ornamented with mullions and tracery. At 
 the sill of these is a band of billeted moulding, continued at intervals along the 
 sides of the nave. The windows, and archivolt mouldings nearest to the transept, 
 are more ornamented than any of the others ; and the arches are semicircular, 
 with a pointed arch beneath. But the most curious feature of this structure, and 
 the part more immediately entitled to our attention is the WESTERN FRONT, 
 
 which 
 
 * Sason Chronicle, 224. — Madox's History of the Exchequer, vol. I. p. 12. 
 
 + Stow, p. 136. — Diigdale's Monasticon, vol. II. p. 132. 
 
 % Thuribulum, or Censer, was a vessel wherein incense was burnt. 
 
 § Or pyx, the box wherein the host was kept. 
 
 11 Gough's Translation of Dunstaple Chronicle.— Bib. Top. Bedfordshire, p. 80. 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. I. .0 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 which may be considered one of those architectural paradoxes, bequeathed by our 
 ancestors to puzzle modern antiquaries. 
 
 The characters of the arches, columns, mouldings, &c. are delineated in the 
 three annexed prints. PLATE I. represents the lower part of the building, in 
 which the grand " Saxon arch, originally a door-way into the church, first 
 merits attention, both for its antiquity and enrichments." — This is acknow- 
 ledged to be of the style of Henry the First's time. It had four pillars on each 
 side, with Saxon capitals, which supported five semicircular sculptured mould- 
 ings. The outermost was zigzag, the second had angels and foliage, in alter- 
 nate ovals (Plate III. B) ; the third was similarly divided, with some sculp- 
 tured figures and foliage entwined in a waving tendril (Plate III. D); the 
 fourth was also ornamented with basso-relievos, &c. among which were some of 
 the signs of the zodiac ; * and the fifth, or inner moulding was cut in alto- 
 relievo, with flowers, &c. Most of these ornaments have been much dilapidated, 
 and some are entirely destroyed. The capitals are all dissimilar, and some are 
 <;harged with curious basso-relievo figures (See Plate III. C. E. F. G). An 
 archivolt moulding from this door diverges (Plate III. A) into half of a pointed 
 arch, below which are intersecting arches and mutilated columns " of the 
 same taste. The other half of tlie arch is entirely in the pointed style, as is the 
 adjoining door-way with its proper dressings, although some Saxon ornaments 
 are introduced into the architraves. The partial inlaying of the surrounding 
 ground, with small flowered compartments, f like the opposing features on each 
 side of the above-mentioned pointed arch, is certainly very unaccountable. The 
 columns, arches, pedestals for statues, mouldings, and ornaments composing 
 the decorations of the buttresses, recesses, and gallery, are of the earliest work- 
 manship of the pointed style, as are the ornaments at the base of the belfry-tower; 
 which tower, in its design, (with the battlements on the body of the church,) 
 and the variegated masonry thereon, indicate the order of architecture peculiar 
 to the 16th century: the door-way within the grand Saxon arch is confessedly 
 so, while the three niches above it shew an anterior date. Yet more, the centre 
 of the arch of this door-way is rounded off, and worked in as a key-stone ; 
 
 which 
 
 * Sculptured representations of the signs of the zodiac are to be found, among other examples, in 
 the door. way to St. Margaret's Church, at York ; and to the western great door at Malmsbury Abbey 
 Church, in Wiltshire. 
 
 + As a similar kind of ornament appears on the exterior of Waltham Cross, the workman, 
 ship of Edward the First's reign, we are entitled to conclude that both are of the same age ; besides, 
 in the Chronicle already quoted, it appears that this door was repaired in 1273. 
 
£aA'd>rtnn'eiiuA,^TimaIl^m'^by J.livut./irr Oie .irAitfietaralAaliquiliu t^f great BriUdn , 
 
 ^artf. <£• OmamenU. of die Western Front of 
 ^Medford^fhire . 
 
 lnuh>i:MiLik2 June it.'f.-S.ty L.-n^m^, IL,r^ 8(fj & On-if.Fi-t/rTu-stir Rew:J/l\vU.iruihHcarrn: anJJ.BriB<-n 
 
^^15^^ 
 
 riir WKSTKRS FRONT 01' 
 
 'HfiifonMiin- . 
 
 rtlF. .( H C'iT. 
 
 3-:"::iit 
 
 Li. 
 
 ,,™i,.fl*,>My.,„< ...fcl* A..-Wto*«~, I <'--^-''"--»-«'- VT,.^-'^^ 
 
THE PRIORY CHURCH AT DUNSTAPLE. 
 
 which object was unknown before the introduction of Roman architecture a 
 second time into this kingdom, as, prior to that period, all our pointed arches were 
 jointed in the centre. Hence, by this diminutive key-stone, as well as the majes-. 
 tic Saxon arch, we behold in this front (coming down from the latter attraction} 
 an architectural table of time, for more than six centuries." * 
 
 In Plate II. the whole of this front is represented, with its plan, shewing the 
 projection of the buttresses, &c. 
 
 Pl.\TE III. shews the sculptured capitals and ornaments belonging to the great 
 door-way already referred to. The combination of arches, &c. represented at 
 top A, may be considered, I believe, perfectly unique ; and are interesting docu-i 
 ments of the formation and progress of the pointed style. " The interlaced 
 arches," says Mr. Gough, " exactly resemble those within the crypt of the south 
 transept at St. Albans, resting on capitals charged with grotesque figures." 
 
 Dunstaple Priory was the residence of the commissioners appointed to obtain 
 the divorce of King Henry VIII. and Catharine of Arragon : the latter then 
 resided at Ampthill, in this neighbourhood. The following extract from the 
 Chronicle already quoted, will serve to illustrate the manners of the times, and 
 characterise the sentiments of the people. 
 
 In 1229, the townsmen were so provoked at the proceedings of the Prior, &c. 
 who wanted to levy a tax on them, " that, out of resentment to the church, they 
 withdrew the tithes and offerings, and would pay but a penny, at a funeral, 
 or churching, forsook the church, abused and threatened the monks, and slander- 
 ed them all over the kingdom ; they fixed up a paper in the church, forbidding 
 any townsmen from grinding at the Prior's Mill, scattering the prior's corn that 
 was carried in the accustomed roads, and pounded the horses in his keeping^i 
 which the provosts, neighbouring chaplains, and the dean himself could scarce 
 get released. They bribed the stewards of the neighbouring nobility to hinder 
 the monks from coming on their estates. The Prior complaining of these things 
 to the king's chancellor and chief justice, who passed through Dunstaple in the 
 heat of the dispute, they began to threaten the town ; but their malice broke out 
 again as soon as they were gone, and the sheriff's bailiff going to distrain for 
 tallage, both men and women rose upon him, and though, at the Prior's request, 
 the Bishop of Lincoln caused the offenders to be excommunicated in the neigh- 
 bouring towns and deaneries, all would not do ; the townsmen declared they would 
 sooner go to the devil than submit to be taxed, and had even treated with William 
 Cantilupe for forty acres in his field near the town to build booths on, and quit the 
 
 town. 
 
 * Carter's Ancient Architecture, Vol. I. p. 35. 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 town. At last the difFerence was adjusted by John, Archdeacon of Bedford, the 
 Prior renouncing his right to all tallage (except the misericordia of Ad. and fines 
 in case of violence) for 60l. sterling, paid him by the town, and every future 
 diiference to be referred to the Court of King's Bench. "* 
 
 From the foregoing statements, it appears that Dunstaple was formerly a place 
 of some importance ; being dignified with the palace of a monarch, and a monas- 
 tery of considerable magnitude; yet the vicissitudes of time have deprived it of 
 these honours; and of its architectural adornments the mutilated remnant of the 
 Priory church is the only vestige. This, however, is singularly interesting, from 
 combining such various specimens of the progressive styles of Architecture. The 
 Town of Dunstaple is seated in a district of country called the Chiltern Hills, at 
 the intersection of two Roman roads, named the Watling-Street, and Icknield- 
 Way. About two miles south-west of the town are some entrenchments, which at 
 present are known by the names of Maiden-Bower, f and Tottenhoe Castle. From 
 the circumstances of distance, intersection of roads, and these encampments, some 
 antiquaries have fixed the Magiovinium of Richard of Cirencester at this place. J 
 As this station is not mentioned in the Itinerary of Antoninus, and as so few 
 Roman vestiges have been found here, I should consider it to have been merely a 
 temporary post, or Castra-iEstiva, and not a permanent station. A great quan- 
 tity of copper coins of Antoninus and Constantine, with many small ornaments 
 of bridles and armour, were found by some labourers in the year 1770, when 
 digging for gravel, on a down in this neighbourhood. Henry the First issued a 
 proclamation, offering great temptations to those of his subjects who would settle 
 at Dunstaple ; among these any person was allowed an acre of land for twelve 
 pence per annum, with the same privileges as were possessed by the citizens of 
 London. 
 
 END OF THE ACCOUNT OF DUNSTAPLE CHURCH. 
 
 * Dunstaple Chronicle, Translation, p. 70. 
 
 + This consists of a vallum nearly circular, thrown up on a level plain, and encloses about nine 
 acres of land. Tottenhoe Castle is a castrametation of a different kind, and upon a larger scale. It 
 is encompassed by two fosses, one round, the other square ; and connected with it is an encampment 
 which assumes the parallelogrammatic shape. 
 
 + See Horsley's Britannia Romana ; and Stukeley's Itinerary. 
 
—C^^ity J t .r«rfft^W. 1 linfmfr rt /- .' A 
 
 I,- Hi:-\.ilMl\ HA-VI- /•;.../.' r.lL.X.«l,./rvim,rmu,uiJsi,liu,t.lrKtlmmir.Ailhu,.'lmrtnima,tly ?'' 
 
 J7;<- TOK-KR CrrEWAX I'f 
 
 i'' ' ' /.r msrriheJ »ttii SYfiiuiuitls rl' .ri/urie f.ittttii fy 
 
 ' J./intU-n. 
 
ESSEX. 
 
 Uf the Domestic Architecture which was peculiar to the Anglo-Romans, 
 Anglo-Saxons, and Anglo-Normans, there are no specimens remaining ; and its 
 characteristics are only imperfectly noticed in the pages of the Historian, and 
 the Antiquary. Unfortunately for us, these notices are so extremely vague, that 
 they serve rather as hints to the fancy, than as satisfactory evidences to the 
 judgment. Hence the diversity of opinions that prevail on this subject, and 
 hence the imperious necessity of obtaining and perpetuating correct delineations, 
 with faithful accounts of the most ancient structures. For it must be evident 
 that authentic information relating to the comparative state of the useful arts 
 at different periods, constitutes an important object in the history of a kingdom, 
 and serves materially to characterize the manners, and customs, of a people. 
 
 The dissolution of monasteries by King Henry the Eighth, occasioned an 
 extraordinary change in the features of the times; and the state of Domestic 
 Architecture has to date a new epoch from that event. Many religious houses 
 were then converted into mansions ; and some of the newly-erected seats were 
 built in imitation of the monastic dwellings. " Layer Marney Hall/* ob- 
 serves Morant*, " was a grand and capacious house, wherein many persons 
 could be conveniently lodged. The building was square, enclosing a court, with 
 a grand entrance towards the south." This estate continued the property of the 
 Marney family, from the time of Henry the Second, f until the 35th of Henry 
 the Eighth, when, with other lands in Essex, it was obtained in exchange by 
 Sir Bryan Tuke.f The present mansion appears to have been built by Sir 
 Henry Marney, " who was Captain of the Guard to Henry VHI. made Knight 
 
 of 
 
 * History of Essex, 2 Vols. fo. 
 
 + Henry III. in the 48th year of his reign, granted to Wm. de Marney leave to impark his wood 
 of iiVe, within the precincts of the forest of Essex. At the same time he had liberty granted him 
 to hunt within the same forest. Salmon's History of Essex, fo. p. 447. 
 
 X Private Acts, 35th Hen. VIII. ch. 9. 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. I. D 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 of the Garter, Lord Privy-Seal, 14 Henry VIII. and in the same year was 
 created Lord Marney."* Towards the latter end of Henry the Seventh's, and 
 the beginning of Henry the Eighth's reigns, the mansions began to lose their 
 real castellated character, though still retaining many of its peciiharities : small 
 windows, thick walls, base courts, turrets, and a sort of embattled parapet still 
 continued. f Layer Marney Hall appears of this description. Chequered com- 
 partments of flint, and diagonal lines of dark glazed bricks were frequently in- 
 troduced into the fronts of buildings about this period. With a large court in 
 the centre, measuring 104 feet 6 inches by 76 feet 4 inches, surrounded by lofty 
 buildings, and entered by a handsome tower-gateway, this mansion must have 
 been spacious in its interior, and have displayed much grandeur and dignity ex- 
 ternally. The two projecting octagon towers, about 73 feet high, are each di- 
 vided into eight stories or floors, lighted by small pointed arch windows. Two 
 floors, occupied by two rooms, fill up the space between the towers : these have 
 large square windows, with mullions, which partake of the character of the Ionic 
 pilaster. The decorations on the summit, with those of the windows, cornices, 
 &c. are made of a species of white brick, which was cast in moulds, in large 
 and thick masses. All the fire-places are made of soft fire-stone, the door-posts 
 and lintels of the stables, &c. are of purbeck marble, and the whole of the 
 walls are composed of brick. These are not peculiar either in size or substance, 
 but the mode of building is eminently substantial. Exclusive of the great defal- 
 cations in this structure, many absurd and destructive alterations have progres- 
 sively been made by successive proprietors. Abandoned to neglect and decay, 
 it was, till within these few years, fast hastening to total ruin, when its present 
 owner, N. C. Corsellis, Esq. checked its mutilating progress by some praise- 
 worthy repairs, and judicious restorations. 
 
 END OF THE ACCOUNT OF LAYER MARNEY HOUSE. 
 
 * Salmon's History, &c. p. 448. 
 
 + Henry the Seventh granted a licence, or permission, to fortify the manor-house at New 
 Hall, Essex, -with walls and tozcers ; and Gosfield Hall, which was built in his reign, in a 
 manner to evade the law, has a large quadrangular court in the centre, and was equally strong and 
 well secured as many baronial castles. Beauties of England and Wales, vol. V. p. 265, 361. 
 
f S t 
 
 I i! 
 
 SSI 
 
 ^ 5 «:; - 
 
 
 "^ e 
 
^t. 0icl^om €i)utc\), am ti^e atDet mttMoat, 
 
 AT 
 
 ABINGDON, BERKSHIRE. 
 
 J. HE present town of Abingdon appears to have obtained its name and original 
 consequence from an Abbey which was founded here, about A. D. 675,* by 
 Heane, nephew to Cissa, who was Viceroy of the West Saxons. The miseries 
 occasioned by the Danish incursions, in the reign of Alfred, compelled the monks 
 to forsake this place; but, in 955, it was again reinstated and restored " by the 
 care of Ethelwold its abbot, who was afterwards Bishop of Winchester, and the 
 bounty of K. Edred and K. Edgar."t The cunning policy of Dunstan, about 
 this time, impelled him to promote the Benedictine institutions; and, being the 
 confiJential friend and counsellor of Edred, he exerted his most powerful influ- 
 ence on that monarch. J For magnitude of buildings and extent of property, the 
 Abbey of Abingdon exceeded all others in this part of the kingdom : the neigh- 
 bouring churches were subordinate to it, and the surrounding country was subser- 
 vient to, and dependent on, its mandates. The Abbey Church is described by 
 Leland§ as a large and elegant structure, occupying a spacious area, and gene- 
 rally resembling the magnificent Cathedral Church at Wells, in Somersetshire. 
 It had two towers at the western front, and another at the intersection of the 
 transepts. Previous to the Dissolution, iili the interments, both of the town and 
 its neighbourhood, were performed within the pale of the Abbey: even the pa- 
 rish churches of St. Helen and St. Nicholas in the town, were prohibited this 
 privilege. Many illustrious persons were interred within its walls ; among whom 
 we find the following names : Cissa, the joint founder ; GeofFry of Monmouth, the 
 British historian ; Sydemann, Bishop of Crediton ; Robert D'Oily ; and the relics 
 of Edward the Martyr. The fame of this abbey having attracted a large con- 
 course of people around its sacred walls, Abbot Nicholas, " for the ease of 
 the town,"|| built anew church without the gate, at the west end of the abbey, 
 
 and 
 
 * Willis's History of Mitred Abbeys, vol. I. p. 1, &c, 
 + Tanner's Notitia. Berkshire. 
 
 X Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons, vol. III. p. 149, &e. where the reader will find an 
 interesting account of Dunstan. 
 
 § Collectanea, vol. VI. p. 181, &c. 
 II Leland's Itinerary, vol. II. p. 18, 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 and dedicated it to St. Nicholas. Tliis is the structure delineated in the an- 
 nexed print : and, as the Abbot died in 1307, we must infer, that the church 
 was erected previous to that period. The building here represented, at its south- 
 west angle, displays the styles of architecture of different periods ; whence it is 
 presumed to have been altered at various times. An inscription within the 
 church states, that it was " repaired and beautified, by Mrs. Susanah Davis, in 
 1628." Many of these beautifyiiig reparations, in this and other churches 
 are highly disgusting to the eye of taste, and must provoke the censure of all 
 judicious antiquaries. Among the uglinesses, miscalled " beautifying," in the 
 present building, may be instanced, the painted ceiling, which, though intended 
 to represent clouds, appear more like the daubings of a blue-bag. The church 
 consists only of one aile, with a chancel at the east end. The roof of the latter 
 is of beam-work, which rests on heads of very ancient sculpture, instead of cor- 
 bels. Behind the altar is a vestry, in which is a bass-relief of three compart- 
 ments. The centre represents our Saviour on the cross, with the Virgin Mary, 
 and St. John holding a book; and on each side is an angel. One of the side 
 compartments represents St. Nicholas as a bishop, with a cross : and in the other 
 compartment is the representation of a warrior in mail armour. The western 
 entrance is through a semicircular arched door-way, which has several mould- 
 ings, one of which has the zig-zag ornament j on each side of this are two ob- 
 tusely-shaped pointed arches. 
 
 The Abbey Gateway diverges at right angles from the east end of the church, 
 " and is now," observed Hearne, in 1724, " and hath been, for many years, the 
 common jail." It is entered through a large arched gateway, and a lateral pos- 
 tern arch. Over the former is a canopied niche, with a statue ; and in the 
 spandrils are the royal arms of England, and the arms of the abbey.* The 
 rooms over the gateway are supported by groined arches, springing from sculp- 
 tured corbels ; these represent figures of angels, an owl, and a pelican. Con- 
 nected with the gate is the guildhall ; and a free-school, which, by an inscription, 
 appears to have been founded by John Boyse in 1565. Exclusive of the gate- 
 way, only a few fragments of the abbey walls remain; and these are incorporated 
 in the buildings of a mill near the river. 
 
 North of the Abbey is a place still retaining the name of the Vineyard. It 
 appears, from various documents, that vineyards were attached to many of the 
 English monastic foundations. 
 
 END OF THE ACCOUNT OF ST. NICHOLAS CHURCH, &C. 
 
 * Or, a cross flory, inter four martlets sable. 
 

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AN 
 
 ESSAY TOWARDS 
 A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF 
 
 i&tng'!3!'' College Ci^apel, 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 J. HE magnificent structure of King's-CoUege Chapel is a work, observes Wal- 
 pole, " that alone will be sufficient to ennoble any age." At the period of its 
 foundation, the ecclesiastical architecture of Great Britain had attained its highest 
 degree of perfection; and the architects* wisely and emulously sought to unite, 
 in one structure, simplicity of design, stability of masonry, and elegance of ex- 
 ecution. In the present edifice these great essentials are judiciously combined j 
 and the whole stands a glorious monument, perpetuating the taste of tlie age, 
 and the pious principles of the founder. It has, from time to time, received the 
 homage of those who are best qualified to appreciate its merits : and, had the 
 design of Henry the Sixth f been fully completed, King's-CoUege in Cambridge 
 would probably have exceeded in real grandeur and elegance, the proudest strucT 
 ture of this country. 
 
 It was observed by Dr. Henry, that there is a certain perfection in art to which 
 human genius may aspire with success, but beyond which, it is the apprehension 
 of many, that improvement degenerates into false taste and fantastic refinement^. 
 This axiom is amply exemplified in the history of ancient architecture. The 
 heavy simplicity of the Saxon was supplanted, in the twelfth century, by the lofty 
 magnificence of the pointed style: but, three centuries after. Magnificence itself 
 
 was 
 
 * It is the opinion of some of our most eminent antiquaries that bishops, abbots, and other 
 monkish officers were the principal or only architects, previous to the dissolution. Most of the ca. 
 thedrals and collegiate churches were erected after the designs, or under the immediate direction of 
 some dignitary. This we shall have occasion to exemplify in the course of the present work. 
 
 + This monarch intended to have built and endowed an extensive College, correspondent to the 
 chapel ; but the calamities of a civil war counteracted his liberal intentions; and an untimely death, 
 in 1471, put an entire stop to his works. The plan is particularly described in his Will, and a draw- 
 ing of the whole is preserved in the chapel library. 
 
 t History of Great Britain, vol. iv. p. 588, 4to. edition. 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. II. Vol. I. E 
 
2 ARCHITECTUE'AL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 was exhausted, and the Chapel of King's College is, perhaps, the only specimen 
 in which the perfection and decline of what has b"een absurdly termed the GoTHIC 
 style may be completely seen. In the eastern part of the structure, we have the 
 most elegant and pure example of tiie art. Here decoration is sufficient, with- 
 out profusion ; and the greater and smaller members are judiciously propor- 
 tioned to produce that architectural symmetry which at once pleases the eye and 
 satisfies the mind. The western part of the building, though executed in the 
 same st\le, is rather too much incumbered with ornament ; and the wood-work 
 skreen which separates the chapel into two parts, serves only to show that the 
 good taste which guided the original architect, a century before, had departed in 
 the days of Henry the Eighth. This displays the Italian or Melange style of 
 building, which was principally brought into fashion by Hans Holbein and Jolm 
 of Padua. 
 
 Henry the Sixth, who all writers seem to have allowed would have made a 
 better figure in a cloister than a court, was only nine months old at his accession 
 to the throne. In his natural disposition he was weak and ductile, though, at the 
 same time, more deeply tinctured with devotion than was common, even to the 
 general complexion of the times. The kings, his predecessors, who were less 
 pious than himself, had been liberal, even to extravagance, in the erection and 
 endowment of religious houses ; and Henry, who, to a piety which was little in- 
 cumbered with state transactions, added the zeal and generosity peculiar to youth, 
 endeavoured, in the present work, to eclipse their efforts. His first design for 
 building was upon a small scale, yet afterwards he extended it so largely that 
 Henry himself foresaw it could not possibly be finished in his life-time. He 
 left instructions, therefore, with a view to its completion, in his will: and ^de- 
 tailed a plan which, while it reflects the highest credit, at least on the grandeur 
 of his devotional ideas, evinces that, though the architects of those time were 
 unguided by the cold rules of proportion, they still \\ orked upon acknowledged 
 principles: and reconciled solidity and lightness with a better grace than the best 
 artists of what may be termed the classic sera. It is enough to say they under- 
 stood effect, and that, in their efforts to attain it, they never weakened the build- 
 ings they erected. 
 
 Henry's first foundation, in l44l, was for a rector and twelve scholars only^ 
 but his second was for a provost and seventy scholars, who, owing to the incom- 
 pletion of the monarch's designs, were long confined to the few and inconvenient 
 apartments provided for the smaller society. The plan which Henry had pro- 
 jected 
 
WEST FRONT ic OF 
 
 Cfimhritlgt--. 
 To HESByEI3UDOE,Estj: as tJ tesdmojty of the .^biSwrs- siruxre esteem . 
 
KING S-COLLEGE CHAPEL. 3 
 
 jected in the second instance was proportionable to the numher of people for 
 whose maintenance he had made provision : but a part of the chapel only, which 
 formed the north side of an intended quadrangle, was all that the troubles of his 
 reign allowed him to erect. According to Henry's Will, the chapel itself was 
 to contain, in length, two hundred and eighty-eight feet of "assize" without 
 ailes ; and all of the width of forty feet. The walls were to be ninety feet in 
 height, embattled, vaulted, and " chare-rofFed," sufficiently buttressed, and every 
 buttress finished with purfled pinnacles or little spires with flower-work. The 
 window at the west end was to have " nine days," and the windows in the sides 
 five days each; betwixt every buttress in the body of the church, on both sides, 
 were to be " closets" or small side chapels, with altars. These were to be 
 twenty feet in length, and ten feet in breadth, and the pavement of the choir was 
 to be a foot and a half above the pavement of the western end of the church. 
 How far this building was advanced previous to Henry's death is not satisfactorily 
 ascertained, though it is generally admitted that the eastern end was raised some 
 feet above the ground, and a small portion of the north and south walls were 
 built. The rest was left for his successors, though the whole was not entirely 
 finished till after the year 1530. Mr. Cole, whose manuscript collections for 
 Cambridge are now preserved in the British Museum, gathered the following 
 particulars respecting this college, &c. which were, in part, printed by Maiden, 
 in his " Account" of the chapel: 
 
 " For carrying on the buildings of the college, the founder settled, per annum, 
 till the work should be completed, a part of his Duchy of Lancaster, which, for 
 that purpose, he vested in feofiiees. 
 
 " On March 4th, 1446, he granted to the provost and scholars, a stone-quarry 
 in the lordship of Heselwode, in Yorkshire ; and on the 25th of February, 1448, 
 to the provosts and scholars of King's and Eton jointly, another quarry at Huddle- 
 stone, in Yorkshire. 
 
 " In 1461, on the proclamation of Edward the Fourth as king, an entire stop 
 was put to the works ; for the Duchy of Lancaster and the whole revenues of the 
 college were seized : a part of them, indeed, were granted again for the mainte- 
 nance of the provost and his scholars, but nothing from the Duchy for the build- 
 ing. 
 
 In this state every thing remained for the greater part of twenty years, till 
 Dr. Field, the warden of Winchester college, was chosen provost. On June 
 
 10th, 
 
4 AHCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 loth, 1479, lie was appointed overseer of the works* ; and continued till June 
 14tl), 1483, during which time 1296/. Is. 8d. was expended on the buildings, of 
 which 1000/. was given by the king, and 140/. by Thomas de Ilotherham, Bi- 
 shop of Lincoln, and Chancellor of England, who had been once a fellow of the 
 college. 
 
 " From the 14th of June, 1483, to the 22d of March following, nothing was 
 done, at which time Thomas Cliff was appointed by King Richard III. overseer 
 of the works, and continued so till December the 2.5d ; during which period the 
 sum of 746/. \0s. 9id. was expended, of which the king appears to have given 
 700/." 
 
 At this time the cast end of the chapel seems to have been carried up to the 
 top of the window, and the two first vestries towards the east, on the north side, 
 were covered in ; but the battlements over them were not set up. And thus the 
 building stood sloping towards the west end, being carried no higher than the 
 white stone rises, till the 28th of May, 1508 (23d Henry VII.) ; from which 
 time the work went on at the expence of Henry the Seventh and his executors, 
 till July 29th, 1515, (7th of Henry VIII.) when the case of the chapel was 
 finished. During this time the expence of the works amounted to 11,581/. lie. 
 10|f/. of which, in the first year, from May 28th, 1508, to April 1st, 1509, 
 1408/. 12.y. 6id. was remitted, from time to time, to Dr. Hatton, provost of the 
 college. 
 
 On the 1st of March, 1509, Henry the Seventh, by indenture between him- 
 self and the provost and scholars, gave 5000/. for carrying on the building; and 
 bound iiimself and his executors to furnish the college with further sums of 
 money, from lime to time, till the whole chapel should be completed : the provost 
 
 and 
 
 * Formerly, when the principal knowledge of the arts and sciences centered in the clergy, it was 
 not an uncommon thing to appoint some dignitary of the church to preside over the king's works. 
 Thus IVilliutn of Wykeham was the overseer or surveyor of the works at Windsor Castle : and Ni- 
 cholas Cloose, who was made a fellow of King's College at its foundation, and was afterwards, in 
 1452, Bishop of Litchfield and Coventry, was the first person appointed as overseer and manager of 
 the intended building : some assert that his father was the architect. Joh?i Canterbury, who went 
 from Eton to King's, in 1451 was made clerk of the works. And another of the overseers was John 
 Langton, who was made Bishop of St. David's in 1447. In the indentures, likewise, which are 
 printed in the Appendix, we find the Archdeacon of Norwich overseer of the glass-work for the win. 
 dows. And in the archives of Caius College, in a deed dated August the 17th, 1476, the names of 
 tjie following artificers are preserved : John Wulrich, master.raason ; John Bell, mason.warden ; 
 and Richard Adam, and liobert Dogetl, carpenters. 
 
sai"rj^ij-::\"iiL.i?^cj: roncu t<j 
 
 '/> HEXRY BOX^ l\i:i"Enamiir<nntfrU>hiiKM.auPnnce.t'Walf!^iJ.RJlh¥hi\ff Mifxdtih TitOirrs hay^e far ^.ttfUfJ .tit i^Arr e^rample^ intiuit ^lyif oi'Painima.aiid 
 Ihrrrhv ,vy», t.' O,.- HnUsh SdM'l a fxadiitr pre<minciut tibi^f all other Natum^ . ALs llatt U j^ji^.^i^jt^,^^^„friaul.. 
 
 The.lulIUT. 
 
 UniL<n,PutinMiS€pl''fi/'if*^.hyJ.fi^Lv.fl^hIU'itifnJ.liniti-<n anJ tt-nfim,vt ILuvf lUif tO'^iu.TiiurfutHirliayt. 
 
KINGS-COLLEGE CHAPEL. O 
 
 and scholars, on their part, covenanting to lay out the money faithfully under the 
 direction of such overseer as should be appointed by the king, or his executors. 
 On the 8th of February, in the third year of Henry the Eighth, the executors of 
 Henry the Seventh, by indenture between. them and the provost and scholars, 
 gave 5000/. more, " To the intent that they (the provost and scholars), and their 
 " successours, by the advise, oversight, and controllement of the sayde execu- 
 " tours or tiieyr deputyes, and noon otherwise, shal as hastily as they can or may 
 " reasonabyll, 'without delay, vaivte the dmrche of the saide colleg after the 
 " fourme of a platte therefor devised and subscribed with the hand of the said 
 " executours ; and cause double deskes to be made in the qwer of the saide 
 " chirch ; glase all the windowes in the said chirch w' such images, story, 
 " armys, bages, and other devises as shall be devised by the saide executours ; 
 " and also clerly and holy fynyshe, perfourme, and end al the warke that is not 
 " yet done in the saide chirche in all things as wel w'in as without." The said 
 provost and scholars covenanting and binding themselves and their successors to 
 the said executors — " That they shal indever themself in that they can that the 
 " said werke of the sayd chirche in al things shal as shortly and spedely, as con- 
 " veniently may be doon, be accomplished and fynished w'out any defaut in them 
 " to be assigned. Provided alway that the sayd provost and scolars, nor theyr 
 " successours be not charged by the premises farther than the sayde money may 
 " extende." 
 
 The great stone roof of the chapel, the finials of twenty-one buttresses, the 
 turret-towers, the stone roofs of the two porches and sixteen small chapels, (seven 
 of which are annexed to the body, and nine to the choir, ) and the battlements of 
 all the small chapels and porches, were set up, by contract with the master ma- 
 son, at the following sums: for the more minute particulars of which the reader 
 is referred to the different indentures given in the Appendix. 
 
 The great stojie roof of the chapel, divided into twelve arches, to be built of 
 Weldon stone, according to a plan signed by the executors of Henry the Seventh, 
 and set up within three years, at 100/. for each " severy" or arch; 1200/. 
 
 'For' tioenty-one fy7iials, to be built of Weldon stone, according to plans made 
 for the same, and according to one other fy nial (or pinnacle ) then set up, only 
 somewhat larger ; and to be set up and finished before the 25th of March next 
 ensuing after the date of the Indenture, at 6/. 13^. 4t/. each ; the college allowing 
 4/. 5s. farther for the iron; 144/. 5s. 
 
 For one tower, to be built of Weldon stone according to a plan made for the 
 
 F same ; 
 
(i AKCUITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 same ; and to be set up and finished before the 25th of March next ensuing after 
 the date of the Indenture; 100/. 
 
 For tliree towers, to be built of Weldon stone, according to the plan of the 
 former ; and to be set up and finished before the 24th of June next ensuing after 
 the date of the Indenture, at 100/. each ; 300/. 
 
 For the stone roofs of two porches, to be built of Hampole stone, at 25/. eachj 
 50/. 
 
 For the stone roofs of seven chapels in the body of the church, to be built of 
 Weldon stone, at 20/. each; 140/. 
 
 Yov the stone roofs offline chapels hehmA the choir, to be built of Weldon 
 stone, of more coarse work, at 12/. each; 108/. 
 
 For the battlements of eighteen chapels and two porches, to be built of Wel- 
 don stone, at 5/. each ; 100/. 
 
 All the roofs and battlements to be finished before the 24th of June next ensu- 
 ing, after the date of the Indenture, and according to plans signed by the execu- 
 tors of Henry the Seventh. 
 
 The principal stone-work of tlie chapel being completed, the next object was 
 to glaze the windows. To have these executed with PAINTED GLASS, in a style 
 corresponding to the other parts of the building, the provost, &c. agree with dif- 
 ferent glaziers, by two Indentures, (vide Appendix) dated the last day of April, 
 and the third day of May, 1526, (18th Henry VIII.) to fit up " zvitkgood, dene, 
 sure, ajid perfijte glasse, and orient coloiirs a?id imagery," &c. twenty-two, of the 
 upper windows of this chapel : these were to be finished in a workman-like, and 
 substantial style, within five years; the glass to be provided, at 16^. a foot, and 
 the lead at two-pence a foot. By whom, or at what period the other four upper 
 windows, and the lower tier, communicating light to the chantries, were glazed, 
 does not appear ; nor have the names of the artist or artists who made the designs 
 or " vidimusses," been preserved : conjecture has attributed them to Giulio Ro- 
 mano, to Raphael, and to Holbein. Perhaps the most probable mode of solving 
 the difficulty is to consider them as the productions of different artists, whose best 
 works were copied, and applied to this vitrified painting. The short time that 
 was allowed for their completion implies, that they must have been executed in 
 this country ; and Holbein was the only painter here capable of designing such 
 pieces. Though ancient painted glass is generally to be admired only for its 
 effects,^ yet this, at King's College, is executed with so much skill, 'taste,' and 
 judgment, that it has obtained the praise of the most celebrated artists of modern 
 
 times. 
 
 Description 
 

 
 ^ ^i 
 
 ■^ ^ 
 
 
 1 
 t 
 
 i- 
 
KING S-COLLEGE CHAPEL. 7 
 
 Description of those Parts of the Building represented by the annexed 
 
 Prints. 
 
 Plate I. Ground-Pi an, &c. — In this plate the artists have endeavoured 
 to dehneate the general and particular lines of the walls, buttresses, chapels, 
 groining, &c. of the building, in a geometrical ground-plan. As the mind de- 
 rives conceptions, and comprehends objects more accurately by comparison, the 
 reader may refer the scale of this (310 feet long by 78 feet wide) to such build- 
 ings as he is familiar with. The chapel of St. George, at Windsor, measures 
 about 218 feet long by 65 feet wide ; and Henry the Seventh's, at Westminster, 
 about 120 feet in length by 64 in width. The former has transepts, and side 
 ailes, and the latter has also side ailes, whence their plans are rather dissimilar 
 to this at Cambridge. By reference to the annexed print, it will be perceived 
 that the groining, or tracery of the roofs, in the diflerent chantries, or side 
 chapels, is varied ; whilst the vaulting of the great roof is uniformly groined 
 from east to west. The latter was executed according to a certain "platt" — 
 (vide Indentures, p. 12.) — but the others were constructed at different periods, 
 and under the direction of different provosts, &c. Those two on the north side, 
 nearest to the east end, marked M and N, were the first that were finished; 
 and that at M was the private chapel of Dr. Wm. Towne*, who was one of the 
 twelve scholars placed in the college by Henry VI. at its first institution, in 
 144], From this, and the corresponding chantry on the opposite side, a door- 
 way communicates to the chapel, an arch of which is of the ogee shape. The 
 chantry at O belonged to Dr. ARGENTINE, or Argentem, provost of this col- 
 lege, who died February 2d, 1507, and whose remains were interred within it. 
 The chantry at P was decorated in a more costly manner than either of the 
 others, by Dr. Hacombleyn, who was provost here when the windows were 
 finished, and who directed that the window of his own chapel should be exe- 
 cuted in a superior style, and should contain, among its painted embellishments, 
 the Portrait of the Founder. Among the ornaments of the window, are 
 the arms of Henry VIII. richly emblazoned, and also those of the college. The 
 chantry at Q was endowed by Dr. Brassie, provost, whose remains were interred 
 here. This and all the remaining chapels on the south side are appropriated to 
 
 the 
 
 * According to the custom of the times, the Doctor left a yearly reTenue of four marks, for a 
 priest (a fellow of the college) to say mass, &c. to relieve his soul from purgatory. An altar stood 
 within the eastern angle of this chapel, which was provided with a fire-place. 
 
8 ARCIIITECTUllAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 the college library, which contains a large collection of valuable books. The 
 three westernmost chantries, on either side, are provided with two windows 
 each — one communicating to the ante-chapel, and the other admitting light 
 from the outside. From the west end to C is the space usually called the 
 ante-chapel, (and in the Indentures, " the body") East of this to g is the choir, 
 which is fitted up with stalls, &;c. as usual in cathedral churches. At K and L 
 are the foundation walls of some additional buildings, which imply that the in- 
 tended quadrangle was begun. At K is the appearance of a circular stair- 
 case, at H the chancel, and at I the altar. The dotted lines, west of AA, re- 
 present the disposition and appearance of the ribs of the RooF, as seen in the 
 upper surface ; whilst the other small dotted lines, east of AA, display the dis- 
 position of the same stones, as they appear in the fan-shaped tracery, or groin- 
 ing of the inner surface. The peculiar construction of this roof, and astonish- 
 ment that it has excited, induced us to adopt this novel method of representing it ; 
 and hence it will be clearly perceived that it consists of a series of arches, one 
 passing through the whole building, and several others, whose centres are the 
 different side buttresses. The latter are locked by a large key-stone, or rather 
 by a square wedge, and two stones shaped into semi-cones. These are placed 
 in the centre of every " severy," at equal distances along the central rib, which 
 passes from east to west. A small rib intersects this, and crosses the roof almost 
 in a straight or horizontal line, and a much larger rib, running parallel with it, 
 springs from the capitals of thp rlustered columns, which run up between the 
 windows, and abut directly on the buttresses. By comparing the longitudinal 
 section, Plate III. and section, and plan of the roof, Plate II. it will be seen that 
 one direct arch is thrown across the building, from buttress to buttress, and that 
 four other conical arches, rising one above the other, spring from the clustered 
 capital, and are locked by the sculptured key-stone (B, Plate II.) Thus the 
 stone roof is supported by a series of double arches, concentric to the buttresses, 
 and one arch passing through the whole ; yet all mutually dependant on each 
 other, and each contributing to support that weight of stone, which is laid al- 
 most flat from side to side wall. Maiden asserts that the stones between the 
 groins are only two inches thick in some places : in two or three parts that we 
 measured, they were from four to six inches. Though there appears an almost 
 magical lightness and deceptive buoyancy in this roof, yet we know, by existing 
 examples, that the arc//, when mathematically constructed, and its component 
 members minutely adjusted, is capable of much greater extension, and of sus- 
 taining greater lateral pressure. Many instances might be adduced to verify 
 
 this 
 
JSnt/rattMl ty .loh/i •Smiifi. f>om a drawuip irt ttir iafr T^w' •TaniUnJ.-A- n-r riif Arcliiiri-tiiriil .Inti.j 
 
 PT^Noftiie QROTNING S: SECTION of tJie ROOy o/' 
 Canibiidgt . 
 
 U-nihnJutU^hed S^r'^uSos.fy lA>nj}manMurjt.BtA*.Se OrT>i£^acaju>MB'An»;Jl^l^rM^hH0U>orn;/tJ£na^ 
 
=^ 
 
 SECTION of a PABT of Ou SOTTB SIDK of 
 To ABTHUR MKIN -E"^' <fa> flli/r u inMJThcd as a smaU tiihiUe to htf Saaiuii^ ,md Literaiy AhUUifj^ fytds smareFrimJ^ Hrillo 
 
king's-college chapel. *7 
 
 this assertion ; but a few will suffice. The chord or span of the arch of the roof of 
 this chapel is only 43 feet; whilst that of the central arch in Black-friars-Bridge, 
 London, is 100 feet. Over the River Liffey, near Dublin, is a bridge of a single 
 arch, erected by iVlexander Stephens, in 1792, the chord of which is 106 feet, 
 with only a rising of 22 feet. This is six feet wider than the much-celebrated 
 Rialto at Venice. But perhaps the most extraordinary, and astonishing arch in 
 Europe, is that of Pont-y-Prydd (in Glamorganshire), which was designed and 
 constructed by an uneducated architect (Wm. Edwards), and extends 140 feet 
 in span, with an altitude of 35 feet. (See an interesting account of him, inMal- 
 kin's Account of South Wales, 4to. 1804.) 
 
 PLATE IL Plan of the Groining, and Section of the Roof. — 
 *' There is a tradition," observes Walpole, in his Anecdotes of Painting, &c. 
 " that Sir Christopher Wren went once a year to survey the RooF of the Chapel 
 of King's College, and said that if any man would show him where to place the 
 ^first stone, he would engage to build such another." As few sophistical absur- 
 dities escaped the reprehension of Walpole, I am much surprised that he gave 
 currency to this. Implicitly following his example, every subsequent writer has 
 repeated the same tale, thinking, perhaps, like the local Ciceroni, that it must 
 attach greater curiosity and merit to the work. The remark seems so palpably- 
 improbable, that it is scarcely entitled to an argument to refute. For can it be 
 reasonably supposed that the architect, who had a genius to design, and success- 
 fully execute such a stupendous work as the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral, could 
 be at a loss to compreliend the mechanism, &c. of the present roof, or could 
 commit himself in making such a futile observation ? Let it not be inferred that 
 I have a wish to depreciate the justly-acquired fame of the builder of this roof; 
 — I am ready to grant him my humble tribute of praise, in declaring that he has 
 here successfully executed one of the most difficult tasks in architecture. It has 
 stood the test of some centuries; is admired and praised by professional men, 
 and is now perfect and secure. 
 
 PLATE III. Section of a Part of the South Side. — In this geometrical 
 view are represented two of the compartments, &c. which occupy the space be- 
 tween three buttresses. These consist of two large windows, vHth " five days" 
 or lights each, and two smaller windows beneath, which communicate with the 
 chantries. The surface between the windows is ornamented with niches and cano- 
 pies, also the armorial bearings and cognizances of the houses of York and Lan- 
 caster. The supporters, crowns, roses, and portcullisses are carved in basso, and 
 alto relievo. Their respective contours, character, expression, and subordinate 
 minutiae, are evidences of the artist's taste and talents. Hence it is presumed 
 
 F* that 
 
8* ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 that they were the works of some ItaUan sculptors ; but unfortunately we have 
 no documents perpetuating their names. 
 
 PLATE IV. South-Entrance-Porch.— The two porches, and western 
 entrance, are more higlily decorated than any other portion of the building. 
 From the earliest specimens of ecclesiastical edifices, till the dissolution of mo- 
 nachism, the architect always bestowed the greatest enrichments on the en- 
 trances, and particularly on the western, or principal. Thus the sentiment of 
 admiration and reverence was excited at the first approach, and the effect of 
 the whole interior, with its concomitant auxiliaries, all mutually conspired to 
 heighten and confirm this emotion. Hence the Catholic religion tended to pro- 
 mote the arts, whilst these in grateful return lent their assistance to stimulate the 
 passions and feelings in her behalf. 
 
 PLATE V. The North-west View— exhibits the whole of the northern 
 side, with part of the west front, in perspective. The five buttresses nearest to 
 the west end are ornamented with the rose, portcullis, crown, &c. From the 
 ground-plan, and this view, it will be seen that the buttresses project a great 
 way from the base of the building, and it will be easily conceived that such would 
 have greatly injured the beauty and external effect of the whole, had not the 
 architect, or builder, judiciously contrived to fill up the large spaces between the 
 buttresses with the side chapels. 
 
 PLATE VI. Western Front, &c.— The upper portions of the four corner 
 towers are peculiarly rich and beautiful ; being perforated with various figures, 
 and surrounded and crowned with purfled pinnacles, roses, crowns, crockets, &c. 
 Considering the height of these from the ground, it is rather surprising that the 
 architect bestowed so much embellishment on them, especially when the lower 
 parts of the same towers were left plain and undecorated. 
 
 PLATE VII, Interior View. — The efftct of the interior of this building, 
 when aided by the solar rays, is peculiarly beautiful, grand, and impressive. Its 
 beauty arises from the variety of lights, shades, and prismatic colours, playing 
 through the scene, which is augmented by the undulating line of the roof, and 
 the variety and intricacy of the side walls, &c.; whilst the height, space, and 
 misty effect, of the distant parts, combine to give it singular grandeur. 
 
 " No part of the interior of King's Chapel is unornamented ; and though 
 the ornaments, considered with reference to parts only, often appear crowded, 
 capricious, and unmeaning, yet the effect of the whole together is more rich, 
 grand, light, and airy, than that of any other building known, either ancient or 
 modern." Knight's " Analytical Inquiry," p. i64. 
 
IXTERIOR Oaoking- Wr^t) Of 
 
 Ctmtitritliir . 
 To TlW f Mo.Mto. M. I), a t/mi/ athnurr, and putwn or' the line Jris: Uusphite is nspatiidly insiTzbaJ fy- 
 
 'Dw Autiior. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 TO THE PRECEDING ACCOUNT OF 
 
 KING'S-COLLEGE CHAPEL: 
 
 CONTAINING, EXTRACTS FROM 
 AND 
 
 Copies of certain Indentures relating to the Building, S^c. of the said Chapel*. 
 
 Extracts from the Will of King Henry the Sixth, as relating to King's-Col- 
 LEGE Chapel. Dated 12th March 1447, the 26th Year of his Reign. 
 
 Copia nltimae Tohintatis Regis Henrici Sexti, pro CoUegiis suis Regalibus, viz. pro Col- 
 legio B. Maria; de Etona, & pro CoUegio B. Mari», & S'ti Nicholai de Cantebr' 
 perficiendis. [Seeacopyof part of this will in vitaGul.Waynfleti scripfaaBuddeno.] 
 
 IN the name of the Blessed Trinity, the Father, the Sonne, and the Holy Ghost, Our Lady 
 St. Marie mother of Christ, and all the holy companie of heaven : I Henry by the grace of God 
 king of England, and of France, and Lordeof Ireland, after the conquest of England the Sixt, 
 for diverse great and notable causes moveing me at the makeing of theise presents, have do 
 " ^have done]" my Will and mine intent to be written in manner that foUoweth ; 
 
 Forasmuch as I have enfeffed before this time John t Cardinall and archbishop of Yorke, 
 John I archbishop of Canterbury, Robert § bishop of London, William || bishop of Lincoln 
 William 1 bishop of Saresbury, and Thomas** bishop of Bathe and Welles, John Carpenter 
 Clarke of the churche of Worcester, now bishop of the same, Adam Molyns clerck now bishop of 
 Chichester, Walter Lyert clerck now bishop of Nonvich, John Langton clerck late bishop of 
 St. David, and now to God passed, John Dulaber clerk now bishop of St. David, William earle 
 of SufF', now marques of Suff', Henry earle of Northumberland, John Viscount Beaumont, 
 Walter Lorde of Hungerford, Rauf lorde Cromwell, Rauf lorde of Seudely, John Beauchampe, 
 knight, now lorde Beauchame of Powicke, and James Fenes esq. now lord of Say, John 
 Somersett, Henry Sever, Richard Andrew, Walter Sherington, clerks; Edward Hungerford 
 and Edward Hull knights ; John Saintlo now to God passed, John Hampton, John Norres, 
 William Tresham, John Vampage, and Richard Aldred, now to God passed, esqs. in divers 
 castells, lordships, raannors, lands, tenements, rents, services, and other possessions, parcell of 
 the duchy of Lancaster within England and Wales, as it is more specially and at large con- 
 teyned and written, in diverse my letters patents hereof made, of which letters the first beareth 
 date the last day save one of Novembre, th« year of my reign 22 ; tlie second beareth date the 
 7th day of Julie the sameyeere; the third beareth date the 23d of Februari, the yeere of my 
 reign 23; the fourthe beareth date the 29 of June in the sameyeere; which castells, lordships, 
 
 mannors, 
 
 ♦ These legal ^instruments serve to illustrate the manners and customs of the times, and shew the mode of 
 spelling, phraseology, &c. which then prevailed. Besides, we are here informed of the price and terms of different 
 artizans; hy compariug which with the style and execution of their works, we are enabled to appreciate the true 
 history of the arts at a certain era. 
 
 t John Kemp, 1425—1454. J John Stafford, 1443—1452. 
 
 § Robert Gilbert, 1431—1436, or his predecessor Robert Fitzhugb, master of King's-hall, and Chancellor of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 H Will. Alnwick, 1435—1450. ^ Will. Aiscough, 1438—1450. 
 
 Names of th« 
 feoffees. 
 
 The lands all 
 parcell of the 
 duchy of Lan- 
 caster 
 
 Date of the 
 letters patent. 
 
 Gt 
 
 *• Tho. Bekynton, 1443—1465. 
 
10 
 
 ARCHITECTUUAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 The feoffment 
 confirmed by 
 act of" parlia- 
 tjient. 
 
 Cause for 
 founding two 
 
 Royal Colle- 
 ges : — one at 
 Eton, and one 
 ■tCambridge. 
 
 A yearly sum 
 of 2000 lib. 
 assij;ned,&c. 
 1000 lib. for 
 the coll. at 
 Eton, and 
 1000 lib. for 
 that at Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 Order for the 
 continuance 
 of the edifica- 
 tions, &c. 
 
 Upon the 
 cimiplotion of 
 one, the whole 
 2000 lib. to be 
 appropriated 
 to the other. 
 
 manners, lands, tenements, rents, services, and other possessions, be of the yeerlie value of 
 33951. Us. 7c?. Av hen they be discharged of the fees and annuities with which they be now 
 charged, which letters patents and all things conteyned in them by the authority of my parle- 
 ment last holden at ^V^cstminster, as by an acte of the same parlement plainly it appearetb, were 
 authorized, approved, ratifyed, and confirmed, for to pcrforme and fulfill my will, of and 
 upon the disposition of said castells, lordships, mannors, lands, tenements, rents, services, and 
 other possessions, by me to be made and ordeyned, and to my said feoffees, in my behalf to be 
 declared and notifycd. I by these my present letters d< clare and notifie unto my said feffees, 
 according to the said acte, that in these my letters is conteyned my said will, which I desire to 
 be done and performed by my said feSees of the castells, lordships, mannors, lands, tenements, 
 rents, services, and other possessions above sayd. 
 
 First, forasmuch as it hath pleased our Lorde God for to sufi'er and graunte rae grace for the 
 primer" [^nforementioiiedy nota.h\e yvorkes purposed by me after that I by his blessed sufFer- 
 auncetooke unto my self the rule of my said realmes, for to erect, found, and stablish unto the 
 honour and worship of his name specially, and of the blessed Virgin our ladie St. Marie, encrease 
 of virtues and dilatation of conning " [^knowledgey^ and stablishment of Christian faith, my tzco 
 colleges Roiall, one called the College Roiall of our Ladie of Eton beside Windesor, and the 
 other called the College Roiall of our Ladie and St. Nicholas of Cambridge ; the edifications of 
 which colleges, now by me begoun, advised, and appointed, in manner and forme as hereafter 
 followeth, may not be perfectly accomplished without great and notable workes assigned and 
 purveietl thereunto ; I will, pray, and charge mine own feoffees, that unto the time that the 
 said edifications and other workes of bridges, conduicts, cloysters, and other thingcs begoun and 
 advised by me in either of the said colleges, be fully performed and accomplished in notable 
 wise then any of my said realme of England; they see that my said colleges, according to the 
 forme of generall graunts by me unto them made in that behalfe, have and perceive " [rcce/t)e]" 
 j'eerlie of yssues, profits, and revenues, coming of the aforesaid castells, lordships, mannors, 
 lands, tenements, rents, services, and other possessions, by the hands of the tenants, farmers, 
 occupiers, and receivers of the same, 2000 lib. for the edifications and workes abovesayd ; that 
 is to say, to the provost of my said college of Eton, for the workes there yeerlie 1000 lib. and 
 to the provost of my said college of Cambridge, for the edifications and workes there yeerly 
 1000 lib. from the feast of St. Michael last past unto the end of the terme of twenty yeeres 
 then next following, and fully and complete ; and if it be so that the edifications of my said 
 colleges, or either of them, according imto my said devise and appointment herein conteyned, 
 shall not be fully accomplished and finished within the said tearme of 20 years, I will then 
 pray my said feoflees, that they do grant unto either of my said colleges 1000 lib. to be 
 taken yearlie from the ende of the said tearme of twenty years finished, unto the time of the 
 edifications of the one of my said colleges be fully accomplished and performed, of the yssues, 
 profitfs, and revenues abovesayd ; and that after the finishment of the edifications of one of 
 the said colleges, the said yearly 2000 lib. in sembable wise to be granted to the other of the 
 same colleges whose edifications shall not be then finished, to have and perceive of the yssues, 
 profits, and revenues abovesayd, unto the time of the edification of the same college, to be 
 fully finished and performed; which edifications of my said college I have fully devised and 
 appointed to be accomplished in this wise: that is to witt, 
 
 [Here follow particular directions relating to Eton College.] 
 
 THE 
 
KINGS-COLLEGE CHAPEL. 
 
 11 
 
 THE COLLEGE OF CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 And as touching the dimensions of the Church of my said college of our Lady and St. 
 Nicholas, at Cambridge, 1 have devised and appointed that the same church shall containe 288 
 feete of assise (statuteable feet) in length, without any yles, and all of the wideness of 40 feete, 
 and the length of the same church from the west end to the altare at the quier doore, shall con- 
 taine 120 iede, and from the provost's stall unto the greese called Gradus Chori 90 feete, for 36 
 stalks on cither side of the same quier, answering to 70fellowes and ten priests, conducts, which 
 must be de prima forma ; and from the said stalles unto the est end of the said church 72 feete 
 of assise : also a reredos (skreen) bearing the roodeloft departing the quier and the body of the 
 church, containing in length 40 feete, and in breadth 14 feete; ihezDulis of the same cluirch to 
 be in height 90 feete, imbattled, vawted, and chare roffed, sufficiently butteraced,' and every 
 butterace fined with finials : and in the east end of the said church shall be a windowe of nine 
 bayes,* and betwixt every butterace a windowe of five bays, and betwixt ever}' of the same 
 butterace in the body of the church, on both sides of the same church, a closet with an altare 
 therein, containing in length 20 feete, and in breadth 10 feete, vauted and finished under the 
 soyle of the yle windowcs : and the pavement of the church to be enhanced " [/a^ff/]" four 
 feete above the ground without, and height of the pavement of the quier one foote diameter 
 above the pavement of the church, and the pavement of the altare three feete above that. Item, 
 on the north side of the quier a vestri/, containing in length 50 feete, and in breadth 22 {eete, 
 departed into two houses beneath and two houses above, which shall contain in height 22 feete 
 in all, with an entrie for the quier vawted. Item, at the west end of the church a cloistre 
 square," &c. 
 
 [The ^^'ill proceeds to describe, in detail, the various other buildings and apartments 
 belonging to the college, (which were never erected,) and then specifies the fees or wages 
 of those artizans, &c. employed in the building.] 
 
 " I will that my said college of Cambridge have and receive yearly of the yssues, profits, 
 and revenues, coming of the said castells, lordships, manors, lands, tenements, rents, services, 
 and other possessions abovesaid, 1171ib. 6s. lOd. during all the time of the edification of the 
 said college, for the yearly wages and rewards of officers and ministers longing to the workcs 
 there ; that is to wit, for the master of the workes,50 lib. for the clerk of the workes 13 lib. 6s. 8d. 
 for the chiefe mason, 16 lib. 13s. 4d. for the chiefe carpenter, 12 lib. 8d. for the chief smith, 
 6 lib. 13s. 4d. ; and for the purveyors, either of them at 6d. the day, 18 lib. 6s. 8d.+ And in sera- 
 bable wise, I will that my said college of Eton have and receive yearly, during the edification there- 
 of, of the same yssues, profit and revenues, 124 lib. for the yeerly wages and rewards of the offi- 
 cers and ministers belonging to the workes there; that is to wit, for the master of the workes there 
 50 lib. for the clerk of the workes 16 lib. 6s. 8d. for the chief mason 13 lib. 6s. 8d. for thechief 
 carpenter 10 lib. for the chief smith 6 lib. 13s. 4d. and for two purveyors either of them 6d. by 
 the day, 18 lib. 5s. 6d.+ Moreover, for as much as I entirely desire that all the numbers of the 
 persons ordeined, devised, and appointed by me, for to be in both my said colleges, be fulfilled 
 in as hasty time as they goodly may, and so the numbers for the accomplishment of my devotioo 
 
 to 
 * The spaces for glass between the mullions. Q. dales, as in the copy of this Will, printed in Blomefield's Collect. 
 Cantab, p. 125. 
 
 t There seems to be an error in these two sums, and in the totals compared with the dayly wages- 
 
 Length and 
 width of the 
 chapel- 
 
 Stalls. 
 
 Height of the 
 walls of the 
 chapel. 
 
 The side 
 chapels called 
 closets. 
 
 The vestry. 
 
 Fees granted 
 to certain offi- 
 cers of the 
 works at 
 Cambridge, 
 
 and at Eton. 
 
12 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 A further pro- 
 vision. 
 
 Gift of 1000 
 lib. in money 
 to each college 
 for a treasure 
 to remain- 
 
 (o be kept always peifecf, and that certain of the livelootls with which I have endowed my said 
 colleges be yet in reversion, so that the said numbers witli other charges may not sufficiently 
 be found and supported, unless that the same college be succored, otherwise I will, pray, and 
 charge, my said feffees, that my said college have and receive yearly of the yssues, profits, and 
 revenues, coming of the castells, lordships, mannors, lands, tenements, rents, services, and other 
 possessions abovesayd, over the said yearly 2000 lib. to the same colleges, in the forme and for 
 the cause abovesayd assigned, the summe of a thousand markes granted unto my said colleges 
 during the lives of certain persons specified in my letters patents seweth " [following],^' under 
 the scale of ray said duchy thereupon made, as it is in the said letters more clerely conteyned. 
 Furthermore, I will, pray, and charge my said feffees for to be delivered to my said colleges 
 2000 lib. over the said yearly 2000 lib. and yearly 1000 markes unto tiiem, in the formes above- 
 sayd, assigned to be taken as soon as it goodly may be arreised and had by the same feasts, of the 
 yssues, profits, and revenues of the said castells, lordships, mannors, lands, tenements, rents, 
 services and other possessions ; that is to say unto my provost and college roiall of Eton 1000 lib. 
 and unto my provost and college royall of Cambridge 1000 lib. of sufficient and good gold, and 
 of sufficient weight of my law full coine, which I have given for a treasure for them, to be kepte 
 within them for diverse great causes, which will be more plainly exprest in the statutes and 
 ordinaunces of my said college, by me made in that behalf. And I will that my said college of 
 Eton have of the said yssues, profits, and revenues, of the said castells, lordships, mannors, 
 lands, tenements, rents, services, and possessions, 200 lib. in money, for to purvey them books 
 to the pleasure of God and weale of my said college. And in sembable wise to my other college 
 of Cambridge 200 lib. for to stufl!' them with Jewells for the service of Cjod, in the same college. 
 And if it like unto God to call me out of this mortal life, before that my said colleges be accom- 
 plished, and before they have such as is to them here apointed, then I will and desire that my 
 will above rehearsed touching the same colleges and either of them, be specially and principally 
 accomplished, and in all points perfectly performed before all other things :" &c. 
 
 See a Copy of the whole JFill in Nichols's " Collection of Royal Wms,"&c. 4to. 1780. 
 
 \Va5Tell and 
 SemeRk agree 
 to " set up a 
 good vawte," 
 or roof, 
 
 according to a 
 ••jilat ;" 
 
 fim 3inrjciuure 
 
 Relating to the Roof of the Chapel. 
 
 THIS INDENTURE made the day of in the fourth yere of our sovrain lord 
 
 kyngHerry the 81 h betwyne Mr. liobert Hacomhleyn provost of the kynge's college royal at 
 Cambrydge and the scolers of the same with the advise and agrement of Mr. Thomas Larke 
 surveyor of the kynge's workes there on the oon partye, and John Wastell master mason of the 
 seid works, and Herri/ Semerk* oon of the wardens of the same on the other partye, witnesseth 
 that hit is covenaunted, bargayned, and agreed betwyne the party esaforeseid. That the seid John 
 Wastell and Merry Semerk shall make and sett up, or cawse to be made and sett up at their costs 
 and charges, a good, suer, and sufficient Frta/e for the grete ckurche there, to be workmanly 
 wrouglit,^maderand self up after the best handlynge and forme of good workmanship, according 
 Jo a Plat thereof made and signed with the hands of the lords executors to the kyng of most 
 .(■■amous memorye llcrry the 7tli, whose sowle God pardon. And the seid John Wastell and 
 Kerry Semerk shall provide and fynde at ther costs and charges, as moche good sufficient hable 
 
 ston 
 
 • Walpole spells the name, Severick. 
 
kitstg's-college chapel. 13 
 
 ston of Weldon quarri/es, as shall suffise for the performyng of all the seid vawte, together with aad to provide , 
 Ijme, sand, scaffoldyng, cinctores, moles, oidinaunces, and every other thyng concerning the andoTherne- 
 same vawting, as well workmen and laborers, as all manner of stuff and ordinaunces that shall cessary mate- 
 be required or necessary for the performance of the same ; except the seid Mr. Provost and "^'^ *' 
 scolers with the assent of the seid surveyors grantcii to the seid John Wastell and Herry Semerk 
 for the great cost and charge that they shall be at in remevyng the grete scaffold there, to have 
 therefore in recompence at the end and performyng of the seid vawte the timber of two se- 
 vereyes of the seid grete scaffold by them remeved to ther own use and profight ; And over that 
 the seid Provost, scolers, and surveyor granten that the seid John Wastell and Herry Semerk 
 shall have diiryng the tyme of the seid vawtyng, ccrlcyne stuffs and necessaryes there, as gynnes, 
 whels, cables, hobynatts, sawes, and such other as shall be dely vered unto them by indenture ; 
 And they to delyver the same agayne unto the college there, at the end of the SL'id worke. The To finish it ia 
 
 * ^ •/ o ' tlircc vcars 
 
 seid John Wastell and Herry Semerk granten also and bynde themselves by these covenauntes, 
 that they shall performe and clerely fynysh all the said vawte within the terme and space of -j-q be paid 
 three ycrcs next cnsuyng, after the tyme of ther begynnyng upon the same ; And for the good 1200 I. for it, 
 and suer performyng of all the premysses as is afore specyfyed. The seid Provost and scolers g,^^J,j ^^^,'^ 
 covenaunte and graunte to pay unto the seid John Wastell and Herry Semerk 1200 1, that is to 
 say, for every severey in the seid churche 100 1. to be payd in forme followyng, from tyme to 
 tyme as mochc money as shall suffise to pay the masons and others rately after the number of 
 workmen ; And also for ston in suche tymes and in suche forme as the seid John Wastell and 
 Herry Semerk shall make ther bargaynes for ston, so that they be evyn payd with 100 1. at the 
 end of the performj'ng evry severey ; and if there remayne ony parte of the seid 100 1. at the 
 fynyshing of the seid severey, then the seid M. Provost and scolers to pay unto them the sur- 
 plusage of the seid 100 1. for that severey, and so from tyme to tyme until all the seid twelve 
 severey s be fully and perfyttly made and performed," 
 
 Ci^e ^econD 'intjenture. 
 
 THIS INDENTURE made the fourth day of August in the fifth yere of the reign of our 
 sovrain lord kyng Herry the 8th, betwyne Mr. Robert Haconibleyn Provost of the kynge's 
 college royal in Cambr^'dge and the scolers of the same with the advise and agreement of Mr. 
 Thomas Larke surveyor of the kynge's works there on the oon partye, and John Wastell n;aster 
 mason of the seid workes on the other partye, witnesseth, That it is covcnaunted, bargtiyned, Wastell 
 and agreed betwyne the partyes aforeseid, that the seid John Wastell shall make and sett up, vauir2° 
 or cawse to be made and sett up, at his propre co^t and charge, the raffl^/wg o/<ffio^orc^ei of porches and 
 the newe churche of the kynge's college aforeseid with Yorkshere ston ; And also the vawtes of ^ *^""P*^'*; 
 seven chapels in the body of the same churche with Weldon ston, accordyng to a plat made as 
 well for the same seven chapels as for the seid two porches ; and nine other chaples behynd the ^\^^ g ^1 
 quyre of the seid churche with like Weldon ston to be made of a ynore course werke, as appereth chapels 
 by a plat for the same made : And that the seid John Wastell shall make and sett up or cawse to 
 be made and sett up at his cost and charge the battlements of all the seid porches and chapels 
 with Weldon ston accordynge to another plat made for the same remayning with all the other '^^l^^^ ''^"'e- 
 plats afore rehersed in the kepynge of the seid surveyor signed with the hands of the lords the 
 kynge's executors : All the seid vawtes and batelmentsto be well and workmanly wrought, made 
 and sett up after the best handlyngc and forme of good workraanshyp, and accordyng to the 
 
 HI- plats 
 
14 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 and provide 
 the stone and 
 all other ne- 
 cessaries. 
 
 Wastell to 
 receive 85 1. 
 for each 
 porch, 
 
 20 1- for c.ich 
 of the 7 cha- 
 pels, and 
 12 1- for eacli 
 of the 9 cha- 
 pels : also 
 
 100 1- for the 
 stone and 
 workmanship 
 of battle- 
 ments. 
 
 plats afore specified: The foreseid John Wastell to provide and fynde at his cost and charge 
 not only as moche good sufficient and liable ston of Hampole quarryes in Yorkshere as shall 
 suffise for the performance of the seid two porches, but also as moche good sufficient and 
 liable ston of Weldon quarryes as shall suffise for the performyng of all the seid chapels and 
 batelments, together with lyme, sand, scaffoldyng, mooles, orduiaunces, and every other thyng 
 concernyng the fynyshing and performyng of all the seid vawtes and batelments, as well work- 
 men and laborers, as all maner of stuff and ordinaunce as shall be requyred or necessary for 
 performance of the same : provided alway that the seid John Wastell shall kepe continually 60 
 ire-masons workyng upon the same. The seid John Wastell graunteth also and byndeth hym- 
 self by these presents to perfornie and clerely fynish all the seid vawtes and batelments on this 
 side the ffeeste of the Nativitie of Seint John Baptiste next ensuyng after the day hereof ; And 
 for the good and suer performyng of all these premysses, as is afore specyfyed the seid provost 
 and scolers granfen to pay unto the seid John Wastell for ston and workmanshyp of evry the 
 seid porches with all other charge as is afore rehersed 25 1. 
 
 And for evry of the seid seven chapels in the body of the churche after the plat of the seid 
 porches 201. 
 
 And for vawtyng of evry of the other nine chapels behind the quyre to be made of more 
 course work 12 I. 
 
 And for ston and workmanshyp of the batelments of all the seid chapels and porches devi- 
 ded info twenty severeys evry severy at 100s. .Sum 100 1. 
 
 And for all and singler covenauntes afore rehersed of the partye of the seid John Wastell 
 wele and truly to be performed and kept, he byndeth himself, his heirs and executors in 400 1. 
 of good and lawfidl money of England to be payd unto the seid Mr. Provost, scolers and sur- 
 vej'or at the ffeeste of the Purification of our Blessed Lady next comyng after the date of these 
 presentes ; and in lyke wise for all and singler covenauntes afore rehersed, of the partye of the 
 seid Mr. Provost, scolers and surveyor wele and truly to be performed and kept, they bynde 
 themselves, their successors and executors in 400 1. of good and lawfull money of England to 
 be payd unto the seid John Wastell at the seid ffeeste of the Purification of our Blessed Lady. 
 In witnesse whereof the partyes aforeseyd to these present indentures interchangeably have sett 
 their seals, the day and yere above wryten. 
 
 Ci^e Cl^ttD 35nDcnture 
 
 Between the same Parties, is concerning erecting the " Fynyalls" or Pinnacles of twenty-one 
 Buttresses, and finishing one of the Towers, one " Fynyall" having been previously set 
 up as a pattern. For every Pinnacle to be paid 61. 13s. 4d. and for all the said Pinnacles 
 1401. and for the upper part of the Tower (viz. from the open-work upwards) 1001. The 
 Provost, &c. to find iron work to the amount of 5s. for each Pinnacle. 
 
 THE 
 
king's-college chapel. l^ 
 
 Cl^c ^ourti) 31nt!enture* 
 
 Concerning four large IVindows of Painted Glass. 
 
 THIS INDENTURE made the tliirde day of the moiieth of May in the yere of the reigiic 
 of Herry the 8th by the Grace of God Kyng of Englande and Ffraunce, Defendor of the Ffeyth, 
 and Loide of Ireland the eightene, betwene the Right WorshepfuUe masters Robert Hacomhleyn 
 Doctor of Divinitieand Provost of Kynge's college in the universitie of Cambrydge, William 
 Holgi/Ue clerk, master of tlie liospitalle of Seiiit John Baptiste called the Savoy besydes London, 
 and Thomas Larke clerke, Archdeacon of Norwyche, on that oon partye, and Ffraunces Wi/l- 
 liamsonf of the parysshe of Seint Olyff in Southwerke in the countie of Surrey glasyer, and 
 Symond Symondest of the parysshe of Seint Margaret of the towne of Westminster in the 
 countie of Middlesex, on that other partye, witnesseth. That it is covenaunted condescended 
 and aggreed betwene the seid partyes by this indenture in manner and forme following, that is 
 to wete, the seid Ffraunces Wylliamson and Symond Symondes covcnaunte, graunte and them F.Wylliam- 
 bynde by these presentes that they shalle at their owne propre costes and charges wele, surely, ^"'^Q^Jjg^ ^' 
 clenely, workmanly, substantyally, curyously, and sufficyently, glase and sett up orcawse to be agree to sett 
 glased and sett up four windowes of the upper story of the grete church within the Kynge's up 4 windows 
 college of Cambrydge, that is to wete, two wyndowes on the oon side of the seid churche, and 
 the other two wyndowes on the other side of the same churche with good, dene, suer and per- ^f pgrfyte 
 fi/te glasse and oryent colors and imagery of the story of the old lawe and of the newe lawe glasse and 
 after the forme, maner, goodness, curyousity, and clenelyness in evry point of the glasse wyn- '"'yent co ors, 
 dowes of the Kynge's new chapell at Westminster; And also accordyngly and after suche manner 
 as oon Barnard Fflower glasyer late deceased by indenture stode bounde to doo ; And also 
 accordyngly to suche patterns otherwyse called vidimus, as by the seid masters Robert Hacom- patte'^rns. 
 bleyn, William Holgylle and Thomas Larke or by ony of them to the seid Ffraunces Wylliam- 
 son and Symond Symondes or to either of them shall be delyvered, for to forme glasse and 
 make by the foresaid foure wyndowes of the seid churche ; And the seid Ffraunces Wylliamson 
 and Symond Symondes, covenaunte and graunte by these presentes that two of the seid wyn- Two to be fi- 
 dowes shall be clerely sett up and fully fynished after the forme aboveseid within two yeres next mshed witliin 
 cnsuying after the date of these presents, and that the two other wyndowes rcsydue of the seid others^'wlthin 
 four wyndowes shall be clcrely sett up and fully fynyshed within three yeres next ensuying 3 years; 
 
 after that without and further or longer delay: Furdermore the seid Ffraunces Wylliamson 
 
 and Symond Symondes covenaunte and graunte by these presentes that they shall strongely 
 and surely hynde all the seid foure wyndowes with double bunds of lead for defence of great to Lind them 
 wyndes and other outragious wethers ; And the seid masters Robert Hacombleyn, William ""h lead, 
 
 Holgylle 
 
 • This and the 5th indenture give an account of glazing only 92 windows. The other 4 windows are not noticed 
 in these deeds. It is remarkable that the great west window has no painted glass; and 2 windows on the south, with 
 one on the north side, nearest the W. end, difier both in drawing and colouring from the rest, and are also very shat- 
 tered and dirty. These were probably put up at a later period, by inferior artists. 
 
 t " As much as we imagine ourselves arrived at higher perfection in the arts, it would not be easy for a master of 
 a'college now to go into St. IVIargaret's parish, or Southwark, and bespeak the roof of such a chapel as that of King's 
 College, and a dozen or two of windows so admirably drawn, and order them to be sent home by such a day, as if he' 
 was bespeaking achecquered pavement, ora church bible. Even those obscure Artists Williamson, Symonds, Flower, 
 Hoone, &c. would figure as considerable painters in any reign : and what a rarity, in a collection of drawings, would 
 be one of their Vidimus's." 
 
 Walpole'sAnec- of Painting. 
 
l6 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Hol^ylle and Thomas Larke covenaimte and grauntc hy these presents, that the seid Ffraunccs 
 Wjihamson and Syuiond Symondes shall have tor the glasse, workuiansliip and settyng up of 
 and to be exrj/ foot of the seid glasse by them to be provided, wrought and sett up after the fbrme above- 
 
 paid I6d. a j.gi^j gij~ig„g pence sterfj/nges ; And where the seid Ffraunces Wyiliamson and Symond Symondes, 
 foot^foi- the ^^^^ ^^^^ j^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^^ ^^ ^^^^ parysshe of Seint Margarett of the towne of Westmynster in the 
 countie of Middlesex, squer, John Kellet of the same parysshe towne and countie, j/owaw, 
 Garrard Moi/nes of the parysshe of Seint Olyffe in Suthwcrke in the countie of Surrey, joywer, 
 and II enri/ Johnson oi the parysshe of Seint Clement Danes without tlie barres of the newe 
 temple of London in the countie of Middlesex, cordwaner, by their wryting obligatory of the 
 date of these presentes to be holden and bounde to tlie seid masters Robert Hacombleyn, Wil- 
 , ■ , Ham Holgylle and Thomas Larke in the summe oi two hundred pounds sterlj/ngcs to be paid at 
 5u°reties"n'the the tfeeste of the Nativitie of Seint John Baptiste now next corayng after the date of these pre- 
 sumof200 1. sentes as in the same wrytting obligatory more plainly at large doothe appere ; Neverthelesse 
 the same masters Robert Hacombleyn, William Holgylle and Thomas Larke for them and their 
 executors covenaunte and graunte by these presentes, that yf the seid Ffraunces Williamson 
 and Symond Symondes on their part wele and truly performe, observe, fulfille and kepe all and 
 cvry the covenauntes, bargayues, grannies, and promyses and agreements aforeseid in maner 
 and forme as is above declared. That then the same wryttyng obligatory shall be voyd and had 
 for nought, and else it shall stande in fulle strengthe and effect. In witnesse whereof the seid 
 partyes to these indentures interchangeably have sett their scales. 
 
 Yoven the day and yere aboveseid. 
 
 €i)e jfiftft 31nncnturc 
 
 (Dated the last day of April in the 18th of Henry VIH) is between the same persons on the 
 one part, " and Galyon Hoone of the paryssh of Seint Mary Magdalen next Seint Mary 
 Overey in Suthwerke in the county of Surrey, glasyer ; Richard Bownde of the paryssh of St. 
 Clement Danes without the barrcs of the newe temple of London in the county of Middlesex,, 
 •fUsyer ; Thomas Reve of the paryssh of Seint Sepulchre without Newgate of London, glasyer ,- 
 and James Nicholson of Seint Thomas Spyteil or HospitaUe in Southwerkc, glayser, on that 
 
 other partye." 
 
 The latter bind themselves to glase and sett up, " at their owne proprc co,t and charges, 
 well, surely, clenely, workmanly, substantially, curiously, and sufficiently, eighlene loi/ndowes 
 of tiie upper story, whereof the wyndowe in the este end to beoon, and the windowe in the 
 westendetobeanother"—" with good, clene, sure and perfyte glass and oryent colors, and 
 ima«-eri/." These to be equal to tiie windows of the King's new chapel at Westminster :— Six 
 of the windows to be finished within 12 months, and the other 12 windows within four years— 
 To bind all the windows " with double bands of leade for defence of great wyndes and outra- 
 gious wetherings, after the rate of twopence evry ffootte:" the glass to be 16 pence per tbot : 
 The above named glaziers to furnish Ffraunces WiUiamson and Hymond Symondes glaziers, 
 " true patterns otherwyse called a vidimus for to forme glasse and make by other fbure wyn- 
 dowes"— according to the condition of the former Indenture— Williamson and Symonds to pay 
 as much ready money for the said vidimus, " as shall be thought reasonable by the said masters" 
 Holgylle and Larke— the glaziers bound to perform the conditions of this Indenture under a pe- 
 nally of 500 " markes sterlinges." 
 
 END OF THE ACCOUNT OF KINGS-COLLEGE CHAPEL. 
 
AN ESSAY 
 
 TOWARDS 
 
 AN HISTORY OF 
 
 Cemple0 anb i^ounti Cfjurclje^* 
 
 J-N a state of savage nature the human mind is but little superior to brutal in- 
 stinct; yet, even in that degraded condition, mankind appear to have a con- 
 sciousness of some superior and awful power. That man, in every state of society 
 and civilized life, is inspired with, or possesses, some peculiar notions of a Deity, 
 is the general opinion of philosophers ; and according to the advancement of 
 civilization and refinement, so is the proportionate rationality of the adopted 
 modes of worship. The early annals of every country furnish evidences of this, 
 and also inform us, that either some manufactured idol, or other more impres- 
 sive object, was worshipped with servile veneration. As theeye of the ignorant 
 is more susceptible than the ear, and as impressions on the organ of vision are 
 more powerful than those conveyed to the mind by hearing, the most sagacious 
 class of men, in the primitive ages, adopted certain symbolical figures to per- 
 sonify metaphysical subjects. Among these, the circle is described by different 
 authors, as the most ancient, the most mystical, and, consequently, the most 
 awful, figure. According to many writers, this denoted eternity, infinity, &c. 
 By the Hindoos it was formed by a coiled snake, which, with the addition of 
 wings, was regarded with profound veneration. The Egyptians used a globe with 
 wings, and a snake attached to it, as a symbol of the Deity ; and on Chinese 
 gates are found the figures of coiled snakes, applied to similar purposes*. 
 
 Among the most ancient (if not really the very first) species of circular 
 temples, were those rude piles of stones, which are usually denominated druidi- 
 calf. These are almost uniformly disposed in a circle,and consist of one, two, 
 
 or 
 
 * See Stukeley's Description, &c. of " Abury," to. 
 
 + " Moses rose early iu the morning, and builded an aliar under the hill, and twelve pillars." 
 Exodus, .chap, xxiv, t, 4. See also the first volume of King's Munimenta Anticiua, where the author 
 Las described, and referred to, numerous stone circles, or temples. 
 
 Arch. Antiqs, Ft. Ill, — n— I 
 
2 ARCtllTECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 or four concentric rows of upright wizoroughi stones *. Several of these, of 
 various dimensions and figures, are still remaining in Wales, Cornwall, Cumber- 
 land, Scotland, Ireland, and other parts of the British Islands ; also in Brittany, 
 Denmark, &c. but the most considerable in size, and popular in estimation, is 
 one called Stonehenge, and another at Avebunj, in Wiltshire. The former has 
 obtained extraordinary celebrity; but the temple at the latter place, though upon 
 a 7?iuch more stupendous scale, and surprising plan, is seldom alluded to by anti* 
 quaries, and scarcely known even to Englishmen f- Its centre consisted of a 
 czVcH/ar range of immense upright stones, one hundred in number, which sur- 
 rounded /o^^r other c/rc/e^. The whole was environed with a deep ditch, and 
 high bank. Diverging from this were two avenues, or double rows of upright 
 stones, which extended a mile each way from the centre, and at the extremity of 
 one of these avenues, were two ora/ ranges of standing stones. 
 
 It was, and still is, the custom of many nations to worship the sun, the 
 moon, fire, or some other visible object, in the open air ; either on the summit of 
 a mountain J, or within the area of a raised bank § : for, with more sublime, 
 than rational ideas, these idolaters deemed it improper to confine their devotions 
 within stone walls. The roof of their temple was the immense concave of the 
 heavens, and the field of vision embraced the whole circled horizon. The Per- 
 sians, Scythians, Numidians, Bithynians, CeIto3||, &c. according to the testi- 
 monies of most writers, adopted this grand system of worship. In the southern 
 regions, and in temperate climates, this custom was easily performed; but in the 
 northern countries, where storms, and snows, and frosts, often prevailed, it was 
 found necessary to guard against the inclemency of seasons, by resorting to 
 caves, or erecting appropriate buildings. 
 
 The 
 
 * Stonehenge, I believe, is the only example in Britain, where tl.e stones hate been squared, 
 or shaped xsith tools; whence the Welsh antiquaries infer that it is not a purely druidical structure. 
 
 + Stukeley wrote a dissertation on it, which he published in a folio volume, with numerous 
 plates, in 1743 ; but as this work is scarce and expensive, it is only to be found in the libraries of 
 the curious, and consequently is only read by a few persons. 
 
 J In Homer, among other instances, the piety of Hector is commended by Jupiter, for the 
 many sacrifices made by him on the top of Mount Ida. 
 
 § From the remaining examples of druidical temples, we infer that all were encircled with a 
 mound of earth, or a vallum anJ a ditch, 
 
 I Pausanias writes, that the Thracians used to build their temples round, and open at the top, 
 
 4 
 
TEMPLES AND ROUND CHURCHES. <* 
 
 The first regular sacred structures, according to the opinions of Herodotus 
 and Strabo, were erected by the Egyptians ; but the most ancient temples and 
 tabernacles that we find described, are those of the Tabernacle in the Wildernesst 
 made by Moses, and the splendid Temple of Solomon*. Forbearing any further 
 observations on temples in general, I will now briefly notice a few of those only, 
 which are built on a circular planf. Though we may fairly suppose that Greece, 
 in the efl'ulgence of her architectural splendour, exhibited many fine specimens 
 of these buildings, yet we know of but one round building in Athens, the capital 
 city of that country. This is called the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates ; and 
 though a very small structure (only six feet diameter within), is beautiful 
 in its proportions and ornaments. It is of the Corinthian order, and is said 
 to have been erected above three hundred years before the Christian era j i. e. in 
 the time of Demosthenes, Apelles, and Alexander the Great J. The Tower of 
 the Winds, in the same city, is an octangular building. 
 
 The Romans, who were mere imitators of the Greeks, built numerous temples, 
 both in their capital and in the provinces; but it was not till after the revolution 
 under Julius Cassar that they produced any thing admirable in the arts. Among 
 their circular temples we may notice the following. 
 
 On the banks of the Tiber is a round building, which, according to general 
 opinion, says Palladio, (B. IV. Ch. 14.) was built by Numa Pompilius, and dedi- 
 cated to the Goddess Vesta. AVithout the walls of Rome, near the Porta Vimi- 
 nialis, (now called the Gate of St. Agnes,) is a circular building, dedicated to 
 St. Agnes, and supposed to have been a temple of Bacchus §. On the Appian 
 Way, near the Porta Appia, (now called the Gate of St. Sebastian,) are the re- 
 mains of a circular building ||. 
 
 The Temples dedicated to Vesta were generally, if not always, circular. 
 
 Plutarch 
 
 * See ample accounts of these, and other sacred temples, with plates, ia Calmet's Dictionary of 
 the Bible, 2 vol. 4to. 1801, and in a volume of Illustrative Fragments, by C.Taylor. 
 
 + Round temples are characterised by Vitruvius by the terras of tnonopteral, i. e. those without 
 walis or cells, but with a cupola raised on pillars; and ;)e;-y)/era?j which have detached columns, 
 surrounding the enclosing wall of the cell. 
 
 + Stuart's Antiquities of Athens, Vol. I. 
 
 § Palladio, B. IV. Ch. 21. According to this author, the tewplcs of Bacchus and Venus were 
 always built on the outside of the city walls. 
 
 II Palladio, B.I V. Ch.22. 
 
4. ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Plutarch remarks that Numa erected a round temple to contain the sacred fire, 
 which he intended as a symbol of the whole universe. Tliis temple of Vesta 
 had an atrium, and a grove, near the fountain of Juterna, and in the inmost 
 part of it was kept the sacred fire, which was attended by the Vestal Virgins. 
 Near the Palace of Augustus was also another similar building, called the Tem- 
 ple of Vesta Palatina*. Near the celebrated cascade of the Anio, at Tivoli, is 
 another chxidar temple, sacred to the Goddess Vesta. It is sometimes called 
 the Temple of Sibylla Tiburtina, is of the Corinthian order, and is much cele- 
 brated by travellers f. Upon the Celian Mount, at Rome, was SiXaTge circular 
 temple, which, according to some writers, was built by Claudius, and dedicated 
 to Faunus. It consisted of a circular wall, which included two colonnades, one 
 within the other. It is now called St. Stephen the Round, and measures about 
 190 feet in diameter J. The most popular of these circular temples is the Pan- 
 theon at Rome, which is commonly supposed to have been erected by M. Agrippa, 
 in his third consulate, though Palladio is of opinion that the body, or circular 
 part, was built in the time of the republic, and the portico only added by Agrippa. 
 It was repaired A.D. 607) and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, by Pope Boni- 
 face IV. and, in three years after, it was again dedicated to all the saints, by 
 Pope Gregory IV. § 
 
 We must recollect, that all the preceding temples were orginally erected 
 and consecrated to Pagan worship || ; though some of them, with several other 
 similar edifices, were afterwards converted into Christian churches. As this 
 new doctrine extended its benign influence, it was found necessary to provide 
 its ministers and disciples with appropriate places of devotion. These now as- 
 sumed the names of Ecclesia, Basilica, and ChurcJi ; and as Constantine the 
 Great, who was the most powerful advocate in the cause, became more and 
 more confirmed in the Christian tenets, he extended his liberality and influence 
 towards the Christians, and their sacred structures. " The Christian temples of 
 Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Constantinople, &c. displayed the ostentatious 
 
 piety 
 * Montfaucon, Vol. II. Ch. 7. In this volume are several plans of circular temples. 
 
 + See Piranesi's Plans, &c. of this building, and Desgodetz's Antiquities of Rome. The latter 
 work is translated into English by Marshall, and contains several plans, sections, and other prints, 
 of ancient Roman buildings. 
 
 X See Desgodetz's Antiquities. § Ibid. 
 
 II The church of St. Agnes, according to some writers, was built for a temple of Bacchus ; but 
 others contend that it was erected by the Emperor Constantine. 
 
ENGLISH EOUND CHURCHES. O 
 
 piety of a prince, ambitious, in a declining age, to equal the perfect labours of 
 antiquity*." In the course of two centuries, from the reign of Constantine to 
 that of Justinian, eighteen hundred churches dedicated to Christian worship, were 
 established and endowed f . 
 
 Let us now turn our attention to the small islands of Britain, where we shall 
 perceive a few glimmering raj^s of Christian light breaking through the mists of 
 Paganism. In the beginning of the seventh century, Austin, or Augustin, with 
 forty other monks, were deputed by Gregory the Great, from the papal see at 
 Rome, to visit England. They were particularly instructed, by the zealous and 
 sagacious pope, " not to destroy the heathen temples of the English, but only to 
 remove the images of the gods, to wash the walls with holy water, to erect altars, 
 and deposit relics in them, and so convert them into Christian churches %." What 
 was the exact shape and size of these temples, we are not well informed, though 
 it is generally admitted that the first Saxon churches had semicircular east ends. 
 Dr. Stukeley, speaking of round churches, very strangely says — " I suspect 
 these are the most ancient churches in England, and probably built in the later 
 times of the Romans, for Christian service, — at least in the early Saxon reigns."§ 
 As this remark is scarcely entitled to animadversion, let us endeavour to ascertain 
 with some appearance of consistency and rationality, the origin, styles of archi- 
 tecture, and characteristics of 
 
 ENGLISPI ROUND CHURCHES. 
 
 These certainly constitute a singular and rare class of ancient edifices, and 
 are eminently interesting to the architectural antiquary. The three examples 
 here brought forward (see the annexed Prints) will perhaps stagger the faith, or 
 remove the doubts, of those writers who contend that the pointed arch, when 
 
 once 
 
 * " Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. L. X. Ch. 2,3,4. The bishop of Caesarea, who studied and gratified 
 the taste of his master, pronounced, in public, an elaborate description of the church of Jerusalem, 
 (Vit. Const. L. IV. C. 46.) It no longer exists; but he has Inserted in the Life of Constantine, 
 (L. III. Ch. 36,) a short account of the architecture and ornaments. He likewise mentions the 
 Church of the Holy Apostles at Constantinople. (L. IV. Ch. 29.)" Gibbon's Roman History, 
 Vol. III. 292. + Ibid. 
 
 t Henry's History of Great Britain, Vol. III. 194, &c. See also Turner's History of the 
 Anglo-Saxons, Vol. IV. 8vo. edit. 
 
 § Itinerarium Curiosum, p. 35. 
 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. III.—/-.— K 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 once adopted, completely superseded the semicircular. Such antiquaries should 
 recollect that new fashions, with every other species of novelty, are not instan- 
 taneously and universally adopted ; but that they become prevalent according 
 to their utility, and in proportion to the influence of the inventor. Every neio 
 fashion has also to contend with the prejudices of man, and with his established 
 customs. The revolutions of architecture are not exempt from these obstacles ; 
 and we should not, therefore, be surprised in beholding hoo sh/les of arches, 
 &c. employed in the same building*. In the circular parts of the churches at 
 Northampton, and at the Temple, this variety of style is decidedly manifest. 
 Here the pointed arch is displayed, from its first formation, ( the intersection of 
 the semicircular arches in the Temple church) through the gradation of the plain, 
 simple, almost straight-lined triangle, in the church at Northampton, to that of 
 the Temple, where the same shaped arch is adorned with mouldings, and where 
 it springs from the capitals of clustered columns. 
 
 The origin of round churches, in England, has been generally attributed 
 to the Jews. This opinion was very prevalent in Cambridge, till Mr. Essex 
 opposed it by his historical observations, which were published in the sixth 
 volume of the Archaeologia. " Their temple at Jerusalem," he observes, " was 
 not of the circular form, neither was the tabernacle of Moses ; nor do we find the 
 modern Jews affect that figure in building their synagogues. It has, however, 
 been generally supposed, that the round church at Cambridge, that at North- 
 ampton, and some others, were built for synagogues, by the Jews, while they were 
 permitted to dwell in those places ; but as no probable reason can be assigned 
 for this supposition, and I think it is very certain that the Jews, who were settled 
 in Cambridge, had their synagogue, and probably dwelled together, in a part 
 of the town now called the Jewry, so we may reasonably conclude, the round 
 churches we find in other parts of this kingdom were not built by the Jews for 
 synagogues, whatever the places may be called in which they stand f." As these 
 churches are evidently not of Roman architecture, and as they were not erected 
 by the Jews, we are naturally solicitous to ascertain when, and by whom, they 
 were built. There appears to be four examples, almost perfect, of these 
 buildings in England : St. Sepulchre's church at Ca^nbridge, St. Sepulchre's 
 
 church 
 
 * I humbly offer this, merely as a hint, or a remark en passant, at present : in another place I 
 hope to have an opportunity to develop and elucidate the subject, j 
 + Archaeolosia, Vol. VI. p. 166. 
 
ENGLISH ROUND CHURCHES. 7 
 
 church at Northampton, the Temple church, London, gnd a small church at 
 Little Maplested, Essex. All these, with one that was at Temple Bruer, and 
 one atAslackly, Lincolnshire, are generally attributed to the Knights Templars*, 
 during their power and prosperity in England. This singular religious order of 
 '' knights-errant" obtained their organization and fame in the vicinity of the 
 Church of the Holy-Sepulchre at Jerusalem, 
 
 It is the general opinion of writers, that this sacred structure was built by 
 Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great ; but, unfortunately, none of these 
 writers have identified the part then built, or described its size, character, or 
 style of architecture. Besides, we are informed that Charlemagne (A. D. 813) 
 rebuilt this venerated edifice. *' The east end," observes Mr. Essex, " I take 
 to be of his building, containing the semicircular tribune ; but the intermediate 
 part, between it and the sepulchre, is more modern, and might be rebuilt when 
 the church was restored, in the year 1049, after it was defaced by the Saracens 
 towards the end of the tenth century -f." Bede, speaking of this structure, de- 
 scribes it as a large round church, with three zvalls and twelve pillars ; but the 
 precise disposition of these walls and pillars is not specified |. The round part 
 of the present building materially differs from this description. It consists of a 
 semicircular wall, which attaches to a large mass of buildings on the east, and a 
 little within the wall is a circular colonnade, consisting of sixteen columns and 
 piers, with an open space for four others, towards the east§. The circular part 
 of the building is of Roman architecture, and its roof, which is mostly of cedar, 
 gradually diminishes from its base upwards, and terminates with a round aperture. 
 This shape is rather singular, as it differs from the usual form and construction 
 of domes, or cupolas. The other parts of the building consist of several chapels, 
 oratories, passages, towers, &c. and on the south side is displayed several examples 
 of pointed arched doors and windows, with corresponding clustered columns. 
 
 Sandys, 
 
 * The Templars had numerous other places of residence in England, where they established 
 Freceptories, &c. In Strype's edition of Stow's Survey of London, 1720, Vol. I. p. 270, it is said 
 that they had temples at London, Cambridge, Bristol, Canterbury, Dover, Warwick, &c. 
 
 + Archasologia, VL p. 169. 
 
 X Resurrectionis Dominies rotunda ecclesia tribus cincta parietibus, duodecim columnis sus. 
 tentatur. (De Locis Sanctis, Cap. 2.) 
 
 § See the ground plan in Sandys' Travels. I have also been favoured with a view of a model of 
 this church, now in the possession of the learned author of INlunimenta Antiqua. 
 
8 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Sandys, Lc Bruyn, and Maundrell, who have all visited this place, are so ex- 
 tremely vague and unsatisfactory in their respective accounts, (which cannot be 
 properly termed either history, or description) that they prove more tantalizing 
 than gratifying to our curiosity. 
 
 This sacred structure was revered by the holy knights, above all earthly 
 objects; their enthusiasm had endowed its every stone with marvellous qualities ; 
 and they foolishly fancied it a secure passport to heaven, if they lost their lives 
 in defence of the building. As it was their province to protect Christian pil- 
 grims against the Saracens, and as they were originally instituted and stationed 
 at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, it seems extremely probable that they 
 would imitate that structure, when they wore afterwards distributed in companies 
 over Europe, and when they had occasion to erect a nezv church. This appears 
 actually to have been the case with those that settled in England ; for we have 
 already seen that they had circular churches at several places,* and some of 
 these were dedicated to the Holy Sepulchre, or Sanctum Sepulchrum. Per- 
 haps the most ancient of these is that at Cambridge, which I now proceed to 
 describe. 
 
 * " The German writer of ' Voyage en Sicile et dans la Grande Grece, addresse a I'Abbe Winc- 
 ielman, Lausanne, 8to. 1773,' gives this description of a church of St. Sepulchre at Brindisi, the 
 ancient Brundusium. ' On donne I'Eglise du St. Sepulcre pour un temple antique y c'etoit une ro- 
 toude ; cet edifice n'est point du bon tems de I'architecture : sa forme ii'est pas parfaitement circulaire, 
 et il n'y a point de portique a I'entree, et il decrit un demi-circle dill'ereut, qui ne fait point corps avec 
 le reste du batiment ; ce qui lui donne une irregularite desagreable. L'on reconnoit aussi le mau- 
 Tais gout du tems de la decadence des arts aux ornemens de I'ancienne porte qui est muree aujuur. 
 d'hui. Cet edifice est voute et soutenu entierement par des colonncs de marbre.' 
 
 " This person, who was over head and ears in Roman and Grecian antiquities, would not havo 
 thought it worth his while to have taken notice of an ancient Christian temple, as this is no doubt, 
 had he not mistaken it for a Pagan one. The description answers exactly to our church of the Holy 
 Sepulchre at Cambridge." British Museum, Cole's MSS. \ol. II. p. 46. 
 
 CHURCH 
 
GJtOl'NIi I'l.AN OF 
 Cninbriilgc. 
 
 Communion Tahli' . 
 
 Seale 
 
 landcn .h^lishtit lie^rii^lgef. H l^rtoman , RurMji^fJ. i- Orrru, rMmu^Hrr ttfw; J Tintor. Hi^h Botbom.S: J liriian,Tavi.fa>c)e Flact 
 
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CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE, 
 
 OR, 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 Of this curious structure, Mr. Essex observes, that " it will be easier to ascer- 
 tain the age, than to tell who was the founder*." This he endeavours to de- 
 monstrate by the style of the building ; for it happens equally unfortunate, in 
 this instance, as with most ancient structures, that all records relating to their 
 time of erection are lost through neglect, or destroyed in those commotions which 
 have so frequently disorganized the civil institutions of this country. Wanting 
 these decisive documents, we must seek for other evidence j and the most satis- 
 factory we can appeal to, in the case of ancient buildings, seems to be those 
 peculiarities of style, which continued to change and improve from the time of 
 erecting the earliest Saxon churches, till the reign of Henry the Eighth. Adopt- 
 ing this criterion, Mr. Essex asserts that the present round church " was built in 
 the reign of Henry the First, or between the first and second croisades, aud is, 1 
 apprehend, the oldest church of this form in England f ." 
 
 The annexed ground plan, (Plate I.) with the interior and exterior views of 
 the building, (Plates H. and HI.) will exhibit the form, and the peculiar style 
 of arches in the door and windows ; also the columns, capitals, buttresses, groin- 
 ings, &c. From these we perceive that it consisted of a circular wall, which 
 was originally perforated with six semicircular-headed windows, and an ornamented 
 door-way of the same shape. The latter is still very perfect, and apparently in 
 the original style of decoration, but the former have been all altered, by widen- 
 ing, and by the introduction of mullions, &c. Within the outer wall is a circular 
 colonnade, of eight columns. These are short and massy, without any base, and 
 with a narrow ornamented capital, which varies in different columns. Eight 
 semicircular arches spring from these, besides some groined mouldings, which 
 tend to support the arched roof of the surrounding aile. Some of these groins 
 are indented with the zig-zag ornament, which is marked in the annexed plan, 
 
 as 
 
 * Archaeologia, Vol. VI. p. 173. 
 
 + " The Baptistery at Pisa, in Italy, may be ranked among the round churches, and was begua 
 about thirty years after the church at Cambridge, and was finished in the year 1160, by DeotisalTi, 
 an eminent architect of that age. Josephi Martinii Theatrum Basilica Pisanae." Essex, 
 
 Arch, Antiqs, Pt. III.— ?-. — L 
 
10 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 as also in the interior view. Above these arches is a coutiiuied arcade, which 
 originally opened to the gallery over the aile, but the apertures are now walled 
 up. (See Plate III.) Two small semicircular arches, beneath one archivaull, 
 opened immediately over the lower arch, and between each of the two arches is 
 a large short column, the diameter of which is nearly equal to its height, and two 
 small three-quarter columns attached to it. These are perhaps the only examples 
 of the kind in England, and are probably the first specimens of clustered coliwuis. 
 Over this are two tiers of windows of different character, (see Plate II. ) which 
 were introduced, and the tower raised one story, " for the reception of bells, in 
 the reign of Edward the Second, and all these windows (except one on the east 
 side, just over the junction of the circular with the other part of the building) 
 were then altered, to give more light*." The shape and character of these 
 windows are correctly delineated in Plate II. where the entrance western door 
 constitutes a fine and bold feature. This is still very perfect, and its mouldings 
 and sculptured ornaments extremely sharp and square. It appears to have been 
 formerly guarded by a porch. Six three-quarter columns support three different 
 archivault mouldings ; the characteristic ornaments of which will be seen in 
 Plate II. where it is represented that the first story of the tower, above the cir- 
 cular church, is octangular, and the upper story is divided into sixteen sides. 
 
 The east end, or chancel, which, with a northern aile, are marked with 
 lighter colour in the accompanying plan, was built in the year 1313, as appears 
 by a deed for that purpose, " dat. apud Cantebr. die Draica prox. post festie 
 St. Valentine Martiris An. Dni. M,CCC,XI1I." 
 
 Much of the original design and pristine character of this building have 
 been altered and injured by late alterations, and by the injudicious operations 
 of the carpenter, whitewasher, and bricklayer, whose performances are commonly, 
 though really ironically, called " beautifi/ing." The masonry of the ancient cir- 
 cular wall, and also of the columns and arches, evinces considerable skill, as the 
 stones are all squared and chiselled with mathematical accuracy, to suit their 
 respective situations. As the columns and wall are circular, and each faced with 
 small wrought stones, it was necessary to form two of the sides and the exterior 
 surface by geometrical rules : the first being regulated by the lines of the radius, 
 and the latter by the diameter of the circle. In examining this building, we are 
 struck with its ponderous and durable appearance, as if it was intended for a ca^s- 
 tellated edifice, and calculated to defy the warfare of time and of man. 
 
 * Archxologia, Vol. VI. p. 177. 
 
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 Nonhafiipton . 
 
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 S,ul<- 
 
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NORTHAMPTON. 
 
 J. HE Church of the Holy Sepulchre (at Northampton ) was supposed to have 
 been built by the Knights Templars, on the model of that at Jerusalem *,"— 
 Such is the account that Mr. Pennant repeats from Mr. Bridges, the historian 
 of the county ; and it is greatly to be regretted, that neither he, nor any other 
 antiquary or topographer, has preserved any authentic records relating to the 
 building of this edifice. It has been too generally the practice with local histo- 
 rians, to swell their pages with long and useless lists of mayors, incumbents, &c. 
 and at the same time either totally-neglect, or vaguely notice, those remote oc- 
 currences, which, if properly developed, would materially illume the hemisphere 
 of ancient history, and thereby enable us to see more distinctly the peculiar 
 arts, manners, and customs, of our ancestors. As the circular part of this church 
 was built by the Templars, I am induced to suppose that it was erected towards 
 the end of the twelfth, or beginning of the thirteenth century, when the pointed 
 arch style began to prevail. In this building (Vide Plate III,) it will be seen 
 that all the arches over the circular colonnade are in this shape; though it seems 
 evident, from the size and character of the columns, and the plainness of the 
 archivaults, that they were constructed without any regard to decoration or 
 beauty. In examining and comparing the three churches, here attempted to 
 be illustrated, we perceive a manifest difference, both in their architectural de- 
 signs and masonic execution. This, at Northampton, though advancing a little 
 in beauty of proportion from that at Cambridge, is much inferior to the Temple 
 church in elegance of parts, and is, indeed, far inferior to either in execution. 
 Deprived of authentic document, we cannot positively account for the cause of 
 this ; and, as man is generally most partial to his own conjectures on such sub- 
 jects, I am not disposed to divert or counteract them by any animadversions of 
 a theoretical nature. 
 
 By the ground plan, (Plate I.) and interior view, (Plate III.) the reader 
 will perceive that the walls of the circular building are thicker than those of the 
 round church at Cambridge; that the columns are smaller, and higher; that 
 they have bases and capitals, some square and some round ; that the circular 
 aile has no arched roof, but is merely covered with timber; and that, imme- 
 diately 
 
 * Tour from Chester to London, by T. Pennant, 
 
12 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 diately above the columns, the wall becomes octangular. These are peculiarities 
 which distinguish it from the other circular churches, and render it an unique 
 example of ancient architecture. 
 
 Plate I. Plan of the church, with the tower, porch, &c. In the drawing of this, 
 I have marked those parts light which appear to be additions to the 
 ancient circular building. The* is inserted to shew the situation 
 where the artist stood to take the two accompanying views, Plates II. 
 and III. 
 A. An ancient entrance doorway, (now walled up); with a pointed arch 
 externally, but with a semicircular arch within. B. A small window, 
 cut through the wall in an oblique direction. The dotted lines across 
 from column to column denote the disposition of the great beams, 
 or rafters. 
 
 Plate II. Exterior View of the circular part of the church, with the tower, &c. 
 In this view are represented some of the ancient windows, which are 
 now walled up, but the size and character of these are of the most 
 simple Saxon style. There were two tiers of windows. 
 
 Plate III. Interior View of the circular part of this church, in which the shape 
 and style of the arches, and the columns, are represented. — From 
 this view it will be seen that four of the columns have square bases, 
 and capitals, whilst, in the other four, these are circular. Bridges, in 
 his History of Northamptonshire, pronounces the columns to be of 
 ** the Tuscan order i* and Grose has repeated his words, though they 
 might with equal propriety have called them Doric, or Ionic. 
 
 In representing the interior of this church, and that at Cambridge, I thought 
 it most advisable, aod most consistent with Architectural Antiquities, to omit the 
 peios, and other objects, which are decidedly modern additions, and which would 
 neither ornament the views, nor tend to elucidate the style of the original archi- 
 tecture. 1 
 
cuirr/.-in part of 
 
 To R-m^LYSONS /:>r/r ?.*/£..?. .f* t'.-i.S. Keeper I'flUs- .\t>i/W(\> /f(V>vi/.»' /n rhf Tonvr Xt: thi^ l^i-it z> ir.i-fi,YiJiiIlv itisiribtd by . 
 
LONDON. 
 
 X HIS curious ancient structure displays some singular and interesting speci- 
 mens of ecclesiastical architecture. The semicirculai', intersecting, and pointed 
 arches are all exhibited in this edifice, and we cannot hesitate in admitting that 
 all these were constructed at one time. It was, however, at that period when 
 the pointed-arch system was in its infancy, and therefore too weak to effect a 
 complete conquest over its veteran rival. Hence we may easily account for the 
 mixture of the circular and pointed arches, with the intermediate or connecting 
 link, the intersecting, which are exhibited in this and several other ancient edifices. 
 The original Temple church, with its connected buildings, obtained the name 
 of the New Temple, in 1185, at which time the Templars removed from their 
 former residence in "Holburne, in the suburbs of London*." In this year 
 their new church was dedicated by Heraclitus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, who was 
 then in England f . The day and year of this event, with the names of the 
 saints, and of the person that officiated on the occasion, are recorded in the fol- 
 lowing inscription, which was cut in stone, and inserted in the wall over the 
 church door, towards the cloister: — 
 
 t ANNO • AB • INCARNATIONE • DOMINI • M-C-L-XXX-V : DEDITCATA— 
 HEC ECCLESIA • IN • HONORE • BEATE • MARIE • A • DNO • 
 
 ERACLIO DEI • G RA • SCE- RESURECTIONIS . 
 
 ECCLESIE PATRIARCHA, IIII. IDUS FEBRUARII QUI • EAM 
 
 ANNATIM • PETENTIB • DE • iTuNTA • S : 
 
 PENITENTIA • LX • DIES INDULSIT J. 
 
 This seems a very satisfactory document for the date of consecrating the 
 church ; and its erection could not be long prior to this event : but it appears 
 by Dugdale that this edifice did not last sixty years, for, in 1240, it was again 
 
 dedicated, 
 
 * Dugdale's Warwickshire, p. 704. Dugdale and all our antiquaries are agreed, that the first 
 body or society of Templars, that came to England, settled in London, at a place called Holburne, 
 or Old. bourne, near Southampton Buildings. " About a century ago, part of the Jirst Temple 
 church was discovered, on pulling down some old houses. It was built of Caen stone, and circular, 
 like the present church." Antiquities of the Inns of Court and Chancery, 1804. 
 
 + Pegge's Sylloge of Inscriptions. 
 
 X This inscription, with the stone, were destroyed by workmen, when repairing the church, 
 in 169-5; but a. facsimile of it was taken, and engrayed, and is preserved in Pegge's Sylloge of In- 
 scriptions, also in Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. III. p. 944. In this volume our inde. 
 fatigable topographer has also detailed many curious particulars, with records, relating to the Knights 
 Templars. 
 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. III.— r M 
 
14 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 dedicated, and, as Mr. Grose remarks, " about the same time re-edified*" 
 The above dates are decisive as to certain events, but they are not explanatory 
 of what buildings were raised at either of the periods here specified; and, unfor- 
 tunately, these are the only dates that have been preserved, in the published 
 annals, relating to this building. These also, jointly considered, serve more to 
 perplex than to develop the real history of the structure; for, if the church 
 was re-edified and new consecrated in the year 1240, is it not rather surprising 
 that the original inscription of 1185 should be again inserted in the walls, without 
 any additional or commemorative memento of the new erection ? In this pre- 
 dicament I humbly olTer some conjectures, (which shall be founded on the basis of 
 analogy,) as the principal records of the Temple were burnt in the disturbances 
 which were created by Wat Tyler, and his infatuated associates, in the reign of 
 Richard the Second, 1381. The exterior wall of the circular church, with the 
 great western door, I should consider as the remains of the original building of 
 1185; but the six clustered columns within, with the incumbent arches, and the 
 whole of the square church, seem nearly to correspond with those examples of 
 ecclesiastical buildings which we know to be of Henry the Third's reign f. Be- 
 sides, during this monarch's sovereignty, the Templars acquired considerable 
 extent of property, with additional liberties and immunities, and as their numbers 
 and revenues increased, it was but a natural consequence for them to increase 
 the dimensions of their church. In raising the superstructure of the circular part, 
 they mixed their new with the old style of arches, and to make these assimilate, 
 they seem to have introduced that tier of intersecting arcades which appear imme- 
 diately above the circular range of pointed arches (see Plate II.) The windows of 
 this building, both in the ailes and above these intersecting arches, have semicir- 
 cular tops, though the height and shape of the opening, with the three quarter 
 columns at the angles, and the groining above, are all of the pointed style. The 
 lower part of the inner face of the wall is also ornamented with a continued 
 series of pointed arch arcades, the bases, columns, and capitals of which are in 
 the circular style. The archivault moulding of these are all ornamented with 
 squarish indentations or dentils, and over every capital is a grotesque head in 
 
 high 
 
 * Antiquities of England, &c. Vol. III. p. 143. 
 
 + The architecture of Salisbury Cathedral is very similar to this of the Temple church. It was 
 " begun early in the reign of Henry the Third, and finished ia the year 1258." Bentham's History 
 of Ely, p. 39. The Elder.Chapil of our Lady, in Bristol cathedral, " is a beautiful specimen of 
 the early Gothic architecture, which prevailed in the reign of Henry the Third : the windows have 
 three long lancet-shaped lights within ah arch, with slender detached pillars before them." Lysons^i 
 Collection of Gloucestershire Antiquities, The I'resby tery or eastern end of Ely Cathedral was 
 finished in 1250, and displays a similar style of windows. Bentham's History of Ely, p. 39. 
 Other examples of a parallel style might be adduced. 
 
THE TEMPLE CHURCH. 16 
 
 high basso relievo. These appear to be all cast, and every one is distinguished 
 by a variety in its attitude and expression, Within the outside wall are six 
 clustered columns, each of which consists of four shafts, detached from each 
 other, though the bases, capitals, and centres are connected. The situation and 
 character of these, as also the intersecting arcades, the shape of the pointed arch, 
 and proportionate shape of the doors, windows, &c. are all delineated in the 
 annexed plan and view. Plates I. and II. A distinguished ornament and feature 
 of this circular building is the great entrance DooR-WAY, marked A in the plan. 
 This is formed by a large, deep, semicircular arch, which consists of four sculp- 
 tured groined mouldings, and the same number of plain ribs. These rest on 
 square capitals, all of which are embellished with sculptured foliage, and the piers 
 between every column aie ornamented with various figures of lozenges, roses, 
 foliage, &c. Between these capitals are eight small half-length human figures, 
 in basso relievo. Some of these are said to be effigies of Henry II. his Queen, 
 Heraclitus, &c. This singular and curious door-way is in a good state of pre- 
 servation, which perhaps may be accounted for from its confined and obscure 
 situation. It seems to have been always protected by a porch, or perhaps a part 
 of a cloister, and it is additionally guarded by iron railing. The ornaments of 
 this, as well as all other ornaments of capitals, bases, mouldings, and the whole 
 interior surface, are cased with a sort of stucco, which, in dry situations, is still 
 extremely sound and firm ; but on the north side, where bouses are attached to 
 the wall, and where the draining is not carefull}' attended to, it is gradually crumb- 
 ling away, and if not speedily remedied, will exhibit a scene of sad dilapidation *. 
 Plate I. Ground Plan of the Temple Church. The shape, dimen- 
 sions, and relative proportions of this building are here carefully and accurately 
 displayed ; for which I beg to acknowledge my obligations to the draughtsman 
 whose name is annexed. A. The great entrance door-way, already described. 
 B. This apartment is entered by a descent of five steps, and appears to be a sort 
 of private chapel, or oratory f. It has an arched roof, with large ribs, and in 
 the walls, at the east^nd, are four square niches, one or two of which were pro- 
 bably for piscinas. Above the arched roof was another story, which was also 
 
 arched 
 
 * The patriotic conduct of some public societies is entitled io general panegyric, whilst tlie 
 niggardly procedure of others provokes our astonishment and censure. As the societies of the 
 Middle and Inner Temple are equally interested in the stability of their public buildings, and as they 
 have evinced a disposition to sacrifice a little private interest to general utility and beauty, we are 
 surprised that they do not remove the several petty shops, &c. which are built against the sides of this 
 church, and which not only disfigure the building, but are highly injurious to its walls and foundations. 
 
 t It is now occupied by a vast quantity of records, or fines, from the time of Henry V'lII. and 
 belongs to the Chirographer's office. 
 
16 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 arched over : some of the ribs remain. C. Staircase which leads to the gallery 
 over the circular aile; also to the roof of the modern church. D. A horizontal 
 section of tiie staircase, &c. at about eighteen steps from the ground, where 
 there is a small apartment cut in the wall, four feet six inches by two feet six 
 inches. This appears to have been a penitentiary cell, or place of confinement. 
 It has two small apertures, one looking directly up the north aile, and the other 
 opening into the circular church. E. and F. mark the situation of nine Effigies, 
 which are generally considered as representative statues of some Knights Tem- 
 plars, or Crusaders, They are engraved in Mr. Gough's elaborate and useful 
 work on sepulchral monuments, wherein the learned author has endeavoured to 
 identify the persons represented. But as tradition is very vague on the sub- 
 ject, and there is no inscriptions on either, or any very decisive characteristics to 
 discriminate them from numerous other similar statues, I cannot easily prevail 
 on myself to assign to them " a local" personification and " a name," with- 
 out more substantial evidence than what I have yet met with. At G. is a tomb 
 and statue of a bishop, or mitred abbot, in pontificalibus. 
 
 The present church, which attaches to the eastern part of the circular, is a 
 large, lofty, and light building, consisting of three ailes of egual height. The 
 roof is supported by eight quadruple clustered columns, from the capitals of which 
 diverge several groined ribs. The direction and number of these are marked by 
 dotted lines in the accompanying plan. The plan, situation, and number of the 
 windows are also marked ; and it will be seen that all those of the present church 
 consist of three lights, each with two muUions. Each window has three pointed 
 arches, of that character commonly called lancet shape, with the central open- 
 ing, or day, rising above the lateral ones, and each is ornamented with four small, 
 long, detached columns on the inside. 
 
 For further information relating to the societies and buildings of the TEMPLE, 
 London, and to the Knights Templars, I refer to the following works, all of 
 which have been examined for the preceding account: Tanner's NotitiaMonastica, 
 Pref. vi. and p. 307. Strype's edition of Stovv's Survey of London, Ed. 1633, 
 Book in. p. !270, B. IV. p. 69. Dugdale's Origines Juridicialis, p. 173. Dug- 
 dale's Monasticon Anglicanum, Tom II, p. 511. Dugdale's Warwickshire, Ed. 
 1656, p. 704. Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. III. p. 942. Newcourt's 
 Repertorium, Vol. I. p. 544. Rymer's Fajdera, Vol. I. p. 30, and Vol. III. 
 Gough's edition of Camden's Britannia. Vol. II. Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, 
 Introd. civ. &c. But for the most luminous and unprejudiced history of the 
 " Quixotic Crusaders," and their devastating expeditions, misnomered "holy 
 wars," see Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. III. 8vo. 
 
 END OF THE ESSAY. 
 
PLAN OF 
 London. 
 
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17 
 
 THE 
 
 ROUND CHURCH 
 
 AT 
 
 little fll^aplegitcD, 
 
 ESSEX. 
 
 MaplesteDj or Maplestead, gives name to two contiguous parishes ^\hich 
 are situated near the northern borders of the county of Essex ; and these 
 are distinguished from each other by the descriptive appellations of Great* and 
 Little, or Magna and Parva. Our present enquiry will be confined to the latter, 
 and more particularly to its parish church : but in order to elicit even a spark of 
 history that may be calculated to cast the least light on the origin of this struc- 
 ture, it will be necessary to state 2l fexo particulars of the manor. In the reign 
 of King Stephen, this was vested in Robert Dosnelli, or Doisnel, whose daughter 
 and heiress, Juliana, married William Fitz-Audelin, Steward to King Henry the 
 Second. This lady, with the consent of her husband, gave the whole parish, 
 with its appurtenances, about the year 1 186, to the Knights Hospitallers. The 
 donation was confirmed by King John; and Henry the Third granted the 
 brethren the liberty of free- warren, and some other privileges. A Preceptory\ 
 was therefore completely established here, under the appellation of Le Hospital, 
 and from the gifts of numerous benefactors, it progressively became popular and 
 rich. At the time of the dissolution, its possessions, with Temple-Sutton, were 
 granted by Henry the Eighth to Henry Harper, Esq. from whom it has passed 
 through various families. At present the village is nearly deserted, and the 
 Church is suffering gradual decay. 
 
 This edifice is singular in shape ; and, as belonging to the round class, is 
 extremely interesting, because it displays a different and later style of architecture 
 than either of the round churches before described. With a circular portion at the 
 west, and a semi-circular east end, the plan of the building is, I believe, unique, 
 and therefore deserving of particular illustration. In the three accompanying 
 
 plates 
 * The church at Great.Maplested, like that now under consideration, has a semi.clrcular east 
 end. 
 
 + Morant calls it a Preceptory of the Knights.Templars, but in this, as in other instances, he 
 confounds two very distinct orders of knights. I have not met \?ith any authority to prove that the 
 Templars ever possessed this manor. 
 
 Arch. Antiqs. Ft. VIII. — r. M* 
 
38 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 plates, its exterior character, internal peculiarity, ground plan, and entrance door- 
 way, are, I hope, correctly displayed. Dr. Stukeley, Dr. Ducarel, and other 
 antiquaries, have asserted that the churches with semi-circular east ends are 
 very ancient : and some writers observe, that such a peculiarity indicates a 
 Saxon origin. But in the present structure there is no mark of the Anglo- 
 Saxon style of architecture.* The windows, arches, columns, door-way, and 
 other parts, are all of a class, or style of building, which certainly did not pre- 
 vail till the latter end of the twelfth, or the beginning of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury. Judging by the peculiarities of these members, which furnish the only 
 clew in the absence of document, I am inclined to refer the erection of this 
 church to some period in the reigns of King John and his successors to Henry 
 the Third inclusive, i.e. between the years 1199 and 1272 : both these monarchs 
 appear to have granted several privileges to the knights of INIaplested. 
 
 The principal entrance is at the west end, where a large, wooden porch pro- 
 tects the simply beautiful door-way. — See Plate I. This is ornamented with a 
 double range. of projecting quaterfoils, in square panels, running round the 
 whole arch, and with another similar facing over the arch. The circular area 
 within is twenty-six feet in diameter, and has a peristyle of six clustered 
 columns. These consist of three half-columns, attached to a kind of trian- 
 gular pier, and at the extreme edge of every column is a string moulding, or 
 bead, extending from the base to the capital. The whole length of the church, 
 internally, is sixty feet. It is dedicated to St. John of Jerusalem, and is tra- 
 ditionally said to have had the privilege of sanctuary. 
 
 Little IMaplested is about forty-nine miles north-east, from London, and 
 three north from the town of Halstead, in Essex. 
 
 * The font, from its exterior arcades with semucircular tops, appears very rude and ancient ; 
 but the smallntss of its bason implies that it was never used for baptismal immersion. 
 
 [end or THE ACCOUNT OF MAPLESTED ClIUKCll.] 
 
Si 
 
19 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON 
 
 ROUND CHURCHES. 
 
 BY CHARLES CLARKE, EHQ. F. S. A. RESIDING AT GUERNSEY, 
 ADDRESSED TO J. BRIXTON, F. S. A. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 In your investigation of flie causes why a circular figure has been selected for certain 
 buildings, you Lave not noticed that this form is always assumed by agreatnumberof per- 
 sons collected together, when an object, alike interesting to each, is to be contemplated: 
 this I take to be the reason, rather than an imitation of any antecedent edifice. Hence the 
 Baptisterij is generally found to be circular, as at Pisa, and at Paris, where the old church 
 of St. Jeanle Rond anciently served that purpose;* or ofa figure approaching the octagonal, 
 as happens in the Laleran Baptisler?/ at Rome, the work of Constantine,+ and in that near 
 the entrance of tlie great church at Florence. In this class of buildings the font was placed 
 in the centre of the area, and was equally conspicuous from all its parts. This might have 
 been the motive for making the body of the church of the Resurrection at Jerusalem a circu- 
 lar basilica, with its lower and upper porticos* leading off from those of tiie choir, wliich was 
 placed easterly, and interrupted the circuit. The round part originally had twelve pillars, 
 corresponding with the number of our Lord's apostles ;§ these were disposed so as to surround 
 the holy sepulchre, which was in the centre of its area, and beneath the aperture of its roof: 
 thus it was evidently adapted for accommodating a numerous assembly with an equal view of 
 the sacred object. There is another cause, purely local ; for being built on the summit of 
 Mount Calvary, it became requisite to level certain parts, and raise others, till a sufficiently 
 large, plane surface could be obtained, and, from the usual shape of such eminences, this 
 seemed the most readily to be arrived at. || The church erected by Constantine remained till 
 
 the 
 
 * Description of Paris, by Price, Vol. II. p. 76. 
 
 t Raspon, Histor. Eccles. Lateral). 
 
 t Tlie roof of the temple is of a high pitch, curiously arched, and supported with great marble pillars : the outer 
 ailes galleried about. Sandy's Travels, p. 161. The term " porticos" is applied, because that word is used by Vitru- 
 vius to denote the ailes in the ancient basilica;, and also by the early ecclesiastical writers, (o signify the same parts 
 in the greater cinirches of the Christians, to which the former served as models, and that both at home and 
 abroad ; and if a porch is so denominated, it is because it was a portico ranged along the exterior of the building 
 opposite the altar, or otherwise, and is frequently a part of the quadri-porticus surrounding the atrium. See 
 Paulinusof Nola, Ensebius, and examples given by Bingham ; Alcuiuns De Gestis Pontificuui, Ebor. ; Bedc and 
 authorities cited by Benthani in his History of Ely ; Note in Milnor's Winchester, andalso in Uallaway's Observations : 
 also Donatus De Urbe Roma, Lib. iv. C. ii ; Apud Crevium, Tom. iii. p. 799 ; Anastus, and the' authorities cited 
 by him ; Baronins in Notis ad Martyrolog. Nov. 18.— Also VVilkins on the church of Melbourn, Archaiologia, Vol. 
 XII. In this particular the Temple church, Loudon, and the round church at Cambridge, are representations of the 
 orioinnl building. 
 
 ^ Euseb. ill Vit. Constant. Lib. iij. cap. xxix. ad xxxix. edit. Christophorsoni. 
 
 II Now, to make the foundation even, in a place so uneven, much of the rock has becu hewn away, and parts too 
 low snpphed with mighty arches. Sandy's Travels, p. 161. 
 
20 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 the time of Betic, as your note mak«s evident. The most ancient round churcli I have met 
 with on record in England, stood near the Church of Hexham, and probably was the 
 work of the eminent Wilfred. It was an admirable strurture, built like a tower, almost 
 round, and dedicated to the blessed Virgin Mary. Our great Alfred seems also to have 
 caused his monastery at Athelney to be erected in a figure which may be referred to the 
 circular. 
 
 The temple at Jerusalem, as described by later writers, seems to have been in much the 
 same state at the time ol'the crusades.* Of these expeditions you have given some hints 
 conformable to the opinions of Gibbon. We yet enjoy certain benefits derived from this 
 extraordinary warfare, severely as its consequences might have been felt among the different 
 nations concerned ;t and I propose to offer, in a few words, the sentiments of one or two of 
 tlie best writers who lived near those times. " About the beginning of the reign of Wil- 
 liam Rufns," says William of Newbridge, " the Lord excited the spirit of the Christians 
 against the Saracens, who had, by his secret judgments, as if by hereditary right, possessed 
 tlie sanctuary of God, that is, the holy places in which our redemption was celebrated. By 
 the religious endeavours of Urban, the Roman pontiff, and other servants of God, a vast 
 concourse of Christian people was got together : the bravest leaders, signed with the cha- 
 racter of our Lord, and surrounded by numerous bands of soldiers, penetrated the kingdoms 
 of the East in this most laborious expedition, taking by their pious efforts the large cities of 
 Nice in Bithynia, Aiitioch in Syria, and at length the Holy City. "J Simon of Durham 
 deems it little less than a miracle that the commanders and troops of so many different states 
 should have so unanimously combined their endeavours ;§ and Matthew Paris, who writes 
 largely on this point, relates the sighs and tears of devotion which burst from the Christian 
 army at the distant sight of Jerusalem, and their reverently approaching with bare iect :|| 
 sentiments which have since been drawn by the pen of Tasso, in his Jerusalem Delivered. 5 
 Let us not wonder then that there were many early imitations of the Church of the Resur- 
 rection, witiiin whose site the triumphs of the cross were rendered complete, and of which 
 it was itself the most splendid memorial. 
 
 You have noticed that there were five round churches in England, four of which yet 
 
 remain ; 
 
 • Comiiaic llie plan iu Sandy's Travels with that in Bernardo Amiro, and the descriptions of Le I'.nm an 1 
 Sandys for a pretty correct state of lliis edifice. Butler, in Lis " Lives of the Saints,- says, tliis sacred buildnis, raised 
 by Couslanline, consisted properly of two cliurclies, (the one called Anastasis, or the Resurrection, or Sepulchre ; the 
 other Marlyriiim, or of the Cross,) which covered the spot where Christ was crucified, and refers to Adamnan,Lib. 1. 
 de Locis Sanctis, c. 4, apud Ababill. Act. Bencd. Sa!c. 3, part 2, p. 506. Butler, Vol. v. p. 51. 
 
 t These benefits were the breaking and retaining at home the Saracenic and Turkisli powers, and thus preventini; 
 the doctrines of Mahomet, so dear to a certain sect of philosophers, from being propagated throughout the west, so 
 that one is aIn;ost templed to say, Hinc ilia; lacrynise. See Whitaker's Review of Gibb.^n, where he ha-, irrefragably 
 proved a certain pruritus ingninis, ibat accounts for a vast deal against crusades and crusading knights. 
 
 t Gni!. Ncubrig. Hist. Ang. 9 edit. Picardi. 1632. ^ Decern Scriplorcs. 
 
 II Ad. aun. 1099. 
 
 S Buok II. stanzas 1 to 8. 
 
OBSERVATIONS ON ROUND CHURCHES. 21 
 
 remain ; and 1 think it will be possible to shew that two, at least, and those the most early, 
 were not erected by the Templars, or at ail connected with tliat order of kniglithood. 
 
 The churches of St. Sepulclire at Northampton, and at Cambridge wc find to be paro- 
 chial, and vicarages, and thus entered in Ecton's Thesaurus. 
 
 Cambridge. Sti : Sepulchri, vicarage, 61. lis. 0{d. Pri: Barnwell propri. 
 Northampton. Sti: Sepulcliri, vicarage, 20/. 10^. Pri: Sti: Andr. propri. 
 
 It would bediflFiculttoaccountfortlie round churches above noticed, if everthey belonged 
 to houses of Knights-Templars, becoming parochial and appropriated before the dissolution of 
 thatorder, considering how seldom any of the monasteries have been reserved for that purpose; 
 or if possessed of the right of patronage, that a vicarage should be ordained in favour of 
 another house. But to go furtiier into their history : Simon St. Liz is said to have re-edified 
 the town of Northampton, which was burnt by the Danes and lay in ruins for some time after 
 the conquest. About the year 1084 he repaired the priory of St. Andrew, near his castle, 
 in that town, of which he was the earl, and endowed and replenished it with Cluniac monks, 
 in which he was aided by Maud his wife, daughterof Waltheof, Earl of Huntingdon. Tothis 
 priory we find the church of St. Sepulchre presented by Simon St. Liz, or Seinliz, second Earl 
 ofNorthampton,uponliisreturnfromthecrusade: hedied in 1141, and was buried in the Priory 
 above named.* A confirmation, l)y St. Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, of this gift, is noticed by 
 Tanner, t The right of patronage, thus granted to the monks, could only have been possessed 
 by this Simon inconsequence of himself, or one of his ancestors, having been the founder of the 
 church, as within a demesne of his own. This is evident from tlie customs of those times, 
 when it was also common to present such right to the religious hozises, for the sake of its 
 being better exercised. | And from what we have seen of the ardour of the first crusaders, it 
 
 is 
 
 * The time of erecting the church in question, may be nearly approximated, from the charters of foundation to the 
 pri<vry of St. Andrew at Northampton by Simon St. Liz, wherein he grants to the monks DeCaritatis in ecclesia Sti. 
 Andreae, the church of All Saints with the whole of tlie churches in tliat town. An act approved and confiniied by 
 Heniy I. in the eighth year of his reijn ; and the same king in his charter of ratitication of the whole concessions made 
 to the same priory, mentions by name this church of St. Sepulchre, with four acres of land of his own domain. 
 This is addressed to Robert (Bloet) bishop of Lincoln from 1092 to 1 1?3, and witnessed, among others, by " Robert, 
 bishop of Chester," as the bishop of Litchfield was then sometimes called, of which there are two instances in succession 
 from 108fl to 1117, and 1117 to 1128; and by Hervy bishop of Ely from 1109 to 1133 ; hence (he limiting dates will 
 be 1109 and 1128. Further upon comparing the year 1107,8th of Hen. I. with the tirst of the bishop of Ely, it will be 
 probable thisdistinctmcntion of the church of St. Sepulchre, should occur about 1109, while the affair of the endowment 
 of St. Andrew's priory was in agitation ; and if we believe, as there is a strong probability from the founder's going 
 twice to Jerusalem, in the latter part ofliis life, and dying 15 Hen. 1st. llli, at theabbey of La diarists purloir,ou his 
 return, that this was built previous to bis second departure, it will confine the date of this interesting structure, to 
 a time somewhat prior to the said year 1109.— Compare Bridges' Northamptonshire, Vol. I. p. 682, with the Mouas- 
 ticon, vol. 1. p. 67 9 et seq. 
 
 t Notitia Monastica, and Camden in Cambridge. Pointed arches on Norman pillars were common in t!:at age, 
 and this seems to be the identical edifice bestowed by the second earl. 
 
 t Kennet's Case of Inipropriationo. 
 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. VIIL —r. M«* 
 
22 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 is highly problablc that he was Iiiinscif (lie btiiUlcr of tliis e<]ificc, in imitation of the Ciiurch 
 of the Resurrection, Certain it is, that it was erected before the Templars had assumed tliat 
 title, which was not till ten years after their institution in 1 1 18,* and consequently before they 
 had any possessions in England, which did not occur till after 1133, when Stephen began 
 Lis reign. A like train of circumstances attends the round church at Cambridge, a more an- 
 cient structure than that at Northampton. Among the most strenuous leaders in the first 
 crusade, instituted by Pope Urban II. I09G, was Robert, Duke ofNormandy. His standard- 
 bearer, Sir Pain Pcvcrell, an eminent soldier, was the re-founder of Barnwell Abbej', in 
 Cambridgeshire. Tiiis he did after his return from the crusade, and placed therein thirty 
 monks, a number corresponding to the years of his own age.t To this monastery we find 
 St. Sepulclire's Churcii Mas appropriated, and as it was the custom of tiie regulars to obtain 
 vicarages, to be ordained in churches of which they werethe patrons, we may, with the greatest 
 probability, conjecture, as in the above, that this church was the work of that famous Nor- 
 man soldier, as he is called by our historians. He was at the faking of Jerusalem, with 
 Duke Robert, in July 1099, and probably returned with him the following year ; and as the 
 style of this building seems not far from the earliest Norman, 1 am disposed to assign it to the 
 beginning of the twelfth century, which, if allowed, will also shew it to have existed prior 
 to the Templars having possessions in England, and likely before their institution in the 
 east. And with this, Mr. Essex accords,:]: although Mr. Dallaway, refers it to the year 
 1135.% The church of Little Maplestcd is entered by Ectonasa donative, and said to have 
 belonged to the Hospitallers; but as those knights became possessed of the property of 
 the Templars, it is possible they were the original founders. 
 
 It seems, however, uncertain whether the Templars did, on all occasions, build their 
 churches in a circular form, though they dedicated them to the Virgin, while the round 
 parish churches arc generally dedicated in honour of the holy sepulchre ; a circumstance 
 worthy of remark, as it is, that those of the Hospitallers wore in honour of St. John the 
 Baptist, by which the three kinds of edifices seem to be distinguished. Stow, speaking of 
 
 the 
 
 * Matt. Paris. 
 
 t Sir Pain Peverell amplified tlie foundation of a lionse of canons rcgnlar of tlic order of St. Angiistine (at Earn- 
 well), and dedicated it to St. Andrew, in the year 1112, Dnsdale's Daronage, Vol. 1. p. 438. 
 
 } He says, a'. Ihecliurch was liuilt williin a few years after llie fir^t establishment of the Templars, we cannot snp- 
 pose it was built by them, but by some person who had becu in the first cinsade ; and as churclies of this sort were 
 sometimes built by private persons, and given to the Templars, the advowson of it and the be.idsmen, might come 
 into tlicir possession, in this way, if ever it belonged to them. After the dissohition of this order, 1313, the advowson 
 of St. .Sepulchre was given to the priory of Barnwell. Archa^ologia, Vol. vi. The last assertion of Mr. Essex is 
 doubtful, as tlie property of the Templars wa« bestowed on the Knights of .St. John, with scarcely an exception, and 
 Mr. F.. himself is not certain that it ever belonged to the Templars. 
 
 § " Observations ou English Arcliitvctiire i" 8vo. 1806. 
 
OBSERVATIOKS OK ROUND CHURCHES. 23 
 
 the Temple at London, calls it their chief house, which they, the Templars, builded after the 
 form of the temple near the sepulchre of our Lord at Jerusalem ; and this we find dedicated 
 to our Lady. Weever also informs us there was in the town of Dunwich, Suffolk, " an 
 ancient and very old church, called the Temple of our Lady, the wliich church was, by re- 
 port, in the Jews time, and was vaulted over." A circular disposition, so very remark- 
 able, is not noticed by this collector, and Stow insinuates tliat it was at London their church 
 was so constructed. That which belonged to the Temple at Paris, in which all the Knights 
 of Malta who died in that city were interred, is said to be a heavy, ancient structure, and 
 an imitation of the church of St. John of Jerusalem. Likely its denomination was changed 
 on becoming the property of those knights, as was the practice at home. At Venice, St. 
 Mary's in Brolio belonged to the Templars, and afterwards to tiie Knights of St. John,* You 
 have noticed the part at the east end, annexed to the church at Cambridge: that also at 
 Northampton seems a subsequent building, but on an inspection of your plan of the Temple 
 Church, London, the east cud evidently formed a part of the original design, and the whole 
 together has a just correspondence with the Church of the Sepulchre at Jerusalem, the 
 architype of these structures. The style of the west end accords with that of the Trinity at 
 Canterbury. St, Cross near Winchester, of about the same period, where pointed and cir- 
 cular arches are to be found, with the like mouldings, while the other part of the work seems 
 in a more advanced mode, and the application of the pointed arch better understood: for 
 this arch had been known in the world as early as the fifth or sixth century, and I think 
 anterior to the certain date of any specimen of interlaced circular arches, from which some 
 antiquaries have found it a derivation. The like triple lancet windows occur in the chapel 
 of the archbishop's palace at Lambeth, built by Hubert Walter, who sat from 1 193 to 1207, 
 and in many chancels of our old parish churches are windows approaching towards a like 
 arrangement. The dedication of the circular part of the church, 1 am thus disposed to 
 place in the year 1185, and thence made use of by the Knights till circumstances allowed 
 the completion of the remainder in 1240. The dedication, as given from an old historian, is 
 worthy of notice " 12-10. Also about tlie same time was dedicated the noble church of the 
 beautiful structure of the new Temple, at London, in the presence of the king and many of 
 
 the 
 
 • This was the case at Temple-Bruer, in Lincolnshire, wliei e before 1135, was a preceptory of Knights Templars, 
 anJ afterwanls, of Hospitallers. Tanner, p. 274. Aslackby, iu the county of Lincoln, seems to have had the same 
 possessors. It is entered in Ecton as a vicarage dedicated to St. James (query, St, John). " The Knights of St. John 
 of Jerusalem proprietors, as had the Temple of St. Mary, in Dunwich." InsomeaJditions to Eclon, the Temple church, 
 London, is said to be dedicated to St. John the Baptist, that of the church of the Hospit.d at Jerusalem, and it seems 
 probably to have been bestowed on those churches wliich came into their possession by the dissolution of the Templars, 
 1313. At Bristol the Temple Church is a square building, and partly built by the brethren and partly by other meu. It 
 is dedicated to tlic Holy Cross, and its hanging tower has beea for ages noticed as a curiosity. Barrett's Bristol, p. oil. 
 
24 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 the nobility of the kingdom, who, after the solemnities were finished, partook of an elegant 
 feast at the expence of the Hospitallers." 
 
 I now conclude with remarking, that although it cannot be shewn that the churches 
 you have presented were wholly the works of the Knights Templars, as so long admitted, 
 yet there may be traced in each not only a close resemblance of the same original, but they 
 were connected with it by the same denomination, and were (it is highly probable) tlie 
 labours of those who deemed it the honour of their lives to have contributed to rescue that 
 venerated temple from infidel hands. 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 
 Your faithful Servant, 
 
 CHARLES CLARKE. 
 Guernsey, 2\st Feb. 1807. 
 
Xi^fm/ut hy Jahn. JWntfc , Ar AtAnJtitrjtOat^l ^nf*yffl"i|>«i' <'^ ^hraf firitnin 
 
 fL.A. 
 
 FuiM<tt IndtUuU- m fl'St.r ^ /jJ/JZ m /hnreii aiiirch Titrd HHn.m/fiMn:^ Fi,jjn.,',i tim-atm J)oui>.{}mir,il/ lu/.IT. at Camr, I'rnihrrlMhire. 
 
 Tc F.S.tYERS.itIXw}u>t, 1Hi.ttme,il X.'tnti/u.mwi Mijerllmiirj- "emw a kiwtrk.iftor^.i-p.irbAiHyt.'tn^lMJInlufmliffthijpLiUiswsaibalb^jn ■„ 
 
AN ESSAY 
 
 TOWARDS 
 
 A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 ^Indent §)tone Crosses* 
 
 CyROSSES may be considered and described as objects of antiquity, as relics of 
 peculiar customs, and as monuments of art. To investigate their remote his- 
 tory, and varied appropriation, would demand a very extended enquiry, and 
 would require a more copious dissertation than is compatible with the present 
 work, or applicable to its avowed intention. The practice of raising and fixing 
 single stones upright, is of very remote antiquity ; for, in the records of holy 
 writ, it is stated that Jacob erected some of these monuments on different oc- 
 casions, one of which is particularly mentioned in Genesis, ch. xxviii. ve. 18. 
 Joshua also raised " a great stone" to commemorate a sacred obligation be- 
 tween himself, his people, and the Deity.* Several other instances of this kind 
 are mentioned in the Scriptures : and in the historical accounts of Syria, Egypt, 
 Greece, and their dependant colonies, we find that the worship of single blocks 
 of stone, variously modified, was very common. Many other examples might 
 be adduced to shew the prevalence of this custom in former ages; but it was 
 not till long after the crucifixion of Christ, that the Cross was raised as a 
 sacred memento to the religionist, and by him contemplated with reverence. 
 Anterior to this important event, " the cross was so common a punishment," 
 observes Montfaucon, "in all antiquity, that, by frequent use, this word was 
 made to signify all sorts of pains and torments ; all griefs, difficulties, and 
 solicitudes, when even they did not proceed from any external torture, were 
 styled crosses ; of which Plautus and Terence could furnish examples enough, 
 and eveu yet at this day the word cross is taken in this sense. Likewise all 
 sorts of torture, and all kinds of death, were called a cross ; 'tis in this sense 
 that Plautus, in his prologue to the Manechmi, says of a man that was 
 carried away by the current of the water and drowned , in crossing of a river, 
 abstraxitque hominem in 7na.vumam malum crucem. This was so general a 
 name for all sorts of torments, that the most common word to express them 
 
 was 
 
 * Joshua, Ch, sir. 
 Anh. Antiqs. Pt. IV.— r.— N 
 
a ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 was cruciatiis, derived from crux, crucis ; and to torment was expressed like- 
 wise by cruc'un'e."* 
 
 It is remarked, by historians, that our Saviour was doomed to suffer on 
 the cross, between two thieves, as the most ignominious and degrading punish- 
 ment that could be inflicted. So singular are some of the transitions in this 
 world, and so opposite the sentiments of man at different periods, that what 
 is almost universally esteemed at one time, is detested and despised at ano- 
 ther. Such was the case with the cross : — for ages, and in many countries, it 
 had continued to excite dread and terror : but after Constantine the Great had 
 adopted it as a symbol of faith, and sanctified it, his people soon began to adore 
 what they previously abhorred. " The piety, rather than the humanity, of 
 Constantine soon abolished in his dominions the punishment wiiich the Sa- 
 viour of mankind had condescended to suffer; but the emperor had already 
 learned to despise the prejudices of his education, and of his people, before he 
 could erect, in the midst of Rome, his own statue bearing a cross in its right 
 hand, with an inscription ; which referred the victory of his arms, and the deli- 
 verance of Rome, to the virtue of that salutary sign, the true symbol offeree 
 and courage. t The same symbol sanctified the arms of the soldiers of Constan- 
 tine ; the cross glittered on their helmets, was engraved on their shields, was 
 interwoven into their banners ; and the consecrated emblems which adorned the 
 person of the emperor himself, were distinguished only by richer materials, and 
 more exquisite workmanship. But the principal standard which displayed the 
 triumph of the cross, was styled the Labarum, an obscure though celebrated 
 name, which has been vainly derived from almost all the languages of the world. 
 It is described as a long pike, intersected by a transversal beam.":}; On all oc- 
 casions of clanger or distress, the primitive Christians sought to fortify their 
 minds and protect their bodies by adopting the sign of the cross, and this they 
 used in all their ecclesiastical rites, in all the daily occurrences of life, as an in- 
 fallible preservative against every species of spiritual or temporal evil. 
 
 Without 
 
 * " Antiquity explained," by Monlfaucon : translated by Humphreys, Vol. V. p. 158. 
 
 + " The Christian writers, Justin, Minutius, Fceiis, Tertullian, Jerom, and Maximus of Turin, 
 have investigated with tolerable success the figure or likeness of a cross iu almost every object of 
 nature or art ; in the intersection of the meridian and equator, the human face, a bird flying, a man 
 swimiring, a mast and yard, a plough, a standard, &c. &c. &c. See Lipsius de Cruce, L. i.C. 9." 
 Gibbon, Svo. Vol. III. p. 256. 
 
 J Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 8vo. Vol. III. 257. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 3 
 
 Without adducing any additional testimonies concerning the standard and 
 symbol of the cross as used by the Romans, or variously employed by tlie 
 Christians, on the continent of Europe, I shall confine the subsequent account 
 to the British Islands, briefly noticing a few single stone crosses, and giving a 
 more circumstantial history and description of those that are curious for their 
 sculpture, or beautiful for their architectural embellishment. 
 
 As the human mind gradually expanded, as man became a more enlight- 
 ened creature, and the fine arts were progressively cultivated, and applied to 
 the customs and prejudices of nations, the idols of Paganism, and symbols of 
 Christianity, were proportionably made more awful, elegant, or sumptuous. 
 When the ministers of Christ were zealously employed in propagating their 
 tenets, and tempting men to embrace their new and benign doctrines, they 
 appropriated the already sacred stone as an auxiliary in their novel system, 
 by inscribing it with a figure of the cross. Thus an established prejudice was 
 apparently submitted to, in order to seduce the pagans from their idolatrous 
 worship, to think of the true God. Christianity, however, moved slowly 
 in the British Islands: and, according to Borlase, many persons "continued 
 to worship these stones, (i. e. the pagan idols) to pay their vows, and 
 devote their oflfcrings at the places where they were erected, coming thither 
 with lighted torches, and praying for safety and success." — " This custom," 
 he continues, " we can trace through \he fifth and sixth centuries, even 
 into the seventh, as will appear from the prohibitions of several councils." 
 — " In Ireland," he proceeds, " some of these stones-erect have crosses 
 cut on them, which are supposed to have been done by Christians, out 
 of compliance with the Druid prejudices ; that when Druidism fell before the 
 Gospel, the common people, who were not easily to be got off from their 
 superstitious reverence for these stones, might pay a kind of justifiable adora- 
 tion to them, when thus appropriated to the uses of Christian memorials, by the 
 sign of the cross. There are still remains of adoration paid to such stones, in 
 the British Western Isles, even by the Christians. They call them bowing- 
 stones, from the reverence shewn them, as it seems to me ; for the Evoi Mas- 
 chith, which the Jews were forbad to worship,* signifies really a bowing-stone,f 
 and was doubtless so called, becau.se worshipped by the Canaanites.J In the 
 
 Lie 
 
 * Lev. Chap. xxvi. ve. 1. + See Stale of Downe, p. 2O9. 
 
 I Martin, in his " Description of the Western Islands," p. 88 and 2'29, states that they were 
 called bowing.stones, because the Christians had there the first view of their church, at which place, 
 therefore, they first bowed themselves; but this custom is much more ancient than Christianity. 
 
4 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Isle of Barray there is one stone, about seven feet high, and when the inhabi- 
 tants come near it, they take a religious turn round, according to the ancient 
 Druid custom."* 
 
 It is not an easy task to persuade the illiterate to relinquish an old custom : 
 for in proportion as men are uninformed, they are obstinate and perverse. We 
 therefore cease to wonder at the slow advances of Christianity, when we reflect 
 on the probable state of the human race in this country, and on the influence of 
 Druidism at that period. To combat these, required great zeal and perse- 
 verance in the new missionaries, who, as a memento to their new converts, 
 appear to have enforced their creed with representations of the cross, and other 
 symbolical carvings. The former was first cut on the top of single upright stones : 
 afterwards the shaft was ornamented, and its sculpture varied, in different parts 
 of the country, according to the skill or fancy of the person who raised it. In 
 Scotland, in Wales ; and in Cumberland, Cornwall, and some other English 
 counties, many of these relics of antiquity are still remaining ; and serve to shew 
 the shapes generally used, and the ornaments most commonly applied to them. 
 They appear to have been erected for various purposes ; but the greater part 
 may be classed under the following heads. — Memorials of designation, or boun- 
 dary objects of demarkation, for property, parishes, and sanctuary : — sepulchral 
 mementos: — memorials of battles, murder, and fatal events : — places of public 
 prayer and proclamation : — some were also placed by the road side, in church 
 yards, in market places, at the junction of three or four streets, or roads, and 
 on spots where the body of a deceased person halted in the way to interment. 
 It was a common practice for mendicants to station themselves by the side of 
 these, and beg alms in the name of " Jesus."t 
 
 Though the canons of Christianity strictly forbid every species of idolatrous 
 worship, yet when that religion was in its infancy, and Paganism had numerous 
 avowed votaries, it is extremely probable that many rites and ceremonies, pecu- 
 liar to either, would be often blended, and frequently confounded. This has been 
 already alluded to as prevalent in Ireland, Cornwall, and in the Western Islands : 
 and even at a very late period, we find that many Catholics, forgetting that the 
 stone-cross was merely a memento, or symbol, absolutely prostrated themselves 
 
 before 
 
 * Antiquities of Corn" all, Cnd Edition, p. le?, &c. from Martin's Description of the Western 
 Islands of Scotland, 8vo. 1716. 
 
 f A provincial proverb, still retained in the North of England, alludes to this custom, by remark- 
 ing of a person, who is verj urgent in his entreaties, that '• He begs like a cripple at a cross." 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 5 
 
 before, and reverenced this inanimate block. Instead of elevating their 
 thoughts to the omniscient Creator, they weakly paid homage to earthly par- 
 ticles ; and, incapable of comprehending the attributes of Deity, they con- 
 tinued to worship the " graven images," and false gods of their heathen 
 ancestors. This we shall find exemplified in two unequivocal facts, which 
 allude to the present subject. In an original instrument, dated 26th No- 
 vember, 1449, concerning the church yard of St. Mary Magdalen, in 
 Milk-street, London, it is stated, that in a piece of ' voide grounde," lying 
 on the west side of that street, there " stode a crosse of the height of a man 
 or more ; and that the same crosse was worshipped by Ihe parisshens there, as 
 crosses be comonly worshipped in other chircheyardes."* 
 
 Imbert, the good prior of Gascony, was severely prosecuted, in 1683, for 
 telling the people, that, in the ceremony of adoring the cross, practised in that 
 church on Good Friday, they were not to adore the wood, but Christ, who was 
 crucified on it. The curate of the parish taught them a contrary doctrine : it 
 was the zvood I the wood ! they were to adore. Imbert replied it was Christ, not 
 the wood : for which he was cited before thearchbishop of Bourdeaux, suspended 
 from his functions, and even threatened with chains and perpetual imprison- 
 ment. f 
 
 " When St. Augustine first came to preach the Christian faith to the 
 Saxons, he had a cross borne before him, with a banner, on which was the 
 image of our Saviour, Christ. | And Edwin, King of Northumberland, was 
 in such esteem, ' that he caused a banner to be borne before him, not only in 
 time of war, but in time of peace, while he rode from city to city, (to see a 
 proper administration of justice) which banner was called by the Romans tufan, 
 but by the Saxons th)?p.§ Tufa, according to Speed, is supposed to mean a 
 ball, or globe, and to be an emblem of sovereignty. 
 
 " Crosses were also erected by many of the Christian kings, before a battle, 
 or great enterprize, with prayers and supplications, for the aid and assistance 
 of Almighty God. Oswald caused a cross of wood to be erected before he 
 fought with Cadwallo, himself holding it till the earth was rammed in round 
 about it, while all his soldiers kneeled down devoutly. || Also before any great 
 or decisive undertaking, they would visit the shrine of some particular saint, 
 and there vow great donations to the monastery in wliich it was contained, in 
 
 case 
 
 * Archaeologia, Vol. XIII. p. 199. + Encyclo. Britan. Article Cross. 
 
 i Bede, Ecc. Hist. Lib. 1, Cap. 25. § Ibid, Lib. II. Cap. 16. || Ibid. Lib. III. Cap. % 
 
 Arch.Antiqs. Pt.IV. — r,^ O 
 
6 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 case they returned victorious. Thus Athelstan, in his journey to the North, 
 (where the Kings of Scotland and Wales were committing depredations, and 
 ravaging the country) visited the tomb of St. John of Beverley, where, ear- 
 nestly supplicating for success, and not having any thing worthy enough with 
 him to present to the Saint, he left his knife on the tomb, vowing, that if he 
 returned victorious, to redeem it with a worthy price, which he faithfidly after- 
 wards peformed."* 
 
 Leaving general observations, it is my intention to adduce a ftw i)articuiar 
 examples, and then endeavour to ascertain the character and appropriation of the 
 difl'erent Crosses represented in the accompanying prints. 
 
 A cross was erected in the church yard of Hadley in Norfolk, by the direc- 
 tion of the Will of Henry Bunn, dated 1500. This was " ornamented with 
 palm branches, on Palm Sunday, p. pahnis m die ramis pabnarum off'erendis.'"-\ 
 
 Many instances might be given of crosses having been placed as marks for 
 
 the BOUNDARIKS OF DISTRICTS, of CHURCH PROPERTY, and of SANC- 
 TUARY. Among these we may notice the following. " The stone at Frisby, 
 called Stump-Cross, is a boundary- stone between that village and Ashfordby, 
 in the county of Leicester. There is another stone called Stump-Cross, which 
 stands on the summit of a high hill, at Townley, in the township of Clivcrgcr, 
 in the parish of Whalley, and county of Lancaster : it is at present about five 
 feet high. The shire-stone, on the mountain called Wry-nose, at the head of 
 the river Dudding, in Cumberland, divides that county from Westmoreland. J 
 The inscription on the boundary-stone of Croyland manifests the purpose for 
 which it was erected :§ 
 
 " Aio banc petram 
 
 " Guthlacushabetsibimetam.il 
 
 In the vicinity of Croyland Abbey are the bases and fragments of several other 
 crosses.^ 
 
 " There is a famous stone cross near Lundoris, in Fifeshire, which Cam- 
 den says was placed as a boundary between the districts of Fife and Strathern, 
 with old barbarous verses upon it ; it was also a place of sanctuary."' Jt is 
 
 called 
 
 * Strutt's View of Aocient Customs, &c. Vol.1, p. 31. 
 + Blomefield's History, &c. of Norfolk, Vol. X. p. 141. Edit. 1809. 
 X Hutchinson's History, &c. of Cumberland, Vol, I. p. 43. 
 
 § See dissertations upon this stone by Governor Pownall and Mr. Pegge, in the Archaeologia, 
 Vol. III. p. 96, and Vol. V. p. 101. 
 
 Archaeologia, Vol. XIII. p. 214. f Cough's Additions to Camden, Vol. IT. p. 237. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 7 
 
 called Mugdrum-Cross, and, according to the traditions of the neighbourhood, 
 was " dedicated to a great saint named Magrin. Three miles east of the cross 
 is a Cairn, on which is an obelisk of rough stones, or nodules, which is called 
 Magrin'sSeat."* 
 
 " At Ripon, Yorkshire, the boundaries of sanctuary of the collegiate 
 church were distinguished by crosses, three of which were named Kangel- 
 Cross, Sharow-Cross, and Athelstan's-Cross."f 
 
 Among the monumental crosses, those in Penrith church yard, 
 Cumberland, are rather singular and curious. Two circular shafts, mortised into 
 pedestals, are situated about fifteen feet from each other, at what appears to be 
 the extreme ends of a grave. They are above eleven feet high, and at the top 
 of each is the figure of a cross in relievo. The shafts are also ornamented with 
 fret work, &c. and " the space between them is inclosed on each side with two 
 very large, but thin, semicircular stones; so that there is left a walk between 
 pillar and pillar of two feet in breadth. "| 
 
 In the church yard of Glames, in Scotland, is a sculptured cross, which 
 Mr. Pennant says is supposed to have been erected in the memory of " the 
 assassination of King Malcolm, and is called his grave-stone. On one front is 
 across; on the upper part is some wild beast, and opposite to it a centaur; 
 beneath, in one compartment, is the head of a wolf; these animals denoting 
 the barbarity of the conspirators."§ 
 
 The church yard of Bewcasile, Cumberland, is rendered celebrated in the 
 antiquarian annals, from the shaft of an highly ornamental cross, which still 
 remains there, and about which much has been written. It is a square column, 
 nearly fifteen feet high, and its four sides are charged with various sculptured 
 devices. Bishop Nicholson, || Mr. Smith,^ Mr. Gough,** VVormius.ff and 
 Col. Armstrong,|J ascribe this monument to the Danes. Many other anti- 
 quaries and topographers have adopted this opinion, and it is common to refer 
 all these sculptured crosses to that people, and pronounce all the inscriptions and 
 carvings to he Runic. Pennant, Cordiner, Dr. Ledwich, &c. admit and propa- 
 gate, 
 
 * Cough's Additions to Camden, Vol. III. p. 377. Edit. 1789. + History of Ripon, p. 86. 
 
 X Pennant's Tour in Scotland, fifth edition, 4to. Vol. I. p. 274. § Ibid. Vol. I IF. p. 74. 
 
 II Philosophical Transactions, No. 178, p. 1287 ; also in Gibson's edition of Camden. 
 
 1 Gentleman's Magazine, Vo\. p. 
 
 ** British Topography, Vol.1, p. 284, and Additions to Camden, Vol. III. 
 
 t+ Mon. Dan. p. 161. %% London Magazine, August, 1775. 
 
8 ARCHITECTUJIAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 gate, in their writings, the same hypothesis, and each endeavours to substan- 
 tiate it by much plausibility of argument. It thus very generally happens, that 
 the supposition or opinion of one esteemed writer is tacitly adopted by 7««w_y, 
 and what was suggested, at first, merely as conjectural, at length is admitted and 
 repeated as historical fact. Unless antiquaries will resolutely exert their reason- 
 ing faculties, and investigate for themselves, this evil must continue. It is time, 
 however, to remedy it. 
 
 Respecting crosses that have generally been called Danish, or Runic, 
 I am induced to differ in opinion with ail these respectable gentlemen, and I 
 shall humbly offer my reasons for this dissent, and my sentiments on the sub- 
 ject, in the terms of an ingenious writer,* who, after describing a curious orna' 
 merited cross at Llan-Ilted, in Glamorganshire, observes that " The Danes, it 
 is well known, when they invaded this country, were Pagans ; they are called 
 so by the writers of the times ; and their idols on record confirm the same. 
 Would these idolaters erect monuments in a place dedicated to the worship of 
 Christ ; and even ornament them with the opprobrious sign of the cross, and 
 consider such an act as of future benefit to their souls ? Further; amidst all 
 the irruptions of these northern hordes, we never read of their invading this 
 part of the coast; and their depredatory mode of warfare was of that nature as 
 to afford little time for erecting sculptured monuments. If it should be urged, 
 it might have been when the Danes became converted, and were in possession 
 of the throne of England, the argument will increase rather than diminish in 
 force." Mr. Evans then proceeds to shew the time when, and the person 
 by whom, this cross was erected ; and describes two other similar monu- 
 ments, one at Tre Mostyn,'\ in Flintshire, and another at Llandeveilog, near 
 Brecknock, both of which are supposed to be Danish, by the Ihoiic circles, 
 as they are called, that are inscribed on them. "Indeed, the numerous mo- 
 numental stones through Wales," (he might have added Scotland, Ireland, and 
 the North of England,) "with similar ornaments and characters, abundantly 
 corroborate the opinion, that they neither belong to the Saxons nor to the 
 Danes ; and that they belong rather to the civilized Britons, than such a bar- 
 barous 
 
 * Rev. J. Evans, in " Letters written during a Tour through South Wales," 8vo. 1804, p. 121. 
 
 + This is called iWacn ^c7i«,;/«/aH, correctly, Achwyvan, or stone of lamentation. Near Staf- 
 ford was another, called " a weeping cross." Geometrical views of the former, with two others in 
 Disert church yard,\n the iM\e county, have been engraved on a large sheet, by T. Major, 175y, 
 after a drawing by W. Williams. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 9 
 
 barous people ; the former having been early initiated in the arts, by their long 
 connexion with the polished Romans. Had these monuments borne the smallest 
 mark of the northern character or language, then with some probability the 
 sculpture might have been ascribed to the Danes. But not one that I have ever 
 seen, or heard of, was distinguished by such a mark; and the Roman language 
 •was unknozvti to that people. I more than suspect, that British Antiquaries fre- 
 quently suffer by such misnomers, and that many are misled by the high- 
 sounding names o^ Runic knots, arid Scandinavian superstition." The Cross in 
 Carew chicrch yardf^cmbvokft^Yiive, (vide Plate A, Fig. 4) is of this description, 
 and its shaft is adorned with two crosses, in basso-relievo, interlaced work, and 
 other tracery. Sir Richard C. Hoare, in his translation of Giraldus Cambrensis, 
 calls it a " British Cross." 
 
 Dr. Ledwich remarks, in his " Antiquities of Ireland," p. 75, that " there 
 are an infinite variety of Crosses ; and one of great rudeness, with another 
 elegantly designed and executed," are described and delineated in that work. 
 The first, situated in old Kilcullen, in the county of Kildare, is characterised as 
 being "grotesque and very uncommon in this kingdom, and in a great measure 
 was confined to the Danish ages." The shaft is ornamented with sculptured repre- 
 sentations of ecclesiastics, with " bonnets, tunics, and trowsers, and the fashion 
 of their beards is singular." Other figures are rudely shaped, and, according to 
 the Doctor, between these and some at "Adderbury Church, at Grymbald's- 
 Crypl, and particularly the carved stones in Ross-shire, at Neig, and others 
 given by the ingenious Mr. Cordiner, in his ' Remarkable Ruins in Scotland,' 
 all of them the work of the Danish ages, a perfect resemblance of style will be 
 found. I therefore conjecture that these figures were carved about the tenth 
 century." The other ornamented cross, described by this gentleman, " is at 
 Clonmacnois. The stone is fifteen feet high, and stands near the western door 
 of Teampull Mac Durmuid." It consists of a shaft, standing on a base with a 
 shorter stone intersecting it near the top. The whole is embellished with 
 sculptured representations of various figures, which the Doctor thinks must 
 have direct reference to the contiguous church. 
 
 In the county of Louth is a very elegant monument of this kind, called 
 St. Boyn's Cross.* It is about eighteen feet high, and " on all sides full of 
 sculpture ; 'tis said to be all of one stone, sent from Rome, and erected by order 
 of the Pope : near the center of the cross, on one side, is a figure representing 
 
 Christ, 
 * lu Wright's " Louthiana," B. III. p. 17, there are three prints of it. 
 .drch. Jntiqs. Pt. IV.— r. P 
 
10 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Christ, and opposite, on the other, St. Patrick : on this side, at the bottom, are 
 the figures of Adam and Eve, and opposite, on the other, that of St. Boyn." 
 
 The monument called Neville's Cross, near Durham, was erected in 
 memory of the signal victory which the English, commanded by two archbi- 
 shops, three suftVagans, and other dignified persons, gained over David Bruce, 
 of Scotland, in the time of Edward the First. 
 
 At Blore Heath, Staffordshire, is a Cross which was erected to comme- 
 morate a battle fought there in 1459- 
 
 " About six miles from Dundee, (Scotland, ) is Camus Cross, erected in 
 memory of Camus, the Danish general, who being defeated at Panbride, on this 
 coast, and retreating towards Murray, was surrounded by the victorious Scots, 
 and lost his life on this spot."* 
 
 In Brittany, between Ploemmel and Jocelin, is a Cross which was raised to 
 perpetuate the memory of a battle fought there in 1350. f 
 
 Near Lang ley Abbey, in Norfolk, is the shaft of a Cross, ornamented with 
 canopies, niches, statues, &c. At this place was a Premonstratensian monastery 
 founded in 1 198. Blomefield, in his prolix history of Norfolk, does not mention 
 the cross: but it is well represented in the Gentleman's Magazine, for January 
 1806. 
 
 At Stalbridge, in Dorsetshire, is a Cross, similar in shape to that at Lang- 
 ley, and ornamented with statues, niches, armorial bearings, SccJ Another 
 at Henley-in-Arden, in the county of Warwick, partakesof the same character. 
 
 At Doticasler, Yorkshire, is a monumental pillar, composed of a shaft, and 
 four round pillars attached to it, mounted on four steps. An inscription, in Nor- 
 man French, implies — " This is the cross ofOte de Tilli, on whose soul God have 
 mercy. Amen." Tilli, according to Mr. Gough, " was Senescallus comitis de 
 Conigbroc, t.Slephen and Henry II. and witness to several grants of lands in 
 this neighbourhood to abbies."§ 
 
 In the street of Cricklade, Wiltshire, is a Cross raised on steps, (see plate A, 
 Fig. 1. ) It is ornamented with quaterfoils on the base, and niches, with 
 canopies at the top ; these appear to have been formerly decorated with statues, 
 
 as 
 
 • Cough's edition of Camden's Britannia, 1789, Vol. III. p. 406. 
 
 + Described by Mons. D'Auvergiie in the Archasologia, Vol. VI. p. 145, &c. 
 
 I This is engraved and described in Gough's Edition of Hutchins's History of that County. 
 
 § Gough's Camden, Vol, III. p. 34. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 11 
 
 as a similar cross is situated close to one of the churches in the same town, and 
 contains the crucifixion in alto relievo, with other figures. 
 
 Cornwall abounds with stone crosses, which are chiefly formed by a single 
 shaft of granite, or moor-stone, and are mostly very plain. In church yards, by 
 the side of roads, and on the open, trackless downs, they remain solitary and 
 neglected, though among the lower classes of people there is a sort of superstiti- 
 ous reverence still paid to these monuments. IVIany of them have been removed 
 from their primary situation, and are converted into gate-posts, bridges, &c.* 
 In Plate A. Fig. III. I have given a view of one of these pillars. It is situated 
 on Can'at07i Down, north of St. C leer, and is withinhalf amile of a Druidical 
 temple, called the Hurlers. This peculiarity of situation, and its distance from 
 any Catholic foundation, induces me to believe that it was originally a Pagan 
 pillar, converted into a Christian symbol, when the first missionaries were pro- 
 pagating their tenets in this remote county. About two miles South of it is 
 another cross, situated close by a Baptistery, or holy-well. On Bradock 
 Down, in this county, is a pillar with a transverse stone, which is called Killboy- 
 Cross, and by its name seems to imply the cause of its erection. In Llanivit 
 Church Yard are two crosses, one of which is ornamented with a scroll running 
 down the shaft, and the top is circular, perforated with four holes. 
 
 In Bahewell Church Yard, Derbyshire, is the shaft of a Cross, which 
 appears to be highly embellished with figures in basso-relievo, and with other 
 sculptured ornaments. f 
 
 On the south side of the church of Corzven, Merionethshire, is a Cross, 
 (vide Plate A. Fig. II.) which is vulgarly called the Szcord of Glandwr. The 
 shaft is let into a flat stone, which rests on four others, and is traditionally said to 
 mark the place of Glandwr's interment. This however is very doubtful, as some 
 writers say that he died at Mannington, in Herefordshire : and in Bangor Cathe- 
 dral is a slab, which is said to cover the remains of this celebrated hero. J 
 
 Dr. Stukeley, in his Itinerarium Curiosum, has given a plate (II.) repre- 
 senting five Crosses, some of which have inscriptions on them. From these mo- 
 numents, 
 
 * See Gentleman's Magazine, 1805, p. 1201, where is a plate representing eleven different 
 Crosses in the county of Cornwall. 
 
 t In Bray's Tour to Derbyshire is a plate of it, drawn and etched by Mr. J. Carter. In the 
 same work is a ^iew, by the same artist, of another cross, with a small, slender, ornamented shaft. 
 It is at Mountsorrelj Leicestershire, and nearly resembles that at Cricklade. 
 
 X See Owen's " Cambrian Biography," for the most authentic account of Owain Glandwr. 
 
12 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 numents, simple in form, and very rude in ornament, let us proceed to examine 
 a few others, which display some characteristics of beauty and science, and are 
 consequently more pleasing to the eye, and interesting to the mind. 
 
 The P)'eaching-Ci-oss, stone pulpit, or oratory, was probably first erected 
 for the purpose of sheltering and accommodating the minister, when he preached 
 to a large concourse of people, in the open air ; or for him to read the funeral 
 service from. As we have but few examples of this class of buildings, I con- 
 ceive that they were never very numerous in this country. I have only met 
 with four views of these, which appear to have been situated in church yards, or 
 on ground attached to some religious foundation. Contiguous to the monastic 
 house of the Black-friars, or Friars Preachers, in the city of Hereford, is one 
 of these structures, which is represented in the annexed print. It is of an hex- 
 agonal shape, open on each side, and raised on steps. " In the centre is a kind 
 of table, of the same shape, supporting the shaft, which, branching out into 
 ramifications, forms the roof, and passing through it, appears above in a muti- 
 lated state. The top of the pulpit is embattled, and the whole is finished in a 
 style of great elegance. This cross was probably surrounded by cloisters, in 
 which a large audience might, under shelter, attend to the sermons of these 
 friars, who were extremely popular, and greatly affected preaching to the mul- 
 titude from crosses of this kind."* 
 
 In the church yard of Iron Acton, Gloucestershire, is an ancient stone 
 cross of this class. Mr. Lysons says it was " probably erected in the reign of 
 Henry the Fourth. From its form, it seems to have been intended for a preach- 
 ing cross, having an entrance into it on the north side."f This cross is square, 
 and" consists of four buttress-pillars, which support an ornamental canopy, 
 charged with shields. Above is a square pillar, with four niches, pinnacles, &c. 
 
 At Holbach, or Holbeach, in Lincolnshire, was a Cross, supported on four 
 pillars, raised on steps, and open at the bottom. Dr. Stukeley says that it " was 
 pulled down in 1683. "J This is the only notice I have found relating to the 
 present building, except the following inscription, on a small etching of it from 
 the doctor's drawing, — " Ob. amorem erga Solum natalc Temporum Ignoran' 
 t'la direptam restituit, IF" Stukelty, 172a." 
 
 In 
 
 Collections towards the History and Antiquities of the County of Hereford," Vol. I. p. 403, 
 
 104. 
 
 + Antiquities of Gloucestershire, Fol. 1804. 
 
 X Itinerarium Curiosum, Vol. I. p. 21. 
 
 1804. 
 
5 5=^ 
 
 
 I ^ 
 
 S --! 
 
 It 
 
 Si 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 13 
 
 *' In a garden on the south side of the abbey, (at Shrewsbury) stands an oc- 
 tangular building, commonly called St. JVinifrid's Pulpit. The ascent to it 
 is by a flight of about ten steps. The building is in a neat Gothic style, and at 
 present in good preservation, and looked upon, by artists, to be a master-piece 
 of its kind."* This beautiful preaching cross nearly resembles, in shape and 
 architectural character, that of the black-friars at Hereford. 
 
 The most noted structure of this class was that called " Paul's, or St. 
 Paul's Cross," in London : of which the following particulars are related in 
 Strype's edition of Stow's Survey, Vol. I. p. 644. 
 
 " About the midst of this church-yard (St. Paul's) was a pulpit cross of 
 timber, mounted upon steps of stone, and covered with lead, in which were 
 sermons preached by learned divines every Sunday in the forenoon. The very 
 antiquity thereof is to me unknown ; but I read, that, in the year 1259, King 
 Henry III. commanded a general assembly to be made at the cross ; where he, 
 in person, commanded the mayor, that on the next day following, he should 
 cause to be sworn, before the alderman, every stripling of twelve years of age, 
 or upwards, to be true to the King and his heirs. Kings of England. Also, in 
 the year 1262, the same King caused to be read, at St. Paul's Cross, a bull ob- 
 tained from Pope Urban IV. as an absolution for him, and for all that were 
 sworn to maintain the articles made in parliament at Oxford. Also, in the year 
 1299, the Dean of St. Paul's cursed, at Si. Paul's Cross, all those which had 
 searched in the church of St. Martin in the Fields, for a board of gold, &c. 
 
 "This pulpit cross, was, by tempest of lightning and thunder, much de- 
 faced ; Thomas Kempe, then Bishop of London, new built this pulpit and cross. 
 
 " In foul and rainy weather, these solemn sermons were preached in a place 
 called The Shrouds ; which was, as it seems, by the side of the cathedral 
 church, where was covering and shelter. Now, long since both the cross and 
 shrouds were disused, and neither of them extant; but the sermons are preached 
 in the cathedral itself, though they are still called St. Paul's Cross sermons." 
 This cross appears to have been standing at the time Dugdale wrote his His- 
 tory of St. Paul's. 
 
 There was another public preaching cross in Spital-fields, near London, 
 where the Lord Mayor, and principal officers of the city, with their ladies, &c. 
 regularly attended to hear sermons in Easter week. The discourses, called the 
 Spital-sermons, were originally preached at this cross. It was destroyed in a 
 
 tumult 
 
 * Phillips's History and Antiquities of Shrewsbury, 4to. 1779. 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. V. — r. Q 
 
14 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 tumult occasioned by the Calvinistic party,* whose infatuated rage impelled 
 them to commit innumerable depredations on these, as well as on several other 
 Catholic structures. 
 
 The Market Crosses are of various shapes and sizes, and all appear to 
 have been erected for the threefold object of administering to the luxuries of 
 monachism, disseminating the catholic religion, and promoting tratlic. In 
 almost every town that had an abbey, or any other religious foundation, there 
 was one of these structures, where farmers and other persons, from the neigh- 
 bouring villages and hamlets, resorted, on stated days, to exhibit and sell their 
 eggs, fowls, grain, and other provisions. At most markets and fairb it was 
 then customary (as it is still) to pay certain tolls on articles sold. Many of 
 these tolls belonged to monasteries, and in populous places they must have pro- 
 duced very considerable revenues. To increase these, and, at the same time, 
 propagate the sacred doctrines of Catholicism, we are informed, by several an- 
 cient writers, that the monks frequently harangued the populace from these 
 crosses; and, it is reasonable to suppose that they strongly urged the necessity 
 of a strict adherence to religion, honesty, and industry. This advice was cer- 
 tainly calculated to promote mutual advantage: for the husbandman could not 
 be better employed than in pursuing his own useful occupation, and the pros- 
 perity of that would tend to augment the tolls of the market, and render the 
 necessaries of human life more abundant. This policy of the monks has been 
 repeatedly censured as sinister, selfish, and degrading to the religious character j 
 but we should remember that all mankind are endeavouring to live zcell, and 
 that each will exert his influence and talents to obtain this end, in proportion to 
 the means in his power, and to the state of society in which he lives. " The 
 general intent of market crosses was to excite public homage to the religion of 
 Christ crucified, and to inspire men with a sense of morality and piety amidst 
 the ordinary transactions of life.'f 
 
 The first examples of this kind consisted probably of a single shaft, 
 elevated on steps, and surmounted by a cross : this was afterwards decorated 
 with sculpture ; and, according to the revenues of the market, or the taste of 
 the abbot, they were afterwards made of greater proportions, and arched over 
 like those at Cheddar, Malmsbury, &c. or were raised high and decorated with 
 pinnacles, niches, and statues, as those at Winchester, Bristol, and several other 
 places. Previous to the dissolution, there was scarcely a market town in En- 
 gland 
 * See Hughson's Account of London, Vol. II. p. 396. 
 + Milner's History, &c. of Winchester, Vol. II. p. 183. 1st Edit. 
 
by JBriUim.U'r ihe^lrchileefund Jntiqf of CrtalSritain . 
 
 ToWf GEn.ilATOTT.MO.F.ILS. Fhysidmi E.Ttniordinan- t,'Hrr Mni^sty. Ix. who-n- "Ohj-cnnlicns on the Western Cciintits " X- itTier uriiims 
 Jisptiiv a LamlaNf zeal m the muse ot Eneflish Literature, Jntiqu'Uy S:e.rhU plate is inscribe J as a memento oi'Fnmdship .Sr Onttitiule ,ty 
 
 TiieAidhor. 
 
 Lmi^nJ^itiLihed Jun^ uSo6.lry LonaniUTiMufftJitAf i OmifJ'tUrTtt±'MtrJijyti.J.taylor.HiahtMbcTn. S: J.Iiril^nJayi.ttr>ek Rom . 
 
Thr jirrEjavx or' 
 
 Wi/uh ire . 
 ■ 2btheJ)n'ilHofI>.WmTAKBR l^LJi.i:P.S.A.auiiwr ot't/uMstimMof^l'hallfy itOavm t/tii- plaa: irre^ect/iM.' inscriifd trr ^ -^ 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 15 
 
 gland without one or more of these structures : and although a vast number of 
 them have been destroyed, by neglect or wanton viciousness, there are still many 
 remaining. Some of these are beautiful specimens of the architecture and 
 sculpture of the times, and all are interesting to the antiquary, who views them 
 as relics of past ages, and as memorials of the customs, arts, and manners of 
 our ancestors. Without entering into a minute detail and description of the 
 whole, I shall endeavour to elucidate the history, and define the architectural 
 features of those represented in the accompanying plates. 
 
 The White-Friar's Cross, which is situated by the side of the road, 
 about one mile west of Hereford, consists of seven steps, and an hexagonal 
 shaft, measuring, together, about fifteen feet in height. Each face has a shield 
 attached to it, with a lion rampant in relief, and round the whole is an em- 
 battled turret. It was formerly much higher. Among the different traditionary 
 and legendary stories relating to the origin of this cross, the following appears 
 to be the most probable one, and therefore the most deserving to be recorded. 
 " In the year 1347, an infectious disorder ravaged the whole county of Hereford, 
 and, as usual, displayed the greatest malignity in the places most numerously 
 inhabited. This created a necessity of removing the markets from Hereford, 
 and the spot of waste ground on which the cross now stands was applied to that 
 purpose. In memory of this event. Dr. Lewis Charleton (who was consecrated 
 bishop of Hereford a few years afterwards) caused this cross to be erected. 
 The lion rampant was the armorial bearing of this prelate, and is repeated on 
 his monument in the cathedral, with a similarity which so strictly pervades the 
 whole architecture of the tomb and the cross, as to afford the strongest pre- 
 sumption that this was the real origin of the cross described."* 
 
 The Cross at Coventry, Warwickshire, was perhaps the most 
 elegant and splendid fabric of the kind in England. It appears to have been 
 built in consequence of a bequestf made by Sir William Hollies, Knight, son to 
 
 Thomas 
 
 * DuncTimb's " Collections towards the History and Antiquities of the County of Hereford," 
 4to. 1804, Vol. I. p. 399. 
 
 + The Will is dated 25th Dec. 33. Hen. VIII. and contains the following clause. " I give and 
 bequeath unto the mayor and aldermen of the city of Coventre, and to the commons of the same, 
 cc ^. sterling, to the intent and purpose hereafter ensuing, that is to say, to make a new cross within 
 the said city : whereof delivered in hand to Mr.Warren, draper of the said city, the 24th day of August 
 last XX s8. in ready money; and also more paid to Mr. Over, by the hands of Salt, my Bailie, of 
 Yorall, 70^. in ready money; and so resteth unpaid ex ,^. sterling, which I will and desire my 
 executors see to be delivered and paid unto the said mayor and aldermen of Coventre aforesaid^ to 
 the- use and inttnt aforesaid, within one year after my decease." 
 
l6 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Thomas Hollies, of Stoke, near this city, and sometime Lord Mayor of London, 
 It was raised on the site of a more ancient cross, and was commenced in 1541 j 
 and finished in three years. The Mayor, Cuthbert Joyner, laid the first stone, and, 
 in orderto guard itfrom defacement, the followingActof the town-leet was agreed 
 to, and recorded in the books of the corporation. It was finished in 1544. 
 
 " Wheras the inhabitaunts of the Cros-chepynge, in tymes paste, have not 
 onelie comonlye used to laye donge and other filth nighe unto the crosse, there 
 to the great incomoditie of the mket place, and to the great daunger of infec- 
 tion of the plage, but also have used comonlye to svvepe the pavyments there, 
 and thereby reasynge duste doo deface, and corrupte the said crosse : It ys now 
 enacted that noon inhitauntes of this cytye shall from hensefurthe ley any dunge 
 or fylthe in the Cros-cheapynge, nor shall at any tyme sweepe the pavyments 
 there, excepte they immediatly before they sweepe do caste and sprynkle water 
 upon the saide pavyments, upon payne to forfaite for evydefaulte iij. s. iiij. d." 
 Thus carefully guarded, it continued without alteration till the year 1629, 
 when it appears to have undergone some repair; and in I669, the whole was so 
 highly decorated, and sumptuously embellished with painting, gilding, &c. that 
 it became the wonder of the times. The following documents,* from the records 
 of the city treasury, furnish an ample account of this transaction, and display 
 the customary forms of legal agreements at that time, and the costly work- 
 manship that was employed on this much esteemed object. 
 
 " Articles of agreement, made 12th August, ]66S, between Nath. Hauyman, 
 
 Mayor, &c. and John Swayne, of Brereton, in Co. of Chester, stone-cutter ; 
 
 John Brown Wincote, mason; Henry Cotton, of Coventry, mason; and 
 
 William Whitehead, of Lemington, mason. 
 
 *' Whereas, that sumptuous fabrick of stone building called the Cross, now 
 
 standing in the said city, in Cross-cheaping, is, either by the injury of time or 
 
 otherwise, much defaced in divers of the images, pictures, pinnacles, beasts, statues, 
 
 pedistorys, fanes, &c. they, the said John Swayne, &c. in consideration of 
 
 45/. to be paid in manner following, covenant that, before the 1st of May next 
 
 ensuing, they will niake all the now defective parts well and complete, firm 
 
 and strong, in all the carved work, imagery, &c. &c. as the same was at 
 
 the new making, and that of good sure stone, from Scoley quarry, in Co. of 
 
 Warwick, finding irons and lead for fixing all the stones and figures, but the 
 
 spindles and fanes, of iron, at the charges of the said mayor, Sec. The said 
 
 John Swayne, &c. do receive 51. at sealing this agreement, and upon finishing 
 
 all 
 * For these interesting notices and documents I am indebted to Mr. Thomas Sharp, of Coventry. 
 
e 
 
 s 
 
 t? 
 
 ^■ims^ 
 
 t 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 i \ 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 17 
 
 all the statues, pinnacles, images, pictures, beasts, pedistorys, canopy of the 
 neeses, fanes, finialls, and all other things round the cross on the first story, from 
 the lowest step on every siHe, 10/. more; and upon compleating the second 
 story in like manner other 10/. ; — 10/. more on compleating the third story, and 
 the remaining 10/. upon finishing the upper part. Agreed that the said John 
 Swayne and others, shall, after compleating their work in every part of the said 
 cross, leave their scaffolds standing, that the painters may polish the said cross 
 with colours, &c. as shall be thought fit, receiving due allowance for the same. 
 
 Expences for repairing the Cross. 
 
 Stone cutters .--.---- ^45 
 
 Abel Brokerly — for oil, colours, and gold, 3 10 10 
 
 1^1 r. Adarason, Do. Do. Do. 20 1 2 
 
 Fran. Hanynian, for oil and colours only, 39 8 3 
 
 ' Thomas Francis, - - -----22 66 
 
 Joan Pidgeon, -- - -----48 00 
 
 John Dugdale, Esq. - 13 
 
 Nath. Hanyman, painters wages and forj 
 
 , ^ 84 15 4 
 
 sundry expences, - 
 
 276 2 1 
 
 It appears that no less than 15,403 books of leaf gold were used at this 
 time, the cost of which was 681. 15s. The painters received l6s. per week, and 
 a superintendant was paid §0s. Thirteen shillings and fourpence occurs as paid 
 for the use of the painters' room ; and it is stated that a canvas and hair-cloth, 
 were used to cover over the cross, during this reparation. 
 
 The Mercers' and Drapers' Company each contributed 131. 6s. Sd, towards 
 the expences. 
 
 Such was the splendid effect of the cross, thus gilt and decorated, that the 
 old persons of the city say it was almost impossible to look at it when the sun 
 shone. In this state it is said to have remained about 100 years, but gradually 
 mouldered away by the operation of weather, and in 1771 was wholly taken 
 down, together with a fine, ancient building called the Spon-Gate. 
 
 The Cross was of an hexagonal shape, raised on four steps, and measured 57 
 feet in height, by about 42 feet in circumference. It consisted of four distinct 
 stories,each ofwhich was highly decorated with tracery, pinnacles, crockets, statues, 
 
 basso- 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt.Y.—r.— R 
 
18 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 basso-relievos, armorial-insignia, &c. Among the ornaments were the rose and 
 crown, fleur-de-lis, lion, unicorn, muzzled and bear. The annexed outline print of 
 the cross has been copied and reduced from the best views that could be obtained. 
 
 The Cross at Gloucester is supposed to have been built in the time 
 of Richard III. who was Duke of Gloucester, and a great benefactor to the 
 city. A statue of this monarch, with seven others, occupied as many canopied 
 niches in the second story. This building was called the High Cross, and stood 
 at the intersection of four principal streets. It was of an octangular shape, 
 divided into two compartments, with a sort of castellated top, and crowned 
 with a globe and a cross. In consequence of an act of parliament, which pas- 
 sed in I7493 for widening and improving the streets of this city, the present, 
 with some other ancient buildings, were then taken down. A drawing of the 
 cross was made in 1750, by Thomas Rickets, and engraved by G. Vertue, for 
 the society of antiquaries, from which the annexed view has been copied. It 
 was thirty-four feet and a half in height- . 
 
 Cross at Cheddar, Somersetshire. This shattered edifice appears to 
 have been constructed at two different periods ; as the central column constitutes 
 one of those crosses which had consisted of merely a single shaft raised on steps. 
 The lateral piers, with the roof, were probably erected at a later period, to shelter 
 those persons who frequented the market. Bishop Joceline obtained a charter, 
 in the 19th of Henry III. to hold a weekly market here; but this has been 
 discontinued some years. The present cross is of an hexagonal shape, has an 
 embattled parapet, and the upper part of the shaft is ornamented with a sort of 
 sculptured bandage. 
 
 Cheddar, which is about eight miles N.W. of Wells, and two E. of Axbridge> 
 is celebrated for its stupendous Clip's. These are formed by a singular chasm, 
 through the Mendip Hills, and the fissure appears to have been occasioned by 
 some great convulsion of nature; when the mountains shook to their founda- 
 tions, and the cragged rocks split asunder. The artist, botanist, and mineralogist 
 will find, in this romantic spot, many scenes to interest their fancy, and subjects to 
 gratify their curiosity : for the cliffs present, at every turn through the winding 
 chasm, many singularly picturesque appearances : and various curious fossils, 
 minerals, and plants are to be found in the crevices of the rocks, and dispersed 
 over the mountains. In some places the cliffs are nearly three hundred feet in 
 perpendicular height ; " some terminating in bold pinnacles, others in irregular 
 fragments like shattered battlements of vast castles, and others inclining as if 
 about to crush the spectator as he passes under. Yews project out of the seve- 
 ral 
 6 
 
II 
 
 5- t. 
 
N ^■\^X'.^V\^^fe 
 
 ^,jt5 
 
 h 
 
 ^ 
 A 
 
 i 
 
 '/*//?// ir/'i^ r (hr Roof 
 
 r 
 
 Jtan «/*E 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 h 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 "' Sci t r 
 
 Oroininlf 
 
 rj..i.\', OK.y^iMKxrs .(■•-.of 
 
 Lwtde-nJU'lijtu,* 
 
 M,.^oe h /.,v(»™-m7ii.« «"'* .>™.^»»~v«-»'» y r,. iv:«i,**.»™...W y./W/r, r»vi,«v*/l.,^ - 
 

 Enamved by HUJv^ JietH -fimn tiDrrwin^ Jty J. A.^i^tan^tq^ FA-S-'^r^u Archti££tural ./bltujui^ ifr^rdarBritaui , 
 
 Vf-JoincAliFyREPTaXSuf^RAJ!. wfto^i^-jt rm intlnMlr hnnrfnlo^ tyf'^tt/li^ Areiutfrtttrr' and tuts ftvifinvid miutvHivors €»t tflU a-erir.X-lLf 
 
 .Utfhor. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 39 
 
 ral fissures, forming lofty canopies of a solemn shade; many rocks wear long 
 mantles of ivy, which have the most picturesque and beautiful appearance, com- 
 pared with the craggy nakedness of the otliers. The scenery .varies continually, 
 and to catch all its sublime effects, it is necessary to traverse the gap backwards 
 and forwards for some time."* This chasm extends above a mile in lens:th, 
 and gradually ascends from the base to the summit of the hill. This manor be- 
 longs to the Marquis of Bath. 
 
 The Cross at Malmesbury, Wiltshire, is described in the following 
 terms by Leland, in his Itinerary. " There is a right fair and costely peace of 
 worke in the market-place, made al of stone, and curiusly voulted for poore 
 market folkes to stand dry when rayne cummeth. There be 8 great pillars, and 
 8 open arches ; and the work is 8 square. One great piller in the middle beareth 
 up the voulte. The men of the toune made this peace of work in hominum 
 memoria." This is the only account I can meet with relating to the present 
 structure, and it furnishes but little satisfactory information. By the shape of 
 the arch, and character of the sculpture, as well as from Leland's remark, I con- 
 clude that it was built towards the latter end of the fifteenth century, or early 
 in the sixteenth. The annexed prints will serve to explain its shape, pinnacles, 
 flying buttresses, and ornamented central turret. The latter is octangular, has 
 a small niche in each side, and contains eight sculptured figures, in basso- 
 relievo. One of these represents the crucifixion. It must gratify the antiquary 
 to know that this curious cross has been lately repaired in a substantial and 
 judicious style, at the joint expence of the Earl of Suffolk and of Lady North- 
 wick. The objects represented in the background of the annexed print are the 
 upper part of the Abbey Church, with an insulated steeple, which was formerly 
 attached to St. Paul's Church. In this desecrated edifice the vicar of Malmes- 
 bury is generally inducted. — The gable end, shewn in the annexed view, is part 
 of the church, which is now filled with lumber. 
 
 The Cross at Chichester, Sussex, according to an inscription on it, was 
 built by Edward Story, who was advanced from the See of Carlisle to this of 
 Chichester, by King Edward the Fourth, in 1475. t It was repaired in the time 
 of Charles the Second, and again, at the expence of Charles, Duke of Richmond, 
 
 Lenox, 
 
 * MkioTi's Observations on the Western Coicyities, 2VoIs.8vo. 1797. This work contains some 
 interesting descriptions of the natural history, scenery, antiquities, &c. of this, and of several other 
 places in the western part of the island. 
 
 + Both Willis, and Mr. Hay, in his recent History of Chichester, date this bishop's in- 
 stallation at 1478. 
 
20 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Lenox, and Aubigny,* with alterations, in 1746. The clock was given by 
 " Dame Elizabeth Faringdon, relict of Sir Edward Faringdon," and placed in 
 its present situation in 1724. Though the exact time of building the cross is 
 not identified in the above inscriptions, or in Mr. Hay's History, we must be 
 content to refer the style of building, and its ornaments, to Edward the Fourth's 
 reign, and it will be readily allowed that it is an interesting specimen of that 
 period. There is a degree of grandeur in the design, and elegance of execu- 
 tion in this cross, superior to any other structure of the same class in England. 
 The canopied arches, tracery on the surface, sculptured cornice, and frize, with 
 the purfled pinnacles, and flying buttresses, all evince considerable taste and 
 science in the architect, and skill in the mason. In the annexed elevation and 
 details these characteristics are delineated, and, by the reference letters, the plan 
 and enlarged details will, I trust, be readily understood. [• The Cross stands 
 near the centre of the cit}', in a confined situation, at the intersection of four 
 streets, which diverge towards the cardinal points. 
 
 Cross at Stourhead, Wiltshire. The elegant and richly ornamented 
 structure, represented in the annexed print, was originally placed at the junction 
 of four streets in Bristol, and was known and characterized by the name of the 
 High Cross. Though at different times it appears to have been an object of much 
 local interest, and several sums of money were expended by the citizens, in its re- 
 pair and embellishment, yet it was doomed to encounter, in the first place neglect, 
 then removal, and afterwards banishment. The antiquary must certainly re- 
 joice at the latter event, as in its present situation it will most probably be se- 
 cured and preserved for many ages. It appears to have been built in 1373, by 
 voluntary contributions, on the site of an older cross, and was intended prin- 
 cipally to perpetuate the memory of Edward the Third, who, about that time, 
 constituted Bristol a town and county in itself, and granted it an "ample 
 charter," &c. Statues of this monarch, with three others, who had been be- 
 nefactors to the city, were placed in niches around the cross. These were in- 
 tended to represent King John,Henry the Third, and Edward the Fourth, Thus 
 
 con- 
 
 * This nobleman was high.steward of the city. Ills descendant has a handsome seat at 
 Goodwood, about four miles from Chichester, The above record implies that the duke voluntarily ad- 
 vanced money for repairing the cross ; but this seems misapplied generosity, if (he following account be 
 correct. Mr, Hay, speaking of Bishop Story, states, that " he left an estate at Amberley, worth full 
 i^.25 per annum, to keep it in constant repair, which, a few years afterwards, the mayor and cor- 
 poration sold in order to purchase another of the same value nearer home." P. 461. Svo. 1804. 
 
 + I am particularly obliged to J, A. llepton, Esq. Architect, and F. S, A, for his very accu. 
 rate drawings of this subject. 
 
Erun-io-ed ir\, Ju'St^rtr^tf,ijj Jnzim hy- John.Lti/t^r,iavi Ar LttnJfiOpe i>v t)'ir Suiti C.&i3re£arf riMhrjinfa£xturaijin/b/wiiaf i.-rurv.xt'S'rtain . 
 
 Wiitshire. 
 TfS'lRlilCBARJa Colt Ho^-U<-E,£iir'. ivhose hundaltittof GiraJdusOunbnnsts&cmiaihests ahnjiLibU zixd inifie aaur irt'ourl^ahimaJ 
 ^tbtfuilu'^, tilts plate tg rrjptd/ulfv mscrth^<i lr\' fiis oblitfnl Servtint. r o tfyin 
 
 J..'ruLT„i&hlul,f.t July jT* ,.*..,. h/...».Tm.u.M'/^ft.R^i-.^m^.Iia^^.^fif^X.'n./. JMI-rMii/i JT^'O-.^rn .m.l J.Srin.'nJjyijf.'.-Jt FU.:- . 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 21 
 
 constructed and embellished, it continued till the year 1633, when it was partly 
 taken down, "enlarged, and raised higher in the same style of architecture, 
 and four other statues of kings were now added."* These were of Henry the 
 Sixth, Elizabeth, Charles the First, and James the First, each of whom had re- 
 newed and confirmed the charters of the city. It was now, as Mr. Barrett states, 
 " most curiously painted, gilded, and enclosed with an iron pallisade, and sur- 
 rounded with freestone steps, where all public proclamations were read to the 
 people, and which served the market people to sit round when the market was 
 kept in High-street. These improvements cost the chamber 207'. and its height 
 from the ground was 39 feet 6 inches." In I697 it was again painted, and gilt 
 in a very costly manner, and was then considered an object of great curiosity by 
 strangers, and of beauty by the inhabitants. A silversmith, who lived near it, 
 petitioned to have it removed in 1733, and had sufficient influence to effect his 
 purpose. It was therefore taken down, and thrown into the Guildhall, where it 
 remained till some gentlemen of the College-Green voluntarily subscribed to 
 have it re-erected in the centre of that open space : but here it was not suffered 
 long to continue, for in the year 1763, the whole structure was once more le- 
 velled with the ground, and thrown into a secluded corner of the cathedral. So 
 insensible were the Bristolians of its beauty and curiosity, that they permitted 
 Dean Barton, at length, to give it to Mr. Hoare, of Stourhead, who expended 
 about SOO/. in its removal to, and re-erection in, the delightful gardens at that 
 place. Here it is safely preserved, and carefully upheld, and constitutes not only 
 an unique garden ornament, but is singularly beautiful for its architectural cha- 
 racter, its sculpture, and its " eventful history." The base, top, and central 
 pier, as represented in the annexed print, were added whea the cross was 
 raised in Stourhead- Gardens. 
 
 Cross at Winchester, Hampshire. This very elegant structure is 
 supposed, by Mr. Milner, to have been erected in the reign of Henry the Sixth : 
 but in a print published by the Society of Antiquaries, it is said to have been 
 built in the time of Edward the Third. It is divided into three stories, and 
 consists of a central, square pier, with four smaller ones at the angles, all termi- 
 nating in purfled pinnacles, and the whole decorated with niches, pediments, 
 &c. It appears to have had four statues originally, but only one now re- 
 mains. This, Mr. Milner conjectures, is meant to represent.either St. Laurence 
 or St. Amphiballus : though it is generally said to be an eflSgy of St. John the 
 
 Evangelist, 
 
 * Barrett's History, &c. of Bristol, p. 474. 
 jlrch. Antiqs. Pt, V.— r. — S 
 
22 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Evangelist. The present building is called the Butter- Cross, because the retail 
 dealers in that article usually assemble round it. Like most structures of this 
 kind, it has suffered much from the corrosive influence of bad weather, but 
 more from the wanton, and careless practices of boys, and childish men. 
 Several of these commonly associate here at particular times of public rejoicing, 
 and then stick lighted candles, and other blazing objects, about it. This, as 
 well as all other practices of public folly and mischievousness, should be dis- 
 countenanced and punished by the police of every town : for when interesting 
 and curious memorials of antiquity are once destroyed, they cannot be replaced, 
 and when lost, almost every person, either sincerely or affectedly, regrets their 
 annihilation. The top of this cross was originally ornamented with a crown, 
 and four small niches with statues in them. It now measures 434- feet from the 
 ground to the summit. The lower tier of arches is 7 feet 10 inches high, and 
 the statue is 5 feet 10 inches. 
 
 Cross at Leichton-Buzzard, Bedfordshire. The history and anti- 
 quities of this county have never been publicly elucidated. Hence it is difficult 
 to obtain any satisfactory accounts of this, and of many other curious relics. 
 The shape of the arch, in the lower story of the Cross, nearly approaches the 
 prevalent style of Henry the Eighth's reign, and from this circumstance only 
 can we guess at its age. From the court roll of the town, it appears that this 
 structure was so much dilapidated about the year \650, that it was deemed 
 dangerous to the lives of the townsmen : in consequence of which a ta.\ of 
 fourpence was levied on every inhabitant to defray the expence of a thorough 
 repair. It is raised on a pentagonal ground plan, and consists of a central pier 
 having five small circular columns attached to it, and five buttress-piers at the 
 angles. Three small columns unite to each of these, and the arched surface 
 underneath is ornamented with groined tracery. Above the arch are fifteen 
 grotesque heads, or masks, in high basso-relievo, running round the cross. The 
 second tier contains five canopied niches, in each of which was formerly a 
 statue. One of these appears to have been a bishop, another the Madona, a 
 third St. John the Evangelist, and the others are too much mutilated to pre- 
 sent any characteristic peculiarity. The whole height of the cross, with the 
 steps, is thirty-eight feet. It is built wholly of stone, and stands in an opea 
 area near the market house. 
 
 The manor of Leighton-Buzzard, Bussard, or Beaudesart, with the tolls of 
 the market, belonged, from the time of Henry II. till the year 141 1, to the mo- 
 nastery of Font Everard, in Normandy, the monks of which established a ceil, 
 
 at 
 
h 
 
 <?^l 
 
 ■1^^ 
 
 
 K I 
 
 
 £ J 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 23 
 
 at a place called Grovebury, in this parish. Leighton market is said, by Messrs. 
 Lysons, to be one of the most ancient in the county.* 
 
 The Cross at Glastonbury, Somersetshire, though a large, and ex- 
 tremely curious structure of the kind, is scarcely noticed in the topographic 
 annals of this county : its history is, therefore, perhaps entirely lost, and its 
 portrait, I believe, is only preserved in the annexed print, and in another view 
 published in Hearne and Byrne's Antiquities. Since this drawing was taken 
 (1802) the cross has been suffered gradually to fall in ruins, and about six 
 months back, a part of the central column only was standing. 
 
 There is something peculiarly unique in the shape and ornaments of this 
 building. A large column in the centre, running through the roof, and termi- 
 nated with a naked figure ; clustered columns at each angle, with odd capitals, 
 bases. Sec. and gables with pinnacles of unusual shape, all unite to constitute 
 this one of the eccentricities of ancient buildings. From the time of the Norman 
 conquest, to the dissolution of the English monasteries, the varied and pro- 
 gressive styles of architecture are satisfactorily defined, and a very general uni- 
 formity prevails in all the buildings of a particular eraj-f but the specimen before 
 us differs from any thing I have yet met with. Hearne, in his History of Glas- 
 tonbury, Camden, Willis, and Stevens, are all silent respecting this building. 
 Hence I am inclined to beheve that it was erected at a time when English 
 architecture was confounded and blended with such incongruity of ornaments, 
 as may not inaptly be termed the d\s-order'd style. In the year 1802 I saw a 
 mutilated inscription on it, with the date 1604, but cannot say that this alludes 
 to the time of its building. There were also some armorial bearings, carved on 
 different parts of it : among these was the arms (a cross between two cups) 
 of Richard Beere, the last abbot but one, who died in 15244 
 
 The building shewn in the back ground of the annexed print, now called 
 the George Inn, was formerly an hospital for the entertainment of pilgrims who 
 resorted to the abbey. Its front is curiously ornamented with arms, niches, &c, 
 and had formerly several statues. Some considerable ruins of the Abbey church,. 
 
 Abbots 
 
 * For the manorial and parochial history of this town, see Lysons's Magna Britannia : and a 
 print of the cross, from a very accurate drawing by W. Alexander, Esq. F. S. A. is published ia 
 the first number of Byrne's Britannia Depicta. 
 
 + This I hope and expect to illustrate in another part of the present work. 
 
 + The principal sketches and memorandums that I made at Glastonbury, in 1S02, were unfor- 
 tunately lost during a journey through Devonshire la that year. 
 
24 ARCHITECTUKAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Abbot's kitchen, and St. Joseph's chapel, are yet remaining at this town : these 
 constitute several very picturesque views, and display some interesting speci- 
 mens of ancient architecture. 
 
 Crosses of Memorial. Among the Catholic customs of former times, 
 we find it was usual to erect crosses where the bodies of eminent persons reposed, 
 or halted in their way to interment. A series of these formerly stood by the 
 side of the road which communicated between Paris and St. Denis, where the 
 kings of France were usually interred.* A wooden one was also raised on a 
 bridge where the rehcs of St. Wandrigisilius rested :t but the most memorable 
 and interesting objects of this kind, were those which King Edward the First of 
 England erected, at the different stages where the corpse of queen Eleanor 
 rested, in its progress from Nottinghamshire to London. Mr. GougbJ states, 
 that there were fifteen of these elegant structures originally, but only three are 
 now remaining ; and such is the peculiar beauty and variety of these, as speci- 
 mens of architecture, and productions of art, that we cannot but sincerely regret 
 the destruction and loss of the others. Historians differ respecting the place 
 and time of this queen's death, and also concerning the number of crosses which 
 were erected to her memory. Sandford, who appears to be the most accurate 
 writer, says that she died at ''Hereby, Co. Nottingham." Tliis event appears 
 to have happened in November, 12yO, and though the king was then marching 
 with his army against the Scots, he suspended his expedition, and is said to have 
 returned in procession with the funeral to Westminster. At the places, pro- 
 bably near religious houses, where the corpse halted for a night, the king after- 
 wards ordered a sumptuous cross to be erected. § As I\Ir. Gough has published 
 a long essay on this subject, in the work already referred to, I shall confine the 
 following account to the three crosses at Geddington, Northampton, and 
 Waltham. 
 
 I have unsuccessfully endeavoured to ascertain the name of the architect and 
 sculptor of these structures ; what orders were issued from the monarch on the 
 occasion ; what were the expences, &c. Vertue and Walpole conjecture that 
 they were designed by Peter Cavallini, a Roman sculptor, brought from Rome 
 either by Abbot Ware, or by Edward the First ; but this is controverted by Pilk- 
 
 ington, 
 * Du Cange, Glossarium. sub voce Crux. Tom. II. Col. 1193. t Ibid. 
 
 X Vetusta Monumenta, Vol. III. where there are some interesting particulars relating to 
 King Edward and his beloved consort. 
 
 § One of these has been already noticed, in the Account of Dunstaple. Arch. Antiqs. Pt. I.C. 
 
En^m'rd by Jetin Sfirt. ^m a lirawintj by G .ShtpheM .fir Otf .itrtiitNtuml .Inliijititit^ bfCr'linnui 
 
 Plan. Omtinif Ills. S.Y. of 
 Kciiliiiinptonsliiie . 
 
y^rrfh nmf> tnt.^'hirf' . 
 'Ih./.iMKS SoHTHC<>Ti:jls.f'.l{..l.Hu,''fi<Ue U ui.<v/y7n-4^ t/.f ,i tnaitaito oi'ftiivate mm^tfiiif* K-nnl-lii' f.cfean.hv ^ 
 
 Tfu- - liUht't: 
 
 lettdat :fytt'ILthH .<r'»V t.iKeS. ^ /iv^.jmiw.Uitr.tt./Ur^ Jt t*nnf,fairttitvtfrlt<^;-J<T*^-l(V. ili,)ti JM/v^m yM4 J ffrifi."i 7ilrn>CcfX- Ptn^ 
 
ThW¥ALEX,'INI>ERi']-^rfl.iJ!.»h(\sr veri- acriimtr .SlrtrTtr.'' .i-J)rawi/^os of'ariamf Ot>/'rM. Sufefit-r su/>/>'<^^^ 
 
 obUanitrifTid ff^f^^thpr. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 25 
 
 ington,* and more fully by Mr. Bromley. f Gough, in his Sepulchral Monu- 
 ments, contends, also, that the shrine of Edward the Confessor could not have 
 been designed by Cavallini. 
 
 The Cross at Geddington, Northamptonshire, is of a triangular shape, 
 is elevated on eight steps, and separated into three compartments in height. The 
 first, or lower one, is solid, and covered with ornamental sculpture ; each face is 
 divided into six panels, attached to which are six heater-shields, charged with 
 the arms of England, Castile, Leon, and Ponthieu. Between the Island 2d 
 compartment is an embattled turret, from which rise six pillars, supporting as 
 many decorated canopies. Beneath these are placed three statues of the queen, 
 disposed in so absurd a manner, that the pillars at the angles directly intersect 
 the front of each figure. This effect is shewn in the annexed print, and had 
 the artist moved a few yards, either to the right or left, the upper division of 
 the cross would have appeared out of the centre. " The design of all the 
 parts of this structure is very elegant, and the execution such as would not 
 discredit any age. The statues, though mannered and rather stiff, yet have a 
 great share of merit. The hair of the head is rather graceful ; the drapery 
 falls in natural though too minute folds, and the hands and feet are well draAvn. 
 On the whole, the statues are thought to bear so great a resemblance to the 
 style of the ancient Italian school, that it is highly probable Edward had artists 
 of that nation in his service, if not sent for purposely on the occasion. "J The 
 village of Geddington is situated about four miles from Kettering, in North- 
 amptonshire. For further topographical particulars, see Gough's Account, in 
 Vetusta Monumenta, and Bridges History of Northamptonshire, 2 xioL 
 Fol. 1791. 
 
 The Queen's Cross, near Northampton, is the most perfect of the three, 
 and is very similar, in shape and ornaments, to that at Waltham, though the 
 latter is of a hexangular form, and the former is octangular. Standing on eight 
 steps, in an open space, and on elevated ground, it assumes a very imposing 
 appearance. Like the others, it is divided into three stories, the lower of which 
 has eight faces, separated by buttresses at the angles. Each face is ornamented 
 
 with 
 
 * Dictionary of Painters. 
 
 + " History of the Fine Arts," &c. Vol. II. the MS. of which, now ready for the press, the 
 author kindly shewed me. Mr. S. Lysons having looked over several rolls in the Tower, informs 
 me that he could not find any entry, in the 19th, 20th, or 21st of Edward the First, relating 
 to these Crosses. 
 
 % Sir H. C. Englefield, Bart, in Vetusta Monumenta, Vol. III. p. 12. 
 Arch. Jntiqs. Ft. V.— r. T 
 
26 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 with a pointed arch, having a central muUion, with tracery ; and the whole is 
 crowned with a pui-fled pediment. Two shields are also attached to each face, 
 charged with the arms of England and Ponthieu, singly, and those of Castile 
 and Leon quarterly.* A model of a book in stone is likewise affixed to four of the 
 sides. The western face is much disfigured by a marble tablet with the arms of 
 Great Britain, in a garter, under a crown, and having this inscription. " In 
 perpetuam conjugaUs amoris memoriam hoc Eleanorje Reginse monumentum 
 vetustate pene collapsum, restaurari voluit honorabilis justiciariorum coetus 
 comitatus Northamptoniae, m,ucc,xiii. Anno illo felicissimo, in quo Anna, 
 grande Britannise suje decus, potentissima oppressorum vindex pacis bellique 
 arbitra, post Germaniam liberatam, Belgiam praesidiis munitam, Gallos plus 
 vice decima profligates, suis sociorumque armis vincendi modum statuit, et 
 EuropcE in libertatem vindicatas Pacem restituit." — On another tablet is the 
 following inscription. " Rursus emendat, et restaurat. Georgii III. regis S'*'"' 
 Domini 1762. N. Baylis." 
 
 The plan, character, ornaments, &c. of this cross, it is hoped, will be readily 
 understood, by referring to the annexed Prints. 
 
 The Cross at Waltham, Hertfordshire, though greatly dilapidated, is 
 more enriched in its architecture, and more elegant in its sculpture than either 
 of the former ; and I am inclined to believe that these structures, as they ap- 
 proached nearer the metropolis, were more tastefully executed than those farther 
 remote from court. This was formerly elevated on steps, but the ground has 
 been raised about it. As it stands in a narrow street, which is a very great 
 thoroughfare, attached to a public inn, and at the very turning of a road, it is 
 exposed to much danger, and hence we may easily conceive has arisen its 
 shattered and mutilated condition. In 1720, Dr. Stukeley was commissioned, 
 by the Society of Antiquaries, to have some posts placed round it, for protec- 
 tion ; and, in 1757, he petitioned Lord Monson, who was then Lord of the 
 Manor of Cheshunt, in which it is situated, to build some brick-work round 
 the base, and guard it by other posts. The architectural character and orna- 
 ments of this cross are so well detailed in the annexed print, and so accurately 
 drawn, that a verbal description of it seems unnecessary. It has six faces. 
 
 END OF ESSAY" ON CROSSES. 
 
 » (( 
 
 These are the two first coats that were borne on one shield qtiarterly, which our king Ed. 
 ward III. afterwards imitated, 1341, quartering France and England. Sandford, p. 129. On her 
 seal engrayed by Sandford, p. 120, the queen is represented standing, holding her sceptre in her 
 right, and her cordon in her left hand, as on her tomb, between lions and castles alternately." 
 
 GouGU, Vet. Mon. Vol. III. p. 9. 
 6 
 
■'.'fti .1 Dnjtrmii by- ir^,1Ir.nin.ier. f^lA'.r^r Af .ln*ijf.runii JiUi-ji-iu^j tf Grrat BriLnn 
 
 Iffi'tteriij^iurf . 
 Tr JOJSV JTOPP7V?:r EstfC R^l. this plate i.r m^fcr{be4i .aj' an tninihU tnhtitr tr hU pro/i/>iorml maitjr. by j^fg^ ^Brittiy, 
 
Plau of Part of the Tliird. storr. 
 
 Jlan of Ealf of the Second storr. 
 
 SC^LE or FEET 
 
 - tT.-TT 
 
 Pnam * KlifrmYfJ ^ IKZmm t.*tf^. 
 
 Fl..l\ of the rUtST SF.rOXli atui THIHJ* STOHIES of 
 
 yorthampfonshirf- 
 
£7 
 QUEEN'S CROSS, 
 
 NEAR NORTHAMPTON. PLATE If. 
 
 In addition to what has already been stated relating to this elegant specimen 
 of ornamental architecture, I am induced to give another plate, and a few more 
 explanatory remarks. Mr. Lowvy having made very careful measurements, 
 with details, of the Queen's Cross, and of some other ancient architectural sub- 
 jects, last summer, kindly allowed me the use of, and engraved, the annexed 
 plans. Desirous of rendering this work as accurate as possible, I deemed it 
 but justice to its purchasers, to avail myself of Mr. Lowry'soffer, and therefore 
 give another plate for that which had already been engraved from Mr. 
 Schnebiielie's sketches, but which are found to be very inaccurate. The reader 
 is therefore solicited to destroy that print, and substitute the one by Mr. Lowry, 
 in its place. In this are displayed three Sectional Plans of parts of the 
 different stories which successively rise above the steps, and constitute three 
 distinct features, or portions of this structure. Pl. ii. A. represents a plan 
 of half of the basement story, which rests on a plinth, 2 — on the top of the ninth 
 step, figured 3. The proper projection, with the plinths and dressings at the 
 extreme and inner angles of the buttresses, are here accuratel}' marked ; and the 
 central pilaster-mullion, figured 4, is also carefully defined. In the plan of the 
 second story, B. are represented three of the pedestals, 1. 1. I. on which three 
 of the statues stand ; and at figs. 2. 2. 2. 2. are plans of four of the buttress-co- 
 lumns, which support the canopies over the heads of the statues. From these 
 branch off some groins, which connect themselves with similar mouldings on the 
 buttresses at 3. 3. At 4. 4. 4. is the situation of the ornamented parapet, which 
 goes round and enriches the top of the first story. Letter C. shews the plan of 
 part of the third story, which stands on the central pier, and is ornamented 
 beneath the present disfiguring sun-dials, with recessed panels, having mullions, 
 tracery, &c. These terminate in elegant purfled pinnacles, immediately over 
 which is a single shaft, with a cross. 
 
 Arch.Antiqs. Pt.VIIL— r. T* 
 
29 
 
 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON 
 
 CROSSES. 
 
 BY CHARLES CLARKE, ESQ. F.S. A. RESTDI^G AT GUERSSEV. 
 ADDRESSED TO JOHN BRITTON, F. S. A. 
 
 SIR, 
 What you have offered on Crosses erected upon public occasions, appears, in general, 
 verj satisfactory, and I wish, since you are desirous of further information, it may be in my 
 power to afibrd some facts, either in the history or discipline of past ages, as w ill add to the 
 stock you have already offered to tlie public, or yet intend to bestow. 
 
 You seem to think that the conversion and piety of Conslantine gave great celebrity to 
 the cross. It certainly did extend whatever popularity might have been conferred upon this 
 sign, so sacred among Christians, by causing their religion to become that of the empire. 
 Long previous to this period, the Cross seems to have been the token, by which they were 
 distinguished from the rest of mankind, and it was previously held in no less veneration than 
 when Constantino had chosen it for his standard. This is evident from Tertullian and other 
 authorities collected by Bishop Gibson, in his Codes, in defence of the cross in baptism ; also 
 from what Butler has offered on the cross.* He calls it " the memorial of the sufferings of 
 Christ, and a pledge of his infinite love." He brings proofs from the early fathers of the con- 
 stant usage of the cross on every occasion. One or two suited to' our purpose are adduced. 
 St. Cyril, of Jersualem, calls tiie cross the royal standard. St. Ephrem, the Syrian, in his 
 sermon on the precious cross, says, " let us paint and carve this life-giving sign on our 
 doors," &c. St. Chrysostom also observes that, " we carefully paint the cross on our 
 doors, walls, windows," &c. In the Roma Subterranea of Aringhius, and a similar work of 
 Boldetti, tokens frequently occur of a very early reverence towards the cross. It was de- 
 picted in Mosaic, and embellished with the likeness of precious stones and gems, in the 
 chapels and chambers of the catacombs, or cemeteries, where, under the terrors of persecution 
 the Christians held, long before Constantinc, their devotional assemblies. If then Constantino 
 added to the celebrity of the cross by his becoming, as you term him, an advocate for the 
 cause of Christianity, this was not a little extended by his mother Helena's discovering the 
 identical instrument of our Lord's death, and exalting it once again on Mount Calvary, 
 where she erected, in its honour, and that of the resurrection, " a temple of royal magnifi- 
 cence, worthy of God," to speak in the language of Eusebius. And such was the triumph 
 of Christians on this event, that an annual festival was instituted in commemoration of it as 
 well in the western as in the eastern church, in the hymn of the former, used on the 
 occasion, the cross is thus saluted : 
 
 Arbor 
 
 • Moveable Feasts, Fasts, &c. p. 365, 378, 8vo. 1774. This work is particularly noticed by Mr. Astle, in the 
 Archscologia, Vol. XUI. p. 222. 
 
so ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Arbor decora et fulgida Beata cujus brachiis 
 
 Ornata regis purpura Secli pependit prelium 
 
 Electa digno stipite Statera facia corporis 
 
 Tam sancta membra tangere Pr.-cdaraque tuit tartaris. 
 
 O crux ave spes unica, 
 Invent a nic ah Helena,* &c. 
 The cross, thus recommended, became a part of" the decoration of every church, and of 
 every altar; it was employed in all sacred rites, and inserted in the diplomas, as an invio- 
 lable test of every compact. Nor can we be surprised to find it sculptured on so many of our 
 public monuments, when designed to excite sentiments of piety or compassion ; or on land- 
 marks, which no man was, for conscience-sake, to remove. It was frequently fixed attlieeii- 
 trance of the church, to inspire recollection in those persons who approached, and reverence 
 towards the mysteries at which they were about to be present. The cross was also frequently 
 placed on the high road, with a view to call the thoughts of the passenger to the subject of 
 religion, and to restrain the predatory excursions of robbers. In the market place it was a 
 memento for upright intention and fairness of dealing, and was in every place designed as a 
 check upon worldly feelings. 
 
 The funeral monument was marked with the cross, agreeably to the institutions of those 
 times, audi think our earliest memorials for the dead were tall, pyramidal, sculptured stones, 
 for such are the most ancient crosses. Malmsbnry notices two of this kind, in the monks 
 cemetery at Glastonbury, placed only a few feet distant from the walls of the church. They 
 were in his time decayed, and he offers conjectures only, for their explanation. The tallest 
 was twenty-six feet high, and nearly a ruin. It had five stories, or ranges of sculptured 
 kings, bishops, and other ecclesiastics, witii British or Saxon names affixed to them. — Tiie 
 other was eighteen feet high, witii four ranges of the same kind of sculptures. He supposed 
 each story to have contained in its cavity the remains of those represented and named on its 
 outside. + The monument of St. Dunstan, at Canterbury, was a fail pyramid ■.% and at Kuth- 
 well, in Scotland, within the church, are, in three pieces, the remains of a curious and early 
 monument of the obelisk kind, overturned and broken by order of the General Assembly in 
 164 1.% Malcolm's monument at G'lamis is a tall sculptured obelisk, or cross, and is engraved 
 in Gordon's Kincrarium, and ingeniously explained by a friend of tlie author. || Jn the ceme- 
 tery we often find a cross conspicuously situated, and its general use explains that of a cross 
 marking a single grave. Godric, Abbot of Peterborough, erected a cross of stone in the 
 church-yard in which the monks killed in the conflict with the Danes, A. D. 870, were 
 interred, " that passengers, being mindful of the most holy monastery, might pray for the 
 souls of the faithful resting in that cemetery. 51 St. Paul's Cross was originally intended for 
 
 that 
 
 • Ancient hymn attributed to St. Ambrosius, Fortunatus, or Sedulius. Durant. De Rit. Eccles. Vol. II. fil*. 
 t Giiliel. Malms. Amii|. dc Glastou. Edit. Gale, Vol. II. p. 316. 
 
 ♦ Osl)(>ni in Vitam Uiublani. 
 
 i Prnnaiifs Tour in ScoUand, Vol. II. p. 96. 
 
 II Gordon, Itinerariuni Stptentrionalc, p. 163, wbcre tbere are views of many stone crosses. 
 
 % Ingiilpli. Hist, cited by Uiig<lale in liis History of St. Paul's, p. 130. 
 
PURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON CROSSES. ol 
 
 Ibat purpose, although it was early llie custom to preach to flie people from it, as appears 
 by a Icgacj' noticed by Dugdale, 49th Edward III.* This was the most celebrated place for 
 public sermons in the city of London, but often abused by tlie agents of the predominant 
 party. Another cross, for public preaching was at the Spital ; and near it was a house for 
 the ra.iyorand princijal officers, with their ladies, to attend, in Easter week, the sermons which 
 Lave since been pre?cliedat St. Bride's. t AVhat was the fate of St, Paul's Cross, which it 
 seems, was in being when Dugdale wrote, we are not informed, but (he Spital Cross was des- 
 troyed in a tumult of the Calvinistic party, to whom we owe so general a waste of the arts of 
 the middle ages in our country. It seems also to have been a custom to erect crosses where the 
 bodies of eminent persons reposed on their way to interment ; of which a scries stood in the 
 road from Paris to the monastery of St. Dennis, on which the bodies of the kings of France 
 were carried for final deposition, destroyed with the venerable portal at St. Gerjuain des Pres 
 by a revolutionary mob:§ where also tlie reliques of saints were lodged on a journey, as a 
 wooden cross was raised on the bridge on which those of St. Wandrigisilius had rested. || But 
 the most superb instances in England arethe crosses erected by King Edward I. for hisQueen 
 Eleanor, three of which remain as testimonals of his affection and piety, and as monuments 
 of the exquisite taste possessed by the architects and artists ot'tliosedays. 
 
 The crosses at Charing and in Cheapside, London, were part of the above. The latter, 
 deemed one of the most beautiful in England, was defaced in J 581 by the Puritans. It was 
 not however, the original, but rebuilt, 1441, in a more elegant manner by John Hatherly, 
 maj'or of London, and several wealthy citizens, by permission of Henry the Sixth, though 
 not finished till I486. It was adorned with many large statutes, and gilt in 1322. But (he 
 Puritans, says Heylin, emulous of the zeal of the French Calvinists, whom they found to 
 have demolished all the crosses wherever they could, not succeeding by presenting it at the 
 wardmote, set upon it in the night of June 21, 1381, violently breaking and defacing all 
 the lower images, &c.5 Of this cross, a view, indifferently engraved, was published in an 
 old French work, describing the entrance of Henrietta Maria, Queen to Charles I. — 
 Charing cross was taken down in 1646, and the folly of the times satirised in an old ballad 
 preserved in Percy'sReliquesof Ancient Poetry.** 
 
 " Many crosses were erected as the monuments of Christianity in cities and towns, and 
 most of our country villages, among which none were more eminent for cost and workman- 
 ship than those of Cheapside, London, and Abingdon, Berks; both of them famous for the 
 statues placed in them, more for the richness of the trimming which was about them. "tt 
 
 A cross of the more finisiied kind, as were the above, seems to have been very gene- 
 rally an appendage to the monastic and larger churches; and we have a description of one 
 
 as 
 
 » Ingnlpli. Hist, cited by Dugdale in his History of St Paul's, p. 130. 
 t Maitlaud's History, &c. of Loiidou, Vol. ii. p. 799.J 
 § Dii Fiesne. Gloss, sub voce Crux. || Ibid. 
 
 % Heylin's History of tlie Presbyterians, p. 344. 
 
 •* A ol. II. p. 331. See also introduction and tinal paragraph to the same song, 
 tt Heylin's History of the Presbyterians, p. 455. 
 /Irch. dntiqs. Ft. VIII. — r. T** 
 
32 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 as standins: near the minster of Friers Preachers, by Robert Longland, who flourished about 
 the Year 1330. 
 
 " And a curious cros craftelj entayled 
 
 With tabernacles y tight to toten al abouten 
 
 The pris of a ploughland of pennies so round 
 
 To aparriele that pylar were pure lytel 
 
 Then 1 munte me forth the mynstere to knowen," &c. 
 
 Vis/on of Pierce Plowman. 
 Crosses were usually erected also in the way leading to parochial churches. At Helmsby 
 in Norfolk, the Rev. Mr. Gibson, says there were four, and thinks them, but with no suffi- 
 cient reason, to have defined tiie limits of sanctuary.* 
 
 In the parvis or atrium before the principal entrance of the cathedral at Rouen, were two 
 crosses — " Les Registres de la Cathedrale rcmarqucnt que cette grande place prcsque carree 
 qui ne contribue pas peu a la decoration du portail et que I'on appelle le parvis ou aitre du 
 mot latin atrium fut fermee de murailles et dermis on y mit deux grandes croix de pierre 
 qui sont aux deux coigs de cette muraille I'an 1641 ." Pomerai Ilistoire de la Cathedrale de 
 Rouen, p. 87. 
 
 At Darenth, in Kent, the entrance to the cemetery is over a green, called the cross ; but 
 although the green yet remains, the cross, whence it took its name, has been long since re- 
 moved. + Crosses not only marked civil and ecclesiastical limits, but probably served for sta- 
 tions, when the bounds were walked in processions : — by a station is here to be understood a 
 church oratory, or other resting place, where a prayer was said, or a short verse sung.:}: in the 
 isle of lona were three hundred and sixty crosses, one only of which, called Maclean's cross 
 now remains. % Crosses also on the road, or without tlieliraits of the cemetery, seemed to have 
 been entlowed with a privilege of sanctuary; for by the 29th and 30th canons of the coun- 
 cil of Claremont, held 1093, it is decreed, that if any person should (ly to a cross in the 
 road, while pursued by his enemies, he should remain free as in the church itself: and by 
 the 82d chapter of the Ancient Customs of Normandy, If any one condemned, or having 
 escaped, shall fly to a church, church-yard, or holy place, or if he shall take to a cross fixed 
 in the earth, lay (or civil) justice shall leave him in peace, by the privilege of the church, 
 as if it had not laid hands upon him.|| But how far these privileges were granted to crosses 
 in our country, I am not aware, since it seems no place could enjoy, unless by royal grant, the 
 full rights of sanctuary in England, f 
 
 You 
 
 * Arcliaeologii, Vol. XIV. p. 40. 
 
 t Custiimale Koffense, p. 93, being the Ecv, S. Dcnne's acrouiit of Darcntli cliiiirli in Kent. 
 
 X Dn Fresne, Gloss, sub. voc. Static. 
 
 § It seems difficult to account for so many in so small an island, unless tliey servd the puiposc of grave-stones 
 in the several cemeteries. This is the practice of the Kussians, and in the year JtiOO there were more than (ifty 
 wooden crosses of various forms left in their burial ground on tlieir quitting the islaud of Guernsey. These were 
 cleared off the ensuing winter for firew ood, by the inhabitants of the neighbouring cottages. 
 
 II Du Fresne, Gloss, in voce Crux. 
 
 IT V ill. Sandford. De Plaritis Coronir, Lib. II. cap. ."S. Sanctnaric est mi lieu privilegi6 par Ic prince un souvt- 
 rain gouvcrnenr pour la sauvcgarde de la vie «le I'honime qui est oireudein, Sec. 
 
PURTIIER OBSERV'ATIONS ON CROSSES. 33 
 
 Voii liave mentioned tlie cross as frequently erected to commemorate battles ; and I shall 
 notice one instance in which it occurs as the memorial of Peace. It is jet remaining on Stain- 
 more, and is the boundary stone between Yorksliire and Cumberland, having been set up in 
 consequence of a treaty between the Conqueror, and Malcolm Canmorc, king of Scotland, 
 and decorated with their effigies ; Cumberland being ceded by William on account of the 
 ill success of his arms against Malcolm, for refusing to resign to him the mother and sisters of 
 Edgar Atheling, who were forced into the Frith of Forth by stress of weather. Edgar's sister 
 Margaret, deemed one of the most virtuous and beautiful ladies of her age, was afterwards 
 married to the kingof Scotland, who settled lands on Maurits, a Hungarian of royal blood, 
 for his fortunately putting into that country, while conducting them to his native land, from 
 the Norman oppressor. He became the ancestor of the Drummonds, having had the name of 
 Drymen, bestowed on him by the king, in memory of the waves of the sea he had escaped.* 
 Crosses were well-known appendages, and ornaments of almost every Market Place, and 
 were frequently supported on an arcade, which served to shelter the sellers of small commo- 
 dities. Of this kind I recollect one at Maidstone, Kent, built of oak, and 1 think there were 
 otiiers at Milton and Feversham. In some other towns in that county, the spots in their 
 markets, so occupied formerly, yet retain the name of the cross. That at Abingdon, alrea- 
 dy noticed as one of the handsomest in England, stood in the middle of the market place, and 
 was, as reported, built in tlie time of King Henry VI. by the fraternity of St. Cross, t The 
 city cross at Winchester served also for the same use, and is called the Bulter CroM, from re- 
 tailers of that article taking their stations near it, before the new market house was built in 
 1772. It is also given as a specimen of the architecture of the reign of Henry VI. When 
 the strongly religions bias of our ancestors is considered, with the evident fondness they had 
 for this memorial of Christianity, made by them the ensign of every virtue, it must be easy 
 to account for placing it in the centre of business, where so many dishonesties were most 
 likely to be put in practice. 
 
 Having endeavoured to shew the good intentions of our ancestors in erecting the cross on 
 so many occasions, it will not be improper to point out one at least of their abuses of it 
 that was attempted to be remedied by the second statute of Westminster, cap. 37, by which 
 it seems as if the Templars and Hospitallers made a general use of this ensign. The 
 termsof the law then made, are, " Because many tenants erect crosses in their tenements, 
 or permit them to be erected, to the prejudice of their lords, in order that they may 
 be able to defend themselves against the capital lords of the fee, by the privilege of 
 the Templars and Hospitallers. It is hereby determined, that the said tenants in so 
 doing, shall incur a fine to the said capital lords, or to the King.":]: I shall now, upon quit- 
 ting this subject, say, that I am fur from suspecting, notwithstanding your citation relative 
 to the worship shown to the cross, that our ancestors were so very weak as to ofler to it any 
 
 thing 
 • Pennant's Tour, and Butler's Life of St. Margaret. The latter says tbat Edgar and his sister were only cast ou 
 shore in that coiiutry ; and that Malcolm had spent many years in exile in the ceurt of the Confessor after his father 
 was murdered by Macbeth. 
 
 t Heyling's Help to English History, by Wright, p. 147. 
 t Du Frcsne Glos. sub voc. Crux. 
 
34 AUCfllTECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 tiling like that which was due to the Creator alone; or to have proceeded further than a 
 profound respect towards what they might consider a memorial of redemption. Lest 1 
 should, however, go out of my depth in a theological question, I shall refer you to the 
 casuists for the distinctions usually made onthelerm worship, including, as they say, respect, 
 honour, reverence, and adoration. It is sufficient for me to notice, that, among the Saxons, 
 the wisest of the people were peop^lpcipes pjp^a — ci:;ors/»/;-worthy every one in his own degree.* 
 Again, upon Edgar Atheling departing from the court of Normandy, because he was not 
 entertained by the Duke (William 1st of England) with great honor, (baud magno honore,) 
 mjcelne pup'Sj-cijie it becomes the prayer of the writer of the Saxon Chronicle that God may 
 honor him for ever acpe aehiiihrisa Cod bim jipe pup^cipe on fiam copeaptlan. TVorshippcd,\ 
 thus, meant, with our ancestors, nothing more than respected and honoured, and always had 
 its degree of relation. And when we address our mayors and magistrates as your worship^ 
 and have our right worshipful companies, &c. so far from supposing tliera objects of adora- 
 tion, we deem them that at present treated with but an inferior degree of respect, and such 
 that might reasonably offend, if bestowed on the lower rank of our nobility. 
 
 I am Sir, 
 
 Your very humble Servant, 
 London, 29lh January, 1813. CHARLES CLARKE. 
 
 • Lambard'sPerambulationsof Kent, in Meopliam. + Chron. Saxon, 187. 
 
 } "The propiielor of the Isle [Rasay] is Mr. M'Leod, a cadet, of tlie family of that name; liis seat is inllie 
 village Clachan ; the inhabitants Iiave as great a veneration forhini, as any subjects can have for their King. They 
 preserve tlie memory of tlie deceased ladies of the place, by erecting a little pyramid of stone for each of them* 
 witb the lady's name. These pyramids are by them called Crosses ; several of them are built of stoue and lime, 
 and have three steps of gradual ascent to them. There are eight such crosses about the village, which is adorned 
 with a little tower.' Martm's Western Islands, p. 164-. 
 
 " There are little Cairns to be seen in some places on the common road, which were made only where tlie bodies 
 of persons deceased happened to rest for some minutes; but they have laid aside the making of such cairns now." 
 Ibid. p. 152, Isle of Skye 
 
 Pennant mentions.SbO crosses in the island of lona, which were demolished at the reformation, except some few, 
 favoured as memorials of particular persons. There is a cross thus preserved in the village of Hcmskerck in Holland, 
 of which the following interesting anecdote is related. — " I will inform you what I learned on the spot concerning 
 the Dutch painter, Martin Hcmskerck. Having laboured much, and become very rich, for the sake of leaving some 
 memorial of himself, he bequeathed by his testament sufficient for a dowry in marriage to one young woman of his 
 village annually. But it was on this condition, that the bride and bridegroom should, on the day of marriage, go and 
 dance upon bis grave. Which I was assured was so religiously observed, that notwithstanding the change of religion 
 which ha]>pened in this countiy caused all the crosses in cemeteries to be demolished, the inhabitants of Hcmskerck 
 would not permit that on the grave of this painter to snfi'cr a like fate. It is of copper, and serves as a deed of settle- 
 ment of the dowry or donation made to their daughters." Eutietieus sur lej Vies et sur les ouvrages des plus excc-1- 
 Itnts peintr«s par M. Felibien, Tom. II. p. 235. — A. Amsterdam, l ?06. 
 
AN ESSAY 
 
 TOWARDS 
 
 A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF 
 
 WILTSHIRE. 
 
 The town of ]\ialmsbiiry, and its monastic foundations, are of veiy remote 
 antiquity,* and the historical events, which are directly or collaterally connected 
 
 with 
 
 * Bishop Tanner, in the Notitia Monastica, relates the following particulars : 
 " Malmesbury, olim Caer Bladon,' Ingelborn,'' Maildulphi urbf,^ sive Curia,* Aldhelmesbirig,' 
 Maldmesburgh,* Meldunum,® et Mejdunesburgh.* 
 
 1. Nunnery destroyed.! Here is said to have been an ancient house of British Nuns, under 
 
 2. Benedictine Abbey. 5 the direction of the famous Dinoth, abbat of Banchor, who flourished 
 A. D. 603, which was suppressed by St. Austin the archbishop, under pretence that the Religious 
 had suffered themselves to be debauched by the soldiers of the neighbouring castle.' This nunnery 
 was situate near the south bridge without the town, in the way to Chippenham, where was in after 
 times a poor hospital for lepers.^ About thirty or forty years,' after this, Maidulf, a Scotch monk, 
 settled here, and gathering together a company first of scholars and then of persons disposed to live 
 in regular discipline, began a monastery, which in after times became very famous. It was better 
 established and augmented by Aldhelm, who had been educated here under Maidulf, and after his 
 master's death, was appointed, A. D. 675, to be abbat, by Eleutherius, Bishop of the West Saxons, '° 
 
 ■ and 
 
 ■ " Alitor Eulogii MS. Lelaiid. Collect, vol. I. p. 302, and II. 395. Mou. Augl. torn. I. p. 50. 
 
 ^ Ibid. 
 
 ' Bedae Histor. Eccles. lib. v, c. xviii. 
 
 ♦ Leland. de Scriptor. p. 195. 
 
 5 Bedae vers. Saxon, et Camden. 
 
 * Gul. Malmsbiir. 
 
 ' Leland Collect, vol. I. p. 304, ct II. p. 39i. 
 
 5 Leland. Itin. vol.11, p. 54, where lie mentions a traditionary acconnt, that there had been one nunneiv 
 where the hermitage in his time stood in the ditch of the town at the west end of the old parish church, and another 
 towards the abbat's park a little without the town in the way to Chippenham ; and he adds, that he had read that 
 there was a nunnery, where now is a poor hospital, about the south bridge, without the town. 
 
 ' The donation of Sonierford to tliis abbey by Bertwald (Mon. Angl. torn. I. p. 50.) is dated, indeed, A. D. 
 635, but it should be, as in Angl. Sacr. vol. II. p. 11, A. D. 685, or as Gale, A. D. 686. Leland s.iith this mo- 
 nastti^ was founded A. D. 637, in Collect, vol. I. p. 3l)l ; but p. 302, he placeth it iu A. D. 642, and p. 65 in 
 A. D. 648. 
 
 '"> Leland. Collect, vol. II. p. 235. et 249, et III. p. 158. Florent. Wigom. saith he was made abbat A. D. 666, 
 but the other date agices better with bis being abbat thirty-four years at the time of liis death, which all agree to have 
 happened .A. D. 709. 
 
 Arch. Antlcis. Vt.W. Sept. 1806.— r. U 
 
■■i ARCHITECTUPiAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 with them, are various, curious, and interesting. In the present essay, however, 
 I feel it necessary to confine my attention solely to that part of the latter only 
 which has long been known, by the name of the Abbey Church. This once 
 spacious and magnificent structure serves to shew that architecture was success- 
 fully studied and practised in England at an early period ; and that the monastic 
 system, though extremely rigid in ceremonial rites, both allowed and encouraged 
 its members to cultivate certain branches of the arts and sciences. That of 
 architecture was more immediately an object of attention than any other; and 
 for this obvious reason : domestic comfort and religious observances, with 
 their peculiar pomp and effect, were essentially influenced by the arrangement 
 and magnitude of the buildings. The church engrossed the chief study of 
 the architect ; and it must be admitted by all persons who have carefully ex- 
 amined the sacred structures, that much science and genius are displayed in the 
 design and construction of these splendid edifices. Among the early specimens 
 Malmsbury church may be classed with those of large proportion, massive 
 masonry, and curious decoration. It appears to have been erected about that 
 period when the circular and pointed arches were both in fashion, and most likely 
 when the latter was just beginning to be adopted, and the former was declining. 
 The prevailing style, in the arches, columns, and ornaments, is Xht Anglo-NoV' 
 man, with the introduction of the pointed, or English. A series of the latter is 
 used on both sides ot the nave, and in the vaulting of the two ailes. These are 
 evidently parts of the original design, and were built at the same time as those por- 
 tions 
 
 and afterwards continued in a flourishing condition by the bounty of the Saxon kings' and noblemen. 
 About the year 950, K. Eadwy removed the monks, and placed secular clerks^ in this abbey, but 
 they were, in little more than twenty years time, sent away by K. Edgar, and the regulars^ restored. 
 Upon the death of abbat Brictwald, in the reign of K. Edward the Confessor, Herman,' Bishop of 
 Wiltshire, had once obtained the king's consent \.o remove the episcopal seat from llamsbury to this 
 abbey, but it was soon revoked by the interest of the monks with Earl Godwin. Maidulf's first 
 church here was dedicated to our blessed Saviour, St. Peter and St. Paul,* but in K. Edgar's and 
 after times, the blessed virgin and St, Aldhelm^ were the patron saints of this abbey, which was found 
 to be endowed, 26 lien. 8, with 803i. 17s. 7d. per ann. The site was granted, 36 Hen. 8, to 
 William Stuuipe, a rich clothier." 
 
 ' Kins Etliplstan was bniioil in ttiis monastery, as Gnl. Malnisb. p. 53. 
 
 ^ * Gill. Malnisl). De gcstis legnm, tt pontif, (edit. Gale.) lib. v. p. olii. 
 
 3 5 Gul. Malmsb. De gestis regnni, et pontif, (edit. Parker) p. 249. lib. v. Dc pontif. p. 372. Sim. Duncliu. 
 cap. clxstxviii. Bnt Odo, Bishop of Wiltou, is s tyled " Episcopiis Malmsburiis." Rad. Dicet. in Decern Scriplor. 
 col. -454. 
 
 * Malmsbur. Pontif. lib. v. p. jVi, 349, &c. Leland. Collect, vol. T. p. 303." Tanner further states that an 
 acconnt of this abbey, with a calalo^ue of the abbots, is to be found iu Williss History of .4bbeys, vol. 1. p. ;3i, 
 Appcu. p. 63, and Stevens's Supplement, vol. I. p. %ii. 
 
MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH. 3 
 
 tions where the circular style prevails.* The present remains (as laid down in the 
 Ground Plan, Plate I. and exhibited in the other prints) comprise only that 
 
 part 
 
 * In this essay, and in the subsequent parts of the present work, I shall find it necessary to em- 
 ploy some precise terms, calculated to characterize the various styles of that ancient architecture, 
 which peculiarly belongs to Great Britain, and of which we are endeavouring to investigate the 
 history' and ascertain the principles. The usual common-place terms of Saxon and Gothic, are not 
 only extremely vague, but, from indiscriminate application, are completely nugatory. It is time this 
 was remedied ; and it is rather a reproach to antiquarian literature, that such improper and imperfect 
 ■words should have continued so long in general use. Though almost every writer, on this subject, 
 reprobates the latter term as applied to architecture, yet all continue to use it, as if it were criminal 
 to correct inaccuracy, or oppose an absurd custom, that would be "more honoured iit the breach, 
 than in the observance." I am not, disposed to employ a dictatorial tone, in order to enforce 
 the necessity of the following arrangement and classification, but I am persuaded that every one who 
 feels the necessity of rendering language unequivocal, of being definite and precise in his own writ- 
 ings, and who hopes to avoid all mistakes in construing the terms employed by others, will admit the 
 propriety of the plan, or give it a better modification. 
 
 I would recommend that each decisive variety of style, in ancient buildings, be designated by 
 one of the following phrases, agreeably to the era of its prevalence ; and to be more precise in 
 these, it may be necessary to specify five divisions, or eras of time ; each of which is marked by a, 
 distinct style of architecture in the public buildings erected during the respective periods. 
 
 ^feetc]^ of a i!5omcnclaturc of ancient atcl^itecture. 
 
 INTENDED TO AFFIX PRECISE TERMS TO EACH PECULIAR STYLE IN ENGLISH BUILDINGS. 
 
 FIUST STYLE. — Anglo-Saxon ; will embrace all buildings that were erected between the times of 
 
 the conversion of the Saxons, and the Norman conquest, i. e. from A. D. 597, 
 
 to A. D. 1066. 
 SECOND STYLE. — AngloNormaji, by which will be meant the style which prevailed from 1066 to 
 
 ! 189, including the ri/igns of William I. and II. Henry I. Stephen, and Henry II. 
 THIRD STYLE, — English, from 1189 to 1272, embracing the reigns of Richard 1. John, and 
 
 Henry 111. 
 FOURTH STYLE — Decorated English, from 1272 to 1461, including the reigns of Edward I. II. 
 
 and III. Richard II. and Henry IV. V. and VI. 
 FIFTH STYLE. — Highly (lecofated, or Jlorid English, from 1461 to 1509, including the reigns 
 
 of Edward IV. and V. Richard III. and Henry VII. ' 
 From this era we lose sight of all style and congruity ; and public buildings erected during 
 the reigns of Henry VIII. Elizabeth, and James 1. may be characterized by the terms of Debased 
 English, or Anglo-Italian. 
 
 As ail these styles are intended to be exhibited and described in the course of this work, I shall 
 merely observe at present, that though each is very distinct and difl'erent from the other, yet during 
 the intermediate time when one style was growing into repute and another sinking in favour, there 
 ■will be found a mixture of both in one building, which is not referable to either, and which has con. 
 stituted one of the greatest problems in antiquarian science. For some useful information on this 
 kubject, see Dallaway's "Observations on English Architecture," &c. 8vo. 1S06. 
 
4 ARCniTECTUllAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 part of the church, called the nave, with its ailes, parts of ihe transept, and a 
 large porch on the southern side. In this fragment of a spacious edifice are 
 displayed three or four different styles, all of which appear to have gradually 
 advanced in lightness of form and elegance of character. The perfect semi- 
 circular arch, as the earliest example, is conspicuous in the western front, in the 
 southern porch, in the original lower tier of windows round the ailes, and in the 
 middle division of the nave. Some of these are plain and simple in their shape 
 and mouldings ; others are ornamented with sculptured basso-relievo ; and some 
 have a central mullion, with tracery, &c. The latter is a peculiarity deserving 
 the attention of the architect and antiquary,* and may perhaps be considered 
 amongst the earliest, if not the first, examples uf the kind. The next variety 
 consists in a series of intersecting arches, which formed an ornamental facing 
 round the lower part of the exterior wall of the church. This feature of an- 
 cient buildings appears to have been used only as a decoration ; yet its columns, 
 and architrave mouldings, with bases, capitals, &c. are generally designed with a 
 strict regard to symmetry and system. As each arch passed directly over the 
 next column, and intersected its proper architrave, it there formed the most per- 
 fect pointed archf. On each side of the nave is a series of pointed arches, 
 springing from massive columns, and finished with mouldings and dressings, 
 ■which more properly assimilate with the circular, than with the pointed style. 
 Above is another tier of broad, round arches, each of which embraces four 
 others, with an open colonade to the roof of the ailes : and over them is a series 
 of long, narrow, pointed, arched windows, with muUions and tracery. These 
 are the prominent architectural features of the present building, which, whether 
 considered as a whole, or examined in detail, furnishes so many interesting ex- 
 amples, that I have been tempted to bestow on it a more than usual portion of 
 illustrative plates. 
 
 Respecting the precise time when the present church was built, 1 believe there 
 is no decisive document preserved, and every author who has written on the 
 subject, seems to have been more desirous of asserting its remote antiquity 
 and Saxon origin, than of ascertaining the exact period of its erection. 
 
 Influenced by a very different sentiment, I shall alwa3's prefer fact to fable, 
 and argument to sophistry ; and shall only expect the confulcnce of my reader, 
 whilst I continue to adhere to this principle. Of the religious foundation at 
 iMalmsbury, as of most others, there are many idle and futile traditions related. 
 These might formerly have answered the sinister ends of some sagacious monks, 
 
 but 
 
 * See platt- VI. B. where this windo\( is faithfully represented. 
 
 + See Sir Richard Hoare's elegant edition of Giraldus Cambrensis, at the end of which is a geo. 
 metrical representation of these arches. See also plate V'l. A. in (he annexed views. 
 
MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH. 5 
 
 but are only deserving of notice now, as tending to display the customs of an 
 age, when craft and credulity were the prominent characteristics of mankind. 
 The impartial history of monachism proves, that, from its first establishment 
 in this country, to the time of the reformation, including a space of nearly 
 800 years, the power, the intolerance, and the influence of the monks were ex- 
 cessive. Many of the Saxon monarchs were merely their passive agents ; and, 
 influenced by their persuasions, or intimidated by threats, granted, or con- 
 firmed various charters, decrees, and other deeds, in their favour. In some of 
 these, promises of eternal salvation are held forth to such persons as would aid 
 and support the monasteries, and everlasting torment denounced against those 
 who should have the temerity to oppose them, by adhering to the dictates of rea- 
 son and truth. Instances of this may be found in many official documents, but 
 an extract from the charter of Edward the Confessor to this monastery will 
 be sufficient to justify these remarks, and will further be found to illustrate the 
 present subject. 
 
 " — I, Edward, through the divine favour, governing the royal sceptre of 
 " the English, being asked by Brithric, Abbot of the Monastery of Malmsbury, 
 " with the consent of my bishops and nobles, for the honour of the holy Mo- 
 " ther of God, Mary, perpetual Virgin, and for reverence of St. Aldhelm, 
 " formerly abbot of the same monastery, afterwards Bishop of Sherburne ; whose 
 " glorious body in the same church venerably reposeth, and shines with many 
 " MIRACLES, do grant, and by my royal authority do enjoin, that the same 
 " church, and all its lands and possessions, which this day it holds,* or here- 
 " after, by the bounty of any of my faithful people, it may hold, in perpetual 
 " right and in perpetual peace they may hold. — And I do grant and enjoin 
 " that the same church be free from all worldly yoke, viz. of shires and hun- 
 " dreds, and pleas and quarrels, and all gelds and customs. I grant, moreover 
 " to it full liberty, that is, saca and soka, tol and theam, infangtiieoffe, man- 
 " buche, SCcf Whoever, therefore, assists this our donation or liberty, may it 
 " lead Iwti to the enjoi/ment of Paradise. But whoever contemns it may 
 
 HE, 
 
 • In the charter of exemption from secular affairs and confirmation of priTileges which Edward 
 the Confessor granted to this monastery, in 1065, there is an enumeration of all the lands and pos. 
 sessions belonging to it at that time, from which it appears to have been immensely rich. The ma- 
 nors are said to have consisted of 350 hides of land — nearly equal to 40,000 acres. 
 
 + Saca, Soka, &c. occur in most of the monastic charters, and imply the manorial privileges, 
 common in feudal times, of free liberty of sale, or purchase, havin;^ markets, fairs, and mills, aud 
 exercising jurisdiction over their immediate vassals. Fosbrooke. Brit. Mou. 
 Jrch. Antiqs. Pt.VI.— r.— X 
 
6 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 *' HEj WITH HANDS AND FEET BOUND, BE PLUNGED INTO THE DEPTH OF 
 " HELL."* 
 
 The charter of William the Conqueror to this monastery contains some 
 heavy anathemas and curses against all persons who should infringe upon, or 
 diminish, its benefactions; and a blessing to such as should augment or improve 
 its revenues,! 
 
 The historical annals of Malmsbury Abbey relate that it acquired celebrity 
 at an early period, and continued to increase in riches and influence from its 
 first establishment to the period of its dissolution. JNIany kings and nobles con- 
 tributed largely to enhance its revenues; among whom were the Saxon kings 
 Ina, Athelstan, Edgar, and Edward the Confessor : also William the Con- 
 queror, and his Queen, Matilda. Its primary attraction, however, may be re- 
 ferred to Aldhelm, a native of the place, who, in a dark age of illiteracy and 
 grovelling superstition, possessed a cultivated head and an enlightened mind ; 
 and considering the time in which he lived (the seventh century) '* wasanemi- 
 " nent scholar, a good writer, a poet of no mean merit, and an excellent musi- 
 " cian."J He was nephew to Ina, King of Wessex, was nominated the first 
 regular abbot of this foundation, afterwards advanced to the see of Sherborne, 
 and finally canonized. The fame and influence of such a man could not fail 
 of greatly promoting the prosperity of his monastery ; and accordingly we find 
 that Lutherius, who was then Bishop of Winchester, and Primate of the West 
 Saxons, § gave the town, &c. of Malmsbury to the new foundation. || 
 
 The 
 
 * Translation of the charter, from the register.book of the abbey, by Mr. Caley. 
 
 + Dugdale's Monasticoii, vol. 1, p. 53. 
 
 :|: Aikin's " General Biography," vol. 1, p. 141. See an account of his life by William of 
 Malmsbury, Ang. Sac. vol. II. 
 
 § Malmsbury was situated on the borders of Wessex, adjoining to Mercia. 
 
 II The deed relating to this donation is preserved by William of Malmsbury, (De Gest. Reg. 
 Angl. lib. 1, p. 13. edit. 1601.) and the following translation of it is given in Moflat's History of 
 the town, &c. 8vo. 1806. 
 
 " I, Lutherius, by the grace of God, Bishop, and Primate of the West Saxons, have been asked 
 by the abbots,* who are known to preside with pastoral anxiety over the convent of monks, sub- 
 ject to our parochial law,+ that I would vouchsafe to grant to Aldhelm, the presbyter, for the pur- 
 pose of enabling him to lead a monastic life, that land which is called Maildulfesburch, in which place 
 he has constantly lived from his earliest infancy, and was there instructed betimes in the rudiments 
 of liberal learning, and brought up in the bosom of our holy mother the church. From this circum. 
 
 stance, 
 
 • By tliis plural term, I presume that Aldliclm and Meyldulph were considered as joint Abbots, 
 t Dugdale says, that the division of a diocese into parishes first took place about A. D. 63o'. 
 
MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH. 7 
 
 The great King Athelstan made Aldhelm his tutelary saint, and, for his 
 sake, granted vast immunities to the town, and enriched the monastery with 
 ample gifts. Among these, and what tended most essentially to attract and 
 awe the superstitious of the age, was part of the reputed cross of Christ, and a 
 portion of his crown of thorns, which Athelstan had received as presents, with 
 other similar relics, from Hugh, King of France. That illustrious monarch 
 also commanded that he should be interred within the walls of this monastery; 
 and consequently, upon his death, at Gloucester, in 9-il, his remains were 
 conveyed thither, and deposited with great funeral pomp under the high altar.* 
 
 In the reign of Edgar (about A. D. 974.) we find some slight remarks on 
 the monastic buildings of the time, by which it appears that no part of the 
 present structure could have existed at that period. These occur in a deed re- 
 lating to Malmsbury Abbey, wherein the king declares his resolution to "restore 
 " the sacred monasteries, which being composed of rotten shingles and worm- 
 " eaten boards, divine service was neglected in them, and they were almost 
 '* deserted." He therefore " had issued gifts from his treasury for the repair- 
 " ing of the ruined edifices, and had appointed jElfric, a man eminently 
 " skilled and practised in ecclesiastical matters, to preside over the famous 
 " Abbey of Malmsbury," &c.t 
 
 Among the various royal grants and deeds that have been handed down 
 to us relating to this establishment, the present is the only one that alludes to 
 the buildings : and this serves more to perplex than inform the critical anti- 
 quary. If it applied to the monastic edifices in general, they must have been, 
 originally, of bad construction ; and that of Malmsbury was certainly so, as 
 the deed more immediately alludes to that structure. Hence we may safely 
 conclude, that the church, of which the present remains form a part, was not built 
 till after this period. Indeed its architecture is clearly of a later date ; but as 
 documents are wanting to demonstrate the precise time, we are forced either 
 to admit other evidence, or leave the subject in perplexing obscurity. Some 
 antiquaries may rejoice at this circumstance, as it allows them to range freely in 
 
 the 
 
 stance, principally, fraternal afTection seems to suggest the present petition. Wherefore io compli. 
 ance with the prayer of the aforesaid abbots, and induced by the request of the brotherhood, I vo- 
 luntarily grant the place itself to them and their successors, following the rule of the holy order with 
 diligent devotion." Done in public, by the side of the river Bladon, Sept. 8, 675. 
 * Will. Malmsbury, Ang. Sac. p. 29. + Ibid. 
 
8 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 tlie boundless regions of conjecture, and gives them a seeming plausible au- 
 thority for the adoption of hypothesis : we however must have historical fact, 
 or rational analogy, before we acquiesce in any proposition relating to antiquity. 
 Whether Malmsbury was ever an episcopal seat or not, may admit of 
 doubt, as Odo, Bishop of Wiltshire, is styled by some writers, " Episcopus 
 Malmsburias." It^ is pretty certain, that, after the death of Abbot Brictvvold, 
 or Brithric, in the reign of Edward the Confessor, Herman, Bishop of Wilt- 
 shire, obtained the royal consent to establish the Episcopal seat here, which, at 
 that time, is said to have been at Ramsbury, in that county.* The monks, 
 however, opposed his scheme, and, by the influence of Earl Godwin, succeeded 
 in preventing it from being carried into effect. Provoked at this, the Bishop 
 retired to France, and entering the monastery of St. Bertin, took the monastic 
 habit, and continued there for three years. f On his return, he obtained per- 
 mission of the king to unite the divided sees of Sherborne and Wilton ; and, in 
 the same reign, when it was ordered that all episcopal seats should be settled 
 in the principal towns, he fixed that of Wiltshire at Old Sarum. At this time 
 it appears that the town of Malmsbury was of some consequence, and soon 
 afterwards acquired very considerable importance, both as a military and mo- 
 nastic station. Bishop Roger, who acquired great power in the kingdom dur- 
 ing the reign of Henry I. was particularly active in this county ; and, according 
 to the concurring testimony of many historians, he built Castles, or greatly 
 augmented the fortifications, at Malmsbury, Devizes, Sherborne, and Sarum. 
 During his prelacy and power, he deposed Abbot Edulf, who had governed the 
 convent of Malmsbury for twelve years, and usurped his place. He was made, 
 by his patron, Henry I. chancellor, chief justiciary of England, and bishop of 
 Salisbury ; and, during the absence of the monarch in Normandy, was en- 
 trusted with the government of the kingdom. { Thus invested with extra- 
 ordinary power, naturally ambitious, and possessing great wealth, it is extremely 
 probable that he aimed at renown by the erection of some large edifice. To 
 him, or to the period in which he lived, I am therefore inclined to look for the 
 origin of the Abbey Church at Malmsbury. Two 
 
 * Though it appears that a bishop of tliis see sometimes resided at Ramsbury, I am induced to 
 believe that a cathedral was never erected there. 
 
 + See an account of the Bishops of Sarum, in " Antiquitates Sarisburienses." 
 J Carte's " General History of England," vol. I. p. 513. See also p. 534. 
 
MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH. f 
 
 Two nephews of Roger were advanced, through his influence, to the Sees 
 of Lincoln and Ely : and it may be amusing, if not interesting, to the architec- 
 tural antiquary, to examine and compare the great churches in those cities with 
 that at Malmsbury. In these structures we shall find many parts of exactly 
 the same style, and indicating the same era.* For these reasons, (and many 
 others might be adduced,) I cannot persuade myself to believe that any mate- 
 rial part of the present building was erected before the reign of Henry the First: 
 and during his government certainly no man was more likely to devise and ex- 
 ecute so magnificent a design as the Chancellor himself. In referring the 
 building to him, I am aware that I oppose the arguments and assertions of 
 many antiquaries -.-f but should any of these feel offended, I must apprize them, 
 that I cannot acquiesce in any theory, or opinion, unless it is decidedly founded 
 on document, analogy, or consistency. If then we view the nave, transepts, 
 and other parts of this building, which are of an uniform style, as the prevailing 
 order of the period here alluded to, we shall have some examples of arches, 
 doors, and windows, of a peculiarly interesting nature : and shall contemplate 
 the pointed arches of the nave, (see plate X.) with increased pleasure. Wil- 
 liam of Malmsbury (De Gestis Regum) speaks of Bishop Roger's architecture 
 in terms of high encomium, and more particularly notices the extraordinary, 
 (for that time,) closeness of the joints, and neatness of the masonry, of his works 
 at Malmsbury, Sarum, Devizes, and other places.:j; This bishop was imprisoned 
 at the town last mentioned, by King Stephen, in the year 1 137j§ so that presum- 
 ing the nave, &c. to have been built before that event, we find a series of uni- 
 form pointed arches, of a date much anterior to what is generally admitted. 
 
 In 
 
 * Tlip outer architrave moulding of the grand arch of entrance at the west end of Lincoln 
 cathedral springs from a dragon's head, of similar character to that at Malmsbury. See PI. VI. 
 A. 4. Several other ornaments and details, in the two buildings, are also very much alike. 
 
 + In Hearne and Byrne's Antiquities it is stated, " that the remains of the circular arch of the 
 •western entrance, as well as the great porch on the south side, whose members are so richly orna. 
 mented, with small bass.reliefs, are remaining members of the original stone structure ; the building 
 of which, it may be presumed, was begun in the reign of King Edgar." Mr. Moffatt subscribes to 
 this opinion, and Mr. Carter, at the back of his dedication to his " Ancient Architecture," repre- 
 sents " part of the remains of the west front'' as " founded in 675." — It is a common practice to 
 refer the oldest parts of monastic buildings to the period of the original foundation ; but this practice 
 is of a dangerous tendency, as calculated to deceive the judgment. 
 
 X Gough's Camden, Vol. I. p. 88. 
 
 § See Antiquitates Sarisburienses, 8to. 
 jirch. Antiqs. Ft. VII.— r. Y 
 
10 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 In the remains now intended to be illustrated, there are however some portions 
 of a much later date, the characteristics of which, with those of the whole 
 building, I shall endeavour to describe and define : and here I cannot but re- 
 gret the want of precise description in former writers, and fidelity in draughts- 
 men. Whilst the former are very meagre, many of the latter are extremely 
 inaccurate.* 
 
 William of Worcester, who travelled over several parts of England in the 
 reign of Henry the sixth, visited Malmsbury, and has left us the following me- 
 moranda, relating to the dimensions o^ some parts of this abbey. f 
 
 " Longitude tocius ecclesite monasterii Sancti Aldelmi de Malmesbery, 
 
 cum choro continet 172 gressus meos. 
 Latitudo ejus continet 42 gressus. 
 
 Longitudo capellte Beatee Maris in Orientali continet 30 gressus. 
 Latitudo capellse ejusdem continet 14 gressus. 
 
 Longitudo claustri ex omni parte continet quodlibet claustrum 64 gressus. 
 
 Latitudo navis ecclesiai principalis ultra alas continet 22 gressus." 
 
 Such are the measurements of this ancient writer ; but these afford us little 
 
 information, and even that Httle becomes questionable. The chapel at the east 
 
 end is said to be 30 gressus, or steps, long, by 14 wide; which makes its breadth 
 
 nearly half its length. J 
 
 The next account of this building is by Leland, who visited it in the time 
 of Henry the Eighth, and who calls it " a right Magnificent thing ; where 
 were 2 Steples,§ one that had a mightie high pyramis, and felle daungerusly, 
 in homiman memoria, and sins was not re-edified ; it stode in the niidle of the 
 Trunseptiim of the Chirch, and was a Marke to al the Countre about, the 
 
 other 
 
 * I hare never seen or heard of any ground plan of this building, and the oldest print of it ex- 
 taut, I belieye, was engraved for the Monasticon. This merely indicates the nave, and the central 
 tower, to tlie height of the nave; hut its drawing is so palpably inaccurate, as to be totally useless; 
 for the open arches of the tower are represented as pointed. See Plate VIII. where the shape of 
 one of these is delineated. 
 
 + Nasmith. Itin. Symon. Simeon, et Will, de Worcestre, p. 283. 8vo. 1798. 
 
 t Expecting to have obtained some satisfactory measurements and inforraatioo, as to the original 
 extent and arrangement of the Abbey, and its connecting buildings, I intended to have had an en. 
 graved grouad plan of the whole ; but must forego my intention, for want of proper authorities. 
 
 § Few writers make any distinction between the words tower and steeple : I shall employ the 
 former only to specify such square aud round buildings as are without spires. 
 
^^1 
 
 
MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH. II 
 
 Other yet standith a greate square Toure at the West Ende of the Church."* 
 In this laconic information we are told that a central tower, with a lofty steeple, 
 was standing only a few years before Leland v-isited MaKnsbury, and that a 
 large square tower remained at that time. Both these are however destroyed, 
 and their shapes and architectural characters are also swept away with them. 
 Indeed so great has been the dilapidation of this building, that not above one 
 sixth part of it now remains : and this small portion is gradually mouldering 
 away by the operation of time, and the more destructive effects of wanton 
 mischief, and reprehensible negligence. 
 
 After the monastery was dissolved by Henry the Eighth, Mr. Stumpe, an 
 opulent clothier of Slalmsbury, in conjunction with the townsmen, purchased 
 the site and remains of the abbey, and appropriated the church to parochial 
 purposes. At this time, according to Leland, there was a " litle Chirch join- 
 ing to the South side of the Transeptum of the abby Cliirch, where sum say 
 Joannes Scottus the Great Clerk was slayne, about the Tyme of Alfrede King 
 of West-Saxons, of his own disciples thrusting and strikking hym with their 
 Table Pointelles." At the time Leland was here the square tower at the west 
 end was used as a dwelling-house : and there were two other churches in the 
 Abbey church yard-f When the nave of the Abbey church was made paro.. 
 chial, it appears to have undergone some alterations : the east and west ends 
 were walled up, some windows enlarged, the area pewed, &c. The walls so 
 made are denoted by fainter lines in the accompanying ground plan, Plate I. 
 in which two windows, on the south side, and one to the north, are marked of 
 wider dimensions. By this print also the thickness of the original walls, the open- 
 ing of the windows, and the length and width of the nave, ailes, transept, porch, 
 &c. are defined. The number of the columns, with the situation and number of the 
 interior and exterior pilasters and buttresses, are all shown in this plate, and 
 defined with as much precision as the scale will admit. In briefly describing 
 the nine other Prints, I hope to satisfy the curiosity of the reader, and develope 
 all the architectural features of the present remains. 
 
 Plate XL represents the southern side, m which are displayed the great 
 porch, the lower tier of windows, an upper tier, some flying buttresses, with 
 their pinnacles, and an ornamental, perforated balustrade. Round the lower 
 part of the wall was a continued series of intersecting archivault mouldings, 
 
 forming 
 * Leland's Itinerary, Vol.11, p. 25. 
 
 + The eastern end of one of these, and the steeple, still remain, but are situated on the soitth 
 
 side of the abbey church, not to the west, as mentioned by Leland. 
 
12 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 forming arcades, which must have been intended merely for ornament. These 
 are continued along the western front, and also round the transepts. Imme- 
 diately over them is a plain string moulding, and above that, a range of round- 
 headed windows, which being of enlarged dimensions, the architect has intro- 
 duced a central muUion with tracery formed into trefoil mouldings. The pro- 
 portion and character of these may be seen in the example dehncated in Plate 
 VI. B. The upper windows are in the decorated English style, and were pro- 
 bably constructed about the time of Edward the Third, when the Abbot was 
 made a peer of the realm ; for we know that several alterations were then 
 made in the church : and moreover the door communicating with the cloisters 
 on the north side (see Plate VI. B.) the large window in the lower story, on 
 the same side, and a lofty window at the west end, (parts of which, with the 
 resets in the cavetto moulding of the door-way, are exhibited in Plates III. 
 and IV.) correspond with the prevailing style of that period. The flying but- 
 tresses, with the pinnacles, and the elegant fret-work balustrade, also appear 
 to be of the same age, and are useful and beautiful appendages to both sides of 
 the building. The buttress over the porch nearest the west end is dissimilar to 
 the others : and was probably constructed stronger, as an additional stay or sup- 
 port to the great tower, which Leland describes to have stood at the west end. 
 Plate III. In this plate, the remains of the xcestern front is shewn in 
 perspective; and in Plate IV. part of the columns, mouldings, and sculpture 
 of the great western door-way are detailed more at large. From these sadly mu- 
 tilated remains, we may fairly conclude that the whole, in its pristine state, must 
 have been grand, fine, and impressive. The varied arcades, mouldings, sculpture, 
 windows, and central door, must have given it a very rich and ornamented ap- 
 pearance: as the workmanship is of excellent and substantial execution. One 
 of the capitals, on the south side of the door-way, is charged with a figure of 
 Sagitarius, and it is likely that other signs of the zodiac were represented in some 
 of the ov:il compartments which extended round the arch. The running scrolls 
 are beautiful in form, and nearly resemble some Grecian and Roman ornaments. 
 When S. and N. Buck made their drawing, in 1732, this arch appears to have 
 been perfect, though they have. not defined the columns. 
 
 Plate V. represents a grand mass of ruins, wherein one of the four large 
 arches, which formerly supported the central tower, with its "pyramis," as Leland 
 calls it, appears a bold and imposing feature. This lofty and singularh' shaped 
 arch excites very general admiration. The archivault does not spring immedi- 
 ately 
 
Et^maed h'J SmiA fivm a Omtruw hvF-^a^ lir the JirhituluiaJ Ji^li^ii&e* iv' ^rmt Sritain 
 
 Mlltshirc. 
 
 To tfic 7<rv:' }\':'LISLK lionLES. iyA>w-.i/>iri/r/Wy.»>i:rv': an.l othaJtui 
 
 ■I'/hvn'rilh/r /,:r/imi'm,il.y ••I'lii-iflriul K- Btitrt t/ti.t l'itWi.r i/is,-rtAy/ fn 
 
 'J'lu- Aiilhor . 
 
 L.:i.L-. ll.hllJud I 
 
 ■■.hyL.;,.mumJL.rfl.H.f^.i 
 
 t .I'tt/eriu'jt.-r li.'a'.J Ta-L-Kll^ifi n^-lh.'m.^ui J- Brilh>nJ^iftf(kJ1.i.:- 
 
Fragment of the IfEsTESN DOOX-JI'AT, to 
 
 Wiltshire . 
 
8 
 
 K 
 
 t 
 
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MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH. 13 
 
 ately from the capitals, as is usual in the semi-circular arch, but the mouldings, 
 after preserving their perpendicular lines for about six feet above the capitals, 
 converge, and form an arch of, what is commonly called, the horse-shoe shape : 
 i. e. rather flattened at the top. The intercolumniation is not so wide, by nearly 
 ten feet, as that on the western side of the tower ; consequently the latter formed 
 a parallelogram. The tower of St. John's church, at Devizes, Wiltshire, is of si- 
 milar shape, and the two narrow sides are supported by pointed arches, though 
 the regular, Norman, circular style prevails in all the remaining part of the origi- 
 nal building.* The view now under consideration, displays the two pointed 
 arches, which form the shape of the groined roofs of the ailes ; to the north and 
 south of which the transepts extended about forty feet on each side beyond the 
 exterior walls. This extent is ascertained on the southern side. The east end of the 
 building shewn in the annexed print is buried about five feet beneath the rubbish. 
 
 Plate VI. consists of some details, or enlarged representations of parts of 
 the building. A. 1 and 2, are views of two pateras, or sculptured stones, for- 
 merly used as ornaments to particular portions of this structure. Several of 
 these are inserted in the walls on the south and north fronts, near the upper tier 
 of windows towards the transept : many others are built up in a wall belongino- 
 to the Abbey House. 3. The billeted moulding at the centre of the pointed arch 
 of the nave, with the grotesque animal's head enlarged. See also plate X, Fi- 
 gures 4. 4. represent a front and profile view of a head, which terminates the 
 archivault mouldings of the pointed arches on each side of the nave, also of 
 those round the exterior of the great porch. These heads vary in figure and 
 character : some resembling that of a dog, others a snake, and some a sort of 
 dragon, or other fanciful animal. The sculpture is bold and expressive. 
 
 In Plates VII. and IX. the exterior and interior door-ways of the 
 southern porch are represented, with their elaborately ornamental sculpture : 
 the first displays the eight enriched mouldings, which extend all round the arch, 
 from base to base, and adorn the exterior porch, t Five of these are decorated 
 with running trellis work, and interlacing diagonal strings, and the other three 
 are covered with a profusion of sculptured figures in basso-relievo, inclosed with- 
 in oval bands. The figures appear to represent various passages from the old and 
 new testament : and though many of them are very distorted, and ill designed ; 
 yet, as specimens of the art of that age, they are extremely curious. The other 
 door-way, PI. IX. without columns, is also decorated with sculptures : beneath 
 
 the 
 
 * This rerj curious church and tower -will be represented in a subsequent part of our wort. 
 + In Hearne and Byrne's Antiquities, and in the Gentleman's Magazine, July 1802, by Mr. 
 Carter, these mouldings are described as ^^ columns," though there is neither shaft nor capital. 
 Arch. Antiq^. Pt. VII.— r. Z 
 
14 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 the arch is an impost charged with a basso- rehevo, which appears to represent 
 the personified deity supported by two angels : on the right hand is a large pis- 
 cina, let into the wall. Each side of the porch is decorated with an arcade, 
 over which are twelve large figures in high relief, six on each side, supposed to 
 be intended for the apostles, with two figures of Time flying over their heads. 
 
 Plate VIII. is introduced to shew the situation of the Church and Abber^ 
 House, with the northern side of the nave, &c. of the former. From this point 
 of view, the nave, with the lofty open arch, appears particularly bold and grand. 
 Seated on the brow of a hill, which slopes rapidly to the north, and to the south- 
 west, where two rivulets wind through narrow, irriguous vallies, and nearly en- 
 compass the town, this abbey, with all its offices, must have appeared, from 
 every approach, strikingly magnificent as a work of art, and awfully imposing 
 as a hallowed temple of religion. 
 
 Plate X. is an interior view, representing three divisions of the south side 
 of the nave next to the transept, and defining the shape of the lower tier of 
 arches, with their columns, capitals, bases, &c. The arch nearest to the east 
 end is narrower than any of the others, and has a torus moulding of singular 
 shape. Above is another tier of arches opening to the roof of the ailes. They are 
 semi-circular, and each large arch encloses a series of four others : but one of 
 the spaces is now walled up. The next range displays the windows of the upper 
 story, which appears to have been raised about Edward the Third's time, as 
 already noticed. On the left is represented a small part of the present altar 
 skreen, beyond which, between the first column and pier, is an ancient monu- 
 ment, commonly called King Athelstan's ; but the shape and character of the 
 tomb, figure, and canopy, all indicate a much later period. 
 
 By the foregoing descriptions, and illustrations, it is hoped that the principal 
 architectural features of the present remains will be easily understood, and hence 
 perpetuated ; for though they are in a lamentable state of dilapidation, and 
 shameful neglect, yet enough is left to demonstrate, that much architectural 
 science, and masonic skill, conspired to raise this once magnificent, though now 
 much degraded structure. 
 
 %* In page 7 of this essay, the translated words of King Edgar's charter imply that the Saxon 
 monasteries were built entirely of timber. Conformably to the suggestion of my esteemed friend the 
 Rev. J. Ingram, Saxon Professor at Oxford, I wish to obyiate this inference : he observes that " the 
 Latin words are ligno lenus, visibiliter diruta, &c. that is, I conclude, they were in a visible state 
 of decay as far as the roof, or contignation, as Sir H. Wottou expresses it. 1 have taken the 
 liberty" he continues, " of making this remark ; because it now appears that nothing but the roof was 
 composed of timber." 
 
 END OF TIIE ACCOUNT OF MALMSBURY .\BBET CUUBCU. 
 
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AN ESSAY 
 
 TOWARDS 
 
 A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 €olc\)tmt Cattle, 
 
 ESSEX. 
 
 The history of Castles involves a severe satire on the propensities and pursuits 
 of the human race ; for such structures had never been necessary but from the 
 rapacity or unbridled tyranny of the vicious part of mankind. In all ages of 
 the world, the horrid and savage system of warfare appears to have been studied 
 and encouraged : and though many persons have been compelled to it from 
 rational motives of self-defence, yet the majority seem to have indulged in it 
 con ajiiore. If literature has one paramount duty above all others, it is to re- 
 probate, (in the present enlightened age) the inhuman practice of slaughtering 
 men by thousands,* and to admonish the governors of nations to cultivate the 
 benign blessings of peace, and the amenities of social life. The castle in ruins 
 is a pleasing object to the eye of an artist, but the strongly fortified castle must 
 excite painful emotions in the mind of the philosopher. From the settlement 
 of the Romans in Great Britain, about A. D. 44, to the end of the reign of 
 Henry the Eighth, embracing a space of nearly fifteen hundred years, the an- 
 nals of this country are replete with narratives of slaughter. In these times 
 the continual recurrence of internal dissentions, or foreign wars, made every 
 adult a soldier, and kept him in constant employ : and as victory was the only 
 road to fame and fortune, that profession was studied by the young, and 
 praised by the aged. Castles were necessarily erected in almost every part of 
 the country, and were varied in size, shape, character, and situation, accord- 
 ing to the age in which they were raised, or the skill and power of the architect 
 and proprietor. As a particular account and definitive description of the 
 varieties of this class of buildings will necessarily come into another division 
 of the Architectural Antiquities, I shall confine myselt^ at present, to the con- 
 sideration of the castle at Colchester. 
 
 This 
 
 * " One murder makes a villain, 
 
 Millions a hero. Princes are privileged 
 To kill, and numbers sanctify the crime." 
 
 " Death," a poem, by Porteus, Bishop of London. 
 See also " War, a poem," by Fawcett, 
 
2 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 This singular structure stands on an elevated spot of ground near the north 
 east corner of the ancient Roman station of Camalodunum, and was encom- 
 passed with a foss and vallum. The remains consist mostly of the shell, or ex- 
 terior walls, of what appears to have heen the Keep. It is too small to consti- 
 tute a complete fortress, and therefore I am inclined to suppose that the portion 
 now called the castle is only the Keep, or a part of a much larger building. The 
 castles of Lancaster, Corfe, Guildford, and some others, have towers of nearly 
 similar shape and character; and that at Bamborough has appertures, or win- 
 dows, in the walls, nearly resembling those at Colchester.* Here the walls are 
 extremely thick, and of vast solidity. They are constructed with a mixture of 
 clay-stone, flint, Roman tiles, and other materials, the whole combined, and 
 strongly held together, by a proper quantity of lime cement poured into all the 
 interstices. t In some places the tiles are laid in horizontal courses all round 
 the building, and in other parts they are disposed in oblique positions, inclining 
 alternately to the right and to the left. This is commonly called the herring- 
 bone fashion ; and instances of it are found in the castles at Guildford, Corfe, 
 and in several other ancient buildings. The solid walls, at the foundation, are 
 thirty feet thick ; and, as they rise, contract to fourteen, twelve, and eleven 
 feet thick, at different heights of the building. The north and south sides mea- 
 sure externally 146, and 126 feet; by 166 feet on the east and west. At the 
 north-east, and north-west angles are projecting square towers : at the south- 
 west angle has also one of larger dimensions, enclosing the stair-case ; and at 
 the east end, adjoining the south angle, is a semicircular tower, with flat but- 
 tresses. The principal and only original entrance is on the south side, where is 
 also a strong, ornamental door-way, which appears to have been erected at a 
 later date. It had two columns on each side, with sculptured capitals, and 
 three torus mouldings in the arch. Just within this is a groove for the port- 
 cullis, 
 
 * See King's Munimenta Antiqua, Vol. III. 
 
 + " Flints, which are one of the abundant productions of this county, (Norfolk), have not been 
 overlooked by our predecessors in building. We find the substance of all old walls, in this part of 
 the kingdom, composed of lliat material; and with strong.made mortar, which was well incorporated 
 ■with a large quantity of sand, we find them so cemented as to become one solid mass of stone. No 
 material whatever can excel the durability of flints ; for we do not find any where an instance of 
 their perishing by frosty or wet weather ; and, when squared, or laid with care, they are extremely 
 beautiful : in building they have, notwithstanding, but little bond, and depend much upon the mortar 
 cement they are fixed with ; for if wet by any means get behind them, the frost soon levels the 
 work." Wilkins's Essay on Norwich Castle, Archaeologia, Vol. XII. p. 178. It is but justice to 
 observe that this essay, and its accompanying prints, are the most r^ional and tasteful of any thiug 
 of the kind yet published. 
 

 £'8-4 
 
 I 
 
 
 § 
 
COLCHESTER CASTLE. S 
 
 cullis, and there is no appearance of any other barrier or door having been fixed 
 here. On the right, within the entrance, is a niche, where the guard or porter 
 appears to have been stationed. Further in, on the same side, is an apartment, 
 where is a flight of stairs descending into the vaults, or cells, and in this apart- 
 ment was the mouth of a Well, which was about forty-five feet deep and five feet 
 in diameter. It is now arched over : at the time of doing which, the workmen 
 descended, and, about half way down, discovered an arched passage construct- 
 ed of Roman tiles, and diverging from the well towards the south. On the 
 left of theen trance is the staircase, which is circular, with a central column or 
 newel, running from the base to the summit of the building. See plate 
 1. A. a. and B. The ground floor appears to have been divided into six apart- 
 ments ; and over these was another floor, which was also divided into different 
 rooms. The original appropriation and character of these cannot now be easily 
 defined, as many alterations have been made, at dilFerent periods, in the interior 
 arrangement. The great room, or area, marked 1, plate 1, is now open to the 
 sky, but was formerly covered in with a roof, and extended only to the dotted 
 line on its eastern side. At fig. 5. is a little room, arched over head, and lighted 
 only by a small square aperture through the south wall. At fig. 4. is a 
 strongly arched apartment, sometimes called the prison, with walls of extraor- 
 dinary thickness. The first floor, or story, was occupied by the chapel and by 
 other principal apartments. In these the windows, fire places, chimnies, privy, 
 and sally port, were curiously constructed. " On entering the chapel, which is 
 a venerable piece of ancient architecture, the beauty of its proportions strikes 
 the eye, notwithstanding the massiveness of its construction. It is arched 
 above, and receives itf. light through five windows, two of which have been 
 greatly enlarged ; but the three at the east end, which remain nearly in their 
 original state, will serve to give an idea of the portion with which it was illu- 
 mined. The altar, which was placed with great propriety in the centre of the 
 arched extremity, where the rays of light from the three eastern windows meet 
 in a point, received the greater part of the small allotment ; and with the sur- 
 rounding obscurity, aided by the solemnity of choral service, must have pro- 
 duced an effect wonderfully striking."* 
 
 " In the north-east and north-west towers, upon the same floor with the 
 
 chapel, 
 
 * History and Description of Colchester, 8to. 1803, Vol. II. p. 160. 
 ^rch. Antiqs. Pt. VII.— r. A a 
 
4 ARCHITECTDRAt ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 chapel, are small rooms, or recesses : and in the latter is also a staircase, which 
 descends from the upper part of the tower, and terminates at the first floor. At 
 the foot of these stairs, in the north wall, is a sally-port, (now closed up), which 
 opened upon an abutment of the north-west tower, from whence a descent was 
 made by a ladder. This sally-port, which is nine feet wide, and the great door 
 in the south wall, are the only original entrances into the castle."* 
 
 The original windows, as marked in the ground plan, Plate I. and shewn in 
 Plates II. and III. have very small apertures in the exterior wall. "An arched 
 niche, about three feet deep, formed the inner opening of the window, in the back 
 of which niche, another, of less dimensions, gradually decreasing in breadth, pe- 
 netrated about seven feet further, at the extreme end of which a narrow aperture, 
 about eight inches wide, lined with hewn stone, was made through the remain- 
 ino' thickness of the wall. From the floor of the rooms an ascent was made 
 the depth of these niches, to the narrow part of the window, by a small flight 
 of stairs. Upon the south and west sides, the castle was encompassed by a 
 strong wall, in which were two gates ; and upon the north and east by a strong 
 rampart of earth. This rampart is thrown upon a wall of greater antiquity 
 than the castle. "f 
 
 Concerning the origin of this structure, we have different conjectural ac- 
 counts. Norden ascribes its erection to Edward the Elder ; but in the Monas- 
 ticon it is referred to Eudo Dapifer, sewar, or steward, to William the Conqueror. 
 The tradition recorded in the Colchester Chronicle, clearly alludes to a more 
 ancient edifice on this spot, and from the quantity of tiles and other Roman 
 materials incorporated in the present structure, it is extremely probable that a 
 castra, or a temple, was standing here when the Romans were established in this 
 station. Colchester Castle, with its precincts, called the Bailey, (Ballium), is 
 extra parochial, and exempt from the jurisdiction of the borough ofllicers. 
 Originally the town was feudatory to the castle;- but an exemption from all 
 services, fines. Sec. was purchased by the burgesses from Queen Elizabeth, and 
 afterwards confirmed by parliament. At an early period the castle belonged 
 to the crown. It was granted by the Empress Maud to Alberic de Vere, an 
 ancestor to the Veres, J Earls of Oxford. It was next bestowed, during plea- 
 sure, on Stephen Harengood ; by Henry the Third it was granted, in 1256, to 
 
 Guido 
 
 * History and Description of Colchester, ut supra. + lb. p. 163. 
 
 X Some fine monuments, for this family, arc still remaining at Earle's Colne, in Essex. 
 
COLCHESTER CASTLE. O 
 
 Guido de la Rupe-ford, or Rochford, who, falling into disgrace, was deprived 
 of his estates and banished. By Edward the First it was successively bestowed 
 on John de Burgh, Richard de Holbrook, and Lawrence de Scaccaris, Sheriff 
 of Essex : to the latter it was granted for a county gaol ; and its demesnes 
 were ordered to be ploughed and sown for the king's use. The next possessor 
 was Robert de Benhall, Knight, to whom it was granted for life by Edward the 
 Third ; from whose reign to that of Charles the First, it was granted to various 
 noblemen and gentlemen, during life or pleasure, by the intermediate sovereigns. 
 Of the latter monarch, James Hay, Earl of Carlisle, purchased the reversion, 
 for himself and heirs for ever. From this family it has passed through various 
 others, chiefly by purchase. In l683 Mr. John Wheely bought the castle for 
 the express purpose of pulling it down and disposing of the materials. The 
 singular solidity of the building, and strength of the cement, rendered this, if 
 not impracticable, at least unprofitable; and it was found that the value of the 
 materials would not cover the expence of destruction. Much damage was 
 however done ; large quantities of the Roman brick were taken away, and 
 most of the stone dressings to the windows, doors, and arches, were removed. 
 The tops of the towers and walls were forced down with screv/s, or blown 
 asunder with gunpowder. 
 
 In a letter received from Mr. Strutt, of Colchester, relating to the masonry, 
 &c. of this castle, he observes, " I have examined the stone work narrowly, and 
 find that the building is composed chiefly of claj^-stone and Roman brick; the 
 first laid in courses of from six to eleven inches, and sometimes a single course 
 of Roman tile or brick, from one and a half to two and a half inches thick. — 
 Sometimes there are two courses of the tile, and in some places these are laid 
 edgeways. The projecting water table round the base of the building is of hard 
 purbeck, or some such stone ; the same kind is used in various other parts, and 
 sometimes Kettering and Kentish rag, with Caen stones, appear to have been 
 used, although it may be difficult to account for the introduction of the latter 
 at a very early period of building ; being, I believe, chiefly used a century or 
 two after the Norman conquest, and in the construction of religious houses." 
 
 The memorable Siege of Colchester, in 1648, and tyrannic cruelties in- 
 flicted on Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle, two loyal officers, who lost 
 their Hves in behalf of their sovereign, Charles the First, are partly connected 
 with the history of this fortress, and are also solemnly illustrative of the remarks 
 
 with 
 
6 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 with which I commenced this essay. At that distracted and calamitous period, 
 •when the English parliament and the monarch were directly hostile to each 
 other, and when almost every man in the country was obliged to declare for, 
 and espouse the cause of one of these parties, Colchester was possessed by an 
 army under Sir Charles Lucas, amounting to three thousand four hundred foot 
 and six hundred horse. At the same time, the parliament's army, under Lord 
 Fairfax, encamped itself at Lexden Heath, in the immediate vicinity. An as- 
 sault was speedily commenced ; the suburbs were forced, after a severe conflict, 
 and the town was nearly conquered. A vigorous and obstinate defence of be- 
 tween seven and eight hours, at length compelled the assailants to retreat in 
 much disorder. Thus foiled. General Fairfax next commenced a regular blockade, 
 and, after a protracted siege of eleven weeks, in which many vigorous sallies 
 were made, with varied success, obtained possession of the town. The terms of 
 surrender were unusually severe, as the parliamentary general refused to promise 
 quarter to any but the common soldiers, and to those under the rank of captains. 
 Necessity obliged the officers to comply, for the garrison and town were ex- 
 hausted of all provisions, and the nearly famished inhabitants were forced to 
 feed on dead dogs, horses, and other animals. After the surrender of the town, 
 a contribution of fourteen thousand pounds was imposed on the inhabitants : 
 two thousand pounds of which was to be granted to the poor, ten thousand 
 pounds distributed among the soldiers, and two thousand pounds was afterwards 
 remitted. In this conflict about three hundred houses, with other buildings, 
 were destroyed.* A council of war was soon summoned, and the gallant de- 
 fenders of the town. Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, and Sir Bernard Gas- 
 coygne, were sentenced to be shot. Such was the deliberate and cruel decree 
 of a council of warriors ; and this act wds aggravated by repeated indignities 
 before death, and by a precipitate execution of the sentence at seven o'clock in 
 the same evening. The two former were then »iw/-</erec? close to that castle 
 which they had defended with so much heroic bravery, and which still stands a 
 monument to their honour, and to the puny cowardice of those who could, 
 unimpassioned, pronounce the decree. 
 
 * A detailed and particular account of this siege is given in Morant's History of Essex, Vol. I. 
 p. 59, et seq. 
 
 END OF THE ACCOUNT OF COLCUESTER CASTLE. 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
ThfDOOR-WAYtc 
 
 Ksstw . 
 Tb Hl'MPHHY RF.PTO^s^.Ef^tf'^ author of^Ob^tn-atuyns tec. on Landseapc Oardtnina "and ciher tt'urary works thifpUite u rrspeiHuJiy aurrihi^ti by 
 
DOOR-WAY 
 
 TO THE 
 
 €i}mc\) at ^out]^ iSDcfecnuoit, 
 
 ESSEX. 
 
 Salmon, in his "History and Antiquities of Essex," furnishes the following 
 account of the church at this village. It is " dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, 
 is pleasantly situated, hath a north isle, and the chancel a north chapel, a round 
 tower embattefd, which probably gave occasion to one name of the Vill; it 
 hath a shaft covered with lead, burnt down with lightning, An. 1638." Mo- 
 rant's account of the church is nearly similar, with the additional information 
 that "the church and chancel are tilled, and the tower is round after the Da- 
 7iish fash ion." Is it not really astonishing that two historians should write two 
 or three folio pages about this parish, &c. and not mention, or even hint at the 
 curious door-way represented in the annexed prints ? and yet these writers 
 specify the roof of the church, &c. which they could scarcely see. — When 
 we perceive such interesting and beautiful specimens of art totally neglected 
 by county historians, it must lessen our surprise that so little has been preserved 
 relating to ancient architects and architecture. 
 
 The church at South Ockendon* has but little either of beauty or antiquity 
 to arrest attention, excepting a round tower at the west end, and the entrance 
 door-way represented in the annexed prints. The latter is very peculiar for the 
 place, and singularly elegant as an example of the decorated Anglo-Norman 
 style of architecture. It was, probably, erected in the reign of Henry 
 the Second, or during that of his immediate successor. Many twisted 
 columns, with central bands of similar workmanship, are to be seen in 
 several other buildiiigs.f Though all the ornaments of the arch, columns, 
 
 capitals, 
 
 * This village is situated about six miles N. E. of Romford, and has the appellation South, to 
 distinguish it from another village called North Ockendon, 
 
 + At the west end of the nave, under the tower of St. Peter's Church, at Northampton (which 
 will be represented in another part of this work,) are two columns, nearly resembling these now 
 displayed. The central band, though used in several single columns of this age, seems more par- 
 ticularly adapted to the clustered column, and thus applied, it is found in the Temple Church, 
 London, the Chapter House at Salisbury, and in many other examples. 
 Jirh. Aiitiqs. Ft, VII.— r. B b 
 
fl ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 capitals, &:c. may be seen separately, in various other buildings, I have never 
 met with another example where they are all combined, as in this specimen. 
 In the two accompanying prints, the whole details of this door-way are so 
 accurately drawn, and so tastefully defined, that I do not consider it necessary 
 to be more particular in its description,* 
 
 Plate II. represents the capitals, columns, and mouldings, upon a larger scale; 
 and at the bottom of the plate is a ground plan of one side of the door-way, 
 and a section of the mouldings of the arch. 
 
 * To INIr. Mackenzie, who made the drawings, and Mr. J. A. Repton, who kindly directed and 
 allowed him, I acknowledge my obligation for this specimen. 
 
 SND OF THE ACCOUNT OF OCKENDON CHURCH, 
 

INDEX 
 
 TO 
 
 THE FIRST VOLUME 
 
 OF 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 As this Volume is not regularly paged, the Reader is referred to the various Passages, by the Printer's Signa- 
 ture-Letters at the bottom of the Pages, viz. Abingdon, D, 3. will be found iu the third Page of Signa- 
 ture D. — A complete List of Plates is given at the end. 
 
 ARCHES, with Ogee canopy, Porch of King's 
 College Chapel, PI. IV. 
 
 Cross at Chichester. 
 
 . Cross at Stourhead. 
 
 . Winchester Cross. 
 
 also narrow ones with 
 
 Abingdon, Btrkshire, origin of its name, &c. D, 3. 
 
 . St. Nicholas' Church and Abbey Gate- 
 way at, 4. 
 
 ARCHES, strength of, F, S. 
 
 examples of remarkable, F*, 7. 
 
 — — two styles of, in the same building, K, 6. 
 
 Intersecting, West front of St. Botolph's 
 
 Priory Church, PI. I. II. 
 
 West front of Dunstaple Pri- 
 
 ory Church, PI. I. II. III. 
 
 Temple Church, PI. II. 
 
 Malmsbury Abbey Church, 
 
 PL II. III. VI. 
 
 Pointed, with zigzagand plain mouldings: 
 
 Dunstaple Church, PI. I. I[ 
 
 several small narrow ones ; also a 
 
 broad, flat one : Layer Marney Hall, D, 1. 
 
 door, windows, &c. of i\bin|;don 
 
 Abbey Gate. way, D, 3. 
 
 windows with mullions and trace. 
 
 ry ; narrow and lofty ; also wide and flat : King's 
 College Chapel, PL I. III. 
 
 door.way, with dressings in the 
 
 soffit, Fl. VI. 
 
 without any dressings of an early 
 
 date: Round Church, Northampton, PL II. II I. 
 with semicircular, and intersect. 
 
 ing : Temple Church, PL II. 
 
 with semi ; and on large columns : 
 
 Malmsbury Abbey Church, PI. X. 
 
 on clustered columns : Little Ma. 
 
 plested Church, PL II. 
 
 with cinquefoil mouldings : Cross 
 
 at Blackfriars, Hereford. 
 
 BROAD AND FLATTENED: CrOSS at MslmS. 
 
 bury, PI. III. 
 
 - Cross at Cheddar. 
 Cross at Glaston. 
 
 bury. 
 
 Arch. Ant/qs. Pt. VIII.— r. 
 
 cinquefoil mouldings: CrossatLeighton Buzzard. 
 with trefoil mouldings : Cross at Gedding- 
 
 ton. 
 
 Cross, 
 
 with trefoil and acute canopy : Queen's 
 
 Do. Cross at VValtham. 
 
 Semi. CIRCULAR, with zigzag, &c. door.way : 
 
 Church at Marlborough, Title. 
 
 with plain and zigzag mould. 
 
 ings : Round Church, Cambridge, PL III. 
 
 with three zigzag mouldings, 
 
 door.way : St. Botolph's Priory Church, PL I. 
 much ornamented with sculp- 
 
 ture, Door.way : Dunstaple Priory Church, 
 PL I. II. 
 
 • withtwolateral pointed arches: 
 
 Church at Abingdon. 
 
 with zigzag and embattled fret 
 
 mouldings: Round Church, Cambridge, PI. 11. 
 plain: RoundChurch, North- 
 
 ampton, PL II. 
 
 PI III. 
 
 St. Botolph's Priory Church, 
 • combined with pointed and in. 
 
 tersecting : Temple Church, PI. II. 
 
 with several mouldings of fo- 
 
 liage, (fee. Door.way: Temple Church, PL III. 
 with bold projecting ziijzag. 
 
 and embracing four others : Malmsbury Abbey 
 Church, PI. X. 
 
 Architecture, ancient domestic, history of, uncer- 
 tain, D, 1. 
 
 ecclesiastical, when at its highest per- 
 fection, E, 1. 
 
 ancient, Nomenclature of, U, 3. 
 

 INDEX. 
 
 Arf, a certain perfection, only to he obtained in, 
 
 E,l. 
 A-cebiiri/, extraordinary Druidical Temple at, I, 2. 
 
 B 
 
 Buptistery Church at Pisa, when and by whom 
 
 built, L, 9. 
 Bczccastle, Cumberland, celebrated Cross at, O, 
 
 7. — its ascription to the Danes, ib. — that opi- 
 nion controverted, 8. 
 Botolp/i, St. Colchester, Priory Church of — its 
 
 «t\le and materials. A, 2. — date of building, 3. 
 
 — remains ; walls, arches, 4. — windows, interior 
 
 ruins, B, I. — ci\downien(s, 2. 
 Brick Buildings, antiquity of, 13, 2. 
 • tine specimen of, Layer Rlarney 
 
 House, D, 2. 
 
 Camalodunnm, at Colchester, A, 1. 
 
 Castle., Colchester, essay towards a history and de. 
 scription of, Z, 1. — siege of, A a, 5, 6. 
 
 Chapel, King's College,Canibridge : magnificence 
 of, E, 1. — founded by Henry V'I.,2. — dimen- 
 sions of the building, 3. — successive improve, 
 mentsby Richard 111. and Henry VI 1. 4. —costs 
 of buildiug.ei. — principal overseers of the works, 
 ib. note. — completed by the executors of Henry 
 Vil. F, 5. — stone roofs, fynials, and towers, 
 £, 6. — painted glass, 6. — description of the parts 
 represented in the plates, «';. ground. plan, &c. 
 7, 8. — groining and section of roof, F*, 7*. — 
 section of part of South side, windows, and or. 
 tiaments,!^. — South entrance porch, 8*. — North. 
 West view — Western front, &c. — interior view, 
 26.— Will of Henry VI. relating to the Collet^e 
 and Chapel, G, 9. — indentures relating to the 
 roof of the Chapel, G, 12. — to the vaulting of 
 the Porches and Chapels, H, 13. — to the erec- 
 tion of fynials or pinnacles, 14. — to the four 
 large painted windows, 15. — to eighteen smaller 
 do. 16. 
 
 Cheddar Cross and CiifTs described, R, 18. 
 
 Chichester Cross, observations on, R, 20. 
 
 Church, St. Botolph's, Colchester, A, 2. 
 St. Nicholas, Abingdon, D, 4. 
 Dunstaple Priory, B, 4. 
 • Malmsbury Abbey, history of, U, 1. 
 
 Chuiiciies, Round, attributed to Knights' Tern. 
 
 plars, K, 7. — this opinion refuted, M**, 21. 
 observations on, by C.Clarke, 
 
 M**, 19, 20, 1,2, 3. 
 
 Little Maplested, Essex, M*, 
 
 17, 18. M**, 22 
 
 — St. Sepulchre's, Cambridge, 
 
 L, 9, 10. Do. M**, 21. 
 
 ■ St. Sepulchre's, Northampton, 
 
 L, 11, 12. Do. M**, 21. 
 
 ■Temple, London, M, 13. 1(3. 
 
 Clarke, C. Observations on Crosses, T*, 29. 
 
 — — on Round Churches, 
 
 M**, 1.9- 
 Colchester^ a military colony : the Camalodunum, 
 
 A, I. 
 Castle, essay towards a history of, Z, 1. 
 
 A a, 6. 
 
 siege of, A a, 5, 6. 
 
 Column, clustered, early specimen of, L, 10. 
 COLUMNS, short, with square abacus, and sculp. 
 
 turcd capital : St. Botolph's Priory Church, 
 
 PI. I. 
 Large, without any abacus, composed 
 
 of brick, &c. do. PI. HI. 
 
 C'tos/er of four, with circular bases, and 
 
 capitals: Dunstaple Priory Church, PI. 1. 
 
 Do. with a central band, or moulding, 
 
 do. PI. II. 
 
 short, with indented abacus, base, and 
 
 capital : Round Church, Cambridge, PI. 11. 
 
 Do. with circular abacus, narrow capital. 
 
 and variously ornamented, do. PI. III. 
 
 Do. with square abacus and plinth, also 
 
 with circular do. and ansular capitals : Round 
 Church at Northampton, PI. 111. 
 
 clustered, with a central band : foliated 
 
 capital, sexagonal plinth, and abacus ; Round 
 Church, Temple, Pi. II. 
 
 single, with similar capital, &c. door- 
 
 way, PI. III. 
 
 lars;e, short, with high base, and narrow 
 
 capitals : centre to Chichester Cross, PI. L 
 
 with sculptured abacus and capital, in 
 
 bold relief: Malmsbury Abbey Church, PI. IV. 
 large, with circular abacus, narrow ca- 
 
 Z, 14. 
 
 South Okendon, door-way, B b, 1. 
 
 Churches, Round, essay on, 1, 1 
 
 — English, singularity of style 
 
 in, K, 6. 
 
 M r. EsseXj Kj 6. 
 
 Jewish origin of, refuted by 
 
 pilal, square plinth, and angular bases, ditto, 
 i PI. X. 
 
 ornamented shafts, with central band, 
 
 foliated capital, and deep square abacus : also 
 these capitals and columns enlarged : Okendon 
 Church, PI. I. II. 
 
 ■ large, with several three.quarter columns 
 
 attached, view of, and plan : Malmsbury Cross, 
 PI. 11.111. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 COLUMNS, clustered : interior of Maplested 
 
 Church, PI. III. 
 Coniual/, Crosses In, P, 11. 
 Coicnfri^ Cross, history and description of, Q, 16. 
 
 R, 17. 
 CROSS, observations on, as anciently an instru. 
 
 ment of ignominious death, and in later ages a 
 
 symbol of faith, N, 1, 2. 
 
 ■ at Bewcastle, Cumberland, observations on, 
 0,7. 
 
 —— St. Boyn's, Louth, description of, P, 9. 
 
 Cheddar, Somersetshire, described, R, 18. 
 
 Chichpster, observations on, R, 19, 20. 
 
 Crickiade, Wilts, P, 10. 
 
 Corwen, Merionethshire, P, 11. 
 
 ^— Coventry, origin of, Q, 16. — ancient record 
 respecting, ih. — expense of repairing, R, 17. — 
 description of it, ib. 
 
 - Geddington, Northamptonshire, described, 
 T, 25. 
 
 • Glastonbury, Somerset, do. S, 23. 
 
 Gloucester, do. R, 18. 
 
 Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, do. S, 02. 
 
 ' Malmsbury, Leiands description of, R, I9. 
 
 ■ observations on, ib. 
 
 St, Paul's, London, Sto\ve'saccountof,Q.13. 
 
 Queen's, Northampton, description of, 1V^5, 
 
 Plans, &c. do. T*, 27. 
 
 Stourhead, Wilts, historical account of, R, 
 
 20. S. 21. 
 
 Waltham, Herts, account of, T, 26. 
 
 White Friars, Hereford, description and 
 
 origin of, Q, 15. 
 
 Winchester, description of, S, 21. 
 
 Chosses, ancient stone, essaytowards a history and 
 description of, N, 1 . T, 26. 
 
 ■ Mr. Clarke's observations on, T*, 29. 
 
 boundary, various instances of, O, 6, 7. 
 
 ■ market, observations on, Q, 14. T**, 31. 
 
 memorial, various instances of, P, 10, S, 
 
 24, T**, 31. 
 
 monumental, description of, O, 7.T*, 30. 
 
 ■ preaching, observations on, P, 12. 
 Danish or Runic, observations on, 0, 8. 
 
 D 
 
 Danish or Runic Crosses, observations on, O, 8. 
 DOOR.WAYS, Okendon Church, Essex, B b, 
 1. — Parts enlarged, PI. H. 
 
 Temple Church, London, M, 15. and 
 
 PI. III. 
 
 St. Mary's Church at Malbro', Title. 
 Screen in Westminster Abbey, Title. 
 St. Botolph's Priory Church, semi: arch, 
 s,PI. I. 
 
 DOOR.WAYS, Priory Church at Dunstaple, wi(h 
 
 semi: and pointed arches, both '.vith ornamental 
 
 mouldings, PI. I. 
 Dour.way to Layer Marney Hall, pointed arch, 
 
 with scpjare moulding. 
 to Church at Abingdon, semi: arch, with 
 
 several mouldings, and two lateral arcades. 
 to west end of King's College Chapel, 
 
 highly enriched, PI. VI. 
 
 to southern porch of do. do. PI. IV. 
 
 to Round Church at Cambridge, semi: 
 
 with zigzag and embattled fret mouldings, co. 
 
 lumns, &c. PI. II. 
 
 to Round Church at Northampton, 
 
 pointed, PI. II. 
 to Malmsbury Abbey Church, semi: 
 
 with ornamented flat mouldiugs, &c. PI. IX. 
 
 — columns and architrave mouldings at large, 
 
 PL IV. 
 from cloisters of ditto, with cioquefoil 
 
 dressings in the arch, PI. VI. 
 to porch of do. large, and with several 
 
 ornamental mouldiugs, PI. VII. 
 
 to church at Little Maplested, PI. I. 
 
 Dunstaple, town, historical anecdote of, C, 3. — 
 its ancient importance, situation, neighbouring 
 entrenchments, 4. — supposed to be the Magio- 
 vinium, ib. 
 
 Priory Church ; its ancient history, B, 4. 
 
 with four zigzag mouldin 
 
 C, 1. — original construction and remains, C, I. 
 — Western front, arches, columns, mouldings, 2. 
 — buttresses, capitals, and ornaments, 3. 
 
 Geddington Cross, description of, T, 25. 
 Glandzor, Sword of, Cross at Corwen so called, 
 
 P,ll. 
 Glastonburii Cross described, S, 23. 
 Gloucester Cross, do. R, 18. 
 
 JI 
 
 Henry VI. King, character of, E, 2. — founder of 
 
 King's College Chapel, ib. 
 Will of, relating to Eton and King's 
 
 Colleges, G, 9 — 12. 
 Historians, local, negligence of, L, 11, 
 
 I 
 
 Imbert, Prior of Gascony, anecdote of, 0, 5, 
 Ireland f variety of Crosses in, P, 9. 
 
 K 
 
 King's College Chapel, E, 1— H, 1 6. See Chapel. 
 Knights Templars, observations on, M**j 21. 
 Hospitallers, do, M*, I7. 
 
4 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 L 
 
 Layer Marney House, Essex, ancient proprietors 
 of, D, 1. — <late, description, and materials of 
 building, 2. 
 
 Leighton Buzzard, Cross at, described, S, 22. 
 
 M 
 
 Malmsburt Abbey Church, essay towards a 
 history and description of, U, 1 — Z, 14. — styles 
 of architecture in, U, ^, 4. — origin and ancient 
 annals of, X, 5, 8. — royal grants, 6, 7. — Di. 
 mensions of, Y, 10. — description of the accom- 
 panying plates, Y, 11 — Z, 14. 
 
 Cross, Leland's description of, R, 19. 
 
 Maplesled, Little, its Round Church described, &c. 
 M*, 17. 
 
 N 
 
 Nomenclature of ancient architecture, U, 3. 
 Northampton Priory, &c. M**, 21. 
 
 : Church at, L, II, 12. M**, 21. 
 
 shire. Queen's Cross, T, 25. T*, 27. 
 
 Geddington Cross, in, T, 25. 
 
 O 
 
 Okendon Church door- way, B b, I. 
 
 Ogee arched door.way. King's College Chapel, 
 
 PI. IV. V. 
 —— canopies. See Arch, pointed. 
 
 Pantheon at Rome, when erected and repaired, 1,4. 
 Paul's Cross, liondon, account of, Q, 13. 
 
 Q 
 
 Queen's Cross, Northampton, described, T, 25. 
 ■ Plans of, T*, 27. 
 
 R 
 
 Round Churches and Temples, essay on, 1,1. See 
 Churches. 
 
 Sepulchre, Holy, Church of, at Jerusalem, descrip. 
 
 tion of, K, 7. 
 . St. Church of, at Briindisi, described, 
 
 K, 8, note. 
 
 St. Church, Cambridge^ when built, L,9. 
 
 — its arches and columns, 9, 10. — first speci- 
 men of a clustered column, 10. 
 
 St. Church, Northampton, its probable 
 
 erection, L, 11. — peculiarities of style, 12. 
 SpUal.Jields, London, Crois at, Q, 13. 
 Sermons, origin of, ib. 
 
 Templars, Knights, origin of, K, 7. 
 
 references for information of. 
 
 M, 16. 
 Temple Church, London, erection of, M, 13. — 
 
 observations on those parts whence the date may 
 
 be ascertained, 1 4. — windows, door.way, ground 
 
 plan, 15. — effigies, 16. 
 Temples, essay on, I, 1. 
 
 Druidical, characteristics of, I, 2. 
 
 Pagan, converted into Christian Churches, 
 
 I, 4. K, 5. 
 
 Hound, particularly considered, I, 3. 
 
 of Vesta, examples of circular form, 1,3, 4. 
 
 V 
 
 Vineyards, an appendage to English monasteries. 
 
 D, 4. 
 Vesta, Temples of, examples of the circular form, 
 
 1,3,4. 
 
 W 
 
 Wullluim Cross, described, T, 26. 
 
 U'liichesttr Cross, described, S, 21, 22. 
 
 IVm of Henry ^'l- relating to King's College 
 
 Chapel, and'Eton, G, 9-12. 
 IVren, Sir Christopher, Walpole's anecdote of, 
 
 refuted, F*, 7. 
 WINDOWS, CIRCULAR, part of one : St.Botolph's 
 
 Priory Church, I'l. II. 
 
 pniiited arch, with single mullion in cen. 
 
 tre ; tower to Dunstaple Priory Church, PI. II. 
 /^owj/frf, with single lights, also large, witii 
 
 flat squared tops, and upright with transTerse 
 mullions; Layer Warney House. 
 
 ■■pointed arch, with mullions and tracery ; 
 
 Church at Abingdon. 
 
 Do. lofty, also flat, with several mullions 
 
 and tracery ; King's College Chapel, Fl. V. VL 
 part of one of these enlarged, PI. IV. 
 
 ■ geometrical view of two, from the inte- 
 
 rior of the Chapel, PI. VL 
 
 ■pointed, with mullions, also with one 
 
 mullion ; Kound Church, Cambridge, Pl.IL 
 semi: with long openings ; Temple 
 
 Church, PI. II. 
 
 ■ semi: with a mullion, also pointed, with 
 
 one and two mullions; Malmsbury Abbey 
 
 Church, PI. IL also PI. VL 
 
 semi: with ornamental mouldings and 
 tracery ; do. PI. IIL 
 
 • pointed, with one and two mullions and 
 
 tracery ; do. PI. X. 
 
 ■pointed, with one mullion and trefoil 
 
 mouldings; Maplested Church, PI. IL and III. 
 
 LIST 
 
 END OF INDEX. 
 
( 5 ) 
 
 A LIST OF PRINTS 
 
 TO 
 
 THE FIRST VOLUME 
 
 OF 
 
 Cl^e arcl)itectufal antiquttiesf. 
 
 To face 
 Page 
 
 Title. 
 
 A, 
 
 1,* 
 
 A 
 
 ». 
 
 u, 
 
 1. 
 
 B, 
 
 3. 
 
 c, 
 
 2. 
 
 c, 
 
 3. 
 
 D 
 
 1. 
 
 D 
 
 3. 
 
 E, 
 
 1. 
 
 E, 
 
 2. 
 
 F, 
 
 5. 
 
 F, 
 
 7. 
 
 F, 
 
 8. 
 
 F, 
 
 r." 
 
 F, 
 
 8.» 
 
 E, 
 
 9. 
 
 L, 
 
 9. 
 
 E, 
 
 10. 
 
 E, 
 
 11. 
 
 E, 
 
 12. 
 
 M, 
 
 13. 
 
 M, 
 
 1.5. 
 
 w, 
 
 16. 
 
 M' 
 
 17. 
 
 i\I' 
 
 18. 
 
 M' 
 
 IS. 
 
 Subjects. 
 
 Title-page: Part cf a Screen in Edward the 
 Confessor's CUapel, Westminster, . . . . 
 
 Title: Door-way to St. Mary's Church at 
 Marlborong'h ; wiih Ornaments from Malms- 
 bury Abbey Chnrth 
 
 St. Botolph's Priory Church at Colchester, 
 
 The D»or-\vay PI. I. 
 
 Keraains of the West Front ... II. 
 
 Interior of Ruinj, with Ground Plan III. 
 
 DuNSTAPLE Priory Church. 
 
 Lower part of West Front . . . PI. I. 
 
 West Front II. 
 
 Parts and Ornaments III. 
 
 Layer Marney House, the Tower Gateway of, 
 
 St. Nicholas Church, and the Abbey Gate- 
 way at Abingdou 
 
 King's College Chapel. 
 
 Northwest PI. V. 
 
 West Front VI. 
 
 Soutli Entrance Porch IV. 
 
 Ground Plan, with GroiningofKoof . I. 
 
 Plan of Groining, and Section of Roof II. 
 
 Sectionof part of the South Side . III- 
 
 Interior, looking West VII. 
 
 Round Churches St.Sepulchre's, Cambridge, 
 
 Ground Plan . , . PI. I. 
 
 Western Entrance . , H. 
 
 Intel ior, looking West II I. 
 
 -ST.SEPULCBRE's,Northampton, 
 
 • ••Plan PI. I. 
 
 ...Exteiior, N. E. . . . IL 
 
 • • •Interior, looking West III. 
 
 -Temple, Londoii. 
 
 ...Circular part . . PI . II. 
 
 ...Door-way III. 
 
 ...Plan I. 
 
 -Little Maplested. 
 ,. .Exterior ^'iew of . 
 . . . Interior Do. . . 
 . . . Plan and Door-way 
 
 County. 
 
 Draughtsmen. 
 
 Engravers. 
 
 Middlesex. 
 
 Wilts. 
 
 Essex. 
 
 Bedfordshire. 
 
 Essex. 
 Berks. 
 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Northampton. 
 
 Middlesex. 
 
 Essex. 
 
 Gyfford. 
 
 J. Britton. 
 
 S. Prout. 
 S. Prout. 
 S. Prout. 
 
 G. Amald. 
 S. Prout. 
 S. Prout. 
 
 J. Baynes. 
 
 H. Neil. 
 
 J. L. Bond. 
 S. Prout. 
 J. L. Bond. 
 W.Wilkins. 
 T. Sand by. 
 J. L. Bond. 
 J. L. Bond. 
 
 J. L. Bond. 
 G. Shepherd. 
 J. L. Bond. 
 
 J. Britton. 
 G. Shepherd. 
 G. Shepherd. 
 
 F. Nash. 
 J. C. Smith. 
 J. L. Bond. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 J. Smith. 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 J.RolTe. 
 A. Birrel. 
 W. Woolnotb. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 J. C. Smitli. 
 S. Rawle. 
 J. Roffe. 
 J. Smith. 
 R. Roffe. 
 W. Edwards. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 J. Storer. 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 J. Smith. 
 S. Rawle. 
 
 W. Woolnotb. 
 S, Sparrow. 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 E. Smith. 
 S. Rawle. 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 To whom dedicated. 
 
 S. Turner, Esq. F.S A. 
 
 H. Ellis, Esq. 
 
 B. West, Esq. P.R.A. F.S.A. 
 J. Nichols, Esq. 
 
 M. A. Shee, Esq. R.A. 
 
 H. Edridge, Es(|. 
 
 H. Bone, Esq. A.R.A. 
 
 W. Wilkins, Jun. Esq. F.S.A. 
 
 A. Aikflj, Esq. 
 Thomas Monro, M.D. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Rees, F.R.S. 
 Sir H. C. Englefield, Bt. 
 
 Ed. King, Esq. F.R. and A.S. 
 Rev. J.Ingi-dm, Sax. Pro.Oxf. 
 
 S. Lysons, Esq. F.R. and A.S, 
 T. Phillips, Esq. A.R.A. 
 
 J. Soane, Esq. R.A. 
 P. Hoaie, Esq. 
 
 As this work is not regularly paged, the directions here given refer to the Printer's signature-letter} 
 
6 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 Tofaee 
 Page 
 
 N,l, 
 P, 12. 
 Q, 30. 
 
 Q,10. 
 R, 19. 
 
 R, 20. 
 
 S,21. 
 
 S, 23. 
 
 T,23. 
 
 T, 26. 
 
 U,3. 
 Y, 11. 
 Y, 12. 
 
 Z,13. 
 
 Z,13. 
 
 Z, 14. 
 Z, 13. 
 — 14. 
 
 A a, X 
 A a, ti. 
 
 B )i,3 
 B L>, 1, 
 
 Subjects. 
 
 Crosses at Cricklade, Corwen, Carraton- 
 DoWN, Carew ; four on a Plate . . . . 
 
 ■ White Cross, Hereford, Bi.acfriars' 
 
 Cross, Hereford ; two on a Plate . 
 — Malmsbury — View of tUe wliole 
 
 . Interior View , 
 .Plan and Turret* 
 
 Crosses, — Gloucester. — Coventry 
 
 Cheddar 
 
 Chichester. 
 
 • •Architectural Elevation 
 
 • • Plan and Ornaments 
 
 • Stourhead , 
 
 Winchester — Leighton Buzzard ; 
 two on a Plate 
 
 ■ Glastonbury, View of 
 
 •Geddington, View of . . . .PI. I. 
 Plan and Ornaments II. 
 
 ■ Queen's Cross, Northampton. 
 
 View of . . 
 
 Plans , . . 
 
 PI. L 
 . II. 
 
 ■ Waltham, View of 
 
 Malmsbury Abbey Church. 
 
 Grounil Plan of Nave, &c. . . . PI. I 
 
 Soulli View of Nave, &c II. 
 
 Remains of West Front .... III. 
 
 Fragment of Western Door-way . IV. 
 
 N. E. View V. 
 
 .Door, Windows, Intersecting Arches, 
 
 and Ornaments VI. 
 
 .Southern Porch VII. 
 
 • Distant View from N.W. . . . VIII. 
 
 • Inner Door-way IX. 
 
 •Ijitciior: View of part of the South 
 
 side of the Nave X. 
 
 Colchester Casti.e. 
 
 Ground Plan, Staircase, &c. . . PI. I. 
 
 N.E. View II. 
 
 S.W.View III. 
 
 OcKENDON Church — Door Way . . . 
 Parts of Door-way 
 
 PI. I. 
 . II. 
 
 County. 
 
 rWilts. 
 
 ) Merioneth. 
 
 ^Cornwidl. 
 
 (Pembroke. 
 
 Hereford. 
 
 Wilts. 
 
 ( Gloucester. } 
 [ Warwick. { 
 
 Somersetshiie. 
 
 Sussex. 
 
 Wilts. 
 
 (Hants. ) 
 
 I Bedford. ) 
 
 Somerset. 
 
 Northampton. 
 
 Hertford. 
 
 A\ilts. 
 
 Essex. 
 
 Essex. 
 
 Draughtsmen. 
 
 5 G.Shephmd. ) 
 ( J. L. Bond. S 
 
 J. Britton. 
 
 J.C. Smith. 
 J. C.Smilli, 
 
 J. L. Bond. 
 W. Alexander. 
 
 J. A. Repton. 
 J. A. Ktpton. 
 
 J. Carter. 
 J. Cave. 
 
 J.C. Smith. 
 
 G. Shepherd. 
 G. Shepherd. 
 
 G. Shepherd. 
 W. Lowry. 
 
 W.Alexander. 
 
 J. Britton. 
 F. Nash. 
 F. Nash. 
 F. Nash. 
 F. Nash. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 T. Heariie. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 B. Strutt. 
 O. Shepherd. 
 G. Shepherd. 
 
 F. JIackenzie. 
 F. Mackenzie. 
 
 For print read prints, in p. VJ, 1. 18. 
 
 Engravers. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 
 J. Smi 
 
 S. Rawle. 
 
 C. Pve. 
 J. Rbffe. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 J. Smith. 
 
 R. Roffe. 
 J. Rolie. 
 
 J. Storer. 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 S. Sparrow. 
 
 W. Woolnoth. 
 J. Roti'e. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 W. Lowry. 
 
 S. Sparrow. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 W. Ellis. 
 J. Smith. 
 J.Sniitii. 
 J. Smith. 
 
 To whom dedicated. 
 
 F. Sayers, M. D 
 
 Rev. J. Dallaway, M. B, 
 and F.S.A. 
 
 W. G. Maton, M. D. F. R. 
 
 and A. S. 
 The Rev. Dr. Wliitakfr. 
 
 J. A. Re pton, Esq. F. S. A. 
 
 Sir R. C. Hoare, Bart. F.S.A. 
 
 J. Gifford, Esq. 
 
 Rev. D. Lysons, F. S. A. 
 J. Nortlicote, Esq. R. A. 
 
 W. Alexander, Esq. F. S. A, 
 J. Hoppner, Esq. R. A. 
 
 J. Aikin, M. D. 
 Rev. W. Lisle Bowles. 
 W. Owen, Esq. F. S. A. 
 H. P. \Vyn<lham, Ls.). M. P. 
 F. .S. A. and F. R. S. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 S W. Lowry. } Rev. W. Coxe, M. A. F. R. S. 
 
 { J. Roffe. 5 I and F S. A. 
 
 J. C. SmiUl. 
 J. Kofle. Literaiy Society of MancUes' 
 
 ter. 
 J. Smith. VVm. Pol-den, Esq. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 J. Smiili. 
 J. Smith. 
 
 S. Sparrow. 
 R. Rolle. 
 
 B.H. Malkin, Esq. F. S. A. 
 Humphry Keptun, E<ij. 
 
 HARDING and WRIGHT, 
 
 printers, 
 ST. John's suuaue, London. 
 
1