Digitized by the Internet Arcliive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/bookofdignitiescOOhayd BEATSON'S POLITICAL INDEX MODERNISED. THE BOOK OF DIGNITIES; CONTAINING ROLLS OF THE OFFICIAL PERSONAGES OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE, CIVIL, ECCLESIASTICAL, JUDICIAL, MILITARY, NAVAL, AND MUNICIPAL, FROM THE EARLIEST PERIODS TO THE PRESENT TIME: COMPILED CHIEFLY FROM THE RECORDS OF THE PUBLIC OFFICES: TOGETHBK WITH THE SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE, FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THEIR RESPECTIVE STATES; THE PEEEAGE OF ETTG-LAINrD AKD OP GREAT BRITAUnT; AND NUMEROUS OTHER LISTS. BY JOSEPH HAYDN, AUTHOR OF " THE DICTIONARY OF DATES," AND COMPILER OF VARIOUS WORKS. LONDON: LONGMAN, BEOWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 1851. London : Spottisvvoodes and Sha New-street Square. TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE YISCOUNT PALMERSTO]^, HER majesty's PRINCIPAL SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS. My Lord, It may surprise, but will not, I persuade myself, displease your Lordship that I dedicate this Book to you. Were I to have followed the current usage of authors, I should have previously asked your Lordship's gracious permission for this purpose : but while your condescension would have operated as a favourable introduction of my Work to the Public, and have gratified my vanity, I feared I should detract from the object I have in view, that of shewing, spontaneously and freely, the high respect which T, in common with the community at large, entertain for your Lordship as one of the most enlightened, eloquent, and A 2 iv zealous ministers that ever directed the Foreign Affairs of Great Britain. My Lord, my humble name may never have reached 3^our Lordship's ear ; and my only apology for the liberty I take is, that mine is an Official Book, and therefore not inaptly dedicated to a personage, throughout whose vast department there prevails a system of such efficiency and precision, that even the minutest matters relating to the most distant region, can be at once determined by the records of his Office. I am, My Lord, With profound respect. Your Lordship's most humble Servant, JOSEPH HAYDN Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn, London, Oct. 1851. PREFACE. In 1786, Beatson produced his Political Index to the Histories oj Great Britain and Ireland^ a Work that presented for the first time, in a collective form, rolls of all the high personages in the State from the institution of their respective offices in England. The novelty of his plan, and manifest usefulness of his Work (which was stamped with the commendation of Adam Smith), assured his Index an immediate and almost universal popularity ; and he was encouraged by a consequent rapid sale to publish in succession three large editions ^ each of many thousand copies, of which the last edition appeared in 1806, nearly half a century ago. It is a curious fact in the history of his Book, that the third edition of Beatson (the only one we now find in our great Public Institutions, and in the library of the private gentleman), is, though certainly the most enlarged, yet the most incorrect of the whole. It would seem to have wanted the superintending eye of Beatson himself^, for we cannot otherwise account for the innumerable errors it contains, and the rather slovenly manner in w^hich it is * The 1st edition of Beatson's Political Index was published in one volume, octavo ; the 2d edition in two volumes ; and the 3d in three, all of similar size. 2 Dr. Robert Beatson (LL. D. ) F.R.S. lived until 1818: he died Jan. 24, in that year, aged 7(j. Besides the Political Index, Dr. Beatson was the author of A Chronological Register of both Houses of Parliament, Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, and various other works, chiefly of a scientific character. A 3 vi PREFACE. compiled. Bat, notwithstanding this great disadvantage, Beatsoin's Political Index is, even to tliis day, a favourite, though wanting the cliaractcr of a standard. Work. No other Work has hitherto been attempted to supply its place, or in continuation of it ; and latterly it has become so scarce, as to have entirely disappeared from tlie shelves of the modern bookseller. In the Work we now place before the Public, we owe little more tlian the plan to Beatson. The Book of Dignities includes many lists (among them, the Administrations of England, and the J udges of the Ecclesiastical Courts) not to be found in the Political Index^ and we have rejected other lists that had neither antiquarian research nor usefulness to entitle them to a place in the present volume. For the earlier dates we have consulted our most esteemed antiquaries, drawing our information directly from the authors them- selves. Instead of relying upon the transcripts made from them by a writer who errs so frequently. Were we to enumerate those authors here, w^e should crowd a page with the most illustrious names in our literature ; but as we quote, with scrupulous fidelity, our authority in every case throughout the Work, we deem such an array unnecessary. It is right to observe, that w^e have had a pre-eminent advantage over Beatson. We have been honoured by the chief members of the Government with their especial permission to search the records of their respective departments, and where records did not exist, either on account of the comparative newness of the office, or some par- ticular contingency, they have graciously directed that the inform- ation essential to the completion of our Work should be supplied to us from the minutes of their Boards, or from some equally authentic PREFACE, vii source. To acknowledge, in tins place, the condescension of the highest personages in the State, might seem ostentatious and im- pertinent, yet we may be allowed to mention, that the roll of the Privy Councillors has been compiled from the registers of the Council, and is now published, for the first time, by permission of the Marquess of Lansdowne, the Lord President. Several of our lists are the contributions of the most distinguished individuals. Our lists of the Judges of England are (from the Restoration to the present year) the compilations of the late Lord Langdale. Of the numerous winters that have sprung up within the past half-century, we have, of course, availed ourselves. We have not gone, for instance, to Dugdale for our list of the Lord Chancellors. The indefatigable antiquary, Mr. Hardy, of the Tower, has recently produced, after much laborious research, a roll of the Lord Chan- cellors, the most accurate that has ever appeared, and of this roll, ours is nearly a transcription. We conclude with the expression of our humble hope, that the Book of Dignities will be found of some usefulness to the Official Gentleman, the Historian, and the Scholar. If we shall have achieved this chief object of our labours, we shall be satisfied to mingle undistinguished in the crowd of useful writers, desiring no higher fame, or greater reward. London, October 1851. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. Page Soverb:ign Princes of Europe, viz. : — Of Austria - - - - 20 — Of Baden - . - - 52 — Of Bavaria - - - - 45 — Of Belgium - - - - 36 — Of Bohemia - - - - - 54 ~ Of Brandenburg - - - 42 — • Of Brunswick - - - - 47 — Of Denmark - - - - 39 — Of England - - - - 1 — Of France - - - - 22 — Of Germany - - - - 20 — Of Hanover - - - - 47 — Of Hesse-Cassel - - - 49 — Of Hesse-Darmstadt - - - 50 — Of Hesse-Homburg - - - 50 — Of Holland - - - - 36 — Of Hungary - - - - 53 — Of Ireland - - - - 18 — Of Lucca - - - - 34 — Of Mecklenburg-Schwerin - - 51 — ■ Of Mecklenburg-Strelitz - - 51 — Of Modena - - - - 35 — Of Naples - - - - 30 — Of Nassau - - - - 38 — Of the Netherlands - - - 36 — Of Parma - - - - 35 — Of Piacenza - - - - 35 — Of Poland - - - - 55 The Popes of Rome - - - 64 — Of Portugal - - - - 29 — Of Prussia - - - - 42 — Of the Russian Empire - - 56 — Of Sardinia - - - - 32 — Of Savoy - - - - 32 — Of Saxony - - - - 43 — Of Saxe-Altenburg - - - 45 — Of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha - - 45 — Of Saxe-Gotha Altenburg - - 44 — Of Saxe-Meiningen - - - 44 — Of Saxe-Weimar - - - 44 — Of Scotland - - - - 15 — Of Sicily - - - --80 — Of Spain - - - ' - 26 — Of Sweden - - - - 40 — Of the Turkish or Ottoman Empire - 61 — Of Tuscany - - - - 33 — Of the Two Sicilies - - -SO — Of Wales - - - - 14 — OfWurtemberg - - - 47 — Of Brazil - - - - 30 — Of Greece - - - - 63 — Of Persia - - - -> 62 The United States of America - - 63 Merged, or Extinct Kingdoms. — Of Anjou - - - - — Of Bretagne, or Brittany - - 68 — Of Burgundy - - - - 71 — Of the Eastern Empire - - 60 — Of Flanders - - - - 72 — Of Franconia - - - - 70 — Of Hainault - - - - 73 — Of Italy - - - - 59 — Of Jerusalem - - - - 68 — Of Lorraine - - - - 71 — Of Luxemburg - - 73 — Of Normandy - - - - 69 Palatinate of the Rhine - - 46 The Roman Empire - - - 57 — Of Suabia - - - - 70 The Western Empire - - - 59 PART II. Ambassadors, Envoys Extraordinary, and Ministers Plenipotentiary from Great Britain to Foreign States. Ministers To Austria - - - 75 — To the Barbary States - - 86 — To Bavaria -• - - - 76 — To Belgium - - - - 76 — To Brazil - - - - 87 To the Chinese Empire - - 86 To Denmark - - - - 76 To France - - - - 77 To Greece - - - - 79 To Hanover - - - - 79 To the Hanse Towns - - - 79 To the Netherlands - - - 79 To the New States of North America - 86 X CONTENTS. Page Ministers To Persia - - - 8G — To Poland ^ - - - 80 — To Portugal - - - - 80 — To Prussia - - - - 80 — To Russia - - - - 81 — To Sardinia - - - - 82 — To Saxony - - - - 82 — To the (Two) Sicilies - - - 82 — To the New States of South America - 87 — To Spain - - - - 83 — To Sweden - - - - 83 — To the Swiss Cantons - - - 84 — To Turlvcy - - - - 84 — To Tuscany - - - - 85 — To the United States of North America 86 — To Venice - - - - 85 — To Wurtcmberg - - - 85 AD:MixiSTRATroxs of ExGLAND from the reif?n of IIenuy YIII. to the reign of VlCTOlilA - - - - 88 Great Officers of State of England : Lord High Stewards - - - 99 Lord High Chancellors - - 100 Lord High Treasurers, First Lords of the Treasury, and Lords Com- missioners of the Treasury - - 100 Secretaries - - - - 117 Assistant-Secretaries - - 118 Lord Presidents of the Council - 118 Privy Councillors of England, from the reign of Charles II. - - 119 Lords Privy Seal _ - - 146 Lord Great Chamberlains - - 148 Lord High Constables - - 149 Earls- Marshal - - - 150 Deputy Earls-lMarshal - - 151 Lord High Admirals, First Lords, and Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty 151 Secretaries - - - - 166 Second Secretaries - - - 167 Chancellors of the Exchequer - 167 Speakers of the House of Commons - 215 The Judges of England. Justiciers of England - - « 219 Chief Justices of the King's (now Queen's) Bench - - - - - 220 Puisne Justices of the King's (now Queen's) Bench - - -' - - - 222 Chief Justices of the Common Pleas - 224 l*uisne Justices of the Common Pleas - 228 Chief Barons of the Exchequer - - 231 Junior Barons of the Exchequer - - 232 INIasters of the Polls - - - 233 Vice-Chancellors of England, &c. - - 235 ^Masters in Chancery - - . 235 P.me Principal Secretaries of State - 170 Home Department - - - 173 Foreign Department - - - 174 War and Colonies - - - 174 Secretaries of State for Scotland - - 175 Under-Secretaries of State for the dif- ferent Departments - - - J 75 Commissioners of the Board of Trade - 177 Present Establishment - - - 182 Presidents of the Board of Trade - 183 Vice-Presidents - - - - 184 Secretaries - - - - 184 Board of Controul, or India Board - 185 Secretaries to the Board - - 188 Chancellors of the Duchy of Lan- caster - - - '189 Secretaries-at-War - - - i<)0 IMasters-General of the Ordnance - 191 Lieutenants-General of the Ordnance - 192 Surveyors-General of the Ordnance - 193 First Coinimissioners of Woods and Forests - - - - 193 Surveyors - General of the Woods and Forests - - - - 193 Survej^ors-General of Land Revenues - 194 Commissioners of Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues - - - 194 Treasurers of the Navy - - 195 Comptrollers of the Navy - - 196 Surveyors of the Navy - - - 196 Paymasters-General - - - 197 Postmasters-General - - 198 Secretaries of the Post-Office - - 200 Masters of the Mint - - - 200 Judge- Advocates General - - - 202 Lord Stewards of the Household - - 203 Treasurers of the Household - - 204 Lord Chamberlains of the Household - 206 Grooms of the Stole . - . 207 INIasters of the Horse - - - 208 Corps of Gen tlemen-at- Arms - - 209 Yeomen of the Guard - - - 211 The Suppressed State Offices : Masters of the Great Wardrobe - - 213 Cofferers of the Household - - 213 Treasurers of the Chamber - - 214 Auditors of the Receipt of the Exchequer - 238 Clerks of the Pells - - - - 238 Tellers of the Exchequer - - - 239 Chamberlains of the Exchequer - - 240 Comptroller-General - - - 241 Attorneys-General - - - - 242 Solicitors-General - - - - 244 Serjeants-at-Law - - - _ 246 The Ecclesiastical Courts, &c. Deans of the Arches' Court - - 252 Prerogative Court of Canterbury - - 253 Vicars-General to the Lord Primate - 254 PAHT HI. CONTENTS. xi Page Consistory Court - - - - 254 High Court of Admiralty - - - 255 King's (now Queen's) Advocates - - 255 Admiralt}^ Advocates - - _ 25G J udges of the Court of Session of the County Palatine of Chester - _ 1 256 Recorders of London _ - » 257 Lord INIayors of London - - . 257 Common Sergeants of London - - 2G4 Chamberlains of London - - - 261 India. Governors-General of India - 265 Commanders-in-Chief of India - 267 Commanders-in-Chief of the Presidency of Bengal - - 268 Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Bengal - - 268 Bishops of Calcutta - 269 Presidency of Madras : Governors - 269 Commanders-in-Chief - - 270 Chief Justices - - 270 Bishops of Madras - 270 Presidency of Bombay : Governors - 271 Commanders-in-Chief - - 271 Bishops of Bombay - 272 Supreme Court of Bombay - 272 Admirals and Commodores on the East India Station - 272 East India Company; Chairmen and De- puty Chairmen - - 273 Archbishops and Bishops of En* Province of Canterbury. Archbishopric of Canterbury Bishopric of Bangor Bishopric of Bath and Wells Bishopric of Bristol Bishopric of Chichester Bishopric of Ely - . - Bishopric of Exeter Bishopric of Gloucester and Bristol Bishopric of Hereford Bishopric of Lichlield Bishopric of Lincoln Bishopric of LlandafF Bishopric of London Bishopric of Norwich Bishopric of Oxford Bishopric of Peterborough - Bishopric of Rochester Bishopric of St. Asaph Bishopric of St. David's Bishopric of Salisbury Bishopric of Winchester Bishopric of Worcester Bishop and deans of Westminster - The Colonies. Governors of Ceylon - - _ 274 Governors of the Cape of Good Hope - 275 Governors-General of Jamaica - - 275 Governors of Barbadoes - _ . 275 Governors of Bermuda - - - 276 Governors of Newfoundland - - 276 Governors-General of Canada - - 277 Governors-General of Gibraltar - - 277 Governors of Malta _ . _ 278 Lord High Commissioners of the Ionian Islands - - - - - 278 Admirals and Commodores on the West India Station - - - - 278 Admirals and Commodores on the North American Station - 279 Admirals and Commodores in the Mediter- ranean ----- 280 Admirals of Great Britain from the Restoration to the present year 1851 - 281 Retired Rear- Admirals - - 313 Naval Battles and Actions fought within the present Century - - - 314 Military Departjient. Commanders-in-Chief of the British Army 815 Captains-General - - - - 316 Field-Marshals - - - - 316 Generals of the Army - - - 317 Lieutenant-Generals _ _ _ 394 Major-Generals - . - _ 333 Chief Battles and Actions fought in the present Century - - - - 340 PART lY. - 341 - 343 - 344 - 346 . 347 - 348 - 350 - 351 - 352 - 354 - 355 - 357 - 358 - 360 - 362 - 363 - 363 - 365 - 366 - 368 - 370 - 372 - 373 Province of York. Archbishopric of York Bishopric of Carlisle Bishopric of Chester Bishopric of Durham Bishopric of Manchester Bishopric of Ripon - Bishopric of Sodor and Man Merged or Extinct Bishoprics. Bishops of Cornwall Bishops of Coventry Bishops of Devonshire Bishops of Dorchester Bishops of Dunwich Bishops of East Angles Bishops of Elmham, or Helraham - Bishops of Hexham Bishops of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island Archbishops of London - " - Bishops of Selsey - - - , Bishops of Sherborne Bishops of Sidnacester Bishops of Wilton - - . . 374 376 377 378 379 380 380 350 354 350 356 361 361 361 380 378 359 347 369 356 369 xii CONTENTS. Knights. Page Knights of the Garter, from the found- ation of the Order - - - 382 Page Knighthood of the Bath, from the insti- tution of the Order - - - 392 Knights of the Bath, from the Revival of the Order in 1725 - - - 303 PART v.— 1 The Great Officers of State of Scotland. The Lord Chancellor - - - 400 Lord Keepers of the Great Seal - - 401 Lord High Treasurers . - - 402 Comptrollers - - - - 404 Presidents of the Privy Council - - 404 Lords Privy Seal - - - - 404 Lord High Admirals - - - 405 Lord Great Chamberlain - - - 406 Lord High Steward - - - 407 Lord High Constable - - - 407 Earl-Marshal - - - - 408 Secretaries of State - - - 408 High Commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland - - - - - 409 Postmasters-General - - - 417 Lord Provosts of Edinburgh - - 418 Law Officers. Lord Clerk Registers - - - 410 Lord Justice Generals _ - - 410 Lord Justice Clerk, or Second Judges of Justiciary - - - - 411 Extraordinary Lords of Session - - 411 Lord Presidents of the Court of Session - 412 Ordinary Lords of Session - - - 413 Lords Advocate - - - - 416 vSolicitors -General - - - - 416 Deans of Faculty - - - - 417 Lord High Commissioners to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland - 417 SCOTLAND. Archbishops and Bishops of Scotland. Bishopric of St. Andrew's (became arcliie- piscopal) - - - - 419 Bishopric of Aberdeen ^ .. . 42 1 Bishopric of Argyll .. - _ 428 Bishopric of Brechin _ _ _ 422 Bishopric of Caithness - - _ 422 Bishopric of Dunblane - _ - 423 Bishopric of Dunkeld - - 424 Bishopric of Edinburgh - - _ 425 Bishopric of Galloway - _ - 429 Bishopric of Glasgow (for a time archie- piscopal) ----- 427 Bishopric of the Isles - - - 429 Bishopric of Moray - - . 425 Bishopric of Orkney - - - 426 Bishopric of Ross - - - - 426 Post-Revolution Bishops. (^Present Estahlishinent.^ Bishops of Aberdeen - - - 431 Bishops of Argyll and the Isles - - 433 Bishops of Brechin - - - 432 Bishops of Dunkeld _ _ . 432 l^ishops of Edinburgh - - - 431 Bishops of Fife (now St, Andrew's) • 433 Bishops of Glasgow and Galloway - - 431 Bishops of Moray - - - . 432 Bishops of Ross - - - 433 Bishops of St. Andrew's (late Fife) - 433 Knights of the Thistle, from the found- ation of the Order - _ _ 434 PART VL—IRELAND. State Officers. Lord Lieutenants and Chief Gover- nors of Ireland - - - 437 I*rincipal Secretaries of State - - 445 Chief Secretaries to the Lord Lieutenant and Chief Secretaries for Ireland - 445 Under Secretaries - - - 446 Lord Chancellors of Ireland - - 446 Lord Treasurers ~ - _ - 449 Chancellors of the Exchequer - - 451 Commanders of the Forces - - - 462 Judges and Law Officers. Chief Justices of the King's (now Queen's) Bench - - - - .452 Puisne Justices of the King's Bench - 452 Chief Justices of the Common Pleas - 454 Puisne Justices of the Common Pleas - 454 Chief Barons of the Exchequer - - 455 Junior Barons of the Exchequer - - 456 Masters of the Rolls - 457 Attorneys-General - - - - 453 Solicitors-General - - - _ 4,53 Serjeants-at-Law - - - - 459 CONTENTS. xiu Postmasters-General of Ireland Lord Mayors of Dublin Archbishopric of Armagh - Archbishopric of Dublin Archbishopric of Cashel (now a only) . - - Archbishopric of Tuam (now a only) - - - Bishopric of Achonry Bishopric of Ardagh Bishopric of Ardfert and Aghadoe Bishopric of Clogher Bishopric of Clonfert Bishopric of Cloyne Bishopric of Cork Bishopric of Derry - Bishopric of Down and Connor Bishopric of Dromore Bishopric of Elphin Bishopric of Emly - Page - 461 - 461 - 463 - 465 bishopric - 468 bishopric - 490 - 493 - 482 - 484 - 464 - 479 - 473 - 471 - 474 - 476 - 477 - 483 - 469 Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Bishopric of Deans of St. Ferns - ^ - Glandalagh Kildare Kilfenora Killala Killaloe Kilmacduach - Kilmore Leighlin Limerick Lismore Mayo - - - Meath and Clonmacnois Ossory Raphoe Ross - - - Waterford and Lismore Patrick's Knights of the Order of St. Patrick Table of Precedency Page - 488 - 467 - 467 - 479 - 491 - 478 - 481 - 481 - 489 - 484 - 471 - 491 - 485 - 487 - 475 - 473 - 470 - 4&3 494 510 EEVENUE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLAND. Commissioners of Customs - - - 497 I Commissioners of Stamps - - - 506 Commissioners of Excise - - - 501 | Commissioners of Taxes - - - 5Q7 Poor Law Boards - 508 The Peerage of England and of Great Britain - - - - - - -511 Index to the Privy Councillors of England ------- 569 Index to the Admirals of Great Britain ------- 578 Index to the Generals of the British Army ------- 583 Index to the Lieutenant-Generals - -- -- -- - 586 Index to the Major-Generals - -- -- -- -- 590 TABLE OF THE KINGS AND QUEENS OF ENGLAND FROM THE CONQUEST. (COMPILICD ACCOKDING TO THE DATES IN THE " Not'ltia Histovica'" OF SiR Nicholas IlAKiiis Nicolas.) No. Sovereigns. Born. Began to Reign. Reigned. Year of Age. Buried. NORMAN L INE. 1. AVlLLlAlVI I. - 1025 Oct. 14, lOGG Y. M. D. 20 10 26 61st Caen, in Normandy. 2. William II. - 1057 Sept. 9, 1087 12 10 23 43d Winchester. 3. Henry I. - - 1070 Aug. 1, 1100 35 4 1 66th Reading. 4. Stephen 1105 Dec. 2, 1135 18 10 23 49th Feversham. PLANTAGENET LINE. 5. Henry II. 1133 Oct. 25, 1154 34 8 12 56th Fontevrault. 6. Richard I.- 1157 July 7, 1189 9 9 0 42d Fontevranlt. 7. John - - - 11G6 April 6, 1199 17 6 13 50th Worcester. Q O. HENRY Hi. 1206 Oct. 19, 1216 56 0 28 botn Westminster. 9. Edward I.- 1239 Nov. 16, 1272 34 7 21 68th Westminster. 10. Edward II. - 1284 July 7, 1307 19 6 18 43d Gloucester. 11. Edward III. - 1312 Jan. 25, 1327 50 4 28 66th Westminster. 12. Richard II. - 1367 June 21, 1377 22 3 8 33d Westminster. LINE OF LANCASTER. 13. Henry IY. 1367 Sept. 29, 1399 13 5 20 46th Canterbury. 14. Henry V. - - 1388 March 20, 1413 9 5 11 34th Westminster. 15. Henry VI. - 1421 Aug. 31, 1422 38 6 4 50th Chertsey. Windsor. HOUSE OF YORK. IG. Edward IV. - 1441 March 4, 1461 1 22 I 5 42d Windsor. 17. Edward V.- 1470 April 9, 1483 0 2 13 13th Tower. Westminster. 18. Richard III. - 1443 June 22, 1483 2 2 0 42d Leicester. 1 Part of the year 1470 is called the 49th of Henrj^ VI., that monarch having been restored to the throne by the carl of Warwick, and a parliament summoned in Henry's name on the 15th of October, 1470, to meet at West- minster on the 2Gth of November following. King Henry, dethroned in 14G1, died a few days after the decisive battle of Tewkesbury, which was fought on the 4th of May, 1471. KIXGS AND QUEENS OF ENGLAND. XV No. Sovereigns. Born. Began to Reign. Reigned. Year of Ago. Buried. I] LOUSE OF T UDOR. 19. Henry YII.^ - 1455 Ang. 22, 1485 Y. M. D. 23 7 30 54th Westminster. 20. Henry VHI. - 1491 April 21, 1509 37 9 7 56th Windsor. 21. Edward VI. - 1537 Jan. 28, 1547 6 5 8 16th Westminster. 22. Mary I. and. - 1516 July 6, 1553 5 4 11 43d AVestminster. Philip (jointly) 1527 July 25, 1554 4 3 23 71st Escurial, Spain. 23. Elizabeth 1533 Nov. 17, 1558 44 4 7 70th Westminster. HOUSE OF STUART. 24. James I. - - 1566 March 24, 1603 22 0 3 59th Westminster. 25. Charles I.- 1600 March 27, 1625 23 10 3 49th Windsor. 26. Charles II. 1630 Jan. 30, 1649 36 0 7 54th TT COl/lilillOLd. Restoration May 29, 1660 24 8 8 27. James II. 1633 Feb. 6, 1685 4 0 7 68th Benedictines, Paris. 28. William III. and - Mary II. (jointly) - 1650 1662 1 Feb. 13, 1689 | 13 0 23 5 10 15 52d 33d VV^ p fin 1 n c! f p V TT Co Lllii llo LCI . Westminster. 29. Anne - 1665 Maich 8, 1702 12 4 24 50th Westminster. LINE OF HANOVER. 30. George I. - - 1660 Aug. 1, 1714 12 10 10 68th Hanover. 31. George II. 1683 June 11, 1727 33 4 14 77th Westminster. 32. George III.2 1738 Oct. 25, 1760 59 3 4 82d Windsor. 33. George IV. - 1762 Jan. 29, 1820 10 4 28 68th Windsor. 34. William IV. - 1765 June 26, 1830 6 11 24 72d Windsor. 35. Victoria 1819 June 20, 1837 Our Present Queen, whom God preserve ! 1 Nearly all other Tables state that Henry VTI. died on the 22nd of April, 1509; but the inscription on that monarch's tomb, as piven in Sandf.ird's Genealogical Hisfori/, proves the above to be the correct date: " Moritur deinde XXI die Aprilis, anno cetatis LIII. Regnavit annos XXIII^ menses VIII, minus uno die.'''' 2 In consequence of the mental illness of his majesty George III., his son George, prince of Wales (afterwards George IV. >, was declared Regent of the kiiigdom. on the 5th of February, 1811 ; and the regency continued until the death of the king, Jan. 29, 1820, thus embracing a period of eight years, eleven months, and twenty- four days. George IV. therefore governed, as regent and king, nineteen years, four months, and twenty-two days. It may, perhaps, be necessary to observe, that two queens, viz., Matilda or Maud (styled in history the " Empress "), and the la ly Jane Grey, are not included in the preceding Table of Sovereigns. The one, though the rightful heir, and crowned, was excluded from the successi()n by the usurpation of Stephen ; the other, though unambitious of her elevation to the throne, forfeited her life, a few days after she had been proclaimed qupen, upon the scaffold. Neither of these princesses has a place in the Regal Tables of our accepted historians. •— Editor. ADDENDA. Add, at end of Administrations, page 98 : 1851. Feb. 24. Lord John Russell announced to the Commons, and the Marquess of LansdoAvne to the Lords, that ministers had resigned, in consequence of their defeat on Mr. Locke King's motion respecting the Franchise, the majority against them being 48 (100 to 62) ; and on March 3, the same personages informed parliament, that it having been found impossible to form a Coalition Ministry, of which Sir James Graham and the Earl of Aberdeen were invited to be members, her Majesty, by the advice of the Duke of Wellington, was pleased to call upon her late Ministers to resume office. It appeared that Lord Stanley had been previously charged by the Queen to form a new Cabinet, but had not succeeded. Lord J ohn Russell and his colleagues accordingly resumed their functions, and form (October 1851) the present Administration. PnivY Councillors, page 146 ; Immediately upon Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe being sworn of the Council as a Vice-Chancellor, Nov. 13, 1850, he was created Lord Cranworth. New Judges. October 8, 1851. Letters-patent were this day directed to be passed the Great Seal, appointing, ^^^^^^^} J-^S- of the Court of Appeal in Chancery. CORRIGENDA. Sovereigns of Europe, page 6., Richard III. For born 1453, read born 1443. " Under same head, page 31. Francis I., King of the Two Sicilies. For 1826 (mis- printed) 7'eaavaria; 2d, to the king of Arragon; and, 3d, to the duke of Barre. G. Philippii ; married to Eric, king of Denmark. Issue of Henry V. Henry, prince of Wales, who succeeded to the crown as Henrj^ VI. The widow of Henry V. married sir Owen Tudor of the principality of Wales, said to be of royal lineage, by whom she had I. Edmund Tudor, created earl of Richmond, who married Mar- garet, daughter of John, first duke of Somerset, and great- grand-daughter of John of Gaunt ; and left an only son, Henry, earl of Richmond, who ascended the throne as Henry VII. II. Jasper Tudor, created earl of Pembroke. III. Tacina Tudor, married to Regi- nald, lord Grey, of Wilton. Issue of Henry VI. Edward, prince of Wales, born Oct. 31, 1452; he married, in 1470, the lady Anne Nevill, second daughter and coheiress of Richard Nevill, earl of Warwick. This prince was, with his mother, taken prisoner at the battle of Tewkesbury, in 1471, and was murdered a few days afterwards by the dukes of Gloucester and Clarence, and lord Hastings. His widow, Anne, subsequently married Gloucester, one of his murderers, who became king, as Richard III. lie was drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine, his brother, the duke of Gloucester, as it is said, assisting at his death with his own hands. Though the king consented to his death, yet no sooner was the unnatural deed accomi)lished, than he repented of it, and so poignantly did it cause him to feel, that whenever he was solicited to spare the life of a condemned person, he would exclaim, " Oh ! unfortunate brother ! for whose life no man would make suit. ' ENGLAND. 11 Bo UN OF THE House of York. Issue of Edward IV. 1. Edward, prince of Wales, who succeeded his father as Edward V., and 2. Richard, duke of York. These two princes were murdered in the Tower, at the in- stance of their uncle Richard, d\dv.e of Gloucester, in 1483. [The latter prince, Richard, was married in his infancy to Anne, heiress of the house of MoAvbray, only child of John Mowbray, duke of I^orfolk and earl marshal of England, she being also an infant.] 3. George ; who died young. 4. Elizabeth ; married to Henry VII. 5. Cicely; married, 1st, to John, lord Wells; and, 2d, to sir J. Kyme. 6. Anne, married to Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk. This king had four other daughters, namely, 7. Bridget, who became a nun. 8. Mary, who died unmarried, though affianced to the king of Denmark. 9. Margaret, and 10. Katharine, who espoused William Courtenay, earl of Devonshire. Issue of Richard HI. Edward, prince of Wales ; upon whom the crown was entailed by parliament ; but he died vita pair is. Born of the House of Tudor. Issue of Henry VII. 1. Arthur, prince of Wales; born Sept. 20, 1486 ; married, Nov. 1501, tlie infanta Catharine, daughter of Ferdinand of Arragon ; but died in a few months afterwards. His widow be- came the first Avife of his brother Henry VIII. ; to whom she was married June 3, 1509. 2. Henry, who succeeded his father on the throne as Henry VIII. 3. Edmund, who died young. 4. jMargaret, married, 1st, to James IV. of Scot- land, by whom she had an only son, James V. of Scotland, father of the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots, whose son, James VI., as- cended the English throne as James I. Mar- garet married, 2d, Arthur Douglas, earl of Angus, from whom she was divorced ; and, 8d, Henry Stuart, earl of Methven. By her second husband she had an only daughter, Margaret, who espoused Matthew Stuart, earl of Lenox, and was mother of Henry, earl of Darnley, the husband of Mary of Scots, and father of James I. of England. 5. Elizabeth, who died in infancy. 6. Mary; married, 1st, to Louis XII. king of France ; and, 2d, to Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk ; by whom she left I. Henry, earl of Lincoln, who died ue. married. II. Frances, married to Henry Grey, mar- quess of Dorset, afterwards tluke of Suffolk ; and had three daughters, of whom the eldest was the amiable and unfortunate lady Jane Grey. HI. Eleanor, married to Henry Clifford, earl of Cumberland, and left a daughter, Margaret, who espoused Henry Stan- ley, earl of Derby. Issue of Henry VIII. 1. Henry, who died young. 2. Mary (by Catharine of Arragon) who as- cended the throne. 3. Elizabeth (by his second queen, Anna Bo- leyn) who ascended the throne. 4. Edward (by his third queen, the lady Jane Seymour) who ascended the throne. [The king had by his first queen, besides Henry and Mary, other children not named, who died in infancy.] Born of the House of Stuart. Issue of James I. 1. Henry- Frederick, created, after his father's ac- cession, duke of Cornwall, and in May 1610, prince of Wales : died, at the age of eighteen, Nov. 6, 1612. 2. Robert, who died early. 3. Charles, who succeeded his father on the throne as Charles 1. 4. Elizabeth ^ ; married to Frederick, count pala- tine of the Rhine, who, in 1620, was elected king of Bohemia ; but afterwards driven from his dominions. She had issue : I. Frederick-Henry : drowned in 1529, in his fifteenth year. II. Charles-Lewis II., who, by the treaty of Munster, was created the eighth elector of the empire. III. Rupert, so renowned in the civil war of England as "Prince Rupert : " created duke of Cumberland. IV. Maurice, known in English history as " Prince Maurice ; " perished by ship- wreck in 1654. V. Lewis, died young. VI. Edward, count palatine of the Rhine. VII. Philip, slain at the battle near St. Stephen's in 1640. VIII. Gustavus ; died in 1641, in his minority. 1 This amiable princess, who saw only a phantom of ro3'alty, and had nothing more than the empty title of ueen, bore her misfortunes with magnanimity when her husband lost his possessions, which the weak policy of ames would not enable him to recover. She was so beloved that in the Low Countries she was called " 'J'he Queen of Hearts.'^ After the restoration of Charles II., she visited England, and is supposed to have married William, the first lord Craven, whose house was in Drury-hme, where, some years since, was a tavern known by the name of the " Queen of Bohemia:' —T. C. Banks. 12 PRICES OF EUEOPE. IX. Elizabeth, who became abbess of Her- vorclen, in Westphalia, and died in 1680. X. Louisa-Hollandia, became abbess of Maubisson, near Paris. XI. Henrietta; married Sigismund, prince of Transylvania, and died a few months after. XII. Charlotte ; died in infancy. XIII. Sophia : on whose descendants the crown of England devolved by the act of Settlement ; born Oct. 13, 1630 ; married, 1658, Ernest- Augustus, duke of Brunswick-Lunenburg, afterwards elector of Hanover, by whom she had issue, GEOKGE-Lewis, who ascended the English throne as George I. 5. ^Margaret ; died young, 1598. 6. Mary ; died in her third year, 1607. 7. Sophia; died two days after her birth, 1606. Issue of the Princess Sophia (^gr and- daughter of James /.). 1. GEORGE-Lewis, afterwards king George I. 2. Frederick-Augustus; slain in battle against the Turks, 1690. 3. Maximilian-William ; died Dec. 1666. 4. Charles -Philip ; slain in battle, 1690. 5. Christian ; drowned in the Danube, July, 1703. 6. JErnest -Augustus, bishop of Osnaburg ; created, in 1716, duke of York and Albany and earl of Ulster: died August, 1728. 7. Sophia-Charlotte ; married to Frederick- Wil- liam, elector of Brandenburg, king of Prussia. Issue of Charles L 1. Charles, who died the day he was born. 2. Charles, prince of Wales,afterwards Charles II. 3. James, duke of York, afterwards James II. 4. Henry, duke of Gloucester, who died unmar- ried, in 1660. 6. Mary, married to William II. of Nassau, prince of Orange, by whom she had an only son, William, who ascended the throne of England, as William III. 6. Elizabeth, who died of grief, a prisoner in Ca- risbrook Castle in Sept. 1650, aged 15 years. 7. Anne, who died young. 8. Henrietta-Maria, married to Philip, duke of Anjou, afterwards duke of Orleans, only brother to Louis XIV. Issue of Charles II. [This prince left no legitimate issue, but had many natural children by various mistresses ; among these was the celebrated James, duke of Monmouth, by Mrs. Lucy Walters ^] Issue of James IL 1. Charles, duke of Cambridge, who died young. 2. Mary, married to William- Henry of Nassau, prince of Orange : she and her husband afterwards ascended the English throne as Mary II. and William HI. 3. James, duke of Cambridge ; born July, 1663 : died in 1667. 4. Anne, who succeeded to the crown. 5. Charles, duke of Kendal ; died an infant. 6. Edgar, duke of Cambridge ; born Sept. 14, 1667 : died June 8, 1671. 7. Henrietta ; died in infancy. 8. Catherine, who also died an infant. These four sons and four daughters were by lady Anne Hyde, and none of them, ex- cept Mary and Anne, afterwards queens regnant, survived four years of age. By his second wife, the princess of Modena, James had : 9. Catherine-Laura, who died in infancy. 10. Charles, duke of Cambridge ; died an infant. 11. Isabella; died in her 4th year. 12. Charlotte-Maria ; died in infancy. 13. James-Francis- Edward, so well known after his father's death as the Pretender, and supposed by many to have been of fictitious birth; born June 18, 1668; married, in 1719, Mary-Clementina, daughter of prince James Sobieski, and grand-daughter of John, king of Poland, by whom he had issue : I. Charles-Edward, the celebrated Chevalier St. George, or Young Pretender, born in 1720 ; mar- ried the princess Stohlberg; died in 1788. II. Henry-Benedict, known as Car- dinal York; died in 1807, when the whole issue of James became extinct. 14. Louisa-Maria-Theresa, born in 1692 : died in 1712. [James had also several natural children, of whom was the renowned James Fitz- James, duke of Berwick, by lady Arabella Churchill ; he followed his father, after his abdication, into France ; became general of the French and Spanish armies; and successfully contended against England in the battle of Amanza, in 1707. Killed at the siege of Philipsburgh in 1734.] Issue of Queen Anne. 1. A daughter, still-born. 2. Mary, born June 9, 1685 : died Feb. 8, 1686. 3. Anne Sophia, born May 12, 1686 : died Feb. 2, 1687. \ In 1G79, a belief very generally obtained throughout the kingdom, that the king had been lawfully married to this lady. This belief was countenanced the more on account of the popularity of the duke of Monmouth, who was daily gaining on the affections of the people. Some of Monmouth's supposed chief friends began to invite him to cast his eyes upon the crown. This so affected the king that his majesty thought himself obliged, both in conscience and honour, to cause the following Declaration to be entered in the records of his privy council: " Whitehall, March 3, 1679. " That to avoid any dispute which may happen in time to come, concerning the succession of the crown, he "declares in the presence of Almighty God, that he never gave, nor made any contract of marriage, nor was ever " married to any woman whatsoever, but to his present wife, Queen Catherine, now living. Signed " Charles R." With this Declaration some persons not being satisfied, and the duke of Monmouth growing still more popular, his majesty thought fit to renew his Protestation, thus: " On the word of a King and the faith of a Christian, that he was never married to Mrs. Lucy Barlow, alias " Walters, the Duke of Monmouth's mother, nor to any other woman whatsoever, besides the now Queen." The latter protestation is of record in the Court of Chancery. ENGLAND. 13 4. William, duke of Gloucester; born July 24, 1689 ; died July 30, 1700. 5. Mary, born and died in Nov. 1690. 6. George, born and died April 17, 1692. Born of the House of Hanover. Issue of George I. 1. GEORGE-Augustus ; succeeded his father as George II. 2. Sophia-Dorothea ; born March 16, 1685 ; married to Frederick- William, of Prussia, Nov. 28, 1706 : died July 5, 1757. [Both the above were born long before the king ascended the throne: his queen was kept confined on the continent during his reign, and never came to England.] Issue of George II. 1. Frederick-Lewis, prince of Wales ; born Jan. 20, 1707; married Augusta, daughter of Frederick II., duke of Saxe-Gotha: died in the lifetime of his father. For his issue, see separate notice below. 2. Anne, princess-royal; born Oct. 22, 1709; married to William-Charles-Henry, prince of Orange. 3. Ameha-Sophia-Eleanora ; bornMay 30, 1711 ; died unmarried, Oct. 31, 1786. 4. Elizabeth-CaroHne ; born May, 1713; died unmarried, Dec. 28, 1757. 5. George- William ; died in infancy. 6. William-Augustus, duke of Cumberland; born April 15, 1721. He commanded at the battles of Fontenoy and Culloden : died Oct. 31, 1765. 7. Mary ; born Feb. 22, 1723 ; married to prince Frederick of Hesse-Cassel : died Jan. 14, 1771. 8. Louisa ; born Dec. 7, 1724 ; married to Fre- derick V. of Denmark ; died Dec. 8, 1751. Issue of Frederick-Lewis (^prince of Wales). 1. Augusta; born July 31, 1737; married to Charles -William-Ferdinand, hereditary prince of Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel. See that family. 2. GEORGE-William-Frederick, who succeeded his grandfather on the throne as George III. 3. Edward- Augustus, duke of York ; born March 14, 1739 ; died Sept. 17, 1767. 4. Elizabeth-Caroline; born Dec. 30, 1740 ; died Sept. 4, 1759. 5. William-Henry, duke of Gloucester; born Nov. 25, 1743 ; married Maria, countess dowager of Waldegrave, daughter of the hon. sir Edward Walpole; died Aug. 25, 1805 ; he had issue : L Sophia-Matilda; bom May 29, 1773; died Nov. 29, 1844. II. Caroline- Augusta-Maria ; born June 24, 1774 ; died in infancy. III. William-Frederick; bom Jan. 15, 1776; married the princess Mary, daughter of George III. ; died Nov. 30, 1834. 6. Henry-Frederick, duke of Cumberland ; born Nov. 7, 1745 ; married Anne, daughter of the earl Carhampton and widow of Chris- topher Horton, esq., of Catton Hall, Derby- shire ; died Sept. 18, 1790. 7. Louisa- Anne; born March 8, 1749; died May 13, 1768. 8. Frederick- William • born May 30, 1750 ; died Dec. 1765. 9. Caroline-Matilda; born (after her father's death) July 11, 1751. This was the un- fortunate queen of Christian VII. king of Denmark. She died imprisoned in the castle of Zell, May 10, 1775. Issue of George TIL 1. George- Augustus-Frederick,prince of Wales, and, in 1811, prince regent; succeeded his father on the throne as George IV. 2. Frederick, duke of York and Albany ; bom Aug. 16, 1763; married Frederica- Char- lotte-Ulrique, daughter of William II. king of Pmssia. The duchess died Aug. 6, 1820 ; and the duke Jan. 5, 1827. 3. WiLLiAi^i-Henry, duke of Clarence ; who suc- ceeded to the crown. 4. Charlotte- Augusta- Matilda, princess royal ; bom Sept. 29, 1766 ; married to Frederick Charles William, hereditary prince of Wurtemburg ; died Oct. 6, 1828. 5. Edward, duke of Kent and Strathern ; born Nov. 2, 1767; married (May 29, 1818) Victoria-Mary-Louisa, daughter of Fran- cis-Frederick-Anthony, duke of Saxe- Coburg Saalfeld, and widow of Emich- Charles, prince of Leiningen : the duke died Jan. 23, 1820, leaving an only daugh- ter, Alexandrina- Victoria, her present most gracious majesty, the Queen. 6. Augusta-Sophia; born Nov. 8, 1768; died Sept. 22, 1840. 7. Elizabeth ; born May 22, 1770 ; married to Frederick-Joseph-Louis, landgrave cf Hesse-Homberg ; died Jan. 10, 1840. 8. Ernest-Augustus, duke of Cumberland and Tiviotdale ; born June 5, 1771. See Han- over. 9. Augustus-Frederick, duke of Sussex; born Jan. 27, 1773; married, April 3, 1793, lady Augusta Murray, daughter of John, earl of Dunmore : this marriage was dis- solved (being contrary to the statute 12 George III. c. 11.) in Aug. 1794. Died April 21, 1843. 10. Adolphus-Frederick, duke of Cambridge; born Feb. 24, 1774 ; married Augusta- Wilhelmina- Louisa, daughter of Frederick, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, May 7, 1818. Died July, 1850, leaving issue I. George-Frederick- William-Charles ; born March 26, 1819, the present duke. II. Augusta -Caroline - Charlotte -Eliza- beth ; born July 19, 1822 ; married to Frederick - William - Gustavus, hereditary grand duke of Meck- lenburgli-Strelitz, June 28, 1843 ; and has issue. III. Mary- Adelaide -Wilhelmina - Eliza- beth ; born Nov. 27, 1833. 11. Mary; born April 25, 1776; married to her cousin, William-Frederick, duke of Glou- cester, July 22, 1816. See Duke of Glou- cester. 12. Sophia ; born Nov. 3, 1777 ; died May 27, 1848. 14 miNCES OF EUROPE. 13. Octavius; bora Feb. 23, 1779; died May 3, 1783. 14. Alfred ; bom Sept. 22, 1780 ; died Aug. 26, 1782. 15. Amelia ; bora Aug. 7, 1783 ; died Nov. 2, 1810. Issue of George IV. Cliarlotte-Caroline-Augusta ; bora Jan. 7, 179(3; married, May 2, 181G, to prince Leopold-George-Frederick of Saxe-Cobnrg Saalfeld, now king of the Belgians. The princess died in childbed, deeply lamented by the nation, Nov. 6, 1817. Issue, a son, still-born, the day before. Issue of William IV. 1. Charlotte-Augusta-Louisa, born March 27, 1819 ; died the next day. 2. Elizabeth-Georgina -Adelaide ; bora Dec. 10, 1820 ; died March 4, 1821. Issue of Queen Victoria. See the " Present Royal Family of England,^ page 7. WALES. The Britons being driven beyond the Severn, fortified themselves in this country, anciently called Cambria, which name the kings of tbe Heptarchy changed into Wallish- Land, or Wales. The inhabitants resisted for ages, in their inaccessible mountains, the power of the Saxons ; and subsequently fought valorously for their independence against the English kings, until the reign of Edward I., by whom the whole country was finally reduced into one principality, and made subject to England. Wales was united and incorporated with England by act of parliament, 27 Henry Vni. 1535. Kings and Princes of Wales. Kings of Wales. 688. Idwallo. 720. Khodri, or Roderic, 755. Conan, or Cynan. 818. Mervyn, or Merfyn. 843. Roderic, surnamed the Great. This prince divided Wales between his three sons, allotting to each his part. To the eldest he gave North Wales; to the second. South Wales ; and to the third, Powys- Land. Princes of North Wales. \_Counties of Merioneth, part of Denbigh, Flint, Carnarvon, and the Isle of Anglesey. At Aber- fraw, in this last, was the prince's seat, ] 877. Anarawd. 913. Edwal Voel. 939. Howel Dha, or Hywel Dda, surnamed the Good, prince of all Wales. 948. Jevaf or Jevav, and lago. 972. Howel ap Jevaf, or Hywel ab Jevav. 984. Cadwallon ab Jevaf. 985. jNIeredith ap Owen ap Howel Dha, or Me- redydd ap Owain ab H;^^el Dda. 992. Edwal ab Meyric ab Edwal Voel. 998. Aedan, an usurper. 1015. Llewelyn ab Sitsyllt, and Angharad his wife. 1021. lago ab Edwal ab Meyric. 1038. Griffith, or Grufydd ab Llewelyn ab Sit- syllt. 1001. Bleddyn and Rygwallon. 1073. Trahaern ab Caradoc. 1079. Griffith ap Conan, or Grufydd ab Cynan. 1137. Owain Gwynedd. 1169. David ab Owain Gwynedd. 1194. Leolinus Magnus. 1240. David ab Llewelyn. 1246. Llewelyn ap Griffith, or Grufydd, last prince of the blood ; slain after battle, in 1282. Princes of South Wales. [ This principality contained the counties of Gla- morgan, Pembroke, Carmarthen, Cardigan, and part of Brecknock. Dynevor Castle was the prince's seat. ] 877. Cadeth, or Cadell. 907. Howel Dha, or Hywel Dda, the Good, prince of all Wales. 948. Owen ap Howel Dha, or Owain ap Hywel Dda, his son. 987. Meredith ap Owen, or Meredydd ab Owain ; all Wales. 993. Llewelyn ap Sitsyllt, and Angharad his v/ife. 1021. Rytherch, or Rhydderch ab Jestyn; an usurper. 1031. Hywel and Meredydd. 1042. Rhydderch and Rhys, the sons of the usurper. 1061. Meredydd ab Owain ab Edwyn. 1073. Rhys ab Owen, or Owain, and Rhydderch ab Caradoc. 1077. Rhys ab Tewdwr Mawr. 1092. Cadwgan ab Bleddyn. 1115. Griffith, or Grufydd ab Rhys. 1137. Rhys ab Grufydd, or Griffith, called the lord Rhys. 1196. Grufydd ab Rhys. 1202. Rhys ab Grufydd. 1222. Owain ab Grufydd. 1235. Meredith, or Meredydd ab Owain ; he died in 1267. Princes and Lords of Po^vys-Land. \_Powys-Land comprehended the whole counties of Montgomery and Radnor, with part of Denbigh, SCOTLAND. 15 Brecknock^ 3ferioneth, and Shropshire. The prince's seat was at Matraval, in the first-named county. ] 877. Merfyn, or Mervyn. 900. Cadeth, or CadcU; also prince of South Wales. 927. Howel Dha, or Hywel Dda, the Good, prince of all Wales. ****** 985. Meredydd ab Owain. ****** lOGl. Bleddyn ab Cynvyn. 1073. Meredydd ab Bleddvn. 1087. Cadwgan ab Bledd^ni. 1132. Madoc ab Meredydd. 1160. Griffith, or Grufydd ab Meredydd. ****** 125G. GAvenwinwin, or Gwenwynwyn. 1256. Owain ab Grufydd. The last prince who held this dominion entire, was Meredydd ab Bleddyn. He divided it between his two sons, Madoc and Grufydd. The Welcli having finally submitted to Edward I., and Llewelyn, their last prince of the blood, having been slain, the king resolved to gain, if possible, the hearts of his new subjects; and with this intention, he sent for his queen, Eleanor, then with child, to Carnarvon Castle, where she was soon afterwards delivered of a son. He thereupon convened the Welch chieftains, who were, he perceived, much indisposed to being governed by strangers, and told them, he was about to offer them " a prince for their ruler, who was of tlieir own nation, who could not speak a word of English, and whose life was free from reproach." The chieftains joyfully accepting this proposal, the king named his new-born offspring as their prince ; and the eldest sons of the sovereigns of England have been created princes of Wales soon after their birth, from this time. Princes of Wales of the Blood-Royal of England. 1284. Edward, of Carnarvon, son of Edward I. ; afterwards Edward II. 1343. Edward, the renowned Black Prince, eldest son of Edward III. 1377. Richard, of Bourdeaux, only sur^dving son of the Black Prince. 1399. Henry, of Monmouth, eldest son of Henry IV. ; afterwards king, as Henry V. 1454. Edward, of Westminster, only son of Henry YI. This prince was murdered by the dukes of Gloucester and Cla- rence, in 1471. 1472. Edward, of Westminster, eldest son of Ed- ward IV. ; afterwards Edward V. 1483. Edward, earl of Salisbury, only son of Richard III. ; created Sept. 8, 1483 ; died in April, 1484. 1490. Arthur Tudor, eldest son of Henry VII. ; died in 1502. 1503. Henry Tudor, duke of York, second son of Henry VII. ; created prince of Wales on his brother's death ; afterwards ascended the throne as Henry VIII. 1537. Edward Tudor, son of Henry VIII., after- wards Edward VI. ; but the patent of creation to the dignity was never ac- tually passed. — Sandford. 1610. Henry- Frederick Stuart, eldest son of James I. : died in 1612. 1616. Charles Stuart, duke of York, second son of James I. ; afterwards king as Charles I. 1630. Charles, eldest son of Charles I. ; aft erwards Charles II. 1714. George- Augustus, only son of George 1. ; afterwards George II. 1729, Frederick-Lewis, eldest son of George IT. ; created Jan. 9, 1729 : died, before his father, March 20, 1751. 1751. George-William-Frederick, eldest son of the preceding ; afterwards George III., April 20, 1751. 1762. George-Augustus-Frederick, eldest son of George III., afterwards George IV., Au- gust 17, 1762. 1841. Albert-Edward, eldest son of her present most gracious majesty, queen Victoria ; created Dec. 7, 1841. The now Prince of Wales. SCOTLAND. Caledonia. — Tacitus. Alhin (Highland name). — Macbean. Alhine, — Scott. This country was governed by a king long before the Romans visited England. It continued an independent kingdom until the death of the English queen Elizabeth in 1603, when James VI. of Scotland, the most immediate heir, was called to the throne of England ; he and his successors styling themselves kings of England and Scotland, and each country having a separate parliament, until 1707, in the reign of queen Anne. In that year and reign both kingdoms were united under the general name of Great Britain. 16 PRINCES OF EUROPE. Kings of Scotland. Before Christ. [The early accounts of the kings are, by many historians, deemed, in a great measure, fabu- lous. The antiquity of the kings is carried as far back as Alexander the Great] 330. Fergus I. ; ruled 25 years : lost in the Irish Sea.i 305. Fritharis, brother of Fergus : supposed to have been poisoned. 290. Main us ; succeeded his uncle ; a just and esteemed prince. 261. Dornadilla, son of Mainus ; a peaceful reign of 28 years. 233. Northatus, brother of the preceding ; cruel and avaricious : slain. 213. Reutherus, son of Dornadilla. 187. Reutha, brother of Reutherus : resigned in favour of his nephew. 170. Thereus, son of Reutherus, a tyrant : de- posed and exiled. 158. Josina, brother of Thereus. 134. Finanus; succeeded his father Josina; a prosperous reign. 104. Durstus, son of the preceding ; a sensual prince ; murdered many of his nobles at a feast, whereupon a civil war arose, and he was slain. 95. Evenus, a just, resolute, and valiant ruler; succeeded by 7 6. Gillus, his illegitimate son, who, usurping the royal power, caused the murder of the rightful heirs : deposed by his nobles, and beheaded. 75. Evenus II., nephew of Finanus, chosen in his room. 59. Ederus, grandson of Durstus. 12. Evenus III., sm^ceeded his father Ederus : deposed for his enormous crimes, and strangled in prison. 4. Metellanus, nephew of Ederus: eminent for his justice and virtues. After Christ. 35. Caratacus or Caractacus, nephew of the preceding. 55. Corbred, his brother. 72. Dardanus, son of Corbred ; a dissolute ty- rant; his subjects slew him. 76. Corbred II., surnamed Galdus. Some sup- pose this king to be the Galgacus whom Tacitus mentions as having fought va- liantly against Julius Agricola. 110. Luctacus or Lugthacus, his son, a cruel and sensual tyrant; murdered by his nobles. 113. Mogaldus, grandson of Corbred II. : mur- dered. 149. Conams, his son; he conspired in his father's murder: deposed, and died in prison. 163. Ethodius I. : slain by an Irish harper in revenge for the murder of a kinsman: the regicide was torn asunder by wild horses. 195. Satrael or Satrahel, brother of the pre- ceding : grown odious for his vices ^nd oppression he was strangled by his courtiers. 199. Donald L, brother of the two last. 216. Ethodius 11. , son of Ethodius I. : slain by his guards in a domestic tumult. 231. Athirco, succeeded his father: an odious tyrant; dishonoured the daughters of Nathalocus, a noble, who took arms against him : slew himself to avoid a severer death. 242. Nathalocus, who usurped the throne on the king's death; murdered many of his nobles : killed by his domestics. 253. Findochus, son of Athirco : murdered in a conspiracy, in which his brother, Ca- rantius, was a principal. 264. Donald II., a third son of Athirco ; slain in a battle with Donald of the Isles, who succeeded. 265. Donald III., lord of the Isles ; usurped the throne ; a terror to his people : slain by his successor. 277. Carthilinthus or Crathilinthus, son of Fin- dochus ; reigned 24 years. 301. Fincormachus, son of Donald II. ; reigned 47 years, and died lamented. 348. Romachus, nephew of the preceding : slain by his nobles, and succeeded by his cousin. 351. Angusianus or ^neanus : fell in battle w^th the Pictish king, who was also slain. 354. Fethelmachus, also cousin of Romachus; defeated the Picts and mortally wounded their new king in battle : murdered by a Pictish minstrel who feigned himself a Scot, hired by Hergustus, the suc- ceeding king of that nation. 357. Eugenius I., son of Fincormachus: slain in battle by Maximus, the Roman ge- neral, and the confederate Picts. With this battle ended the kingdom of the Scots, after having existed from the coronation of Fer- gus I., a period of 706 years : the royal family fled to Denmark — Boece. Buchanan. [Interregnum of 27 years. 1 404. Fergus 11.^ (I.) great-grandson of Eu- genius and 40th king: slain in battle with the Romans. 420. Eugenius II. or Evenus, son of Fergus: reigned 31 years. 451. Dongardus or Domangard, brother of Eu- genius : defeated and drow^ned. 457. Constantine I., brother of Dongardus : as- sassinated by Dugall, a noble whose daughter he had dishonoured. \ Fergus, a brave prince, came from Ireland with an army of Scots, and was chosen king. Having defeated the Britons and slain their king Coilus, the kingdom of the Scots was entailed upon his posterity for ever. He went to Ireland, and, having settled his affairs there, was drowned on his return, launching from the shore, near the harbour, called Corrick-Fergus to this day, 3699 a.m. — Anderson. 2 Some call this Fergus the first king, and suppose that either the foregoing kings are fabulous, or that they were only chiefs or generals of armies, having no royal authority. The controversy thus arising, I leave to be decided by the antiquaries, and must follow the received histories of Scotland. — ^«c?er50». SCOTLAND. 17 479. Congallus I., nephew of the preceding: a just and prudent king. 501. Goranus, brother of Congallus : murdered. — Boece. Died while Donald of Athol was conspiring to take his life. — Scott. 535. Eugenius III., succeeded his uncle Go- ranus : " none excelled him in justice." 558. Congallus II., brother of Eugenius III. 569. Kinnatellus, brother of the preceding : re- -signed in favour of Aidanus. 570. Aidanus or Aldan, son of Goranus. 605. Kenneth or Kennett I., son of Congallus II. : reigned one year. 606. Eugenius IV., son of Adianus. 621. Ferchard or Ferquhard, son of the last: confined for misdeeds to his palace, where he laid violent hands upon him- self. — aS'co^^. 632. Donald lY., brother of Ferchard : drowned in Loch Tay. 646. Ferchard II., son of Ferchard I.; *'the most execrable of kings : " died from the bite of a mad wolf. 664. Malduinus, son of Donald IV. : strangled by his wife for his supposed infidelity, for which crime she was immediately afterwards burnt. 684. Eugenius V., brother of Malduinus. 688. Eugenius VL, son of Ferchard II. 698. Amberkeletus, his nephew: fell by an arrow from an unknown hand. 699. Eugenius VII., his brother : some ruffians designing the king's murder, entered his chamber, and he being absent, stabbed his queen, Spontana, to death. —Scott. 715. Mordachus, son of Amberkeletus. 730. Etfinus, son of Eugenius VII. 761. Eugenius VIII., son of Mordachus ; sensual and tyrannous: put to death by his nobles, and his parasites strangled. 764. Fergus III., son of Etfinus : killed by his queen in a fit of jealousy; she imme- diately afterwards stabbed herself to escape a death of torture. 767. Solvathius, son of Eugenius VIII. 787. Achaius ; a just and wise prince. 819. Congallus III., a peaceful reign. 824. Dongal or Dougal, son of Solvathius: drowned in the Spey. 831. Alpine, son of Achaius : taken prisoner and beheaded, with many of his nobles, by the Picts. 834. Kenneth II., son of Alpinus, and sumamed Mac Alpine ; defeated the Picts, and slew their king and his nobility. United the Picts and Scots under one sceptre, and became the first sole monarch of all Scotland 843. 854. Donald V., brother of Kenneth : dethroned, and terminated an inglorious reign in prison, dying by his own hand. 858. Constantine II., son of Kenneth : taken in battle by the Danes, and beheaded. 874. Eth or Ethus, sumamed Lightfoot: died of grief in prison, having been thrown into confinement for his sensuality and crimes. 876. Gregory, called the Great; distinguished (as a king) for his bravery, moderation, and justice. 893. Donald VL, second son of Constantine ; an excellent prince. 904. Constantine III., son of Ethus : resigned in favour of Malcolm, after a long reign, and retired to a monastery. 944. Malcolm I., son of Donald VI. : treache- rously murdered in IMoray. 953. Indulfus or Gondulph : killed by the Danes in an ambuscade. 961. Duff" or Dufi^us, son of Malcolm; basely murdered by Donald, the governor of Forres Castle. 965. Cullen or Culenus, son of Indulfus ; avenged the murder of his predecessor : assassi- nated at Methven by a thane, whose daughter he had dishonoured. 970. Kenneth III., brother of Duff'us : murdered by Fenella, the lady of Fettercairn. 994. Constantine IV., son of Culenus, usurped the throne ; slain. 995. Grimus, or the Grim, son of Duffus : routed and slain in battle by Malcolm, the rightful heir to the crown, who suc- ceeded. 1003. Malcolm IL, son of Kenneth III. : assassi- nated on his way to Glamis ; the assas- sins in their flight, crossing a frozen lake, were drowned by the ice giving way. Malcolm was succeeded by his grandson, 1033. Duncan I. : assassinated by his cousin Macbeth, who ascended the throne. 1039. Macbeth, usurper and tyrant : slain by Macduff", the thane of Fife, and the rightful heir succeeds. *** Historians so differ up to this reign, in the number of the kings, the dates of succession, and the cir- cumstances narrated, that no account can be taken as precisely accurate. 1057. Malcolm III. (Cean-Mohr or Canmore) son of Duncan: killed while besieging Alnwick Castle. 1093. Donald VII. or Donald Bane, brother of Malcolm, usurped the throne: fled to the Hebrides. 1094. Duncan IL, natural son of Malcolm ; also an usurper : murdered. 1094. Donald Bane, again : deposed. 1098. Edgar, son of Malcolm, and rightful heir. Henry I. of England married his sister Maud, who had taken the vows, but not the veil. 1107. Alexander, surnamed the Fierce, brother of Edgar. 1124. David, brother of the two preceding kings ; married Matilda, daughter of Waltheof, earl of Northumberland. 1153. Malcolm IV., grandson to David : succeeded by his brother, 1165. William, surnamed the Lion. 1214. Alexander IL, son of William; married Joan, daughter of John, king of England. 1249. Alexander III. ; married Margaret, daugh- ter of Henry III. of England ; dislocated his neck, when hunting, near Kinghorn. 1285. Margaret, called the Maiden of Norway," grand- daughter of the last king ; " re- cognized by the states of Scotland, though a female, an infant, and a fo- reigner : " died on her passage to Scot- land. [On the death of Margaret, a competition arose for the vacant throne, which Ed- ward 1. of England decided in favour of] 18 PEINCES OF EUROPE. 1292. 1306. 1329. 1332. 1342. 1371. 1390. 1406. John Baliol, who afterwards surrendered his crown, and died in exile. [Interregnum.] Eobert (Bruce) I. ; the Bruce of Bannock- burn; a brave prince, beloved by his people. David (Bruce) IT., son of Robert. Edward BaHol disputed the throne with him. Edward Bahol, son of John: resigned. David II. again; eleven years a prisoner in England ; succeeded by his nephew, Eobert (Stuart) II. ; succeeded by his son, Robert III.,' whose proper name was John, changed on his accession. James I., second son of the preceding ; im- prisoned 18 years in England; set at liberty in 1423 : conspired against and murdered, 1437. Assassinated in his bed-chamber, Feb. 21, U^l-^. — Banks. 1437. James II., son of James I., whom he suc- ceeded at fe-even years of age : killed at the siege of Roxburgh Castle by a can- non bursting. 1460. James III. ; succeeded his father : killed in a revolt of his subjects at Bannock- burn-field. 1488. James IV.; married Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII. of England : killed at the battle of Flodden. 1513. James V. ; son of the last king : succeeded when little more than a year old; a sovereign possessing many virtues. 1542. Mary, daughter of James V. ; succeeded in her infancy : put to death in England. 1567. James VI. ; son of Mary. In 1603, on the death of queen Elizabeth, he succeeded to the throne of England, and the king- doms became united. See England, IRELAND. Hihernia. Tacitus. lerne. — Strabo.^ It is disputed by historians from what nation this country was originally peopled. It seems, however, to be satisfactorily shown that the first colonists were Phoenicians. The Partholani landed in Ireland about 2048 b. c. The descent of the Damnonii was made about 1463 b. c. This was followed by the descent of Heber and Heremon, Milesian princes, from Galicia, in Spain, who conquered Ireland, and gave to its throne a race of 171 kings. Ireland was formerly divided among a number of petty sovereigns, or chiefs, which circum- stance facilitated the conquest of the whole by Henry II. in A. d. 1 172; but the English did not remain quiet possessors of the entire kingdom until the reign of James I., or after the year 1 6 14. Kings of {According Before Christ. [So much fable is mixed up with the early history of this country, and the dates and the orthography of names so vary in every ac- count, it is impossible to do more than compile from accepted authorities. ^ ] From the Milesian Conquest. 1300. Heber and Heremon. 1291. Heremon, alone. 1285. Muirmhne, Luighne, and Laighne, suc- ceeded their father, Heremon ; reigning jointly: the first died, and the other two were slain in battle by the sons of Heber. Ireland to Keating), 1282. Er, Orbha, Fearon, and Feargna, sons of Heber, succeeded the sons of Heremon : all slain in battle by their successor. 1281. Irial, or Irial-Faidh ; slew and succeeded the four sons of Heber. 1271. Eithrial: slain in battle by his successor. 1251. Conmaol, or Conveal, " first absolute mo- narch of the Hibernian race :" slain in battle. 1221. Tigermas ; introduced idolatry into Ireland. 1171. Eochaidh-Eadgothac. 1147. Cearmna and Sobhair, brothers; parti- tioned Ireland into south and north. 1107. Fiachade-Labhruin : slain by his successor. 1083. Eochaidh-Mumho : slain by his successor. 1 David, eldest son of this sovereign, was created duke of Rothesay in 139S, from which time the principality and stewartcy of Scotland, the dukedom of Rothesay, the earldom of Carrick, lordship of the Isles, and barony of Renfrew, have been vested in the heir-apparent of the sovereign, who from his birth or his father's accession to the throne, enjoys those honours. '•^ The appellation lerne comes nearest the original name Erin, or rather lar in, which, in the Celtic, denotes a western country. Mela says, " Ireland had no corn, but had excellent pasture land." Several colonies of Scoti settled in the northern counties ; the native Irish called them Daone Gaul or Gaulte, signifying " foreign or barbarous men ; " and to this day one of the counties in that quarter is called Donegal. — Macbean. The inhabitants of lerne were a wilder people than the Britons. — Strabo. The Irish writers carry their succession of kings very high, as high as even before the Flood. The learned antiquary, Thomas Innes, of the Scots' College of Paris, expresses his wonder that " the learned men of the Irish nation, have not, like those of other nations, yet published the valuable remains of their ancient history whole and entire, with just translations, in order to separate what is fabulous and only grounded on the traditions of their poets and bards, from what is certain history." " O'Flaherty, Keating, Toland, Kennedy, and other modern Irish historians have rendered all uncertain by deducing their history from the Deluge, with as much assurance as they deliver the transactions of Ireland from St. Patrick's time." — Anderson. IRELAND. 19 1061. Aongus-Olmuchac : slain by his successor. 1043. Eadna-Airgtheach, and 1016. Rotheachta : both slain by their successors. 991. Seadhna: slain by his own son. 986. Fiachadh-Fionsgothach : slain by his suc- cessor. 966. Muinheamhoin, or Muinimone: died of the plague. 961. Aildergoidh ; succeeded his father ; slain by his successor. 934. Odlamh-Fodhla, " the wisest and most virtuous prince that ever mounted the Irish throne." 924. Fionachta, his son. 909. SlanoU, succeeded his brother : died at Tara. 894. Geide-Olgothach, also a son of Odlamh- Fodhla : slain by his nephew. 877. Fiachadh : slain by his successor. 853. Bearngall : slain by his successor. 841. Oilliol : slain hy his successor. 825. Siorna-Saoghalach : slain by his successor. 804. Rotheachta: burnt. [Six succeeding kings, among whom was Nuadha-Fionn-Fail, died violent deaths. ] 735. Fion-Fin, of the line of Er, or Ir. 715. Seadhna ; " invented banners to distin- guish his troops tortured and cut into quarters by his successor. 695. Simeon Breac : suffered the same fate. 689. Duach-Fionn or Fin : slain by his successor. 684. Muireadach, and two succeeding kings, died violently. 659. Siorlamh : " he had such long hands and arms that when he stood upright his fingers touched the ground:" slain by his successor. [Eleven princes succeeded, who all died in civil wars or broils, or by assassination.] 540. Aodh-Ruadh: drowned. 519. Diothorba : died of a malignant distemper. 498. Coimbaoth : died of the plague. 478. Machadh-Mongruadh, queen, surnamed the Red-haired Princess ; succeeded her cousin, and "reigned magnificently:" slain by her successor. 471. Reachta-Righdhearg : slain by his suc- cessor. 451. Ugaine Mor, or the Great : " had 22 sons and 3 daughters, among whom he par- titioned his kingdom:" slain by his brother. 421. Laoghaire-Lorck : slain by his brother. 419. Cabhtliaick ; slew his brother and nephew : himself slain by his grand-nephew. [Ten kings succeeded, of whom three only died natural deaths.] 275. Feargus-Forthamhuil : killed in battle. 263. Aongus-Tuirimheach : slain at Tara. [Of fifteen succeeding princes, eleven died in battle, or were murdered.] 66. Conaire Mor, or the Great: deprived of his crown and life by his successor. 36. Lughaidh-Riebdearg : killed himself by falling on his sword. [Two kings succeeded, of whom the latter died A. D. 4.] After Christ. 4. Fearaidhach-Fionfachtna, "a most just and good prince :" slain by his successor. 24. Fiachadh-Fion : slain by his successor. 27. Fiachadh-Fionohudh, the Prince with the white cows: "murdered by the Irish plebeians of Connaught." c 54. Cairbrc-Cinncait : murdered in a con- spiracy. 59. Elim : slain in battle. 79. Tuathal-Teachtmar : slain by his suc- cessor. 109. Mai or Mail : slain by his successor. 113. Feidhlimhidh ; "an excellent justiciar:" died a natural death. 122. Cathoire Mor, or the Great : " had thirty sons." 125. Conn Ceadchadhach, called the Hero of the hundred battles : slain. 145. Conaire: killed. 152. Art-Aonfhir, the Melancholy: slain in battle. 182. Lughaidh, surnamed Mac Conn: thrust through the eye with a spear, in a con- spiracy. 212. Feargus, surnamed Black- teeth : murdered at the instigation of his successor. 213. Cormac-Ulf hada, " a prince of most ex- cellent wisdom, and kept the most splen- did court that ever was in Ireland:" choked by the bone of a fish at supper. 253. Eochaidh-Gunait : killed. 254. Cairbre-Liffeachair : slain in battle. 282. Fiachadh; succeeded his father: slain in battle by his three nephews. 315. Cairioll or Colla-Uais: dethroned, and re- tired to Scotland. 319. Muirreadhach-Tireach : slain by his suc- cessor. 352. Caolbhach : slain by his successor. 353. Eochaidh-Moidhmeodhain : died a natural death. 360. Criomthan : poisoned by his own sister to obtain the crown for her son. 375. Niall, surnamed of the nine hostages : killed in France, on the banks of the Loire. 398. Dathy : killed by a thunderbolt at the foot of the Alps. 421. Laoghaire: killed by a thunderbolt. 453. Oilioll-Molt : slain in battle. 473. Lughaidh : killed also by a thunderbolt. 493. Murtough : died naturally. 515. Tuathal-Maolgarbh : assassinated. 528. Diarmuid : fellby the sword of Hugh Dubh. 550. Feargus, in conjunction with his brother Daniel : the manner of their deaths un- certain. 551, Eochaidh, jointly with his uncle Baodan : both slain. 554. Ainmereach : deprived of his crown and life. 557. Baodan : slain by the two Cuimins. 558. Aodh or Hugh t killed in battle. 587. Hugh Slaine : assassinated. 591. Aodh-Uaireodhnach : killed in battle. 618. Maolcobha : defeated in a di'eadful battle, in which he was slain. 622. Suibhne-Meain: killed. 635. Daniel : died a natural death. 648. Conall Claon, jointly "with his brother Ceallach : the first was murdered, the other drowned in a bog. 661. Diarmuid and Blathmac : both died of the plague. 668. Seachnasach: assassinated. 674. Cionfaola; succeeded his brother: mur- dered. 678. Fionachta-Fleadha : murdered. 685. Loingseach : killed in battle. 693. Congal Cionmaghair, " a cruel persecutor of the Irish Church, without mercy or distinction : " sudden death. 2 20 PKINCES OF EUROPE. 702. Feargal : routed and slain in battle. 719. Fogartach: slain in battle. 720. Cionaoth : defeated, and found dead ©n the battle field. 724. Flaitlibheartagh : became a monk. 731. Aodh, or Hugh Alain : killed in battle. 740. Daniel : died on a pilgrimage at Joppa, in Palestine. 782. Niall-Freasach : became a monk. 786. Donagh, or Donchad : died in his bed." 815. Aodh, or Hugh : slain in battle. 837. Connor, or Conchabhar : " died of grief, being unable to redress the misfortunes of his country." 851. Niall-Caillie : drowned in the river Caillie, 866. Turgesius, the Norwegian chief ; possessed himself of the sovereign power ; " ex- pelled the Irish historians and burnt their books : " made prisoner, and thrown into a lough, and drowned. 879. Maol Ceachlin, or Malachy I. 897. Hugh Fionnliath. 913. Flann Sionna. 951. Niall-Glundubh : " died on the field of honour." 954. Donnagh, or Donough. 974. Congall : slain by the Danes at Armagh. 984. Daniel : became a monk. 1004. Maol Ceachlin : resigned on the election of Brian Boiroimhe as king of Ireland. 1027. Brian Boromy, or Boiroimhe ; a valiant and renowned prince : defeated the Danes in the memorable battle of Clontarf, on Good Fridaj^ 1039 : assassinated in his tent the same night, while in the atti- tude of prayer. [Brian Boiroimhe was 30 years king of Munster, and 12 king. of Ireland.] 1039. Maol Ceachlin II. restored. 1048. Donough, or Denis O'Brian, third son of the preceding. 1098. Tirloch, or Turlough, nephew of Donough. 1110. Muriertagh, or Murtough: resigned, and became a monk. 1130. Turlough (O'Connor) II., the Great. 1150. Murtough Mac Neil Mac Lachlin: slain in battle. 1168. Eoderic, or Roger O'Connor. 1172. Henry II., king of England ; conquered the country, and became lord of Ireland. [The English monarchs were styled " Lords of Ireland," until the reign of Henry VIIL, who styled himself king; and this title has continued ever since.] GERMANY. — AUSTRIA. Germania^ and Alemania. Anciently divided into several independent states. The Germans withstood the attempts of the Romans to subdue them ; and although that people conquered some parts of the country, they were expelled before the close of the 3rd century. In the 5th century the might of the Huns and other nations prevailed over the greater portion of Germany; it was not, however, totally reduced until Charlemagne made himself master of the whole. This great prince took the title of emperor, entailing the dignity upon his family ; but after his race became extinct in 911, the empire went to the Germans, and the rank was afterwards made elective. The house of Austria enjoyed the distinction almost uninterruptedly from 1438 (when one of its princes was raised to the imperial throne) until 1804. In that year Francis II. resigned the honour and office of emperor of Germany, and became emperor of Austria only ^ ; the latter title being hereditary. Kings and Emperors of Germany. Carlovingian Race. 800. Charlemagne. 814. Louis le Debonnaire, king of France. 840. Lothaire, or Lother, son of Louis : died in a monastery at Treves. 855. Louis II., son of Lother. 875. Charles II., called the Bald, king of France : poisoned by his physician, Zedechias, a Jew. — Henault. 877. [Interregnum.] 880. Charles III., le Gros ; crowned king of Italy : deposed ; succeeded by 887. Arnulf, or Arnoul: crowned emperor at Rome in 896. 899. Louis III., called IV. : the last of the Car- lovingian race in Germany, Saxon Dynasty. 911. Otho, duke of Saxony : refused the dignity on account of his age. 911. Conrad L, duke of Franconia. 918. Henry I., surnamed the Fowler, son of Otho, duke of Saxony ; king. 936. Otho I., styled the Great, son of Henry. Many writers withhold the imperial title from him until crowned by pope John XIL in 962. 973. Otho II., the Bloody ; so stigmatised for his cruelties: massacred his chief no- bility at an entertainment to which he had invited them : wounded by a poi- soned arrow. renouSied^he title b^'^f^r^.^.l'^ ^iS^^'^I f emperor of Germany on the 11th of August, 1804; and again A^cTt G 180G inrt^fh^^^^^ ^""^ ^"^''^ declaration, m which he assumed the rank of emperor of Austria, on protec iSn of i^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^"g <^he Germanic empire, placed themselves under 'the GERMANY. — AUSTRIA. 983. Otho III., surnamecl the Red, his son, yet in his minority : poisoned. 1002. Henry II., duke of Bavaria, surnamed the Holy, and the Lame. 1024. Conrad IL, surnamed the Salique. 1039. Henry III., the Black, son of Conrad II. 1056. Henry IV., son of the preceding ; a minor, under the regency of his mother Agnes : deposed by his son and successor, 1106. Henry V. ; married Maud or Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England 1125. Lothaire IL, surnamed the Saxon. 1138. [Interregnum.] 1138. Conrad III., duke of Franconia. 1152. Frederick Barbarossa ; one of the most splendid reigns in the German annals : drowned by his horse throwing him into the river Salphet, or the Cydnus. 1190. Henry VI., his son, surnamed Asper, or the Sharp : it was this emperor that de- tained Richard I. of England a prisoner in his dominions. 1198. Philip, brother to Henry: assassinated at Bamberg by Otto, of Wittelsbach. 1208. Otho IV., surnamed the Superb, recognised as king of Germany, and crowned as emperor the next year : excommunicated and deposed. 1212. Frederick IL, king of Sicily, the son of Henry VL : deposed by his subjects, who elected Henry, landgrave of Thurin- gia. Frederick died in 1250, naming his son Conrad his successor, but the pope gave the imperial title to William, earl of Holland. 1250. Conrad IV., son of Frederick, i 1250. William, earl of Holland: died in Dec. 1255. The electors could not agree in the choice of a successor. 1256. [Interregnum.] Houses of Hapsburg, Luxemburg, and Bavaria. 1273. Rodolph, count of Hapsburg ; the first of the Austrian family.^ 1291. [Interregnum.] 1292. Adolphus, count of Nassau, to the exclu- sion of Albert, son of Rodolph : deposed ; slain at the battle of Spires. 1298. Albert, duke of Austria, Rodolph's son: killed by his nephew at Rheinfels. 1308. Henry VII. of Luxemburg. 1313. [Interregnum.] 1314. Louis IV. (III.) of Bavaria, and Frederick III. of Austria, son of Albert, rival em- perors : Frederick died in 1330. 1330. Louis reigns alone. 1347. Charles IV. of Luxemburg. In this reign was given at Nuremberg in 1356, the famous Golden Bull, which became the fundamental law of the German empire. 1378. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia, son of Charles : twice imprisoned, and at length forced to resign; but continued to reign in Bohemia. 1400. Frederick, duke of Brunswick : assassinated immediately after his election, and sel- dom placed in the list of emperors. 1400. Rupert, count palatine of the Rhine; crowned at Cologne : died in 1410. 1410. Jossus, marquess of Moravia ; chosen by a party of the electors : died the next year. 1410. Sigismund, king of Hungary, elected by another party. On the death of Jossus, he is recognised by all parties ; king of Bohemia in 1419. House of Austria. 1438. Albert IL, surnamed the Great, duke of Austria, and king of Hungary and Bo- hemia : died Oct. 27, 1439. 1439. [Interregnum.] 1440. Frederick IV., surnamed the Pacific; elected emperor Feb. 2 ; but not crowned until J une, in 1442. 1493. Maximilian I., son of Frederick: died in 1519. Francis L of France and Charles 1. of Spain became competitors for the empire. 1519. Charles V. (L of Spain), son of Joan of Castile and Philip of Austria, elected: resigned both crowns, and retired to a monastery, where he died soon after. 1558. Ferdinand I., brother to Charles, king of Hungary ; succeeded by his son, 1564. Maximilian IL, king of Hungary and Bo- hemia ; succeeded by his son, 1576. Rodolph II. 1612. Matthias, brother of Rodolph. 1619. Ferdinand IL, his cousin, son of the arch- duke Charles ; king of Hungary. 1637. Ferdinand III., son of the preceding em- peror ; succeeded by his son, 1658. Leopold I., son of Ferdinand III. 1705. Joseph I., son of the emperor Leopold. 1711. Charles VL, brother to Joseph ; succeeded by his daughter, 1740. Maria-Theresa, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, whose right to the empire was sustained by England. ^ 1742. Charles VII., elector of Bavaria, whose claim was supported by France : rival emperor, and contested succession. [This competition for the throne of Ger- many gave rise to an almost general war. Charles died in Jan. 1745.] 1 From the death of Frederick II. until the accession of Rodolph, in 1273, the time that elapsed may be re- garded as an interregnum, Conrad IV. being opposed; one partj^of the electors at Frankfort choosing Richard, earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III. of England, and the other choosing Alphonsus, king of Castile. The first lost the dignity, by attending the civil wars in England ; and the last lost it by negligence ; so neither is reckoned in the list of emperors. 2 The Hapsburg family is supposed to be the most illustrious in Europe. It was founded in 1026, by Radboton, grandson of Gontram, count of Brisgau ; and derived its name from the castle of Hapsburg on the river Aar, in Switzerland. This was the cradle, as it were, of the house of Austria. The male line of Hapsburg became extinct in 1740, in the person of Charles VI., after giving twenty-two sovereigns to Austria, sixteen emperors to Germany, eleven kings to Hungary and Bohemia, and six to Spain. 3 At the decease of the emperor, Charles VI. in 1740, his hereditary dominions devolved of right (by the prag- matic sanction) upon his only daughter and heiress the archduchess Maria- Theresa, but were claimed by the husband of his niece (Maria- Amelia, daughter of Joseph I.), Charles, elector of Bavaria, who was declared king of Bohemia in 1741, and crowned emperor of Germany at Frankfort the following year, as Charles VII. This dispute disturbed the tranquillity of Europe, and occasioned a war in which all the great European powers were involved, and which did not terminate until three years after the death of Charles VII., when Maria- Theresa had her patrimonial dominions guaranteed to her by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. c 3 22 PRINCES OF EUROPE. 1745. Francis I. of Lorraine, grand duke of Tus- cany, consort of Maria-Theresa. 1765. Joseph II., son of the emperor Francis and of Maria-Theresa. 1790. Leopold II., brother to Joseph ; succeeded by his son, 1792. Francis II. In 1804 this prince took the style of emperor of Austria only. Emperors of Austria. 1804. Francis I. (late Francis II. of Germany), commenced his reijm as emperor of Austria only, Aug. 11, 1804: died March 2, 1835. 1835. Ferdinand his son : abdicated in favour of his nephew, Dec. 2, 1848. 1848. Francis- Joseph ; born Aug. 18, 1830; canie to the throne on the abdication of his uncle (and the relinquishment of his right to the succession by his father, Francis-Charles-Joseph, the presump- tive heir), Dec. 2, 1848. The present (1850) Emperor of Austria. reign as emperor The LATE Emperor. Ferdinand I. (Charles-Leopold- Joseph) born April 19, 1793; married Feb. 27, 1831, Maria- Anna-Caroline-Pia, ex-empress, daughter of Victor-Emmanuel, lung of Sardmia. Present Emperor's Father. Archduke Francis-Charles- Joseph, born Dec. 7, 1802; married Nov. 4, 1824, Frederica-Sophia, daughter of Maximihan- Joseph L, king of Bavaria. His Brothers. 1 1. Ferdinand-Maximilian- Joseph, born July 6, 1832. 2. Charles-Louis- Joseph-Mary, born July 30, 1833. 3. Louis-Joseph-Anthony- Victor, born May 15, 1842. FRANCE. Gallia, Roman. Galatia, Greek. In the decline of the Roman power Gaul was conquered by the Franks, a warlike people, who gave name to the kingdom, and whose territcn-y, lying between the Rhine and the Elbe, is still called Franconia. The origin of the Franks is a matter of conjecture. It is supposed that they were at first a mixed multitude of several ancient nations, who, uniting against the Romans in defence of their common liberty, styled themselves Franks, that word in their lan- guage signifying/ree. The invaders crossed the Rhine, under the conduct of their king Pharamond, who shortly afterwards assumed the royal authority in France, Kings of France. Merovingian Race. 418. Pharamond. 427. Clodion, or Clodius, the Hairy; supposed son of Pharamond. 448. Merovseus, or Merovee, son-in-law of Clo- dion: this race of kings called from him Merovingians. 458. Childeric, son of Merovee. 481. Clovis the Great, his son, and the real founder of the monarchy. — Henault. He left four sons, who divided the em- pire between them : — 511. Childebert; Paris. — Clodomir; Orleans. — Thierry ; Metz ; and — Clotaire, or Cloth arius ; Soissons. 634. Theodebert; Metz. 548. Theodebald, succeeded in Metz. 658. Clotaire ; now sole ruler of France. Upon his death the kingdom was again di- vided between his four sons : viz. 561. Charebert, ruled at Paris. — Gontran, in Orleans and Burgundy. — Sigebert at Metz, and \ both assassi- — Chilperic at Soissons j" nated. [France continued at times afterwards to be ruled in various divisions by sepa- rate kings. ] 575. Childebert II. 584. Clotaire II. ; Soissons. 696. Thierry IL, son of Childebert ; in Orleans. — Theodebert II. ; Metz. 613. Clotaire II., became sole Idng. 628. Dagobert the Great, son of Clotaire II. : he divided the kingdom, of which he had become sole monarch, between his two sons : — 638. Clovis II., who had Burgundy and Neu- stra; and — Sigebert IL, who had Austrasia. 656. Clotaire III., son of Clovis II. 670. Childeric IL : he became king of the whole realm of France : assassinated, with his queen, and his son Dagobert, in the forest of Livri. — Henault. [At this time Thierry III. rules in Bur- gundy and Neustra, and Dagobert 1 1., son of Sigebert, in Austrasia. Dago- bert is assassinated, and Thierry reigns alone. — Henault. ] 691. Clovis III. Pepin, mayor of the palace 2, rules the kingdom, in the name of this W e aim, principally, in the following lists, at giving the immediate families of the reigning sovereigns ; those pnnces only whose propinquity may indicate the probable succession to the throne ; omitting, where possible, 2 o>* more remote branches, as being unnecessary in a work of this nature. 1 he youth and imbecility of the royal race of France had allowed the mayors of the palace, from being merely servants of the court, to rise to the important rank of commanding in the kingdom. They were ap- pointed to the office by the grandees of the state, and not by the sovereign ; and, after the death of Dagobert I., cne mayors assumed the command of the armies and the management of the finances, so that nothing was left to the descendants of Merovaeus, but the empty title of king. FRANCE. 23 sovereign, who is succeeded by his brother, 695. Childebert III., surnamed the Just: in this reign Pepin also exercises the royal power. 711. Dagobert III., son of Childebert. 716. Chilperic II. (Daniel) : he is governed, and at length deposed, by Charles Martel, mayor of the palace, whose sway is now unbounded. 719. Clotaire IV., of obscure origin, raised by Charles Martel to the throne : dies soon after, and Chilperic is recalled from Aquitaine, whither he had fled for re- fuge. — Henault. 720. Chilperic II., restored: he shortly after- wards dies at Noyon, and is succeeded by — Thierry IV., son of Dagobert III., sur- named de Chelles : died in 737. Charles Martel now rules under the new title of " duke of the French." — Henault. 737. Interregnum, till the death of Charles Martel, in 741 ; and until 742. Childeric III., son of Chilperic IL, sur- named the Stupid. Carloman and Pepin, the sons of Charles Martel, share the government of the kingdom, in this reign. The Carlovingians. 752. Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel : he is succeeded by his two sons, 768. Charlemagne and Carloman: the former, surnamed the Great, crowned emperor of the West, by Leo III., in 800. Car- loman reigned but three years. 814. Louis, le Debonnaire, emperor : dethroned, but restored to his dominions. 840. Charles, surnamed the Bald ; emperor in 875: poisoned by Zedechias, a Jew physician. — Henault. 877. Louis the Stammerer, son of Charles the Bald. 879. Louis III. and Carloman II. : the former died in 882 ; and Carloman reigned alone. 884. Charles le Gros ; an usurper, in prejudice to Charles the Simple. 887. Eudes or Hugh, count of Paris. 893. Charles III. the Simple : deposed, and died in prison in 929 : he had married Ed- gina, daughter of Edward the Elder, of England, by whom he had a son, who was afterwards king. 922. Robert, brother of Eudes : crowned at Rheims ; but Charles marched an army against him, and killed him in battle. — Henault. 923. Rodolf, duke of Burgundy : elected king ; but he was never acknowledged by the southern provinces. — Henault. 936. Louis IV. d'Outremer, or Transmarine (from having been conveyed by his mo- ther into England), son of Charles III. and Edgina : died by a fall from his horse. 954. Lothaire, his son : he had reigned jointly with his father from 952, and succeeds him, at 15 years of age, under the pro- tection of Hugh the Great : poisoned. 986. Louis V. the Indolent, son of Lothaire : also poisoned, it is supposed by his queen Blanche. In this prince ended the race of Charlemagne. ^ The Capets. 987. Hugh Capet, eldest son of Hugh the Abbot, and the Great, count of Paris, &c. : he seized the crown, in prejudice to Charles of Lorraine, uncle of Louis Transmarine. From him this race of kings is called Capevingians, and Capetians. 996. Robert II., surnamed the Sage, son of Hugh : died lamented. 1031. Henry I., son of Robert. 1060. Philip I. the Fair, and VAmoureux: suc- ceeded at eight years of age, and ruled at fourteen. 1108. Louis VI., surnamed the Lusty, or le Gros: succeeded by his son. 1137. Louis VII., surnamed the Young, to dis- tinguish him from his father, with whom he was for some years associated on the throne. 1180. Philip II. (Augustus) ; succeeds to the crown at fifteen: crowned at Rheims in his father's lifetime. 1223. Louis VIII., Cceur de Lion, son of Philip : succeeded by 1226. Louis IX., called St. Louis ; ascended the throne at fifteen, under the guardian- ship of his mother, who was also regent : died in his camp before Tunis, and was canonized. 1270. Philip IIL, the Hardy; son of Louis IX.: died at Perpignan. 1285. Philip IV., the Fair: ascended the throne in his 17tli year. 1314. Louis X., surnamed Hutin, an old French word signifying headstrong, or muti- nous. — Henault. 1316. John, a posthumous son of Louis X. : lived a few days only. — Philip v., the Long (on account of his stature) ; brother of Louis X. 1322. Charles IV., the Handsome: this king, and Louis X., John, and Philip V., were kings of Navarre. House of Valois. 1328. Philip VI., de Valois, grandson of Philip the Hardy. He was called the For- tunate ; but this must have been before the battle of Cressy. 1350. John II., the Good : died suddenly in the Savoy in London. 1364. Charles V., surnamed the Wise : the first prince who had the title of Dauphin.^ — Freret. 1380. Charles VI., the Beloved. 1422. Charles VII., the Victorious. 1461. Louis XI. ; detested for his atrocious cru- 1483. Charles VlIL, the Afi'able. 1498. Louis XII., duke of Orleans, surnamed the Father of his People. 1 Towards the end of the second race, the kingdom was held by the law of feudal tenures ; and was governed rather as a great fief, than as a monarchy. — Mexeray. 2 It is a vulgar error to suppose, that by the treaty (1343) which gave the full sovereigiaty of Dauphine to our kings, it was stipulated that the eldest son of the king should bear the title of dauphin ; so far from it, the first dauphin named In that agreement, was Philip, second son of Philip, of Valois. — Henault. c 4 24 PRINCES OF EUROPE. 1515. Francis I., of Angouleme ; called the Father of Letters. 1547. Henry II. : died of a wound received at a tournament, when celebrating the nup- tials of his sister with the duke of Savoy, accidentally given him by the count de Montmorency. 1559. Francis II. ; married Mary Stuart, after- wards queen of Scots ; died the year after his accession. 1560. Charles IX.; Catherine of Medicis, his mother, obtained the regency, which trust she abused. 1574. Henry III., elected king of Poland : mur- dered Aug. 1, 1589, by Jacques Clement, a Dominican friar. In this prince was extinguished the house of Valois. House of Bourbon. Henry IV., the Great, of Bourbon, king of Navarre : murdered by Francis Ravillac. Louis XIIL, the Just, son of the preceding king. Louis XIV., the Great, also styled Dieu- donne. This was along and splendid reign. Louis XV., the Well-beloved; but which surname he lost. Louis XVI., his grandson: ascended the throne in his 20th year; married the archduchess Maria-Antoinette, of Aus- tria, in May, 1770. Dethroned in the great revolution, which commenced with the destruction of the Bastile, July 14, 1789 : the king was guillotined, Jan. 21, 1793 ; and his queen, Oct. IG, following. Louis XVIL, son of Louis XVI. Though numbered with the kings, this prince never reigned : he- died in prison, sup- posed by poison, June 8, 1795, aged ten years and two months. French Empire. Napoleon Buonaparte, born Aug. 15, 1769. Elected by the republic consul for ten years. May 8, 1802 ; made first consul for life, Aug. 2, same year ; and declared emperor. May 18, 1804. Divorced his first wife, the empress Josephine; and married Maria- Lousia of Austria, April 7, 1810. The reverses of Napoleon com- pelled him to renounce the thrones of France and Italy, and accept the isle of Elba for his retreat, April 5, 1814. Napoleon again appears in France, March 1. He is defeated at Waterloo ; and finally 1589. IGIO. 1643. 1715. 1774. 1793. 1804. 1815. abdicates in favour of his infant son, J une 22. Banished -to St. Helena, where he dies. May 5, 1821. Bourbons restored. 1814. Louis XVIII. (compte de Provence)^ next brother of Louis XVI. ; born Nov. 17, 1755; married-Maria-Josephine-Louise, of Savoy. Entered Paris, and took pos- session of the throne. May 3, 1814; obliged to flee, March 20, 1815; re- turned, July 8, same year: died Sept. 16, 1824, leaving no issue. 1824. Charles X. (compte d' Artois)^ his brother; born Oct. 9, 1757 ; married Maria-The- rese, of Savoy. Conflicts in Paris be- tween the populace (ultimately aided by the national guard) and the army, commence July 27, and the king is de- posed, July 30, 1830. He subsequently takes refuge in England; and dies at Gratz, in Hungary, Nov. 6, 1836. House of Orleans. 1830. Louis-Philippe, son of the celebrated duke of Orleans, called Egalite; born Oct. 6, 1773 ; married, Nov. 25, 1809, Maria- Amelia, daughter of Ferdinand I. (IV.) king of the Two Sicilies. Raised to the throne, as king of the French, Aug. 9, 1830 : deposed Feb. 24, 1848. Died in exile, in England, Aug. 26, 1850 New Rerublic. 1848. The revolution commenced in a popular insurrection at Paris, Feb. 22, 1848. The royal family escaped by flight to England, a provisional government was established, monarchy abolished, and France declared a republic. Louis-Napoleon-Charles Buonaparte, (born April 20, 1808), son of Louis Buonaparte, some time king of Holland, and nephew of the late emperor Napoleon : elected presi- dent of the republic, by 6,048,872 votes, out of 8,040,604; having a majority of 4,600,770 votes over his great rival, general Cavaignac, Dec. 11, 1848. Louis-Napoleon declared bv the na- tional assembly (Dec. 19), presi- dent of the republic of France ; and proclaimed, next day, Dec. 20. The now (1850) President. Sons and Daughters of the ex-King Louis-Philippe. 1. Ferdinand - Philippe - Louis - Charles - Henry - Joseph, of Orleans, due d'Orleans, prince royal : born Sept. 3, 1810 ; married. May 30, 1837, Helena-Louisa-Elizabeth, daughter of Frederic-Louis, hereditary grand duke of Mecklenburg- Schwerin : died of a fall from his carriage, July 13, 1842 ; leaving issue : I. Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orleans, count of Paris ; born Aug. 24, 1838. 4. II. Robert-Philippe-Louis - Eugene - Ferdi- nand, of Orleans, due de Chartres; born Nov. 9, 1840. Louisa-Maria- Therese-Charlotte-Isabel ; born April 3, 1812 ; late queen of the Belgians. Maria-Christiana-Caroline- Adelaide-Frances mademoiselle of Valois ; born April 12, 1813 ; died duchess of Wurtemberg, Jan. 2, 1839. Louis-Charles -Philippe- Raphael, due de Ne- It was this charming and gifted princess who sculptured, among other work?, the beautiful figures of Joan ot Arc so well known, from copies, in England. Of her, when she died, her amiable mother, the queen, said, with sainted resignation, " O God ! thou hast an angel more ; / have a daughter less." The prince de Joinville, in a letter with which his royal highness honoured us, in relation to the death of this sister, says : " Le drxc de ■^_<^yiours, son fi-ere, en Imfermant les yeux, dit : ' Nous avons perdu un ange sur la /erre, mais une sainte est au €ici. 1 lus attecting domestic incident, a natural one, is introduced out of respect for the family, — Editor. FKANCE. 25 mours, born Oct. 25, 1814; married, April 27, 1840, Victoria - Augusta - Antoinette, daughter of Ferdinand, duke of Saxe- Coburg. 6. Mary-Clementina - Caroline - Leopoldina - Clo- tilde ; born June 3, 1817 ; married, April 20, 1843, to Augustus, prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. 6. Francis-Ferdinand-PhiliprLouis-Mary, prince de Joinville ; born Oct. 14, 1818 ; married. May 1, 1843, donna Frances-Caroline- Jane- Charlotte-Leopoldina-Romaine-Xaviera de Paula-Micaela-Gabriela-Gonzaga, daughter of the emperor Pedro I. of Brazil. 7. Henry-Eugene-Philip-Louis, duo d'Aumale; born Jan. 16, 1822 ; married, Nov. 25, 1844, Maria-Caroline, princess of Salerno, daughter of John- Joseph, prince of Salerno. 8. Anthony-Mary-Philip-Louis, due de Mont- pensier, born July 31, 1824; married, Oct. 10, 1846, the infanta Maria-Louisa-Ferdi- nanda (born Jan. 30, 1832), sister to the queen of Spain ; and has issue a daughter, presumptive heiress to the Spanish throne. Elder Branch of the Bourbons. Henry-Charles-Ferdinand-Mary-Z>iew-Z)owwe, of Artois, duke of Bordeaux ; born Sept. 29, 1820; and Louisa-Maria-Theresa, Mademoiselle ; born Sept. 21, 1819. Maria-Theresa-Charlotte, daughter of Louis XVI, Louis-Anthony, due d'Angouleme (born Aug. 6. 1775), son of Charles X. Goritz, in Illyria, June 3, 1844. Son and daughter of Charles-Ferdinand d'Artois, due de Berry (who was son of Charles X.), and Caroline-Ferdinanda-Louisa, daughter of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. The duke de Berry was assassinated in Paris, Feb. 14, 1820. born Dec. 19, 1778; married, June 10, 1799, The duke died at Late Imperial Family op France. Napoleon's Empresses. Josephine, daughter of Tascher de la Pagerie, born June 24, 1768 ; married, 1st, to M. de Beauharnois ; 2dlv, to the emperor, March 8, 1796 ; divorced Dec. 16, 1809 ; and died May 29, 1814. Maria-Louisa, archduchess of Austria; born Dec. 12, 1791 ; married to the emperor, April 2, 1810; survived him, and died Dec. 18, 1847. See Parma. His Son. Francis - Joseph - Charles - Napoleon ; born March 20, 1811. Created king of Rome, and afterwards made duke of Reichstadt: died July 22, 1832. Brothers of Napoleon. 1. Joseph Buonaparte, king of Naples, afterwards king of Spain ; married Maria- Julia de Clary. Died July 28, 1844. 2. Lucien Buonaparte, prince of Canino ; a great republican ; refused a crown : died June 30, 1840. 3. Louis Buonaparte, king of Holland ; married IIortensia-Eugenia de Beauharnois, daughter of the empress Josephine: died July 25, 1846 4. Jerome Buonaparte, king of Westphalia ; mar- ried Miss Patison, an American, whom he divorced by command of the emperor, to marry Frederica, daughter of the king of Wurtemberg. His Sisters. 1. Elizabeth, grand duchess of Florence, and princess of Piombino; married to general Felix Bacciochi, actual prince of Piombino. 2. Maria-Paulette, or Pauline ; married, 1st, to general Leclerc ; 2d, to the prince Borghese. 3. Annonceade- Caroline ; married to Joachim Murat, aftervvards king of Naples. His other Relatives. Cardinal Fesch, archbishop of Lyons; uncle to Napoleon. Eugene de Beauharnois, son of Josephine; viceroy of Italy, grand duke of Frankfort, and afterwards duke of Leuchtenberg and prince of Eichstadt; married Amelia-Au- gusta, princess of Bavaria. Stephanie de la Pagerie, niece of Josephine, princess of Baden. Louis-Napoleon (son of Louis, king of Hol- land), now president of the French republic ; and other nephews. Napoleon's Great Officers of State, Marshals, &c. Officers of State. Cambaceres, duke of Parma. Caulaincourt, duke of Vicenza. Champagne, duke of Cadore. Duroc, duke of Friuli. Fouche, duke of Otranto. Le Brun, duke of Piacenza. Maret, duke of Bassano. Savary, duke of Rovigo. Talleyrand de Perigord, prince of Benevsnto. Marshals. Arrighi, duke of Padua. Augereau, duke of Castiglione. Bernadotte, prince of Ponte Corvo ; afterwards king of Sweden. Berthier, prince of Neufchatel and Wagram. Bessieres, duke of Istria. Davoust, prince of Eckmuhl and duke of Auer- stadt. Jourdan, peer of France. Junot, duke of Abrantes. Kellerman, duke of Valm.y. Lannes, duke of Montebello. Lefebre, duke of Dantzic. Macdonald, duke of Tarento. Marmont, duke of Ragusa. Massena, prince of Essling and duke of Rivoli. 26 PRINCES OF EUROPE. Moncey, duke of Conegliano. Mortier, duke of Treviso. Murat, king of Naples. Ney, prince of Moskwa and duke of Elchingen. Oudinot, duke of Reggio. Soult, duke of Dalmatia. Suchet, duke of Albufera. Victor, duke of Belluno. Remarkable Generals. Andreossi, Gouvion St. Cyr, Grouchy, Hulin, Rapp, Regnier, Sebastiani, Serrurier, Van- damme, &c. SPAIN. The name, Hispania, is of Phoenician origin. Spain was called Iberia by the Greeks, from the river Iber ; and Hesperia Ultima by the Romans, because the westernmost part of Europe, and to distinguish it from Italy. — Horace, The Phoenicians and Carthaginians successively planted colonies on the coasts ; and the latter people extended their conquests under Hannibal. The Romans afterwards became masters of the whole country ; but in the decline of their power they were expelled by the Yandals, Alans, and Suevi, who, in their turn, were conquered by the Saracens, in 711. Spain was anciently divided into a number of petty states. The counts of Castile became possessed of Leon, Oviedo, and Toledo, which had been separate territories; and, after many wars, the kingdom of Castile was united to that of Arragon by the marriage of Isabella, queen of Castile, with Ferdinand, king of Arragon, in 1474. Ferdinand, by the conquests of Navarre and Granada, entirely put an end to the dominion of the Moors ; and we may hence date the foundation of the present monarchy. Kings of Spain. A.D. Reign of the Goths. 406. Alaric, king of the Goths. 411. Ataulfo : murdered by his soldiers. 415. Sigerico : reigned a few weeks only. 415. Valia, or Wallia. 420. Theodoric I. : killed in a battle, which he gained, against Attila. 421. Thorismund, or Torrismund : assassinated by his favourite. 452. Theodoric II. : assassinated. 466. Euric, or Evarico. 484. Alaric II. : killed in battle. 507. Gesalric ; his bastard son. 511. Amalric, or Amalaric: legitimate son of Alaric. 531. Theudis, or Theodat: assassinated by a madman. 548. Theudisela, or Theodisele: murdered for female violation. 549. Agila : taken prisoner, and put to death. 554. Atanagildo. 567. Liuva, or Levua I. 568. Leuvigildo : associated on the throne with Liuva, in 568 ; and sole king in 572. 585. Recaredo I. 601. Liuva II. : assassinated. G03. Vitericus : also murdered. 610. Gundemar. 612. Sisibut, or Sisebuth, or Sisebert. 621. Recaredo IL 621. Suintila: dethroned. 631. Sisenando. 640, Tulga, or Tulca. 641. Cindasuinto : died in 652. 649. Recesuinto : associated on the throne this year, and in 652 became sole king. 672. Vamba, or Wamba : dethroned, and died in a monastery. 680. Ervigius, or Ervigio. 687. Egica, or Egiza. 698. Yitiza, or Witiza : associated on the throne ; in 701 sole king. 711. Rodrigo, or Roderic : slain in battle. Second Monarchy. 718. Pelagius, or Pelayo : overthrew the Moors, and put a stop to their conquests. 737. Favila : killed in hunting. 739. Alfonso the Catholic. 757. Froila : murdered his brother Samaran, in revenge for which he was murdered by his brother and successor, 768. Aurelius, or Aurelio. 774. Silo, the Saracen. 783. Mauregato, the Usurper. 788. Veremundo (Bermuda) I. 791. Alfonso IL, the Chaste. Refusing to pay the Saracens the annual tribute of 100 virgins, war is declared: Alfonso is victorious, and obtains the appellation of the Chaste, and the Victorious. — Rabhe. 842. Ramiro I. : he put 70,000 Saracens to the sword in one battle. — Rabhe. 850. Ordogno, or Ordono. 866. Alfonso III., surnamed the Great: relin- quished his crown to his son, 910. Garcias. 914. Ordogno, or Ordono II. 923. Froila II. 925. Alfonso IV., the Monk : abdicated. 927. Ramiro II. : killed in battle. 950. Ordogno, or Ordono III. 955. Ordogno, or Ordono IV. 956. Sancho L, the Fat : poisoned with an apple. SPAIN. 27 967. Ramiro III. 982. Veremundo II. (Bermuda) the Gouty. 999. Alfonso V. : killed in a siege. 1027. Veremundo III. (Bermuda) : killed. The above were kings of Asturias, of Oviedo, or of Leon. Kings of Navarre. 905. Sancho Garcias ; a renowned warrior. 926. Garcias I. 970. Sancho II. 994. Garcias II., surnamed the Trembler. 1000. Sancho III., surnamed the Great. 1035. Garcias III. 1054. Sancho IV. 1076. Sancho Ramirez, king of Arragon. 1094. Peter of Arragon. 1104. Alfonso I. of Arragon. 1134. Garcias Ramirez. 1150. Sancho VI., surnamed the Wise. 1194. Sancho VII., surnamed the Infirm. 1234. Theobald I., count of Champagne. 1253. Theobald II. 1270. Henry Crassus. 1274. Juanna; married to Philip the Fair of France, 1285. 1305. Louis Hutin, of France. 1316. John : lived but a few days. 1316. Philip V. the Long, of France. 1322. Charles 1. the IV. of France. 1328. Juanna I. and Philip count d'Evereux. 1343. Juanna alone. 1349. Charles II., or the Bad. 1387. Charles III., or the Noble. 1425. John II., afterwards king of Arragon. 1479. Eleanor. 1479. Francis Phoebus. 1483. Catharine and John d'Albret. 1512. Navarre conquered by Ferdinand the Ca- tholic. Kings of Castile. 1035. Ferdinand the Great, of Leon and Castile. 1065. Sancho 11. the Strong, son of Ferdinand. Alfonso in Leon and Asturias, and Gar- cias in Galicia. 1072. Alfonso VI. the Valiant, king of Leon. 1109. Urraca and Alfonso VII. 1126. Alfonso VIIL, Raymond. 1157. Sancho III., surnamed the Beloved. 1158. Alfonso IX., the Noble. [Leon is separated from Castile, and Fer- dinand king.] 1214. Henry L 1217. Ferdinand III., the Saint, and the Holy. In him Leon and Castile were per- petually annexed, 1252. Alfonso X., the Wise. The Alphonsine Tables were drawn up under the di- rection of this prince. 1284. Sancho IV., the Great, and the Brave. 1294. Ferdinand IV. 1312. Alfonso XL 1350. Peter the Cruel : deposed. Reinstated by Edward the Black Prince of England ; afterwards slain by his subjects.^ 1368. Henry II., the Gracious: poisoned by a monk. 1379. John I. : he united Biscay to Castile. 1390. Henry III. 3, the Sickly. 1406. John IL, son of Henry. 1454. Henry IV., the Impotent. 1474. Ferdinand v., the Catholic, in whom, by his marriage with Isabella, now queen of Castile, the kingdoms of Castile and Arragon were united. 1504. Joan, or Jane, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and Philip I. of Austria. On her mother's death Joan succeeded, jointly with her husband Philip ; but Philip dying in 1506, and Joan becoming an imbecile, her father Ferdinand continued the reign ; and thus perpetuated the union of Castile with Arragon. Kings of Arragon. 1035. Ramiro 1. 1063. Sancho Ramirez. 1094. Peter, of Navarre. 1104. Alfonso, the Warrior, king of Navarre. 1134. Ramiro IL, the Monk. 1137. Petronilla, and Raymond, count of Barce- lona. 1162. Alfonso II. 1196. Peter IL 1213. James 1. ; succeeded by his son, 1276. Peter III. This prince contrived the horrible massacre known as the Sicilian Vespers, in 1282. 1285. Alfonso III., the Beneficent. 1291. James IL, surnamed the Just. 1327. Alfonso IV. 1336. Peter IV., the Ceremonious. 1387. John L 1396. Martin L 1410. [Interregnum.] 1412. Ferdinand the Just, king of Sicily. 1416. Alfonso V., the Wise. 1458. John IL, king of Navarre, brother of Al- phonso : died 1479. 1479. Ferdinand V., the Catholic, the next heir : by his marriage with Isabella of Castile, the kingdoms were united. Spain. 1512. Ferdinand V., the Catholic. This prince having conquered Granada and Navarre, became king of all Spain : succeeded by his grandson, 1 Being observed one day to tremble while he was putting on his armour, he exclaimed, *' My body trembles at the dangers into which my courage plunges me." — Rabbe. It is just to the memory of our illustrious prince to state, that he soon deeply regretted his interference on behalf of this wicked and ungrateful king, who justly merited the infamous epithet he bore. Peter succeeded to the throne at sixteen years of age, and commenced his reign by several wanton acts of barbarity. Having mar- ried Blanche, daughter of Philip de Bourbon and sister to the queen of France, he repudiated her three days afterwards, and sent her to prison that he might renew his connexion with Maria de Padilla, his former mistress, whom he married, making way for his union with her by poisoning his consort. His cruelties provoked his subjects to take up arms against him in 1366, and they placed at their head Henry of I ranstamare, his natural brother, who slew Peter with his own hand in 1368, and was placed on the throne of Castile, which he transmitted to his posterity. 3 Henry HI. of Castile used to say, that " he feared the curses of his people more than he did the arms of his enemies.'''' An ancient writer forcibly and eloquently adds, " In this he showed as much wisdom as humanity, since while he was beloved at home, he had nothing to fear from abioad; the curses of his subjects were the likeliest means of bringing upon him the arms of his foes." 28 PEINCES OF EUROPE. 1516. Charles L, son of Joan of Castile and Philip of Austria; became emperor of Ger- many, as Charles V. in 1519 : resigned both crowns, and retired to a mo- nastery. 1556. Philip XL, his son, king of Naples and Sicily ; a merciless bigot ; married Mary, queen-regnant of England : died a most dreadful death, being covered with ulcers from which vermin swarmed. [This reign is made memorable by the Spanish armament, called the Armada, designed to reduce England.] 1598. Philip III., son of the preceding : he drove all the descendants of the Moors from Granada and the adjacent provinces, to the number of 900,000. 1621. Philip IV., his son ; a reign of nearly con- tinuous and unfortunate wars with the Dutch and France : he lost Portugal in 1640. 1665. Charles II., son of Philip IV., the last prince of the Austrian line : nominated, by will, as his successor, 1700. Philip v., duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. of France : hence arose the war of the succession, terminated b}^ the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. 1724. Louis 1. ; who reigned only a few months. 1724. Philip V. ; again. 1745. Ferdinand VL, surnamed the Wise: he distinguished his reign by acts of libe- rality and beneficence. 1759. Charles III., king of the Two Sicilies, and brother of Ferdinand VI. : on ascending the Spanish throne he renounced the Sicilies to his third son Ferdinand. 1788. Charles IV., son of Charles III. ; the in- fluence of Godoy, prince of peace, reached to almost royal authority in this reign : Charles abdicated in favour of his son and successor, 1808. Ferdinand VIL, whom Napoleon, of France, also forced to resign. 1808. Joseph Buonaparte, brother of Napoleon : deposed. 1814. Ferdinand VII. : restored ; succeeded by his daughter, 1833. Isabella II., who ascended the throne Sept. 29. The present (1850) Queen of Spain. The Queen. Maria Isabella II. (Louisa) born Oct. 10, 1830 ; succeeded her father, Ferdinand VIL, Sept. 29, 1833, while yet in her 3d year. The Sahc law, existing in Spain, had been formally abolished by Ferdinand, under a decree March 29, 1830, by virtue of which the order of suc- cession was altered in favour of his daughter, to the exclusion of his brothers, Don Carlos and Don Francis. Declared by the Cortes to be of age at 13, Nov. 8, 1843; married, Oct. 10, 1846, to her cousin, the infant Don Francis d'Assis, duke of Cadiz (born May 13, 1822), son of Don Francis de Paula : issue, A son, born July 12, 1850, who died a few minutes after his birth. The Queen's Sister : The infanta Maria-Louisa-Ferdinanda, born Jan. 30, 1832 ; married, Oct. 10, 1846, to prince Anthony- Mary-Pliilip-Louis d'Orleans, due de Montpensier, son of Louis- Philippe, of France ' ; and has issue, a daughter, Maria-Isabella-Francisca- Adelaide, born at Seville, Sept. 21, 1848. Her Mother : Queen dowager Maria-Christina, daughter of Francis L, king of the Two Sicilies, born April 27, 1806 ; married, Dec. 11, 1829, to the late king, Ferdinand VIL, who died Sept. 29, 1833. Regent of the kingdom during the minority of the queen, in virtue of the will of her father ; which office she resigned by a manifesto dated Oct. 12, 1840. Her marriage with don Fernando Munoz, duke of Rianzares (since Dec. 28, 1833), received the " nuptial benediction," Oct. 13, 1844. Uncles : 1. Charles-Maria-Isodore, born March 28, 1788 ; married, 1st, Sept. 29, 1816, Maria-Frances d'Asis, daughter of John VL, king of Portugal ; 2nd, Maria-Theresa, of Bourbon and Braganza, princess of Beira, widow of the infant Peter of Spain : issue, I. Charles-Louis-Maria-Ferdinand (comte de Montemolin), born Jan. 31, 1818. II. John-Charles-Maria- Isodore, born May 15, 1822; married, Feb. 6, 1847, Mary-Bea- trice-Anne-Frances, daughter of Francis IV. of Modena. IIL Ferdinand-Maria- Joseph, born Oct. 19, 1824. 2. Francis de Paulo-Anthonj^-Maria, born March 10, 1794; married, June 12, 1819, Louisa- Charlotte, daughter of the late Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies ; she died Jan. 29, 1844 ; leaving issue, I. Isabella- Ferdinanda, born May 18, 1821 ; married, June 26, 1841, to Ignatius, count Gurowski. 11. Francis d'Asis-Maria-Ferdinand, born May 13, 1822 ; married, Oct. 10, 1846, to the queen, Isabella 11. IIL Henry-Mary- Ferdinand, duke of Seville, born April 17, 1823; married, May 6, 1847, to Helena de Castella. IV. Louisa-Theresa- Frances, born June 11, 1824; married, Feb. 10, 1847, to Joseph, comte de Transtamare. V. Josephine- Ferdinanda-Louisa, born May 25, 1827. VL Ferdinand- Mary, born April 11, 1832. VII. Maria-Christina-Isabella, born June 5, 1833. VIII. Amelia-Philippina, born Oct. 12, 1834. The marriage of this princess with a son of Louis-Philippe, occasioned great displeasure at the court of St. James's, and disturbed the friendly relations between the French and English governments. However, not- withstanding much remonstrance, this union was persisted in ; and the two marriages of the queen of Spain and her sister Maria- Louisa, were solemnized at the same time, at 10 at night, by the patriarch of the Indies, in the palace at Madrid. o » j t- , PORTUGAL. 29 POETUGAL. The ancient Lusitania. The name is derived from Porto Cale^ or Callo^ the original appellation of the city of Oporto. It submitted to the Roman arms about 250 b. c, and underwent the same changes as Spain on the fall of the Roman empire. Conquered by the Moors a. d. 713. They kept possession till they were vanquished by Alfonso VI. the Valiant, of Castile, assisted by many other princes and volunteers. Among those who shone most in this celebrated expedition was Henry of Burgundy, grandson of Robert, king of France. Alfonso bestowed upon him Theresa, his natural daughter, and, as her marriage portion, the kingdom of Portugal, which he was to hold of him. Portugal fell under the Spanish yoke in 1580, but shook it off in 1640, since which time the Braganza family has reigned. Kings of Portugal. 1093. Henry, count or earl of Portugal. 1112. Alfonso, his son, and Theresa. 1128. Alfonso, count of Portugal, alone. 1139. Alfonso declared king, having obtained a signal victory over a prodigious army of Moors on the plains of Ourique. 1185. Sancho I., son of Alfonso. 1212. Alfonso II., surnamed Crassus, or the Fat. 1223. Sancho II., or the Idle : deposed. 1248. Alfonso III. 1279. Denis or Dionysius, styled the Father of his Country. 1825. Alfonso IV. 1357. Peter the Severe : succeeded by his son, 1367. Ferdinand I. : succeeded by his natural brother, 1384. John I., the Bastard, and the Great : mar- ried Philippa, daughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. 1433. Edward. 1438. Alfonso V., the African. 1481. John II., whose actions procured him the titles of the Great, and the Perfect: succeeded by his cousin, 1495. Emmanuel, the Fortunate. 1521. John III., son of Emmanuel : he admitted into his kingdom the religious insti- tution of the inquisition. 1557. Sebastian : slain in the great battle of Alcazar, in Africa, Aug. 4, 1578; when the crown reverted to his great uncle, 1578. Henry, the Cardinal, son of Emmanuel. 1580. Anthony, prior of Crato, son of Emmanuel : deposed by Philip II. of Spain, who united Portugal to his other dominions, till 1640. 1640. John IV., duke of Braganza : dispossessed the Spaniards in a bloodless revolution, and was proclaimed king, Dec. 1. 1656. Alfonso VI. : deposed in 1668, and his brother and successor Peter made re- gent ; the latter ascended the throne in 1683. Peter II. ; succeeded by his son, 1706. John V. ; succeeded by his son, 1750. Joseph. The daughter and successor of this prince married his brother, by dispen- sation from the pope, and they ascended the throne, as 1777. Maria (Frances-Isabella) and Peter IIL, jointly. 1786. Maria, alone : this princess afterwards falls into a state of melancholy and derange- ment. 1792. Regency. John, son of the queen, and afterwards king, declared regent of the kingdom. 1816. John VI., previously regent. He had withdrawn in 1807, owing to the French invasion of Portugal, to his Brazilian dominions ; but the discontent of his subjects obliged him to return in 1821 : died in 1826. 1826. Peter IV. (Dom Pedro) son of John VL : making his election of the empire of Brazil, abdicated the throne of Portugal in favour of his daughter, 1826. Maria II. (da Gloria), who became queen at 7 years of age. 1828. Dom Miguel, brother to Peter IV. : usurped the crown, which he retained, amid civil contentions, until 1833. 1833. Maria II. restored : declared in Sept. 1834 (being then 15) to be of age, and as- sumed the royal power accordingly. The PRESEJ^T (1850) Queen of Portugal. The Queen. Donna-Maria II. da Gloria, daughter of Peter IV. (ex-emperor of Brazil) and of Leopoldine-CaroHne, archduchess of Austria, born April 4, 1819; married, Jan. 26, 1835, to Augustus-Charles-Eugene-Napoleon, duke of Leuchtenberg, who died March 28, same year ; 2nd, April 9, 1836, Ferdinaiid-Augustus-Francis-Anthony, prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, born Oct. 29, 1816 ; and has issue : 1. Dom Pedro de Alcantara, prince royal, born Sept. 16, 1837. 2. Louis-Philippe-Mary, duke of Oporto, born Oct. 31, 1838. 3. Joao-Maria-Fernando-Gregorio, born March 16, 1842. 4. Maria-Anna-Fernanda-Leopoldina, born Jul ' 21, 1843. 5. Antonio, born Feb. 18, 1845. 6. Fernando, born July 23, 1846. 7. Augosto, born Nov. 4, 1847. Uncle. Prince Michael-Mary-Evariste (Dom Miguel), born Oct. 26, 1802. Aunts. Maria-Theresa, princess of Beira ; married, 1st, to the infant Peter-Charles, of Spain ; 2nd, Feb. 1838, to Don Carlos, of Spain, being his second consort. Isabella-Maria, regent of Portugal, from March 1826 to Feb. 1828. Anna de Jesus-Maria, married to the duke of Louie. 30 PHINCES OF EUROPE. EMPIRE OF BRAZIL. The Frencli having seized on Portugal in 1807, the royal family of that kingdom embarked for Brazil at the close of the same year. Brazil was erected into an empire in Nov. 1825, when Dom Pedro took the title of emperor, soon after his abdication of the throne of Portugal. Emperors. 1825. Pedro I. (of Portugal) Nov. 18 ; first em- peror: abdicated the throne of Brazil, in favour of his infant son, April 7, 1831. Died Sept. 24, 1834. 1831. Pedro II. ; succeeded on his father's abdi- cation; assumed the government Jul}'- 23, 1840 ; and was crowned July 18, 1841. The PRESENT emperor. The Emperor. Dom Pedro de Alcantara, born Dec. 2, 1825 ; became emperor in his sixth year, and was crowned in his sixteenth. Married (Sept. 4, 1843) Theresa-Christiana-Mary, daughter of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies, and has issue : 1. Isabella-Christina-Leopoldine- Augusta, born July 29, 1846. 2. Leopoldine-Therese-Frances-Caroline, born July 13, 1847. 3. The Prince Royal (not yet named), born July 19, 1848. Sisters : 1. Donna Maria II. da Gloria, queen of Portugal. 2. Donna Januaria, born March 11,1822; married, April 28, 1844, Louis Charles, comte d'Aquila, son of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. 3. Donna- Frances, born Aug. 2, 1824 ; married, May 1, 1843, to Francis d'Orleans, prince de Joinville, son of the late Louis-Philippe, of France. 4. Donna- Maria- Amelia- Augusta- Josephine, born Dec. 1, 1831. SICILY.— NAPLES.— THE TWO SICILIES. Sicily, anciently Sicania. — Virgil; and Sicilia. — Pliny. Naples, the continental division of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, was called, at first Parthenope^ afterwards Neapolis. — Strabo. The Greek emperors, upon the expulsion of the Ostrogoths by Belisarius in the 6th century, took possession of Lower Italy, and retained it for more than 200 years. The duchy of Benevento (Naples), however, founded by the Lom- bards in the same century, attained such importance and territorial extent, that it possessed, within 120 years, the greater part of the country now comprising the kingdom of Naples. In the 9th century the Arabs conquered the island of Sicily, which was wrested from them in the 1 1th by count Roger I., who inherited Naples from his elder brother, Robert Guiscard, by whom it had been acquired by conquest. Kings of Sicily. Counts and Dukes of Apulia. 1043. William I., Bras de Fer, or Iron Arm. 1046. Drogo. 1051. Humfrey. 1054. Robert Guiscard ; duke in 1060. 1085. Koger. Sicily. 1072. Roger I. ; count of Sicily. 1101. Roger II., his son; obtained from pope Honorius II., in 1130, the style oi^'king of Sicily." 1154. William, sumamed the Wicked. 1166. William II., surnamed the Good. 1189. Tancred, count de Leccs, grandson of Roger II., succeeded by 1194. William III., his son: dethroned. 1194. Henry (husband of Constantia, daughter of William III.), emperor, as Henry VI., in 1190. 1197. Frederick I., his son, crowned emperor in 1212, as Frederick 11. 1250. Conrad I., son of Frederick I. ; emperor as Conrad IV. : succeeded by 1254. Conrad II., or Conradin, his infant son: deposed in his minority by his uncle Manfred ; afterwards beheaded. 1258. Manfred or Mainfroy, tyrant and usurper : slain in battle by his successor. 1266. Charles of Anjou, youngest son of Louis VIII. of France: deposed in 1282 by the bloody revolution known as the " Sicilian Vespers." ^ 1282. [ Sicily now separated from Naples ; Charles The memorable massacre of the French in Sicily, known by this name, commenced at Palermo, March 30, " vT fS'^^i'". become hateful to the Sicilians, and a conspiracy against Charles of Anjou was already , when the followmg occurrence led to develop and accomplish it. On Easter Monday the chief conspirators assembled at Palermo; and while the French were engaged in festivities, a Sicilian bride happened to pass THE TWO SICILIES. 31 of Anjou, retaining the style of lord paramount of Naples, and governing there.] 1282. Peter, the Great, king of Arragon, consort of Constantia, daughter of Manfred, the Usurper. 1285. James I. : succeeded to the kingdom of Arragon as James II. in 1291. 1295. [Interregnum.] 1296. Frederick 11. 1337. Peter II. 1342. Louis I. 1355. Frederick III., surnamed the Simple. 1377. Mary, daughter of Frederick; afterwards jointly with her consort. 1391. Mary, and Martin, prince of Arragon. 1402. Martin, alone. 1409. Martin the Elder. Sicily united to Arragon. 1410. Ferdinand, king of Arragon. 1435. Alfonso, king of Arragon. 1458. John, king of Arragon. 1479. Ferdinand the Catholic. [In 1503 this prince took entire possession of Naples (which he had previously seized, and divided with Louis XII. of France), and Sicily remained subject to the sovereigns of Spain until 1713.] 1713. Victor Amadeus, duke of Savoy, obtained the crown of Sicily from Spain. 1718. He exchanged Sicily with Austria for Sar- dinia, which became a kingdom. See Naples and Sardinia. Kings of Naples. 1282. Charles of Anjou, lord paramount. 1285. Charles II., the Lame. 1309. Robert, the Wise. 1343. Joanna I. : dethroned by her cousin, 1382. Charles IIL, Durazzo. 1386. Ladislas, his son, and father of 1414. Joanna II., or Janella, or Johannilla, of Bourbon. 1435. Alfonso, the Wise ; Alfonso V. as king of Arragon. Succeeded by his natural son, 1458. Ferdinand I., the Bastard. 1494. Alfonso IL 1495. Ferdinand IL 1496. Frederick III., his son. 1501. [Partitioned by France and Spain; but two years after Ferdinand the Catholic became master of the whole, and it re- mained under the dominion of Spain until 1707.] 1707. Charles, of Austria,'afterwards the emperor Charles YI. 1713. The possession of Naples confirmed to Austria by the treaty of Utrecht. 1734. [Sicily and Naples (the Two Sicilies), lost to Austria, became vested in the royal family of Spain.] 1735. Charles, son of Philip V. of Spain : he suc- ceeded to his father's dominions, and ceded the Two Sicilies to his third son, Ferdinand. 1759. Ferdinand IV"., ascended at eight years of age: deposed by the French in 1798; again in 1806. In the latter year, the emperor Napoleon placed his brother Joseph on the throne of Naples. 1806. Joseph Buonaparte : advanced in 1808 to the throne of Spain. 1808. Joachim Murat, brother-in-law to Na- poleon, succeeded as king. 1815. Ferdinand IV., restored. [It was now decreed that Naples and Si- cily should, as formerly, be united in one monarchy, under the designation of the " Kingdom of the Two Sicilies."] Kings of the Two Sicilies. 1815. Ferdinand I. (late IV.), king of the Two Sicilies. 1826. Francis I., his son. 1830. Ferdinand IL, son of the last king. Suc- ceeded Nov. 8, 1830. The present (1850) King of the Two Sicilies and of Jerusalem. The King. Ferdinand (II.) Charles, born Jan. 12, 1810 ; succeeded his father, the late king, Francis L, Nov. 8, 1830; married, Nov. 21, 1832, Maria-Christina-Carohne- Josephine (born Nov. 14, 1812), daughter of the late Victor-Emmanuel, king of Sardinia ; and 2nd (Jan. 9, 1837), Maria- Theresa-Isabelle (born July 31, 1816), daughter of the late archduke Charles, of Austria ; and has issue : — 1. Francis-Mary-Leopolil, prince-royal, duke of Calabria ; born (of first marriage) Jan. 16, 1836. 2. Louis-Mary, comte de Trani, born (of second marriage, with the following) Aug. 1, 1838. 3. Alphonso-Mary- Joseph- Albert, comte de Caserta, born March 28, 1841. 4. Mary-Annonciate-Isabelle, bom March 24, 1843. 5. Mary-Immaculee-Clementina, born April 14, 1844. 6. Gaetan-Mary-Frederick, comte de Girgenti, born Jan. 12, 1846. 7. Joseph-Mary, comte de Lucera, born March 4, 1848. 8. A prince, born Aug. 3, 1849. by with her train. She was observed by one Drochet, a Frenchman, who, advancing towards her, used her rudely, under pretence of searching for arms. A young Sicilian, exasperated at this affront, stabbed him with his own sword ; and a tumult ensuing, 200 French were instantly murdered. The enraged populace now ran through the city, crying out " Let the French die !" and, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, they slaugh^ tered all of that nation they could find, to the number of 8000. Even such as had fled to the churches found no sanctuary there — the massacre became general throughout the island. 32 PRINCES OF EUROPE. Brothers and Sisters : 1. Caroline- Ferdinanda-Louisa, born Nov. 5, 1798 ; dowager-duchess of Berry. 2. Maria-Christina, born April 27, 1806 ; dowager queen of Spain. 3. Charles-Ferdinand, prince of Capua, born Oct. 10, 1811. 4. Leopold- Benjamin- Joseph, comte de Syracuse, born May 22, 1813 ; married, May 15, 1837 Mary-Victoria-Louisa-Philiberta, of Savoy-Carignan. 5. Maria- Antoinette, bom Dec. 19, 1814 ; grand-duchess of Tuscany. 6. Maria- Amelia, born Feb. 25, 1818 ; married, May 26, 1832, don Sebastian, of Bourbon and Braganza. 7 Maria-Caroline-Ferdinanda, born Feb. 29, 1820. 8. Theresa-Maria-Christina, born March 14, 1822 ; empress of Brazil. 9. Louis-Charles, comte d'Aquila, born July 19, 1824; married, April 28, 1844, the princess Januaria, daughter of the late emperor, dom Pedro, of Brazil. 10. Francis de Paulo-Louis-Emmanuel, comte de Trepani, born Aug. 13, 1827 ; affianced, July 1849, to Mary-Isabella (born May 21, 1834), daughter of the grand-duke, Leo- pold II., of Tuscany. SAVOY.— SARDINIA. Savoy, m the time of the Romans, formed a part of the province of Gallia Narhon- nensis, and remained in possession of the Romans several hundred years. Sardinia (Latin) was called by the Greeks Sandaliotes and Ichnusa, from its resemblance to the print of a sandal or sole of a human foot. The former country, after various changes, was erected into a county in the beginning of the 11th century, and at the close of the 14th, the governing count obtained the title of duke. The same ancient family continuing to rule, exchanged, in 1718, with Austria, its then recent acquisition of Sicily, for Sardinia, and became kings of Sardinia. This state became involved in the great war between France and Austria, that closed with the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. After enjoying a long term of peace, it took part in the war of the French revolution, and in 1 798 the continental territories were parcelled out into departments of the French empire, and were not restored to the legitimate sovereign until the over- throw of Napoleon in 1814. Genoa was added to Sardinia by the congress of Vienna in 1815. Counts and Dukes of Sayoy. 1020. 1027. 1048. 1072. 1108. 1148. 1188. 1233. 1253. 1263. 1268. 1285. 1323. 1329. 1343. 1383. 1391. Counts of Maurienne. Beroald, surnamed the Saxon. Humbert I., " with the White Hands." Amadeus I., Longtail. Humbert II., le Renforce. Counts of Savoy. Amadeus II. Humbert III., surnamed the Saint. Thomas. Amadeus III. Boniface-Rolando. Peter, or Charlemagne le Petit, Philip. Amadeus IV., styled the Great; famous for his defence of the isle of Rhodes agamst the Turks. Edward. Aimon, styled the Peace-maker. Amadeus Y. (or YI.), the Green Count. Amadeus YII., the Red Count. Dukes of Savoy. Amadeus YIII., surnamed the Pacific; duke in 1416. Elected pope in 1439, as Felix Y. ; antipope. 1451. 1465. 1472. 1482. 1489. 1496. 1497. 1504. 1553. 1580. 1630. 1637. 1638. 1675. 1713. Louis. Amadeus IX., suraamed the Benevolent, and, by his subjects, the "Blessed Ama- deus." Philibert, the Hunter. Charles I., the Warrior. Charles II. Philip II., Sans Terre, or Lackland. Philibert II., surnamed the Beau. Charles IIL, the Good. Emmanuel-Philibert, surnamed the Iron- hand. Charles Emmanuel, styled the Great ; but falsely, for though brave, he violated the laws of nations. Yictor- Amadeus I. Francis-Hyacinth. Charles-Emmanuel 11. Yictor- Amadeus II. [He obtained Sicily this year, and in 1718 exchanged it with the emperor for Sar- dinia, taking the title of king. Of this dominion. Piedmont and Savoy formed the continental part.] Kings of Sardinia. 1718. Yictor- Amadeus I., king (II. as duke) : resigned in 1730, in favour of his son ; died in 1732. 1730. Charles-Emmanuel I., his son. 1773. Yictor-Amadeus II., his son. 1796. Charles-Emmanuel II., son of the pre- TUSCANY. 33 ceding : resigned his crown in favour of his brother, 1802. Victor-Emmanuel 1. 1805. [Sardinia merged in the kingdom of Italj^ of which the emperor Napoleon was crowned king, May 26, 1805.] 1814. Victor-Emmanuel, restored. Resigned in March 1821 ; and died in 1824. 1821. Charles-Felix ; succeeded by his nephew, 1831. Charles- Albert. This prince provoked a war with Austria; was defeated in battle, and abdicated in favour of his son, March 23, 1849. Died at Oporto, July 28, 1849. 1849. Victor-Emmanuel II. The present (1850) King of Sardinia. The King. Victor-Emanuel (II.)-Mary- Albert-Eugene-Ferdinand, born March 14, 1820 ; succeeded his father, the late king, Charles- Albert, in virtue of the abdication of the latter, announced at Novara, March 23, 1849, and confirmed at Tolosa, in Spain, April 3, following ; married, April 12, 1842, the archduchess Mary-Adelaide-Frances-Reniere-Elizabeth (born June 3, 1822), second daughter of the archduke Reniere, of Austria : issue, 1. Maria-Clotilda-Theresa-Louisa ; born March 2, 1843. 2. Humbert-Reniere-Charles-Emmanuel-Ferdinand, prince-royal, prince of Piedmont ; born March 14, 1844. 3. Amedee-Ferdinand-Marie, due d'Aosta, born May 30, 1845. 4. Otho-Eugene-Marie, due de Montferrat, born July 11, 1846. 5. Marie-Pie, born Oct. 16, 1847. His Brother. Ferdinand-Marie- Albert, due de Genes, born Nov. 15, 1822. Branch of Savoy- Carignan. 1. Eugene-Emmanuel-Joseph-Mary-Paul, born April 14, 1816. Declared prince of Savoy- Carignan by royal decretal of April 28, 1834. 2. Mary- Victoria-Louisa, born Sept. 29, 1814; married to prince Leopold of the Two Sicilies, brother of the king. TUSCANY. The Etruria of the Romans, and Tyrrhenia of the Greeks. It became subject to Rome in the 5 th century before the Christian era, and was possessed by that empire for about 800 years. Tuscany was governed by a succession of marquesses or dukes from the 9th until the 13th century. The continual divisions by which the country was agitated led to a change in the form of government, and eventually to the ascendancy of the great family of the Medici as Grand Dukes. The ancient name, Etruria, was revived for a time in 1801. Marquesses or Dukes. 828. Boniface I., marquess. 847. Adalbert I., duke and marquess. 890. Adalbert II., surnamed the Rich, duke and marquess. 919. Guy, duke. 929. Lambert, duke. 931. Boson, marquess. 936. Hubert, duke. 961. Hugh, surnamed the Great. 1001. Adalbert III. 1014. Rinaldo, duke and marquess. 1027. Boniface 11. , styled the Pious, duke and marquess. 1052. Frederick. 1055. Beatrice, and Godfrey the Bearded. 1076. Matilda, styled the Great, countess. 1119. Ratbod, or Radboton. 1119. Conrad, president and marquess. 1131. Rampret, president and marquess. 1133. Henry of Bavaria, count. 1139. Ulderic, marquess. 1153. Guelph. 1195. Philip; elected emperor in 1198: assassi- nated at Bamberg in 1208. 1208. Florence became a republic, governed chiefly by Signori, until 1531. In that year Alexander de Medici was appointed its chief, as doge of Florence : assassi- nated in 1537. Grand Dukes. House of Medici. ^ 1537. Cosmo de Medici, son of Alexander ; cre- ated grand duke in 1569 by pope Pius V. 1574. Francis Mary, de Medici, his son ; to whom the dignity of grand duke was con- firmed by the emperor Maximilian II. 1587. Ferdinand I., de Medici. 1609. Cosmo II., de Medici. 1621. Ferdinand II., de Medici. 1670. Cosmo III., de Medici. 1723. John Gastone de Medici; last representa- tive of the family. 2 1 The great family of Medici, illustrious as the restorers of literature and the fine arts in Italy, were chiefs or Si'gnori of the republic of Florence from 1434, in which year Cosmo de Medici (the 1st Cosmo) who had been banished from the republic, was recalled, and made its chief, presiding over it for 30 years. Several of the family were afterwards Signori : among these, was Lorenzo de Medici, styled " the Magnificent" and the " Father of Letters," Of this great man, Mr. Roscoe wrote an elegant Life in 2 vols, quarto ; also diLife^ in 4 vols, of pope Leo X. (John de Medici), son of Lorenzo. ^ By the treaty of peace in MZh between France and Austria, the duke of Lorraine was named to succeed to D 34 PRINCES OF EUROPE. House of Lorraine. 1737. Francis II., duke of Lorraine ; married Maria Theresa, empress, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia; elected em- peror in 1745. [By a decree of this monarch it was settled that in future the Grand Duchy should be the patrimony of a younger son of the Imperial house: the emperor was accordingly succeeded in 1765 by his second son,] 17G5. Peter-Leopold : on the demise of his bro- ther, the emperor Joseph 11. became emperor as Leopold II. ; and was suc- ceeded as grand-duke by his youngest son, 1790. Ferdinand III. : deposed by the treaty of Luneville, in 1801. 1801. Louis, prince of Parma, succeeded, by the style of "King of Etruria," conform- ably with the above-mentioned treaty. 1803. Charles-Louis, his infant son, under the regency of the queen, Maria-Louisa, his mother; afterwards duchess of Parma. See Parma. 1807. [Tuscany united by the emperor Napoleon to the kingdom of Italy.] 1814. Ferdinand III. restored : succeeded by his son, 1824. Leopold II. ; succeeded his father, June 18, 1824. The present (1850) Grand- Duke of Tuscany. The Grand-Duke. Leopold-John-Joseph-Francis-Ferdinand-Charles, grand-duke of Tuscany and duke of Lucca; born Oct. 3, 1797 ; married, 1st (Oct. 28, 1817), Mary- Anne-Caroline, daughter of Maximilian, father of the present king of Saxony ; died March 24, 1832. Married, 2nd (June 7, 1833), Mary-Antoinette, daughter of Francis L, king of the Two Sicilies ; and has issue : 1. Augusta-Louisa-Mary-Josephine (by first marriage), born April 1, 1825 ; married (April 15, 1844) the prince Leopold of Bavaria. 2. Mary-Isabella (with the following, by second marriage), born May 21, 1834. 3. Ferdinand, hereditary grand-duke, born June 10, 1835. 4. Charles-Joseph, born April 30, 1839. 5. Maria-Louisa, born Oct. 31, 1845. 6. Louis-John, born Aug. 4, 1847. His Sisters. 1. Maria-Louisa-Josephine, born Aug. 30, 1798. 2. Theresa, born March 21, 1801 ; married Sept. 30, 1817, to Charles- Albert, late king of Sardinia, who died July 28, 1849. LUCCA. Charlemagne having destroyed the empire of the Lombards, A. d. 774, Lucca came into the possession of the Franks, and in two centuries afterwards was annexed to Germany by Otto the Great. After many subsequent revolutions it was sold to Florence, and in a short time it obtained its complete freedom by purchase from the emperor Charles IV., and retained it until modern times. i^apoleon having conferred Piombino upon his sister Elizabeth and her husband prince Bacciocchi, as an hereditary principality, the prince was chosen in 1805 constitutional chief of the republic of Lucca. In 1806, Massa, Carrara, and Garfago- rano, were united to the principality of Lucca. Finally, the congress of Vienna conferred Massa and Carrara upon the archduchess Beatrice d'Este ; Piombino upon prince Ludovisci Buoncampagni ; and the Duchy of Lucca, with an annual pension of 20,000/. upon Maria-Louisa, daughter of Charles IV. of Spain, and widow of Louis, king of Etruria : she died March 13, 1824, and was succeeded by her son, 1824. Charles-Louis, duke; born Dec. 22, 1799; married, Aug. 15, 1820, Maria-Theresa, daughter of Victor- Emmanuel L, king of Sardinia. Relinquished the duke- dom, Oct. 1847. On the death of Maria-Louisa, widow of the emperor ISTapoleon, of France, and duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla (see Parma)., which took place Dec. 18, 1847, Charles-Louis, duke of Lucca, was invested with the government of the duchy of Parma, as had been agreed upon by the treaty of Paris of June 10, 1817, and congress of Frankfort, July 20, 1819; and in conformity with the conditions of succession arranged by these' acts, and by the subsequent treaty of Florence (Nov. 28, 1844), the duke Louis-Charles resio^ned Lucca to the grand-duke of Tuscany, Oct. 5, 1847. o ^ Ji the grand-duchy of Tuscany on the death of John Gastone de Medici, which took place in 1737; and upon this arrangement being effected, the duchy of Lorraine lapsed to the French crown, subject to a life interest of btanislas Lezmski, ex-king of Poland. MODENA. 35 PARMA, PLACENTIA, or PIACENZA, &c. In 1346, Parma and Piacenza formed part of the territory of the counts of Milan, and were subsequently in the possession of Louis XII. of France ; but were ceded by his successor, Francis I., under the league of Cambray, to pope Julius IV., when they were attached to the dominion of the Church. In 1545, pope Paul III. erected Parma and Piacenza into a duchy, and conferred it upon his natural son, Peter-Louis- Farnese, in whose family it continued for nearly two centuries. The subsequent details are given below. Dukes. 1545. Peter Louis Farnese ; first duke. 1547. Octavius Farnese. 1586. Alexander Farnese. 1592. Kanutio I. 1622. Edoard. 1646. Ranutio II. : Edoard, his eldest son, who died vita patris, left a daughter, Eliza- beth, who married Philip V. of Spain. 1694. Francis I. 1727. Antony. [Upon the extinction of the male line of the old dukes, the duchy devolved upon the grandson of Edoard.] 1731. Don Carlos, who, upon ascending the throne of the Sicilies, ceded the duchy to the house of Austria, with whom it remained until the treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle, Oct. 18, 1748. 1749. Don Philip, brother of Don Carlos. 1765. Don Ferdinand. 1803. [The duchy now passed under the do- minion of France, and prince Louis, son of Ferdinand, became king of Etruria.] 1814. Maria-Louisa of Austria, widow of the emperor Napoleon. The duchy was con- ferred upon her by the treaty of Paris, and she became duchess of Parma, Pia- cenza, and Guastalla. Died Dec. 18, 1847. Parma, &c. were given by the convention of April 11, 1814, to the arch-duchess Maria-Louisa, ex- empress of France. After her death (Dec. 18, 1847) Charles- Louis, duke of Lucca, was given the government of this duchy, as had been arranged by the treaty of Paris, June 10, 1817, and by the congress of Frankfort, July 20, 1819; and conformably with these acts, and with a subsequent treaty (that of Frankfort, Nov. 28, 1844), Charles-Louis, of Lucca, relinquished that duchy to the grand-duke of Tuscany. MODENA, &c. Albert-Azon, or Azzo II. (great-grandson of Albert-Azon I., who died a. d. 964), espoused Cunegunda, daughter of Guelph II., count of Altdorf and duke of Lower Bavaria, and dying in 1097, left two sons. Of these, the elder, Guelph, inherited the states of Altdorf at the decease of his uncle, Guelph, duke of Carinthia ; and from him sprang the branch of Guelph- Este. From the second son, Fulke, emanated the branch of Fulke-Este. The illustrious house of Este governed as Signori of Ferrara in the 12th century; and Modena, Reggio, and Ferrara became ducal territories, by concession, partly of the emperor and partly of the pope, in favour of Borso and Hercules d'Este, in 1452. Signori and Marquesses of Ferrara. 1067. Frederic I. 1118. Guy Salinguerra. 1150. Taurello. 1196. SaHnguerra II. Azzo VI., marquess d'Este ; to the ascen- dancy of whose house the Torrelli after- wards give way. 1212. Aldovrandino. 1215. Azzo VII. D'Este. 1264. Obizzo 11. 1293. Azzo VIII. D'Este. 1308. Folco or Fulke D'Este. D rRinaldo. ") On the death of Einaldo 1317. Obizzo III. V (1335) and Niccolo (1344) ( Niccolo I. J Obizzo ruled alone. 1352. Aldovrandino II. 1361. Niccolo II. 1383. Alberto. 1393. Niccolo III. 1441. Lionello. Dukes of Modena, &c. 1450. Borso; elevated by the emperor Frederick II. and the pope, 1452, to the dukedom of Modena and Reggio. 2 36 PRINCES OF EUROPE. 1780. 1803. Maria-Beatrix, duchess of Modena and princess of Massa and Carrara. [She espoused the archduke Ferdinand of Austria, and conferred the dukedom upon her husband; he died Dec. 24, 1806; and was succeeded in the duke- dom by their son, 1806. Francis IV., duke : the duchess, his mother, retaining the principalities. [Modena, which had been incorporated with the Cisalpine Republic in 1797, was restored to Francis IV. upon the dissolution of the kingdom of Italy in 1814.] 1829. Francis IV., now inherited Massa and Carrara, on the death of his mother, Maria-Beatrix, Nov. 14. 1846. Francis V., son of the preceding; suc- ceeded Jan. 21, 1846. The present (1850) Duke of Modena. The Duke. Francis V. Ferdinand-Gemenien, arch-duke of Austria-Este, prince-royal of Hungary and Bohemia, duke of Modena, of Reggio, Mirandola, Massa, Carrara, Guastalla, &c. ; born June 1, 1819 ; succeeded his father, Jan. 21, 1846; married March 30, 1842, Adelgonda- Augusta-Charlotte-Caroline-Elizabeth (born March 19, 1823), daughter of Louis, king of Bavaria : no issue. Brother and Sisters. 1. Mary-Theresa-Beatrice-Gaetana, born July 14, 1817; married Nov. 7, 1846, to prince Henry of Bourbon, comte de Chambord. 2. Ferdinand-Charles- Victor, born July 20, 1821 ; married, Oct. 4, 1847, Frances-Mary-Elizabeth, daughter of the late arch-duke Joseph, palatine of Hungary. 3. Mary-Beatrice- Anne-Frances, bom Feb. 13, 1824 ; married Feb. 6, 1847, John-Charles -Mary, of Spain. 1471. Ercole (Hercules) I. 1505. Alfonso I. 1534. Ercole (FTercules) 11. 1559. Alfonso II. Tasso was imprisoned in this reign, 1579. 1597. Caesar D'Este. This prince obtained pos- session ( f Modena as a fief of the em- pire. Ferrara was attached to the Church by Clement VIII. 1628. Alfonso HI. 1629. Francis T. 1658. Alfonso IV. 1662. Francis II. 1694. Reginald. 1737. Francis III. Ercole (Hercules) III. This prince ac- quired, in dowry with his consort, the principalities of Massa and Carrara. He was expelled in 1796, and died in 1803, leaving an onl}^ child and heiress. HOLLAND. THE NETHERLANDS. BELGIUM. The original inhabitants of Holland were the Batavi, a brancli of the Catti, a people of Germany, who, being expelled their own country on account of sedition, established themselves in this territory. — Tacitus. Gallia Belgica (the Roman name for the provinces now known as the Netherlands) was attached to the Roman empire until its fall ; and for several ages afterwards it formed part of the kingdom of Austrasia. About the 10th century, Holland and other provinces were governed by their own counts or dukes. The Netherlands subsequently fell to Burgundy, next to Austria ; and the emperor Charles V. annexed them to Spain. The tyranny of the bigot Philip II. and the barbarities of the duke of Alva exasperated the people to a great height, and under the conduct of William, prince of Orange, was formed the famous League of Utrecht, which proved the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces. The other ten provinces (there being seventeen) returned under the then dominion of Spain. The Netherlands became a kingdom in 1815 ; the southern part, Belgium, separated from it, and became a kingdom in 1831. Counts of Holland, &c. Counts of Friesland. * * Thierry I. * * * * 963. Thierry II. 988. Arnulph the Great. 1003. Thierry IIL, of Jerusalem. 1039. Thierry lY. 1049. Florence L, of Holland ; in whom the title became merged. Coitnts of Holland. 1 019. Florence I. lOGl. Thierry V. [The previous counts of this name, Thierry I. II. III. and IV., were counts of Fries- land. See above.~\ 1091. Florence II., surnamed the Fat. 1122. Thierrv VI. 1157. Florence III. 1190. Thierry VIL 1203. William I. 1223. Florence IV. 1234. William II. The pope gave the imperial title to this prince on the death of the emperor Frederick II. 1256. Florence V. 1296. John 1. : on his death, the ancient house of the counts of Holland became extinct. HOLLAND. 37 1299. Jolin II. (John d'Avennes) count of Hai- nault, succeeded ; and the provinces became united. Holland and Hainault. 1304. William III., surnamed the Good. 1337. William IV. 1345. Margaret, countess. 1356. William V., surnamed the Senseless. 1389. Albert. 1404. William VI. 1417. Jacquelina of Bavaria, countess. 1433. [Holland and Hainault came under the dominion of Philip the Good, of Bur- gundy.] Governors of the Netherlands. 1477. Adolphus of Cleves. 1485. Engilbert, count of Nassau. 1489. Albert of Saxony. 1494. Philip le Beau, assumes the government. 1505. William de Croi. 1507. Margaret of Austria. 1531. Mary of Austria, dowager queen of Hun- gary, and niece of Margaret. 1555. Emmanuel, duke of Savoy. 1559. Margaret of Austria, duchess of Parma. 1567. Ferdinand, duke of Alva.^ 1573. Louis de Requisens. 1576. John of Austria. 1578. Alexander of Parma. 1592. Peter-Ernest, count of Mansfeldt. 1594. Archduke Ernest. 1595. Pedro de Fuentes. 1596. Albert, of Austria. 1599. The infanta of Spain, Isabella, married the archduke Albert, and both were invested with the sovereign power. 1621. Isabella, alone. 1633. Ferdinand. 1641. Francisco Mello. 1644. Maj-quess de Castel Rodrigo. 1647. Archduke Leopold. 1656. John, of Austria. 1659. Marquess de Fromiata. 1664. Marquess de Castel Rodrigo. 1668. Duke de Feria. 1670. Comte de Monterei. 1675. Duke de Villahermosa. 1678. Prince of Parma. 1682. Marquess de Castanaga. 1692. The elector of Bavaria. 1701. M. Bedmar. 1702. The elector of Bavaria, again. 1706. Council of state. 1710. Conseil la Conference. 1714. Comte de Koenigseck. 1716. Prince Eugene, of Savoy. 1725. Mary-Elizabeth, of Austria. 1741. Count de Harrac-Rohrau. 1744. Mary- Anne, of Austria. 1745. Charles, prince of Lorraine. 1781. Mary-Christina, of Austria, and Albert of Saxony, jointly. 1793. The archduke Charles. 1795. United to France. Dutch Stadtholders. 1579. William of Nassau ; first stadth older. See article " Princes of Orange," below. 1587. Prince Maurice, of Nassau. 1625. Frederick Henry, of Orange. 1647. William 11., of Orange. 1650. The stadtholderat suppressed, and the office administered by the states. 1672. William III., prince of Orange. In 1689 he became king of England. 1702. The stadtholderat again resumed by the states, on the death of William. 1747. William IV. The stadtholderat revived in William IV., and made hereditary in the house of Orange. Princes of Orange. [The years of the stadtholderat are not always in unison with those of the princes of Orange.] 1502. Philibert de Chalons. 1530. Rene de Nassau. 1544. William of Nassau, styled the Great, cousin to Rene. To this illustrious prince the republic of the Seven United Provinces owed its foundation. Elected stadtholder in 1579 : killed by an assassin hired by Philip II. of Spain, June 30, 1584. 1584. Philip-William, his son : stolen away from the university of Louvaine ; the Dutch would never suffer him to reside in their provinces : died in 1618. 1618. Maurice, the renowned general ; stadt- holder in 1587 : he was a younger son of William by a second marriage. 1625. Frederick Henry. 1647. William II. : married Mary, daughter of Charles L, of England, by whom he had a posthumous son, who succeeded as 1660. William III.; stadtholder in 1672. This prince married Mary, eldest daughter of James II. of England, and both after- wards ascended the English throne. 1702. William IV. 1711. William V. 1751. William VI. ; retired on the invasion of the French in 1795 : died in 1806. 1795. [Holland and Belgium united to the French republic.^] 1 This duke is better remembered for his dreadful persecutions in the Low Countries, than for his exceeding bravery and deeds of arms. His barbarities and cruelty drove many thousands of artisans to seek an asylum in England, and their descendants are among our most useful citizens at this day. He used to say, that " his executioners shed more blood than his soldiers." He kindled a war that burned for sixty-eight years, cost Spain 800 millions of dollars, its finest troops, and seven of its richest provinces in the Netherlands. During half a century of warfare, it is said he never lost a battle, and was never taken by surprise. 2 The title of (irand Pensionary, which belonged to the chief of the Batavian republic in the 16th century, was revived in April 1805, while Holland was under French domination, and was conferred on the celebrated Kutger Ian Schimmelpennick, who had previously been Dutch ambassador to England. D 3 38 PRINCES OF EUROPE. 180G. William-Frederick succeeded liis father, the last king, as the rightful heir to the usurped throne. 1806. Louis Buonaparte ; made king of Holland by his brother Napoleon ; June 5, 1806 : abdicated, July 1, 1810. 1810. [Holland again united to France.] 1813. House of Orange restored. William-Fre- derick, prince of Orange, proclaimed Dec. 6, 1813 ; took the oath of fidelity as sovereign prince, March 30, 1814; and assumed the style of King of the Netherlands, March 16, 1815. Kings of the Netherlands. on his father's abdication ; died March 17, 1849. William III., son of the preceding; born Feb. 19, 1817. The present (1850) king. 1815. William (late the prince of Orange), first king : formally abdicated in favour of his son, Oct. 7, 1840 ; died Dec. 12, 1849. 1843. 1840. William H. ; born Dec. 6, 1792 ; succeeded The King. William (IH.) -Alexander- Paul- Frederick-Louis, prince of Orange-Nassau and grand- duke of Luxemburg; succeeded on the death of his father, March 17, 1849; married June 18, 1839, Sophia-Frederica-Matilda (born June 17, 1818), daughter of William, king of Wurtem- berg ; and has issue : 1. William-Nicholas- Alexander-Frederick, prince of Orange, born Sept. 4, 1840. 2. William-Frederick- Maurice- Alexander-Henry, born Sept. 15, 1843. King of the Belgians. [Belgium having separated from the kingdom of the Netherlands, the sove- reignty was offered to Louis-Charles, due de Nemours, second son of Louis- Philippe, king of the French, but de- clined. It was next offered to Leo- pold, prince of Coburg, by whom it was accepted.] 1831. Leopold, first king of the Belgians; inau- gurated July 20, at Brussels, the capital of his kingdom. The present (1850) king of the Belgians. The King. Leopold-George-Christian-Frederick, son of Francis, late duke of Saxe-Coburg Saalfeld ; born Dec. 16, 1790 ; married, 1st, on May 2, 1816, the princess Charlotte of Wales, only daughter of George IV., king of Great Britain, who died in childbed Nov. 6, 1817 ; and 2nd, *on Aug. 9, 1832, Louisa-Maria-Theresa-Charlotte (born April 3, 1812 ; died Oct. 10, 1850), eldest daughter of Louis-Philippe, king of the French ; and has issue : 1. Leopold-Louis-Philip-Mary- Victor, prince royal, duke of Brabant, born April 9, 1835. 2. Philip-Eugene-Ferdinand-Leopold, count of Flanders, born March 24, 1837. 3. Mary-Charlotte- Amelia- Augusta- Victoria, born June 7, 1840. NASSAU. The cradle of tlie house of Nassau was the castle of Laurenburg, on the Lahn. Walram III., who possessed, in 1 195, all the territory belonging to Nassau, died in 1198 ; and his sons, Henry I. and Rupert V., reigned jointly until the latter entered into the union of the German knighthood in 1230. The sons of Henry I. (who was surnamed the Rich) were Walram and Otho. They governed in common until 1255, and became the founders of two distinct principal lines. That of Walram is at present possessed of the principality of Kassau, and that of Otho flourishes still in the royal Netherlands' dynasty. Walram's successor was his son, Adolphus, who was elected emperor in 1292 : he fell in battle with Albert, of Austria, at Gellheim (Spires), in 1298 : succeeded by his son, 1298. Gerlach, who reigned until 1361. This prince's two sons, Adolphus II. and John I., divided Walram's line again into two branches, Nassau-Idstein- Weisbaden and Nassau-Weilburg ; the latter created by John I., the former by Adolphus. Line of Nassau-Idstein-Weisbaden. (^Eight in number.^ Adolphus IT. : succeeded b} his son, ] 370. Walram : succeeded by his son, 1393. Adolphus III. : succeeded by his son, 1426. John, succeeded by his son, 1480. Adolphus IV. : succeeded by his son, 1511. Phihp; he introduced the Lutheran re- ligion : succeeded by his second son, 1568. Balthazar : succeeded by his only son, same year. 1568. John-Louis, whose son died vitdpatris, and this line and its possessions fell to the younger branch. Younger Line. [Of this branch, John L had enlarged his territories by marriage, and had been invested by*^ the emperor Charles IV. DENMARK. 39 with the coronet of a prince : he died in 1371, and was succeeded by his son.] 1371. Philip I. : succeeded by his second son : the elder, John II., founded a separate line. 1429. Philip II. : succeeded by his grandson, 1492. Louis I. : succeeded by his son, 1523. Philip III. : he left two sons, Albert and Philip IV., who divided their territory ; the line of the latter became extinct in 1602, and his part fell back to his bro- ther's line. 1559. Albert : succeeded by his son, 1593. Louis IL, who inherited in 1602 the pos- sessions of Philip IV., and after the death of John-Louis (see above) he inherited all the possessions of the Wal- ram line. [Louis died in 1627 : his three sons be- came founders of three distinct lines, of which the most important was that of Nassau- Weilburg, ruled by his third son, Ernest-Casimir.] 1629. Ernest-Casimir : succeetled by his son, 1655. Frederick : succeeded by his son, 1675. John- Ernest : succeeded by his son, 1719. Charles- Augustus, who again assumed the by the emperor Charles IV.: he was succeeded by 1753. Charles-Christian : succeeded bv 1788. Frederick- William. This prince lost by the peace of Luneville a part of his pos- sessions on the left border of the llhine : the confederation of the Rhine, how- ever, which he joined in 1816, enlarged his territory, and conferred upon him the ducal title. Dukes. 1806. Frederick- William, the above : died in 1816 ; succeeded by his son, 1816. William-George, who inherited in March, 1816, the possessions of Nassau-Usingen, and thus united all the territory of the elder Walramian line of the house of Nassau. [He built a palace at Weisbaden, and transferred his seat thither from Bibe- rich : died in 1839. 1839. Adolphus, his son; born July 24, 1817; succeeded Aug. 20, 1839 ; married, Jan. 19, 1844, the grand-duchess Elizabeth of Russia, who died Jan. 28, 1845. The PRESENT (1850) duke. princely title conferred on his ancestors The Duke's Brother and Sisters : Therese-Wilhelmine-Frederique-Isabelle, born April 17, 1815 ; married (April 23, 1837) to the prince of Oldenburg. Maurice- William- Augustus, born Nov. 21, 1820. Marie- Wilhelmine, born Jan. 29, 1825. His Half-Brother and Sisters : Helene-Wilhelmine-Henriette-Pauline, born Aug. 12, 1831. Nicolas-Guillaume, born Sept. 1832. Sophie-Wilhelmine, born July 9, 1836. DENMARK. The first name given to this country was Chersonesus Cimhinca^ and its earliest inhabitants were the Cinibri and the Teutones. About a hundred years before the Christian era, these were driven out by the Jutes or Goths, and hence the modern name of Jutland. The general name, Denmark, is supposed to be derived from Dan^ a founder of the Danish monarchy, and marli^ a German word signifying country, id est^ Dan-mark, the country of Dan. The people, hovv^ever, were but little known in history until they began to make inroads into Germany and to commit piracies in the northern seas under various designations, as Norwegians or Northmen, Swedes, Frizans, Jutes or Scuyths, or Danes. Norway was possessed by this country from the reign of the celebrated Margaret," the Semiramis of the North," in the I5tli cen- tury, until 1814, when it was united, as an integral state, to the sovereignty of Sweden. Kings of Denmaek. [The Danish Chronicles mention 25 kings to the reign of Harald; but the ac- counts differ much from the modern histories of Denmark by the best au- thors.] 8 J 3. Harald, or Harold. 850. Eric I. 854. Eric IL, or the Child. 883. Gormo, the Old ; reigned 53 years. 935. Harald II., surnamed Blue-tooth. 985. Suenon, or Sweyn, surnamed the Forked- beard. 1014. Canute II. the Great, king of Denmark and England. 1036. Canute HI., his son, the Hardicanute of England. I) 1042. Magnus, surnamed the Good, of iSTorway. 1047. Suenon or Sweyn II. 1073. [Interregnum.] 1077. Harald, called the Simple. 1080. Canute ly. 1086. Olaus IV., the Hungry. 1095. Eric HI., styled the Good. 1103. [Interregnum.] 1105. Nicholas I. : killed at Sleswick. 1135. Eric IV., surnamed Harefoot. 1137. Eric V., the Lamb. 1147. f Suenon or Swevn HI. : beheaded. 1147. \ Canute V., until 1154. 1157. Waldemar, styled the Great. 1182. Canute VI. : surnamed the Pious. 1202. Waldemar IL, the Victorious. 4 40 PRINCES OF EUROPE. 1241. Eric VI. 1250. Abel: assassinated his elder brother Eric : killed in an expedition against the Frisons. 1252. Christopher I. : poisoned. 1259. Eric VII. 1286. Eric VIII. 1320. Christopher II. 1334. [Interregnum of 7 years.] 1340. Waldemar III. 1375. [Interregnum.] 1376. Olaus V. 1387. Margaret, styled the " Semiramis of the North," queen of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. 1397. Margaret and Eric IX. (Eric XIII. of Sweden) jointly. 1412. Eric IX. reigns alone: obliged to resign both crowns. 1438. [Interregnum.] 1440. Christopher III., king of Sweden. 1448. Christian I., count of Oldenburg, elected king of Scandinavia, which compre- hended Denmark, Sweden, and Norway ; succeeded by his son, 1481. John ; also succeeded by his son, 1513. Christian II., called the Cruel, and the "Nero of the North;" among other enormous crimes he caused all the Swe- dish nobility to be massacred : dethroned for his tyranny in 1523 ; died in a dun- geon in 1559. [In this reign, Sweden succeeded in sepa- rating itself from the crown of Den- mark.] The King. Frederick-Charles-Christian ; succeeded his father, Christian VIII., Jan. 20, 1848 ; maiTied (March 1, 1828) Wilhelmina, daughter of Frederick VI. of Denmark, from whom he was divorced, Sept. 1837 ; married, 2nd (June 10, 1841), Caroline-Charlotte-Marianna (born Jan. 10, 1821), daughter of George V., grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, from whom, also, he was divorced, Sept. 1846. Uncle : Prince Frederick- Ferdinand, born N"ov. 22, 1792 ; married (Aug. 1, 1829) Caroline, daughter of Frederick VI. of Denmark, born Oct. 28, 1793. This prince is at present heir-presumptiv3 to the throne. 1523. Frederick L, duke of Holstein, uncle to Christian II. ; a liberal ruler. 1534. Christian III., son of Frederick; esta- blished the Lutheran religion : esteemed the " Father of his People." 1559. Frederick II., son of Christian III. 1588. Christian IV., son of the last king; chosen head of the Protestant league against the emperor. 1648. Frederick III. : changed the constitution from an elective to an hereditary mo- narchy vested in his own family. 1670. Christian V., son of Frederick III. ; suc- ceeded by his son, 1699. Frederick IV. ; leagued with the czar Peter and the king of Poland against Charles XII. of Sweden. 1730. Christian VI., his son. 1746. Frederick V., his son : married the prin- cess Louisa of England, daughter of George II. 1766. Christian VII., son of the preceding: married Caroline-Matilda, sister of George III. In a fit of jealousy he banished his queen to Zell (where she died in 1775), and put to death his ministers Brandt and Struensee. 1784. Regency. The crown prince Frederick declared regent, in consequence of the mental derangement of his father. 1808. Frederick VI., previously regent, now king. 1839. Christian VIII., son of the preceding. 1848. Frederick VIL, son of Christian VIII.; born Oct. 6, 1808. The present (1850) King of Denmark. SWEDEN. The ancient inhabitants were the Fins, now the inhabitants of Finland, who retired to their present territory on the appearance of the Scandinavians or Goths, and these latter became masters of Sweden. Hence the country was comprehended under the early name of Scandinavia, given to it in common with other northern climes that were peopled by the same race. The internal state of this kingdom is little known previously to the llth century. By the union of Calmar, in 1394, Sweden became a mere province of Denmark, and was not rescued from this subjection until 1521, when Gustavus Yasa recovered the kingdom from the Danish yoke. For this he was raised to the throne in 1523, and the crown made hereditary in his descendants, who successively reigned until 1S09. In this last-mentioned year, Gustavus lY., having brought the nation to the verge of ruin by his misgovernment, was deposed, and the duke of Sudermania became king; and the next year Bernadotte^ was elected regent and successor to the throne, which he ascended in 1818. Norwny, which had belonged to Denmark from 1397, was ceded to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel, signed January 14, 1814, confirmed by the Diet, Oct. 14, same year. 1 The choice made of this great soldier of fortune excited the surprise of all Europe at the time, but the Wisdom of it was soon demonstrated by his prudent conduct. He had distinguished himself from all Napoleon's other marshals by his clemency in victory. For half a century before his accession, Sweden had not known the peace and prosperity in which he lelt the country in the hands of his son, Oscar, at his death in 1844. SWEDEN. 41 Kings of Sweden. [Many antiquaries trace the reigns of the kings of Sweden as early as from the 5th century, and place Swartman as sovereign in 481, a. d. But the authorities so differ in the early succession, that we prefer commencing our account with the 11th century.] 1001. Olaf Skotkonung, or Olif Schoetkonung ; the Infant. Christianity introduced in this reign. 1026. Amund or Edmund Colbrenner. 1051. Amund or Edmund Slemme. 1056. Stenkill or Stenchil. 1066. Halstan. 1090. Ingeld or Ingo, styled the Good. 1112. Philip. 1118. Ingo II. 1129. Swerker or Suercher I. 1150. Eric X. 1162. Charles VII. : made prisoner by his suc- cessor. 1168. Canute, son of Eric X. 1192. Swerker or Suercher II. : killed in battle. 1210. Eric XI. 1220. John I. 1223. Eric XII. le Begue. 1251. Waldemar. 1279. Magnus I. 1290. Birger II. 1320. INIagnus II. : dethroned. 1363. Albert of ^lecklenburg : his tyranny causes a revolt of his subjects, who invite Mar- garet of Denmark to the throne. 1387. Margaret, queen of Sweden and Norway, now also Denmark, and Eric XIII. 1 397. [Union of Calmar, by which the three king- doms are united under one sovereign.] 1412. Eric XIII. governs alone: deprived. 1441. Christopher III. 1448. Charles VIII., surnamed Canuteson. 1470. [Interregnum.] 1483. John II. (I. of Denmark.) 1502. [Interregnum.] 1520. Christiern or Christian II. of Denmark, styled the "Nero of the North:" de- posed for his cruelties. 1523. Gustavus Vasa; by whose valour the Swedes were delivered from the Danish yoke. 1560. Eric XIV., son of Gustavus: dethroned, and died in prison. 1568. John III., brother of Eric. 1592. Sigismund, king of Poland, son of John III. : disputes for the succession continued the whole of this reign. 1604. Charles IX., brother of John III. 1611. Gustavus (Adolphus) II., the Great: fell on the plains of Lutzen ; supposed to have been treacherously slain. 1633. [Interregnum.] 1633. Christina, daughter of Gustavus- Adolphus. Resigned the crown to her cousin : died at Rome in 1689. 1654. Charles X. (Gustavus), son of John Casi- mir, count palatine of the Rhine. 1660. Charles XI., son of the preceding : the arts and sciences flourished in this reign. 1697. Charles XII. \ styled the "Alexander," the " Quixote," and the " Madman of the North:" killed at the siege of Frede- rickshall. 1719. Ulrica-Eleanora, his sister, and her consort Frederick I. Ulrica relinquished the crown, and in 1741. Frederick reigned alone. 1751. Adolphus-Frederick, of Holstein Gottorp, descended from the family of Vasa. 1771. Gustavus (Adolphus) III. : assassinated by count Ankerstrom at a masked ball. [The regicide was dreadfully scourged with whips of iron thongs three suc- cessive days; his right hand was cut off, then his head, and his body im- paled.] 1792. Gustavus (Adolphus) IV. Dethroned, and the government assumed by his uncle, the duke of Sudermania. 1809. Charles XIII., duke of Sudermania. 1814. [Treaty of Kiel, by which Norway falls under the sovereignty of Sweden. ] 1818. Charles (John) XIV., Bernadotte, the French prince of Ponte Corvo : suc- ceeded by his son, 1844. Oscar, who ascended the throne, March 8. The PRESENT (1850) King of Sweden and Norway. The King. Joseph -Francis- Oscar, king of Sweden and Norway, son of Charles (John) XIV. and Eugenia-Bernardina-Desiree de Clary; born July 4, 1799; married, June 19, 1823, Josephine-Maximiliana-Eugenia (born March 14, 1807), daughter of Eugene, duke of Leuch- tenberg ; and has issue : 1. Charles-Louis-Eugene, cro^vn prince, duke of Scania, born May 3, 1826. 2. Francis-Gustavus-Oscar, duke of Upland, born June 18, 1827. 3. Oscar-Frederick, duke of Ostrogothia, born Jan. 21, 1829. 4. Charlotte-Eugenia-Augusta-Amelia-Albertina, born April 24, 1830. 5. Nicholas-Augustus, duke of Delecariia, born Aug. 24, 1831. The LATE King. Charles- John Bernadotte (one of Napoleon's marshals), born Jan. 26, 1764; maiTied, Aug. 16, 1798, Eugenia-Bernardina, the present dowager queen ; elected crown prince, Aug. 21, 1810 ; succeeded Charles XIII. as king, Feb. 5, 1818 ; died March 8, 1844. • This extraordinary and intrepid prince, in 1700, when but 18 years of age, gained a wonderful victory over the Russians at Narva', where with only 20,000 men, he attacked them in their entrenchments, and slew 30,000 ; the remainder, exceeding that number, surrendering to the mercy of the conqueror. In this battle he had several horses shot under him, and as he was mounting a fresh one, he said, " These people seem disposed to give me exercise." While dictating despatches to his secretary, a bomb fell through the roof of the house into an adjoining room, and his secretary let drop his pen in fright, " What is the matter?" said Charles. " O I the bomb, sire," he answered. " The bomb!" exclaimed the king, " What have we to do with the Domb? Write on." _ Life of Charles XI L 42 PRINCES OF EUROPE. PRUSSIA. - BEANDENBURG. About three centuries before the Christian era this country was possessed by the Venedi, who were conquered by a people called the Borussi, and from these it obtained the name of Burussia; though some historians contend that the name is derived from Po, signifying near, and Russia— To-Russla, easily modified into Prussia. After a succession of sanguinary wars the Borussi were conquered by the Teutonic knights, with whose followers, and with the Poles (by whom they were afterwards subdued), they eventually intermixed. Prussia continued long under the dominion of Poland, but at length threw olF the dependence of its dukes upon that power. Frederick-William laid the foundation of the present monarchy, and his son and successor, in Jan. 1701, assumed the title of king, and was acknowledged as king by the emperor Leopold and all his allies. ° Margraves, Electors, Dukes, and Kings. Margraves or Electors of Brandenburg. 1134. Albert I., surnamed the Boar, first elector of Brandenburg. 1170. Othol. 1 184. Otho 11. 1206. Albert II. 1221. John I. and Otho III. 1266. John II. 1282. Otho IV. 1309. Waldemar. 1319. Henry 1. ; le Jeune. 1320. [Interregnum.] 1323. Louis I., of Bavaria. 1352. Louis II., surnamed the Roman. 1365. Otho v., le Faineant. 1373. Wenceslas, of Luxemburg 1378. Sigismund, of Luxemburg. 1388. Jossus, the Bearded. 1411. Sigismund, again: emperor. 1415. Frederick I. of Nuremburg. 1440. Frederick II., surnamed Ironside. 1470. Albert HI., surnamed the German Achilles. 1476. John HI., his son ; as margrave : styled the Cicero of Germany. 1486. John III., as elector. 1499. Joachim I., son of John. 1535. Joachim II. poisoned by a Jew. 1571. John-George. 1598. Joachim-Frederick. 1608. John-Sigismund. And Dukes of Prussia. 1616. John-Sigismund. 1619. George-William. 1640. Frederick-William, his son ; generally styled the " Great Elector." 1688. Frederick, son of the preceding ; crowned king, Jan. 18, 1701. Kings of Prussia. 1701. Frederick I. ; king. 1713. Frederick- William I., son of Frederick I. 1740. Frederick II. (Frederick III., styled the Great), son of the preceding : [The Prussian monarchy was raised to its high rank as a military power, under this prince.] 1786. Frederick- William II. ; nephew of the pre- ceding king. 1 797. Frederick- William III. He had to contend against the might of Napoleon, and after extraordinary vi(yssitudes, he aided England in the overthrow of that usurper. 1840. Frederick- William IV., son of the last monarch ; succeeded June 7. The pre- sent (1850) King of Prussia. The King. Frederick -William IV., born Aug. 3, 1795 ; married Nov. 29, 1823, Elizabeth-Louisa (born Nov. 13, 1801), daughter of Maximilian-Joseph, king of Bavaria: has no issue. Brothers and Sisters of the king : 1. Frederick- William-Louis, prince of Prussia, born March 22, 1797 ; married, June 11, 1829, Mary-Louisa-Augusta-Catherine (born Sept. 30, 1811), daughter of Charles-Frederick, grand-duke of Saxe-Weimar ; and has issue : I. Frederick -William-Nicholas-Charles, born Oct. 18, 1831. TI. Louisa-Mary-EHzabeth, born Dec. 3, 1838. 2. Frederica-Louisa-Charlotte-Wilhelmina, born July 2, 1798 ; empress of Russia. 3. Frederick-Charles-Alexander, born June 29, 1801 ; married, May 26, 1827, Mary-Louisa- Alexandrina (born Feb. 3, 1808), daughter of Charles-Frederick, grand-duke of Saxe- Weimar: issue, a son (Frederick-Charles-Nicholas), born March 20, 1828, and two daughters. 4. Frederica-Wilhelmina-Alexandrina, born Feb. 23, 1803 ; married. May 25, 1822, to the late grand-duke Paul-Frederick, of Mecklenburg- Schwerin. 5. Louisa-Augusta-Wilhelmina-Amelia, born Feb. 1, 1808 ; married to William-Frederick- Charles, of Orange. 6. Frederick- Henry- Albert, born Oct. 4, 1809 ; married Wilhelmina-Frederica-Louisa-Char- lotte-Marianne, daughter of William I., king of Holland ; and has issue, a son (Frederick- William-Nicholas-Albert), born May 8, 1837, and two daughters. SAXONY. 43 SAXONY. The country to whose people the Britons, in the 5th century, when forsaken by their Roman defenders, turned for protection against the Picts and Scots. Little is known of Saxony after the memorable expeditions into England, until Charlemagne directed his arms to the right bank of the Rhine. He experienced much resistance from the Saxons under Wittikind, but they, in the end, submitted to him •, and among the consequences of their subjection to this great conqueror, was the conversion of the country to Christianity. He conferred the title of Duke upon their chief. The first who became elector was Bernard HI. of the house of Ascania, and on the extinction of that line, Frederick the Warlike, margrave of Misnia or Meissen, was made elector. Saxony continued an electorate until 1806, when the title of elector was changed to king, conformably with the treaty of peace between France and Frederick- Augustus, signed at Posen, Dec. 11, in that year. Dukes, Electobs, and Kings. Ernestine Branch. 1464. Ernest, eldest son of Frederick II. 1486. Frederick III., the Wise: he refused the imperial crown. 1525. John, his brother, surnamed the Constant. 1532. John-Frederick, styled the Magnanimous : deposed by the emperor Charles V., and the electorate conferred upon the Albertine Line. [Of this line were previously, in 1464, Albert, already mentioned ; in 1500, George the Rich; and in 1539, Henry the Pious.] 1548. Maurice, cousin to the deposed elector John-Frederick. 1553. Augustus, the Just and the Pious, his brother, who continued the electoral line. 1586. Christian I., son of Augustus. 1591. Christian II., son of Christian I. 1611. John-George I., brother of the preceding. 1656. John-George II., son of John-George I. 1680. John-George III., his son. 1691. John -George IV., his son. 1694. Frederick- Augustus I., brother of John- George IV. ; king of Poland. 1733. Frederick-Augustus II., his son ; king of Poland. 1763. Frederick-Christian, his son. Feb. 1763. Frederick-Augustus III. Dec. Ruled as elector until 1806. Kings of Saxony. 1806. Frederick- Augustus III. ; tirst king ; con- formably with the treaty of Posen, signed Dec. 11. 1827. Anthony-Clement (Theodore), brother of the preceding*. 1836. Frederick - Augustus II. (IV. as elector), nephew of Anthony-Clement, whom he succeeded June 6. The present (1850) King of Saxony. The King. Frederick-Augustus IL, bom May 18, 1797 ; son of the duke Maximilian (brother of the late king) ; married, Oct. 7, 1819, the arch -duchess Caroline of Austria; and 2nd (April 24, 1833), Maria- Anne-Leopoldina, daughter of Maximilian- Joseph I., king of Bavaria, born Jan. 27, 1805 : without issue. His Brother. Duke John-Nepomuc-Mary-Joseph, born Dec. 12, 1801 ; married, by proxy, Nov. Dukes. 880. Otho I., styled the Great. 912. Henry, surnamed the Fowler; elected em- peror in 918. 936. Otho IL, his son ; elected emperor. 959. Herman-Billing. 973. Bernard I. 1010. Bernard II. 1062. Otho III. 1073. Magnus. 1106. Lothaire; elected emperor 1125, and sur- named the Saxon. 1136. Henry, surnamed the Proud, of Bavaria: deposed. 1138. Henry, surnamed the Lion; deposed by the emperor Frederick Barbarossa : this prince is regarded as the ancestor of the present royal family of England. — See Brunsivick Electors. 1180. Bernard III., of the house of Ascania; first elector. 1212. Albert 1. 1200. Albert IL 1298. RodolphusL 1356. Rodolphus II 1370. Wincelaus. 1389. Rodolphus IIL 1419. Albert HI. From Bernard III. they were all of them descended from the dukes of Lawenberg. 1423. Frederick I., the Warrior, Landgrave of Thuringia and marquess of Misnia of the ancient House of Saxony ; elector. 1428. Frederick IL, the Peaceable and the Good. [This prince died in 1464, and left two sons, Ernest and Albert. The first gave name to the elder, oy Ernestine branch of the family ; the second, to the younger, or Albertijie line.] 44 PRINCES OF EUROPE. 10, and in person, ISTov. 21, 1822, Amelia- Augusta (born Nov. 13, 1801), daughter of tlie king Maximilian- Joseph, of Bavaria ; and has issue : 1. Mary-Augusta-Frederica, born Jan. 22, 1827. 2. Frederick- Augustus-Albert, born April 23, 1828. 3. Mary-Elizabeth-Maximilienne, born Feb. 4, 1830. 4. Frederick- Augustus-George, born Aug. 8, 1832. 5. Mary- Sidonia, born Aug. 16, 1834. 6. Anna-Maria, born Jan. 4, 1836. 7. Margaret-Caroline -Frederica-Cicely, bom May 24, 1840. 8. Sophia-Mary-Frederica- Augusta, born March 15, 1845. Ducal House of Saxe-Weimar. 1554. John- William. 1573. John, his son. 1605. John-Ernest I., son of the preceding. 1626. William, brother of John-Ernest. 1662. John-Ernest II., son of William. 1683. William-Ernest, son of the last-named. 1728. Ernest - Augustus, nephew of William- Ernest. 1748. Ernest - Augustus - Constantine, son of Ernest- Augustus. 1758. Charles-Augustus, son of the last. 1815. Assumes the title of grand-duke. 1828. Charles- Frederick, son of Charles- Augustus, succeeded June 14, 1828. The present (1850) Grand-Duke. The Grand-Duke. Charles-Frederick, born Feb. 2, 1783 ; married, Aug. 3, 1804, the grand- duchess Mary-Paulowna (born Feb. 16, 1786), daughter of the emperor Paul, of Russia, and has issue : 1. Mary-Louisa -Alexandrina, born Feb. 3, 1808 ; married to Frederick-Charles-Alexander, of Prussia. 2. Mary-Louisa-Augusta-Catherine, born Sept. 30, 1811 ; married to the prince of Prussia. 3. Charles- Alexander- Augustus-John, hereditary grand-duke, born June 24, 1818; married (Oct. 8, 1842) Wilhelmine-Marie-Sophie-Louise, daughter of the late William II. king of the Netherlands, and has issue, a son (Charles- Augustus -William), born July 31, 1844, and a daughter (Mary-Anne-Alexandrina), born Jan. 20, 1849. Saxe-Gotha Altenburg. 1605. Ernest I., surnamed the Pious, 7th son of John, of Saxe-Weimar, who was duke in 1573. 1675. Frederick L, son of Ernest. 1691. Frederick IL, his son. 1732. Frederick III., his son. 1772. Ernest-Louis, son of Frederick III. 1804. EmiliuS" Augustus, son of Ernest-Louis. 1822. Frederick IV., brother of the preceding: he died Feb. 11, 1825, when the male line of the family became extinct. On the extinction of the line of Saxe-Gotha, in 1825, a new arrangement or political division took place between the princes of Saxony. By a convention con- cluded Nov. 12, 1826, Hildbourghausen and Saalfeld were transferred to the house of Meiningen, and the rights of the late duke of Saxe-Gotha Altenburg were assigned to the two conceding powers. Dukes of Saxe -Meiningen. 1G75. Bernard, 3d son of Ernest I. of Saxe- Gotha. 1706. Ernest-Louis, his son. 1724. Ernest-Louis IL, his son. 1729. Charles - Frederick, brother of the pre- ceding. 174,^. Anthony-Ulric, uncle of Charles-Frederick. 1763. Augustus-Frederick, son of the last-named ; succeeded by 1782. George-Frederick, his brother. 1803. Bernard-Erich, a minor, son of George- Frederick, the preceding duke. Assumed the reins of government, Dec. 17, 1821. 1826. [Succeeded, by the convention of Nov. 12, of this year, to the principality of Hild- bourghausen, Saalfeld, &c.] The PRESENT (1850) Duke of Saxe -Mei- ningen. The Duke. Bernard-Erich-Freund, born Dec. 17, 1800 ; succeeded his father, duke George, Dec. 24, 1803, under the guardianship of his mother, the duchess Louisa, born princess of Hohenlowe- Langenbourg (died April 29, 1837) ; assumed the reins of government Dec. 17, 1821 ; married, March 23, 1825, Mary-Frederica-Wilhelmina (born Sept. 6, 1804), daughter of William, elector of Hesse ; and has issue : 1. George, hereditary prince ; born April 2, 1826. 2. Augusta-Louisa- Adelaide-Caroline-Ida, born Aug. 6, 1843. The Duke's Sisters : 1. Adelaide-Amelia-Louisa-Theresa-Caroline, born Aug. 23, 1792; married July 11, 1818, William, duke of Clarence, afterwards William IV., king of Great Britain. She died dowager queen of England, Dec. 2, 1849. 2. Ida, born June 25, 1794; wife of duke Bernard of Saxe-Weimar. BAVARIA. SAXE-ALTENBURa (lATE HiLDBOURGHAUSEN). 1675. Ernest, the sixth son of Ernest I. of Gotha. 1715. Ernest- Frederick, his son. 1724. Ernest-Frederick IL, his son. 1745. Ernest-Frederick-Charles, his son. 1780. Frederick, son of the preceding. Succeeded his father in the duchy of Saxe-Hild- bourghausen, which, by the convention of Nov. 12, 1826, became the ducliy of Saxe-Altenburg. 1834. Joseph-George-Frederick ; succeeded his father, Sept. 29. 1848. George-Charles-Frederick, second son of Duke Frederick, succeeded on his elder brother's abdication, Nov. 30. The pre- sent (1850) Duke. The Duke. George-Charles-Frederick, bom July 24, 1796 ; married, Oct. 7, 1825, Mary-Louisa- Frederique-Elizabeth (born March 31, 1803), daughter of the duke Frederick-Louis, hereditary prince of Mecklenburg- Schwerin ; and has issue : 1. Ernest-Frederick-Paul-George, hereditary prince ; bom Sept. 16, 1826. 2. Maurice-Francis-Frederick, bom Oct. 24, 1829. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (late Saxe-Coburg Saalfeld). 1675. 1729, 1745. 1826. [Became, by the convention of Nov. 12, 1826, duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Ernest T. Died 1844.] 1844. Ernest II., succeeded his father, the late duke, Jan. 29, 1844. The present (1850) Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. John-Ernest, 7th son of Ernest I. of Gotha. Christian-Ernest, son of the preceding. Francis- Joseph, his brother. 1764. Ernest -Frederick, son of Francis- Joseph. 1800. Francis-Frederick, his son. 1806. Ernest- Anthony, son of Francis-Frederick. Father-in-law of her majesty queen Victoria, of Great Britain. The Duke. Ernest- Augustus-Charles-John-Leopold, born June 21, 1818 ; married, May 3, 1842, Alexandrina-Louisa- Amelia (born Dec. 6, 1820), daughter of Leopold, grand-duke of Baden. His Brother. Francis- Albert- Augustus-Charles-Emmanuel, born Aug. 26, 1819 ; married, Feb. 10, 1840, to Victoria- Alexandrina, queen of Great Britain. Uncles and Aunts : 1. Duchess Juliana- Henrietta-Ulrica, bom Sept. 23, 1781 ; married (Feb. 26, 1796) to the grand-duke Constantine of Russia, from whom she was separated April 1, 1820. The duke died June 27, 1831. 2. Duke Ferdinand-George- Augustus, bom March 28, 1785; married, Jan. 2, 1816, Mary- Antoinette, daughter of Francis- Joseph, prince of Kohary, by whom he has issue : I. Prince Ferdinand- Augustus-Francis- Anthony, born Oct. 29, 1816 ; married, April 9, 1836, donna Maria II. , queen of Portugal. II. Prince Augustus-Louis- Victor, born June 13, 1818 ; married, April 20, 1843, the princess Mary-Clementine-Caroline, daughter of Louis-Philippe, of France. III. Princess Victoria- Augusta- Antoinette, born Feb. 14, 1822 ; married, April 27, 1840, prince Louis-Charles-Philip, duke of Nemours. IV. Prince Leopold-Francis-Julius, born Jan. 31, 1824. 3. Victoria-Mary-Louisa, born Aug. 17, 1786 ; married, 1st, on Dec. 21, 1803, Emich-Charles, prince of Leiningen, who died July 4, 1814; and, 2nd, on May 29, 1818, Edward, duke of Kent, who died Jan. 23, 1820 : issue. Queen Victoria, of Great Britain. 4. Leopold-George-Frederick, born Dec. 16, 1790 ; King of the Belgians. BAVARIA. This country is part of the ancient Noriciim and JRhaetia Vindelicia^ called also Boiaria^ from the Boii, a people of ancient Gaul, who settled in Bohemia nearly six hundred years before the Christian era, and were driven hither by the Marcomanni in the reign of Augustus. After undergoing various revolutions, Bavaria became a duchy in the 9th century, and the title of duke was possessed by its rulers until 16*23, when Maximilian I. was invested with the electoral dignity by the emperor Ferdi- nand II. In 1805 Napoleon raised Bavaria to the rank of a kingdom ; and on Jan. 1, 1806, Maximilian Joseph was proclaimed king at Munich in presence of the French emperor. DuKES, Electors, and Kings. Dukes. 937. Eberhard. 895. Leopold. 939. Berthold. 907. Arnulph, called the Bad. 942. Henry, called the Quarreller. 4G PKINCES OF EUROPE. 955. Henry II. 995. Henry IH., the Holy and the Lame; elected emperor in 1002. 1004. Henry IV. 1025. Henry V. 1047. Conrad I. 1052. Henry VI. 1054. Conrad II. 1056. Acjnes, empress dowager. 1061. Otho. 1071. Guelph I. 1101. Guelph 11. 1120. Henry VII., surnamed the Black. 1126. Henry VIII., surnamed the Proud. 1138. Leopold II., of Austria. 1142. Henry IX., of Austria. 1154. Henry X., surnamed the Lion, son of Henry the Proud; the greatest prince of Germany in this age. 1180. Otho the Great ; created duke by the em- peror Frederick Barbarossa. 1183. Louis L 1231. Otho IL, the Illustrious; elector palatine. 1253. Louis II., the Severe ; elector of Bavaria, and elector palatine. 1294. Louis III.; elected emperor in 1314. 1347. Stephen. 1375. John, surnamed the Pacific. 1397. Ernest. 1438. Albert, surnamed the Pious. 1460. John II., and Sigismund. 1465. Albert IL 1508. William L 1550. Albert IIL 1579. William IL, surnamed the Religious. Electors. 1596. Maximilian ; created the 8th elector by the emperor Ferdinand II. in 1623. 1651. Ferdinand-Mary. 1679. Maximilian-Emmanuel. 1726. Charles- Albert ; elected emperor in 1742 ; opposed by Maria-Theresa. 1745. Maximilian- Joseph I. 1778. Charles-Theodore, elector palatine, suc- ceeded to Bavaria. 1799. Maximilian- Joseph IL, as elector. Kings of Bavaria. 1805. Maximilian-Joseph, as king. 1825. Louis-Charles, his son: abdicated, 1848. 1848. Maximilian - Joseph IL : succeeded his father, Louis-Charles, on his abdication, March 21. The present (1850) king of Bavaria. The King. Maximilian-Joseph IL, bom Nov. 28, 1811 ; married, Oct. 12, 1842, Frederica-Frances- Augusta-Mary, princess-royal of Prussia (born Oct. 15, 1825), daughter of William, prince of Prussia, uncle to the king ; and has issue : 1. Louis-Frederick- William, prince-royal, born Aug. 25, 1845. 2. Otho- William-Leopold, born April 27, 1848. The LATE King. Louis-Charles- Augustus, born August 25, 1786 ; married, Oct. 12, 1810, Theresa- Charlotte-Louisa (born July 8, 1792), daughter of Frederick, duke of Saxe-Altenburg. Brothers and Sister of the present King : 1. Matilda-Caroline, born Aug. 30, 1813 ; married to Louis, grand-duke of Hesse-Darmstadt. 2. Otho-Frederick-Louis, born June 1, 1815, present king of Greece. 3. Leopold-Charles, born March 12, 1821 ; married Augusta-Louisa-Mary, daughter of Leopold IL, grand-duke of Tuscany, and has issue two sons, born in 1845 and 1846. 4. Adelgonda- Augusta-Charlotte, born March 19, 1823; married, March 30, 1842, to Francis, duke of Modena. 5. Hildegarde-Louisa-Charlotte, born June 10, 1825 ; married. May 1, 1844, to the archduke Albert, of Austria. 6. Alexandrina- Amelia, born Aug. 26, 1826. 7. Albert- William-George-Louis, born July 19, 1828. COUNTS PALATINE OF THE RHINE. 1156. Conrad, ofSuabia; first elector. 1 1 96. Henry, of Saxe. 1227. Otho, surnamed the Illustrious, elector of Bavaria in 1231. 1253. Louis IL, called the Severe; elector of Bavaria, and elector palatine. 1294. Podolphus L, le Beguc. 1319. Adolphus, surnamed the Simple. 1327. Podolphus IL, the Blind. 1353. Rupert, surnamed the Red. 1390. Rupert IL, le Petit. 1398. Rupert HI. ; elected emperor in 1400. 1410. Louis HI. Barbatus, or Longbeard. 1430. Louis IV. 1449. Frederick I., surnamed the Victorious. 1476. Philip the Ingenuous or Sincere. 1508. Louis v., the Pacific : refused the imperial crown, succeeded by 1544. Frederick IL, the Wise. 1556. Otho-Henrv. 1559. Frederick HI., the Pious. 1576. Louis VL, the Easy. 1583. Frederick IV. 1610. Frederick V. This unfortunate prince, afterwards chosen king of Bohemia, was mercilessly dealt with by the emperor ; he was dethroned and stript of his he- reditary dominions, and in this con- dition was scantily aided by James I. of England, whose daughter Elizabeth he had married: died in 1632. 1648. Charles-Louis, his son: by the treaty of Westphalia, in 1648, he had the greater part of the palatinate restored to him. 1680. Charles II. ; succeeded by his cousin, 1685. Philip- William. 1690. John- William. 1716. Charles-Philip. 1743. Charles-Theodore ; who, in 1777, succeeded to the dominions of the Bavarian branch of his family. BRUNSWICK. — HANOVER. 47 WURTEMBERG. The foundation of this new kingdom was the old duchy of Wurtemberg. In the late memorable war the territories of the duchy were considerably augmented by the French emperor Napoleon (chiefly at the expense of Austria) at different times up to 1805, in which year (Dec.) he erected Wurtemberg into a kingdom; a rank confirmed to it by the provisions of the peace of Presburg. The elector Frederick II. was proclaimed king, Jan. 1, 1806. Dukes and Kings. Dukes. 1457. Eberhard, the Bearded, first duke. 1496. Eberhard II., le Jeune. 1498. Ulric. This prince was dispossessed of his dominions by the emperor Charles V. in 1519, but they were restored to him in 1534. 1550. Christopher, styled the Pacific. 1568. Louis. 1593. Frederick I. 1608. John-Frederick. 1628. Eberhard III. 1674. William- Louis. 1677. Eberhard-Louis. 1733. Charles- Alexander. 1737. Charles-Eugene. The King. William I. Frederick-Charles, born Sept. 27, 1781 ; married, Jan. 24, 1816, Catharine- Paulowna, daughter of the late emperor Paul of Russia, and widow of the duke of Oldenburg ; she died Jan. 9, 1819, and he married, 2nd, April 15, 1820, Paulina-Theresa, daughter of the duke of Wurtemberg, uncle to the king ; and has issue : 1. Mary-Frederica-Charlotte, born Oct. 30, 1816; married, March 19, 1840, to the count Alfred of Neipperg. 2. Sophia-Frederica, born June 17, 1818; married, June 18, 1839, to the prince-royal (now king) of the Netherlands. 3. Catharine-Frederica-Charlotte, born Aug. 24, 1821 ; married, Nov. 1845, to the prince Frederick, of Wurtemberg. 4. Charles-Frederick- Alexander, prince-royal, born March 6, 1823 ; married, July 13, 1846, the grand-duchess Olga, daughter of the emperor of Russia. 5. Augusta- Wilhelinina-Heurietta, born Oct. 4, 1826. 1793. Louis-Eugene. 1795. Frederick-Eugene; succeeded by his son, 1797. Frederick II. : married in May, 1797, Charlotte- Augusta- Matilda, princess royal of England ; daughter of George III. ; became elector in 1803, and king, Dec. 12, 1805. Kings. 1806. Frederick I. (late elector Frederick II.), proclaimed king, Jan. 1. Succeeded by his son, 1816. William I. ; ascended the throne Oct. 30, 1816. The PRESENT (1850) King of Wurtemberg. BRUNSWICK'. — HANOVER. The illustrious and ancient house of Brunswick owes its origin to Azo IV. of the family of Este, son of Hugo III., marquess of Ferrara, in Italy. Azo, who died in 1055, left by his consort Cunegonde, daughter and heiress of Guelph, duke of Bavaria, a son, who was great-grandfather of Henry, surnamed the Lion. This prince married Maud, eldest daughter of Henry II. of England, and is always looked upon as the ancestor of our present royal family. The dominions possessed by Henry the Lion were very extensive ; but he having refused to assist Frederick Barbarossa in a war against pope Alexander IIL, that emperor's resentment was drawn upon him, and in the diet of W^urtzburg, in 1180, he was proscribed. The duchy of Bavaria was given to Otho, count Wittelsbach, from whom is descended the present royal family of Bavaria ; the duchy of Saxony was conferred upon Bernard Ascanius, founder of the house of Anhalt ; and his other possessions were disposed of to different princes. Thus despoiled, Henry retired to England ; but ultimately, after much 1 We are indebted to an accomplished German scholar, the Baron von Andlau, for the precise genealogy of the princes of Germany. This gifted gentleman's research has enabled us to correct this, and many of the sue- * ceeding German lists. Baron Andlau was many years equerry to his serene highness duke Charles of Brunswick. He was present at the battle of Quatre Bras, June 16, 1815, and saw duke Frederick- William, his beloved sove- reign, fall, valiantly fighting, at the head of his brave Brunswickers, for Great Britain. — Editor. 48 PRINCES OF EUROPE. intercession, Brunswick and Luneburg were restored to him. He left three sons. The two elder having no male issue, William, the third son, carried on the line of his family, and from him all the succeeding dukes of Brunswick and Luneburg have descended. Hanover was erected into a kingdom in 18 J 4. Duke of Brunswick. Ernest, who divided the family into two branches, Wolfenbuttel and Zell, died in 1546. He had three sons. Otho died without issue, and was succeeded by his brother Henry, who carried on the elder branch, and is ancestor to the reigning duke of Brunswick -Wolfenbuttel. Dukes of Zell. 1546. William, the second son, became duke of Zell. 1592. Ernest ; succeeded by his brother, 1611. Christian, bishop of Minden ; succeeded by his brother, 1633. Augustus, administrator of Eatesburg; succeeded by his brother, 1636. Frederick, president of the chapter of Bre- men ; succeeded by his nephew, 1648. Christian-Lewis, the son of his brother George, prince of Calenberg ; from whose second son the present royal family is descended. 1665. George- William. His only daughter So- phia-Dorothea married, in 1682, George- Lewis, his nephew ; he being eldest son to his brother Ernest- Augustus, duke of Hanover. Dukes, Electors, and Kings of Hanover. 1665. John, second son of prince Christian Lewis, duke of Brunsmck-Zell, became duke of Hanover : succeeded by his son, 1679. Ernest -Augustus: created elector of Hanover in 1692. [He married the princess Sophia daugh- ter of Frederick, elector palatine, and of Elizabeth, the daughter of James I. of England.] 1698. George -Lewis ; son of the preceding ; mar- ried his cousin, the heiress of the duke of Brunswick- Zell. Became king of Great Britain, Aug. 1, 1714, as George I. 1727. George- Augustus, his son ; George II- of England. 1760. George- William-Frederick, his grandson ; George III. of England. The King. Ernest- Augustus, duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, in Great Britain ; born June 5, 1771 ; married. May 29, .1.815, Frederica-Louisa-Caroline-Sophia (born March 2, 1778), daughter of Charles, grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, widow of Louis, prince of Prussia (who died Dec. 28, 1796), and of Frederick- William, prince of Solms-Braunfels, who died April 18, 1814. The Queen died June 29, 1841. Issue : 1. George- Frederick- Alexander, prince-royal ; born May 27, 1819 ; married, Feb. 18, 1843, the princess Mary-Alexandrina (born April 14, 1818), daughter of Joseph, duke of Saxe- Altenburg. Issue : I. Ernest- Augustus- William-Adolphus, born Sept. 21, 1845. II. Frederica- Sophia- Mary- Henrietta, born Jan. 9, 1848. Kings of Hanoa^er. 1814. George- William-Frederick (the preceding sovereign), first king of Hanover, Oct. 2. 1820. George-Augustus-Frederick, his son ; George IV. of England. 1830. William-Henry, his brother ; William IV. of England. [Hanover separated from the crown of Great Britain.] 1837. Ernest-Augustus, brother to William IV. of England, on whose demise he suc- ceeded (as a distinct inheritance) to the throne of Hanover. The present (1850) King of Hanover. Senior Branch of the Brunswick-Luneburg- Wolfenbuttel Line. In 1634 expired, in the person of Frederick-Ulrick, born in 1591, the last repre- sentative of the house of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel ; and the succession lapsed to the duke of Brunswick-Danneberg, Julius-Ernest, who relinquished his right in favour of his younger brother, Augustus, who became duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. 1 This is the princess Sophia, to whose descendants (being Protestants) the crown of England was limited by the act of settlement, 1701. She was born Oct. 13, 1630, and had issue by the above marriage six sons and one daughter: namely, George-Lewis, afterwards George I Frederick-Augustus, born 1661 ; slain in battle against the Turks 16'JO; unmarried. Maximilian-William, born in 1666; died unmarried in 1726. Charles-Philip, born in IGGO; slain in battle, 169'^. Christian, born in 1671 ; drowned in the Danube, 1703; unmarried. Ernest- Augustus, bishop of Osnaburg, born 1674 ; created, 1716, duke of York and Albany and earl of Ulster ; died unmarried, 1728. Sophia-Charlotte, born 1668 ; married to Frederick- William, elec tor of Brandenburg. The princess Sophia died June 8. 1714, in her 84th year. " The greatness of her soul," say her biographers, " tempered with sweetness and affability, bore proportion to her birth and the station which she filled, as a daughter of England, and as a mother of Germany." HESSE. 49 1634. Augustus : he left three sons, Rodolphus- Augustus, Anthony-Ulrick, and Ferdi- nand-Albert ; the two first succeeded ; the third was the founder of the Bevern line. 1666. Eodolphus-Augustus ; who associated his next brother, Anthony-Ulrick, in the government, from 1685 : died, 1704. 1704. Anthony-Ulrick, brother of the preceding; now ruled alone ; erected Blankenburg into a principality in 1707 ; became a Roman Catholic in 1710 ; died in 1714. 1714. Augustus- William, his son : died without issue 1731 ; succeeded by his brother, 1731. Ludowick-Rodolphus (prince of Blanken- burg from his ftither's death in 1714) : died without male issue in 1735. [This prince left three daughters, who were married, Elizabeth-Christine to the emperor Charles VI. ; Christina to the grand-duke Alexius of Russia ; and An- tonie-Amelia to the duke of Bevern.] 1735. Ferdinand-Albrecht : died same year ; suc- ceeded by his son, 1735. Charles; who transferred the ducal resi- dence to Brunswick : succeeded by his son, the eldest of thirteen children. 1780. Charles-William-Ferdinand; married the princess Augusta of England : killed on the battle-field of Jena, commanding the Prussian army, Oct. 14, 1806 : succeeded by his fourth son, his eldest sons being blind, and abdicating in favour of 1806. Frederick -William : his reign may be dated from the battle of Leipsic in Oct. 1813. Gloriously fell at Waterloo (battle of Quatre-Bras) commanding the avant- garde under the immortal Wellington, June 16, 1815; and was succeeded by his eldest son, 1815. Carl (Charles-Frederick-William-Augus- tus), now resident in London ; born Oct. 30, 1804. Deposed by his younger bro- ther William in 1830. 1830. William (Augustus-Louis-William-Maxi- milian) ; born April 25, 1806 ; succeeded Sept. 7, 1830.' The present (1850) Duke of Brunswick : unmarried. HESSE. There are few families in Germany more noble by their alliances than the houses of Hesse, and they give place to none for the heroes and statesmen they have produced. All the Hessian branches proceed from Philip the Generous, who at the death of his father, William IL, in 1509, inherited the entire principality of Hesse. Philip the Generous was a zealous promoter of Protestantism, and declared himself in favour of Luther's doctrines in 1524. In 1527, he founded the university of Marburg. Dying in 1567, he left four sons, who divided the territory, so that four lines originated. Of the two principal branches, the eldest son, William lY., became the founder of that of Hesse-Cassel ; and George, the youngest son, became the founder of the branch of Hesse-Darmstadt. Hesse-Cassel. 1509. Philip, surnamed the Generous : imprisoned by the tyrant emperor Charles V. His dominions were divided as mentioned above. 1567. William lY., his eldest son, surnamed the Wise : succeeded by his son, 1592. Maurice : forced by the renowned general. Count Tilly, to abdicate in favour of his son, 1627. William Y, surnamed the Constant. His three younger brothers were the found- ers of the three lines of Rothenberg, Eschwegen, and Rheinfels. William died during the campaign of East Friedland, supposed by poison ; his con- sort, 1637. Amelia-Elizabeth, governed until 1650, when she handed over the rule to her son, 1650. William YI., surnamed the Good, and the Wise : the hereditary prince died in his minority, and his brother succeeded. 1663. Charles, under the regency of his mother ; reigned till 1730 : succeeded by his son, 1730. Frederick I., who became, in right of his consort, king of Sweden in 1719 : his brother acted as viceroy, and, at his death, succeeded in Hesse. 1751. William YIL, succeeded by his son, 1760. Frederick II. ; married. May 8, 1740, the princess Mary of England: succeeded by his son. 1785. William IX. (YIII.)2 ; obtained the elec- torship, 1801, and called himself Wil" liam I., elector, 1803. [After the battle of Jena he fled to Den- mark, and, by the treaty of Tilsit, Hesse- Cassel became part of the kingdom of Westphalia. Returned in 1813 : died in 1821.] 1 " Prend les renes du gouvernement {d'ahord provisoirement du consentement de son fr^re, plus tard avec V adhesion de son oncle, lefeu Roy Gtiillatime IV. de la Grand Bretagnc, et sur la demande de la Diete Ger?nant'que) dejiniiivement 25 Avrd 1831, en suite des arrangements regies par les agnats du Due Charles J'^ — Almanack de Gotha. 2 The landgrave Frederick, brother of William I., elector, was the father of the princess Augusta- Wilhelmina- Louisa, the now duchess of Cambridge. Her royal highness was born July 25, 1797, and was married to Adolphus-Frederick, duke of Cambridge, at Hesse-Cassel, May 7, and again in London, June 1, 1818, The duke of Cambridge died July 8, 1850. 50 PRINCES OF EUROPE. 1821. William II., his son: retired to Hanau in 1831. The hereditary prince made co- regent, Sept. 30, 1831. 1847. Frederick- Willi am T., his son, late co- regent ; succeeded Nov. 20, 1847. The PRESENT (1850) Elector. The Elector. Frederick- William I., born August 20, 1802 ; married Gertrude, countess de Schaum- bourg, who was born May 18, 1806 : has no issue. Sisters of the Elector : 1. Caroline-Frederica-Wilhelmina, born July 29, 1799. 2. Mary-Frederica, born Sept. 6, 1804; married, March 23, 1825, Bernard-Erich, reigning duke of Saxe-Meiningen. Hesse-Darmstadt. The founder of this line, as already mentioned, was George I., youngest son of Philip the Generous. The princes of Hesse-Darmstadt were elevated to the rank of grand- dukes by the French emperor Napoleon. 1768. Louis IX. : succeeded by his son, 1790. Louis X. ; became grand-duke. 1803. Grand-Dukes. Louis I. (late Louis X.), first grand-duke : succeeded by his son, 1830. Louis II. ; was thrice married : succeeded by his son, 1848. Louis IIL ; succeeded June 16, 1848. The present (1850) Grand-Duke. Landgraves. 1567. George I. ; succeeded by his son, 1596. Louis v., surnamed the Faithful: he founded the university of Geissen in 1607 : succeeded by his son. 1624. George IL 1661. Louis VL 1678. Louis VII.; reigned only a few months: succeeded by his brother, 1678. Ernest-Louis : succeeded by his son, 1733. Louis VIII. : succeeded by his son. The Grand-Duke. Louis IIL, born June 9, 1806 ; co-regent from March 5, 1848 ; succeeded his father, the late grand-duke Louis IL, June 16, same year. Married, Dec. 26, 1833, Matilda- Caroline- Frederica-Wilhelmina (born Aug. 30, 1813), daughter of Louis, king of Bavaria : has no issue. 1. Charles-WilHam-Louis, born April 23, 1809 ; married, Oct. 22, 1836, Mary-Elizabeth- Caroline- Victoria (born June 18, 1815), daughter of WilUam of Prussia, uncle to the king : issue : I. Frederick-William-Louis-Charles, bom Sept. 12, 1837. IL Henry-Louis-William, born Nov. 28, 1838. III. Anne- Maria- Wilhelmina, born May 25, 1843. IV. William-Louis-Frederick, born Nov. 16, 1845. 2. Alexander-Louis-Christian-George, born July 15, 1823. Sister. Maximiliana- Wilhelmina- Augusta- Sophia- Mary, born Aug. 8, 1824; married, April 28, 1841, to the hereditary grand-duke Alexander-Nicolaewitch, of Russia. Hesse-Homburg. ^ This house owes its origin to a junior branch of Hesse-Darmstadt. George I. left in 1596 three sons, of whom Frederick became the founder of this line. Hesse-Homburg was incorporated with the German confederation in 1817. The later princes were : 1751. Frederick-Louis V. : succeeded by his son, 1839. Philip- Augustus-Frederick, who was also 1820. Frederick- Joseph ; married, April 7, 1818 succeeded by his next brother, (while hereditary prince), the princess 1846. Gustavus-Adolphus-Frederick. Died in Elizabeth of England, sister of George 1848 ; and the 5th brother succeeded. IV. Succeeded by his brother, 1848. Ferdinand - Henry - Frederick ; succeeded 1829. Louis-William-Frederick: succeeded by Sept. 8, 1848. The present (1850) his next brother, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg. The Landgrave. Ferdinand-Henry- Frederick, born April 26, 1783 ; succeeded his brother, the landgrave Gustavus, who died Sept. 8, 1848. Gustavus had married, Feb. 12, 1818, Louisa- Frederica, daughter of Frederick, hereditary prince of Anhalt-Dessau ; he left issue, now living : 1. Caroline- Amelia-EHzabeth, born March 19, 1819 ; married Oct. 1, 1839, prince Henry de Reuss-Greiz. 2. EHzabeth-Louisa-Frederica, born Sept. 30, 1823. The Younger Lines. Hesse-Philippsthal. 1816. Ernest - Constantine, born Aug. 8, 1771. Succeeded his brother Louis, Feb. 15, 1816. Married, 1st, (April 10, 1796) Christina-Louisa, daughter of Frederick- Charles, of Schwarzburg-Roudolstadt ; and 2nd. (Feb. 17, 1812) CaroHne- Wil- helmina (born Feb. 10, 1793), daughter de Helise?'^^^^^'^ ///^^or^ of Hesse, part i. ; and Von Turkheim's Histoire Genealog, de la Maison Soveraine MECKLENBURG. 51 of his deceased brother, prince Charles ; and has issue, living : 1. Charles, born May 22, 1803 ; mar- ried (Oct. 9, 1845), Mary-Alex- andrina (born March 25, 1818), daughter of the duke Eugene, of Wurtemberg: issue, a son (Er- nest-Eugene), born Dec. 20, 1846. 2. Francis - Augustus, born Jan. 26. 1805. Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld. 1803. Charles- Augustus-Pliilip-Louis, born June 27,1784. Succeeded July 17, 1803. Mar- ried, 1st, Augusta- Charlotte (died June 8, 1821), daughter of Frederick-Louis, prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen-Oeh- ringen; 2nd (Sept. 10, 1823), Sophia- Caroline-Pauline (born Jan. 16, 1794), princess of Bentheim-Bentheim and Bentheim - Steinfourt ; and has issue, living : 1. Bertha- Wilhelmina, born Oct. 26, 1818 ; married June 27, 1839, the hereditary prince, Louis of Ben- theim-Bentheim. 2. Alexis- William, born Sept. 13, 1829. 3. Frederick- William, born Oct. 3, 1831. MECKLENBURG. Charlemagne, during his wars with the Saxons, entered Mecklenburg a. d. 789, and compelled the inhabitants to embrace Christianity. Louis, his successor, had the country governed by the dukes of Saxony : the people, however, threw off' that yoke, and Nicolas and Premislas, princes, divided the territory between them. In 1147, Nicolas being slain in battle, Henry the Lion conquered Mecklenburg, and divided it among his generals and knights. But to the son of Nicolas (Premislas II.) he restored a part of his father's dominions, with the title of " Prince of Mecklenburg," instead of the former title, which was " king of the Wenden." After the death of Premislas IL followed Henry Borwin, his son, founder of the house of Mecklenburg. The modern division of the duchy was made at the commencement of the 18th century. The dignity of grand-duke was conferred on the princes of Mecklenburg by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Princes and Dukes. Henry Borwin I. From this prince and his consort Matilda, daughter of Henry the Lion, sprang the house of Mecklen- burg. Henry Borwin II. : he died in 1236, and left four sons, who divided Mecklenburg into four parts, viz. : Mecklenburg, GusTROw, Rostock, and Parchim, which existed till 1611. The eldest son of Henry Boi^win succeeded. 1236. John, surnamed Theologus. 1264. Henry I. (called III.), his son. Went to Jerusalem, and was therefore surnamed Hierosolymitanus ; was made prisoner, and was supposed to be dead. 1302. Henry II. (IV.), his son. The former prince returned from captivity, and governed with Henry II., who died in 1329 ; and through his sons, Albrecht and John, sprung up the new lines of Mecklenburg and Stargard. In the line of Mecklenburg, succeeded 1349. Albrecht or Albert I., who was succeeded by his three sons ''Albert II. : elected king of Sweden in 1363. Henry, who took but little part in the government, and Magnus I., to whom Albert resigned the principality. I' Albert III., son of Albert IT., governed, ' together with I John, son of Magnus I., whose two sons succeeded. 1380. 1412. 1^ 1423. 1477. 1503. 1547. 1553. 1603. 1610. 1658. 1679. {Henry III. (V.) surnamed the Fat, and John II., who died in 1442. [Henry the Fat again united Stargard to Mecklenburg, and, dying in 1477, left three sons, who succeeded.] r Albert IV. "J Co-regents. The three < Magnus II. > sons of Magnus II. suc- (_ Balthazar. J ceeded. rHenry IV. (VI.) ) < Erich, and > Co-regents. (Albert the Fair. J John-Albert I., the eldest of five sons of Albert the Fair. [His brother Ulrick made claims to the CO -regency, and caused thereby a divi- sion in the country.] Ulrick, above-named, succeeded by his brother, Charles, who governed, instead of his minor cousins, Adolphus-Frederick and John-Albert, until 1610. [The territory was again divided into two lines, Mecklenburg and Gustrow: the latter line became extinct in 1695.] Adolphus-Frederick : succeeded by his son, Christian-Louis; became a Roman Ca- tholic, in 1663 : succeeded by his ne- phew, Frederick-William. His disputes with his cousin, Frederick- Adolphus (II.) led to the Hambro treaty, by which, in 1701, the two lines of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg -Strelitz were formed. E 2 62 PRINCES OF EUROPE. Mecklenburg- Schwerin. 1701. Frederick- Willi am, the above-mentioned prince. He retained three-fourths of the territory : succeeded by his brother, 1713. Charles Leopold. His brother, Christian- Louis, who afterwards succeeded, was appointed administrator by the em- peror, in 1732. 1747. Christian-Louis II., his brother. 1756. Frederick, surnamed the Kind : succeeded by his nephew, 1785. Frederick-Francis I. The dignity of grand- duke was conferred upon this prince by the congress of Vienna. [His son, Frederick-Louis, who died vita patris, was father of Helen-Louisa, mar- ried to Ferdinand, late due d'Orleans, son of Louis-Philippe of France.] 1837. Paul -Frederick, grandson of Frederick- Francis I. : succeeded by his son, 1842. Frederick-Francis II. ; succeeded his father, March 7, 1842. The present (1850) Grand-Duke of Mecklenburg- Schwerin. The Grand-Duke. Frederick-Francis, born Feb. 28, 1823, son of the late duke Paul-Frederick, and of Frederica-Wilhelmina-Alexandrina, daughter of Frederick- William III., king of Prussia : unmarried. His Brother and Sister : 1. Louisa-Maria-Helena, born May 17, 1824; betrothed Aug. 4, 1849, to prince Hugh- Alfred- Adolphus, of Windisch-Groetz. 2. Frederick- William-Nicholas, born March 5, 1827. Mecklenburg- Strelitz. 1701. Adolphus -Frederick II., founder of this line : succeeded by his son, 1708. Adolphus-Frederick III. : followed by his brother, 1749. Charles-Louis-Frederick I. His daughter, Charlotte -Sophia, was the queen of George III. of England. 1752. Adolphus-Frederick lY., his son: suc- ceeded by his brother. 1794. Charles-Louis-Frederick II. ; became grand-duke in 1815. His daughter, Frederica- Sophia-Louisa-Caroline, be- came duchess of Cumberland, and af- terwards, by consequence, queen of Hanover. 1816. George-Frederick-Charles-Joseph, his son : succeeded Nov. 6, 1816. The present (1850) Grand-Duke. The Grand-Duke. George-Frederick-Charles-Joseph, born Aug. 12, 1779 ; succeeded his father, the grand-duke Charles, Nov. 6, 1816. Married, Aug. 12, 1817, Maria- Wilhelmina-Frederica (born Jan. 21, 1796), daughter of the late Frederick, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel ; and has issue : 1. Frederick- William-Charles-George, hereditary grand-duke, born Oct. 17, 1819 ; married, June 28, 1843, Augusta-Caroline-Charlotte-Elizabeth-Mary-Sophia (born July 19, 1822), daughter of Adolphus-Frederick, late duke of Cambridge, of Great Britain : issue : I. George- Adolphus-Frederick- Augustus-Yictor-Ernest-Adelbert-Gustavus- William- Wellington, born July 22, 1848. 2. Caroline-Charlotte-Marianne, born Jan. 10, 1821 ; married, June 10, 1841, to Frederick, prince-royal of Denmark, from whom she separated Sept. 30, 1846. 3. George- Augustus-Ernest- Adolphus, born Jan. 11, 1824. BADEN-BADEN. — BADEN-DURLACH. The illustrious house of Baden descends from Gerold, who, as well as his son, appears in the ancient records towards the close of the 8th century, as Landgraves of theBarr. From him, after many descents, came Bertholdus, who had two sons. The elder, Herman I., possessed, vita patris^ Hochberg in Brisgau, to which Baden belonged ; he took the title of margrave, and died in 1074. His heir was Herman II., who called himself " margrave of Baden," and was the head and founder of the present house of Baden, 1130. From Christopher I., who united the branches of Hochberg and Baden, and died in 1527, proceeded the branches of Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach. He had two sons, Bernard and Ernest, of whom below. Margraves. — Grand-Dukes. Margraves. 1527. Bernard, who founded the house of Baden- Baden. This house became extinct in the person of the margrave Augustus- George, in 1771. 1527. Ernest, who founded the house of Baden- Durlach. 1553. Charles II., son of Ernest, margrave of Baden-Durlach ; he built the castle of Carlsburgi : succeeded by his son. ' The margrave Charles removed the seat of government from Pforzheim to the new-built palace of Carlsburg, in Uurlach.and it remained the residence of the princes until 1771, when Baden-Durlach was united with Baden- Baden, and both formed one principality as Baden-Baden. HUNGARY. 53 1584. Ernest -Frederick : he died without issue ; and was succeeded by his brother, 1604. George-Frederick, who gave up the go- vernment to his son, 1622. Frederick V. : succeeded by his son, 1659. Frederick VI. : succeeded by his son, 1677. Frederick (VIL) Magnus : he died in 1709, and was succeeded by his son, 1709. Charles III., who built, in 1715, the city of Carlsruhe : his only son, Frederick, died vita patris, leaving two young princes, the elder of whom succeeded. 1746. Charles-Frederick, grandson of Charles III. ; born in 1728 ; constituted an elector of the empire in 1803, with the dignity of grand-duke. Grand-Dukes. 1803. Charles-Frederick, above-mentioned; the first grand-duke. This excellent prince reached the age of 83, and died, after a reign of 65 years, in 1811. [His eldest son lost his life by a fall from his carriage while in Sweden, in 1801, and Charles-Frederick was succeeded by his grandson.] 1811. Charles-Louis-Frederick. This prince mar- ried, in 1806, Stephanie-Louisa de la Pagerie, niece of the empress Josephine and adopted daughter of the emperor Napoleon, of France : he was succeeded by his uncle, 1818. Louis-William-Augustus, who had no issue ; and was succeeded by his brother, 1830. Charles-Leopold-Frederick, March 30,1830. The PRESENT (1850) Grand-Duke. Charles-Leopold Frederick, the reigning grand- duke, was formerly count of Hochberg, and eldest ofthesonsof Charles-Louis-Frederick (last grand- duke but one) who were raised, by patent of right of succession, Oct. 4, 1817, to the rank of mar- graves of Baden,with the title of "Royal Highness." The Grand-Duke. Charles-Leopold-Frederick, born Aug. 29, 1790 ; married, July 25, 1819, Sophia- Wilhelmina (born May 21, 1801), daughter of the late Gustavus-Adolphus, king of Sweden ; and has issue : 1. Alexandrina-Louisa-Amelia-Frederica, born Dec. 6, 1820 ; married to the reigning duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. 2. Louis, hereditary grand-duke, born Aug. 15, 1824. 3. Frederick- William-Louis, born Sept. 9, 1826. 4. Louis-William-Augustus, born Dec. 18, 1829. 5. Charles-Frederick-Gustavus- William, born March 9, 1832. 6. Mary-Amelia, born Nov. 20, 1834. 7. Cecilia- Augusta, born Sept. 20, 1839. Brothers : 1. William-Louis- Augustus, born April 8, 1792 ; married, Oct. 16, 1830, Elizabeth- Alexan- drina-Constance (born Feb. 27, 1802), daughter of the late Louis -Frederick- Alexander, duke of Wurtemburg ; and has issue, three daughters. 2. Maximilian-Frederick-John-Ernest, born Dec. 8, 1796. Sister. Amelia-Christina-Caroline, born Jan. 26, 1795 ; married, April 19, 1818, Charles-Egon de Furstenberg. HUNGARY. This country, which was chiefly the ancient Pannonia^ was reduced by Tiberius to the Roman power a few years before the Christian era. About the middle of the 4th century it was seized by the Huns, a ferocious tribe of Scythians, headed by Attila, whose dreadful ravages obtained him the appellation of the " Scourge of God." These savage hordes were afterwards driven northwards, but returned, and made their settlement here under the name of Hungarians. In later times they have been much intermixed with Sclavonic nations, as Bohemians, Croats, and Russians, and with German settlers, as Austrians, Styrians, Franks, and Suabians. Hungary was annexed to the German empire under Charlemagne, but it became an independent kingdom in the 10th century. Kings of Hungary. 997. Stephen, duke of Hungary ; he establishes the Roman Catholic religion, and re- ceives from the pope the title of Apos- tolic King, still borne by the emperor of Germany, as king of Hungary. 1038. Peter, the German : deposed. 1041. Aba or Owen. 1044. Peter, again : again deposed, and his eyes put out. 1047. Andrew I. : deposed. 1061. Bela I. : killed by the fall of a ruinous tower. 1064. Salamon, son of Andrew. 1075. Geisa L, son of Bela. 1077. Ladislas I., surnamed the Pious. 1095. Coloman, son of Geisa. 1114. Stephen, surnamed Thunder. 1131. Bela 11. : had his eyes put out. 1141. Geisa II. : succeeded by his son, 1161. Stephen III. : succeeded by his brother, 1174. Bela III. : succeeded by his son, 1196. Emeric : succeeded by his son, 1204. Ladislas II. ; reigned six months only succeeded bv 3 54 PRINCES OF EUROPE. 1205. Andrew II., son of Bela III. 1235. Bela IV. 1270. Stephen IV., his son. 1272. Ladislas III. : killed. 1290. Andrew III., surnamed the Venetian, son of Rodolph of Hapsburg, emperor of Germany. 1309. Charobert, or Charles-Robert. 1342. Louis the Great ; elected king of Poland in 1370. 1382. Mary, called King Mary, daughter of Louis the Great. 1392. Mary and her consort Sigismund, who be- came king of Bohemia, and was elected emperor of Germany in 1410. 1437. Albert, duke of Austria; married the daughter of Sigismund, and succeeded to the thrones of Hungary, Bohemia, and Germany. 1440. Ladislas IV. king of Poland, of which king- dom he was Ladislas VI. 1444. [Interregnum.] 1453. Ladislas V., posthumous son of Albert, under the guardianship of the great Huniades : poisoned. 1458. Matthias-Corvinus, son of Huniades, the late regent. 1490. Ladislas VL, king of Bohemia : the em- peror Maximilian laid claim to both kingdoms. 1516. Louis 11. of Hungary (I. of Bohemia): loses his life at the battle of Mohatz, fighting against the Turkish emperor Solyman the Magnificent. [In this battle 12,000 Hungarians were slain, 200,000 were carried away cap- tive, and the king, falling from his horse into a muddy rivulet, was drowned. ] ^John Zapolski, elected by the Hunga- rians, and supported by the sultan 1526 -V Solyman, and • j Ferdinand I., king of Bohemia, brother to the emperor, Charles V. ; rival * kings. 1541. Ferdinand, alone ; elected emperor of Ger- many in 1558. 1561. Maximilian, son of Ferdinand ; emperor in 1564. 1573. Rodolphus, son of Maximilian ; emperor in 1576. 1609. Matthias II., his brother ; emperor in 1612. 1619. Ferdinand II., his cousin, emperor. 1625. Ferdinand III., son of the preceding ; em- peror in 1637. 1647. Ferdinand IV. : died in 1654, three years before his father. 1655. Leopold I., son of Ferdinand III. ; emperor in 1658. 1687. Joseph I., his son ; emperor in 1705. 1711. Charles (Charles VI. of Germany), brother of Joseph, and nominal king of Spain : succeeded by his daughter, 1740. Maria-Theresa, empress: survived her consort, Francis I. emperor, from 1765 until 1780. See Germany. 1780. Joseph II., her son, emperor in 1765 : suc- ceeded to Hungary on the death of his mother. 1790. Leopold II., brother of Joseph IL, emperor : succeeded by his son, 1792. Francis I. (Francis II. as emperor of Ger- many) : in 1804 he became emperor of Austria only. 1835. Ferdinand V., son of Francis. Ferdinand I. as emperor of Austria. [This emperor would have been Ferdinand IV. of Germany, but for the change of style in 1804.] 1848. Francis- Joseph, nephew of the preceding ; succeeded on the abdication of his uncle, Dec. 2, 1848. The present (1850) King of Hungary and Emperor of Austria. For the last three centuries the succession of the kings of Hungary varies little from the succes- sion of the emperors, the crown having continued in the house of Austria. BOHEMIA. Anciently ^ozemMW and Boihemum, — Tacitus. So called from a tribe under the name of Boii, wliich settled in the country several centuries before the Christian era. The Boii were expelled by the Marcomanni, and fixed themselves in Boiaria^ now Bavaria; but their conquerors, in their turn, were subdued by the Sclavonians. Notwithstanding the expulsion of the first settlers, the present inhabitants are still called Bohemians. Bohemia had formerly an elective government, but Ferdinand 1. declared it hereditary in the house of Austria in 1547 ; and the kingdom may be said to have remained since that time in the undisturbed possession of the emperor.^ Dukes and Kings. 890. Borzivoi, duke : Christianity introduced. 936. Boleslas I. 902. Spitigneus I. 967. Boleslas II. le Debonnaire, 907. Wratislas I. 999. Boleslas III. 916. Wenceslas I. 1002. Jaromir. 1 In the early part of the 17th century, the Bohemians made an attempt to shake off the imperial yoke, and offered the crown to the elector palatine Frederick, then the most powerful Protestant prince in Germany; but he was driven out of Bohemia by the emperor's generals, stripped of his other dominions, and obliged to depend on James I. of England, whose daughter Elizabeth he had married, for a scanty subsistence. POLAND. 55 1012. Udalric. 1037. Bretislas I. 1055. Spitigneus II. 1061. Wratislas II. : the title of king conferred upon him by the emperor Henry IV. 1092. Conrad I. ; duke. 1093. Bretislas II. ; duke. 1100. Borzivoi II.; duke. 1107. Suatopluc; duke. 1109. Ladislas II.; duke. 1125. Sobieslas; duke. 1140. Ladislas III. ; 2d king. 1174. Sobieslas II. ; duke. 1178. Frederic; duke. 1190. Conrad II. ; duke. 1191. Wenceslas II. ; duke. 1193. Henry Bretislas ; duke. 1196. Ladislas IV. ; duke. Kings. 1197. Premislas I., styled the Victorious; 3d king. 1230. Wenceslas III. 1253. Premislas II. 1278. Wenceslas IV. 1305. Wenceslas V. 1306. Henry and Rodolph, of Hapsburg. 1310. John, count of Luxemburg, brother to the emperor : he was killed at the battle of Cressy in 1346. 1346. Charles, his son, elected emperor in 1347. 1378. Wenceslas VI., son of Charles : deposed as emperor in 1400. 1419. Sigismund, emperor. 1437. Albert, duke of Austria, and king of Hun- gary, and emperor. 1440. Ladislas V. 1458. George Podiebrad, the Protestant chief. 1471. Ladislas VL 1516. Louis I. (Louis II. of Hungary) loses his life at the battle of Mohatz, fought with the sultan Solyman. 1526. Ferdinand I., who by his marriage with Anne, sister of Louis, succeeded to the crown. For the succeeding kings, see Emperors of Ger- many.''^ The crown of this kingdom having remained in the Austrian family from the days of Ferdi- nand I. with a form of election on each vacancy, was, by the treaty of Westphalia, secured to that house in hereditary succession in 1648. POLAND. The Poles were originally a tribe of Sclavonians, settled on the banks of the Danube, but they removed at an early period to the Vistula, where they became intermingled with the Goths. Their early history is very obscure, and is known chiefly by the accounts of writers of other nations. The country was for a long time governed by elective chiefs bearing the title of duke, no dynasty having been established before the sway of Piastus (842) whose family ruled for several centuries. The crown became afterwards strictly elective by a Diet, or assembly of the nobles, who chose from among themselves a king, upon every vacancy occasioned on the throne by death ; but since the dismemberment of Poland, each portion has been under the sovereignty of the power by which it was seized. Dukes and Kings of Poland. 842. Piastus. 861. Ziemovitus, his son. 892. Lesko or Lescus IV. 913. Ziemomislas, son of Lesko. 964. Miecislas I. 992. Boleslas I., surnamed the Lion-hearted; obtained the title of king from the em- peror Otho III. 1025. Miecislas IL 1034. Richense or Richsa, his consort, regent: driven from the government. 1037. [Interregnum.] 1041. Casimir I., her son, surnamed the Pacific; he had retired to a monastery, but was invited to the throne. 1058. Boleslas II., styled the Intrepid. 1081. Ladislas, called the Careless. 1102. Boleslas III., surnamed Wry-mouth. 1138. Ladislas IL, son of the preceding. 1146. Boleslas IV., the Curled. 1173. Miecislas III., the Old : deposed. 1177. Casimir IL, surnamed the Just. 1194. Lesko v., the White : relinquished. 1200. Miecislas IV. : his tyranny restored Lesko, E but the latter was again forced to re- sign. 1203. Ladislas IIL : retired. 1206. Lesko V., a third time : assassinated ; suc- ceeded by his son, an infant. 1227. Boleslas V., surnamed the Chaste. 1279. Lesko VL, surnamed the Black. 1289. [Interregnum.] 1295. Premislas: assassinated. 1296. Ladislas IV., the Short : deposed. 1300. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia. 1304. Ladislas, the Short, again. 1333. Casimir IIL, the Great, one of the best princes of Poland : killed by a fall from his horse. 1370. Louis, king of Hungary. 1382. [Interregnum.] 1385. Hedwige, daughter of Louis, and her con- sort, Jagello, duke of Lithuania, by the style of Ladislas V. 1399. Ladislas V. alone : he united Lithuania to Poland. 1434. Ladislas VI., his son; succeeded as king of Hungary 1440. 4 56 PEINCES OF EUROPE. 1 445. [ Interregnum. ] 1445. Casimir IV. 1492. John (Albert) I., his son. 150»1. Alexander, prince of Livonia, brother of the preceding. 1506. Sigismund I., brother of Alexander ; ob- tained the surname of Great. 1548. Sigismund IL, Augustus, son of the last king ; a splendid reign ; added Livonia to his kingdom. 1573. [Interregnum.] 1574. Henry, duke of Anjou, brother to the king of France: he afterwards succeeded to the French throne. 1575. Stephen Batthori, prince of Transylvania : established the Cossacks as a militia. 1586. [Interregnum.] 1587. Sigismund III., son of the king of Sweden, to the exclusion of Maximilian of Austria, elected by the nobles. 1632. Ladislas VII., Vasa, son of Sigismund III. ; succeeded by his brother, 1648. John IL, or Casimir V. : abdicated, and retired to France, where he died in 1672. 1668. [Interregnum.] 1669. Michael-Koributh-Wiesnowiski : in this reign the Cossacks join the Turks, and ravage Poland. 1674. John III., Sobieski ; an illustrious warrior, whose victories over the Cossacks, Turks, and Tartars procure him the crown. 1697. [Interregnum.] 1697. Frederick-Augustus, son of John-George, elector of Saxony, and elector in 1694 : deprived of his crown. 1704. Stanislas I. (Lezinski), forced to retire from his kingdom. 1709. Frederick- Augustus, again. 1734. Frederick-Augustus IL, son of the preceding sovereign. 1763. [Interregnum.] 1764. Stanislas IL, Augustus Poniatowski, com- mences his unhappy reign. 1772. The Austrians, Russians, and Prussians make their first division of Poland. 1793. Second great division of the kingdom by the same powers. 1795. Final partition of Poland, and deposition of the king, who died at St. Petersburg, a state prisoner in 1798. EUSSIA. Anciently Sarmatia and Scythia. — Herodotus. Peopled by numerous tribes who were comprehended in the general name of Scythians by the Romans. Rurick was great duke in the 9th century ; and Yladimir or Waldimir, called the Apostle and the Solomon of Russia, was the first Christian sovereign in the lOth. His marriage with Ann, sister to the Eastern emperors Basil and Constantine, led to the adoption of the doctrines of the Greek Church in his dominions. The history of Russia previous to the last three or four centuries is involved in much obscurity, and it does not appear that any of the states existing in this vast tract of country were considerable, or that the events connected with them differed much from those of other barbarous nations. Dukes, Czars, and Emperors. Dukes of Kiov. 862. Rurick. 878. Igor. 945 fOlega, regent. i Swiatoslaw or Spendoblos. 972. Jaropalk I. 980. Vladimir, Wladimir, or Waldimir I., styled the Great. 1015. Jaraslaw or Jaroslaf I. 1054. Isjialaw I. 1078. Wsewolod I. 1093. Swiatopalk. 1114. Vladimir II. 1125. Mtislaw or Michael I. 1132. Jaropalk II. 1138 fWiatschelaw. 1139. I Wsewolod II. 1146. f Isjialaw II. 1154. (Rostislaw. 1155. Jurie or George I. : the city of Moscow was built by this duke. Grand-Dukes of Wladimir. 1 1 ^1 ("Andrew I. until 1175 ; first grand-duke. 1 Michael II. 1177. Wsewolod III. 1213 y J^i'i® or George II. (Constantine, until 1218. 1238. Jaraslaw II. ; succeeded by his son, 1245. Alexander Nevski or Newski, the Saint. 1263. Jaraslaw III. 1270. Vasali or Basil I. 1277. *Dmitri or Demetrius I. 1284. *Andrew II. 1294. *Daniel Alexandrowitz. 1302. *Jurie or George III. : deposed. 1305. *Michael III. 1320. *Vasali or Basil II. 1325. *Jurie or George III. : restored. Grand-Dukes of Moscow. 1328. Ivan or John I. 1340. Simon, surnamed the Proud. 1353. Ivan or John II. 1359. Demetrius II., prince of Susdal. 1362. Demetrius III., Donskoi. 1389. *Vasah or Basil III. Temnoi. 1425. Vasali or Basil IV, 1462. Ivan (Basilovitz) or John III. : laid the foundation of the present monarchy. KOME. 57 1584. 1598. 1505. Vasili or Basil V. ; obtained the title of emperor from Maximilian I. [Those marked thus * are doubtful, owing to the difficulty that occurs at every step in early Russian annals. ] Czars of Muscovy. 1533. Ivan (Basilovitz) IV. first tzar or czar (great king) in 1547. Feodor or Theodore I. : supposed to have been poisoned, and his son Demetrius murdered by his successor. Boris-Godonof, who usurped the throne. 1606. Demetrius, the Impostor, a young Polonese monk: pretended to be the murdered prince Demetrius : put to death. 1606. Vasili-Chouiski, or Zuinski. 1610. [Interregnum.] 1613. Michael -Federowitz, of the house of Ro- manof, descended from the czar John- Basilovitz. 1645. Alexis, son of the preceding, styled the Father of his countrv. 1676. Feodor or Theodore 11." I Ivan IV. and I Peter I., brothers of the preceding. Emperors. 1689. Peter I. the Great, alone ; took the title of 1682. 1725. Catherine I., his consort ; at first the ivife of a Swedish dragoon, who is said to have been killed on the day of mar- riage. 1727. Peter IT., son of Alexis-Petrowitz and grandson of Peter the Great : deposed. 1780. Anne, duchess of Courland, daughter of the czar Ivan. 1740. Ivan VI., an infant, grand-nephew to Peter the Great : immured in a dungeon for 18 years ; murdered in 1762. 1741. Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, reigned during Ivan's captivity. 1762. Peter III., son of Anne and of Charles- Frederick, duke of Holstein-Gottorp : deposed, and died soon after, supposed to have been murdered. 1762. Catharine II., his consort ; a great sove- reign ; extended the Russian territories on all sides : died in 1796. 1796. Paul, her son : found dead in his chamber ; supposed to have been murdered. 1801. Alexander, his son ; who after many ad- verse battles, and a forced alliance with France, at length aided in the overthrow of Napoleon Buonaparte. 1825. Nicholas, brother to Alexander ; succeeded to the throne, Dec. 1, 1825. The present (1850) Emperor of Russia. emperor in 1721, founded St. Petersburg, and elevated the empire. The Emperor. Nicholas I. Paulowitch, born July 6 (June 25), 1796 ; succeeded his brother, the emperor Alexander, Dec. 1 (Nov. 19), 1825, " en vertu du manifeste du 28 (16) Aout 1823, et de Vacte par lequel le grand-due Constantin renongait a ses droits au trone ; " crowned Sept. 3 (Aug. 22), 1826 ; married, July 13 (1), 1817, Alexandra-Feodorowna (previousl}^ Frederica-Louisa- Charlotte-Wilhelmina (born July 13 (2), 1798), daughter of the late Frederick- William III., king of Prussia ; and has issue : 1. Alexander-Nicolaewitch, cesarewitch and hereditary grand-duke, born 29 (17) April, 1818; married, April 28 (16), 1841, Cesarewna-Alexandrowna, previously Maximiliana- Wilhelmina-Augusta-Sophia-Mary (born Aug. 8, 1824), daughter of the late Louis, grand-duke of Hesse ; and has issue : I. Nicolas- Alexandrewitch, born Sept. 20 (8), 1843. II. Alexander- Alexandrewitch, born March 10 (Feb. 26), 1845. III. Vladimir- Alexandrewitch, born April 22 (10), 1847. 2. Mary-Nicolaewna, born Aug. 18 (6), 1819 ; married, July 14 (2), 1839, to Maximilian, duke of Leuchtenberg and prince of D'Eichstaedt. 3. Olga-Nicolaewna, born Sept. 11 (Aug. 31), 1822 ; married, July 13 (1), 1846, to the prince- royal of Wurtemberg. 4. Constantine-Nicolaewitch, born Sept. 21 (9), 1827; married, Sept. 11 (Aug. 31), 1848, Alexander- Jossefowna, previously Alexandrina-Frederica-Henrietta-Pauline (born July 20 (8), 1830), daughter of Joseph, duke of Saxe-Altenburg. 5. Nicolas-Nicolaewitch, born Aug. 8 (July 27), 1831. 6. Michael-Nicolaewitch, born Oct. 25 (13), 1832. Brother and Sisters : 1. Mary-Paulowna, grand-duchess of Saxe- Weimar. 2. Anne-Paulowna, widow of William IL, king of the Netherlands, who died March 17, 1849. 3. Michael -Paulowitch, born Feb. 8 (Jan. 28), 1798 ; died Sept. 9, 1849. His widow, Helene- Paulowna, previously Frederica-Charlotte-Mary, is the daughter of prince Paul, of Wurtemberg, brother of the king. Her daughter is Catharine-Michaelowna, born Aug. 28 (16), 1827. ROME. Once the mistress of the world, and subsequently the seat of the most extensive ecclesiastical jurisdiction ever acknowledged by mankind. Rome was first governed by kings, v/ho ruled for a period of 243 years. It afterwards became a commonwealth, which existed under consuls 479 years. The Roman empire commonly dates from 31 B.C., the year wherein (Sept. 2.) was fought the battle of Actium, which gave to Augustus (the title afterwards conferred by the senate upon Octavius Caisar) the supreme power. We shall commence our account with the kings of Rome, as these are, not unfrequently, the subjects of historical reference. 58 PRINCES OF EUROPE. Kings of Rome. Before Christ. 753. Romulus : murdered by the senators. [Tatius, king of the Cures, had removed to Rome in 747, and ruled jointly with Romulus six years.] 716. [Interregnum.] 715. Numa Pompilius, son-in-law of Tatius the Sabine, elected : died at the age of 82. 672. Tullus Hostilius: murdered by his suc- cessor, by whom his palace was set on fire ; his family perished in the flames. 640. Ancus Martins, grandson of Numa. 616. Tarquinius Priscus; son of Demaratus, a Corinthian emigrant, chosen king. 573. Servius Tullius; a manumitted slave ; married the king's daughter ; and suc- ceeded by the united suffrages of the army and the people. 534. Tarquinius Superbus, grandson of Tar- quinius Priscus : assassinates his father- in-law, and usurps the throne. 510. [The rape of Lucretia, by Sextus, son of Tarquin, leads to the abolition of roy- alty.] Republic. First period. From the expulsion of Tar- quin to the dictatorship of Sylla, 510 to 82 B. c. Second period. From Sylla to Augustus, 82 to 31 B. c. Emperors of Rome. Before Christ. 48. Caius Julius Cassar; perpetual dictator: assassinated March 15, 44 b. c. 31. Octavianus Caesar ; in the year 27 b. c. Augustus imperator. — Livy. After Christ. 14. Tiberius (Claudius Nero). 37. Caius Caligula : murdered by a tribune. 41. Claudius (Tiber. Drusus) : poisoned by his wife Agrippina, to make way for 54. Claudius Nero: deposed; put himself to death to escape a yet more terrible end. 68. Servius Sulpicius Galba : slain by the prae- torian band. 69. M. Salvius Otho : stabbed himself, after a reign of three months. 69. Aulus Vitellius: deposed by Vespasian, and put to death. 69. Titus Flavins Vespasian. 79. Titus (Vespasian) his son. 81. Titus-Flavius-Domitian, brother of Titus ; last of the Twelve Caesars : assassinated. 96. Cocceius Nerva. 98. Trajan (M. Ulpius Crinitus). 117. Adrian or Hadrian (Publius ^lius). 138. Antoninus Titus, surnamed Pius. 161. Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius Verus, his son-in-law : the latter died in 169. 180. Commodus (L. Aurelius Antoninus), son of Marcus Aurelius: poisoned by his fa- vourite mistress, Martia. 193. Publius -Helvius-Pertinax : put to death by the praetorian band. [Four emperors now start up : Didius Ju- lianus, at Rome ; Pescennius Niger, in Sjaia ; Lucius Septimius Severus, in Pannonia ; and Clodius Albinus, in Britain. ] 193. Lucius Septimius Severus : died at York, in Britain, in 211 ; succeeded by his sons 211. M. Aurelius Caracalla, and Septimius Geta. Geta murdered the same year by his brother, who reigned alone until 217, when he was slain by his successor, 217. M. Opilius Macrinus, praefect of the guards : beheaded in a mutiny. 218. Heliogabalus (M. Aurelius Antoninus), a youth : put to death for his follies and enormities by his incensed subjects. 222. Alexander Severus : assassinated by some soldiers corrupted by Maximinus. 235. Caius Julius Verus Maximinus : assas- sinated in his tent before the walls of Aquileia. 237. M. Antonius Gordianus, and his son : the latter having been killed in a battle with the partisans of Maximinus, the father strangled himself in a fit of de- spair, at Carthage, in his 80 th year. 237. Balbinus and Pupienus : put to death. 238. Gordian junior, grandson of the elder Gordian, in his 16tli year : assassinated by the guards, at the instigation of his successor, 244. Philip, the Arabian: assassinated by his own soldiers; his son Philip was mur- dered, at the same time, in his mother's arms. 249. Metius Decius : he perished, with his two sons, and their army, in an engagement with the Goths. 251. Gallus Hostilius, and his son Volusianus : both slain by the soldiery. 253. ^milianus : put to death after a reign of only four months. 253. Valerianus, and his son, Gallienus : the first was taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, and flayed alive. 260. Gallienus reigned alone. [About this time thirty pretenders to im- perial power start up in different parts of the empire ; of these, Cyriades is the first, but he is slain. ] 268. Claudius II. (Gallienus having been assas- sinated by the oflacers of the guard) succeeds : died of the plague. 270. Quintillus, his brother, elected at Rome by the senate and troops ; Aurelian by the army in Illyricum. Quintillus, despair- ing of success against his rival, who was marching against him, opened his veins, and bled himself to death. 270. Aurelian: assassinated by his soldiers in his march against Persia, in Jan. 275. 275. [Interregnum of about nine months.] 275. Tacitus, elected Oct. 25 : died at Tarsus in Cilicia, April 13, 276. 276. Florian, his brother: his title not recog- nised by the senate. HOME, ETC. 59 276. M. Aurelius Probus : assassinated by his troops at Sirmium. 282. M. Aurelius Carus : killed at Ctesiphon by lightning ; succeeded by his sons, 283. Carinus and Numerianus : both assassin- ated, after transient reigns. 284. Diocletian ; who associated as his colleague in the government, 286. Maximianus Hercules: the two emperors resign in favour of 305. Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maxi- mianus : the first died at York, in Britain, in 306, and the troops saluted as emperor, his son, 306. Constantine, afterwards styled the Great : whilst at Rome the praetorian band pro- claimed, 306. Maxentius, son of Maximianus Hercules. Besides these were, 306. Maximianus Hercules, who endeavoured to recover his abdicated power, 306. Flavins Valerius Severus, murdered by the last-named pretender, and, 307. Flavins Valerianus Licinius, the brother- in-law of Constantine. [Of these, Maximianus Hercules Avas strangled in Gaul in 310 ; Galerius Maximianus died wretchedly in 311 ; Maxentius was drowned in the Tiber in 312 ; and Licinius was put to death by order of Constantine in 324.] 324. Constantine the Great now reigned alone : died on Whitsunday, May 22, 337. '"Sons of Constantine ; divided the empire between them : the first was slain in 340, and the second mur- dered in 350, when the third became sole emperor. Julian, the Apostate, so called for abjuring Christianity, having been educated for the priesthood : mortally wounded in a battle with the Persians. 363. Jovian ; reigned 8 months : found dead in his bed, supposed to have died from the fumes of charcoal. [The Roman Empire may be said to have terminated here, as a single dominion.] rConstantine H. 337.-! Constans t Constantius II. 361. DIVISION OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN EMPIRE. Western Empire.^ 364. Valentinian, son of Gratian, takes the Western, and his brother, Yalens, the Eastern, Empire. 367. Gratian, a youth, son of Valentinian, made a colleague in the government, by his father. 375. Valentinian II., another son, also very young, is, on the death of his father, associated with his brother in the em- pire. Gratian is assassinated by his general, Andragathius, in 383; Valen- tinian murdered by one of his officers, Arbogastes, in 392. 392. Eugenius, an usurper, assumes the imperial dignity : he and Arbogastes are defeated by Theodosius the Great, who becomes sole emperor. [Andragathius throws himself into the sea, and Arbogastes dies by his own hand.] 395. Honorius, son of Theodosius, reigns, on his father's death, in tha West, and his brother, Arcadius, in the East. Ho- norius dies in 423. [Usurpation of John, the Notary, who is defeated and slain, near Ravenna.] 425. Valentinian III., son of the empress Pla- cidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great : murdered at the instance of his suc- cessor. 455. Maximus : he marries Eudoxia, widow of Valentinian, who, to avenge the death of her first husband and the guilt of her second, invites the African Vandals into Italy, and Rome is sacked. Maximus stoned to death. 456. Marcus Maecilius Avitus : forced to resign, and dies in his flight towards the Alps. 457. Julius- Valerius Majorianus : murdered at the instance of his minister Ricimer; who raises 461. Libius Severus to the throne, but holds the supreme power. Severus is poi- soned by Ricimer. 465. [Interregnum. Ricimer retains the autho- rity, without assuming the title, of em- peror.] 467. Anthemius, chosen by the joint suff'rages of the senate and army: murdered by Ricimer, who dies soon after. 472. Flavius-Anicius Olybrius: slain by the Goths soon after his accession. 473. Glycerins: forced to abdicate by his suc- cessor. 474. Julius Nepos : deposed by his general, Orestes, and retires to Salonse. 475. Romulus Augustulus, son of Orestes. Orestes is slain, and the emperor de- posed by 476. Odoacer, king of the Heruli, who takes Rome, assumes the style of king of Italy, and completes the fall of the Western Empire. Italy. 476. Odoacer, chief of the Heruli, king. 536. Vitiges. 493. Theodoric, the Ostrogoth. 540. Theodebald. 526. Athalaric. 541. Araric. 634. Theodatus. 541. Totila, or Baduilla. 1 Some writers date the Western Empire from the death of Theodosius the Great, January 17, 395 ; and aa completed by Odoacer, on the defeat of Orestes by that prince, on August 23, 476. 60 PKINCES OF EUROPE, ETC. 552. Teia, the last of the Goths. 553. Narses, duke or governor of Italy. [ISTarses was succeeded by Longinus, who made the chief towns of Italy exarch- ates: he governed at Ravenna, which was afterwards ruled by imperial lieu- nants called exarchs, until 752, when it was reduced by the Lombards.] 668. Alboinus, the Lombard. 573. Cleophis. 575. [Interregnum of 10 years, during which the Lombards were governed by elective dukes. ] Kings of the Lombards. 684. Autharis. 590. Romanus. 591. Agilulphus. 615. Adawaldus, Avith his mother, Theodolinda. 625. Ariwaldus. 636. Rotharis, duke of Brescia. 652. Rodoaldus. 653. Aribert I. 661. Pertharitus: deposed. 661. Gondibert. 662. Grimoald. 671. Pertharitus, restored. 686. Cunibert, his son. 700. Luitpert, or Leutbert. 701. Ragimbertus. 701. Aribert II. 712. Luitprandus. 744. Hildebrand. 744. Ratchis, duke of Friuli. 749. Astolphus. 756. Desiderius, or Didier. [In 774, Desiderius, the last of the Lom- bards, was taken prisoner by Charle- magne, and the kingdom of Italy was united, first to France, and afterwards to the empire, until 888, when it was separated from the latter, on the death of Charles le Gros.] 888. Berenger, duke of Friuli : deposed. 900. Louis, the Blind. 905. Berenger, restored. 922. Rodolph, king of Burgundy. 926. Hugh, count of Provence. 945. Lothaire. 950. Berenger II. : deposed. 962. [The emperor Otho reduced Italy, and re-united it to the German empire. In 1805, Napoleon Buonaparte revived the ancient title of king of Italy, which did not long endure.] Eastern Empire. 364. Valens, son of Gratian, takes the Eastern, and his brother Valentinian the Western, Empire : defeated by the Goths and wounded in his retreat; his soldiers placed him in a cabin, which the enemy burnt, not knowing he was there. 379. Theodosius the Great: becomes sole em- peror in 392 ; succeeded by his sons, 395. Arcadius in the East, and Honorius in the West. Arcadius is succeeded by 408. Theodosius II., his son, under the guardian- ship of his sister Pulcheria. 450. Marcianus. 457. Leo I., surnamed the Thracian. 474. Leo IL, the younger, his grandson. 474. Zeno, the Isaurian, father of the preceding (having married Ariadne, daughter of Leo 1.) : deposed, but restored. 491. Anastatius I., the Silentiary. 518. Justin, the Thracian. 527. Justinian L, nephew of Justin: collector of the body of laws called the Digest, now the Pandectcs Florentince, and of the Novellce ; and founder of the magnificent church of St. Sophia at Constantinople. The renowned Belisarius was his general. 565. Justin IL, nephew of Justinian. 578. Tiberius II. 582. Maurice, the Cappadocian : murdered, with all his children, by his successor, 602. Phocas, the Usurper, whose crimes and cruelties led to his own assassination, in 610. 610. Heraclius, by whom Phocas was dethroned. 641. Constantine HI. (Heraclius-Constantine) ; reigned a few months : poisoned by his step-mother Martina. 641. Constans II. : assassinated in a bath. 668. Constantine IV., Pogonatus. 6b5. Justinian IL, son of the preceding; ab- horred for his exactions, debaucheries, and cruelties : dethroned and mutilated by his successor. 695. Leontius: dethroned and mutilated by Tiberius Aspimar. 698. Tiberius III. Aspimar. 705. Justinian IL restored. Leontius and Tibe- rius degraded in the Hippodrome, and put to death. Justinian slain in 711. 711. Phillippicus-Bardanes : assassinated. 713. Anastatius II. : fled on the election of Theodosius in 716 ; afterwards delivered up to Leo III., and put to death. 716. Theodosius III. 718. Leo III., the Isaurian. [In this reign (726) commences the great Iconoclastic controversy ; the alternate prohibition and restoration of images involves the peace of several reigns. ] 741. Constantine Y. Copronymus, son of the preceding ; succeeded by his son, 775. Leo lY. 780. Constantine YL, and his mother Irene. 790. Constantine, alone, by the desire of the people, Irene having become unpopular. 792. Irene, again, jointly with her son, and afterwards alone : deposed for her cru- elties and murders, and exiled. 802. Nicephorus I., surnamed Logothetes : slain. 811. Staurachius : reigns a few days only. 811. Michael I. : defeated in battle, abdicates the throne, and retires to a monastery. 813. Leo Y., the Armenian : killed in the temple at Constantinople on Christmas-day, 820, by conspirators in the interest of his successor, 820. Michael IL, the Stammerer. 829. Theophilus, son of Michael. 842. Michael III., surnamed Porphyrogennetes, or the Sot, son of the preceding ; succeeds under the regency of his mother, Theo- dora : put to death by Basilius. TURKEY. 61 867. Basilius L, the Macedonian. 886. Leo VI., styled the Philosopher. 911. Alexander, and Constantine VII., brother and son of Leo, the latter only six years of age ; the former dying in 912, Zoe, mother of Constantine, assumes the regency. 919. Romanus*^ Lecapenus usurps the imperial power. 920. Constantine VIII., his son. 928. Stephen and Christopher. [Five emperors now reign : of these, Chris- topher dies in 931 ; Romanus is exiled by his sons, Constantine and Stephen, who are themselves banished the next year. 945. Constantine VII. now reigns alone: poi- soned by his daughter-in-law Theo- phania. 959. Romanus II., son of the preceding : this monster, who had contrived his father's death, banishes his mother Helena, de- bauches his sisters, and dies from disease engendered by his vices, aged 24. 963. Nicephorus II. Phocas : marries Theo- phania, his predecessor's consort, who has him assassinated. 969. John I. Zemisces, celebrated general ; takes Basilius II. and Constantine IX., sons of Romanus II., as colleagues: John dies, supposed by poison, and 975. Basilius II. and Constantine IX. reign alone: the former dies in 1025; the latter in 1028. 1028. Romanus III. Argjrropulus : poisoned by his consort Zoe, who raises 1034. Michael IV., the Paphlagonian, to the throne : on his death Zoe places 1041. Michael V., surnamed Calaphates, as his successor: him she dethrones, has his eyes put out, and marries 1042. Constantine X. Monomachus, who, and Zoe, reign jointly : Zoe dies in 1050. 1054. Theodora, widow of Constantine. 1056. Michael VI. Stratiotic : deposed. 1057. Isaac I. Comnenus : abdicates. 1059. Constantine XL, surnamed Ducas. 1067. Eudocia, consort of the preceding, and Ro- manus IV., surnamed Diogenes, whom she marries : reign to the prejudice of Michael, Constantine's son. 1071. Michael VII. Parapinaces, recovers his throne, and reigns jointly with Constantine XII. 1078. Nicephorus III. : dethroned by 1081. Alexius I. Comnenus : succeeded by 1118. John-Comnenus, his son, surnamed Kalos : died of a wound from a poisoned arrow. 1143. Manuel 1. Comnenus, son of John. 1180. Alexius II. Comnenus, son of the pre- ceding, under the regency of the em- press Maria, his mother. 1183. Andronicus I. Comnenus ^ causes Alexius to be strangled, and seizes the throne : put to death b}^ 1185. Isaac II. Angelus- Comnenus, w ho is de- posed, imprisoned, and deprived of his eyes by his brother 1195. Alexius III. Angelus, called the Tyrant : this last deposed, in his turn, and his eyes put out ; died in a monastery. 1203. Isaac IL, again, associated with his son, Alexius IV. : deprived. Latin Emperors. 1204. Baldwin L, earl of Flanders, on the cap- ture of Constantinople by the Latins, elected emperor: made a prisoner by the king of Bulgaria, and never heard of afterwards. 1206. Henry L, his brother: dies in 1217. 1217. Peter de Courtenay, his brother-in-law. 1221. Robert de Courtena}^, his son. 1228. Baldwin II., his brother, a minor, and John de Brienne, of Jerusalem, regent and associate emperor. 1261. [Constantinople recovered, and the em- pire of the Franks or Latins terminates.] Greek Empire at Nice. 1204. Theodore Lascaris. 1222. John Ducas, Vataces. 1255. Theodore Lascaris IL, his son. 1259. John Lascaris, and 1260. Michael VIII. Palaeologus. Emperors at Constantinople. 1261. Michael VIIL, now at Constantinople : he puts out the eyes of John, and reigns alone. 1282. Andronicus II. Palaeologus, the Elder, son of the preceding : deposed by his grand- son, Andronicus the Younger. 1332. Andronicus HI., the Younger. 1341. John Palaeologus, under the guardianship of John Cantacuzenus : the latter pro- claimed emperor at Adrianople. 1347. John Cantacuzenus. 1355. John Palaeologus, restored. 1391. Manuel Palaeologiis, his son : succeeded by his son and colleague, 1425. John Paljeologus II. 1448. Constantine XIII. Palaeologus, his son. 1453. [Constantinople taken on May 29, 1453, by the Ottomans, under their sultan, Mahomet II. : Constantine is slain, and with him ends the Eastern Empire.] OTTOMAN OR TURKISH EMPIRE. The Turks are of Tartar descent. There is a rapid river called Turh^ running into the Caspian Sea, from which some suppose this people to take their name. About the year A. d. 800 they obtained possession of a part of Armenia, called from them Turcomania ; and they afterwards gradually extended their power. Their dominions, divided for some time into petty states, were united under Othman, from whom his 62 PRINCES OF EUROPE, ETC. subjects obtained the name of Ottomans. He establislied his empire at Prusa, in Bithynia, in the year 1299, and his successors extended their conquests over the adjacent parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 1453 Constantinople was taken by Mahomed II. which put an end to the Eastern Empire. Turkish Emperors. 1299. Othman, or Ottoman, who assumed the title of Grand Seignior. 1326. Orchan, son of Othman. 1360. Amurath I. : stabbed by a soldier, of which wound he died. 1389. Bajazet I., his son: defeated by Tamer- lane, and died imprisoned. 1402. Solyman, son of Bajazet: dethroned by his brother and successor. 1410. Musa-Chelebi : strangled. 1413. Mahomed I., also son of Bajazet. 1421. Amurath II., succeeded by his son, 1451. Mahomed II., by whom Constantinople was taken, in 1453. 1481. Bajazet II, : deposed by his son. 1512. Selim I., who succeeded him. 1520. Solyman the Magnificent, son of the pre- ceding: the most eventful reign in modern Turkish annals. 1566. Selim II., son of the last. 1574. Amurath III., his son : on his accession he caused his five brothers to be murdered, and their mother, in grief, stabbed her- self to death. 1595. Mahomed III., son of Amurath : com- menced his reign by strangling all his brothers, and drowning all his father's wives. 1603. Ahmed, or Achmet, his son: succeeded by his brother 1617. Mustapha I. ; deposed by the Janissaries, and imprisoned : succeeded by his ne- phew, 1618. Osman I. : strangled by the Janissaries, and his uncle restored. 1622. Mustapha I., again: again deposed, sent to the Seven Towers, and strangled. 1623. Amurath IV. : succeeded by his brother, 1640. Ibrahim: strangled by the Janissaries. 1649. Mahomed IV., son of Ibrahim: deposed, and died imprisoned. 1687. Solyman III., his brother. 1691. Ahmed, or Achmet II. : succeeded by his nephew, 1695. Mustapha II., eldest son of Mahomet IV. : deposed ; succeeded by his brother, 1703. Ahmed, or Achmet III. : deposed, and died in prison in 1736. 1730. Mahmud, or Mahomed V., succeeded his uncle, the preceding sultan. 1754. Osman II., brother of Mahmud. 1757. Mustapha III., brother of Osman. 1774. Abdul-Ahmed. 1788. Selim III. : deposed by the Janissaries, and his nephew raised to the throne. 1807. Mustapha IV. : deposed, and, with the late sultan, Selim, murdered. 1808, Mahmud II. : succeeded by his son, 1839. Abdul-Medjid, the present (1850) Sultan. Sultan Abdul-Medjid-Khan, born May 6, 1822 (14 Chaban, 1237), succeeded his father, the sultan Mahmud" Khan II., July 1, 1839 (19 Reby-el-aker, 1255) ; and has nine sons and daughters, viz. : — 1. Sultan-Mohamed-Murad, born Sept. 22, 1840. 2. Naime-Sultane, born Oct. 10, 1840. 3. Fatime-Sultane, born Nov. 1, 1840. 4. Refia-Sultane, born Feb. 6, 1842. 5. Abdul-Hamid, born Sept. 21, 1842. 6. Adlije-Sultane, born Oct. 18, 1842. 7. Mehmed-Rechad, born Nov. 2, 1844. 8. Munire-Sultane, born Dec. 9, 1844. 9. Mehmed-Abid, born April 26, 1848, Brother and Sisters : 1. Athie-Sultane, born May 1, 1826; the wife, since Aug. 1*3, 1840, of Fethi-Ahmed-Pacha. 2. Sultan- Abdul'- Aziz, born May 27, 1830. 3. Adile-Sultane, born Jan. 30, 1831 ; married June 12, 1845, to Mehmed-Ali-Pacha. PERSIA. At the grand partition of the dominions of Alexander the Great among his captains, Persia was annexed to the Syrian kingdom of Seleucus Nicator, but did not continue long so, for in the reign of Antiochus Theos, Arsases vindicated the independence of his country, and founded the monarchy of the Parthians. In the 3rd century of the Christian era a great internal convulsion took place, which terminated in the accession of the dynasty of the Sassanides, who restored the name, with the religion and laws of ancient Persia. This government was overthrown by the Saracens; and the successive invasions by the descendants of Zingis or Zenghis Khan, Timur, and by the Turks, changed entirely the aspect of Western Asia. Persia was the main theatre UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 63 on which the Saracens contended for mastery with these invaders, and she suffered all the miseries to which a nation can be exposed from the devastation of barbarous and sanguinary hordes. At length, early in the 16th century, a new dynasty arose. Shahs of Persia. 1502. Ismail or Ishmael. 1523. Tamasp or Thamas I. 1576. Ismail Meerza. 1577. Mahomed Meerza. 1582. Abbas I., the Great ; died in 1627, after a reign of 45 years. 1627. Shah Soofe. 1641. Abbas II. 1666. Solyman. 1694. Hussein: deposed. 1722. Mahmoud. 1725. Ashraff, the Usurper : slain in battle. 1729. Tamasp or Thamas II. : recovered the throne of his ancestors from the pre- ceding. [Thamas-Kouli-Khan obtained great suc- cesses in this and the subsequent reigns.] 1732. Abbas II., infant son of Tamasp, under the regency of Kouli-Khan, who afterwards caused himself to be proclaimed as Nadir Shah. 1736. Nadir Shah (the Victorious King) : assas- sinated by his nephew at Korassan. 1747. Adil Shah. 1748. Shah Eokh. 1750. [Interregnum.] 1753. Kureem Khan. 1779. Abool-Fatteh-Khan. 1780. [Interregnum.] 1781. AH-Moorad-Khan. 1785. Jaffier Khan. 1788. [Interregnum.] 1789. Looft-Ali-Khan : betrayed into the hands of his successor, who ordered his eyes to be plucked out, and afterwards put him to death. 1794. Aga-Mahommed-Khan : assassinated. 1798. Feth-Ali-Shah. 1834. Mahommed-Shah, grandson of Feth : suc- ceeded by his son, 1848. Nasr-ul-Din i, or Nausser-ood-deen, or Nasser»ud-deen-Shah, Sept. 4. The PRESENT (1850) Shah of Persia. GEEECE. This country, once the foremost in the world, anciently consisted of the peninsula of the Peloponnesus, Greece outside of the Peloponnesus, Thessaly, and the islands : the limits of modern Greece are much more confined. It became subject to the Turkish empire in the 15th century, and has but recently again become a separate state. The treaty of London, on behalf of Greece, between England, France, and Kussia, was signed in Oct. 1827; count Capo d'lstria^ was declared president in Jan. 1828 ; and the Porte acknowledged the independence of Greece in April, 1830. It was after- wards erected into a kingdom, of which Otho I. of Bavaria was made king. King of Greece. 1832. Otho, 2d son of Louis-Charles, king of Bavaria; bom June 1, 1815 ; elected by the government of the Grecian States, Oct. 5, 1832; ascended the throne as first king of Greece, Jan. 25, 1833. Married Nov. 20, 1836, Mary-Frederica- Amelia (born Dec. 21, 1818), daughter of the grand-duke of Oldenburg. The PRESENT (1850) King of Greece. UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA. The provinces of North America that revolted from the sovereignty of Great Britain were first styled "the United States," by a resolution of congress, Sept. 9, 1776. ^ Col. Tarrant, in his despatches, calls the present monarch of Persia, Nausser-ood-deen-Shah. The French spell the name variously, sometimes Nasser-ed-deen, sometimes Nesser-ud-deen. The Almanach de Gotha gives us the names of European sovereigns only. We have made inquiries of two Persian scholars, and they tell us that the Persian way of spelling the name is, as we first write it above, Nasr-ul-Din. At the Foreign Office they adopt Col. Tarrant's orthography, — Editor. 2 This distinguished statesman was shortly afterwards murdered by the brother and son of Maromichaelis, a Mainote chief, whom he had imprisoned. The wretched assassins were sentenced to be immured within close brick walls built around them up to their chins, and to be supplied with food in this lingering torture until they died. 64 PEINCES OF EUEOPE, ETC. Their independence was acknowledged by Great Britain, Nov. 30, 1782, and the definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain, France, Spain, and the United States, was signed at Paris, Sept. 3, 1783. The flag of the Union was declared to be thirteen stripes, alternately red and white, and thirteen stars in a blue field, corresponding with the then number of the states. The number of states at present (1850) is thirty- two, viz. : — Maine. New Hampshire. Vermont. Massachusetts. Rhode Island. . Connecticut. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Delaware. Maryland. Virginia. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. Florida. Alabama. Mississipi.. Louisiana. Texas. Arkansas. Tennessee. Kentucky. Ohio. Michigan. Indiana. Illinois. Missouri. Iowa. Wisconsin Oregon Territory, and the District of Columbia. Presidents of the United States. 1789. General George Washington, first presi- dent. Elected April 6. 1793. General Washington again. March 4. 1797. John Adams. March 4. 1801. Thomas Jefferson. March 4. 1805. Mr. Jefferson. Re-elected March 4. 1809. James Madison. March 4. 1813. Mr. Madison. Re-elected March 4. 1817. James Monroe. March 4. 1821. Mr. Monroe. Re-elected, March 4. 1825. John Quincy Adams. March 4. 1829. General Jackson. March 4. 1833. General Jackson. Re-elected, March 4. 1837. Martin Van Buren. March 4. 1841. General Wm. Henry Harrison. March 4. Died a month after, April 4. — John Tyler. April 4. 1845. James Knox Polk. March 4. 1849. General Zachary Taylor. March 4. Died July 9, 1850. 1850. Millard Fillmore. Sworn into office, next day, July 10. The now President of the United States of America. The president, regularly elected, is always inaugu- rated on the 4th of March. BISHOPS AND POPES OF ROME. 42. St. Peter : crucified, his head downwards in 66. ** St. Clement (Clemens Romanus) ; according to Tertullian. 66. St. Linus 1 : martyred. 78. St. Anacletus : martyred. 91. St. Clement : abdicated. 100. St. Evaristus : martyred. 109. St. Alexander : martyred. 119. St. Sixtus: martyred. 128. St. Telesphorus : martyred. 139. St. Hyginus ; the first who was called pope, 142. St. Pius : martyred. 157. St. Anicetus. 168. St. Soterus : martyred under Marcus An- toninus. 176. St. Eleutherus : he opposed with great zeal the doctrine of the Valentinians. 192. St. Victor : martyred under Severus. 202. St. Zephirinus. 219. St. Calixtus : martyred. 222. [The chair vacant. ] 223. St. Urban : beheaded in the persecution of Alexander Severus. 230. St. Pontianus : banished by the emperor Maximin. 235. St. Anterus : martyred. 236. St. Fabian : martyred under Decius. 250. [The chair vacant.] 251. St. Cornelius : died the next year. 252. St. Lucius : martyred the year following. lS"ovatianus ; antipope. 253. St. Stephen : martyred in the persecution of Valerian. 257. Sixtus II. (his coadjutor) martyred three days before his faithful disciple St. Lau- rence, in the persecution of Valerian, 258. 258. [The chair vacant.] 259. Dionysius : opposed the heresy of Sabellius. 269. Felix : martyred ; canonized. 275. Eutychianus : martyred. 283. Caius ; a relative of the emperor Diocletian. 296. Marcellinus : distinguished by his courage under a severe persecution : canonized. 304. [The chair vacant.] 308. Marcellus: banished from Rome by the emperor Maxentius : canonized. 1 St, Linus is set down in nearly all accounts of popes as the immediate successor of St. Peter ; but Tertullian, who was, undoubtedly, well informed, maintains that St. Clement succeeded the Apostle. In the first century of the Christian Church, neither the dates of succession, nor the succession of popes, are reconciled, even by the best authorities. BISHOPS AND POPES OF ROME. 65 310. St. Eusebius : died the same year. 311. St. Melchiades : coadjutor to Eusebius. 314. Silvester. 336. Marcus or Mark : died the next year. 337. Julius : of great piety and learning ; main- tained the cause of St. Athanasius. 352. Liberius : banished, and in 356. Felix II. antipope : placed in the chair by Constans, during the exile of Liberius, on whose return he was driven from it with ignominy. [The emperor would have the two popes reign together ; but the people cried out " One God, one Clirist, and one bishop."'] 358. Liberius, again : abdicated. 358. Felix became legal pope ; but he was made away with by Liberius. 359. Liberius, again. 366. Damasus : opposed the Arians ; St. Jerome was his secretary. 384. Siricius: succeeded to the exclusion of Ursicinus. 398. Anastasius : caused the works of Origen to be proscribed. 402. Innocent I. 417. Zosimus : canonized. 418. Boniface I. : maintained in the pontifical chair by the emperor Honorius, against his rival, Eulalius : canonized. 422. Celestine I. : canonized. 432. Sixtus III. : suppressed the heresies of Nestorius and Pelagius in the west. 440. Leo I. the Great : most zealous in his en- deavours to extend the papal see; canonized. 461. St. Hilary. 468. St. Simplicius. 483. Felix III. : had a violent dispute with the emperor Zeno respecting the Western Church ; canonized. 492. Gelasius : canonized. 496. Anastasius II. : endeavoured to bring about a unity between the Eastern and Western Churches ; canonized. 498. Symmachus : canonized. 614. Laurentius, antipope. 514. Hormisdas : canonized. 523. John I.: thro^vn into prison, where he died in 526. 626. Felix lY. : introduced extreme unction as a sacrament ; canonized. 580. Boniface 11. 533. John II. : opposed the Eutychians and Nestorians. 535. Agapetus : died the same year. 536. Silverius : son of pope Hormisdas, who had married before entering into the eccle- siastical state. The empress Theodosia violently persecuted him, and procured his banishment into Lycia, making Yi- gilius his successor. 538. Yigilius : banished, but restored^ 555. Pelagius I. : endeavoured to reform the manners of the clergy. 560. J ohn III, : the great ornamenter of churches. 673. [The see vacant.] 574. Benedict I., surnamed Bonosus. 578. Pelagius II. : died of the plague then de- solating Rome. 590. Gregory the Great, an illustrious patrician : converted the English to Christianity. 604. Sabinianus. 606. Boniface III. : died in a few months. 607. Boniface lY. 614. Deusdedit. 617. Boniface Y. 625. Honorius I. 639. [The see vacant.] 640. Severinus : died shortly after. 640. John lY. 642. Theodorus I. 649. Martin 1. : starved to death, some say ; died of his sufferings, others. 654. Eugenius I. : canonized. 657. Yitalianus : this pope sent missionaries into England. 672. Adeodatus, the " Gift of God." 676. Domnus I. 678. Agathon. 682. Leo II. : instituted holy-water. 683. [The see vacant.] 684. Benedict II. 685. John Y. : ruled with wisdom. 686. Conon. 686. Theodore and Pascal ; antipopes. 687. Sergius : " governed wisely." 701. John YL 705. John YII. 708. Sisinnius : died 20 days after election. 708. Constantine. 715. Gregory II. : canonized. 731. Gregory HI. : the first pope who sent nun- cios to foreign powers. 741. Zacharias. 752. Stephen II. : with this pope commenced the temporal power of the Church of Rome. 757. Paul I. : moderate and pious. 768. Stephen IH. 772. Adrian I. : sanctioned images, in which he was opposed by the kings of England and France. 795. Leo III. 816. Stephen lY. : died the next year. 817. Pascal L 824. Eugenius II. 827. Yalentinus. 828. Gregory lY. : pious and learned. 844. Sergius II. 847. Leo lY. : defeated the Saracens, i [Between Leo lY. and the next pontiff, Benedict HI., an absurd story, not worth refutation, places "pope Joan." — He- nault. 2 ] 855. Benedict III.: opposed by an anti-pope called Anastasius. 858. Nicholas I., styled the Great. 867. Adrian II. 1 Of Leo IV. a great writer has beautifully said, " He showed himself, by defending Fomei worthy of being its sovereign: he was a Roman by birth, and the courage of the early ages of the republic seemed to be revived in him, at a time of cowardice and corruption. He stood, like one of the noble monuments of ancient Rome, which are seen, amid the ruins, as it were, reproaching the debasement, of the modern city." — Voltaire. 2 It is fabulously asserted that a female, named Joan, conceived a violent passion for a young monk named Felda, and in order to be admitted into his monastery assumed the male habit. On the death of her lover, she entered on the duties of professor, and being very learned, was elected pope when Leo IV. died in 855. Other scandalous particulars follow ; " yet until the Reformation the tale was repeated and believed without offence.'^ — Gibbon. F 66 PRINCES OF EUROPE. 872. John VIII. : it is to this John that some authors refer the scandalous fabrication of Pope Joan ; but they err even in point of time. — See above. 882. Martin IT. 884. Adrian III. ; died the next year. 885. Stephen V. 891. Formosus : died detested ; his corpse was thrown into the river Tiber. 896. Boniface VI. : deposed. 897. Romanus, antipope. 897. Stephen VI. ; strangled in prison. 898. Theodorus II., governed 22 days. 898. John IX. 900. Benedict IV. 903. Leo V. : driven from his seat a few months after his election, and died in prison. 904. Sergius III. : disgraced his dignity by his vices. 911. Anastasius III. 913. Landonius, or Lando. 914. John X. : resigned, and was stifled by Guy, duke of Tuscany. 928. Leo VI. ; considered an intruder by many Roman Catholic historians. 929. Stephen VIL 931. John XL : imprisoned in the castle of St. Angelo, where he died. 936. Leo VII. ; great in zeal and piety. 939. Stephen VIII. : " of ferocious character." 942. Martin IIL 946. Agapetus II. : of holy life. 956. John XII., called the Infamous: deposed for adultery and cruelty, and, in the end, murdered. [The preceding pope is said to have been the first who changed his name on his elevation to the papal chair.] 963. Leo VIII. : an honour to the chair, though an intruder. — Baronius. 963 Benedict V.: chosen on the death of John XII., but opposed by Leo VIIL, who was supported by the emperor Otho; the Roman people were obliged to abandon his cause. 965. John XIII. ; elected by the authority of the emperor against the popular will. 972. Benedict VI. : murdered in prison. 974. Boniface VIL 974. Domnus II. 975. Benedict VIL 983. John XIV. 984. John XV. : died before consecration. 985. John XVI. 996. Gregory V. An antipope, named John XVII., was set up, but expelled by the emperor. 999. Silvester 11. 1003. John XVII.; legitimate pope: died same year. 1003. John XVIII. : abdicated. 1009. Sergius IV. 1012. Benedict VIIL 1024. John XIX. 1033. Benedict IX. : became pope, by purchase, at 12 years of age : expelled. 1044. Gregory VL: abdicated. 1046. Clement II. (the Romanists call Clemens Homanus, the Jirst Clement) : died next year. 1047. Benedict again : again deposed. 1048. Damasus 11. : died soon after. 1048. Leo IX. : canonized. 1054. [The throne vacant one vear.] 1055. Victor II. 1057. Stephen IX. 1058. Benedict X. ; an antipope : expelled. 1058. Nicholas II. 1061. Alexander II. : he carried the papal power to a height it had not reached before. 1073. Gregory VIL, the celebrated Hildebrand ; remarkable for the unexampled powers he usurped, and his unprincipled career. ^ 1085. [Throne vacant one year.] 1086. Victor IIL 1088. Urban II. : in this pontificate commenced the great crusade. 1099. Pascal II. 1118. Gelasius II. : retired to a monastery. 1119. Calixtus II. 1124. HonoriusIL 1130. Innocent IL 1143. Celestine II. : ruled 5 months. 1144. Lucius IL : killed by accident in a popular commotion. 1145. Eugenius IIL : canonized. 1153. Anastasius IV. : ruled a short time only. 1154. Adrian IV., or Nicholas Brakespeare, an Englishman ; born at St. Albans. 1159. Alexander III. : avenger of the murder of Thomas a Becket. 1181. Lucius IIL 1185. Urban IIL 1187. Gregorv VTIL : ruled only two months. 1187. Clement IIL 1191. Celestine IIL 1198. Innocent III. (Lothario Conti) excommu- nicated king J ohn of England. 1216. Honorius III. : learned and pious. 1227. Gregory IX. : caused a new crusade to be undertaken. 1241. Celestine IV. : died in 18 days after his election. 1241. [Throne vacant 1 year and 7 months.] 1243. Innocent IV. : gave the red hat. 1254. Alexander IV. 1261. Urban IV. 1265. Clement IV., an enlightened Frenchman, previously cardinal and legate to Eng- land : discouraged the crusades. 1268. [Throne vacant 2 years and 9 months.] 1271. Gregory X.; elected while he was with Edward I. of England in the Holy Land. 1276. Innocent V. .• died shortly after. J In the eleventh century, the power of the pontiff of Rome seems to have reached its utmost height. Gregory VII., the famous Hildebrand, assumed the exclusive title of Pope, which till then had been common to other bishops ; and his successors carried their pretensions so far as to hold themselves out as lords of the universe, arbiters of the fate of empires, and supreme rulers of thekings and princes of the earth. In this character they proceeded to dispose of kingdoms, and to loose subjects from their allegiance, as is remarkably instanced in the history of John, king of England. At length they affirmed the whole earth to be their property, as well where Christianity had been propagated, as where it had not ; and, therefore, on the discovery of the East and West Indies and America, Alexander VI., in 1493, granted to the Portuguese a right to all the countries lying to the eastward, and to the Spaniards all those westward of Cape Non, in Africa, which they might respectively be able to conquer. They finally pretended to be lords of the future world also, and by licences, pardons, dispensations, and indulgences, which they sold to the best bidders, to have a power of restraining, and in some instances of subverting, even the Divine justice itself. —Lives of the Popes. BISHOPS AND POPES OF ROME. 67 1276. Adrian V. ; legate to England in 1254 : died 36 days after election. 1276. Yicedominus : died the next day. 1277. John XX. or XXI. : died in 8 months. 1277. Nicholas III. : died in 1280. 1281. Martin IV. 1285. Honorius IV. : promoted the crusades. 1288. Nicholas IV. : endeavoured to stir up the princes of Christendom to a new crusade, but without success. 1292. [Throne vacant 2 years and 3 months.] 1294. Celestine V. : resigned from fear. 1294. Boniface VIII. : proclaimed that " God had set him over kings and kingdoms;" imprisoned his predecessor, and laid France and Denmark under interdict. 1303. Benedict XI. : a pious and liberal pontiff: poisoned by some ambitious cardinals, a short time after his election. 1304. [Throne vacant 11 months.] 1305. Clement V. Bertrand the Goth : removed the papal seat from Rome to Avignon. 1314. [Throne vacant 2 years and 4 months.] 1316. John XXII. 1334. Benedict XII. [Nicholas V. ; antipope, at Rome.] 1342. Clement VI. : a learned prelate, a generous prince, and amiable man. — Petrarch. 1352. Innocent VI. 1362. Urban V. : illustrious as a patron of learning. 1370. Gregory XI. : also an eminent protector of learning : he restored the papal chair to Rome. 1378. Urban VI. : so severe and cruel that the cardinals chose Robert of Geneva, under the name of Clement VII., which led to great violence. 1389. Boniface IX. 1394. Benedict (called XIII.) ; antipope at Avig- non. 1404. Innocent VII. : died in 1406. 1406. Gregory XII. Angelo Corario ; elected during the schism in the East ; Bene- dict XIII. being the other pope : both popes were deposed. 1409. Alexander V. : died, supposed by poison. 1410. John XXIII.; elected during the great schism: deposed. 1417. Martin V. Otho Colonna. 1431. Eugenius IV. Gabriel Condolmera: de- posed by the council of Basil, and Amadeus of Savoy chosen, as Felix V. in 1439 ; antipope. 1447. Nicholas V. 1455. Calixtus III. 1458. Pius II. JEneas Silvius Piccolomini. 1464. Paul II., a noble Venetian. 1471. Sixtus IV. 1484. Innocent MIL, a noble Genoese. 1492. Alexander VI., the infamous Roderic Bor- gia : poisoned at a feast by drinking of a bowl he had prepared for another. 1503. Pius III. Francis Todeschini : died 21 davs after election. 1503. Julius II., Julian de la Ruvere. 1513. LeoX. (John de Medici): this pope's grant of indulgences for crime led to the Re- formation. 1522. Adrian VI. 1523. Clement VII. Julius de Medici: refused to divorce Catharine of Arragon, and de- nounced the marriage of Henry VIII. with Anna Boleyn. 1534. Paul III., Alexander Famese. 1550. Julius III. 1555. Marcellus II. : died soon after election. 1555. Paul IV. John Peter Caraffa. When queen Elizabeth sent him an ambassador to announce her accession, he haughtily answered, " that to the holy see, and not to her, belonged the throne, to which she had no right as being a bastard." 1559. Pius IV., cardinal de Medici. 1566. Pius V. 1572. Gregory XIII. ; the greatest civilian and canonist of his time: under him the calendar was reformed. 1585. Sixtus V. : the most extraordinary man of his time. — Tillemont. 1590. Urban VII. : died 12 days after election. 1590. Gregory XIV. Nicolas Sfondrate. 1591. Innocent IX. : died in 2 months. 1592. Clement VIII. : learned and just. 1605. Leo XL : died same month. 1605. Paul v., Camille Borghese. 1621. Gregory XV. Alexander Ludovisio. 1623. Urban VIII. : gave the title of Eminence to cardinals. 1644. Innocent X. John Baptist Pamphilus. 1655. Alexander VII. Fabio Chigi. 1667. Clement IX. 1670. Clement X. John Baptist Emile Altieri. 1676. Innocent XL 1689. Alexander VIII. 1691. Innocent XII. Antonio Pignatelli. 1700. Clement XL John Francis Albani. 1721. Innocent XIIL Michael Angelo Conti ; the eighth pontiff of his family. 1724. Benedict XIIL, properly so called. 1730. Clement XIL 1740. Benedict XIV. ; the amiable Lambertini. 1758. Clement XIIL Charles Rezzonico. 1769. Clement XIV. ; the illustrious Ganganelli.i 1775. Pius VI. Angelo Braschi : dethroned by Buonaparte. 1800. Pius VII. Cardinal Chiaramonte : deposed by Buonaparte in 1809 ; restored in 1814. 1823. Leo XIL Annibal della Ganga. Sept. 28. 1829. Pius VIII. Francis Xavier Castiglioni. March 31. 1831. Gregory XVI. Mauro Capellari. Feb. 2, 1831 : died June 1, 1846. 1846. Pius IX. Mastei Ferretti : elected June 16. The PRESENT (1850) Pope. 1 Benedict XIV., apprised of the extraordinary modesty and merit of tliis great man, unexpectedly raised him to the purple ; but he continued to wear the plain dress of his order (minor conventual Franciscans) observing all the austerity and mortificati(;ns of a friar. On the death of Clement XIIL, the cardinals, who were in the interest of the house of Bourbon, knowing that Ganganelli was not attached to the Jesuits, and seeing that mo-t of the Catholic princes of Europe were ready to separate from the Roman See unless that order were suppressed, conceived that from his liberality and wisdom that point might be achieved without danger to the pontifical chair, and they accordingly elected Ganganelli to it. His conduct after his elevation was still the same, pious, familiar, and lowly. Convinced of the necessity for the suppression of the Jesuits, he signed the brief for it in 1773. Shortly after he had placed his signature to this important document, he was seized with a disorder, believed to have been the effect of some deleterious drug, and after languishing in agonies which reduced him to a skeleton, he died in 1775. Clement XIV. was one of the most enlightened and benevolent men that ever wore the tiara. F 2 68 EXTINCT OR MERGED KINGDOMS AND PRINCIPALITIES. JERUSALEM. This kingdom began with its capture by the first crusaders, who elected as king, in 1099, Godfrey de Bouillon, the chief commander of the expedition, though he chose to be called, from motives of piety, the " advocate or defender of the holy sepulchre." ^ The crown of Jerusalem descended from Godfrey de Bouillon to the house of Anjou, afterwards to Guy de Lusignan, and, in 1210, to John de Brienne. The emperor Frederick having married the daughter of this last, was invested with all her rights, which, however, he did not care to assert ; and the possession of Jerusalem being no longer an object of ambition, the city became, what it had been before Godfrey's invasion, a place of pilgrimage. Kings of Jerusalem. 1099. Godfrey de Bouillon, chosen by the first crusaders. Took Jerusalem from the Turks, 1099, and was proclaimed king ; but his piety, as historians relate, would not permit him to wear a diadem of gold, in the city where his Saviour had been crowned with thorns. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 1100. Baldwin 1. 1118. Baldwin II. 1131. Fulke, count of Anjou. 1142. Baldwin III., son of Fulke. 1162. Amaurus I. 1173. Baldwin IV. 1185. Baldwin V. 1186. Guy de Lusignan: falls into the hands of the infidels. 1192. Conrad and Isabella. 1192. Henry. 1197. Frederick. 1197. Amaurus de Lusignan, king of Cyprus. 1205. [Interregnum.] 1210. John de Brienne ; afterwards associate emperor of the East. 1229. [Jerusalem is surrendered by the sultan of Egypt to the emperor Frederick.] BRETAGNE OR BRITTANY. The ancient Armorica ; but this name in the earliest ages was common to all that tract of country situated between the mouths of the Seine and the Loire. When, however, the Bretons were obliged to abandon the isle of Albion (England), and to take refuge in a part of Armorica in the 5th century, they gradually communicated their name as well to the inhabitants, as to the province itself. — Henault. The counts of Bretagne (of whom was the celebrated Waroc) were distinguished in history some centuries before the reign of Charlemagne, by whom the territory was subdued, circa 780. In later times the dukes of Brittany became possessed of considerable power. ' Jerusalem taken, July 15, 1099, by assault, after a siege of five weeks. Impelled by a mixture of military rage, the Crusaders put the numerous garrison and inhabitants to the sword without distinction. Neither arms defended the valiant, nor submission the timid ; no age or sex was spared ; infants on the breast were pierced by the same blow with their mothers, who implored for mercy ; even a multitude to the number of 10,000, who had surrendered themselves prisoners, and were promised quarter, were butchered in cold blood by these ferocious conquerors. The streets of Jerusalem were covered with dead bodies ; and the triumphant warriors, after every enemy was subdued and slaughtered, immediately turned themselves, with sentiments of humiliation, towards the holy sepulchre! They threw away their arms still streaming with blood; they advanced with reclined bodies, and naked feet and hands, to that sacred monument ; they sung anthems to their Saviour, who had there purchased their salvation by his death and agony ; and their devotion so evercame their fury, that they dissolved in tears, and bore the appearance of every soft and tender sentiment. So inconsistent is human nature with itself! and so easily does superstition ally, both with the most heroic courage and with the fiercest barbarity. — Abbe Vertot. Hume. NOKMANDY. 69 Counts and Dukes of Brittany. 560. Conober, about this time ; count. * * * * 590. Waroc, about this time. * * * * 824. Nomenoe ; instituted dul^e of Brittany by Louis le Debonnaire. — Henault. 851. Erispoe or Herispoe ; count. 857. Salomon, cousin of the preceding. 874. Pasquito de Vannes, and Gurvan de Rennes. 877. Alain III., de Vannes, and Judicael de Rennes. 907. Gurmallion. 930. Berenger de Rennes. 937. Alain IV., de Vannes. 952. Drogo. 980. Gueroc, de Nantes. 987. Conan I., de Rennes. 992. Geoffrey I. ; duke. 1008. Alain V. 1040. Conan II. 1066. Hoel V. 1084. Alain Fergent, the Red. 1112. Conan III. the Fat. 1148. Eudes, Hoel VI., and Geoffrey I. (II.) 1156. Conan IV. 1171. Geoffrey II. (III.) 1196. Arthur, and Constance, daughter of Conan IV. ; and wife of Geoffrey, son of Henry II. of England. 1203. Guy de Tours ; regent. 1213. Peter Mauclerc. 1237. John I., the Red : ruled 49 years. 1286. John II. 1305. Arthur 11. 1312. John III., styled the Good. 1341. Charles, count of Blois, and John IV., de Montfort, brother to John the Good. 1345. Charles de Blois, alone. 1364. John V., styled the Valiant. 1399. John VI. 1442. Francis I. 1450. Peter II. 1457. Arthur III. 1458. Francis II. : succeeded by 1488. Anne, his daughter, i 1513. Claude, daughter of Anne ; married to 1524. Francis I., of France. 1532. [The dukedom of Brittany annexed to the crown of France.] NORMANDY. Neustra. The Normans, enticed by plunder, having made many descents upon France, Charles the Simple, at length wearied by their aggressions, came to an accommodation with them, and concluded the famous treaty of St. Clair upon the Epte, whereby he gave them a part of Neustra, which from the incursions of those barbarians had already taken the name of Normandy. — Henault. Charles also gave his daughter Giselle to their chief, Rollo, in marriage, on the condition of his embracing Christianity, and giving it encouragement among his followers. Dukes of Normandy. 911. Hollo, the Dane ; first duke, yielded ho- mage for his dukedom to Charles the Simple, king of France. 927. William Longespee or Longsword, son of the preceding. 943. Richard I., surnamed the Fearless, a minor, son of William ; governed 53 years. 996. Richard II., son of Richard I. : this duke's sister, Emma, was married to Ethelred II., king of England. 1026. Richard III. 1028. Robert I., surnamed le Diable. 1035. William the Bastard, natural son of Richard III. (our WilHam I., or the Conqueror) : became king of England in 1066. 1087. Robert, surnamed Courthose 2, eldest son of William ; became duke of Normandy on his father's death, his brother Wil- liam succeeding to the crown of Eng- land : governed until 1106 ; died in 1134. The contention between the last duke, Robert, and his brother Henry (third son of the Conqueror, and now king of England) terminated with the battle of Tinche- 1 This princess was a very beautiful and an extraordinary woman. She had been married by proxy to Maximilian of Austria, but by a kind of divorce from him she became the consort, in 1491, of Charles VIII. of France, who put aside Margaret, the daughter of Maximilian, to whom he was affianced, to espouse her. Charles died in April 1498, and in the Jan. following, Anne of Brittany married his successor on the throne, Louis XII. It is remarkable, also, that her daughter, the princess Claude, became the queen of the next king in succession, Francis I. Claude was the daughter of Louis XII. Anne died in ]5\S. — Henault. On the death of Charles she put a ''cordelier'* (a black knotted lace) round her coat of arms, which introduced a custom observed ever since ; and she mourned in black, instead of the then practice of wearing white. She, too, was the first to have young ladies of quality about her person, called " maids of honour." Branlome. 2 This Robert had a son, William, to whom (and not to his father) the French historians give the surname Courthose iCourtecuisse), short-thigh : Lewis le Gros was desirous to protect him in his duchy; but Henry of England had become too powerful, and it was too late. Henault. F 3 70 PRIXCES OF EUROPE. bray, In Lower Normandy, Sept. 28, 1106; when Robert was defeated, made prisoner, and sent to England, where he died in captivity. Normandy was then annexed to England, but was re-united to the crown of France in the reign of king John. SUABIA. One of the ten great circles or divisions of Germany, supposed to have derived its name from the Suevi, who made it their abode about the time of Julius Caesar. It was erected into a duchy in the 5th century, and continued to be governed by its dukes until the 13th, when the reigning family became extinct on the death of Conradin, who was beheaded at Naples in 1268. Suabia was eventually divided among a number of petty princes. Dukes. [The early dukes are too indistinctly recorded to be named consecutively.] 867. Hugh. 916. Burchardt I. 926. Herman I. 949. Ludolph. 954. Burchardt II. 973. Otho I. 982. Conrad I. 997. Herman II. 1004. Herman III. 1012. Ernest I. 1015. Ernest II. 1030. Herman IV., and Conrad II., emperor. 1039. Henry I., emperor as Henry HI. 1045. Otho II. 1047. Otho III. 1057. Rodolph. 1080. Frederick I., de Buren. 1105. Frederick II., de Borgne. 1138. Conrad; duke of Franconia, and emperor as Conrad III. 1147. Frederick III. Barharossa ; emperor in 1152. 1152. Frederick IV., de Rothemburg ; and duke of Franconia. 1167. [Interregnum.] 1169. Frederick V. 1191. Conrad; and duke of Franconia. 1196. Philip; elected emperor in 1198. 1208. Frederick VI. ; elected emperor in 1212, as Frederick II. 1219. Henry II. 1235. Conrad IV. ; elected emperor in 1250 : died in 1254, supposed to have been poisoned by his illegitimate brother, Manfred. 1254. Conradin, son of Conrad, an infant : this young prince was deposed by his uncle, Manfred, and beheaded at Naples, after a defeat in battle by Charles, duke of Anjou, in 1268. FRANCONIA. Another of the former ten circles of Germany. Of the origin of the Franks historians have given us no certain account. Pharamond is the first of their kings of whom we have any distinct mention ; see France, They were conquered by Charle- magne ; and Franconia was subsequently governed by dukes. In modern times, Franconia consisted of two principalities, Bayreuth and Anspach ; three bishoprics, Bamburg, Wursburg, and Eichstadt; seven counties, and three lordships. These divisions are now altered ; one district having been given to Wur- temburg ; another to Baden ; a third to the house of Hesse ; and the tract called Henne- berg to the house of Saxe ; while all the rest was made over to Bavaria. Dukes. 891. Conrad, about this time. 912. Eberhard. 939. Conrad II. 955. Otho I. ; reigned duke 49 years. 1004. Conrad III. 1011. Conrad IV. 1038. [The dukedom extinct until 1116.] 1116. Conrad V.; emperor as Conrad III. in 1138. 1152. Frederick ; and duke of Suabia. 1167. Conrad VI. 1191. Conrad, and duke of Suabia. LORRAINE. 71 BUEGUNDY. Burgundiones, — Pliny. The kingdom of the Burgundians began in Alsace in 413, and continued for 119 years, the Franks stripping them of their dominions in 532. In the division of France among the sons of Clotaire in 561, Gontran had Orleans and Burgundy; in 638, Clovis 11. had Burgundy and Neustra; and on the death of Charles le Gros, in 888, Rodolph became king of Transjuran Burgundy. The kingdom was soon afterwards united to that of Aries, and both passed on the death of Rodolph III. in 1032 to Conrad the Salique, emperor of Germany. The Burgundians, who settled in Celtic Gaul, gave name to the county and duchy of Burgundy. Kings. 413. Gundicar. 436. Gunderic. 466. Chilperic. 491. Gandebaud. 516. Sigismund. 523. Gondemar. 532. Conquered by the Franks under Childebert and Clotaire, kings of Paris and Soissons. 888. Rodolph I. king of Transjuran Burgundy ; Burgundia Transjurana. 911. Rodolph II., king of Aries. Burgundy and Provence united in 933. 937. Conrad the Pacific, second king of Aries. 993. Rodolph III., le Faineant. 1032. [Rodolph bequeaths his kingdom to Con- rad the Salique, emperor. Dukedom of Burgundy. 877. Richard le Justicier. 921. Rodolph ; king of France in 923. 923. Giselbert or Gilbert. 938. Hugh, the Black. 938. Hugh, styled the Great. 956. Otho : succeeded by his brother, 965. Henry, styled the Great : bequeathed his dukedom to the king of France.^ 1015. Henry II., afterwards king of France. 1031. Robert, brother of Henry II. 1075. Hugh I. 1078. Eudes I. 1102. Hugh II., surnamed the Pacific, reigned 40 years : succeeded by 1142. Eudes II. 1162. Hugh III. 1193. Eudes III. 1218. Hugh IV. : reigned 54 years. 1272. Robert II. 1305. Hugh V. 1315. Eudes IV. 1350. Philip I. de Rouvre. 1363. Philip II. surnamed the Hardy, for gal- lantly fighting near his father king John, of France, at the battle of Poitiers : founded the second royal house of Bur- gundy. 1384. [Flanders united to Burgundy by the mar- riage of Philip with Margaret, heiress of the counts of Flanders. ] 1404. John, surnamed Sans Feur or the Fearless : murdered on the bridge of Montereau. — Henault. 1419. Philip III,, surnamed the Good. 1421. [Namur sold to Burgundy.] 1429. [Brabant united to Burgundy.] 1433. [Holland and Hainault imited to Bur- gundy.] 1444. [Luxemburg sold to Burgundy.] 1467. Charles the Bold, son of Philip the Good : treacherously killed m an engagement with the duke of Lorraine, and with him ended the second house of Burgundy in 1477. 1477. [Burgundy now passed to Austria by the marriage of Mary, its heiress, withMax- imilian I., emperor of Germany.] LORRAINE. This country took its name from Lothaire, or Lotharius, son of the emperor of the same name, and was given to the prince as an independent dominion, a.d. 851. The kingdom eventually was divided in the 10th century into two parts. Lower Lorraine was governed by its dukes, afterwards dukes of Brabant, until Brabant became united with Burgundy in 1429. The late province subsisted until 1766, when it was finally united to France. Dukes. Lower Lorraine. 959. Godfrey 1. 964. Godfrey II. 976. Charles, of France. 1001. Otho I. 1005. Godfrey III. 1 This bequest is accounted for by Henry and his immediate predecessor, his brother Otho, being the sons of Hugh the Great (the Abbot) of France. — Henault. T 4 72 PEINCES OF EUROPE. 1023. Gothelon, styled the Great. 1043. Godfrey IV., surnamed the Hardy. 1048. Frederick of Luxemburg. 1065. Godfrey IV., again. 1069. Godfrey V., Bossu. 1076. Conrad. 1089. Godfrey VI., of Bouillon. 1101. Henry I. 1106. Godfrey VII., styled the Great. 1128. Walleran, and Godfrey VII. 1140. Godfrey VIII. le Jeune. 1143. Godfrey IX., surnamed the Valiant. Dukes of Brabant. 1190. Henry II. 1235. Henry III. 1248. Henry IV. 1261. John I., surnamed the Victorious. 1294. John II., surnamed the Pacific. 1312. John III., styled the Triumphant. 1355. Jane and Wenceslas of Luxemburg. 1383. Jane governed alone. 1405. Antony. 1415. John IV. 1427. Philip. 1429. [Brabant united to Burgundy.] LORRAINE. 916. Giselbert or Gilbert. 940. Henry I. 944. Conrad, the Red. 953. Bruno, archbishop of Cologne. 959. Frederick I. 984. Thierry I. 1026. Frederick II. 1033. Gothelon or Gothelo I. 1043. Gothelon II. 1046. Albert d' Alsace. 1048. Gerard d' Alsace. 1070. Thierry, surnamed the Valiant, 1115. Sigismund I. 1139. Matthew L 1176. Sigismund 11. 1205. Ferri I. 1206. Ferri II. 1213. Theobald L 1220. Matthew H. 1251. Ferri III. : governed 53 years. 1304. Theobald II. 1312. Ferri IV. 1328. Raoul. French for Rollo. 1346. John I. 1391. Charles I., surnamed the Hardy. 1431. Rene d'Anjou, styled the Good. The suc- cession disputed by Antony de Vaude- mont. 1453. John II. 1470. Nicholas. 1473. Jolantha and Rene II. 1508. Antony, surnamed the Good. 1544. Francis I. 1545. Charles II. styled the Great: this prince reigned 63 years. 1608. Henry IL, styled the Good. 1624. Francis II., Charles III., and Nicholas- Francis, governed jointly. ] 670. Charles, alone : succeeded by his nephew, 1675. Charles IV. ; succeeded by his son, 1690. Leopold. 1729. Francis -Stephen; grand-duke of Tuscany in 1737; married Maria-Theresa of Austria. Emperor of Germany in 1745. 1737. Stanislaus, of Poland. 1766. [Lorraine united to France. See note ap- pended to Tuscany.'] FLANDEES. This country passed early into the hands of France, and was governed by its counts or earls, chiefly subject to that crown, from a.d. 862, until united with Burgundy in 1384. In the former year, Baldwin, the great forester or ranger of France, having cai^ied off the daughter of Charles the Bald, widow of a king of England \ after much difficulty obtained the king's consent to marry her, and was made earl of Flanders. — Renault. Counts of Flanders. 862. Baldwin I. Bras de Fer^ first count. 879, Baldwin II., called the Bald. 918. Amulph I. and Baldwin III. 965. Amulph II., le Jeune. 989. Baldwin IV., called the Bearded. 1036. Bald^vin V., le Debonnaire. 1067. Baldwin VI., surnamed the Good. 1070. Amulph IIL 1071. Robert I., le Prison. 1093. Robert II., of Jerusalem. 1111. Bald™ VIL, a la Ilache. 1119. Charles the Good : assassinated in the church of Donatianus during divine service. 1127. WilHam de CHto, or Cliton: mortally wounded at the siege of Alost. 1128. Thierry. 1168. Philip d'Alsace. 1191. Margaret I., and Baldwin VIII. 1194. Baldwin IX., of Constantinople: Eastern emperor in 1204. 1206. Jane and Ferdinand. 1233. Jane governs alone. 1244. Margaret IL, of Constantinople. 1280. Guy de Dampierre, her son : another son, John d' Avenues, became count of Hol- land. 1305. Robert IIL, de Bethune. 1322. Louis L, de Crecy, his grandson. 1346. Louis IL, de Male. 1384. [On the death of Louis IL, Phihp the Hardy, of Burgundy, succeeded, by marriage with his daughter and heiress, and united Flanders to his dukedom.] 1 The widow alluded to by Renault was Judith, second queen of Ethelwolf, who had espoused her when she was only twelve years of age. She afterwards became the wife of his son and successor Ethelbald. That king, however, was forced by public indignation and the censure of the Church to send her to her father in France ; and there she was married to Baldwin. ~ Charles Home's " England.'' ANJOU. 73 HAINAULT. The counts of Halnault were early of considerable note, and their names occur frequently in connection with the most remarkable political transactions of their time. In modern annals the province has been the theatre of great military conflicts, among which may be mentioned those of Enghein, Senelfe, Steenkirk, Fleurus, Malplaquet, Tournay, and Fontenoy. Counts of Hainault. 875. Regner I. 916. Regner II. 932. Regner III. 958. Richer I. * * * * 972. Garner, and Rainald. 973. Godfrey the Old, and Arnulph. 998. Regner IV. 1013. Regner V. 1030. Rechila, Herman, and Baldwin I. 1051. Rechila. 1070. Baldwin II., of Jerusalem. 1099. Baldwin III. 1120. Baldwin IV., surnamed the Builder; reigned 51 years. 1171. Baldwin V., styled the Valiant. 1195. Baldwin VI. 120G. Jane. 1244. Margaret, countess of Flanders. 1280. John d'Avennes, her son: another son, Guy de Dampierre, by another husband, became count of Flanders. 1299. [John d'Avennes succeeded to Holland. The provinces united.] LUXEMBUKG. SiGEFRiD was first count in the 10th century, and the province continued to be governed by independent counts or dukes until it was sold to Burgundy in 1444. The princes of Luxemburg became of considerable note, and several of them have been emperors of Germany. The present dynasty of the Netherlands has the title of grand-duke of Luxemburg. Counts or Dukes. 965. Sigefrid. 998. Frederic. 1019. Gilbert or Giselbert. 1057. Conrad I. 1086. Henry I. 1096. William. 1128. Conrad II. 1136. Henry II., called the Blind ; governed 60 years. 1196. Ermensind and Theobald. 1214. Ermensind and Waleran. 1226. Henry III., styled the Great. 1275. Henry IV. 1288. Henry V. ; elected emperor in 1308, as Henry VII. : said to have been poisoned. 1309. John, king of Bohemia : killed at the battle of Cressy, in 1346. 1346. Charles ; elected emperor in 1347, as Charles IV. 1353. Wenceslas I., duke. 1383. Wenceslas II. ; emperor. 1388. Jossus, le Barbu. 1411. Antony, of Burgundy. 1451. Elizabeth de Gorlitz. 1444. [Luxemburg united to Burgundy,] ANJOU. In 877, Louis the Stammerer, son and successor of Charles the Bald of France, upon his accession to that crown, bestowed many largesses on his friends. In order to reconcile the malcontents (those who had not shared them) Louis found it expedient to dismember great portions of his domains ; and hence arose many seignories, duchies, and counties, possessed by various individuals and families. This is believed to be the origin of the counts of Anjou, of whom Ingelger was the founder. — Henault Counts of Anjou. Fulco (Fulke), surnamed the Red : after 938. Fulco 11. , surnamed the Good : succeeded having united the counties of Eudo and by his eldest son, Ingelger, died in 938. J 958. Geoffrey I. : he obtained for himself and 74 PRINCES OF EUROPE. his successors the dignity of seneschal of France. 987. Fulco III., the Black ; died returning from J erusalem : succeeded by his son, 1040. Geoffrey II. Martel (the Hammer), who died without male issue. 1060 f Geoffrey III., the Bearded ; and ( Fulco IV. ; the latter imprisoned his bro- ther, and was excommunicated by the pope : his consort, Bertrade of Montfort, was carried off by the king (Philip I. of France), who married her. 1106. Geoffrey IV. : released his uncle, who died soon after, leaving to his nephew Anjou. Geoffrey fell in a war with his father by a poisoned arrow, discharged at him, it is said, at the instance of Bertrade. 1109. Fulco v., son of Geoffrey IV.; became king of Jerusalem, and died in 1142 : succeeded by his third son, 1129. Geoffrey v., Plantagenet ; obtained Anjou from his father this year : his two elder brothers succeeded the father as kings of Jerusalem. [Geoffrey V. married Mathilde d'Angle- terre ^ (Maud, daughter of Henry I.) : he conquered Normandy, which he gave, in 1149, to his son Henry, afterwards Henry II., king of England.] 1150. Geoffrey VI., second son of the preceding: died without an heir. 1158. William, earl of Poitou, third son of Geof- frey V. : died in 1164. [Anjou from this time became a possession of the kings of England. It was, how- ever, in the reign of John taken, toge- ther with Normandy, by Philip-Au- gustus of France, and incorporated with that kingdom, and given as a fief; first to] * * John, son of Louis VIIT., who died early; and next to 1264. Charles, his brother, who, later, became Charles I. of Sicily; and whose de- scendants were called the house of An- jou. [Alfonso v., of Arragon and Naples, achieved a victory over Rene of Anjou^ in 1422. The dukedom of Anjou after- wards became nothing more than a mere title, taken by the second sons of the kings of France. This title has long since ceased.] 1 From this marriage of Maud of England with Geoflfrey of Anjou, sprung the line of the Plantagenets of our own country, a race of fourteen kings, commencing with Henry II. in 1154, and terminating with Richard III. in 1485, a period of 331 years. 2 Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Rene of Anjou, above mentioned, was queen of Henry VI. of England, and her name will ever stand prominently in British history. She was of an ambitious and Amazonian spirit, re- markable for her courage and enterprize, and the intrepidity with which she headed her troops in the war of the roses against the house of York. If she had not been the instrument of her husband's misfortunes by putting to death the duke of Gloucester, his uncle, her name would be immortalized for the fortitude and policy with which she supported the rights of Henry and her son. She defeated the duke of York at Wakefield in 1460, and in her march to London encountered at St. Albans (1461) the earl of Warwick, who had her husband with him as a prisoner ; her success in this battle set him free. But after the defeat at Towton, being unable to raise a new army in England, she crossed over to France to solicit succours from Louis XI., who refused them. The fatal battle of Tewkesbury (1471) put an end to all her enterprizes. Margaret was taken prisoner, and confined in the Tower, but was ransomed by Louis, in return for which she made over to him all her right to the duchies of Anjou, Lorraine, and Barr, and the county of Provence. Died in 1482. 75 PART II. STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS OF ENGLAND^ AMBASSADORS, ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY, MINISTERS PLE- NIPOTENTIARY, &c. FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO FOREIGN STATES. {From the Accession of King George III. 1760.) *^* After the year 1800, the respective dates are, in most cases, those of the Credentials, Ambassadors are frequently mentioned in early history. As civilization advanced, and intercourse between nations (its consequence) became greater, they were made resident at courts, thereby to render the friendly relations of these courts with each other, the more permanent and enlarged. In England, we have four classes or degrees of ministers to foreign courts. The first class are Ambassadors ; Envoys or Ministers- Plenipotentiary constitute the second class ; Ministers, called resident (though all are so) the third ; and Charges d' Affaires the fourth. The distinctions are usually regulated by the dignity of the individual, the importance of his mission, and the splendour of the court to which he is accredited. The Corps Diplomatique of Great Britain has furnished to her councils some of her greatest statesmen. Many of the personages who have been members of it have risen to the highest honours in reward of their eminent services to their country, not more by their consummate wisdom in conducting delicate and intricate negotiation, than by their prudence and address in removing those political asperities that sometimes occur in the great business of nations. EUROPE. To THE Empekor of Germany, afterwards of Austria. 1763. David Murray, viscount Stormont (after- wards earl of Mansfield), ambassador. May 7. 1772. Sir Robert-Murray Keith (afterwards Right hon.), ambassador. Aug. 14. 1790. Thomas, earl of Elgin, ambassador extra- ordinary, to congratulate Leopold II. on his accession to the throne. 1792. Thomas, earl of Elgin, ambassador to the emperor Francis II. Aug. 18. 1793. Sir Morton Eden (afterwards Right hon. and lord Henley), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. 1794. George-John, earl Spencer, ambassador extraordinary, on particular affairs. 1799. Gilbert, lord Minto, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. July 2. 1801. Hon. Arthur Paget (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Arthur), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Aug. 21. 1805. Charles, earl of Harrington ; extraordinary mission. Nov. 28. 1806. Robert Adair (afterwards Right hon. sir Robert), envoy extraordinary and mi- nister plenipotentiary. May 7. 1807. George-Augustus, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, ambassador. May 14. 1809. Benjamin Bathurst J extraordinary mission, Feb. 14. 1813. George-Hamilton Gordon, earl of Aberdeen, ambassador. July 29. — Hon. Frederick- James Lamb (afterwards sir Frederick, and lord Beauvale; succeeded as viscount Melbourne), minister plenipotentiary, ad hit, Aug. 6. 1814. Charles-William, lord Stewart (afterwards succeeded as marquess of Londonderry), ambassador. — Robert, viscount Castlereagh (afterwards marquess of Londonderry), Richard, earl of Clancarty, William, earl Cath- cart, and Charles-William, lord Stewart, plenipotentiaries to the congress at Vi- enna. Aug. IL 1815. Arthur, duke of Wellington, first plenipo- tentiary to the congress of Vienna. Jan. 18. — Hon. Robert Gordon (afterwards Right hon. sir Robert), minister plenipotentiarv, ad int. March 27. 76 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1817. The same, ad int. June 24. 1818. Robert, viscount Castlereagh, and Arthur duke of Wellington, plenipotentiaries to the conference at Aix-la-Chapelle. Aug. 18. 1821. Hon. Robert Gordon, again, minister plenipotentiary, ad int. Jan. 19. — Arthur, duke of Wellington, plenipotentiary to the conference at Vienna. Sept. 9. 1822. Arthur, duke of Wellington ; extraordinary mission ; congress at Verona. Sept. 14. 1823. Sir Henry Wellesley (afterwards lord Cow- ley), ambassador. Feb. 3. 1831. Hon. Francis-Reginald Forbes, minister plenipotentiary, ad int. April 22. — Rt. hon. and hon. sir Frederick- James Lamb, again, ambassador. May 13. 1832. John-George, lord (afterwards earl of) Durham ; extraordinary mission to Austria, to Prussia, and to Russia. Sept. 14. 1834. Hon. William Thomas Horner Fox- Strangways, minister plenipotentiary, ad int. Oct. 8. 1835. Right hon. sir Charles Bagot ; special mis- sion. April 7. — Hon. Henry-Edward Fox, afterwards lord Holland, minister plenipotentiary, ad int. July 2. 1838. John-Ralph Milbanke, minister plenipo- tentiary, ad int. Nov. 7. 1841. Right hon. sir Robert Gordon, ambassador. Oct. 16. 1845. Arthur-Charles Magenis, minister plenipo- tentiary, ad int. June 18. 1846. John, viscount Ponsonby, ambassador. Aug. 10. 1849. Arthur-Charles Magenis, minister plenipo- tentiary, ad int. May 7. 1851. John, earl of Westmorland, envoy extra- ordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Jan. 27. The present Minister. [Diplomatic relations between England and the king of Bavaria, were established at the close of the war in 1814.] 1814. George-Henry Rose (afterwards Rt. hon. sir George), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Jan. 31. 1815. Hon Frederick -James Lamb (afterwards sir Frederick, and lord Beauvale ; suc- ceeded as viscount Melbourne), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiarv. Sept. 12. To THE King of Bavaria. (^See Germany, previous to 1814.) 1820. Brook Taylor (afterwards right hon. sir Brook), envoy extraordinary and mi- nister plenipotentiary. March 6. 1828. David Montagu, lord Erskine, envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. Jan. 4. 1843. John-Ralph Milbanke, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 24. The PRESENT (1850) Minister to Ba- varia. To THE King of the Belgians. [Since the separation of Belgium from the king- dom of the Netherlands, and the establishment of a distinct monarchy, 1830-31.] 1830. John, viscount Ponsonby ; special mission to provisional government. Dec. 1. 1831. Rt. hon. sir Robert Adair ; special mission. Aug. 3. 1832. Col. hon. John-Hobart Caradoc (after- wards succeeded as baron Howden) ; military special mission. Nov. 15. 1835. Henrj^-Lytton Bulwer (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Henry), charge d'affaires. Dec. 3. 1836. Sir George-Hamilton Seymour, envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. April 4. 1845. Thomas-Wathen Waller, charge d'affaires. Oct. 18. 1846. Charles- Augustus, lord Howard de Walden and Seaford, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 10. The PRESENT (1850) Minister to Belgium. — Rt. hon. sir Stratford Canning, extra- ordinary mission to Belgium, Germany, Greece, and Switzerland. To THE King of Denmark. 1703. Dudley-Alexander-Sydney Cosby (after- wards lord Sydney, of Leix, in Ireland), resident. Sept. To. 1765. William Gordon (afterwards sir William, bart.), envoy extraordinary. June 29. — Robert Gunning (afterwards sir Robert), resident. Nov. 23. 1771. Robert-Murray Keith (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Robert), envoy extraordinary. Feb. 1772. Ralph Woodford, envoy extraordinary. Aug. 14. 1774. Daniel De Laval, resident. July 15. 1778. The same ; envoy extraordinary. June 10. 1779. Morton Eden (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Mor- ton, and lord Henley), envoy extraor- dinary. March 17. 1782. Hugh Elliot, envoy extraordinary, and (afterwards) minister plenipotentiary. 1791. Daniel Hailes, envoy extraordinarv. Dec. 14. 1795. Lord Robert-Stephen Fitzgerald, envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipotentiary. July 7. 1800. Charles, lord (afterwards viscount and earl) Whitworth; extraordinary mis- sion. Aug. 1. 1803. Sir James Craufurd, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 27. — Robert Liston (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Robert) ; extraordinary mission. June 23. 1804. Benjamin Garlike, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 3L 1805. Edward Thornton (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Edward), minister plenipotentiary to Denmark, the Hanse Towns, Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. May 4. AMBASSADOKS, ENVOYS, ETC. 77 1807. Brook Taylor (afterwards Et. hon. sir Brook), envoy extraordinary and mi- nister plenipotentiary, ad int. July 17. 1807. Francis- James Jackson, envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary, ad int. July 24. — Anthony Merry, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 3. 1812. Edward Thornton, again, envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary. July 5. 1813, 1814. 1824. General hon. Alexander Hope, envoy extraordinary, and minister plenipo- tentiary. Jan. 15. Augustus- John Foster (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Augustus), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. May 19. Henry-Watkin-Williams Wynn (after- wards Rt. hon. sir Henry), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. Sept. 14. The present (1850) Minister to Denmark. To France. 17G1. 1702. 17G3. 1765 1766. 1768. 1772. 1783. 1784. 1785. 1790. 1796. 1797. 1801. 1802. 1806. Hans Stanley, afterwards Rt. hon. Hans Stanley, charge d'affaires. John, duke of Bedford*, ambassador. Sept. 4. Francis Seymour, earl of Hertford, ambas- sador. Charles Lenox, duke of Richmond, am- bassador. William-Henry Nassau, earl of Rochford, ambassador. July 2. Simon Harcourt, earl Harcourt, ambas- sador. David Murray, viscount Stormont (after- wards earl of Mansfield), ambassador. Sept. 9. Francis-Godolphin Osborne, marquess of Carmarthen, ambassador. Feb. 10. George Montagu, duke of Manchester, ambassador. April 9. John -Frederick Sackville, duke of Dorset, ambassador. Daniel Hailes, minister plenipotentiary, ad int. April 28. Rt. hon. William Eden (afterwards lord Auckland), envoy extraordinary, and plenipotentiary for commercial affairs. Dec. 9. George Granville, earl Gower, ambassador. June 11. Recalled Sept. 1792. [The war interrupted the diplomatic re- lations between the two countries.] James, lord (afterwards earl of) Malmes- bury, ambassador extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary for negotiating a treaty of peace. Oct. 13. James, lord Malmesbury, again ; for nego- tiating a peace with the plenipoten- tiaries of the French republic at Lisle. June 30. Charles, marquess Cornwallis, plenipoten- tiary at the congress held at Amiens. Oct. 29. Francis-James Jackson, minister pleni- potentiary. Dec. 2. Anthony Merry, minister plenipotentiary. April 1. Charles, lord (afterwards viscount and earl) Whitworth, ambassador. Sept. 10. Left Paris, May 19, 1803. [The war with Napoleon again interrupted the diplomatic relations between the two countries.] Francis Seymour, earl of Yarmouth, and James, earl of Lauderdale, commission- 1815. 1824. ers for negotiating a peace with France. Aug. 1. 1814. Sir Charles Stuart (afterwards lord Stuart de Rothesay), envoy extraordniary and minister plenipotentiary, ad int. June 4. — Rt. hon. Charles Bagot (afterguards sir Charles), minister plenipotentiary. July 11. — Arthur, duke of Wellington, ambassador. Aug. 8. Lord Fitzroy- James-Henry Somerset, mi- nister plenipotentiary. Jan. 18. Sir Charles Stuart, again ; ambassador, ad int. March 26. Granville, viscount (afterwards earl) Gran- ville; special mission, to congratulate Charles X. on his accession to the throne. Oct. 7. — Hon. Algernon Percy, minister plenipoten- tiary, ad int. Oct. 12. — Granville, viscount Granville, again, am- bassador. Nov. 3. 1825. Hugh, duke of Northumberland; special embassy ; coronation of the king (Charies X.). April 30. 1828. Lord Stuart de Rothesay, ambassador. July 1. 1830. Viscount Granville, again ; ambassador. Dec. 8. 1832. Hamilton-Charles- James Hamilton, mi- nister plenipotentiary, ad int. March 23. 1833. Arthur Aston (afterwards sir Arthur), mi- nister plenipotentiary, ad int. April 19. 1835. Henry, lord Cowley, ambassador. March 13. — Granville, earl (late viscount) Granville, ambassador. March 29. 1837. Arthur Aston, again, minister plenipoten- tiary, ad int. July 24. 1839. Henry Lytton Bulwer (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Henry), minister plenipotentiarv, ad int. July 29. 1841. Henrv, lord Cowley, again, ambassador. Oct. 16. 1845. Lord William Hervey, minister plenipo- tentiary, ad int. July 29. 1846. Constantine-Henry, marquess of Nor- man by, ambassador. Aug. 12. 1848. Marquess of Normanby, continued; special and temporary mission to the French National Assembly. Aug. 16. 1849. Marquess of Normanby, continued, am- bassador. Jan. 31. The present (1850) Ambassador to France. To Germany. 1763. Philip Stanhope, envoy extraordinary to the diet of the empire. • March 22. — James Porter (afterwards sir James), minister plenipotentiary to the emperor of Germany's court at I3rus3els. May 7. 1764. William Gordon (afterwards sir William), minister plenipotentiary at Ratisbon. April 3. 1765. The same, now minister plenipotentiary at Brussels. Nov. 23. 78 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1765. Fulke Greville, envoy extraordinary to the elector of Bavaria, and minister plenipotentiary to the diet of Ratisbon. Nov. 23. 1769. Lewis de Visme, minister plenipotentiary to the elector of Bavaria and diet of Ratisbon. 1773. Hugh Elliot, minister plenipotentiary to the elector of Bavaria, and minister to the diet of Ratisbon. Dec. 24. 1776. Morton Eden (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Morton, and lord Henley), to the same. Oct. 31. 1777. AUeyne Fitzherbert (afterwards lord St. Helens), minister at Brussels. March 4. 1779. Richard Oakes, minister to the diet of Ratisbon. 1780. Hon. John Trevor, minister plenipoten- tiary to the elector palatine, and mi- nister to the diet of Ratisbon. April 7. 1781. Ralph Heathcote, minister plenipotentiary to the elector of Cologne, &c. March 3. 1783. George Byng, viscount Torrington, envoy extraordinary to the emperor's court at Brussels. — Robert, viscount Galway, envoy extraor- dinaiy to the elector palatine, and mi- nister to the diet of Ratisbon. Feb. 22. — Hon. Thomas Walpole, envoy extraordi- nary to the elector palatine. Nov. 19. 1788. Hon. Thomas Walpole, envoy extraordi- nary and plenipotentiary to the same. 1790. Charles-Henry Eraser, minister plenipoten- tiary to the circle of Lower Saxony, and resident at the Hanse Towns. Aug. 1 4. 1792. Thomas, earl of Elgin, envoy extraordi- narv to the emperor's court at Brussels. Aug. 18. 1796. William Elliot, minister plenipotentiary to the elector palatine, and minister to the diet of Ratisbon. 1798. Hon. Arthur Paget (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Arthur), envoy extraordinary to the elector palatine, and minister to the diet of Ratisbon. May 22. — Sir James Craufurd, bart., minister pleni- potentiary to the circle of Lower Saxony, and resident at the Hanse Towns. July 28. 1799. Francis Drake, envoy extraordinary to the same, and minister to the diet of Ratis- bon. June 11. 1800. The same, to the elector palatine, new cre- dentiah, and envoy extraordinary to the diet of Ratisbon. May. 1801. Brook Taylor (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Brook), minister plenipotentiary to Hesse -Cassel and to the elector of Cologne. Aug. 4. 1802. Francis Drake, minister plenipotentiary to the elector palatine, in addition to his former character. July 1. 1803. The same, minister plenipotentiary to the diet of Ratisbon. Feb. 27. 1805. Hon. William Hill, envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the circle of Franconia. March 1. — Edward Thornton (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Edward), minister plenipotentiary to Denmark, the Hanse Towns, and the circle of Lower Saxony, to Mecklen- burgh -Schwerin, and to Mecklenburgh- Strelitz. May 4. 1815. Alexander Cockburn, envoy extraordinary to the Hanse Towns and to Lower Saxony. June 1. 1817. Hon. Frederick-James Lamb (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Frederick, and lord Beau- vale ; succeeded as viscount Mel- bourne), minister plenipotentiary to the Germanic Confederation. Nov. 28. 1820. The same, envoy extraordinary and mi- nister plenipotentiary. March 6. 1823. George-Hamilton Seymour (afterwards sir George), charge d'affaires, ad int., to the Germanic Confederation. Oct. 7. 1824. Hon. Frederick Cathcart, minister plenipo- tentiary to the Germanic Confederation. April 2. 1826. Hon. Frederick Cathcart, minister plenipo- tentiary to Hesse -Cassel. Feb. 2. 1827. John-Ralph Milbanke, charge d'affaires, ad int., to the same. March 20. 1828. Henry-Unwin Addington, minister pleni- potentiary to the Germanic Confedera- tion, and to Hesse-Cassel. Feb. 18. 1829. George-William Chad, minister plenipo- tentiary to the Germanic Confederation, and to Hesse-Cassel. Nov. 2. 1830. Thomas Cartwright (afterwards sir Tho- mas), minister plenipotentiary to the Germanic Confederation. Nov. 16. 1831. The same, minister plenipotentiary to Hesse-Cassel. Jan. 14. 1838. Hon. Henry-Edward Fox (afterwards lord Holland), minister plenipotentiary to the Germanic Confederation. May 2. — The same, to Hesse-Cassel. May 2. 1839. Hon. Ralph Abercromby, minister pleni- potentiary to the Germanic Confedera- tion. Jan. 2. — The same, to Hesse Cassel. July 25. 1840. Hon.William-Thomas-Horner Fox-Strang- ways, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Germanic Con- federation, and minister plenipotentiary to Hesse-Cassel. Aug. 1. 1841. Hon. Francis-Reginald Forbes, minister plenipotentiary to Saxe-Coburg Gotha. June 29. See Saxony. 1843. Hon. Francis- George Molyneux, charge d'affaires to the diet. Jan. 24. 1847. John, earl of Westmorland, minister pleni- potentiary to Mecklenburgh-Schwerin, and to Mecklenburgh-Strelitz. April 20. See Prussia. — Hon. John-Duncan Bligh, minister pleni- potentiar}' to Oldenburg. April 20. See Hanover. — The same, minister plenipotentiary to Brunswick. Oct. 15. See Hanover. — John, earl of Westmorland, minister pleni- potentiary to Anhalt-Dessau. Oct. 15. See Prussia. — Hon. Francis-Reginald Forbes, minister plenipotentiary to Saxe-Weimar-Eise- nach, to Saxe-Altenburg, and to Saxe- Meiningen. Oct. 15. See Saxony. — Hon.William-Thomas-Horner-Fox-Strang- ways, minister plenipotentiary to Hesse- Darmstadt, and to Nassau. Oct. 15. — Rt. hon. Sir Stratford Canning, extraordi- nary mission to Germany, Belgium, Greece, and Switzerland. 1848. Henry-Richard-Charles, lord Cowley ; spe- cial mission to Frankfort, without cre- dentials. July 29. The present (1850) Minister. AMBASSADORS, EXYOYS, ETC. 79 To THE King of Greece. [Greece became a kingdom, Oct. 5, 1832 ; and Otho, of Bavaria, ascended the throne, as first king, Jan. 25, in the following year.] 1833. Edward- James Dawkins, minister pleni- potentiary. Jan. 1. 1835. Sir Edmund Lyons, minister plenipoten- tiary. July 2. 1847. Rt. hon. sir Stratford Canning, extraordi- nary mission to Greece, Belgium, Ger- many, and Switzerland. 1849. Rt. hon. Thomas Wyse, minister plenipo- tentiary. Feb. 14. The PRESENT (1850) Minister to Greece. To THE King of Hanover. [Hanover became separated from the crown of Great Britain by the demise of his Britannic ma- jesty, William IV., June 20, 1837, when Ernest, duke of Cumberland, ascended the throne.] 1838. Hon. John-Duncan Bligh, envoy extra- ordinary and minister plenipotentiary. May 2. The present (1850) Minister to Hanover. To THE Hanse Towns. Philip Stanhope, resident. 1762. Robert Colebrooke, resident. 1763. Ralph Woodford, resident. March 22. Emmanuel Matthias, resident. Aug. 14. Charles-Henry Fraser, resident, and mi- nister plenipotentiary to Lower Saxony. Aug. 13. Sir James Craufurd, bart., resident, and minister plenipotentiary to Lower Saxony. July 28. 1803. Sir George-Berriman Rumbold, bart.i, re- sident. Seized by the French govern- ment, and conveyed to Paris, Oct. 25, 1804: restored to liberty, and arrived in London, Nov. 18, following. 1772. 1790. 1798. 1805. Edward Thornton (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Edward), resident, and minister pleni- potentiary to Denmark, Lower Saxony, Mecklenburgh-Schwerin, and Mecklen- burgh-Strelitz. May 4. 1813. Alexander Cockburn; special mission. March. 1815. Alexander Cockburn, envoy extraordinary. June 1. 1836. Henry Canning, charge d'affaires to the Hanse Towns and to Lower Saxony. Nov. 29. 1841. Colonel Lloyd Hodges, charge d'affaires, July 31. The present (1850) Minister to the Hanse Towns, &c. To THE Netherlands. Hon. Joseph Yorke (afterwards rt. hon. sir Joseph), envoy extraordinary and ple- nipotentiary. 1784. Sir James Harris (afterwards lord and earl of Malmesbury), envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the states-gene- ral of the United Provinces. July 3. 1788. The same, ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the states general, &c. Feb. 8. 1789. Rt. hon. Alleyne Fitzherbert (afterwards lord St. Helens), envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the states gene- ral, &;c. May 16. — William Eden, lord Auckland, ambassa- dor to the states general, &c. Nov. 28. 1790. Lord Henry-John Spencer, minister ple- nipotentiary, ad int., to their high mightinesses. April 7. 1793. Hon. William Eliot (afterwards lord Eliot and earl of St. Germans), minister ple- nipotentiary, ad int. 1794. Alleyne, lord St. Helens, envoy extra- ordinary and plenipotentiary. 1802. Robert Liston (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Ro- bert), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Batavian republic. Aug. 14. 1813. Richard, earl of Clancarty, ambassador to the prince of Orange. Nov. 25. 1815. Sir Charles Stuart (afterwards lord Stuart de Rothesay), ambassador to the prince of Orange. Jan. 16. — Sir Charles Stuart (afterwards lord Stuart de Rothesay), ambassador to the Low Countries. March 21. — John James, minister plenipotentiary, ad int. June 29. 1817. Richard, earl of Clancarty, again, ambas- sador. Jan. 18. 1819. George-William Chad, minister plenipo- tentiary, ad int. March 23. 1824. Granville, viscount (afterwards earl) Gran- ville, ambassador. Feb. 14. — Andrew-Snape Douglas, minister plenipo- tentiary, ad int. Oct. 6. — Rt. hon. sir Charles Bagot, ambassador. Nov. 27. 1 Sir George Rumbold's house, near Altona, was surrounded by a company of eighty soldiers (part of a detach- ment of 250) at one o'clock in the morning ; the doors were forced open, and his person and papers seized. On the instant, he was hurried into a carriage, taken to the banks of the Elbe, and thence conveyed to Harbourg, and to Hanover, and subsequently by land, escorted by a squadron of dragoons, to Paris, where, immediately on his arrival, he was lodged in the Temple. The British government appealed in strong terms to the corps diploma- tique against this outrage, and the different sovereigns of Europe were invoked to resent it. However, after an examination of his papers (in which nothing was found to implicate him in a supposed conspiracy), and an imprisonment of three days, he was released, and removed, still strongly guarded, first to Boulogne, and then to Cherbourg. At this latter place he was embarked for England in a fishing-smack, which, meeting in the channel the British frigate Niobe, she received him on board, and landed him at Portsmouth. This affair produced a great sensation at every court. 80 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1829. Thomas Cartvvright (afterwards sir Tho- mas), minister plenipotentiary, ad int. July 28. 1832. Hon. John-Duncan Bligh, minister pleni- potentiary, ad int. June 16. 1833. Hon. George-Sulyarde- Stafford Jerning- ham, charge d'affaires. 1835. Sir Edward-Cromwell Disbrowe, envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipotentiary-, Dec. 30. The present (1850) Minister to the Netherlands. To THE King and Eepublic of Poland. Thomas Wroughton (afterwards sir Tho- mas), minister plenipotentiary. 1778. Richard Oakes, minister plenipotentiary. June 10. 1779. James Hare, minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 19. 1782. John, viscount Dalrymple (afterwards earl of Stair), minister plenipoten- tiary. Jan. 5. 1784. Charles Whitworth (afterwards sir Charles, baron, viscount, and earl Whitworth), minister plenipotentiary. June 25. 1788. Daniel Hailes, minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 13. 1791. William Gardiner, minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 14. [Poland was finally partitioned by Russia, Austria, and Prussia, in 1795.] To THE Court of Portugal. Hon. Edward Hay, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. 1766. William-Henry Lyttleton (afterwards lord Westcote, in Ireland), envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 25. 1771. Hon. Robert Walpole, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. June 12. 1786. William Fawkener, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, for nego- tiating commercial affairs in conjunction with the hon. Robert Walpole. Oct. 4. 1800. John-Hookhnm Frere, envoy extraordi- narv and minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 14." 1802. Lord Robert-Stephen Fitzgerald, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. Sept. 25. 1806. James, earl of Rosslyn, John, earl of St. Vincent, and general Simcoe ; extraor- dinary mission. Aug. 9. — Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford, mi- nister plenipotentiary, ad int. Dec. 1. 1808. Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. April 16. [Viscount Strangford went to the Brazils on the court of Portugal going thither.] — John-Charles Villiers, envoy extraordi- nary and minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 27. 1810. Charles Stuart (afterwards sir Charles, and lord Stuart de Rothesay), envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipoten tiary. Jan. 10. 1814. Thomas Sydenham, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. May 26. — Rt. hon. George Canning, ambassador ; to congratulate the king on his return to his European dominions. Oct. 17. 1817. Rt. hon. Edward Thornton (afterwards sir Edward), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. July 29. [Mr. Thornton went to the Brazils same year.] 1819. The same, ambassador />ro ^em. April 12. 1820. Edward- Michael Ward, charge d'affaires. March 6. 1823. Rt. hon. sir Edward Thornton, again, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. Aug. 7. 1824. Sir William A'Court (afterwards lord Heytesbury), ambassador. Aug. 16. 1825. Sir Charles Stuart (afterwards lord Stuart de Rothesay) ; special mission. March 1827. Rt. hon. sir Frederick-James Lamb (after- wards lord Beauvale; succeeded as viscount Melbourne), ambassador. Dec. 28. 1833. Lord William Russell ; special mission. Aug. 7. — Charles- Augustus, lord Howard de Walden (afterwards lord Howard de Walden and Seaford), envoy extraordinary and mi- nister plenipotentiary. Nov. 26. 1847. Sir George-Hamilton Seymour, envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 2. The present (1850) Minister to Portugal. To THE King of Prussia. 1765. Andrew Mitchell (afterwards sir Andrew), envoy extraordinary. Dec. 13. 1771. Robert Gunning (afterwards sir Robert, bart.), envoy extraordinary. Feb. 13. 1772. James Harris (afterwards sir James, lord and earl of Malmesbury), envoy extra- ordinary. Jan. 3. 1776. HughEUiot, envoy extraordinary. Oct. 13. 1782. George- J ames, earl of Cholmondeley, envoy extraordinary. June 14. — Sir John Stepney, bart., envoy extraor- dinary. Sept. 21. 1784. John, viscount Dalrymple (afterwards earl of Stair), envoy extraordinary. 1788. Joseph Ewart, envoy extraordinary. Aug. 5. 1791. Sir Morton Eden (afterwards Rt^hon. and lord Henley), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 3. 1793. James, lord (afterwards earl of ) Malmes- bury, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. 1795. Lord Henry-John Spencer, envoy extra- ordinary and minister plenipotentiary : died July, 1795. — Thomas, earl of Elgin, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Aug. 15. 1800. John -Joshua, earl of Carysfort, envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipotentiary. 1802. Francis- James Jackson, envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiarv. Oct 24. AMBASSADORS, ENVOYS, ETC. 81 1805. Edward Thornton (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Edward), minister plenipotentiary to Denmark, the Hanse Towns, Lower Saxony, Mecklenburgh-Schwerin, and Mecklenburgh-Strelitz. May 4. — Dudley, lord (Afterwards earl of) Harrow- by; extraordinary mission to Prussia and to Russia. Oct. 25. 1806. Lord Granville-Leveson Gower (after- wards earl Granville); extraordinary mission. Jan. 8. — Charles, earl of Harrington ; extraordinary mission. Jan 9. — George Howard, viscount Morpeth (suc- ceeded as earl of Carlisle). Sept. 29. — John Hely, lord Hutchinson (succeeded as earl of Donoughmore). Nov. 18. 1807. John-Hookham Frere, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. June 17. — Benjamin Garlike, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, ad int. July 17. 1813. Hon. sir Charles Stewart (afterwards lord Stewart, and marquess of Londonderry), envoy extraordinary and minister pleni- potentiary. April 7. — Robert Stewart, viscount Castlereagh (suc- ceeded as marquess of Londonderry) ; extraordinary mission. Dec. 27. 1815. George-Henry Rose (afterwards Rt. hon. sir George), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 10. 1822. Arthur, duke of Wellington; extraordinary mission to the congress at Verona. Sept. 14. 1823. Richard Meade, earl of Clanwilliam, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. Feb. 3. 1827. Sir Brook Taylor (afterwards Rt. hon.), envoy extraordinary and minister pleni- potentiary. Dec. 28. 1830. George- William Chad, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 20. 1832. Gilbert, earl of Minto, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Aug. 22. — John-George, lord Durham (afterwards earl of Durham); extraordinary mis- sion to Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Sept. 14. 1834. Sir George Shee, bart., envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 31. 1835. Rt. hon. sir Robert Adair j special mission. July 28. — Lord George- William Russell, envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 24. John, lord Burghersh (afterwards earl of Westmorland), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 16. Henry -Francis Howard, charge d'affaires ad int. May 28. [The earl of Westmorland is (as above) the PRESENT (1850) Minister to Prussia.] 1841. 1846. To THE Emperor of Russia. 1762. 1764. 1766. 1767. 1768. 1771. 1776. 1783. 1788. 1790. 1801. Robert- Murray Keith (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Robert), envoy extraordinary. John, earl of Buckinghamshire, ambassa- dor extraordinary and minister pleni- potentiary. July 17. Sir George (afterwards lord, viscount, and earl) Macartney, envoy extraordinary. Aug. 31. Rt. hon. Hans Stanley, ambassador extra- ordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Aug. 12. Sir George (afterwards lord, viscount, and earl) Macartney, ambassador extraor- dinarv and minister plenipotentiarv. Oct. i4. Charles Shaw, lord Cathcart, ambassador extraordinarv and minister plenipoten- tiary. Feb. 23. Robert Gunning (afterwards sir Robert, bart.), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 13. Sir James Harris (afterwards lord, and earl of INIalmesbury), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 30. Alleyne Fitzherbert (afterwards lord St. Helens), envoy extraordinary and minis- ter plenipotentiary^ Aug. 19. Charles Whitworth (afterwards sir Charles, and lord, viscount, and earl Whitworth), envoy extraordinary and minister pleni- potentiary. Oct. 13. William Fawkener, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, ad int. Alleyne, lord St. Helens, ambassador to the emperor Alexander on his accession. April 24. Benjamin Garlike, minister plenipotentiary, ad int. July 13. 1802. Sir John-Borlase Warren, bart., ambassa- dor. Sept. 5. 1804. Lord Granville-Leveson Gower (afterwards earl Granville), ambassador. Aug. 10. 1805. William Shaw, lord (afterwards viscount, and earl) Cathcart, ambassador. Nov. 28. — Dudley, lord (afterwards earl of) Harrow- by; extraordinary mission (and to Prussia). Nov. 28. 1806. Lord Granville-Leveson Gower (afterwards earl Granville), again, ambassador. May 17. — Alexander Hamilton, marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale (succeeded as duke of Hamilton), ambassador. May 28. 1812. William Shaw, viscount (afterwards earl) Cathcart, ambassador. July 25. — Horatio, lord Walpole (succeeded as earl of Orford), minister plenipotentiary, ad int. Aug. 4. 1813. Robert, viscount Castlereagh (succeeded as marquess of Londonderry) ; special mis- sion. Dec. 27. 1817. Lewis Casamaj or, minister plenipotentiary, ad int. July 5. 1820. Rt. hon. sir Charles Bagot, ambassador. May 23. — Lt.-col. hon. Frederick Cathcart, minister plenipotentiary'^, ad int. 1822. Arthur, duke of Wellington ; extraordinary mission to the congress of Yerona. Sept. 14. 1824. Edward-Michael Ward, minister plenipo- tentiary, ad int. June 30. — Rt. hon. Stratford Canning (afterwards sir Stratford) ; special mission. Dec. 8. 1825. Edward - Cromwell Disbrowe (afterwards sir Edward), minister plenipotentiary, ad int. Feb. 23. 82 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1825. Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford, am- bassador. Oct. 10. 1826. Arthur, duke of Wellington, again ;'special mission. Feb. 6. — William-Spencer Cavendish, duke of Devonshire; special embassy; corona- tion of the emperor Nicholas. May 5. — Edward-Cromwell Disbrowe (afterwards sir Edward), minister plenipotentiary, ad int. May 31. 1828. Hon. William Temple, minister plenipo- tentiary, ad int. J an. 4. — William, lord Heytesburj'", ambassador. June 7. 1832. John-George, lord (afterwards earl of) Durham ; extraordinary mission to Austria, Russia, and Prussia. July 3. 1832. Hon. John-Duncan Bligh, minister pleni- potentiary, ad int. Sept. 3. 1835. John-George, earl of Durham, ambassador July 8. 1836. John-Ralph Milbanke, minister plenipo- tentiary, ad int. Sept. 29. 1838. Ulick-John, marquess of Clanricarde, am- bassador. Oct. 6. 1840. Hon. John-Arthur-Douglas Bloomfield, (afterwards lord Bloomfield), minister plenipotentiary, ad int. March 28. 1841. Charles, lord Stuart de Rothesay, ambas- sador. Oct. 16. 1844. John - Arthur - Douglas, lord Bloomfield, envoy extraordinary and minister ple- nipotentiary. March 9. The present (1850) Minister to Russia. To THE King of Sardinia. 1761. 1768. 1779. 1783. 1789. 17C9. Hon. James-Stuart Mackenzie, envoy ex- traordinary. George Pitt (afterwards lord Rivers), envoy extraordinary. Sir William Lynch, envoy extraordinary. Oct. 1. John, viscount Mountstuart, envoy extra- ordinary and plenipotentiary. Aug. 16. Hon. John Trevor, envoy extraordinary. Feb. 22. The same, as minister plenipotentiary. June 16. Thomas Jackson, minister plenipotentiary. April 13. 1807. Hon. William Hill, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 9. 1824. Right hon. Augustus-John Foster (after- wards sir Augustus), envoy extraordi- nary and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 14. 1840. Hon. Ralph Abercromby, envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary. May 30. 1847. Gilbert, earl of Minto ; extraordinary mis- sion to Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, and Switzerland. Sept. 14. Hon. Ralph Abercromby (as above), the PRESENT (1850) Minister to Sardinia. To THE Court of Saxony. David Murray, viscount Stormont (after- wards earl of Mansfield), envoy extra- ordinary to the elector. 1764. Philip Stanhope, envoy extraordinary. April 3. 1768. Robert-Murray Keith (afterwards right hon. sir Robert) envov extraordinary. Nov. 27. 1771. John Osborne, envoy extraordinary. Feb.ll. 1775. Sir John Stepney, bart., envoy extraordi- nary. Nov. 30. 1783. Morton Eden (afterwards right hon. sir Morton, and lord Henley), envoy ex- traordinary. 1789. Morton Eden, now minister plenipotentiary. 1791. Hugh Elliot, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 13. 1803. Henry-Watkin-Williams Wynn (after- wards right hon. sir Henry), envoy extraordinary. June 25. [ Saxony was erected into a kingdom, con- formably with the treaty of Posen (signed Dec. 11. 1806) between France and Fre- derick-Augustus, the then elector, after- wards king J 1816. John-Philip INIorier, envoy extraordinary. Jan. 5. 1824. George-William Chad, minister plenipo- tentiary. Dec. 11. 1828. Edward- Michael Ward, minister plenipo- tentiary. Feb. 18. 1832. Hon. Francis-Reginald Forbes, minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 26. 1842. Thomas, earl of Wilton, envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary ; special mission. Sept. 24. — Hon. Francis-Reginald Forbes (as above), the PRESENT (1850) Minister to Saxony. See also Germany. To THE King of the (Two) Sicilies. 1800. 1801. Sir James Gray, bart., envoy extraordinary. 1764. William Hamilton (afterwards right hon. sir William), envoy extraordinary. Hon. sir Arthur Paget (afterwards right hon.), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Jan. 17. Rt. hon. William Drummond, envoy extra- ordinary. Aug. 4. 1803. Hugh Elliot, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 9. 1806. General Henry-Edward Fox, envoy extra- ordinary and minister plenipotentiary (military). May 29. — Rt. hon. William Drummond, again, en- voy extraordinary^ and minister pleni- potentiary. Oct. 3. 1809. William Pitt, lord (afterwards earl) Am- herst, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 1. 1811. Lord William-Cavendish Bentinck, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. June 4. 1812. Hon. Frederick-James Lamb (afterwards sir Frederick, and lord Beauvale, and succeeded as viscount Melbourne), mi- nister plenipotentiary, ad int. May 18. 1814. William A'Court (afterwards sir William, and lord Heytesbury), envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary. March 5. 1822. William-Richard Hamilton, envoy extra- AMBASSADORS, ENVOYS, ETC. 83 ordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 12. 1824. Right hon. William-Noel Hill, envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 14. 1825. John, lord Burghersh (succeeded as earl of Westmorland) ; special mission on the accession of the king (Francis L), as king of the Two Sicilies. Feb. 23. 1830. John, lord Burghersh (afterwards earl of Westmoreland), again; envoy extra- ordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 16. Not sent, 1832. John, lord (afterwards viscount) Ponsonby, envoy extraordinary and minister pleni- potentiary. June 8. — Hon. William Temple, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 27. 1847. Gilbert, earl of Minto ; extraordinary mis- sion to Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, and Switzerland. Dec. 17. — Hon. William Temple (as above). The pre- sent (1850) Minister to the Two Sicilies. To Spain. 1763. 1766. 1770. 1771. 1783. 1784. 1787. 1789. 1794. 1795. 1802. 1809. 1810. George-William Hervey, earl of Bristol, ambassador. John Montagu, earl of Sandwich, ambas- sador. Feb. 19. William-Henry Nassau, earl of Rochford, ambassador. June 18. Sir James Gray, bart., ambassador. Nov. 25. George Pitt (afterwards lord Rivers), am- bassador. Feb. 19. Thomas Robinson, lord Grantham, ambas- sador. Jan. 25. James Harris (afterwards sir James, and lord and earl of Malmesbury), minister plenipotentiary, ad int. Feb. 22. John, viscount Mountstuart, ambassador. March 12. Philip Stanhope, earl of Chesterfield, am- bassador. Dec. 31. Robert Liston (afterwards right hon. sir Robert),minister plenipotentiary, ad int. Rt. hon. William Eden (afterwards lord Auckland), ambassador. Aug. 18. Charles-Henry Fraser, minister plenipoten- tiary, ad int. July 18. Sir Morton Eden (afterwards lord Henley), ambassador. March 15. John, earl of Bute (late viscount Mount- stuart, afterwards marquess of Bute), again, ambassador. April 23. John-Hookham Frere (afterwards right hon.), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 20. Richard, marquess Wellesley, ambassador. June 9. Bartholomew Frere, minister plenipoten- tiary, ad int. Sept. 17. Right hon. and hon. Henry Wellesley (af- terwards sir Henry, and lord Cowley), envoy extraordinary and minister ple- nipotentiary. Jan. 3. 1811. The same; ambassador. Oct. 1. 1813. Charles-Richard Vaughan (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Charles), minister plenipoten- tiary, ad. int. July 16. 1820. Lionel Hervey, minister plenipotentiary, ad int. Nov. 25. 1822. Sir William A'Court (afterwards lord Heytesbury), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Aug. 8. 1825. Right hon. and hon. Frederick- James Lamb (afterwards sir Frederick, and lord Beauvale; succeeded as viscount Melbourne), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 18. 1829. Henry-Unwin Addington, envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary, Dec. 7. 1832. Right hon. sir Stratford Canning ; special mission. Dec. 13. 1833. Hon. George- William-Frederick Yilliers (afterwards sir George; succeeded as earl of Clarendon), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 5. 1835. Lord Elliot, military mission. 1839. Hon. George-Sulyarde Stafford Jerning- ham, charge d'affaires. Oct. 18. 1840. Arthur Aston (afterwards sir Arthur), en- voy extraordinary and minister pleni- potentiary. Feb. 13. 1843. Henry-Lytton Bulwer (afterwards right hon. sir Henry), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary.^ Nov. 25. 1850. John Hobart, lord Howden, envoy extra- ordinary and minister plenipotentiary. May 9. The present (1850) Minister to Spain. To THE King of Sweden. Sir John Goodricke, bart., envoy extraor- dinary. 1773. Lewis De Visme, envoy extraordinary. Nov. 29 : died in 1776. 1776. Horace St. Paul, envoj^ extraordinary. Oct. 31. 1778. Thomas Wroughton (afterwards sir Tho- mas), envoy extraordinary. June 10, 1787. The same; now minister plenipotentiary. April 27 : died Sept. this year. — Charles Keene, charge d'affaires. Sept. 22. 1788. Robert Liston (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Robert), minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 13. 1793. Lord Henry-John Spencer, envoy extra- ordinary. July 13. 1795. Daniel Hailes, minister plenipotentiary, July 11. 1802. Charles Arbuthnot (afterwards Rt. hon.), envoy extraordinary. Sept. 5. 1804. Hon. Henry-Manvers Pierrepont (after- wards Rt. hon.), envoy extraordinary ^ hi May 1848, Mr. Bulwer was ordered by the Spanish government to quit Madrid within forty-eight hours, on the alleged ground of his imprtiper interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom. The minister of Spain, in London (M. Isturiz) was, in consequence, informed by the British government that he could not be allowed to continue at the court of Great Britain as minister from the Queen of Spain. M. Istur z took his departure, therefore, from London on the 14th June following; and diplomatic relations were not renewed between the two countries until April 1850; when Lord Howden was appointed British minister to the court of Madrid, and M. Isturiz returned to the court of London. G 2 84 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. and minister plenipotentiary. April 20. 1807. Alexander Straton, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Jan. 19. — Rt. hon. Henry- Man vers Pierrepont ; spe- cial mission. May. — Edward Thornton (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Edward), envoy extraordinary and mi- nister plenipotentiary. Dec. 10. 1808. Anthony Merry, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 1. 1811. Edward Thornton, again; special mission. Oct. 1812. Edward Thornton, agaiuy envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary. Aug. 5. 1817. Perc}' Clinton, viscount Strangford, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. July 18. 1820. Rt. hon. William-Fitzgerald-Vesey Fitz- gerald (afterwards lord Fitzgerald and Vesci), envoy extraordinary and mi- nister plenipotentiary. Aug. 7. 1823. Sir Benjamin Bloomfield (afterwards lord Bloomfield), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. April 24. 1832. Charles- Augustus, lord Howard de Walden (afterwards lord Howard de Walden and Seaford), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 21. 1833. Sir Edward Cromwell Disbrowe, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. Nov. 26. 1835. Hon. John Duncan Bligh, envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiaiy. Nov. 3. 1838. Sir Thomas Cartwright, envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 6. 1850. George-John-Robert Gordon, charge d^af- faireSf May 2, during the absence of sir Thomas Cartwright. 1851. Sir Edmund Lyons, bart., envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary, Jan. 27. The present Minister to Sweden. To THE Swiss Cantons. Arthur Villettes, minister. 1765. William Norton, minister. Jan. 1. Colonel Braun, charge d'affaires. 1792. Lord Robert-Stephen Fitzgerald, minister plenipotentiary. May 12. 1795. William Wickham (afterwards Rt. hon.), minister plenipotentiary. July 11. 1798. James Talbot, minister, ac? inf. Jan. 22. 1814. Stratford Canning (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Stratford), envoy extraordinary and mi- nister plenipotentiary. June 28. 1820. Edward-Cromwell Disbrowe (afterwards sir Edward), charge d'affaires, ad int. June 12. 1822. Henry -Watkin -Williams Wynn (after- wards Rt. hon. sir Henry), envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 12. 1823. Charles-Richard Vaughan (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Charles), minister plenipoten- tiary. Feb. 28. 1825. Hon. Algernon Percy, minister plenipo- tentiary. Oct. 10. 1832. David-Richard Morier, minister plenipo- tentiary. June 21. 1847. Gilbert, earl of Minto ; extraordinary mis- sion to the Italian States, Sardinia, Si- cily, and Switzerland. Sept. 14. — Rt. hon. sir Stratford Canning, again ; ex- traordinary mission to Belgium, Ger- many, Greece, and Switzerland. Nov. 26. 1848. Henry-Richard-Charles, lord Cowley, mi- nister plenipotentiary. Feb. 29. 1849. Sir Edmund Lyons, minister plenipoten- tiary. Feb. 9. 1851. Arthur-Charles Magenis, minister plenipo- tentiary, Jan. 27. The present Minis- ter to Switzerland. To Turkey. — The Ottoman Porte. James Porter (afterwards sir James), am- bassador. 1761. Hon. Henry Grenville, ambassador. 1765. Robert Colebrooke, ambassador, July 31. — John Murray, ambassador, Nov. 30 : died at Venice, Aug. 9, 1775. 1 775. Sir Robert Ainslie, kt., ambassador, Sept. 20. 1793. Robert Liston (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Robert), ambassador, Oct. 1. 1796. Francis-James Jackson, ambassador, July 23. — John-Spencer Smith, minister plenipo- tentiary, ad int. 1799. Thomas, enrl of Elgin, ambassador, April 13. 1803. Rt. hon. William Drummond, ambassador, Feb. 9. 1804. Rt. hon. Charles Arbuthnot, ambassador, June 5. 1807. Hon. sir Arthur Paget (afterwards Rt. hon.), ambassador, Mslj 15. 1808. Robert Adair (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Robert) ; special mission, July 5. 1809. Robert Adair (afterwards sir Robert), am- bassador, April 14. — Stratford Canning (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Stratford), minister plenipotentiary, 1812. Robert Liston, again, ambassador, March 2. 1820. Bartholomew Frere, minister plenipoten- tiar3% March 6. 1820. Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford, am- bassador, Aug. 7. 1824. William Turner, minister plenipotentiary, ad int.y May 18. 1825. Rt. hon. Stratford Canning, again, ambas- sador, Oct. 10. 1827. Col. the hon. John Hobart Caradoc (after- wards lord Howden) ; special mission to Egypt and Greece, July 4. 18"29. Rt. hon. Robert Gordon (afterwards sir Robert), ambassador, April 8. 1831. Rt. hon. sir Stratford Canning, again, ambassador, Oct. 31. — John-Henry Mandeville, minister pleni- potentiary, ad int., Nov. 7. 1832. John, lord (afterwards viscount) Ponsonby, ambassador, Nov. 27. 1837. Sir Charles-Richard Vaughan, ambassador, March 1. AMBASSADORS, ENVOYS, ETC. 85 1841. Charles Bankhead, minister plenipoten- tiary, ad int.f March 30. — Rt. hon. sir Stratford Canning, again, am- bassador, Oct. 16. 1845. Hon. Henry-Richard-Charles Wellesley (afterwards lord Cowley), minister ple- nipotentiary, ad int., June 14. 1845. Sir Stratford Canning (as above). The PRESENT (1850) Ambassador to Tm'key. To THE Grand Duke of Tuscany, &c. Sir Horace Mann, bart., envoy extraordi- nary : died Nov. 1786, having been forty- six years minister at this court. 1787. William Fawkener, envoy extraordinary, pro tern. April 27. 1787. John- Augustus, lord Hervey, envoy ex- traordinary. Aug. 4. 1791. The same, minister plenipotentiary. July 22. 1794. Hon. William- Frederick Wyndham, envoy extraordinary. Jan. 25. 1800. Hon. WlUiam-Frederick-Wyndham, in the additional character of minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 8. 1814. John, lord Burghersh (afterwards earl of Westmorland), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Aug 14. 1818. The same, in the same character, to Parma, and to Modena. Feb. 14. — The same, in the same character, to Lucca, March 5. 1830. George- Hamilton Seymour (afterwards sir George), minister resident, Nov. 16. — John, lord Burghersh, minister plenipo- tentiary to Parma, &c. Nov. 16. Not sent. 1831. Sir George-Hamilton Seymour, minister 1839. 1841. resident to Parma, to Lucca, and to Modena. June 13. 1835. Hon. Ralph Abercromby, minister resident to Tuscanv, to Parma, and to Lucca. Dec. 26. Hon. Henrj^-Edward Fox (afterwards lord Holland), minister plenipotentiary to Tuscany, to Parma, and to Lucca. Jan. 2. Henry-Edward, lord Holland, minister plenipotentiary to Modena. May 14. ^ 1846. Sir George-Baillie Hamilton, minister ple- nipotentiary to Tuscany, to Parma, to Modena, and to Lucca. May 23. 1847. Gilbert, earl of Minto ; extraordinary mis- sion to the Italian States, Sardinia, Si- cily, and Switzerland. Sept. 14. — Sir George-Baillie Hamilton : died at Florence while minister plenipotentiary, in Sept. 1850. 1850. Hon. Peter Campbell Scarlett, chaj-ge d'af- faires. — Rt. hon. Richard Lalor Sheil, minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 24. The present (1850) Charge d' Affaires. To THE Republic of Yenice. John Murray, resident. 1761. Charles Compton, earl of Northampton, ambassador extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. 1762. John Murray, resident. 1765. James Wright (afterwards sir James, bart.), resident. 1773. John Strange, resident. Oct. 19. 1788. Robert Ritchie, charge d'affaires. 1789. Sir Francis Vincent, bart., resident. Sept. 26 : died Aug. 1791. 1791. William Lindsay, resident. Nov. 3. 1793. Francis Drake, resident. Jan. 19. — Sir Richard Worsley, bart., resident. July 27. [The republic of the Venetian States was wholly overthrown in 1797. The em- peror took possession of these dominions in that year ; it being settled by a pri- vate article in the treaty of Campo For- mio, that he accepted them in compen- sation for the Netherlands.] To THE King of 1803. John-Spencer Smith, envoy extraordinary to the elector of Wurtemberg. Oct. 5. [The electorate of Wurtemberg was, by the provisions of the treaty of Pres- burg, erected into a kingdom, and the elector, Frederick IL, was proclaimed king, Jan. 1, 1806.] 1814. Brook Taylor (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Brook), envoy extraordinary and mi- nister plenipotentiary to Wurtemberg. July 11. 1820. Alexander Cockburn, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Wur- temberg. March 6. 1823. Henry-Watkin -Williams Wynn (after- wards Rt. hon. sir Henry), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary to Wurtemberg. March 7. Wurtemberg, etc. 1824. David Montagu, lord Erskine, envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Wurtemberg. Sept. 14. 1828. Edward-Cromwell Disbrowe (afterwards sir Edward), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the "^same. Jan. 4. 1833. Lord William Russell, minister plenipo- tentiary to the same. Nov. 26. 1835. Sir George Shee, bart., envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary to the same. Nov. 24. 1841. Sir George Shee, bart, ; also minister pleni- potentiary to Baden. June 29. 1844. Sir Alexander Malet, bart., envoy extra- ordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Wurtemberg and to Baden. Sept. 17. The PRESENT (1850) Minister. 86 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEES. ASIA. To THE Chinese Empire. 1792. George, lord (afterwards viscount and earl) Macartney, ambassador extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary ; special mission to the emperor. May 22. Commissioners to the embassy, Henry Browne, Eyles Irwin, and William Jack- son. Secretary of legation, sir George L. Staun- ton. 1816. William Pitt, lord Amherst, ambassador; special mission. Jan. 20. — Henry Ellis (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Henry), minister plenipotentiary, ad int. Jan. 24. To Persia. 1807. Sir Harford Jones (afterwards sir Harford Jones Brydges), envoy extraordinar3^ June 5. 1810. Sir Gore Ouseley, bart. (afterwards Rt. hon.), ambassador. March 6. 1814. James Morier, minister plenipotentiary, int. April 18. — Henry Ellis (afterwards Rt. hon.), minister plenipotentiary, ad int., in the event of Mr. Morier's absence. April 18. 1826. 1835. 1836. 1844. Col. Macdonald, envoy extraordinary from the supreme government of India. July 29. Rt. hon. Henry Ellis, ambassador. July 8. John M'Neill, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. May 25. Lt. col. Justin Sheil, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 17. The PRESENT (1850) Minister to Persia. AFRICA. To THE Barbary States. 1813. William A'Court (afterwards sir William, and lord Heytesbury), envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Barbary States. Jan. 5. 1821. Sir Thomas Reade, agent, to Tunis. 1829. Edward- William- Auriol-Drummond Hay, agent, to Morocco. May 11. 1845. John-Hay-Drummond Hay, agent, to Mo- rocco. Aug. 9. 1849. Sir Edward Stuart Baynes, agent, to Tunis. Oct. 25. NORTH AMERICA. To the New States in North America. 1835. Richard Pakenham (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Richard), minister plenipotentiary, to Mexico. March 12. 1842. Captain Charles Elliot, charge d'affaires, to Texas. June 28. 1843. Percy- William Doyle, charge d'affaires, to Mexico. Jan. 4. — Charles Bankhead, minister plenipoten- tiary, to Mexico. Dec. 14. 1847. Percy- William Doyle, again, charge d'af- faires, to Mexico. 1849. Frederick Chatfield, charge d'affaires, to Guatimala. June 16. 1850. The same, charge d'affaires (in addition to his previous appointment), to Costa Rica. Feb. 20. The present charge des affaires. — Charles Bankhead. The present (1850) Charge des Affaires to Mexico. To THE United States of North America. 1791. George Hammond, minister plenipoten- tiary. July 5. [Mr. Hammond was the first minister sent from Great Britain to America.] 1796. Robert Liston (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Robert), envoy extraordinarv and minister plenipotentiary. March 10. 1803. Anthony Merry, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 16. 1806. Hon. David-Montagu Erskine (afterwards succeeded as lord Erskine), envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. July 22. AMBASSADORS, ENVOYS, ETC. 87 1807. George-Henry Rose (aftemards Rt. lion.) ; special mission. Oct. 23. 1809. Francis-James Jackson, envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary. July 6. 1811. Augustus-John Foster (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Augustus), envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary. February. 1815. Hon. Charles Bagot (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Charles), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. July 31. 1820. Rt. hon. sir Stratford Canning, envoy ex- traordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. July 18. 1825. Rt. hon. Charles-Richard Vaughan (after- wards sir Charles), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. May 21. 1835. Henry -Stephen Fox, envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 2. ^ J 1842. Alexander Baring, lord Ashburton ; ex- traordinary and special mission. Jan. 18. 1843. Rt. hon. Richard Pakenham (afterwards sir Richard), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 14. 1849. Rt. hon. sir Henry-Lytton Bulwer, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. April 27. The present (1850) Minister to the United States of North America. SOUTH AMEKICA. To THE Eoteror of Brazil. [Since the separation of Brazil from Portugal, and its erection into an empire in November, 1825.] 1826. Hon. Robert Gordon (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Robert), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. July 31. 1828. John, lord (afterwards viscount) Pon- sonby, envoy extraordinary and mi- nister plenipotentiary. Feb. 12. — Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford ; special mission. Aug. 19. 1832. Henry- Stephen Fox, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. June 1. 1835. Hamilton-Charles-James Hamilton, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary. Oct. 2. 1838. William -Gore Ouseley, charge d'affaires, April 20. 1842. Rt. hon. Henry Ellis; extraordinary and special mission. Aug. 27. 1847. John Hobart, lord Howden, envoy extra- ordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Jan. 25. 1850. James Hudson, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. May 13. The PRESENT (1850) Minister to Brazil. To Buenos Ayres. 1826. John, lord (afterwards viscount) Pon- sonby, envoy extraordinary and mi- nister plenipotentiary. (Rio de la Plata). Feb. 28. 1830. Henry - Stephen Fox, minister plenipo- tentiary. July 9. 1834. Hamilton-Charles-James Hamilton, mi- nister plenipotentiary. July 5. 1835. John-Henry Mandeville, minister pleni- potentiary. Oct. 2. 1844. William-Gore Ouseley, minister plenipo- tentiary. Dec. 13. 1848. Henry Southern, minister plenipotentiary. May 31. The present (1850) Minister. To THE OTHER NeW StATES OF SoUTH AMERICA. 1826. Alexander Cockburn, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, to Colom- bia. Feb. 28. 1829. William Turner, envoy extraordinary, to the same. Sept. 21. 1835. Sir Robert-Ker Porter, charge d'affaires, to Venezuela. July 2. 1837. William Turner, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, to New Gre- nada. June 27. — Belford-Hinton Wilson, charge d'affaires, to Bolivia. Nov. 18. 1841. Col. the hon. John Walpole, charge d'af- faires, to Chili. May 24. — Robert Stewart, charge d'affaires, to New Grenada. Aug. 4. 1842. William -Pitt Adams, charge d'affaires, to Bolivia. Nov. 30. 1843. Adolphus Turner, charge d'affaires to Uraguay. April 11. — Daniel-Florence O'Leary, charge d'affaires, to New Grenada. Nov. 28. The pre- sent (1850) Charge d'affaires, to New Grenada. 1847. William-Gore Ouseley, minister plenipo- tentiarv; special mission to Uraguay. Jan. 2." — Capt. hon. Robert Gore, R. N., charge d'affaires, to Uraguay. Oct. 3. 1848. Hon. Frederick Bruce, charge d'affaires, to Bolivia. April 14. 1849. Stephen-Henry Sullivan, charge d'affaires, to Chili. Mav 30. The presei^t (1850) Charge d' Affaires to Chili. G 4 88 THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND. The higher Officers of the Government, holding their offices at pleasure, and removable on political change, are collectively called " the Administration," and are almost in- variably members of one or other house of parliament. A select number of these, filling the most important offices, who assemble to concert on, and conduct the mea- sures of the Administration, are called the Cabinet, a name not known to the Consti- tution \ but which is, in fact, a Committee of the Privy Council — constituting the responsible advisers of the Crown. In old times the chief minister was the Chancellor^ whose office originally included, besides its legal functions, the duties subsequently performed by Secretaries of State. In modern times, the extension and importance of the financial department, and, above all, the influence created by financial and fiscal patronage, have generally induced the chief minister to take the Treasury department, either as Lord High Treasurer or as First Lord Commissioner of the Board of Treasury. In the latter case, when he is a member of the house of commons, he has generally also been Chancellor of the Ex- chequer. We believe the only exceptions to this practice have been in the recent cases of Sir Robert Peel and Lord John Russell. Nor is it of necessity that the First Minister should be First Lord of the Treasury. Lord Chatham, in his first ministry (1756), chose rather to be Secretary of State, and in that of 1766, Privy Seal. The Cabinet Ministers usually are, the First Lord of the Treasury, the Lord High Chancellor, the Lord President of the Council, the Lord Privy Seal, the First Lord of the Admiralty, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the three Principal Secretaries of State, and, latterly, the President of the Board of Controul, and President of the Board of Trade. To these are occasionally added one or more of the following, viz. : the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, the Secretary-at-War, the Master- General of the Ordnance, the Postmaster- General, the Master of the Mint, and, recently, the Chief Secretary for Ireland. Sometimes, personages of distinguished rank and political weight are invited to a seat in the Cabinet, without office^ as instanced in the late appointment of the Duke of W ellington ; his grace was, however, at the time, Commander-in-Chief. Lords Sid- mouth and Harrowby remained in the Cabinet for a short time after their resignation of office ; and Lord Mulgrave continued a cabinet minister without office in 1 820. Lord Ellenborough, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, had a seat in the Cabinet in the Administration known by the derisive appellation of "All the Talents." This last appointment was generally condemned as unconstitutional, but it was sanctioned by a majority in parliament. Lord Ellenborough, however, afterwards declared him- self opposed to such appointments. Administrations of England. (^From the Accession of King Henry VIII.) King Henry VIII. 1509. William Warham, archbishop of Canter- bury, lord chancellor ; Dr. Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey (afterwards duke of Norfolk), lord treasurer; Dr. Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester (former secretary to Henry YII.), privy seal ; George, earl of Shrewsbury, lord steward ; Charles, lord Herbert, lord chamberlain; Dr. John Fisher, bishop of Rochester and cardinal, &c. 1514. Thomas Wolsey, archbishop of York and \ The term cabinet council is of comparatively modern date, and originated thus : The affairs of state in the reign of Charles I. were principally managed by the archbishop of Canterbury, the earl of Strafford, and the lord Cottmgton ; to these were added the earl of Northumberland, for ornament ; the bishop of London for his place, bemg lord treasurer ; the two secretaries, Vane and Windebank, for service and intelligence ; only the marquess of Hamilton, by his skill and interest, meddled just so far, and no further, than he had a mind. These persons made up the committee of state, reproachfully called the junto, and afterwards, enviously, the cabinet council.— Lord Clarendon. There is no list of the cabinet: they are necessarilv privy councillors, and have an extra official summons or notice to attend ; and each member holds a master-key of the despatch boxes of all the various departments, bv means of which each cabinet minister circulates, as it is called, intelligence received, or despatches proposed, &c.', for the information and advice of his colleagues. ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND. 89 cardinal, lord chancellor ; Thomas, duke of Norfolk, lord treasurer ; Charles, earl of Worcester, lord chamberlain ; Thomas Routhal, bishop of Durham, secretary of state (made privy seal), &c. The duke of Norfolk afterwards resigned in favour of his son. 1523. Thomas, earl of Surrey, lord high trea- surer ; Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of London, privy seal ; Dr. Richard Pace (succeeded by Dr. Knight), secretary of state. 1529. Sir Thomas More, lord chancellor ; Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk, lord high treasurer ; Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of London, privy seal; Dr. Stephen Gar- diner, afterwards bishop of Winchester, secretary of state ; Dr. Thomas Cran- mer, afterwards archbishop of Canter- bury, &c. 1532. Sir Thomas Audley (afterwards lord Aud- ley), lord keeper ; Thomas Boleyn, earl of Wiltshire, privy seal ; Thomas Crom- well, afterwards earl of Essex ; Thomas Cranmer, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, &c. 1540. Thomas, lord Audley, lord chancellor ; Thomas, duke of Norfolk, lord high treasurer ; Charles, duke of Suffolk, lord president ; Henry, earl of Surrey, bishop Gardiner, lord Russell, &;c. Sir Thomas (afterwards lord) Wriothesley and sir Ralph Sadler, secretaries of state. 1544. Thomas, lord Wriothesley, lord chancellor ; Thomas, duke of Norfolk ^ lord trea- surer; Charles, duke of Suffolk, lord president ; John, lord Russell, privy seal ; William, lord St. John, John, lord Lisle, sir Anthony Brown, &c. Sir William Petre and sir William Paget, secretaries of state. King Edward VL 1547. William, lord St. John, lord keeper and lord president (succeeded by Richard, lord Rich, as lord chancellor) ; Edward, earl of Hertford, lord protector, created duke of Somerset, and made lord trea- surer; John, lord Russell, privy seal; Henry, earl of Arundel, lord chamber- lain; Thomas, lord Seymour, sir An- thony Brown, &c. Sir William Paget and sir William Petre, secretaries of state. 1551. Thomas Goodrich, bishop of Ely, lord keeper, afterwards lord chancellor ; John Dudley (late lord Lisle) earl of Warwick, created duke of Northumberland, lord high admiral ; William, late lord St. John, now earl of Wiltshire (lord trea- surer in 1550), president of the council ; John, earl of Bedford, privy seal ; Tho- mas, lord Wentworth, lord chamberlain, &c. Sir William Petre and sir William Cecil, secretaries of state. Queen Mary. 1554. Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, lord chancellor; William, marquess of Winchester (late lord Wiltshire), lord treasurer; earl of Arundel, lord presi- dent ; John, earl of Bedford (succeeded by Edward, earl of Derby), privy seal ; William, lord Howard, lord high ad- miral; sir Edward Hastings, sir John Baker, Edmund Bonner, bishop of Lon- don, &c. Sir William Petre, sir John Cheke, and sir John Bourne, (three) secretaries of state. It appears by the Council Register, folio 725, that three secretaries of state were appointed 7 Ed- ward VI. June 2, 1553. Queen Elizabeth. 1558. Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper and privy seal ; William, marquess of Winchester, lord treasurer; Edward, lord Clinton, lord admiral ; sir Robert Dudley, after- wards earl of Leicester (a favourite), lord Howard of Effingham, lord Arun- del, sir Francis Knollys, &c. Sir Wil- liam Cecil, secretary of state. [This last illustrious statesman (afterwards lord Burleigh) continued secretary or chief minister during almost the whole of this long reign. ] 1572. Sir William Cecil, now lord Burleigh, lord high treasurer; sir Nicholas Bacon, lord chancellor; lord Howard of Ef- fingham, privy seal ; Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, master of the horse, sir Henry Cocks, the earl of Sussex, &c. Sir Francis Walsingham, secre- tary of state. 1579. Sir Thomas Bromley, lord chancellor; William, lord Burleigh, lord treasurer ; Edward, earl of Lincoln, lord high ad- miral ; Ambrose, earl of Warwick, ord- nance ; Thomas, earl of Sussex, Robert, earl of Leicester, sir Walter Mild may, James Windebank, &c. Sir Francis Walsingham and sir Thomas Wilson, secretaries of state. 1537. Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor; William, lord Burleigh, lord treasurer ; Robert Devereux, earl of Essex (a fa- vourite), &c. 1599. Thomas Sackville, lord Buckhurst, after- wards earl of Dorset, lord high trea- surer ; sir Thomas Egerton (afterwards lord Ellesmere, and subsequently vis- count Brackley) lord keeper ; Charles, lord Howard of Effingham, &c. Sir Robert Cecil (son of lord Burleigh), secretary of state. 1 This nobleman was marked by Henry for death, and his escape from it was signally providential. Upon the most frivolous charges, he had been condemned, without trial or evidence, by the obsequious peers, and a bill of attainder had passed their house against him. Norfolk wrote a pathetic letter to the king, protesting his entire innocence and pleading his past services; his son had already suffered on the scaffold. But the vengeance of Henry, though his own end was fast approaching, was not to be appeased. Fearing his victim might escape him, he sent a message to the commons to hasten the bill, to which he affixed the royal assent by commission, and issued orders for Norfolk's execution on the morning of the 29th of January. News, however, having reached the Tower that the king himself had expired that night, the lieutenant deferred obeying the warrant, and it was not thought advisable hj the council to begin a new reign by the unmerited death of the greatest nobleman in the kingdom. — Hume. 90 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEES. King James I. 1603. Thomas, earl of Dorset, lord treasurer; Thomas, lord Ellesmere, lord chancellor ; Charles, earl of Nottingham, lord ad- miral; Thomas, earl of SuiFolk, Ed- ward, earl of Worcester, sir Richard Vernon, George, lord Hume of Berwick, James Hay, lord Hay, &c. Robert Cecil, afterwards earl of Salisbury, se- cretary of state. 1609. Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, lord high treasurer ; Thomas, lord Ellesmere, lord chancellor; Henry, earl of Northamp- ton, privy seal; Charles, earl of Not- tingham, Thomas, earl of Suffolk, &c. 1612. Henry, earl of Northampton, first com- missioner of the treasury; Thomas, lord Ellesmere, lord chancellor ; Edward, earl of Worcester, sir Ralph Winwood, Charles, earl of Nottingham, &c. Robert Carr ^ (a favourite), viscount Rochester, afterwards earl of Somerset, lord cham- berlain. 1615. Thomas, earl of Suffolk, lord treasurer; Thomas, lord Ellesmere, lord chancellor ; Edward, earl of Worcester, privy seal ; Charles, earl of Nottingham, sir George Villiers^ (a favourite), afterwards vis- count Villiers, and successively earl, marquess and duke of Buckingham (lord high admiral in 1619), sir Ralph Winwood, sir Thomas Lake, &c. 1620. Sir Henry Montagu, afterwards viscount Mandeville and earl of Manchester, lord treasurer. 1621. Lionel, lord Cranfield, afterwards earl of Middlesex, Edward, earl of Worcester, John, earl of Bristol, John Williams, dean of Westminster, George Villiers, now marquess of Buckmgham, sir Edward Conway, afterwards lord Con- way, &c. King Charles I. 1628. Richard, lord Weston, afterwards earl of Portland, lord treasurer ; sir Thomas Coventry, afterwards lord Coventry, lord keeper ; Henry, earl of Manchester (succeeded by James, earl of Marlbo- rough, who, in turn, gave place to Ed- ward, lord, afterwards viscount, Con- way), privy seal ; William Laud, bishop of London, sir Albertus Morton, &c. 1635. William Laud, now archbishop of Canter- bury, first commissioner of the treasury ; Francis, lord Cottington, James, mar- quess of Hamilton, Edward, earl of Dorset, sir John Coke, sir Francis Windebank, &c. The great seal in commission. 1640. William Juxon, bishop of London, lord treasurer ; sir John Finch, afterwards lord Finch, lord keeper; Francis, lord Cottington, Wentworth, earl of Straf- ford, Algernon, earl of Northumber- land, James, marquess of Hamilton, Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, and sir Francis Windebank and sir Henry Vane, secretaries of state. [When the civil war commenced all went into confusion. The unfortunate king was beheaded, Jan. 30, 1649. Commonwealth. 1653. Oliver Cromwell, made protector. He named a council whose number at no time was to exceed twenty-one mem- bers, nor be less than thirteen. 1658. Richard Cromwell, son of Oliver, succeeded on the death of the latter. A council of officers ruled at Wallingford House. King Charles II. (From the Restoration of the King.) [Until this time there was not, in point of fact, anything that could be exclusively called a cabinet. The sovereign had latterly governed by a collection of privy councillors, sometimes of larger, sometimes of smaller number, and not always holding the same offices, and still less the same men. ] 1660. Sir Edward Hyde, afterwards earl of Cla- rendon, lord chancellor ; George Monk, general of the king's forces in the three kingdoms, and master of the horse, created duke of Albemarle ; Thomas, earl of Southampton, soon made lord treasurer ; Edward Montagu, created earl of Sandwich, general and admiral ; James, duke of York, brother to the king, lord high admiral ; lord Sey and Sele, privy seal ; sir Robert Long, chan- cellor of the exchequer; earl of Man- chester, lord Seymour, &c. Sir Edward Nicholas and sir William Morrice, se- cretaries of state. 1667. George Monk, duke of Albemarle, made first commissioner of the treasury, &;c. 1670. "The Cabal" Ministry. Sir Thomas Clifford, afterwards lord Clifford (C); Anthony Ashley, afterwards earl of Shaftesbury (A) ; George Villiers, duke of Buckingham (B) ; Henry, lord 1 Robert Carr, a young Scotchman, became a great favourite with the king. His majesty created him viscount Rochester, and as long as he followed the advice of Sir Thomas Overbury, his favouritism was not very dis- pleasing to the English. But young Carr, falling in love with the too celebrated Frances Howard, lady Essex, and she with him, it was contrived to divorce her from her husband ; they were married, and he was promoted to the earldom of Somerset. Overbury disapproving of the whole affair, Somerset, upon some other pretence, got him imprisoned in the Tower, where, in a short time after, he was poisoned with an envenomed clyster. The perpetrators were executed, all but Somerset and his countess, who, though condemned, were pardoned by the king. He afterwards gave them a small pension upon which they retired, and languished out old age in Infamy and obscurity. — Charles Home's England. 2 The king, on a visit to Cambridge, saw a young man of good family, George Villiers, who had, in fact, thrown himself in the king's way by appearing in a play acted before his majesty by the Cambridge scholars. In a very short tirne Villiers disputed James's favour with Somerset, upon whose fall he at once rose to the height of power, riches, and honours. " Of all wise men living, James was most delighted with handsome persons, and Villiers was of fine person and exceedingly handsome." — Lord Clarendon. " Villiers became duke of Bucking- ham, lord high admiral of England, warden of the Cinque Ports, and master of the horse ; and disposed of all the offices and all the honours in the three kingdoms. The votes and remonstrances that were passed against him by the parliament as an enemy of the people were all in vain. This favourite was, however, afterwards assas- undXe^. — Charles Home. Lord Clarendon. ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND. SI Arlington, afterwards earl of Arling- ton (A); and John, duke of Lauder- dale (L). This private council obtained the name of Cahal from the initial let- ters of their five names, which composed the word.i — Charles Home's England. 1G72. Thomas, lord Clifford, Anthony* earl of Shaftesbury, late lord Ashley, Henry, earl of Arlington, Arthur, earl of An- glesey, Sir Thomas Osborne, created viscount Latimer, Rt. hon. Henry Co- ventry, sir John Duncombe, sir George Carteret, Edward Seymour, &c. 1673. Thomas, viscount Latimer, afterwards cre- ated earl of Danby, made lord high treasurer. June 26. 1679. Arthur, earl of Essex, made first com- missioner of the treasury, March 26; succeeded by Laurence Hyde, after- wards earl of Rochester, Nov. 21, both in this year. Robert, earl of Sunder- land, secretary of state, vice sir Joseph Williamson, &c. [The king nominated a new council this year (on April 21), consisting of thirty members only, of whom the principal were the great ofiicers of state and great officers of the household.] 1684. Sidney, lord Godolphin, Lawrence, earl of Rochester, Daniel, earl of Nottingham, Robert, earl of Sunderland, sir Thomas Chicheley, George, lord Dartmouth, Henr}^, earl of Clarendon, earls of Bath and Radnor, &c. James II. 1685. Lawrence, earl of Rochester, George, mar- quess of Halifax, sir George Jeffreys, afterwards lord J effreys and lord chan- cellor, Henry, earl of Clarendon, sir John Ernley, knt., duke of Queensberry, viscount Preston, &c. 1687. The earl of Rochester was displaced, and John, lord Belasyse, made first com- missioner of the treasury in his room. Jan. 4 ; the earl of Sunderland made president of the council ; viscount Pres- ton, secretary of state ; and various other changes took place in this and the following year. 1688. [At the close of this reign, the advisers of the king were chosen as creatures of his narrow and desperate policy. Several Roman Catholics had been admitted of the council ; Protestants had been super- seded in the army; judges removed, and prelates imprisoned ; and no man's liberty or life was safe in England; while in Ireland the earl of Tyrconnel ruled despotically. In the end, the king left Whitehall in the night of Dec. 17, and, quitting the kingdom, landed at Ambleteuse, in France, Dec. 23, 1688.3] King William III. 1689. Charles, viscount Mordaunt, first com- missioner of the treasury ; Thomas Os- borne, earl of Danby, created marquess of Carmarthen, afterwards duke of Leeds, lord president ; George, marquess of Halifax, privy seal ; Arthur Herbert, afterwards lord Torrington, first com- missioner of the admiralty; earls of Shrewsbury, Nottingham, and Sunder- land, earl of Dorset and Middlesex, William, earl (afterwards duke) of De- vonshire, lord Godolphin, lord Montagu, lord De la Mere, &c. The great seal in commission. 1690. Sidney, lord Godolphin, first commissioner of the treasury ; Thomas, earl of Danby, lord president ; Rt. hon. Richard Hamp- den, chancellor of the exchequer ; Tho- mas, earl of Pembroke, admiralty; Henry, viscount Sydney and Daniel, earl of Nottingham, secretaries of state, &c. The great seal and privy seal in commission. 1698. Charles Montagu, afterwards lord Halifax, first commissioner of the treasury ; May 1 ; succeeded by Ford, earl of Tanker- ville, Nov. 15, 1699. Queen Anne. 1702. Sidney, lord (afterwards earl) Godol- phin, treasury ;Thomas,earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, lord president ; John Sheffield, marquess of Normanby, after- wards duke of Normanby and Bucking- ham, privy seal; hon. Henry Boyle, chancellor of the exchequer ; sir Charles Hedges and the earl of Nottingham (the latter succeeded by the Rt. hon. Robert Harley, created earl of Oxford, in 1704), secretaries of state, &c. 1711. Robert, EARL of Oxford, treasury; sir Simon (afterwards lord) Harcourt, lord keeper; John, duke of Normanby and Buckingham, lord president ; John, bishop of Bristol (afterwards of London), privy seal; Henry St. John, afterwards viscount Bolingbroke, and William, lord Dartmouth, secretaries of state ; Rt. hon. Robert Benson, afterwards lord Bingley, chancellor of the exchequer, &;c. 1714. Charles, duke of Shrewsbury, treasury. July 30 (two days before the queen's demise). Patent revoked Oct. 13, fol- lowing. 1 At the time that this appellation had generally obtained, about 1672, lord Clifford held the office of lord trea^ surer; lord Ashley had become lord chancellor; the duke of Buckingham was lord president ; lord Arlington, secretary of state ; and the duke of Lauderdale lord president of Scotland, 2 William, prince of Orange, had published (Oct. 1, 1688) a declaration of his reasons for his expedition to England: the principal were, " to facilitate the calling of a free parliament, to inquire into the birth of the prince of Wales, and to secure the Protestant religion, which was in great danger." On Oct. 16, he formally took leave of the States General, and on the 19th set sail from Holland ; but, having been driven back by a storm, he did not finally set sail until Nov. 1. His forces consisted of nearly 50 ships of war and 300 transports, having on board 14,322 men. The prince was in the centre of the fleet, accompanied by the earls of Shrewsbury and Macclesfield, and other nobles : his ship bore at the main mast-head the British flag and their Mightinesses' arms, with the words " The Protestant Religion and the Liberties of England," surrounding both ; while another fldg floated at the mizen with the motto of the house of Nassau " Je maintiendrai:'' The armament, entering the channel, passed the Gunfleet on Nov. 3 ; and, on the 5th (according to Dr., afterwards bishop Burnet, who was with the prince ; not the 4th, as some historians have it) Wilham landed at Torbay. 92 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEPvS. King George I. 1714. Charles, earl of Halifax, first lord of the treasury (succeeded on his death by the earl of Carlisle) ; William, lord Cowper, afterwards earl Cowper, lord chancellor ; Daniel, earl of Nottingham, lord president ; Thomas, marquess of Wharton, privy seal; Edward, earl of Oxford, admiralty; James Stanhope, afterwards earl Stanhope, and Charles, viscount Townshend, secretaries of state ; sir Richard Onslow, chancellor of the exchequer ; dukes of Montrose and Marlborough, lord Berkeley, Rt. hon. Robert Walpole, Mr. Pulteney, &c. 1715. Rt. HON. Robert Walpole, first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exche- quer, &c. 1717. Rt. HON. James Stanhope, afterwards earl Stanhope, treasurer and chancellor of the exchequer ; William, lord Cowper, Charles, earl of Sunderland, the duke of Kingston, lord Berkeley, Rt. hon. Joseph Addison, &c. 1718. Charles, earl of Sunderland, first lord of the treasury; Thomas, lord Parker, afterwards earl of Macclesfield, lord chancellor ; the earl Stanhope, the duke of Kent, lord Berkeley, Mr. Craggs, Mr. Aislabie, &c. 1721. Rt. HON. Robert Walpole, afterwards sir Robert, first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer; Thomas, lord Parker, created earl of Macclesfield, lord chancellor; Henry, lord Carleton (succeeded by William, duke of Devon- shire), lord president ; Evelyn, duke of Kingston (succeeded by lord Trevor), privy seal ; James, earl of Berkeley, first lord of the admiralty; Charles, viscount Townshend, and John, lord Carteret (the latter succeeded by the duke of Newcastle), secretaries of state ; John, duke of Marlborough (succeeded by the earl of Cadogan), ordnance ; Rt. hon. George Treby (succeeded by Rt. hon. Henry Pelham), secretary-at-war ; viscount Torrington, &;c. George II. 1727. Sir Robert Walpole, &c. continued, [The following was the state of the Cabinet near the close of sir Robert Walpole's long administration.] 1740. Sir Robert Walpole, first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exche- quer ; Philip, lord Hardwicke, lord chan- cellor ; Spencer, earl of Wilmington, lord president; John, lord Hervey, privy seal ; John Potter, archbishop of Canter- bury ; duke of Newcastle and the earl of Harrington, secretaries of state; sir Charles Wager, first commissioner of the admiralty ; duke of Dorset, lord steward ; duke of Grafton, lord chamberlain ; duke of Richmond, master of the horse ; earl of Pembroke, groom of the stole, &c. These great household officers were at this period always in what was called the Cabinet, but there was an interior council, of Walpole, the chan- cellor, and the secretaries of state, who, in the first instance, consulted together on the more confidential points. i 1742. [Sir Robert Walpole, having been in a minority of 16 on an inquiry into the Chippenham election, declared he would never again enter the house of com- mons. 2 He went to court and resigned all his employments, February 8, hav- ing been first minister twenty-one con- secutive years. He was created earl of Oxford, viscount Walpole, and baron Houghton. The earl of Wilmington was made minister in his room. 3] 1742. Earl of Wilmington, first lord of the treasury; lord Hardwicke, lord chan- cellor; Mr. Sandys, chancellor of the exchequer; earl of Harrington, presi- dent of the council ; earl Gower, privy seal; lord Carteret and the duke of Newcastle, secretaries of state ; earl of Winchilsea, first lord of the admiralty ; duke of Argyll, commander of the forces and master-general of the ord- nance ; Mr. Henry Pelham, paymaster of the forces, &c. Feb. [The duke of Argyll resigned, and was succeeded by the earl of Stair, as com- mander of the forces, and by the duke of Montagu at the ordnance.] 1743. Rt. HON. Henry Pelham, first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the ex- chequer, in the room of Spencer earl of Wilmington, deceased. Aug. 25. 1744. The "Broad Bottom ^ Administration :" 1 Lord Hervey' s Memoirs of the Eeign of George II. by the Rt. Hon. John Wilson Croker — Mr. Croker adds, " The duke of Bolton, without a right to it from his office of captain of the Band of Pensioners, in which em- ployment he succeeded the duke of Montagu on his removal to the ordnance, was likewise admitted to the cabinet council, because he had been of the cabinet seven years previously, at the time he was turned out of all his offices." And he further says, Sir John Norris (vice-admiral of England) was called m, as an auxihary, when anything was under deliberation in relation to our then maritime war with Spam." 2 Sir Robert Walpole had risen to a power no minister had ever before attamed. From his conduct m ad- ministration, he was called the Father of Corruption ; he used to say " that every man had his price," and boasted of knowing what that price was. He was either mistaken in the assertion, or he had not the means of buying the votes of the commons, as it now appeared. , ,^ tt ^ 3 The prince of Wales (father of George III.) received in January, 1742, a message from the kmg (George II.), then not on cordial terms with the prince, his son, offering him, provided he wrote a letter of submission to his majesty, an addition to his revenue of ^€50,000 per annum, and a sum of £200,000 for the discharge of his debts. The prince answered, that he had the utmost respect for his royal father, and that whenever his majesty thought proper to admit him to his presence, he should throw his person at his feet without any conditions ; but that he would give no countenance to the minister in his management of public affairs. Sir Robert Walpole was, he said, a bar between his majesty and the offictions of his people, between his majesty and foreign powers, and between his majesty and himself. " This," said the prince, *' is my answer. But I would have it understood that I take the message to come from the minister, and not from the throne." On the change in the administration, the prince of Wales presented himself at court, where he was most gra- ciously and affectionately received, and a guard of honour was immediately ordered to attend his royal highness at Carlton-House. The joy of the people at this reconciliation was unbounded; bonfires, illuminations, the ringing of all the public bells, and acclamations from the multitude, and other demonstrations of popular satis- faction and delight took place in London and in all the towns and villages adjacent, in the evening. — Coxe. * This ministry was ludicrously called the ''Broad Bottom Administration," because comprising a grand coali- ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND. 93 Rt. lion. H(^niy Pelham, first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer ; lord Hardwicke, lord chancellor ; duke of Dorset, president of the council ; earl Gower, privy seal ; duke of Newcastle, secretary of state for the Southern, and the earl of Harrington for the Northern, department; duke of Mon- tagu, master-general of the ordnance ; duke of Bedford, first lord of the ad- miralty; duke of Argyll, keeper of the great seal of Scotland; marquess of Tweeddale, secretary of state for Scotland ; duke of Grafton, lord cham- berlain ; duke of Richmond, master of the horse ; all of the cabinet. Nov. 1746. [Mr. Pelham and his friends having ten- dered their resignation to the king, the formation of a new administration (which expired within two days, while yet incomplete) was undertaken by the earl of Bath : the members of it actually appointed, and submitted for approval to his majesty, were {Feh. 10) viz.] The " Short-lived Ministry:" Earl of Bath, first lord of the treasury; lord Carlisle, privy seal; lord Winchilsea, first lord of the admiralty; and lord Granville, one of the secretaries of state.i Expired, Feb. 12. 1746. Rt. HON. Henry Pelham, first minister, returned, with his colleagues, to power. Feb. 12. [The duke of Bedford resigned the ad- miralty to the earl of Sandwich, and succeeded the earl of Chesterfield as secretary of state, Feb. 1748 ; and the earl of Holdernesse succeeded the duke of Bedford, June, 1751, in the same ofiice. Mr. Pelham died, March 6, 1754.] 1754. Thomas Holles Pelham, duke of New- castle, first lord of the treasury ; hon. Henry Bilson Legge, chancellor of the exchequer ; earl of Holdernesse and sir Thomas Robinson (afterwards lord Gran- tham), secretaries of state; the latter succeeded by the Rt. hon. Henry Fox ; lord Anson, first lord of the admiralty ; lord Granville, lord president ; lord Gower (succeeded by the duke of Marl- boro ug;h), privy seal ; duke of Grafton, earl of Halifax, Rt. hon. George Gren- ville, &c. Earl of Hardwicke, lord chancellor. April. ). William, duke of Devonshire, first lord of the treasury ; Rt. hon. William Pitt, secretary of state for the Southern department ; Hon. Henry Bilson Legge, chancellor of the exchequer ; earl Gran- ville, lord president ; earl Gower, privy seal; earl of Holdernesse, secretary of state for the Northern department ; Rt. hon. George Grenville, earl of Halifax, dukes of Rutland and Grafton, earl of Rochford, &c. The great seal in com- mission. Nov. \ Duke of Newcastle's and Mr Pitt's Administration. Thomas Holies Pel- ham, duke of Newcastle, first lord of the treasury; Rt. hon. William Pitt, afterwards lord Chatham, secretary of state for the Northern department, and leader of the house of commons; lord Henley, lord keeper; lord Granville, lord president ; earl Temple, privy seal ; Mr. Legge, chancellor of the exchequer ; earl of Holdernesse, secretary of state for the Southern department; duke of Devonshire, lord chamberlain ; duke of Rutland, lord steward ; lord Anson, ad- miralty; duke of Marlborough (suc- ceeded by lord Ligonier), master-general of the ordnance; Rt. hon. Henry Fox (afterwards lord Holland), paymaster. Rt. hon. George Grenville, lords Ha- lifax and Gower, James Grenville, &c. June. King George III. 1760. Duke of Newcastle's and Mr. Pitt's ministry, continued. [The following were among the changes subsequent to the accession of George III. : sir Robert Henley, created lord Henley, lord chancellor, Jan. 1761 ; the earl of Bute, secretary of state, vice the earl of Holdernesse, March ; and the earl of Egremont, vice Mr. Pitt, Oct., same year ; lord North, a lord of the treasury, &c.] 1762. John, earl of Bute, first lord of the trea- sury ; lord Henley, lord chancellor ; sir Francis Dashwood (afterwards lord le Despencer), chancellor of the exchequer ; lord Granville, lord president; duke of Bedford, privy seal ; earl of Halifax, admiralty; earl of Egremont and Rt. hon. George Grenville, secretaries of state ; lord Ligonier, ordnance ; Rt. hon. Henry Fox, paymaster ; Viscount Bar- rington, lord Sandys, duke of Marl- tion of all parties. The whigs were satisfied because their influence was predominant, and the tories, though considered accessory and subordinate, were yet pleased, because many of their leaders, who had been hitherto excluded, were admitted into offices of trust and power. The members not of the cabinet were : the earl of Stair commander of the forces ; the duke of Devonshire, lord steward ; duke of Bolton, governor of the Isle of Wight ; Mr. Waller, cofferer of the household ; Mr. Dodington, treasurer of the navy ; Mr. Lyttelton, Mr. Arundel, the earl of Middlesex, and Mr. Fox, lords of the treasury ; and the earl of Sandwich, Mr. Grenville, lord Archibald Hamilton, lord Vere Beauclerk, lord Baltimore, and Mr. Anson, admiralty lords — Coxe's Meinot'rs of the Rt. hon. Henry Pelham. 1 Lord Granville had the seals of one secretary of state, with the seals of the other, " to be given to whom he might chuse." Among the jeux cf esprit of the day was a History of the Long Administration, bound up with the works printed for children, and sold for a penny : it concluded with the following ironical eulogium: " And thus endeth this astonishing administration, which lasted 48 hours, three quarters, seven minutes, and eleven seconds ; the most wise and honest of all ministries ; never having said one silly thing, or committed one rash act, and having left as much money in the treasury as they found in it. This history is recorded in this mighty volume, that it may be read with the valuable works of the immortal Thomas Thumb by our children, grand-children, and great-grandchildren to the end of the world." — Coxe's Memoirs of Fclham. 94 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. borough, lords Huntingdon, and North, &c. 3Iay. 1763. Rt. HON. George Grenville, first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer; earl Granville (succeeded by John, duke of Bedford), lord pre- sident; duke of Marlborough, pri\y seal; lord Henley (afterwards earl of Northington), lord chancellor; earls of Halifax and Sandwich, secretaries of state; earl Gower, lord chamberlain; lord Egmont, admiralty; marquess of Granby, ordnance; lord Holland (late Mr. Fox) paymaster ; Rt. hon. Welbore Ellis, secretary-at-war ; lord Hillsbo- rough, first lord of trade ; duke of Rut- land, lord North, &c. May, et seq. 1765. Cpiarles, marquess of Rockingham, first lord of the treasury ; Rt. hon. Wil- liam Dowdeswell, chancellor of the ex- chequer; earl of Winchilsea and Not- tingham, lord president ; duke of New- castle, privy seal; duke of Portland, lord chamberlain; duke of Rutland, master of the horse ; lord Talbot, lord steward ; general the hon. Henry Sey- mour Conway, and the duke of Grafton, secretaries of state; lord Egmont, ad- miralty ; marquess of Granby, ordnance ; viscount Barrington, secretary-at-war; viscount Howe, treasurer of the navy ; hon. Charles Townshend, paymaster; earl of Dartmouth, first lord of trade; lord John Cavendish, Thomas Towns- hend, &c. Earl of Northington (late lord Henley), lord chancellor. July, et seq. 1766. Earl of Chatham (late Rt. hon. William Pitt), first minister and privy seal; duke of Grafton, first lord of the trea- sury; hon. Charles Townshend, chan- cellor of the exchequer ; earl of North- ington, lord president ; William, earl of Shelburne and general Conway, secre- taries of state; sir Charles Saunders (succeeded by sir Edward Hawke), ad- miralty ; marquess of Granby, ordnance ; lord Hillsborough, first lord of trade; lord Barrington, secretary-at-war ; Fre- derick, lord North, a joint paymaster; viscount Howe, &c. Lord Camden, lord chancellor. Aug. 1767. [William, lord Mansfield, lord chief justice of the king's bench, became, ex officio, chancellor of the exchequer, pro tern., on the death of Mr. Townshend, Sept. this year; and Frederick, lord North, was appointed chancellor of the exchequer, Dec. following.] 1767. Augustus-Henry, duke of Grafton, first lord of the treasury; Frederick, lord North, chancellor of the exche- quer; earl Gower, lord president; earl of Chatham 1, lord privy seal until Oct. 1768, then succeeded by the earl of Bristol ; earl of Shelburne, secretary of state for the Southern department ; vis- count Weymouth, Northern department ; and lord Hillsborough, colonies; sir Edward Hawke, first lord of the ad- miralty ; marquess of Granby, ordnance ; lords Sandwich and le Despencer, joint postmasters - general ; lord Hertford, Thomas Townshend, &c. Lord Camden, lord chancellor. Dec. 1768. [Viscount Weymouth, secretary of state for the Southern department, vice lord Shel- burne; earl of Rochford, secretary of state for the Northern department, vice lord Weymouth. Nov.~\ 1770. Frederick, lord North, first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the ex- chequer; earl Gower, lord president; earl of Halifax, privy seal ; lord Roch- ford, lord Weymouth (succeeded by lord Sandwich), and lord Hillsborough (colonies), secretaries of state ; sir Ed- ward Hawke, admiralty ; lord Granby, ordnance; sir Gilbert Elliot, treasurer of the navy ; lord Barrington, secretary- at-war; lord Hertford, lord Carteret, &c. Jan. The great seal was de- livered to Mr. Attorney-general Yorke, made lord chancellor; but before the patent for his peerage, under the title of lord Morden, was completed, he died suddenly, and the seal, after being a year in commission, was given to the hon. Henry Bathurst, one of the com- missioners, created lord Apsley. [Lord North continued minister eleven years, during the whole of the American war. The changes within this period were numerous ; among them were : ] 1771. Lord Halifax, secretary of state, vice lord Sandwich (who went to the admiralty), succeeded as lord privy seal by the earl of Sufiblk and Berkshire. Jan. The latter gave place to the duke of Graf- ton, and became secretary of state. June. 1772. Lord Dartmouth, secretary of state, vice lord Hillsborough. Aug. Yiscount TowTishend, ordnance, vice marquess of Granby. Oct. 1775. Yiscount Weymouth, again secretary of state, vice Rochford; and lord George Sackville Germaine, vice Dartmouth, made privy seal. Nov. 1778. Lord Thurlow, lord chancellor. June. 1779. Lords Stormont and Hillsborough, secre- taries of state. Earl Bathurst, lord president. Nov. 1782. Marquess of Rockingham, first lord of the treasury ; lord John Cavendish, chancellor of the exchequer ; lord Cam- den, president of the council ; duke of Grafton, privy seal; William, earl of Shelburne, and Rt. hon. Charles James Fox, secretaries of state ; Rt. hon. Au- gustus Keppel, first lord of the admi- ralty ; duke of Richmond, master- general of the ordnance ; Rt. hon. Thomas Townshend, secretary- at-war ; Rt. hon. Isaac Barre, treasurer of the navy; Rt. hon. Edmund Burke, pay- 1 This was the last office in the state filled by lord Chatham ; but he continued to take a forward part in the house of lords, for a period of ten years afterwards. On April 8, 1778, while enforcing, with his accustomed energy, in the house, the wisdom of a reconciliation with America, he was seized with a convulsive fit, and died on the 11th of the following month. His remains lay in state some days in the Jerusalem chamber, whence they were deposited in Westminster Abbey. ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND. 9o master; &c. Lord Thurlow, lord chan- cellor. March, [The death of the marquess of Rockingham (July 2, 1782) led to the administration of lord Shelburne, who accepted the office of first minister, without the privity of his colleagues, and Mr. Fox, lord John Cavendish, and others, re- signed.] 1782. Earl of Shelburne (afterwards mar- quess of Lansdowne), first lord of the treasury ; Rt. hon. William Pitt, chan- cellor of the exchequer; lord (after- wards earl) Camden, president of the council; duke of Grafton, lord privy seal; Thomas, lord Grantham, home, and Rt. hon. Thomas ToAvnshend, foreign, secretaries ; Augustus, viscount Keppel, admiralty ; duke of Richmond, ordnance; Rt. hon. Henry Dundas, treasurer of the navy ; Isaac Barre, pay- master; sir George Yonge, secretary- at-war ; &c. Lord Thurlow, lord chan- cellor. July. 1783. The "Coalition Ministry." i Duke of Portland, first lord of the treasury; viscount Stormont, president of the council ; earl of Carlisle, lord privy seal ; Frederick, lord North, and Rt. hon. Charles James Fox, home and foreign secretaries ; lord John Cavendish, chan- cellor of the exchequer ; viscount Kep- pel, first lord of the admiralty ; viscount Townshend, master-general of the ord- nance; Rt. hon. Charles Townshend, treasurer of the navy ; Rt. hon. Edmund Burke, paymaster; Rt. hon. Richard Fitzpatrick, secretary-at-war ; &c. The great seal in commission ; lord Lough- borough, chief justice of the common pleas, first commissioner. April. 1783. Rt. HON. William Pitt, first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exche- quer ; earl Gower, lord president ; duke of Rutland, privy seal ; marquess of Car- marthen, and earl Temple (the latter immediately succeeded by lord Sydney), secretaries of state ; duke of Richmond, ordnance; viscount Howe, admiralty; lord Mulgrave and Rt. hon. William Wyndham Grenville, afterwards Lord Grenville, joint - paymasters ; Henry Dundas, &c. Lord Thurlow, lord chan- cellor. Dec. [During Mr. Pitt's long administration numerous changes in the ministry took place ; among these were : earls Camden, Fitzwilliam, Mansfield, and Chatham, successively presidents of the council; marquess of Stafford, and earls of Chatham, Spencer, and Westmoreland, lords privy seal ; earl of Chatham and earl Spencer, first lords of the admiralty ; and Mr. Grenville (afterwards lord Grenville), Mr. Dundas, and duke of Portland, secretaries of state, &c. Mr. Pitt resigned in 1801.2] 1801. Rt. HON. Henry Addington, first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the ex- chequer; duke of Portland, lord presi- dent ; earl of Westmoreland, privy seal ; lord Pelham, home, lord Hawkesbury, foreign, and lord Hobart, colonial se- cretaries ; earl St. Vincent, admiralty ; earl of Chatham, ordnance; Rt. hon. Charles Yorke, secretary-at-war; vis- count Lewisham, India board; lord Auckland, board of trade, &c. Lord Eldon, lord Chancellor. March, et seq. [Changes: viscount Castlereagh, India board. Sept 1802; Rt. hon. Charles Yorke, home secretary. Jm/z/1803.] 1804. Rt. HON. William Pitt, first minister; duke of Portland (succeeded by lord Sidmouth, late Mr. Addington, Jan. 1805), lord president ; earl of Westmore- land, privy seal ; lord Hawkesbury, home secretary ; lord Harrowby (succeeded by lord Mulgrave) foreign secretary; and earl Camden (succeeded by viscount Castlereagh, colonial secretary ; viscount Melville, succeeded by lord Barham), admiralty ; duke of Montrose, board of trade; lord Mulgrave, duchy of Lan- caster ; Rt. hon. Mr. Dundas, Rt. hon. George Canning, &c. Lord Eldon, lord chancellor. May, et seq. [The death of Mr. Pitt (Jan. 23, 1806), led to the formation of another cabinet. ] 1806. "All the Talents administration: Lord Grenville, first lord of the trea- sury ; Lord Henry Petty, chancellor of the exchequer; earl Fitzwilliam, lord president; viscount Sidmouth, privy seal; Charles James Fox, foreign, earl Spencer, home, and William Windham, war, secretaries; earl of Moira, ord- nance; sir Charles Grey (afterwards viscount Howick and earl Grey), ad- miralty ; lord Minto, board of controul ; lord Auckland, board of trade, &c. Lord Erskine, lord chancellor. Lord Ellen - borough, lord chief justice, had a seat in the cabinet. Feb 1806. [The death of Mr. Fox (Sept. 13) caused several changes, viz. : viscount Sid- mouth, president of the council ; lord Holland, privy seal; lord Howick, fo- 1 So called, from the disgraceful coalition of lord North and Mr. Fox, who had, for years previously, opposed and even abused each other. This was universally regarded as one of the most odious events that had ever occurred in political life, for they had coalesced manifestly with a view to forcing themselves into power, which, however, they did not long retain : the ministry (which he had accepted from necessity) was dismissed by his majesty at the close of the year. 2 It has been said, that yielding to the public wish that an experiment for peace should be tried, Mr. Pitt retired from office, in order to this experiment being made. But he had identified himself with Roman Catholic emancipation to secure the union with Ireland ; and we have his own evidence and that of his successor, lord Sidmouth, in proof, that his inability to propose his " resolutions " in relation to that measure, as a minister, was *' the sole cause of his resignation." 3 The friends of this ministry gave it the appellation of All the Talents, which, being echoed in derision by the opposition, became fixed upon it. Besides the members above named, it consisted of, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, treasurer of the navy ; earl of Derby, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster ; general Fitzpatrick, secretary at war; earls of Buckinghamshire and Carysfort, postmasters-general ; earl Temple, vice president of the board of trade; lord John Townshend, joint-paymaster of the forces; lord Charles Spencer, master of the mint; Mr. Pigot, attorney-general ; Mr. Romilly, solicitor-general, etc. Duke of Bedford, lord-lieutenant of Ireland. 96 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. reign secretary, vice Mr. Fox ; Rt. lion. Thomas Grenville, admiralty ; Mr. Tier- ney, board of controul, &c.] 1807. Duke of Portland, first lord of the trea- sury ; earl Camden, lord president ; earl of Westmoreland, privy seal ; hon. Spen- cer Perceval, chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the house of commons; lord Hawkesbury, Mr. Canning, and viscount Castlereagh, home, foreign, and colonial, secretaries ; earl Bathurst, board of trade ; Mr. Dundas, India board ; lord Mulgrave, admiralty ; earl of Chatham, ordnance, &c. Lord Eldon, lord chan- cellor. March. 1809. [A quarrel and duel (Sept. 22) between lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning (the latter wounded) led to the retirement of both. This, with the subsequent retire- ment of the duke of Portland, who died shortly after (Oct. 30, 1809) dissolved the administration, which, after some negotiation with the whigs, was recon- stituted under ] 1809. Rt. HON. Spencer Perceval, first lord of the treasury, chancellor of the ex- chequer, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster ; earl Camden, lord president ; earl of Westmoreland, privy seal ; hon. Richard Ryder, home, marquess Welles - ley, foreign, and earl of Liverpool, colo- nial, secretaries ; lord Mulgrave, admi- ralty ; Mr. Dundas, board of controul ; earl Bathurst, board of trade; earl of Chatham, ordnance; viscount Palmer- ston, secretary-at-war, &c. Lord Eldon, lord chancellor. Nov. and Dec. 1810. ["Lord Mulgrave went to the ordnance, and was succeeded at the admiralty by the Rt. hon. Charles Yorke. Mai/. Some subordinate changes took place.] Regency of George Prince of Wales. 1811. Mr. Spencer Perceval and his col- leagues, continued. Feb. [The death of Mr. Perceval, who was assas- sinated, by a man named BelUngham, in the lobby of the house of commons (May 11, 1812) led to several changes. After much fruitless negotiation with the Whigs the former government was re- constituted under the] 1812. Earl of Liverpool, first lord of the trea- sury ; earl of Harrowby, lord president ; earl of Westmoreland, privy seal ; Mr. Vansittart, chancellor of the exchequer ; earl of Mulgrave, ordnance ; lord Mel- ville, admiralty ; viscount Sidmouth, viscount Castlereagh, and earl Bathurst, home, foreign, and colonial secretaries ; earl of Buckinghamshire, board of con- troul ; marquess Camden, lord Palmer- ston, earl of Clancarty, &c. Lord Eldon, lord chancellor. 3Iay. June. 1814. [Among the changes that afterwards took to place, were the following : 1819. Mr. Charles Bragge Bathurst, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, a cabinet minister; and Mr. W. Wellesley Pole advanced to the cabinet as master of the mint, 1814. Mr. Canning made presi- dent of the board of controul, 1816. Mr. Frederick John Robinson, president of the board of trade, 1818; and the duke of Wellington, master-general of the ordnance, 1819.] King George IV. 1820. Earl of Liverpool and his colleagues, continued. The cabinet at the com- mencement of this reign was constituted thus: Earl of Liverpool, first minister and first lord of the treasury; earl of Harrowby, president of the council; earl of Westmoreland, privy seal; Mr. Vansittart, chancellor of the ex- chequer ; viscount Melville, admiralty ; duke of Wellington, ordnance ; viscount Sidmouth, viscount Castlereagh, and earl Bathurst, home, foreign and co- lonial secretaries; Mr. Canning, board of controul ; Mr. Frederick J. Robin- son, board of trade; Mr. Charles B. Bathurst, duchy of Lancaster ; Mr. Wel- lesley Pole, master of the mint ; earl of Mulgrave without office. Lord Eldon, lord chancellor. Jan. 1822. [The Rt. hon. Robert Peel became home secretary, Jan., and Mr. W. W. Wynn, president of the board of trade, in Feb. 1822; and, on the death of viscount Castlereagh (then marquess of London- derry), Mr. Canning became foreign secretary, Sept. same year. Viscount Sidmouth continued a member of the cabinet, without oflfiice. In 1823, Mr. Huskisson united the board of trade with the treasurership of the navy ; and a few other changes subsequently oc- curred.] 1827. Earl of Liverpool, continued. At the close of lord Liverpool's long adminis- tration, it consisted of the following members : Earl of Liverpool, first lord of the treasury; Mr. Frederick J. Ro- binson, chancellor of the exchequer; lords Harrowby and Westmoreland, lord president and privy seal; Mr. Peel, Mr. Canning, and earl Bathurst, secre- taries of state for the home, foreign, and colonial departments ; lord Melville, ad- miralty ; duke of Wellington, ordnance ; lord Bexley (late Mr. Vansittart), duchy of Lancaster; Mr. Charles W.W.Wjmn and Mr. Huskisson, boards of controul and trade ; lord Sidmouth, without of- fice, &;c. Lord Eldon, lord chancellor. Dissolved, owing to lord Liverpool's ill- ness'^, April, 1827. 1827. Rt. HON. George Canning, first lord of 1 Lord Liverpool was attacked by a fit of apoplexy, Feb. 17, 1827. His illness continuing, Mr. Canning was appointed first lord of the treasury, April 10, following; on the llth, the duke of Wellington sent in his resigna- tion, and six other members of the cabinet immediately afterwards followed his example. Mr. Canning was, in consequence, entrusted with the formation of a new government. Lord Liverpool lingered until the 4th Dec. 1828, when he died. ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND. 97 the treasury and chancellor of the ex- chequer; lord Harrowby, lord presi- dent of the council ; duke of Portland, privy seal ; lord Dudley, viscount Go- derich, and Mr. Sturges Bourne, foreign, colonial, and home secretaries; Mr. Wynn, board of controul ; Mr. Hus- kisson, board of trade ; lord Palmerston, secretary-at-war ; lord Bexley, duchy of Lancaster; duke of Clarence, lord high admiral. Lord Lyndhurst, lord chancellor. April. »^* The marquess of Lansdowne had a seat in the cabinet, to which were soon added the seals of the home department. [The death of Mr. Canning, Aug. 8, follow- ing, led to several changes.] 1827. Viscount Goderich, first minister ; duke of Portland, lord president ; earl of Car- lisle, privy seal ; viscount Dudley, Mr. Huskisson, and marquess of Lansdowne, foreign, colonial, and home secretaries respectively; lord Palmerston, secre- tary-at-war ; Mr. Wynn, board of con- troul; Mr. Charles Grant, board of trade ; Mr. Tierney, master of the mint ; &c. Lord Lyndhurst, lord chancellor. August. 1828. Duke of Wellington, first lord of the treasury ; Mr. Goulburn, chancellor of the exchequer ; earl Bathurst, president of the council ; lord Ellenboroiigh, privy seal ; Mr. Peel, earl Dudley, and Mr. Huskisson, home, foreign, and colonial secretaries ; viscount Melville, board of controul ; Mr. Grant, board of trade ; lord Palmerston, secretary-at-war ; Mr. Herries, master of the mint; earl of Aberdeen, duchy of Lancaster ; Mr. Ar- buthnot, Mr. V. Fitzgerald, Sec. Lord Lyndhurst, lord chancellor. Jan. [Mr. Huskisson, earl Dudley, viscount Palmerston, and Mr. Grant, quit the ministry, and changes follow.] 1828. Duke of" Wellington, first minister; earl Bathurst, lord president ; lord El- lenborough, privy seal ; Mr. Peel, earl of Aberdeen, and sir George Murray, home, foreign, and colonial secretaries ; viscount Melville and Mr. Vesey Fitz- gerald, boards of controul and trade; sir Henry Hardinge, secretary-at-war ; viscount Lowther, first commissioner of land revenues, &c. Lord Lyndhurst, lord chancellor. Mai/ and June. [The duke of Clarence surrendered the ofiice of lord high admiral, Aug. 12 ; and lord Melville became first lord of the admiralty, Sept. 19 ; lord Ellenborough became president of the board of con- troul, and lord Kosslyn privy seal. ] King William IV. Duke of Wellington and his colleagues, continued. 1830. Earl Grey, first lord of the treasury ^ ; viscount Althorpe, chancellor of the exchequer ; marquess of Lansdowne, president of the council; earl of Dur- ham, privy seal; viscounts Melbourne, Palmerston, and Goderich, home, fo- reign, and colonial secretaries ; sir James Graham, first lord of the admiralty; lord Auckland and Mr. Grant, presi- dents of the boards of trade and con- troul ; lord Holland, duchy of Lan- caster ; lord John Russell, paymaster of the forces (not of the cabinet at first) ; duke of Richmond, earl of Carlisle, Mr. Wynn, &c. Lord Brougham, lord chan- cellor. November. [Sir Henry Parnell afterwards became secretary-at-war, vice Mr. Wynn ; and subsequently sir Henry Parnell, was succeeded by sir John Hobhouse.] 1832. Earl GreV resigns, owing to a majority against him in the lords on a question relating to the Reform bill. May 10 ; great public excitement prevails; and he resumes office, May 18. [The earl of Ripon (late viscount Goderich) succeeds the earl of Durham as lord privy seal, April 3, 1883, when, also, the Rt. hon. E. G. S. Stanley (previously of the cabinet as secretary for Ireland) becomes colonial secretary, and Mr. Eunice, secretary-at-war.] 1834. Viscount Melbourne, first minister; marquess of Lansdowne, president of the council ; earl of Mulgrave, privy seal ; viscount Althorpe, chancellor of the exchequer ; viscount Duncannon, home secretary ; viscount Palmerston, foreign secretary; Mr. Spring Rice, war and colonies'^; lord Auckland, admiralty; Mr. Grant and Mr. C. P. Thomson, boards of controul and trade ; lord J ohn Russell, paymaster of the forces; sir John Hobhouse, Mr. Ellice, marquess of Conyngham, Mr. Littleton, &c. Lord Brougham, lord chancellor. July. [Viscount Melbourne's administration dis- solved.2 The duke of Wellington takes the helm of state provisionall}^, waiting the return of sir Robert Peel from Italy. November 14.] 1834. Sir Robert Peel, first lord of the trea- sury and chancellor of the exchequer; lord Wharnclifie, privy seal ; earl of Rosslyn, lord president ; Rt. hon. Henry Goulburn, duke of Wellington, and earl of Aberdeen, home, foreign, and colonial secretaries; earl de Grey, first lord of the admiralty; lord Ellenborough and Rt. hon. Alexander Baring, afterwards 1 On this change of ministry, the Rt. hon. John Wilson Croker, secretary to the admiralty, retired. We men- tion the circumstance, as it was the first occasion on which a personage holding that office resigned it with the minister. Mr. Croker had been secretary full twenty-one years, embracing one of the brightest periods in our naval administration. 2 On the death of the earl Spencer, lord Althorpe succeeded to the earldom, and lord Melbourne went to Brighton to receive the king's commands as to the appointment of a new chancellor of the exchequer, in the latter's room; but his majesty informed the minister, that, under the circumstances, he considered the adminis- tration at an end. This announcement created great surprise and excitement in the political circles and through- out the nation. The duke of Wellington being sent for, his grace advised the king to appoint Sir Robert Peel premier, and this was done accordingly. H 98 STATESMEN" AND STATE OFFICERS. lord Ashburton, boards of controul and trade; sir Edward Knatchbull, pay- master of the forces ; Mr. Herries, secre- tary-at-war ; sir George Murray, master- general of the ordnance, &c. Lord Lyndhurst, lord chancellor. November and December. 1835. YiscouNT Melbourne, again, prime mi- nister; marquess of Lansdowne, lord president; viscount Duncannon, lord privy seal, with the woods and forests ; Mr. Spring Rice, chancellor of the ex- chequer; lord John Kussell, viscount Palmerston, and lord Glenelg (late Mr. Charles Grant), home, foreign, and co- lonial secretaries; earl of Minto, first lord of the admiralty ; presidents of the boards of controul and trade, sir John Hobhouse and Mr. Poulett Thomson ; lord Holland, duchy of Lancaster ; vis- count Howick, secretary-at-war ; sir Henry Pamell, Mr. Labouchere, lord Morpeth, &c. The great seal in com- mission. April. [The chancellorship, which had been in commission from the formation of this ministry, was given to sir Charles C. Pepys, Jan. 1836, with the title of lord Cottenham.] Queen Victoria. 1837. Viscount Melbourne and his colleagues, continued. June 20. [Rt. hon. F. T. Baring afterwards becomes chancellor of the exchequer, vice Mr. Rice, created lord Monteagle ; the mar- quess of Normanby (late earl of Mul- grave), home secretary, vice lord John Russell, made colonial secretary; Mr. T. B. Macauley, secretary-at-war, in the room of viscount Howick; earl of Clarendon, lord privy seal, in room of viscount Duncannon ; Mr. Labouchere, president of the board of trade, vice Mr. C. Poulett Thomson, &c.] 1839. Ministers announce their determination to resign, inconsequence of the division in the commons on the Jamaica bill, in which they had a majority of onlyj^ve. May 7. Sir Robert Peel receives the queen's commands to form a new ad- ministration. May 8 ; but owing to the refusal of her majesty to dismiss the ladies of her household, on which sir Robert insisted, this command is with- drawn, and on May 10 lord Melbourne and his friends return to power. 1841. Sir Robert Peel, first lord of the trea- sury and first minister ; duke of Wel- lington, without civil ofiice, commander- in-chief; lord WharnclitFe, lord presi- dent ; duke of Buckingham, lord privy seal ; sir James Graham, earl of Aber- deen, and lord Stanley, home, foreign, and colonial secretaries ; Mr. Goulburn, chancellor of the exchequer; earl of Haddington, admiralty ; earl of Ripon, board of trade ; lord Ellenborough, board of controul; sir Henry Hardinge, sir Edward Knatchbull, sir George Mur- ray, &c. Lord Lyndhurst, lord chan- cellor. Aug. and Sept. 1841. [Among the many succeeding changes to were : lord Fitzgerald and Vesey to the 1846. board of controul, vice lord Ellenborough appointed governor-general of India, Oct. 1841 ; duke of Buccleuch, lord privy seal, Feb. 1842. Earl of Ripon, from the board of trade to the board of controul, vice lord Fitzgerald, deceased, May, 1843. Sir Thomas Fremantle, secretary-at-war, vice sir Henry Har- dinge, appointed governor-general of India, May, 1844. Earl of Dalhousie, to the board of trade, and Mr. Sidney Herbert, secretary-at-war, Feb. 1845. Mr. W. E. Gladstone, colonial secretary, vice lord Stanley, who resigned; duke of Buccleuch, lord president, vice lord Wharnclifie, deceased; earl of Had- dington, lord privy seal; and earl of Ellenborough, admiralty. Jan. 1846. 1846. Lord John Russell, first lord of the treasury and first minister; marquess of Lansdowne, lord president; earl of Minto, lord privy seal ; sir George Grey, viscount Palmerston, and earl Grey, home, foreign, and colonial secretaries ; Mr. (now sir Charles) Wood, chancellor of the exchequer ; earl of Auckland, admiralty ; sir John Hobhouse and earl of Clarendon, boards of controul and trade; lord Campbell, duchy of Lan- caster ; viscount Morpeth (now earl of Carlisle), woods and forests ; marquess of Clanricarde, Mr. Macauley, Mr. La- bouchere, &c. Lord Cottenham, lord chancellor. July. 1847. [Changes: Mr. Labouchere to board of to trade, vice earl of Clarendon, appointed 1850. lord lieutenant of Ireland, July, 1847. Earl Granville, paymaster general, vice Mr. Macauley, 3Iay, 1848. Sir Francis Thornhill Baring, first lord of the ad- miralty, vice earl of Auckland, deceased, Jan. 1849. Mr. Fox Maule, secretary- at-war, to be of the cabinet, Nov. 1849. Earl of Carlisle from Woods and Forests to the duchy of Lancaster, March; and sir Thomas Wylde, created lord Truro, lord chancellor, vice lord Cotten- ham, who resigned, and was created earl of Cottenham, July, 1850.] 1850. Lord John Russell (as above) and his colleagues, the present Ministers. 99 THE GREAT OFFICERS OF STATE> THE LORD HIGH STEWAED OF ENGLAND. The first great officer of the crown was formerly the Lord High Steward of England, or Viceroy, for so the word signifies in the Saxon language : in Latin he is styled Magnus Anglice Seneschallus. This honourable office is of great antiquity, having been established prior to the reign of Edward the Confessor. The Lord High Steward was the prime officer under the king, and the office was annexed to the lordship of Hinckley, in Leicestershire ; and this lordship belonging to the family of Montfort, earls of Leicester, they were, in right of it. Lord High Stewards of England. But Simon de Montfort, the last earl of this family, having made a bad use of the power which this office had given him, raised a rebellion against his sovereign Henry IH., and was attainted, and his estate forfeited. Henry and his successors, wisely judging that the power was too great, in some measure abolished the office, as, in the hands of an ambitious subject, it might be made subservient to the worst purposes. It is now, therefore, only revived pro hac vice, to officiate at a coronation, or the trial of a peer. By his commission for the first, the Lord High Steward sits judicially himself, or appoints commissioners to act for him : he keeps his court in the king's palace, where he receives the petitions of noblemen and others, who, by tenure or otherwise, claim to do service at the coronation of the king. When he is appointed to preside at the trial of a peer or peeress of the realm, the lords being assembled, his commission is read, and a white rod, his emblem of office, is put into his hand, and his " Grace," for so he is then styled, takes the seat allotted to him as Lord High Steward, and proceeds to the trial of the personage arraigned before him. As soon as the investigation is over, his Grace breaks the rod, which ends his commission. Lord High Stewards of England since the Restoration of King Charles IL 1676. 1677. 1661. James Butler, duke of Ormond, for his majesty's coronation. April 20. 1666. Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon (lord chancellor), for the trial of Thomas Parker, lord Morley and Monteagle. April 12. Heneage Finch, lord Finch (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of Charles Corn- wallis, lord Cornwallis. June 15. Heneage Finch, lord Finch (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of Philip, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery. March 18. 1679. Heneage Finch, lord Finch (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of Thomas Osborne, eari of Danby. May 10. — Heneage Finch, lord Finch (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of William Herbert, earl of Powis ; William Howard, viscount Stafford ; Henry Arundel, lord Arundel of Wardour ; William Petre, lord Petre ; and John, lord Belasyse. May 27. 1680. Heneage Finch, lord Finch (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of William Howard, viscount Stafford. November 30. 1685. James Butler, duke of Ormond, for the coronation of James II. April 21. George Jeffereys, lord Jeffereys (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of Henry Booth, lord Delamere. January 9. 1689. 1692. 1699. 1702. 1714. 1716. 1717. William Cavendish, earl of Devonshire, for the coronation of William III. and Mary II. April 11. Thomas Osborne, marquis of Carmarthen, for the trial of Charles Mohun, lord Mohun. March 25. John Somers, lord Somers (lord chancellor), for the trial of Edward-Henry Rich, earl of Warwick and Holland, and of Charles Mohun, lord Mohun. Jan. 31. William Cavendish, duke of Devonshire, for the coronation of Queen Anne. Charles Fitzroy, duke of Grafton, for the coronation of George I. William Cowper, lord Cowper (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of James RadclifFe, earl of Derwentwater ; William Wid- drington, lord Widdrington ; William Maxwell, earl of Nithsdale; Robert Dalziel, earl of Carnwath ; William Gordon, viscount Kenmure; and Wil- liam Nairne, lord Nairne. Jan. 10. William Cowper, lord Cowper (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of George Seton, earl of Wintoun. March 15. William Cowper, lord Cowper (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of Robert Harley, earl of Oxford and earl Mortimer, June 24. H 2 100 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1725. Peter King, lord King (lord chancellor), for the trial of Thomas Parker, earl of Macclesfield ; which trial began May 14. 1727. Lionel Cranfield Sackville, duke of Dorset, for the coronation of George II. 1746. Philip Yorke, lord Hardwicke (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of William Boyd, earl of Kilmarnock ; George Mackenzie, earl of Cromarty ; and Arthur Elphin- stone, lord Balmerino. July 5. 1747. Philip Yorke, lord Hardwicke (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of Simon Fraser, lord Lovat. March 9. 1760. Eobert Henley, lord Henley (lord keeper), for the trial of Lawrence Shirley, earl Ferrers. April. 1761. William Talbot, earl Talbot, for the coro- nation of George III. 1765. Robert Henley, earl of Northington (lord chancellor), for the trial of William Byron, lord Byron. May. 1776. Henry Bathurst/earl Bathurst (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of Elizabeth Chud- leigh, duchess of Kingston. Feb. 10. 1788. Edward lord Thurlow (lord chancellor), for the trial of Warren Hastings. Feb. 12. 1793. Alexander, lord Loughborough (lord chan- cellor), for the trial of the same. Jan. 28. This trial continued seven years, and ended in the acquittal of Mr. Hastings, April 23, 1795. 1806. Thomas, lord Erskine (lord chancellor), for the trial of Henry Dundas, viscount Melville. April 29. 1821. Henry- William, marquess of Anglesey, for the coronation of George IV. July 19. 1831. Alexander, duke of Hamilton, for the coro- nation of William IV. Sept. 8. 1838. Alexander, duke of Hamilton, for the coro- nation of Queen Victoria. June 28. 1841. Thomas, lord Denman, lord chief justice of the queen's bench, for the trial of James Thomas Brudenell, earl of Cardigan. Feb. 16. THE LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR. The second great officer of the Crown is the Lord High Chancellor, or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. Formerly this office was conferred upon some dignified clergyman, remarkable for his abilities, and his knowledge of the civil law. After the princes of the blood royal, he is the first lay-subject, and is reputed the keeper of the king's conscience. Among the many great prerogatives of his office, he has a power to judge according to equity, conscience, and reason, where he finds the law of the land so defective as that the subject would be injured thereby. If a man be imprisoned illegally during the vacation, he has power to grant a writ of habeas corpus, and do him justice according to law ; whereas, neither the court of king's bench, nor the common pleas, can grant that writ but in term-time. The Lord Chancellor and Lord Keeper are the same in authority, power, and precedence ; they are appointed by the King's delivery of the great seal to them, and by taking the oath of office. They difier only in this point, that the Lord Chancellor has also letters-patent; whereas the Lord Keeper has none. The business of the chancery, originally transacted in the exchequer department of the Curia Regis, was removed to a separate court about the close of Richard I.'s reign, from which time the annual rolls descend regularly. Lord High Chancellors of England. William the Conqueror. 1067. Arfastus, or Herefast ^ chaplain to tne king ; bishop of Elmham. 1070. Osbert, afterwards bishop of Exeter. 1073. Osmund, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. 1078. Maurice, afterwards bishop of London. * * William Velson, or Welson (de Bellofago), chaplain to the king ; afterwards bishop of Thetford. 1036. William Giffard; afterwards bishop of Winchester. King William II. 1087. William Giffard, continued. 1090. Robert Bloet, or Bluet, afterwards bishop of Lincoln. 1093. Baldric, or Galdricus ; and Drogo, keeper under him. 1094. William Giffard, again. King Henry I. 1100. William Giffard, bishop of Winchester, continued. 1101. Roger, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. 1103. William Giffard, again. 1104. Waldricus. 107. Ranulph, or Arnulph : died 1123. [Richard, a chaplain, was, according to 1 Dugdale, and mostofthe earlier writers, and, later, Hardy, place Arfastus as the first chancellor, in this year. Other writers fix a subsequent date. Mr. Foss, an excellent' authority, says, that he held the office at Whit- suntide 1068 ; a- d he mentions his name (with the addition of " chancellor ") as being affixed to the charter which William then granted to the church of St. Martin's-le-Grand, in London. Mr. Foss adds, that " Thynne, Phili- pot, and Spelman, state the date correctly." We are indebted to Mr. Hardy for the greater portion of this Ust, and follow him, as being infinitely more certain than Dugdale, nearly all through. — Editor. LORD HIGH CHANCELLOKS. 101 Thynne, keeper of the seal under Ra- nulph ; but this is doubtful : he became bishop of Hereford in 1120.] 1124. Geoffrey Kufus, afterwards bishop of Dur- ham. King Stephen. 1135. Roger Pauper, son of Roger, bishop of Salisbury. 1139. Philip. 1142. Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury ; con- stituted by the empress Maud. * * William Fitzgilbert ; constituted by the empress Maud. * * William de Yere ; also constituted by the empress, in reversion. * * Robert de Gant, lord chancellor : died in 1153. King Henry II. 1154. Thomas a Becket, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury : resigned in 1162. 1173. Ralph de Warneville, treasurer of York. 1177. Walter de Constantiis, bishop of Lincoln and archbishop of Rouen, vice-chancellor or deputy. 1 1182. Geotfrey Plantagenet, bishop of Lincoln, and afterwards archbishop of York. King Richard I. 1189. William de Longchamp, afterwards bishop of Ely: died in 1197. 1190. John de Alen^on, archdeacon of Lisieux ; vice-chancellor. 1192. Roger Malus Catulus, vice-chancellor. March. — Benet, vice-chancellor. Oct. 1195. Eustace, afterwards bishop of Ely, vice- chancellor. 1198. Warine, or Guarinus, prior of Loches, in Touraine, vice-chancellor. — Eustace, bishop of Ely ; chancellor. — Roceline, vice-chancellor. King J ohn. 1199. Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury. 1205. W alter-de-Grey, afterwards bishop of Wor- cester and archbishop of York. 1213. Peter de Rupibus, bishop of Winchester. 1214. Walter de Grey, again. Jan. — Richard de Marisco, afterwards bishop of Durham. Oct. King Henry III. 1216. Richard de Marisco, continued. 1218. Ralph de Nevill, afterwards bishop of Chi- chester, keeper. 1226. Ralph de Nevill, chancellor. [The king took the great seal from him in 1238, and delivered it to Geoffrey, a Templar, and to John de Lexinton; but Ralph had still the emoluments of the chancellorship.] 1238. Simon Normannus, or de Cantilupe, keeper. 1240. Richard Crassus, abbot of Evesham, keeper. 1242. Silvester de Everdon, or Eversden, keeper. 1246. John Mansel, provost of Beverley, keeper. 1247. John de Lexinton, again keeper, in the absence of J ohn Mansel on an embassy. 1248. John Mansel, on his return, again keeper. 1250. William de Kilkenny, afterwards bishop of Ely, keeper. 1255. Henry de Wingham, bishop of London, keeper. 1258. Walter de Merton, bishop of Rochester, keeper. 1260. Nicholas de Ely, afterwards bishop of Worcester and Winchester, keeper. 1261. Walter de Merton, bishop of Rochester, chancellor. 1263. Nicholas de Ely, chancellor. 1265. Thomas de Cantilupe, bishop of Hereford. Feb. — Walter Giffard, bishop of Bath and Wells. Aug. 1266. Godfrey Giff'ard, bishop of Worcester. 1268. John de ChishuU, afterwards bishop of London, keeper. 1269. Richard de Middleton ; first, keeper, after- wards chancellor. 1272. John de Kirkeby, afterwards bishop of Ely. King Edward I. — Walter de Merton, bishop of Rochester. 1274. Robert Burnell, archdeacon of York. 1292. John de Langton, afterwards bishop of Chichester. 1302. William de Grenefield, dean of Chichester, afterwards archbishop of York. 1304. William de Hamilton, dean of York. — John de Benstede, keeper, until the new chancellor's arrival to receive the seal. 1307. Ralph de Baldoc, Baldok, or Beaudake, bishop of London. King Edward II. 1307. Ralph de Baldoc, continued. — John de Langton, bishop of Chichester. 1310. WilHam de Melton, Robert de Bardelby, Ingelard de Warlegh, and John Fraun- ceis, keepers. — Walter Reinalds, or Reynolds, bishop of Worcester, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. July. 1311. Adam de Osgodeby, master of the rolls, Robert de Bardelb}^ and William de Ayremynne, keepers. 1312. Walter Reynolds, again, keeper. 1314. John de Sandale, afterwards bishop of Winchester. Sept. 1318. John de Hotham, or Hothum, bishop of Ely. June. 1320. John Salmon, bishop of Norwich. Jan. 1323. Robert de Baldoc, or Baldok, archdeacon of Middlesex (and elected bishop of Norwich). Aug. King Edward III. 1327. John de Hotham, again. Jan. — Henry de Clyff", master of the rolls, keeper. March. ^ In Henry I.'s reign, a keeper of the seal under the chancellor Ranulph is mentioned, but upon somewhat doubtful authority. In this reign (Henry II. 's) Walter de Constantiis is called " Vice- Chancellor" by one author, and is described by another as having the duties of the Chancellor in the Curia Regis committed to him by Ralph de Warneville. In the following reign (that of Richard I.), the title, it will be found, was officially adopted. He was, perhaps, the deputy of the chancellor mentioned in the Bialogus de Scaccario, to whom the custody of the rolls was entrusted, and in whose appointment probably originated the office of master of the rolls. — Foss's Judges of England. H 3 102 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1327. Henry de Burghersh, bishop of Lincoln. May. 1330. John de Stratford, bishop of Winchester. Nov. 1334. Richard de Angarville, or Bury, bishop of Durham. Sept. 1335. John de Stratford, again, now archbishop of Canterbury. June. 1337. Robert de Stratford, archdeacon of Can- terbury. March. 1338. Richard de Bynteworth, or Wentworth, bishop of London. July. — John de St. Paul, master of the rolls, and Thomas de Baumburgh, keepers, pro tem. July. 1339. John de St. Paul, Michael de Wath, and Thomas de Baumburgh, keepers. Dec. 1340. John de Stratford, the third time. April : resigned from infirmity. — John de St. Paul, keeper. June. — Robert de Stratford, now bishop of Chi- chester. July. — William de Kildesby, keeper. Dec. 1. — Sir Robert Burghchier, or Bourchier, knt. Dec. 14. 1341. Sir Robert Parnyng, knt. : died, Aug. 26, 1343. 1343. John de Thoresby, master of the rolls, John de St. Paul, Thomas de Brayton, and Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, keepers. Aug. — Robert de Sadyngton. Sept. 1345. John de Offord, or Ufford, dean of Lincoln : appointed archbishop of Canterbury, but died. May 20, 1349, before conse- cration. 1349. David de Wollore, master of the rolls, John de St. Paul, Thomas de Brayton, and Thomas Cotyngham, keepers. May 28. — John de Thoresby, bishop of St. David's. June 16. 1356. William de Edington, bishop of Winches- ter. Nov. 27. 1363. Simon Langham, bishop of Ely, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. Feb. 19. 1367. William de Wyckham, or Wykeham, bishop of Winchester. 1371. Sir Robert de Thorpe, knt. March 26: died June 29, 1372. 1372. Sir Richard le Scrope, lord Scrope, of Bol- ton, treasurer ; keeper. June 29. — Sir John Knyvet, knt. July 5. 1377. Adam de Houghton, or Hoghton, bishop of St. David's. Jan. 11. King Richard IL 1377. Adam de Hoghton, continued, 1378. Sir Richard le Srcope, lord Scrope. Oct. 29. 1379. Simon de Sudbury, archbishop of Canter- bury, July 4. Beheaded by the rebels under Wat Tyler, June 14, 1381. 1381. Richard, earl of Arundel, keeper. June 14. — Hugh de Segrave, steward of the king's household, keeper. June 16. — William Courtenay, bishop of London. Aug. 10. — Richard, lord Scrope, again. Dec. 4. 1382. Hugh de Segrave, treasurer of England, William de Dighton, privy seal, John de Waltham, master of the rolls (July 11), and Walter de Skirlawe (Aug. 8), keepers. — Robert de Bravbroke, bishop of London. Sept. 20. " 1383. John de Waltham, keeper. March 10. — Sir Michael de la Pole. March 13. 1386. Thomas de Arundel, or Fitz-Alan, bishop of Ely ; afterwards archbishop of York and of Canterbury. Oct. 24. 1389. William de Wykeham, bishop of Winches- ter, again. May 4. 1391. Thomas de Arundel, now archbishop of York, again. Sept. 27. 1396. Edmund Stafford, bishop of Exeter. Nov. 23. 1399. Thomas de Arundel, now archbishop of Canterbury ; the third time. Sept. — John de Scarle. Sept. King Henry IV. 1399. John de Scarle, continued. 1401. Edmund Stafford, again. March 9. 1403. Henry de Beaufort, bishop of Lincoln. Feb. 1405. Thomas Longley, keeper of the privy seal, March 2 ; bishop of Durham in 1406. 1407. Thomas de Arundel, the fourth time. Jan. 30. 1410. Sir Thomas de Beaufort, afterwards earl of Dorset and duke of Exeter. Jan. 31. 1412. Thomas de Arundel, the fifth time. Jan. 5. King Henry V. 1413. Henry de Beaufort, bishop of Winchester (translated from Lincoln). March 21. 1417. Thomas Longley, bishop of Durham, again. July 23. King Henry VI. 1422. Simon Gaunstede, master of the rolls, keeper. Sept. 28. 1424. Henry de Beaufort, again. July 6. 1426. John Kempe, bishop of London. March 16. 1432. Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, keeper. Feb. 25. — John Stafford, Bishop of Bath and Wells. March 4. 1450. John Kempe, now a cardinal, and arch- bishop of York. Jan. 31 ; died March 2, 1454. 1454. Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury. April 2. 1455. Thomas Bourchier, archbishop of Canter- bury. March 7. 1456. William de Waynflete, bishop of Winches- ter. Oct. 11. 1460. Thomas Bourchier, archbishop of Canter- bury, keeper. July 7. — George Neville, bishop of Exeter, after- wards archbishop of York, July 25. King Edward IV. 1461. The bishop of Exeter, continued. 1463. Robert Kirkeham, master of the rolls, keeper during the chancellor's absence. Aug. 23, and subsequently. 1467. Robert Stillington, bishop of Bath and Wells. June 20. 1473. John Morton, master of the rolls, keeper. June 18. — Henry Bourchier, earl of Essex, keeper. June 23. — John Morton, again keeper. July 17. See year 1487. — Lawrence Booth, bishop of Durham. J uly 27. 1475. Thomas Rotheram, bishop of Lincoln. — John Alcock, bishop of Rochester. April 27. — Thomas Rotheram, again. Sept. 28. King Edward V. 1483. John Russell, bishop of Lincoln. LORD HIGH CHAN^CELLORS. 103 King Richard III. 1483. The bishop of Lincoln, continued. 1485. Thomas Barowe, master of the rolls, keeper. Aug. 1. King Henry VII. 1485. John Alcock, now bishop of Worcester, and afterwards bishop of Ely. 1487. John Morton, now archbishop of Canter- bury. Aug. 8. He had been made bishop of Ely in 1478 ; died Sept. 1500. 1500. Richard Nikke, dean of the chapel royal, keeper. Sept. 16. 1502. Henry Deane, bishop of Salisbury, after- wards archbishop of Canterbury, keeper. Oct. 13. — William Barons, master of the rolls, keeper. July 27. — William Warham, bishop elect of London, keeper. Aug. 11. 1504. William Warham, now bishop of London, and archbishop elect of Canterbury, lord chancellor. Jan. 21. King Henry VIII. 1509. William Warham, continued, 1515. Thomas Wolsey, cardinal, and archbishop of York. Dec. 22. 1529. Thomas, duke of Norfolk, treasurer, and Charles, duke of Suffolk, earl marshall, keepers. Oct. 17. — Sir Thomas More. Oct. 25 : he resigned the seal May 16th, 1532.^ 1532. Sir Thomas Audley, keeper. May 20. 1533. Sir Thomas Audley, chancellor. Jan. 26 ; created lord Audley, of Walden, Nov. 29, 1538. 1544. Thomas, lord Wriothesley, keeper. April 22. — Thomas, lord Wriothesley, lord chancellor. May 3. King Edward VI. 1547. Lord Wriothesley, continued, and created earl of Southampton. — William Paulet, lord St. John, keeper. — March 7. — Richard, lord Rich. Oct. 23. 1551. Thomas Goodrich, bishop of Ely, keeper. Dec. 22. 1552. Thomas Goodrich, bishop of Ely, lord chancellor. Jan. 19. Queen Mary. 1553. Stephen Gardiner, or Gardyner, bishop of Winchester. Aug. 23. 1556. Nicholas Heath, archbishop of York. Jan. 1. Queen Elizabeth. 1551. The Queen, keeper. Nov. 18. — Sir Nicholas Bacon 2, keeper ; Dec. 22 : the first lord keeper that ranked as lord chancellor. Died Feb. 20, 1579. 1579. The Queen. Feb. 20. — William Cecil, lord Burleigh, and Robert, earl of Leicester, lord keepers. Feb. 24. — Sir Thomas Bromley, knt., lord chancellor. April 26 : died April 12, 1587. 1517. Henry, lord Hunsdon ; William, Lord Cob- ham ; and sir Francis Walsingham, lord keepers. April 15. — William, lord Burleigh; Robert, earl of Leicester ; and sir Francis Walsingham, lord keepers. April. 26. — Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor. April 29 : died Nov. 20, 1591. 1591. William, lord Burleigh ; Henry, lord Hunsdon ; William, lord Cobham ; and Thomas, lord Buckhurst, commissioners of the great seal. Nov. 22. — Sir Gilbert Gerrard, master of the rolls, and others, commissioners for hearing causes. Nov. 22. 1592. Sir John Puckering, knt., lord keeper. May 28 : died April 30, 1596. 1596. Sir Thomas Egerton, knt. 3 lord keeper. May 6. King James I. 1603. Sir Thomas Egerton, lord keeper, co/i- tinued. March 24. — Sir Thomas Egerton, now lord Ellesmere, lord chancellor, July 24 : aftei-wards created viscount Brackley : died March 15, 1617. 1617. Sir Francis Bacon, knt., lord keeper. March 7. 1618. Sir Francis Bacon 4 made lord chancellor, Jan. 4 : created lord Verulam, and after- wards viscount St. Alban's. 1 Sir Thomas More was the first layman that had held the great seal as lord high chancellor. He resigned because he could not concur with the court in the king's divorce from Catharine of Arragon. His conscientious opposition to the tyrant's will was enough to prove the ruin of this excellent man — " vir, doctrind et probitate spcctabilis,'' as he is called by Thuanus, the historian. His unfortunate fate is too well known to be related here. 2 Camden gives him this character : " Vir prcepinguis, ingenio acerrimo, singularia pt-udentia, surmna elo- qucntia, tenacia memoria, et sacris conciliis alterurn columen.^^ Of person very corpulent, most quick wit, sin- gular prudence, admirable eloquence, retentive memory, and another pillar to the privy council. This corpulency of body grew upon him in his old age, and whenever queen Elizabeth alluded to it, she used to say, " Sir Nicholas's soul lodges well." 3 Lord Campbell, who seems to delight in bestowing just praise, says of this personage: " It is refreshing to have to contemplate the life of a man remarkable alike for talent, learning, and probity, who raised himself from obscurity by his own exertions, and who reached the highest honours without affixing any stain on his character, and with merits so acknowledged, that he did not even excite the envy of rivals." — Lord CayyipbeW s Lives of the Lord Chancellors. His lordship relates an early anecdote of Egerton, which he takes, he says, from the Rev. Francis Egerton's Memoirs of him: " He first gave earnest of his future eminence by interposing diS amicus cur ice while yet a student, when a verdict was about to be pronounced which would have ruined a worthy old lady who kept a house of public entertainment in Smithfield. Three graziers had deposited a sum of money with her, to be returned to them on their joint application. One of them fraudulently pretending that he had authority to receive it, induced her to give him the whole of the money, and absconded with it. The other two brought their action against her, and (as the story goes) were about to recover, when young Egerton begged permission to befriend the court, by pointing out a fatal objection which had escaped her counsel as well as my lord judge. Said he : ' The money by the contract was to be returned to three, but only two sue ; where is the third ? Let him appear with the others; till then the money cannot be demanded of her.' This turned the fortune of the day ; the plaintiffs were nonsuited, and our young student was from that day considered to be of great mark and likel hood." — Lord Campbell's Lord Chancellors. This great man was accused of bribery and corruption by a committee of the commons; adjudged guilty (May 3, 1621); and sentenced to a fine and ransom of £40,000, to imprisonment in the Tower during the king's H 4 104 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEES. 1G21. Sir J ulius Ciesar, master of the rolls, and other commissioners, to hear causes in chancery. May 1. — Sir John Ley, knt. and bart., chief justice, and other commissioners, to hear causes in the lords. May 1. — Henry, viscount Mandeville, lord treasurer ; Ludowic, duke of Richmond; and the eari of Arundel, to use the seal. May 1. — John Williams, dean of Westminster, after- wards bishop of Lincoln, lord keeper. July 10. King Charles I. 1625. The bishop of Lincoln, lord keeper, con- tinued: resigned the seal, Oct. 30. — Sir Thomas Coventry, lord keeper, Nov. 1 : afterwards lord Coventry : died Jan. 13, 1640. 1640. Sir John Finch, chief justice CP., lord keeper. Jan. 17 : afterwards lord Finch. 1641. Sir Edward Lyttleton, chief justice C. P., lord keeper. Jan. 19. Created lord Lyttleton in Feb. 1641. 1642. The King. May 21. 1643. Oliver, earl of Bolingbroke ; Henry, earl of Kent ; Oliver St. John, John Wilde, Samuel Browne, and Edmund Prideaux, parliamentary commissioners or keepers. Nov. 30. 1645. Sir Richard Lane, royal keeper. Oct. 23. 1646. The earl of Salisbury, in the room of the earl of Bolingbroke, deceased, parlia- mentary commissioner. Aug. 11. — Edward, earl of Manchester, speaker of the house of lords, and William Lenthall, speaker of the commons and master of the rolls, parliamentary commissioners or keepers. Oct. 31. 1648. Henry, earl of Kent, and William, lord Grey, of Werke, parliamentary keepers. March 17. — Sir Thomas Widdrington, and Bulstrode Whitelocke, parliamentary keepers, joined to the preceding. April 12. The Commonwealth. 1649. Bulstrode Whitelocke, and John Lisle, esqrs., and Serjeant Keeble, parliamentary com- missioners. Feb. 8. 1653. Sir Edward Herbert, attorney-general, king's lord keeper. April 5. 1654. Bulstrode Whitelocke, sir Thomas Wid- drington, and John Lisle, esq., parlia- mentary commissioners. April 4. — Sir Thomas Widdrington, parliamentary keeper, Whitelocke being abroad, and Lisle unwell. May 30. 1654. Bulstrode Whitelocke, sir Thomas Wid- drington, and Mr, Lisle, parliamentary keepers. July 14. 1655. Nathaniel Fiennes and Mr. Lisle, parlia- mentary commissioners. Oct. 10. 1658. Sir Edward Hyde, knt. and bart., made king's lord keeper at Bruges, Jan. 13 ; and king's lord chancellor, Jan. 29. — Nathaniel, lord Fiennes, and John, lord Lisle (summoned as peers to the com- monwealth parliament), parliamentary commissioners. Sept. 20. 1659. Nathaniel, lord Fiennes ; John, lord Lisle ; and Bulstrode, lord Whitelocke (also summoned as a peer of the common- wealth), parliamentary commissioners or keepers. Jan. 22. — William Lenthall, parliamentary keeper. May 14. — J ohn Bradshaw, Thomas Terryll, and John Fountain, parliamentary commissioners. June 3. — Bulstrode (lord) Whitelocke, again, par- liamentary keeper. Nov. 1. 1660. William Lenthall, parliamentary keeper. Jan. 13. — Sir Thomas Widdrington, Thomas Terryll, and John Fountain, parliamentary com- missioners. Jan. 16. — Edward, earl of Manchester, joined to the above. May 7. The Restoration. 1660. Sir Edward Hyde, lord chancellor. June 1 ; afterwards created lord Hyde, viscount Cornbury, and earl of Clarendon : re- moved Aug. 1667. 1667. Sir Orlando Bridgeman, knt. and bart., lord keeper. Aug. 31. 1672. Anthony Ashley, earl of Shaftesbury, lord chancellor. Nov. 17. 1673. Sir Heneage Finch, bart., lord keeper. Nov. 9. 1675. Heneage, now lord Finch, lord chancellor. Dec. 19 ; afterwards created earl of Not- tingham! : died Dec. 18, 1682. 1682. Sir Francis North, created lord Guildford, lord keeper. Dec. 20. King James II. 1685. Francis, lord Guildford, lord keeper, con- tinued : died Sept. 5, 1685. — George, lord Jeffreys^, chief justice K. B., lord chancellor. Sept. 28. AYlLLIAM AND MaRY. 1689. Sir John Maynard, knt. ; sir Anthony Keck, knt., and sir William Rawlin- pleasure, and declared incapable of any office, place, or employment in the state: he was "never more to sit in parhament, or come within the verge of the court." James shed tears at his fate, and appears (after he had been a short time m confinement) to have remitted his sentence ; as we find him summoned to the House of Peers 1st ^/ r/ 7 " greatest genius of his Sige:' — Boyle. " The father of experimental philosophy." TT . "His works are, for expression as well as thought, the glory of our nation." — SAf^VW Duke of Buckingham. 1 The Duke of Wharton said of this lord chancellor: " To figure this great and inestimable man aright, and to paint him in true colours, and with some warmth of imagination, but with the greatest submission to truth, 1 would seat him on his throne, with a ray of glory about his head, his ermine without spot or blemish, his balance m the right hand, mercy on his left, splendour and brightness at his feet, and his tongue, in silver tones, dispensing goodness, virtue, and justice to mankind." It appear^ that a patent was made out shortly before the king's flight, creating Jeffreys, earl of Fiini — ijranger. Ihis is a mistake : The titles of earl of Flint and viscount Wickham were sarcastically applied to inis notorious personage. Granger was deceived by a work, " Dissertatio Lithologica, &c." dedicated to " Honora- I,oI!!:^ Crforgzo comtti Flintensi, vicecomiti de Weickhain, baroni de Weim, supremo Anglice cancellario, Lfr.I.?J^^^^c" ./rtco6o 6e^ziwGfo regi Anglice a secretioribus cotisiliis j " a sarcastic dedication to him as the JUntv Jeilreys — Sir Harris Nicolas. <> n LORD HIGH CHANCELLORS. 105 son, knt., commissioners or keepers. March 4. 1690. Sir John Trevor, knt. ; sir William Raw- linson, knt., and sir George Hutchins, knt. ; commissioners or keepers. May 14. 1693. Sir John Somers, lord keeper. March 23. 1697. Sir John Somers, lord chancellor. ^ April 22. Created lord Somers. Deprived of the seal, April 27, 1700. — Lord Bay- mond's Reports. 1700. Lord chief justice Holt, K.B., sir George Treby, chief justice C. P., and chief baron sir Edward Ward, lord keepers. April 27. — Sir Nathan Wright, lord keeper. May 21. Queen Anne. 1702. Sir Nathan Wright, lord keeper, continued: removed in 1705. 1705. Rt. hon. William Cowper^, lord keeper, Oct. 11 ; afterwards lord Cowper. 1707. William, lord Cowper, lord chancellor, May 4 : resigned Sept. 25, 1710. 1710. Sir Thomas Trevor, chief justice C. P., Robert Tracy, justice C. P., and baron Scrope (of Scotland) lord keepers. Sept. 26. — Sir Simon Harcourt, attorney-general, lord keeper, Oct. 19 : created lord Harcourt. 1713. Simon, lord Harcourt, lord chancellor. April 7. King George I. 1714. Simon, lord Harcourt, continued : deprived Sept. .21. — William, lord Cowper, lord chancellor, Sept. 21 : afterwards earl Cowper. 1718. Sir Robert Tracy, sir John Pratt, and sir James Montague, lord keepers. April 18. — Thomas, lord Parker, lord chancellor. May 12 : afterwards earl of Macclesfield : surrendered the seal. Jan. 4, 1725. 1725. Sir Joseph Jekyll, master of the rolls, sir Jeffrey Gilbert, B. E., and sir Robert Raymond, justice K. B., lord keepers. Jan. 7. — Sir Peter King, created lord King, lord chancellor. June 1. King George II. 1727. Lord King, continued: resigned Nov. 1733. 1733. Hon. Charles Talbot, created lord Talbot, lord chancellor, Nov. 29 : died Feb. 1737. 1737. Philip Yorke, lord Hardwicke^, lord chan- cellor, Feb. 21 : resigned Nov. 19. 1756. 1756. Sir John Willis, chief justice C. P., sir Sidney Stafford Smythe B. E., and sir John Eardley Wilmot, justice K. B., lord keepers. Nov. 19. 1757. Sir Robert Henley, attorney-general, lord keeper, June 20 : afterwards lord Henley. King George III. 1760. Lord Henley, lord keeper, continued. 1761. Lord Henley, lord chancellor, Jan. 16; afterwards viscount Henley, and earl of Northington : resigned July 30, 1766. 1766. Charles, lord Camden, chief justice CP., lord chancellor, July 30 : resigned Jan. 17, 1770. 1770. Hon. Charles Yorke, attorney-general, lord chancellor, Jan. 17 : created lord Mor- den : died Jan. 20, before the seals were put to his patent of peerage; he held the great seal only three days. — Sir Sidney-Stafford-Smythe, B. E. ; hon. Henry Bathurst, justice C. P. ; and Sir Richard Aston, justice K.B., commis- sioners. Jan. 21. 1771. Hon. Henry Bathurst, created lord Apsley, lord chancellor. Jan. 23. Succeeded his father as earl Bathurst 1775 : resigned. 1778. Edward Thurlow, attorney-general, created lord Thurlow, lord chancellor, June 3 : resigned. 1783. Alexander, lord Loughborough ; sir Wil- liam-Henry Ashhurst, knt., justice K.B. ; and sir Beaumont Hotham, B. E., knt. commissioners. April 9. — Edward, lord Thurlow, lord chancellor, Dec. 23 : resigned June 15, 1792. 1792. Sir James Eyre, knt. C.B. ; sir William- Henry Ashhurst, knt. justice K.B. ; and sir John Wilson, knt., justice C. P., com- missioners. June 15. 1793. Alexander, lord Loughborough, lord chan- cellor, Jan. 21 : resigned. 1801. John, lord Eldon* chief justice CP., lord chancellor, April 14 : resigned. ^ Lord Somers was one of those divine men, who, like a chapel in a palace, remain unprofaned, while all the rest is tyranny, corruption, and folly. The most incorrupt lawyer, and the honestest statesman ; a master orator, a genius of the finest taste, and a patriot of the most expansive views ; a man who dispensed blessings by his life, and planned them for posterity — Horace Walpole. It being customary on New- Year's day for those who practised in chancery to present the lord chancellor with a New Year's gift, which usually amounted to about 1500/., the lord keeper, Cowper, refused to accept this contribution, it appearing too much like bribery. A rare example of an independent spirit and of proud integrity ! — Ann. of Great Britain, 1706. 3 Lord Hardv/icke continued, it is said, chief justice of the king's bench (which he had previously been) until June 7, 1737, though he had kissed hands for the great seoX. — Burrow'' s Settlement Cases. Woolrych. " Lord Hardwicke valued himself more upon being a great minister of state, which he certaiuly was not, than upon being a great chancellor, which he certainly was." — Lord Chesterfield. George IIL gave Lord Eldon a seal on which was engraven Justice, with eyes unbandaged, directed in her path by Religion. On presenting him this seal, the king observed, that " Justice was generally painted blmd, but he did not know why it should be so, when her path was so guided." Lord Eldon acknowledged his infirmity of doubting. " He preferred dull truth to brilliant error, slow accuracy to expeditious misdirection." — Sir Charles Wetherell. " No man who has sat in the court where he [Lord Eldon] presides, ever brought to the public service a more consummate knowledge of all its principles and practice ; no one could be better qualified to decide in that forum with rapidity, yet how often does he there pause and reconsider, risking the appearance of being dilatory and undecided, rather than mistake the rights of the meanest individual whose interests are in his hands." — Lord Erskine in the House of Peers. " If lord Eldon have a fault, it is that of an over-anxiety to do justice." — Sir Samuel Romilly. His lordship himself once said, " It has been a principle on which many who have presided in this court, have acted, that a judge is obliged to know nothing more than the counsel think proper to disclose, relative to the case. But for myself, I have thought and acted otiierwise, and I know, if I had given judgment on the statements only that have been made to me by counsel on both sides, I should have dis- posed of numerous estates to persons who had no more title to them than / have ; and believe me, I feel a comfort in that thought, — a comfort, of which all the observations upon my conduct can never rob me." 106 STATESMEI^ AND STATE OFFICERS. 1806. Hon. Thomas Erskine', created lord Ers- kine» chancellor. Feb. 7 : resigned. 1807. John, lord Eldon, again. April 1. King George IV. 1820. Lord Eldon, continued: afterwards earl of Eldon : resigned. 1827. John Singleton Copley, master of the rolls, created lord Lyndhurst, lord chancellor. May 2. King William IV. 1830. Lord Lyndhurst, continued : resigned. — Henry Brougham, created lord Brougham and Vaux, lord chancellor. Nov. 22 : resigned. 1834. Lord Lyndhurst, again, Nov. 22 : resigned. 1835. Sir Charles -Christopher Pepys, master of the rolls, vice-chancellor Shadwell, and justice Bosanquet C. P., commis- sioners. April 23. 1836. Sir Charles-Christopher Pepys, lord chan- ' cellor, Jan. 16.: created lord Cot- tenham. Queen Victoria. 1837. Lord Cottenham, continued. Resigned Sept. 3, 1841. 1841. Lord Lyndhurst, third time, lord chancellor. Sept. 3 : resigned. 1846. Lord Cottenham, again. July 6. Resigned, June 19, 1850. His lordship, on signi- fying his intention to retire from office, was created earl of Cottenham. 1850. The great seal in commission: Henry, lord Langdale, master of the rolls, sir Launcelot Shadwell, knt., vice-chan- cellor of England, and sir Robert Mou- sey Rolfe, knt., a baron of the exche- quer, commissioners. June 19. — Sir Thomas Wilde (chief justice of the common pleas) made lord chancellor, and created lord Truro. July 15. The PRESENT Lord High Chancellor of England. THE LOED HIGH TREASURER OF ENGLAND. The Lord High Treasurer is the third great officer of the Crown ; and is appointed by letters-patent. After he has taken the oaths before the lord chancellor, or lord keeper, he repairs to the court of exchequer, where, his letters-patent having been read, he takes his seat upon the bench. This is now only an honorary usage, he never sitting among the barons as formerly (with the chamberlains) judicially. He is a lord by his office, and governs (nominally) the upper court of exchequer, and has the custody of the king's treasure, and of the foreign and domestic records there deposited, and the appointment of all commissioners and other officers employed in collect- ing the revenues of the crown. — Beatson. The Lord High Treasurer holds his place during pleasure. The office is now executed by five or more persons, who are called Lords Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Treasurer. The office of Chancellor of the Exchequer is always held by one of the Lords Com- missioners of the Treasury. He is styled Chancellor and Under Treasurer of the Exchequer ; and has the custody of the exchequer seal : he has also the controlment of the rolls of the Lords of the Treasury, and sits (on occasions) in the court of exchequer above the barons. — Beatson, Lord High Treasurers of England. William the Conqueror. Odo, Earl of Kent. King Henry L GeofFry de Clinton. Ranulph Flambard, Bishop of Durham. Roger, Bishop of Salisbury. Nigellus, Bishop of Ely. King Henry IL Geoffrey Ridel, bishop of Ely. Richard de Ely. King Richard L Richard de Ely, continued. WiUiam de Ely. King John. William de Ely, continued. * * Dean of St. Paul's, London. Walter de Grey, bishop of Worcester. Geoffrey, archdeacon of Norwich. King Henry IIL John Ruthal. « Ip^°^? Erskine owed both his title and official dignity to his faithful attachment to Mr. Fox. When the lalents administration was in course of formation, Mr. Fox submitted to the king a list of such persons as his party considered ehgible for the chancellorship. At the head of this list was Mr. Erskine's name placed ar»?l^1^^''lf ^r^^^h ^^^^^"^ ^"^i regard, than from any expectation that his majesty would consent to his appointment. The king, however, did not make the anticipated objection : he merely said, " Well, if Mr. Erskine ^^^X f chancellor remember he is your chancellor, not mine. Mr. Erskine was accordingly m.ide chancellor LORD HIGH TREASURERS. 107 1217. Eustace de Fauconbridge, afterwards bishop of London. — John de Fontibus, bishop of Ely. Walter Maclerk, or Lacklatine, bishop of Carlisle. — Hubert de Burgo. — Peter de Orial. [Under him, Robert Passelewe was chan- cellor of the exchequer, or deputy trea- surer.] 1234. Hugh de PatteshuU. — Galfridus Templarius. — William HaverhuU, canon of St. Paul's, London. — Richard de Barking, abbot of Westminster. — Philip Lovel ; deposed by the barons in the year 1258. 1258. John Crackhall, archdeacon of Bedford. 1260. John, abbot of Peterborough ; made trea- surer by the barons. 1263. Nicholas de Ely, archdeacon of Ely. 1266. Thomas de Wymundham. 1269. John de ChishuU, dean of St. Paul's Lon- don ; afterwards bishop of London. 1271. Philip de Ely. King Edward I. 1274. Joseph de Clancy. 1275. Walter GifFard, bishop of Bath and Wells, afterwards archbishop of York. — Robert Burnel, bishop of Bath and Wells. 1278. John de Clancy, prior of St. John's of Je- rusalem, in England. 1279. Thomas Beck, archdeacon of Dorchester. 1280. Richard de Warren, or de Ware, abbot of Westminster. 1284. Walter Wenlock, abbot of Westminster. 1286. Roger de Longespee, alias de Molend, bishop of Lichfield. — John de Kirkeby, archdeacon of Coventry, afterwards bishop of Ely. 1290. William de Marchia, bishop of Bath and Wells. 1293. Peter de Leicester, baron of the exchequer, who, with the two chamberlains of the exchequer, executed the office of trea- surer until the appointment of 1295. Walter de Langton, bishop of Lichfield. [Under whom, Peter Willeby was chan- cellor of the exchequer.] King Edward II. 1307. Walter Reynolds, bishop of Worcester, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. He had been schoolmaster to the king. [Under him John de Sandale was chan- cellor of the exchequer.] 1311. John de Sandale. 1312. Sir Walter de Norwich. 1313. John de Sandale, bishop of Winchester; second time. 1315. Sir Walter de Norwich ; second time. — John de Drokenesford, bishop of Bath and Wells. [Hervey de Stanton, chancellor of the ex- chequer]. 1317. John Hotham, bishop of Ely. 1318. William Walwaine. — John de Stratford, bishop of Winchester. 1319. Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter. 1321. Sir Walter de Norwich; third time. 1322, Roger de Northburgh, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. 1324. Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter ; second time. He was beheaded in the year 1326, by order of the queen regent, Isabella. 1324. William de Melton, archbishop of York. King Edward HI. 1326. John de Stratford, bishop of Winchester ; second time. — Adam de Orleton, bishop of Hereford. 1327. Henry de Burghersh, bishop of Lincoln. 1329. Thomas Charleton, or Charlton, bishop of Hereford. 1330. Robert Woodhouse. 1331. William Melton, archbishop of York ; se- cond time. 1332. William Ayremin, bishop of Norwich. 1333. Robert le Ailstone. 1336. Henry de Burghersh, bishop of Lincoln; second time. 13^. Richard de Bury, bishop of Durham. 1338. William de la Zouch, or le Zouch, arch- bishop of York. 1340. Sir Richard Sodington, knt. — Roger de Northburgh, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry ; second time. 1342. Roger de Northburgh, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry ; third time. 1343. William de Cusans. 1345. William de Edington, bishop of Winches- ter. 1358. John de Shepey, bishop of Rochester. 1361. Simon Langham, bishop of Ely, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, lord chancel- lor, and a cardinal. 1863. John Barnet, bishop of Worcester. [Under him, William Ashby, archdeacon of Northampton, was chancellor of the exchequer. ] 1371. Sir Richard Scrope, lord Scrope, of Bolton. 1376. Sir Richard Ashton, knight, lord warden of the Cinque Ports. 1377. Henry Wakefield, bishop of Worcester. King Richard II. 1377. Henry Wakefield, bishop of Worcester, continued. 1378. Thomas Brentingham, bishop of Exeter. 1379. Richard Fitzalan, earl of Arundel and Surrey. 1380. Thomas Brentingham, bishop of Exeter; second time. 1389. John Gilbert, now bishop of St. David's; second time. 1390. John Waltham, bishop of Salisbury. 1395. Roger Walden,, secretary to the king, and treasurer of Calais. He was elected archbishop of Canterbury, but rejected by pope Innocent VII., who afterwards confirmed him bishop of London. 1398. Guy de Mona, bishop of St. David's. — Sir William le Scrope, earl of Wiltshire : be- headed at Bristol in 1399, 1st Henry IV. King Henry IV. 1399. Sir John Northbury, Knt. 1403. Henry Bowet, bishop of Bath and Wells. 1404. William, lord Roos or Ros. 1405. Thomas, lord Furnival. 1408. Nicholas Bubbewith, bishop of London. — Richard, lord Scrope, of Bolton ; second time. 1409. John, lord Tiptoft. 1410. Henry, lord Scrope, of Masham : beheaded at Southamptony 3rd Henry V. 1415. 108 STATESMEJSr AND STATE OFFICERS. King Henry V. 1413. Thomas, earl of Arundel and Surrey. 1416. Sir Philip Lech, knt. 1417. Henry, lord Fitz-Hugh. King Henry VI. 1422. John Stafford, dean of Wells, made bishop of Bath and Wells, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. 1425. Walter, lord Hungerford. 1431. John, lord Scrope, of Upsal. 1434. Ralph, lord Cromwell. 1444. Ralph de Sudley, lord Sudle3^ 1447. Marmaduke Lumley, bishop of Carlisle. 1448. James, lord Say and Sele : beheaded by the Kentish rebels under Jack Cade. 1450. John, lord Beauchamp of Powyk. 1452. John, lord Tiptoft, now earl of Worcester; second time. 1455. James, earl of Wiltshire and Ormond. — Thomas Thorpe, chancellor of the exchequer. — Henry, viscount Bourchier. 1456. John, earl of Shrewsbury : killed at the battle of Northampton^ 1460. 1458. James, earl of Wiltshire and Ormond {se- cond time) : beheaded at Newcastle-upon- Tyne, 1461. 1460. Henry, viscount Bourchier, afterwards earl of Essex ; second time. King Edward IV. 1460. Thomas Bourchier. 1462. John, earl of Worcester (third time): be- headed in 1471. 1464. Edmund, lord Grey of Ruthyn, created earl of Kent. 1465. Sir Walter Blount, afterwards lord Montjoy. 1466. Richard, earl Rivers : beheaded at North- ampton, 1469. 1469. John Longstrother, prior of St. John's of Jerusalem, in England. — William Grey, bishop of Ely. 1471. Henry, viscount Bourchier, now earl of Essex ; third time. King Edward V. 1483. Henry, earl of Essex, continued. King Richard III. 1483. Henrv, earl of Essex, continued. 1484. Sir Richard Wood, knt. King Henry VII. 1485. Sir Reginald Bray. — Sir William Stanley, knt., chancellor of the exchequer. 1486. John, lord Dynham. 1501. Thomas, earl of Surrey, afterwards duke of Norfolk. King Henry VIII. 1509. The same, continued. * * Thomas Cromwell, afterwards earl of Essex ; and chancellor of the exchequer: be- headed 1540. 1522. Thomas, earl of Surrey, son to the last lord treasurer ; beheaded 1547. King Edward VI. 1547. Edward, earl of Hertford, afterwards duke of Somerset : beheaded 1551. 1551. William, earl of Wiltshire, afterwards mar- quess of Winchester. Queen Mary. 1553. William, marquess of Winchester, con- tinued. Queen Elizabeth. William, marquess of Winchester, con- tinued. Richard Sackville, chancellor of the ex- chequer. Sir William Mildmay, knt., chancellor of the exchequer. Sir William Cecil, lord Burleigh : held this high office 27 years. Sir John Fortescue, chancellor of the ex- chequer. Thomas Sackville, lord Buckhurst, after- wards earl of Dorset : died April 19,1609. 1558. 1566, 1572. 1589. 1599. 1603. King James I. George, lord Hume, of Berwick, chancellor of the exchequer. — Sir Fulke Greville, knt., chancellor of the exchequer. 1609. Robert, earl of Salisbury : died May 24,1612. 1612. Henry, earl of Northampton, and others (first commissioners) by patent. June 16. 1614. Thomas Egerton, lord Ellesmere, lord chancellor, and others, commissioners. Jan. 24. 1614. Thomas, lord Howard de Walden and earl of Suffolk: resigned. 1618. George Abbott, archbishop of Canterbury, and others, commissioners, by suc- cessive patents, dated July 21, 1618, and Jan. 25, 1619. 1620. Sir Richard Weston, bart., afterwards earl of Portland, chancellor of the ex- chequer. — Sir Henry Montagu, knt., lord chief jus- tice of the king's bench. Created baron Kimbolton, and viscount Mandeville; afterwards earl of Manchester. 1621. Lionel, lord Cranfield, afterwards earl of Middlesex : sent to the Tower, and de- prived. May 14, 1624. 1622. [Commission enabling the lord treasurer to act as chancellor of the exchequer. April 22.] 1624. Sir Richard Weston, afterwards lord Wes- ton, chancellor and under treasurer of the exchequer; commissioner during the vacancy, by patent. May 25. 1624. Sir James Ley, knt. and bart., lord chief justice of the king's bench. Created lord Ley, afterwards earl of Ivlarl- borough. King Charles I. 1625. The same, continued. 1628. Richard lord Weston, chancellor of the exchequer. Created in 1633 earl of Portland. — Francis Cottington, afterwards lord Cot- tington, chancellor of the exchequer. William Laud, archbishop of Canter- bury; Henry, earl of Manchester, lord privy seal ; 1635. <{ Francis, lord Cottington, late chancellor of the exchequer ; Sir John Coke, knt., and Sir Francis Windebank, knt., principal secretaries of state ; commissioners. LORD HIGH TREASURERS. 109 1641. 1643. 1654. 1636. William Juxon, bishop of London. Edward, lord Newburgh, in Fifeshire, chancellor of the exchequer. ■■ Sir Edward Littleton, knt., lord keeper of the great seal ; Henry, earl of Manchester, lord privy seal ; Sir John Bankes, knt., lord chief justice of the common pleas ; Edward, lord Newburgh, chancellor of the exchequer ; and , Sir Henry Vane, knt., commissioners,' 1642. Sir John Colepeper, knt., chancellor of the exchequer. — Sir Edward Hyde, chancellor of the ex- chequer. Francis, lord Cottington, by patent, dated Oct. 3.1 Commonwealth. -Bulstrode Whitelocke, Sir Thomas Widdrington, and John Lisle, lords commissioners of the great seal. Henry Rolle, and Oliver St. John, lords chief justices of the upper and common bench ; Edward Montagu, William Sydenham, and William Matham ; commissioners of the - treasury, by patent, dated Aug. 3. [When Richard Cromwell became pro- tector, another commission issued.] Bulstrode, lord Whitelocke, constable of the castle of Windsor, Edward, lord Montagu, one of the generals at sea, William, lord Sydenham, governor of the Isle of Wight, and Sir Thomas Widdrington, chief baron of the exchequer, commissioners of the treasury, by patent, dated Sept. 18. [After Richard ceased to be protector, another commission issued under the " Keepers of the Liberty of England."] 'John Disbrowe, William Sydenham, Richard Salwey, Cornelius Holland, John Clerke, and John Blackwell; commissioners of the treasury. King Charles II. Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Treasurer of England* June 19, 1660. Sir Edward Hyde, knt. (lord chancellor) ; af- terwards earl of Clarendon. George Monk, general of the king's forces. Thomas, earl of Southampton. John, lord Robartes. Thomas, lord Colepeper. General Edward Montagu. Sir Edward Nicholas, knt., and sir William Morrice, knt., principal secretaries of state. Sept. 8, 1660. Thomas, earl of Southampton. Sir Robert Long, chancellor of the exchequer. May 24, 1667. , George, duke of Albemarle. Anthony, lord Ashley, chancellor of the ex- chequer. Sir Thomas Clifford, knt., comptroller of the household. Sir William Coventry, knt. Sir John Duncombe, knt. April 8, 1669. George, auke of Albemarle. Anthony, lord Ashley, chancellor of the ex- chequer. Sir Thomas Clifford, knt., comptroller of the household. Sir John Duncombe, knt. Nov. 28, 1672. Thomas, lord Clifford. Sir John Duncombe, knt., chancellor of the ex- chequer. June 24, 1673. Sir Thomas Osborne, baron Osborne, and viscount Latimer and Dunblain. Created earl of Danby, afterwards marquess of Car- marthen and duke of Leeds. March 26, 1679. Arthur, earl of Essex. Hon. Laurence Hyde, chancellor of the exchequer. Sir John Ernley,"knt. Sir Edward Deering, bart. Sidney Godolphin. Nov. 21, 1679. Hon. Laurence, afterwards lord, Hyde. Sir John Ernley, knt. chancellor of the exchequer. Sir Edward Deering, bart. Sidney Godolphin. Sir Stephen Fox, knt. July 9, 1684. Laurence, viscount Hyde, now earl of Ro- chester. Sir John Ernley, knt. chancellor of the exchequer. Sir Stephen Fox, knt. July 26, 1684. Laurence, earl of Rochester. Sir John Ernley, knt. chancellor of the exchequer. Sir Dudley North, knt. Henry Frederick Thynne. Sept. 9, 1684. Sidney, lord Godolphin. Sir John Ernley, knt. chancellor of the exchequer. Sir Stephen Fox, knt. Sir Dudley North, knt. Henry Frederick Thynne. King James II. Feb. 16, 1685. Laurence, earl of Rochester, lord treasurer. Jan. 4, 1687. John, lord Belasyse. Sidney, lord Godolphin. Henry, lord Dover. Sir John Ernley, knt. chancellor of the ex chequer. Sir Stephen Fox, knt. 1 Tne exchequer was removed to Oxford m 1643. Under the commonwealth the exchequer was managed by committees until Cromwell became protector, when, in 1654, he re-established the exchequer.— Mr. r/fo/wai'* Notes uf the Rolls Office. 1658. | April 19, and Thomas Frankland Lewis, vice Herries. Sept. 4. 1828. George-Robert Dawson, mce Lewis. Jan. 28. 1830. Thomas Spring Rice, and Edward EUice, vice George-Robert f Dawson and Joseph Planta. ( Nov. 26. J 1832. Charles Wood, vice Ellice. Aug. 10. 1834. Francis Thornhill Baring, vice Spring Rice. June 6. 1834. Sir George Clerk, bart. Dec. 19. Sir Thomas Francis Fremantle, bart. Dec. 20. 1835. Francis Thornhill Baring, and ") Edward J. Stanley. April 21. j 1839. Edward J. Stanley, and ) Robert Gordon. Sept. 6. j" ] 1 The time of the first appointment of a secretary to the Treasury Board is uncertain ; but it is presumed there must always have been a secretary or some officer acting in that capacity to the lord treasurer, or the board. It is probable that lord Burleigh was the first treasurer who used a secretary to notify his directions to the officers of the Receipt side of the Exchequer. Sir George DowHing was secretary in May 1667. In the reign of James II., when the earl of Rochester was treasurer, he had two secretaries, Henry Guy and Francis Gwyn, as is stated in a subsequent Treasury Minute Book (year 1711). In the Treasury Minute Book, 1695, No. 6, page 12, is the following memorandum : " This evening the king was graciously pleased to bestow on me the place of Secretary to the Treasury." " William Lowndes." From this it would appear that there was only one secretary in 1695, as Mr. Lowndes distinctly states the place of Secretary to have been bestowed upon him. It is quite certain there were two secretaries in 1714. — Thomas's Notes from the Rolls. I 3 118 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 4 1841. Richard More O'Ferral. June 9. Sir Denis Le Marchant. June 19. 1844. Sir George Clerk, bart., and ) John Young. May 21. j 1845. John Young, and | Edward Card well. Feb. 4. j 1846. Henry Tufnell, and | John Parker. July 7. j 1849. Rt. hon. William Good--| r^^^ present enough Hayter, vice I ^^gg^x g^cre- Parker. May 22. > taries of the 1850. George-Cornewall Lewis, Tra^cnrv vice Tufnell. July 9. J ^^^^s^^^' Assistant Secretaries. (^From the institution of the Office.^ 1805. George Harrison; afterwards sir George. Aug. 19. 1826. William Hill. Feb. 24. 1828. Hon. James Keith Stewart. July 4. 1836. Alexander Young Spearman, afterwards sir Alexander, bart. Jan. 22. 1840. Charles -Edward Trevelyan, now sir Charles Edward Trevelyan, K. C. B. Jan. 21. The PRESENT (1850) Under-Secretary of the Treasury. THE LORD PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL. The Lord President of the Council is the fourth great officer of State, and presides at the Privy Council. He is appointed to his high office by a declaration in council, and holds it durante bene placito. He manages the debates in council, proposes matters from the queen at the council board, and reports to her majesty the resolutions taken thereupon. The Lord President is ex officio president of all committees of the Privy Council, with the exception of the board of trade, which has a president of its own. The number of the Council was anciently about twelve, when it discharged the functions of state, now confined to the members of the cabinet ; but it had become of unwieldy amount before 1679, in which year it was remodelled upon Sir William Temple's plan, and reduced to thirty members : the number is now unlimited. The members are selected by her majesty, and ought to be distinguished by high office, wisdom, and political experience. The Council includes all the responsible ministers of the crown, some of the judges, many eminent diplomatists, and peers and com- moners whose services to the state and whose position in it, whether past or present, render them eligible to advise upon public affiiirs. A privy councillor, even though a commoner only, is styled " Right Honourable," and has precedence of all knights, baronets, and the younger sons of barons and viscounts. He is admitted a member upon taking the oath prescribed by law, and forthwith takes his seat at the board, according to his rank. The king, or, as now, the queen, in Council, has great powers : her majesty thus dissolves the parliament, or prorogues it, or calls a new one ; she has power to publish proclamations, to issue orders in council, and to carry into effect the provisions of various acts of parliament. It is the business of the Council to inquire into all treasons against the state, and commit the delinquents for trial. By law (9th Anne, cap. 16.) it is felony to strike a privy councillor in the execution of his office.^ Lord Presidents of the Council. {Since the Council was remodelled in 1679.) King Charles II. 1679. Anthony, earl of Shaftesbury, April 21. Struck off the council Oct. 15, same year. 1679. John, earl of Radnor. Oct. 24. 1684. Laurence, earl of Rochester. Aug. 24. King James II. 1685. George, marquess of Halifax. 1685. Robert, earl of Sunderland, Feb. 18. Dec. 4. quess of Carmarthen and duke of Leeds. Feb. 14. 1699. Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Montgo- mery. May 18. 1701. Charles, duke of Somerset. June 28. Queen Anne. 1702. Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Montgo- mery. July 14. 1708. John, lord Somers. Nov. 25. 1710. Laurence, earl of Rochester. Sept. 21. 1711. John, duke of Normanby and Buckingham- shire. June 14. 1 This act originated in the following remarkable occurrence : The marquis Guiscard, formerly a general in the French service, being under examination (March 8, 1711) before a committee of the council at the Cockpit, on a charge of corresponding with France, stabbed Mr. Harley, one of the council, and then chancellor of the exchequer, with a penknife. The blow was of such violence, that the knife, lighting upon a rib, snapped in two. The committee drew their swords, and wounded Guiscard in several parts of his body ; and he being forthwith sent to Newgate, died there on the 17th. Both houses of parliament addressed her majesty, expressing their deep concern for the attempt on Mr, Harley's life by a French Papist, and praying her majesty to cause all Papists to be removed from the cities of London and Westminster. On March 15, a proclamation to this effect was issued accordingly ; and immediately afterwards an act passed, making a like offence capital, without benefit of clergy — Memoirs of Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford. King William III. 1689. Thomas, earl of Danby; afterwards mar- LORD PRESIDENTS. — PRIVY COUNCILLORS. 119 King George I. 1714. Daniel, earl of Nottingham. Sept. 22. 1715. Lionel, earl of Dorset. Jan. 3. 1716. William, duke of Devonshire. July 5. 1717. Charles, earl of Sunderland. March 16. 1719. Evelyn, duke of Kingston. Feb. 6. 1720. Charles, viscount Townshend. June 11. 1721. Henry, Lord Carleton. June 25. 1725. William, duke of Devonshire. March 27. King George II. 1727. Duke of Devonshire, continued. 1730. Thomas, lord Trevor. May 8. — Spencer, earl of Wilmington. Dec. 31. 1742. William, earl of Harrington. Feb. 13. 1745. Lionel Cranfield, duke of Dorset. Jan. 3. 1751. John, earl Granville. June 17. King George III. 1760. Earl Granville, continued. 1763. John, duke of Bedford. Sept. 9. 1765. Daniel, earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham. July 12. 1766. Robert, earl of Northington. July 30. 1767. Granville Leveson, earl Gower. Dec. 22. 1779. Henry, earl Bathurst. Nov. 24. 1782. Charles, lord Camden. March 27. 1783. David, viscount Stormont. April 2. — Granville Leveson, earl Gower. Dec. 19 : afterwards marquess of Stafford. 1784. Charles, lord Camden, Dec. 1 : afterwards earl Camden. 1794. William Wentworth, earl Fitzwilliam. July 11. 1794. David, earl of Mansfield. Dec. 17. 1796. John, earl of Chatham, Dec. 21. 1801. William-Henry, duke of Portland. July 30. 1805. Henry, viscount Sidmouth. Jan. 14. — John Jeffries, earl Camden. July 10. 1806. William Wentworth, earl Fitzwilliam Feb. 19. — Henry, viscount Sidmouth, second time. Oct. 8. 1807. John, earl Camden, afterwards marquess Camden, second time. March 26. 1812. Henry, viscount Sidmouth, third time. April 8. — Dudley Ryder, earl of Harrowby. June 11. King George IV. 1820. Earl of Harrowby, continued. 1827. William-Henry, duke of Portland. Aug. 17. 1828. Henry, earl Bathurst. Jan. 28. King William IV. 1830. Earl Bathurst, continued. — Henry, marquess of Lansdowne. Nov. 22. 1834. James, earl of Rosslyn. Dec. 15. 1835. Henry, marquess of Lansdowne, second time. April 18. Queen Victoria. 1837. Marquess of Lansdowne, continued. 1841. James, lord Wharncliffe. Sept. 3. 1846. Walter-Francis,dukeofBuccleuch. Jan. 21. — Henry, marquess of Lansdowne, third time. July 6. The now (1850) Lord President of the Council. PRIVY COUNCILLORS OF ENGLAND. The names first on this Roll are those of the personages who formed the Privy Council of Charles II. at the period of the Commonwealth. They were sworn at Councils held at the Hague, at Breda, and elsewhere, and were not re-sworn at the Restoration. 1649. Sir Richard Lane, lord keeper: sworn at the Hague, May 13. Francis, lord Cottington, lord treasurer ; same time and place. John, lord Culpeper (Colepeper), master of the rolls. Ralph, lord Hopton; same time and place. Sir Edward Hyde, knt., chancellor of the exchequer ; same time and place : afterwards lord chancellor, and earl of Clarendon. Robert Long, secretary to his majesty. May 14. Patrick, earl of Brentford (county of Middlesex) and Forth (in Scotland) : sworn at Peronne, July 12. Sir Edward Nicholas, knt., secretary of state to his late majesty: sworn at Jersey, Oct. 4. [He became secretary of state to Charles II., and was again sworn of the coun- cil in 1660.] 1650. George, duke of Buckingham ; sworn at Breda, April 6. William, marquess of Newcastle ; same time and place. William, duke of Hamilton; sworn at Breda, April 7. The following privy councillors are named in the records ; but there is no mention of the times when they were sworn. H. R. H. James, duke of York. H. R. H. Henry, duke of Gloucester : died Sept. 13, 1660. James, marquess of Ormond. George, earl of Bristol. Murrough, earl of Inchiquin. Thomas, lord Wentworth. Henry, lord Jermyn, afterwards earl of St. Albans. The king first sat at a council held at Canter- bury, May 27, 1660, when were sworn: Sir George Monki, general of all the Cromwell had distrusted Monk at times, and once wrote him a letter, adding this significant postscript : " There be that tell me that there is a certain cunning fellow in Scotland, called George Monk, who is said to lie in wait there, to introduce Charles Stuart. I pray you use your diligence to apprehend him, and send him up to me." Charles said of him, " that the duke of Albemarle demeaned (deported) himself in such a manner to the prince he had obliged, as never to seem to overlook the services of general Monk. — r. C. Banks. I 4 120 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEES. forces in the three kingdoms, and master of the horse: made duke of Albemarle, July 7, 1660. Thomas, earl of Southampton : lord high treasurer, Sept. following. Sir William Morrice, one of the prin- cipal secretaries of state: resigned Sept. 1668. Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, bart. Cre- ated lord Ashley, April, 1661 ; and baron Cooper and earl of Shaftesbury, April, 1772: lord high chancellor, Nov. same year. Struck from the list of privy councillors, May 19, 1674.^ The Restoration. 1660. May 31. William, marquess of Hertford; sworn in London. — Algernon, earl of Northumberland. — Robert, earl of Leicester. — Thomas, earl of Berkshire. — Francis, lord Seymour. — Arthur Aimesley, afterwards baron An- nesley, in Ireland, and earl of Angle- sej^ in Wales. Sworn of the council, and obtained these honours in reward of his services for the king's restora- tion. [Suspended from the office of treasurer of the Navy, Nov. 1668. Made lord privy seal, April, 1673.] June 1. Montagu, earl of Lindsey^, lord great chamberlain of England. — Edward, earl of Manchester, lord cham- berlain. — George, earl of Norwich. — Henry, earl of St. Albans ^ (late lord J er- myn) : sat as a privy councillor be- fore being re-sworn, May 31, this year. Ambassador to France. — William, viscount Say and Sele — John, lord Robartes, of Truro; after- wards viscount Bodmin and earl of Radnor. Lord privy seal, May, 1661. — Denzill Holies. Created baron Holies, of Ifield, Sussex, April, 1661. Struck from the list, Jan. 7, 1675. June 2. Colonel Charles Howard. June 14. General Edward, lord Montagu, K. G. Created baron Montagu, of St. Neot's, viscount Hinchinbroke, and earl of Sandwich, July following. [Killed in the great sea-fight with the Dutch fleet off Southwold bay. May 28, 1672.] July 6. Sir Frederick Cornwallis, knt. and bart., treasurer of the household. Created lord Cornwallis, April, 1661. — Sir Charles Berkeley, comptroller of the household. Created viscount Fitz- hardinge, 1665. July 11. Sir George Carteret, knt. and bart. vice chamberlain. Aug. 27. Henry, marquess of Dorchester 1661. Jan. 2. John, earl of Lauderdale, secretary of state for Scotland; afterwards duke of Lauderdale. June 28. William, earl of Glencairn, lord chan- cellor of Scotland. Sept. 13. Richard, lord Vaughan and earl of Car berry, lord president of Wales. 1662. Jan. 29. Christopher, lord Hatton, made governor of Jersey. — Sir Hugh Pollard, comptroller of the household. April 3. Jerome, earl of Portland : died shortly after. — Sir William Compton, knt. April 28. His highness prince Rupert : admitted of the council without being sworn, as a near relative of the king's. — George, duke of Buckingham.'* — John, earl of Middleton, H. M. commis- sioner for Scotland. Oct. 15. Sir Henry Bennet, knt., secretary of state. Created lord Arlington, March, 1663 ; and earl of Arlington ^, April, 1672. 1663. April 3. Dr. Gilbert Sheldon, lord bishop of Lon- don. Translated to Canterbury, Aug. 1663. 1 Lord Shaftesbury violently opposed the Test bill brought into the House of Lords by the earl of Danby, on which account the parliament was prorogued, and did not sit again for fifteen months ; and in the next session he contended that the parliament ought to be considered as dissolved. For this he was sent to the Tower, with some other lords, and continued in confinement upwards of a year. The king once said to him, " I believe, Shaftes- bury, thou art the wickedest fellow in my dominions;" when he gravely observed, " May it please your majesty, of a subject, I verily believe I am." He was a man of great talents, elegant manners, and strong parts, but somewhat licentious : at this retort upon the king, his majesty laughed heartily. He was resworn of the council, April 21, 1679 ; but was again struck out, Oct. 15, same year, and a second time committed to the Tower. 2 The valiant Lindsey was in the fatal battle of Edgehill, in which he commanded the king's royal regiment of guards ; and being near his father, and seeing him wounded and taken prisoner, his filial piety induced him to surrender himself voluntarily to a commander of horse on the rebel's side, so that he might attend him. Being afterwards exchanged, he adhered to the king's service, and aided, ultimately, in the Restoration. It was not merely as an hereditary officer, but because of his loyalty and worth, that Charles swore him of his council. — /. C. Banks. 3 He was a man of no great genius, who had raised himself a considerable fortune from nothing ; and by losing largely at play, and keeping a great table, he made it appear more than it really was. He is considered to have been privately married to the dowager queen Henrietta- Maria, widow of king Charles I Grammont. ^ This nobleman (son of the celebrated George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, who was murdered by Felton in 1628) held several employments about the person of the king, but lost them all in 1666, being detected in a conspiracy against the government, and a proclamation was issued for his apprehension. He was, however, afterwards restored to favour, and was re-admitted to the council-table, from which he had been debarred. One of the five ministers of Charles, denominated from their initials the " Cabal.'' " A proud man, whose parts were solid though not quick, and who had the art of governing the king's temper, and of managing it above all the men of the time." — Burnet. " He supplied the place of extensive talents by an artful display of such as he possessed ; and the deficiency of his integrity was forgiven in the decency of his dishonesty. 'i"oo weak not to be superstitious, he yet had too much sense to acknowledge his leaning to the Church of Rome." — Macpherson. PRIVY COUNCILLOES. 121 April 6. Dr. William Juxon, lord archbishop of Canterbury : died June, 1663. June 17. John, lord Berkeley, of Stratton. Lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1670. July 26. John, earl of Bath, groom of the stole. Oct. 2. Sir Richard Fanshawe, knt. and bart., one of the masters of requests. Nov. 4. John, earl of Rothes, H. M. high com- missioner for Scotland. Dec. 9. Dr. Humphrey Henchman, lord bishop of London. 1664. Aug. 17. Sir Thomas Ingram, knt., chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. 1665. May 26. Roger, earl of Orrery, late lord justice in Ireland. 1666. April 11. William, earl of Craven. June 13. Thomas, earl of Ossory. Dec. 5. Sir Thomas Clifford, knt., comptroller of the household. Created lord Clifford, April 1672 ; and made lord high trea- surer, 28th same month. Dec. 12. Robert, earl of Lindsey, lord great chamberlain of England. 1667. Feb. 13. John, earl of Bridgewater. May 22. Sir John Duncombe, knt., a commis- sioner of the treasury, and chancellor of the exchequer. Sept. 4. Sir Orlando Bridgeman : sworn a privy councillor and lord keeper, at the same time. 1668. July 1. Francis, lord Newport, comptroller of the household. Created viscount NcAvport March 1675 ; and earl of Bradford, May 1694. Sept. 29. Sir John Trevor, knt., secretary of state. 1670. June 10. Sir Thomas Chicheley, knt., master- general of the ordnance. June 15. Henry, earl of Ogle. Became duke of Newcastle, succeeding his father, in 1676. 1671. Jan. 5. Aubrey de Vere, earl of Oxford. April 29. James, duke of Monmouth. [Natural son to the king. See year 1679.] 1672. Jan. 2. Ralph Montagu, master of the great wardrobe. Feb. 14. Sir Robert Carr, knt. and bart., chan- cellor of the duchy of Lancaster. Apr. 17. Henry, marquess of Worcester, lord pre- sident of Wales. April 17. Arthm-, earl of Essex, appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland. See year 1679. — Thomas, viscount Fauconberg. — George, viscount Halifax. Struck from the list, Jan. 7, 1675. May 3. Sir Thomas Osborne, treasurer of the navy. Created viscount Latimer, Aug. 1673 ; earl of Danby, June, 1674 ; made lord high treasurer of England. Created marquess of Carmarthen, April, 1689; and duke of Leeds, May 1694. ^ July 3. Henry Coventry, one of the principal secretaries of state. — Sir Robert Long, bart. Nov. 29. William, lord Maynard, comptroller of the household. 1673. March 7. James, earl of Northampton. April 9. Edward Seymour (afterwards sir Ed- ward, bart.), speaker of the house of commons. Nov. 12. Sir Heneage Finch, bart., lord keeper of the great seal. Created lord Finch, of Daventry, Jan. 1673-4 ; and earl of Nottingham, May 1681. [Made lord high chancellor of England, Dec. 1675.] 1674. May 27. Robert, earl of Sunderland. Sworn a principal secretary of state in 1679. June 3. Alexander, earl of Kincardine. Struck from the list of privy councillors^ Aug, 1676. July 10. Henry, earl of Peterborough. Sept. 11. Sir Joseph Williamson, knt., secretary of state. Dec. 4. William, earl of Strafford. 1675. June 23. Giles Strangways. July 21. Dr. George Morley, lord bishop of Win- chester. Oct. 15. Christopher, duke of Albemarle. 1676. Jan. 21. Dr. Henry Compton, lord bishop of London. April 26. Dr. Nathaniel, lord Crew, bishop of Durham. May 10. Sir John Ernie (Ernley), chancellor of the exchequer. 1678 Feb. 6. Dr. William Sancroft, lord archbishop of Canterbury. July 17. George, lord Berkeley. Oct. 10. Robert, earl of Ailesbury. 1679. Jan. 3. James, earl of Salisbury. Jan. 8. Henry, earl of Clarendon. Lord lieu- tenant of Ireland in 1685. On the 21st day of April, 1679, His Majesty was pleased to dissolve the whole of the Privy Council, and in their room to choose Thirty Privy Councillors, principally selected out of the old List. This number was not, in future, to be exceeded, with the exception only of such personages as were to be privy councillors ex officio, as tho Lord President, the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Princes of the Blood, &c.. 122 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. These and such officers and persons were not to be ably with this order the following were sworn at mentioned day : — 1679. reckoned in the Thirty. Conform- the Council Board on the above- His Highness Prince Rupert. April 21. Anthony, earl of Shaftesbury, as lord president. His name again struck out of the list Oct. 15 following. — Heneage, lord Finch, lord chancellor of England. — Arthur, earl of Anglesey, lord privy seal. — Christopher, duke of Albemarle, captain of the Life Guards. — James, duke of Monmouth, master of the horse. [Beheaded on Tower-hill for rebellion against king James, in 1685.] — Charles, marquess of Winchester. — Henry, earl of Arlington, lord chamber- lain of the household. — James, earl of Salisbury. Struck from the list, Jan. 18, 1681. — John, earl of Bridgewater. — Robert, earl of Sunderland, secretary of state. Struck out Jan. 24, 1681. Re- admitted Sept. 20, 1682 ; and became lord president, Dec. 4, 1685. — Arthur, earl of Essex, first lord of the treasury. Struck from the list, Jan. 24, 1681.1 — John, earl of Bath, groom of the stole. — George, viscount Halifax. Created earl of Halifax, July, 1679 ; and marquess of Halifax, Aug. 1682. Declared lord president in the next reign. Struck from the list, Oct. 21, 1685. — Dr. Henry Compton, lord bishop of London. Struck out, Dec. 23, 1685. — John, lord Robartes. Created viscount Bodmin and earl of Radnor, July fol- lowing. Declared lord president, Oct. 24, 1679.2 — William, lord Russell. [This nobleman was unjustly committed to the Tower on a charge of conspiracy against the king and government: he was tried and condemned, and was beheaded in Lincoln's-Inn fields, July 21, 1683.3] — William, lord Cavendish.2 — Henry Coventry, one of the secretaries of state. — Sir Francis North, knt., lord chief justice of the common pleas. Made lord keeper, Dec. 1682. — Sir Henry Capel, K. B.2, first commis- sioner of the admiralty. April 21. Sir John Ernie (Ernley), knt., chancellor of the exchequer. — Sir Thomas Chicheley, knt., master of the ordnance. Struck from the list, March 2, 1687. — Sir William Temple, bart. Struck from the list, Jan. 24, 1681. — Sir Edward Seymour, bart. — Henry Powle^: afterwards master of the rolls. April 27. June 24. Nov. 19. 1679. April 22. Dr. William Sancroft, lord archbishop of Canterbury.4 — John, duke of Lauderdale, secretary of state for Scotland. — Henry, marquess of Worcester. Created duke of Beaufort, Nov. 1682. — Thomas, viscount Fauconberg. Created earl of Fauconberg, April 1689. Henry, duke of Newcastle. Denzill, lord Holies. Laurence Hyde, first commissioner of the treasury. Created earl of Ro- chester, Nov. 1682. Declared lord president, Aug. 24, 1684. Lord high treasurer in the next reign. 1680. Feb. 4. Daniel Finch, first commissioner of the admiralty. Succeeded as earl of Not- tingham; and afterwards as earl of Winchilsea. Struck from the council, March 12, 1695, William's reign. — Sidney Godolphin, a commissioner of the treasury. Created lord Godolphin, Sept. 1684, and made first lord of the treasur}^ Feb. 11. Sir Leoline Jenkins, knt., judge of the high court of admiralty, made secre- tary of state. Thomas, earl of Ossory, late lord justice in Ireland ; admiral. Henry, earl of Clarendon. Appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1685. Oct. 15. Sir Robert Carr, knt. and bart., chan- cellor of the duchy of Lancaster. 1681. Jan. 26. Aubrey, earl of Oxford. — Philip, earl of Chesterfield, lord warden and chief justice in eyre on this side Trent. — Robert, earl of Ailesbury. Afterwards lord chamberlain to king James II. April 16. May 26. 1 The earl of Essex was accused, with many others, of being concerned in the Fanatic plot, and was committed to the Tower, where (July 13, 1683) he was found with his throat cut ; not without great suspicion of his having been murdered. The king and the duke of York were strongly suspected, as they were at the Tower that morning. — Charles Home. 2 Sir Henry Capel, with lords Cavendish, Russell, and Mr. Powle, prayed his majesty ( Jan 31, 1680) to remove them from the council; to this request the king assented, and they were removed accordingly. —jBre^. Chron. There is no note of the circumstance in the Council books. — Editor. 3 The attainder of this illustrious and ill-fated lord was reversed, 1 William III. and Mary II. 1689, and his death was then deemed a murder. The patent conferring the dukedom of Bedford upon Lord Russell's father states, ' the desire of their majesties to record their sense of the consummate virtue of the son, an ornament of the age, whose name can never be forgotten, so long as men preserve esteem for greatness of mind, and a love of country, constant even unto death." 4 Dr. Sancroft was deprived (Feb. 1, 1691) as were Dr. Thomas Kenn, bishop of Bath and Wells, Dr. Francis r^i^^u x^r2- ^1^.' I^obert Frampton, bishop of Gloucester, Dr. William Lloyd, bishop of Norwich, and queen Sy ^ Peterborough, all on the same day, for not taking the oaths to king William and PKIVY COUNCILLORS. 123 Feb. 2. Edward, earl of Conway, secretary of state. Mar. 9. William, earl of Craven. 1682. Mar. 3. George Legge, admiral. Created lord Dartmouth, Nov. 2, following. May 23. James, duke of Ormond, lord steward. Lord lieutenant of Ireland. June 29. Robert, earl of Lindsey, lord great cham- berlain of England. Dec. 22. Sir Francis Pemberton, knt., lord chief justice of England. Struck from the list, Oct. 24, 1683. 1683. Feb. 28. Theophilus, earl of Huntingdon. — Henry, earl of Peterborough. Oct. 4. Sir George Jeffreys, knt., lord chief jus- tice of the king's bench. Created lord Jeffreys, and made lord high chan- cellor, Oct. 1685. 1684. July 11. Alexander, earl of Moray, lord privy seal of Scotland. — Charles, earl of Middleton, made secre- tary of state. 1685. Jan. 7. John Drummond. King James II.i 1685. Feb. 9. George, prince of Denmark : intro- duced to the council ; not sworn. [Consort of the princess Anne. Created lord Wokingham (county of Berks.), earl of Kendal (Westmorland), and duke of Cumberland, April 9, 1689.] Mar. 27. William, duke of Queensberry, lord high commissioner for Scotland. — James, earl of Perth, lord chancellor of Scotland. May 15. Henry, duke of Newcastle. July 24. John, earl of Mulgrave, lord chamber- lain, Oct. this year. July 31. George, earl Berkeley. Oct. 16. Sir Edward Herbert, knt., lord chief justice of the king's bench. Oct. 21. Richard, viscount Preston. Oct. 30. Thomas, earl of Plymouth. 1686. Jan. 8. Dr. Nathaniel, lord Crewe, bishop of Durham: re-sworn. July 17. William, earl of Powis. Created mar- quess of Powis the next year. [He was created marquess of Mont- gomery and duke of Powis by the king after his abdication, but these titles were never allowed in England. — Nicolas.'] July 17. Henry, lord Arundel, of Wardour: sworn lord privy seal, March, 1687. — John, lord Belasyse. — Henry, lord Dover. Oct. 8. Richard, earl of Tyrconnell, lord lieute- nant of Ireland. — Roger, earl of Castlemaine, ambassador to the pope. Oct. 14. William, duke of Hamilton. — Sir Nicholas Butler, knt. Nov. 11. Edward Petre. [Many of the lords and gentlemen sworn of the council in this reign were Ro- man Catholics. William and Mary. Upon the accession of their majesties, the following lords and others were sworn of the Privy Council. 1689. Feb. 14. Henry, duke of Norfolk, earl marshal and hereditary marshal of England. — Charles, marquess of Winchester. Cre- ated duke of Bolton, April, this year. — George, marquess of Halifax, made lord privy seal on Feb. 19. Struck from the list, June 23, 1692. — ' Robert, earl of Lindsey, lord great chamberlain of England. — William, earl of Devonshire, lord stew- ard. Created marquess of Hartington and duke of Devonshire, May, 1694. — Charles, earl of Dorset, lord chamberlain. — Aubrey, earl of Oxford. — Charles, earl of Shewsbury, secretary of state. Struck out of the list, June 23, 1692. — William, earl of Bedford. Created mar- quess of Tavistock and duke of Bed- ford, May 12, 1694. — Charles, earl of Macclesfield. — Thomas, viscount Fauconberg. — Charles, viscount Mordaunt, first com- missioner of the treasury, April fol- lowing. Created earl of Monmouth, same time. Struck from the list, Jan. 21, 1696. — Francis, viscount Newport, treasurer of the household. Created earl of Brad- ford, May, 1694. — Richard, lord Lumley (viscount Lumley, in Ireland), gentleman of the bed- chamber. Created viscount Lumley, of England, April following ; and earl of Scarborough, April 1690. — Dr. Henry Compton, lord bishop of London, dean of the chapel. — Ralph, lord Montagu, master of the great wardrobe. Created viscount Mon- thermer and earl of Montagu, April, this year. Duke of Montagu, April, 1705. — Henry, lord de la Mere, chancellor of the exchequer. Created earl of War- rington, April, 1690. 1 That excellent body of men, the Society of Friends, justly prided themselves on their address to James, at the commencement of his reign. It conveyed a warning and admonition suggested by the character of the Stuart family. On the 6th of March, 1685, coming in considerable number to the king, to congratulate his majesty on his accession to the throne, they said, firmly and pointedly: " Sire, we are come to testify our sorrow for the death of our good friend Charles, and our joy at thy being made our governor. We are told thou art not of the persuasion of the Church of England, any more than we; and therefore we hope that thou wilt grant unto us the same liberty which thou allowest thyself.'' When James's intolerance hurled him from the throne, this address recurred to the minds of the kingdom at large. 124 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. Feb. 14. John, lord Churchill, general. Created earl of Marlborough, April, 1689. Struck from the council, June 23, 1692.1 [Afterwards created marquess of Bland- ford and duke of Marlborough. The illustrious captain-general of queen Anne's wars.] See year 1698. — William Bentinck, groom of the stole. Created lord Cirencester, viscount Woodstock, and earl of Portland, April, 1689. — Henry Sydney, gentleman of the bed- chamber. Created lord and viscount Sydney, April, 1689. Lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1692. Earl of Romney, May, 1694. — Sir Robert Howard, knt. — Sir Henry Capel, commissioner of the treasury. Created lord Capel, April, 1692. Afterwards lord deputy in Ire- land. — Henry Powle, speaker of the house of commons. — Edward Russell, admiral. First lord of the admiralty, May, 1694. Created lord Shingay, viscount Barfleur, and earl of Orford, May, 1697. — Richard Hampden, a commissioner of the treasury. — Hugh Boscawen. Created lord Boscawen and viscount Falmouth, June, 1720. Feb. 19. Thomas Wharton, afterward lord Whar- ton, comptroller of the household. Created viscount Winchendon and earl of Wharton, Dec. 1706 ; and viscount Malmesbury and marquess of Whar- ton, Jan. 1715. Privy seal in 1714. Feb. 19. [In 1709, he was appointed lord lieu- tenant of Ireland, of which kingdom he became baron of Trim, earl of Rath- farnham, and marquess of Catherlogh, same time with his English honours.] — Sir John Lowther, of Lowther, bart., vice chamberlain. Created baron Low- ther and viscount Lonsdale, May, 1696. Lord privy seal, May, 1699. Feb. 26. Arthur Herbert, first commissioner of the admiralty. Created lord Torbay and earl of Torrington 2, May follow- ing. Struck from the list, June 23, 1692. Mar. 8. William Harbord. Ambassador to Tur- key in 1692. April 25. Frederick, duke of Schomberg, field- marshal, master-general of the ord- nance. Sept. 26. Sir John Holt, bart., lord chief justice of the king's bench. Oct. 14. Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Mont- gomery. First commissioner of the admiralty, Jan. 1690 ; lord privy seal, March, 1692 ; lord president, May 18, 1699; and again lord president, July 9, 1702. 1690. Feb. 13. Sir Henry Goodricke, bart., lieutenant- general of the ordnance. June 3. Charles, marquess of Winchester. Created duke of Bolton, Feb. 1698. Nov. 20. Sidney, lord Godolphin, first commis- sioner of the treasury. Lord treasurer in 1702. Created viscount Rialton and earl of Godolphin 3, Dec. 1706. 1 The earl was deprived of all his offices and employments at the same time ; yet the cause of this injustice has never been satisfactorily explained. It was accounted for, at the period, by his supposed revelation of some of the king's private determinations, which had reached the ears of his enemies, and he was suspected, also, of plotting to restore the exiled monarch. The countess of Marlborough, too, was forbidden the court, and the princess of Denmark was commanded to dismiss her from her family. This the princess refused to do, and a serious quarrel ensued between her and the queen, in consequence of which the former retired to Sion House. 2 This nobleman lost the king's favour after the battle off Beachy Head, in which he commanded the combined English and Dutch fleets, defeated by the French. He was removed from his posts, confined in the Tower, and afterwards tried on board the Kenf, ship of the line, for cowardice and treachery, and, though acquitted, his majesty took his commission from him the next day. 3 The correspondence between his sovereign, Queen Anne, and this distinguished statesman when (afterwards) first minister, is so very curious and interesting, we are induced to transcribe a portion of it here: — " St. James's, April 13, 1710. " I am sorry to find by your Letter you are so much in the Spleen, as to think you cannot for the future contri- bute anything towards my Quiet but your Wishes ; however, I will still hope you will use your Endeavours. Never was there more Occasion than now ; for by ail one hears and sees every Day, as things are at present, one can expect nothing but Confusion. I am sure, for my part, I shall be ready to join with all my Friends in every- thing that is reasonable to allay the Heat and Ferment of this poor Nation. Since you went to Newmarket I have received several Assurances from the Duke of Shrewsbury of his readiness to serve me upon all Occasions, and his Willingness to come into my Service, which Offer I was very glad to Accept, having a very good Opinion of him, and believing he may be of great Use, in these troublesome Times. For these Reasons I have resolved to part with the Duke of Kent, who I hope will be easy in these matters by being made a Duke ; and I hope this Change may meet with your Approbation, which I wish I may ever have in all my Actions I have not yet de- clared my Intentions of giving the Staff and the Key to the Duke of Shrewsbury, because I would be the first that should Acquaint you with it. " To the Earl of Godolphin." ANNE." The following is the Earl's answer to the Queen : " Newmarket, April 15, 1710. " May it please your Majesty, "I have the honour of your Majesty's Letter of the Thirteenth, by which I have the Grief to find you are pleased to call that spleen in my former Letter, which was only a true Impulse and Conviction of Mind that Your Majesty is suffering your self to be guided to your own Ruin and Destruction as fast as it is possible for those to compass it, to whom you seem so much to hearken. " 1 am not therefore so much surprised as concerned at the Resolution which Your Majesty says you have taken, of bringing in the Duke of Shrewsbury ; for when people begin to be sensible, it would be difficult to persuade Your Majesty to dissolve a Parliament,' which for Two Winters had given you above 6 Millions a Year for the Support of the War upon which your Crown depends, and even while that War is still subsisting they have had the Cunning to contrive this Proposal to Your Majesty, which in its consequence will certainly put you under a Necessity of breaking the Parliament, though contrary, I yet believe, to your own inclination. " I beg Your Majesty to be persuaded I do not say this out of the least Prejudice to the Duke of Shrewsbury. PRIVY COUNCILLORS. 125 1691. Jan. 1. Sir John Trevor, knt., speaker of the house of commons. Previously and subsequently master of the rolls. May 7. John, earl of Bridgewater. June 4. Dr. John Tillotson, lord archbishop of Canterbury. 1692. Mar. 1. Laurence, earl of Rochester. Lord lieu- tenant of Ireland, in 1701. Richard, earl of Ranelagh, paymaster of the forces. Charles, lord Cornwallis, first commis- sioner of the admiralty. — Sir Edward Seymour, bart., a commis- sioner of the treasury. Mar. 17. Anthony, viscount Falkland, a commis- sioner of the admiralty. — Robert, lord Lexinton. 1693. Mar. 23. Sir John Somers, knt., lord keeper. Created lord Somers and made lord chancellor, Dec. 1697. — Sir John Trenchard, knt., secretary of state. April 13. Thomas, lord Coningsby, of Ireland, late lord justice in that kingdom. Afterwards lord Coningsby, of Lin- coln, and earl of Coningsby. Struck from the list, Nov. 7, 1724, George /.'s reign, 1694. Mar. 4. Charles, earl of Shrewsbury, one of the principal secretaries of state. Created marquess of Alton and duke of Shrews- bury, April following. May 3. John, marquess of Normanby. Struck from the list, March 12, 1695. — Charles, viscount Dursley. Succeeded as earl Berkeley. May 10. Thomas, earl of Stamford. — Charles Montagu, chancellor of the ex- chequer. First lord of the treasury. May, 1697. Created lord Halifax, Dec. 1700. King William, alone. 1695. Jan. 31. Dr. Thomas Tennyson, lord archbishop of Canterbury. May 3. Sir William Trumbull, knt., secretary of state. May 5. Meinhardt, duke of Schomberg, com- mander-in-chief. — Ford, earl of Tankerville. Afterwards first commissioner of the treasury and lord privy seal. — Peregrine Bertie, vice chamberlain. May 23. John Smith, a commissioner of the trea- sury. Afterwards chancellor of the exchequer, and speaker of the house of commons. 1696. April 9. James, duke of Ormond, afterwards commander-in-chief. Nov. 19. Sir Joseph Williamson, knt., appointed (with the earl of Pembroke and vis- count Villiers) a plenipotentiary to treat for peace with France. 1697. Nov. 25. Edward, earl of Jersey, appointed lord justice of Ireland. Afterwards lord chamberlain to the king. Secretary of state in 1700. Dec. 5. James Vernon, one of the principal se- cretaries of state. 1698. May 18. Robert, lord Ferrers. Created viscount Tamworth and earl Ferrers, July, 1711. June 9. Charles, earl of Manchester. Created duke of Manchester, April, 1719. June 19. John, earl of Marlborough. Created marquess of Blandford and duke of Marlborough, Dec. 1702. [His name had been removed from the list of privy councillors, June 23, 1 692 ; but it was now restored, and he re- sworn.i] See 7/ear lQ8d. 1700. May 21. Sir Nathan Wright, lord keeper. There is no man of whose Capacity I have a better Impression, nor with whom I have lived more easily for above Twenty Years, " Your Majesty may please to remember that at your first coming to the Crown I was desirous he should have had one of the chief Posts in your Service ; and it would have been happy for Your Majesty and the Kingdom if he had accepted that Offer ; but he thought fit to decline it, and the Reasons generally given, at that time, for his so doing, do not much recommend him to Your Majesty's Service ; but I must endeavour to let Your Majesty see Things as they really are. And to bring him into your Service and into your Business at this time, just after his being in a public open Conjunction in every Vote with the whole body of the Tories, and in private constant Communication and Caballing with Mr. Harley in every thing, what Consequence can this have but to make every Man that is now in your Cabinet uneasy, and to run from it as they would do from the Plague ? I leave it to Your Majesty to judge what effect this entire change in your Ministers will have among your Allies abroad, and how this war will be like to be carried on in their Opinion by those who have all along opposed and ob- structed it, and who will like any Peace the better, the more it leaves France at liberty to take their Time of imposing the Pretender upon this Country. " These Considerations must certainly make Holland run immediately into a separate Peace with France, and make Your Majesty lose all the Honour and Reputation your Arms had acquired by the War, and make the Kingdom lose the Fruit of that vast Expense which they have been at in this War. And can any Body imagine that after so great a Disappointment to the Kingdom there will not be an Enquiry into the Causes of it, and who have been the Occasion of so great a Change in Your Majesty's Measures and Councils, which have been so long successful and gotten you so great a Name in the World ? If I did not think all these Consequences inevitable I would never give Your Majesty the Trouble and Uneasiness of laying this before you. * * * GODOLPHIN." 1 After achieving his many glorious victories, he returned to England, and soon after through party intrigues, again lost favour at court, and was dismissed a second time from all his employments. Stung at this ingratitude, he went into the Low Countries, accompanied by his duchess, and remained abroad till 1714, when he landed at Dover, amidst the acclamations of the people. Queen Anne was just dead, and her successor restored the duke to his military appointments and his place in the councils of his country. 126 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. Nov. 5. Sir Charles Hedges, knt. Sworn, a se- cond time, secretary of state, May 2, 1702. 1701. Mar. 27. Henry Boyle, chancellor of the ex- chequer. Secretary of state, Feb. 1708. June 19. Robert, earl of Lindsey, lord great cham- berlain of England. Created mar- quess of Lindsey, Dec. 1706; and duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, July 1715. — Charles, earl of Carlisle, earl marshal during the minority of Thomas, duke of Norfolk, the hereditary earl mar- shal of England. June 28. Charles, duke of Somerset, lord pre- sident of the council. 1702. Jan. 1. Charles Bodville, earl of Radnor. Jan. 8. Charles, earl of Burlington. Queen Anne. 1702. Apr. 21. John, marquess of Normanby, lord privy seal. Created duke of the county of Buckingham and duke of Normanby, March, 1703. — Montagu, earl of Abingdon, constable of the Tower. — Sir John Leveson Gower, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. Created baron Gower, of Sittenham, March, 1703. — John How: afterwards joint paymaster- general of the forces. May 2. Daniel, earl of Nottingham, secretary of state. May 21. George, earl of Northampton. June 18. Thomas, viscount Weymouth. — William, lord Dartmouth. Created viscount Lewisham and earl of Dart- mouth, Sept. 1711. — Hon. John Granville lord warden of the stanneries. Cieated lord Gran- ville, March, 1702-3. — Sir Thomas Trevor, knt., chief justice of the common pleas. Created lord Trevor, of Bromham, Dec. 1711. Nov. 19. Sir George Rooke, vice admiral of Eng- land. Dec. 10. John, lord Poulett. Created viscount Hinton and earl Poulett, Dec. 1706. 1703. Mar. 20. Dr. John Sharp, lord archbishop of York. — Thomas, earl of Thanet. — Heneage, lord Guernsey. Created earl of Aylesford, Oct. 1714, and made chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. 1704. Apr. 27. Henry, earl of Kent, lord chamberlain. Created viscount Goderick, earl of Harold, and marquess of Kent. Dec. 1706. — Robert Harley, speaker of the house of commons. Secretary of state, May following. Created earl of Oxford and earl Mortimer, May, 1711. Apr. 27» Thomas Mansell, comptroller of the household. Created lord Mansell, Dec. 1711. 1705. Mar. 29. John, duke of Newcastle, lord privy seal. — Charles, earl of Peterborough, general. — Hugh, viscount Cholmondeley, in Ire- land. Created viscount Malpas and earl of Cholmondeley (county of Chester), Dec. 1706. Afterwards treasurer of the household. May 3. Thomas Erie, lieutenant-general of the ordnance. Oct. 11. William Cowper, lord keeper. Created baron Cowper, of Wingham, and earl Cowper. Lord Chancellor, May, 1711. 1706. June 10. Thomas, earl of Derby, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. Dec. 3. Charles, earl of Sunderland, secretary of state. Appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1714; but neve?' went over. First lord of the treasury, March, 1718. Dec. 5. Thomas Coke, vice chamberlain. After- wards lord Lovel, viscount Coke, and earl of Leicester. 1707. Sept. 8. William, duke of Devonshire, lord steward of the household. 1708. June 26. Evelyn, marquess of Dorchester. Created duke of Kingston, July, 1715. — Henry, earl of Bindon, deputy earl- marshal of England. First lord of trade, 1715. Aug. 18. John, earl of Mar, secretary of state for Scotland. — Charles, viscount Townshend. After- wards secretary of state. Oct. 6. James, duke of Queensberry, now secre- tary of state for Scotland. — James, earl of Seafield, late lord high treasurer of Scotland. Succeeded as earl of Findlater. Last lord chan- cellor of Scotland. Nov, 25. James, duke of Montrose, late lord high admiral of Scotland. — Richard, earl Rivers ; general. — Algernon, earl of Essex. — Hugh, earl of Loudoun, one of the com- missioners for the union with Scot- land. Lord keeper in that kingdom. 1709. Feb. 3. John, duke of Argyle (Argyll) ; ge- neral. [He greatly distinguished himself through the whole of queen Anne's wars, and was created baron of Chat- ham and earl of Greenwich, Nov. 1705, and duke of Greenwich, April, 1719.] Mar. 3. John, duke of Roxburgh. June 2. Sir John Holland, comptroller of the household. Nov. 8. Edward, earl of Orford. PRIVY COUNCILLORS. 127 1710. Feb. 18. Richard, earl of Bradford. Mar. 30. Sir Thomas Parker, lord chief justice ot the queen's bench. Created lord Parker, March, 1716 ; and made lord chancellor, May, 1718. Viscount Parker and earl of Macclesfield, Nov. 1721. Struck from the list, May ^l, 1725. [He had previously (Jan. 4, 1725) sur- rendered the seal.] June 15. Sir Richard Onslow, bart., speaker of the house of commons. Chancellor of the exchequer, Oct. 1714. July 10. John, earl of Anglesey, vice treasurer in Ireland : died Sept. following. Sept. 21. Henry St. John, late secretary-at-war, now sworn secretary of state. After- wards baron St. John, of Battersea, Surrey, and viscount St. John and viscount Bolingbroke. Oct. 19. Sir Simon Harcourt, lord keeper. Created lord Harcourt, of Stanton- Harcourt. Lord chancellor in 1713 : viscount Sept. 1721. — Henry, lord Hyde, joint vice treasurer of Ireland. Succeeded as earl of Cla- rendon and Rochester, in 1723. — Arthur, earl of Anglesey, brother of the late John, made joint vice treasurer of Ireland, in his room. 1711. Charles, earl of Orrery, appointed envoy extraordinary to the States-General, and to the council of state in the Low Countries. George, earl of Orkney ; general. William, marquess of Annandale, lord high commissioner to the kirk of Scotland. Lord keeper of the privy seal in that kingdom in 1715. Charles, earl of Winchilsea: died the next year. Robert Benson, chancellor of the ex- chequer. Created Lord Bingley, July 1713. Sent ambassador to the court of Spain. Henry Paget, captain of the yeomen of the guard. Created lord Burton, vita patris, Dec. following. Succeeded his father as lord Paget, 1713. Created earl of Uxbridge, 1714. Thomas, lord Raby, ambassador to the States General. Created viscount Wentworth and earl of Strafford, Sept. following. First lord of the admi- ralty, Sept. 1712. William Bromley, speaker of the house of commons. Afterwards secretary of state. Dr. John Robinson, lord bishop of Bris- tol, lord privy seal. Translated to London. A plenipotentiary at Utrecht. Edward, earl of Clarendon. — Archibald, earl of Islay, lord justice general of Scotland. Succeeded his brother as duke of Argyle (Argyll) Oct. 1743. — William, lord North and Grey, made governor of Portsmouth. 1712. April. 17. John, duke of Atholl, extraordinary lord Feb. 9. March 1. April 19. June 14. June 23. Sept. 3. Dec. 13. of session ; commander-in-chief of all the land forces in Scotland. Aug. 18. George, lord Lansdowne of Bideford, treasurer of the household. Oct. 20. David, earl of Portmore ; general, go- vernor of Gibraltar. — J ohn Hill, brigadier ; lieutenant-general of the ordnance. Dec. 11. Francis, lord Guilford. 1713. April 7. George, duke of Northumberland. — Sir John Stonehouse, bart., comptroller of the household. Nov. 1. Sir William Wyndham, bart., chancel- lor of the exchequer. King George I. 1714. Sept. 22. George, prince of Wales (afterwards George 11.) : introduced ; not sworn. — Dr. William Dawes (sir William Dawes, bart.), lord archbishop of York. Sept. 27. James Stanhope, secretary of state. First lord of the treasury, &c., April, 1717. Created baron and viscount Stanhope, July, 1717 ; and earl Stan- hope, April, 1718. Oct. 1. Robert Walpole, afterwards sir Robert, paymaster of the forces. Created baron Houghton, viscount Walpole, and earl of Orford, Feb. 1742. [Filled various offices in the state, and was upwards of twenty- one years prime minister.] Oct. 29. John, earl of Stair, appointed to the court of France. — Paul Methuen, commissioner of the treasury, ambassador to Spain. Se- cretary of state, July, 1716. Nov. 16. Lionel, earl of Dorset, lord warden of the Cinque Ports, and governor of Dover castle. Declared lord presi- dent, Jan. 1715. Duke of Dorset, June, 1720. — Henry, earl of Uxbridge, captain of the yeomen of the guard. Nov. 22. Henry, lord Carleton. Declared lord president, June 25, 1721. 1715. Mar. 29. Sir Peter King, lord chief justice of the common pleas. Created lord King, and made lord chancellor, June 1, 1725. Aug. 31. Charles, duke of Grafton, appointed a lord justice of Ireland. Sept. 23. Henry, earl of Galway, appointed (with the preceding) lord justice in Ireland. Oct. 26. James, earl of Derby, captain of the yeomen of the guard, vice Uxbridge. — Henry, earl of Lincoln, paymaster of the forces. 1716, Jan. 20. Dr. William Wake, lord archbishop of Canterbury. July 6. Charles, earl of Tankerville. — Richard, lord Cobham, constable of Windsor Castle, and keeper of the parks, forests, and warrens there. Created viscount Cobham, May, 1718. 128 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEKS. July 6. Spencer Compton, speaker of the house of commons. Created lord Wilming- ton, Jan. 1728; and viscount Pe- yensey and earl of Wilmington, May, 1730. Declared lord president, Dec. 31, same year. [First minister of the crown, Feb. 1742.] — William Pulteney, secretary-at-war. Struck from the list, July 1, 1731.^ See year 1742. July 12. John Aislabie, treasurer of the navy. Chancellor of the exchequer, March, 1718. [Mr. Aislabie's name was struck from the list some time between Sept. 13, 1720, and May 21, 1722.3] 1717. Mar. 2. John Smith, one of the tellers of the exchequer. Mar. 30. Thomas, lord Torrington, a commis- sioner of the treasury. — William, lord Cadogan, general of all H. M.'s foot forces. Created earl of Cadogan, May, 1718. April 16. Thomas Holies Pelham, duke of New- castle, lord chamberlain. Filled va- rious high offices in the state; first minister of the crown, March 18, 1754. — Thomas, earl of Westmoreland, chief justice in eyre of H. M.'s forests south of the Trent. First commissioner of trade and plantations. May, 1719. — James, earl of Berkeley, first lord of the admiralty. — Joseph Addison, one of the principal secretaries of state. July 31. Sir Joseph Jekyll, master of the rolls. Nov. 27. George, earl of Halifax. 1718. Feb. 13. Robert, earl of Holdernesse, first com- missioner of trade and plantations. Mar. 16. James Craggs, jun., one of the principal secretaries of state. Mar. 31. Richard Hampden, treasurer of the navy. July 1. Nicholas Lechmere (sir Nicholas), attorney-general, made chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. Created lord Lechmere, Aug. 1721. Oct. 9. Sir John Pratt, lord chief justice of the king's bench. 1719. May 9. Charles Wills, lieutenant-general of the ordnance. 1720. Mar. 22. William, earl of Coventry. 1721. Jan. 3. John, earl of Sutherland. — Sir George Byng, admiral. Created lord Byng, of Southill, and viscount Torrington, Sept. following. Mar. 5. John, lord Carteret, one of the prin- cipal secretaries of state. Appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1724. Succeeded as earl Granville, Oct. 1744. Lord president, June 17, 1751. Nov. 11. James, duke of Chandos. — David, earl of Portmore. — Charles, lord Cornwallis, late joint postmaster-general : died the next year, 1722. May 9. Sir Robert Sutton, knt., ambassador successively to Constantinople, to Holland, and to France. 1723. May 26. Francis, earl of Godolphin, groom of the stole. — Doctor Edmund Gibson, lord bishop of London. May 29. James, earl of Findlater. 1724. Jan. 23. Peregrine, duke of Ancaster and Ke- steven, lord great chamberlain of England. Dec. 10. Dr. Lancelot Blackburn, lord archbishop of York. 1725. April 12. Sir Robert Raymond, lord chief justice of the King's Bench. Created lord Raymond, Jan. 1731. June 1. Charles, duke of Bolton, constable of the Tower of London. — Daniel, lord Finch, comptroller of the household. Succeeded as earl of Win- chilsea and Nottingham on his father's decease in 1730. Lord president, July 12, 1765. — Sir Robert Eyre, lord chief justice of the common pleas. — Henry Pelham, secretary-at-war. Pay- master-general in 1730. First min- ister of the crown, Aug. 1743. [Mr. Pelham was the head of the cele- brated " Broad-Bottom administra- tion."] 1 This was done in consequence of his invectives against the minister (Sir Rob*^rt Walpole) by George II. The king called for the council book, and struck out the name with his own hand. So harsh a proceeding in- flamed Pulteney's resentment and increased his popularity, and occasioned him to say, in his memorable speech, that "the minister might be likened to an empyric, and the constitution of England to his patient." His elo- quence and sarcasm at length drove Walpole from the helm, and he was again sworn of the council, Feb. 20. 1742, and was created earl of Bath, July 14, same year. He was afterwards (Feb. 1746) head of the famous " Short- lived ministry," which expired within two days See Administrations. 2 A ground for the erasure of Mr. Aislabie's name from the books of the council may be inferred from the following resolution of the commons : — The commons, taking into their consideration that part of the report of the secret committee (on the South Sea Company) that relates to John Aislabie, esq., a member of the house, and Mr. Aislabie's defence, is of opinion, that it has been plainly proved, that he caused a book of accounts be- tween him and Mr. Hawes (a director) to be burnt, and had given him a discharge for the balance, amounting to £842,000. And it is resolved, nemine contradicente, that the said John Aislabie had encouraged and promoted the dangerous and destructive execution of the South Sea scheme with a view to his own exorbitant profit, and had combined with the late directors of the South Sea Company in their pernicious practices, to the detriment of great numbers of his majesty's subjects, and the ruin of the public credit, and the trade of this kingdom. It is further resolved, that he be expelled the house, and committed to the Tower ; and that a bill be brought in for restraining him from going out of the kingdom, and from alienating his estate. March 8, 1721 . PKIVY COUNCILLORS. 129 1726. Marclill. Thomas, lord Trevor, lord privy seal. May 31. Charles, duke of Queensberry and Dover, vice-admiral of Scotland. Alexander, earl of Marchmont. Nov. 4. Henry, viscount Lonsdale, constable of the Tower. 1727. May 31. William Stanhope, vice chamberlain. Created lord Harrington, Dec. 1729. Lord president Feb. 13, 1742. King George II. 1727. June 15. Richard, earl of Scarborough, master of the horse. July 5. Henry, earl of Grantham, lord chamber- lain to the queen. July 17. John, duke of Rutland, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. Aug. 5. Talbot,'^earl of Sussex, deputy earl mar- shal. 1728. Feb. 26. Philip, earl of Chesterfield, appointed ambassador to the court of France. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1745. June 25. Arthur Onslow, speaker of the house of commons. Dec. 18. H. R. H. Frederick, prince of Wales : introduced ; not sworn. 1729. May 15. Richard, earl of Burlington : afterwards captain of the band of pensioners. 1730. May 8. John, lord Hervey, vice chamberlain. Created, vita patris, baron Hervey, of Ickworth, June 1733. June 11. Robert, lord Bingley, treasurer of the household. — Sir Conyers D'Arcy, knt., comptroller of the household. — Sir William Strickland, bart., secretary- at-war. Sept. 12. Horatio Walpole, cofferer of the house- hold. Created baron Walpole, of Woolterton, June 1756. 1731. June 12. William, duke of Devonshire, lord privy seal. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, in 1737. — John, lord De la Warr, treasurer of the household. Nov. 29. John, earl of Leicester, constable of the Tower of London. 1732. May 4. Hon. Pattee Byng, treasurer of the navy, sworn of the council. Succeeded his father as viscount Torrington, Jan. 1733. 1733. J an. 25. Sir Charles Wager, knt., admiral. First lord of the admiralty. Nov. 1. Charles, earl of Selkirk, lord clerk re- gister of Scotland. — Sir Philip Yorke, knt., lord chief justice of the Idng's bench. Created lord Hardwicke, Nov. 23, following, and earl of Hardwicke, April, 1754. [Lord chancellor, Feb. 21, 1737. He continued, it is said, chief justice until June 7, though he had kissed hands for the great seal.] Nov. 29. Charles Talbot, lord high chancellor. Created lord Talbot, Dec. 5, following. 1734. Jan. 31. James, duke of Atholl, lord keeper of the great seal of Scotland. 1735. Jan. 9. Charles, duke of Richmond, master of the horse. — Henry, earl of Pembroke, groom of the stole. Feb. 12. William, earl of Essex: afterwards captain of the yeomen of the guard. — James, earl of Waldegrave, vice admi- ral of Essex. — Stephen Poyntz, receiver-general of the revenue of excise. He resigned this office to his brother, William Poyntz. — Benjamin, earl Fitzwalter, first commis- sioner of trade and plantations. Nov. 6. Sir William Yonge, bart., secretary-at- war. 1736. Jan. 22. John, duke of Montagu, captain of the band of gentlemen-at-arms. Feb. 19. Sir Thomas Reeve, chief justice of the common pleas: died Jan. the next year. May 21. George, earl of Cholmondeley, chancel- lor of the duchy of Lancaster, vice John, duke of Rutland. 1737. Mar. 17. Dr. John Potter, lord archbishop of Canterbury. — Sir John Willes, knt., chief justice of the common pleas. July 21. John, lord Monson, first commissioner of trade and plantations, vice lord Fitzwaiter. — Sir William Lee, knt., lord chief justice of the king's bench. 1738. J uly 20. J ames, earl of Abercorn, one of the lords of the bed-chamber. Oct. 12. Hon. John Yerney, master of the rolls : died Aug. 1741. 1739. Sept. 6. Sir John Norris, knt, vice-admiral of England. 1740. May 1. Lord Sidney Beauclerk, vice-chamber- lain of the household. May 12. Charles, lora Cornwallis, constable of the Tower of London. Created earl Cornwallis, June 1753. 1741. Apr. 27. Thomas Winnington, a commissioner of the treasury. Created a baronet ; made paymaster of the forces. Nov. 19. William Fortescue, master of the rolls. 130 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1742. Feb. 16. John, marquess of Tweeddale, secre- tary of state for Scotland. — Samuel Sandys, chancellor of the ex- chequer. Created lord Sandys, Dec. 1743. Cofferer of the household, 1747; chief justice in eyre, 1759; first lord of trade and plantations, March 1761. Feb. 20. Peregrine, duke of Ancaster and Keste- ven (son of Peregrine, privy coun- cillor Jan. 1724), lord great cham- berlain of England. — William Pulteney, whose name had been struck from the council July 1731, now restored. Created earl of Bath, July 1742. See year 1716. [First minister as head of the " Short- lived administration," which endured but two days.] May 17. His R. H. William, duke of Cumber- land : introduced ; not sworn. June 24. George Wade, lieutenant-general of the ordnance. Afterwards field-marshal and commander-in-chief. — Thomas Clutterbuck, treasurer of the navy. July 13. John, lord Gower, lord privy seal. Created earl Gower, July 1746. — Allen, lord Bathurst, captain of the band of gentlemen pensioners. Cre- ated earl Bathurst, Aug. 1772. — Hon. William Finch, vice-chamberlain of the household. 1743. Apr. 25. l)r. Thomas Herring, lord archbishop of York. Translated to Canterbury. 1744. Jan. 5. Richard, lord Edgcumbe, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. Jan. 19. Sir John Rushout, bart., treasurer of the navy. Dec. 17. John, duke of Bedford, first lord of the admiralty. Lord-lieutenant of Ire- land, Sept. 1757 ; privy seal, Nov. 1761. Lord president, Sept. 9, 1763. 1745. Jan. 3. John, lord Hobart, captain of the band of pensioners. Created earl of Buck- inghamshire, Aug. 1746. — George Dodington, treasurer of the navy. Again, Jan. 1756. Created baron Melcombe, April 1761. 1746. — William Pitt, paymaster-general of the forces. Secretary of state, Dec. 1756 ; again secretary of state i, June, 1757. Created earl of Chatham, and made privy seal, July 1766. [He held these offices as minister.] July 23. Henry Fox, secretary-at-war. Secre- tary of state, Nov. 1755 ; paymaster of the forces, 1757. Created lord Holland, April 1763. 1747. Jan. 15. William, earl of Jersey. 1748. Feb. 10. Dr. Matthew Hutton, lord archbishop of York. Translated to Canterbury. 1749. Jan. 11. George Dunk, earl of Halifax, first commissioner of trade and planta- tions. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1761. First lord of the admiralty, June 1762; secretary of state, Nov. 1763 ; privy seal, Feb. 1770 ; again secretary of state, Jan. 1771. — Dr. Thomas Sherlock, lord bishop of London. Feb. 1. John, earl of Sandwich, late minister plenipotentiary to the congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, first lord of the ad- miralty. Secretary of state, 1763 ; again first lord of the admiralty, Jan. 1771. — Sir John Ligonier, knt., lieutenant- general of the ordnance. Created viscount Ligonier, in Ireland, Dec. 1757. Lord Ligonier, of Ripley (Surrey), April 1763; and earl Li- gonier, Sept. 1766. Field-marshal and commander-in-chief, 1757. June 12. Charles, duke of Marlborough, lord steward of the household. June 28. Hon. Henry Bilson Legge, treasurer of the navy. Chancellor of the ex- chequer, April 1754 ; again, Nov. 1756. 1750. Jan. 17. Sir John Strange, knt., master of the rolls. Mar. 29. John, earl of Hyndford, late minister to the empress of Russia. — George, lord Anson, vice-admiral of England. First lord of the admi- ralty, June, 1751 ; again, July 1757. — Sir Thomas Robinson, deputy-master of the great wardrobe. Secretary of state, April 1754. Created lord Grantham, April 1761. 1751. Apr. 30. Simon, earl Harcourt. Afterwards en- voy to Mecklenburg, the court of France, &c. Lord-lieutenant of Ire- land, Nov. 1772. June 21. Robert, earl of Holdernesse, secretary of state. July 12. William, marquess of Hartington, master of the horse. Called to the house of peers, vita patris, as baron Cavendish, same time. Lord-lieutenant of Ire- land, 1755. Succeeded as duke of Devonshire on his father's decease, Dec. 1755. Minister in 1757. Struck from the list, Nov. 3, 1762.2 1 The ministry of which the duke of Newcastle was first lord of the treasury, and Mr. Pitt was secretary of state for the Northern department, has been usually called the -'Duke of Newcastle's and Mr. Fitt's adminis- tration," the latter leading the house of commons at the time. 2 Of this ilhistrious personage it was said by Dr. Johnson, that he was remarkable for fidelity to his promises : " If he had promised you an acorn, and none had grown that year in his woods, he would not have contented him- self with such an excuse ; he would have sent to Denmark for it : so unconditional was he in his word ; so high as to the point of honour." A liberal testimony from Johnson to this virtue in a great whig nobleman. — Boswcll. PRIVY COUNCILLORS. 131 July 12. William- Anne, earl of Albemarle, groom of the stole. 1752. Feb. 13. John, lord Berkeley, of Stratton, late captain of the yeomen of the guard. Treasurer of the household, 1755. — Sir George Lee, knt., judge of the pre- rogative court. Dec. 20. James, earl of Waldegrave, governor to the prince of Wales. 1754. June 21. Wills, earl of Hillsborough, comptroller of the household. First lord of trade, Sept. 1763 ; again Aug. 1766 ; joint postmaster-general Dec. 1766 ; and again lord of trade, Jan. 1768. Created earl of Hillsborough, in England, Aug. 1772 ; and marquess of Downshire, in Ireland, Aug. 1789. — Hon. George Grenville, treasurer of the navy. Again treasurer of the navy, Nov. 1756 ; first lord of the admiralty, Jan. 1763. First minister of the crown, April, following. Sir Dudley Ryder, knt., lord chief jus- tice of the king's bench. — Sir Thomas Clarke, knt., master of the rolls. — Sir George Lyttelton, bart., cofferer of the hous-ehold. Chancellor of the exchequer, Nov. 1755. Created lord Lyttelton, Nov. 1756. 1755. Jan. 9. Harry, duke of Bolton. — John, earl of Egmont. Joint postmaster- general, Aug. 1762 ; first lord of the admiralty, Sept. 1763. Mar. 11. William-Henry, earl of Rochford, groom of the stole. — William, viscount Barrington, master of the great wardrobe. Sccretary-at- war, Nov. same year; chancellor of the exchequer, March 1761 ; treasurer of the navy, J une 1762 ; again secre- tary-at-war, July 1765. Dec. 22. Granville, earl GoAver, lord privy seal. Lord president, Dec. 22, 1767 ; again, Dec. 19, 1783. Created marquess of Stafford, Feb. 1786. 1756. Jan. 27. John, lord Hobart, comptroller of the household. Succeeded as earl of Buck- inghamshire on his father's decease, Sept. following. Ambassador to St. Petersburgh, July, 1762. Lord-lieu- tenant of Ireland, Jan. 1777. July 7. Robert, lord Raymond. Nov. 19. Richard, earl Temple, first lord of the admiralty. Lord privy seal, June fol- lowing. — John, viscount Bateman, treasurer of the household. — William, lord Mansfield, lord chief jus- tice of the king's bench. Nov. 19. Hon. Richard Edgcumbe, comptroller of the household. Succeeded as lord Edgcumbe on the death of his father in 1758. Dec. 15. Hugh, viscount Falmouth, captain of the yeomen of the guard. 1757. Mar. 26. Thomas, duke of Leeds, cofferer of the household. April 1. Hon. Charles Townshend, treasurer of the chamber and a lord of trade and plantations. Paymaster -general of the forces, March 1761 ; and chan- cellor of the exchequer, Aug. 1766. June 30. Dr. John Gilbert, lord archbishop of York. — Sir Robert Henley, knt., lord keeper. Created lord Henley, March 1760. Made lord chancellor, Jan. 1761 ; and earl of Nortliington, May following. Lord president, July 30, 1766. July 8. Percy Wyndham, earf of Thomond, trea- surer of the household. 1758. Jan. 27. Lord George Sackville (Germaine). Struck from the list, April 25, 1760.1 See Dec. 1665. — Thomas, viscount Dupplin, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. Succeeded as earl of Kinnoul on his father's decease, June following. May 8. Dr. Thomas Seeker, lord archbishop of Canterbury. Dec. 22. Charles Paulett, marquess of Win- chester. Succeeded as duke of Bol- ton, on his father's decease, Oct. 1759. 1759. Feb. 2. Hon. Edward Boscawen, admiral, a lord of the admiralty, and general of ma- rines. Dec. 15. Robert Nugent, a lord of the treasury. Created baron Nugent and viscount Clare, of Ireland, Dec. 1766 ; and earl Nugent, 1776. 1760. Feb. 9. Basil, earl of Denbigh : afterwards a lord of the bedchamber. Mar. 20. Welbore Ellis, joint vice-treasurer in Ireland. Secretary- at- war, Dec. 1762 ; and afterwards filled various offices, that of secretary of state, Feb. 1782. Created lord Mendip, Aug. 1794. May 2. John, marquess of Granby, lieutenant- general of the ordnance; afterwards master-general ; commander-in-chief, Aug. 1766. King George III. 1760. Oct. 27. H. R. H. Edward, Duke of York : introduced ; not sworn. — John, earl of Bute, groom of the stole. ^ Lord George Sackville fell into disgrace for his conduct at the battle of Minden (Aug. 1, 1759), where he com- manded under prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, whose orders to advance with his troops during the engagement he disobeyed. His behaviour being, at home, attributed to cowardice, he was tried by a court-martial and sentenced to be dismissed the service Under the administration of lord Bute, however, he was restored to favour. K 2 132 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. Secretary of state, March, 1761. First minister of the crown, May 1762. Dec. 2. Francis, earl of Huntingdon, master of the horse. — Hon. George Townshend ; general. Lieutenant-general of the ordnance, 1763. Succeeded as viscount Towns- hend, March, 1764. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Oct. 1767. Master-general of the ordnance 1772. Marquess of Townshend, Oct. 1787. Dec. 17. Philip, viscount Royston. Succeeded as earl of Hardwicke, March 1764. 1761. Jan. 28. George, earl of Albemarle, governor of Jersey. Mar. 17. Anthony, earl of Shaftesbury. Mar. 20. Sir Francis Dashwood, bart., treasurer of the chamber. Chancellor of the exchequer, May 1762 ; joint postmas- ter-general, Dec. 1766. He had suc- ceeded to the title of lord Le de Spencer, 1763. Mar. 25. William, earl Talbot, lord steward of the household. Apr. 3. Hon. James Grenville, cofferer of the household : afterwards joint vice trea- surer of Ireland. June 25. Henry-Arthur, earl of Powis, comptroller of the household. July 8. Charles, earl of Egremont. Secretary of state, Oct. following. Sept. 4. Hon. James Stuart Mackenzie, minister to the king of Sardinia. Lord privy seal of Scotland, 1763. Nov. 7. Dr. Robert Drummond, lord archbishop of York. — Dr. Thomas Hayter, lord bishop of London : died in 1762. 1762. Jan 2. John, duke of Argyll. Feb. 15. Lord George Cavendish, comptroller of the household, vice earl of Powis. — Sir Charles Pratt, knt., chief justice of the common pleas. Created lord Camden, July, 1765. Lord chancellor July 1766 ; lord president, March 27, 1782 ; earl Camden, May, 1786. Mar. 13. Dr. Richard Osbaldeston, lord bishop of London : died 1764. July 14. George Henry, earl of Lichfield ; captain of the band of gentlemen pensioners. — Sir John Cust, bart., speaker of the house of commons. — Gilbert Elliot, late a lord of the trea- sury ; treasurer of the chamber. Suc- ceeded as baronet on his father's decease. Treasurer of the navy, March 1770. Nov. 17. James, lord Tyrawley, general, late governor of Gibraltar. Field- marshal, 1763. Nov. 22. George, duke of Marlborough, lord chamberlain of the household. — Hugh, earl of Marchmont. Keeper of the great seal of Scotland, 1764. — Hugh, earl of Northumberland, her majesty's lord chamberlain. Lord- lieutenant of Ireland, 1763. Nov. 26. Hans Stanley, a lord of the admiralty. Dec. 15, James, lord Strange, chancellor of the duchy of Lancastei. 1763. Jan. 10. Humphry Morrice, comptroller of the household. — Sir John Phillips, bart. Apr. 20. William, earl of Shelburne, first com- missioner of trade and plantations. Secretary of state, Aug. 1766. First minister of the crown, July 1782. Created marquess of Lansdowne, Nov. 1784. — Lord Charles Spencer, comptroller of the household. — James Oswald, joint vice treasurer in Ireland. Apr. 22. Stephen, earl of Ilchester, called to the council board honoris causa, June 1. Francis, earl of Hertford. Created earl of Yarmouth and marquess of Hert- ford, July 1793. July 20. David, viscount Stormont, ambassador extraordinary to the emperor and empress of Germany. Secretary of state, Oct. 1779. Lord president, April 2, 1783. Succeeded as earl of Mansfield, March 1793. Again lord president, Dec. 1794. Sept. 9. Thomas, lord Hyde, joint postmaster- general. Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, June 1771. Created earl of Clarendon, June 1776. 1764. Jul}^ 11. Dr Richard Terrick, lord bishop of London. Dec. 12. Sir Thomas Sewell, knt, master of the rolls. Dec. 19. H. R. H. William Henry, duke of Gloucester : introduced ; not sworn. 1765. May 29. Thomas, viscount Weymouth, appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland; but did not go over. Secretary of state in 1768 ; again in 1775. Created mar- quess of Bath, Aug. 1789. — Lord Frederick Campbell, keeper of the privy seal of Scotland. July 10. William-Henry, duke of Portland, lord chamberlain. Lord-lieutenant of Ire- land, 1782. First lord of the treasury, April, 1783 ; lord president, July 30, 1801 ; again first lord of the treasury, March, 1807. — Augustus- Henry, duke of Grafton, se- cretary of state. First lord of the treasury, Aug. 1766. First minister of the crown, Dec. 1767. Privy seal, 1771. — Charles, marquess of Rockingham, first lord of the treasury. Again, March, 1782, and first minister of the crown a second time. — Hon. Henry Seymour Conway, secretary of state. Commander-in-chief, 1782. — William Dowdeswell, chancellor of the exchequer. July 12. Richard, earl of Scarborough, cofferer of the household. Appointed deputy earl marshal of England shortly af- terwards. — John, earl of Ashburnham, keeper of the great wardrobe. — William, earl of Besborough, joint post- master-general. PliIVY COUNCILLORS. 183 July 12. George Bussy, viscount Yilliers, vice- chamberlain. Succeeded as earl of Jersey, on his father's decease, Aug. 1769. July 26. William, earl of Dartmouth, first com- missioner of trade and plantations. Secretary of state, Aug. 1772. — Richard, viscount Howe, treasurer of the navy. First lord of the admiralty, Jan. 1783. Created earl Howe, July 1788. — George, lord Edgcumbe, treasurer of the household. Created viscount Mount- Edgcumbe and Valletort, March 1781 ; and earl of Mount-Edgcumbe, August 1789. Sept. 6. Thomas Pelham, comptroller of the household. Lord Pelham on the decease of his cousin, the duke of Newcastle, Nov. 1768. Created earl of Chichester, June 1801. Oct. 23. Charles, duke of Richmond ; afterwards secretary of state. Nov. 22. Ralph, earl Verney, of the kingdom of Ireland. Dec. 20. Lord George Sackville (his name, struck out in 17G0, now restored) appointed a vice-treasurer of Ireland. Secretary of state, Jan. 1776. Took the name of Germaine on succeeding to the estates of lady Germaine. Created viscount Sackville, Feb. 1782. See Jan. 1758. 1766. Feb. 10. Charles, duke of Dorset, lord -lieutenant of the county of Kent. May 12. John, earl of Breadalbane, keeper of the privy seal of Scotland. Sept. 10. Sir John Eardley Wilmot, knt., chief justice of the common pleas. — Sir Charles Saunders, knt., first lord of the admiralty. — Isaac Barre, a vice-treasurer in Ireland. Treasurer of the navy, April 1782 ; paymaster of the forces, July, same year. Sept. 26. George-William, earl of Bristol, ap- pointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland ; but did not go over. Lord privy seal, Nov. 1768. Dec. 3. H. R. H. He^^ry Frederick, duke of Cumberland : introduced ; not sworn. — John Shelley, afterwards sir John, trea- surer of the household. Dec. 10. Harry, duke of Bolton, governor of the Isle of Wight and of Carisbrook Castle. — Frederick, lord North, joint paymaster of the forces. Chancellor of the ex- chequer, Dec. 1767 ; and first lord of the treasury, Feb. 1770. Succeeded his father as earl of Guilford, Aug. 1790. [First minister of the cro^vn during the whole of the American war. ] — Sir Edward Hawke, knt., first lord of the admiralty. Created lord Hawke, May, 1776. 1767. Dec. 23. Thomas Townshend, jun., joint pay- master of the forces. Secretary- at- K war, March 1782 ; secretary of state, July, same year. Created lord Syd- ney, March, 1783; and viscount June, 1789. Dec. 23. George Onslow, a lord of the treasury. Created lord Cranley, May, 1776; and viscount Cranley and earl of Onslow, June, 1801. 1768. May 27. Hon. Thomas Harley, lord mayor of London. June 29. Charles, lord Cathcart, ambassador to the empress of Russia. — Sir Joseph Yorke, knt., ambassador to the States General at the Hague. Created lord Dover, Sept. 1788. Oct. 7. Dr. the hon. Frederick Cornwallis, lord archbishop of Canterbuiy. Dec. 16. Henry, duke of Newcastle, lord-lieu- tenant of the county of Nottingham and keeper of Sherwood Forest. 1769. Mar. 22. Sir Fletcher Norton, knt., chief justice in eyre. Speaker of the house of commons, Jan. 1770. Created lord Grantley, March 1782. Nov. 1. Sir James Gray, bart., ambassador ex- traordinary to Spain. 1770. Jan. 17. Hon. Charles Yorke, appointed lord chancellor and created lord Morden ; but died before the seals were put to his patent. [He died on Jan. 20, having held the great seal but three days.] Jan. 19. Edward, duke of Somerset. Feb. 26. Hon. Thomas Robinson, vice-cham- berlain to the queen. Succeeded as lord Grantham, Sept. following. Am- bassador to Spain, Feb. 1771. Secre- tary of state, July 1782. May 4. George Rice, treasurer of the chamber to the king ; late a lord of trade. Nov. 21. Charles, earl Cornw^allis, constable of the Tower of London. Created mar- quess Cornwallis, Aug. 1792. [Governor-general of Bengal thrice, between Feb. 1786 and Oct 1805; commanding in chief in India at the same time.] Dec. 19, Hon. Henry- Frederick Thymic (Car- teret), j oint postmaster-general . Cre- ated lord Carteret, Jan. 1784. 1771. Jan. 22. Henry, earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, lord privy seal. Secretary of state for the Northern department, June following. Jan. 23. Henry, lord Apsley, lord chancellor. Succeeded his father as earl Ba- thurst, Sept. 1775. Declared lord president, Nov. 1779. [Lord high steward of Great Britain for the trial of Elizabeth, duchess of Kingston, on an indictment for bigamy, Feb. 1776.] Feb. 6. John Montagu, viscount Hinchinbrook, vice-chamberlain. Succeeded his father as earl of Sandwich, April, 1792. 134 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEES. Feb. 6. Sir William de Grey, lord chief justice of the common pleas. Created lord Walsingham, Sept. 1780. Mar. 1. George, earl of Pomfret, ranger of Windsor Little Park. Oct. 9. Sir Lawrence Dundas, bart., vice-ad- miral of Shetland and Orkney. 1772. Kov. 6. Sir Jeffrey Amherst, knt., lieutenant- general of the ordnance. Created baron Amherst, May 1776. Com- mander-in-chief, March, 1778. Nov. 20. Sir Thomas Parker, knt., late lord chief baron of the exchequer. 1773. Feb. 8. Charles Jenkinson, joint vice- treasurer of Ireland. Clerk of the pells in Ireland, Aug. 1775 ; master of the mint, Sept. 1776 ; secretary-at-war, Dec. 1778. Created lord Hawkes- bury, July 1786. Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and president of the board of trade, same year. Cre- ated earl of Liverpool, May, 1796. [He filled these and various other offices in the state from 1763 until 1804.] Aug. 4. Sir William Lynch, knt., minister to Sardinia. Sept. 1. Sir John Goodricke, oart., late envoy extraordinary to Sweden. 1774. Mar. 9. Sir William Meredith, comptroller of the household. — Jeremiah Dyson, cofferer of the house- hold. Filled various offices in the state. 1775. May 12. James, duke of Chandos. Nov. 17. Thomas, lord Lyttelton, warden, and chief justice in eyre beyond Trent. 1776. May 31. Thomas Bruce, lord Bruce. Created earl of Ailesbury, June 8, following. June 5. George Montagu, duke of Montagu, governor to H. R. H. the prince of Wales. Master of the horse, Dec. 1780. Sept. 20. Henry Flood, a joint vice-treasurer in Ireland. Struck from the list of the council by his majesty''s own hand. 1777. Jan. 31. Dr. William Markham, lord archbishop of York. June 13. Frederick, earl of Carlisle, treasurer of the household. President of the board of trade, Nov. 1779. Lord- lieutenant of Ireland, 1780. — Dr. Robert Louth, lord bishop of Lon- don. June 20. Charles Townshend, a joint vice-trea surer in Ireland. Created lord Bayn ing, Oct. 1797. Dec. 3. Sir Sidney Stafford Smythe, knt., lord chief baron of the exchequer : re- signed his seat on the bench. Dec. 24. Francis, marquess of Carmarthen, cham- berlain of her majesty's household. Succeeded as duke of Leeds on his father's decease, March, 1789. 1778. June 3. Edward, lord Thurlow, lord high chan- cellor of England. 1779. Feb. 12. Robert, duke of Ancaster and Kes- teven, lord-lieutenant of the county of Lincoln : died July 8, following. [He was hereditary lord great cham- berlain of England, and on his death the office fell into abeyance, and remained in dispute for more than a year.] Aug. 4. John, viscount Mountstuart, envoy ex- traordinary to the court of Turin. Succeeded his father as earl of Bute, March, 1792. Created viscount Mountjoy, earl of Windsor, and mar- quess of Bute, Feb. 1796. 1780. Feb. 2. Francis, viscount Beauchamp, a lord of the treasury. Feb. 9. Sir Richard Worsley, bart., governor of the Isle of Wight. June 9. Alexander Wedderburne, chief jus- tice of the common pleas. Created lord Loughborough. Lord chancellor of England, Jan. 1793. Created earl of Rosslyn, April, 1801. Sept. 27. James, earl of Salisbury, treasurer of the household ; lord chamberlain, Dec. 1783. Created marquess of Salisbury, Aug. 1789. Nov. 8. Charles Wolfran Cornewall, speaker of the house of commons. 1782. Jan. 9. Richard, earl of Shannon, joint vice- treasurer in Ireland. Feb. 11. John, duke of Dorset. Mar. 27. Lord John Cavendish, chancellor of the exchequer. Mar. 30. John Dunning, formerly solicitor-gene- ral. Created lord Ashburton. Chan- cellor of the duchy of Lancaster. — Charles James Fox, secretary of state. Struck from the list May 9, 1798. * Restored. See year 1806. — Hon. Augustus Keppel, first lord of the admiralty. Created viscount Keppel, April 27 following. — Edmund Burke, paymaster of the forces. Apr. 10, George, duke of Manchester, lord cham- berlain. — Thomas, earl of Effingham, treasurer of the household. Master of the mint, Jan. 1784. — Peter, earl Ludlow, comptroller of the household. ) At the council board, held this day at St. James's, Mr. Falkener, as clerk of the council, laid the book con- taining the list of privy councillors before his inajest3% in obedience to his majesty's command, when the king drew his pen across the name of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox, and returned the book to Mr. Falke- ner. — Ann. Reg. Mr. Fox was afterwards re-admitted of the council. PRIVY COUNCILLORS. 135 Apr. 10. Sir George Yonge, bart., joint vice- treasurer of Ireland. Secretary-at- war, July following. Ap. 24. George, lord de Ferrars, captain of the band of gentlemen-at-arms. Became marquess of Townshend, 1807. May 3. George, viscount Chewton, vice-cham- berlain of the household. Succeeded on the death of his father as earl of Waldegrave, Oct. 1784. June 5. Lord Kobert Spencer, a commissioner of trade and plantations. June 21. Hon. sir William Howe, knt., lieutenant- general of the ordnance. Succeeded as viscount Howe, Aug. 1799. July 10. Hon. William Pitt, chancellor of the exchequer. [First minister of the crown, Dec. 27, 1783 ; again, May 12, 1804, until his death, which event occurred on Jan. 23, 1806.1] July 31. George, earl Temple, appointed lord- lieutenant of Ireland. Secretary of state, Dec. 1783. Created marquess of Buckingham, Nov. 1784. Again lord-lieutenant of Ireland in 1787. — Henry Dundas, treasurer of the navy. Again, Jan. 1784. Home secretary, June, 1791; colonial secretary, July, 1794; president of the board of con- troul from July, 1793, to May, 1801. Created baron Dunira and viscount Melville, Dec. 1802. Struck from the list of the council, May 9, 1805.^ See April, 1807. Oct. 2. Charles, earl of Tankerville, joint post- master-general. 1783. Feb. 17. Charles, duke of Rutland, lord steward of the household. April 7. William Eden, late a lord of trade ; a joint vice - treasurer in Ireland. Ambassador to the court of Versailles in 1785; afterwards to the court of Spain, ^d to Holland. Created lord Auckland, Sept. 1789. Joint post- master-general, March, 1798. Apr. 9. Charles Greville, treasurer of the house- hold. Apr. 14. George-James, earl of Cholmondeley, captain of the yeomen of the guard. — Colonel, the hon. Richard Fitzpatrick, secretary- at- war. Lieutenant-gen. of the ordnance, 1804. Again seeretarv- at-war, Feb. 1806. — Frederick Montagu, a lord of the trea- sury. Apr. 30. Dr. John Moore, lord archbishop of Canterbury. — Robert, earl of Northington, appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Aug. 29. Edward, earl of Derby, chancellQr of - the duchy of l^ancaster. Aug, 29. H. R. H. George Augustus Frede- rick, prince of Wales : introduced • not sworn. Afterwards George IV. * Dec. 26. J ames Grenville. A lord of trade, Aug. 1786. Created lord Glastonburv, Oct! 1797. ^ Dec. 31. Heneage, earl of Aylesford, captain of the yeomen of the guard. — Thomas, lord Walsingham, late a lord of trade ; joint vice - treasurer in Ireland. Joint postmaster-general, July, 1787. For twenty years chair- man of the committees of the house of lords. — William Wyndham Grenville, joint paymaster-general. Vice-president of the board of trade, Aug. 1786. Speaker of the house of commons, Jan. 1789 ; home secretary, June, same year; and president of the India board, March, 1790. Created lord Grenville, Nov. 1790. Foreign secretary, June, 1791. First minister of the crown, Feb. 1806. 1784. Jan. 7. Philip, earl of Chesterfield, ambassador extraordinary to Spain. Joint post- master-general, March, 1790. Master of the horse, Feb. 1798. Feb. 9. Lord George Lenox, constable of the Towner of London. Apr. 2. Lloyd Kenyon, master of the rolls. Created a baronet, this year. Chief justice ot the king's bench, June, 1788, and created lord Kenyon. Apr. 16. Robert, viscount Gal way, comptroller of the household. Apr. 23. Constantine-John, lord Mulgrave, joint paymaster-general. A lord of trade and commissioner for the affairs of India. Aug. 20. James, earl of Courtown, treasurer of the household. Sept. 3. Sir James Harris, knt., envoy extra- ordinary to the States General. Created lord Malmesbury, Sept. 1788, and viscount Fitz-Harris and earl of Malmesbury, Dec. 1800. Minister to several courts of Europe. Nov. 17. George, lord Herbert, vice- chamberlain of the household. Succeeded his father as earl of Pembroke, Feb. 1794. 1785. Nov. 23. Thomas Orde (Powlett), secretary in Ireland. A lord of trade, Aug. 1786. Assumed the name of Powlett on the decease of the last duke of Bolton, 1794. Created lord Bolton, Oct. 1797. 1786. Sept. 6. John Foster, speaker of the house of 1 With the short interval of Mr. Addir.gton's administration, Mr. Pitt was at the head of his majesty's councils for twenty-two years: he died universally lamented, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, at the public charge. Having directed the comicils of his country so long, and at a period of great financial embarrassment, difficulty, and danger, the friends of his principles and policy (particularly of the Pitt Club) usually honoured his memory as " the Pilot that weathered the storm." 2 The " irregularities " of lord Melville in his office of treasurer of the navy led to this expunction of his name, a step that anticipated a resolution of the house of commons (proposed by Mr. Whitbread), and an address to the king, praying his majesty, " that the name of lord Melville be erased from the council, and that he be dismissed from his presence for ever." His lordship was afterwards resworn of the council, having been acquitted, on an impeachment by the commons, of the malversations alleged against him. K 4 136- STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. commons of Ireland. Created lord Oriel, July, 1821. Sept. 6. John Beresford, first commissioner of revenue in Ireland. Oct. 27. Sir John Parnell, bart., chancellor of the exchequer in Ireland. 1787. Jan. 5. John-Hely Hutchinson, secretary of state in Ireland. Held a plurality of appointments. Feb. 19. John-Charles Villiers, comptroller of the household. Mar. 23. Sir John Skynner, knt., chief baron of the exchequer. Aug. 8. H. R. H. Frederick, duke of York : introduced ; not sworn. Nov. 30. Alleyne Fitz-Herbert, chief secretary to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland. En- voy extraordinary to the Hague, May, 1789. Created lord St. Helen's of Ireland, 1791 ; and of England, July, 1801. Dec. 7. Dr. Beilby Porteus, lord bishop of London. 1788. June 18. Sir Richard Pepper Arden, master of the rolls. Lord chief justice of the common pleas, 1801. Created lord Alvanley, May, same year. 1789. April 3. John, earl of Chatham, first lord of the admiralty. Declared lord president, Dec. 21, 1796. Master-general of the ordnance, June, 1801 ; again, April, 1807. 29. Sir Robert Murray Keith, K. B., late minister to Vienna. May 15. Sir William Wynne, judge of the pre- rogative court, &c. A lord of trade in 1790. June 23. H. R. H. William-Henry, duke of Clarence : introduced ; not sworn. — Henry Addington, speaker of the house of commons. First minister of the crown, March, 1801. Created vis- count Sidmouth, Jan. 1805. Lord president, Jan. same year. Privy seal, Feb., and again lord president, Oct. 1806 ; a third time lord presi- dent, April, 1812. Secretary of state for the home department from June, 1812, to Jan. 1822. Aug. 8. James, marquess of Graham, vice pre- sident of the board of trade, and, in Sept. following, joint paymaster- general. Succeeded as duke of Montrose, Sept. 1790. Master of the horse, Dec. same year. Oct. 14. John, earl of Westmoreland, lord-lieu- tenant of Ireland. Lord privy seal, Feb. 1798 ; and again privy seal, March, 1807. 1790. Mar. 3. George-Evelyn, viscount Falmouth, captain of the band of gentlemen pensioners. — Hon. Dudley Ryder, comptroller of the household. A commissioner for the affairs of India. Vice president of the board of trade, Oct. 1790 ; treasurer of the navy, June, 1800. Succeeded as lord Harrowby, June, 1803. Chan- cellor of the duchy of Lancaster, July, 1805. Created viscount Sandon and earl of Harrowby, July, 1809. Presi^- dent of the board of controul, July, same year. Declared lord president, June, 1812. May 28. George Granville-Leveson, earl Gower. Succeeded his father as marquess of Staff*ord, Oct. 1803. Oct. 1. John, lord Fitzgibbon, lord chancellor of Ireland. Created viscount Fitz- gibbon, of Limerick, Dec. 1793 ; earl of Clare, June, 1795 ; and lord Fitz- gibbon, of Siclbury, in the English peerage, Sept. 1799. 1791. Mar. 9. Thomas Steele, joint paymaster-gene- ral : previously secretary to the trea- sury, &c. Apr. 21. George, viscount Parker, comptroller of the household. Succeeded his father as earl of Macclesfield, Feb. 1795. June 8. Sir William Hamilton, K. B., ambas- sador at the court of Naples. 1792. May 2. George, lord Macartney, ambassador to China. Earl Macartney in Ireland, 1794. June 15. Sir James Eyre, lord chief baron of the exchequer. Afterwards chief justice of the common pleas. 1793. Feb. 15. Sir Archibald Macdonald, chief baron of the exchequer. May 1. Hon. Robert Hobart, secretary in Ire- land. Colonial secretary, March, 1801. Summoned to parliament in his father's barony, vita patris, as lord Hobart, 1798. " Succeeded as earl of Buckinghamshire, Nov. 1804. Joint postmaster-general, Feb. 1806. President of the India board, April, 1812. June 21. Richard, earl of Mornington. Go- vernor-general of Bengal, Oct. 1797. Created marquess Wellesley, Dec. 1799. Secretary of state for foreign affairs, Dec. 1809. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Dec. 1821. Lord steward, Nov. 1830. Again lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Sept. 1833. Lord chamber- lain, April, 1835. — Henry, lord Apsley. Succeeded his father as earl Bathurst, Aug. 1794. Master of the mint, July, 1804 ; pre- sident of the board of trade, IMarch, 1807. Foreign secretary, Oct. 1809 ; and colonial secretary from June, 1812, until April, 1827. — John Jeffreys, viscount Bajiiam, a commissioner of trade. Succeeded as earl Camden, April, 1794. Lord- lieutenant of Ireland, March, 1795. Lord president, July 10, 1805 ; again, March 26, 1807. Created earl of Brecknock and marquess Camden, Sept. 1812. PRIVY COUNCILLORS. 137 [This nobleman held the office of one of the tellers of the exchequer for sixty years. ^ ] Sept. 25. Sir Gilbert Elliott, bart. Viceroy of the kingdom of Corsica, June, 1795. Created lord Minto, of Roxburgh, Oct. 1797. Envoy extraordinary to Vienna, June, 1799. President of the board of controul, Feb. 1806; governor-general of Bengal, July, same year. Created viscount Mel- gund and earl of Minto, Feb. 1813. 1794. May 4. Sylvester Douglas, secretary in Ireland. A commissioner for India, June, 1795 ; a lord of the treasury, Feb. 1797. Created lord Glenbervie, Nov. 1800. Joint paymaster-general, March, 1801 ; vice-president of the board of trade, Nov. same year; surveyor- general of woods and forests, 1803 ; lirst commissioner of woods and forests, July, 1810. July 11. William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, earl Fitzwilliam, declared lord-president. Again, lord president, Oct. 19, 1805. [He was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Dec. 1794; but was recalled March following, and succeeded by lord Camden.] George- John, earl Spencer, lord privy seal. Lord of the admiralty, Dec. same year. Home secretary, Feb. 1806. July 16. William Windham, secretary-at-war. Secretary of state for war and colo- nies, Feb. 1806. Nov. 12. Sir Morton Eden, K. B., minister to Vienna, and previously to several courts of Europe. Created lord Hen- ley, Nov. 1799. Dec. 17. George Damer, viscount Milton, secre- tary for Ireland. Succeeded his father as earl of Dorchester, Feb. 1798. 1795. Mar. 11. Hon. Thomas Pelham, secretary for Ireland. Summoned to the house of peers, vita patris, as lord Pelham, June, 1801. Home secretary, July, same year. Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, Nov. 1803. Succeeded his father as earl of Chichester, Jan. 1805. Postmaster-general, May, 1807. July 29. Sir George Howard, K. B., field mar- shal, governor of Jersey. 1796. Apr. 29. Robert Auriol Drummond, earl of Kin- noul. — Sir Grey Cooper, bart., some time secre- tary to the treasury. Nov. 30. John, duke of Roxburgh, groom of the stole. 1797. Mar. 29. Sir Joseph Banks, bart., president of the Royal Society, appointed a com- missioner of the board of trade. Apr. 26. Lord Charles Somerset, comptroller of the household. Joint paymaster- general, July, 1804; again, April, 1807. & » F » June 28. John, duke of Athol. Sept. 27. Hon. John Trevor, minister to Turin. Oct. 4. Sir Charles Grey, K.B., governor of the island of Jersey. Created lord Grey, June, 1801, and viscount Howick and earl Grey, April, 1806. 1798. Sept. 28. William Shaw, lord Cathcart. Created viscount Cathcart, Nov. 1807; and earl Cathcart, July, 1814. [Commanded the land forces in the ex- pedition against Copenhagen, 1807.] Oct. 24. Charles, earl of Harrington. Oct. 31. Sir William Scott, knt., a commissioner of the board of trade. Judge of the high court of admiralty. Created lord Stowell, July, 1821. Dec. 5. Thomas Grenvillel Chief justice in eyre, July, 1800; president of the India board, July, 1806 ; first lord of the admiralty, Sept. same year. Dec. 19. Robert, viscount Castlereagh, secretary in Ireland. President of the India board, Sept. 1802 ; colonial secretary, July, 1805 ; again, March, 1807. Secretary of state for foreign affairs, from March, 1812, until his death, Aug. 1822. He had succeeded his father as marquess of Londonderry, in April, 1821. 1799. Jan. 23. Sir William Fawcett, K. B., general. Mar. 13. Robert Banks Jenkinson, lord Hawkes- bury, master of the mint. Secretary of state for foreign affairs, Feb. 1801 ; home secretary. May, 1804. Summoned to the house of peers, vita patris, in his father's barony, Aug. 1806. Again home secretary, March, 1807. Succeeded as earl of Liverpool, Dec. 1808. Secretary of state for the colonies, Dec. 1809. First lord of the treasury from June 1812 until April 1827. June 5. H. R. H. Edward, duke of Kent: introduced ; not sworn. H. R. H. Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumberland : introduced ; not sworn. July 3. Thomas, earl of Elgin, ambassador to the Sublime Porte. July 18. Sir John Scott, lord chief justice of the common pleas: created lord Eldon. Lord chancellor, April 1801 ; again, April, 1807. Created earl of Eldon, July 1821. Sept. 25. Isaac Corry, chancellor of the ex- chequer in Ireland. Oct. 30. Ralph, lord Lavington, K. B., governor of the Carribean islands. 1 During nearly half this term, marquess Camden relinquished the large income arising from the office of teller, amounting in the whole to upwards of a quarter of a million sterling, and placed it to the service of the state; an act of patriotism that throws a lustre over his name and character. His lordship died in 1840, at the age of eighty-two, having been one of the most respected noblemen of his time. 138 states:men and STATE OFFICERS. 1800. May 28. George Canning, joint paymaster- general. Secretary of state for fo- reign affairs, Marcli 1807 ; president of the board of controul, June 1816 ; again foreign secretary, Sept. 1822. First minister of the crown, April 1827. June 25. William Dundas, a commissioner of the India board. Secret ary-at-war. May, 1804. Nov. 5. Charles, lord Whitworth, late ambas- sador to Russia. Negotiated a peace with Denmark, 1801. Plenipoten- tiary to Paris, June, 1802. Created viscount AVhitworth, June 1813. Lord -lieutenant of Ireland, Aug. same year. Earl, Nov. 1815. 1801. Jan. 25. Dr. William Stuart, lord archbishop of Armagh and primate of Ireland. Feb. 18. Sir John Mitford, knt., speaker of the house of commons. Appointed lord chancellor of Ireland, and created lord Redesdale, Feb. 1802. Feb. 20. John, earl St. Vincent, first lord of the admiralty. — Sir Charles Yorke, secretary-at-war. Secretary of state for the home de- partment, July 1803. First lord of the admiralty,"' May, 1810. Mar. 17. Philip, earl of Hardwicke, lord-lieu- tenant of Ireland. — George, viscount Lewisham, president of the India board. Created, vita pair is, baron Dartmouth. Succeeded his father as earl of Dartmouth, Nov. 1810. May 21. Sir William Grant, master of the rolls. — Charles Abbot, chief secretary in Ire- land. Speaker of the house of com- mons, Feb. 1802. Created lord Col- chester, June 1817. — Thomas Wallace, commissioner for the affairs of India. Again, April 1807. Vice-president of the board of trade, Jan. 1818 ; master of the mint, Oct. 1823. Created lord Wallace, Jan. 1828. Nov. 18. Charles Bragge, afterwards Bragge Bathurst, treasurer of the navy. Se- cretary-at-war, Aug. 1803 ; president of the board of controul, Jan. 1821. 1802. Jan. 13. William Wickham, a commissioner of trade. Minister in Switzerland. — George Rose, a commissioner of trade. Vice-president of the board of trade, March 1804; joint paymaster-general, July 1804; again vice-president of the board of trade, March 1807 ; and treasurer of the navy, April, same year. — Charles Long. A lord of the treasury. May 1804. Secretary in Ireland, 1806. Pa3niiaster-general,'^ April, 1807. Cre- ated lord Farnborough, Aug. 1826. Feb. 3. H. R. 11. Adolphus Frederick, Duke OF Cambridge : introduced ; not sworn. April 21. Edward, lord Ellenborough, lord chief justice of the king's bench. Sept. 8. Sir John Borlase Warren, bart., admiral, minister to St. Petersburgh. Sept. 22. Sir Charles (Gould) Morgan, bart., judge advocate-general. — John Smyth, late a lord of the treasury, master of the mint. 1803. Feb. 16. John HileyAddington, joint paymaster- general. A commissioner of India affairs, Feb. 1806. — George Tierne}'-, treasurer of the navy ; president of the board of controul, Oct. 1806 ; master of the mint. May, 1827. Nov. 23. Hon. Thomas Maitland, afterwards sir Thomas, G. C. B., a commissioner for the affairs of India. — Nathaniel Bond, a lord of the treasury. Vice president of the board of trade, Feb. 1804; judge advocate-general, Feb. 1806. 1804. Jan. 4. Hon. Arthur Paget, afterwards sir Ar- thur, G. C. B., minister to Vienna. Afterwards minister to the Sublime Porte. Jan. 20. Sir Evan Nepean, bart., secretary to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Previously secretary to the admiralty, and sub- sequently a junior lord. May 8. Sir James Mansfield, knt., lord chief justice of the common pleas. May 14. George, earl of Winchilsea and Notting- ham, groom of the stole. — Lord George Thynne, comptroller of the household. June 6. Henry, lord Mulgrave, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. Secretary of state for foreign affairs, Jan. 1805; first lord of the admiralty, April 1807 ; master-general of the ordnance. May, 1810. Created viscount Normanby and earl of Mulgrave, Sept. 1812. June 27. William Drummond, late ambassador to the Sublime Porte. — Charles Arbuthnot, ambassador extra- ordinary to Constantinople. Secre- tary to the treasury, 1810 ; first com- missioner of woods and forests, Feb. 1823 ; chancellor of the duchy of Lan- caster, June 1828. July 11. Lord John Thynne, vice chamberlain of the household. Succeeded as lord Carteret, Feb. 1838. July 19. Granville Leveson, lord Gower, ambas- sador extraordinary to St. Peters- burgh and to France. Viscount Granville, Aug. 1815, and earl Gran- ville, May, 1833. — H. R. H. Augustus, Duke of Sussex : introduced ; not sworn. 1805. Jan. 14. John Hookham Frere, ambassador in Spain. — Nicholas Vansittart, secretary to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Secretary to the treasury, 1806. Chancellor of the exchequer from June 1812 until PRIVY COUNCILLORS. 139 Jan. 1823, in which latter year (IMarch 1.) he was created lord Bexley. Jan. 14. Reginald Pole Carew, late under secre- tary of state for the home department, a commissioner of trade. — John Sullivan, late under secretary of state for the colonies, a commissioner of trade. Afterwards a commissioner for India affairs. Feb. 21. Dr. Charles Manners Sutton, lord arch- bishop of Canterbury. May 1. Charles, lord Barham, first lord of the admiralty. Xov.21. Edward, earl of Powis, appointed lord- lieutenant of Ireland ; but did not go over. 1806. Feb. 1. H. K. H. William Frederick, duke of Gloucester ; introduced ; not sworn. Feb. 5. Francis, earl of Moira, master-general of the ordnance. Governor-general of Bengal and commander-in-chief in India, Nov. 1812. Created viscount Loudoun, earl Rawdon, and marquess of Hastings, Dec. 1816. — Richard Chandos, earl Temple, joint paymaster-general and vice president of the board of trade. Created mar- quess of Chandos and duke of Buck- ingham, Feb. 2. — Lord Henry Petty, chancellor of the exchequer. Succeeded as marquess of Lansdowne, Nov. 1809. Secretary of state for the home department, 1827. Lord president, Nov. 22, 1830 ; again, April 18, 1835 ; and a third time, July 6, 1846. — Hon. Charles Grey, first lord of the admiralty. Secretary of state for foreign affairs, Sept. 1806. Succeeded his father as earl Grey and viscount Ho wick, Nov. 1807. First minister of the crown, Nov. 1830. — Charles James Foxi, secretary of state for foreign affairs. Died while hold- ing this office, Sept. 13, 1806. Feb. 7, George, viscount Morpeth, a commis- sioner for India afQxirs. Succeeded his father as earl of Carlisle, Sept. 1825. Lord privy seal in 1827, and 1834. — Lord John Townshend, joint paymaster- general. — Thomas, lord Erskine, lord high chan- cellor of England. Feb. 7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, treasurer oC the navy. Feb. 12. John, duke of Bedford, lord-lieutenant of Ireland. — Henr3% earl of Carnarvon, master of the horse. — John Joshua, earl of Carysfort, joint postmaster-general. — Charles Augustus, lord Ossulston, trea- surer of the household. — St. Andrew, lord St. John, of Bletsoe, captain of the band of gentlemen pensioners. — William Elliot, chief secretary for Ire- land. March 5. George Ponsonby, lord high chancellor of Ireland. Mar. 12. Sir John Newport, bart., chancellor of the exchequer of Ireland. May 7. Richard, earl of Donoughmore, member of the board of trade. Joint post- master-general in Ireland. June 18. Alexander, marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale. Summoned to the house of peers, vita patris, as baron Dutton, Nov. 1806. Succeeded as duke of Hamilton, Feb. 1819. July 21. James, earl of Lauderdale, keeper of the great seal of Scotland. Aug. 27. Henry Richard, lord Holland, lord privy seal. Nov. 19. Sir John Anstruther, bart., late chief justice of the supreme court of judi- cature in Bengal. 1807. Mar. 26. Hon. Spencer Perceval, chancellor of the exchequer. First minister of the crown from Dec. 6, 1809, until May 4, 1812, when he was assassinated by a person named Bellingham, in the lobby of the house of commons.^ — Hon. Robert Dundas, president of the board of controul. Lord privy seal of Scotland, 1811. Succeeded his father as viscount Melville, May, same year. First lord of the admi- ralty, March, 1812. Mar. 30. Sir James Pulteney, bart., secretary-at- war. April 1. Charles, duke of Richmond and Lenox, appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Died governor - general of Canada, July, 1819. April 8. Henry, viscount Melville : a member of the board of trade (his name which 1 Mr. Fox, who had been sworn of the council. March 30, 1782, but had been struck from the list, May 9, 1798, was now re-sworn. He had continually opposed himself to the minister and the government, and inveighed against the war with France ; and while revolutionary principles had been making rapid progress, he attended popular meetings, and uttered such language as the following: " France," said Mr. Fox, "has set an example to all the nations of the earth, and above all to Great Britain." Again, at a meeting of the Whig Club, held at the Frcemason^s Tavern, he proposed a toast, " than which," he declared, " nothing could be better — the sovereignty of the people of England." Even after the erasure of his name from the council, he continued to express similar sentiments ; and later, in 1802, at the anniversary of his election, celebrated at the Shakspeare, he said, " The peace (that of Amiens) is glorious to France and to the French Consul, and I rejoice at it; " and he there drank " To the man whose glorious victories have given peace to the world." But Mr. Fox, at the same time, affirmed, ahifiost as frequently as he spoke, that he "would be among the first to repel a foreign enemy, under what- ever government England might be ; " and however parties differed as to the soundness of his political views, and the propriety of his heated language on particular occasions, none doubted that he " loved his country with a patriot's love," and was " a sincere friend to the best interests of mankind." It will be observed, too, that the same sovereign who had struck out his name, now sanctioned his appointment as foreign minister. 2 The criminal, it was supposed at the time, had been lying in wait for lord Levcson Gower, late ambassador to the court of St. Petersburgh, and that Mr. Perceval fell a victim to the misdirected vengeance of a man who conceived himself injured by the conduct of that nobleman, for whom he had mistaken him. The assassin was tried, found guilty, and hanged, all within one week afterwards. 140 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. had been struck out of the list of privy councillorSy May 9, 1805, now restored^ he being re-sworn^, April 8. John, lord Teignmouth, a commissioner for the affairs of India. [Appointed Sept. 1792, to succeed lord Cornwallis as governor - general of Bengal, which office he had filled until Oct. 1793.] — Hon. sir Arthur Wellesley, K. B., chief secretary to the lord - lieutenant of Ireland. [Afterwards duke of Wellington, the invincible general in the war against the French emperor. Napoleon. Com- mander-in-chief of the army, Jan. 1827 ; first minister of the crown, Jan. 1828 ; again, first minister, Nov. 1834 ; and again, commander-in-chief, Aug. 1842.] April 22. Thomas, lord Manners, lord chancellor of Ireland. "May 13. Richard, earl of Clancarty, member of the board of trade. Master of the mint, Oct. 1812 ; joint postmaster- general, Sept. 1814. Emjiloyed in several diplomatic missions. May 20. Hon. Henry Manvers Pierrepont, late minister to Sweden. Nov. 25. Hon. Richard Ryder. Secretary of state, Nov. 1809. 1808. Jan.. 20. Dr. Edward Yenables Vernon (after- wards Harcourt), lord archbishop of York. Mar. 9. Richard, earl of Mount-Edgcumbe. Mar. 16. Percy Clinton Sidney Smythe, viscount Strangford, envoy extraordinary to Lisbon. 1809. Feb. 6. Sir John NichoU, late king's advocate- general ; a commissioner of trade. Af- terwards dean of the arches court, judge of the high court of admiralty, &c. Sept. 27. Dr. John Randolph, lord bishop of Lon- don. Oct. 18. Hon. William Wellesley Pole, secretary for Ireland. Master of the mint, 1814. Created lord Maryborough, July, 17, 1821 ; succeeded as earl of Mornington, on the death of his brother, the marquess Wellesley, Sept. 26, 1842. Nov. 1. Henr)'-John, viscount Palmerston, se- cretary- at- war from this time until May, 1828. Secretary of state for foreign afiairs, Nov. 1830 ; again, April, 1835 ; and a third time, July, 1846. Nov. 8. Charles Manners Sutton, judge advo- cate-general. Speaker of the house of commons from June 2, 1817 to Aug. 15, 1834. Created baron Botesford and viscount Canterbury, March 10, 1835. Dec. 20. John, lord Sheffield, a member of the board of trade. Created viscount Pe- vensey and earl of Sheffield, Jan. 22, 1816. Dec. 20. Hon. Henry Wellesley, late secretary to the treasury, envoy extraordinary to Spain. Afterwards ambassador to France. Created lord Cowley, Jan. 21, 1828. 1810. Aug. 29. Sir John Sinclair, bart., president of the agricultural society : honoris causa. Regency of George, Prince of Wales. 1812. Mar. 20. Charles Ingoldsby, marquess of Win- chester, groom of the stole. — Francis, earl of Yarmouth, vice cham- berlain. Succeeded as marquess of Hertford, June 17, 1822. — John McMahon, afterwards sir John, bart. Private secretary and keeper of the privy purse to H. R.H. the prince regent. Mar. 26. Robert, viscount Jocelyn, treasurer of the household. Afterwards vice chamberlain. Succeeded as earl of Roden, June 29, 1820. — Robert Liston. Aug. 13. Lord William Charles Cavendish Ben- tinck. Governor-general of India, May, 1833. — Lord George Beresford, comptroller of the household. — William Fitzgerald, chancellor of the exchequer in Ireland : Rt. hon. there. — Robert Peel, afterwards sir Robert, bart., secretary for Ireland. Secretary of state for the home department, Jan. 1822; again, Jan. 1828. First lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer, Dec. 1834 ; and again first minister of the crown, Sept. 1841. ^ 1813. May 20. Sir Thomas Plumer, knt., vice chancel- lor of England. Oct. 5. Dr. William Howley, lord bishop of London. Translated to Canterbury, Aug. 4, 1828. Nov. 30. Sir Yicary Gibbs, knt., lord chief baron of the exchequer. 1814. Mar. 19. Hugh Elliot, governor of Madras. April 21. Sir Alexander Thomson, lord chief baron of the exchequer. May 6. Warren Hastings, former governor* general of Bengal. July 22. Cropley, earl of Shaftesbury. — George, earl of Aberdeen. Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, Jan. 1828 ; foreign secretary, June, same year; colonial secretary, Dec. 1834; and again foreign secretary, Sept. 1841. — Charles William, lord Stewart. Suc- 1 This distinguished statesman fell from his horse on Constitution-hill, near the Green Park, on the afternoon of Saturday, June 29, 1850, and breaking his collar-bone and fracturing his fifth rib on the left side, died on Tuesd»y, July 2, following. His family (conforming to his own wishes, expressed when living) declined the honours of'a public funeral (designed him by both houses of the legislature), and his remains were removed to Tamworth, Staffordshire, whence they were interred in the family vault in Drayton-Bassett church, July 9 ; a few privileged friends only, assisting in the mournful ceremony. PRIVY COUNCILLORS. 141 ceeded his brother as marquess of Londonderry, Aug. 12, 1822. July 29. Thomas, lord Binning. Succeevied as earl of Haddington. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Dec. 1834. First lord of the admiralty, Sept. 1841. — WiUiam Huskisson, first commissioner of woods and forests. President of the board of trade and treasurer of the navy, Feb. 1823; colonial and war secretary, Sept. 1827. Aug. 10. William Sturges Bourne. A commis- sioner of the India board, July 1818 ; home secretary, April 1827 ; woods and forests, July, same year. 1815. Mar. 17. William Adam, chief of the civil jury court of Scotland. Dec. 4. Hon. Charles Bagot, afterwards sir Charles Bagot, G. C. B., minister- plenipotentiary to the court of the Netherlands. Afterwards minister to the United States. Governor- general of Canada, in 1841. Dec. 30. William Pitt, lord Amherst, on his embassy to China. Created earl Amherst, Dec. 19, 1826. Governor- general of Bengal from Oct. 1822 until March 1828. 1816. June 8. Edward Thornton, afterwards sir Ed- ward, G. C. B. Minister plenipoten- tiary to Sweden in 1812 ; to Portugal in 1823. June 27. Sir Henry Russell, bart., late chief justice in Bengal. July 1. H. S. H. Leopold, prince of Saxe- CoBURG Saalfeld, consort of Charlotte -Augusta, princess of Wales. Afterwards king of the Belgians. 1817. Apr. 26. Sir Richard Richards, knt., lord chief baron of the exchequer. May 31. Sir George Fitzgerald Hill, bart., vice- treasurer in Ireland. July 11. John Becket, afterwards sir John, bart., judge advocate-general. July 15. Sir Benjamin Bloomfield, private secre- tary and keeper of the privy purse to H. R. H. the prince regent. Cre- ated lord Bloomfield, May 11, 1825. Minister to the court of SAveden. Sept. 17. Charles Chetwynd, earl Talbot, ap- pointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Dec. 30. John Leach, afterwards sir John, vice- chancellor. Master of the rolls, April, 1827. — Sir William A'Court, bart., minister to the court of the Two Sicilies, &c. Created lord Heytesbury, Jan. 23, 1828. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, July, 1844. 1818. Apr. 6. George-Henry Rose, minister at Berlin. Nov. 19. Sir Charles Abbot, lord chief justice of the king's bench. Created lord Tenterden, April 30, 1827. — Sir Robert Dallas, knt., lord chief jus- tice of the common pleas. 1819. May 28. Charles Grant, chief secretary for Ire- land. President of the board of trade, Sept. 1827 ; of the board of controul, Dec. 1830 ; colonial secretary, April 1835. Created lord Glenelg, May 11, same year. J uly 23. Sir Samuel Shepherd, lord chief baron in Scotland. King George IV. 1820. Apr. 8. David Boyle, lord justice clerk in Scot- land. June 7. Peter, lord Gwydir, deputy great cham- berlain of England. July 20. Stratford Canning, afterwards sir Strat- ford Canning, G. C. B. Ambassador to Turkey, 1841. Oct. 10. Sir Gore Ouseley, bart. Previously ambassador extraordinary to Persia, and to the court of St. Petersburgh. — Thomas, lord Manners, lord chancellor of Ireland ; re -sworn. 1821. Feb. 6. William Carr, lord Beresford. Lieu- tenant-general of the ordnance, 1823 ; master-general, April 1828. Created viscount Beresford, March 28, 1823. Feb. 23. James, marquess of Graham, vice- chamberlain of the household. Suc- ceeded his father as duke of Mon- trose, in 1836. June 30. Peter-Robert, lord Gwydir, son of the preceding lord Gwydir; hereditary great chamberlain of England. Lord Willoughby d'Eresby in 1828. Dec. 10. Charles, duke of Dorset, master of the horse. — Henry, marquess of Conyngham, lord steward of the household. — Henry Goulburn, secretary for Ireland. Chancellor of the exchequer, Jan. 1828 ; home secretary, Dec. 1834 ; again, chancellor of the exchequer, ^ Sept. 1841. 1822. Jan. 17. Charles Watkin -Williams Wynn, pre- sident of the India board. Secretary- at-war, Nov. 1830 ; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, Dec. 1834. — William Henry Fremantle, a commis- sioner of the India board. Feb. 4. Sir George Warrender, bart., member of the board of controul. Mar. 28. John, lord Burghersh, minister to Tus- cany. Minister to Prussia, 1841. Succeeded his father as earl of West- moreland, Dec. 15, 1841. — Augustus-John Foster, minister to Denmark, and afterwards to Sar- dinia. — Hon. Frederick James Lamb, ambas- sador to Vienna, Spain, Portugal, &c. Created lord Beauvale, April 30, 1839. Succeeded his brother as viscount Melbourne, Nov. 24, 1848. Aug. 17. Charles Hope, lord president of the court of session in Scotland. 142 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1824. Jan. 19. Sir Robert GifFord, knt., chief justice of the common pleas. Created lord Gifford, Jan. 31 following. — Sir William Alexander, knt., lord chief baron of the exchequer. Apr. 7. William Noel Hill, minister to Naples. May 25. Sir William Draper Best, lord chief justice of the common pleas. Cre- ated lord Wynford, June 5, 1829. 1825. Mar. 23. Hugh, duke of Northumberland. Lord- lieutenant of Ireland, March 1829. < — Charles Vaughan, afterwards sir Charles, minister to the United States. Sept. 30. Henry Watkin- Williams Wynn. 1826. June 1. James, marquess of Salisbury. July 27. Hon. sir Robert Gordon, minister at Brazil. Afterwards minister to Vi- enna. Nov. 20. Sir John Singleton Copley, knt., master of the rolls. Created lord Lynd- hurst, April 25, 1827, and made lord chancellor of England, May 2, following. Lord chief baron, Jan. 1831 ; again lord chancellor, Dec. 1834, and again Sept. 1841. 1827. Apr. 30. William-Spencer, duke of Devonshire, lord chamberlain. — William-Henry, duke of Portland, lord privy seal. Declared lord president, Aug. 17, following. — Henry- William, marquess of Anglesey, master - general of the ordnance. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, March, 1828 ; again lord -lieutenant, Dec. 1830 ; and again master-general of the ordnance, July, 1846. — John-William, viscount Dudley and Ward, secretary of state for foreign affairs. Afterwards earl Dudley. — Sir Anthony Hart, knt., vice chancellor of England. Lord chancellor of Ire- land, same year. — Hon. William Lamb, secretary for Ire- land. Succeeded as viscount Mel- bourne, 1828. Home secretar^^, Nov. 1830. First minister of the crown, July, 1834; again, April, 1835. — Sir George Cockburn, vice admiral; first naval councillor to the lord high admiral. May 10. William-ConjTigham Plunket, chief justice of the common pleas in Ire- land. Subsequently lord chancellor in that kingdom, and created lord Plunket. May 23. James Abercrombj^, judge advocate- general. Master of the mint, July, 1834 ; speaker of the house of com- mons from Feb. 1835 to May, 1839. Created lord Dunfermline, June 7, following. J une 30. Stephen Rumbold Lushington, governor of Madras. Aug. 17. Lord William-Henry Cavendish Ben- tinck. Aug. 17. John-Charles Herries, chancellor of the exchequer. Master of the mint, Feb. 1828 ; president of the board of trade, Feb. 1830 ; and secretary-at-war, Dec. 1834. Nov. 16. Sir Lancelot Shadwell, knt., vice chan- cellor of England. — Sir James Mackintosh, some time re- corder of Bombay. Board of Controul. — Sir William Keppel, governor of Guernsey. 1828. Jan. 26. Edward, lord EUenborough, lord privy seal. President of the board of con • troul, Sept. this year; again, Dec. 1834 ; and a third time, Sept. 1841. Appointed governor-general of India, Oct. 1841. Created earl of Ellen- borough, Oct. 1844. Feb. 5. Thomas Frankland Lewis, vice presi- dent of the board of trade. Treasurer of the navv, Feb. 1830. Created a baronet, 1846. Feb. 13. Rowland, lord Hill, general on the staff, commanding in chief. Mar. 6. Sir Christopher Robinson, knt., judge of the admiralty court. May 30. William, viscount Lowther, first com- missioner of woods and forests. Vice president of the board of trade, Dec. 1834; postmaster-general, Sept. 1841 ; and created, vita pabns, lord Lowther. Succeeded as earl of Lons- dale, March, 1844. — Sir George Murray, secretary of state for war and colonies. Master-general of the ordnance, Dec. 1834; again master-general, Sept. 1841. — Sir Henry Hardinge, secretary-at-w^ar. Secretary in Ireland, 1834 ; again secretary-at-war, Sept. 1841. Ap- pointed governor-general of India, May 2, 1844. Created viscount Hardinge, April, 1846. — Thomas Peregrine Courtenay, vice pre- sident of the board of trade. June 16. John Wilson Croker, secretary to the admiralty. — John Calcraft, paymaster of the forces. June 28. Lord Francis Leveson Gower (after- wards lord Francis Egerton), chief secretary for Ireland. Secretary-at- war, July, 1830. Created earl of Ellesmere, June, 1846. — Henry Hobhouse, keeper of the state papers, and honoris causa. July 23. Robert Adair (afterwards sir Robert, G. C. B.) late minister to Vienna, &c. July 31. Dr. Charles James Blomfield, lord bishop of Chester. Translated to London Aug. following. 1829. June 10. James, earl of Rosslyn, lord privy seal. Declared lord president, Dec. 1834. — Sir Nicolas Conyngham Tindal, chief justice of the common pleas. Oct. 12. Sir Brook Taylor, G. C. H., late minister to several courts. 1830. April 7. George, duke of Gordon, keeper of the great seal of Scotland. PRIVY COUNCILLORS. 143 King William IV. 1830. June 28. Bernard-Edward, duke of Norfolk, hereditary earl marshal of England. July 19. James-Horatio, marquess of Cholmon- deley, deputy great chamberlain of England. George, earl of Jersey, lord chamber- lain. Again, Dec. 1834; master of the horse, Sept. 1841. George, earl of Belfast, vice chamber- lain. Created lord Ennishowen, Aug. 1841 ; succeeded as marquess of Donegal, Oct. 1844. — Sir William Rae, bart., lord advocate of Scotland. July 28. Henry, viscount Hereford. Aug. 25. John, earl of Clare, governor of the presidency of Bombay. Nov. 22. Charles, duke of Richmond, postmaster- general. Postmaster-general of Great Britain and Ireland (by a new pa- tent), April, 1831. — William-Charles, earl of Abemarle, master of the horse. Again, April, 1835. — John, lord Durham, lord privy seal. Created earl of Durham, March, 1833. Ambassador to Russia, 1835; go- vernor-general of Canada, 1838. — George, lord Auckland, president of the board of trade, to which was joined the mastership of the mint, Dec. 14, following. First lord of the admiralty, June 1834; again, April, 1835 ; governor-general of India, Aug., same year. Earl of Auckland, Dec, 1839. Again, first lord of the admiralty, July 1846. — Henry, lord Brougham, lord chancellor of England. — John -Charles Spencer, viscount Al- thorpe, chancellor of the exchequer. Succeeded his father as earl Spencer. Nov. 1834. — George-James Agar Welbore Ellis, first commissioner of woods and forests. — Lord John Russell, paymaster-general. Home secretary, April, 1835 ; se- cretary for war and colonies, Aug. 1839. First minister of the crown, July 1846. — Hon. Edward-Geoffrey-Smith Stanley, chief secretary for Ireland. Colonial secretary, April 1833; again colonial secretary, Sept. 1841. Summoned to the house of peers, as lord Stanley, cf Bickerstaffe, Oct. 1844. — Sir James-Robert-George Graham, bart., first lord of the admiralty. Secretary of state for the home department, Sept. 1841. — George-Robert Dawson, late secretary to the treasury, and to the admiralty : honoris causa. — Charles Poulett Thompson, vice presi- dent of the board of trade. Trea- surer of the navy, Dec. 13, following. President of the board of trade, June 1834; afterwards governor of Canada. Created lord Sydenham, Aug. 1840. Nov. 24. Sir William Johnstone Hope, admiral. Nov. 24. William, viscount Anson, master of the buckhounds. — Robert Grant, judge advocate- g eneral : afterwards sir Robert, G. C. H. Dec. 1. Ulick, marquess of Clanricarde, am- bassador to Russia. Postmaster- general, July, 1846. — Hon. Robert Grosvenor, comptroller of the household. Dec. 8. Thomas, lord Foley, captain of the band of gentlemen at arms. — Sir James Kempt, master-general of the ordnance. Governor - general and commander-in-chief in Canada, Aug. 1828. 1831. Jan. 31. William-George, earl of Erroll, here- ditary lord high constable of Scotland ; master of the horse to the queen con- sort. Lord steward of the household, Nov. 1839. — Richard-William, earl Howe, lord cham- berlain to the queen. Feb. 23. Archibald, earl of Roseberry. — John, viscount Duncannon, chief com- missioner of woods and forests. Home secretary, July, 1834; privy seal, and woods and forests again, May 1835. Succeeded as earl of Bes- borough, Feb. 1844. — Michael- An gelo Taylor : honoris causa. Mar. 23. Edward, earl of Derby. — William Conyngham, lord Plunket, lord chancellor of Ireland. Again lord chancellor of Ireland, April 1835. June 29. Augustus-Frederick, duke of Lein- ster. — Sir Frederick Adam, lord high commis- sioner of the Ionian Islands. — Sir Edward Hyde East, bart., late chief justice of Bengal. 1832. Feb. 6. Sir John C. Hobhouse, bart., secretary- at-war. Secretary for Ireland, 1834 ; first commissioner of woods and forests, July, same year; president of the India board, April 1835 ; again president of the India board, April, 1846. — Charles Tennyson, who assumed the name of D'Eyncourt, in 1835 : honoris causa. Feb. 22. Sir William Garrow, knt., late a baron of the exchequer. May 30. Henry Constantine Phipps, earl of Mulgrave. Lord privy seal, July 1834. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, April 1835. Created marquess of Normanby, June 1838. Appointed colonial secretary, Feb. 1839 ; home secretary, Aug., same year. Present ambassador to France. July 11. Holt Mackenzie, a commissioner for the affairs of India. — Henry Ellis, minister to Persia. Aug. 15. Gilbert, earl of Minto, minister to Prus- sia. First lord of the admiralty, Sept. 1835 ; privy seal, July 1846. Nov. 6. Sir Thomas Denman, knt., lord chief justice of the king's bench. Created lord Denman, March 1834. 144 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1833. Feb. 4. Basil Percy Fielding, earl of Denbigh, the queen's lord chamberlain. Feb. 4. George Fitzclarence, earl of Munster. April 3. Edward Ellice, secretary-at-war. June 12. Edward- John Littleton, appointed se- cretary for Ireland. Created lord Hatherton, May 1835. Aug. 14. Sir James Parke, knt., baron of the exchequer. Sept. 4. Sir John Bernard Bosanquet, knt., a justice of the common pleas. — Sir Alexander Johnstone, late chief justice in Ceylon; assessor of the judicial committee of the privy council. Sept. 11. George- William, duke of Argyll, lord steward of the household. 1834. Jan. 24. Howe Peter, marquess of Sligo, go- vernor-general of Jamaica. Mar. 5. Sir John Bayley, knt., late a baron of the exchequer. Apr. 16. Sir Robert Graham, a lord of the trea- sury. June 5. Thomas Spring Rice, secretary for the colonial department. Chancellor of the exchequer, April 1835. Created lord Monteagle, Aug. 1839. — Sir John Vaughan, knt., late a baron of the exchequer, now a justice C. P. July 16. Robert Cutlar Fergusson, judge advo- cate-general. Sept. 3. Archibald, earl of Gosford, governor of Canada. Oct. 1. Sir Charles Christopher Pepys, knt., master of the rolls. First commis- sioner of the great seal, April 1835 ; made lord chancellor and created lord Cottenham, Jan. 1836 ; created earl of Cottenham, June 1850. Oct. 29. Sir Herbert Jenner (Fust), vicar-gene- ral, dean of the arches' court, &c. Dec. 15. Stapleton, viscount Combermere, gene- ral. — James-Archibald, lord Wharncliffe, lord privy seal. Lord president, Sept. 3, 1841. — Sir Edward Knatchbull, bart., pay- master of the forces. Again, Sept. 1841. — Sir James Scarlett, knt., lord chief baron of the exchequer. Created lord Abinger, Jan. 1835. — Sir Edward Sugden, knt., appointed lord chancellor of Ireland. Again lord chancellor of Ireland, Oct. 1841. — Alexander Baring, president of the board of trade, with, immediately afterwards, the mastership of the mint. Created lord Ashburton, April 1835. Dec. 20. Lord Granville Charles-Henry Somer- set, first commissioner of woods and forests. Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, Sept. 1841. — William Yates Peel, a lord of the trea- sury ; honoris causa. — Joseph Planta, late secretary to, and a lord of, the treasury ; honoris causa. Dec. 29. George, earl of Chesterfield. — Thomas-Philip, earl De Grey, first lord of the admiralty. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Sept. 1841. 1835. Feb. 18. Thomas, earl of Wilton, lord steward of the household. Feb. 23. Frederick, viscount Castlereagh, vice- chamberlain of the household. — Hon. Henry-Thomas Lowry Corry, comptroller of the household. Apr, 18. Henry, viscount Howick, secretary-at- war. Succeeded as earl Grey, July, 1845. Secretary of state for war and colonies, July 1846. May 6. Henry Labouchere, vice president of the board of trade and master of the mint. President of the board of trade, Aug. 1839; secretary for Ire- land, 1846. Again president, July 1847. May 20. Francis-Nathaniel, marquess of Co- nyngham, postmaster-general : after- wards lord chamberlain. — George, viscount Morpeth, chief secre- tary for Ireland. First commis- sioner of woods and forests, July 1846. Succeeded as earl of Carlisle, Oct. 1848. Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, March 1850. May 27. Sir Richard Hussey Vivian, bart., gene- ral ; master-general of the ordnance. Created lord Vivian, Aug. 1841. — Hon. George Stevens Byng, comptroller of the household. Viscount Enfield on his father's creation as earl of Strafi'ord, Sept. 1847. June 24. Sir Harford Jones Brydges, bart., late sir Harford J ones, former minister to Persia. July 1. Lord Charles Fitzroy, vice-chamber- lain of the household. — Sir Charles-Edward Grey, knt., a com- missioner for investigating the griev- ances affecting Canada. 1836. Jan. 16. Henry Bickersteth, master of the rolls. Created lord Langdale, Jan. follow- ing. Chief commissioner of the great seal, June, 1850. Aug. 3. John, lord Elphinstone. 1837. Mar. 1. Lucius, viscount Falkland, governor of Nova Scotia. Apr. 5. J. A. Stewart Mackenzie, governor of Ceylon. Queen Victoria. 1837. July 12. Henry Stephen, earl of Ilchester, cap- tain of the yeomen of the guard. July 19. Henry-Charles Howard, earl of Surrey, treasurer of the household. Created lord Maltravers, Aug. 1841. Suc- ceeded as duke of Norfolk, March 1842. Master of the horse, July 1846. 1838. Nov. 5. Stephen Lushington, judge of the high court of admiralty. 1839. Mar. 1. Hugh, viscount Ebrington, appoir;tfid , lord-lieutenant of Ireland. SumV' PRIVY COUNCILLORS. 145 moned to the house of peers, vita patrisj as baron Fortescue. Suc- ceeded as earl Fortescue, June 1841. Lord steward, July, 1846. Mar. 1. Sir George Grey, bart., judge advocate- general. Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, June 1841. Secretary of state for the home department, July, 1846. May 22. Henry, earl of Uxbridge, lord cham- berlain. June 3. Charles Shaw Lefevre, speaker of the house of commons. July 31. Sir Charles-Theophilus Metcalfe, go- vernor of Canada. Created lord Metcalfe, June 1845. Aug. 26. Francis Thornhill Baring, chancellor of the exchequer. First lord of the ad- miralty, Jan. 1849. Aug. 29. Richard "Lalor Sheil, vice-president of the board of trade. Judge advocate- general, June 1841 ; master of the mint, July 1846. Minister to Tuscany, Oct. 1850. Sept. 30. Thomas Babington Macaulay, secre- tary-at-war. Pavmaster-general, July 1846. 1840. Jan. 3. George, earl of Clarendon, privy seal. Chancellor of the duchy of Lan- caster, Oct., same year ; president of the board of trade, July 1846. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, May 1847. Jan. 15. George, lord Kinnaird, master of the buck-hounds. Sept. 11. H. R. H. prince Albert, consort to the queen : introduced ; not sworn. 1841. Feb. 25. Sir Joseph Littledale, knt., late a justice of the king's (queen's) bench. June 22. Lord Arthur Marcus Cecil Hill, comp- troller of the household. Again comptroller, July, 1847. — John, lord Campbell, lord chancellor of Ireland. Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, July 1846. Lord chief justice of England, March 1850. June 28. Hon. Fox Maule, vice-president of the board of trade. Secretary-at-war, July 1846. Aug. 11. Hon. Edward- John Stanley, paymaster- general. Created lord Eddisbury, vitdpatris, Mav 1848. Succeeded as Lord Stanley, of Alderley, Oct. 1850. Aug. 21. Robert Vernon Smith, under-secretary of state. Sept. 3. Richard Plantagenet, duke of Bucking- ham and Chandos, privy seal. — Charles Cecil, earl of Liverpool, lord steward of the household. — Edward Granville, lord Eliot, secretary for Ireland. Succeeded as earl of St. Germans, Jan. 1845. Postmaster- general, Jan. 1846. — Lord Ernest Bruce, vice-chamberlain. — Henry Pelham, earl of Lincoln, first commissioner of woods and forests. Chief secretary for Ireland, 1846. — William-Ewart Gladstone, vice-presi- dent of the board of trade and master of the mint. President of the board of trade, Juno, 1843; colonial se- cretary, Dec. 1845. Sept. 14. Cecil, marquess of Exeter, hereditarv grand almoner; groom of the stole in prince Albert's household. — John- William-Robert, marquess of Lo- thian, captain of the yeomen of the guard. — George-John, earl De la Warr, lord chamberlain. — James- Alexander, earl of Rosslyn, mas- ter of the buck-hounds. — John-George, lord Forrester, captain of the band of gentlemen-at-arms. — Hon. George-Lionel Dawson Darner, comptroller of the household. — Dr. John Nicholl, judge advocate-gene- ral. A lord of trade, Jan, 1846. Oct. 6. Frederick- William, earl Jermyn, trea- surer of the household. 1842. Jan. 15. George, earl of Beverley. — Sir James Lewis Knight Bruce, knt,, vice-chancellor. — Sir James Wigram, knt., vice-chan- cellor. Feb. 2. Walter-Francis, duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, lord privy seal. De- clared lord president, Jan. 21, 1846. 1843. June 10. James, earl of Dalhousie, vice-president of the board of trade. President of the same board, Feb. 1845, Ap- pointed governor-general of India, August, 1847. Created marquess of Dalhousie. — Sir Edward Ryan, knt,, late chief jus- tice of the supreme court of Bengal. — Thomas Pemberton Leigh, chancellor and keeper of the great seal to the duke of Cornwall. Dec. 13. Richard Pakenham, envoy extraordi- nary to the United States. 1844. Apr. 17. John Hope, lord justice cierk of Scot- land. — Sir Frederick Pollock, knt,, lord chief baron of the exchequer. May 23. Sir Thomas-Francis Fremantle, bart., secretary-at-war. Chief secretary for Ireland. — Sir Henry Pottinger, late plenipoten- tiary in China. Appointed governor of Madras, Aug. 1847. 1845. Feb. 3. Hon. Sidney Herbert, secretary-at-war. Feb. 5. Sir George Clerk, bart., vice-president of the board of trade and master of the mint. J une 30. William Bingham Baring, paymaster- general. Succeeded as lord Ash- burton, May 1848. — Henry Lytton Bulwer, minister pleni- potentiary to Spain; subsequently'' minister to the United States. 1846. Feb. 25. James, marquess of Abercorn, groom of the stole to prince Albert. 146 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. Feb. 25. James-Archibald Stuart Wortley, judge advocate-general. Mar. 18. John, viscount Canning, first commis- sioner of woods and forests. July 6. Francis Russell, duke of Bedford. — Charles Wood (afterwards sir Charles Wood, bart.), chancellor of the ex- chequer. July 8. Frederick, earl Spencer, lord chamber- lain of the household. — Lord Edward-George Fitz-Alan How- ard, vice-chamberlain. — Thomas Milner Gibson, vice-president of the board of trade. Aug. 1. Granville George, earl Granville, mas- ter of the buck-hounds. Vice-presi- dent of the board of trade and pay- master-general. May 1848. Oct. 30. Sir Thomas Wilde, chief justice of the common pleas. Afterwards lord high chancellor, and created lord Truro in 1850. — Edward Strutt, chief commissioner of railways. 1847. June 17. Sir George Arthur, bart., late governor of Bombay. July 22. Hon. William Sebright Lascelles, comp- troller of the household. — Sir William Meredyth Somerville, bart., chief secretary for Ireland. Oct. 30. James Stephen (now sir James, K. C. B.), late under-secretary of state for war and colonies. Nov. 22. Richard More O'Ferrall, governor of Malta. 1848. Feb. 11. Dr. Thomas Musgrave, lord archbishop of York. — William Goodenough Hayter, judge advocate-general. Joint secretary to the treasury, May, 1849. Apr. 15. Dr. John Bird Sumner, lord archbishop of Canterbury. June 27. John-George, earl of Besborough, mas- ter of the buck-hounds. — Samuel March Phillips, late under- secretary of state for the home de- partment ; honoris causa. Sept. 4. John, marquess of Breadalbane, lord chamberlain. 1849. Feb. 13. Thomas Wyse, minister plenipotentiary to Greece. June 29. Sir David Dundas, knt., judge advo- cate-general. July 30. Matthew Talbot Baines, chief commis- sioner of poor laws. 1850. Mar. 22. Richard, marquess of Westminster, lord steward of the household. July 13. Henry Tufnell, late secretary to the treasury ; honoris causa. Aug. 14. Sir John Jervis, knt., chief justice of the common pleas. Nov. 13. Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe, knt., late a baron of the exchequer, vice chan- cellor of England. THE LORD PEIVY SEAL. The Lord Privy Seal is a place of great trust, honour, and antiquity. The noble- man holding it is usually above the degree of a baron, and ranks as the fifth great officer of state. He is denominated from his having the custody of the Privy Seal, which he must not put to any grant without good warrant under the king's, or, as now, the queen's signet ; and it is his especial duty to apprise the sovereign of any matter contained in the instruments he has to seal, that may be inconvenient, or not in perfect accordance with the law. This seal is affixed to all charters, warrants, grants, and pardons : the issuing of money out of the exchequer, cancelling a recog- nisance to the king, discharging a debt, and other matters that never pass the great seal, may be done under the authority of the Privy Seal ; but no writs can pass this seal which touch the common law. The Lord Privy Seal is a privy councillor by his office ; and ranks next after the Lord President of the Council, and before all dukes. Lords Privy Seal. King Henry VIII. * * Dr. Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester. 1516. Dr. Thomas Routhall, bishop of Durham. Henry Marney, lord Marney. 1523. Dr. Cuthbert Tunstal, bishop of London. 1533. WiUiam, earl of Southampton. Thomas, earl of Wiltshire and Ormond. 1536. Thomas, lord Cromwell, afterwards earl of Essex : beheaded in 1540. 1543. John, lord Russell, afterwards earl of Bed- ford. King Edward VI. 1547. Lord Russell, continued. Queen Mary. 1553. Lord Russell, continued. 1554. Edward, earl of Derby. 1556. William, lord Paget. Queen Elizabeth. 1558. Sir Nicholas Bacon. LORDS PHIVY SEAL. 147 1572. William, lord Howard of Effingham. — James Windebank. King James I. 1608. Henry, earl of Northampton. 1614. Edward, earl of Worcester. King Charles I. 1625. Earl of Worcester, continued. 1627. Henry, earl of Manchester. King Charles II. 1660. William, viscount Say and Sele. 1661. John, lord Robartes, afterwards earl of Radnor; appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. June 17, 1669. 1669. Sir Edward Deering, bart., sir Thomas Strickland, knt., and Robert Milward, commissioners of privy seal during lord Robartes' absence in Ireland. Sept. 22. 1673. Arthur, earl of Anglesey. April 24. 1682. George, marquess of Halifax. Feb. 24. King James II. 1685. Henry, earl of Clarendon. Feb. 18. — Robert, viscount Tiviot, Robert Phillips, and John Evelyn, commissioners of the privy seal, during the earl's absence in Ireland as lord-lieutenant. 1686. Henry, lord Arundel of W ardour. March 11. King William III. 1689. George, marquess of Halifax. Feb. 19. 1690. Wilham Cheney, sir John Knatchbull, bart., and sir William Pulteney, knt., commissioners. 1691. Thomas, earl of Pembroke. 1697. Sir Thomas Montpesson, knt., sir Charles Cotterel, junior, knt., and James Tyrrell, commissioners of the privy seal, during the earl's absence in Ireland as lord- lieutenant. April 13. 1699. John, viscount Lonsdale. May 16. 1700. Ford, earl of Tankerville. 1701. Edward Southwell, Christopher Mus- grave, and James Vernon, commission- ers. June 11. Queen Anne. 1702. John, marquess of Normanby, afterwards duke of Normanby and Buckingham- shire. April 27. 1705. John, duke of Newcastle. March 31. 1711. John Robinson, D. D., bishop of Bristol, afterwards bishop of London. April 23. — Sir George Beaumont, bart., Robert Byerly, and Edward Nicholas, commissioners during the bishop's absence at the treaty of Utrecht. Dec. 22. 1713. William, earl of Dartmouth. King George I. 1714. Thomas, marquess of Wharton, Sept. 24 ; died April 12, 1715. 1715. Edward Southwell, sir Christopher Mus- grave, bart., and Andrew Charleton, commissioners. April 30. — Charles, earl of Sunderland. Aug. 20. 1716. Edward Southwell, J ames Vernon, and An- drew Charleton, commissioners during the earl's absence at Aix-la-Chapelle. Aug. 28. — Evelyn, duke of Kingston. Dec. 19. L 1718. Henry, duke of Kent. Feb. 6. 1720. Evelyn, duke of Kingston. June 11. 1726. Thomas, lord Trevor. March 11. King George II. 1727. Lord Trevor, continued. 1730. Spencer, earl of Wilmington. May 8. 1731. William, duke of Devonshire. June 12. 1733. Henry, viscount Lonsdale. May 5. 1735. Francis, earl of Godolphin. May. 1740. John, lord Hervey, eldest son of the earl of Bristol. April 7. 1742. John, lord Gower. July 13. 1743. George, earl of Cholmondeley. Dec. 1744. John, lord Gower (^second time). Dec. 27. 1755. Charles, duke of Marlborough. Jan. 8. 1755. Granville, earl Gower. Dec. 22. 1757. Richard Temple, earl Temple. June 30. King George III. 1760. Earl Temple, continued. 1761. John, duke of Bedford. Nov. 25. 1763. George, duke of Marlborough, April 22. 1765. Thomas Holies, duke of Newcastle. Aug. 25. 1766. William, earl of Chatham. July 30. 1768. Richard Sutton, William Blair, and William Eraser, commissioners for six weeks, or other sooner determination. Feb. [The seal re-delivered to the earl of Chat- ham. March 21.] — George- William, earl of Bristol. Nov. 2. 1770. George, earl of Halifax. Feb. 26. 1771. Henry, earl of Suffolk and Berkshire. Jan. 22. — Augustus-Henrj'-, duke of Grafton. June 12. 1775. William, earl of Dartmouth. Nov. 4. 1782. Augustus-Henrv, duke of Grafton. March 27. 1783. Frederick, earl of Carlisle. April 2. — Charles, duke of Rutland. Dec. 23. 1784. William Eraser, Stephen Cotterell, and Evan Nepean, commissioners. March 8. — Granville Leveson, earl Gower, afterwards marquess of Stafford. Nov. 27. 1794. George- John, earl Spencer. July 16. — Evan Nepean, Stephen Cotterell, and James Bland Burgess, during the absence of earl Spencer. July 26. — John, earl of Chatham. Dec. 17. 1798. John, earl of Westmoreland. Feb. 14. 1806. Henry, viscount Sidmouth. Feb. 5. — Henry-Richard, lord Holland. Oct. 15. 1807. John, earl of Westmoreland. March 25. King George IV. 1820. Earl of Westmoreland, continued. 1827. William-Henry, duke of Portland. April 30. — George, earl of Carlisle. July 16. 1828. Edward, lord EUenborough. Jan. 26. 1829. James, earl of Rosslyn. June 10. King William IV. 1830. Earl of Rosslyn, continued. — John, lord Durham. Nov. 22. Afterwards earl of Durham. 1833. Frederick- John, earl of Ripon. Aprils. 1834. George, earl of Carlise, second time. June 5. — Constantine-Henry, earl of Mulgrave ; now marquess of Normanby. July 30. — James- Archibald, lord Wharncliffe. Dec. 15. 1835. John- William, viscount Duncannon, after- wards earl of Besborough. April 23. 148 STATESMEISr AND STATE OFFICERS. Queen Victoria. 1840. George-William-Frederick, earl of Claren- don. Jan. 15. 1841. Richard, duke of Buckingham. Sept. 3. 1842. Walter, duke of Buccleuch. Feb. 2. 1846. Thomas, earl of Haddington. Jan. 21. — Gilbert, earl of Minto. J uly 6. The pre- sent (1850) Lord Privy Seal. LORD GREAT CHAMBERLAIN OF ENGLAND. This is the sixth great officer of state. The office is hereditary, is of great antiquity, and was anciently of much importance. It was granted by Henry I. to the family of De Yere, earls of Oxford, by whom it was enjoyed for nearly six centuries. On the death of the 18th earl of Oxford, of this family, without issue, in 1625, both the office and the earldom were claimed, together with other titles, by Robert Bertie, baron Willoiighby d'Eresby, in right of his mother, who was sister and heiress of Edward, 17th earl of Oxford. The earldom was awarded by the house of lords to the heir male collateral, in whose son it became extinct; while the office of Hereditary Great Chamberlain was adjudged to be descendible through heirs female, and was consequently confirmed to lord Willoughby d'Eresby, who took his seat in the house of lords in that capacity in 1626. This nobleman was created duke of Ancaster and Kesteven in July 1715, and the office descended uninterruptedly in his family until the death of the 4th duke in 1779, when the barony of Willoughby d'Eresby fell into abeyance, and the chamberlainship was claimed by five distinct branches of the family. The house of peers decided that it became vested in the two sisters of the deceased 4th duke jointly; and that they were competent to appoint a deputy. In favour of the elder of these sisters the abeyance of the barony of Willoughby was terminated, and she became a baroness in her own right : the second sister married into the family of Cholmondeley. The deputy appointed by these joint heiresses was Peter Burrell, afterwards lord Gwydyr. His son (who succeeded, in 1828, as 19th baron Willoughby d'Eresby, also) now performs the duties of the office in right of his mother, having held it jointly with his aunt, the dowager marchioness of Cholmondeley, until her death in 1838. The marquess of Cholmondeley and lord Willoughby d'Eresby are now the joint officers, in right of their mothers respectively. Many perquisites belong to this office, but they are usually compounded for when claimed at particular ceremonies, as coronations, &c. Lord Great Chamberlains of England. King Charles I. 1G2G. Robert Bertie, lord Willoughby d'Eresby, by descent from the De Veres, earls of Oxford, created earl of Lindsey: killed at the battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23, 1642. 1G42. Montagu Bertie, earl of Lindsey. King Charles II. 16GG. Robert Bertie, earl of Lindsey. King William III. 1701. Robert Bertie, earl of Lindse}^ created marquess of Lindsey in 1706, and duke of Ancaster and Kesteven in 1715. King George I. 1723. Peregrine Bertie, duke of Ancaster and Kesteven. King George II. 1742. Peregrine Bertie, duke of Ancaster and Kesteven. King George III. 1778. Robert Bertie, duke of Ancaster and Keste- ven : died July 8, 1779. 1779. [The office vacant, and the claim to it, in dispute, for upwards of a year.] 1780. Priscilla-Barbara- Elizabeth Burrell, lady Willoughby d'Eresby, and Georgiana, countess, afterwards marchioness of Cholmondely, jointly: they appointed sir Peter Burrell, afterwards lord Gwy- dyr, their deputv; the baroness died Dec. 29, 1828. King George IY. 1828. Peter-Robert, lord Willoughby d'Eresby, and Georgiana, dowager marchioness of Cholmondeley, jointly : the marchioness died June 23, 1838. Queen Victoria. 1838. Peter-Robert, lord Willoughby d'Eresby, and George-Horatio, marquess of Chol- mondeley, jointl}' : present Lord Great Chamberlain of England. LORD HIGH CONSTABLES. 149 THE LORD HIGH CONSTABLE OF ENGLAND Is the SEVENTH great officer of the crown; and he, and the earl marshal of England, were anciently judges of the court of chivalry, called in Henry TV's time Curia Militarise and afterwards the Court of Honour. The court was holden in the king's hall, and was esteemed the fountain of the martial law. Formerly the power of the Lord High Constable was so great, and such improper uses were made of it, that so early as the 1 3th of Richard II. (1389) a statute was passed for regulatino- and abridging his authority, as also that of the earl marshal ; and by this statute no plea could be tried by them or in their courts, that could be tried by the common law of the realm. The office of Constable existed before the conquest, and seems to have been instituted by our Saxon ancestors, the word being derived from their language. It was granted in the reign of Stephen to Milo de Gloucester, earl of Hereford ; and went with inheritance, and by the tenure of certain manors in Glou- cestershire^, by grand sergeantry, into the family of the Bohuns, earls of Hereford and Essex, and afterwards into the family of Staffi3rd, as heirs-general to them. In 1521 this great office became forfeited to the king in the person of Edward Staffi)rd, duke of Buckingham, who was in that year attainted of high treason ; and it then ceased to be hereditary. The Lord High Constable is now an appointment pro hdc vice^ to officiate at coronations, or at trials by combat.^ Lord High Constables at Cokonations. King Edward VI. 1547. Henry, marquess of Dorset, afterwards duke of Suffolk. The king crowned, Sunday, Feb. 20. Queen Mary I. 1553. William, earl of Arundel. The queen crowned, Oct. 1. Queen Elizabeth. 1559. Henry, earl of Arundel. Her majesty crowned, Jan. 15. King James I. 1603, Edward, earl of Worcester. The king crowned, with his queen, Anne, July 25. King Charles I. 1626. George, duke of Buckingham. The king crowned, with his queen, Henrietta- Maria, Feb. 2. King Charles II. 1661. Algernon, earl of Northumberland. The king crowned, April 23. King James II. 1685. Henry, duke of Grafton. The king crowned, according to the Protestant ritual, April 23. King William III. and Queen Mary II. 1689. James, duke of Ormond. The king and queen crowned by the bishop of London, the archbishop of Canterbury refusing to officiate, April 11. Queen Anne. 1702. Wriothesley, duke of Bedford. The queen crowned, April 13. King George I. 1714. John, duke of Montagu. The king crowned, Oct. 20. King George II. 1727. Charles, duke of Richmond, Lenox, and Aubigny. The king crowned, with his queen, Wilhelmina- Caroline, Oct. 11 King George III. 1761. John, duke of Bedford. The king crowned, with his queen, Charlotte - Sophia, Sept. 22. King George IV. 1821. Arthur, duke of Wellington, crowned, July 19. King William IV. 1831. Arthur, duke of Wellington. crowned, with his queen, Sept. 8. Queen Victoria. 1838. Arthur, duke of Wellington.^ Her majesty crowned, June 28. The king The king Adelaide, 1 The castle of Caldecot or Caldecote, near Chepstow, in Monmouthshire, was the residence of the Lord High Constables of England, and was held by them in virtue of their office. 2 The only instance that occurs of a trial by combat being ordered since the office of Lord High Constable was in the hands of the Crown, is that between Lord Reay and David Ramsay, Esq., November 28, 1631 ; but the king afterwards prevented the trial. Ou this occasion Robert Bertie, Earl of Lindsey, was appointed Lord High Constable. 3 It will be seen that the duke of Wellington officiated as lord high constable of England at the coronations of three sovereigns consecutively, George IV., William IV., and Victoria, a remarkable circumstance in the life of the duke, no similar instance having occurred from the Conquest up to our own times. L 3 150 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. THE EAEL MARSHAL OF ENGLAND. The earl marshal is the eighth great officer of state. The office, until it was made hereditary, always passed by grant from the king, and never was held by tenure or sergeantry (by any subject) as the offices of lord high steward and lord high constable sometimes were. The Marshal was anciently styled Lord Marshal only ; but Richard IL, June 20, 1397, granted letters-patent to Thomas Mowbray, earl of Nottingham, and to h*is heirs, the style of Earl Marshal. James I. by letters-patent, dated August 29, 1622, constituted Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel and Surrey, Earl Marshal for life ; and his majesty the next year granted other letters-patent, wherein it was declared that during the vacancy of the office of lord high constable, the Earl Marshal should have the like jurisdiction in the court of chivalry as both constable and marshal had jointly exercised. Charles II. , Oct. 19, 1672, granted to Henry, lord Howard, and to his heirs, this office and dignity, with power to execute the same by deputy or deputies, in as full and ample a manner as the same had heretofore been executed by any former Marshal of England. The office, now held by the duke of Norfolk, confers the dignity of earl on its possessor. His grace is also earl of Arundel by his tenure of Arundel castle, without any creation, patent, or investiture. These are the only instances that exist of the title being so constituted. Lords and Earls Marshal of England. 1135. Gilbert de Clare, lord marshal, created earl of Pembroke by king Stephen, 1139. 1149. Richard de Clare, surnamed Strongbow, earl of Pembroke, and lord marshal: died in 1176. 1176. John, surnamed Marshal, from this office, which was conferred on him by Hen. II. on the death of Richard, earl of Pem- broke. 1199. William Marshal, lord Marshal, grandson of John; who, having married Isabel, daughter and heiress of Richard Strong- bow, was by king John created earl of Pembroke in 1201. 1219. William Marshal, earl of Pembroke. 1231. Richard Marshal, earl of Pembroke. 1234. Gilbert Marshal, earl of Pembroke. 1242. Walter Marshal, earl of Pembroke. 1245. Anselm Marshal, earl of Pembroke. 1245. Roger Bigot or Bigod, earl of Norfolk, lord marshal, in right of Maud his mother, one of the sisters and co-heiresses of the last five marshals. 1269. Roger Bigot or Bigod, earl of Norfolk; whose estate, being confiscated to the crown, came, after his decease, into the king's hands. 1307. Robert de Clifibrd, made lord marshal by Edward II. durante bene placito. 1308. Nicholas Segrave, lord Segrave. 1315. Thomas Plantagenet (of Brotherton), earl of Norfolk, in right of his wife, daughter and heiress of lord Segrave. — Margaret, daughter and heiress of Thomas Plantagenet, earl of Norfolk : she was often honoured with the title of lady marshal, and was afterwards created duchess of Norfolk. — William de Montacute, earl of Salisbury. — Thomas Beauchamp, the elder, earl of Warwick. — Edmund Mortimer, lord Mortimer. — These all successively discharged the office of lord marshal ; but whether as deputies to the lady Margaret, nondum plane constat. 1377. Henry, lord Percy, lord marshal at the coronation of Richard II. — (John Fitz-Alan, lord Maltravers. — Cam- den.) 1383. Thomas Mowbray, earl of Nottingham, grandson to the lady Margaret by her daughter Elizabeth ; made the first earl marshal by Richard II. and afterwards created duke of Norfolk. 1398. Thomas Holland, earl of Kent and duke of Surrey; made earl marshal on the banishment of the duke of Norfolk. — Thomas, lord Mowbray, earl of Notting- ham : he assumed, on his father's death (at Venice), the title of earl marshal ; but the office was exercised by John, earl of Salisbury. — Camden. 1400. Ralph Nevill, earl of Westmoreland ; made lord marshal of England for life, by Henry IV. in the beginning of his reign. 1412. John, lord Mowbray, brother of Thomas, earl marshal : restored to the title of earl of Nottingham and earl marshal by Henry V., and to that of duke of Nor- folk by Henry VI. 1435. John Mowbray, duke of Norfolk. 1445. John Mowbray, duke of Norfolk. 1476. Richard Plantagenet, duke of York, second son to Edward IV. : created, by his father, duke of Norfolk and earl mar- shal, in right of his wife Anne, daughter and heiress to John Mowbray, duke of Norfolk. — (Sir Thomas Grey, Knt. — Camden.) 1483. John, lord Howard, in right of his wife Anne (widow of Richard, duke of York), daughter and heiress of John Mowbray, duke of Norfolk. 1486. William, lord Berkeley, earl of Notting- ham, in right of Isabel his mother, daughter of Thomas Mowbray, duke of Norfolk, by Henry VII. 1497. Henry Tudor, duke of York, second son to Henry VII. : afterwards Henry VIII. 1509. Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey (son to John, lord Howard, duke of Norfolk, LORD HIGH ADMIRALS. 151 attainted), created earl marshal, and restored as duke of Norfolk. 1509. Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk. — Cam- den. 1546. Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk: at- tainted in 1546. 1547. Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset : be- headed. — John Dudley, duke of Northumberland: beheaded. — Camden. 1553. Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk: restored to his blood and honours by Queen Mary I. 1554. Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk : beheaded in 1572. 1572. George Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury: died in 1590. 1597. Kobert Devereux, earl of Essex : beheaded in 1601. 1603. Edward Somerset, earl of Worcester : per- formed the duties of earl marshal at the coronation of king James ; after which the office was for a long time executed by commission. 1621. Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel and Surrey (grandson of Thomas, duke of Norfolk, by his son Philip, earl of Arundel) ; created earl marshal. 1646. Henry Howard, earl of Arundel, &c. • died in 1652. 1672. Henry Howard, second son to the preceding Henry: created by Charles II. lord Howard, of Castle Rising, in Norfolk, and afterwards earl marshal and earl of Norwich: he succeeded his brother as duke of Norfolk. 1683. Henry Howard, lord Mowbray, and duke of Norfolk. 1701. Thomas Howard : succeeded his uncle, and became duke of Norfolk, and earl marshal. 1732. Edward Howard (brother of the preceding Thomas), duke of Norfolk. 1777. Charles Howard (cousin to the preceding Edward), duke of Norfolk. 1786. Charles Howard, duke of Norfolk: suc- ceeded his father Aug. 1786. 1815. Bernard Edward Howard, duke of Norfolk : succeeded his cousin Dec. 1815. 1842. Henry Charles Howard, duke of Norfolk : succeeded his father in 1842. The present duke of Norfolk ; earl of Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk ; baron Fitz-Alan, Clun and Oswaldestre, and Maltravers; earl marshal, and here- ditary earl marshal of England. Deputy Earls Marshal of England. Commissioners for executing the office during the legal incapacity of the Dukes of Norfolk. 1661. 1662. 1701. 1706. 1718. 1725. 1731. 1743. 1763. 1765. James, earl of Suffolk. April 18. Thomas, earl of Southampton ; John, lord Roberts ; Henry, marquess of Dorches- ter ; Montagu, earl of Lindsey ; Edward, earl of Manchester; Algernon, earl of Northumberland; commissioaei'S. MLay 26. Charles, earl of Carlisle. Henry, earl of Bindon. Henry Bowes, earl of Berkshire. Talbot, earl of Sussex. Francis, earl of Effingham. Thomas, earl of Effingham. Henry, earl of Suffolk and Berkshire. Richard, earl of Scarborough. 1777. Thomas, earl of Effingham. 1782. Charles, earl of Surrey, only son to the duke of Norfolk. [His lordship succeeded his father as duke of Norfolk in 1786.] 1816. Henry Thomas Molyneux Howard, brother to Bernard-Edward, duke of Norfolk. Jan. 15. Henry Thomas Molyneux Howard was the last de- puty earl marshal. The functions of the high office of Earl Marshal of England, the dukes of Norfolk, notwithstanding their being of the Ro- man Catholic religion, were empowered to execute in person, by act of parliament, which received the royal assent June 24, 1824. THE LORD HIGH ADMIRAL OF ENGLAND.^ The Lord High Admiral is the ninth great officer of state. His office was anciently deemed of so much importance, that it was either retained by the king, or conferred upon one of the king's younger sons, or a near kinsman ; and even in modern times, it lias been held by royal personages. The duke of York (afterwards James II.) was Lord High Admiral in the reign of his brother, Charles II. ; and when he came to the throne, in 1685, he declared himself Lord High Admiral, again, in council. Prince George, of Denmark, consort of queen Anne, also filled the office ; and later, William Henry, duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV.) was appointed to the post in Mr, Canning s administration, 1827 : in the two latter cases the princes were assisted by a council. The Lord High Admiral (as described by the earlier writers) " has the management of all maritime afiairs, the government of the royal navy, and the power of decision in 1 The distinction of Admiral does not appear to have been adopted in these realms until about the year 1300 ; but the title was in use some time previously in France. In 1297 Sir William Leybourne, "captain of the mariners," was styled in a convention signed at Bruges, " Admiral of the Sea of the King of England." L 4 U2 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. all maritime cases, whether civil or criminal. He judges of all transgressions com- mitted upon or beyond the sea, in any part of the world, upon the coasts, in all ports and havens, and upon all rivers below the first bridge from the sea ; and by him all naval officers, from an admiral downwards, are commissioned, and all deputies and coroners appointed for particular coasts." ^ The j udicial functions of this great officer have, however, long been separated from his more onerous duties ; and a learned civilian is always appointed to preside in the High Court of Admiralty. The office of Lord High Admiral has for a series of years been usually in commission. As the great seal has been occasionally placed in the hands of commissioners, and as the office of lord high treasurer has for centuries been executed by several individuals instead of one person only, so the office of Lord High Admiral is now performed by a Board, whose members are designated " the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty," or, popularly, " the Board of Admiralty," and of which the chief or head is styled the " First Lord." The First Lord of the Admiralty is always a personage of great talents and political experience, and necessarily a cabinet minister; and the majority of the junior Lords (of whom there are usually four or more) are members of the house of commons, and at least two of them are naval officers. Besides these are a First and an Assistant or Second Secretary.^ Lord High Admirals of England, &c. The letter N subjoined to the names denotes the Northern station^ the letter W the Western, and S the Southern station. 87L King Alfred, to his death in 90L 925. King Athelstan, to his death, in 941. 959. King Edgar, to his death, in 975. 1016. The duke Edric. 1066. King Harold. 1106. King Henry I. 1172. King Henry II. 1177. WilHam Mandeville, earl of Essex. 1189. King Richard L (Gerard, archbishop of Aix. Bernard, bishop of Bayonne. Robert de Sabloil. Richard de Camville. William de Fortze, of Oleron. Leaders and governors of all the king's navy, and governors of the king's ships going to the Holy Land. 1191. Sir Stephen de Turnham, and Sir Robert de Turnham. 1199. King John. 1213. William Longespee (claiming to be) earl of Salisbury, natural son of Henry II., by Rosamond Clifford. * * The earl of Boulogne. Many of the kings in this list were in sea-battles, or went upon expeditions with their fleets. King Henry III. 1217. Sir Hubert de Burgh. Sir Philip de Albini. 1224. Sir Geoffrey de Lucy. Richard de Aguillon. 1235. Peter de Rivall, a priest ? 1264. Sir Thomas de Moleton ; captain and keeper of the sea and coasts. King Edward I. 1293. Sir Robert Tiptoft. 1294. Sir John de Botetourt; for the coasts of Yar- mouth. N. Sir William de Leybourne ; for the coasts of Ports- mouth. S. Sir Ormond ; for Ireland. 1297. Sir John de Botetourt; keeper of the northern seas. Sir William de Leybourne ; captain of the ma- riners. 300. Gervase Alard ; admiral of the fleet of the Cinque Ports. 1306. Gervase Alard ; captain and admiral of the king's fleet. W. Edward-Charles ; captain and admiral of the king's fleet. N. ' Mr. Beatson says : " To the Lord High Admiral belong, by law and custom, all fines and forfeitures of all transgressions at sea, on the sea-shore, in ports, and from the first bridge on rivers towards the sea; also the goods of pirates, and felons condemned or outlawed ; and all wayfs, stray-goods, wrecks of sea deodants ; a share of all lawful prizes, layon, jetson, and flotson ; that is, goods lying in the sea, goods cast by the sea on the shore, not granted formerly, or belonging to lords of manors adjoining the sea ; all great fishes, as sea-hogs, and other fishes of extraordinary bigness, called royal fishes, whales only and sturgeons excepted. But since the Revolution, and particularly of late years, the maritime laws of England have undergone many alterations, and the office of Lord High Admiral has, correspondingly, been subjected to change." 2 When the First Lord happens to be a member of the Upper House, the First Secretary, chosen from among the supporters of the ministry in the commons, has usually represented the Admiralty department in that branch of the legislature. LORD HIGH ADMIRALS. 153 King Edward II. 1308. William de Betour ; captain of the king's ships going to the relief of Aberdeen. 1310. Sir John de Caunton ; captain and governor of the king's fleet going to Scotland. Sir Simon de Montacute ; admiral of the king's navy. 1311. Sir John of Argyle ; coast of Argyle. 1314. Sir John Sturmy, and \ Joint admirals against Peter Bard. j the Scots. 1315. William de Creye ; W. Scotland, and Ireland. Thomas de Hewys. March 15, 1315. John, lord Botetourt ; admiral and captain of all the mariners from the Thames, to Berwick-on- Tweed. July 3, 1315. John de Athey, captain and leader of the expe- dition from Bristol against the Scots. Sept. 18, 1315. Sir Humphrey Littlebury; admiral-in-chief of one part of the king's navy. Sir John Sturmy; admiral -in- chief of one part of the king's navy. Nov. 3, 1316. Sir Robert Leybourne ; admiral of the fleet going against the Scots. Dec. 9, 1316. Sir Nicholas Kyriel ; admiral of the fleet of the Cinque Ports, westward. March 28, 1317. John de Athey ; captain of the fleet in Ireland. John de Perburn or Perbroun; admiral of the king's fleet. N. Sir Robert Leybourne ; admiral of the king's fleet west of the Thames. April 24, 1318. William Gettour ; captain and leader of the king's fleet going to Scotland. May 23, 1319. loT)ert AshnTam ' ladmirals of the ships going William de Thewell. j ^^amst the Scots. 1321. Sir Hugh le Despenser ; admiral. May 19, 1322. Robert Battayle ; Cinque Ports. John de Perburn or Perbroun. N. Robert de Leybourne. W. July 16, 1324. Sir John de Cromwell ; admiral of the sea-coasts, and captain of the king's mariners going to Gasconv. Aug. 5, 1324. Sir Robert Beaudyn. W. Sir John Sturmy. N. Sept. 18, 1324. Stephen Alard; admiral in the absence of sir Robert Beaudyn. 1325. ladmirals of the three En- Sir , Sir Nicholas Kyriel. > , -^ r JohnFelton. J S^isU seas. Jan. 2, 1326. Sir Nicholas Kyriel. \ admirals of the Western Sir John Sturmy. j fleets. Sept. 19, 1326. Sir Robert de Leybourne. N. King Edward III. April 21, 1327. John de Perburn, or Perbroun. N. May 24, 1327. Waresius de Yaloignes. W. April 6, 1333. Henry Randolph, captain and admiral for the Scottish war. July 16, 1333. Sir William Clinton, captain and admiral of the Cinque Ports and places west of the river Thames. Jan. 2, 1335. Sir John de Norwich. N. Sir Roger Higham. W. April 4, 1335. Sir John Howard, captain and admiral of the king's fleet of Great Yarmouth and the ports north of the Thames. April 6, 1335. Sir Robert Holand, captain and admiral of the fleet on the coast of Wales and part of Ireland. April 24, 1335. Sir John A thy or Athey, captain and admiral of the Irish fleet. July 6, 1335. Sir John Cobham, captain and admiral of the Cinque Ports and places west of the Thames. Peter Bard, captain and admiral of the Cinque Ports and other western ports, to proceed against the Scots. Sir Feb. 10, 1336. riiomas Ughtred, captain and admiral. N. April 10, 1336. Sir John de Norwich, captain and admiral. N. Sir Geofli-ey Say, or Galfrid de Say, captain and admiral. W. Nov. 8, 1336. Sir John Roos or de Ros. N. 154 STATESMEN AND Jan, 14, 1337. Sir Robert Ufford, and Sir John Roos, appointed jointly admirals of the king's northern fleet Sir William Montacute, captain and admiral. W. May 30, 1337. Sir Geoffrey de Say, and Sir Otho Grandison, commanders of the western fleet. Aug. 11, 1337. Sir Walter Manny, captain and admiral. N. Sir William Burghersh, captain and admiral. W. July 28, 1338. SirThomas Drayton or Draiton. N. Peter Bard. W. Feb. 18, 1339. Sir Robert Morley. N. Sir William Trussell. W. Feb. 20, 1340. Sir Richard Fitz-Alan, earl of Arundel. W. March 6, 1340. Sir Robert Morley, captain and admiral. K April 5, 1341. Sir Robert Morley, admiral. N". June 12, 1341. Sir William Clinton, earl of Huntingdon, captain and admiral of the western fleet. April 10, 1342. Sir John de Montgomery. W. Dec. 20, 1342. Sir William Trussell. N. Sir Robert Beaupel. W. May 8, 1344. Sir Robert OTord, earl of Suff'olk. K Sir Reginald de Cobham, captain and admiral. W. Feb. 23, 1345. Richard, earl of Arundel. W. Jan. 25, 1347. King Edward III., styled " King of the Seas.^^ Feb. 23, 1347. Sir John de Montgomery. W. March 8, 1347. Sir John Howard. N". March 14, 1348. Sir Walter Manny. N. Sir Reginald Cobham. W. June 6, 1348. Sir Robert IMorley. N. Aug. 17, 1349. Sir John Beauchamp ; admiral of a fleet ofl" Calais. 1350. Robert de Causton. ^.— Spdman. STATE OFFICERS. July 22, 1350. Sir Robert Morley, again. — Spehnan. March 8, 1351. Sir William de Bohun, earl of Northampton, captain and admiral. W. 1352. Thomas, earl of Warwick. W. — Spelman. March, 1354. John Gybon, admiral of a squadron. March 5, 1355. Sir Robert Morley. N. Sir John Beauchamp. W. Jan. 1356. Robert Ledrede, admiral of a fleet going to Gas- cony for wine. Aug. 8, 1356. Robert Drouss, of Cork, admiral of the Irish fleet. July 18, 1360. Sir John Beauchamp, admiral of the king's Northern, Southern, and Western fleets. Jan. 26, 1361. Sir Robert Herle, admiral of the Northern, Southern, and Western fleets. July 7, 1364. Sir Ralph Spigurnell, admiral of the Northern and Western fleets. April 28, 1369. Sir Robert Ashton. W. June 12, 1369. Sir Nicholas Tamworth. N. Feb. 6, 1370. Sir Guy Bryan. W. [Sir Guy Bryan was at sea in command of a sqviadron in January, 1370.] May 30, 1370. John, lord Neville. N. Sir Guy Bryan, again. W. July 8, 1370. Sir Ralph Ferrers, admiral of the king's fleet going to Britanny. Oct. 6, 1371. Sir Robert Ashton, admiral. W. Sir Ralph Ferrers, admiral, N. March 7, 1372. Sir Philip Courtenay, admiral. W. Sir William de Neville. N. Feb. 16, 1373. Earl of Salisbury appointed captain of all ships and barges going to sea. July 16, 1376. William, earl of Suff'olk. N. Nov. 24, 1376. Sir Michael de la Pole. N. Sir Robert Ha'es, prior of St. John's of Jeru- salem, admiral. W. LORD HIGH King Richard II. Aug. 14, 1377. Sir Michael de la Pole. jST. Sir Robert Hales. W. Dec. 5, 1377. Thomas, earl of Warwick. N. Richard, earl of Arundel. W. Sept. 10, 1378. Sir Hugh Calverley. W. Nov. 5, 1378. Sir Thomas Percy. N. March 8, 1380. Sir Philip Courtenay. W. April 8, 1380. Sir William de Elmham. N. May 22, 1382. Sir John Roche, or Roches, admiral of a fleet from Southampton, -westward. Oct. 26, 1382. Sir Walter Fitz-Walter. N. Sir John Roche. W. Nov. 13, 1383. Edward, earl of Devonshire. W. Dec. 2, 1383. Henry, earl of Northumberland. N. Jan. 29, 1385. Sir Thomas Percy, again. N. He was after- wards earl of Worcester, and was beheaded in 1402. Sir John Radington, or Radlington, prior of St. J ohn's of Jerusalem. W. Feb. 22, 1386. Sir Philip Darcy. N. Dec. 10, 1386. Richard, earl of Arundel, admiral of the North and West fleets- and held that office until May 18, 1389. May 20, 1389. John, lord Beaumont. N. John, earl of Huntingdon. W. May 31, 1389. Sir John Roche, admiral of the West and North fleets. June 22, 1389. John, lord Beaumont. N. John, earl of Huntingdon. W. March 22, 1391. Edward, earl of Rutland. N. Nov. 29, 1391. Edward, earl of Rutland, afterwards duke of Albemarle, admiral of the North and West fleets. Aug. 30, 1398 Matthew Swetenham and Nicholas Macclesfield, made admirals of Ireland. ADMIRALS. 155 May 9, 1398. John, marquess of Dorset, high admiral of the north and west fleets for life: he had been made admiral of the Irish fleet for life, Feb. 2, preceding. King Henry IV. Nov. 15, 1399. Thomas, earl of Worcester, admiral of the north and west fleets, and admiral of the Irish fleet. April 21, 1401. Sir Thomas Rampston, or Rempston. W. April 26, 1401. Richard, lord Grey, of Codnor. N. Nov. 5, 1403. Thomas, lord Berkeley. W. Nov. 18, 1403. Sir Thomas Beaufort. N. July 5, 1404. J ames Dartasso, made admiral of Ireland. Feb. 20, 1405. Sir Thomas Lancaster (Plantagenet), 2d son to the king, afterwards duke of Clarence, high admiral of England. April 28, 1406. Nicholas Blackburne. N. Richard Clyderow. W. Dec. 23, 1406. John, marquess of Dorset (earl of Somerset), admiral of the North and West fleets. May 8, 1407. Edmund, earl of Kent, high admiral of England. Sept. 21, 1408. Sir Thomas Beaufort, afterwards earl of Dorset and duke of Exeter, admiral of the North and West fleets for life. King Henry V. June 3, 1413. Thomas, earl of Dorset (duke of Exeter in 1416), admiral of England, Ireland, Aquitaine, and Picardy. Sept. 28, 1414. Patrick Coterell and James Cornewalsche, ap- pointed the king's admirals of Ireland, from Wykynglone Head to Leperisylond, for their lives. Feb. 18, 1415. Sir Thomas Carew, and Sir Gilbert Talbot, appointed captains and lead- ers of men at arms at sea, in the absence of the earl of Dorset, with the usual powers of ad- mirals. July 6, 1416. Thomas, lord Morley, admiral of a fleet going from London to Southampton. 156 STATESMEN^ AND STATE OFFICERS. July 26, 1416. Sir Walter Hungerford, admiral of an expedition under the duke of Bedford, the king's lieu- tenant at sea. July 20, 1417. Edmund, earl of March, appointed the king's lieutenant at sea to bring the fleet to England, and then conduct it again with troops to the king. July 25, 1417. John, earl of Huntingdon, appointed the king's lieutenant, with all the poAvers of admiral, during the king's absence. March 2, 1421. Sir William Bardolf, appointed admiral of a fleet. John, earl of Richmond and duke of Bedford, lord admiral. King Henry VI. 1422. John, duke of Bedford, continued. Oct. 21, 1437. John, duke of Exeter and earl of Huntingdon, and Henry his son, for their lives, lord admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine. 1448—1451. William de la Pole, ditto ; during the minority of Henry Holland, duke of Exeter. July 23, 1451. Henry, duke of Exeter. King Edward IV. 1461. Richard, earl of Warwick and Salisbury, styled the " King-maker." July 30, 1462. William, earl of Kent. Oct. 12, 1462. Richard, duke of Gloucester, brother to the king. Jan. 2, 1470. Richard, earl of Warwick (aforesaid), captain of the town and citadel of Calais, constable of Dover Castle, and lord warden of the Cinque Ports. 1472. Richard, duke of Gloucester, aforesaid. King Richard III. July 25, 1483. John, duke of Norfolk. King Henry VII. 1485—1512. John de Vere, earl of Oxford. King Henry VIII. John de Vere, earl of Oxford, continued. Aug. 15, 1513. Lord Edward Howard. May 4, 1514. Thomas, duke of Norfolk. 1525—1536. Henry Fitzroy (natural son to the king), duke of Richmond and Somerset, and earl of Not- tingham. Aug. 16. William, earl of Southampton. July 18, 1540. John, lord Russel. June 27, 1542. John, viscount Lisle, and baron of Malpas, high admiral. King Edward VI. Feb. 17, 1547. Thomas, lord Seymour, of Sudley, high admiral of England, Ireland, Wales, Calais, Boulogne, Marches of ditto, Normandy, Gascony, ancl Aquitaine, captain-general of the navy and seas : beheaded 20th January, 1549. Oct. 28, 1549. John, viscount Lisle, afterwards duke of Nor- thumberland, high admiral. May 4, 1550. Edward, lord Clinton and Say. Queen Mary. IMarch 20, 1554. William, lord Howard, of Effingham, high ad- miral. March 3, 1556. Edward, lord Clinton and Say, afterwards earl of Lincoln. Queen Elizabeth. Earl of Lincoln, continued. 1585—1619. Charles, lord Howard of Effingham, afterwards earl of Nottingham. King James I. Earl of Nottingham, continued. Jan. 28, 1619. George, marquess of Buckingham, afterwards earl of Coventry and duke of Buckingham. King Charles I. Duke of Buckingham, continued. March 16, 1636. Richard, lord Weston, and Robert, earl of Lind- sey, great chamberlain of England. Edward, earl of Dorset, lord chamberlain to the queen. Francis, lord Cottington, chancellor and under treasurer of the exchequer. Sir Henry Vane, knt., comptroller of the house- hold. Sir John Coke, knt., and Sir Francis Windebank, knt., principal secretaries of state. LOED HIGH March 23, 1636. Algernon, earl of Northumberland, lord admiral. King Charles I. Robert, earl of Warwick, lord high admiral of England, for the parliament. Surrendered his commission by an ordinance that members should have no employments. April 15, 1645. A committee appointed by both Houses. Arthur, earl of Essex. Robert, earl of Warwick. William, viscount Say and Sele. Dudley, lord North. William Earle ; Philip Stapleton ; J. Levelyn, jun. ; Christopher Wray ; J. Rolle ; G. Greene ; D. Mollis: J. Selden; F. Rouse; T. Eden; J. Lisle ; Bulstrode Whitelocke. April 28, 1645. Appointed by the Commons. Robert, earl of Warwick. Messrs. Bense, and H. Pelham. Feb. 12, 1649. Messrs. Dean, Francis Popham, and R. Blake. King Charles II. June 6, 1660. H. R. H. James, duke of York, brother to the king, lord high admiral of England. Resigned on the passing of the Test act. July 9, 1673. Prince Rupert. Anthony, earl of Shaftesbury, lord high chan- cellor. Thomas, viscount Latimer, afterwards earl of Danby, lord high treasurer. Arthur, earl of Anglesey, lord privy seal. George, duke of Buckingham. James, duke of Monmouth. J ohn, duke of Lauderdale. J ames, duke of Ormond. Henry, earl of Arlington, principal secretary of state. Sir George Carteret, bart., vice chamberlain. Henry Coventry, esq., principal secretary of state. Edward Seymour. Sept. 29, 1674. Prince Rupert. Heneage, lord Finch, lord high chancellor. Thomas, earl of Danby, lord high treasurer. Arthur, earl of Anglesey, lord privy seal. James, duke of Monmouth. John, duke of Lauderdale. James, duke of Ormond. Henry, earl of Arlington. Sir George Carteret, bart., vice chamberlain. Henry Coventry. Sir Joseph Williamson, knt. Edward Seymour. July 28, 1675. Prince Rupert. Heneage, lord Finch, lord high chancellor. Thomas, earl of Danby, lord high treasurer. Arthur, earl of Anglesey, lord privy seal. James, duke of Monmouth. ADMIRALS. 157 James, duke of Ormond. Henry, earl of Arlington, principal secretarv of state. ^ Thomas, earl of Ossory. William, earl of Craven. Sir George Carteret, bart., vice chamberlain. Henry Coventry. Sir Joseph Williamson, knt., principal secretary of state. Edward Seymour. Sept. 14, 1677. Prince Rupert. Heneage, lord Finch, lord high chancellor. Thomas, earl of Danby, lord high treasurer. Arthur, earl of Anglesey, lord privy seal. James, duke of Monmouth. John, duke of Lauderdale. James, duke of Ormond. Thomas, earl of Ossory. Henry, earl of Arlington, lord chamberlain of the household. William, earl of Craven. Sir George Carteret, bart., vice chamberlain. Sir Joseph Williamson, knt., secretary of state Sir John Ernley, bart. Sir Thomas Chicheley, knt., master of the ord- nance. Edward Seymour. Feb. 14, 1679. Sir Henry Capel, knt. Hon. Daniel Finch. Sir Thomas Lee, bart. Sir Humphrey Winch, bart. Sir Thomas Meeres, knt. Edward Vaughan. Edward Hales. Feb. 19, 1680. Hon. Daniel Finch, afterwards lord Finch. Sir Humphrey Winch, bart. Sir Thomas Meeres, knt. Edward Hales. William, viscount Brounker, of Ireland. Sir Thomas Littleton, bart. Jan. 20, 1682. Daniel, lord Finch, afterwards earl of Not- tingham. Sir Humphrey Winch, bart. Sir Thomas Meeres, knt. Edward Hales. William, viscount Brounker. Henry Savile. Sir John Chicheley, knt. Aug. 28, 1683. Daniel, earl of Nottingham. Sir Humphrey Winch, bart. Sir Thomas Meeres, knt. Sir Edward Hales, bart. Henry Savile. Sir John Chicheley, knt. Arthur Herbert. John, lord Vaughan. April 17, 1684. Daniel, earl of Nottingham. Sir Humphrey Winch, bart. Sir Thomas Meeres, knt. Sir Edward Hales, bart. Henry Savile. Sir John Chicheley, knt. 158 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. Arthur Herbert. John, lord Vaughan. N. B. TTiis commission was revoked 3Iay 22, 1684. His majesty King Charles IL lord high admi- ral of England. King James II. King James II. declared himself in council, lord high admiral and lord ,a:eneral of the navy ; and he managed the admiralty affairs by Mr. Se- cretary Pepys all his reign. King William III. March 8, 1689. Hon. Arthur Herbert. John, earl of Carberry. Sir Michael Wharton, knt. Sir Thomas Lee, bart. Sir John Lowther, bart., of Whitehaven, and William Sacheverell. Jan. 20, 1690. Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery. John, earl of Carberry. Sir Thomas Lee, bart. Sir John Lowther, bart. Sir John Chicheley, knt. Jan. 23, 1691. Thomas, earl of Pembroke. Sir Thomas Lee, bart. Sir John Lowther, bart. Sir Richard Onslow, bart. Henry Priestman. Anthony, viscount Falkland. Robert Austen. Nov. 16, 1691. Thomas, earl of Pembroke. Sir John Lowther, bart. Sir Richard Onslow, bart. Henry Priestman. Anthony, viscount Falkland. Robert Austen, and Sir Robert Rich, knt. and bart. March 10, 1692. Charles, lord Cornwallis. Sir John Lowther, bart. Sir Richard Onslow, bart. Henry Priestman. Anthony, viscount Falkland. Robert Austen, and Sir Robert Rich, bart. April 15, 1693. Anthony, viscount Falkland. Sir John Lowther, bart. Henry Priestman. Robert Austen. Sir Robert Rich, bart. Henry Killegrew, and Sir Ralph Delaval, bart. May 2, 1694. Edward Russell, afterwards earl of Orford. Sir John LoAvther, bart. Henry Priestman. Robert Austen. Sir Robert Rich, bart. Sir George Rooke, knt. Sir John Houblon, knt. Feb. 24, 1696. Edward Russell. Henry Priestman. Robert Austen. Sir Robert Rich, bart. Sir George Rooke, knt. Sir John Houblon, knt., and James Kendal. June 5, 1697. Edward Russell, now earl of Orford. Henry Priestman. Robert Austen. Sir Robert Rich, bart. Sir George Rooke, knt. Sir John Houblon, knt. James Kendal, and Goodwin Wharton. June 2, 1699. John, earl of Bridgewater. John, lord Haversham. Sir Robert Rich, bart. Sir George Rooke, knt. Sir David Mitchell, knt. April 4, 1701. Thomas, earl of Pembroke. John, lord Haversham. Sir George Rooke, knt. Sir David Mitchell, knt. George Churchill. Jan. 18, 1702. Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, lord high admiral. Queen Anne. May 20, 1702. Prince George of Denmark, lord high admiral of England ; and, June 28, 1707. Prince George, lord high admiral of Great Britain ; on account of the Union. Commissioners appointed by Prince George of Den- mark to he his Council. May 20, 1702. Sir George Rooke, knt. Sir David Mitchell, knt. George Churchill, and Richard Hill. April 30, 1704. Sir George Rooke, knt. Sir David Mitchell, knt. George Churchill. Richard Hill. Hon. James Bridges, afterwards duke of Chandos. Hon. Henry Paget, afterwards earl of Ux- bridge. Feb. 8, 1706. Sir David Mitchell, knt. George Churchill. Richard Hill, and Hon. Henry Paget. June 28, 1707. Sir David Mitchell, knt. Ceorge Churchill. Richard Hill. Hon. Henry Paget. Sir Cloudesley Shovel, knt. Robert Walpule, afterwards prime minister. Sir Stafford I'airborne, knt. April 19, 1708. David, earl of Wemyss. George Churchill. LORD HIGH ADMIRALS. 159 Richard Hill. Hon. Henry Paget. Sir Stafford Fairborne, knt., and Sir John Leake, knt. June 20, 1708. David, earl of Wemyss. George Churchill. Richard Hill. Hon. Henry Paget. Sir John Leake, knt. Sir James Wishart, knt. Robert Fairfax. The prince died October 28, 1708, and Qu Anne acted by secretary Burchett. Lord High Admirals of Great Britain. Nov. 29, 1708. Thomas, earl of Pembroke, lord high admiral of Great Britain, with a fee of 300 marks per annum. Nov. 8, 1709. Edward, earl of Orford. Sir John Leake, knt. Sir George Byng, knt., afterwards viscount Tor- rington. George Dodington, and Paul Methuen. Oct. 4, 1710. Sir John Leake, knt. Sir George Byng, knt. George Dodington. Paul Methuen. Sir William Drake, bart., and John Aislabie. Sept. 30, 1712. Thomas, earl of Strafford. Sir John Leake, knt. Sir George Byng, knt. Sir William Drake, bart. John Aislabie. Sir James Wishart, knt., and George Clarke. April 9, 17 J 4. Thomas, earl of Strafford. Sir John Leake, knt. Sir William Drake, bart. Sir James Wishart, knt. George Clarke, and Sir George Beaumont, bart. King George L Oct. 14, 1714. Edward, earl of Orford. Sir George Byng, knt. George Dodington. Sir John Jennings, knt. Sir Charles Turner, knt. Abraham Stanyan, and George Baillie. April 16, 1717. James, earl of Berkeley. Matthew Aylmer, esq. ; afterwards lord Aylmer. Sir George Byng, knt. Sir John Jennings, knt. John Cockburne, and Wniiam Chetwynd. March 19, 1718. James, earl of Berkeley. Sir George Byng, knt. Sir John Jennings, knt. John Cockburne. William Chetwynd. Sir John Norris, knt. ; and Sir Charles Wager, knt. Oct. 10, 1721. James, earl of Berkeley. Sir John Jennings, knt. John Cockburne. William Chetwjmd. Sir John Norris, knt. Sir Charles Wager, knt. ; and Daniel Pulteney. June 11, 1725. James, earl of Berkeley. Sir John Jennings, knt. John Cockburne. William Chetwynd. Sir John Norris, knt. Sir Charles Wager, knt., and Sir George Oxenden, bart. King George XL Aug. 2, 1727. George, viscount Torrington. John Cockburne, esq. Sir John Norris, knt. Sir Charles Wager, knt. Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart. George, viscount Malpas, K. B. ; afterwards earl of Cholmondeley, and Samuel Molyneux. June 1, 1728. George, viscount Torrington. John Cockburne. Sir John Norris, knt. Sir Charles Wager, knt. Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart. George, viscount Malpas, and Sir William Yonge, K. B. May 19, 1729. George, viscount Torrington. John Cockburne. Sir John Norris, knt. Sir Charles Wager, knt. Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart. Sir William Yonge, K. B., and Lord Archibald Hamilton. May 13, 1730. George, viscount Torrington. John Cockburne. Sir Charles Wager, knt. Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart. Lord Archibald Hamilton. Sir Thomas Frankland, bart. ; and Thomas Winnington. June 15, 1732. George, viscount Torrington. Sir Charles Wager, knt. Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart. Lord Archibald Hamilton. Sir Thomas frankland, bart. 160 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. Thomas Wimiington, and Thomas Clutterbuck. Jan. 25, 1733. Sir Charles Wager, knt. Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart. Lord Archibald Hamilton. Sir Thomas Frankland, bart. Thomas Winnington. Thomas Clutterbuck, and Lord Hany Poulett, afterwards duke of Bolton. May 22, 1736. Sir Charles Wager, knt. Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart. Lord Archibald Hamilton. Sir Thomas Frankland, bart. Thomas Clutterbuck, esq. Lord Harry Poulett, and John Campbell. March 13, 1738. Sir Charles Wager, knt. Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart. Sir Thomas Frankland, bart. Thomas Clutterbuck. Lord Hany Poulett. John Campbell, and Lord Vere Beauclerk, afterwards lord Vere. May 14, 1741. Sir Charles Wager, knt. Sir Thomas Frankland, bart. Lord Harry Poulett. John Campbell. Lord Vere Beauclerk. John, viscount Glenorchy, and Edward Thompson. March 19, 1742. Daniel, earl of W inciiilsea and Nottingham. John Cockburne. Lord Archibald Hamilton. Charles, lord Baltimore. Philip Cavendish. George Lee, LL. D., and Hon. John Trevor. Dec. 13, 1743. Daniel, earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham. John Cockburne. Lord Archibald Hamilton. Charles, lord Baltimore. George Lee, LL. D. Sir Charles Hardy, knt., and Thomas Philipson. Dec. 27, 1744. John, duke of Bedford. John, earl of Sandwich. Lord Archibald Hamilton. Lord Vere Beauclerk. Charles, lord Baltimore. George Anson, and George Grenville. April 20, 1745. John, duke of Bedford. John, earl of Sandwich. Lord Archibald Hamilton. Lord Vere Beauclerk. George Anson. George Grenville, and Hon. Henry Bilson Legge. Feb. 22, 1746 John, duke of Bedford. J ohn, earl of Sandwich. Lord Vere Beauclerk. George Anson. George Grenville. Hon. Henry Bilson Legge, and William Wildman, viscount Barrington. Feb, 1747. John, duke of Bedford. John, earl of Sandwich. Lord Vere Beauclerk. George Anson, afterwards lord Anson. William Wildman, viscount Barrington. William, viscount Duncannon, and Welbore Ellis. Feb. 10, 1748. John, earl of Sandwich. Lord Vere Beauclerk. George, lord Anson. William Wildman, viscount Barrington. William, viscount Duncannon. Welbore Ellis, and Hon. John Stanhope. Nov. 18, 1749. J OHN, earl of Sandwich. George, lord Anson. William Wildman, viscount Barrington. William, viscount Duncannon. Welbore Ellis. Hon. Thomas Villiers, and Granville Leveson, viscount Trentham, after- wards earl Gower. June 22, 1751. George, lord Anson. William Wildman, viscount Barrington. William, viscount Duncannon. Welbore Ellis. Hon. Thomas Villiers. William Rowley, and Hon. Edward Boscawen. April 6, 1754. George, lord Anson. William, viscount Duncannon. Welbore Ellis. Hon. Thomas Villiers. Sir William Rowley, K. B. Hon. Edward Boscawen, and Hon. Charles Townshend. Dec. 23, 1755. George, lord Anson. William, viscount Duncannon, afterwards earl of Besborough. Hon. Thomas Villiers. Sir William Rowley, K. B. Hon. Edward Boscawen. John, viscount Bateman. Hon. Richard Edgcumbe, afterwards lord Edg- cumbe. Nov. 19, 1756. Richard, earl TE:MrLE. Hon. Edward Boscawen. Temple West. John Pitt. LORD HIGH George Hay, LL. D. Thomas Orby Hunter, and Gilbert Elliot. Dec. 11, 1756. Richard, earl Temple. Hon. Edward Boscawen. Temple West. George Hay, LL. D. Thomas Orby Hunter. Gilbert Elliot, and Hon. John Forbes. April 6, 1757. Daniel, earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham. Sir William Rowley, K. B. Hon. Edward Boscawen. Gilbert Elliot. John, lord Carysfort. Savage Mostyn. Hon. Edwin Sandys (afterwards lord Sandys). July 2, 1757. George, lord Anson. Hon. Edward Boscawen. Temple West. George Hay, LL. D. Thomas Orby Hunter, Esq. Gilbert Elliot, and Hon. John Forbes. King George IIL March 21, 1761. George, lord Anson. Hon. Edward Boscawen. George Hay, LL. D. Thomas Orby Hunter. Hon. John Forbes. Hans Stanley. George Bussey, viscount Villiers. Thomas Pelham. June 19, 1762. George Montagu Dunk, earl of Halifax. George Hay, LL. D. Thomas Orby Hunter. Hon. John Forbes. Hans Stanley. George B. viscount Villiers. Thomas Pelham, afterwards lord Pelham. Jan. 1, 1763. Hon. George Grenville. George Hay, LL. D. Thomas Orby Hunter. Hon. John Forbes. Rt. hon. Hans Stanley. John, lord Carysfort. James Harris. April 23, 1763. John, earl of Sandwich. George Hay, LL. D. Rt. hon. Hans Stanley. John, lord Carysfort. Richard, viscount Howe. Henry, lord Digby. Thomas Pitt. Sept. 10, 1763. John, earl of Egmont. George Hay, LL. D. ADMIRALS. 161 Rt. hon. Hans Stanley. John, lord Carysfort. Richard, viscount Howe. Henry, lord Digby. Thomas Pitt. Aug. 30, 1765. John, earl of Egmont. Thomas Pitt, afterwards lord Camelford. Sir Charles Saunders, K. B. Hon. Augustus Keppel. Charles Townshend. Sir William Meredyth, bart. John Buller. Dec. 21, 1765. John, earl of Egmont. Sir Charles Saunders, K. B. Hon. Augustus Keppel. Charles Townshend. Sir William Meredyth, bart. John Buller, and Hon. John Yorke. Sept. 10, 1766. Sir Charles Saunders, K. B. Hon. Augustus Keppel, afterwards viscount Keppel. Charles Townshend. Sir William Meredyth, bart. John Buller. Henry, viscount Palmerston. Sir George Yonge, bart. Dec. 10, 1766. Sir Edward Hawke, K. B., afterwards lord Hawke. Charles Townshend. John Buller. Henry, viscount Palmerston. Sir George Yonge, bart. Sir Piercy Brett, knt., and Charles Jenkinson. March 19, 1768. Sir Edward Hawke, K. B. Charles Townshend. John Buller. Henry, viscount Palmerston. Sir George Yonge, bart. Sir Piercy Brett, knt. Lord Charles Spencer. Feb. 24, 1770. Sir Edward Hawke, K. B. John Buller. Henry, viscount Palmerston. Lord Charles Spencer. Wilmot, viscount Lisburne. Francis Holburne, and Hon. Charles James Fox. Jan. 12, 1771. John, earl of Sandwich. John Buller. Henry, viscount Palmerston. Lord Charles Spencer. Wilmot, viscount Lisburne. Francis Holburne, and Hon. Charles James Fox. Jan. 26. 1771. John, earl of Sandwich. M 162 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. John Buller. Henry, viscount Palmerston. Lord Charles Spencer. Wilmot, viscount Lisburne. Hon. Charles James Fox. Hon. Augustus John Hervey. May 6, 1772. John, earl of Sandwich. John Buller. Henry, viscount Palmerston. Lord Charles Spencer. Wilmot, viscount Lisbunie. Hon. Augustus John Hervey. Thomas Bradshaw. Dec. 4, 1774. John, earl of Sandwich. John Buller. Henry, viscount Palmerston. Lord Charles Spencer. Wilmot, viscount Lisburne. Hon. Augustus John Hervey (afterwards earl of Bristol), and Henry Penton. April 6, 1775. John, earl of Sandwich. John Buller. Henry, viscount Palmerston. Lord Charles Spencer. Wilmot, viscount Lisburne. Henry Penton, and Sir Hugh Palliser, bart. Dec. 4, 1777. John, earl of Sandwich. John Buller. Lord Charles Spencer. Wilmot, now earl of Lisburne. Henry Penton. Sir Hugh Palliser, bart. Constantine John, lord Mulgrave. April, 1779. John, earl of Sandwich. John Buller. Lord Charles Spencer. Wilmot, earl of Lisburne. Henry Penton. Constantine John, lord Mulgrave. Robert Man. July 6, 1779. John, earl of Sandwich. John Buller. Wilmot, earl of Lisburne. Henry Penton. Constantine John, lord Mulgrave. Robert Man, and Bamber Gascoigne. Sept. 6, 1780. John, earl of Sandwich. Wilmot, earl of Lisburne. Henry Penton. Constantine John, lord Mulgrave. Bamber Gascoigne. Honourable Charles-Francis Greville, and George Darby. March 30, 1782. Hon. Augustus Keppel. Sir Robert Harland, bart. Hugh Pigot. William, viscount Duncannon. Hon. John Townshend. Charles Brett, and Richard Hopkins. July 13, 1782. Augustus, viscount Keppel. Sir Robert Harland, bart. Hugh Pigot. Charles Brett. Richard Hopkins. Hon. John Jeffreys Pratt, and John Aubrey. Jan. 28, 1783. Richard, viscount Howe. Hugh Pigot. Charles Brett. Richard Hopkins. Hon. John Jeffreys Pratt. John Aubrey, and Hon. J ohn Leveson Gower. April 8, 1783. Augustus, viscount Keppel. Hugh Pigot. William, viscount Duncannon. Hon. John Townshend. Sir John Lindsay, K, B. William Jolliffe, and Whitshed Keene. Dec. 30, 1783. Richard, viscount Howe. Charles Brett. Hon. John Jeffreys Pratt. Hon. J ohn Leveson Gower. Henry, lord Apsley. Hon. Charles-George Perceval; afterwards lord Arden. James Modyford Heywood. April 2, 1784. Richard, viscount Howe ; afterwards earl Howe. Charles Brett. Richard Hopkins. Hon. John Jeffreys Pratt; afterwards viscount Bayham. Hon. John Leveson Gower. Henry, lord Apsley. Hon. Charles-George Perceval, lord Arden. July 16, 1788. John, earl of Chatham. Richard Hopkins. John Jeffreys, viscount Bayham. Hon. John Leveson Gower. Henry, lord Apsley. Charles- George, lord Arden. Samuel, lord Hood. Aug. 12, 1789. John, earl of Chatham. Richard Hopkins. Charles-George, lord Arden. Samuel, lord Hood. Robert, viscount Belgrave. Sir Francis S. Drake, bart. : died in Nov. 1789. Hon. John-Thomas Townshend. LOED HIGH ADMIRALS. 163 Jan. 19, 1790. John, earl of Chatham. Richard Hopkins. Charles- George, lord Arden. Samuel, lord Hood. Robert, viscount Belgrave. Hon. John-Thomas Townshend. Alan Gardner. June 25, 1791. John, earl of Chatham, Charles-George, lord Arden. Samuel, lord Hood. Hon. John-Thomas Townshend. Alan Gardner. John Smyth, and Charles Small Pybus. May 4, 1793. John, earl of Chatham. Charles-George, lord Arden. Samuel, lord Hood. Alan Gardner. John Smyth. Charles Small Pybus, and Philip Affleck. May, 1794. John, earl of Chatham. Charles-George, lord Arden. Samuel, lord Hood. Alan Gardner. Charles Small Pybus. Philip Affleck, and Sir Charles Middleton, bart. Dec. 20, 1794. George- John, earl Spencer. Charles-George, lord Arden. Samuel, lord Hood. Sir Alan Gardner, bart. Charles Small Pybus. Philip Affleck, and Sir Charles Middleton, bart. Mar. 2, 1795. George- John, earl Spencer. Charles- George, lord Arden. Charles Small Pybus. Sir Charles Middleton, bart. Lord Hugh Seymour. Sir Philip Stephens, bart., and James Gambier. Dec. 2, 1795. George-John, earl Spencer. Charles- George, lord Arden. Charles Small Pybus. Lord Hugh Seymour. Sir Philip Stephens, bart. James Gambier, and William Young. July, 1797. George-John, earl Spencer. Charles-George, lord Arden. Lord Hugh Seymour. Sir Philip Stephens, bart. James Gambier. William Young, and Thomas Wallace. Sept. 18, 1798. George- John, earl Spencer. Charles-George, lord Arden. Sir Philip Stephens, bart. James Gambier. William Young. Thomas Wallace, and Robert Man. July 10, 1800. George- John, earl Spencer. Charles -George, lord Arden. Sir Philip Stephens, bart. James Gambier. William Young. Robert Man, and Hon. William Eliot. Feb. 19, 1801. John, earl St. Vincent. Sir Philip Stephens, bart. Hon. William Eliot. Sir Thomas Troubridge, bart James Adams. John Markham, and William Garthshore. Jan. 17, 1804 John, earl St. Vincent. Sir Philip Stephens, bart. Sir Thomas Troubridge, bart James Adams. John Markham. John Lemon, and Sir Harry Burrard Neale, bart. May 15, 1804. Henry, viscount Melville. Sir Philip Stephens, bart. James Gambier. Sir Harry Burrard Neale, bart. Sir John Colpoys, K. B, Philip Patton, and William Dickinson, jun. Sept. 13, 1804. Henry, viscount Melville. Sir Philip Stephens, bart. James Gambier. Sir John Colpoys, K. B. Philip Patton. William Dickinson, jun., and Sir Evan Nepean, bart. May 2, 1805. Sir Charles Middleton, created lord Barham. Sir Philip Stephens, bart. James Gambier. Philip Patton. William Dickinson, jun. Sir Evan Nepean, bart., and George, lord Garlics. Feb. 10, 1806. Hon. Charles Grey. Sir Philip Stephens, bart. John Markham. Sir Charles Morice Pole, bart. Sir Harry Burrard Neale, bart. Lord William Russell. William, lord Kensington. Sept. 29, 1806. Rt. hon. Thomas Grenville, Sir Philip Stephens, bart. John Markham. Sir Charles Morice Pole, bart. M 2 164 STATESMEN AKD STATE OFFICERS. Sir Harry Burrard Neale, bart. Lord William Russell. William, lord Kensington. Oct. 23, 1806. Rt. hon. Thomas Grenville. John Markham. Sir Harry Burrard Neale, bart. Lord William Russell. William, lord Kensington. Thomas-Francis Fremantle. William Frankland. April 6, 1807. Henry, lord Mulgrave. James Gambler. Sir Richard Bickerton, bart. William Johnstone Hope. Robert Ward. Henry-John, lord Palmerston. James Buller. May 9, 1808. Henry, lord Mulgrave. Sir Richard Bickerton, bart William Johnstone Hope. Robert Ward. Henry-John, viscount Palmerston. James Buller. William Domett. Nov. 24, 1809. Henry, lord Mulgrave. Sir Richard Bickerton, bart. Robert Ward. James Buller. William Domett. Robert Moorsom. William, viscount Lowther. May 1, 1810. Rt. hon. Charles Yorke. Sir Richard Bickerton, bart. Robert Ward. James Buller. William Domett. Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, knt. Hon. Frederick John Robinson. June 17, 1811. Rt. hon. Charles Yorke. Sir Richard Bickerton, bart. James Buller. William Domett. Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, knt. Hon. Frederick John Robinson. Horatio, lord Walpole. March 25, 1812. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. William Domett. Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, knt. Hon. Frederick John Robinson. Horatio, lord Walpole. Rt. hon. William Dundas. George Johnstone Hope. Oct. 5, 1812. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. William Domett. Sir J oseph Sydney Yorke, knt. Rt. hon. William Dundas. George- Johnstone Hope. Sir George Warrender, bart. John Osborn. May 18, 1813. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. William Domett. Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, knt. Rt. hon. William Dundas. Sir George Warrender, bart. John Osborn, and Lord Henry Paulet. Oct. 23, 1813. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, knt. Rt. hon. William*^ Dundas. George Johnstone Hope. Sir George Warrender, bart. John Osborn, and Lord Henry Paulet. Aug. 23, 1814. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Sir Joseph Sj^dney Yorke, knt. George-Johnstone Hope. Sir George Warrender, bart. John Osborn. Lord Henry Paulet, and Barrington Pope Blachford. May 24, 1816. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, K. C. B. Sir George Hope, K. C. B. Sir George Warrender, bart. John Osborn. Sir Graham Moore, K. C. B. Henry, marquess of Worcester. April 2, 1818. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Sir George Warrender, bart. John Osborn. Sir Graham Moore, K. C. B. Henry, marquess of Worcester. Sir George Cockburn, G. C. B. Sir Henry Hotham, K. C. B. March 15, 1819. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Sir George Warrender, bart. Sir John Osborn, bart. Sir Graham Moore, K. C. B. Sir George Cockburn, G. C. B. Sir Henry Hotham, K. C. B. Sir George Clerk, bart. March 13, 1820. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Sir William- Johnstone Hope, K. C. B. Sir George Warrender, bart. Sir John Osborn, bart. Sir George Cockburn, G. C. B. Sir Henry Hotham, K. 0. B. Sir George Clerk, bart. Feb. 8, 1822. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Sir William Johnstone Hope, K. C. B. Sir John Osborn, bart. Sir George Cockburn, G. C. B. Sir Henry Hotham, K. C. B. Sir George Clerk, bart. William Robert Keith Douglas. March 23, 1822. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Sir William Johnstone Hope, K. C. B. LOED HIGH ADMIRALS. 165 Sir John Osborn, bart. Sir George Cockbum, G. C. B. Sir George Clerk, bart. Feb. 16, 1824. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Sir William Johnstone Hope, K. C. B. Sir George Cockburn, G. C. B. Sir George Clerk, bart. William Robert Keith Douglas. May 2, 1827. His royal highness, William Henry, duke of Clarence, Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. H. R. H. Council. Vice adm. sir William Johnstone Hope, G. C. B. Vice adm. Rt. hon. sir George Cockburn, G. C.B. William- Robert Keith Douglas. John Evelyn Denison. Feb. 4, 1828. Vice adm. sir William Johnstone Hope, G. C. B. Vice adm. Rt. hon. sir George Cockburn, G. C. B. Sir George Clerk, bart. George- Charles, earl of Brecknock. March 12, 1828. Vice adm. Rt. hon. sir George Cockburn, G. C. B. Sir George Clerk, bart. George-Charles, earl of Brecknock. Rear admiral sir Edward- William Campbell Rich Owen, K. C.B. [The duke of Clarence resigned the office of lord high admiral, Aug. 12, 1828.] Commissioners For executing the office of Lord High Admiral of Great Britain, ^c. Sept. 19, 1828. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Vice admiral sir George Cockburn. Vice Admiral sir Henry Hotham. Sir George Clerk, bart. George-Charles, earl of Brecknock. July 15, 1829. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Vice admiral sir George Cockburn. Vice admiral sir Henry Hotham. Sir George Clerk, bart. Frederick, viscount Castlereagh. July 31, 1830. Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville. Vice admiral sir George Cockburn. Vice admiral sir Henry Hotham. Frederick, viscount Castlereagh. Charles Ross. Nov. 25, 1830. Rt. hon. sir James-Robert-George Graham, bart. Rear admiral sir Thomas Masterman Hardy. Rear admiral hon. George Heneage L. Dundas. Sir Samuel-John Brooke Pechell, bart. Hon. George Barrington. June 8, 1832. Rt. hon. sir James-Robert-George Graham, bart. Rear admiral sir T. M. Hardy. Rear admiral hon. George Heneage L. Dundas. Sir Samuel- John Brooke Pechell, bart. Hon. George Barrington. Henry Labouchere. April 13, 1833. Rt. hon. sir James R. G. Graham, bart. Rear admiral sir T. M. Hardy. Rear admiral hon. George Heneage L. Dundas. Sir Samuel- John Brooke Pechell, bart. Henry Labouchere, and Hon. Maurice- Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley. June 11, 1834. Rt. hon. George, lord Auckland. Rear admiral sir T. M. Hardy. Rear admiral hon. George Heneage L. Dundas. Sir Samuel-John Brooke Pechell, bart. Henry Labouchere, and Hon. Maurice- Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley. Aug. 1, 1834. Rt. hon. George, lord Auckland. Hon. George-Heneage-Lawrence Dundas. Sir Samuel-John Brooke Pechell, bart. Henry Labouchere, and Hon. M. F. Fitzhardinge Berkeley. Nov. 1, 1834. Rt. hon. George, lord Auckland. Rear admiral sir Charles Adam. Rear admiral sir William Parker. Sir Samuel- John Brooke Pechell, bart. Henry Labouchere, and Hon. M. F. Fitzhardinge Berkeley. Dec. 23, 1834. Thomas-Philip, earl de Grey. Vice admiral sir George Cockburn. Sir John Poo Beresford, bart. Sir Charles Rowley, K. C. B. Anthony, lord Ashley. Rt. hon. Maurice Fitzgerald. April 25, 1835. Rt. hon. George, lord Auckland. Rear admiral sir Charles Adam. Rear admiral sir William Parker. Capt. George Elliot. Sir Edward-Thomas Troubridge, bart. Archibald, lord Dalmeny. Sept. 19, 1835. Gilbert, earl of Minto. Rear admiral sir Charles Adam. Rear admiral sir William Parker. Capt. George Elliot. Sir Edward-Thomas Troubridge, bart. Archibald, lord Dalmeny. July 22, 1837. Gilbert, earl of Minto. Vice admiral, sir Charles Adam. Rear admiral sir William Parker. Sir Edward-Thomas Troubridge, bart. Archibald, lord Dalmeny. Hon. Maurice F. Fitzhardinge Berkeley. March 5, 1839. Gilbert, earl of Minto. Sir Charles Adam. Sir William Parker. Sir Edward-Thomas Troubridge, bart. Sir Samuel-John Brooke Pechell, bart. Archibald, lord Dalmeny. June 25, 1841. Gilbert, earl of Minto. Sir Charles Adam. 3 166 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEES. Sir Edward-Thomas Troubridge, bart. Sir Samuel- John B. Pechell, bart. Archibald, lord Dalmeny. Capt. James Whitley Deans Dundas, C. B. Sept. 8, 1841. Thomas, earl of Haddington. Admiral sir George Cockburn. Vice admiral sir William Hall Gage. Sir George-Francis Seymour, knt. Hon. William Gordon, capt. R. N. Hon. Henry-Thomas Lowry Corry. May 22, 1844. Thomas, earl of Haddington. Admiral sir George Cockburn. Vice admiral sir William Hall Gage. Rear admiral William Bowles. Hon. William Gordon. Hon. Henry-Thomas Lowry Corry. Feb. 12, 1845. Thomas, earl of Haddington. Admiral sir George Cockburn. Vice admiral sir William Hall Gage Rear admiral William Bowles. Hon. William Gordon. Hon. Henry Fitzroy. Jan. 13, 1846. Edward, earl of Ellenborough. Admiral sir George Cockburn. Vice admiral sir William Hall Gage. Rear admiral William Bowles. Hon. William Gordon. Hon. Henry Fitzroy. Feb. 17, 1846. Edward, earl of Ellenrorough. Admiral sir George Cockburn. Vice admiral sir William Hall Gage. Rear admiral William Bowles. Hon. Henry Fitzroy. Hon. Henry-John Rous. July 13, 1846. George, earl of Auckland. Vice admiral sir William Parker. Rear admiral James Whitley Deans Dundas, C. B. Hon. captain Maurice-Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley, C. B. Capt. lord John Hay, C. B. Hon. William-Francis Cowper. July 24, 1846. George, earl of Auckland. Vice admiral sir Charles Adam. Rear admiral James Whitley Deans Dundas, C. B. Hon. captain Maurice-Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley, C. B. Capt. lord John Hay, C. B. Hon. William-Francis Covfper. July 20, 1847. George, earl of Auckland. Rear admiral James Whitley Deans Dundas, C. B. Rear admiral Henry Prescott. Hon. captain Maurice-Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley, C. B. Capt. lord John Hay, C. B. Hon. WilUam-Francis Cowper. Dec. 23, 1847. George, earl of Auckland. Rear admiral James Whitley Deans Dundas, C.B. Hon. captain Maurice-Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley, C. B. Capt. lord John Hay, C. B. Capt. Alexander Milne. Hon. William-Francis Cowper. Jan. 18, 1849. Sir Francis Thornhill Baring, bart., M. P. Rear admiral James Whitley Deans Dundas, C.B. Hon. Maurice- Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley, now rear admiral, C. B. Capt. lord John Hay, C. B. Capt. Alexander Milne. Hon. William-Francis Cowper. Jan. 30, 1850. Sir Francis Thornhill Baring, bart. Rear admiral James Whitley Deans Dundas, C.B. Rear admiral hon. Maurice-Frederick Fitz- hardinge Berkeley, C. B. Capt. Houston Stewart, C. B. Capt. Alexander Milne. Hon. William-Francis Cowper. The present (1850) Commissioners for ex- ecuting the office of Lord High Admiral. Secretaries of the Admiralty since the Eevolution. 1689. 1690. 1694. 1695. 1698. 1742. 1751. 1763. 1795. 1804. [Samuel Pepys, esq., the then Seecretary, was dismissed at the Revolution.] March. Phineas Bowles, esq. Jan. 17. James Southern, esq. Aug. 1. William Bridgeman, esq. Jan. June 24 The preceding, and j jointly. M. P., Josiah Burchett, esq J osiah Burchett, esq. ahne. Thomas Corbett, esq. M. P. John Cleveland, esq. M. P. June 19. Philip Stephens, esq., afterwards sir Philip Stephens, bart. Mar. 3. Evan Nepean, esq., afterwards sir Evan Nepean, bart. Jan. 21. Wilham Marsden, esq. Oct. 14. May 1. 1807. June 24. Hon. Wm. Wellesley Pole, M. P., afterwards lord Maryborough. 1809. Oct. 9. John-Wilson Croker, esq. M. P., privy councillor in 1827. 1830. Nov. 29. Hon. George Elliot, capt. R. N., M. P. 1S34. Dec. 24. Rt. hon. George Robert Dawson. 1835. Apr. 27. Charles Wood, esq., afterwards sir Charles Wood, bart. 1839. Oct. 4. Richard More O'Ferral, esq. M. P. 1841. June 9. John Parker, esq. M. P. — Sept. 10. Hon. Sidney Herbert, M. P. 1845. Feb. 13. Rt. hon. H. T. Lowrv Corry, M. P. 1846. July 13. Henry- George Ward, esq. M. P. 1849. May 21. John Parker, esq., M.P. The present (1850) Secretary. CHANCELLOES OF THE EXCHEQUER. 167 Second Secretaries to the Admiralty since 1702.^ 1702. May 20. George Clarke, esq. joint secre- tary, to Oct. 25, 1705. 1728. June 25. Thornas Corbett, esq., deputy and afterwards joint secretary, to Oct. 13, 1742. 1744. Nov. 17. Robert Osborne, esq., deputy se- cretary. 1746. Aug. 4. John Cleveland, esq., second se- cretary, to May 1, 1750. 1756. June 15. John Milnes, esq., deputy secre- tary. 1759. Oct. 16. Philip Stephens, esq,, second se- cretary. 1764. June 28. Charles Fearne, esq., deputy se- cretary. 1766. Nov. 11. Sir George Jackson, knt., deputy secretary. 1782. June 3. John Ibbotson, esq., deputy and second secretary. 1795. Mar. 3. William Marsden, esq., second secretary. 1804. Jan. 21. Benjamin Tucker, esq., second secretary. — May 22. John Barrow, esq., afterwards sir John Barrow, second secretary. 1806. Feb. 10. Benjamin Tucker, esq., againy second secretary. 1807. April 9. Sir John Barrow, bart. (so cre- ated 1835), second secretary. 1845. Jan 28. Capt. William-Alexander Baillie Hamilton, R. N., second se- cretary. The PRESENT (1850) Second Secretary. THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER. The lord chancellor in ancient times performed part of his duties in the Exchequer ; he acted with the chief justiciar in matters of revenue. Madox supposes the chancery to have been separated from the exchequer about the close of Richard I.'s reign, or the beginning of the reign of John; and the appointment of Chancellor of the Exchequer appears to have taken place soon afterwards. John Mansell was appointed to reside at the Receipt of the Exchequer, 18 Hen. III. (1234), and this seems to have been the first appointment of a Chancellor of the Exchequer. — Mr» Thomas's Notes of the Rolls' Office. This officer is often mentioned in the reign of Henry HI. Ralf de Leycestre surrendered the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer 32 Henry III., and the king committed the exchequer seal to Edward de Westminster. The same king by his writ commanded Albric de Fiscamp to execute the office ; and he gave leave to GeolTrey Giffard, Chancellor of the Exchequer, to substitute a fit person to act for him, as often as his affairs should render his absence necessary. Henry III. also, by his writ, had the custody of the exchequer seal delivered to Roger de la Leye, to be kept by him durante bene placito. — Idem. The Chancellor of the Exchequer is one of the lords of the treasury, except on particular emergencies, when the office is held by the lord chief justice of the king's bench.^ It is difficult to describe the present various functions of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. In fact he exercises all the powers vested in the treasury board, and has therefore the entire control and management of all matters relating to the receipt and expenditure of the public money. — Idem. The Chancellor of the Exchequer was, also, entitled to sit, as well as the Lord Treasurer, with the Barons of the Exchequer, when they sat, in what was called the Exchequer Chamber, as a court of equity. " As late as Michaelmas term, 1735," Mr. Thomas states, " Sir Robert Walpole sat as Chancellor of the Exchequer, in the case of Naish v. the East India Company., in which the barons were equally divided in opinion, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer decided, after a hearing of three days, and the decision is reported to have given general satisfaction.*' The equity jurisdic- * The office of Second Secretary existed at first only at intervals, and under various titles ; but the succession has been regular since the year 1756, and the name has been the same since Jan. 13, 1783. 2 Sir John Pratt was chancellor of the exchequer in 1721, sir William Lee in 1754 ; lord Mansfield, in 1767 and 1767; lord EUenborough, in 1806; and, more recently, lord Denman in 1834, from 2d to the 10th December ; all of them lord chief justices of England. The reason assigned for the lord chief justice holding the post is, that the writs and other process issuing from the court of exchequer from day to day, and from hour to hour, require to be sealed instanter with the initial seal of the chancellor of the exchequer, and sometimes certain appointments require to be signed ; and when on occasions there happens to be no finance minister of the crown, the lord chief justice holds the o^ce. — Notes of the Rolls' Office. M 4 168 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. tion of the court of exchequer is now abolished, having been transferred to the court of chancery in 1841.i Roll of the Chancellors of the Exchequer. From the Restoration of King Charles II. to the present time. W The earlier Chancellors will be found in the roll of Lord Treasurers. King Charles II. Sept, 8, 1660. Sir Robert Long. May 24, 1667. Anthony, lord Ashley, afterwards earl of Shaftes- bury. Nov. 13, 1672. Sir John Duncombe, knt. March 26, 1679. Hon. Lawrence Hyde, afterwards viscount Hyde and earl of Rochester. Nov. 21, 1679. Sir John Ernie (Ernley), knt. King James II. Sir John Ernley, continued. William and Mary. April 8, 1689. Henry, lord De la Mere, afterwards earl of War- rington, March 18, 1690. Rt. hon. Richard Hampden. May 3, 1694. Sidney, lord Godolphin ; and first commissioner of the treasury. Afterwards earl of Godolphin. King William III., alone. Nov. 1, 1695. Rt. hon. Charles Montagu. May 1, 1697. Rt. hon. Charles Montagu ; and first commis- sioner of the treasury. Nov. 15, 1699. Rt. hon. John Smith, afterwards speaker of the house of commons. March 29, 1701. Hon. Henry Boyle, afterwards baron Carleton. Queen Anne. Hon. Henry Boyle, continued. Feb. 11, 1708. Rt. hon. John Smith, speaker of the house of commons, again. Aug. 10, 1710. Rt. hon. Robert Harley, afterwards earl of Ox- ford and Mortimer. June 14, 1711. Rt. hon. Robert Benson, afterwards lord Bingley. Nov. 1, 1713. Sir William Wyndham, bart. King George I. Oct. 13, 1714. Sir Richard Onslow, bart., previously speaker of the house of commons ; created lord Onslow, in 1716. Oct. 11, 1715. Rt. hon. Robert Walpole, afterwards sir Robert ; first commissioner of the treasury; resigned April 10, 1717. April 15, 1717. Rt. hon. James Stanhope; and first lord of the treasury ; afterwards earl Stanhope. March 18, 1718. Rt. hon. John Aislabie : resigned Jan. 23, 1721. Jan. 25, 1721. Sir John Pratt, lord chief justice of the king's bench, pro tem. April 3, 1721. Rt. hon. Robert Walpole (sir Robert) ; and first lord of the treasury. [This powerful minister continued at the head of the government until Feb. 3, 1742, when he resigned, and was created baron Houghton, viscount Walpole, and earl of Orford : died in 1745.] Feb. 16, 1742. Rt. hon. Samuel Sandys, afterwards baron San- dys. Aug. 25, 1743. Hon. Henry Pelham ; and first lord of the trea- sury. [He continued, a very short interval excepted, as head of the executive until his death, March 6, 1754.] March 9, 1754. Sir William Lee, knt., lord chief justice of the king's bench, pro tem. April 6, 1754. Hon. Henry Bilson Legge. Nov. 22, 1755. Sir George Lyttelton, bart., afterwards lord Lyttelton, of Frankley: resigned Nov. 11, 1756. roL7,.!i^ ^^^^^ ^/ I^J ^P^H' yiy^ich we have made the preceding extracts, is an unpubHshed work of great research, compued bv the learned antiquary, Mr. Thomas, Secretary of the Rolls' Office. CHANCELLORS OF Nov. 15, 1756. Hon. Henry Bilson Legge, again. April 9, 1757. William, lord Mansfield, lord chief justice of the king's bench, pro tern. July 2, 1757. Hon. Henry Bilson Legge, again. King George III. March 12, 1761. William Wildman, viscount Barrington. May 28, 1762. Sir Francis Dashwood, bart., afterwards lord Le Despencer : resigned April, 1763. April 15, 1763. Rt. hon. George Grenville ; and first lord of the treasury, July 10, 1765. Rt. hon. William Dowdeswell . resigned July, 1766. Aug. 2, 1766. Hon. Charles Townshend : died Sept. 4, 1767. Sept. 12, 1767. William, lord Mansfield, lord chief justice of the king's bench, again, pro tern. Dec. 10, 1767. Frederick, lord North. Feb. 10, 1770. Frederick, lord North, now, also, first lord of the treasury. [He continued at the head of the government until March 19, 1782, when he resigned. Suc- ceeded as earl of Guilford, Aug. 4, 1790 ; and died Aug. 5, 1792.] March 27, 1782. Lord John Cavendish : resigned in July. July 13, 1782. Rt. hon. William Pitt : resigned April, 1783. April 4. 1783. Lord John Cavendish, again. Dec. 27, 1783. Rt. hon. William Pitt ; and first lord of the trea- sury. [This illustrious statesman continued prime minister until 1801, when he resigned.] March 21, 1801. Rt. hon. Henry Addington ; and first lord of the treasury : previously speaker of the house of commons ; afterwards viscount Sidmouth. May 16, 1804. Rt. hon. William Pitt (again) ; and first lord of the treasury. [Held the united office until his death, Jan. 23, 1806.] THE EXCHEQUER. jeo Jan. 1806. Edward, lord Ellenborough, lord chief justice of the king's bench, on Mr. Pitt's decease, pro tem. ^ Feb. 10, 1806. Lord Henry Petty, afterwards marquess of Lans- downe. March 31, 1807. Rt. hon. Spencer Perceval. Dec. 6, 1809. Rt. hon. Spencer Perceval ; and first lord of the treasury. [Mr. Perceval continued prime minister until his death, by assassination. May 11, 1812.] June 9, 1812. Rt. hon. Nicholas Yansittart. King George IV. Rt. hon. Nicholas Vansittart, continued: resigned Jan. 1823 ; and created baron Bexley, March 1, 1823. Jan. 31, 1823. Rt. hon. Frederick John Robinson, afterwards successively viscount Goderich and earl of Ripon. April 24, 1827. Rt. hon. George Canning ; also first lord of the treasury : died Aug. 8, same year. Aug. 17, 1827. Rt. hon. John Charles Herries. Jan. 26, 1828. Rt. hon. Henry Goulburn. King William IV. Rt. hon. Henry Goulburn, continued, Nov. 22, 1830. John -Charles, viscount Althorpe ; afterwards earl Spencer. Dec. 2, 1834. Lord Denman, lord chief justice of the king's bench, pro tem. Dec. 10, 1834. Sir Robert Peel, bart. ; also first lord of the trea- sury. April 18, 1835. Rt. hon. Thomas Spring Rice, afterwards lord Monteagle. Queen Victoria. Rt. hon. Thomas Spring Rice, continued. Cre- ated lord Monteagle in Sept. 1839. Aug. 26, 1839. Rt. hon. Francis Thornhill Baring: afterwards sir Francis, bart. Sept. 3, 1841. Rt. hon. Henry Goulburn, again. July 6, 1846. Rt. hon. Charles Wood, afterwards sir Charles Wood, bart. The present (1850) Chancellor of the Exchequer. In some instances the date of the commission to the lords of the treasury, instead of that of the ai>- pointment separately, is adopted in the preceding list. 170 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. THE PRINCIPAL SECRETARIES OF STATE. The Principal Secretaries of State have been, by their office, members of the privy council ever since the reign of queen Elizabeth ; before that time they only pre- pared business for the council board in a room adjoining to the council chamber, nothing being debated in their presence. The earliest mention of a King's Secretary (Secretarius Noster) occurs in the 37th of Henry III. 1253. — Rymers Fcedera. There was only one Principal Secretary of State until near the close of Henry VIII.'s reign, when that sovereign increased the number to two, both of equal rank and authority. Upon the union with Scotland, queen Anne augmented the number to three, viz. : a Principal Secretary of State for Scotch Affairs ; which appointment was afterwards laid aside. In the reign of George III. 1768, the number was again increased to three, one for the American or Colonial department; but in 1782, this office also was abolished by act of parliament. The two other Secretaries at this time were the Secretary for the Northern Department, or province, which included the Low Countries, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Russia, &c. ; and the Secretary for the Southern Department, or province, which included France, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Turkey. The affairs of Ireland and the colonies devolved upon the elder of these two secretaries. In the last-mentioned year (1782), the terms Northern*' and Southern" were discontinued, and the duties divided into "Home" and "Foreign." On July 11, 1794, a Secretary for War was appointed, and to him the business of the Colonies was transferred in 1801 : the two departments have since remained consolidated. At pre- sent there are a Principal Secretary of State for the Home Department, a Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and a Principal Secretary of State for War and Colonies : these personages are necessarily privy councillors, and always members of the cabinet. Usually two of the Secretaries are in the lower, and one in the upper, house of parliament. This order, however, is sometimes reversed ; but there is no instance of the three Secretaries being at one and the same time members of the same branch of the legislature while there were only two Secretaries, however, the in- stances were frequent. Secretaries of State. The earlier dates represent the time when they were found to be secretaries, not their appointments ; unless expressly so mentioned. King Henry HI. 1253. John Maunsell, described as " secretarius noster.^' King Edward I. 1278. Francis Accursii. 1299. John de Benstede. 1308. King Edward II. William de Melton. King Richard II. 1379. Robert Braybrooke. King Henry IV. 1402. John Profit; held the office until 1412, when he was appointed lord privy seal. King Henry V. 1415. John Stone; who, before 1421, was suc- ceeded by William Alnwick. King Henry YI. 1432. William Hayton: dismissed and no per- son at that time appointed to succeed him. 1439. Thomas Beckington ; who held the office until 1443, when he was appointed privy seal. 1460. Thomas Manning. Kind Edward IV. 1464. William Hatcliffe, called "one of the king's secretaries." — Foedera. Called secretary and councillor, in 1467 : held the office until 1480, when a coadjutor (Dr. King) was given him on account of his age: Dr. King was to succeed him. Hatcliffig died same year. 1480. Doctor Oliver King. King Richard HI. 1483. John Kendal; Dr. King having been re- moved. Mr. Kendal was secretary on Aug. 1, 1485. in fi?i ;„To unpublished Notes we take many of the earlier names, with their respective dates, l^.^rho J^/ "l^^^o^^^'"''^^"^^ of State, says, in reference to the office of Secretary of State, that, "what- a mhorlfl pTk -Secretaries, they constitute but one officer, and are co-ordinate and equal in rank and befng Se matter VfTrangemen^ ^^'^ "^"""^ ^^'^^ Secretary of State, the division of duties SECEETAKIES OF STATE. 171 King Henry VII. 1485. Dr. Richard Fox : made bishop of Exeter in 1487 ; probably succeeded by 1487. Dr. Oliver King, who was certainly secre- tary in 1489 and in 1492, when he was made bishop of Exeter ; probably suc- ceeded by 1500. Dr. Thomas Ruthal, or Routhall, who was certainly secretary in 1500 and to 1509, when he became bishop of Durham. King Henry VIII. 1509. Dr. Routhall, continued. Secretary until May 1516, when he became privy seal. 1516. Dr. Richard Pace. 1526. Dr. William Knight. 1528. Dr. Stephen Gardiner; elected in 1531 bishop of Winchester. 1533. Thomas Cromwell, afterwards lord Crom- well and earl of Essex : privy seal, July 2, 1536. 1536. Thomas Wriothesley. First Appointment of Two Secretaries. 1539. Thomas Wriothesley, and — Sir Ralph Sadler, knt. 1543. Sir William Petre, knt. : succeeded Wrio- thesley. — Sir William Paget, knt., in room of sir Ralph Sadler. April 23. King Edward VI. 1547. Sir William Petre, and — Sir William Paget, knts., continued, 1548. Sir William Petre, and — Sir Thomas Smith, knts. 1549. Dr. Nicholas Wotton, and — Sir William Petre, knt. — Sir William Cecil, knt., in the room of Wotton. 1551. Sir William Petre and sir William Cecil, " our secretaries." 1553. Sir John Cheke ; in addition to sir William Petre and sir William Cecil. Queen Mary. 1553. Sir William Petre, and sir John Bourne, knts. 1557. John Boxall, the first secretary appointed by letters-patent. Queen Elizabeth. 1558. Sir William Cecil, knt., afterwards lord Burleigh ; lord-treasurer in 1572. 1572. Sir Thomas Smith, knt. 1574. Sir Francis Walsingham. 1578. Thomas Wilson, appointed by patent, Jan. 5, in addition to sir Francis Wal- singham. 1586. William Davison, appointed "one of the chief secretaries " by patent. 1596. Sir Robert Cecil, knt., also appointed " one of the chief secretaries " by patent. July [He continued secretary during the re- mainder of this reign. ] King James I. 1603. Sir Robert Cecil, continued: afterwards earl of Salisbury. 1609. Sir Alexander Hay. 1612. Thomas Hamilton. 1616. Sir Ralph Winwood, knt. — Sir Thomas Lake. 1618. Sir John Herbert, vice Winwood. — Sir Robert Naunton, vice Herbert. 1619. Sir George Calvert, afterwards lord Balti- more, vice Lake. 1622. Sir Edward Conway (afterwards lord Con- way) vice Naunton. King Charles I. 1625. Sir Albertus Morton. April 9. — Sir Edward, lord Conway, contijiued, ^ April 23. — Sir John Coke, vice Morton. Nov. 9. 1630. Sir Dudley Carleton, lord Carleton, after- wards viscount Dorchester, vice Conway. 1632. Francis, lord Cottington, vice Dorchester. — Sir Harry Vane, knt., vice Coke. — Sir Francis Windebanke, vice Cottington. 1641. Sir Edward Nicholas, vice Windebanke. 1642. Lucius, viscount Falkland, vice Vane. — George, lord Digby, vice Falkland. [On the commencement of the civil war all went into confusion. The name of Secretary of State was abolished during the interregnum.] The Restoration. King Charles II. 1660. Sir Edward Nicholas. June 1. — Sir William Morrice. June 30. 1662. Sir Henry Bennet, afterwards earl of Ar- lingtoni, vice Nicholas. 1668. Sir John Trevor, knt. vice Morrice. Sept. 29. 1672. Henry Coventry, vice Trevor. July 18. 1674. Sir Joseph Williamson, knt. vice lord Arlington. Sept. 11. 1678. Robert, earl of Sunderland, vice William- son. Feb. 20. 1680. Sir Leoline Jenldns, knt. vice Coventry. Feb. 11. 1681. Edward, earl of Conway, vice lord Sunder- land. March 9. 1683. Robert, earl of Sunderland, again, vice lord Conway. March 6. 1684. Sidney Godolphin, afterwards earl of Go- dolphin, vice Jenkins. May 1. — Charles, earl of Middleton, vice Godolphin. Sept. 25. ' One of the five Cabal ministers. The ministers so denominated were, Lord Clifford, the earl of Arlington, the duke of Buckingham, lord Ashley and the duke of Lauderdale ; the initial letters of whose names make up the word. See Administrations . But this appears to have been merely an accidental coincidence. The term Cabal was derived (through the medium of the French Cabale) from the Cabala, or secret doctrine of the Jews, and was used in England to designate the small body of persons having in their hands the supreme direction of the affairs of state even before the Restoration. It probably carried with it at first something of an offensive sense ; but that meaning would seem to have been wearing away when it was revived and fixed by the unpopu- larity of the ministry of 1670. The word, we believe, has never since been applied except to convey an imputa- tion of objectionable as well as secret combination ; and it has in later t'mes been more commonly used to desig- nate any self-constituted knot of factious intriguers than a ministry or cabinet. Another error into which some of our writers have fallen, relates to the term cabinet council. 1 hey state that the cabinet council was so called, from having been usually held, in the reign of Charles I., in the cabinet or closet of queen Henrietta. Be this as it may, it is manifest, however, that the name was familiar enough in England long before that time. 172 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. King James II. 1685. Robert, earl of Sunderland, again. March 13. 1688. Richard, viscount Preston, vice lord Mid- dleton. King William III. 1689. Charles, earl of Shrewsbury. Feb. 19. — Daniel, earl of Nottingham. 1690. Henry, viscount Sydney, afterwards earl Romney, vice lord Shrewsbury. Dec. 26. 1692. Sir John Trenchard, knt. vice lord Sydney. 1694. Charles, earl of Shrewsbury, vice lord Not- tingham. March 4. 1695. Sir William Trumbull, knt. vice Trenchard. May 3. 1697. James Vernon, vice Trumbull. Dec. 5. 1700. Edward, earl of Jersey, vice lord Shrews- bury. May 26. — Sir Charles Hedges, knt.i vice Vernon. Nov. 6. 1701. Charles, earl of Manchester, vice lord Jersey. Jan. 4. Queen Anne. 1702. Daniel, earl of Nottingham. May 15. — Sir Charles Hedges, again, May 2. 1704. Robert Harley, afterwards earl of Oxford and earl Mortimer, vice lord Notting- ham. May 18. 1706. Charles, earl of Sunderland, vice Hedges. Dec. 3. 1708. Henry Boyle, afterwards lord Carleton, vice Harley. Feb. 15. 1710. William, lord Dartmouth, afterwards earl of Dartmouth. June 15. — Henry St. John, afterwards viscount Bo- lingbroke. Sept. 21. 1713. William Bromley, vice lord Dartmouth. King George 1. Sept. 27, 1714. Charles, viscount Townshend, vice lord Boling- broke.2 James Stanhope, afterwards earl Stanhope, vice Bromley. June 23, 1716. Paul Methuen, in the absence of Mr. Stanhope. April 16, 1717. Charles, earl of Sunderland, vice lord Stanhope. Joseph Addison, vice lord Townshend. March 16, 1718. James Craggs, vice Addison. James, earl Stanhope, again, vice lord Sunder- land. March 18. Feb. 10,' 1721. Charles, viscount Townshend, vice lord Stanhope. John, lord Carteret (afterwards earl Granville), vice Craggs. March 5. April 14, 1724. Thomas Holies, duke of Newcastle, vice lord Carteret. King George II. Duke of Newcastle, and Viscount Townshend, continued; patents dated July 27, 1727. June 27, 1730. William, lord Harrington, afterwards earl of Harrington, vice lord Townshend. Feb. 15, 1742. John, lord Carteret again, vice lord Harrington. Nov. 27, 1744. William, earl of Harrington, vice lord Carteret. Feb. 10, 1746. John, earl Granville, vice lord Harrington. Feb. 14, 1746. Thomas Holies, duke of Newcastle. William, earl of Harrington, vice lord Granville. Nov. 4, 1746. Philip Dormer, earl of Chesterfield, vice lord Harrington. Feb. 13, 1748. John, duke of Bedford, vice lord Chesterfield. June 21, 1751. Robert, earl of Holdernesse, vice the duke of Bedford. April 15, 1754. Sir Thomas Robinson, afterwards lord Grant- ham, vice the duke of Newcastle. Nov. 25, 1755. Rt. hon. Henry Fox, afterwards lord Holland, vice sir Thomas Robinson. Dec. 14, 1756. Rt. hon. William Pitt (afterwards earl of Chat- ham), vice Mr. Fox: he resigned in April, 1757. June 30, 1757. Rt. hon. William Pitt, again. King George III. Rt. hon. William Pitt, and Robert, earl of Holdernesse, continued. March 25, 1761. John, earl of Bute, vice the earl of Holdernesse; patent dated April 13. Oct. 9, 1761. Charles, earl of Egremont, vice Mr. Pitt ; patent dated Oct. 23. May 29, 1762. Hon. George Grenville, vice lord Bute; patent dated June 19. ^ The duchess of Marlborough, in a letter to queen Anne, thus speaks contemptuously of Sir Charles Hedges : " He has no capacity, no quality, no interest ; nor could he ever have been in that post (that of secretary of state), but, as every body knows, my lord Rochester cares for nothing so much as a man that he thinks will depend upon him." — Cootes^s English Civilians. 2 " Mr. Murray arrived express from Hanover, and brought orders from the regency for removing lord Bolingbroke from his office of secretary of state ; the seals were in consequence taken from him, and the doors of his office locked and sealed up. — Annals of Great Britain. The Whigs having gained the ascendancy on the accession of George I., preparations were made for the impeachment of Bolingbroke, who fled to France, and being invited to Lorraine by Charles Stuart, the Pretender, he became his secretary of state. For this he was impeached and attainted, and was not allowed to return to England until 17'23. His estates were restored to him in 1725, when the attaint was removed, but in blood only. — Ch7'on. of Great Britain. SECRETARIES OF STATE. 173 Sept. 23, 1763. John, earl of Sandwich, vice lord Egremont. George, earl of Halifax, vice Mr. Grenville ; pa- tent dated Nov. 15. July 10, 1765. Augustus-Henry, duke of Grafton, vice lord Halifax. Hon. Henry Seymour Conway, vice lord Sand- wich. July 19. May 23, 1766. Charles, duke of Richmond, vice the duke of Grafton ; patent dated June 3. Aug. 18, 1766. William, earl of Shelburne, vice the duke of Richmond. Jan. 20, 1768. Thomas, viscount Weymouth, vice the hon. Henry Seymour Conway ; patent dated Feb. 5. Feb. 27, 1768. WillS; earl of Hillsborough, afterwards marquess of Downshire. Colonies. Nov. 11, 1768. William-Henry, earl of Rochford, vice lord Shel- burne ; date of patent as above. Dec. 19, 1770. John, earl of Sandwich, vice lord Weymouth. Jan, 22, 1771. George, earl of Halifax, vice lord Sandwich. June 12, 1771. Henry, earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, vice lord Halifax. Aug. 27, 1772. William, earl of Dartmouth. Colonies, Nov. 10, 1775. Thomas, viscount Weymouth, vice lord Roch- ford. Jan. 25, 1776. {Patent) Lord George Sackville Germaine*, afterwards viscount Sackville. Colonies. Oct. 27, 1779. David, viscount Stormont, vice lord Suffolk; patent dated Nov. 30. Nov. 24, 1779. Wills, earl of Hillsborough, vice lord Weymouth ; patent dated Jan. 19, 1780. Feb. 11, 1782. Rt. hon. Welbore Ellis, afterwards lord Mendip; patent dated March 8. Secretaries of State for the Home Department. March 27, 1782. William, earl of Shelburne, vice lord Stormont. Lord Shelburne was appointed first lord of the treasury, July 13, same year. July 17, 1782. Thomas, lord Grantham; resigned the seal, April, 1783. April 2, 1783. Frederick, lord North, afterwards earl of Guild- ford. Dec. 23, 1783. Francis, marquess of Carmarthen; afterwards succeeded as duke of Leeds. June 5, 1789. Rt. hon. William Wyndham Grenville, after- wards lord Grenville : became foreign secretary in May, 1791. June 8, 1791. Rt. hon. Henry Dundas, afterwards lord Mel- ville. Appointed colonial secretary, July 11, 1794. July 11, 1794. William- Henry, duke of Portland. Appointed lord president of the council, July 30, 1801. July 30, 1801. Thomas, lord Pelham, afterwards earl of Chi- chester. July 17, 1803. Rt. hon. Charles-Philip Yorke ; resigned in Maj^, 1804. May 12, 1804. Robert, lord Hawkesbury: afterwards earl of Liverpool. Feb. 5, 1806. George-John, earl Spencer. March 25, 1807. Robert, lord Hawkesbury, again. Nov. 1, 1809. Rt. hon. Richard Ryder. June 11, 1812. Rt. hon. Henry, viscount Sidmouth. Jan. 17, 1822. Rt. hon. Robert Peel: afterwards sir Robert Peel, bart. April 30, 1827. Rt. hon. William Sturges Bourne; afterwards first commissioner of woods and forests. July 16, 1827. Henry, marquess of Lansdowne. Jan. 26, 1828. Rt. hon. Robert Peel, again. ^ From his many accomplishments, great talents, his knowledge of official business, and the bias of his political opinions, lord George Sackville Germaine has been regarded by many as the author of the Letters of Junius. These Letters, however, have been ascribed to sir Philip Francis, the duke of Portland, and others, with equal probability. Junius was, as he himself said, " the depository of his own secret ; " and we may now well believe, after all the controversies that have taken place on the subject, that it has, indeed, " perished with him." 174 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. Nov. 22, 1830. William, viscount Melbourne; afterwards first lord of the treasury. July 19, 1834. John, viscount Duncannon; afterwards earl of Besborough. Dec. 15, 1834. Rt. hon. Henry Goulburn. April 18, 1835. Kt. hon. lord John Russell ; afterwards secretary for war and colonies. Aug. 30, 1839. Constantine-Henry, marquess of Normanby ; previously colonial secretary. Sept. 6, 1841. Rt. hon. sir James-Robert- George Graham, bart. July 6, 1846. Rt. hon. sir George Grey, bart. The present (1850) Secretary of State for the Home De- partment. Secretaries of State March 27, 1782. Rt. hon. Charles- James Fox : resigned J uly 5, 1782. July 13, 1782. Rt. hon. Thomas Townshend; afterwards lord Sydney. April 2, 1783. Rt. hon. Charles-James Fox, again. Dec. 19, 1783. George, earl Temple ; afterwards marquess of Buckingham. Dec. 23, 1783. Rt. hon. Thomas Townshend, lord, afterwards viscount Sydney, second time : resigned May, 1791. June 8, 1791. William Wyndham, lord Grenville; previously home secretary. Feb. 20, 1801. Robert, lord Hawkesbury ; became home secre- tary in May, 1804 : afterwards earl of Liver- pool. May 14, 1804. Dudley, lord Harrowby, afterwards earl of Harrowby. Jan. 11, 1805. Henry, lord Mulgrave, afterwards earl of Mul- grave. Feb. 7, 1806. Rt. hon. Charles-James Fox, again : died Sept. 13, 1806. Sept. 24, 1806. Charles, lord Howick, afterwards earl Grey. FOR Foreign Affairs. March 25, 1807. Rt. hon. George Canning : resigned Sept. 1809. Oct. 11, 1809. Henry, earl of Bathurst, afterwards colonial secretary. Dec. 6, 1809. Richard, marquess Wellesley. March 4, 1812. Robert, viscount Castlereagh ; afterwards mar- quess of Londonderry : died at his seat North Cray, in Kent, Aug. 12, 1822. Sept. 16, 1822. Rt. hon. George Canning : became first minister in April 1827 : died Aug. 8, same year. April 30, 1827. John-William, earl Dudley. June 2, 1828. George, earl of Aberdeen. Nov. 22, 1830. Henry-John, viscount Palmerston. Nov. 15, 1834. Arthur, duke of Wellington ; entrusted with the three seals of secretary of state ; he retained the seal of foreign secretary, Dec. 9, 1834. April 18, 1835. Henry- John, viscount Palmerston, again, Sept. 2, 1841. George, earl of Aberdeen, again. July 6, 1846. Henry-John, viscount Palmerston, third time. The PRESENT (1850) Secretary for Foreign Affairs. Secretaries of State for War and Colonies. July 11, 1794. Rt. hon. Henry Dundas, afterwards created viscount Melville ; secretary for war. [The business of the Colonies, which was carried on at the Home office, was transferred in 1801 to the department of War.] March 17, 1801. Robert, lord Hobart. May 12, 1804. John, earl Camden, afterwards created marquess Camden ; made lord-president of the council, July 1805. July 10, 1805. Robert, viscount Castlereagh. Feb. 14, 1806. Rt. hon. William Windham. SECRETARIES OF STATE. March 25, 1807. Robert, viscount Castlereagh, second time : be- came foreign secretary in June, 1812. Robert, earl of Liverpool, late lord Hawkes- bury ; previously foreign and home secretary ; afterwards first lord of the treasury. June 11, 1812. Henry, earl Bathurst ; previously foreign secre- tary. April 30, 1827. Frederick- John, viscount Goderich; appointed first lord of the treasury in August, same year. Aug. 17, 1827. Rt. hon. William Huskisson : resigned. May 80, 1828. Rt. hon. sir George Murray. Nov. 22, 1830. Frederick-John, viscount Goderich, afterwards earl of Ripon ; second time : appointed lord privy seal in April, 1833. April 3, 1833. Rt. hon. Edward-Geoffrey Smith Stanley, after- wards lord Stanley. June 5, 1834. Rt. hon. Thomas Spring Rice; afterwards lord Monteagle. George, earl of Aberdeen. April 18, 1835. Rt. hon. Charles Grant, afterwards lord Glenelg. Feb. 20, 1839. Constantine-Henry, marquess of Normanby. Aug. 30, 1839. Lord John Russell, afterwards first minister of the crown. Sept. 3, 1841. Rt. hon. lord Stanley, afterwards lord Stanley of Bickerstaff*e, summoned to the house of peers in 1844 ; second time. Dec. 23, 1845. Rt. hon. William-Ewart Gladstone; previously president of the board of trade. July 3, 1846. Henry, earl Grey. The present (1850) Secre- tary of State for War and Colonies. Principal Secretaries of State for Scotland, in England, (From the Union of the Kingdoms.) Queen Anne. 1708. James, duke of Queensbury and Dover. 1710. John, earl of Marr.i King George I. 1714. James, duke of Montrose. 1716. John, duke of Roxburgh. King George IL 1731. Charles, earl of Selkirk. Feb. 16, 1742. John, marquess of Tweeddale. He resigned in Jan. 1746, and the office since has never been revived. UNDER SECRETARIES OF STATE.^ Home Department. From the year 1782, when the Souther] 1782. Thomas Orde, and — Evan Nepean. — Henry Strachey, vice Orde. 1783. Hon. G. North, vice Strachey. 1784. Hon. John Thomas Townshend, vice North. Feb. 10. 1789. Scrope Bernard. 1792. John King, vice Bernard. 1796. Charles Greville. 1798. William Wickham, vice Greville. 1800. Edward Finch Hatton, vice Wickham. — Sir George Shee, bart., vice Hatton. 1803. Reginald Pole Carew, vice sir George Shee. was changed into the Home Department. 1804. John-Henry Smyth, vice Pole Carew. 1806. John Beckett, jun., afterwards sir John Beckett, bart., vice King. Feb. 19. — Charles Watkin Williams Wynn, vice Smyth. Same date. 1807. Hon. Charles Cecil Cope J enkinson, after- wards earl of Liverpool, vice Wynn. Oct. 10. 1810. Henry Goulburn, vice Jenkinson. Feb. 27. 1812. Rt. hon. John Hiley Addington, vice Goulburn. Aug. 21. 1817. Henry Hobhouse, vice Beckett. June 28. 1818. Henry Clive, vice Addington. April 21. * Soon after the accession of George I., the earl of Marr was deprived of all his offices, and joining the Pre- tender in 1715, followed him, on the failure of his enterprise to Rome, and was attainted by act of parliament : the earl died at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1732. The honours of the family were restored to John-Francis, the 12th earl, by his majesty George IV. 2 Among the persons eminently distinguished in literature, who were under secretaries of state, previous to 1782, when this list commences, were : Matthew Prior, the poet, 1699 ; Joseph Addison, the illustrious writer, 1707, secretary of state in 1717; and David Hume, the historian, 1765. 176 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1822. George-Robert Dawson, vice Clive. Jan. 17. 1827. Spencer Perceval, vice Dawson. Apr. 30. — Thomas Spring Rice, afterwards lord Monteagle, vice Perceval. July 16. — Samuel March Phillipps, vice Hobhouse. Same date. 1828. William Yates Peel, vice Spring Rice. April 5. 1830. Sir George Clerk, bart., vice Peel. Aug. 5. — Hon. George Lamb, vice Clerk. Nov. 22. 1834. Henry, viscount Howick, afterwards earl Grey, vice Lamb. Jan. 13. — Edward- John Stanley, now lord Eddis- bury, vice lord Howick. J uly 23. — William Gregson, vice Stanley. Jan. 3. 1835. Hon. Fox Maule, vice Gregson. April 18. 1841. Edward- Adolphus, lord Seymour, vice hon. Fox Maule. June 15. — Hon. John-Henry-Thomas Manr ers Sut- ton, vice lord Seymour. Sept. 3. 1842. Sir William Marcus Somerville, bart., vice Manners Sutton. July 5. 1847. Sir Denis Le Marchant, vice Somerville. July 22. 1848. George Cornewall Lewis, vice Le Mar- chant. May 15. — Horatio Waddington, vice March Phil- lipps. Same date. 1850. Hon. Edward Pleydell Bouverie, vice Cornewall Lewis. July 9. Mr. Bouverie and Mr. Waddington, the PRESENT (1850) Under Secretaries of State for this Department. Foreign Department. From the year 1782, when the Northern Department was named the Foreign. 1782. Richard Brinsley Sheridan. — William Fraser. — George Maddison, vice Mr. Sheridan. 1783. St. Andrew St. John, vice Mr. Maddison. — William Fraser, solely. 1789. Hon. Dudley Ryder : afterwards lord Har- rowby. — James Bland Burgess, vice Fraser. — George Aust, vice Ryder. 1795. George Hammond, vice Burgess. 1796. George Canning, vice Aust. 1799. John Hookham Frere, vice Canning. April 1. 1800. Edward Fisher, vice Frere. Sept. 25. 1801. Frederick, lord Hervey, vice Fisher. Feb. 20. 1803. Charles Arbuthnot, vice lord Hervey. Nov. 8. 1804. Hon. William Eliot, vice Arbuthnot. June 5. 1805. Robert Ward, vice Eliot. Jan. 25. 1806. Hon. George Walpole, vice Hammond. Feb. 20. — Sir Francis Vincent, bart., vice Ward: same date. 1807. George Hammond, vice Walpole, March 30. — James-Edward, viscount Fitz-Harris, vice sir Francis Vincent : same date. — Hon. Charles Bagot, vice lord Fitz-Harris. Aug. 19. 1809. William Hamilton, vice Bagot. Oct. 16. — CuUing-Charles Smith, vice Hammond. Dec. 13. 1812. Edward Cooke,t;ice Culling Smith. Feb. 28. 1817. Joseph Planta, vice Cooke. July 25. 1822. Richard, earl of Clanwilliam, vice Hamil- ton. Jan. 22. 1827. 1828. 1823. Lord Francis Conyngham, vice lord Clan- william. Jan. 6. 1824. Lord Howard de Walden. Third under- secretary. May 26. 1826. Ulick-John, marquess of Clanricarde, vice lord Francis Conyngham, afterwards earl of Mount Charles. Jan. 2. [This nobleman retired, Aug. 17, 1827» and the third under- secretaryship was not afterwards filled up.] John Backhouse, vice Planta. April 23. Cospatrick Alexander, lord Dunglas, vice lord Howard de Walden. June 9. 1830. Sir George Shee, bart., vice Dunglas. Nov. 26. 1834. George, viscount Fordwich, vice sir George Shee. Nov. 13. — Philip -Henry, viscount Mahon, vice lord Fordwich. Dec. 15. 1835. Hon. William T. H. Fox Strangways, vice lord Mahon. Aug. 15. 1840. Lord Leveson, vice Strangways. March 7. 1841. Charles- John, viscount Canning, vice lord Leveson. Sept. 4. 1842. Henry Unwin Addington, vice Backhouse. March 4. 1846. Hon. George Sydney Smythe, vice lord Canning. Jan. 27. — Rt. hon. Edward J. Stanley (afterwards lord Eddisbury, and lord Stanley, of Alderley), vice Smythe. July 6. — Mr. Addington and lord Stanley are the PRESENT (1850) Under Secretaries of this Department. War and Colonies. From the Establishment of the War Department in 1794. War. 1794. Evan Nepean. 1795. William lEluskisson, vice Nepean. War and Colonies. 1801. John Sullivan, vice Huskisson. 1804. Edward Cooke, vice Sullivan. 1806. Sir George Shee, bart., vice Cooke. — Sir James Cockburn : additional appoint' ment. 1807. Edward Cooke, vice sir George Shee. — Hon. Charles-William Stewart, vice Cock- burn. 1809. Hon. Frederick-John Robinson, vice Stew- art. — Hon. Cecil Jenkinson, vice Cooke. — Lieut. Col. Henry E. Bunbury, vice Robin- son. 1810. Robert Peel, afterwards sir Robert, bart. vice Jenkinson. BOARD OF TRADE. 177 181'2. Henry Goulburn, vice Robert Peel. 1816. [Lieut. -col. Banbury's appointment was this year set aside. ] 1821. Robert -Wilmot Horton, vice Henry Goul- burn. 1825. Robert -William Hay: additional appoint- ment. 1828. Hon. Edward-GeofFrey-Smith Stanley, vice Robert- Wilmot Horton. — Lord Francis-Leveson Gower, afterwards lord Francis Egerton, and earl of Elles- mere, vice Stanley. — Horace Twiss, vice lord Francis-Leveson Gower. 1830. Henry, viscount Howick, now earl Grey, vice Twiss. 1833. John G. Shaw Lefevre, vice lord Howick. 1834. Sir George Grey, bart., vice Shaw Le- fevre. 1835. William -Ewart Gladstone, vice sir George Grey. — Sir George Gre}^ bart., again ; vice Glad- stone. 1836. James Stephen (now Rt. hon. sir James Stephen) vice tlay, 1839. Rt. hon. Henry Labouchere, vice sir George Grey. — Robert- Vernon Smith, vice Rt. hon. Henry Labouchere. 1841. George-William Hope, vice Vernon Smith. Sept. 8. 1846. George- Willi am, lord Lyttelton, vice Hope. Jan. 8. — Benj amin Hawes, vice lord Lyttelton. July 0. 1848. Herman Merivale, vice Stephen. May 3. Mr. Hawes and Mr. Merivale, the pre- sent (1850) Under Secretaries of State for this Department. THE BOARD OF TRADE. Cromwell seems to have given the first notion of a Board of Trade.^ Charles II., on his restoration, established a Council of Trade, " for keeping a control and super- intendence upon the whole commerce of the nation," ISTov. 7, 1660 ; and by patent, dated Dec. 1, same year, he also created a Council of Foreign Plantations. In 1672, these Boards were united, and various revisions followed from time to time. In 1782, by statute 22d George III. cap. 82, the Board was abolished, and the business was managed by a Committee of the Privy Council, whose duty was " to examine the " custom-house accounts of all goods and merchandise exported and imported to and " from the several ports in the kingdom, as well as from foreign ports, in order to " inform the government of the advantages and disadvantages of the trade of this " nation with other kingdoms and states, in regard to the balance of trade. And also " to encourage our plantations abroad, by endeavouring to promote their trade ; and " by discovering and encouraging such branches as were most conducive to their " respective interests, as well as to those of the kingdom at large." But it was not until 1786, by an Order in Council, dated Aug. 23, that the Board of Trade, as at pre- sent constituted, was formed. The President is now always a cabinet minister. The Original Boards, 1660. Edward, lord Hyde, afterwards earl of Claren- don, lord chancellor, ex officio. Thomas, earl of Southampton, lord treasurer. George, duke of Albemarle. Montagu, lord Willoughby d'Eresby. William, earl of Pembroke. James, earl of Marlborough, Charles, earl of Portland. Charles, earl of Norwich. Edward, earl of Sandwich. John, lord Robartes, and others. Oct. 20, 1668. All the great officers of state. The secretaries of state. John, earl of Bridgewater. William, earl of Craven. Sir Henry Coventry. Sir John Ernley, Sir George Carteret. Robert Southwell. Sept. 16, 1672. A standing council, of which, Anthony, earl of Shaftesbury, and Thomas, lord Colepeper, were respectively pre- sident and vice president. April 16, 1679. A new commission, which included many of the preceding commissioners, and William, earl of Devonshire. George, viscount Halifax, and George, lord Berkeley. King William III. Dec. 16, 1695. The lord chancellor or keeper of the great seal. Lord president of the council. 1 In 1655, Oliver Cromwell appointed his son Richard, with many lords of his council, judges, and gentlemen, and about twenty merchants of London, York, Newcastle, Yarmouth, Dover, and other places, to meet and consider by what means the traffic and navigation of the republic might be best promoted and regulated, and to report upon the subject Adolphus's State the British Empire 178 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. Lord keeper of the privy seal, all for the time being, together with John, earl of Bridgewater, and others. May 15, 1696. The great officers of state for the time being, and John, earl of Bridgewater. Ford, earl of Tankerville. Sir Philip Meadows, knt. William Blathwayte. John Pollexfen. John Locke. 1 Abraham Hill, and John Methuen. " June 9, 1699. By a commission under this date, the following great officers of state were specially mentioned : Lord chancellor or keeper of the great seal. Lord president of the council. Lord keeper of the privy seal. Lord treasurer, or first commissioner of the trea- sury. Lord high admiral, or first commissioner of the admiralty. The two principal secretaries of state, and Chancellor of the exchequer, all for the time being; with Thomas, earl of Stamford. Robert, lord Lexinton. Sir Philip Meadows, knt. William Blathwayte. John Pollexfen. John Locke. Abraham Hill, and George Stepney. [From this time all the great state officers con- tinued to be members of the board.] June 11, 1700. The same board, with the addition of Matthew Prior.2 Jan. 8, 1702. The same board, with the addition of Robert Cecil. 1705. Thomas, earl of Stamford. Thomas, viscount Weymouth. William, lord Dartmouth. Sir Philip Meadows, knt. William Blathwayte. John Pollexfen. George Stepney. Matthew Prior, and Robert Cecil. 1706. 1'homas, earl of Stamford. William, lord Dartmouth. Henry, lord Herbert. Sir Philip IMeadows. George Stepney. John Pulteney. Robert Monckton. 1707. Thomas, earl of Stamford. William, lord Dartmouth. Henry, lord Herbert, of Cherbury. Robert Monckton. John Pulteney. Sir Charles Turner, knt. ; and John Locke. 1710. Thomas, earl of Stajiford. William, lord Dartmouth. Sir Philip Meadows, knt. John Pulteney. Robert Monckton. Sir Charles Turner, and George Baillie. Oct. 4, 1710. The same board, with the addition of Arthur Moore. June 12, 1711. Charles, earl of Winchilsea, and the same board, with the addition of Francis Gwyn. Sept. 15, 1713. Francis, lord Guilford. Sir Philip Meadows, knt. Robert Monckton. Arthur Moore. Sir John Hynde Cotton, bart. John Sharpe. Samuel Pitts, and Thomas Vernon. Sept. 1714. William, lord Berkeley, of Straton. Sir Jacob Astley, bart. Robert Molesworth, afterwards viscount Moles- worth. John Cockburn. Archibald Hutchinson. John Chetwynd. Charles Cooke, and Paul Docminique. 1715. Henry, earl of Suffolk and Bindon, and the same board, except Archibald Hutchinson, in whose room came the Rt. hon. Joseph Addi- son.3 Daniel Pulteney, vice Cockburn. Martin Bladen, vice Addison. July 13, 1717. Henry, earl of Suffolk and Bindon. John Chetwynd. Charles Cooke. Paul Docminique. John Molesworth. Thomas Pelham, vice Astley. ' The distinguished philosopher, and writer on the " Human Understandina'' who had previously been secre- tary to the Board. 2 The elegant, easy, and harmonious poet and classic writer; afterwards ambassador to the court of France, and a negotiator of the celebrated treaty of Utrecht in 1713. ^j'^n ^1^^^^*' gifted Addison, by whom our literature has been adorned in almost every walk ; and who first modelled our language to the lucid, copious, and graceful style that prevails at this day. ^ Johnson. BOARD OF TRADE. 179 Jan. 31, 1718. Robert, earl of Holdernesse (vice lord Suf- folk), and the same board. May 11, 1719. Thomas, earl of Westmoreland (;cice lord Holdernesse), and the same board. June 24, 1720. Thomas, earl of Westmoreland. John Chetwvnd. Sir Charles Cooke, bart. Paul Docminique. Thomas Pelham. Martin Bladen, and Edward Ashe, vice Pulteney. Sept. 4, 1721. Thomas, earl of Westmoreland ; and the same board, with the addition of Richard Plumer. Oct. 4, 1721. Thoisias, earl of Westmoreland ; and the same board, except Sir John Hobart, bart., afterwards earl of Buckinghamshire, vice Cooke. Aug. 8, 1727. Thojias, earl of Westmoreland ; and the same board, except Sir Orlando Bridgeman, bart., vice Plumer, and Walter Carey, vice Hobart. June 1, 1728. Thoivias, earl of Westmoreland ; and the same board, except Sir Thomas Frankland, bart., vice Chetwynd. 1730. Tho:mas, earl of Westmoreland ; and the same board, except Hon. James Brudenell, vice Frankland. May 13, 1730. Thomas, earl of Westmoreland ; and the same board, except Sir Archer Croft, bart., vice Carey. May 1735. Benjamin Mildmay, earl FitzwAlter, vice lord Westmoreland. Thomas Pelham. Martin Bladen. Edward Ashe. Sir Orlando Bridgeman, bart. Hon. James Brudenell. Sir Archer Croft, bart., and Richard Plumer. June 1737. John, lord Monson, vice lord Fitzwalter; and the same board. Feb. 1742. John, lord Monson. Martin Bladen. Edward Ashe. Hon. James Brudenell. Richard Plumer. Hon. Robert Herbert, vice Pelham. Sir Charles Gilmour, bart., vice Bridgeman. Benjamin Keene, vice Croft. N Dec. 25, 1744. John, lord Monson. Martin Bladen. Edward Ashe. Hon. James Brudenell. Richard Plumer. Hon. Robert Herbert. Sir John Phillips, bart., vice Gilmour. John Pitt, vice Keene. May 7, 1745. John, lord Monson ; and the same board, with the exception of Hon. Baptist Leveson Gower, appointed vice Phillips. Feb. 1746. John, lord Monson ; and the same board, with the exception of Hon. James Grenville, appointed vice Bladen. Nov. 1746. John, lord Monson. Edward Ashe. Richard Plumer. Hon. Robert Herbert. John Pitt. Hon. James Grenville. Thomas, viscount Dupplin, vice Brudenell. Francis Fane, vice Gower. Nov. 1, 1748. George Montagu Dunk, earl of Halifax, vice lord Monson. Richard Plumer. Hon. Robert Herbert. John Pitt. Hon. James Grenville. Thomas, viscount Dupplin. Francis Fane, and Sir Thomas Robinson, K. B., afterwards lord Grantham, vice Ashe. June 1749. George Dunk, earl of Halifax. Hon. Robert Herbert. John Pitt. Hon. James Grenville. Thomas, viscount Dupplin. Francis Fane. Sir Thomas Robinson, K. B., and Hon. Charles Townsliend, vice Plumer. Nov. 1749. George Dunk, earl of Halifax. Hon. Robert Herbert. John Pitt. Hon. James Grenville. Thomas, viscount Dupplin. Francis Fane. Hon. Charles Townshend, and Andrew Stone, vice Robinson* Dec. 1751. George Dunk, earl of Halifax. John Pitt. Hon. James Grenville. Thomas, viscount Dupplin. Francis Fane. Hon. Charles Townshend. Andrew Stone, and James Oswald, vice Herbert. 2 18.0 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. April 6, 1754. George Dunk, earl of Halifax. John Pitt. Hon. James Grenville. Francis Fane. Andrew Stone. James Oswald. Hon. Richard Edgcumbe (afterwards lord Edg- cumbe), vice Dupplin. Thomas Pelham (afterwards lord Pelham), vice Townshend. Dec. 23, 1755. George Dunk, earl of Halifax. Francis Fane. Andrew Stone. James Oswald. Thomas Pelham. Hon. John Talbot, vice Pitt. Soame Jenyns^, vice Grenville. Richard Rigby, vice Edgcumbe. April 24, 1756. George Dunk, earl of Halifax ; and the same board, with the exception of WiUiam Gerard Hamilton, appointed vice Fane. Dec. 11, 1756. George Dunk, earl of Halifax; and the same board, with the exception of William Sloper, appointed vice Talbot. Dec. 24, 1759. George Dunk, earl of Halifax. Andrew Stone. Thomas Pelham. Soame Jenyns. Richard Rigby. William Gerard Hamilton. William Sloper, and Edward Bacon, vice Oswald. Jan. 1760. George Dunk, earl of Halifax. Andrew Stone. Thomas Pelham (now lord Pelham). Soame Jenyns. William Gerard Hamilton. William Sloper. Edward Bacon, and Edward Eliot, vice Rigby. March 21, 1761. Samuel, lord Sandys, vice lord Halifax. Andrew Stone. Soame J enyns. Edward Eliot. Edward Bacon. Hon. John Yorke, vice Pelham. Sir Edmund Thomas, bart., vice Hamilton. George Rice, vice Sloper. Oct. 23, 1761. Samuel, lord Sandys. Soame Jenyns. Edward Eliot. Edward Bacon. Hon. John Yorke. Sir Edmund Thomas, bart. George Rice, and John Roberts, vice Stone. Dec. 28, 1762. Samuel, lord Sandys ; and the same board, with the exception of Francis, lord Orwell, afterwards earl of Ship- brooke, appointed vice Roberts. Mar. 1, 1763. Hon. Charles Townshend (vice lord Sandys) ; and the same board. Apr. 20, 1763. William, earl of Shelburne (afterwards mar- quess of Lansdowne), vice Mr. Townshend. Soame Jenyns. Edward Eliot. Edward Bacon. George Rice. Francis, lord Orwell. Jeremiah Dyson, vice Yorke, and Bamber Gascoyne, vice Thomas. Sept. 9, 1763. Wills, earl of Hillsborough (vice lord Shel- burne) ; and the same board. July 20, 1765. William, earl of Dartmouth, vice lord Hills- borough. Soame Jenyns. Edward Eliot. George Rice. Jeremiah Dyson. Hon. John Yorke, vice lord Orwell. John Roberts, vice Gascoyne. William Fitzherbert, vice Bacon. Dec. 1765. William, earl of Dartmouth. Soame Jenyns. Edward Eliot. George Rice. Jeremiah Dyson. John Roberts. William Fitzherbert, and Henry, viscount Palmerston, vice Yorke. Aug. 16, 1766. Wills, earl of Hillsborough, vice lord Dart- mouth ; and the same board. Oct. 11, 1766. Wills, earl of Hillsborough. Soame Jenyns. Edward Eliot. George Rice. Jeremiah Dyson. John Roberts. 1 Soame Jenyns was a man of delicate and refined wit, an elegant writer, and a shrewd observer of manners and men. His attachment to the government was rewarded by his post at the Board of Trade, which he held for five-and-twentyyears, maintaining a high character for political integrity. Mr. Jenyns was the author of "Poems," in 2 vols.; " A Free Inquiry into the Origin of Evil ; " and " A View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian Re- ligion.'''' But these form only a portion of his works. In early life he was of a religious turn of mind, but he subsequently wandered into deism. It is gratifying to add, however, that a closer inquiry brought him out of the dangerous path of scepticism, and that he remained ever afterwards a firm and pious Christian He died at the age of 84. The work last mentioned was, it is supposed, written as some atonement (and it is valuable upon that account) for his previous infidelity. BOARD or TRADE. 181 William Fitzherbert. Hon. Thomas Robinson (afterwards lord Gran- tham), vice lord Palmerston. Dec. 1766. Robert Nugent (afterwards earl Nugent), vice lord Hillsborough ; and the same board. Jan. 20, 1768. Wills, earl of Hillsbokough ; and the same board, except Wilmot, viscount Lisburne, vice Dyson. April 12, 1770. W^iLLS, earl of Hillsborough. Soame Jenyns. Edward Eliot. George Rice. John Roberts. William Fitzherbert. AVilmot, viscount Lisburne. George Greville, lord Greville, vice hon. Thomas Robinson. April 16, 1770. Wills, earl of Hillsborough; and the same board, except William Northey, vice lord Lisburne. May 16, 1770. Wills, earl of Hillsborough. Soame Jenyns. Edward Eliot. John Roberts. William Fitzherbert. George, lord Greville. William Northey, and Bamber Gascoyne, vice Rice. Jan. 16, 1771. Wills, earl of Hillsborough. Soame Jenj'-ns. Edward Eliot. John Roberts. William Fitzherbert. George, lord Greville. E amber Gascoyne, and Thomas Whateley, vice Northey. Feb. 11, 1772. Wills, earl of Hillsborough ; and the same board, except William JoUiffe, vice Fitzherbert. Aug. 15, 1772. Wills, earl of Hillsborough. Soame Jenyns. Edward Eliot. John Roberts. George, lord Grevill. Bamber Gascoyne. William JoUiffe, and John, lord Garlics, vice Whateley. Aug. 31, 1772. William, earl of Dartmouth, vice lord Hills- borough. Soame Jenyns. Edward Eliot. George, lord Greville, afterwards earl of War- wick. Bamber Gascoyne. William JoUiffe. John, lord Garlics, afterwards earl of Galloway. Lord Robert Spencer, vice Roberts. Jan. 25, 1774. William, earl of Dartmouth. Soame Jenyns. Edward Eliot (afterwards lord Eliot). Bamber Gascovne. William JoUiffe. Lord Robert Spencer. Hon. Charles Greville, vice lord Warwick. Whitshed Keene, vice lord Galloway. Nov. 10, 1775. Lord George Sackville Germaine, vice lord Dartmouth ; and the same board. March 9, 1776. Lord George Germaine. Soame Jenyns. Bamber Gascoyne. William JoUiffe. Lord Robert Spencer. Hon. Charles Greville. Whitshed Keene, and William Eden, vice Eliot. June 5, 1777. Lord George Germaine. Soame Jenyns. Bamber Gascoyne. William JoUiffe. Lord Robert Spencer. Hon. Charles Greville. William Eden, and Thomas de Grey, vice Keene. July 6, 1779. Lord George Germaine (afterwards viscount Sackville). Soame Jenyns. Lord Robert Spencer. Hon. Charles Greville. William Eden. Thomas de Grey. Andrew Stuart, vice Gascoyne. Edward Gibbon vice JoUiffe. Nov. 6, 1779. Frederick, earl of Carlisle Qvice lord George Germaine) ; and the same board. Sept. 6, 1780. Frederick, earl of Carlisle. Lord Robert Spencer. William Eden. Hon. Thomas de Grey (afterwards lord Walsing- ham). Andrew Stuart. Edward Gibbon. Hans Sloane, vice Jenyns. Benjamin L'Anglois, vice Greville. The historian. A greater number of the hterary luminaries of their time belonged to this Board than, perhaps, to any other division of the state. We have already noticed Locke, Prior, Addison, and Soame Jenyns ; and to this brilliant galaxy is now to be added the illustrious author of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ; a work that (despite its one great faulc, a grievous fault no doubt; will eternize his name. Gibbon obtained a commission at this board for the Manifesto (the ablest state paper of the day), which he was employed to draw up on the occasion of the war with France, in 1778. He lost his place on the suppression of the Board in 1782. K 3 182 STATESMEI^ AND STATE OEEICERS. Dec. 9, 1780. Tho^ias, lord Grantham, vice lord Carlisle ; and the same board. 1781. Thomas, lord Grantham. Lord Robert Spencer. Et. hon. William Eden. Andrew Stuart. Edward Gibbon. Hans Sloane. Sir Adam Fergusson, bart., vice lord Walsing- liam. Anthony Storer, vice L'Anglois. Dec. 22, 1781. Thoinias, lord Grantham. Rt. hon. William Eden. Andrew Stuart. Edward Gibbon. Hans Sloane. Sir Adam Fergusson, bart. Anthony Storer, and John-Chetwynd Talbot, afterwards earl Talbot, vice lord Robert Spencer. [The office of Trade and Plantations was sup- pressed under an act of Parliament (22 George III. cap. 82.) in June 1782, and the business was transferred to the secretaries of state.] March 5, 1784. The suppression of the Board of Trade, being greatly felt by the trading part of the nation, His Majesty was pleased, in order to protect the in- terests of the mercantile community, to appoint the following Committee of the most honourable Privy Council, for the consideration of all matters relating to Trade and Foreign Plantations. Thomas, lord Sydney, one of the principal se- cretaries of state, president. Heneage, earl of Aylesford. Thomas, earl of Effingham, Thomas, earl of Clarendon. George, earl of Leicester. Lord Frederick Campbell Richard, viscount Howe. Robert, lord bishop of London. Thomas, lord Grantham. Thomas, lord Walsingham. Fletcher, lord Grantley. Constantine-John, lord Mulgrave. Hon. Thomas Harley. Hon. Sir Joseph Yorke, K. B. Rt. hon. Charles Jenkinson. Sir John Goodricke, bart. Rt. hon. Henry Dundas. Rt. hon. James Grenville, and Rt. hon. William- Wyndham Grenville. Establishment of the present Board of Trade. Lords of the Committee o/ Privy Council appointed by His Majesty (George III.) for the consideration of all matters relating to Trade and Foreign Plantations. August 23, 1786. " His Majesty having thought fit to revoke his Order in Council, bearing date the 5 th day of March, 1784, appointing a Committee of Privy Council for the consideration of all matters relating to Trade and Foreign Plantations, and to declare the said Committee dissolved, was pleased to appoint a New Coomiittee of Privy Council for the business above-mentioned, to consist of the following members : — The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. The Chancellor and Under-Treasurer of the Ex- chequer. The Speaker of the House of Commons. The First Commissioner of the Treasury. The First Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty. His Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State. " And also such of the persons of His Majesty's most honourable Privy Council as shall hold any of the following offices : — The Treasurer of the Navy, and The Master of His Majesty's Mint. The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The Pa3anaster or Paymaster-general of His Majesty's forces. " And His Majesty was at the same time pleased to order, that the Speaker of the House of Commons of Ireland, and such persons as shall hold offices in His Majesty's kingdom of Ireland, and shall be members of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council in this kingdom, shall be members of this Committee ; and also that — Lord Frederick Campbell. Sir John Goodricke, bart., Kobert, Lord Bishop of London, Fletcher, Lord Grantley, Sir Lloyd Kenyon, bart.. The Hon. Sir Joseph Yorke, be members of this Committee. And that the Rt. hon. Cliarles Lord ITawkesbury, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and, in his absence, the Kt. hon. William The Hon. William Eden, Rt. Hon. James Grenville, and Rt. Hon. Thomas Orde, BOARD OF TRADE. 183 Wyndham Grenville, joint paymaster- general of the forces (vice-president of the Board, &c.)) be President of the Committee." Subsequent Members of the Board. 1788. Dr. Beilby Porteus, lord bishop of London. 1790. Rt. hon John-Charles Yilliers, Feb. 24. — Sir Richard Pepper Arden, master of the rolls. March 13. — Rt. hon. Dudley Ryder ; same date. — Sir William Wynne ; same date. 1793. John, viscount Bayham. June 21. — Rt. hon. Sylvester Douglas, afterwards lord Glenbervie. March 17. 1797. Rt. hon. sir Joseph Banks, bart.^ March 20. 1798. Sir William Scott, knt., afterwards lord Stowell. Oct. 31. 1799. Robert Banks, lord Hawkesbury, after- wards earl of Liverpool. March 14. — Rt. hon. sir John Scott, knt., afterwards earl of Eldon. July 17. 1802. Rt. hon. John Beresford. Feb. 17. — Rt. hon. John Foster ; same date. — Rt. hon. William Wickham ; same date. — Rt. hon. George Rose ; same date. — Rt. hon. Charles Long ; same date. 1803. Rt. hon. Charles Bragge. June 22. 1805. Lord George Thynne. May 1. — Lord John Thynne. May 1. 1805. Rt. hon. John Smyth. -\ — Rt. hon. Nathaniel Bond. f same — Rt. hon. Reginald Pole Carew (date. — Rt. hon. John Sullivan. J 1806. Frederick Morton, lord Henley. Feb. 14. — Richard, lord Donoughmore. May 23. — John Joshua, earl of Carysfort. June 18. 1807. Rt. hon. Isaac Corry. Jan. 28. — Charles, lord Whitworth. April 15. — Richard, earl of Clancartv. May 20. 1808. John, lord Redesdale. March 30. 1809. Rt. hon. sir John Nicholl. Feb. 6. — Dr. John Randolph, lord bishop of Lon- don. Oct. 11. — John, lord Sheffield. Dec. 20. 1812. Rt. hon. Frederick-John Robinson, after- wards viscount Goderich and earl of Ripon. Aug. 13. 1813. Dr. William Howley, lord bishop of Lon- don. Dec. 2. 1815. Rt. hon. William Huskisson. Jan. 7. 1823. Rt. hon. Charles Arbuthnot. April 3. 1846. Rt. hon. John Nicholl, D. C. L. Jan. 21. 1848. Rt. hon. James (Sir) Stephen. April 15. — Rt. hon. Sir Edward Ryan. April 18. Presidents op the Board op Trade from 1786. Aug. 23, 1786. Charles, lord Hawkesbury; afterwards earl of Liverpool, first president. June 7, 1804. James, duke of Montrose. Feb. 5, 1806. William, lord Auckland. March 31, 1807. Henry, earl Bathurst. Sept. 29, 1812. Richard, earl of Clancarty. Jan. 24, 1818. Rt. hon. Frederick- John Robinson ; afterwards, successively, viscount Goderich and earl of Ripon. King George IV. Feb. 21, 1823. Rt. Hon. William Huskisson. Sept. 4, 1827. Rt. hon. Charles Grant ; afterwards lord Glenelg. June 11, 1828. Rt. hon. William Vesey Fitzgerald ; afterwards lord Fitzgerald and Vesci. Feb. 2, 1830. Rt. hon. John-Charles Herries. King William IV. Nov. 22, 1830. George, lord Auckland ; afterwards earl of Auck- land. June 5, 1834. Rt. hon. Charles Poulett Thomson ; afterwards lord Sydenham, vice-president, acting as pre- sident. Dec. 15, 1834. Rt. hon. Alexander Baring; afterwards lord Ashburton. April 18, 1835. Rt. hon. Charles Poulett Thomson; afterwards lord Sydenham, again. Queen Victoria. Aug. 29, 1839. Rt. hon. Henry Labouchere. Sept. 3, 1841. Frederick- John, earl of Ripon, again. June 10, 1843. Rt. hon. William Ewart Gladstone. 1 The eminent naturalist, and president of the Royal Society, and member of the National Institute of France. This illustrious name may well be associated with the names already noticed. Sir Joseph Banks's enthusiasm in the study of natural history led him to accompany Captain Cook in his first circumnavigation of the world • he died in 1820. N 4 184 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. Feb. 5, 1845. James Andrew, earl (afterwards marquess) of Dalhousie. July 6, 1846. George-William -Frederick, earl of Clarendon. July 22, 1847. Rt. lion. Henry Laboucliere, again. The now (1850) President of the Board. Vice Presidents from 1786. Aug. 23, 1786. Rt. hon. William Wyndham Grenville; after- Avards lord Grenville. Aug. 8, 1789. James, marquess of Graham; afterwards duke of Montrose, and president. Oct. 20, 1790. Rt. hon. Dudley Ryder ; afterwards successively lord and earl of Harrowby. Nov. 18, 1801. Sylvester Douglas, lord Glenbervie. Feb. 8, 1804. Rt. hon. Nathaniel Bond. June 7, 1804. Rt. hon. George Rose. Feb. 5, 1806. Richard Chandos, earl Temple. Created duke of Buckingham. March 30, 1807. Rt. hon. George Rose, again. Sept 29, 1812. Rt. hon. Frederick- John Robinson; afterwards president. Jan. 28, 1818. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace; afterwards lord Wallace. King George IV. April 3, 1823. Rt. hon. Charles Grant ; afterwards president. Feb. 5, 1828. Rt. hon. Thomas Frankland Lewis. May 30, 1828. Rt. hon. Thomas Peregrine Courtenay. King William IV. Nov. 22, 1830. Rt. hon. Charles Poulett Thomson; afterwards president. Dec. 20, 1834. Rt. hon. William, viscount Lowther. May 6, 1835. Rt. hon. Henry Labouchere; afterwards presi- dent. Queen Victoria. Aug. 29, 1839. Rt. hon. Richard Lalor Shell. June 28, 1841. Rt. hon. Fox Maule. Sept. 3, 1841. Rt. hon. WiUiam Ewart Gladstone; afterwards president. June 13, 1843. James- Andrew, earl of Dalhousie; afterwards president. Now Marquess of Dalhousie. Feb. 5, 1845. Rt. hon. sir George Clerk, bart. July 6, 1846. Rt. hon. Thomas Milner Gibson. May 8, 1848. Granville George, earl Granville ; who conjoins with this office that of paymaster-general. The NOW (1850) Vice-President of the Board of Trade. Sir Stephen Cottrell William Fawkener Secretaries to the Board. virtue of their office of clerks of the council, the death of Mr. Lord Chetwynd Fawkener. 1810. Thomas Lack, appointed assistant secre- tary. Aug. 25. 1829. Joseph Deacon Hume, second assistant secretary; new appointment. July 15. 1836. Denis le Marchant (afterwards sir Denis, bart.) appointed to succeed Mr. Lack. Feb. 8. 1840. John Mac Gregor; appointed to succeed Mr. Hume. Jan. 24. The Board of Trade consisted of six or more members from the time of its rein- slitution in 1786 (as it had previously done), besides the ex officio commissioners. But the business of late years has been wholly conducted by the president, the vice- 1841. John-George Shaw Lefevre ; appointed to succeed Mr. Le Marchant, on his going to the treasury. June 19. 1847, George Richardson Porter; appo uted to succeed Mr. Mac Gregor. Aug. 6. 1848. Sir Denis Le Marchant, bart. ; appointed to succeed Mr. Lefevre, on his going to the house of lords. May 14. 1850. James Booth; appointed to succeed Sir Denis le Marchant on his going to the house of commons. Oct. 10. BOARD OF CONTKOL. 185 president, and the secretaries ; no other members having been appointed since the year 1823, with the exception of Dr. Nicholl in 1846, and of sir James Stephen and sir Edward Kyan in 1848, who were appointed for special purposes and in reference to certain duties. Mr. Thomas, Secretary of the Record Office, thus describes the business of this Board : — " The business of this department is of a very miscellaneous character. All matters relating to the interests of trade, which come before the several departments of the government, are usually referred to the Board of Trade, either for the information of its members or for the purpose of obtaining their advice. Thus, for example, there are frequent communications with the Foreign Office on the subjects of the negotiation of commercial treaties, of difficulty arising out of them, and of the proceedings necessary to give effect to them. With the Treasury, on the alterations made or contemplated in the laws of the customs, on cases of hardship to individuals arising from the operation of those laws, and on points connected with them which require solution. And with other depart- ments on matters of interest in a commercial point of view . The preparation also of bills and of orders in council for carrying out the intentions of the government on these subjects frequently falls to the care of this board. The correspondence of the board with private individuals on the subjects of which it has cognizance is likewise ex- tensive. " Every private bill passing through parliament is submitted to the Board of Trade ; and, in cases where the public interest is affected, it frequently interferes to procure the modification or rejection of certain clauses. All applications made to the Queen in council by committees or individuals seeking charters or letters -patent, and all cases of parties desiring to establish joint stock banks, are referred to this board to be reported on. And so like- wise are all acts passed by colonies having legislative governments before they are laid before her majesty ; but in regard to these the Colonial Secretary, through whom they are transmitted, recommends what should be done, and his recommendation is always followed as a matter of course. Still, all acts of this class must receive the formal sanction ot the Board of Trade before being assented to by the crown. Such also of the ordinances of what are called Crown Colonies (that is, those having no legislative assemblies) as relate to the matters of trade are usually submitted to this board either by the Colonial Secretary, or by the Lords of the Treasury. " The Board of Trade contains, amongst other subordinate departments, the following : The Corn Returns Department. The Statistical Department, established in 1832. And the Railway Department, originally con- stituted in 1840 ; enlarged in its powers in 1844 ; and again modified and its functions considerably curtailed in 1845." In connexion with this department may also be mentioned the duty imposed on the Board by the late act for the " Protection of Merchant Seamen," 8 and 9 Victoria cap. 116, of " granting licences to fit persons to act as ship- ping agents, etc. ; " and the more recent act (13 and 14 Victoria, cap. 93) passed 14th August, 1850, for " Improv- ing the condition of Masters, Mates, and Seamen, and maintaining discipline in the Merchant Service." THE BOARD OF CONTROL, This Board was originally established by an act of parliament (Mr. Pitt's celebrated East India bill) passed on the 18th of May, 1784. The act empowered his majesty (George III.) to appoint six privy councillors to be Commissioners for the affairs of India, with very extensive powers ; they having the " controul and superintendence of all the British territorial possessions in the East Indies, and over the Affairs of the United Company of Merchants trading thereto." One of the principal secretaries of state was constituted President, and in his absence the chancellor of the exchequer, and in the absence of both, then the senior commissioner was to be President. Sub- sequently, however, to the passing of this act, it was found necessary to alter the constitution of the Board.^ The President is now always specially appointed, and is chosen for his great abilities. He is necessarily a privy councillor, and is one of the most important members of the cabinet, entering upon office and retiring with his official friends on every change in the administration. The lord president of the council, the lord privy seal, the first lord of the treasury, the principal secretaries of state, and the chancellor of the exchequer, for the time being, are, ex officio^ members of the Board (popularly the India Board), and the sovereign may appoint any other personages to be members also. Commissioners . Rt. hon. Henry Dundas. Thomas, lord Walsinghara. Rt. hon. William Wyndham Grenville. Constantine-John, lord Mulgrave. March 12, 1790. Rt. hon. William Wyndham Grenville, president. Rt. hon. Henry Dundas. 1 By the 33d George III. cap. 52, sec. 3, it is enacted, " that any three or more commissioners shall and may form a board, and that the first-named commissioner in the letters-patent or commission for the time being shall be the president of the said board; and that when any board shaU be formed in the absence of the president, the commissioner whose name shall stand next in the order of their nomination in the said commission of those who shall be present, shall for that turn preside at the said board." — Statutes at large. *#* The following dates are those of the patents, in all cases, unless otherwise expressed. King George III. Sept. 3, 1784. Thomas, lord Sydney, president. Rt. hon. William Pitt, chancellor of the ex- chequer. 186 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. Constantine-John, lord Mulgrave. Thomas, lord Sydney. Thomas, lord Walsingliara. Lord Frederick Campbell. Rt. hon. Dudley Ryder. May 16, 1791. William Wyndham Giienville, afterwards lord Grenyille, president. Rt. hon. William Pitt. Rt. hon. Henry Dmidas. Lord Frederick Campbell. James, duke of Montrose. Rt. hon. Thomas Steele. June 28, 1793. Rt. hon. Henry Dundas, the first paid presi- dent. James, duke of Montrose. Richard, earl of Mornington. Robert Grosvenor, viscount Belgrave. Henry Bathurst, lord Apsley. Hon. Edward-James Eliot. Hon. Robert Banks Jenkinson. June 29, 1795. Rt. hon. Henry Dundas, president. James, duke of Montrose. Richard, earl of Mornington, afterwards mar- quess Wellesley. Robert, viscount Belgrave. Henry, earl Bathurst (late lord Apsley). Hon. Edward- James Eliot. Hon. Robert Banks Jenkinson. Rt. hon. Sylvester Douglas. Xov. 16, 1797. Rt. hon. Henry Dundas, president. James, duke of Montrose. Robert, viscount Belgrave. Henry, earl Bathurst. Robert Banks, lord Hawkesbury. Rt. hon. Sylvester Douglas. William Dundas. March 28, 1799. Rt. hon. Henry Dundas, president. James, duke of INIontrose. Robert, viscount Belgrave. Henry, earl Bathurst. Rt. hon. Sylvester Douglas. William Dundas. George Canning. July 2, 1800. Rt. hon. Henry Dundas, president. After- wards viscount Melville. James, duke of Montrose. Robert, viscount Belgrave. Henry, earl Bathurst. Rt. hon, Sylvester Douglas. Rt. hon. George Canning. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace. Richard Temple Nugent, earl Temple. May 19, 1801. George, viscount Le wish am, president. Suc- ceeded as earl of Dartmouth. J ames, duke of INIontrose. Henry, earl Bathurst. Sylvester Douglas, lord Glenbervie. Rt. hon. William Dundas. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace. Charles-George, lord Arden. Rt. hon. Thomas Pelham. Edward Golding. July 12, 1802. Robert, viscount Castlereagh, president. James, duke of Montrose. Sylvester, lord Glenbervie. Rt. hon. William Dundas. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace. Charles-George, lord Arden. Edward Golding. Oct. 22, 1803. Robert, viscount Castlereagh, president. Sylvester, lord Glenbervie. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace. Edward Golding, and Hon. Thomas Maitland. May 31, 1804. Robert, viscount Castlereagh, president. Sylvester, viscount Glenbervie. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace. Richard Trench, viscount Dunlo. Afterwards earl of Clancarty. Feb. 12, 1806. Gilbert, lord Minto, president. Afterwards earl of Minto. George Howard, viscount Morpeth. Rt. hon. John Hiley Addington. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. July 16, 1806. Rt. hon. Thomas Grenville, president. George Howard, viscount Morpeth. Rt. hon. John Hiley Addington. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. John-Joshua, earl of Carysfort. Oct. 1, 1806. Rt. hon. George Tierney, president. George Howard, viscount Morpeth. Afterwards earl of Carlisle. Rt. hon. John Hiley Addington. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. John-Joshua, earl of Carysfort. April 6, 1807. Rt. hon. Robert Dundas, president. George Percy, lord Lovaine. John, lord Teignmouth. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace. George Johnstone. July 17, 1809. Dudley^ earl of Harrowby, president. Rt. hon. Robert Dundas. George Percy, lord Lovaine. John, lord Teignmouth. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace. Thomas Hamilton, lord Binning. Nov. 13, 1809. Rt. hon. Robert Dundas, president. George Percy, lord Lovaine. John, lord Teignmouth. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace. Lord Francis Almaric Spencer. July 7, 1810. Rt. hon. Robert Dundas, president. George Percy, lord Lovaine. John, lord Teignmouth. BOARD OF CONTROL. 187 Rt. lion. Thomas Wallace. William, viscount LoAvther. April 7, 1812. Robert, earl of Buckinghamshire, president. George Percy, lord Lovaine. John, lord Teignmouth. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace. William, viscomit Lowther. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Sept. 8, 1812. Robert, earl of Buckinghamshire, president. John, lord Teignmouth. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace. William, viscount Lowther. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Henry Bathurst, jun., lord Apsley. Sept. 7, 1814. Robert, earl of Buckinghamshire, president. John, lord Teignmouth. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace. William, viscount Lowther. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Henry Bathurst, lord Apsley. Thomas Hamilton, lord Binning. Rt. hon. William Sturges Bourne. June 20, 1816. Rt. hon. George Canning, president. John, lord Teignmouth. William, viscount Lowther. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Henry Bathurst, lord Apsley. Thomas Hamilton, lord Binning. June 17. 1818. Rt. hon. George Canning, president. John, lord Teignmouth. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Thomas Hamilton, lord Binning. Rt. hon. William Sturges Bourne. James Brownlow William Cecil, viscount Cran- borne. Horatio Walpole, lord Walpole. King George IV Jan. 16, 1821. Rt. hon. Charles Bathurst, president. John, lord Teignmouth. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Thomas Hamilton, lord Binning: succeeded as earl of Haddington. Rt. hon. William Sturges Bourne. James Brownlow William Cecil, viscount Cran- borne. Horatio Walpole, lord Walpole: succeeded as earl of Orford. Feb. 8, 1822. {Gazette.) Rt. hon. Charles- Watkin-Williams Wynn, president. John, lord Teignmouth. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. James Brownlow William Cecil, viscount Cran- borne : succeeded as marquess of Salisbury. Rt. hon. William-Henry Fremantle. Sir George Warrender, bart. Joseph Phillimore, LL. D. June 2, 1826. {Gazette.) Rt. hon. Charles- Watkin-Williams Wynn president. James, marquess of Salisbury. John, lord Teignmouth. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Sir George Warrender, bart. Joseph Phillimore, LL. D. William Yates Peel. June 4, 1827. Rt. hon. Charles- Watkin-Williams Wynn, president. John, lord Teignmouth. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Sir George Warrender, bart. Joseph Phillimore, LL. D. Sir James Macdonald, bart. Feb. 7, 1828. Robert Dundas, viscount Melville, presi- dent. Thomas Wallace, lord Wallace. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Anthony Ashley Cooper, lord Ashley. James, marquess of Graham. Laurence Peel. July 31, 1828. Robert, viscount Melville, president. Thomas, lord Wallace. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Anthony Ashley, lord Ashley. James, marquess of Graham. Laurence Peel, and Rt. hon. Thomas-Peregrine Courtenay. Sept. 24, 1828. Edward, lord Ellenborough, president. Thomas, lord Wallace. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Anthony Ashley, lord Ashley. James, marquess of Graham. Laurence Peel, and Rt. hon. Thomas-Peregrine Courtenay. Feb. 24, 1830. Edward, lord Ellenborough, president. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Anthony Ashley, lord Ashley. James, marquess of Graham. Rt. hon. Thomas-Peregrine Courtenay. George Banks. King William IV. Dec. 6, 1830. Rt. hon. Charles Grant, president. Rt. hon. Charles- Watkin-Williams Wynn. Rt. hon. J ohn Sullivan. Sir J ames Macdonald, bart. Sir James Mackintosh, knt. Rt. hon. Robert Grant, and Henry Ellis. July 28, 1832. Rt. hon. Charles Grant, president. Rt. hon. Charles-Watkin- Williams Wynn. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Rt. hon. Robert Grant. Rt. hon. Henry Ellis. Rt. hon. Ho't Mackenzie. Robert Gordon, and Thomas-Babington Macaulay. 188 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. Dec. 21, 1832. Rt. hon. Charles Grant (afterwards lord Glenelg), president. Rt. lion. John Sullivan. Rt. hon. Robert Grant. Rt. hon. Henr}^ Ellis. Rt. hon. Holt Mackenzie. Robert Gordon, and J ames- Alexander-Stewart Mackenzie. Dec. 20, 1834. Edward, lord Ellenborough, president. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Joseph Planta, and Sir Alexander-Cray Grant. April 29, 1835. . Sir John Hobhouse, bart., president. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Sir Charles Cockerell, bart. Queen Victoria. July 21, 1837. Sir John Hobhouse, bart., president. Rt. hon. John Sullivan. Sept. 9, 1841. {Gazette.) Edward, lord Ellenborough (afterwards earl of Ellenborough), president, again. Oct. 28. 1841. William- Vesey Fitzgerald, lord Fitzgerald and Vesci, president. Died while holding this office, in 1843. May 23, 1843. Frederick-John, earl of Ripon, president. July 10, 1846. Sir John Hobhouse, bart., president, again. The NOW President (1850) of the Board. By the act 3 & 4 William 4. cap. 85. sect. 20.^ it is provided, as before, " That the lord president of the council, the lord privy seal, the first lord of the treasury, the principal secretaries of state, and the chancellor of the exchequer, for the time being, shall, by virtue of their respective offices, be Commissioners for the affairs of India in conjunction with the person or persons to be nominated in any such commission as aforesaid." It will be seen, however, that from and after the passing of this act (Aug. 28, 1833) fewer commissioners (other than the ex officio commissioners) have been named as a Board, and that, latterly, but one commissioner has been named. The letters-patent, since Sept. 1841, have been addressed to but one commissioner (exclu- sively of the ex officio commissioners), and the whole powers of the former boards are now vested in that one commissioner, at present sir J ohn Hobhouse. Secretaries to the Board. 1784. C. W. Broughton Rouse, esq. Sept. 8. 1791. Henry Beaufoy, esq. Mav 10. 1793. William Broderick, esq. July 3. 1803. Benjamin Hobhouse, esq., late sir Ben- jamin Hobhouse. Nov. 19. 1804. George-Peter Holford, esq. May 22. 1806. Thomas Creevy, esq. Feb. 14. 1807. George-Peter Holford, esq., again. April 8. 1810. Sir Patrick Murray. Jan. 6. 1812. John Bruce, esq. March 14. 1812. Thomas Peregrine Courtenav, esq. Aug. 20. 1829. George Bankes, esq. May 2. 1830. Hon. John -Stuart Wortley, now lord Wharncliffe. Feb. 16. 1830. Dudley, lord Sandon, now earl of Har- rowby. Dec. 18. 1831. Thomas-Hyde Villiers, esq. May 18. 1832. Thomas-Babington Macaulay, esq. Dec. 19. 1833. rRobert Gordon, esq. Dec. 26, and 1834. < James-Alexander-Stewart Mackenzie, ( esq. April 22 ; joint secretaries. 1834. rWinthrop M. Praed, esq. Dec. 20, and 1835. < Hon. Sidney Herbert. Jan. 8 ; joint t secretaries. .oQK f Robert Gordon, esq., again, and I Robert- Vernon Smith, esq. April 21. r Edward Adolphus, lord Seymour, and 1839. < William Clay, esq., now sir William ( Clay, bart. Sept. 30. 1841. Charles Buller, esq., in the room of lord Seymour. June 21. /^James-Emerson Tennent, esq., now sir 1841 < JaiT^es- Emerson Tennent, and * J Hon. William-Bingham Baring, now C lord Ashburton. Sept. 8. -laAr r Robert, viscount Jocelyn. Feb. 17. * ( Philip-Henry, viscount Mahon. Aug. 5. rRt. hon. George- Stevens Byng, now 1846. < viscount Enfield, and ( Thomas Wyse, esq. July 6. 1847. George-Cornewall Lewis, esq. Nov. 30. 1848. f James Wilson, esq. May 16. 1849. J Hon. John-Edmund Elliot. Jan. 26. i The PRESENT (1850) Secretaries of (. the Board of Controul. Assistant Secretary/. Hugh Stark, esq. 1 This very important act received the royal assent August 28, 1833. It is entitled " An Act for effecting an arrangement with the East hidia Company, and for the better government of His Majesty's Indian territories till the 30th of April, 1854." Besides the provision above recited, this act empowers the Board of Commissioners to control all the acts of the company concerning India (section 25), and directs that no official communications shall be transmitted by the Court of Directors in London to India, until they shall have been approved of by the Board (section 30). The act further directs that the government of India shall be in a Governor-General and Councillors, to be styled "" the Governor-General of India in Council." Until the passing of this act, the Governor-General had been styled "the Governor-General of Bengal," but his authority had, nevertheless, ex- tended over all the presidencies. CHANCELLORS OF THE DUCHY OF LANCASTER. 189 THE CHANCELLOR OF THE DUCHY OF LANCASTER. The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is an officer of great eminence in the government, and frequently a cabinet minister. He holds his office by letters-patent; and if a peer, takes precedence according to his rank in the peerage ; if not, he takes precedence nex: after the chancellor of the exchequer, and immediately before the lord chief justice of the queen's bench. He formerly sat as judge of the Duchy court of Lancaster, held in Westminster, in which all causes any way relating to the revenue of the Duchy of Lancaster were tried. Another branch of the same court was estab- lished at Preston, in Lancashire, called the court of the county palatine of Lancaster, for the same purposes in that county as the other was in Westminster. These courts were erected by Henry lY. after he had deposed Richard II., when possessing the Duchy of Lancaster in right of his mother, he imagined his claim to it better than that to the throne, and therefore separated it from the crown, and erected these courts for its use. The office of Chancellor of the Duchy is now, practically, a sinecure. Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster. King Charles II. 1660. Charles, lord Seymour, of Trowbridge. June 1. 1672. Sir Robert Carr, knt. and bart. Feb. 14. 1680. Sir Thomas Ingram, knt. Feb. 14. King James IL 1688. Robert, lord Willoughby, of Eresby. King William III. 1697. Thomas, earl of Stamford. Queen Anne. 1702. Sir John Leveson Gower, bart., afterwards lord Gower. April 21. 1706. James, earl of Derby. June 10. 1710. William, lord Berkeley, of Stratton. King George I. 1714. Heneage, earl of Aylesford. Oct. 12. 1716. Richard, earl of Scarborough. March 6. 1718. Nicholas Lechmere, afterwards lord Lech- mere; for life. June 12. King George II. 1727. John, duke of Rutland. July 17. 1736. George, earl of Cholmondelev. May 21. 1743. Richard, lord Edgcumbe. Dec. 22. 1758. Thomas Hay, viscount Dupplin; after- wards earl of Kinnoul. Jan. 24. King George III. 1762. James, lord Strange. Dec. 15. 1771. Thomas, lord Hyde, afterwards earl of Clarendon. June 14. 1782. John, lord Ashburton. March 27. 1783. Edward, earl of Derby. Aug. 29. — Thomas, earl of Clarendon. Dec. 31. 1786. Charles, lord Hawkesbury. Sept. 9 ; after- wards earl of Liverpool. 1803. Thomas, lord Pelham, afterwards earl of Chichester. Nov. 9. 1804. Henry, lord Mulgrave. June 6. 1805. Robert, earl of Buckinghamshire. Jan. 14. — Dudley, lord Harrowby, afterwards earl of Harrowby, July 10. 1806. Edward, earl of Derby. Feb. 12. 1807. Rt. hon. Spencer Perceval, afterwards first lord of the treasury, i March 30. 1812. Robert, earl of Buckinghamshire. May 23. — Rt. hon. Charles Bathurst. June 23. King George TV. 1823. Rt. hon. Nicholas Vansittart, previously chancellor of the exchequer (created lord Bexley). Feb. 13. 1828. George, earl of Aberdeen. Jan. 26. — Rt. hon. Charles Arbuthnot. June 2. King William IV. 1830. Henry-Richard, lord Holland. Nov. 25. 1834. Rt. hon. Charles-Watkin- Williams Wynn. Dec. 26. 1835. Henry -Richard, lord Holland, again. April 23. Queen Victoria. 1840. George- William-Frederick, earl of Claren- don. Oct. 31. 1841. Rt. hon. sir George Grey, bart. June 23 : appointed home secretary in July, 1846. — Lord Granville Charles-Henry Somerset. Sept. 3. 1846. Rt. hon. John, lord Campbell. July 6. Appointed lord chief justice K. B. March, 1850. 1850. George- Frederick- William, earl of Carlisle. March 6. The present (1850) Chan- cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. 1 When Mr. Perceval became first minister of the crown, in 1809, he continued to hold the office of chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster conjointly with the two superior offices of first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer. This is the only instance we have met with of the three offices having been united in the same individual. 190 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. THE SECRETARY-AT-WARi It is probable that the War-office had its origin, like many other departments, in a committee of the privy council. — Thomas' Notes of the Rolls. " The first Secretary-at-War was an officer detached from the secretary of state's office : the secretary of state, as is understood, finding the consolidation of the finance of the army inconvenient, got rid of it by establishing a secretaryship-at-war, as a separate and independent branch." — Si?^ Henry Hardinge, It is probable that the Secretary- at-War was originally a clerk attending upon a committee of council. This I had suspected, because Mr. Blathwayte, who was Secretary-at-War to James II., was in attendance on the privy council when the bishops were called in. — Mr. Thomas Bahington Macaulay. The Secretary-at-War is deemed the Military Secretary to the sovereign, and conveys his majesty's, or, as now, the queen's, orders to all the generals and military governors at home and abroad, in relation to the troops and garrisons under their command ; and with him they correspond, and to him they make their returns and reports, as well as to the commander-in-chief or the commander of the forces, as the case may be. The trust reposed in this officer is very great. All orders for marching, quartering, encamping, and recruiting the army are signed by him ; and all military commissions issue from his office. The Secretary-at-War prepares the army estimates to be laid before parliament, and he is on that account necessarily a member of the house of commons ; he is always a privy councillor, and frequently, as now, a cabinet minister. Secretaries-at-War. King Charles I. 1644. Edward Walker was secretary-at-war this year. — Harleian Catalogue, No. 6802. Commonwealth. William Clarke. He was sometimes called " Clerk to the General " (Monk), sometimes " Secretarj^ to the Forces." But the title of the office was, pro- bably, " Secretary to the Council of War." — Council Book during the In- terregnum. State Paper Office. King Charles 11. 1661. Sir William Clarke, continued. Jan. 28. 1666. Rt. hon. Matthew Locke. June 5. 1683. Rt. hon. William Blathwayte. Aug. 18. King James II. 1685. Rt. hon. William Blathwayte, continued. King William III. 1692. Rt. hon. George Clarke. March 3. Queen Anne. 1704. Henry St. John, afterwards lord and vis- count St. John, and viscount Boling- broke. April 20. 1708. Rt. hon. Robert Walpole, afterwards sir Robert, and earl of Orford; and first minister of the crown. Feb. 25. 1710. Rt. hon. George Granville, afterwards lord Lansdowne, of Bideford. Sept. 28. 1712. Rt. hon. sir William Wyndham, bart. June 28. 1713. Rt. hon. Francis Gwyn. Aug. 21. King George I. 1714. Rt. hon. William Pulteney, afterwards earl of Bath. Sept. 25. 1717. Rt. hon. James Craggs, jun. April 13. 1718. Christopher Wandesford, viscount Castle- comer. March 14. , — Rt. hon. Robert Pringle. May 18. — Rt, hon. George Treby. Dec. 24. 1720 *j It is stated in Tindal, ii. 631, that & > Mr. Trevor was secretary-at-war in 1721. J these years. 1724. Hon. Henry Pelham, afterwards Rt. hon., and subsequently first minister of the crown. April 1. King George II. 1730. Sir William Strickland, bart. June 11. 1735. Sir William Yonge, bart. May 9. 1 There appears to have been established, about the close of 1620, or at the beginning of 1621, a council or committee for war. Sir William Trumbull, ambassador at Brussells, writing to Sir Dudley Carleton, then ambassador at the Hague, under date of February 19, 1620-1, says: " By other means, you have heard of the newly- elected council or committee for war, whereof the earls of Oxford, Leicester, and Essex, are the most eminent persons, to whom are joined the viscounts Canfield and Wilmot, Sir Ho. Vere, Sir Edward Cecil, Sir Edward Conway, and Capt. Binghnm." — Holland Correspondence. State Paper Office. It appears, also, that there was a council of war established " for securing Ireland, and the rest of the kingdom, and for putting the navy in readiness." Date, April 21, 1624. See " Commissions Sir Joseph Williamson's Collection; First Series, vol. 35. From the Sixth Report of the Commissioners appointed under the act 45th George III. cap. 47, to inquire into and examine the pubhc expenditure and the conduct of the public business in the military departments therein mentioned, it appears that the origin of this office could not be traced. It is clear, however, that the first person whe held the appointment was detached from the secretary of state's office, so intimately connected were the two departments then considered. MASTEES-GEXERAL OF THE OEDNANCE. 191 1741. Rt. hon. Thomas Winnington. April 27. — Kearsley^s Annals. [This name does not appear in the au- thorised Hsts; nor can we trace it at the Rolls' offices.] 1746. Rt. hon. Henry Fox, afterwards lord Holland. July 23. 1755. Rt. hon. William Wildman Barrington, viscount Barrington. Nov. 14. King George III. 1761. Rt. hon. Charles Townshend. March 18. 1762. Rt. hon. Welbore Ellis, afterwards lord Mendip. Dec. 17. 1765. William, viscount Barrington, acj'mw. July 19. 1778. Charles Jenkinson, afterwards lord Hawkesbury and earl of Liverpool. Dec. 16. 1782. Rt. hon. Thomas Townshend, aftervvards viscount Sydney. March 27 : ap- pointed secretary of state, July, same year. 1782. Sir George Yonge, bart. July 11. 1783. Colonel hon. Richard Fitzpatrick. April 11. — Sir George Yonge, bart., again. Dec. 24. 1794. Rt. hon. William Windham. July 11: afterwards secretary of state for war and colonies. 1801. Rt. hon. Charles Yorke. Feb. 20. 1803. Rt. hon. Charles Bragge (Bathurst). Aug. 17. 1804. Rt. hon. William Dundas. May 15. 1806. General hon. Richard Fitzpatrick, again. Feb. 7. 1807. Lieut.-Gen. sir James Murray Pultenay, bart. March 30. 1809. Lord Granville Leveson Gowcr, afterwards earl Granville. June 27. 1809. Henry-John, viscount Palmerston. Oct. 27. King George IY. 1820. Viscount Palmerston, continued. 1828. Sir Henry Hardinge. May 31. King William IV. 1830. Lord Francis Leveson Gowcr, afterwards lord Francis Egerton. July 30. His lordship was subsequently created earl of Ellesmere. 1830. Rt, hon. Charles- Watkin-Williams Wynn. Nov. 30. 1831. Sir Henry Brooke Parnell, bart., after- wards created lord Congleton. April 4. 1832. Sir John Cam Hobhouse, bart. Feb. 1. 1833. Rt. hon. Edward Ellice. April 4. 1834. Rt. hon. John-Charles Herries. Dec. 16. 1835. Henry, viscount Howick, now earl Grey. April 20. Queen Victoria. 1837. Viscount Howick, continued. 1839. Rt. hon. Thomas Babington Macaulay. Sept. 26 ; afterwards paymaster-gene- ral. 1841. Lieut.-gen. sir Henry Hardinge, again. Sept. 4. Created viscount Hardinge, April 1846. 1844. Sir Thomas-Francis Fremantle, bart. May 17. 1845. Hon. Sidney Herbert. Feb. 4. 1846. Hon. Fox Maule. July 6. The present (1850) Secretary-at-War. THE MASTER-GENERAL OF THE ORDNANCE. This officer is always chosen from among the first generals in the service of the sovereign. His appointment was formerly for life, but since the Restoration he holds it durante bene placito ; and now usually enters upon office with the party to which he is politically attached, and retires with each change in the responsible advisers of the crown. To the Master- General of the Ordnance is entrusted the storing of all the military magazines in the dominions of Great Britain, and the supply of all the munitions of war to the royal navy that issue from his department. He is colonel-in- chief of the corps of artillery and the corps of engineers, and he has a peculiar jurisdiction over all the engineers employed in the several fortifications throughout the realm. The Master- General is not unfrequently a cabinet minister. Masters-General of the Ordnance. Queen Elizabeth. 1596. Robert, earl of Essex: beheaded in her majesty's reign. King James I. 1603. Charles, earl of Devonshire. 1609. George, earl of Totnes. 1623. Sir Richard Morrison. King Charles I. 1628. Sir Thomas Stafford. 1629. Horatio, lord Vere, of Tilbury. 1634. Montjoy Blount, earl of Newport. King Charles II. 1660. Sir William Compton. C John, lord Berkeley. ^ 1665. Sir John Duncombe. > In commission, (Sir Thomas Chicheley.J 1670. Sir Thomas Chicheley. 1674. Sir John Chicheley. rSir John Chicheley. ^ j \ Sir William Hickman. V (Sir Christopher Musgrave. J "Mission. 1681. George Legge, afterwards lord Dart- mouth. 1679. 192 STATESMElSr AND STATE OFFICERS. William and Mary. 1689. Frederick de Schomberg, duke of Schom- berg. 1693. Henry, viscount Sydney, afterwards earl of Romney. Queen Anne. 1702. John, earl, afterwards duke of, Marl- borough. July 1. 1712. Richard, earl Rivers. Jan. 1. 1712. James, duke of Hamilton and Brandon, July 1. Killed in a duel, Nov. 15, same year.i King George I. 1714. John, duke of Marlborough. Oct. 1. 1722. William, earl Cadogan. July 1. 1725. John, duke of Argyll and Greenwich. July 1. King George II. 1740. John, duke of Montagu. July 1. 1742. John, duke of Argyll, again. 1743. John, duke of Montagu, again. 1756. Charles, duke of Marlborough. Jan. 1. 1759. John, viscount, afterwards earl, Ligonier. July 1. King George III. 1763. John, marquess of Granby, afterwards duke of Rutland. 1772. George, viscount Townshend. Oct. 1. 1782. Charles, duke of Richmond, Lenox, and Aubigny. March 30. 1783. George, viscount Townshend, again; af- terwards marquess Townshend. 1783. Charles, duke of Richmond, again. Dec. 23. 1795. Charles, marquess Cornwallis. Feb. 13. 1801. John, earl of Chatham. June 16. 1806. Francis, earl of Moira, afterwards mar- quess of Hastings. Feb. 14. 1807. John, earl of Chatham, again. April 4. 1810. Henry, lord Mul grave, afterwards earl of Mulgrave. May 5. 1819. His grace, Arthur, duke of Wellington. Jan. 1. King George IV. 1827. Henry- William, marquess of Anglesey. April 30. 1828. William Carr, viscount Beresford. April 28. King William IV. 1830. Sir James Kempt. Nov. 30. 1834. Sir George Murray. Dec. 18. 1835. Sir Richard Hussey Vivian, bart., after- wards lord Vivian. May 4. Queen Victoria. 1841. Sir George Murray, again. Sept. 9. 1846. Henry- Willi am, marquess of Anglesey, again. July 6. The present (1850) Master- General of the Ordnance. Lieutenants-General of the Ordnance. From the Union of the Two Crowns, 1603. Sir George Carew, afterwards earl of Tot- nes. 1635. Sir William Haydon, knt. 1636. Colin Legge. 1670. David Walter. Nov. 25. 1670. *George Legge, afterwards lord Dart- mouth. Dec. 7.2 1681. Sir Charles Musgrave, bart. 1687. Sir Henry Tichborne, bart. 1688. Sir Henry Goodricke, bart. 1702. John Granville, afterwards lord Granville. 1705. Thomas Erie. 1712. John Hill. 1714. Thomas Erie, again. 1717. Thomas Micklethwaite. 1718. Sir Charles Wills, K. B. 1742. George Wade ; field marshal, 1743 ; com- mander-in-chief, 1745. 1748. *Sir John Ligonier, K. B., afterwards viscount and earl Ligonier ; field mar- shal and commander-in-chief, 1757.^ 1757. Lord George Sackville (Germaine) : dis- missed the service in 1759 ; afterwards viscount Sackville.5 1759. *John, marquess of Granby, afterwards duke of Rutland.2 1763. *Hon. George Townshend, afterwards viscount, and marquess Townshend.^ 1767. Hon. Henry Seymour Conway, afterwards commander-in-chief, &c. 1772. Sir Jeffrey Amherst, K. B., afterwards lord Amherst, commander-in-chief in 1778, et seq. 1782. Hon. sir William, afterwards viscount Howe, K. B. 1804. Sir Thomas Trigge. 1804. Rt. hon. Richard Fitzpatrick. 1807. Sir Thomas Trigge, agai7i. 1810. Sir Hildebrand Oakes, bart. 1823. *William Carr, viscount Beresford.^ 1824. *Sir George Murray .2 1825. Sir W. H. Clinton. 1829. Lord Robert-Edward-Henry Somerset. This office was abolished in 1831. 1 The.duel in which the duke was killed, is one of the most remarkable upon record, and is thus described by the chroniclers of the time: " Sunday, Nov. 15, 1712: A duel was fought with small swords in Hyde Park, between James, duke of Hamilton, and his friend colonel Hamilton, on the one part, and Charles, lord Mohun, and lieutenant-general Macartney, on the other part. Lord Mohun was killed upon the spot, and the duke ex- pired of his wounds as he was being carried by his servants to his coach. Colonel Hamilton was wounded in the foot, and surrendered himself on the 22d ; but Macartney made his escape, and large rewards were offered for his apprehension. It was strongly suspected that the duke, after he had slain his adversary, was killed unfairly by Macartney. — Chron. of Great Britain. 2 The personages distinguished by an asterisk were subsequently Masters- General. 3 He was restored to favour in lord Bute's administration, and, in 1775, became one of the principal secretaries of state which office he held during the American war. WOODS, FORESTS, ETC. 193 Surveyors-General of the Ordnance. From the Union of the Two Kingdoms. William Brydges. 1714. Major Gen. Michael Richards. 1722. John Armstrong, afterwards Major Gen. 1742. Thomas Lascelles. 1750. Charles-Frederick, afterwards sir Charles, K. B. 1782. Hon. Thomas Pelham. 1783. John Courtenay. 1784. Hon. James Luttrell. 1789. Hon. G. C. Berkeley. 1795. Major Gen. A. Ross. 1804. Lieut. Col. Jas. M. Hadden. Nov. 22. 1810. Sir Robert Moorsoom, R. N. July 20. 1820. Lieut. Col. sir Ulysses Burgh, afterwards lord Downes. March 18. 1827. Adm. sir Edward-William C. R. Owen. May 14. 1828. Sir Herbert Taylor, lieut. gen. March 24. 1829. Sir Henry Fane, lieut. gen. April 3. 1831. William Leader Maberley, lieut. col. * Jan 12. 1832. Lieut. Col. Charles R. Fox. Dec. 5. 1835. Lord Robert-Edward-Henry Somerset. Jan. 12. 1835. Lieut. Gen. sir Rufane Shawe Donkin. May 6. 1841. Colonel Charles R. Fox, again. May 12. — Colonel Jonathan Peel. Sept. 10. 1846. Major Gen. Charles R. Fox, again. July 10. The PRESENT (1850) Surveyor-General of the Ordnance. THE FIKST COMMISSIONER OF WOODS AND FORESTS. The origin of the Forests belonging to the crown is not to be found mentioned in any record, the New Forest in Hampshire excepted, which, though made by William the Conqueror, is called by Manwood, writing on the Forest Laws^ " the New Forest in England." The origin of the Laws for the management of the Forests seems involved in equal obscurity with the Forests themselves.^ — Notes from the Rolls' Office. From the reign of Henry HI., when the Charta de Foresta was granted, there were two Justices in Eyre, one for the north, and the other for the south, of Trent. Henry VIII. established Courts, which were afterwards dissolved; and James 1. appointed Surveyors, and Charles I. a Surveyor-General, of Crown Lands. Numerous statutes were enacted up to the 50th of George III., when the then offices of Surveyor- General of the Land Kevenues of the Crown and the Surveyor- General of Woods, Forests, Parks, and Chases were directed to be united under a Board of Commissioners, to be named the "Commissioners of Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues." In 1832 (2 William lY. c. 1) the office of Surveyor- General of Works and Buildings was united with this Board, and thus was formed the present consolidated office of Commissioners of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works, and Buildings. The first Commissioner of Woods and Forests is now a high political personage. He is always of the privy council, and sometimes a member of the cabinet. Surveyors-General of the Woods and Forests. 1607 (or 1608). John Taverner. 1608. Thomas Morgan. 1608 r Thomas Morgan, and ) T^:„i.7,, Robert Treswell, ^^omuy. to \ Robert Treswell, ] Andrew Treswell, and > Successively. 1667 I Treswell. J 1667. Thomas Agar, and ) x • <<.i John Madden. ] 1680. Thomas Agar, and) t • ^i Charles Strodk j Jomtly. 1688. PhiHp Riley. 1701. Thomas Hewett. 1702. Edward Wilcox. 1 Forest Courts. These were, the Court of Woodmote, the Court oi Swanimote, and that called the Justice Seat, or Court of the Chief Justice in eyre. The Court of Woodtnote was a court held every forty days, and its function was to inquire into all offences that had been done in the forest within that time. The Court of Swanimofe, in which the verderors were the judges, was held thrice a year : The first time, for the purposes of clearing the forests of all animals, deer excepted, during the fawning season. The second time, for the admission of swine, &c., into the forests, to feed on acorns and beech-mast, called pannage. The third time, to receive an account of every deer killed, and every tree felled, and to obtain payment for the pasturage of cattle. The Court of Justice Seat was held once in three years, when the rolls of the two inferior courts were presented to the chief justice in eyre, and when all offences were tried Thomas's Notes for the History of Public Depart^ ments. O 194 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1714. Thomas HeAvett, second appointment. 1716. Edward Younge. 1720. Charles Whithers. 1736. Francis Whitworth. 1742. Henry Legge. 1745. John Phillipson. 1756. John Pitt. 1763. Sir Edmond Thomas, bart. 1767. John Pitt, second appointment. 1786. John Robinson. 1803. Sylvester, lord Glenbervie. 1806. Lord Robert Spencer. 1807. Sylvester, lord Glenbervie, second appoint- ment. Surveyors- 1666. Sir C. Harbord. 1682. William Harbord. 1692. William Tailer. 1693. Samuel Travers. 1710. J. Manley. 1714. Alexander Pendarves. 1715. H. Chomeley. 1722. J. Poultenev. 1726. Phillips Gybbon. OF THE Land Revenue. 1730. Dr. Exton Sayer. 1732. Thomas Walker. 1750. John, viscount Gal way. 1751. Rt. hon. Robert Herbert. 1769. Peter Burrell. 1775. John St. John. 1784. G. Augustus Selwyn. 1794. John Fordyce. 1809. James Pillar (^acting). Commissioners of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, &c. Dates of Patents, July 31, 1810. Sylvester, lord Glenbervie. William Dacres Adams, and Henry Dawkins. Aug. 21, 1814. Rt. Hon. William Huskisson. William Dacres Adams, and Henry Dawkins. Feb. 8, 1823. Rt. hon. Charles Arbuthnot. William Dacres Adams, and Henry DaAvkins. May 30, 1827. George, earl of Carlisle. William Dacres Adams, and Henry Dawkins. July 23, 1827. Rt. hon. William Sturges Bourne. William Dacres Adams, and Henry Dawkins. Feb. 11, 1828. Rt. hon. Charles Arbuthnot, again. William Dacres Adams, and Henry Dawkins. June 14, 1828. William, viscount Lowther, William Dacres Adams, and Henry Dawkins. Dec. 13, 1830. Rt. hon. George- James Welbore Agar Ellis. William Dacres Adams, and Henry Dawkins. Feb. 11, 1831. John- William, riscount Duncannon. William Dacres Adams, and Henry Dawkins. Feb. 22, 1832. John -William, viscount Duncannon. William Dacres Adams, and Sir Benjamin C. Stephenson, knt. July 30, 1834. Sir John Cam Hobhouse, bart. William Dacres Adams, and Sir Benjamin C. Stephenson, knt. Aug. 23, 1834. Sir John Cam Hobhouse, bart. Sir Benjamin C. Stephenson, knt., and Alexander Milne, C. B. Dec. 31, 1834. Lord Granville Charles-Henry Somerset. Sir Benjamin C. Stephenson, knt., and Alexander Milne, C. B. May 7, 1835. John-William, viscount Duncannon. Sir Benjamin C. Stephenson, knt., and Alexander Milne, C. B. June 18, 1839. John- William, viscount Duncannon. Alexander Milne, C. B., and Hon. Charles- Alexander Gore. Sept. 25, 1841. Henry Pelham, earl of Lincoln. Alexander Milne, C. B., and Hon. Charles-Alexander Gore. March 10, 1846. Charles-John, viscount Canning. Alexander Milne, C. B., and Hon. Charles-Alexander Gore. July 13, 1846. George-Frederick- William, viscount Mor- teth, now earl of Carlisle. Alexander Milne, C. B., and Hon. Charles-Alexander Gore. April 15, 1850. Edward-Adolphus Seymour, lord SEmouR. Alexander Milne, C. B., and Hon. Charles-Alexander Gore. The present (1850) Commissioners of Woods and Forests. TEEASUKERS OF THE NAVY. TREASURER OF THE NAVY. This office was one of great trust and dignity, and the holder of it was always of the privy council. Many of our eminent statesmen of historic name (among them Osborne, Walpole, Dodington, Grenville, Barrington, and more recently Canning) were Treasurers of the Navy. The salary, from the earliest date in the records of the department, 1721, until the year 1810, was 2000Z. per annum; but the profits of the office, especially in time of war, were formerly considerable, owing to the great sums of the public money lying long in the Treasurer s hands.^ In 1810, the salary was raised to 4000/., and continued at that rate until 1818, when it was reduced to 3000/., and so remained until 1830. In this last year it was fixed at 2000/. again, the salary paid until the abolition of the office, in 1836. Conformably with the act 5th and 6th AVilliam lY. cap. 35, the offices of Paymaster- General, Paymaster and Treasurer of Chelsea Hospital, Treasurer of the Ordnance, and Treasurer of the Navy, were consolidated, and now form one office, held by the Paymaster- General. See Taymmter- General. Treasureks of the Navy, from the Restoration. 1660. Sir George Carteret, bart. 1667. Arthur, viscount Valentia, in Ireland, and earl of Anglese3^ 1672. Sir Thomas Osborne, bart., afterwards viscount Dumblane, earl of Danby, marquess of Carmarthen, and duke of Leeds. 1673. Sir Edward Seymour, bart. 1681. Anthony, viscount Falkland. June 24. 1689. Edward Russel, afterwards earl of Orford. April 8. 1699. Sir Thomas Littleton, bart. May 29. 1710. Robert Walpole, afterwards sir Robert, and earl of Orford. Jan. 21. 1711. Charles Caesar. June 8. 1714. John Aislabie. Oct. 15. 1718. Rt. hon. Richard Hampden. March 27. 1720. Sir George Byng, bart., afterwards vis- count Torrington. Oct. 24. 1724. Hon. Pattee Byng, his son, afterwards viscount Torrington. April 18. 1727. The same, by a new patent. Aug. 12. 1734. Rt. hon. Arthur Onslow. April 20. 1742. Hon. Thomas Clutterbuck. May 17. — Rt. hon. sir Charles Wager, knt. Dec. 20. 1743. Rt. hon. sir John Rushout, bart. Dec. 24. 1744. George Dodington. Dec. 29. 1749. Hon. Henry Bilson Legge. May 3. 1754. Rt. hon. George Grenville. April 4. 1756. Rt. hon. George Dodington, again. Jan. 13 : afterwards lord Melcombe. 1756. Rt. hon. George Grenville, again. Nov. 25. 1761. The same, by a second patent. March 18. 1762. William Wildman, viscount Barrington. June 2. 1765. Richard, viscount Howe. Aug. 9. 1770. Sir Gilbert Elliot, bart. March 19. 1777. Rt. hon. Welbore Ellis. June 12. 1782. Rt. hon. Isaac Barre. April 10. — Rt. hon. Henry Dundas.. Aug. 19. 1783. Rt. hon. Charles Townshend. April 11. 1784. Rt. hon. Henry Dundas, again. Jan. 5. [This personage (afterwards viscount Melville) held the office upwards of sixteen years.] 1800. Hon. Dudley Ryder. June 2. 1801. Rt. hon. Charles Bragge. Nov. 21. 1803. Rt. hon. George Tierney. June 3. 1804. Rt. hon. George Canning. May 29. 1806. Rt. hon. Richard Brinsley Sheridan. Feb. 22. 1807. Rt. hon. George Rose. April 15. 1818. Rt. hon. Frederick- John Robinson, after- wards viscount Goderich, and earl of Ripon. Feb. 12. 1823. Rt. hon. William Huskisson. Feb. 8. 1827. Rt. hon. Charles Grant, afterwards lord Glenelg. Sept. 10. 1828. Rt. hon. William Fitzgerald Yesey Fitz- gerald. July 15. 1830. Rt. hon. Thomas Frankland Lewis. Feb. 25. — Rt. hon. Charles Poulet Thompson, after- wards lord Sydenham. Dec. 13. 1834. Rt. hon. William, viscount Lowther, now earl of Lonsdale. Dec. 27. 1835. Rt. hon. sir Henry Parnell, bart. after- wards lord Congleton. April 22. [Sir Henry Parnell became Paymaster- General when this office ceased.] 1 Sir Henry Vane was made Treasurer of the Navy by patent, for life, by king Charles L, which place he held till the first war between the English and Dutch. The fees of his office were at that time fourpence in the pound, which by reason of the war amounted to the enormous sum of 30,000/. per annum. Sir Henry looked upon this as too much for a subject, and as too great a gain to be derived from any office, and patriotically gave up his patent to the then parliament, desiring 2000/. per annum only, for an agent whom he had brought up to manage the duties. The method of a fixed salary was continued afterwards lioper. o 2 196 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEKS. Comptrollers 1688. Sir Richard Haddock, knt. Sept. 30: afterwards admiral. 1714. Sir Charles Wager, knt. Feb. 17 : after- wards admiral, and first lord of the admiralty. 1718. Thomas Swanton. March 26. 1722. James Mighells. Jan. 18. 1733. Richard Haddock, jun. March 27. 1749. Savage Mostyn. March 22; afterwards admiral. 1755. Edward Falkingham. Feb. 6. — Charles Saunders. Nov. 14: afterwards admiral, and first lord of the admi- ralty. 1756. Digby Dent. June 4. — George Cockburne. Dec. 29. 1770. Hugh (afterwards sir Hugh) Palliser, and an admiral. Aug. 1. 1775. Maurice Suckling. April 5: afterwards admiral. OF THE Navy. 1778. Charles (afterwards sir Charles) Middle- ton, bart., and an admiral. July 18. Created lord Barham in 1805, and made first lord of the admiralty. 1790. Sir Henry Martin, bart. March 13. 1794. Sir Andrew Snape Hamond, bart. Aug. 30. 1806. Henry Nicholls. Feb. 19. — Sir Thomas Boulden Thompson, bart. ; afterwards an admiral. June 7. 1816. Sir Thomas Byam Martin, K. C. B. ; ad- miral. Feb. 9. 1831. Hon. George Heneage Lawrence Dundas ; admiral. Nov. 2. Patent revoked June 9, 1832. In 1832 the appointment of Comptroller of the Navy ceased, and the duties of the office were transferred. See next article . Principal Officers. By the act 2d William IV. cap. 40 (passed June 1, 1832)^ the Navy and Victualling Boards and the offices of Commissioners of Navy and Victualling and Comptroller of the Navy, were dispensed with, and in lieu thereof were appointed five " Principal Officers'* at Somerset House, subordinate to the Admiralty, viz. : The Surveyor of the Navy. Accountant- General of the Navy. Storekeeper- General. Comptroller of Victualling, and Medical Director-General. To these have been added two important departments, viz. : — The Comptroller of Steam Machinery : Sir Edward Parry first officer appointed ; Captain Ellice (who now holds the office) succeeded him. The Director of Engineering and Architectural Works : the first who held this office under its present title (it having been previously that of Civil Architect) was Colonel Brandreth, R. E. He was succeeded on his death by Colonel Irvine, R. E. ; who, also, dying in office, has been succeeded by Colonel Green, C. B. Surveyors of the Navy. 1668. Sir John Tippetts. Sept. 30. 1692. Edmund Dummer. June 25. 1699. Daniel Furzer. Sept. 22. 1706. William Lee. Sept. 9. 1715. Jacob Ackworth (afterwards sir Jacob). March 30. 1746. Joseph Allin (afterwards sir Joseph). June 16. ^-^r f Thomas Slade, and 1 \ ^ a l^'^^'l William Bateley. ) Aug. 6. r Thomas Slade (now sir^ 1765. -J Thomas, knt.), and >June 22. John Williams. J 1771. John Williams (now sir John, knt.), with two assistants. fSir John Wilhams, and ") ivr„^^i, iq ^7^^- i Edward Hunt. j March 19. 1784 {Edward Hunt, and | ^ ^4 1 John Henslow. j ^ 1793. Sir WilHam Rule. Jan. 26. 1806. Sir Henry Peake. June 7. [Joseph Tucker superannuated March 1831 ; and sir Robert Seppings June, 1832.] 1832. Sir William Symonds, knt. June 9. 1848. Sir Baldwin Walker, K. C. B. Feb. 5. The higher officers of the Civil branches of the Navy were formerly very numerous ; but notwithstanding the vast increase of business latterly in all the departments of the Naval service, several of them have been, from time to time, dispensed with, and their duties transferred, and their various offices consolidated. ' This statute is entitled " An Act to amend the Laws relating to the Business of the Civil Departments of the Navy, and to make other Regulations for more effectually carrying on the Duties of the said Departments." By this a-jt certain defined duties are directed to be executed by two l.ords of the Admiralty ; the duties hitherto executed by Commissioners at the Dock- Yards are to be discharged by Superintendents, and numerous pro- visions are framed, and alterations made in the constitution of various offices connected with this branch of the public service. PAYMASTERS-GENERAL. 197 PAYMASTER-GENERAL. This office was formerly one of the most lucrative in the gift of the crown, not so much on account of the salary annexed to it, or the perquisites derived from it, as on account of the vast sums of public money that lay in the Paymaster s hands for a long space of time together ; the whole of the money voted by parliament for the land forces passing through this department. In 1782, the office underwent a reform, and the Paymaster- General was allowed a fixed salary of 4000Z., and his deputy a salary of 1500/., in lieu of perquisites. The Paymaster s salary is now 2000Z. per annum. The Paymaster- General is always of the privy council, and sometimes a member of the cabinet. He was constituted by letters-patent under the great seal until 1836 ; from the 1st of December in which year the appointment has been by queen's warrant. On the same day, the offices of Treasurer of the Navy, Treasurer of the Ordnance, and Treasurer of Chelsea Hospital were consolidated with that of Paymaster-General ; and on August 16, 1848, the offices of Paymaster of Civil Services, and Paymaster of Exchequer Bills, were also united with it. Roll of Paymasters-General. 1660. 1679. 1682. 1689. 1703. 1707. 1713. 1714. 1715. 1720. 1721. 1722. 1730. 1743. 1746. 1755. 1757. 1765. 1766. 1767. 1768. 1782. 1783. 1784. 1784. Sir Stephen Fox, knt. Nicholas Johnson, and Charles Fox. Charles Fox. Richard, earl of Ranelagh. [This nobleman was charged with the misapplication of large sums of the public money ; he resigned to avoid prosecution, and was expelled the house of commons, 1702.] John Howe ; for guards and garrisons at home. Jan. 4. Charles Fox ; for the other troops and Chelsea Hospital. Hon. James Brydges, afterwards duke of Chandos. Thomas Moore; for her majesty's forces abroad. Edward Nicholas ; treasurer and pay- master of her majesty's pensioners. Robert Walpole, afterwards sir Robert. Henry, earl of Lincoln. Oct. 26. Robert Walpole, again; afterwards sir Robert, and earl of Orford. Charles, lord Cornwallis : died in 1722. Hon. Spencer Conipton, afterwards earl of Wilmington. Hon. Henry Pelham. Sir Thomas Winnington, bart. William Pitt, afterwards earl of Chatham. Henry, earl of Darlington. Thomas Hay, viscount Dupplin, afterwards earl ot Kinnoul. Henry Fox, afterwards lord Holland. Hon. Charles Townshend. f Frederick, lord North, and| -pj -.q I George Cooke. j" 1 George Cooke, and | 90 (Thomas Townshend. j Richard Rigby. Edmund Burke. March 27. Isaac Barre. July 17. Edmund Burke, again, April 8. William Wyndham Grenville, afterwards lord Grenville. Jan. 8. f William Wyndham Gren J ville, and i » .,7 i Constantine- John, lord Mul- r^P^^^ ^ C grave. 1789. 1791. 1800. 1801. 1803. 1804. 1806. 1807. 1813. 1817. 1826. 1828. 1830. 1834. 1835. 1841. 1845. 1846. 1848. f Lord Mulgrave, and 1 Se t 4 \ James, marquess of Graham, j P * fRt. hon. Dudley Ryder, and) , „ \ Rt. hon. Thomas Steele. J ^^^^^^ r Rt. hon. Thomas Steele, and \ ^ ^ ^ j Rt. hon. George Canning, j ^ ^ ^• f Rt. hon. Thomas Steele, and ) t. I Sylvester, lord Glenbervie. j f Rt. hon. Thomas Steele, and ^ < Rt. hon. John Hiley Ad- >Jan. 3. dington. J rRt. hon. George Rose, and^ < Lord Charles Henry Somer- > July 7. ( set. J f Richard, earl Temple, and ) -i? k 17 (Lord John Townshend. j" rRt. hon. Charles Long, and^J < Lord Charles Henry Somer- > April 4. ( set. J IRt. hon. Charles Long, again. -\ Rt. hon. Frederick-John I Robinson, afterwards vis- > Nov. 13. count Goderich and earl of Ripon. J Rt. hon. Charles Long, now sir Charles, afterwards lord Farnborough, continued, Aug. 14. Rt. hon. William Yesey Fitzgerald, after- wards lord Fitzgerald and Vesci. July 15. Rt. hon. John Cal craft. July 15. Lord John Russell. Dec. 16. Sir Edward Knatchbull, bart. Dec. 23. Sir Henry Parnell, bart., afterwards lord Congleton. May 14. Rt. hon. Edward- John Stanley, after- wards lord Eddisbury. July 1. Suc- ceeded as lord Stanley of Alderley, in 1850. Sir Edward Knatchbull, bart., again, Sept. 12. William Bingham Baring, afterwards lord Ash burton. March 1. Rt. hon. Thomas Babington Macaulay July 12. Granville-George, earl Granville. May 11. The PRESENT (1850) Paymaster- General ; also Vice-President of the Board of Trade. o 3 198 STATESMEN" AND STATE OFFICEES. THE POSTMASTER-GENERAL. " It does not appear at what precise period the crown undertook to be the regular carrier of letters for its subjects. The crown, doubtless, found it necessary, at a very early period, to the exercise of the functions of sovereignty, to be able to convey with speed and security its own despatches from one part of the realm to another, and for that purpose it appointed certain messengers, or runners, called the ' Posts.' These posts were also employed for the personal convenience of the sovereign and the individuals composing the royal court. In course of time a ' Master of the Posts.' was appointed, and the first of these on record was Brian Tuke, esq., afterwards sir Brian Tuke, knt., who held that office in 1516. The joint successors of Sir Brian Tuke were Sir William Paget, one of Henry VIlI.'s chief secretaries of state, and John Mason, esq., secretary for the French tongue. The letters-patent, dated Nov. 12, 1545, conveying to them this office, grant to them during their lives and the life of the survivor, the office of ' Master of the Messengers, Runners, or Posts,' as well within the kingdom of England as parts beyond the seas, with the wages or fee of 66L ISs. 4d. a year, to be held by themselves or their sufficient deputy or deputies. But, besides his fee, the ' Master of the Posts' received from the crown the amount of his expenses for conveying the letters, of which he rendered an account. There is a succession of patents granting the same office, at the same fee, to other parties for life, in the reigns of Elizabeth, James I , and Charles 1." — House of Commons' Report^ 1844.^ The Postmaster- General is now an officer of high consideration in the government. He is always a member of the privy council, usually a peer, and sometimes, as at present, a cabinet minister. When the office has been executed by two Post-Masters, they have been of equal rank and authority. The duties are now confided to one person, whose salary is 2500/. per annum, and who is appointed by patent. Postmasters-General. (JFrom the earliest Official Accounts to the present time. Taken from a Return made to the House of Commons, dated March 25, 1844.) King Charles II. 1678 to 1688. Pliihp Frowde, esq., acting for the duke of York. King William III. 1690 to 1708. Sir Robert Cotton, and Thomas Frankland, esq. Queen Anne. 1708 to 1715. Sir Thomas Frankland, and Sir John Evelyn, bart. King George I. 1715 to 1720. Charles, lord Cornwallis, and James Craggs, esq. 1720 to 1725. Edward Carteret, esq., and Galfridus Walpole, esq. 1725 to 1732. Edward Carteret, esq., and Edward Harrison, esq. King George II. Christmas, 1732. Edward Carteret, alone, to midsummer, 1733. 1733 to 1739. Edward Carteret, esq., and Thomas, lord Lovel, afterwards viscount Coke and earl of Leicester. 1739 to 1744. Sir John Eyles, bart., and Thomas, lord Lovel. 1744 to 1745. Thomas (lord Lovel, now), earl of Leicester, alone. 1745 to 1758. Thomas, earl of Leicester, and Sir Everard Fawkener. Nov. 1758 to April 1759. Thomas, earl of Leicester. June 2, 1759. William, earl of Besborough, and Hon. Robert Hampden. 1 The above extract is taken from the Report of the Secret Committee of the House of Com?nons, " appointed to iNqzifrc into the state of the law in respect to the detaining and opening of letters at the General Post Cifficej" dated July 2, 1844 : Viscount Sandon, chairman. POSTMASTEES-GENERAL. 199 King George III. Nov. 27, 1762. John, earl of Egmont, and Hon. Robert Hampden. Sept. 23, 1763. Thomas, lord Hyde, and Hon. Robert Hampden. Jul3^ 19, 1765. William, earl of Besborougli, and Thomas, lord Grantham. Dec. 29, 1766. Wills, earl of Hillsborough, and Francis, lord Le Despencer. April 26, 1768. John, earl of Sandwich, and Francis, lord Le Despencer. Jan. 16, 1771. Francis, lord Le Despencer, and Rt. hon. Henry-Frederick Carteret. Dec. 11, 1781. Rt. hon. Henry- Frederick Carteret, alone, to Jan. 24, following. Jan. 24, 1782. William, viscount Barrington, and Rt. hon. Henry-Frederick Carteret. April 25, 1782. Charles, earl of Tankerville, and Rt. hon. Henry- Frederick Carteret. May 1, 1783. Thomas, lord Foley, and Rt. hon. Henry-Frederick Carteret. Jan. 7, 1784. Charles, earl of Tankerville, and Rt. hon. Henrv-Frederick Carteret. (Lord Car- teret, Jan. 29, 1784.) Sept. 19, 1786. Thomas, earl of Clarendon, and Henry- Frederick, lord Carteret. Dec. 10, 1786. Henrv-Frederick, lord Carteret, alone, until July 6, i787. July 6, 1787. Henry -Frederick, lord Carteret, and Thomas, lord Walsingham. Sept. 19, 1789. Thomas, lord Walsingham, and J ohn, earl of Westmoreland. March 13, 1790. Thomas, lord Walsingham, and Philip, earl of Chesterfield. July 28, 1794. Philip, earl of Chesterfield, and George, earl of Leicester. March 1, 1798. George, earl of Leicester, and William, lord Auckland. Feb. 27, 1799. William, lord Auckland, and George, lord Gower. March 31, 1801. William, lord Auckland, and Lord Charles Spencer. July 19, 1804. Lord Charles Spencer, and James, duke of Montrose. Feb. 20, 1806. Robert, earl of Buckinghamshire, and J ohn- Joshua, earl of Carysfort. May 5, 1807. John, earl of Sandwich, and Thomas, earl of Chichester. June 6, 1814. Thomas, earl of Chichester, alone. Sept. 30, 1814. Thomas, earl of Chichester, and Richard, earl of Clancarty. April 6, 1816. Thomas, earl of Chichester, and James, marquess of Salisbury, to June 13, 1823, when he died. King George IV. Nov. 27, 1823. Thomas, earl of Chichester, alone, by patent dated as above : died July 4, 1826. Aug. 18, 1826. Lord Frederick Montague, by patent, dated as above: resigned Sept. 17, 1827. Sept. 27, 1827. William, duke of Manchester, by patent, dated as above. King William IV. Dec, 14, 1830. Charles, duke of Richmond, by patent, dated as above. April 14, 1831. Charles, duke of Richmond, by patent, dated as above, appointed postmaster-general of Great Britain and Ireland, conformably with the provisions of 1 William IV. cap. 8. ; passed March 11, 1831.1 July 5, 1834. Francis-Nathaniel, marquess Conyngham, by patent, dated as above. Dec. 31, 1834. William, lord Maryborough, by patent : sworn in Jan. 1, 1835. 1 By this act, the two separate offices of Postmaster-General of Great Britain and Postmaster- General of Ireland were united into one, to possess the same powers, and to be subject to the same penalties, as the former two ; and the appointments of the S'^cretary, and other officers of the Post- Office at Dublin, were there- after vested in the Postmaster- General. — Statutes at Large, o 4 200 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. May 8, 1835. Francis-Nathaniel, marquess Conyngham, by patent : sworn in next day. May 30, 1835. Thomas- William, earl of Lichfield, by patent: sworn in June 1. Queen Victoria. 1837. Earl of Lichfield continued. Sept. 15, 1841. William, viscount Lowther, by patent : sworn in same day. Jan. 2, 1846. Edward Granville, Earl of St. Germans, by pa- tent : sworn in next day. July 14, 1846. Ulick John, marquess of Clanricarde, by patent. The PRESENT (1850) Postmaster-General. Secretaries to the General Post Office. There is no complete record in the department of the General Post Office, of the persons by whom the office of Secretary was held, previously to the year 1762, when Anthony Tod, esq., was ap- pointed. 1720. [The name of James Craggs, esq., appears on the records of the Post-office as se- cretary in this year.] 1723. [In this year, Mr. Joseph Godman is found to be filling the office of secretary.] 1738. John David Barbutt, esq., appointed se- cretary in the room of T. Robinson, esq., deceased Sept. 17. 1742. George Shelvocke, esq., vice Mr. Barbutt, removed J uly 22. 1762. Anthony Tod, esq., appointed (but in whose room is not stated). Dec. 1. 1797. Francis Freeling, esq. (who had acted for a short time previously as joint secre- tary) vice Mr. Tod, deceased. Created a baronet, March 11, 1828. 1836. Lieut.- Col. William Leader Maberly, vice Sir Francis Freeling, bart. Sept. 29. The PRESENT (1850) Secretary. THE MASTER OF THE MINT. The Warden was anciently the chief officer of the Mint, but the Master has of late years become an officer of high political consideration, and he is now always a member of the government, and sometimes a cabinet minister. The office of Warden was abolished by act of parliament (57 George III.), July 7, 1817, and the duties were directed to be performed by the Master, who was by that act constituted Master, Warden, and Worker. His salary (which in July, 1799, was fixed, instead of fees, at 3000Z.), was reduced in June, 1831, to 2000Z. per annum. It may here be observed, that it is in contemplation to alter the constitution of the Mint altogether ; but it is uncertain what arrangements will finally be made. It is probable, however, that the (now almost sinecure) office of Master of the Mint will be soon abolished, at least as a merely honorary office. Masters of the Mint from the earliest time. King Henry I. * * Godwin Socche. Winchester. King Edward I. 1275. Gregory Rokesley. 1280. William de Turnemire, of Marseilles. — Richard de Lothebury, 1281. Alexander Norman de Luic. Dublin. 1282. Gregory Rokesley. 1285. William de Turnemire, in Gascony. 1286. John de Caturco and Gerald Mauhan. Lond. and Cant. 1287. John de Caturco. 1297. JohnPorcher. — Roger de Rede. St. Edmundsbury. 1300. Hubert Elion, William de Turnemire, and his brother. King Edward II. 1308. John de Puntoyse. 1313. John de Puntoyse and Lapine Roger. Lond. and Cant. 1317. Giles de Hertesburg, and Terric de Lose. Lond. and Cant. King Edward III. 1327. Roger Rykeman. Lond. and Cant. 1344. George Kyrkin, and Lotto Nicholyn, of Florence. — Henry de Brusele. 1345. Percival de Porche, de Lucca. — Walter de Dunflower. 1347. George Kyrkin and Lotto Nicholyn. 1348. Bertrand de Polirac, meistre du coigne et de monoies de la ducliee de Guien. — Rolls of Pari. 1351. Anthony Bache, of Geneva, and Nicholas Choue. 1352. Henry de Brusele and John de Chichester. 1354. Henry de Brusele. Lond. and Cant. 1357 John Donative, of the castle of Florence, and Philip John Denier. 1361. Peter de Bataile. Rochelle. 1362. Gauter de Barde. 1363. Robert de Porche. MASTERS OF THE MINT. 201 1366. Thomes Kyng. Calais. 1367. John de Chichester. 1372. Bardet de Malepilys. King Richard II. 1377. Gauter de Barde. 1395. Nicholas Malakine, a Florentine. — John Wildeman. 1396. Nicholas Malakine. King Henry IV. 1402. Walter Merwe, magister moneta. Lond. 1413. Richard Garner. — John Lowys or Lodowic John. King Henry V. 1418. Conrad Melwer. Normandy. 1421. John Marceur. St. Looe. King Henry YI. 1422. Bartholomew Goldbeter. London, fork, Bristol, and Calais. 1426. Robert Manfeld. 1432. William Russe. London, Calais, Bristol, and York. 1433. John Paddesley : the same places. 1446. Robert Manfeld. London and Calais. 1459. Sir Richard Tonstall, knt. 1461. Robert, bishop of Ross. — Germayne Lynch. Ireland. King Edward IV. 1461. William, lord Hastings : keeper of all man- ner of the king's exchaunges and out- chaunges in the Tower of London, realm of England, territory of Ireland, and town of Calais. — Patent. 1480. Hugh Brice. Calais. 1483. Bartholomew Rede. — Thomas Galinole, master and worker of the money of silver in Develyn (Dublin) and Waterford. King Richard III. 1483. Robert Brackenbury. King Henry VII. 1485. Giles, lord Daubeney, and Bartholomew Rede, goldsmith. — Robert Bowley, maister of the cunage and mynt, within the cities of Dyvelyn and Waterford. — Rolls of Pari. 1491. John Shaa and Bartholomew Rede. 1492. Robert Fenrother, and Rede. King Henry VIII. 1509. William Blount, lord Montjoy. 1524. William Wright. York. 1527. Ralph Rowlet, and Martin Bowes. 1531. William Blount, lord Montjoy. 1534. William Tillesworth, archbishop's mint, Canterbury. 1543. Sir Martin Bowes, and Ralph Rowlet. 1544. Sir Martin Bowes. 1545. Sir Martin Bowes, and Stephen Vaughan, and Thomas Knight, esqrs. — Nicholas Tyery. King Edward VL 1547. John York, and others. Southwark. — William Tillesworth. Canterbury. — Sir Martin Bowes. Tower. 1548. George Gale. York. 1549. Sir Edmund Peckham, and others. — Sir William Sharrington. 1550. Martyn Pirri. Dublin. — Co^ow. MSS, — George Gale, and others. York. Philip and Mary. 1554. Thomas Egerton. Queen Elizabeth. 1559. Sir Thomas Stanley, and others. 1572. John Lonison. — ^TarZ. MSS. 1573. Thomas Stanley. — Lansdowne 3ISS, 1581. Sir Richard Martin. 1582. Richard Mavtin. — Ilarleian MSS. 1584. Sir Richard Martin, and Richard Martin, his son. — Lowndes. King James I 1603. Sir Richard Martin, and Richard Martin, his son, continued. 1615. Thomas, lord Knyyet, and Edward Double- day. 1619. Randal Cranfield. 1623. Sir Edward Villiers, knt. 1624. Sir Henry Villiers, and Henry Twedy, esq. 1625. Sir Henry Villiers. King Charles I. 1625. Sir Robert Harley. 1635. Sir Ralph Freeman, knt. 1637. Thomas Bushell, esq., Aberystwith. 1641. Sir William Parkhurst, and Thomas Bushel, esq., Oxford. 1643. Sir Robert Harley. 1647. Henry Slingsby. — John Faulkener, or Falconer. Edinburgh. The Commonwealth. 1649. Aaron Guerdain. King Charles II. 1660. Sir William Parkhurst. — Sir Ralph Freeman, knt. — Sir Thomas Vyner, Robert Vyner, and Daniel Bellingham. Dublin. 1670. Henry Slingsby. 1679. Thomas Neale. — John Falconer. Edinburgh. King James II. 1685. Thomas Neale. {John Trinder, Thomas Goddard, William Talbot, William Bromfield, hi c§ S Francis Rice, and Edward Fox. Dublin. WalterPlunket. Limerick. J O King William III. 1689. Thomas Neale. 1699. Isaac Newton, previously warden: after- wards sir Isaac Newton. — Major Wjwil. York. Queen Anne. 1702. Sir Isaac Newton (knighted by her ma- jesty in 1705), continued. King George I. 1714. Sir Isaac Newton, continued, 1727. John Conduit. 202 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. King George II. 1727. John Conduit, continued. 1737. Hon. Richard Arundel. 1744. Hon. William Chetwynd, afterwards vis- count Chetwynd. King George III. 1760. Viscount Chetwynd, continued. 17G9. Hon. Charles Sloane Cadogan, afterwards earl Cadogan. 1784. Thomas, earl of Effingham. Jan. 1789. Philip, earl of Chesterfield. Feb. 12. 1790. George, earl of Leicester. Jan. 20. 1794. Sir George Yonge, bart. July. 1799. Robert Banks Jenkinson, lord Hawkes- bury. Feb. 14. 1801. Charles-George, lord Arden. April 18. 1802. Rt. hon. John Smyth. July 2. 1804. Henry, earl Bathurst. July 7. 1806. Lord Charles Spencer. Feb. 20. — Rt. hon. Charles Bathurst. Oct. 27. 1807. Earl Bathurst, again. April 25. 1812. Richard, earl of Clancarty. Oct. 30. 1814. Rt. hon. William Wellesley Pole, after- wards lord Maryborough. Sept. 28. King George IY. 1820. Rt. hon. William Wellesley Pole, after- wards lord Maryborough, continued. 1823. Rt. hon. Thomas Wallace, afterwards lord Wallace. Oct. 9. 1827. Rt. hon. George Tierney. May 29. 1828. Rt. hon. John Charles Herries. Feb. 12. King William IV. 1830. Rt. hon. John Charles Herries, continued. — George, lord Auckland. Dec. 14. 1834. Rt. hon. James Abercromby. July 1. 1835. Rt. hon. Alexander Baring. Jan. 1. — Rt. hon. Henry Labouchere. May 9. Queen Victoria. 1837. Rt. hon. Henry Labouchere, continued. 1841. Rt. hon. William Ewart Gladstone. Sept. 2L 1845. Sir George Clerk, bart. Feb. 12. 1846. Rt. hon. Richard Lalor Shiel. July 14. 1850. Sir John -Frederick- William Herschel, bart. Dec. 13. The present Master of the Mint. The dates in this roll, which differ, in some in- stances materiall}'^, from those found in other works, are taken^ from Ruding's '* Coinage of Great Britain,^'' or from the Records of the Mint. THE JUDGE ADVOCATE-GENERAL. The Judge Advocate- General and Judge Martial of all the Forces is an officer of high honour and of considerable responsibility. His office is held by patent from the crown. He is the legal adviser of the sovereign and of the commander-in-chief, in military cases, and by his authority all general courts-martial are held. In his office are deposited the originals of all such proceedings, and on his receipt of them they are examined, and either deposited as correct, or communicated upon, or submitted by the Judge Advocate- General to her majesty for royal approval, or for pardon, or revision, as, in the opinion of this officer, the respective cases may require. There are various other duties embraced in this judicial department of the state, to which the Judge Advocate- General has anxiously and constantly to devote his official time. The number of courts-martial and of cases requiring the Judge Advocate's investi- gation, now (1850) amount to about six thousand annually. Judge Advocates -General. The dates are those of the actual entrance upon office, not of the appointment, which is usually a few days earlier; or of the patent, commonly some days later than those we adopt in this list. 1666. Dr. Samuel Barrowe. Jan. 1684. George Clarke. 1705. Thomas Byde. 1715. Edward Hughes. 1734. Sir Henry Hoghton, bart. 1741. Thomas Morgan. 1708. Dr. Charles Gould, afterwards Sir Charles Gould Morgan, bart.i [Knighted 1779 ; created a baronet in 1792, when, conformably with the will of his brother-in-law and by royal permission, he assumed the name of Morgan. Held the office thirty-eight years.] 1806. Rt. hon. Nathaniel Bond. March 8. Re- tired from ill-health. 1807. Rt. hon. Richard Ryder. Dec. 4. After- wards home secretary. 1809. Rt. hon. Charles Manners Sutton. Nov. 8. Afterwards speaker of the house of commons. 1817. Rt. hon. John Beckett. June 25. 1827. Rt. hon. James Abercromby. May 12. Afterwards speaker of the house of commons, and created lord Dunfermline. 1828. Rt. hon. sir John Beckett, bart., second appointment. Feb. 2. 1 Sir Charles Gould Morgan was the eldest son of King Gould, who for several years previous to 1756 (when he died) held the otfice of deputy judge advocate-general. OFFICERS OF THE EOYAL HOUSEHOLD. 203 1830. Rt. lion. Robert Grant (afterwards sir Robert, G. C. H.). Dec. 2. Afterwards governor of Bombay. 1834. Rt. hon. Robert Cutlar Fergusson. July 7. 1834. Rt. hon. sir John Beckett, bart., third time. Dec. 22. 1835. Rt. hon. Robert Cutlar Fergusson ; second time. April 25. 1838. William St. Julien Arabin, serjeant-at-law. Nov. 26. 1839. Rt. hon. sir George Grey, bart. Feb. 21 : sworn of the council,*^ March 1. After- wards chancellor of the duchy of Lan- caster, and present home secretary. 1841. Rt. hon. Richard Lalor Shiel. June 26. Afterwards master of the mint. — Rt. hon. Dr. John NichoU. Sept. 14. Af- terwards one of the ecclesiastical com- missioners. 1846. Rt. hon. James Stuart Wortley, Jan. 31 : sworn of the council, Feb. 25. — Charles Buller. July 14. Afterwards chief poor law commissioner. 1847. William Goodenough Hayter. Dec. 30. (Rt. hon. Feb. 11, 1848.) Afterwards joint secretary to the treasury. 1849. Sir David Dundas, knt. May 30. (Rt. hon. June 29, following.) The present (1850) Judge Advocate-General. THE LOED STEWARD OF THE HOUSEHOLD. This is the first great officer of the court : the nature of his office (which is of high honour and antiquity) is implied in the name. He has the management of the palace below stairs, and the appointment and superintendence of numerous persons in the sovereign's service. The Lord Steward is always a nobleman of high rank, and a privy councillor. He has no formal grant of his office ; and formerly received his charge immediately from the sovereign in person, who, on placing in his hands a white staff or wand, said, " Seneschal., tenez le baton de notre maizon.^'' By virtue of this office, the Lord Steward was, until lately, the chief judge of the court of the Queen's Palace of Westminster. This court was originally instituted to determine actions against members of the Household, but it subsequently grew into comparatively extensive jurisdiction. It was, however, wholly abolished in 1849. Lord Stewards of the Household. King Henry VII. Robert, lord Brooke. 1502. Sir Gilbert Talbot, knt. King Henry VIII. 1509. George, earl of Shrewsbury. 1541. Charles, duke of Suffolk. 1544. William, lord St. John of Basing, after- wards earl of Wiltshire, and marquess of Winchester. King Edward VI. 1547. William, lord St. John, continued. 1551. John, duke of Northumberland: beheaded in 1553. Queen Mary. 1553. Henry, earl of Arundel. Queen Elizabeth. 1558. Henry, earl of Arundel, continued. 1568. William, earl of Pembroke. 1570. Robert, earl of Leicester. 1588. William, lord St . John of Basing, eldest son to the marquess of Winchester. King James I. 1G03. Charles, earl of Nottingham. 1618. Ludovick, duke of Richmond and Lenox. 1623. James, marquess of Hamilton and earl of Cambridge. King Charles I. 1625. William, earl of Pembroke. Died in 1630. [The office vacant for some years.] 1640. Thomas, earl of Arundel and Surrey. 1644. James, dulie of Richmond and Lenox. King Charles 11. 1660. James, duke of Ormond. King James II. 1685. James, duke of Ormond, continued. King William III. 1689. WiUiam, earl, afterwards duke of Devon- shire. Queen Anne. 1702. William, duke of Devonshire, continued: died 18 Aug. 1707. 1707. William, duke of Devonshire, son to the former duke. Sept. 8. 1710. John, duke of Buckinghamshire and Noi- mandy. 1711. John, earl Paulet. King George I. 1714. William, duke of Devonshire, again. 1716. Henry, duke of Kent. 1718. John, duke of Greenwich and Argyle. 1725. Lionel Cranfield, duke of Dorset. King George II. 1727. Lionel Cranfield, duke of Dorset, continued. 1730. Philip Dormer, earl of Chesterfield. 1733. William, duke of Devonshire. 1737. Lionel Cranfield, duke of Dorset. 1744. WiLiam, duke of Devonshire. 1749. Charles, duke of Marlborough. June 12. 1755. John, duke of Rutland. 204 STATESMEN^ AND STATE OFFICERS. King George III. 1760. John, duke of Rutland, continued. 1761. William, earl Talbot. 1782. Frederick, earl of Carlisle. May 4. 1783. Charles, duke of Rutland. Feb. 14. — William, earl of Dartmouth. April 9. — James, duke of Chandos : he died in Oct. 1789. Dec. 26. 1789. John -Frederick, duke of Dorset. Oct. 7. 1799. George, earl of Leicester. Feb. 20. 1802. George, earl of Dartmouth. Aug. 15. 1804. Heneage, earl of Aylesford. May 30. 1812. George-James, earl (afterwards marquess) of Cholniondeley. Feb. 19. King George IV. 1821. Henry, marquess of Conyngham. Dec. 11. King William IV. 1830. Richard, duke of Buckingham and Chan- dos. July 16. — Richard, marquess Wellesley. Nov. 23. 1833. George-William, duke of Argyll. Sept. 12. 1835. Thomas Egerton, earl of Wilton. Jan. 5. — George-William, duke of Argyll. April 23. Queen Victoria. 1839. William-George, earl of Erroll. Nov. 15. 1841. Charles Cecil, earl of Liverpool. Sept. 3. 1846. Hugh, earl Fortescue. July 9. Resigned in 1850. 1850. Richard, marquess of Westminster. March. 22. The present Lord Steward of the Household. Treasurers of the Household. (^Lord Steward's Department.) King Henry VII. * * Sir Richard Croft, knt. 1500. Sir Thomas Lovell, knt. King Henry VIII. * * Sir Thomas Boleyn (father of queen Anna Bolej^n) afterwards viscount Rochford and earl of Wiltshire. 1537. Sir William Fitzwilliam, knt., afterwards earl of Southampton. 1538. Sir William Paulet, knt., afterwards Lord St. John of Basing, earl of Wiltshire, and marquess of Winchester. 1541. Sir Thomas Cheney, knt. King Edward VI. 1547. Sir Thomas Cheney, continued. Queen Mary. The office vacant. Queen Elizabeth. 1560. Sir Thomas Parry. * * Sir Edward Montagu, knt. 1586. Sir Francis Knollys, K. G. 1597. Roger, lord North. 1601. Sir William Knollys, knt. King James I. 1603. Sir William Knollys, continued. Created lord Knollys and viscount Wallingford ; and afterwards earl of Banbury. 1616. Edward, lord Wotton. 1618. Sir Thomas Edmonds, knt. King Charles I. 1625. Sir Thomas Edmonds, continued, 1639. Sir Henry Vane, sen., knt. 1641. Thomas, viscount Savile, in Ireland, and lord Savile, of Pomfret, in England. King Charles XL 1660. Sir Frederick Cornwallis, bart., afterwards lord Cornwallis. 1663. Charles, viscount Fitz-Harding, of Ireland. 1668. Sir Thomas Clifford, knt., afterwards lord Clifford, of Chudleigh. 1672. Francis, lord Newport, afterwards viscount Newport, and earl of Bradford. King James II. 1686. William, earl of Yarmouth. King William III. 1689. Francis, Lord Newport, again. Queen Anne. 1702. Francis, earl of Bradford : died in 1708. 1708. Hugh, earl of Cholmondeley. 1712. George, lord Lansdowne, of Bideford. Aug. 18. King George L 1714. Hugh, earl of Cholmondeley, again. 1725. Paul Methuen; afterwards sir Paul Me^ thuen, K. B. King George II. 1727. Sir Paul Methuen, continued. 1730. Robert Benson, Lord Bingley. 1731. John, lord (afterwards earl) De la Warr, K. B. June 12. 1737. Benjamin, earl Fitzwalter. 1755. John, lord Berkeley, of Stratton. 1756. John, viscount Bateman. Nov. 19. 1757. Percy Wyndham, earl of Thomond. July 8. King George III. 1760. The earl of Thomond, continued. 1761. Henry Arthur, earl of Powis. 1765. George, lord Edgcumbe, now viscount Mount Edgcumbe. 1766. John Shelly, afterwards sir John. 1777. Frederick, earl of Carlisle. June 13. 1779. George, lord Onslow and Cranley. 1780, James, viscount Cranbourn, afterwards earl of Salisbury. Sept. 1782. Thomas, earl of Effingham. April 10. 1783. Hon. Charles Greville. April. 1784. James, earl of Courtown. August. 1793. James-George, viscount Stopford. June 20. 1806. Charles- Augustus, lord Ossulston. Feb. 12. 1807. James-George, viscount Stopford, again. March 31. 1810. James-George, afterwards earl of Courtown. Oct. 11. 1812. Robert, viscount Jocelyn. May 8. 1812. Lord William-Charles Cavendish Bentinck. July 29. OFFICERS OF THE EOYAL HOUSEHOLD. 205 King George IV. 1826. Sir William -Henry Fremantle. April 29. King William IV. 1830. Sir William-Henry Fremantle, continued. Queen Victoria. 1837. Henry Charles, earl of Surrey. July 19. 1841. Rt. hon. George Stevens Byng. June 23. — Frederick-William, earl Jermyn. Sept. 9. 1846. Lord Robert Grosvenor. Aug. 4. 1847. Lord Arthur Marcus Cecil Hill. July 22. The present (1850) Treasurer of the Household. COMPTROLLORS OF THE HOUSEHOLD. (^Lord Steward's Department.) King Henry VII. * * Sir Richard Edgcumbe, knt. King Henry VIII. * * Sir Edward Poynings, afterwards lord Poynings. 1537. Sir John Russell, afterwards lord Russell and earl of Bedford. 1542. Sir John Gage, knt. King Edward VI. 1547. Sir John Gage, continued. — Sir William Paget, afterwards lord Paget. 1550. Sir Anthony Wingfield, knt. Queen Mary. 1553. Sir Robert Rochester, K. G. 1557. Sir Thomas Cornwallis, knt. Queen Elizabeth. 1558. Sir Thomas Parry, knt. 1560. Sir Edward Rogers, knt. 1565. Sir James Crofts, knt. 1588. Sir Francis KnoUys, knt. 1590. Sir William KnoUys, knt. (his son), after- wards lord KnoUys and viscount Wal- lingford. 1601. Sir Edward Wotton, knt., afterwards lord Wotton. King James I. 1603. Sir Edward, now lord Wotton, continued. — Sir Henry Carey, knt. 1616. Sir Thomas Edmondes, K. B. 1618. Sir Henry Carey, afterwards viscount Falk- land. 1621. Sir John Suckling, knt. King Charles I. 1625. Sir John Savile, knt, afterwards lord Savile, and earl of Sussex. 1628. Sir Henry Vane, sen., knt. 1640. Sir Thomas Jermyn. 1641. Sir Peter Wyche, knt. 1642. Sir Christopher Hatton, knt., afterwards lord Hatton. King Charles II. 1660. Sir Charles Berkeley, knt., afterwards vis- count Fitzharding. 1660. Sir Hugh Pollard, K.B. 1666. Sir Thomas Clifford, knt., afterwards lord Clifford, of Chudleigh. 1668. Francis, lord Newport, afterwards viscount Newport, and earl of Bradford. 1672. WiUiam, lord Maynard. King James II. 1685. Henry, lord Waldegrave. King William III. 1689. Hon. Thomas Wharton, afterwards lord Wharton, earl and marquess of Wharton. Queen Anne. 1702. Sir Edward Seymour, bart. 1704. Sir Thomas Mansell, bart. AprU 27. 1708. Hugh, earl of Cholmondeley. May. — Sir Thomas Felton, bart. Oct. 1709. Sir John HoUand, bart. June 2. 1711. Sir Thomas Mansell, bart., again; after- wards lord Mansell. 1712. George, lord Lansdowne, of Bideford. 1718. Sir John Stonehouse, bart. King George I. 1714. Hugh Boscawen, afterwards viscount Fal- mouth. 1720. Paul Methuen, afterwards sir Paul, K. B. 1725. Daniel, lord Finch, afterwards earl of Win- chelsea and Nottingham. King George II. 1727. Daniel, lord Finch, continued. 1730. Hon. sir Conyers D'Arcy, knt. June 11. 1754. Wills, earl of Hillsborough. 1755. John, lord Hobart, afterwards earl of Buckinghamshire. 1756. Hon. Richard Edgcumbe, afterwards lord Edgcumbe. Nov. 19. King George III. 1760. Lord Edgcumbe, continued. 1761. Henry-Arthur, earl of Powis. May 31. — Lord George Cavendish. Nov. 1762. Lord Charles Spencer. 1763. Rt. hon. Humphrey Morrice. Jan. 10. 1765. Thomas Pelham, esq., afterwards lord Pel- ham. Sept. 6. 1774. Sir WiUiam Meredith, bart. March 9 1777. George, lord Onslow and Cranley. 1779. Sir Richard Worsley, bart. 1782. Peter, earl Ludlow. 1784. Robert, viscount Gal way. 1787. Hon. John Charles Villiers. Feb. 19. 1790. Hon. Dudley Ryder, afterwards lord Har- rowby. Feb. 27. 1791. George, viscount Parker, afterwards earl of Macclesfield. AprU 21. 1797. Lord Charles-Henry Somerset. AprU 27. 1804. Lord George Thynne. May 31. 1812. Lord George-Thomas Beresford. July 29. King George IV. 1820. Lord George-Thomas Beresford, continued. King William IV. 1830. Lord Robert Grosvenor. Nov. 23. 206 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. 1834. Hon. Henry-Thomas Lowry Corry. Dec. 29. 1835. Rt. hon. George Stevens Byng. May 7. Queen Victoria. 1837. Rt. hon. George Stevens Bvng, continued. 1841. Lord Arthur Marcus Cecil Hill. June 23. 1841. Hon, George Lionel Dawson Darner. Sept. 9. 1846. Lord Arthur Marcus Cecil Hill, again. July 7. 1847. Hon. William Sebright Lascelles. July 22. The PRESENT (1850) Comptroller of the Household. THE LORD CHAMBERLAIN OF THE HOUSEHOLD. To this high and very ancient officer, the second of the court, is entrusted the management of various branches of the Royal Household. He has the control of the domestics employed in the palaces of the sovereign, and the appointment of numerous professional persons, tradesmen, and artisans to the royal service. He has also the direction of all state ceremonials, coronations, marriages, funerals, &c.; and to him appertains the privilege of licensing plays and other dramatic entertainments. The Lord Chamberlain is always a nobleman of high rank, and a privy councillor. LoKD Chamberlains of the Household. King Henry VII. 1485. Sir William Stanley, knt. : beheaded. * * Sir Charles Somerset, knt., afterwards lord Herbert and earl of Worcester. King Henry VIII. 1509. The earl of Worcester continued. 1526. Henry, earl of Arundel. 1530. William, lord Sandys, of the Vine. 1535. William, lord St. John, of Basing. King Edw^abd VI. 1547. WilHam, lord St. John, of Basing, con- tinued. 1550. Thomas, lord Wentworth. 1551. Thomas, lord D'Arcy, of Chiche. Queen Mary. 1553. John, lord Williams. 1557. WilHam, lord Howard of Effingham. Queen Elizabeth. 1558. Lord Howard of Effingham, continued. 1572. Thomas, earl of Sussex. 1585. Henry, lord Hunsdon. 1596. George, lord Hunsdon. King James I. 1603. George, lord Hunsdon, continued. — Thomas, earl of Suffi)lk. 1613. Robert, earl of Somerset. 1615. WilHam, earl of Pembroke. King Charles I. 1625. Wihiam, earl of Pembroke, continued. — Philip, earl of Montgomery, and afterwards of Pembroke. 1641. Robert, earl of Essex. 1642. Edward, earl of Dorset. King Charles II. 1660. Edward, earl of Manchester. }671. Henry, earl of St. Albans. 1674. Henry, earl of ArHngton. 1681. John, earl of Mulgrave, afterwards duke of Buckingham. King James II. 1685. Robert, earl of Ailesbury and Elgin. July. — Thomas, earl of Ailesbury and Elgin (son of the former). Oct. 1686. John, earl of Mulgrave, again. King William III. 1689. Charles, earl of Dorset and Middlesex. 1695. Robert, earl of Sunderland. 1699. Charles, duke of Shrewsbury. 1700. Edward, earl of Jersey. Queen Anne. 1702. Edward, earl of Jersey, continued. 1704. Henry, earl of Kent, afterwards marquess and duke of Kent. 1714. Charles, duke of Shrewsbury. King George I. — The same, continued. 1715. Charles, duke of Bolton : resigned July 4, following. June 19. [The office vaca7it.'\ 1717. Thomas Holies, duke of Newcastle. April 14. 1724. Charles, duke of Grafton. King George IL 1727. The duke of Grafton, continuea. 1757. William, duke of Devonshire. King George III. 1760. The duke of Devonshire, continued. 1762. George, duke of Marlborough. Nov. 22. 1763. Granville Leveson, earl Gower. April 22. 1765. William-Henry Cavendish, duke of Port- land. July 10. 1766. Francis Seymour, earl of Hertford. Dec. 4. 1782. George, duke of Manchester. April 10. 1783. Francis Seymour, earl of Hertford. April 9. 1783. James, earl of Salisbury. Dec. 26. 1804. George, earl of Dartmouth. May 14. 1812. Francis, marquess of Hertford. March 5. King George IV. 1821. James, duke of Montrose. Dec. 11. OFFICEES OF THE KOYAL HOUSEHOLD. 207 1827. William Spencer, duke of Devonshire. May 5. 1828. James, duke of Montrose, again. Feb. 18. King William IV. 1830. George Child Viiliers, earl of Jersey. July 24. 1830. William Spencer, duke of Devonshire, again. Nov. 22. 1834. George, earl of Jersey, again. Dec. 15. 1835. Richard, marquess Wellesley. April. 1835. Francis-Nathaniel, marquess Conyngham. May. Queen Victoria. 1839. Henry Paget, earl of Uxbridge. May 6. 1841. George- John Sackville, earl De la Warr. Sept. 14. 1846. Frederick, earl Spencer. July 8. 1848. John Campbell, marquess of Breadalbane. Sept. 4. The phesent (1850) Lord Chamberlain of the Household. Vice -Chamberlains. King Henry YIII. * * Sir John Gage, knt. King Edw^ard VI. * * Sir Anthony Wingfield, knt. * * Sir John Gates, knt. 1550. Sir Thomas DArcy. Queen Mary. 1553. [The office vacant.'] Queen Elizabeth. * * Sir Edward Rogers, knt. * * Sir Thomas Heneage, knt. * * Sir Christopher Hatton, knt. 1602. Sir John Stanhope, knt., afterwards lord Stanhope, of Harrington. King James I. 1603. John, lord Stanhope, continued. 1616. Sir John Digby, afterwards lord Digby and earl of Bristol. King Charles I. 1625. Sir Dudley Carleton, knt., afterwards lord Carleton, and viscount Dorchester. 1626. Sir Henry May, knt. Sir Thomas Jermyn, knt. 1640. George, lord Goring, afterwards earl of Norwich. King Charles II. 1660. Sir George Carteret, bart. 1670. Henry Savile or Saville, esq. King James II. 1685. Henry Savile, continued. 1686. James Porter, esq. King William HI. 1689. Sir John Lowther, bart., afterwards vis- count Lonsdale. 1690. Hon. Peregrine Bertie. Queen Anne. 1702. Hon. Peregrine Bertie, continued. 1706. Thomas Coke, afterwards lord Lovel, and earl of Leicester. Dec. 5. King George I. 1714. Thomas Coke, continued. 1727. William Stanhope, afterwards earl of Har- rington. King George II. 1727. William Stanhope, continued. 1730. Lord John Hervey. May 8. 1740. Lord Svdney Beauclerk. May 1 . 1742. Hon. William Finch. July 13. King George HI. 1760. Hon. William Finch, continued. 1765. George Bussy, viscount Viiliers, afterwards earl of Jersey. July 12. 1770. Hon. Thomas Robinson, afterwards lord Grantham. Feb. 13. 1771. John, viscount Hinchinbroke. Feb. 6. 1782. George, viscount Chewton, afterwards earl Waldegrave. May 2. 1784. George, lord Herbert, afterwards earl of Pembroke. Nov. 20. 1794. Rt. hon. Charles Fulke Greville. Aug. 1804. Lord John Thymic. July 11. 1812. Francis-Charles, earl of Yarmouth. March 10. 1812. Robert, viscount Jocelyn. Aug. 15. King George IY. 1821. James, marquess of Graham. Feb. 7. 1827. Sir Samuel Hulse. May 5. King William IV. 1830. George, earl of Belfast. July 24. 1834. Frederick, viscount Castlereagh. Dec. 27. 1835. Lord Charles Fitzroy. June 29. Queen Victoria. 1838. George, earl of Belfast, again. May 2. Af- terwards marquess of Donegal. 1841. Lord Ernest Bruce. Sept. 8. 1846. Lord Edward- George Fitz-Alan Howard. The present (1850) Vice - Chamber- lain of the Household. J uly 8. THE groom of the STOLE. The Groom of the Stole, a high officer of the Hoyal Household, and whose office existed until the commencement of the present reign, was first Lord of the Bed- chamber, and derived his official distinction from having the custody of the long robe or vestment worn by the king upon solemn occasions of state, called the Stole. The 208 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. office was always filled by a nobleman of high rank, who wore a gold key as the emblem of it. The Groom of the Stole always became a privy councillor, if not so previously. King Charles II. 1660. John, earl of Bath. Grooms of the Stole. (^From the Restoration, to the Suppression of the Office in 1837.) 1775. Thomas, viscount Weymouth. 1782. King James II. 1685. Henry, earl of Peterborough. King William III. 1689. WiUiam, earl of Portland. 1699. Henry, earl of Komney : died in 1700. Queen Anne.i 1704. Sarah, duchess of Marlborough. 1710. Elizabeth, duchess of Somerset. King George I. 1714. Lionel Craniield, earl of Dorset and Mid- dlesex, afterwards duke of Dorset. 1719. Charles, earl of Sunderland. 1723. Francis, earl of Godolphin. King George II. 1727. Francis, earl of Godolphin, continued. 1735. Henry, earl of Pembroke. Jan. 9. 1750. William-Anne, earl of Albemarle. 1755. William- Henry, earl of Rochford. King George III. 1760. John, earl of Bute. 1761. Francis, earl of Huntingdon. 1770. George-William, earl of Bristol. March. J ohn, earl of Ashburnham. Nov. Thomas, viscount Weymouth, afterwards marquess of Bath. 1796. John, duke of Roxburgh : died in 1804. Nov. 30. 1804. George, earl of Winchilsea and Notting- ham. May 14. 1812. Charles Ingoldsby, marquess of Win- chester. King George IY. 1820. Marquess of Winchester, continued. King William IV. 1830. Marquess of Winchester, continued. [This office was discontinued on the ac- cession of her present majesty, Victoria, in 1837.] Mistresses of the Robes.^ Queen Victoria. 1837. Harriett-Elizabeth, duchess of Sutherland. Aug. 29. 1841. Charlotte, duchess of Buccleuch. Sept. 6. 1846. The duchess of Sutherland, again. July 6. The PRESENT (1850) Mistress of the Robes. THE MASTER OF THE HORSE. Is reckoned the teird great officer of the court. The office is of high honour and antiquity, and is always filled by noblemen of great rank. The Master of the Horse has the management and direction of all matters relating to the royal stables, and of the revenue appropriated to this branch of the Royal Household. He is the only personage who has the privilege of using horses belonging to the crown, and of being attended by pages and servants attached to his department. In royal processions and on occasions of state the Master of the Horse usually rides in the same carriage with the sovereign. Masters of the Horse. King Henry YIII. * * Sir Thomas Knivet, knt. * * Sir Nicholas Carew, knt. 1539. Sir Anthony Brown. King Edavard VI. 1547. Sir Anthony Brown, continued. * * Sir William Herbert, knt., afterwards lord Herbert and earl of Pembroke 1552. Ambrose, earl of Warwick. Queen Mary. 1556. Sir Henry Jernynham, knt. Queen Elizabeth. * * Sir Robert Dudley, knt., afterwards earl of Leicester. 1588. Robert, earl of Essex : beheaded in 1601. 1602. Edward, earl of Worcester. King James I. 1603. Edward, earl of Worcester, continued. 1616. George, viscount Villiers, afterwards duke of Buckingham. King Charles I. 1625. The duke of Buckingham, continued. ^ Though somewhat Incongruous in name, the office of groom of the stole was continued when her majesty queen Anne was on the throne, and combined the duties of mistress of the robes. 2 The mistress of the robes to a queen regnant is an office of more political importance than to a queen con- sort. Mary, duchess of Ancaster and Kesteven, held this appointment in the household of Charlotte, consort of George III. ; and the duchess dowager of Leeds In that of her late majesty, Adelaide, queen of William IV. OFFICERS OF THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD. 209 1629. James, marquess, and afterwards duke of Hamilton. King Charles II. IGGO. George, duke of Albemarle. 1665. James, duke of Monmouth and Buccleuch : beheaded in 1G85. 1672. George, duke of Buckingham. 1673. Henry Guy, esq. /"Theophilus Oglethorpe, esq. J Charles Adderlejs esq. * *i Commissioners during the minority of C Charles, duke of Richmond. 1679. Charles, duke of Richmond and Lenox. King William III. 1689. Henry de Nassau d'Auverquerque. Queen Anne. 1702. Charles, duke of Somerset. King George I. 1714. Charles, duke of Somerset, continued: he resigned the next year. 1717. Henry Berkeley, esq., commissioner, in the room of hon. Conyers D'Arcy. June 14 1717. Mr. Negus appointed, and continued sole commissioner till the accession of George H. June 27, King George II. 1727. Richard, earl of Scarborough. June 15. 1 7*i/L f Hon. James Lumley. "I Commissioners. ^ ' j Hon. Henry Berkeley, j May. 1735. Charles, duke of Richmond, Lenox, and Aubigny. Jan. 9. 1751. William, marquess of Hartington, after- wards duke of Devonshire. 1755. Lionel Cranfield, duke of Dorset. 1757. Granville Leveson Gower, earl Gower. King George HL 1760. Francis, earl of Huntingdon. 1761. John, duke of Rutland. 1766. Francis Seymour, earl of Hertford. Aug. 1766. Peregrine, duke of Ancaster and Kesteven. Dec. 1778. Hugh, duke of Northumberland. Dec. 10. 1780. George, duke of Montagu. Dec. 11. 1790. James, duke of Montrose. Dec. 7. 1795. John Fane, earl of Westmoreland. March. 1798. Philip Stanhope, earl of Chesterfield. Feb. 14. 1804. Francis, marquess of Hertford. July 21. 1806. Henry, earl of Carnarvon. Feb. 11. 1807. J ames Graham, duke of Montrose. April 4. King George IV. 1821. Charles Sackville Germaine, dui^e of Dorset. Dec. 11. 1827. George-William-Frederick, duke of Leeds. May 4. King William IY. 1830. William-Charles, earl of Albemarle. Nov. 22. 1835. Charles Sackville Germaine, duke of Dorset, again. Jan. 1. 1835. William- Charles, earl of Albemarle, again. April 25. Queen Victoria. 1837. The earl of Albemarle, continued. June 20. 1841. George Villiers, earl of Jersey. Sept. 4. 1846. Henry-Charles Howard, duke of Norfolk. July 11. The present (1850) Master of the Horse to the Queen. CORPS of gentlemen-at-arms. The Honourable Corps of Gentlemen- at- Arms (formerly styled the Band of Gentle- men-Pensioners) is the oldest corps in England, with the exception of the Yeomen of the Guard and the Sergeants-at-Arms.^ This Corps was instituted soon after Henry YIII. ascended the throne, and was composed entirely of gentlemen of noble blood. ]n the preceding reign a body of fifty archers had been enrolled, composed of yeomen, and styled " the Yeomen of the Guard a splendid corps, which at the present time continues to form one of the most picturesque ornaments of the ante-chamber. Henry YIII., however, was too magificent in his notions of state to be satisfied with a guard consisting merely of yeomen ; he thought that none but gentlemen of superior rank should have the privilege of forming the immediate guard of the sovereign, and accord- ingly his majesty (as is affirmed by Lloyd), at the instance of Sir William Compton, a lineal ancestor of the earl of Northampton, created a troop composed entirely of the cadets of noble families, and these he called his Pensioners, or Spears, each Spear being attended by an archer, a demi-lance, and a coustill (from the French coustillie?^) or half-armed servant, with three managed horses completely furnished for service in the field. — Captain James Bunce Curling. His late majesty William IV. was graciously pleased to command (March 17, 1834) 1 The first regular force employed by the kings of England was their own personal guard ; but there does not appear to have been a regularly embodied corps of guards previous to the reign of Richard I., who instituted the serjeants-at-arms — a body of twenty-four archers, whose duties were to keep watch round the king's tent, in complete armour, with a bow and arrows, and a sword ; and to arrest traitors and other offenders about the court. The sergeant s-at-arms have ceased to be considered a corps of guard, but they retain their civil character. — Captaiji Curling. P 210 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. that the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners should be in future called " His Majesty's Honourable Corps of Gentlemen- at- Arms." — Captain James Bunce Curling. Captains of the Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms. (^From the Institution of the Corps by King Henry VIII., 1509.) King Henry VIII. 1509. Henry, earl of Essex, K. G. 1539. Sir Anthony Browne, K. G. King Edward YI. 1549. John, lord Bray. 1550. William Parr (late earl of Essex), mar- quess of Northampton, K. G. ' Queen Mary. 1553. William, marquess of Northampton, K. G. continued, * * Thomas, earl of Sussex, K. G. Queen Elizabeth. 1558. Henry Gary, lord Hunsdon, K. G. 1596. George Gary, lord Hunsdon, K. G., suc- ceeded on the death of his father, the preceding lord. King James I. 1603. George, lord Hunsdon, continued. * * Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, K G 1615. Thomas Howard, earl of Suffolk, K. G. 1616. Theophilus Howard, lord Walden, earl of Suffolk in 1626, K. G. King Charles I.^ 1625. Theophilus, lord Howard de Walden, earl of Suffolk, continued. * * William Cecil, earl of Salisbury, K. G. 1643. Francis Leigh, lord Dunsmore ; afterwards earl of Chichester. King Charles 11. * * William Cecil, earl of Salisbury, again. 1660. Thomas Wentworth, earl of Cleveland. 1661. George, earl of Norwich: died the next year. 1662. Thomas, earl of Cleveland, again. 1667. John Belasyse, lord Belasyse, of Worlaby. 1672. Thomas Belasyse, viscount Fauconberg, on the resignation of his uncle, John, lord Belasyse. 1674. Wentworth Dillon, earl of Roscommon. 1684. Robert Leake, earl of Scarsdale. King James II. 1687. Theophilus Hastings, earl of Huntingdon. King William III. * * John Lovelace, lord Lovelace: died in command, in 1693. 1693. Ralph Montagu, earl of Montagu. 1695. Charles Fitzroy, duke of St. Albans, K. G. Queen Anne. * * Henry Somerset, duke of Beaufort, K. G. King George I. 1714. Charles Fitzroy, duke of St. Albans, again : died in command. 1726. William Cavendish, marquess of Harting- ton, afterwards duke of Devonshire, K. G. King George II. 1731. Richard Boyle, earl of Burlington and Cork, K. G. 1734. John Montagu, duke of Montagu, K. G. and K. B. 1740. Charles Paulet, duke of Bolton, K. G. 1742. Allen Bathurst, lord Bathurst ; afterwards earl Bathurst. 1745. John Hobart, lord Hobart ; afterwards earl of Buckinghamshire, K. B. 1756. John, lord Berkeley, of Stratton : resigned in 1763. King George III. 1762. George-Henry, earl of Lichfield. July 17 : died in command, in 1772. 1772. George, lord Edgcumbe. Dec. 31 : after- wards viscount Mount-Edgcumbe and Valletort. 1782. George Townshend, lord de Ferrers. March 29. Resigned the command in 1783. 1783. George Bussy Villiers, earl of Jersey. May 14. — George, lord Ferrers. Dec. 31. Re-ap- pointed on the resignation of the earl of Jersey. 1797. George Evelyn, earl of Falmouth. 1799. Heneage, earl of Aylesford. 1804. George, earl of Macclesfield. 1806. George-Richard, viscount St. John. Feb. 19. 1808. Richard, earl of Mount-Edgcumbe. March 19. 1812. James-George, earl of Courtown. April 11. King George IV. 1820. The earl of Courtown, continued. 1827. Henry, viscount Hereford. King William IV. 1830. Henry, viscount Hereford, continued. ^ This nobleman had been created earl of Essex in December 1543. He was created Marquess of Northampton February 16, 1546 ; but was attainted in 1553, when all his honours became forfeited. In 1558 he was restored in blood, but not in honours ; and on January 13, 1559. he was created again marquess of Northampton and K.G. His lordship was brother of Catherine Parr, queen of Henry VHI Sir Har7-is Nicolas. 2 Captain Curling, in his beautiful volume, entitled " An Account of the Ancient Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms,''* lately published, has the following passage in relation to the British Household troops and our standing army : " King Charles II. at the Restoration established a regiment of Life Guards, to which he added a regiment of Horse Guards and two regiments of Foot Guards, and a third regiment of Foot Guards was raised at Coldstream, on the borders of Scotland. These corps constitute the British Household troops. Their formation was the commencement of the present regular army ; and such additions have from time to time been made of regiments of horse, dragoons, and foot soldiers, as the occasions of the nation have required." OFFICERS OF THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD. 211 1830. Thomas, lord Foley. Dec. 8 : died in com- mand, April 1833. 1833. Thomas-Henry, lord Foley. May. 1834. Henry, viscount Hereford. Dec. 30 : re- signed. 1835. Thomas-Henr}^ lord Foley, again. May 6. Queen Victoria. 1841. John-George, lord Forester. Sept. 8. 1846. Thomas-Henry, lord Foley, again. July 24. The PRESENT (1850) Captain of the Gentlemen- at- Arms. HER MAJESTY'S BODY-GUARD OF THE YEOMEN OF THE GUARD. The Body-Guard of the Queen is the oldest corps in Her Majesty's service. This corps was instituted by Henry VII. in 1485, nearly two hundred years before any regiment that is now in existence was raised : it was, in fact, the only standing force in the kingdom, with the exception of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen- at- Arms. In the reign of the first founder the number of the corps was fifty men ; but it was increased by Henry YIII. to two hundred, of which number one hundred were mounted. The corps was afterwards very considerably augmented by the same monarch; for we find that in 1513, at the siege of TeroUenne^, where they accom- panied the king, the corps amounted to six hundred. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth the Body-Guard was composed of three hundred and seven men ; and in that of James I. the number was again two hundred. It was further reduced by Charles II. in consequence of several regiments having been raised in the course of his reign. The present strength of the Body-Guard is one hundred and forty men, including eight ushers or sergeant-majors. The officers of this corps consist of a Captain, who is always a peer, and a member of the Privy Council, ex officio.^ and who carries a gold stick of office ; a Lieutenant, an Ensign, four Exons, and an Adjutant or Clerk of the Cheque. All the officers, under the Captain, carry, when on duty, a silver stick of office, which they have the privilege of receiving, at a private audience, immediately from the hands of the sovereign. The commissions, as in the rest of the army, are saleable ; but death- vacancies are filled up by the Commander-in-Chief from the Half-pay list, subject to the approval of the Captain of the Corps. The Body-Guard is entirely recruited from the non-commissioned officers of the army, without distinction of regiments. The selection is made by the Commander-in- Chief (subject to the approval of the Captain) as a reward for distinguished gallantry or good conduct. On state occasions, the men carry the halbert, but they are armed and drilled like the rest of the infantry ; and from their high character and their 1 Henry VIII. of England, the emperor Maximilian, and the Swiss, entered, in 1513, into an alliance offensive against France. Henry VIII. landed at Calais in the month of July, and soon formed an army of 30,000 men, counting the troops he had brought with him. He was joined by the emperor with a good corps of horse, and some foot. The emperor was so mean as to act as a mercenary to the king of England, who allowed him a hundred ducats a day for his table ! They laid siege to Teroiienne, investing the place with an army of 60,000 men ; and the Due de Longueville, marching to its relief, was signally defeated; the French were everywhere routed in the battle. This battle of Guinnegate was called the battle of Spurs, because the French used their spurs more than they did their swords. It happened on the 18th of August, and the place surrendered on the 24th ; and the allies* not agreeing as to which of them should keep it, razed it to the ground. The English king then laid siege to Tournay, which submitted in a few days. And the Swiss laid siege to Dijon, which Louis de la Trimouille preserved by a treaty highly advantageous to that nation, which he reckoned the French king (Louis XII.) would refuse to ratify, 'i he Venetians, on the other hand, did not meet with better success ; they were defeated by the Spaniards ; and Sforza retook all the towns that Louis XII. had conquered for that republic — Henault, Hist, de France. This battle (the Spurs) before Teroiienne, owed its name to an occurrence not much redounding to the honour of the French arms ; in the same way that a former battle (that of the Herrings) fought when the English were besieging Orleans, obtained its ludicrous yet lasting name, from an incident occurring at the time. The due de Bourbon, in attempting to intercept a convoy on the road to the English camp before Orleans, was severely beaten. It was a convoy of salt-fish, and the action by which this supply of provisions to the besieging army was preserved from falling into the hands of the French, was called the battle of the Herrings, a name it has borne ever since.— r^?7o/. p 2 212 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEES. perfect state of discipline, they are as efficient a corps as any in Her Majesty's ser- vice.^ Thirty of the Guard are on daily duty at St. James's, under the command of the Exon in waiting, who resides at the palace during his tour of duty. Captains of the Yeomen of the Guakd. {From the Institution of the Corps hy King Henry VII. in 1485.) King Henry VII. 1486. John, earl of Oxford. 1488. Sir Charles Somerset, knt. : afterwards lord Herbert, and earl of Worcester. King Henry VIII. 1514. Sir Henry Guilford, knt., K. G. 1521. Sir Henry Marney, afterwards lord Mar- ney, K. G. 1523. Sir William Kingston, knt. K. G. 1536. Sir Anthony Win^field, knt. K. G. King Edward VI. 1550. Sir Thomas D'Arcy, afterwards lord D'Aj-cy, K. G. Queen Mary. 1553. Sir Henrj^ Jernyngham, knt. Queen Elizabeth. 1558. Sir William St. Loe, knt. 1569. Sir Francis Knowlys, knt. 1578. Sir Christopher Hatton, knt. K. G. 1587. Sir Goodier, knt. 1592. John Best, Champion of England. 1597. Sir Walter Raleigh, knt. Beheaded in 1618. King James I. 1603. Sir Thomas Erskine, knt., afterwards vis- count Fenton and earl of Kellie, K. G. 1617. Henry, earl of Holland. Beheaded in 1649. King Charles I. 1630. Sir Christopher Musgrave, knt. 1632. George, earl of Kinnoul. 1635. William, earl of Morton, K. G. King Charles II. 1660. George, viscount Grandison. 1662. Charles, earl of Norwich. 3 670. Charles, earl of Manchester. Queen Anne. 1702. William, marquess of Hartington, after- wards duke of Devonshire. 1707. Charles, viscount Townshend, K. G. King George I. 1714. Henry, lord Paget, afterwards earl of Ux- bridge. 1715. James, earl of Derby. 1723. Philip Dormer, lord Stanhope, afterwards earl of Chesterfield, K. G. 1725. John, earl of Leicester, K. B. King George II. 1731. John, lord Ashburnham, afterwards earl of Ashburnham. 1733. Charles, earl of Tankerville, K. B. 1737. William, duke of Manchester, K. B. 1739. William, earl of Essex, K. G. 1743. John, lord Berkeley, of Stratton. 1746. Pattee, viscount Torrington. 1747. Hugh, viscount Falmouth. King George III. 1782. John-Frederick, duke of Dorset. Feb. 1783. George - James, earl of Cholmondeley. April. — Heneage, earl of Aylesford. Dec. 16. 1804. Thomas, lord Pelham. — George, earl of Macclesfield. King William IV. 1830. Ulick - John, marquess of Clanricarde. Dec. 1. 1834. Archibald, earl of Gosford. Sept. 3. 1835. James-George, earl of Courtown. Jan. 5. — Archibald, earl of Gosford. April. Queen Victoria. 1837. Henry-Stephen, earl of Ilchester. July 22. 1841. Henry-Charles, earl of Surrey. July 5. — John-William, marquess of Lothian. Sept. 8. 1842. George, earl of Beverley. Jan. 18. 1846. Lucius, viscount Falkland. July 24. 1848. George, marquess of Donegal. Feb. 16. The present (1850) Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard. 1 The learned antiquary, Ashmole, has the following passage in relation to this corps: — " The yeomen of the guard are a peculiar body of foot-guards to the king's person, instituted at the coronation of Henry VII., Oct. 30, 1485. This corps originally consisted of fifty men, under a captain ; they were of larger stature than other guards, being required to be over six feet in height, and they were armed with arquebusses and other arms. This band was increased by the royal successors of Henry to one hundred men, and seventy super- numeraries ; and when one of the hundred died, it was ordered that his place should be supplied out of the seventy. They were clad after the manner of king Henry VIII Ashmole^s Instil. The corps still retains the ancient dress assigned to it by Henry VIII., viz. a scarlet coat, of a peculiar make, down to the knees, guarded with black velvet, and badges on the coat, before and behind. Their breeches are also scarlet, guarded with black velvet ; and instead of hats, they wear black velvet caps, round and broad- crowned, with ribbons of the king's colour. OFFICERS OF THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD. 213 THE SUPPRESSED OFFICES. MASTER OF THE GREAT WARDROBE. The Master or Keeper of the Great Wardrobe was an officer of great antiquity and dignity. High privileges and immunities were conferred upon him by King Henry VL and were confirmed to him by his successors ; and King James I. not only enlarged them, but ordained that this office should be a corporation or body politic for ever. Tlie salary of this officer was 2000Z. per annum. He was usually a personage of high political consideration, and subordinate to him were, a comptroller, a patent^lerk, and many officers and servants, who were all sworn servants to the king. The Wardrobe establishment was abolished by act of parliament, in 1782 ; and it was directed that the duties of the office should thenceforth be transferred to the depart- ment of the lord chamberlain. Masters of the Great Wardrobe. (From the reign of King James I. to King James I. * * George Hume, lord Hume of Berwick* afterwards earl of Dunbar, in Scot- land. 1616. James Hay, lord Hay, afterwards earl of Carlisle. 1636. WilHam Fielding, viscount Fielding, after- wards earl of Denbigh. King Charles I. * * Spencer Compton, earl of Northampton. Killed at the battle of Hopton Heath in 1642. 1642. WilUam Legge. King Charles II. 1660. Edward Montagu, earl of Sandwich. Slain in the great sea-battle with the Dutch off Southwold Bay, May 28, 1672. 1672. Ralph Montagu. King James II. 1685. James Hamilton, earl of Arran, afterwards duke of Hamilton. the suppression of the office in 1782.) King William III. 1689. Ralph Montagu, lord Montagu, afterwards earl and duke of Montagu. Queen Anne. 1702. Ralph Montagu, continued. 1709. John Montagu, duke of Montagu. King George I. 1714. John Montagu, continued. King George II. 1727. John Montagu, continued. 1750. Sir Thomas Robinson, K. B. (afterwards lord Grantham), deputy master. 1754. William Wildman Barrington, viscount Barrington. 1755. Sir Thomas Robinson, again. King George III. 1760. Granville L^vison Gower, earl Gower. 1763. Francis Dashwood, lord Le Despencer. 1765. John Ashburnham, earl of Ashburnham. 1775. Thomas Pelham, lord Pelham. 1782. The office abolished by act of parliament, this year. COFFERER OF THE HOUSEHOLD. The Cofferer of the Household was the officer next in rank to the comptroller. He was a white-staff officer, usually of political rank, and always a member of the privy council. He had a special charge and oversight of the other officers of the household. On the suppression of the office, by act of parliament, in 1782, the duties of it were ordered to be discharged by the lord steward and the paymaster of the household. Cofferers of the Household. (JProm the reign of Queen Elizabeth to the suppression in 1782.) Queen Elizabeth. * * Sir Henry Cocks, knt. King James L 1603. Sir Richard Vernon, knt. 1615. Sir Arthur Ingram, knt. 1620. Sir Marmaduke Darrell, knt. King Charles I. 1625. Sir Henry Vane, knt., afterwards secretary of state. 1628. Sir John Suckling, knt. 1642. William Ashburnham. p 3 King Charles II. William Ashburnham, continued. 214 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS. King Jainies II. * * Sir Peter Apsley, knt. King William III. * * Henry Herbert, afterwards lord Herbert, of Chirbury. Queen Anne. 1702. Sir Benjamin Bathurst, knt. 1704. Hon. Francis Godolphin, afterwards vis- count Rialton, and earl of Godolphin. 1711. Samuel Masham, afterwards lord Masham. King George I. 1714. Francis, earl of Godolphin. 1723. William Pulteney, afterwards earl of Bath. 1725. Henry Clinton, earl of Lincoln. King George II. 1727. Henry, earl of Lincoln, continued. 1730. Horace Walpole, afterwards lord Wal- pole. 1741. Sir William Yonge, bart. and K. B. 1743. Samuel Sandys, lord Sandys. 1744. Edmund Waller. 1746. Henry Clinton, earl of Lincoln, afterwards duke of Newcastle. 1754. Sir George Lyttelton, bart., afterwards lord Lyttelton. 1755. Thomas Osborne, duke of Leeds. King George III. 1760. The duke of Leeds, continued. 1761. Hon. James Grenville. April 17. — Percy Wyndham O'Bryen, earl of Tho- mond. Nov. 18. 1765. Richard Lumley, earl of Scarborough. July 12. 1766. Hans Stanley. 1774. Jeremiah Dyson. 1776. Hans Stanley. 1780. Francis- Seymour Conway, viscount Beau- champ. 1782. The office was suppressed by act of parlia- ment this year. TREASUEER OF THE CHAMBER. This was an officer of great consideration ; and he was always a member of the privy council. He discharged the bills of all the king's tradesmen, and for this purpose had offices in Cleveland-row, in the vicinity of the palace. His duties were transferred, and the office suppressed, at the same time with the offices of Master of the Great Wardrobe and Cofferer of the Household, in 1782.^ TrEASUREKS OF THE CHAMBER. {From the Restoration to the . King Charles II. * * Sir Edward Griffin, bart. King James 11. 1G85. Sir Edward Griffin, continued. King William III. 1689. Sir Rowland Gwin, knt. 1692 Edward Russell, afterwards earl of Or- ford. Queen Anne. 1702. Charles Berkeley, viscount Fitzharding. 1713. John West, lord Delawar. King George I. 1714. Charles Bodville, earl of Radnor. 1720. Hon. Henry Pelham. 1722. Hon. Charles Stanhope. suppression of the office in 1782.) King George II. * * Sir John Hobart, bart., afterwards lord Hobart and earl of Buckinghamshire. 1744. Sir John Hinde Cotton, bart. 1746. Hon. Richard Arundel. 1747. Samuel, lord Sandys. 1755. Wills Hill, earl of Hillsborough. 1756. Hon. Charles Townshend. King George III. 1760. Hon. Charles Townshend, continued. 1761. Sir Francis Dashwood, bart., afterwards lord Le Despencer. 1762. Sir Gilbert Elliot, bart. 1770. Rt. hon. George Rice. 1779. Lord Charles Spencer. 1782. The office discontinued this year by act of parliament. .< \ preceding offices were suppressed, is the 22d George III. cap. 82, and entitled An Act to enable His Majesty to discharge the debt contracted upon the Civil List Revenues, and for preventing n^id^hPr^f^.""^ '^^^ payments out of the said Revenues, and by suppressing certain office! Sn iVk M • 1 c Among other offices suppressed by this act were, the Commissioners of the Board of Trade pjpnf nf Ih'fr g^F^etary of State. The act further directed, that any of the offices so abolished should, in the hid never prev^ouf ^^""-"t deemed to all intents and purposes a new office or offices, as if the same 215 PART III. SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. — THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND. — LAW OFFICERS OF THE CROWN ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS.— ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN.— GENERALS OF THE ARMY INDIA GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF COLONIES, &c. THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. This great and independent officer is chosen by the House of Commons from among its own members, subject to the approval of the sovereign, and hokls his office until the dissolution of the parliament by which he was elected. As Chairman of the House, his duties are the same as those of any other president of a deliberative assembly. He is always a member of the privy council, and is entitled to rank immediately after barons and before the commissioners of the great seal. Generally speaking, the business of the House cannot be transacted in the absence of the Speaker, although to this rule there was an exception in the year 1606, when, during the illness of a Speaker, a pri- soner was released from custody by order of the House. He reads to the sovereign the occasional petitions and addresses of the Commons, and, as their organ, makes such speeches as are usual or necessary on their behalf. He manages the House when pri- soners, witnesses, or counsel are at the bar ; reprimands persons who have incurred the displeasure of the House ; issues warrants of committal for breaches of privilege ; and expresses the thanks or approbation of the Commons to such personages as have been voted this high and most honourable distinction by the House. When parliament is about to be prorogued, it is customary for the Speaker to address the sovereign, at the bar of the House of Lords, in a speech recapitulating the leading business and proceed- ings of the session. The Speaker has the casting voice upon divisions in which the votes prove equal. Speakers of the House of Commons. (^From the earliest authentic Records of Parliament.') *^* The county , town^ or borough following each name is the place for which the Speaker was returned as a memher to the Comm^ons. England and Wales. King Henry III. 1260. Peter de Montfort. Killed at the battle of Evesham. King Edward II. 1326. William Trussell. King Edward III. 1327. William Trussell, continued. 1332. Sir Henry Beaumont. [The two preceding must have been Speakers to both lords and commons.] 1376. Sir Peter de la Mare, — Herefordshire. [He is supposed to have been the first regular Speaker.] 1377. Sir Thomas Hungerford, — Wiltshire. 1377. 1378. 1380. 1381. 1382. 1386. 1394 1397. 1398. 1399. 1400. 4 King Richard II. Sir Peter de la Mare, — Herefordshire. Sir James Pickering, — Westmorland. I Sir John Goldsborough, — Essex. Sir Richard Waldegrave, — Suffolk. Sir James Pickering, — Westmorland. The next Speaker on record is Sir John Bushey, — Lincolnshire. } King Henry IV. Sir John Cheney, — Gloucestershire: he, growing infirm and unable to serve, John Doreword, — Essex, was delegated to serve in his place. Sir Arnold Savage, — Kent. 216 SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. 1403. Sir Henry Redeford, — Lincolnshire. 1404. Sir Arnold Savage, again, — Kent. 1405. Sir William Esturmy, — Devonshire. — Sir William Esturmy, again, same year. — Sir John Cheney, — Cornwall ; who also appears to have been speaker in this parliament. 1406. Sir John Tiptoft, — Huntingdonshire. 1408. ) 1409. VThomas Chaucer, — Oxfordshire. 1412.J King Henry V. William Stourton, — Dorsetshire; but he being unwell, John Doreword, — Essex, was chosen in his room. Walter Hungerford, — Wiltshire. Thomas Chaucer, — Oxfordshire. Richard Redman, — Yorkshire. Sir Walter Beauchamp, — Wiltshire. 1413. 1414. 1415. 1416. 1417. 1419. 1421. ^ Roger Flower, — Rutlandshire. Richard Baynard. — Essex. Henry VI. Richard Flower, again, — Rutlandshire. John Russell, — Herefordshire. Sir Thomas Waughton or Wauton, — Bedfordshire. Richard Vernon, — Derbyshire. John Tyrrell, — Essex. William Allington, — Cambridgeshire. J ohn Tyrrell, again, — Essex. John Russell, again, — Herefordshire. Roger Hunt, — Huntingdonshire. John Bowes. Here the records being imperfect, it is presumed he sat for Northumberland. Sir J ohn Tyrrell, for a third and a fourth time, — Essex. William Boerley, — Shropshire. William Tresham, — Northamptonshire. William Boerley, again, — Shropshire. William Tresham, again, — Northampton- shire. J ohn Saye, — Cambridgeshire. John Popliam, — Southamptonshire ; but he excusing himself, William Tresham (a third time) was chosen. Sir William Oldhall, — Herefordshire. Thomas Thorpe, — Essex. Thomas Thorpe, again, same year. Sir Thomas Charlton, — Middlesex. Sir John Wenlock, — Bedfordshire. Sir William Tresham, a fourth time. J ohn Green, — Essex. King Edward IV. 1460. Sir James Strangeways, — Yorkshire. 1467 } Saye. — Hertfordshire. 1472. William Allington, — Cambridgeshire. 1477. William Allington, — Lincolnshire. 1482. John Wode, — Surrey or Sussex. King Richard III. 1483. William Catesby, — Northamptonshire. King Henry VII. 1485. Thomas Lovel, — Northamptonshire or Oxfordshire. 1488. John Mordaunt, — Bedfordshire. 1489. Sir Thomas Fitzwilliam, — Yorkshire. 1422. 1423. 1425. 1426. 1428. 1480. 1431. 1432. 1433. 1436. 1439. 1440. 1445. 1447. 1449. 1450. 1451. 1453. 1455. 1459. 1460. 1492. Richard Empson, — Northamptonshire. 1496. Sir Reginald Bray, — Bedfordshire or Northamptonshire. — Robert Drury, — Sussex. 1497. Thomas Engletield, — Berkshire, 1504. Edmund Dudley, — Staffordshire. King Henry VIII. Sir Thomas Englefield, again, — Berk- shire. Sir Thomas Sheffeild, — Lincolnshire. Sir Thomas Nevill, — perhaps Kent. I Sir Thomas More, — Middlesex. 1509. 1512. 1514. 1523. 1524. 1530. 1537. 1540. 1542. Corn- Chippenham, Wilt- Sir Thomas Audley, — perhaps Essex. Richard Rich, — Essex. Sir Nicholas Hare, — Norfolk. Thomas Moyle, — Kent ; he continued Speaker all the rest of this reign. King Edward VI. 1547. Sir John Baker, — Huntingdonshire. 1553. James Dyer, — Cambridgeshire Queen Mary I. 1553. John Pollard, — Oxfordshire. 1554. Robert Brooke, — London city. Philip and Mary. 1555. Clement Higham, — West Looe, wall. 1556. John Pollard, a^mw. shire. 1558. William Cordell, — Essex. Queen Elizabeth. 1559. Sir Thomas Gargrave, — Yorkshire. 15G3. Thomas Williams, — Exeter cit}' : he died in 1566, when Richard Onslow, — Steyning, Sussex, was chosen in his room. 1571. Christopher Wra}^, — Ludgershall, Wilt- shire. 1572. Robert Bell, — Lynn Regis, Norfolk; made chief baron of the exchequer in 1577, when 1577. John Popham, — Bristol city; solicitor- general, was chosen in his place. ^ &^ Jjohn Puckering,l^''^f°'"'l jggg i J (jratton, Surrey. 1589. Thomas Snagg, — Bedford town, 1592. Edward Coke, — Norfolk. 1597. Christopher Yelverton, — Northampton- shire. 1601. John Croke, — London; recorder of the city. King James I. 1603. Edward Philipps, — Somersetshire. 1614. Randolph Crewe. [No records of this parliament are to be found; but it is presumed he sat for Brackley, Northamptonshire.] 1620. Thomas Richardson, — St. Alban's, Hert- fordshire. 1623. Thomas Crewe, — Ailesbury, Bucks. King Charles I. Thomas Crewe, again, — Gatton, 1625. Sir Surrey. 1626. Sir Heneage Finch, — London city; re- corder of London. 1628. Sir John Finch, — Canterbury city. SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. 217 1640. John Glanville, — Bristol city. 1641. William Lenthal, — Woodstock, Oxford- shire: he continued till 1653, when, during the king's exile, the usurping powers governed the kingdom. King Charles II. 1653. Francis Rous ; nominated for Devonshire. 1654. William Lenthal ; restored, — Oxford- shire. 1656. Sir Thomas Widdrington, nominated for York city. 1659. Chaloner Chute, sen., — Middlesex; but being unable to attend, they chose — Sir Lisleborne Long, — Wells city, to sup- ply his place. Sir Lisleborne, on March 9th, gave up the office after seven days' possession, when, on March 16th, the commons delegated to this office — Thomas Bampfield, — Exeter city. Mr. Chute dying on April 15 following, Mr. Bampfield was then chosen their speaker. The Restoration. 1660. Sir Harbottle Grimstone, bart. — Col- chester. 1661. Sir Edward Turnor, bart. — Hertford town. On his being appointed chief baron of the exchequer, May 23, 1671, the commons chose at their meeting in 1673. Sir Job Charlton, bart. — Ludlow, Salop; but he desiring leave to resign on ac- count of his health, — Edward Seymour, — Hindon, Wilts, was elected in his place.i On Mr. Seymour's indisposition, the commons chose — Sir Robert Sawyer, — Wycombe, Bucks ; but he, excusing his attendance, they again chose 1678. Sir Edward Seymour, bart. — Hindon, Wilts. To this choice the king re- fused his approval ; whereupon the commons returned to their house, and elected — Serjeant William Gregory, — Weobly, Herefordshire. 1680. William WiUiams, — Chester city. King James II. 1685. Sir John Trevor, — Denbigh town. King William III. 1689. Henry Powle, — Windsor, Berks. 1690. 1695. 1698. 1700 & 1701. 1702. 1705. Sir John Trevor, ot^am, — Yarmouth, Hants. [Sir John Trevor was expelled the chair and the house for taking a bribe of 1000 guineas from the city of London, on the passing of the Orphans' bill 2 March 12, 1695.] Paul Foley, — Hereford city. Sir Thomas Lyttelton, bart. — Woodstock, Oxfordshire. Robert Harley, — New Radnor. Queen Anne. Robert Harley, — New Radnor. J ohn Smith, — Andover, Hampshire. [The first parliament of Great Britain (the union with Scotland having be- come a law) assembled Oct. 23, 1707> and the commons proceeded to elect a Speaker. Their choice fell upon Mr- Smith, just mentioned. Speaker of the late house of commons of England, who was approved of by her majesty on the 30th, and the house then ad- journed to Nov. 6. following, when the queen opened the session by a speech from the throne to the first British Parliament. 1707. John Smith, — Andover, Hampshire. 1708. Sir Richard Onslow, bart. — Surrey. 1710. William Bromley, — Oxford university. 1713. Sir Thomas Hanmer, bart. — Suffolk. King George I. ■'"^^ 1 Hon. Spencer Compton, — Sussex, who 1722 r ^^^^^ chair all this reign. King George II. 1727. ^ Arthur Onslow, — Surrey, chosen by 1734. these five parliaments successively ; 1741. > and so filled the chair during the 1747. whole reign of this king, embracing a 17 54:. J period of thirty- three years.^ King George III. 1761. Sir John Cust, bart. — Grantham, Lin- colnshire. 1 One instance of the hardihood of Mr. Speaker Seymour deserves record. A message being brouo;ht him that the king (Charles II.) was seated on the throne, and desired the presence of the Commons to hear the pro- rogation of parliament, he refused to stir until the Bill of Supply had been returned, according to precedent, f om the House of Lords; and although again warned that his majesty was waiting, he declared he would be torn by wild horses sooner than quit the chair. The bill was brought to him, and then the Commons advanced to the bar of the Lords, encuuraged by the triumph of their Speaker Toumshend. ^ Almost universal corruption prevailed about this time, and it seems to have been no bar, in many instances, to professional advancement or to personal honours. Vast sums were given by the East India Company and by the Chamber of London among the members, for facilitating acts of parliament relating to those bodies ; and even the duke of Leeds, lord president of the council, was accused by the commons (who had appointed a com- mittee of inquiry into charges of corruption) of having accepted a bribe of 5500 guineas from the East India merchants, for procuring them a charter of confirmation and regulations. Sir Thomas Cooke, governor of the company, and a member of the house, having refused to give an account of the money by him distributed in bribes, was ordered to be committed to the Tower, and a bill was brought in to compel him to render such an account ; he afterwards confessed to having expended 70,000/. among certain courtiers and commoners. The sums accepted by members of the commons' house were, in some cases, of very mean amount : Mr. Hungerford, chairman of the committee on the Orphans' bill was adjudged guilty of " a high crime and misdemeanour, in receiving 20 guineas for his pains and service," and was expelled from his seat; and Sir Basil Firebrace and other members were imprisoned, " to satisfy the clamours of the people." 3 He was elected by the unanimous concurrence of the House; and as he enjoyed this eminent station a longer time than any of his predecessors, so he executed his trust with equal, if not superior, abilities to any of those Speakers that had gone before him, — Browne Willis, Notitia Parliamentaria. 218 SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. 1768. Sir John Cust, re-chosen. He resigned on account of ill health, Jan. 17, 1770, and on the 23d of same month the commons elected 1770. Sir Fletcher Norton, knt. — Guildford, Surrey. 1774. Sir Fletcher Norton, — Guildford, Surrey, again, 1780. Charles Wolfran Cornewall, — Winchelsea, Sussex. 1784. Charles Wolfran Cornewall, — now of Rye, re-elected. Died Jan. 2, 1789. 1789. William Wyndham Grenville (afterwards lord Grenville), — Bucks, elected Jan. 5 : resigned June 5 following. 1789. Rt. hon. Henry Addington, — Devizes, elected June 8. 1790. Mr. Addington, re-chosen^ Nov. 25. 1796. Mr. Addington, again elected, Sept. 27. [Parliament assembled Jan. 22, 1801 ; when the house of commons, proceeding to the choice of a Speaker, elected Mr. Addington, late Speaker of the par- liament of Great Britain, as Speaker of this parliament (the first of the United Kingdom) ; the act of union with Ire- land having passed July 2, 1800.1 On the next day, the king, by commission, approved of the choice made of Mr. Addington. — Journals of the House.'] Great Britain and Ireland. 1801. Rt. hon. Henry Addington. Jan. 22. [Resigned Feb. 10; and became first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer March following : created viscount Sidmouth, Jan. 1805.] Sir John Mitford, knt. — Beeralston. Feb. 11. [Resigned Feb. 9, 1802, on being elevated to the peerage as baron Redes- dale, and made lord chancellor of Ire- land.] 1802. Rt. hon. Charles Abbot, — Helston, Corn- wall. Feb. 10. — Mr. Abbot again chosen, Nov. 16. 1806. Mr. Abbot, chosen a third time, Dec. 15. 1807. Mr. Abbot, chosen a fourth time, June 22. 1812. Mr. Abbot, chosen a fifth time, Nov. 24. Retired; and was created lord Col- chester, June, 1817. 1817. Rt. hon. Charles Manners Sutton, — Scar- borough. June 2. 1819. Mr. Manners Sutton, re-chosen, Jan. 15. King George IV. 1820. Mr. Manners Sutton, again chosen, April 22. 1826. Mr. Manners Sutton, chosen a fourth time, Nov. 15. King William IV. 1830. Mr. Manners Sutton, chosen a fifth time, Oct. 26. 1831. Mr. Manners Sutton, chosen a sixth time, June 14. 1833. Sir Charles Manners Sutton, now repre- senting Cambridge university; chosen a seventh time, Jan. 29. 1835. Rt. hon. James Abercromby^, — Edin- burgh city, Feb. 19. Queen Victoria. 1837. Mr. Abercromby, again chosen, Nov. 15. Raised to the peerage, by the title of baron Dunfermline, June 7, 1839. 1839. Rt. hon. Charles Shaw Lefevre, — Hamp- shire, Northern division. May 27. 1841. Mr. Charles Shaw Lefevre, again chosen, Aug. 19. 1847. Mr. Charles Shaw Lefevre, chosen a third time, Nov. 18. The present (1850) Speaker of the House of Commons. With the Kevolution commenced the real importance of the Speaker in rank, character, and consideration. '•'Jam domiti ut pai^eant non ut serviant.^^ From that auspicious era, he has occupied his proper station. Ever since the statute 1. William and Mary, cap. 21, he has taken his place next the peers of Great Britain, both in and out of parlia- ment; in all public commissions he is so ranked, and he has this precedence at the Council Table. To secure his perfect independence, he ceased, in George III.'s reign, to hold any office under the crown, Mr. Speaker Onslow setting that example, to which his successors have invariably adhered. His impartiality and his acquaintance with precedents have been insured by an almost fixed tenure of office, and his arduous duties have been justly rewarded, at the close of long service, with a coronet. — Townsend's History of the Commons, 1 The date of the passing of the bill m the British parliament. The union with Ireland became an operative law, Jan. ], 1801, when the imperial standard was hoisted on the Tower of London, and on Bedford Tower, Dublin Castle. On Jan. 3, the king caused the great seal of Great Britain to be defaced, presenting the lord chancellor with a new one, of Great Britain and Ireland; and the members of his majesty's council took the oaths as privy councillors for the United Kingdom — Annals of the Union. 2 In the memorable contest for the Speakership, in 1835, Mr. Abercromby had 316 votes, and Sir Charles Manners Sutton, 306 ; the majority in favour of Mr. Abercromby being ten. It has been affirmed that the House, upon this occasion, presented the largest assemblage of members that was ever drawn together, 622 having divided upon the question, although several members had left the house without voting. Sir Charles Manners Sutton was shortly after created viscount Canterbury and baron Bottesford ; he retired immediately after this contest from political life, and died in 1845. 219 THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND. CHIEF JUSTICIERS OF ENGLAND. In ancient times tlie Kings of England used to hear and determine causes ; but it is declared by law, that " if the King cannot determine every controversy, he, to ease himself, may divide the labour among persons, men of wisdom, and fearing God, and out of such appoint judges." The Saxon kings of England appointed a judge after this manner, who was, in fact, the King's deputy. After the Norman Conquest, the per- sonage invested with the office had the style of Capitalis Justicia or Justiciarius An- glice. These judges continued until the erection of the Courts of King's Bench and the Common Pleas. The last person that had the office of Justiciarius Anglice^ was Philip Basset ; and he, for the better support of his dignity, received an annual stipend of a thousand marks out of the King's Exchequer, at Easter and Michaelmas, by equal portions, which stipend Hugh Bigod, his predecessor, also had received. — Beatson Chief Justiciers of England. "William the Conqueror. 1067. Odo, bishop of Baj^eux and earl of Kent, chief justicier of the southern division, and — William Fitz-Osborne, earl of Hereford, chief justicier of the northern division of the kingdom. 1073. William de Warenne, and Eichard de Benefacta.i r Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 1078 < GreolFrey, bishop of Coutance, in Nor- * J mandy, and (^Robert, earl of Moreton, or Mortagne. King William II. 1087. Odo, bishop of Bayeux, a second time. 1088. William de Carilefo, bishop of Durham. — Ranulph Flambard, afterwards bishop of D urham. — Dugdale. King Henry I. 1100. Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln. 1107. Roger, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. [For the following six persons, the autho- rity is very questionable as to their having been Just. Angl.'] * * Hugh de Bocland, canon of St. Paul's. * * Geoffrey Ridel, a baron. * * Ralph Basset, baron of Weld. * * Richard Basset, son of Ralph. * * Geoffrey de Clinton, treasurer. * * Alberic de Vere. — Dugdale, King Stephen. 1135. Roger, bishop of Salisbury. 1153. Henry, duke of Normandy. — Richard de Luci, or Lucy. King Henry XL rRobert de Beaumont, earl of Leicester, 1154.^ and (Richard de Luci, or Lucy, jointly. 1167. Richard de Lucy, only. ( Richard Tocliffe, bishop of Winchester. 1179. ^ Geoffrey Ridel, bishop of Ely, and ( J ohn of Oxford, bishop of Norwich. 1180. Ranulph de Glanville. King Richard I. 1189. Ranulph de Glanville, continued. f Hugh Pusar, or Pudsey, bishop of Dur- J ham, and William de Mandeville, earl of Albe- it marie. Sept. rHugh Pusar, or Pudsey, again, and — < William de Longchamp, bishop of Ely. ( Dec. 1191. Walter de Constantiis, bishop of Lincoln and archbishop of Rouen. 1193. Walter Hubert, archbishop of Canter- bury. 1198. Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, earl of Essex. King John. 1199. Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, continued. 1214. Peter de Rupibus, bishop of Winchester. 1215. Hubert de Burgh, earl of Kent. King Henry IIL 1216. Hubert de Burgh, continued, according to Dugdale. He was regent of England during the king's minority, in 1219. 1232. Stephen de Segrave, Just. Angl. 1234. Hugh de PatteshuUe, canon of St. Paul's, afterwards bishop of Lichfield and 1 When the king left England in 1073, these two were appointed chief justiciaries of the kingdom. Their government was principally distinguished by overcoming the rebellion raised by the earls of Hereford and Nor- folk. But they disgraced their victory by cruelly ordering the right feet of their prisoners to be amputated ! — a barbarous practice for which they had the example of the king in some of his Norman viQX%,~~ Foss's Lives of the Judges. 220 THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND. Coventry; mentioned as chief justicier by Dugdale. 1234. Robert de Lexinton, chief justicier for the southern counties. 1236. Thomas de Muleton, chief justicier. 1240. William de York, provost of Beverley, and afterwards bishop of Salisbury; chief justiciary for the northern coun- ties. 1247. Henry de Bathonia^ ; mentioned by Dug- dale as chief justicier this year. 1258. Hugh Bigot, or Bigod, appointed Just. Angl. by the parliament held at Ox- ford. 1259. Roger de Thurkilby ; chief justicier. — Dugdale. 1260. Hugh le Despencer, Just. Angl. ; appointed by the barons. 1261. Philip Basset, Just. Angl. ; appointed by the king. Numerous justiciers and itinerant justices were appointed by the sovereign to administer the law; the latter in the various counties of the realm. The office was discontinued in the reign of this king, when the principal duties were transferred to the chief justice of the king's bench. 1 This judge was charged before the parliament, in 1251, with bribery and extortion, with having received a bribe to allow a convicted criminal to escape, and with having incensed the barons against the king. The vehe- mence of Henry's anger on the occasion may be conceived from his brutal exclamation, *' If any man vnll slay Henry de Bathonia, he shall not be impeached of his death, and I now pronounce his pardon.''^ This violence was however, prevented by John Mansel's timely interference, and the threats of ecclesiastical and temporal revenge of the bishop of London and the justicier's other friends. — Foss's Lives of the Judges. The reader will be forcibly reminded of a similar exclamation, better known, against Thomas a Becket, in a previous reign, which led to the assassination of that prelate at the altar Editor. COURT OF KING'S (QUEEN'S) BENCH. This court obtained its name from the legal presumption that the king sits here in person ; and the words, to hold pleas hefore us^^ are used because of the theory that the sovereign is actually present in this particular court. It was anciently called Curia Domini Regis ; and in the reign of Edward I. a statute passed, by which it was en- acted, that this court " should attend the king and follow him, so that he might have at all times near him men learned in the laws, to do justice to such as had suffered wrong :" it was afterwards fixed to be held at Westminster. The jurisdiction of the King's Bench (called in the reign of a female sovereign the " Queen's Bench") extends all over England, and its judges are invested with great and peculiar powers and authority. They are the premier justices of Oyer and Terminer and Gaol-delivery in the kingdom, and the Chief Justice is the supreme coroner of the realm. He holds the highest dignity in connexion with the administration of the common law. In the 52nd of Henry III., 1268, a new designation was given to the head of the King's Court, by the appointment of a judge as Capitalis Justiciarius ad placita coram Rege tenenda. We now style him, " Chief Justice of the King's Bench," or " Lord Chief Justice of England." — Beatson. " The judges of this court," Mr. Beatson quaintly adds, "used to ride to Westmin- ster Hall on mules ; but sir John Whyddon, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, intro- duced horses : of late years they go in coaches." Chief Justices of the King's Bench. 12G8. Robert de Brus^ ; the first judge who was distinctly constituted chief justice of the king's bench. — Foss. 1278. Ralph de Hengham, chancellor of Exeter. 1290. Gilbert de Thornton. 1296. Roger le Brabazon. 1317. William Inge. Aug. 6. — Henry le Scrope. June 15. 1323. Hervey or Henry de Staunton. June 1. 1324. Geoffrey le Scrope. July 9. 1330. Robert de Malberthorp. May 1. — Henry le Scrope, again. Oct. 28. 1331. Geoffrey le Scrope, again. Dec. 19. 1333. Richard de Wyllughby. Sept. 10. 1341. Sir Robert Parnyng. July 24. 1342. Sir William Scot. Jan. 8. 1347. Sir Wilham de Thorpe. Nov. 26 : hanged for malpractices in 1351. -2 Robert de Brus or Brius, in modern times spelt Bruce. His ancestor was one of the companions of the Con- queror, and having particularly distinguished himself in tlie battle of Hastings, his prowess was rewarded with no fewer than ninety-four lordships, of which Skelton, in Yorkshire, was the principal. This judge was the head of a great Norman baronial house. He had in his veins the blood of the kings of Scotland, enjoyed large possessions in that kingdom, and was in the succession to the throne, for which he actually became the competitor. His grandson, after giving the English the severest defeat they ever sustained, swayed the sceptre with glory and felicity; and our gracious queen, Victoria, in tracing her line to the Conqueror and to Cerdic, counts the chief justice among her ancestors. — Lord Campbell's Chief Justices of England. CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE KING'S BENCH. 221 1351. Sir William de Shareshall. Oct. 20. 1358. Sir Thomas de Seton. July 5. 13G2. Sir Henry Greene, knt. May 24. 1366. Sir John Knivet. Oct. 29. 1373. John de Cavendish. July 15 : beheaded by the Kentish rebels. 1382. Sir Robert Tresylian. June 22 : executed for favouring despotism, in 1388. 1388. Sir Walter de Cloptone. Jan. 21. 1401. Sir William Gascoigne. Nov. 15 : distin- guished in his times for his inflexible integrity and firmness of character. 1414. Sir William Hankford. Jan. 29. 1424. Sir William Cheyne. Jan. 21. 1439. Sir John Ivyn. Jan. 20 : successively chief of the three law courts. 1440. Sir John Hody. April 30. 1442. Sir John Fortescue. Jan. 25. 1462. Sir John Markham. May 13. 1469. Sir Thomas Billing. Jan. 23. 1482. Sir William Husse or Hussey, knt. May 7. 1496. Sir John Fineux. Nov. 24. 1526. Sir John Fitz-James. Jan. 23. 1539. Sir Edward Montague, knt. Jan. 21 : after- wards chief justice of the common pleas. 1546. Sir Richard Lyster, knt. Nov. 9. 1552. Sir Roger Chomeley, knt. March 21. 1553. Sir Thomas Bromley, sen., knt. Oct. 4. 1554. Sir William Portman, knt. May 8. 1556. Sir Edward Saunders, knt. June 11 : afterwards chief baron. 1559. Sir Robert Catlyn,from the common pleas. Nov. 18. 1573. Sir Christopher Wray, knt. (one of the justices of the common pleas). Nov. 13. 1591. Sir John Popham, knt. June 2. 1607. Sir Thomas Fleming, or Flemjmge, from exchequer. June 25. 1613. Sir Edward Coke, knt. (from common pleas). Oct. 25 : discharged Nov. 1616. 1616. Sir Henry Montagu. Nov. 18 : made lord treasurer in 1620. 1620. Sir James Ley, knt. and bart. Feb. 1 : afterwards lord Ley; made lord trea- surer and created earl of Marlborough in 1626. 1624. Sir Ranulph Crewe, knt. Jan. 28. 1626. Sir Nicholas Hyde. Jan. 31. 1631. Sir Thomas Richardson, knt. (previously chief justice of common pleas). Nov. 28. 1635. Sir John Brampston, or Bramstone. April 18 : removed Oct. 1643. 1643. Sir Robert Heath, knt. (one of the jus- tices). Oct. 31 : removed by a vote of the parliament, Oct. 1645. 1645. [There now sat only two judges in each court of law, until the close of this troubled reign. — Wliitelocke. ] 1648. Henry Rolle ; appointed by parliament, under the usurpation (previously a justice of this court). Oct. 12. 1655. John Glyn, chief justice of the "upper bench" under the usurpation. June 15: confirmed to him Oct. 11, 1656.— Wliitelocke. 1659. Sir Richard Newdigate, chief justice of the " upper bench," vice Glyn. Jan. 27. 1660. Sir Robert Foster, from common pleas. Oct. 23. 1663. Sir Robert Hyde, from common pleas. Oct. 19. 1665. Sir John Kelynge, one of the justices. Nov. 22. 1671. Sir Matthew Hale. May 18 : he resigned in 1676; and died on Christmas-day following. 1676. Sir Richard Raynsford (previously of the exchequer, and one of the justices). May 12 : removed May 1678. 1678. Sir William Scroggs, from^ the common pleas. May 31 : removed in 1681. 1681. Sir Francis Pemberton, one of the justices. April 11 : went to the common pleas. 1683. Sir Edmund Saunders, knt. Jan. 22. — Sir George Jeffreys, bart. Sept. 29: afterwards lord chancellor, and created lord Jeffreys. 1685. Sir Edward Herbert. Oct. 22 : after- wards removed to the common pleas. 1687. Sir Robert Wright, from the common pleas. April 21. 1689. Sir John Holt.i Patent, April 17: he continued chief justice during this reign and a great part of the next. 1709. Sir Thomas Parker. March 13 : after- wards created lord Parker and earl of Macclesfield. Lord chancellor in 1718. 1718. Sir John Pratt (one of the justices). May 1725. Sir Robert Raymond (one of the justices). March 3 : afterwards lord Raymond. 1733. Sir Philip Yorke. Oct. 31 : created lord Hardwicke, and in 1737 made lord chancellor. 1737. Sir William Lee, knt. June 9: became a bart. on the death of his brother, in 1749. 1754. Sir Dudley Rj^der (previously attorney- general). May 2. 1756. William Murray, lord Mansfield.2 Nov. 8: created earl of Mansfield in 1776: resigned June 1788. 1788. Lloyd, lord Ken von (master of the rolls), June 9 : died April 1802. 1 " He always sat in triumph over, and in contempt of vice ; he never searched after it, or spared it when it came before him ; and could see through the hypocrisy of those who have no pretence to virtue themselves, but by their severity to the vicious. He considered justice as a cardinal virtue, not as a trade for maintenance. The criminal before him was always sure that he stood before his country, and, in sort, before a parent of it. The prisoner knew that though his spirit was broken with guilt, and he could utter no defence, yet that he was not undefended, for that his judge would be his counsel also, and would wrest no law to destroy him, nor conceal any law that might save him." — Sir Richard Steele. Lord Mansfield is esteemed one of the most eminent judges that ever adorned the bench. In detecting remote analogies, and extracting, by the aid of a refined logic, from the doctrines of our old law, general principles, and applying them in the determination of questions unknown to our ancestors, he displayed a reach of mind and ex- tent of knowledge that won him a high place. — Sketches of the Judges. " Lord Mansfield," said Lord Thurlow, " was a surprising man. Ninety-nine times out of a hundred, he was right in his decisions ; and when one in a hundred times he was wrong, ninety-nine men out of a hundred could not discover it." It is believed that before he was raised to the bench, he had the opportunity offered to him of becoming the head of the cabinet ; and afterwards tlie great seal was repeatedly pressed upon his acceptance ; but he declined both dignities. 222 THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND. 1802. Sir Edward Law (attorney-general). April 12 ; created lord EUenborough ; resigned in Nov. 1818 : died Dec. fol- lowing. 1818. Sir Charles Abbot (one of the justices; previously from common pleas). Nov. 4. Afterwards lord Tenterden. 1832. Sir Thomas Denman. Nov. 7: created lord Denman, March 1834. Retired, Feb. 28, 1850. 1850. Rt. hon. John, lord Campbell. March 5. The PRESENT Lord Chief Justice of England. Puisne Judges of the King's Bench of England. 1250. Alanus de Zouch : lord mayor of London in 1267 and 1268. 1253. Henry de Bathonia. 1258. Roger de Thorkelby, or Thurkilby. — Gilbert de Preston. — Nicholas Handlo, or Hadlow. 1262. Thomas Basset. — Dugdale. 1265. John le Breton, or Bracton. 1269. William de St. Omero. — Richard de Stanes. 1270. James Panton. — Ralph de Hengham ; afterwards chief justice. 1271. John de Cokefeud, or Cokefield. 1273. Richard de Stanes, again. 1274. Nicholas de Stapelton. — William de Saham. 1275. Martin de Letilbir. — J ohn de Cobham, or Cobbeham. 1277. Walter de Wymburne. — John de Metingham. 1283. John de Cave. 1285. Elias de Suttone. 1289. Ralph de Sandwic. 1290. Roger le Brabazon ; afterwards chief jus- tice. — Robert Malet, or Mallet. 1294. John Lovel. 1296. William de Ormesby. 1308. Gilbert de Roubury. — Henry Spigurnell 1316. Geoffrey le Scrope, afterwards chief jus- tice. 1317. Lambert de Trikingham. 1321. Robert de Malberthorpe ; afterwards chief justice. 1322. Galfredus de Say. — William de Dive. 1324. John de Stonore. 1325. Walter de Friskeney. 1329. Rot^ert de Malberthorpe; chief justice in 1330. — Robert Bajmard. 1331. Geoffrey Edenham. — Richard de Wyllughby; afterwards chief justice. 1332. Thomas de Louthere, or Louthe. — William de Denum. 1333. Thomas Bacon. 1334. William de Sharesliall; afterwards chief justice. 1335. Robert de Scardeburgh. 1339. Robert Brundish. — William Faunt. 1340. William Scot. — John de Shardelow, or Cherdelawe. 1342. William Bassett. -1343. Adam de Staingrave. — Roger de Baukewell. 1346. William de Thorpe; afterwards chief jus- tice. 1355. Thomas de Seton ; afterwards chief justice. 1356. William de Notton. 1362. Thomas de Ingelby. 1378. Robert Tresylian : afterwards chief justice. 1383. David Hanemere. 1388. John de Lokton, or Lockton. 1389. John Hull. — Hugh Hulse. 1400. John Hill. 1414. Robert Thirwit. 1416. Roger Horton. — William Cheyne; afterwards chief justice. 1424. John Halls. 1426. William Westbury 1434. William Goderede. 1444. John Markham ; afterwards chief justice. — William Yelverton. 1452. Ralph Pole. 1457. Richard Bingham ; afterwards sir Richard. 1465. Thomas Billing ; afterwards chief justice. 1466. William Lakene. 1471. Sir Richard Bingham, knt. — Richard Neele. 1472. John Needham. 1476. Thomas Young. 1478. Guido Fairfax. — William Jenney. 1485. John Sulyard or Sulliard. 1488. Thomas Tremayle. 1496. Robert Read. 1507. Robert Brudnell or Brudenell. 1510. Humfrey Coningsby. 1522. John Fitz- James, afterwards chief justice. 1533. William Luke. — Sir John Spelman, knt. 1541. John Port. — William Coningsby. — Edward Mervin. 1544. Robert Brooke or Broke. 1545. Thomas Bromley, afterwards sir Thomas, and chief justice. 1547. William Portman, afterwards chief justice. 1553. John Whyddon. 1557. Francis Morgan. Jan. 23. — Sir James Dyer, knt. April 23; after- wards chief justice of the common pleas. 1558. William Rastal : resigned. 1559. William Dalison. — Reginald Corbet. 1561. John Southcote. 1564. Thomas Carus. 1573. Thomas Gaudy, afterwards sir Thomas. 1575. John Jefferay, afterwards chief baron. — William Ayloffe. — W oolrych. 1584. John Clench, from the exchequer. 1585. Robert Schute, from the exchequer. 1587. Francis Gaudy, afterwards sir Francis. 1590. Edward Fenner, afterwards sir Edward. 1603. David Williams, afterwards knt. CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE KING'S BENCH. 223 1601. Christopher Yelverton, afterwards sir Christopher. 1605. Laurence Tanfield, afterwards knt. 1607. Sir John Croke, knt. ; late speaker of the house of commons. 1612. Sir John Doderidge, knt. 1614. Sir Robert Houghton, knt. 1620. Sir Thomas Chamberlain, knt. 1624. Sir William Jones, from the common pleas. — Sir James Whitelock. 1625. Sir Henry Yelverton, knt. 1628. Sir George Croke, from common pleas. 1632. Sir Robert Berkeley, knt. : removed. Taken otf the bench. — Whitelocke. 1640. Sir Robert Heath, afterwards chief justice. 1641. Sir Thomas Mallet: removed by a vote of the parliament in 1645. 1642. Sir Francis Bacon. 1643. Sir Robert Brerewood. 1645. Henry RoUe, under the parliament; after- wards chief justice. 1648. Philip Jermin, and — Samuel Browne. — Whitelocke. 1649. [Justice Bacon and justice Brown refused (with judges of other courts) to act under the new commission. Feb. 8. — Whitelocke. ] — Robert Nicholas, and — Richard Ask. June 1.^ — Idem. 1654. Richard Newdigate, afterwards removed. [It appears that there now sat three judges in this court.] 1656. Peter Warburton: removed in 1659. — Richard (now sir Richard) Newdigate, again. Jan. 17. 1659. Robert Nicholas, and — Roger Hill, in the room of Newdigate (now made chief justice) and Warburton. — Whitelocke. 1660. Sir Thomas Mallet, knt., restored by Charles II. : dispensed with in J une 1663. — Sir Thomas Twisden. July 2 : dispensed with in 1678 ; " but continued judge until his death in Jan. 1682." — Mai/- mond. — Sir Wadham Wyndham. Nov. 26. 1663. Sir John Kelyng, knt. June 23. 1665. Sir William Morton, knt. Nov. 24. 1669. Sir Richard Raynsford. Feb. 19: after- wards chief justice. 1673. Sir William Wylde, knt. and bart., from the common pleas : removed April 29, 1679. 1676. Sir Thomas Jones, knt. April 13. 1678. Sir William Dolben. Oct. 23 ; third jus- tice. 1679. Sir Francis Pemberton, vice Wylde. May 5 ; removed Feb. 17, 1680. 1680. Sir Thomas Raymond. Feb. 29; super- seded April 20, 1683. 1683. Su- Francis Wythens, knt. April 23. — Sir Richard Holloway or Halloway, knt. Sept. 25; removed' June, 1688. — Sir Thomas Walcot, knt. Oct. 22. | 1685. Sir Robert Wright, from the exchequer, I Oct. 10 ; afterwards chief justice of the common pleas and chief justice of the king's bench. 1687. Sir John Powell, sen., from the common pleas. April 18 ; displaced June 1688. — Sir Richard Allibone, knt. April 28. 1688. Sir Thomas Powell, from the exchequer : date of patent, July 6. — Sir Robert Baldock, knt. ; same date. -— Sir Thomas Stringer, knt. ; same date. [Sir Richard Holloway and Sir John Powell were displaced for giving their opinions against the court, in favour of the seven bishops; and sir Thomas Powell and Sir Robert Baldock, the king's Serjeant, were made justices in their room. — Brit. Giro,'] 1689. Sir William Dolben. March 18; now se- cond justice. — Sir Giles Eyre, knt. May 8. — Sir William Gregory, knt., from the exche- quer ; same date. 1694. Sir Samuel Eyre, knt. Feb. 19. 1695. Sir Thomas Rokeby, knt., from the com- mon pleas. Oct. 25. 1696. Sir John Turton, knt., from the exchequer. July 1 ; superseded June 9, 1702. 1699. Sir Henry Gould, knt. Jan. 14. 1700. Sir Lyttelton Powys, from the exchequer Jan. 28 ; resigned Oct. 1725. 1702. Sir John Powell, jun. knt. (previously baron of the exchequer, now from the common pleas). Jan. 28. 1710. Sir Robert Eyre, knt. vice Powell. May 7 ; afterwards chief baron and chief justice of the common pleas. 1713. Sir Thomas Powis, knt. June 3; super- seded Oct. 14, 1714. 1714. Sir John Pratt, knt. vice Powis. Nov. 22 ; made chief justice May 1718. 1718. Sir John Fortescue Aland, vice Pratt. May 15 : removed to the common pleas in 1729 ; and created lord Fortescue, of Credan, in Ireland, in 1746. 1724. Sir Robert Raymond, knt. vice Eyre. Jan. 31 : afterwards chief justice, and created lord Raymond. 1725. Sir James Reynolds, sen., knt. vice Ray- mond. March 16 ; afterwards chief baron. 1726. Sir Edmund Probyn, knt. Nov. 7 ; after- w^ards chief baron. 1727. Sir Francis Page, knt. (formerly of the exchequer, now from the "common pleas). Oct. 13. 1730. Sir William Lee, knt. and bart. June 13 ; afterwards chief justice. 1737. Sir William Chappie, knt. vice Lee. June 16. 1740. Sir Martin Wright, from the exchequer, vice Probyn. Nov. 24 ; resigned 1755. 1742. Sir Thomas Denison, knt. Feb. 11. 1745. Sir Michael Foster, knt. April 22. 1755. Sir John Eardley Wilmot, knt.» Feb. 11 ; 1 Justice Wilmot, while trying a case at Worcester, in 1755, had a narrow escape of his life, but he happily- lived to be long an ornament to the bench, and chief justice of the common pleas. The following account is given by the judge himself : " A strong wind blew down the roof of the court, but, as I sat up close to the wall, I escaped without hurt. Mr. Lawes (sir Eardley's secretary) is killed ; two of the jurymen, who were impannelled in the cause before me, are also killed, and they are carrying dead and wounded bodies out of the ruins still " The judge was summing up the evidence when the fatal accident occurred, and most of the counsel were gone ; of those who remained, were four, who afterwards obtained the honours of the bench. 224 THE JUDGES afterwards made chief justice of the common pleas. 1761 Sir Joseph Yates, knt., third justice. Jan. 23 : removed to the common pleas in 1770. 1765. Sir Richard Aston, knt., second justice. April 24 : resigned ; died 1778. 1766. James Hewitt, fourth justice. Nov. 5; made lord chancellor of Ireland in 1767, and created lord LifFord, of LitFord, in that kingdom. 1768. Edward Willes, vice Hewitt. Jan. 29. 1770. Sir William Blackstone, knt. May 4 : re- moved same year to the common pleas. — Sir William-Henry Ashhurst, knt., vice Blackstone. June 20 : surrendered 1799. 1778. Sir Francis Buller, knt., afterwards bart., vice Aston. May 6 : went to the common pleas in 1794. 1787. Sir Nash Grose, knt., vice Willes. Feb. 9. 1794. Sir Soulden Lawrence (from the common pleas). June 19 : afterwards to the com- mon pleas again. 1799. Sir Simon Le Blanc. June 5. 1808. Sir John Bayley. May 9 : removed to the exchequer in 1830. OF ENGLAND. 1813. Sir Henry Dampier. June 23 : died Feb. 1816. 1816. Sir George Sowley Holroyd. Feb. 20. — Sir (Charles Abbot (from the common pleas). May 3 : afterwards chief justice, and created lord Tenterden. 1818. Sir WilHam Draper Best. Nov. 30 : after - wards made chief justice of the common pleas and created lord Wynford. 1824. Sir Joseph Littledale. May 4 : retired Feb. 6, 1841. 1828. Sir James Park. Nov. 18 : afterwards to the exchequer. [By act 1, William IV. cap. 70 (July 23, 1830), an additional or fifth judge was allowed in each court of law. ] 1830. Sir William-Elias Taunton. Nov. 12. — * Sir John Patteson, same date ; the Jifth justice, under the act. 1834. Sir John Williams. April 29. 1835. * Sir John Taylor Coleridge. Jan. 27. 1841. * Sir William Wightman. Feb. 17. 1846. * Sir William Erie, from the common pleas, vice Williams. Oct. 27. Marked thus * are the present (1851) Puisne Jus- tices of this court. THE COUET OF COMMON PLEAS. This court, when first instituted, was kept in the king's own palace, distinct from the court of king's bench, but on the confirmation of Magna Charta by King John, in 1215, it was fixed at Westminster. Here all controversies, in matters civil, between subject and subject, are determined according to law. Here, also, fines were levied and recoveries suffered (and in no other court) until the passing of the act, 3rd and 4tli William lY. cap. 74, which altered the law relating to real property, and simplified the remedies for trying the rights thereto. Soon after the fixing of this court at Westminster, such a multitude of causes were brought before it, that the king, for the greater dispatch of business, found it necessary, instead of three, to constitute six judges, whom he appointed to sit in two places. The number was subsequently reduced to four ; but by the late act, 1 William lY. cap. 70, the number was increased (as in the other law courts) to Jive. No barrister under the degree of serjeant could formerly plead in this court. An act, however, was passed, 9 and 10 Yictoria, cap. 54 (Aug. 18, 1846), "extending to all barristers practising in the superior courts at Westminster, the privileges of serjeants-at-law in the Court of Common Pleas." The Chief Justice holds his appointment by letters-patent from the crown, quam diu se bene gesserit. He ranks immediately before the chief baron of the exchequer, and after the lord chief justice of England and the master of the rolls. Chief Justices of the Common Pleas. 1227. Robert de Lexinton, prebend of Southwell. 1235. Thomas de Muleton. 1248. Henry de la Mare, or Mara. 1261. WilUam de Wyltone, or Wilton. 1274. Gilbert de Preston. 1275. Roger de Seytone or Seyton. 1278. Thomas de Weyland : removed for his mal-administration to the people, 1288, and disinherited and banished. 1290. John de Metingham. 1301. Ralph de Hengham. Sept. 9. 1309. William de Bereford. March 15. 1327. Ilorvey de Stamiton. July 18. 1328. William de Herle. Feb. 4. 1330. John de Stonore. Sept. 3. 1332. William de Herle, again chief, and — John de Stonore, second justice. March 2. 1334. Henry le Scrope. Nov. 18. 1335. William de Herle, again. 1336. John de Stonore, again. July 7. 1341. Roger Hillary. Feb. 7. 1342. William Scot. April 27. 1343. John de Stonore. May 9. 1355. Roger Hillary, again. Feb. 10. 1357. Robert de Thorpe. June 27. 1372. William de Fyncheden. April 14. 1375. Robert de Belknape, or Bealknappe. OptvlO. CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE COMMON PLEAS. 225 1378. Sir Robert de Preston. Oct. 5. 1388. Robert de Carleton. Jan. 30. 1396. William Thyrnynge. Jan. 15. 1414. Richard Norton. June 26. 1423. William Babington, from the exchequer. May 5. 1427. John Ivyn, from the exchequer. Feb. 9. 1439, John Cottesmore. Jan. 20. 1440. Richard Newton. March 27. 1449. John Prysot. Jan. 16. 1462. Robert Danby. May 11. — Richard Choke. Sept. 5. 1471. Sir Robert Danby, knt., again, 1472. Thomas Bryan, "May 29. 1501. Thomas Wood. Oct. 28. 1503. Thomas Frowyk. June 9. 1507. Sir Robert Read, knt. April 26. 1519. John Ernley. Jan. 27. 1521. Robert Brudnel. April 13. 1533. Robert de Norwich. Nov. 22. 1536. Sir John Baldwin, knt. 1546. Sir Edward Montague, knt. 1553. Sir Richard Morgan, knt. Sept. 5. 1554. Sir Robert Brooke or Broke, knt. Oct. 28. 1558. Sir Anthony Browne, knt. Oct. 5. 1559. Sir James Dyer, knt., from the king's bench. Jan. 22. 1582. Sir Edmund Anderson, knt. May 2. 1605. Sir Francis Gawdy, from the king's bench. Aug. 26. 1606. Sir Edward Coke i, knt. June 20 : after- wards to the king's bench. 1613. Sir Henry Hobart, bart. Oct. 26. 1626. Sir Thomas Richardson, knt. Nov. 28: afterwards to the king's bench. 1631. Sir Robert Heath, knt. Oct. 27 : dis- charged Sept. 1634. He afterwards went to the king's bench, whence he was removed by a vote of the par- liament. 1634. Sir John Finch, knt. Oct. 16 ; afterwards lord keeper : fled beyond the sea. — Dugdale. 1639. Sir Edward Lyttleton. Jan. 27 : afterwards lord Lyttleton, and lord keeper. 1640. Sir John Bankes, knt. Jan. 29 : died Dec. 1644. — Peck's Desid. Curios. [The chief justiceship was not filled up until the end of the reign. — Woolrych.'] 1648. Oliver St. John, esq. Oct. 12.— TFhite- locke. 1660. Sir Orlando Bridgman (previously chief baron). Oct. 24 : afterwards lord keeper. 1668, Sir John Vaughan, knt. May 23. 1675. Sir Francis North, knt. Jan. 23: made lord keeper, and created lord Guildford. 1683. Sir Francis Pemberton. Jan. 22 : from the king's bench : removed hence Sept. same year. — Sir Thomas Jones (one of the justices). Oct. 1 : removed April, 1686. 1686. Sir Henry Bedingfield. April 21 : died the next j^ear. 1687. Sir Robert Wright (previously baron, and one of the justices). April 16 : imme- diately afterwards made chief justice of the king's bench. 1687. Sir Edward Herbert (previously chief jus- tice of the king's bench). April 21. — Sabnon. 89. Sir Henry Pollexfen. May 6. 92. Sir George Treby. May 2. 1701. Sir Thomas Trevor. July 5: afterwards created lord Trevor: superseded, Oct. 1714. 1714. Sir Peter King. Oct. 27 : afterwards lord King, and lord chancellor. 1725. Sir Robert Eyre. Jime 1 : he was pre- viously a justice of the king's bench, and chief baron of the exchequer. — Bunbury''s Reports. 1736. Sir Thomas Reeve, one of the justices. Jan 26: died Jan. 13, 17 ST. — Bunburi/. 1737. Sir John Willes. Jan. 28: afterwards a commissioner of the great seal. 1761. Sir Charles Pratt, knt. Nov. 7 : afterwards lord Camden, and lord chancellor. 1766. Sir John Eardley Wilmot (from the king's bench). Aug. 21 : resigned 1771. 1771. Sir William De Grey: Jan. 26: resigned June 1780, and created lord Walsing- ham, Oct. following. 1780. Alexander Wedderburne. June 14; cre- ated lord Loughborough same time; lord chancellor Jan. 1792; and earl of Rosslyn April, 1801. 1793. Sir James Eyre, knt. (previously a baron and chief baron of the exchequer). Feb. 11 : died July 1799. 1799. Sir John Scott (attorne^^-general). July 18 : created lord Eldon ; afterwards lord chancellor, and earl of Eldon. 1801. Sir Richard Pepper Arden (master of the rolls). May 22 ; created lord Alvanley : died March, 1804. 1804. Sir James Mansfield, knt. April 21 : sur- rendered Feb. 1814. 1814. Sir Vicary Gibbs, knt. (previously one of the justices, and chief baron of the exchequer). Feb. 24: resigned Oct. 1818. 1818. Sir Robert Dallas (one of the justices). Nov. 5: resigned Nov. 1823. 1824. Sir Robert Giffbrd. Jan. 9: created lord Gilford Jan. 30 : made master of the rolls April same year. — Sir William Draper Best (from the king's bench). April 15 : resigned June, 1829, and created lord Wynford. 1829. Sir Nicolas Conyngham Tindal. June 9. (solicitor-general) : died July, 1846. 1846. Sir Thomas Wilde (attorney - general), chief justice, July 11. Made lord high chancellor, and created lord Truro, July 15, 1850. 1850. Sir John Jervis (attorney-general). July 16. The PRESENT Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. 1 This great man's learning as a lawyer and wisdom as a judge have been universally recognized : his writings are among our Text-books. Attached to the law, whose very spirit is freedom, Coke was, during the course of his judicial career, brought frequently into collision with his master, James I., whose selfish love of prerogative induced him to transgress, as well the dictates of prudence, as the principles of tlie constitution. He declaimed with great spirit against the court measures, and ascribed to Buckingham all the calamities of the nation. He was discharged from his office of chief justice of the king's bench in 161G, and never recovered the favour of James again Illust. of Judges. 226 THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND. Puisne Justices of 1234. Robert cle Bello Campo, or Beauchamp. — Reginald de Moyun, or Mohun. — Robert de Rockele. 1235. Adam, son of William. — John de Kirkeby. 1236. William de Culeworth. 1238. Hugh Giflfard, constable of the Tower of London. 1241. Jollanus de Neville. 1242. Gilbert de Preston. 1243. Roger de Thurkilby. — Robert de Esseburne, or Esseby. 1244. John de Cobbeham. 1245. Robert de Nottingham. 1247. Alanus de Watsand, or Wassand. — William de Wyltone. — Henry de la Mare. 1250. Henry de Bathonia. — John*^de Gatesden, canon of St. Paul's. 1251. Simon de Wauton, afterwards bishop of Norwich. — Giles de Erdington. 1252. William Trussell. 1254. Roger de Wircestre, or Whitchester. — Nicholas Handlo, or Hadlow. 1256. John de Wyville. — John de Cokefield. 1257. Robert de Briwes and Wauton, associated. 1262. Nicholas de Turri. — Richard de Middelton. — William de Bonquer, or Boncour. 1263. John de Wyville, again. 1265. William de Wylton, again, — Fulco, son of Warren. — Hervey de Boreham. 1266. John de la Lj^nde. Walter de Berestede. — Adam de Greynville. 1267. John le Breton, afterwards bishop of Hereford. — Henry de Monteforti, or Montfort. — Roger de Messenden, chaplain to the king. 1268. Martin de Litelbiri. — Roger de Seyton, or Seytone. 1271. Robert Fulke, or Fulc. — Stephen Hayme, or Heym. — Ralph de Hengham, chancellor of Exeter. 1272. William de Weyland. 1275. John de Lovetot. — Ralph de Frenyngham. 1276. Roger Loveday. — Geoffrey de Leuknore. — Geoffrey de Newbold. — Thomas de Weyland. See note to this judge's name, as chief justice. 1278. Walter de Helynn or Helyun. 1284. Stephen de Pencestre. — Elias de Bekingham. 1290. Robert de Hertford. — William de Giselham. — Robert de Thorpe. 1291. William de Ormesby. 1293. Peter Malore. 1294. William de Bereford. 1300. Lambert de Trikingham. 1305. Henry de Guildeford. 1306. Hervey de Staunton. 1308. William Haward, or Howard. 1309. Henry le Scrope. THE Common Pleas. 1310. John de Benstede. — William de Burne. 1313. John Bacon, or Bacoun. 1315. William Inge. 1316. Gilbert de Roubury. — John de Mutford. 1319. John de Doncaster. 1321. William de Herle. — John de Stonore. — John de Bousser. — Walter de Friskeney. 1328. Henry le Scrope ; constituted second justice. 1329. Richard de Wyllughby. 1330. John Travers. — Thomas Bacon, or Bacoun. — Richard de Wyllughby; constituted se- cond justice. 1331. Robert de Malberthorpe. — John Inge. — John de Cantebrig. 1332. John de Stonore, late chief, now second justice. 1333. John de Shardelow, or Cherdelawe. — Richard de Aldeburgh. 1334. Richard de Shareshull. 1335. Geoffrey le Scrope. • — John de Trevaignon. 1338. Roger Hillary ; afterwards chief justice. — William Scot ; afterwards chief justice. — William Basset. 1340. Robert de Scardeburgh. 1341. James de Wodestoke. — Robert Parning : same year to the king's bench. — Richard de Wyllughby, again, — Thomas de Heppescotes. 1342. Richard de Kelleshull. — Adam de Staingrave. 1343. William de Thorp. — John de Stouforde. — William de Shareshull, third justice. 1346. William de Shareshull, now second justice. 1348. Thomas de Fencotes. 1355. Henry Greene. 1356. Thomas de Seton. 1357. Henry de Motelow. 1360. John de Moubray. — William de Skipwith. 1362. John Knivet. 1365. John Delves. 1366. William de Fyncheden; afterwards chief justice. — William de Winchingham. — Roger de Kyrketon. 1372. John de Cavendish. — Roger de Meres. 1375. Robert de Ful thorp. 1378. Henry de Perchehay, or Percehay. — Thomas de Ingleby. 1381. Henry Asty. 1384. John Holt. — William Burgh. 1388. John Wadham. — Richard Sydenham. — William Thirning, or Thyrnynge; after- wards chief justice. 1389. William Rickhill. 1391. John Penros, or Penrose. 1391. John Hull. 1397. John Markham, JUSTICES OF THE COMMON PLEAS. 227 1398. William Hankford. 1399. William Brencliesley. 1400. John Hulse. Quaere Hugh ? 1405. John Cokayne. 1406. John Colepeper. 1408. Robert Hill. 1409. Robert Thirwit. 1416. William Lodington. — John Preston. — William Cheyne. — Roger Horton. 1421. William Babington (from the exchequer), afterwards chief justice. — John Martin. — Robert Hull. 1423. John Halls. — John Ivyn, afterwards chief justice. 1426. James Strangways. — William Westbury. 1430. John Cottesmore, afterwards chief justice. — William Pastone. 1439. Richard Newton, afterwards chief justice. — Thomas Fulthorpe. 1440. William Ayscoghe. 1444. John Portington. 1445. Richard Ayshton. 1450. Robert Danvers. 1452. Robert Danby ; afterwards sir Robert, and chief j ustice. 1454. Robert Moyle. 1457. John Needham. 1462. Sir Peter Arderne, knt. 1467. Thomas Littelton. 1468. Thomas Young. 1471. Sir Walter Moyle, knt. — Sir Richard Choke, knt., chief justice. 1472. Sir Richard Neele, knt 1482. Sir John Catesby, knt. 1485. Roger Townsend. 1487. William Callow. — John Haugh. 1488. William Danvers. 1490. John Vavasour. 1494. John Fineaux; afterwards to the king's bench. 1496. Thomas Wood. 1502. John Fisher. 1503. John Kingsmill. 1507. John Boteler, or Butler. 1510. Robert Brudnel (from the king's bench) : afterwards chief justice. — William Grevyle, or Greville. — William Fairfax. 1514. Richard ElHot. 1515. Lewis Pollard. 1518. John More, father of sir Thomas More. 1521. Richard Brooke, or Broke. 1523. Anthony Fitzherbert. 1527. Thomas Englefield, or Englefeld. — William Shelley. 1531. Robert de Norwich, afterwards chief justice. 1538. Sir Thomas Willoughby, knt. 1539. Sir Christopher Jenny, knt. 1543. Sir Humfrey Brown, knt. 1546. John Hinde (serjeant-at-law). 1549. Sir James Hales, knt. 1550. Sir Edward Molyneux, knt. 1552. William Cooke. 1553. Edward Saunders (serjeant-at-law). 1554. William Staunford. 1556. Sir James Dyer, knt.; afterwards to the king's bench. 1558. Robert Catlyn (serjeant-at-law): after- wards chief justice of the king's bench. — Chief Justice Sir Anthony Brovvne. Nov. 18; now justice. — Woolrych. — Sir James Dyer, again. Nov. 18. — Wool- rych. Chief justice Jan. following. 1559. Richard Weston. 1562. John Welsh. 1566. Richard Harper. 1571. Christopher Wray : afterwards to the king's bench. — Roger Manwood : afterwards chief baron. — Robert Mounson : resigned in 1579. 1577. Thomas Meade. 1579. Francis Windham. 1580. William Periam : afterwards chief baron. 1585. Francis Rodes. 1589. Sir Thomas Walmesley, knt. 1592. Francis Beaumond, or Beaumont. 1593. Thomas Owen : died in 1598. 1598. John Glanvile or Glanville. 1599. Sir George Kingsmill, knt. : resigned in 1605. 1600. Peter Warburton. 1604. Sir William Daniel, knt. 1605. Sir Thomas Coventry, knt. 1607. Sir Thomas Foster, knt. 1611. Sir Humphrey Winch, knt. 1612. Sir Augustine Nichols, knt. 1617. Sir Richard Hutton, knt. 1621. Sir William Jones, knt. ; afterwards to the king's bench. 1623. Sir George Crooke, or Croke; afterwards to the king's bench. 1624. Sir Francis Harvie, or Harvey, knt. 1625. Sir Henry Yelverton, bart. 1629. Sir Humphrey Davenport ; afterwards chief baron. 1631. Sir George Vernon (from the exchequer). 1632. Sir Francis Crawley. 1634. Sir John Finch ; afterwards chief justice. 1638. Sir Edmund Reve, or Reeve : died in 1647. 1639. Sir Robert Foster. See below ^ years 1645 and 1660 for him again. 1645. [Justice Crawley and justice Foster (with several judges of other courts) removed by a vote of the parliament.] — Peter Phesant, esq. — Whitelocke. 1647. John Godbolt, esq. : died in 1648. — Idem. 1648. John Creswell, and — Thomas Bedenfield, esqrs. — Idem. 1649. [Justice Creswell and justice Bedenfield refused to act, under the new com- mission. — Idem. ] C John Puleston, and — Peter Warburton, esqrs., justices of the " common bench." — Idem. — Edward Atkins, esq. in the room of justice Phesant, deceased. — Idem. 1653. Matthew Hale^, vice Warburton, who after- 1 Justice Hale (afterwards sir Matthew) was the first judge appointed under the Protectorate. When the ermine was offered to him by Cromwell, he at first refused it, upon which the Protector said, that " if he was not permitted to rule by red gowns, he should rule by red coats." Cromwell sought men for places, not places for tnen ; and "by accepting this appointment," says Burke, " Hale gave to the age the most brilliant example of sincere and fervent piety, exact justice, and profound jurisprudence." q2 228 THE JUDGES wards became a justice of the "upper bench." — Whiteloche. 1658. [Justice Hale; threw up his commission about Sept. — W oolrycli. — Hugh Wyndham, esq. — Whitelocke. 1659. John Archer, esq., probably in the room of Puleston. — Idem. 1660. Sir Robert Foster. May 31: made chief justice of the king's bench, Oct. 23, same year. — Sir Robert Hyde, same date: afterwards chief justice of the king's bench. — Sir Thomas Tyrrell. July 9. — Sir Samuel Browne. Nov. 17. 1663. Sir John Archer. Nov. 10. 1668. Sir William Wylde, knt. and bart. April 18 : afterwards to the king's bench. 1672. Sir Robert Atkyns, knt. April 24 : after- wards chief baron. — Sir William Ellvs. Dec. 23 : removed. 1673. Sir Hugh Wyndham. Jan. 23. [According to Dugdale and Woolrych justice Wyndham was made a baron of the exchequer in 1670, and he now returned to this court.] 1676. Sir William Scroggs. Oct. 23 : afterwards made chief justice of the king's bench. 1678. Yere Bertie, from the exchequer : removed April, 1679. 1679. Sir William Ell^^s again. May 5. 1680. Sir Thomas Raymond (from the exche- quer). Feb. 7. — Sir Job Charlton. April 29 : displaced in April, 1686. — Woolrych. 1681. Sir Creswell Levinz or Levinge. Feb. 12 : superseded Feb. 1686. 1684. Sir Thomas Street, from the exchequer. Oct. 30. 1086. Sir Henry BedingjSeld. Feb. 13: imme- diately afterwards chief justice. — Sir Edward Lutwyche. April 21. — Sir John Powell, sen. April 26 : after- wards to the king's bench; and back to this court. 1687. Sir Christopher Milton (from the exche- quer). April 16 : resigned next year. 1088. Sir Thomas Jenner (from the exchequer). June 29. 1689. Sir John Powell, sen. (from the king's bench). March 18. — Sir William Gregory (from the exchequer). April 18 : immediately afterwards to the king's bench. — Sir Thomas Rokeby. May 8 : afterwards to the king's bench. — Sir Peyton Ventris. May 9. 1691. Sir Edward Neville (from the exchequer). Oct. 30. 1695. Sir John Powell, jun. (from the exche- quer). Oct. 26. 1697. Sir John Blencowe (from the exchequer). April 22 : resigned in 1722. 1702. Sir Robert Tracy (from the exchequei). June 24: afterwards made a commis- sioner of the great seal : resigned. 1705. Sir Robert Dormer. Feb. 11. 1722. Alexander Denton, vice Blencowe. June 25. 1726. Sir Robert Price (from the exchequer). ^ Oct. 29. — Sir Francis Page (from the exchequer). Nov. 4. 1727. Spencer Cowpcr. Oct. 25 : died Dec. 1728. OF ENGLAND. 1729. Sir John Fortescue Aland (from the king's bench. Jan. 23): afterwards lord For- tescue : resigned 1746. 1733. Thomas Reeve (by some written, in error. Reeves). April 16 : afterwards chief justice and knt. 1736. Sir John Comyn (from the exchequer). Feb. 5 : afterwards chief baron. 1738. William Fortescue, afterwards knt. (from the exchequer). July 7 : made master of the rolls in 1741. 1740. Sir Thomas Parker, jun. (from the exche- quer). April 22: afterwards chief baron. 1741. Sir Thomas Burnet. Nov. 8. 1743. Sir Thomas Abney (from the exchequer). 1746. Sir Thomas Birch. June 24. 1750. Sir Nathaniel Gundry. June 23. 1753. Sir Edward Clive (from the exchequer). Jan. 30 : surrendered in 1770. 1754. Hon. Henry Bathurst. May 2 : afterwards created lord Apsley, and made lord chancellor: succeeded as earl Bathurst in 1775. 1757. Hon. William Noel. May 3. 1762. Sir Henry Gould (from the exchequer). Dec. 15. 1770. Sir Joseph Yates (from the king's bench). Feb. 16 : died June 16 following. • — Sir William Blackstone (from the king's bench). June 25 : died in 1780. 1771. Sir George Nares. Jan. 26. 1780. Sir John Heath, r^ce Blackstone. July 8. 1786. Sir John Wilson. Nov. 6. 1793. Sir Giles Rooke. Nov. 8 : resigned in 1808. 1794. Sir Soulden Lawrence. March 8 : after- wards to the king's bench. — Sir Francis Buller, knt. and bart. (from the king's bench). June 19. 1800. Sir Alan Chambre (from the exchequer). June 13 : resigned Dec. 1815. 1808. Sir Soulden Lawrence, again to this court. March 31 : resigned at Easter, 1812. 1812. Sir Yicary Gibbs. May 29 : afterwards chief baron and subsequently chief jus- tice of this court. 1813. Sir Robert Dallas. Nov. 18 : afterwards chief justice. 1816. Sir James Allan Park. Jan. 24. — Sir Charles Abbot. Feb. 1 : afterwards a justice of the king's bench, and sub- sequently chief justice of the same court. — Sir James Burrough. May 4. 1818. Sir John Richardson. Nov. 30 : resigned May 1824. 1824. Sir Stephen Gaselee. July 5. 1830. Sir John Bernard Bosanquet. Feb. 1. [By the act 1 William lY , cap. 70 (passed July 23, 1830) an additional or fifth judge was allowed to this court, as to all the other courts of law. ] — Sir Edward Hall Alderson. Nov. 12 : a baron of the exchequer. April 1834. 1834. Sir John Yaughan (from the exchequer). April 29. 1837. Sir Thomas Coltman. Feb. 24 : died July 1849. 1839. Rt. hon. Thomas Ersldne. Jan. 9 : re- signed in 1844. — *Sir William Henry Maule (from the ex- chequer). Nov. 11. BArtOXS OF THE EXCIIEQUEK. 229 1842. Sir Creswell Creswell. Jan. 22. 1844. Sir William Erie. Nov. 7 : removed to the queen's bench in 1846. 1846. *Sir Edward Vaughan Williams. Oct. 27. 1849. *Thomas Noon Talfourd. July 28 : after- wards knt. *** Marked thus * are the present (1851) Puisne Jus- tices of this court. THE COURT OF EXCHEQUER The Court of Exchequer is one of the four great courts of the kingdom. It is held in Westminster Hall, and was so named from a chequered cloth that anciently- covered the table at which the judges and chief officers sat. This Court was erected, according to some authorities, by William the Conqueror, and according to others by Henry L, for the trial of all causes relating to the revenues of the crown ; but in process of time the jurisdiction of the Exchequer became gradually enlarged, until at length it was not merely a revenue court, but one in which actions might be brought at common law between subject and subject, but one in which, also, suits in equity were instituted- In fact, until the act 5th Victoria, cap. 5 (passed 5th October, 1841), the Court of Exchequer possessed a triple jurisdiction, viz. in matters of equity, and as a court of common law, together with its original and exclusive powers in revenue affairs. But by the statute just mentioned, its jurisdiction as a court of equity has been transferred to the Court of Chancery. The judges of this Court are styled Barons, as in former times barons presided here appointed by the King to determine causes. In later times personages eminently learned in the law were appointed to preside, and they retained the title of Baron. The principal judge of the Court is styled the Chief Baron, who, like all our present judges, derives his appointment, quamdiu se bene gesserit, by letters-patent from the crown. He takes rank immediately after the Chief J ustice of the Common Pleas. Chief Bakons of the Exchequer. ***** 1303. William de Carleton. July 26. 1317. Walter de Norwico or Norwich. June 18. 1327. Hervey de Staunton. July 17. 1328. Walter de Norwico, again. Feb. 2. 1330. John de Stonore. Feb. 12. 1331. Henry le Scrope. Nov. 19. 1338. Robert de Sadington. March 20. 1345. William de ShareshuU. July 2. 1346. John de Stouford. Nov. 10. — Robert de Sadington, again. Dec. 8. 1351. Gervase de Wilford. April 7. 1363. William Skypwith, or Skipwith. 1366. Thomas de Lodelow. Oct. 29. 1375. William Tanks. Feb. 3. 1376. Henry Asty. Nov. 12. 1381. Robert de Plesyngton. Dec. 6. 1384. William de Karleol. June 27. 1387. Robert de Plesyngton, again. Aug. 8. 1388. Thomas Pynchebek. April 24. 1389. John Gassy, or Gassey. May 12. 1401. John Gokayne. Nov. 15. 1414. Willam Lasingby. Nov. 14. 1420. William Babington. Nov. 4. 1423. John Ivyn. May 5. 1436. John Fray. Feb. 9. 1448. Peter Arderne. May 2. 1463. Sir Richard Illingworth, knt. Sept. 29. 1472. Sir Thomas Urswj^k, knt. May 22. 1480. William de Nottingham. April 3. 1483. Sir Humfrey Starkev, knt. June 26. 1487. William Hody. Oct. 29. 1513. John Scot. Jan. 8. 1522. John Fitz-James. Feb. 8. 1526. Richard Brooke. Jan. 4. 1530. Richard Lyster, or Leicester. May 12. Q 1546. Sir Roger Cholmeley, knt. Nov. 11. 1552. Henry Bradshaw. May 21. 1553. Sir David Brooke, knt. Sept. 1. 1557. Sir Glement Higham, knt. March 2. 1559. Sir Edward Saunders, knt., previously chief justice of the king's bench. Jan. 22.— Dvgdale. 1577. Sir Robert Bell. Jan. 24 : died the sum- mer assizes following. — Sir John Jetferay, from the king's bench. Oct. 12. 1579. Roger Manwood. Jan. 24. 1593. Sir William Periam, from the common pleas. April 13. 1604. Sir Thomas Fleming, or Flemynge. Oct. 27 : afterwards made chief justice of the king's bench. 1607. Sir Laurence Tanfield, from the king's bench. June 25. 1625. Sir John Walter. May 10. 1631. Sir Humphrey Davenport, from the com- mon pleas. Jan. 16. 1643. Sir Richard Lane. May 25 : he was af- terwards (Oct. 23, 1645) made lord keeper, and his place was not filled up until the close of the reign. — Woolrych. 1648. John Wild, esq., appointed under the usur- pation. Oct. 12. 1656. William Steele, under the usurpation, in the room of Wild. In 1658, Steele was made lord chancellor of Ireland. — Idem. 1658. Sir Thomas Widdrington, in the room of Steele, under the usurpation. June 26. 1659. John Wild, again, in the room of Wid- drington. Jan. 17. — Whitelocke. 1660. Sir Orlando Bridgman, knt. and bart. June 1 : shortly afterwards chief justice 230 THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND. of the common pleas ; made lord keeper, Aug. 1667 ; dismissed in 1672. 1660. Sir Matthew Hale (prev^iously a justice of the common pleas). Nov. 7 : afterwards chief justice of the king's bench. 1671. Sir Edward Turner. May 23. 1676. Sir William Montagu. April 12 : removed from the bench in April 1686. 1686. Sir Edward Atkyns, one of the barons. April 21. 1689. Sir Kobert Atkins. April 18. 1695. Sir Edward Ward. June 10 : died July, 1714. 1714. Sir Samuel Dodd. Nov. 22. 1716. Sir Thomas Bury, one of the barons. June 11. 1722. Sir James Montague, one of the barons. May 9. 1723. Sir Robert Eyre (one of the justices of the king's bench). Dec. 5 : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas. 1725. Sir Jeffrey Gilbert, one of the barons. June 1. 1726. Sir Thomas Pengelly. Oct. 29. 1730. Sir James Reynolds, a justice of the king's bench. April 30 : resigned 1738. 1738. Sir John Comyn, previously one of the barons, and a justice of the common pleas. July 7. 1740. Sir Edmund Probyn, from the king's bench. Nov. 24. 1742. Sir Thomas Parker, jun., previously one of the barons, and a justice of the common pleas. Nov. 29 : resigned Oct. 1772. 1772. Sir Sydney Stafford Smythe, one of the barons. Oct. 29: resigned Dec. 1777. 1777. Sir John Skynner. Dec. 17 : resigned Dec. 1786. 1787. Sir James Eyre, one of the barons. Jan. 26 : afterwards chief justice of the com- mon pleas. 1793. Sir Archibald Macdonald (previously at- torney-general). Feb. 12 ; resigned Michaelmas term, 1813. 1813. Sir Vicary Gibbs (previously a justice of the common pleas). Nov. 8 : afterwards chief justice of that court. 1814. Sir Alexander Thomson, one of the barons. Feb. 24: died April, 1817. 1817. Sir Richard Richards, one of the barons. April 22 : died Nov. 1823. 1824. Sir William Alexander. Jan. 9 : resigned Jan. 1831. 1831. John, lord Lyndhurst, previously lord chancellor. Jan. 18 : again lord chan- cellor in 1834. 1834. Sir James Scarlet. Dec. 24 : created lord Abinger, Jan. 1835 ; died April, 1844. 1844. Sir Frederick Pollock. April 15. The PRESENT (1850) Chief Baron of the Exchequer. Junior Barons of the Exchequer. 1212. Q(*** fil. Petri Justiciarius Regis. 1215. Saherus, comes Winton. 1221. William Briwer. * * Richard de Marisco. 1234. William de Beauchamp (Bello-Campo). — Alexander de Swereford, aichdeacon of Salop : compiler of the Red Book of the exchequer. — Richard de Montfichet. 1238. Michael Relet. Magister. 1240. Ralph de Ely. 1241. Peter de Grimbald. — Richard de Barking, abbot of Westminster. 1243. John le Fraunceys. 1248. Edward de Westminstre. 1250. Richard de Crokesley, abbot of Westmin- ster. 1253. Peter de Ryevalis, or Orivallis. — John de Wyville. 1256. Simon Passelewe. 1257. Elerius, abbot of Pershore. 1258. John Reinger. — Thomas de Wymundham. — John de Launfare. 1261. Henry de Tracey. 1264. Arnald de Berkeley. — Roger de la Laye, or Leye, archdeacon of Essex and dean of London. 1265. Nicholas de Criol. — William de Mareschal. — Alexander le Seculer. 1268. AVilliam de Grancurt. 1273. William de Clilf, or Clifford. 3Iagister. 1274. Walter de Hopton. 1277. John de Cobham, orCobbeham, 2nd of the name. — Roger de Northwood. 1276. John de St. Yalerico. 1278. Philip de Wileghby, or Wileby. 1284. Peter de Cestria. 1286. William de Karleton, or Carleton. — William de Middleton. 1291. Adam de Straton. [Seized, and in his treasury were found 16,000 marks of new money, and 3000 marks of old money. — Chron. Jurid.~\ 1292. Peter de Leycestre. 1293. Roger de Leycestre. 1295. Richard de Saham. 1298. John de Insula. 1299. Richard de Abendon, or Abjmdon. 1300. Roger de Hegham. 1306. Humfrey de Waledene. 1308. Thomas de Cantebrig. — John de Bauquel. — John de Everdon. 1309. John de Foxle. 1311. Roger de Scotre. 1312. Walter de Norwico, or Norwich: after- wards chief baron. — John Abel. 1315. Hervey de Staunton, afterwards chief baron. 1317. Ingelardus de Warlee, or Warle. — John de Okeham. 1319. Robert de Wodehouse. 1321. Lambert de Trikingham. — Walter de Friskeney. 1323. William de Fulburn. — Roger Beler. 1324. Edmund de Passele. — Robert de Ayleston. — William de Everdon. 1327. John de Redeswell. BARONS OF THE EXCHEQUER. 231 1328. William de Boudon, 2nd baron. — Robert de Nottingham. 1331. William de Coshale. 1332. Thomas de Garton, 2nd baron. 1333. Thomas de Blaston. — Robert de Scorburgh, or Scarburgh. — John de Hildersley. — Adam de Steyngrene. — William de Denum. 1335. Adam de Lymbergh. 1337. Nicholas Hawman. — John de Shoredich. 1341. William de Northwell. — William de Broclesby. — Gervase de Wilford, afterwards chief baron. — William de Stow. 1345. Alanus de Ashe. 1348. John de Houton. 1351. James Husse. 1353. William de Thorpe, 2d baron. 1355. William de Retford. 1357. Henry de Greystoke. 1358. John de Bukyngham. 1363. Robert de Pleste. 1366. Almeric de Shirland, 2nd baron. — John de Stokes. 1376. Henry de Percehay. — Lawrence Allerthorpe. 1377. Nicholas de Drayton. 1378. William Gunthorpe. — John de Blockle. — Richard Stokes. 1385. William Ford. 1387. John Carey. 1389. Lawrence Allerthorpe. — William Ford. — William Doubridge. 1394. Ralph de Selby. 1400. Thomas Ferriby. — John Staverton. 1401. Tohn Tuttlebury, 2nd baron. 1402. William Ermyn. 1403. Roger Westwode. — Thomas Overton. 1408. Henry Somer. — Henry Merston. 1410. Richard Banke. 1414. Robert Malton. 1419. Roger Waltham. 1422. William Hesill. 1424. Thomas Banke. — Thomas Banaustre,or Bannister. 1426. William Warde. 1428.. Nicholas Dixon. 1435. John Fray ; afterwards chief baron. 1436. William Derby, clerk. 1439. Roger Hunt, on Derby's death. 1444. John Arderne. — Robert Frampton. — William Fullan. 1446. John Holme. 1449. John Durem. 1459. Thomas Thorpe. — Bryan Roucliffe. 1461. John Gierke, 2nd baron. 1463. John Ingoldesby. 1468. Nicholas Stathum, 2nd baron. — Ralph Wolseley. 1481. Thomas Whittington, 2nd baron. 1483. Edward Goldesburg, or Goldsborough. 1485. John Holgrave. 1489. Thomas Goldesburg or Goldsborough. 1489. Nicholas Lathelle. — Thomas Roche. 1495. Thomas Barnewall, 2nd baron. 1497. Andrew Dymocke. 1501. Bartholomew Westby, 2nd baron. 1502. William Boiling. 1504. JohnAlleyn. 1511. John Stag. 1512. Robert Blagge. 1514. Edmund Denny. 1522. William Wotton. 1523. John Hales or Halys. 1528. John Petit, 2d baron. — William Ellis. 1529. John Scot; afterwards chief baron. 1535. Thomas Walshe, king's remembrancer. 1540. Nicholas Luke. — John Smith. 1543. Lewis Fortescue. 1547. Robert Curzon. 1548. John Darnell. 1549. Edward Saxelby or Saxby. 1550. Robert Browne. 1559. George Frevyle. 1562. Thomas Pyne or Pymme. 1563. John Birch. 1565. James Lord. 1576. Thomas Greeke. 1578. Christopher Muschampe, vice Lord, 1579. [It is probable that barons Birch, Greeke, and Muschampe were removed from their places during this year, and that they were succeeded by — Robert Schute, and — John Clench. [Notwithstanding that the date given by sir William Dugdale for the promotion of baron Clench is 1582 ; as an autho- rity for this date, see Sir John Savile's Reports. — Woolrych.'] 1582. John Clench. — Dugdale: afterwards to the king's bench. — Edward Flowerdew. 1585. Thomas Gent.— Woolrych. 16S8.— Dugdale. 1588. Sir Robert Gierke. 1594. Matthew Ewens. 1598. Sir John Savil or Savile. 1604. Sir George Snigge. 1607. Sir James Altham. — Sir Edward Heron. 1609. Sir Edward Bromley. 1617. Sir John Denham. [There sat only two barons, with the chief baron, during the remainder of this reign. — Woolrych.^ 1625. Sir Thomas Trevor. 1627. Sir George Vernon. 1631. Sir James Weston: died in 1633. 1634. Sir Richard Weston, sen. 1638. Sir Edward Henden. He left the exche- quer bench about 1642. — Woolrych. 1645. [Baron Weston was removed, by a vote of the parliament, Oct.] — Edward Atkins, esq. vice Weston. 1648. Thomas Gates, esq. appointed by the par- liament. Oct. 12. 1649. [Baron Trevor and baron Atkins refused to act under the new commission. — Whitelocke. f Francis Thorpe, and ( Alexander Rigby, barons. — Idem. 4 232 THE JUDGES 1650. [Barons Gates and Rigby, died of an in- fection, on their circuits.] — John Parker, esq, 1655. Justice Nicholas from the " upper bench," vice Thorpe, removed; Nicholas after- wards returned to the " upper bench." 1658. Roger Hill, afterwards made a justice of the " upper bench." 1660. Sir Edward Atkyns. July 2. — Sir Christopher Turner. July 10. 1663. Sir Richard Raynsford. Nov. 16 : after- wards a justice of the king's bench, and subsequently chief justice of that court. 1670. Sir Timothy Littleton. Feb. 1. 1671. Sir Hugh Wyndham, from the common pleas. Jane 21 ; again to the common pleas in 1673. 1673. Sir Edward Thurland. Jan. 24: resigned. 1675. Vere Bertie. June 4: afterwards to the common pleas. 1678. Sir Francis Bramstone. June 17. 1679. Sir Thomas Raymond, in the room of sir Edward Thurland. May 5 : afterwards to the common pleas. — Sir Edward Atkyns, jun. May 10 : after- wards chief baron. — William Leak, same date. — Dugdale. — Sir William Gregory. June 20. 1680. Sir Richard Weston. Feb. 7: died the next year. 1081. Sir Thomas Street. April 23 : afterwards to the common pleas, and subsequently chief justice of that court. 1685. Sir Robert Wright. Jan. 12: afterwards to the king's bench, and chief justice of the common pleas ; he subsequently be- came also chief justice of the king's bench. — Woolrych. — Sir Richard May. Feb. 7. [He had the reversion of the mastership of the rolls, but died before obtaining it. — Dugdale. ] — Sir Edward Neville. Oct. 21 : revoked April 21, 1686. 1686. Sir Thomas Jenner. Feb. 13: afterwards went to the common pleas. — Sir Richard Heath. April 21. — Sir Christopher Milton (a Roman Catholic). April 24 : afterwards a justice of the common pleas. 1687. Sir Thomas Powell. April 28 : afterwards to the king's bench. 1688. Sir John Rotherham. June 29. — Sir Charles Ingleby, same date. 1689. Sir Edward Neville, again, March 18 : afterwards went to the common pleas. — Nicholas Lechmere (by Woolrych written Letchmere). May 8 : resigned after Trinity term, 1700. — Sir John Turton. May 9: afterwards to the king's bench. 1691. Sir John Powell. Oct. 31 : afterwards to the common pleas. 1695. Sir Lyttleton Powys Oct. 28 : afterwards to the king's bench. 1696. Sir John Blencowe. Sept. 18: afterwards to the common pleas. 1697. Sir Henry Hatsell. Nov. 25 : superseded June 8, 1702. — Woolrych. 1700. Sir Robert Tracy. Michaelmas term : afterwards removed to common pleas. 1701. Sir Thomas Bury. Jan. 28: afterwards chief baron. OF ENGLAND. 1702. Sir Robert Price. June 24: afterwards to the common pleas. — John Smith (Scotch baron). July 16. 1708. Sir Salathiel Lovel, vice Smith. June 17 : died May, 1713. 1713. Sir William Banister. June 3 : superseded Oct. 1714. 1714. Sir James Montague. Nov. 22 : afterwards a commissioner of the great seal ; chief baron 1722. 1717. Sir John Fortescue Aland. Feb. 8 : after- wards to the king's bench, which see. 1718. Sir Francis Page. May 23 : afterwards to the common pleas. 1722. Sir Jeffray Gilbert. June 8 : afterwards chief baron. 1725. Sir Bernard Hale. June 1. 1726. Sir John Comyn. Nov. 7 : afterwards to the common pleas; again to this court as chief baron. — Sir Laurence Carter ; same date. 1729. Sir William Thomson. Nov. 27. 1736. Sir William Fortescue. Feb. 9 : afterwards to the common pleas; master of the rolls in 1^41. 1738. Sir Thomas Parker, jun. July 7 : after- Avards to the common pleas; again to this court as chief baron in 1742. 1739. Sir Martin Wright. Nov. 5 : afterwards to the king's bench. 1740. Sil- James Reynolds, jun. June 12. — Sir Thomas Abney. Nov. 27 : afterwards to the common pleas. 1743. Charles Clarke. Feb. 11. 1745. Sir Edward Clive. May 1 : afterwards to the common pleas. 1747. Hon. Heneage Legge. June 23. 1750. Sir Edward Sidney Stafford Smythe. June 23 : afterwards a commissioner of the great seal ; chief baron in 1772. 1753. Sir Richard Adams. Feb. 3. 1759. Sir Richard Lloyd. Nov. 14: died Sept. 1761. 1761. Sir Henry Gould. Nov. 7 : afterwards to the common pleas. 1763. Sir George Perrott. Jan. 24 : surrendered May, 1775. — Woolrych. 1772. Sir James Eyre. Nov. 6 : afterwards chief baron ; subsequently chief justice of the common pleas. 1774. Sir John Burland. April 8. 1775. Sir Beaumont Hotham. May 17. 1776. Sir Richard Perryn. April 26. 1787. Sir Alexander Thomson. Feb. 9 : after- wards chief baron. 1799. Sir Alan Chambre. July 2 : afterwards to the common pleas. 1800. Sir Robert Graham. June 16. 1805. Sir Thomas Manners Sutton. Feb. 4 : afterwards created lord Manners, and made lord chancellor of Ireland, April 1807. 1807. Sir George Wood. May 29 : resigned, Feb. 1823. 1814. Sir Richard Richards. Feb. 26 : chief baron in April 1817. 1817. Sir William Garrow. May 6 : resigned, 1832. 1823. Sir John Hullock. March 1 : died Sept. 1829. 1827. Sir John Vaughan. Feb. 24: afterwards to the common pleas. 1829. Sir William Bolland. Nov. 16. AUDITOES OF THE EXCHEQUER. 233 [By the act 1 William IV. cap. 70. (July 23, 1830), an additional or fifth judge was allowed to each court of law.] 1830. Sir John Bayley, from the king's bench : resigned, Feb. 1834. 1832. Sir John Gurney. Feb. 14 : surrendered Jan. 1845. 1834. Sir John Williams. Feb. 28: afterwards to the king's bench. — * Sir James Parke, from the king's bench. April 29. 1834. * Sir Edward Hall A Iderson, from the com- mon pleas, same date. 1839. Sir William-Henry Maule. Feb. 14 : to the common pleas in Nov. same year. — Sir Kobert Mousey Rolfe. Nov. 1 1 : after- wards vice chancellor, and created lord Cranworth. 1845. * Sir Thomas-Joshua Piatt. Jan. 28. 1850. * Sir Samuel Martin. Nov. 7. *»* Marked thus * are the present {\^b\) puisne barons of this Court. AUDITOR OF THE RECEIPT OF THE EXCHEQUER. This was an office of great trust and profit, and was held iov life. The Auditor filed the bills of the Tellers, by which they charged themselves with all the moneys received ; and, by warrant from the Lord Treasurer, or the Commissioners of the Treasury, he drew all orders, to be signed by him or them, for issuing forth all moneys, by virtue of privy seals, which were recorded in the Clerk of the Pells office, and entered and lodged in that of the Auditor. He also, by warrant of the Lord Treasurer, or the Commissioners of the Treasury, made debentures to such as had fees, annuities, or pensions, by letters -patent from the king, out of the Exchequer, and directed them for payment to the Tellers. He daily received the state of the account of each teller, and weekly certified the whole to the Lords of the Treasury. At Michaelmas and Lady Day the Auditor gave in a declaration, with two abstracts of all accounts and payments made in the preceding half year ; one for the Lords of the Treasury, and the other for the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Auditors of the Receipt of the Exchequer. ^ (^From the Restoration of King Charles 1660. Sir Robert Pye, bart., admitted Jan. 24, 1620 : restored June 25, 1660. 1662. Sir Robert Long, bart., admitted May 21. 1673. Sir Robert Howard, admitted July 14. 1698. Christopher Montagu, admitted Sept. 5: surrendered in 1699. 1699. Charles Montagu, admitted Nov. 17. Afterwards baron, and earl of Halifax : resigned in 1714. 1714. George Montagu, admitted Sept. 30. Suc- ceeded as earl of Halifax. 1739. Robert, lord Walpole, admitted. May 9. //. to the abolition of the office in 1834.) Succeeded his father, sir Robert Walpole, K. G. (afterwards earl of Orford) as earl of Orford. 1751. Henry, earl of Lincoln, by constitution dated April 1. Afterwards duke of Newcastle. 1794. William Wyndham, baron Grenville, by constitution, dated Feb. 27. 1834. George, baron Auckland, by constitution dated Jan. 14. Office abolished, Oct. 10, following. THE CLERK OF THE PELLS. This officer was in the nature of a Comptroller. He was called the Clerk of the Pells, from the Latin word pellis, a skin ; his office being to enter the Tellers' bill into a skin of parchment, and all receipts and payments for the King, for what cause, and by whomsoever made or received. He had a deputy ; a clerk for the introitus, or incomes ; and another for the exitus, or issues. He had also a clerk of the declarations, and a clerk of the patents. Clerks of the Pells. (^From the Restoration of King Charles II. to the abolition of the office in 1834.) 1660. William Wardour, admitted or restored, 1698. Henry Pelham, admitted Feb. 1. July 7, under constitution dated 17 1721. Robert Walpole, jun. (son of the minister), April (22 Car. I.) 1646, and confirmed admitted April 12, under constitution by patent, Aug. 22, this year. dated April 5, preceding. Afterwards 1 We are indebted to an eminent antiquary, William Henry Black, Esq. of the Rolls' House for the following valuable lists, viz. the Auditors of the Exchequer, Clerks of the Pells, the Tellers of the Exchequer, and the Chamberlains of the Exchequer ; all which he has obligingly compiled from the patent records of the Rolls expressly for this Work.— Editor. 2S4 THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND. created, vita patriSf baron Walpole. Surrendered May 9, 1739, to take the office of auditor of the receipt. 1739. Edward Walpole, admitted May 9. After- wards sir Edward Walpole, K. B. 1784. Isaac Barre, by constitution dated Jan. 13. 1802. Henry Addington, jun. (afterwards lion. Henry), by constitution, dated July 21. 1823. Edward Roberts, by constitution, dated July 31. 1825. Henry Ellis, by constitution, dated Jan. 25. Office abolished Oct. 10, 1834. THE FOUR TELLERS OF THE EXCHEQUER. Each of these officers had his deputy and clerks. When the Tellers entered upon office, they each of them gave security to the amount of 20,000Z. for the faithful discharge of their trust. Their office was to receive all money due to the King, and thereupon to throw down a bill through the Pipe into the Tally-court ^, where it was received by the Auditor's clerk, who there attended to write the words of the bill upon a tally, and he then delivered the same to be entered by the Clerk of the Pells, or his clerk, who attended to record it in his book. Then the tally was cloven by the two Deputy Chamberlains ; and while the senior deputy read one part, the junior examined the other part, assisted by his clerks. Roll of the Four Tellers of the Eeoeipt of the Exchequer. (^From the Restoration of King Charles IL to the abolition of their offices in 1834.) 1660. George Downing (afterwards sir George Bart.) ; continued in the office by Oliver Cromwell, Sept. 8, 1656 : died July, 1684. 1684. Simon Clifford ; patent dated June 3, 1671. Forfeited as a "recusant papist," 1689. 1689. Thomas Howard ; admitted Jan. 16. 1701. Sir John Stanley, bart. ; admitted July 11 ; under patent dated July 8 ; during plea- sure only : determined by the next grant. 1702. James Vernon (late secretary of state) ; patent dated June 29 ; during pleasure only. 1710. John Smith (late chancellor of the ex- chequer) ; admitted, Oct. 13 ; daring pleasure only. 1712. Thomas, lord Mansell ; admitted July 23 ; during pleasure only. 1714. John Smith ; re-admitted Nov. 6 ; during pleasure ovly : died Oct. 1723. 1724. George Treby ; admitted April 25 ; during pleasure only : " removed." 1727. Thomas Townshend ; admitted Aug. 12. 1780. John Jeffreys Pratt (afterwards earl and marquess Camden) ; by patent dated Aug. 18, 1766. The office abolished Oct. 10, 1834 : died in 1840. [His lordship held this office nearly sixty years. See note to page 137.] 2. 1660. Leonard Pinckney ; admitted July 25, by patent dated July 16; during the life of his son, " into the place formerly oc- cupied by John Brooke, esq., deceased." 1661. William Pinckney ; admitted in his father's place. Jan. 28. 1667. Sir William Doyly; admitted March 19. Suspended Jan. 25, 1673; and on Nov. 17, 1677, two deputies were appointed to act in his stead by lord treasurer's warrant, Aug. 15, 1678 : died April, 1680. 1680. George Downing, jun. (afterwards sir George, bart.) ; admitted, April 21. Refused to serve king William, and so " abdicated " in 1689. 1689. Henry Maynard ; admitted April 16. 1694. Gu3^ Palmes; admitted Monday, . . ., under patent dated Oct. 24 : " removed," 1702. 1702 Sir Christopher Musgrave, bart. ; admitted June 30. 1704. Francis Robartes ; admitted in Sept. Quitted office, Oct. 27, 1710. 1710. Russell Robartes; admitted Oct. 31. 1714. John, lord De la Warr ; admitted Nov. 6. 1715. Sir Richard Onslow, bart. (afterwards lord Onslow), admitted Nov. 7. 1718. Thomas, lord Torrington ; admitted March 21 : died May, 1719. 1719. George Parker (afterwards viscount Parker, and earl of Macclesfield), admitted July 4, under a patent in reversion, dated May 3, 1718. 1764. George Grenville, jun. (afterwards George Nugent, earl Temple, and marquess of 1 The Tally -court, in the Exchequer, took its name from the French word tailler, to cut, a tally being a piece of wood written on both sides, containing an acquittance for money received ; which, on having been cloven asunder by the deputy-chamberlains, one part, called the stock, was delivered to the person who paid or lent money to the government ; and the other part, called the counter-stock, or counterfoil, remained in the office, to be kept until called for, and joined with the stock. This method of striking tallies was very ancient ; and was found, by long experience, to have been the best way of preventing frauds that could be invented ; for it was morally impossible so to counterfeit a tally, but that upon rejoining it with the counterfoil the intended fraud would be obvious to every eye, either in the notches, or in the cleaving, in the length, or the breadth, or in the natural growth, or in the shape of the counterfoil. TELLERS OF THE EXCHEQUER. 235 Buckingliam) : entered this office, Mar. 21, under a patent in reversion, dated May 2, 1763 : died Feb. 1813. 1813. Spencer Perceval : entered this office Feb. 16, under patent dated Feb. 15 ; he the same day renouncing his pension of 1000/. per annum. Office abolished Oct. 10, 1834. 3. 1660. John Loving; admitted by royal sign manual warrant, dated June 17, on patent dated Dec. 14 (18th Car. I.), 1642, " into the place formerly occupied by Arthur Squibb, esq., deceased." 1693. Henry Carew ; admitted July 18. 1699. Francis Godolphin ; admitted June 8 : sur- rendered in 1704. 1704. Thomas Coke ; admitted May 26 : ex- changed with his successor, for the office of vice - chamberlain to the queen. 1706. Hon. Peregrine Bertie ; admitted Dec. 1711. George Hay, viscount Dupplin (afterwards earl of Kinnoull) ; admitted Sept. 6 ; during pleasure only. 1715. Sir Roger Mostyn, bart. : admitted Jan.8 ; during pleasure only. 1716. Richard Hampden: admitted June 27; during pleasure only. 1718. Thomas, lord Onslow : admitted March 21 ; during pleasure only. 1741. Horatio Walpole (afterwards lord Wal- pole) ; admitted April 28 : died Feb. 1757. 1757. James, earl of Waldegrave ; entered this office about Feb. 9, under a patent in reversion, dated Nov. 6, preceding. 1736. Hon. Robert Henley (afterwards succeeded as earl of Northington) ; entered this office April 13, imder a patent in rever- sion, dated July 22, 1758. 1786. Edward, lord Thurlow ; entered this office July 13, under a patent granted to him in reversion, when lord high chancellor, dated June 5, 1784. 1806. Hon. William-Frederick Elliot Eden ; en- tered this office Sept. 15, under a patent in reversion, dated July 31, 1790 : this gentleman was found drowned in the river Thames, Feb. 24, 1810. 1810. Hon. Charles-Philip Yorke ; sworn March 2, under a patent dated March 1 : died March, 1834. 1834. Charles-William Manningham (formerly deputy to Mr. Yorke, from March 3, 1810) ; appointed by treasury minute. April 25, and by patent April 29 ; sworn May 10. Office abolished, Oct. 10, 1834. 4. 1660. Laurence Squibb ; admitted June this year, under patent in reversion, dated June 9 (11th Car. I.) 1635 : died Dec. 1674. 1674. Thomas Vernon ; admitted Dec. 22. 1685. Francis Villiers ; sworn Feb. 23. 1694. John, viscount Fitzhardinge ; admitted Feb. 16 : died Dec. 1712. 1713. Basil, earl of Denbigh: admitted Aug. 31. 1715. William, lord Paulet; admitted Nov. 7; during pleasure only. 1729. Sir Charles Turner, bart. : admitted May 6 ; during pleasure only. 1738. Hon. Philip Yorke (afterwards viscount Royston and earl of Hardwicke) ; ad- mitted Dec. 14, under a patent in rever- sion, dated March 9, 1737. 1786. Henry Bathurst, lord Apsley (afterwards earl Bathurst) ; patent dated Aug. 22. Office abolished, Oct. 10, 1834. CHAMBERLAINS OF THE EXCHEQUER. In their custody were many ancient records, leagues, and treaties with foreign princes ; the standards of money, weights, and measures ; those ancient books called the Black Book of the Exchequer, and Domesday book, which last contains an account of all the cities, towns, villages, and families in England in the reign of William the Conqueror. Under them were four Deputy Chamberlains, in whose office were preserved all the counterfoils of the above-mentioned tallies, so exactly arranged that they can be easily found, in order to be joined with their respective parts ; which being done and proved true, they delivered the tally attested for a lawful tally to the Clerk of the Pipe, to be allowed in the great roll. The Two Chamberlains of the Exchequer. (^From the Restoration of King Charles 1. 1660. Henry Hildeyerd ; admitted July 27, " to the office formerly had by sir Edward Bash, deceased," under patent dated July 10. 1675. Philip Hildeyerd (son of the foregoing); admitted under patent dated Feb. 16 ; including the reversion to * * Charles Cole (son of Henry Cole) : his ad- mission under the preceding patent is not recorded. //. to the abolition of their office in 1826.) 1712. Sir Simeon Stuart, bart. (grandson and heir of sir Nicholas Steward or Stuart, formerly a chamberlain, see below) ; ad- mitted July 8, under patent dated July 7. 1761. Sir Simeon Stuart, bart. (son of the fore- going) ; by patent dated Dec. 12. 1779. Hon. Frederick North (afterwards earl of Guilford) ; by patent dated Dec. 13. The office prospectively abolished by statute 23 George HI. cap. 82, and sur- rendered by liim Oct. 10, 1826. 236 THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND. 2. 1660. Sir Nicholas Steward or Stuart, bart. ; admitted . . . ., 1660, " to the office formerly had by sir Nicholas Carew, alias Throckmorton, deceased," under patent dated Oct. 1, this year. 1710. Sir William Ashburnham, bart. ; admitted June 15, under patent dated May 25, preceding: died Nov. 8, 1755. 1755. Sir John Miller, bart.; admitted Nov. . . ., under patent in reversion, dated April 7, preceding. 1772. Montagu Burgoyne ; by patent dated July 17. Surrendered (like the other chamberlain), Oct. 10, 1826. The office of chamberlain was not afterwards filled up. See above. THE COMPTROLLER-GENERAL. On the aboHtion of the offices of Auditor, the four Tellers, and Clerk of the Pells, the office of the Comptroller- General of the Exchequer was created, to perform the functions of the suppressed departments. The Comptroller holds by patent qiiam diu se bene gesserit, and is removable only on the joint address of both Houses of Parliament. He is thus rendered independent of the Executive Government, and enabled to exercise freely his judicial functions of considering the strict legality of every payment demanded by the Treasury for the public service. He is enabled to decide without appeal, and to reject, on his own responsibility, any warrant for issue which he considers to be illegal, though it may bear the royal sign-manual and the counter-signatures of the First Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. These duties are prescribed and defined by the act 4 William IV. cap. 15.^ The following table will exhibit the saving effected by the creation of the office of Comptroller-General, which comprises the sub-departments of — 1. Comptroller of Receipt and Expenditure ; 2. Issue of Exchequer Bills ; 3. Office of Weights and Measures. Offices. Number of persons employed. Annual Cost. Former offices of Receipt, including Auditors, Tellers, Clerk of Pells The present office ------- Actual saving - - - - 60 18 £ s. d. 43,014 14 4 8,576 0 0 42 84,438 14 4 Comptrollers-General. {Since the Creation of the Office, in 1834.) 1. Rt. hon. sir John Newport, formerly chancellor of the exchequer in Ireland. Date of patent, Oct. 11, 1834. 2. Rt. hon. Thomas Spring, lord Monteagle of Brandon, previously and consecutively under secretary of state for the home department, secretary to the treasury, secretary of state for the colonies, and chancellor of the exchequer ; patent dated Sept. 9, 1839. The present (1851) Comptroller-General of the Exchequer. 1 This act, passed May 22, 1834, is entitled " An Act to regulate the Office of the Receipt of His Majesty's Exchequer at Westminster."— THE MASTER OF THE ROLLS. The Master of the Kolls is an officer of higli trust and dignity. He is called the Master of the Rolls from his having the custody of all inrolments of the Chancery of England, in which are recorded charters, patents, commissions, and other instruments under the Great Seal, together with deeds, recognisances, and other public documents, made on rolls of parchment. The mansion called the Roll's House, and the Roll's Chapel (which latter serves as a repository for these records) are situated in Chancery MASTERS OF THE ROLLS. 237 Lane, London, and were anciently an hospital, founded for converted Jews; but after the expulsion of the Jews from England, it was annexed for ever to the office of the Master of the Rolls. Here are kept the inrolments since the beginning of the reign of King Richard III. ; all prior to that period being kept in the Tower of London. The Master of the Rolls, by virtue of his office, keeps his court at the Rolls, where, and at Westminster, he hears and determines causes brought before him ; but his decisions are appealable to the Lord High Chancellor. Although the Rolls of Chancery begin in the reign of King John, the first authentic appointment of a Keeper or Master appears to have been made in the 23rd year of Edward I., when Adam de Osgodeby had the custody of the Rolls of Chancery.' The Master of the Rolls ranks immediately after the lord chief justice of England. Under statute 1st and 2d Victoria, cap. 94. (passed August 10, 1838), the Master of the Rolls is constituted Keeper of all the records in the Public Record Office, founded by that act. Masters of the Rolls.2 ( From the earliest appointment to the office in the reign of Edward I.) King Edward I. 1286. John de Langton. Sept. 2. ( ?) 1295. Adam de Osgodeby. Oct. 1. King Edward II. 1316. William de Ayremynne. Aug. 19. 1324. Richard de Ayrem5mne. May 26. 1326. Henry de Clyff. July 4. King Edward III. 1334. Michael de Wath. Jan. 20. 1337. John de St. Paul. April 28 : afterwards lord keeper. See Chancellors. 1341. Thomas de Evesham. Jan. 10. — John de Thoresby. Feb. 21 : afterwards chancellor. 1346. David de Wollore, or Wallore. July 2. See Chancellm-s. 1371. WilHam Burstall. March 28. King Richard II. 1381. John de Waltham. Sept. 8. See Chan- cellors. 1386. John de Burton. Oct. 24. 1394. John de Scarle. July 22: afterwards chancellor. 1397. Thomas Stanley. Sept. 11. King Henry IV. 1402. Nicholas de Bubbewyth. Sept. 24 : after- wards bishop of London. 1405. John de Wakering. March 2. King Henry V. 1415. Simon de Gauntstede. June 3. See Chancellors. King Henry VI. ] 423. John Fraunke, or Frank. Oct. 28. 1438. John Stopynden. Nov. 13. 1447. Thomas de Kirkeby. March 29. 1461. Robert de Kirkeham. Dec. 23. See Chancellors. King Edward IV. 1471. William Morland. Feb. 22. — John Alcock, bishop of Rochester: after- wards bishop of Worcester, and lord chancellor. April 29. 1472. John Morton. March 16 : afterwards bishop of Ely, archbishop of York, and lord chancellor. 1477. Robert Morton. May 30. King Richard HI. 1483. Thomas Barrow, or Barowe. Sept. 29. King Henry VII. 1485. Robert Morton, aaain. Nov. 13. 1487. David Williams. " Nov. 26. 1492. John Blyth. May 14. 1494. William Warham. Feb. 13 : afterwards lord chancellor. 1502. William Baron, or Barons. Feb. 1. See Chancellors. 1504. Christopher Bainbrigge, or Benebrigge. Nov. 13. 1508. John Yonge, or Young, dean of York. Jan. 22. King Henry VIII. 1509. John Yonge, or Young, again. June 11. 1516. Cuthbert Tunstall. May 12: afterwards bishop of London. 1522. John Clarke, archdeacon of Colchester. Oct. 20. 1523. Thomas Hannibal. Oct. 9. 1527. John Taylour, or Taylor. June 26. 1534. Thomas Cromwell. Oct. 8: afterwards lord Cromwell and earl of Essex ; be- headed in 1540. 1536. Christopher Hales, or Halys. July 10. 1541. Sir Robert Southwell. July 1. King Edward VI. 1550. John de Beaumont. Dec. 13. 1552. Sir Robert Southwell. June 18. 1 " Anciently, the lord chancellor or keeper was assisted by numerous learned persons called Masters ; and at their head was an officer called the Master or Guardian of the Rolls or Records. When the duties of the chan- cellor, as a minister of the Crown, increased, his lordship referred no inconsiderable portion of his judicial functions to this personage, whose decrees were, however, subject to the appellate jurisdiction of the court of chancery." — Beatson. 2 This list is taken from Mr. Hardy's laborious and authentic com.pila'ion of the Masters. 238 THE JUDGES Queen Mary. 1553. Sir Nicholas Hare. Sept. 18. 1557. Sir William Cordell. Nov. 5. Queen Elizabeth. 1581. Sir Gilbert Gerrard, attorney-general. May 30. See Chancellors. 1594. Sir Thomas Egerton. April 10 : after- wards lord keeper and lord chancellor ; and created lord EUesmere, and subse- quently viscount Brackley. King James I. 1603. Edward Bruce. May 18 : created lord Kinloss ; afterwards earl of Elgin. 1610. Sir Edward Phelips, or Phillips. Jan. 14. 1614. Sir Julius Caesar. Oct. 1. King Charles I. 1629. Sir Humphrey May. April 10: he had the reversion of the mastership granted him ; but he died soon after. 1636. Sir Dudley Digges. April 12 : he had had the mastership granted him also in reversion in 1630. 1639. Sir Charles Caesar. March 18. 1643. Sir John Colepeper, created lord Cole- peper. Jan. 28. — William Lenthall, parliamentary master of the rolls. Nov. 8. See Chancellors. King Charles II. 1660. John, lord Colepeper. June 1. — Sir Harbottle Grimstone, bart. Nov. 3. 1667. George Johnson. Aug. 15 : not enjoyed. 1685. Sir John Churchill. Jan. 12. King James II. 1685. Sir John Trevor, knt. Oct. 20. William and Mary. 1689. Henry Powle. March 13. 1693. Sir John Trevor, again. Jan. 18. See Chancellors. OF ENGLAND. King George I. 1717. Sir Joseph Jekyll, knt. July 13. See Chancellors. King George II. 1738. John Verney. Oct. 9. 1741. William Fortescue, justice of the common pleas. Nov. 5. 1750. Sir John Strange, knt. Jan. 11. 1754. Sir Thomas Clarke, knt. May 29. King George III. 1764. Sir Thomas Sewell, knt. Dec. 4. 1784. Sir Lloyd Kenyon, bart. March 30 : afterwards chief justice of the king's bench, and created lord Kenyon. 1788. Sir Richard Pepper Arden. June 4 : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas, and created lord Alvanley. 1801. Sir William Grant. May 27: resigned 1818. 1818. Sir Thomas Plumer, vice chancellor of England. Jan. 6 : died in 1824. King George IY. 1824. Robert, lord Gifford, chief justice of the common pleas. April 5. 1826. Sir John Singleton Copley, attorney- general. Sept. 14 : afterwards lord chancellor, and created lord Lynd- hurst. 1827. Sir John Leach, vice chancellor of Eng- land. May 3. King William IV. 1834. Sir Charles-Christopher Pepys. Sept. 29: afterwards lord chancellor, and created lord Cottenham. 1836. Rt. hon. Henry Bickersteth. Jan. 19: created lord Langdale. 1851. Sir John Romilly (Attorney general), March 28. The present Master of the Rolls. VICE chancellors of ENGLAND, AND VICE CHANCELLORS. The Vice Chancellor of England (a comparatively new equity judge) was created by the statute 53d George III., cap. 24, passed March 23, 1813, entitled "An Act to facilitate the Administration of Justice." i And by an act, 5th Victoria, cap. 5, passed October 5, 1841, two additional judges, each to be called "Vice Chancellor," as dis- tinguished from the Vice Chancellor of England^ were constituted to assist the Lord Chancellor, " to hear and determine all such causes depending in the Court of Chancery as the Lord Chancellor might direct." Upon the death of the late Vice Chancellor of England (Sir Lancelot Shadwell) the equity judgeship under that particular designa- tion was not filled up ; but owing to the immense accumulation of business in the Chancery courts latterly, a bill was brought into parliament in the present session 1 The first Vice Chancellor of England took his seat in the Court of Chancery, May 5, 1813. A new court was afterwards erected in Lincoln's Inn, where, and in term-time, at a new court built in Westminster Hall in 1823, his lionoar sat. Courts for the Vice Chancellors have also been erected in Lincoln's Inn. All these courts are, however, of merely temporary construction. MASTEKS IN CHANCERY. 239 (1851), Hth Victoria, cap. 4, authorising the appointment of a third Vice ChancelL vice sir J ames Wigram. The Vice Chancellors rank immediately after the Chief Bare of the Exchequer : their precedency is fixed by statute 5th Victoria, cap. 5. Vice Chancellors of England. Regency, and King George IV. 1813. Thomas Plumer. April 14 : after- wards master of the rolls. 1818. Sir John Leach. Jan. 13 ; afterwards master of the rolls. 1827. Sir Anthony Hart. May 4: afterwards lord chancellor of Ireland, — Sir Lancelot Shadwell. Nov. 1. Died August 10, 1850. Vice Chancellors. Queen Victoria. 1841. * James Lewis Knight Bruce ; knighted in 1842; and — James Wigram; also knighted in 1842. Retired. 1850. * Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe. Nov. 2. Cre- ated lord Cranworth. 1851. * George- James Turner, afterwards knt. April 2. [Those marked (*) are the PRESENT Vice-Chancellors.] MASTERS IN CHANCERY. Although there can be no doubt that Masters in Chancery were established prior to the reign of Edward I,, yet none of their appointments are recorded before the year 40th of Elizabeth, 1597: from that time to the present the series is quite perfect. Including the Master of the Rolls, who is the chief, and the Accountant- General', there are now thirteen Masters in Chancery, their number was anciently limited to twelve ; but by an act passed in the 5th year of the reign of her present majesty Queen Victoria, cap. 5. (passed October 5, 1841), to make further provision for the Administration of Justice, an additional Master was appointed. — Hardy's Lord Chan- cellors.^ Masters in Chancery. Masters previous to 1597. Thomas Legge. John Houe. Sir Matthew Carew. Richard Cossyne. Lawrence Hussey. Thomas Bynge. Sir Edward Stanhope. Lewen. John Hunte. Sir Richard Swale. Sir J ohn Amye. 1597. Dec. 2. WilHam Lambard, in room of Richard Cossyne, 1598. Apr. 17. John Tyndall, in room of Lewen. 1599. Dec. 21. George Carewe, in room of Thomas Bynge. 1601. Aug. 27. Edward Grymstone, in room of William Lambard. 1602. Feb. 23. Henry Hickman, in room of Law- rence Hussey. 1607. July 17. Henry Thoresbye, in room of Thomas Legge. 1608. Mar. 18. Sir John Bennett, vice sir Edward Stanhope. 1608. J une 2. Sir Thomas Crompton, vice sir Richard Swale. 1609. Feb. 8. Thomas Ridley, vice sir Thomas Crompton. 1612. Nov. 24. Gregory Bonhault, vice George Carewe. 1614. Apr. 12. Francis James, vice Bonhault. 1615. May 17. James Wolveridge, vzce Thoresbye. — May 19. Sir Charles Caesar, vice John Hunte. 1616. Feb. 17. Richard More, vice Hickman. — Nov. 13. John Hay ward, vice Tyndall. 1617. Jan. 11. Ewball Thelwall, vice Houe. 1618. Aug. 7. Robert Rich, vice sir Matthew Carew. 1619. Oct. 30. John Michell, vice Ridley. 1621. July 11. Edward Salter, vice Amy q. — July 16. Edward Leech, vice sir John Ben- nett. * * * * Sir William Birde, rzce Grymstone : date uncertain. 1624. Oct. 14. Sir Peter Mutton, vice Birde. — Dec. 18. Edward Clarke, vice James Wol- veridge. 1625. July 22. Thomas Eden, vice Francis James. 1627. July 3. John Page, vice Hayward. 1 Since the year 1726, when the office of Accountant- General of the Court of Chancery was created, one of the Masters in Chancery has always filled that office, or rather no one has ever been made Accountant- General without first becoming a Master in Chancery — Hardy. 2 Mr. Hardy states that his compilation of the Masters in Chancery is taken from the Admission Rolls in the Petty-Bag Office, the Entry Book in the Crown Office, and from the Auditor's Patent Books in the Pell Office. We follow Mr. Hardy up to the appointment of Richard Richards, in 1841. 240 THE JUDGES 1631. Jan. 22. Sir Dudley Digges, vice Thelwall. 1635. June 8. Thomas Bennett, vice More. 1637. Mar. 20. William Griffith, vice sir Dudley Digges. 1638. Jan. 29. Robert Aylett, vice sir Peter Mutton. 1639. Jan. 28. William Child, vice Clarke. — May 20. James T jttleton, vice sir Charles Caesar. 1640. Nov. 10. Thomas Heath, vice Eden. 1641. July 22. Justinian Lewen vice Griffith 1643. Apr. 12. Sir Thomas Mainwaring, vice Salter. 1644. June 1. John Sadler, ince Michell. 1645. Aug. 2. Arthur Duck, vice Littleton. 1646. Feb. 6. Edwin Rich, vice Heath. — Nov. 21. William Hakewell, vice Robert Rich. 1647. June 2. Edward Eltonhed, vice Mainwa- ring. 1650. May 22. John Bonde, vice Duck. 1651. Aug. 6. Robert Keylway, vice Justinian Lewen. 1652. July 12. Thomas Estcourt, vice William Hakewell. — July 14. Nathaniel Hobart, vice Edward Leech. 1655. May 3. Arthur Barnardiston, vice Bonde. — June21. William Harrington, v/ce Barnar- diston. 1655. Nov. 15. William Glascocke, vice Page. — Nov. 22. Edmund Gyles, vice Aylett. 1656. Feb. 4. Thomas Bulstrode, vice Sadler. 1659. INIay 30. Robert Warsup, vice Glascocke. — June 7. William Eden, vice Child. 1660. May 31. William Child, vice William Eden. Justinian Lewen, vice Robert Keylway. June 1. Thomas Estcourt: re-appointed. — June 2. Thomas Bird, vice Gyles. — June 4. Thomas Bennett : re-appointed. — — Mounteford Brampston, vice Edwin Rich. — June 5. Nathaniel Hobart : re-appointed. — — William Glascocke, vice Warsup. — June 6. Walter Littleton, vice William Harrington. — — Sir Edmund Pearce, vice Thomas Bulstrode. — June 18. Toby Woolrich, vice Edward El- tonhed. 1664. Oct. 1. John Coell, vice Woolrich. 1665. June 26. William Lisle, vice Bird. — Nov. 15. Richard Proctor, vice Lisle. 1667. Oct. 3. Thomas Croft, vice sir Edmund Pearce. 1669. Nov. 19. John Halsey, vice Proctor. 1670. June 29. Robert Steward, vice Bennett. — — Timothy Baldwin, vice Halsey. — Oct. 3. Thomas Croft, again. — Dec. 10. Andrew Hacket, vice Littleton. — Dec. 26. William Beversham, vice Croft. 1672. July 5. William Howell, vice Lewen. 1673. Jan. 2. Edward Lowe, vice Howell. — Jan. 9. William Pargeter, vice Steward. — Feb. 11. Samuel Clarke, vice Pargeter. 1673. June 7. Sir Lacon William Child, vice William Child. — Dec. 24. Miles Cooke, vice Hobart. 1675. July 7. John Franklyn, vice Glascocke. 1676. Jan. 29. John Hoskins, vice Mounteford Brampston. 1C80. June 28. Adam Oatley, vice Hacket. OF ENGLAND. 1682. Apr. 12. Robert Legard, vice Baldwin. 1683. Apr. 27. James Astry, vice Estcourt. 1684. May 13. John Edisbury, vice Lowe. 1685. June 20. John Methwen, vice Coell. 1688. Mar. 26. Roger Meredith, vice Clarke. 1689. Mar. 8. Samuel Keck, vice Beversham. 1694. Oct. 20. Thomas Pitt, vice Oatley. — June 28. Richard Holford, vice Astry. 1699. Feb. 23. Henry Newton, vice Cooke. 1700. July 16. Thomas Gery, vice Meredith. 1701. Aug. 20. William Rogers, vice Newton. 1703. July 20. John Hiccocks, vice Hoskins. 1706. Aug. 7. James Medlycott, vice Methwen. 1708. Aug. 22. William Fellows, vice Franklyn. 1709. Mar. 17. John Meller, vice Edisbury. 1710. July 24. John Orlebar, vice sir Lacon Wil- liam Child. — Dec. 2. Fleetwood Dormer, vice Holford. 1711. June 6. Samuel Browning, vice Keck. 1712. Oct. 17. Robert Holford, vice Legard. — Nov. 3. Henry Lovibond, vice Pitt. 1717. Mar. 10. John Bennett, vice Medlycott. 1719. Oct. 14. Richard Godfre}^ vice Gery. 1720. Jan. 7. James Lightbourn, vice Browning. — July 29. John Borrett, vice Meller. 1721. Jan. 10. Edward Conway, iiice Orlebar. — May 18. Henry Edwards, vice Dormer. — Aug. 9. William Kynaston, vice Rogers. 1723. June 1. Thomas Bennett, vice Hiccocks. 1724. Feb. 1. Francis Elde, vice Fellows. 1724. Aug. 5. Mark Thurston, vice Borrett. 1726. June 29. Henry Edwards; accountant-ge- neral. — Dec. 12. Francis Cudworth Masham, vice Edwards ; accountant-general. 1727. Feb. 17. Samuel Burroughs, vice Godfrey. — — Robert Yard, vice Conway. 1728. May 29. Anthony Allen, vice Yard. — — John Tothill, vice Lovibond. 1731. May 19. Mark Thurston now became ac- countant-general. — June 2. William Spicer, vice Thurston, 1732. Mar. 31. Richard Edwards, vice Tothill. 1738. May 12. Edmund Sawyer, vice Lightbourn. 1739. Feb. 10. Henry Montague, vice John Ben- nett. 1749. Mar. 2. Thomas Lane, vice Kynaston. — Aug. 9. John Waple, vice Thurston ; accountant-general. 1750. Aug. 14. Peter Holford, vice Robert Hol- ford. 1754. Apr. 24. Thomas Harris, vice Allen. 1759. Oct. 27. Peter Davall, vice Waple; ac- countant-general. — — Peter Bonner, vice Sawyer. 1760. Mar. 8. John Browning, vice Elde. 1761. Sept. 21. Thomas Anguish, vice Spicer. — Nov. 7. William Graves, vice Burroughs. 1763. Jan. 10. Thomas Anguish, now became accountant-general. — Jan. 15. Samuel Pechell, vice Anguish. 1764. June 20. John Fames, vice Thomas Ben- nett. 1765. June 24. Edward Montague, vice Bonner. — Dec. 3. Thomas Cuddon, vice Henry Mon- tague. 1767. Aug. 6. Robert Pratt, vice Richard Ed- wards. 1773. Jan. 21. Edward Leeds, vice Lane. 1775. July 26. William-Weller Pepys, vice Pratt. — Dec. 19. John Hett, vice Cuddon. 1778. Mar. 6. Francis Ord, vice Harris. 1780. Apr. 11. Robert Bicknell, vice Browning. 1781. Aug. 6. John Wilmot vice Bicknell. MASTEES IN CHANCERY. 241 1782. 1786. 1787. 1790. 1795. 1801. 1802. 1803. 1804. 1805. 1807. 1809. 1811. 1815. 1817. 1819. 1820. 1821. 1823. 1824. May 11. Alexander Thomson, vice Pechell. Jan. 4. Alexander Thomson now became accountant-general. Apr. 1. Alexander Popham, vice Thomson. Feb. 13. Thomas Walker, vice Thomson, accountant-general. Nov. 11. John Spranger, vice Hett. May 16. Nicholas Smith, vice Eames. Nov. 20. John Simeon, vice Edward Mon- tague. June 2. John Campbell, vice Graves. Feb. 1. Nicholas Smith, now accountant- general. — Nicholas Ridley, vice Smith. Mar. 28. Francis-Paul Stratford, vice Leeds. Jan. 13. John Springett Harvey, vice Wil- mot. Samuel Compton Cox, vice Peter Holford. James Stanley, vice Spranger. Robert Steele, vice Ridley. Edward Morris, vice Weller. Charles Thomson, vice Popham. William Alexander, vice Ord. James Stephen, vice Stanley. Joseph Jekyll, vice Morris. William Courtenay, vice Steele. John Campbell, now became ac- countant-general. Feb. 8. John Dowdeswell, vice Campbell. July 12. Francis Cross, vice Charles Thom- son. Mar. 3. James Trower, vice Jekyll. Feb. 16. William Wingfield, vice William Alexander. Mar. 9. James- William Farrer, vice Si- meon. — July 18. July 23. Jan. IS. Apr. 1. Feb. 10. Nov. 9. Feb. 20. June 22. July 30. Nov. 29. 1826. Feb. 2. John Springett Harvey, now be- came accountant-general. — Mar. 23. Robert Henley Eden, afterwards lord Henley, vice Courtenay. — — Sir Giffin Wilson, vice John Springett Harvey. 1831. Mar. 4. George B. Roupell, vice Samuel Compton Cox. — — Henry Martin, vice Francis Paul Stratford. — Mar. 29. William Brougham, vice James Stephen. — June 9. William- George Adam, vice John Springett Harvey ; accountant- general. 1836. June 7. Nassau William Senior, vice James Trower. 1838. Feb. 17. Andrew-Henry Lynch, rice George Roupell. 1839. Mar. 15. Samuel Duckworth, vice Francis Cross. — Apr. 30. William Russell, vice William- George Adam; accountant-ge- neral. — July. Sir William Horne, vice Martin. 1840. Dec. 7. Sir George Rose, vice Robert, lord Henley. 1841. Oct. Richard Richards.i 1847. Dec. 20. William-Henry Tinney,rice Duck- worth. 1848. Mar. 10. Richard T. Kindersley, vice sir Giffin Wilson. 1849. Dec. 6. John Elijah Blunt, vice Wing- field. 1850. Dec. 7. Joseph Humphry, vice Dowdes- well. The Present (1850) Masters in Chancery. Appointed, 1839. William Russell ; Accountant- General. 1824. James- William Farrer. 1831. William Brougham. 1836. Nassau William Senior. 1839. Sir William Horne, knt. 1840. Sir George Rose, knt. Appointed. 1841. Richard Richards. 1847. William-Henry Tinney. 1848. Richard T. Kindersley. 1849. John Elijah Blunt. 1850. Joseph Humphry. The office of Accountant- General of the Court of Chancery was created by statute 12th George I., cap. 32.^ It has hitherto always been filled by one of the Masters ; and although there is nothing in that statute which requires such a qualification, yet no person has been appointed to the office without having first become a Master in Chancery. 1 By statute 5th Victoria, cap. 5, sec. 32, Mr. Richards, Accountant- General of the Court of Exchequer, and one of the Masters of the same Court, was appointed a Master in Ordinary of the Court of Chancery, in addition to the then Masters of that Court. — Hardy. 2 The practice of selling Masterships in Chancery appears to have been at one time common. Among the articles of impeachment brought against the earl of Macclesfield (of which he was found guilty and adjudged to pay a fine of 30,000/.) was, "that he had appointed Masters in Chancery, extorting from them large sums of money, varying in amount from 800 to 6000 guineas ; that he had connived at the payment of the purchase money out of the suitors' funds in their hands, and that inducements had thus been held out to needy persons to bid high for these places, seeing how easily they might pay the sums charged for them." On his lordship's trial, he was about to call witnesses to prove he had done no more than his predecessors had done, when lord Townshend exclaimed, " My lords, surely you will not suffer witnesses to be produced to show that this sort of corruption is hereditary .^^ And a noble peer (lord King states) afterwards proposed a motion forbidding the sale of Masterships in chancery, which, upon a division, was negatived. By the above act, the improper use of the suitors' funds was for ever prohibited. 242 LAW OFFICERS OF THE CROWN. THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL. The Attorney- General is an officer of great rank and dignity, and his office is esteemed the highest below the bench. It has subsisted for six hundred years, though not originally under its present designation. The appointment (which is by letters patent) was formerly held " quam diu se bene gesserit,'"' but of later years it is conferred " durante bene placito,'" the holder of it retiring, on every change of administration, with his political friends. The Attorney- General is the representative of his sovereign in the courts, and the chief legal adviser of the government in its various departments, when the exercise of great legal knowledge and competent counsel are required in the discharge of the functions of the state. He manages all suits for the crown, whether criminal or otherwise, especially treason ; and files bills in the exchequer for any claims con- cerning royal rights, in inheritance or profit ; and others may bring bills against the king's (or queen regnant's) attorney, in like manner. As the public prosecutor in all cases that involve the public peace or that affect the security of the crown and the maintenance of the royal authority, he can move the courts at Westminster upon an ex officio information, without preferring an indict- ment or moving upon an affidavit, previously filed, for a criminal procedure. And in his place in parliament, the Attorney- General assists his ministerial colleagues by his construction of the law, answering all questions upon legal points, and vindicating the policy of the government in such measures as give rise to constitutional discussion. Attorneys- General of England. (^From the King Edward I. 1279. William de Giselham. 1280. Gilbert de Thornton. 1281. Alanus de Walkingham. 1285. William de Seleby. IS 86. Gilbert de Thornton, again, 1287. William Inge. 1292. Hugo de Louther. 1294. John de Mutford. 1300. Nicholas de Warrewick. 1301. John de Cestria. 1302. John de Mutford, again. King Edward II. 1310. Matthew de Scaccario. 1313. John de Norton. 1316. William de Langeley. 1319. Adam de Fyncham. 1321. Geoffrey le Scrope. 1323. Geoffrey de Fyngale. 1325. Adam de Fyncham, again. King Edward HI. 1328. William de Merston, or Mershton. — Alexander de Hadenham. — Adam de Fyncham, again. 1330. Richard de Aldeburgh. 1335. Simon de Trewythosa. 1339. 'John de Clone. 1340. John de Lincoln. 1341. John de Clone, again. — William de Merington. 1343. William de Thorpe. reign of King Edward /.) 1344. John de Lincoln, again. — John de Clone, again. 1350. Simon de Kegworth. 1352. Henry de Greystok. 1357. John Gaunt, or de Gaunt. 1361. Richard de Fryseby. 1363. William de Pleste. Qucere Robert? 1364. William de Nessefield. 1367. Thomas de Shardelow. 1368. John de Ashwell. — Michael Skilling. King Richard II. 1379. Thomas de Shardelow, again. 1382. William Ellis. 1385. William de Horneby. 1387. Edmund Brudnell, or Brudenell King Henry IV. 1399. William de Lodington. 1401. Thomas Cowley. 1407. Thomas Dereham. July 13. — Roger Hunt. August 17. 1411. Thomas Tickhill. King Henry V. 1413. William Babington. 1421. WilHam Babthorpe. King Henry VI. 1429. John Vampage. 1451. William de Nottingham. ATTORNEYS'GENERAL OF ENGLAND. 243 King Edward IV. 1461. John Herbert. 1462. Henry Sothill. 1471. William Husee, or Hussee. King Richard III. 1484. Morganus Kidwelly. King Henry VII. 1485. William Hody. 1486. Jacob Hubbard. King Henry VIII. 1509. John Ernley. 1518. John Fitz-James. 1524. Ralph SAvillington. 1530. Christopher Hales. 1537. Sir John Baker, knt. 1540. William Whorwode. 1546. Henry Bradshaw. King Edward VI. 1552. Edward Griffin. Queen Elizabeth. 1558. Sir Gilbert Gerrard, knt. Dec. 9 : after- wards master of the rolls. 1581. Sir John Popham, knt. June 1 : after- wards chief justice of the king's bench. 1591. Sir Thomas Egerton. June 2 : afterwards lord keeper, lord chancellor, and lord Ellesmere. 1593. Sir Edward Coke. April 10 : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas and chief justice of the king's bench. King James I. 1606. Sir Henry Hobart, bart. July 4 : after- wards chief justice of the common pleas. 1613. Sir Francis Bacon. Oct. 27 : afterwards lord keeper, and lord chancellor, and created lord Verulam. 1616. Sir Henry Yelverton, bart. March 12 : afterwards a judge of the common pleas. 1620. Sir Thomas Coventry. Jan. 11 : after- wards lord keeper, and created lord Coventry. King Charles I. 1625. Sir Robert Heath. Oct. 31 : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas, and chief justice of the king's bench. 1631. William Noy. Oct. 28. 1634. Sir John Banks. Sept. 27. 1641. Sir Edward Herbert : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas. 1644. Oliver St. John 1 ; appointed by the com- mons. May. 1649. William Steele ; attorney-general to the commonwealth. Jan. 10 ; afterwards recorder of London and chief baron of the exchequer. — Edmund Prideaux (afterwards bart.) ; at- torney-general to the commonw^ealth. April 9. King Charles II. 1660. Sir Geoffrey Palmer, bart. May 31. 1670. Sir Heneage Finch, knt. and bart,, after- wards lord Finch of Daventry, earl of Nottingham, and lord chancellor. 1673. Sir Francis North, knt. Nov. 12 : after- wards lord Guilford, and chief justice of the common pleas. 1675. Sir William Jones. Jan. 23. 1679. Sir Creswell Levinz, or Levinge. Oct. 27 : went to the common pleas. 1681. Sir Robert Sawyer. Feb. 24. King James II. 1687. Sir Thomas Powis. Dec. 13. King William III. 1689. Sir Henry Pollexfen. March 9 : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas. — Sir George Treby, knt. May 7 : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas. 692 . Sir John Somers. May 2 : afterwards lord Somers, and lord keeper and lord chancellor. 1693. Sir Edward Ward. April 4: afterwards chief baron. 1695. Sir Thomas Trevor. June 11 : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas, and lord Trevor. 1701. Sir Edward Northey. July 7. Queen Anne. 1707. Sir Simon Harcourt. April 26 : resigned in Feb. 1708 : afterwards lord keeper, lord chancellor, and created lord Har- court. 1708. Sir James Montague, knt. Oct. 22: re- signed Sept. 1710. 1710. Sir Simon Harcourt, again. Sept. 19: af- terwards lord keeper, lord Harcourt, and lord chancellor. See above. — Sir Edward Northey, again. Oct. 19. King George I. 1718. Sir Nicholas Lechmere. March 18 : after- wards lord Lechmere. 1720. Sir Robert Rajanond, knt. May 9 : after- wards to the king's bench ; created lord Raymond in 1731. 1724. Sir Philip Yorke, knt. Jan. 31: after- wards chief justice of the king's bench ; created lord Hardwicke; in 1737 made lord chancellor; and in 1754 created viscount Royston and earl Hardwicke. King George II. 1733. Sir John Willes, knt. Nov. 30 : after- wards chief justice of the common pleas. 1737. Sir Dudley Ryder, knt. Jan. 28: after- wards chief justice of the king's bench. 1754. Hon. William Murray. April 9 : after- wards chief justice of the king's bench ; created earl of Mansfield. 1756. Sir Robert Henley, knt. Nov. 3 : after- vrards lord keeper; created baron and viscount Henley and earl of Northing- ton ; lord chancellor in 1761. 7157. Sir Charles Pratt. July 1 : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas ; made lord chancellor in 1766 ; created lord Camden. 1 Mr. St. John was assigned by the commons the office of attorney-general in May, 1644. — Whitelocke. He continued as attorney or solicitor to the commonwealth until 164B, when he was made chief justice of the common pleas.— ?Foo/r^cA. R 2 244 LAW OFFICERS OF THE CEOWlSr. King Geokge III. 1762. Hon. Charles Yorke. Jan. 25 : resigned. 1763. Sir Fletcher Norton. Dec. 16 : resigned ; afterwards speaker of the house of com- mons, and created lord Grantley. 1765. Hon. Charles Yorke, again. Sept. 17. See Lord Chancellors. 1766. William de Grey. Aug. 6 : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas ; cre- ated lord Walsingham. 1771. Edward Thurlow. Jan. 26 : became lord chancellor in June 1778, and created lord Thurlow. 1778. Alexander Wadderburne. June 11 : af- terwards chief justice of the common pleas ; created lord Loughborough in 1780, and lord chancellor in Jan. 1793. 1780. James Wallace. July 21 : resigned on the change of ministry in 1782. 1782. Lloyd Kenyon. April 18 : resigned. See below. 1783. James Wallace, again. May 2 : died Nov. following. — John Lee. Nov. 22 : resigned in Dec. following. — Lloyd Kenyon, again. Dec. 26 : made master of the rolls in March 1784, and created a baronet; chief justice of the king's bench in June 1788. 1784. Richard Pepper Arden. March 31 : mas- ter of the rolls in June 1788, and chief justice of the common pleas in May, 1801 ; created lord Alvanley. 1788. Sir Archibald Macdonald. June 28: af- terwards chief baron of the exchequer. 1793. Sir John Scott. Feb. 14 : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas, and cre- ated lord Eldon : lord chancellor in April 1801. See Lord Chancellors. 1800. Sir John Milford. June 4: afterwards speaker of the house of commons ; lord chancellor of Ireland in Feb. 1802, and created baron Redesdale. 1801. Sir Edward Law. Feb. 14: afterwards chief justice of the king's bench, and created lord Ellenborough. 1802. Hon Spencer Perceval. April 15 : resigned in Feb. 1806. [Assassinated by a man, Bellingham, while prime minister. May 11, 1812.] 1806. Sir Arthur Pigott. Feb. 12 : resigned March, 1807. 1807. Sir Vicary Gibbs. April 7 : made a jus- tice of the common pleas in May 1812. 1812. Sir Thomas Plumer. June 26 : appointed the first vice-chancellor of England, April 1813; afterwards master of the rolls. 1813. Sir William Garrow. May 4 : a baron of the exchequer, May 1817. 1817. Sir Samuel Shepherd. May 7 : afterwards a judge in Scotland. 1819. Sir Robert Gifford. July 24: chief jus- tice of the common pleas, Jan. 1824, and created lord Giiford ; master of the rolls, April, same year. King George IV. 1824. Sir John Singleton Copley. Jan. 9 : mas- ter of the rolls, Sept. 1826 ; created lord Lyndhurst, and made lord chancellor in May 1827. See Lord Chancellor. 1826. Sir Charles Wetherell, Sept. 20 : resigned April 1827. 1827. Sir James Scarlett. April 27 : resigned. 1828. Sir Charles Wetherell, again. Feb. 19. 1829. Sir James Scarlett, «^am. June 29; af- terwards chief baron of the exchequer, and created lord Abinger. King William IV. 1830. Sir Thomas Denman. Nov. 26: after- wards chief justice of the king's bench ; created Lord Denman. 1832. Sir William Home. Nov. 26 : resigned Feb. 1834 ; master in chancery, 1839. 1834. Sir John Campbell. March 1 : afterwards lord Campbell, and lord chancellor of Ireland. See below. — Sir Frederick Pollock. Dec. 17. See below. 1835. Sir John Campbell, again. April 30 : lord chancellor of Ireland, as above, June, 1841, and created lord Campbell. Chief justice in England in 1850. Queen Victoria. 1841. Sir Thomas Wilde. July 3. See below. — Sir Frederick Pollock. Sept. 6 : appointed a second time ; made chief baron of the exchequer April 15, 1844. 1844. Sir William Webb Follett. April 17 : died June 28, 1845. 1845. Sir Frederick Thesiger. Julv4: resigned July 1846. 1846. Sir Thomas Wilde, again. July 6 : chief justice of the common pleas, same month. Lord Chancellor, and created lord Truro, in 1850. — Sir John Jervis. July 13 : chief justice of the common pleas in 1850. 1850. Sir John Romilly. July 11 : afterwards master of the rolls. 1851. Sir Alexander- James-Edmund Cockburn (solicitor-general). March 28. The present Attorney-General. THE SOLICITOR-GENERAL. The Solicitor- General is a high officer, next in rank to the Attorney-General, to whom he is second or deputy, performing in his absence or on a vacancy the entire duties of the superior functionary, as well in parliament as in the courts of law, and sharing upon all occasions in his official labours. This office is also created by letters-patent, and is held on the same tenure as that of the Attorney- General. The honour of knighthood is now always conferred upon both the Attorney and Solicit or- General, and, together, they are usually styled the " Great Law Officers of the Crown.'' SOLICITORS-GENERAL OF ENGLAND. 245 Whenever tlie office of Attorney- General becomes vacant, either by death or the promotion to the bench of its previous occupant, the Solicitor-General almost invariably succeeds ; and the two officers are, therefore, considered as certain steps to the highest professional honours in the state. Solicitors-General of England. (^From the reign of Edward IV.) King Edward IV. 1461. Richard Fowler. March 12. 1469. Richard Page. Jan. 31. King Richard III. 1483. Thomas Lynou. Aug. 26. King Henry YII. 1485. Andrew Dim mock or Dymock. 1506. *John Ernley. July 12. King Henry VIIL 1515. John Port. 1521. Richard Lyster. July 8. 1525. *Christopher Hales. Aug. 14. 1532. Baldwin Mallet. 1534. Richard Rich. Oct. 1535. * William Whorwode. April 13. 1540, * Henry Bradshaw. 1546. *Edward Griffin. June 8. King Edward VI. 1552. John Gosnel. May 21. Queen Mary. 1553. William Cordell. Sept. 30. 1557. Richard Weston, sen. Nov. 20. 1558. Richard Boswell. Feb. 1. 1566. 1569. 1579. 1581. 1592. 1595. 1607. 1613. 1616. 1622. Queen Elizabeth. Richard Onslow. June 27. Thomas Bromley, jun. March 14 : after- wards sir Thomas, and lord chancellor. *Sir John Popham. June 26. ♦Sir Thomas Egerton (lord Ellesmere). June 28. *Sir Edward Coke. June 16. Thomas Fleming, or Flemynge. Nov. 6. King James I. Francis Bacon (lord Verulam). ♦Sir June 25. ♦Henry Yelverton. Oct. 29. ♦Sir Thomas Coventry, afterwards lord Coventry. March 14. ♦Robert Heath. Jan. 22. King Charles I. 1625. Sir Richard Sheldon. Nov. 1 : resigned. 1634. Sir Edward Littleton. Oct. 17 : afterwards lord Littleton and lord keeper. 1640. ♦Sir Edward Herbert. Jan. 25. 1641. Oliver St. John. Jan. 29. 1643. Sir Thomas Gardiner, knt. and hart. Oct. 30. 1649. John Cooke ; solicitor-general to the com- monwealth. Jan. 10. King Charles II. 1660. ♦Sir Heneage Finch (afterwards lord Finch, of Daventry). June 6. 1670. Sir Edward Turner. May 13 : afterwards chief baron of the exchequer. 1671. ♦Sir Francis North. May 20. 1673. ♦Sir William Jones. Nov. 13. 1675. Sir Francis Winnington. Jan. 23 : re- moved. 1679. Heneage Finch, esq. Jan. 13: removed, and succeeded by King James II. 1686. ♦Sir Thomas Powvs, or Powis. April 26. 1687. Sir William Williams. Dec. 13. 1689. 1692, 1695. 1702. 1707. 1708. 1710. 1714. 1715. 1717. 1720. 1724. 1726. 1733. 1737. 1742. 1754. 1756. 1762. 1763. 1766. 1768. King William III. ♦Sir George Treby. March 9. ♦John Somers (lord Somers). May 7. Sec Attorneys- General. ♦Sir Thomas Trevor (lord Trevor). May 2. Sir John Hawles. J uly 1 : removed. Queen Anne. ♦Sir Simon Harcourt (lord Harcourt). June 1. * Sir James Montagu. April 26. Robert Eyre. Oct. 22 : afterwards a jus- tice of the king's bench. ♦Sir Robert Raymond (lord Raymond). King George I. ♦Nicholas Lechmere (lord Lechmere). Oct. 15. John Fortescue Aland. Dec. 16 : after- wards a baron of the exchequer, a jus- tice of the king's bench, a justice of the common pleas; and lord Fortescue, in Ireland. Sir William Thomson. Feb. 8 : after- wards a baron of the exchequer. ♦Sir Philip Yorke. March 23. Sir Clement Wearg. Feb. 3: died the next year. Charles Talbot. April 23 : afterwards lord chancellor ; created lord Talbot. King George 11. ♦Sir Dudley Ryder. Nov. 30. John Strange. Jan. 28; afterwards mas- ter of the rolls. ♦Hon. William Murray (lord Mansfield). Nov. 27. Sir Richard Lloyd. April 16 : afterwards a baron of the exchequer. ♦Hon. Charles Yorke. Nov. 3. See Lord Chancellors. King George III. ♦Fletcher Norton (lord Grantley). Jan. ♦Wiliiam de Grey. Dec. 16. Edward Willes. Aug. 6 : afterwards a justice of the king's bench. John Dunning. Jan. 28: afterwards lord Ashburton. R 3 246 LAW OFFICERS OF THE CROWlSr. 1770. *EdwardThurlow(lordThurlow), March 30. 1771. *Alexander Wedderburne. Jan. 23. See Lord Chancellors. 1778. *James Wallace. June 11. 1780. James Mansfield. Sept. 1. 1782. *John Lee. April 18. — *Richard Pepper Arden. Nov. 7. 1783. *JohnLee, again. April 15. — James Mansfield, again. Nov. 22. after- wards chief justice of the common pleas. — *Eicliard Pepper Arden, again (lord AI- vanley). Dec. 26. 1784. * Archibald Macdonald. April 8. 1788. *Sir John Scott (lord Eldon). June 28. 1793. *Sir John Mitford (lord Redesdale). Feb. 14. 1800. Sir William Grant. June 4: afterwards master of the rolls. 3801. *Hon. Spencer Perceval. Feb. 14. 1802. *Thomas Manners Sutton (lord Manners). May 11. 1805. *Sir Vicary Gibbs. Feb. 12. 1806. Sir Samuel Romilly. Feb. 14. 1807. *Sir Thomas Plumer. April 7. 1812. *Sir William Garrow. June 26. 1813. Robert Dallas. May 4: a justice of the common pleas same year, and chief justice of that court. Nov. 1818. — *Samuel Shepherd. Dec. 22. 1817. *Sir Robert Giff'ord (lord Gifford). May 9. 1819. *Sir John Singleton Copley (lord Lynd- hurst). July 24. King George IV. 1824. *Sir Charles Wetherell. Jan. 12. 1826. Sir Nicolas Conyngham Tindal. Sept. 20 : afterwards chief justice of the common pleas. 1829. Sir Edward Burtenshaw Sugden. June 29 : afterwards lord chancellor of Ire- land. King William IY. 1830. *Willliam Home. Nov. 26. 1832. *Sir John Campbell (lord Campbell). Nov. 23. ^ 1834. Sir Charles Christopher Pepys. Feb. 25 : afterwards master of the rolls. In 1836 created lord Cottenham, and made lord chancellor ; earl of Cottenham in 1850. — Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe. Nov. 6. See helow. — *Sir William Webb Follett. Dec. 20. 1835. Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe, again. May 4 : afterwards a baron of the exchequer; made a vice-chancellor and created lord Cranworth in 1850. Queen Victoria. 1839. *Sir Thomas Wilde (lord Truro). Dec. 5. 1841. *Sir William Webb Follett, again. Sept. 6. 1844. *Sir Frederick Thesiger. April 17. 1845. Sir Fitzroy Kelly. July 17. 1846. * Sir John Jervis. July 4: chief justice of the common pleas in 1850. — Sir David Dundas. July 18. 1848. *Sir John Romilly. April 4. 1850. *Sir Alexander- James-Edmund Cockburn. July 11. 1851. William Page Wood (afterwards knt.). March 28. The present Solicitor- General. Those marked with an asterisk, thus *, afterwards became Attorneys-General. See Attorneys-Gene- ral. SERJEANTS-AT-LAW. The Serjeants-at-Law are an ancient and high order of barristers from whom the judges are ordinarily chosen. By way of eminence they are called "Serjeants of the Coif," and the judges, when speaking to or of them, call them " Brothers." The law judges, upon their appointment as such, and not being previously Serjeants, become Serjeants immediately before they take their seats upon the bench. Formerly, Serjeants only were allowed to plead in the court of common pleas — an exclusive right enjoyed by them until the passing of the recent act, 9th and 10th Victoria, cap. 54 (August 18, 1846), when the privilege was extended to barristers of any degree practising in the superior courts at Westminster. The coif ^ or hood, anciently of lawn, worn on the head by Serjeants, has latterly dwindled into a small circlet of black silk upon the top of the wig, of about three inches in diameter. S erjeants-at-Law. From the Restoration of Charles II. to the present time, 1850. {Taken as they appear of record at the Rolls* offices.) 16G0. June 1. *Sir Orlando Bridgeman, knt. 1660. June 1. John Glynn: afterwards recorder — — 22. *Sir Thomas Widdrington, knt, of London and Westminster. — — Samuel Browne. — — Erasmus Earle. 1 Few men in those ages were learned in the laws except the clergy, who were bound by their order to shave their heads. The seijeant-coantors, being originally part of this body, were of course obliged to follow the rule; but " for decency and comeliness," or rather, perhaps, for warmth, were by degrees allowed to cover their baldness with a coif. This was at first a thin linen cover gathered together in the form of a skull or helmet, the material being afterwards changed into white silk, and the form eventually into the black patch at the top of the forensic wig, which is now the distinguishing mark of the degree Foss. SERJEANTS-AT-LAW. 247 IGGO. June 22. Sir Robert Bernard, knt. — — *. Matthew Hale : afterwards sir Matthew.i — — *John Maynard : afterwards sir John, and a commissioner of the great seal. — — *Richard Newdegate: afterwards sir Richard. — — * Thomas Twisden : afterwards sir Thomas. — — Hugh Windham. — — John Fountain. — — Evan Seys. — — *John Archer : afterwards sir John. — — Thomas Waller. — July 6. *Thomas Tyrrell : afterwards sir Thomas. — — *Christopher Turner: afterwards knt. — — George Beare. — — Edmund Hoskins. — — *Wadham Windham : afterwards knt. — — *Job Charlton : afterwards knt. _ *Sir William Morton, knt. — — *John Parker. — — John Merefield. — — *John Kelyng, sen.: afterwards sir John. — — Thomas Broome. *Sir William Wylde, knt. ♦Richard Raynsford : afterwards sir Richard. — — Frederick Hyde. 1668. May 22. *Sir John Vaughan, knt. 1669. Oct. 30. Timothy Tourner. — — *William Ellys : afterwards sir William. — — Nicholas Willmot. — — Thomas Hardy. — — Guibon Goddard. — . — Sir Richard Hopkins, knt. _ Thomas Flint. — — John Turner. — — John Barton. — — Sir John Howell, knt. — — Francis Bramstone : afterwards sir Francis. — — Sir Henry Peckham, knt. — — Christopher Goodfellow. — — Samuel Baldwin. — — Thomas Powy-s : afterwards at- torney-general. — — * Thomas Jones : afterwards sir Thomas. — — *Sir William Scroggs, knt. 1671. May 23. *Sir Edward Turner, knt. 1672. Apr. 24. *Sir Robert Atkyns, her majesty's solicitor-general. 1673. Jan. 23. *Sir Francis North, the king's attorney-general. — — *Sir Edward Thurland, knt. 1675. Apr. 21. Edward Pecke, — — Tristram Conyers. — — Sir Thomas Skipwith, knt. — — Richard Croke. — — Sir Richard Stote, knt. — — Sir Nicholas Pedley, knt. Oct. 5. 1676. 1677. 1675. Apr. 21. L'Estrange Calthorp. — — Sir Robert Shaftoe, knt. — — Francis Barrell. — — Edward Rigby. — — George Strode. — — *Sir Francis Pemberton, knt. — — Robert Stevens. — June 4. * Vere Bertie : afterwards sir Vere. Apr. 12. *William Montague. Oct. 23. Thomas Holt. — Thomas Rawlins. — * William Gregory : afterwards sir William ; elected speaker of the house of commons. — *Richard Weston : afterwards sir Richard. — Francis Wingfield. — *Robert Baldock: afterwards sir Robert. — *Richard Holloway : afterwards sir Richard. — Thomas Strode. — Sir John Shaw, knt. — * Thomas Raymond : afterwards sir Thomas. — *Sir Thomas Stringer, knt. — *Thomas Street: afterwards sir Thomas. — John Simpson. — *Sir William Dolben, knt. : re- corder of London ; afterwards a justice of the king's bench. May 7. *Edward Atkins: afterwards sir Edward. — William Leake. May 12. *Sir George Jeffreys, knt. — Sir John Kelyng, jun. — Robert Hampson. — Edmund West. — *Thomas Wallcott : afterwards sir Thomas. — Sir John Boynton, knt. — Edward Bigland. — William Richardson. — William Buckby, or Bugby. — - *Sir Robert Wright, knt. — Sir Francis Manley. Feb. 12. *Sir Creswell Levinz, knt. Jan. 23. Edmund Saunders, afterwards sir Edmund. Apr. 23. *Sir Francis Wythens, knt. Jan. 23.*Sir Thomas Jenner, knt. — John Windham. — Edwin Wyatt. — Edward Birch. — *Henry Bedingfield: afterwards sir Henry. — *Sir Edward Nevil, knt. — Sir Paul Barret, knt. — Anthony Farrington. — John JefFreson. — *Edward Lutwyche: afterwards sir Edward. — *Richard Heath : afterwards sir Richard. — Henry Selby. — John Millington. — *Thomas Powell: afterwards sir Thomas. 1679. 1680. 1681. 1682. 1683. 1 The names distinguished by an asterisk are those of personages who attained the honour of the bench. It was deemed unnecessary to mention the courts here, as these will be found with facility upon referring to the respective rolls of the judges. R 4 248 LAW OFFICERS OF THE CROWN. 1G83. Jan. 23. Owen Wynne. — — Sir George Pudsey, knt. 1685. Oct. 23. *Sir Edward Herbert, knt. 1686. Apr. 21. *John Holt: afterwards sir John. — — *Christopher Milton: afterwards sir Christopher. — — *John Powell : afterwards sir John. — — John Tate : afterwards recorder of London. — — *William Rawlinson : afterwards sir William. — — Ambrose Phillips. — — William Killingworth. — — Hugh Hodges. — — Thomas Geeres. — — George Hutchins: afterwards sir George, and third commissioner of the great seal. 1688. June 18. *Salathiel Lovell : afterwards knt. — — Henry Chauncey. — — William Moses. — — Francis Fuller. — — Henry Trinder. — — *William Thomson. — — William Le Hunt. — — *John Rotheram: afterwards sir John. — — Vincent Denn. 1689 May 1. *Henry Pollexfen : afterwards sir Henry. — — Michael Lechmere. — — Thomas Eookby. — — John Thurburne. — — William Woogen, or Wogliam. — — Thomas Powlett. — Nathaniel Bond. — — * Gyles Eyres : afterwards sir Gyles. — — *Henry Hatsel : afterwards sir Henry. — — *John Blencow : afterwards sir John. — — *Peyton Ventris : afterwards knt. — — Roger Belwood. — — John Tremayne. — John Trenchard: afterwards sir John, and secretary of state. — — . *John Turton : afterwards sir John. 1692. Apr. 27. *Sir George Treby. — — * Samuel Eyre : afterwards sir Samuel. — — Francis Purley. — — William Coward. — — William Edwards. — — George Prickett. — — Thomas Goodinge. — — *Henry Gould : afterwards sir Henry. — — Roger Moore. — — Reginald Britland. — — John Darnell. — — Joseph Girdler. — — * Littleton Powys : afterwards knt. — — *Nathan Wright : afterwards knt. — — Charles Bonython. 1695. June 10. *Sir Edward Ward. 1700. Oct. 30. John Green. — — Charles Whiteacre. — — Thomas Gibbon. — — * Thomas Bury : afterwards sir Thomas. — — John Keen. 1701. July 5. 1702. June 23. 1705. June 8. 1700. Oct. 30. Philip Neve. — — Nicholas Hooper. — — Henry Turner. — — *Jolin Smith : afterwards sir John. — — *Robert Tracy : afterwards sir Robert. — — *Sir Joseph Jekyll, knt. — — James Mundy. — — John Hook. — — Lawrence Agar. — — * John Pratt : afterwards sir John. — — William Plall. — — James Selby. Thomas Carthew. *Sir Thomas Trevor, knt. *Sir Thomas Powys. * Robert Price. * Thomas Parker: afterwards lord Parker, &c. Henry Chetham. James Grove. *William Banister : afterwards sir William. St. John Brodrick. Joseph Weld. John Bennett. Henry Lloyd. Richard Wynne. Richard Richardson. John Hoo. John Birch. John Cheshire. *John Comyns : afterwards sir John. Thomas Webb. * Robert Dormer. "^Robert Eyre : afterwards sir Robert. * Thomas Pengelly : afterwards sir Thomas. *Sir Peter King: afterwards lord King. *Sir Samuel Dodd. *Sir James Montague. * Francis Page : afterwards sir Francis. — — William Earle. — — Henry Stevens. — — John Cuthbert. — — William Brydges. — — Thomas Hanbury. — — Edward Whiteacre. — — William Branthwayt. — — John Belfield. _ William Salkeld. — — Edward Miller. — — Nathaniel Meade. — — *James Reynolds: afterwards sir James. — Dec. 3. *John Fortescue Aland : after- wards lord Fortescue, in Ire- land. 1722. May 31. Jeffrey Gilbert: afterwards knt. — — *Alexander Denton. 1723. Jan. 27. *Edmund Probyn: afterwards sir Edmund. — — *Sir Robert Raymond, knt. : after- wards lord Raymond. — Feb. 1. *Lawrence Carter: afterwards sir Lawrence. — — Thomas Morley. — — Fettiplace Nott. — — Joseph Girdler, jun. — — John Baynes. 1706. Feb.n. 1710. May 12. 1714. Oct. 26. 1715. Jan. 24. SERJEANTS-AT-LAW. 249 1723. Feb. 1. John Raby. — — Richard Comyns. — — William Hawkins. — — *William Chappie : afterwards sir William. — — James Shepherd. — — Eyles Eyre. — — Matthew Skinner. 1727. Oct. 24. * Spencer Cowper. — — Edward Corbet. 1729. Nov. 17. *Sir William Thompson, knt. 1729. Nov. 17. Simon Urlin : afterwards sir Si- mon, and recorder of London. 1730. June 13. *William Lee : afterwards sir William, knt. and bart. — — *Thomas Birch : afterwards sir Thomas. 1733. Apr. 14. *Thomas Reeve : afterwards sir Thomas. — — *Martin Wright : afterwards sir Martin Union of the Serjeants op the Inn in Fleet Street with the Serjeants in Chancery Lane. April 23, 1733. 1733. Oct. 31. *Sir Philip Yorke, lord Hardwicke. 1736. Jmie 4. *Thomas Parker : afterwards sir Thomas. — — Thomas Hussey. — — Abraham Gapper. — — Robert Price, jun. — — *Michael Foster : afterwards sir Michael. — — *Thomas Burnet ; afterwards sir Thomas. — — William Wynne. — — John Agar. — — Richard Draper. — — Robert Kettlebey. — — William Hayward. — — Samuel Prime. — — Thomas Barnardiston. — — Ed^vard Bootle. 1737. Jan. 27. *John Willes : afterwards sir John. 1740. June 1 1. * James Reynolds: afterwards sir James. — — Edward Willes. — Nov. 27. *Sir Thomas Abney, knt. — — William Eyre. 1741. Feb. 11. *Thomas Denisori: afterwards sir Thomas. — — Edward Leeds. 1742. Feb. 11. *Charles Clarke. 1744. May 1. *Edward Clive : afterwards sir Edward. 1747. June 23. Hon. Heneage Legge. — — David Poole. 1750. June 23. *Nathaniel Gundry : afterwards knt. — — *Sidney Stafford Smythe : after- wards sir Sidney. 1753. Feb. 3. *Sir Richard Adams, knt. : pre- viously recorder of London. — — George Wilson. — May 2. *Sir Dudley Ryder ; afterwards sir Dudley. — — ■ *Hon. Henry Bathurst : after- wards lord'^Apsley, etc. 1754. Feb. 11. *Sir John Eardley Wilmot. — * James Hewitt : afterwards baron and viscount Lifford. — — Lomax Martin. — — William Davy. 1756. Nov. 8. *Hon. William Murray, attorney- general, afterwards lord Mans- field. 1757. May 3. *Hon. William Noel. — — Thomas Stanj^ord. — — James Forster. 1759. Feb. 6. William Whitaker. — — * George Nares : afterwards sir George. — — Anthony Keck. — Nov. 14. *Sir Richard Lloyd 1761. Nov. 7. *Henry Gould : afterwards sir Henry. — — Joseph Sayer. 1762. Jan. 23. *Sir Charles Pratt, attorney-gen- eral, afterwards lord Camden and lord chancellor. — — *John Burland : afterwards sir John. 1763. Jan. 24. *George Perrott. — — John Glynn: afterwards recorder of London. — — John Aspinall. 1764. Jan. 23. Joseph Yates. 1765. Apr. 24. *Richard Aston : afterwards sir Richard. — — William Jephson. — — Richard Leigh. 1768. Jan. 29. *Edward Willes. 1770. Feb. 12. *William Blackstone : afterwards sir William. — June 25. * William-Henry Ashhurst : af- terwards sir William. 1771. Jan. 24. * William de Grey, attorney-gen- eral : afterwards sir William, and lord Walsingham. 1772. May 13. William Kempe. — — Thomas Walker. — — Harley Vaughan. — Nov. 6. *Sir James Eyre : previously re- corder of London ; afterwards chief baron of the exchequer, and chief justice of the common pleas. — — George Hill. 1774. Apr. 28. *Nash Grose : afterwards knt. — — James Adair : afterwards recorder of London. 1775. May 17. *Sir Beaumont Hotham, knt. — — * John Heath : afterwards sir John. 1776. Apr. 26. *Sir Richard Perryn, knt. 1777. Nov. 27. *Sir John Skynner, knt. 1778. May 6. *Francis Buller : afterwards sir Francis, bart. 1779. Nov. 29. James Clayton Bolton. 1780. June 14. Alexander Wedderburne, lord Loughborough, afterwards lord chancellor. 1781. Feb. 8. Granley Thomas Kirby. — — * Giles Rooke : afterwards sir Giles. 250 LAW OFFICEKS OF THE CEOWK 1783. June 25. Thomas Davenport. 1786. May 27. George Bond. — Nov. 6. *John Wilson '.afterwards sir John. 1787. Feb. 9. *Sir Alexander Thompson, knt. — — * Simon Le Blanc: afterwards sir Simon. — — *Soulden Lawrence : afterwards knt. — May 7. William Cockell. — Nov. 27. Charles Runnington. — — Samuel Marshall. — — James Watson. 1788. June 9. Sir Lloyd Kenyon, bart. : after- wards lord Kenj^on. — — Ralph Clayton. 1789. Nov. 13. Sir John- William Rose, knt., re- corder of London. 1793. Feb. 12. *Sir Archibald Macdonald, knt. 1794. June21. John Williams. — — Samuel Heywood. 1796. Feb. 9. Arthur Palmer. — Apr. 18. Samuel Shepherd : afterwards solicitor and attorney-general, and a judge in Scotland. 1798. May 14. Baker John Sellon. 1799. Feb. 12. John Yaughan. — June 12. John Lens. — — *John Bayley : afterwards sir John. — July 2. *Alan Chambre : afterwards sir Alan. — — 16. Sir John Scott, created lord El- don ; afterwards lord chancellor. 1800. Jan. 24. * William Draper Best : afterwards sir William. — June 16. *Robert Graham : afterwards sir Robert. — — Arthur Onslow. 1801. Feb. 9. William Mackworth Praed. — May 22. *Sir Richard Pepper Arden, knt. ; created lord Alvanley. 1802. Apr. 12. *Sir Edward Law, knt., attorney- general ; afterwards lord Ellen- borough. 1804. Apr. 24. * James Mansfield : afterwards sir James. 1805. Feb. 4. *Sir Thomas .Manners Sutton, knt., afterwards lord Manners, and lord chancellor of Ireland. 1807. May 28. *George Wood : afterwards sir George. 1808. May 30. William Manley. — — Albert Pell. — — William Rough. 1809. May 15. Robert-Henry Peckwell. — — William Frere. 1812. May 29. *Sir Yicary Gibbs, knt. 1813. June 23. *Henry Dampier: afterwards sir Henry. — July 6. *John Singleton Copley: after- wards lord Lyndhurst, and lord chancellor. — Nov. 18. *Sir Robert Dallas, knt., solicitor- general. 1814. Feb. 26. *Richard Richards : afterwards sir Richard. — Nov. 22. *John Bernard Bosanquet : after- wards sir John. 1816. Jan. 20. *James Allan Park : afterwards sir James. — Feb. 12. * Charles Abbot : afterwards lord Tenterden. — — 20. *George Sowley Holroyd : after- wards knt. 1816. May 4. * James BmTough : afterwards sir J ames. — June 18. * John HuUock : afterwards sir John. 1817. Feb. 11. William Firth. — May 6. *Sir William Garrow, knt., attor- ney-general. 1818. June 10. William Taddy. — Nov. 30. * J ohn Richardson : afterwards sir John. 1819. Feb. 9. Vitruvius Lawes. — — John Cross. — — Thomas D'Oyley. 1820. Feb. 9. Thomas Peake. 1824. Jan. 6. *Sir Robert GifFord, knt. : after- wards lord Gifford. — — *William Alexander: afterwards sir William. — May 4. * Joseph Littledale: afterwards sir Joseph. — — 1 3. William St. Julien Arabin : after- wards judge-advocate-general. — — * Thomas Wilde : afterwards sir Thomas, and lord Truro; lord chancellor. — July 5, * Stephen Gaselee : afterwards sir Stephen. — — Robert Spankie. — — John Adams. 1827. June 25. Thomas Andrews. — — Henry Storks. — — Ebenezer Ludlow. — — Henry Alworth Merewether. — _ William Oldnall Russell. — — Edward Hobson Vitruvius Lawes. — — David- Francis Jones: afterwards Atcherley. — — 27. John Scriven. — — Henry-John Stephen. — — Charles Carpenter Bompas. 1828. Nov. 18. *James Parke : afterwards sir James. 1829. Feb. 4. Edward Goulbum. — June 5. *Sir Nicolas Conyngham Tin- dal, knt. — Nov. 16. * William BoUand: afterwards sir William. 1830. Nov. 11. *William-Elias Taunton : after- wards sir William. — — *John Patteson : afterwards sir John. — — *Edward Hall Alderson: after- wards sir Edward. — — 22. George- Thomas Heath. 1832. Feb. 14. *John Gurney : afterwards sir John. — — *John Taylor Coleridge : after- wards sir J ohn. — Nov. 7. *Sir Thomas Denman, knt., attor- ney-general ; afterwards lord Denman. 1833. Jan. 29. *Thomas Noon Talfourd : after- wards sir Thomas. 1834. Feb. 28. *John Williams : afterwards sir John. — Dec. 24. *Sir James Scarlett, knt. : after- wards lord Abinger. 1837. Feb. 24. *Thomas Coltman : afterwards sir Thomas. 1839. Jan. 9. *Rt. hon. Thomas Erskine. — Feb. 14. *William-Henry Maule : after- wards sir William. — Nov. 11. * Sir Robert Mousey Rolfe, knt. : afterwards lord Cranworth. SERJEANTS-AT-LAW. 251 1840. Feb. 19. William Shee. Digby Cayley Wrangliam. — William Fry Channell. — James Manning. — John Halcombe. June 19. William Glover. — Stephen Gaselee, jun. 1841. Feb. 17. *William Wightman : afterwards sir William. — July 6. John Vincent Thompson. 1842. Jan. 27. *Creswell Creswell : afterwards knt. — Feb. 25. Francis Stack Murphy. — June 16. Herbert George Jones. — Nov. 12. Alfred Septimus Dowling. 1843. Feb. 6. Nathaniel-Richard Clarke. — — 14. John Barnard Bvles. 1844. Apr. 15. *Sir Frederick Pollock, knt., at- torney-general. — July 10. Charles Chadwicke Jones. — July 10. John- Alexander Kinglake. — — Edward Bellasis. 1844. Nov. 7. *William Er..e : afterwards sir William. 1845. Jan. 28. * Thomas Joshua Piatt : after- wards knt. — July 3. Pvobert Allen. — Nov. 12. Edwin Sandys Bain. — — Charles Wilkins. 1846. Oct. 27. Edward Vaughan Williams. 1848. July 14. Arnold Wallinger. 1850. Mar. 5. *John lord Campbell (previously lord chancellor of Ireland : sworn, immediately afterwards, lord chief justice of the king's bench. — July 16. *Sir John Jervis (attorney-gene- ral) : made chief justice of the common pleas. — Nov. 7. * Samuel Martin, afterwards sir Samuel : made a baron of the exchequer. — Nov. 19. Robert Miller. KING'S (NOW QUEEN'S) COUNSEL. A King's (now Queen's) Counsel is a barrister usually supposed to be in the service of the Crown. He is appointed by the Crown, and sits within the Bar^ wearing a robe of silk. He enjoys precedence and pre-audience over members of the Bar who do not hold this office, and his fees are generally of higher amount. The rank is rarely conferred upon Barristers of less than ten or twelve years' standing, though lord Erskine was honoured with the distinction when he had been only five years at the Bar ; and many eminent lawyers have been obliged to wait for it as long as eighteen and twenty years. In some few instances, the honour has been withheld upon political grounds ; a Barrister, confessedly entitled by his professional eminence to the emolument and distinction which the office confers, has had his claims postponed on the ground of his opposition to the minister of the day. This occurrence is rare, however, and shows that the official character of a Queen's Counsel is almost nominal, and in reality consists in its being a professional advancement. — Beatson. Dod. PATENTS OF PEECEDENCE. Letters-patent of Precedence are usually granted to such barristers (either King's, now Queen's, Counsel or Serjeants) as the Crown thinks proper to honour with that mark of distinction, whereby they are entitled to such rank and pre-audience as are assigned in their respective patents ; sometimes next after the King's Attorney- General, but usually after His Majesty's Counsel then being. They rank and sit with the King's Counsel within the bar of the respective courts, but receive no salaries, and are not sworn ; and therefore are at liberty to be retained against the Crown. — Blackstone, Throughout the numerous lists of Judicial personages, but one instance of suicide occurs. It is a very remarkable one, and is mentioned by lord Campbell. " Chief Justice Hankford (temp. Henry V.) notwith- standing his high position, became tired of life, and wished to shuffle off this mortal coil, but was afraid to commit suicide at a time when a verdict of ./ie/o de se always followed such an act, and the body of the delinquent was buried in cross roads with a stake thrust through it. By a novel expedient he hoped the forfeiture of his goods would be saved, and that his family would escape the anguish and shame arising from the belief that he had fallen by his own hand. Several of his deer having been stolen, he gave orders to his keepers to shoot any person they met with in or near the park at night who would not immediately stand when challenged. He then on a dark night threw himself in the keepers' way, and not answering when challenged, was shot dead upon the spot. The stump of an old oak under which he is said to have fallen, is still called ' Hankford's Oak.' " — Lord CampbeWs Chief Justices of England. 252 THE ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. Ecclesiastical Courts appear to have been instituted under the Anglo-Saxon government; but they became subject to more strict regulations, and their juris- diction became more distinct and precise after the elevation of the first William to the English throne. Every prelate then had a regular court, in which he or his chan- cellor took cognizance of acts of impiety and breaches of morality, and decided religious, matrimonal, and testamentary causes. The highest court of this kind was the Court of Arches, so called from Bow church, in which it was holden. The judge was styled Principal Official to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and was not always the same person with the Dean of the Arches, who was, properly, the vicar or deputy of the former. The advocates and procurators belonging to this court were appointed by the primate, and the proceedings were regulated by the civil and canon laws. For a long course of years the individuals of this profession, not forming a distinct society, were mingled with the mass of the people. But about the beginning of the reign of the eighth Henry, Dr. Richard Bodewell, dean of the arches, and other civilians and canonists who had been admitted to the privilege of pleading in the court, formed a plan of association, and agreed to dwell in contiguous houses and enjoy a community of board. The respectability of this society induced many digni- taries of the church and laymen of distinction to enrol themselves among its members, and on the payment of a small annual sum they had the privilege of college commons. The dean, by virtue of his office, became the president of the society, which was by him denominated the " College of Doctors and Advocates of the Court of Arches." ^ For more than fifty years after this voluntary incorporation we find no record of the particular spot which the members occupied ; but in February, 1568, Dr. Henry Hervie, dean of the arches and master of Trinity Hall (a seminary founded at Cam- bridge chiefly for the study of the civil and canon laws) procured from the dean and chapter of the diocese of London a lease of Montjoy House and other buildings in the parish of St. Bene*t, Paul's Wharf, for the accommodation of the society. ^ The court over which he presided, the prerogative court of Canterbury, that of the bishop of London, and also the court of admiralty (except for criminal cases) were thenceforward holden in the buildings thus assigned, and the whole place, for an obvious reason, received the appellation of " Doctors' Commons." For upwards of two centuries the united advocates continued to hold their lease from the master and fellows of Trinity Hall. The latter then relinquished the con- nexion by a surrender of their lease to the dean and canons of St. Paul's, with whom the college of doctors, enriched by a royal grant of 3000Z. out of the droits of admiralty, entered into an agreement to purchase the estate in perpetuity. When episcopal jurisdiction was suppressed by parliamentarian usurpers, the spiritual courts felt a rude shock, and the loyal advocates were discountenanced and harassed ; but the society still existed, though various intruders were commissioned by the ruling powers to act as judges. The return of Charles II., however, re-estab- lished the former society in its integrity. As the great fire in 1666 extended its ravages to the habitations of the civilians, they held their courts at Exeter House, in the Strand, until 1672, when they returned to Doctors' Commons^ their collegiate mansion being then completely rebuilt. The society was incorporated by charter in June, 1768, and styled " The College of ^ At this time all the advocates were not doctors.— Coote's English Civilians. VK collegiate manners, it was provided, that though married doctors might be indulged with the liberty of residing in the chambers or tenements of the college, none of their wives should reside or abide there — Idem. THE ECCLESIASTICAL COUKTS. 253 Doctors of Law, exercent in the Ecclesiastical and Admiralty Courts," with a common seal. — Cootes English Civilians. DEANS OF THE ARCHES. (^From the reign of Henri/ VII 1.) 1541. Richard Gwent. 1543. John Cockys. 1545. William Cooke. 1549. Griffin, or Griffith Leyson. [Promoted the Reformation under Edward VI., and was constituted dean by Cran- mer; but relapsed into popery.] 1556. David Pole. [Bishop of Peterborough in 1557 ; but lost his preferments in 1559, refusing to take the oath of supremacy.] 1557. Henry Cole. [Appointed dean of St. Paul's by queen Mary, and by cardinal Pole dean of the arches.] 1558. Nicholas Harpisfeld. [Lost his preferment on account of his zeal for popery.] 1559. William Mowse. [Dr. Mowse being unwilling to take the oath of supremacy, was superseded by] — Sir Henry Hervie, founder of the present college of Doctors' Commons. — Robert Weston, dean until 1567, when he was made lord chancellor of Ireland, and also became a lord justice in that kingdom ; knighted. 1567. Thomas Yale, one of the high commis- sioners under queen Elizabeth. 1573. Bartholomew Clerk : employed on several diplomatic missions ; sent to Holland in 1587, to promote a peace with Spain. 1590. Richard Cosin, M. P., (chancellor of the diocese of Worcester) : died in 1598.1 * * Thomas Bvng : dean in 1598. 1598. Sir DaniefDun, knt.2, M.P. 1618. Sir William Bird, knt. 1624. Sir Henry Marten, knt, M. P.3 1634. Sir John Lamb, knt., chancellor to queen Henrietta-Maria: dean until 1647. 1647. ***** 1660. Sir Geiles Sweit (principal of Alban Hall). 1672. Sir Robert Wyseman, knt. 1684. Sir Richard Lloyd, knt. 1686. Sir Thomas Exton, knt. 1694. Dr. George Oxenden (master of Trinity Hall), M. P. for Cambridge University. 1703. Sir John Cooke, knt.^ : one of the commis- sioners for the treaty of union with Scotland. 1710. Dr. John Bettesworth : dean until 1751. 1751. Sir George Lee, M. P. ; afterwards rt. hon. sir George Lee. 1758. Dr. Edward Simpson, M. P. (knighted). 1764. Sir George Hay, M.P., a lord of the ad- miralty. 1778. Dr. Peter Calvert, Oct. 17 : died in 1788. 1788. Sir William Wynne, knt. (rt. hon. sir William, May following). Aug. 22. 1809. Rt. hon. sir John Nicholl, knt., M. P., re- signed 1834 : died 1838. 1834. Rt. hon. sir Herbert Jenner (Fust), knt. The PRESENT (1851) Dean of the Arches Court. THE PKEROGATIVE COURT OF CANTERBURY. (^From the reign of King Henry VI 11.) 1545. 1548. 1558. 1559. 1560. 1576. 1598. 1611. Dr. John Barbar. Dr. William Cooke. Dr. Henry Cole : died in confinement. Dr. Walter Haddon : sent as commercial envoy to Bruges. Dr. William Mowse : removed. Dr. William Parker, knighted (son to the primate) : practised for a short time. Dr. William Drurye. Dr. William Lewen ; master in chancery. Sir John Gibson, knt. Sir John Benet, or Bennet, knt., M. P., judge in this year ; but there is no re- cord of his appointment. [Deprived of his seat in parliament, on a charge of bribery]. 1622. Sir William Byrde, or Bird, knt. June 29. 1624. Dr. Henry Marten. Aug. 28. 1641. Sir William Mericke, knt. Sept. 28. Lost his preferments in the common- wealth ; but recovered them at the Re- storation. * * Drs. John Godolphin, William Clarke, and Charles-George Cocke; joint commis- sion from the usurping powers. 1 " Summoned," as one of his contemporaries wrote, perhaps in allusion to his character, dispute that had arisen in heaven."-.Cooi;£'. ' to decide a great 2 Sir Daniel Dun is mentioned with great severity by archbishop Abbot (of Canterbury) in his account of ihe proceedings in the celebrated case of the earl and countess of Essex. — Notes at Doctors' Commons. 3 Father of the unprincipled parliamentarian who was imprisoned for his concern in the death of Charles Coote. 4 He supported the cause of king William, as a lieutenant of inTantry, at the battle of the Boyne. After the reduction of Ireland he resumed his academical pursuits, became a graduated civilian, and obtained the chan- cellorship of Ely, and afterwards other honours — Idem. 254 THE ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. 1658. Dr. William Purefoy. June 7. 1659. Dr. Walter Walker: appointed by the parliament. March 12. * * Dr. William Turner, knighted : appointed a short time before the Restoration. 1668. Sir Leoline Jenkins, knt.i Feb. 6. Served on various diplomatic missions ; a ple- nipotentiary to Cologne, to the congress at Nimeguen, &c. ; one of the principal secretaries of state, 1680. Died, 1685. 1685. Dr. Richard Raines. Judge this year; but no record of his appointment : knighted in 1686. 1710. Rt. hon. sir Charles Hedges, knt. ; late one of the principal secretaries of state Jan. 10. 1714. Dr. John Bettesworth. June 11 : died Dec. 1751. 1751. Rt. hon. sir George Lee, M. P. Dec. 20. 1758. Dr. Edward Simpson, knt., M. P. Dec. 2. 1764. Sir George Hay, knt., M. P. June 4. 1778. Dr. Peter Calvert. Oct. 13. 1788. Sir William Wynne, knt. Aug. 25 : af- terwards Rt. hon. sir William. 1809. Rt. hon. sir John Nicholl, knt. Jan. 20. 1834. Rt. hon. sir Herbert Jenner (Fust), D.C.L Oct. 21. The PRESENT (1851) Judge of the Prerogative Court. VICAKS-GENEEAL TO (jprom the reign of . 1543. Dr. John Cockys. 1556. Dr. David Pole. 1557. Dr. Henry Cole. 1559. Dr. William Mowse. 1561. Dr. Thomas Yale : died 1577. 1583. Dr. Richard Cosin, M. P. * * Dr. William Aubrey, M. P. (fellow of All Souls' College) : died 1595. * * Sir Edward Stanhope, M. P., knt. : died in 1609. *■ * Dr. John CowelP (master of Trinity Hall) : died in 1611. * * Sir Thomas Crompton, knt. * * Sir Thomas Ridley, knt. : died 1629. 1621. Sir Nathaniel Brent, knt. * * Sir Robert Wyseman, knt. : died in 1684. THE LORD PEIMATE. "Ang Henry VIII.) 1688. Dr. George Oxenden, M. P. (master of Trinity Hall) : died 1703. 1703. Dr. John Cooke. 1710. Dr. John Bettesworth. 1714. Dr. George Paul: died March, 1755, 1755. Rt. hon. sir George Ha}-, knt., M. P. 1764. Dr. Peter Calvert: resigned. 1778. Sir William Wynne, knt. : resigned. 1788. Dr. William Scott (afterwards lord Stowell) : resigned. 1821. Dr. James-Henry Arnold, M.P. : resigned. 1832. Dr. Herbert Jenner, now Rt. hon. sir Her- bert J enner Fust : resigned. 1834. Rt. hon. sir John Nicholl, M.P. : died 1838. 1838. Dr. John Nicholl, M.P. (now Rt. hon.): resigned. 1844. Dr. Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby : died 1849. 1849. Sir John Dodson, present Vicar-General. THE CONSISTORY COUET. Chancellors of the Diocese of London. QFrom the reign of King Henry VIII) 1520. Dr. Richard Foxfoord (under bishop Stokesley), chancellor until 1539. 1546. Dr. John Croke. 1561 Dr. Thomas Huick, or Huycke (fellow of Jesus' College, Oxford). 1574. Dr. John Hamond, or Hammonde. 1583. Sir Edward Stanhope, knt. 1607. Sir Thomas Crompton, knt., M. P. 1611. Dr. Thomas Edwards. 1616. Dr. Henry Marten, knighted. 1627. Dr. Arthur Ducke, M. P. [Assisted in the negotiations at Newport, and suffered greatly in the voyal cause : died at Chiswick, in 1649. 1637. Sir Richard Chaworth, knt. 1663. Sir Thomas Exton, knt. 1685. Sir Henry Newton, knt. 1715. Dr. Humphrey Henchman. 1739. Dr. John Andrew, fellow of Trinity Hall. 1747. Sir Edward Simpson, knt., M. P. 1759. Dr. John Bettesworth. 1764. Sir George Hay, knt., M.P. 1779. Sir William Wynne, afterwards Rt. hon. sir William. 1788. Sir William Scott, knt., afterwards Rt. hon., and created lord Stowell 1821. Sir Christopher Robinson, knt. 1828. Dr. Stephen Lushington, afterwards rt. hon. Stephen Lushington. The present (1851) Judge of the Consistory Court. } Sir Leoline Jenkins was first M. P. for Hythe, in Kent, and afterwards for the university of Oxford. He died in 1685, and was buried in the chapel of Jesus College, to which he had been a great benefactor. All his property he bequeathed to charitable uses. His letters and papers are printed in two volumes, folio Coote. 2 This eminent civilian (though he was vulgarly called by the great Coke Dr. Cow-heel, in derision) was a man of an enlarged and comprehensive mind, and of vast learning. He considered that the range of a lawyer's study should be co-extensive with Nature herself. "A lawyer," he said, " professeth true philosophy, and should not, therefore, be ignorant (if it were possible) of either beasts, fowls, or creeping things ; nor of the trees, from the cedar of Lebanon to the hyssop that springeth out of the wixW."— Illustrations of Lawjjers. THE ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. 255 HIGH COURT OP ADMIEALTY. QFrom the reign of Henri/ VIII.) 1514. 1524. 1542. 1549. 1554. 1558. 1575. 1584. * * 1608. 1617. 1641. 1643. 1647. 1648. 1649. 1653. 1654. 1658. 1659. Christopher Myddleton or Middylton. Dr. John Tregonwell, afterwards sir John, knt. Dr. Anthony Huse. Dr. Richard Lyell. Dr. Griffith Leyson. Dr. William Cooke, Dr. David Lewes or Lewis. Dr. David Lewes and sir John Harbert; joint commissioners. Dr. Julius Caesar, M. P., knighted : after- wards master of the rolls and commis- missioner of the great seal.i Dr. Valentine Dale, M. P. : died Nov. 1589. Sir Thomas Crompton, knt., after the death of Dale. Sir Daniel Dun, knt., M. P., and sir Richard Trevor, joint commission. Feb. 7. Sir Henry Marten or Martin, knt. Dr. Richard Zouch, M. P. (principal of St. Alban's Hall) : appointed by the earl of Northumberland, lord high ad- miral. Dr. William Sams : died Oct. 1646. Dr. William Clark and Dr. John Exton ; joint commission. Dr. Isaac Dorislaus (a professor of Leyden) added to Drs. Clark and Exton. April. Appointed by the usurping powers. Drs. William Clark and John Exton, con- tinued by patent from the parliament. Feb. 15. Dr. William Stephen and Dr. Nathaniel Bacon, added. Aug. 30. Dr. John Godolphin and Dr. Charles-George Cocke, added to Dr. William Clark, by Cromwell. The same, by patent dated Oct. 28. Drs. Godolphin and Cocke ; patent renewed by Richard Cromwell. TDr. Walter Walker, appointed 1st judge. < Dr. William Turner, knt., M. P. : ap- t pointed 2d judge. 1660. Dr. Richard Zouch, before mentioned. — Dr. Thomas Hyde : appointed by the duke of York, lord high admiral. March 12. 1661. Dr. John Exton, before mentioned, ap- pointed also by the duke of York. Oct. 26. 1668. Dr. Leoline Jenkins, knt., originally ap- pointed by the duke. Became secretary of state. 1673. Sir Robert Wyseman, knt. Aug. 12. 1685. Sir Richard Lloyd, knt. Oct. 1. 1686. Sir Thomas Exton, knt. July 6. — Sir Richard Raines, knt. Dec. 17. 1689. Dr. Charles Hedges, M. P., knighted. June 1. * * * * 1714. Dr. Humphrey Henchman, M. P. June 22. [He had been one of the advocates for Sacheverel on his celebrated trial.] — Dr. Henry Newton, knt., on the death of Henchman. Dec. 1. Envoy to the grand duke of Tuscany. 1715. Dr. Henry Penrice (held the appointment upwards of thirty-five years) : patent dated Aug. 23. 1751. Sir Thomas Salusbury, knt., fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge: patent Dec. 19 : died Nov. 1773. 1773. Sir George Hay, LL. D., knt., M. P. : patent dated Nov. 4. 1778. Sir James Marriott, knt. M.P. : patent dated Oct. 12. 1798. Sir William Scott, knt., afterwards lord Stowell : patent dated Oct. 26. 1828. Sir Christopher Robinson, knt. ; patent dated Feb. 22. 1833. Rt. hon. Sir John Nicholl, knt: patent dated May 30 : died Aug. 1838. 1838. Rt. hon. Stephen Lushington : patent dated Oct. 17. The present (1851) Judge of the High Court of Admiralty. KING'S (NOW QUEEN'S) ADVOCATES. (^From the commencement of the Eighteenth Century.) 1701. Sir John Cooke, knt. D.C.L. July 25. 1715. Sir Nathaniel Lloyd, knt. D.C.L. Jan. 13. 1727. George Paul, D.C.L. Jan. 26. 1755. George Hay, D.C.L., afterwards sir George, knt. April 23. 1764. James Marriott, D.C.L., afterwards sir James, knt. Sept. 11. 1778. William Wynne, D.C.L., afterwards Rt. hon. sir William, knt. Nov. 2. 1798. John Nicholl, D.C.L., afterwards Rt. hon. sir John, knt. Nov. 6. 1809. Sir Christopher Robinson, knt. D.C.L., afterwards Rt. hon. March 1. 1828. Herbert Jenner, D.C.L., afterwards Rt. hon. sir Herbert Jenner Fust, knt. Feb. 28. 1834. John Dodson, D.C.L., afterwards sir John Dodson, knt. The present (1851) Queen's Advocate. 1 The name of Caesar was assumed by the family of Adelmar, or Athelmer, in consequence of the marriage of the grandfather of this civilian with the daughter of the duke de Cesarini. — Coote's Civilians. 256 THE ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS, ETC. ADMIRALTY {From the Restoration of King 1661. William Turner, D.C.L. Oct. 29. 1674. Richard Lloyd, D.C.L. May 19. In the room of sir Walter Walker, whose ap- pointment does not seem to be recorded. 1685. Thomas Pinfold, D.C.L. Sept. 13. 1686. William Oldyss or Oldiss, D.C.L. July 17. 1693. Fisher Littleton, D.C.L. Sept. 17. 1694. Henry Newton, D.C.L. joro tem. Dr. Littleton being absent from indisposition. Jan. 26. 1697. Dr. Newton permanently appointed. March 16. 1704. Nathaniel Lloyd, D.C.L., deputy, during the absence of Dr. Newton. Nov. 15. 1714. Henry Penrice, D.C.L. Oct. 28. 1715. Richard Fuller, D.C.L. Aug. 15. 1727. Exton Sayer, D.C.L. March 30. 1731. Edmund Ishan, D.C.L. Oct. 1. ADVOCATES. Charles II. to the present time.) 1741. William Strahan, D.C.L. March 20. 1748. Thomas Salusbury, D.C.L. Aug. 9. 1751. Charles Pinfold, jun., D.C.L. Nov. 14. 1756. John Bettesworth, D.C.L. Feb. 15. 1764. George Harris, D.C.L. June 14. 1782. William Scott, D.C.L. (the late lord Stowel). May 1. 1788. Thomas Bever, D.C.L. Sept. 4. 1791. William Batline, D.C.L. Nov. 12. 1809. Sir Christopher Robinson, knt. D.C.L. March 1. 1811. James-Henr}^ Arnold, D.C.L. Nov. 25. 1829. John Dodson, D.C.L., now sir John Dod- son, knt., the present Queen's advo- 1834. Joseph* Phillimore,* D.C.L. Oct. 25. The PRESENT (1851) Admiralty Advocate. JUDGES OF THE Court of Session of the County Palatine of Chester, &c. {From the Accession of King James /., to the abolition of that Judicature in 1830. — From the Records at the Rolls'* Offices.) Sir Richard Lowknor or Leuknor, chief justice, 1 Jas. I. H. Townsend, puisne judge, 1 Jas. I. Thomas Chamberlayne, chief justice, 14 Jas. I. James Whitlock, chief justice, 19 Jas. I. Sir John Bridgman, chief justice, 1 Chas. I. Harm. Lloyed, puisne judge, 1 Chas. I. Richard Prytherg, puisne judge, 12 Chas. I. Sir Thomas Milward, puisne judge, 14 Chas. I. John Bradshaw (1648), chief justice, 24 Chas. I. Peter Warburt on, puisne judge, * *. Thomas Fell, puisne judge, 1649. Timothy Turner, chief justice, 12 Chas. II. Sir Geoffrey Palmer, chief justice, 12 Chas. II. Robert Milward, puisne judge, 13 Chas. II. Sir John Charlton, chief justice, 14 Chas. II. George Johnson, puisne judge, 26 Chas. II. Sir George Jeffreys, chief justice, 32 Chas. II. John Warren, puisne judge, 33 Chas. II. Sir Edward Herbert, chief justice, 36 Chas. II. [Edward^] Lutwych (from March to October), chief justice, 2 Jas. II. Sir Job Charlton, chief justice, 2 Jas. II. John Trenchard, chief justice, 1 Wm. and M. Lyttleton Powis, puisne judge, 1 Wm. and M. John Coombe, chief justice, 2 Wm. and M. Salathiel Lovel, puisne judge, 8 Wm. and M. Joseph Jekyll, chief justice, 9 Wm. III. John Pocklington, puisne judge, 6 Anne. John Ward, puisne judge, 10 Anne. Edward Jeffreys, puisne judge, 1 Geo. 1. Spencer Cooper, chief justice, 4 Geo. I. John Willis, puisne judge, 13 Geo. I. John Willis, again, chief justice, 2 Geo. II. William Jessop, puisne judge, 2 Geo. II. John Verney, chief justice, 8 Geo. II. Richard Pottinger, puisne judge, 8 Geo. II. Matthew Skynner, chief justice, 12 Geo, II. John Talbot, puisne judge, 14 Geo. II. William Noel, chief justice, 23 Geo. II. Taylor White, puisne judge, 30 Geo. II. John Morton, chief justice, 3 Geo. III. John Skynner, puisne judge, 12 Geo. III. Francis Buller (Nov. till May), puisne judge, 18 Geo. IIL Hon. Daines Barrington, puisne judge, 18 Geo. Lloyd Kenyon, chief justice, 20 Geo. III. Richard Pepper Arden, chief justice, 24 Geo. III. Edward Bearcroft, chief justice, 28 Geo. III. Francis Burton, puisne judge, 28 Geo. III. James Adair, king's serjeant, chief justice, 37 Geo. in. William Grant, chief justice, 38 Geo. III. James Mansfield, chief justice, 39 Geo. III. Yicary Gibbs (summer circuit only), chief justice, 44 Geo. III. Robert Dallas, chief justice, 45 Geo. III. Richard Richards (summer circuit only), chief justice, 53 Geo. III. Sir William G arrow, chief justice, 54 Geo. III. William Draper Best, king's serjeant, puisne judge, 57 Geo. IIL John Leach (summer circuit only), chief justice, 57 Geo. IIL William Draper Best, king's serjeant, chief jus- tice, 58 Geo. III. Samuel Marshall, serjeant-at-law, puisne judge, 58 Geo. III. John Singleton Copley, serjeant-at-law, chief justice, 59 Geo. III. Charles Warren, chief justice, 59 Geo. III. I The personal name of this judge is supplied from the patent of his successor, sir Job Charlton, knt., which is the first of the series that appears to have been recorded in the Patent Books of the Receipt of the Exchequer. It is dated 29 April, 2 Jac. II.; and grants the office of Our Justice of the Counties of Chester and Flint, " As Geoffry Palmer, knt ; George Jefferyes, knt. ; Edward Herbert, knt. ; or Edward Lutwich, knt., formerly or lately justices, had holden the SAme.''— Auditor's Patent Book, No. 10, fol. 142. 257 CHIEF CORPOEATE OFFICERS OF LONDON. THE EECOKDER OF LONDON. The Recorder of London is the principal legal officer of the corporation, and is always a barrister of eminence, and is appointed for life by the Court of Aldermen. Both the Recorder and Common Serjeant sit as judges in the trial of criminal offences committed within the city, and such other parts of the surrounding neighbourhood as come within the jurisdiction of the Central Criminal Court. Many of the Recorders of London have subsequently become judges of our superior courts of law, and several of them, chief justices of England, and lord chancellors. Sir Henry Montagu, Recorder in 1603, was created viscount Mandeville, and made lord high treasurer, in 1620. Recorders of London. 1298. Jeffery de Norton, alderman. 1304. John de Wangrave, alderman. 1320. Geoffrey de Hertpoll, alderman. 1321. Robert de Swalchyne, alderman. 1329. Gregory de Norton, alderman. 1339. Roger de Depham, alderman. 1363. Thomas Lodelow. 1365. William de Halden, alderman. 1377. WilHam Cheyne. [A personage of this name was a justice of the king's bench in 1416, and, in 1424, was the chief justice of that court.] 1389. John Tremayne, common serjeant. 1392. William Makenade. 1394. John Cokam, or Cokeyn. 1398. Matthew de Suthworth. 1403. Thomas Thornburgh. 1405. John Preston. 1415. John Barton, sen. : serjeant-at-law in 1416. 1422. John Fray ; became a baron of the exche- quer in 1428, and chief baron in 1436. 1426. John Simonds, or Symond. 1435. Alexander Anne. 1440. Thomas Cockayne. — William (John.?) Bowes. 1442. Robert Dan vers, common serjeant. 1451. Thomas Billy ng : a justice of the king's bench in 1465 ; and lord chief justice in 1469. 1455. Thomas Urswyke : chief baron of the ex- chequer in 1472. 1471. Humphry Starkey : chief baron of the ex- chequer in 1483. 1483. Thomas Fitzwilliam : speaker of the house of commons in 1489. %* The records, up to this time, are imperfect. The subsequent records have been better preserved ; and the names and dates that follow are, there- fore, regular and consecutive. 1508. Sir Robert Sheffield, or Sheffelde. — John Chalyner, vice Sheffelde. 1511. Richard Brooke or Broke : a justice of the common pleas in 1521 ; and in 1526, chief baron of the exchequer. 1520. William Shelley, one of the judges of the sheriffs' court : made a justice of the common pleas in 1527. 1527. John Baker, one of the judges of the sheriffs' court. 1536. Sir Roger Cholmeley, serjeant-at-law: in 1546, made chief baron of the exchequer ; in 1552 made chief justice of the king's bench. 1546. Robert Brooke or Broke: serjeant-at-law in 1552 ; in 1554 chief justice of the common pleas. 1552. Ranulph Cholmeley, one of the judges of the sheriffs' court. 1563. Richard Onslow : made solicitor - general in 1566. 1566. Thomas Bromley : solicitor-general in 1569. 1569. Thomas Wilbraham : went to the court of wards and liveries, 1571. 1571. William Fleetwood : serjeant-at-law, 1580. 1591. Edward Coke: solicitor-general in 1592; attorney- general, 1594 ; chief justice of the common pleas, 1606 ; and chief jus- tice of the king's bench, 1613. 1592. Edward Drew, serjeant-at-law. 1594. Thomas Flemynge: serjeant-at-law same year; solicitor - general, 1595; chief baron of the exchequer, 1604; and chief justice of the king's bench, 1607. 1595. John Croke, of the Inner Temple: speaker of the house of commons, 1601; a jus- tice of the king's bench, 1607. 1603, Henry Montagu : chief justice of ^he king's bench in 1016; and lord treasurer in 1620.1 1615. Thomas Coventry 2, one of the judges of the sheriffs' court : solicitor-general, 1616 ; attorney-general, 1620 ; and lord keeper, 1625. 1 In this year sir Henry Montagu was created lord Kimbolton and viscount Mandeville, and, in 1625, earl of Manchester, and ancestor of the subsequent dukes of Manchester. 2 Sir Thomas Coventry was created, in 1628, lord Coventry, of Aylesboro', Worcestershire ; and was (observes lord Clarendon) well worthy of his great and uninterrupted good fortune. 258 CHIEF CORPORATE OFFICERS OF LONDON. 1616. Anthony Benn, of the Middle Temple: afterwards knt. 1618. Richard Martin, of the same. — Robert Heath, afterwards sir Robert : so- licitor-general, 1620; attorney-general, 1625 ; chief justice of the common pleas, 1631 ; discharged, 1634; a justice of the king's bench, 1640 ; chief justice of that court, 1643. 1620. Robert Shute, of Gray's Inn. — Heneage Finch : serjeant-at-law, 1623; speaker of the house of commons, 1625. 1631. Edward Lyttelton (afterwards sir Edward, and lord) : solicitor-general, 1634 ; chief justice of the common pleas, 1639 ; and lord keeper, 1641. 1634. Robert Mason, of Lincoln's Inn, on the king's recommendation. 1635. Henry Calthrop, of the Middle Temple. 1635. Thomas Gardiner, of the Inner Temple: discharged for long absence. — Noor- thouck. 1643. Peter Pheasant ; one of the common pleaders of the city : justice of the com- mon pleas, same year. 1643. John Glynn, recorder of Westminster: serjeant-at-law, 1649 ; again in 1660. 1649. William Steele, of Gray's Inn (attorney- general to the commonwealth), made chief baron of the exchequer, 1656. 1656. Lisleborne Long, of Lincoln's Inn. 1658. John Green, a judge of the sheriffs' court, vice Long, deceased. 1059. William Wylde, of the Inner Temple, vice Green, deceased: serjeant-at-law, 1660; justice of the common pleas, 1668; afterwards to the king's bench. 1668. John Howell: deputy recorder, in room of Wylde : afterwards sir John. 1676. William Dolben, of the Inner Temple, vice Howell, who surrendered: serjeant-at- law, 1677 ; a justice of the king's bench in 1678. 1678. George Jeffreys (afterwards sir George, and lord Jeffreys): common Serjeant: serjeant-at-laAv same year; made chief justice of the king's bench, 1683 : and lord chancellor, 1685. 1680. George Treby, of the Middle Temple, af- terwards knt. . deprived in 1685 ; re- stored at the revolution ; solicitor- general, 1689 ; attorney-general, same vear ; chief justice of the common pleas, 1692. 1685. Sir Thomas Jenner: made a baron of the exchequer, 1686 ; and a justice of the common pleas, 1688. 1686, Sir John Holt : made chief justice of the king's bench, 1689 ; a commissioner of the great seal, 1700. 1687. John Tate, serjeant-at-law, vice Holt. 1688. Sir Bartholomew Shower, vice Tate. — John Somers, of the Middle Temple, elected, but declined. Oct. 23. [This personage, afterwards sir John and lord Somers, became lord keeper in 1693, and lord chancellor in 1697.] — James Selby, of the Inner Temple, elected, but also declined the office. Oct. 25. 1692. Sir Salathiel Lovel, serjeant-at-law : made a baron of the exchequer in 1708. 1708. Sir Peter King, of the Inner Temple (af- terwards lord King) : made chief jus- tice of the common pleas, 1714; and lord chancellor in 1725. 1714. Sir William Thompson, of the Middle Temple : solicitor-general in 1717 ; a baron of the exchequer, 1729 ; died in 1739.1 1739. Sir John Strange, solicitor-general, vice Thompson : afterwards made master of the rolls. 1742. Sir Simon Urlin, serjeant-at-law : died in 1746. 1746. John Stracey, judge of the sheriffs' court, vice Urlin : died 1749. 1749. Sir Richard Adams, senior common plea- der. Jan. 17 : a baron of the exche- quer, 1753. 1753. Sir William Moreton, senior judge of the sheriffs' court. Feb. 15. 1763. Sir James Eyre, on the death of Moreton. April 7 : successively a baron of the exchequer, chief baron of the exche- quer, and chief justice of the common pleas. 1772. John Glynn, serjeant-at-law, in the room of Eyre. Nov. 17. 1779. James Adair, serjeant-at-law, vice Glynn, deceased. Oct. 12. 1789. Sir John William Rose, senior common pleader. June 30. Serjeant-at-law, Nov. 13, following. 1803. John Silvester, common serjeant, vice Rose, deceased. Oct. 20. Created a baronet, in 1815. 1822. Newman Knowlys, common serjeant on the death of Silvester. April 10. 1833. Hon. Charles Ewan Law, of the Inner Temple, queen's counsel and common serjeant ; on the resignation of Knowlys. 1850. Rt. hon. and hon. James Archibald Stuart Wortley. Sept. 25, on the death of Ewan Law. The present Recorder of London. The fee of the Recorder of London was, in the reign of Edward I., only " Ten pounds sterling by the year, and 20d, for each charter written and each testament enrolled." His annual stipend has gradually increased, and is now 2500Z. sterling pev cLunum, — Allen. 1828. 1 Sir William Thompson retained the office of recorder with that of solicitor-general, and also continued recorder (acting by a deputy) when a baron of the exchequer. LORD MAYORS OF LONDON. 259 LOED MAYOR OF LONDON. This, the chief magistrate of London, is the Queen's representative in the civil government of the city. At first, the Mayor was chosen for life ; and afterwards for periods of irregular duration : now, he is chosen annually, but is capable of re-election. He must be an alderman, and must have previously filled the office of sherifi'. Those freemen who have been admitted into the livery of their respective companies are the electors of the Lord Mayor ; they choose two persons from amongst the aldermen, and the court of aldermen confer the dignity on whichever of the two they please. The practice, however, is for the livery to return the aldermen in rotation, and of these the court chooses the senior; but instances are not wanting in which this course has been varied, for the purpose of excluding some individual on whom the rotation of seniority would have otherwise conferred the office. The 29th of September is the day of elec- tion ; and between that period and the 9th of November, when he enters on his duties, he is styled the Lord Mayor Elect. Lord Mayors of London. 1189 to 1212. 1213. 1214. 1215. 1216. 1217 to 1222. 1223 to 1226. 1227 to 1231. 1232 to 1237. 1238. 1239. 1240. 1241. 1242. 1243. 1244. 1245. 1246. 1247. 1248. 1249. 1250. 1251. 1252. 1253. Portreeves. Richard de Par. Leofstanus Goldsmith. Robert Barquerel. Andrew Buchevet.^ Mayors. 1 Henry Fitz-Alwyn, mayor of London C twenty-four years. Roger Fitz-Ahvyn. Robert Serle, mercer: again in 1217. Wyllyam Hardell. Jacob Alderman. Samuel Basing. Robert Serle ; six consecutive years. Richard Renger ; four consecutive years. } } (Roger le Due, or Duke ; five years con- r secutively. I Andrew Bokerell; six years consecu- j tively. Richard Renger, again. William Joynour. Gerard Bat, or Bate.2 I Reymond or Reginald Bongay. Rauf Aswy, or Ashwa3^ Michael Tony. I Johan de Gysors. Pyers Aleyne. Michael Tony ; second time. Roger Fitz-Roger. John Norman. Adam Basing. J ohan Tolason, or Tholozane. Nycholas Batte. 1254 to 1258. 1259. 1260. 1261. 1262 to 1265. 1266. 1267. 1268. 1269. 1270. 1271. J 1272. 1 1273. j 1274. ' 1275 to 1281. 1282 to 1284. 1285. 1286. 1287. 1288 to 1293. 1294 to 1297. 1298. 1299. 1300. 1301 to 1307. 1308. 1309. 1310. } Richard Hardell ; five consecutive years. Johan de Gysors ; third year. I William Fitz-Richard. (Thomas Fitz-Thomas; four consecutive j years. William Fitz-Richard ; third year. I Alan de la Zouch, one of the justices of j" the kingdom ; slain by the earl W arenne. WiUiam Fitz-Thomas Fitz-Richard. j- Johan Adryan. Sir Walter Harvey. Henry Waleis or Waleys ; again in 1282. (Gregory Rokeslie; seven consecutive j years. ^ Henry Waleis; three consecutive years. Gregory Rokeslie ; again. Rauf de Sandwitch ; again in 1288. Johan Breton. I Rauf de Sandwitch; six years; served I previously, in 1286. ^Sir Johan Breton ; four years. Henry Waleis, again. j- Elyas Russell. ^ Johan Blount; seven years. Nycholas Faryngdone. Thomas Romayne. Richard Roffham, or Ref ham. 1 This person (though some name Fitz-Alwyn) officiated at the coronation of Richard I., and is said by the old civic annalists to have then acted as chief magistrate under the title of Bailiff. It is not precisely known, at least on certain authority, when the name of bailiff was discontinued. 2 Where (as in this instance) the elder annalists spell the name variously, we give the orthography of two or more authorities, scarcely any two spelling the name similarly. S 2 260 CHIEF CORPORATE OFFICERS OF LONDON. Johcan Gysours. Johan Pounteney, or Pultney. Nycholas Faryngdone, again. Johan Gysours, again. Stephen de Abyngdone, ^ Johan Wentgrave ; three years. Hamond Chyckwell. Nycholas Faryngdone ; third year. \ Hamond Chyckwell ; second and third ) years. Nycholas Faryngdone ; fourth year. I Hamond Chyckwell ; fourth and fifth j years. Richard Bretayne. Hamond Chyckwell ; sixth year. Johan Grauntham, or Grantham. Symon Swanland. I Johan Pounteney, or Pultney. Johan Preston. Johan Pounteney, again. I Reynold at Conduyte. Johan Pounteney, again. I Henry Darcey. j- Andrew Awbrey. Johan de Oxynforde. Symond Frauncess. I Johan Hamond. Richard Lacere. G^ofirey Wychyngham. Thomas Legge. Johan Lewkyn, or Louf kin. William Turke. Richard Killingbury. Andrew Awbrey, again. I Adam Fraunceys. Lord Mayors. 1354. Thomas Legge ; second time. 1355. Symond Frauncess. 1356. Henry Pycard, or Pickard.^ 1357. Johan Stody. X358. Johan Lewkyn ; second time. 1359. Symond Doffelde. 1360. Johan Wroth or Worth. 1361. Johan Peche. 1362. Stephen Caundish. 1363. Johan Notte. 1364. Adam de Bury. 1366 } Lewkyn ; third and fourth year. 1367. James Andrew. 1368. Symond Mordon. 1369. Johan Chychester. 1371* } ^^^^^ Bernes, or Barnes. 1372. Johan Pyell, or Piel. 1373. Adam of Bury, again. 1374. Wyllyam de Walworthe. 1375. Johan Warde. 1376. Adam Staple. 1377. Nicholas BrembjT. 1378. Johan Phylpot. 1379. Johan Hadley. 1311. 1312. 1313. 1314. 1315. 1316 to 1318. 1319. 1320. 1321. 1322. 1323. 1324. 1325. 1326. 1327. 1328. 1329. 1330. 1331. 1332. 1333. 1334. 1335. 1336. 1337. 1338. 1339. 1340. 1341. 1342. 1343. 1344. 1345. 1346. 1347. 1348. 1349. 1350. 1351. 1352. 1353. 1380. 1381. 1382. 1383. to 1385. 1386. 1387. 1388. 1389. 1390. 1391. 1392. 1393. 1394. 1395. 1396. 1397. 1398. 1399. 1400. 1401. 1402. 1403. 1404. 1405. 1406. 1407. 1408. 1409. 1410. 1411. 1412. 1413. 1414. 1415. 1416. 1417. 1418. 1419. 1420. 1421. 1422. 1423. 1424. 1425. 1426. 1427. 1428. 1429. 1430. 1431. 1432. 1433. 1434. 1435. 1436. 1437. 1438. 1439. 1440. 1441. 1442. 1443. 1444. 1445. 1446. 1447. 1448. 1449. Wyllyam de Walworthe, afterwards sir Wyllyam, knt., again. I Johan de Northampton. ^Nicholas Brembyr, again^ three years. 1 Nycholas Exton. Nicholas Swynford. Wyllyam Yenour. Adam Bamme. Johan Heende, or Hyende, or Hind. Wyllyam Stondon. Johan Hadley. Johan Frenche. Wyllyam More. Adam Bamme, again* Richard Whittington. Drew Barentyne. Thomas Knolles. Johan Fraunces. Johan Shad worth. Johan Walcot. William Askam. Johan Hyende, again. Johan Woodcock, Richard Whittington, second time. Wyllyam Stondon, again. Drew Barentyne, again. Richard Marlowe. Thomas Knolles, again. Robert Chycheley. William Waldern, or Waldren. William Crowmer. Thomas Fawconer. Nicholas Wotton. Henry Barton. Richard Marlowe, again. William Sevenoak. Richard Whittington, third time, William Cambrege. Richard Chichelee. William Waldern. William Crowmer, again, Johan Michell. Johan Coventre. William Rynwell. Johan Gedney. Henry Barton, again. William Estfeld, or Eastfield. Nicholas Wotton, again. Johan Wellis, or Welles. Johan Parneys, or Parveis. Johan Brokley, or Brocle. Robert Otley, or Roger Otely. Henry Frowj^k, or Frow. Johan Michell, or Michael. William Estfeld, again. Stephen Browne. Robert Large. Johan Paddesley. Robert Clopton. Johan Atherley, or Hatherley. Thomas Chatworth. Henry Frowyk, again. Symken or Symon Eyer. Johan Olney. Johan Gidney. Stephen Browne, again, Thomas Chalton. I This magistrate feasted the king so England, of France, Cyprus, and Scots, four monarchs, with many other great estates, all on one day, in the year of his mayoralty. -- Stowe. Seymour. LORD MAYORS OF LONDON. 261 H50. ^^iclas Wjfforde. 1451. William Gregory. 1452. Geffrey Feldyng. 1453. Johan Norman. 1454. vStepheii Forster. 1455. William Marowe. 1456. Thomas Caning, or Canings. 1457. Geffrey Boleyn, or Boleine. 1458. Thomas Scot. 1459. William Henlyn. 1460. Richard Lee. 1461. Hugh Wyche. 1462. Thomas Cooke. 1463. Mathew Philip. 1464. Rauf Josselyne. 1465. RaufVerney. 1466. Johan Yonge. 1467. Thomas Owlgrave. 1468. William Taylour. 1469. Richard Lee. 1470. Johan Stockton. 1471. William Edward. 1472. William Hampton. 1473. Johan Tate. 1474. Robert Drope. 1475. Robert Basset. 1476. Rauf Josselyne, again. 1477. Humphry Heyforde. 1478. Richard Gardiner. 1479. Bartilmew James. 1480. Johan Browne. 1481. William Haryot. 1482. Edmond Shaa. 1483. Robert Billesdon. 1484. Thomas Hylle. 1485. Hugh Bryce. 1486. Henry Colet. 1487. William Home. 1488. Robert Tate. 1489. William White. 1490. Johan Mathew. 1491. Hugh Clopton. 1492. William Martyn. 1493. Rauf Astry, or Ostrich. 1494. Richard Chawry. 1495. Henry Colet, again. 1496. Johan Tate, again. 1497. William Purchase. 1498. Johan Percival. 1499. Nicholas Alwyn. 1500. Johan Reymington. 1501. Sir Johan Shaa. 1502. Bartholomew Reed. 1503. Sir William Capell. 1504. John Wyngar, or Winger. 1505. Thomas Knesworth. 1506. Sir Richard Haddon. 1507. William Browne ; again in 1513. 1508. Stephen Jenyns. 1509. Thomas Bradbury. 1510. Henry Keble. 1511. Roger Aichiley. 1512. Sir William Copinger. 1513. * Sir William Brownei ; John Tate. 1514. George Monoux. 1515. Sir William Butler. 1516. John Rest. 1517. Sir Thomas Exmewe. 1518. Thomas Mirfine. 1519. Sir James Yaiford. 1520. Sir John Bruge. 1521. Sir John Milborne. 1522. Sir John Munda3\ 1523. Sir Thomas Baldry, or Baldrie. 1524. Sir William Bailey. 1525. Sir John Allen. 1526. Sir Thomas Seamer. 1527. Sir James Spencer. 1528. Sir John Rudstone, 1529. Ralph Dodmer. 1530. Sir Thomas Pargitor. 1531. Sir Nicholas Lambard. 1532. Sir Stephen Pecocke. 1533. Sir Christopher Askew. 1534. Sir John Champneis. 1535. Sir John Allen, again, 1536. Sir Ralph Waren. 1537. Sir Richard Grasham, 1538. William Forman. 1539. Sir William Holies. 1540. Sir William Roch, 1541. Sir Michael Dormer, 1542. John Gootes, or Cotes. 1548 f*Sir William Bowyer. * ( Sir Ralph Waren, again, 1544. Sir William Laxton. 1545. Sir Martin Bowes. 1546. Sir Henry Hubarthorne. 1547. Sir John Gresham. 1548. Sir Henry Amcotes. 1549. Sir Rowland Hill : Jirst Protestant hrd mayor. 1550. Sir Andrew Jud«. 1551. Sir Richard Dobbes. 1552. Sir Gwrge Barnes. 1553. Sir Thomas White. 1554. Sir John Lion. 1555. Sir William Gerard. 1556. Sir Thomas Offley, 1557. Sir Thomas Ciarteis. 1558. Sir Thomas Leigh, or Lee. 1559. Sir William Huet. 1560. Sir Wiliiam Chester, 1561. Sir Wiliiam Harper, 1562. Sir Thomas Lodge. 1563. Sir John White. 1564. Sir Richard Malorie. 1565. Sir Richard Champion. 1566. Sir Christopher Draper, 1567. Sir Roger Martin. 1568. Sir Thomas Rowe. 1569. Alexander Avenon. 1570. Sir Rowland Heyward. 1571. Sir William Allen. 1572. Sir Lionel Ducket. 1573. Sir John Rivers. 1574. James Hawes. 1575. Ambrose Nicholas. 1576. Sir John Langley. 1577. Sir Thomas Ramsey. 1578. Richard Pipe. 1579. Sir Nicholas Woodrofe. 1580. Sir John Branche. 1581. Sir James Harvie. 1582. Sir Thomas Blancke. 1583. Edward Osborne. 1584. Sir Edward Pullison. 1585. Sir Wolstan Dixie. 1586. Sir George Barne. 1587. Sir George Bond. 1588. Martin Calthorp, or Colthrop. 1589. Sir John Hart. 1590. John Allot. 1591. Sir William Web. 1 Thus marked*, died within the year of their mayoralty, s 3 CHIEF CORPORATE OFFICERS OF LONDOIST. 1592. Sir William Rowe. t KQo f *Sir Ciithbert Buckle, j Sir Richard Martin. 1594. Sir John Spencer. 1595. Sir Stephen Slany. 1596 f *Thomas Skinner. • ( Sir Heniy Billingsly. 1597. Sir Richard Saltenstall. 1598. Sir Stephen Some, or Soame. 1599. Sir Nicholas Moslej. 1600. Sir William Ryder. - 1601. Sir John GeiTard. 1602. Robert Lee. 1603. Sir Thomas Bennet. 1604. Sir Thomas Low. 1605. Sir Henry Holly day, 1606. Sir John Wats. 1607. Sir Hemy Rowe. 1608. Sir Humphrey Weld. 1609. Sir Thomas Cambell. 1610. Sir William Craven. 1611. Sir James Pemberton, 1612. Sir John Suinnerton. 1613. Sir Thomas MiddletoB. 1614. Sir John Hayes. 1615. Sir John Jolles. 2616. Sir John- Leman. 3617. George BoUes. 1618. Sir Sebastian Harvey. 1619. Sir William Cockain. 1620. Sir Francis Jones. 1'621. Sir Edward Barkham„ 1622. Sir Peter Proby. 1623. Sir Martin Lumley. 1624. Sir John Goare. 1625. Sir Allen Cotton. 1626. Sir Cuthbert Aket. 1627. Sir Hugh Hammersley. 1628. Sir Richard Deane. 1629. Sir James Cambell. 1630. Sir Robert Ducy. 1631. Sir George Whitmore. 1632. Sir Nicholas Ravnton 1633. Ralph Freeman." 1634. Sir Thomas Moulson. 1635. Sir Robert Packhurst. 1636. Sir Christopher Cletheroe> 1637. Sir Edward Bromfield. 1638. Sir Richard Fenn. 1639. Sir Maurice Abbott. 1640. Sir Henry Garway. 1641. Sir William Acton. 1642. Sir Richard Gumey. 1643. Sir Isaac Pennington. 1644. Sir John Wollaston. 1645. Sir Thomas Atkins. 1646. Sir Thomas Adams. 1647. Sir John Gayre: committed to the Tower.^ 1648. Sir John Warner. 1649. Sir Abraham Rejmardson : committed to the Tower by the parliament.^ 1650. Thomas Foote. 1651. Thomas Andrews. 1652. John Kendrek. 1653. John Fowkes. 1654. Thomas Vyner 1 655. Christopher PacK. 1656. John Detliick. 1657. Robert Tichborne. 1658. Richard Chiverton. 1659. Sir John Ireton. 1660. Sir Thomas AllcAme. 1661. Sir Richard Browne. 1662. Sir John Frederick. 1663. Sir John Robinson. 1664. Sir Anthony Bateman, 1665. John Lawrence. 1666. Sir Thomas Bludworth. 1667. Sir William Bolton. 1668. Sir William Peake. 1669. Sir William Turner. 1670. Sir Samuel Sterling. 1671. Sir Richard Ford. 1672. Sir George Waterman. 1673. Sir Robert Hanson. 1674. Sir William Hooker. 1675. Sir Robert Vyner. 1676. Sir Joseph Sheldon. 1677. Sir Thomas Davies. 1678. Sir Francis Chaplin. 1679. Sir James Edwards. 1680. Sir Robert Clayton. 1681. Sir Patience Ward. 1682. Sir John Moore. 1683. Sir William Prichard.3 1684. Sir Henry Tulse; appointed by the king's commission, during pleasure. 1685. Sir James Smith. 1686. Sir Robert Jelfery. 1687. Sir John Peake. 1688. Sir John Shorter. [Sir John Shorter died Sept. 4, and sir John Eyles was the next day appointed to succeed him by the king. — Chron, Brit.^ 1 r Qo y John Chapman. I Sir Thomas Pilkington. 1691* } Thomas Pilkington. 1692. Sir Thomas Stamp. 1693. Sir John Fleet. 1694. Sir William Ashurst. 1695. Sir Thomas Lane. 1696. Sir John Houblon. 1697. Sir Edward Clarke. 1698. Sir Humphrey Edwin. 1699. Sir Francis Child. 1700. Sir Richard Levett. 1701. Sir Thomas Abney. 1702. Sir William Gore. 1703. Sir William Dash wood. 1704. Sir John Parsons. 1705. Sir Owen Buckingham. 1706. Sir Thomas Rawlinson. 1707. Sir Robert Bedingfield. 1708. Sir William Withers. 1709. Sir Charles Duncombe. 1710. Sir Samuel Garrard, bart. 1711. Sir Gilbert Heathcote. 1712. Sir Robert Beachcroft. 1713. Sir Richard Hoare. 1714. Sir Samuel Stanier, or Stainer. 1715. Sir William Humphreys. ^ Confined on a charge of treason, in being concerned m a tumult on the 26th of July. 2 Imprisoned, deprived of his office, and fined 2000/., for refusing to proclaim the act of parliament for abolish- ing kingly government. 3 Sir William Prichard, who had been arrested during his year of office, brought his action the year after, against Thomas Papillon, for making his arrest, and detaining him in prison, and the defendant having proved no jnst or probable cause of action, sir William obtained a verdict, the jury giving him damages to the amount of I0,mi.- Chron. Brit. , » J j' 5 5 LORD MAYORS OF LONDON". 263 1716. 1717. 1718. 1719. 1720. 1721. 1722. 1723. 1724. 1725. 1726. 1727. 1728. 1729. 1730. 1731. 1732. 1733. 1734. 1735. 1736. 1737. 1738. 1739. 1740. 1741. 1742. 1743. 1744. 1745. 1746. 1747. 1748. 1749. 1750. 1751. 1752. 1753. 1754. 1755. 1756. 1757. 1758. 1759. 1760. 1761. 1762. 1763. 1764. 1765. 1766. 1767. 1768. 1769. 1770. 1771. Sir Charles Peers. Sir James Bateman. Sir William Lewen. Sir John Ward. Sir George Thorold. Sir John Fryer. Sir William Stewart. Sir Gerard Conyers. Sir Peter Delme. Sir George Mertins, or Martyns. Sir Francis Forbes. Sir John Eyles. Sir Edward Beecher. Sir Robert Baylis. Sir Richard Brocas. Sir Humphrey Parsons. Sir Francis Child. John Barber. Sir William Billers. Sir Edward Bellamy. Sir John Williams. Sir John Thompson. Sir John Barnard. Micajah Perry. Sir John Salter. ("Sir Humphrey Parsons :' died in office. ( Daniel Lambert, f Sir Robert Godschal : died. I George Heathcote. Robert Willimot, or Willmot. Sir Robert Westley. Sir Henry Marshall. Sir Richard Hoare. William Benn. Sir Robert Ladbroke. Sir William Calvert. ( Sir Samuel Pennant : died in office. ( John Blachford. Francis Cockayne. f Thomas Winterbottom : died in office. I Robert Alsop. Sir Crispe Gascoyne. f Edward Ironside : died in office. ( Thomas Rawlinson. Stephen-Theodore Jansscn. Slingsby Bethell. Marshe Dickinson. Sir Charles Asgill. Sir Richard Glyn, bart. Sir Thomas Chitty. Sir Matthew Blakiston. Sir Samuel Fludyer, bart. William Beckford. William Bridgen. Sir William Stephenson. George Nelson. Sir Robert Kite. Hon. Thomas Harley: son of Edward, third earl of Oxford. Samuel Turner. f William Beckford : died in office. ( Barlow Trecothick. Brass Crosby. [Committed to the Tower, March 27, by the house of commons. ] 1772. William Nash. 1773. James Townshend. 1774. Frederick Bull. 1775. 1776. 1777. 1778. 1779. 1780. 1781. 1782. 1783. 1784. 1785. 1786. 1787. 1788. 1789. 1790. 1791. 1792. 1793. 1794. 1795. 1796. 1797. 1798. 1799. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1803. 1804. 1805. 1806. 1807. 1808. 1809. 1810. 1811. 1812. 1813. 1814. 1815. 1816. 1817. 1818. 1819. 1820. 1821. 1822. 1823. 1824. 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. John Wilkes. John Sawbridge. Sir Thomas Halifax. Sir James Esdaile. Samuel Plumbe. Brackley Kennet. Sir Watkin Lewes. Sir William Plomer. Nathaniel Newnham. Robert Peckham. Richard Clark. Thomas Wright. Thomas Sainsbury. John Burnell. William Gill. William Pickett. John Boydell. John Hopkins. Sir James Sanderson. Paul le Mesurier. Thomas Skinner. William Curtis, afterwards sir William, bart. Sir Brook Watson, bart. Sir John- William Anderson, bart. Sir Richard Carr Glyn, bart. Harvey Christopher Coombe. Sir William Staines. Sir John Eamer. Charles Price, afterwards sir Charles, bart. John Perring. Peter Perchard. Sir James Shaw, bart Sir William Leighton. John Ainsley. Charles Flower, afterwards sir Charles, bart. Thomas Smith. Joshua- Jonathan Smith. Claudius Stephen Hunter, afterwards sir Claudius, bart. George Scholey. Sir William Domville, bart.i Samuel Birch. I Matthew Wood ; two years. Christopher Smith. John Atkins. George Brydges. John -Thomas Thorpe. Christopher Magnay. William Heygate, aft. sir William, bart. Robert Waithman. John Garratt. William Venables. Anthony Browne. Matthias Prime Lucas. William Thompson. John Crowder. j- Sir John Key, bart. ; two years. Sir Peter Laurie, knt. Charles Farebrother. Henry Winchester. William Tajdor Copeland. Thomas Kelly. Sir John Cowan, bart. Samuel Wilson. Sir Chapman Marshall, knt. 1 Sir William Domville entertained as Lord Mayor, on June, 18, 1814, H. R. H. the prince regent of England, the emperor of Russia, the king of Prussia, and a great concourse of British and foreign princes and nobles, at a sumptuous banquet given in Guildhall. s4 264 CHIEF CORPORATE OFFICERS OF LONDOIN". 1841. Thomas Johnson. 1842. John Pirie; created a baronet, in honour of the birth of the prince of Wales. 1843. John Humphrey. 1844. Sir William Magnay, bart. 1845. Michael Gibbs. 1846. John Johnson. 1847. Sir George Carroll, knt. 1848. John Kinnersley Hooper. 1849. Sir James Duke, bart. 1850. Thomas Famcomb. 1851. Rt. hon. John Musgrove. The present? Lord Mayor of London. %* The years mentioned in the preceding roll are the years of qffice," those in which the Lord Mayors, respectively, served. In the years pre- ceding these dates, the lord mayors (on Novem- ber 9) are inaugurated. We follow the his- torians of London, Stowe, Seymour, Noorthouck, and others, in this arrangement, which has also been adopted by Allen, whose work appeared as recently as 1828. THE COMMON SERJEANT OF LONDON. The Common Serjeant is a legal officer of the corporation, and sits as a judge in the trial of criminal offences. He attends the lord mayor and court of aldermen on court days, and acts in council with them upon all occasions, within and without the pre- cincts of the liberties of the city. It is also a part of his duty to attend the meetings of the liberty at large when assembled in the common hall. He also attends the court of aldermen and common council. Formerly, he had the care of the Orphans' Estates, taking care of them to the best of his judgment and their best advantage ; but this portion of his duty is now become obsolete. — Allen, Common Serjeants. Common SerJeardSf previous to the Revolution, who became Recorders. 1388. John Tremayne. 1422. Robert Danvers. 1453. Thomas Urswyke or Urswick. 1536. Robert Broke. 1675. Sir George Jeffreys ; afterwards (1678) the celebrated judge Jeffreys. Common Serjeants from the reign of Charles II. 1678. Henry Crispe. 1700. Duncan Dee. 1720. John Lingard. 1729. Thomas Garrard. 1758. Thomas Nugent. 1790. John Silvester: became recorder in 1803. 1803. Newman Knowlys: became recorder in 1822. 1822. Thomas Denman, afterwards lord chief justice of England, and lord Denman. 1830. Hon. Charles Ewan Law : recorder in 1833. 1833. John Mirehouse. 1850. Edward Bullock. The present Common Serjeant. THE CHAMBERLAIN OF LONDON. This is an officer of considerable trust, and although he is annually chosen on Michael- mas-day, yet he continues in office during life. As treasurer of the corporation, he has the receipt of all their rents and other revenues, and the payment of all salaries, charges, and other outgoings; as also the custody of all the accounts of that body, and keeps all the records concerning freemen. He holds the judicial power of admission to the freedom of the city. — Allen, Chamberlains from the Revolution. 1688. Sir Peter Rich. 1689. Sir Leonard Robinson. 1696 Sir Thomas Cuddon. 1702. Sir WiUiam Fazakerley. 1718. Sir George Ludlam. 1727. Samuel Robinson. 1734. Sir William Bos worth. 1751. Sir Thomas Harrison. 1765. Sir Stephen-Theophilus Janssen, bart. 1776. Benjamin Hopkins. 1779. John Wilkes. [For this office Mr. Alder- man Wilkes polled 2332 votes, ag:nnst his competitor, Mr. James, who had only 370.] 1798. Richard Clarke. 1831. Sir James Shaw, bart. 1843. Sir William Heygate, bart. 1844. Anthony Brown. The present City Chamberlain. In connexion with the Corporation of London are, besides the above high officers, the Town-Clerk (an appointment now (1850) held by Mr. Serjeant Merewether), Common Pleaders, now Messrs. Archer Ryland, Henry Kandell, and John Locke; a Comptroller, now Mr. Saunders; and a City Remembrancer, now Mr. Tyrrell, with, of course, numerous officers of inferior degree. 265 INDIA. GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF INDIA. Alexander Dawson Administrators. (^Appointed prior to the Regulation Act.^ Appointed by the Court. ^Ji^t^/ Jan. 27, 1748 - - - July 18, 1749 ■ Jan. 8, 1752 - - - July 6, 1752 - • Aug. 8, 1752: succeeded on| A„p. in 17^2 the death of Mr. Fy tche. j ^"S" ^^^^^^^ June 21, 1758 - William Fytche Roger Drake, adminis trator, chosen on the spot. Messrs. Watts, f Appointed by the court, vice Manningham, J Mr. Drake, to govern, each Becker, and j alternately four months, Holwell. C Nov. 11, 1757. f Called to the government by Colonel Robert Clive, ) Messrs. Watts, &c., and afterwards lord Clive. } afterwards appointed by the C court. March 25, 1758. TT , r Succeeded on the resignation ~) ^^^'-l of colonel Clive. Jan. 24, V Jan. 28, 1760 ( 1760. J - Nov. 23, 1759 - - - July 27, 1760 r Succeeded on the resignation") of Mr. Vansittart. Nov. 26, VDec. 3, 1764 ( 1764. J ^1 June 1,1764 - - - May 3, 1765 (On the resignation of lord) t„„ oq itct 'I Clive. Jan. 20, 1767. j Jan. 29, 1/07 ce^ Time of quitting. r Jan. 5, 1752 : dismissed \ by the court. Died Aug. 8, 1752. Resigned June 21, 1758. r Agreed to call colonel < Clive to the govern- t ment. John-Zephaniah well.i Henry Vansittart John Spencer Lord Clive, late colonel] Clive, second time. Harry Verelst June 27, 1758 - Resigned Jan. 24, 1760. rResigned on the arrival of Mr. Vansittart. ( July 27, 1760. f Resigned Nov. 26, ■ I 1764. TMay 3, 1765 ; resigned -< on the arrival of ( lord Clive. John Cartier fOn the resignation of Mr." ' 1 Verelst. Dec. 16, 1769. Dec. 20, 1769 - Resigned Jan. 20, 1767. Resigned Dec. 16, 1769. ''Ordered to quit the government in the last ship of the season after Mr. Hastings' arrival. Warren Hastings, after- ^ wards named in the VApril 25, 1771 act. J John Macpherson, after-") wards sir John. Feb. 1, 1785. Governors - General. (^Since the Regulation Act passed in 1773.) f April 13, 1772. ^ First council ' held Oct. 20, i 1774. ) (Feb. 12, 1786: resigned " ( to lord Cornwallis, the Succeeded Mr. Hastings - Feb. 1, 1785 rAppomted by the court to) j^ ,. , Lord Macartney 2 - succeed Mr. Hastings. Feb. V^*;"!"':^ t 17, 1785. ' 1 Mr. Holwell was one of the 146 British gentlemen, merchants, and others, in the service of the East India Company, who were seized by order of the nabob, Surajah Dowlah, and thrust into a dungeon called the " Black- hole," in the fort of Calcutta, by his soldiers, on the fatal night of June 20, 1756, and was one of the very few who came forth alive. The soldiers saw that the place was too small for such a number, but were afraid to awaken the nabob, then asleep, for further orders. One hundred and twenty-three of the sufferers died before morning, having been suffocated by the heat, crushing, and stench of a dungeon only eighteen feet square. Calcutta was retaken next year, and the nabob was deposed and put to death by his successor. — HolweWs India Tracts. 2 His lordship was advised of his appointment before he left India, but he declined it, and on his arrival at Deal, he addressed the court under date of Jan. 8, 1786, stating his reasons for not accepting the government, observing, also, that Mr. Macpherson had already succeeded to Mr. Hastings. Lord Macartney had been pre- viously, as will be seen, governor of Madras. — Official Records. 266 INDIA. Appointed by the Court Lord Cornwallis ; also ") -p . i ^oa commander-in-chief, j Feb. 24, 1786 - - Major-general W. Me^ dows. Sir John Shore, wards lord mouth. Assumption of government. The same Time of quitting. Sept. 12, 1786 - (Ke|igned to sir John ^ ' I Shore. Oct. 28, 1793. rAppointed April 11, 1786, to) < succeed to the next va- > I cancy. J ("Appointed Sept. 19, 1792, to) . oq .«qo I succeed lord Cornwallis. j ^^^^ ^^apZo^^^^ ofl^^^ relinquished by , j by Mr. Pitt. general Medows. Lord (now marquess) "J Cornwallis, also com- f mander - in - chief ; se- J cond time. J Feb. 1, 1797 Sir Alured Clarke Lord Mornington, after- wards marquess Wei lesley. Marquess Cornwallis; hisl j ^ ^g^^ third appointment. ^cnx. c/, '■} Sept. 20, 1797 Oct. 4, 1797 TResigned to sir Alured < Clarke. March 12, t 1798. . - . fButdidnotpro-r^^^^^^^^^^^f' ^P' 1 ceed. I p^;;^/"^^"^- ^^^-2' rMay 17, 1798 : re- - April 6, 1798 -< signed to lord Morn- ( ington. r July 30, 1805 : re- - May 17, 1798 -< signed to marquess (. Cornwallis. rOct. 5, 1805: died on - July 30, 1805 -< his way to the upper t provinces. r Confirmed in succeeded, | the govern- I Succeeded by lord ment by the V Minto. July 31, court. Feb. 1807. fOct. 4, 1813 : resigned on the arrival of ^ lord Moira. Earl of Moira, after-) wards marquess of >Nov. 18, 1812 Hastings. J Hon. John Adam, as /Under act, 33 George IH. ") j iono f Aug. 1, 1823 : resigned senior councillor. ( cap. 52. Jan. 13, 1823. j ^^^^ ' { to lord Amherst. Rt. hon. George Can- ^^^^^^ ^7 1 ^22 - - - DM not go out | ^"^^^^^^^^^^ March 10, 1828. Sir George Hilaro Bar- low, bart. { Oct. 10, 1805 provisionally, on lord Corn- ^ walhs' death. Lord Minto - July 9, 1806 19, 1806. - July 31, 1807 -f - Oct. 4, 1813 - Jan. 9, 1823. - Jan. 13, 1823 July 4, 1828. See below. ning.i - ■} March 27, 1822 - ^il)"ASLt™'^10ct-^ - - ■ Aug. 1, 1823 - Hon. William Butter- ("Succeeded, provisionally, as > -«yr^^ i iqoq worth Bayley. j senior councillor. j ^^^^^^^ ^"^^ ^^"^ ^BSk!'^^^'^"'''^''^}'^^^ - - - July 4, 1828 - By an act, passed August 28, 1833 (3rd and 4tli William lY., cap. 85.), it was declared that the supreme direction and controul of the whole of the civil and military government of all the territories and revenues in India, should be vested in a governor- general and council, to be styled the governor-general of India in council. And it was further declared, that the personage who should be governor -general of the presidency of Fort William in Bengal^ on the 22nd day of April 1834, should be the first governor- general of India, under said act. /"First Governor-'^ Lord William Cavendish r Continued in the government. J General o/f ^y^^^ i or. -.qqk Bentinck. { April 22, 1834. i India, under p^^^^^^ "^"^ Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, bart., after- > Succeeded, provisionally wards lord Metcalfe. J the above act. J March 20, 1835 March 4, 1836. r Appointment vacated Did not proceeds by the crown. May I 5, 1835. 1 Mr. Canning, on being appointed to the office of secretary of state for foreign affairs, Sept, 16, 1822, relin- quished the rank of governor-general, by letter of that date ; and his resignation was formally accepted by the court on the 18th, two days afterwards. — Q^cm/ Records. 2 The governor-general of Bengal, as head of the chief presidency, has been usually denominated "Governor- General," Madras, Bombay, &c., being subject to his supreme controul ; but it was not until the passing of this comparatively recent act, that the " Governor- General of India," actually so constituted, existed as well in name, as m authority. George, lord Auckland,^ COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF. 267 Appointed by the Court. ^govTJment?^ Time of quitting. afterwards earl of V Aug. 12, 1835 - - - March 4, 1836 Feb. 28, 1842. Auckland. J ''S, not "■floct.20, 1841 - - - Feb. 28, 1842 -f"- 1^, Elleiiborough. J ^ William Wilberforce^g^^^^^^^^ provisionally, as) ^n. 1^ i«zLd /^^^g^/.^ ^« sir IWy Council J next in rankin the council.] '^^^^ 1^^^ -| fsu!^^^' ^ ^ ' Sir Henry Hardinge, now^ viscount Hardinge, VMay 2, 1844 - - - July 23, 1844 - Jan. 12, 1848. G.C.B. J James-Andrew,earl(now| .^he present (1851) marquess) of Dal- V Aug. 4, 1847 - - Jan. 12, 1848 -| Governor-General, housie. J Commanders-in-Chief. Commanders-in-chief. Appointed. "^Smnfand!^ Quitted command. Lieut. - general John) j,^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ . 0^^^ 27, 1774 - ^^^^ Clavering. j ' ' ( he died. [On the death of gen. Clavering, the duties were carried on by the military board ; but on Oct. 16, following, brigadier.general Giles Stibbert, provincial commander-in-chief, assumed the command of the army, which he held until the arrival of sir Eyre Coote.] ^'S)otf ""^'^^ '''' ^^""^ ■ ■ " Inarch 25, 1779 April 27, 1783. [Died April 30, 1783 : brigadier-gen. Stibbert again assumed the chief command, and held it until lieut.-gen. Sloper arrived.] ^verno^-gr^rar ^°"} April 11, 1786 - - - Sept. 12, 1786 - Oct. 28, 1793. [Col. Mackenzie and col. Achmuty were appointed to the command-in-chief in the absence of lord Corn- wallis, in the years 1790 and 1793.] *^XerCTSy.'''^*'^''''}s^Pt-l^'l^''2 - - - Oct. 28, 1793 - April 30, 1797. [Major-general Morgan held the chief command in the absence of gen. Abercromby.] ^'cMfe."''^''''^'"'"'^}0^t-4>1^9^ - - - May 17, 1798 - July 31, 1801. [He had held the provincial command from April 30, 1797.] Lieut. - general Gerard^ Lake, afterwards lord >Aug. 13, 1800 - - - July 31, 1801 - July 30, 1805. Lake. ^ J IMarquess Cornwallis, ^ apam; governor-gene- V March 20, 1805 - - - July 30, 1805 - Oct. 5, 1805. ral. J [Died Oct. 5, 1805. Lord Lake held the provincial command in the absence of Lord Cornwallis.] Lieut.-general lord Lake Feb. 19, 1806 - - - Oct. 10, 1805 - Oct. 17, 1807. [Lord Lake held the command from the death of the marquess of Cornwallis, in his capacity of provincial commander-in-chief.] ^'He;vftT'''''^'''^'°''^'}D^<=-23.1806 - - - Oct. 17, 1807 - Dec. 18, 1811. ^'Nugf.r'''''''^*°'^'}^^"''^3,1811 - - - Jan. 14, 1812 - Oct. 4, 1813. [On the arrival of lord Moira, sir George Nugent assumed the provincial command, agreeably with the court's resolution of the 18th Nov. 1812.] General earl of Moira, nXng'^Tormor^^N^ - " ' Oct. 4, 1813 - Jan. 13, 1823. general. J ''El;frptt!'aC.t}j-«2,l^ - . - Jan. 13, 1823 - Oct. 7, 1825. ^rere!G.cl,G°GH. }Feb.9, 1825 - . - Oct. 7, 1825 - Jan. 1, 1830. 268 INDIA. Commanders- in-chief. Lieut. -general George,^ Dalhousie, >Feb. 17, A ««^;«f «^ Assumed the Appomted. command. earl of G. C. B. 1829 Lieut.-general sir Edward) ^ . -.qoh Barnes, G.C.B. f ^^"^^ Lord William Cavendish S Bentinck, G. C. B., f ^ggg G. C H., governor-ge- i neral. Lord William Cavendish "J Re-appointed Bentinck, govemor-ge- f commission, neral, and commander- J with the act, 3d and in-chief, G. C. B. J William IV. cap. 85. General^sir Henry Fane,| j,^^^ ^gg^ Generdgr Jasper Nicolls,) ^^^^ ^ggg . General sir Hugh Gough, S G. C. B., now viscount >- Gough. J ^ pTerfe'c. R } ^"■'^"^ ^' "-^^^ ■ General sir William May-) c . -,q -.or a nard Gomm, K. C. fif j ^^P*' ^^^^ - - Jan. 1, 1830 Jan. 10, 1832 - Oct. 16, 1833 under a new"j conformably f^p^jl 22, 1834 - Sept. 5, 1835 - Dec. 7, 1839 Quitted command. - Jan. 10, 1832. - Oct. 16, 1833. - See below, - Sept. 5, 1835. Aug. 11, 1843 May 7, 1849 Dec. 6, 1850 - Dec. 7, 1839. - Aug. 11, 1843. r Succeeded by sir -< Charles Napier, May ( 7, 1849. - Dec. 6, 1850. _ fThe PRESENT (1851) " ( Commander-in-Chief. PKESIDENCY OF BENGAL. Commanders-in-Chief. Commanders-in-chief. Appointed. command Lieut. -general Giles Stibbert - - - Sept. 26, 1776 - - Oct. 16, 1777. [Lieut. -gen. Stibbert held the provincial command during the absence of sir Eyre Coote. at Madras, and con- tinued to hold it after sir Eyre Coote's death, until the arrival of lieut.-gen. Sloper,] Colonel McKenzie . - - - Dec. 6, 1790 - - Dec. 6, 1790. [During the absence of lord Cornwallis.] Colonel Ahmuty Aug. 15, 1793 - - Aug. 15, 1793. [During the absence of lord Cornwallis.] Major-general sir Robert Abercromby - - Sept. 19, 1792 - - Oct. 5, 1793. [On Oct. 28, 1793, assumed the command of the army in India.] Major-general Morgan - - - - Jan. 17, 1797 - - Jan. 17, 1797. [During the absence of gen. Abercromby.] Lieut.-general sir Alured Clarke, K. B. - - April 6, 1796 - - April 30, 1797. [On May 17, 1798, sir Alured Clarke assumed the chief command in India.] Lieut.-general Gerard, lord Lake - - - April 11, 1805 - - July 30, 1805. [On October 5, 1805, on the death of the marquess Cornwallis, lord Lake assumed the chief command in India.] Lieut.-general sir George Nugent - - - Nov. 18, 1812 - - Oct. 9, 1813. [Pursuant to a resolution of the court, of Nov. 18, 1812, sir George Nugent, on the arrival of the earl of Moirn, assumed this provincial command, and held it until Dec. 28, 1814 ; from which time the separate appoint- ment of commander-in-chief of Bengal merged into the general appointment of commander-in-chief in India.] Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Bengal. (^Instituted hy act ISth George III., passed June 16, 1773; by which a Supreme Court was appointed to be held at Calcutta, the Judges to be nominated by the Crown.') Charter of Justice. Charter of Justice. 1774. Sir Elijah Impey, knt. ; first judge; ap- pointed March 26. 1791. Sir Robert Chambers, knt. 1798. Sir John Anstruther, bart. ; resigned in 1806. 1807. Sir Henry Russell, knt. ; bart. in 1812. 1813. Sir Edward Hyde East, knt.; bart. in 1823. 1821. Sir Robert H. Blossett, knt. j died Feb. 1, 1823. 1823. Sir Christopher Puller, knt. ; died May 26, 1824. 1825. Sir Charles Grey, knt., Feb. 2. 1832. Sir William Oldnall Russell, knt. 1838. Sir Edward Ryan, knt. 1842. Sir Lawrence Peel, knt. The present (1851) Chief Justice. There are two puisne justices. PEESIDENCY OF MADKAS. 269 Bishops of Calcutta. (^Pursuant to the act 53rd George III., cap. 155, passed July 21, 1813. By the act 3rd and ith William IV., cap. 85, the bishop of Calcutta was declared to be the metropolitan of India.) 1814. Feb. 18. Rt. rev. Thomas Fanshawe Mid- dleton; first bishop; assumed his charge, November follow- ing ; died July 8, 1822. 1823. May 14. Rt. rev. Reginald Heberi ; died at Trichinopoly, April 2, 1826. 1827. Apr. 26. Rt. rev. John Thomas James 2 • died 1829. 1829. — - Rt. rev. John M. Turner ; died in 1832. 1832. — Rt. rev. Daniel Wilson. The pre- sent (1851) Bishop of Calcutta. PRESIDENCY OF MADRAS. Governors. (^Since the passing of the act Hth George III, cap. 25, Aug. 13, 1784, by which was first instituted a Governor and Council at Madras.) Governors. Appointed. Took their seats. George, lord Macartney - - - . Sept. 2, 1784 _ - - Feb. 12, 1785. Alexander Davidson, councillor - - - Succeeded, provisionally - June 4, 1785. Sir A. Campbell ----- March 9, 1785 - - April 6, 1786. John Hollond, councillor - - - - Succeeded, provisionally - Feb. 7, 1789. E. J. Hollond, councillor - - - - Succeeded, provisionally - Feb. 13, 1790. Major-general William Medows - - - July 7, 1789 - - Feb. 20, 1790. Sir Charles Oakeley, bart. - - - - April 28, 1790 - - Aug. 1, 1792. [He had previously held the office of governor, in the absence of general Medows, from October 15, 1790, to Dec. 2J, 1791]. Lord Hobart ----- Oct. 23, 1793 - - Sept. 7, 1794. Major-general Harris, afterwards general lord Harris Oct. 4, 1797 - - Feb. 21, 1798. Edward, lord Clive, afterwards earl of Powis - Dec. 13, 1797 - - Sept. 5, 1799. [His lordship quitted the government, Aug. 30, 1803. The governor-general, lord Mornington, held the office from Jan. 2, preceding.] Lord William Bentinck - - - - Nov. 17, 1802 - - Aug. 30, 1803. [Recalled by the court, April 7, 1807: quitted Sept. 11, following ] William Petrie, councillor - - - - Succeeded, provisionally - Sept. 11, 1807. Sir George Hilaro Barlow, bart. •• - - May 13, 1807 - - Dec. 24, 1807. Lieut. -general hon. John Abercromby - - Nov. 20, 1812 - - May 21, 1813. Et. hon. Hugh Elliot - . - - Dec. 3, 1813 - - Sept. 16, 1814. Major-general sir Thomas Munro, bart., K. C. B. - - - - - June 10, 1820. Henry Sullivan Graeme - - - - Provisionally - - July 10, 1827. [Took charge of the government on the death of sir Thomas Munro, which took place at Ghooty, July 6, pre- ceding.] Rt. hon. Stephen Rumbold Lushington - - Jan. 17, 1827 - - Oct. 18, 1827. Lieut. -general Rt. hon. sir Frederick Adam, K. C. B. - - - - Oct. 25, 1832. Rt. hon. John, lord Elphinstone - - March 4, 1837. ^'commaS^-i^-S Tweeddale, K. T. ; | ^p^,. j jg^g - - Sept. 24, 1842. Major-general Rt. hon. sir Henry Pottinger, bart.) Aug. 4, 1847 - - April 7, 1848. G. C. B. j The present (1851) Commander-in-Chief. 1 The learned, pious, and gifted prelate, so distinguished in literature, aad revered for his goodness and virtues. His collection of ancient and modern history in relation to Scythia ; his Life of Jeremy Taylor ; his beautiful and classic Poems ; and posthumous work, a Narrative of a Journey through the Upper Provinces of India, evince his profound research, the exquisite refinement of his mind, and his devotion to his ministry. The first bishop of Calcutta, Dr. Middleton, was scarcely less distinguished as a scholar and divine. 2 England, it has been said, has been supremely happy in the choice of her India bishops. They have all been men of the profoundest learning, the most varied talents, and, as prelates, of most exemplary piety. Dr. James succeeded bishop Heber at Calcutta. He had early been a traveller through the whole north of Europe, and visited various parts of Italy, previous to his taking holy orders, to study the works of art in that country, and to enrich his own by beautiful sketches and illustrations, engraved and coloured by himself. In 1827 he embarked for India, being one of the most gifted persons in every sense that had ever left his country on a sacred ministry. The insalubrity of the climate, however, and the fatigues of his episcopal duties, proved too much for his consti- tution, and he died in two years afterwards. His successor, the enlightened Dr. Turner, it will be seen, died also very early in his prelacy. 270 INDIA. Commanders-in-Chief. Commanders-in-chief. Appointed. Assumed command. Lieut. -general Robert Sloper - - - Oct. 7, 1784 - - June 17, 1785. [Assumed the chief command in India, July 21, 1785.] Lieut. -general sir John Bailing, bart. - - Dec. 7, 1784 - - July 21, 1785. Lieut.-general sir Archibald Campbell ; governor - April 11, 1786 - - April 6, 1786. Major-general sir William Medows ; governor - July 7, 1789 - - Feb. 20, 1790. [The command was held by the senior officer until general Medow's arrival.] Major-general sir Alured Clarke - - - April 28, 1795 - - Jan. 15, 1796. [Proceeded to assume the command in Bengal, March 6, 1797; the command being held by the senior officer until his return.] Lieut.-general James Stuart - - Dec. 10, 1800 - - Aug. 1, 1801. Major-general sir John-Francis Cradocki - - Dec. 21, 1803 - - Oct. 17, 1804. Lieut.-general H. McDowall - - - May 29, 1807 - - Sept. 17, 1807. Lieut.-general George Hewett, afterwards bart. - - - _ _ April 10, 1810. Major-general sir Samuel Auchmuty - - Feb. 14, 1810 •• - Sept. 27, 1810. Lieut.-general Hon. John Abercromby - - Feb. 12, 1812 - - May 21, 1813. Lieut.-general sir Thomas Hislop - - - Dec. 3, 1813 - - May 25, 1814. Lieut.-general sir Alexander Campbell, bart. K.C.B. Dec. 6, 1820 - - June 15, 1821. [Died Dec. 11, 1824 : gen. Bowser, senior officer, then held the command.] Lieut.-general sir George Townshend Walker, G.C.B. May 11, 1825 - - March 3, 1826. Lieut-general Hon. sir Robert- William O'Cal-) ^k^- -,7 ^con i\Tn,r 11 iqqi laghan, K. C. B. j Oct. 17, 1830 - - May 11, 1831. Lieut.-general sir Peregrine Maitland, K.C. B. - April 17, 1836 - - Oct. 11, 1836. Lieut.-general sir Jasper Nicolls, K. C. B. - - - - » - Dec. 21, 1838. [Took the office as commander-in-chief of the forces in India, Dec. 7, 1839.] ^'K.C.BrK^C.H. ^""^ ^'"'"^"g'^^'"'} Sept. 18, 1839 - - Aug. 1, 1840. ' Lieut.-general sir Hugh Gough, bart, G. C. B., now) if? iq/ii viscount Gough. j [Assumed office, commanding the expedition in China. Commander-in-chief of the forces in India, Aug. 11, 1843.] Lieut.-general George, marquess of Tweeddale, K.T. ; ) ..^ . r.,cf o^^. c)a i atq governor, and commander-in-chief. j ^P^^^ " " ^^P^* Lieut-general sir George-Henry-Frederick Berke-1 Sept. 29, 1847. - - March 13, 1848. ley, K.C.B. j The PRESENT (1851) Commander-in-Chief. Chief Justices of Madras. (^Appointed under the act of parliament for the Administration of Justice in India J) Chatter of Justice. Charter of Justice. 1800. Dec. 26. Sir Thomas-A. Strange. 1835. July 1. Sir Robert Buckley Comyns, knt 1815. Sept 6. Sir John-H. Newbolt 1842. Mar. 11. Sir Edward- J. Gambler, knt The 1 820. May 17. Sir Edmund Stanley, knt. present (1851) Chief Justice. 1825. Jan. 28. Sir Ralph Palmer, knt. *** There is one puisne justice. Bishops of Madras. (^Appointed hy the Crown, under the act drd and Ath William IV., cap. 85 ; passed Aug. 28, 1833.) 1835. Feb. 14. Right Rev. Daniel Corrie. 1849. — Right Rev. Thomas Dealtry. The 1837. — Right Rev. George Trevor present (1851) Bishop of Spencer. Madras. ^ The distinguished general, sir John-Francis Cradock. He changed the name afterwards to Caradoc, his family being of ancient Welch origin, in descent from Caradoc, and the ancient princes of Wales. In September, 1831, general Caradoc was created baron Howden, of the United Kingdom, having previously (in October, 1819) been created a peer of Ireland, under the same title. PEESIDENCY OF BOMBAY. ^71 PEESIDENCY OF BOMBAY. Governors. (Since the act 2A.th George III., cap. 25 ; passed Aug. 13, 1784: instituting a Governor and Council for this Presidency.) Governors. Appointed. Took their seats. Rawson H. Boddam - - - - Sept. 3, 1784 - - Jan. 6, 1785. Andrew Ramsay - - » - - Sept. 10, 1784 - - Jan. 9, 1788. Major-general William Medows - - - Sept. 5, 1787 - - Sept. 6, 1788. Colonel Robert Abercromby - - - Aug. 5, 1789 - - Jan. 21, 1700. [Quitted the presidency, Nov. 26, 1792, having been appointed (being at this time major-general) commander- in-chief in India.] George Dick, councillor - - - - Provisionally - - Nov. 26, 1792. John Griffith, councillor - - - - Provisionally - - Nov. 9, 1795. Jonathan Duncan ----- Nov. 12, 1794 - - Dec. 27, 1795. [Died in the government, Aug. 11, 1811.] George Browne, councillor - - - - Provisionally - - Aug. 11, 1811. Rt. hon. sir Evan Nepean, bart. - - - Jan. 7, 1812 - - Aug. 12, 1812. Hon. Mountstuart Elphinstone - - _ Oct. 7, 1818 - - Nov. 1, 1819. IVJajor-general sir John Malcolm, G.C. B. - - Jan. 17, 1827 - - Nov. 1, 1827. Rt. hon. John, earl of Clare - - . . - - - March 21, 1831. Rt. hon. sir Robert Grant, G. C. H. - - - - - - - March 17, 1835. [Died at Dapouree, July 9, 1838.] James Farish, councillor - - - - Provisionally - - July 11, 1838. Sir James Rivett Carnac, bart. - - - - - - - May 31, 1839. [Resigned on account of ill health, April 27. 1841.] George- William Anderson, now sir George- William ) a,, -i 07 10^1 Anderson, K.C.B. ] " - - - April 27, 1841. Sir William Hay Macnaghten, bart. - - July 28, 1841. [At the time of his appointment, sir William Macnaghten was resident at Cabool, where, on December 23, 1841, he was assassinated during a deliberation respecting the evacuation of the place.] Colonel sir George Arthur, bart. - - - - - - June 9, 1842. [Resigned, owing to ill health, Aug. 6, 1846.] Lestock Robert Reid, councillor - - - Provisionally - - Aug. 6, 1846. ^'Sk, K"a B. ^•'''«"] Nov. 11,1846 - - Jan. 23, 1847. Et. hon! Lucius, viscount Falkland - /Feb. 1,1848 .^^y 1,1848. ' ( Ihe PRESENT (1851) Governor. Commanders-in-Chief. Commanders-in-chief. Appointed. Assumed command. Brigadier-general Lawrence Nilson - - March 31, 1784 - - Jan. 6. 1785. Major-general William Medows, governor - - Sept. 5, 1787 - - Sept. 6, 1788. [Previously to the arrival of general Medows, Rawson H. Boddam, the governor, was invested with the com- mand of the army.] Colonel Robert Abercromby, governor - - Aug. 5, 1789 - - Jan, 21, 1790. Major-general James Stuart - - - April 6, 1796 - - Jan. 17, 1797. [On Jan. 22, 1801, he proceeded to take the command at Madras. Previously to the arrival of general Stuart, the command had been held by the senior officer.] Major-general Oliver Nicolls - . - - - - . Jan. 22, 1801. Major-general Hon. John Abercromby - - Blay 2, 1809 - - Nov. 28, 1809. [On Oct. 10, 1812, proceeded to take the command of the forces at Madras. Previously to the arrival of gen. Abercromby, the command Avas held by the senior officer.] Major-general sir Thomas Hislop*, bart. - « Feb. 28, 1812. [This officer was captured on the voyage outwards ; and upon being exchanged, he was appointed to the com- mand at Madras.] Lieut. -general sir Miles Nightingall - - Jan. 10, 1815 - - Feb. 24, 1816. 1 Sir Thomas Hislop had embarked for India on board the Java frigate, which was attacked and taken by the United States' ship, Constitution, Dec. 29, 1812. He afterwards commanded the army in Madras. 272 INDIA Commanders-in-chief. Appointed. Assumed command. Lieut.-general hon, sir Charles Colville - - Nov. 4, 1818 - - Oct. 9, 1819. Lieut. -general sir Thomas Bradford, K. C. B. - July 20, 1825 - - May 3, 1826. Lieut. -general sir Thomas Sidney Beckwith, K. C. B. May 17, 1829 - - Dec. 3, 1829. [Gen. sir Thomas Beckwith died Jan. 15, 1831, when the command was assumed by the senior officer.] Lieut.-general sir Colin Halkett, K. C. B. - - July 17, 1831 - - Jan. 21, 1832. "^^LfXlrT/efne, I C."b'. ''^ """l '''' ' " ^"'3' 2, 1834. Lieut.-general sir Thomas McMahon, bart., K. C. B. Oct. 16, 1839 - - Feb. 14, 1840. Lieut.-general sir Willoughby Cotton, G. C. B. - Jan. 13, 1847 - - April 8, 1847. Lieut-general sir John Grey, K.C.B. - - ■[ The present (1851) Comm^nder^^^^^ Recorders of Bombay. 1798. Feb. 20. Sir William Syer ; died Oct. 7. 1802. 1803. June 7. Sir James Mackintosh.! Sir Alexander Anstruther; died July 16, 1819. 1819. Sir David Evans; died Dec. 5, 1821. 1822. Aug. 28. Sir Edward West ; appointed chief justice of the new supreme court, in 1823. Supreme Court of Bombay. 1823. Dec. 8, Sir Edward West; chief justice. 1840. Dec. 26. Sir Henry Roper, knt. 1829. Apr. 4. Sir J. Dewar, knt. 1846. Sept. 12. Sir David Pollock, knt. 1831. Apr. 11. Sir R. H. A. D. Compton, knt. 1847. Sept. 18. Sir Thomas E. Perry, knt. The 1839. Jan. 26. Sir J. W. Awdry, knt. present Chief Justice. There is one puisne judge. Bishop of Bombay. (^Appointed hy the Crown under the act Srd and ^^th William IV., cap. 85 ; passed Aug. 28, 1833.) 1837. Rt. Rev. Thomas Carr (previously archdeacon). The present (1851) Bishop of Bombay. ADMIRALS AND COMMODORES, Who have served on the East India Station since the year 1744. 1744. Commodore Curtis Barnett. 1746. Admiral Thomas Griffin. 1747. Admiral Hon. Edward Boscawen. 1750. Commodore William Lisle. 1754. Admiral Charles Watson. 1755. Admiral sir George Focock. 1757. Admiral Charles Stevens. 1759. Admiral Samuel Cornish. 1769. Commodore sir John Lindsay. 1771. Admiral sir Robert Harland. 1773. Admiral sir Edward Hughes. 1776. Admiral hon. sir Edward Vernon. 1782. Admiral sir Hyde Parker. [From the time he left England, in the Gato, 50, to assume the command, no ac- count was ever received of him.] 1782. Commodore sir Richard Bickerton. 1784. Commodore Andrew Mitchell. 1 The eminent British statesman, lawyer, senator, and historian. He rendered himself eminently conspicuous by his impartial and firm administration of justice in this presidency. On his return to England, he co-operated with the popular party ; and during the Canning administration acted in concurrence with the premier, holding office for a short time, and retiring on the dissolution of that ministry. In 1830, he took office again under earl Grey, as a commissioner for the affairs of India. Died in 1832. 1785. Commodore Charles Hughes. 1787. Commodore hon. William Cornwallis. 1794. Admiral Peter Rainier. 1795. Admiral sir George Keith Elphinstone. 1796. Admiral Thomas Pringle. 1797. Admiral sir Hugh Cloberrv Christian. 1800. Admiral John Blankett. 1804. Admiral sir Edward Pellew. 1805. Admiral sir Thomas Troubridge; lost in the Blenheim, 74, returning from this station. 1808. Admiral William O'Bryen Drury ; died on the station, March, 1811. 1811. Admiral sir Samuel Hood; died on the station, Dec. 1814. 1812. Commodore William -Robert Broughton. 1814. Admiral sir George Burlton. 1815. Commodore George Sayer. 1816. Admiral sir Richard King, bart. EAST INDIA COMPANY. 273 1819. Admiral hon. sir Henry Blackwood, bart. 1823. Commodore Charles Grant. 1824. The same. 1825. The same. — Commodore sir James Brisbane. — Admiral Joseph Bingham. 1826. Admiral William Hall Gage. 1827. The same. 1828. The same. 1829. Admiral sir Edward W. C. Rich Owen. 1830. The same. 1831. The same. 1832. Admiral sir John Gore. 1833. The same. 1834. The same. — Admiral sir Thomas Bladen Capel. 1835. The same. 1836. The same. 1837. The same. — Admiral sir Frederick-Lewis Maitland. 1838. The same. 1839. The same. 1840. The same. — Admiral hon. George Elliot. 1841. The same. — Admiral sir William Parker. 1842. The same. — Admiral sir Thomas-John Cochrane. 1843. Admiral sir William Parker. — Admiral sir Thomas-John Cochrane. 1844. Admiral sir William Parker. — Admiral sir Thomas-John Cochrane. — Commodore sir H. M. Blackwood, bart. 1845. Admiral sir Thomas-John Cochrane. — Commodore sir H. M. Blackwood, bart. 1846. Admiral sir Thomas-John Cochrane. — Admiral sir Samuel Hood Inglefield. — Commodore sir H. M. Blackwood, bart. 1847. Admiral sir Thomas-John Cochrane. — Admiral sir Samuel Hood Inglefield. — Commodore sir H. M. Blackwood, bart. — Commodore James Hanway Plumridge. 1848. Admiral sir Samuel Hood Inglefield ; died on the station, Feb. 1848. — Admiral sir Francis - Augustus Collier. — Commodore J ames Hanway Plumridge. 1849. Admiral sir Francis-Augustus Collier ; died on the station, Oct. 1849. — Commodore James Hanway Plumridge. 1850. Admiral Charles- John Austen. — Commodore James Hanway Plumridge. EAST INDIA COMPANY. Chairmen and Deputy- Chairmen. (^Since the Regulation Act, 1773.) 1773. Chairman. Henry Crabbe Boulton. — Deputy. Edward Wheeler. [On the death of Mr. Boulton, the court, on Oct. 12, appointed Edward Wheeler, chairman, and John Harrison, deputy.] 1774. Chairman. Edward Wheeler. — Deputy. John Harrison. 1775. Chairman. John Harrison. — Deputy. John Roberts. 1776. Chairman. John Roberts. — Deputy. William James. 1777. Chairman. George Wombwell. — Deputy. William Devaynes. 1778. Chairman. George Wombwell, afterwards sir George, bart. — Deputy. William James, afterwards sir William, bart. 1779. Chairman. Sir William James, bart. — Deputy. William Devaynes. 1780. Chairman. William Devaynes. — Deputy. Laurence Sullivan. 1781. Chairman. Laurence Sullivan. — Deputy. Sir William J ames, bart. 1782. Chairman. Robert Gregory. — Deputy. Henry Fletcher, afterwards sir Henry, bart. [Mr. Gregory being disqualified, the court, on July 31, appointed sir Henry Fletcher, chairman; and, the next day, Nathaniel Smith, deputy.] 1783. Chairman. Sir Henry Fletcher, bart. — Deputy. Nathaniel Smith. [Sir Henry Fletcher being disqualified, the court, on Nov. 26, appointed Nathaniel Smith, chairman ; and, on the next day, William Devaynes, de- puty.] 1784. Chairman. Nathaniel Smith. — Depiity. William Devaynes. 1785. Chairman. William Devaynes. — Deputy. Nathaniel Smith. 1786. Chairman. John Michie. — Deputy. John Motteux. 1787. Chairman. John Motteux. — Deputy. Nathaniel Smith. 1788. Chairman. Nathaniel Smith. — Deputy. John Michie. [William Devaynes, appointed Dec. 2, deputy-chair- man, in the room of John Michie, deceased ] 1789. Chairman. William Devaynes. — Deputy. Stephen Lushington. 1790. Chairman. Stephen Lushington, after- wards sir Stephen, bart. — Deputy. William Devaynes. 1791. Chairman. John Smith Burges. — Deputy. Francis Baring. 1792. Chairman. Francis Baring. — Deputy. John Smith Burges. 1793. Chairman. William Devaynes. — Deputy. Thomas Cheap. 1794. Chairman. William Devaynes. — Deputy. John Hunter. 1795. Chairman. Sir Stephen Lushington, bart. — Deputy. David Scott. 1796. Chairman. David Scott. — Deputy. Hugh Inglis. 1797. Chairman. Hugh Inglis. — Deputy. Jacob Bosanquet. 1798. Chairman. Jacob Bosanquet. — Deputy. Sir Stephen Lushington, bart. 1799. Chairman. Sir Stephen Lushington, bart. — Deputy. Hugh Inglis. 1800. Chairman. Hugh Inglis. — Deputy. David Scott. 1801. Cliairman. David Scott. — Deputy. Charles Mills. T 274 INDIA. [Mr. Scott resigned the chair ; and, on Sept. 2, the court appointed Charles Mills, chairman, and John Roberts, deputy.] 1802. Chairman. John Roberts. — Deputy. Jacob Bosanquet. 1803. Chairman. Jacob Bosanquet. — Deputy. John Roberts. 1804. Chairman. Hon. W. F. Elphinstone. — Deputy. Charles Grant. 1805. Chairman. Charles Grant. — Deputy. George Smith. 1806. Chairman. Hon. W. F. Elphinstone. — Deputy. Edward Parry. 1807. Chairman. Edward Parry. — Deputy. Charles Grant. 1808. Chairman. Edward Parry. — Deputy. Charles Grant. 1809. Chairman. Charles Grant. — Deputy. William Astell. 1810. Chairman. William Astell. — Deputy. Jacob Bosanquet. 1811. Chairman. Jacob Bosanquet. — Deputy. Sir Hugh Inglis, bart. 1812. Chairman. Sir Hugh IngHs, bart. — Deputy. Robert Thornton. 1813. Chairman. Robert Thornton. — Deputy. Hon. AY. F. Elphinstone. 1814. Chairman. Hon. W. F. Elphinstone. — Deputy. John Inglis. 1815. Chairman. Charles Grant. — Deputy. Thomas Reid. 1816. Chairman. Thomas Reid. — Deputy. John Bebb. 1817. Chairman. John Bebb. — Deputy. James Pattison. 1818. Chairman. James Pattison. — Deputy. Campbell Marjoribanks. 1819. Chairman. Campbell Marjoribanks. — Deputy. G. A. Robinson. 1820. Chairman. G. A. Robinson. — Deputy. Thomas Reid. 1821. Chairman. Thomas Reid. — Deputy. James Pattison. 1822. Chairman. James Pattison. — Deputy. William Wigram. 1823. Chairman. William Wigram. — Deputy. William Astell. 1824. Chairman. William Astell. — Deputy. Campbell Marjoribanks. 1825. Chairman. Campbell Marjoribanks. — Deputy. Sir G. A. Robinson, bart. 1826. Cliairman. Sir G. A. Robinson, bart. — Deputy. Hon. Hugh Lindsay. 1827. Chairman. Hon. Hugh Lindsay. — Deputy. James Pattison. 1828. Chairman. William Astell, M. P. — Deputy. John Loch. 1829. Chairman. John Loch. — Deputy. William Astell. 1830. Chairman. William Astell. — Deputy. Robert Campbell. 1831. Chairman. Sir Robert Campbell, bart. — Deputy. J. G. Ravenshaw. 1832. Chairman. J. G. Ravenshaw. — Deputy. Campbell Marjoribanks. r Chairman. Campbell Marjoribanks. -tooo J Deputy. William Wigram. *"S Chairman. John Loch. {^Deputy. Henry St. George Tucker. 1834. Chairman. Henry St. George Tucker. — Deputy. W. S. Clarke. 1835. Chairman. W. S. Clarke. — Deputy. James R. Carnac. 1836. Chairman. Sir James R. Carnac, bart. — Deputy. John Loch. 1837. Chairman. Sir James R. Carnac, again, — Deputy. Sir James L. Lushington. 1838. Chairman. Sir James L. Lushington. — Deputy. Richard Jenkins. 1839. Chairman. Sir Richard Jenkins, G. C. B. — Deputy. William B. Bayley. 1840. Chairman. William B. Bayley. — Deputy. George Lyall. 1841. Chairman. George Lyall. — Deputy. Major-general sir James L. Lushington, G. C. B. 1842. Chairman. Major-general sir James L. Lushington, G. C. B. E. I. C. — Deputy. John Cotton. 1843. Chairman. John Cotton. — Deputy. John Shepherd. 1844. Chairman. John Shepherd. — Deputy. Sir Henry Willock, K. S. S. 1845. Chairman. Sir Henry Willock. — Deputy. James Weir Hogg, M. P. 1846. Chairman, James Weir Hogg, afterwards sir James, bart. — Deputy. Henry St. George Tucker. 1847. Chairman. Henry St. George Tucker. — Deputy. Lieut. -general sir James L. Lushington, G. C. B. E. I. C. 1848. Chairman. Lieut.-general sir James L. Lushington. — Deputy. Major-general A. Galloway. 1849. Chairman. Major-general sir A. Galloway, K. C. B. — Deputy. John Shepherd. 1850. Chairman. John Shepherd. — Deputy. Sir James Weir Hogg, bart., M. P. 1851. Chairman. John Shepherd, again. — Deputy. Sir James Weir Hogg, bart. M. P., again. Governors of Ceylon, (^Captured by the British, 1796. Ceded to England by the peace of Amiens, 1801.) Dates of Patents. 1798. Frederick North. March 26. 1805. Sir Thomas Maitland. Jan. 15. 1811. Lieut.-general sir R. Brownrigg. Oct. 4. 1820. Sir Edward Paget. Nov. 4. 1823. Sir Edward Barnes. April 22. 1831. Sir Robert Wilmot Horton. April 23. Dates of Patents. 1837. Rt. hon. James -Alexander Stewart Mac- kenzie. April 1. 1841. Sir Colin Campbell. Jan. 15. — George, viscount Torrington. March 27. 1850. Sir George-William Anderson, knt., K. C. B. Sept. 24. The present (1851) Governor of Ceylon. WEST INDIES — BRITISH COLONIES. 275 Governors of the Cape of Good Hope. (^From its first capture Bates of Patents, 1796. George, earl Macartney. Dec. 30. 1799. Sir George Yonge, bart. March 23. 1806. Diipre, earl of Caledon. July 10. 1811. Sir John- Francis Cradock (afterwards lord Howden). April 9. 1813. Lieut. -general lord Charles Somerset. Nov. 2. 1828. Sir Galbraith Lowry Cole, G. C. B. Mar. 20. 1833. Sir Benjamin D'Urban. Oct. 23. y the British in 1795.) Bates of Patents. 1837. Sir George Napier. Nov. 4. 1843. Lieut. -general sir Peregrine Maitland, K. C. B. Dec. 19. 1846. Sir Henry Pottinger, bart., G. C. B. Oct. 1. 1847. Sir Henry-George Wakelyn Smith, bart., G. C. B., as administrator. Sept. 3. — The same, as governor. Dec. 15. The PRESENT (1851) Governor at the Cape. WEST INDIES, &c. Governors and Governors«General of Jamaica. 1661. Thomas, lord Windsor. 1662. Sir Charles Lyttleton, knt. 1664. Colonel sir Thomas Lynch, knt., president. — Sir Thomas Modyford, governor : removed. 1671. Sir Thomas Lynch, lieutenant-governor. 1675. Sir Henry Morgan, knt., lieutenant-go- vernor. — John, lord Vaughan, governor. 1678. Sir Henry Morgan, again, lieutenant-go- vernor. — Charles, earl of Carlisle, governor. 1680. Sir Henry Morgan, again, lieutenant-go- vernor. 1682. Sir Thomas Lynch, governor. 1684. Colonel Hender Molesworth, lieutenant- governor. 1687. Christopher, duke of Albemarle, governor : died 1688. 1688. Sir Francis Watson, president. 1690. William, earl of Inchiquin, governor. 1692. John White, president. — John Bourdon, president. 1693. Sir William Beeston, knt., lieutenant-go- vernor. 1701. Major-general William Selwyn, governor. — Peter Beckford, lieutenant-governor. 1702. Charles, earl of Peterborough : he did not come over ; and in his absence. — Major-general Thomas Handasyde acted as governor. 1711. Lord Archibald Hamilton, governor: re- called. 1714. Peter Hey wood, governor. 1716. Thomas Pitt, governor. 1718. Sir Nicholas Lawes, knt., governor. 1722. Henry, duke of Portland, governor : died in the government, 1726. 1726. John Ayscough, president of the council. 1727. Major-general Robert Hunter, governor. 1734. John Ayscough, again, president. 1735. John Gregory, president. — Henry Cunningham, governor : died ; but president Gregory surrendered to 1736. Edward Trelawney, governor. 1752. Vice-admiral Charles Knowles (afterwards sir Charles Knowles, bart.), governor: resigned 1758. 1756. Henry Moore, lieutenant-governor. 1758. Brig.-general George Haldane, governor: died here. 1759. Henry Moore, again, lieutenant-governor. — William-Henry Lyttelton (afterwards lord Westcote), governor. 1766. Roger Hope Elletson, lieutenant-governor. 1767. Sir William Trelawney, bart., captain R. N., governor : died Dec. 1772. 1773. Sir Basil Keith, knt., captain R. N. March 20 : died Aug. 1777. 1777. Lieut. -general John Dalling, governor. ^ Sept. 1. 1782. Major-general Archibald Campbell, go- vernor. 1790. Thomas, earl of Effingham. 1794. Alexander, earl of Barcarres. Oct. 20. 1807. William, duke of Manchester. Nov. 13. 1828. Somerset, earl of Belmore. Nov. 19. 1832. Henry, earl of Mulgrave. April 27. 1834. Howe Peter, marquess of Sligo. Jan. 20. 1836. Major-general sir Lionel Smith. Oct. 29. 1839. Sir Charles-Theophilus Metcalfe, bart., afterwards lord Metcalfe. July 20. 1842. James, earl of Elgin and Kincardine. April 4. 1846. Rt. hon. sir Charles-Edward Grey, knt. Sept. 26. No PRESENT (1851) Governor. Governors of Barbadoes. 1650. Francis, lord Willoughby, of Parham. 1652. James Searle, ) For the usurping 1660. Humphrey Walrond, j powers. 1662. Lord Willoughby, again. 1664. William, lord Willoughby, brother of the preceding: drowned. 1667. Sir Jonathan Atkins : recalled. 1680. Richard Dutton ; in his absence, — Edwin Stede, lieutenant-governor. 1689. James Kendal. T 1694. Hon. Francis Russell : died in the govern- ment. 1696. Francis Bond, senior member of the coun- cil, presided. 1698. Hon. Ralph Grey, afterwards lord Grey. 1701. John Turner, senior member of council, presided. 1703. Sir Bevil Grenville, knt. : recalled, and died on his passage home. 1707. Mitford Crowe. 2 276: BRITISH COLONIES. 1711. Robert Lowther. 1714. William Sharp, senior member of council, presided. 1715. Robert Lowther, again. 1720. John Frere, senior member of council: sur- rendered to Samuel Cox. — Richard, viscount Irwin : died before he could embark for his government. 1721. Samuel Cox, member of council. — John, lord Belhaven : drowned on his pas- sage out, near the Lizard Point. 1722. Henry Worsley. 1728. Edward Ashe. 1731. Samuel Berwick, senior member of coun- cil, presided : died 1732. 1732. James Dottin, senior member of council. 1733. Emmanuel, viscount Howe: died in the government. 1735. James Dottin, again, 1737. Sir Orlando Bridgeman, bart. 1739. Hon. Robert Byng. 1740. James Dottin, again. 1742. Sir Thomas Robinson, bart. 1747. Hon. Henry Grenville. 1753. Ralph Weekes, senior member of council. 1756. Charles Pinfold, LL. D. 1767. Charles Spry : died in the government. 1772. Hon. Edward Hay. 1780. Lieut. -general James Cunningham. 1782. David Parry: died in the government. 1794. George Poyntz Ricketts. 1800. Francis, lord Seaforth. Dec. 13. 1808. Sir George Beckwith. Nov. 24. 1817. Stapleton, lord Combermere. Feb. 14. 1821. Lieut. -general sir Henry Warde. March 2. 1828. Sir James Lyon. June 11. 1833. Sir Lionel Smith. Feb. 21. 1836. Colonel sir Evan John Murray MacGregor, bart. Nov. 7. 1841. Rt. hon. sir Charles-Edward Grey. Aug. 27. 1846. Lieut. -colonel Reid. Oct. 1. 1848. Lieut. -colonel sir William Macbean George Colebrooke. Aug. 12. Governors of Bermuda. * * Captain Moore. 1612. Daniel Tucker. 1619. Captain Butler. * * * * 1698. Samuel Day. 1700. Captain Bennett. 1721. John Bruce Hope, afterwards lieutenant- general sir John Bruce Hope. 1727. Captain John Pitt. 1737. Alured Popple. 1745. William Popple. 1764. George James Bruere. 1781. William Browne, vice Bruere, deceased. 1790. Henry Hamilton, vice Browne. 1794. James Crawford. 1796. William Campbell. June 1 [The dates that follow are those of the respective patents.] 1797. George Beckwith, afterwards sir George- April 7. 1805. Francis Gore. Jan. 31. 1806. John Hodgson, brigadier-general. March 3. 1811. Sir James Cockburn. April 26. 1819. Lieut. -general sir William Lumley. July 1. 1825. Sir Hilgrove Turner. Sept. 15. 1831. Sir Stephen Remnant Chapman. 1839. Lieut. -colonel Reid. Feb. 8. 1846. Captain Charles Elliot, R. N. Oct. 1. The PRESENT (1851) Governor of Bermuda. Governors of Newfoundland (^From the accession of King George III.) [This island was ceded to England by the treaty of Utrecht, 1713.] 1760. Captain James Webb. 1761. Admiral Thomas Graves. 1764. Admiral sir Hugh Palliser, bart. March 31. 1769. Hon. John Byron, governor and com- mander-in-chief. June 3. 1772. Molyneux, lord Shuldham, governor and commander-in-chief. March 10. 1775. Admiral Robert Duff. April 24. 1776. Admiral John Montagu. March 31. 1779. Admiral Richard Edwards. Feb. 19. 1782. Admiral John Campbell. March 24. 1786. Admiral John Elliot. March 25. 1789. Admiral Mark Milbanke. Sept. 21. 1792. Admiral sir Richard King, bart. July 7. 1794. Admiral sir James Wallace, knt. 1797. Admiral hon. William Waldegrave (after- wards lord Radstock). 1800. Admiral Charles Morice Pole. 1802. Admiral James Gambier, afterwards lord Gambier. [The dates that follow are those of the patents of appointment.] 1804. Admiral sir Erasmus Gower. May 31. 1807. Admiral John Holloway. May 6. 1810. Admiral sir John-Thomas Duckworth, K.B. June 4. 1813. Admiral sir Richard Godwin Keats, C. B. March 18. 1816. Admiral Francis Pickmore. May 18. 1818. Sir Charles Hamilton, bart. June 1. 1825. Sir Thomas- John Cochrane. Aug. 20. 1834. Captain Prescott, R. N. Sept 29. 1841. Major-general sir John Haryey, K. C. B. July 20. 1847. Sir John Gaspard le Marchant. Feb. 6. The PRESENT (1851) Governor of New- foundland. BRITISH COLONIES. 277 Captains- General, Governors, &c., of Canada. (^From the cession of the colony to England by the French at the peace of 17G3. It had been previously (1759) conquered by the British.) 1765. Lient.-general hon. James Murray. Nov. 21. 1766. Paulus ^milius Irving (president). June 30. — Major-general Guy Carleton, lieutenant- governor. Sept. 24. 1770. Hector C. Cramahe (president). Aug. 9. 1774. Lieut.-general sir Guy Carleton. Oct. 11. — Major-general James Johnstone, lieu- tenant-governor. Nov. 26. 1777. Lieut.-general Frederick Haldimand. April 21. 1786. Sir Guy Carleton. April 11. Created lord Dorchester, Aug. 21 following. [The dates that follow are, in all cases, those of the patents.] 1796. Lieut.-general Prescott. Dec. 15. 1807. General sir James-Henry Craig. Aug. 29. 1811. Lieut.-general sir George Prevost, bart. Oct. 21. 1814. Lieut.-general sir Gordon Drummond. Dec. 28. 1816. Lieut.-general sir John Coape Sherbrook, G. C. B. Dec. 25. 1818. Charles, duke of Richmond, K. G. May 9. 1820. Lieut.-general George, earl of Dalhousie. April 13. 1828. Lieut.-general sir James Kempt, G. C. B. July 10. 1830. Lieut.-general lord Aj-lmer, K. C. B. Nov. 24. 1835. Archibald, earl of Gosford. July 1. 1838. John-George, earl of Durham. March 30. — Lieut.-general sir John Colborne, G. C. B. Dec. 13. 1839. Rt. hon. Charles Powlett Thomson (after- wards lord Sydenham). Sept. 6. Died in the government in 1841. 1841. Rt. hon. sir Charles Bagot, G. C. B. Oct. 7. 1843. Rt. hon. sir Charles-Theophilus Metcalfe, bart., G. C. B. (afterwards lord Metcalfe). Feb. 24. 1846. Lieut.-general Charles Murray, earl Cath- cart, K. C. B. March 16. — James Bruce, earl of Elgin and Kincardine. Oct. 1. The PRESENT (1851) Captain- General and Governor-iu-Chief. Governors op Gibraltar. 1704. 1706. 1706. 1710. 1713. 1716. 1720. 1727. 1730. 1738. 1739. 1749. 1752. 1756. Prince George of Hesse Darmstadt. Major-general Shrimpton, lieutenant-go- vernor. Lieut.-general David, earl of Portmore, governor. Major-general Ramos, ^^eomm^^dants Colonel Roger Elliot, ( during the Colonel Ralph Congreve, ( ^^.p^'^p ^f the Colonel Stanhope Cotton,) g^^^^.^^^^ Brig.-general Richard Kane, \ Lieutenant- Brig.-general Jasper Clayton, j governors, Lieut.-general Joseph Sabine, governor. Lieut.-general Francis Columbine, go- vernor. Lieut.-general William Hargrave, go- vernor. Lieut.-general Humphrey Bland, governor. Colonel Lord George Occasional com- Beauclerk, ( mandants in Colonel hon. William C absence of the Herbert, J governor. Lieut.-general Thomas Fowke, governor. Lieut.-general James, lord Tyrawley, go- vernor. 1756. Major-general William, earl of Panmure. Second in command. 1758. Major-general William, earl of Home, go- vernor : died in 1761. — Colonel William Tovey, commandant till the arrival of 1761. Major-general Parslow, commandant. 1762. Lieut.-general hon. Edward Cornwallis, governor. — Major-general John Irwin, commandant in the absence of the governor. 1770. Major-general Robert Boyd, appointed lieutenant-governor. K. B. in 1784. 1776. Rt. hon. lieut.-general George- Augustus Elliot, governor, afterwards lord Heath- field, K. B.i Jan. 16. 1787. Major-general Charles O'Hara, lieutenant- governor. 1790. Lieut. -general sir Robert Lloyd, K.B., go- vernor. Oct. 16. — Major-gene/al sir Henry Calder, bart., lieutenant-governor ; same date. 1792. Major-general Charles O'Hara, lieutenant- governor. April 10. ' The defence of Gibraltar by general Elliot is one of the most extraordinarjr and most glorious upon record. This was during the memorable siegeof the Spaniards and French, whose prodigious armaments (the greatest ever brought against a fortress) were wholly overthrown. The siege continued from July 1779 until February 1783; but the grand defeat of the united enemy, by a garrison of only 7000 British, occurred September 13, 1782. The French and Spanish armies amounted to 40,000 men, and were commanded in chief by the Due de Crillon. All the French princes-royal were in the camp. 1000 pieces of artillery were brought to bear against the fortress, besides which, there were 47 sail of the line, all three deckers ; 10 great floating batteries, esteemed invincible, carrying 212 guns ; innumerable frigates, xebeques, bomb-ketches, cutters, and gun and mortar boats ; while small craft for disembarking the forces covered the bay. For weeks together, 6f 00 shells were daily thrown into the town ; and on a single occasion, 8000 barrels of gunpowder were expended by the enemy. Yet in one night, their floating batteries were destroyed with red-hot balls, and their whole line of works annihilated by a sortie from the garrison, commanded by general Elliot. The enemy's loss in munitions of war, on this night alone, was estimated at upwards of 2 000,000/. sterling. The siege was afterwards changed into a close blockade; and the peace of Versailles, Jan. 20, 1783, put a final end to all hostilities. T 3 278 BRITISH COLONIES. 1794. General sir Henry Clinton, K.B., governor. July 19. 1795. Lieut. -general Charles O'Hara, now made governor. 1796. Major-general sir Thomas Trigge, lieu- tenant-governor : afterwards governor. 1802. H. R. H. Edward, duke of Kent and Strathern, governor. March 24. 1804. Lieut. -general hon. Henry-Edward Fox, lieutenant-governor. 1810. Major-general (afterwards lieut.-general) Colin Campbell, lieutenant-governor. Aug. 16. 1814. Lieut.-general George Don i (afterwards general sir George Don), G. C. B., lieu- tenant-governor. Aug. 25. 1820. General John Pitt, earl of Chatham, K. G. March 5. 1825. General sir George Don, G. C. B., again, lieutenant-governor. June 8. 1831. Lieut.-general sir William Houston, G. C. B., lieutenant-governor. April 8. 1835. Major-general sir Alexander Woodford, K. C. B., lieutenant-governor. Feb. 28. 1836, Major-general sir Alexander Woodford, K. C. B., now governor-general. Sept. 1. 1843. General sir Robert-Thomas Wilson, knt., governor-general. Oct. 4. 1848. Major-general sir Robert- William Gar- diner, K. C. B., governor-general. Nov. 21. The PRESENT (1851) Governor of Gibraltar. Governors of Malta. (TTie island was guaranteed to Great Britain hy the treaty of Paris, in 1814.) 1813. Lieut.-general Thomas Maitland (date of Gazette). July 15. 1824. Francis, marquess of Hastings, K. G. (date of patent). May 6. 1826. Major-general Frederick Cavendish Pon- sonby, lieutenant - governor (patent). Dec. 22. 1836. Major-general sir Henry-Frederick Bou- verie, K. C. B. (patent). Oct. 1. 1843. Lieut.-general sir Patrick Stuart, K. C. B. (patent). June 14. 1847. Rt. hon. Richard More O'Ferrall (patent). Oct. 27. The present (1851) Governor of Malta. Lords High Commissioners of the Ionian Islands. (Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, St. Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo, and Paxo.) (These islands, called the "Republic of the Seven Islands," were placed under the protection of Great Britain, by the congress of Vienna, in 1815.) Dates of Patents. 1840. Rt. hon. James-Alexander Stewart Mac- kenzie. Dec. 2. 1843. Lieut.-general John Colborne, lord Seaton, G. C. B. Feb. 24. 1849. Henry-George Ward. May 2. The present Dates of Patents. 1816. Lieut.-general sir Thomas Maitland, G.C.B. May 7. 1824. Lieut.-general sir Frederick Adam, K. C. B. April 7. 1832. George, lord Nugent. Sept. 8. 1835. Lieut.-general sir Howard Douglas, bart. March 13. (1851) Lord High Commissioner. WEST INDIES, &c. Admirals and Commodores on the Jamaica Station. (From 1740. Admiral hon. Edward Vernon. 1742. Admiral sir Charles Ogle, knt. 1743. Admiral Thomas Davers. 1746. Admiral Charles Knowles. 1749. Commodore hon. George Townshend. 1752. Admiral Thomas Cotes. 17C0. Admiral Charles Holmes. 1762. Admiral sir George Pocock. — Admiral hon. George-Augustus Keppel. 1763. Admiral sir William Burnaby. 1766. Admiral William Parry. 1769. Commodore Arthur Forrest. 1770. Commodore George Mackenzie. 1771. Admiral sir George Brydges Rodney. 1775. Admiral Clarke Gayton. 1778. Admiral sir Peter Parker. 1781. Admiral Thomas Graves. — Commodore Walsingham. the year 1740.) 1783. Admiral sir Joshua Rowley. — Admiral J ames Gambler. 1785. Admiral Alexander Innes. — Commodore John Pakenham. 1786. Commodore Alan Gardner. 1789. Admiral John Ford. 1795. Sir Hyde Parker, knt. 1797. Admiral Richard Rodney Bligh. 1800. Admiral lord Hugh Seymour. 1801. Admiral Montagu. — Admiral sir Thomas Duckworth. 1802. Admiral George Campbell. 1804. Admiral James-Richard Dacres. 1808. Admiral Bartholomew-Samuel Rowley. 1811. Admiral Charles Stirling. 1813. Admiral William Brown. 1815. Admiral John Erskine Douglas. 1817. Sir Home Riggs Popham. 1 On the death of the earl of Mulgrave, at the time governor of Scarborough, sir George Don was appointed to that command, but continued at Gibraltar. Sir George Don died January 1, 1832, having been in actual employ- ment full sixty-two years, a duration of service, it is believed, without parallel in the British army. BRITISH COLONIES. 279 182L Sir Charles Rowley. 1823. Admiral sir Laurence- William Halsted. 1827. Admiral hon. Charles Elphinstone Fleeming. 1830. Admiral sir Edward Griffith Colpoys. [From this period the Halifax and New- foundland stations were amalgamated with Jamaica, forming only one station, and having but one commander-in- chief.] 1833. Admiral Rt. hon. sir George Cockburn. 1836. Admiral sir Peter Halkett. 1838. Admiral hon. sir Charles Paget. 1839. Admiral sir Thomas Harvey. 1841. Admiral sir Charles Adam. 1845. Commodore Alexander Renton Sharpe. — Sir Francis- William Austin. — Commodore Daniel King. 1847. Commodore George Lambert. 1848. Admiral Thomas, earl of Dundonald, G. C. B. — Commodore Thomas Bennett. 1851. Admiral sir George Seymour, knt. G. C. B. G. C. H. The present Admiral. The dates are those of the respective officers entering upon the station, on which they con- tinued, in many cases for years subsequently, not- withstanding the appointment of other officers to the same station. Leeward Islands. 1756. Admiral Thomas Frankland. 1758. Commodore John Moore. 1761. Commodore sir James Douglas. 1762. Admiral sir George Brydges Rodney, bart. 1763. Admiral Robert Swanton. — Admiral Richard Tyrrell. 1766. Admiral Thomas Pye. 1769. Admiral Robert Man. 1772. Admiral William Parry. 1775. Admiral James Young. 1778. Admiral hon. Samuel Barrington. 1779. Admiral Hyde Parker. — Admiral hon. John B3'ron. 1780. Admiral sir George Brydges Rodney, bart. — Admiral sir John Lockhart Ross, bart. — Admiral hon. Robert Digby. — Commodore Sir Chaloner Ogle. — Commodore William Hotham. 1781. Admiral sir Samuel Hood, bart. — Admiral sir Francis-Samuel Drake, bart. 1782. Admiral Hugh Pigot. — Commodore sir Edmund Affleck. 1783. Admiral sir Richard Hughes, bart. 1787. Commodore William Parker. 1790. Admiral sir John Laforey, bart. 1793. Admiral sir John Jervis. 1794. Admiral Charles Thompson. 1795. Admiral sir John Laforey, bart., again, 1796. Admiral sir Hood Cloberry Christian. — Admiral Charles Morice Pole. — Admiral John Harvey. — Admiral Richard Rodney Bligh. 1799. Admiral lord Hugh Seymour. 1800. Admiral sir John-Thomas Duckw^orth. 1801. Admiral Thomas Totty. 1802. Commodore sir Samuel Hood. — Commodore hon. Robert Stopford. 1805. Admiral hon. sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane. 1810. Admiral sir Francis Laforey, bart. 1814. Admiral sir Philip-Charles Durham. 1815. Admiral John Harvey, again, 1818. Admiral Donald Campbell. 1820. Admiral William-Charles Fahie. %* This station was abolished in 1821, when rear- admiral Fahie was appointed commander-in- chief on the North American station. NORTH AMERICA. Admirals and Commodores on this Station. 1767. Commodore Samuel Hood. 1770. Commodore James Gambler. 1771. Admiral John Montagu. 1774. Admiral Samuel Graves. 1776. Admiral viscount Howe. 1779. Admiral hon. John Byron. — Admiral Marriott Arbuthnot. 1780. Admiral Thomas Graves. — Commodore sir Chaloner Ogle. 1781. Admiral Marriott Arbuthnot. 1782. Admiral hon. Robert Digby. — Commodore sir Edmund Affleck, bart. 1783. Commodore sir Charles Douglas. 1784. Commodore Herbert Sawyer. 1787. Admiral Herbert Sawyer, again. 1789. Admiral sir Richard Hughes, bart. 1794. Admiral George Murray. 1797. Commodore H. Mowatt. — Admiral George Vandeput. 1800. Admiral sir William Parker, bart. 1802. Admiral sir Andrew Mitchell, knt. K. B. 1806. Admiral hon. George Cranfield Berkeley. 1808. Admiral sir John Borlase Warren, bart. 1810. Admiral Herbert Sawyer, again. 1813. Admiral sir John Borlase Warren, bart., again. — Admiral George Cockburn. — Commodore hon. Henry Hotham. 1814. Admiral hon sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane. — Admiral Edward Griffith. — Admiral sir Edward Codrington. — Admiral sir Pultenay Malcolm. 1815. Admiral John Erskine Douglas. 1816. Admiral sir David Milne. 1819. Admiral Edward Griffith, again. 1821. Admiral William-Charles Fahie. *** This station was annexed, in 1823, to the West India {Jamaica) station. It is now called the West Indies f Halifax y and North America sta- tion. T 4 280 BRITISH COLONIES. Newfoundland Station. 1764. Commodore Hugh Palliser, to 1765. 1767. Commodore Hugh Palliser, again. 1772. Commodore Molyneux Shuldham. 1776. Admiral John Montagu. 1779. Admiral Richard Edwards. 1782. Admiral John Campbell. 1784. Commodore John P^lliot, afterwards 1787. Admiral John Elliot. 1789. Admiral Mark Milbanke. 1792. Admiral sir Richard King, bart. 1795. Admiral sir James Wallace. 1797. Admiral hon. William Waldegrave, 1800. Admiral Charles Morice Pole. 1802. Admiral James Gambler. 1804. Admiral sir Erasmus Gower. 1807. Admiral John Ilalk)way. 1810. Admiral sir John-Thomas Duckworth. 1813. Admiral sir Richard Godwin Keats. 1816. Admiral Francis Pickmore. 1818. Admiral sir Charles Hamilton, bart., until 1824. See next station. Halifax and Newfoundland. 1824. Admiral Willoughby Thomas Lake. | 1827. Admiral sir Charles Ogle, bart., until 1830. %* This station was abolished in 1830. 1767. Commodore Richard Spry. 1769. Admiral hon. Charles Proby. 1771. Admiral Peter Dennis. 1774. Admiral Robert Man. 1778. Admiral Robert Duff. 1779. Commodore George Johnstone. 1780. Commodore John Elliot. 1783. Commodore sir John Lindsay. 1784. Commodore Phillips Cosby. 1789. Admiral Joseph Peyton. 1792. Admiral Samuel Cranston Goodall. 1793. Admiral Samuel, lord Hood. Toulon. — Admiral sir Hyde Parker. — Admiral William Hotham. — Admiral Phillips Cosby, again. — Admiral John Gell. 1794. Commodore Robert Linzee. 1795. Admiral sir John Jervis: continued in 1797, as earl St. Vincent. Cape St. Vincent. — Admiral Robert Man. 1796. Admiral hon. William Waldegrave. — Admiral sir Charles Thompson, bart. 1797. Admiral sir Horatio Nelson. Nile, 1798. — Admiral sir William Parker, bart. — Admiral sir John Orde, bart. 1798. Admiral Thomas Lenox Frederick. — Admiral sir Roger Curtis. 1799. Admiral George, lord Keith. — Commodore John-Thomas Duckworth. 1800. Admiral sir John Borlase Warren, bart. — Admiral sir Richard Bickerton, bart. 1801. Admiral sir James Saumarez. Algesiras. 1803. Admiral sir Horatio, lord Nelson, K. B. until 1805. Trafalgar. 1804. Admiral George Campbell. 1805. Admiral George Murray. — Admiral Cuthbert, lord CoUingwood, until 1810.1 — Admiral William, earl of Northesk. — Admiral sir Thomas Louis. — Admiral sir John-Thomas Duckworth. 1806. Admiral sir William Sidney Smith. RANEAN. 1806. Admiral John Child Purvis. 1807. Admiral Edward Thornbrough. — Admiral George Martin. 1808. Admiral sir Richard-John Strachan, bart. — Admiral Philip-Charles Durham. 1809. Admiral sir Samuel Hood, bart. 1810. Admiral sir Charles Cotton, bart. — Admiral Francis Pickmore. — Admiral sir Richard Godwin Keats, bart. — Admiral Thomas-Francis Fremantle. — Admiral Charles Bojde. 1811. Commodore Charles Vinicombe Penrose. — Admiral sir Edward Pellew, bart. 1812. Admiral Israel Pellew. — Admiral Benjamin Hallow ell. 1813. Admiral sir William Sidney Smith, agai7i. — Admiral sir Richard King, bart. — Admiral John Laugharne. — Admiral Francis Pickmore, agaiji. 1814. Admiral sir John Gore. — Admiral sir Israel Pellew, again. Admiral Edward, lord Exmouth. — Admiral sir Charles Vinicombe Penrose, again. 1816. Admiral Edward, lord Exmouth. Algiers. 1819. Admiral sir Thomas-Francis Fremantle, again. 1821. Admiral sir Graham Moore. 1823. Admiral sir Harry Burrard Neale, bart. 1826. Admiral sir Edward Codrington. Nava- rino, 1827. 1828. Admiral sir Pultenay Malcolm. 1831. Admiral hon. sir Henry Hotham. 1833. Admiral sir Pultenay Malcolm, again. 1834. Admiral sir Josias Rowley, bart. 1837. Admiral sir Robert Stopford. Acre and coast of Syria, 1840. 1841. Admiral sir John Acworth Ommanney. — Admiral sir Francis Mason. 1842. Admiral sir Ed ward- William Campbell Rich Owen. 1845. Admiral sir William Parker, bart. The PRESENT (1850) admiral. 1 This great admiral was second in command at the glorious battle of Trafalgar, and continued the fight after Nelson fell. Lord CoUingwood died in this command, while cruizing off Minorca in the Fi/le de Paris, March 7, 1810. His remains were brought to England, and deposited in St. Paul's, near those of his noble friend Nelson. Restor.— 1690] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAm. •281 ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. {From the Restoration to the present time.) *^* THE DATES REFER TO THE TIME WHEN THE OFFICERS WERE RESPECTIVELY PROMOTED TO THE RANK OF REAR-ADMIRAL. George Monk, afterwards duke of Albemarle : he was the happy means of restoring the king to his dominions ; was commander-in-chief of the fleet, and fought many battles with the Dutch. Prince Rupert, duke of Cumberland, nephew to the king : acted as an admiral against the Dutch, and behaved with great bravery. Sir John Lawson, knt. : died of the wounds he received in a sea-fight with the Dutch, off Lowestoff, in 1G(35. Edward, earl of Sandwich : fought gallantly against the Dutch ; he was killed in the obsti- nate battle of South wold Bay, May 28, 1672. Sir Eichard Stayner, knt. 1661. Sir Robert Holmes : destroyed the Dutch ma- gazines in the island of Vlie, and a large fleet of merchant- ships, and burnt some ships of war. Sir Thomas Allen, knt. : took part of the Dutch Smyrna fleet, killed Van Brakett, there com- modore, and drove the remainder into Cadiz ; contributed greatly towards defeating the Dutch off" the North Foreland, July 25, 1666. Sir William Penn : first captain of the fleet under the duke of York. 1665. Robert Sampson : killed in the sea-fight with the Dutch off Lowestoff*. Sir Thomas Tyddiman, knt. : attacked the Dutch fleet in the"^ port of Bergen, in Norway, and was repulsed. Sir George Ayscue, knt., admiral of the white: had his flag on board of the Royal Prince, then the finest ship in the world ; fought with great bravery in the sea-fight off* the coast of Sussex, June 1, 1666 ; his ship being disabled, ran on the Galloper sand-bank, and was burnt, and he and crew were made prisoners. Sir William Berkeley, knt., vice-admiral of the white: killed in the above sea-fight, June 1, 1666. Sir Joseph Jordan, knt. : behaved with great bravery in many sea-fights, particularly in the battle of Solebay, May 9, 1672. Sir Christopher Mimms, knt. : killed in the great sea-fight, June 1, 1666. Sir John Herman, knt. : commanded in the West Indies ; defeated and destroyed a superior fleet of the Dutch and French, and burnt the French admiral's ship, 1667. Sir Jeremiah Smith, knt. : fought with great bravery in the sea-fights against the Dutch. 1666. Sir Edward Spraggs, knt. : chastised the Al- gerines in 1670 ; drowned in a sea-fight off" the coast of Holland, Aug. 11, 1673. Sir William Jennings, knt. : second in command to su' Robert Holmes at the attack on the is- land of Vlie : went with king James to France. Robert Utber (Uthurt.?) died in 1699. Sir John Kempthorne: knighted for burning an Algerine fleet ; behaved with great bravery in several sea-fights in the Dutch wars. 1670. Thomas, earl of Ossory, son to the duke of Ormond : distinguished himself in a sea-fight off* the coast of Holland, May 19, 1673, and in another, Aug. 11, same year. Sir Fretcheville Holies, knt., rear-admiral : killed on board the Cambridge, in the battle of Sole- bay, May 1672. Sir John Chicheley, knt.: was a commissioner for the office of master of the ordnance. Lord of the admiralty in 1682. 1675. Sir John Narborough, knt. : chastised the pi- ratical states of Barbary, and obliged them to sue for peace. 1683. George, lord Dartmouth : captain of the Royal Catharine in 1672, and commanded the king's fleet in 1688 ; was prevented, by con- trary winds, from attacking the prince of Orange's fleet. After the revolution, was com- mitted prisoner to the Tower, where he died. William Davies. Sir John Berry: knighted by Charles II. for his bravery on board the Resolution, in 1672. Was an admiral at La Hogue, where he behaved with great courage. Sir Roger Strickland, knt. : in 1688, the sailors refused to serve under his command, he being a papist, and had nearly thrown his priests overboard. 1688. Arthur Herbert, afterwards earl of Torring- ton: dismissed the service by king James; commanded the Dutch fleet that conveyed the prince of Orange to England in 1688; lost the king's favour after the battle off* Beachv Head. ^ Sir Richard Haddock, knt. : comptroller of the navy : died in 1714. John, lord Berkeley of Stratton : died in 1697. Henry Killigrew : was an admiral at the battle of La Hogue ; a lord of the admiralty, 1693. 1690. Edward Russell, afterwards earl of Orford, &c. : defeated the French fleet under M. de Tourville, off* Cape La Hogue ; was long first lord of the admiralty. 282 ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAHsT. [1691—1707. Sir Cloudesley Shovel : knighted by king Wil- liam for his bravery in the battle of Bantry Bay, when captain of the Edgar ; was rear-ad- miral of England, commander in chief of the fleet, and a lord of the admiralty. He com- manded at the siege of Toulon, in 1707 ; and on his return from that expedition in the As- sociatiouy struck on the Bishop-and-Clerks rocks, Scilly, and was lost, October 27, 1707. Sir Ralph Delaval, knt. : an admiral at the battle off La Hogue ; and a lord of the admiralty, 1693. Sir John Ashby : knighted by king William for his bravery in the Defiance, at the battle of Bantry Bay ; was an admiral at the battle off La Hogue. Sir George Rooke: knighted by king William, and by queen Anne was made vice-admiral of England, and admiral of the fleet. He com- manded the fleet against Cadiz, took Vigo, and destroyed the galleons, 1702 ; commanded the fleet at the taking of Gibraltar, 1704 ; and the beating of the compte de Tlioulouse off Malaga, the same year. Was a lord of the admiralty in 1702 : died in 1709. 1691. Richard Carter : killed at the battle off La Hogue, May 19, 1692. Matthew Aylmer, afterwards lord Aylmer, in Ireland: a lord of the admiralty, and rear- admiral of Great Britain : died in 1720. Sir David Mitchell, knt. : died in 1710. 1692. Sir Francis Wheeler, knt. : drowned in 1694, in the Sussex, going to the Mediterranean; only two men saved. Hon. EdAvard Nevill, brother to lord Aberga- venny. 1693. Sir Thomas Hopson : knighted by queen Anne for his intrepidity at Vigo, 1702: died in 1717. 1694. John Benbow: died in Oct. 1702, at Jamaica, of the wounds he received in an engagement with M. du Casse, in the West Indies, off the high land of St. Martha \ Aug. 19, 1702. Peregrine, marquess of Carmarthen, afterwards duke of Leeds : commanded the fleet, or expe- dition, against Brest. George Meeze. 1698. Sir John Munden : knighted by Charles II. for retaking the island of St. Helena. 1701. George Churchill : brother to the duke of Marlborough ; also a lord of the admiralty. Sir Stafford Fairborne : knighted for his bravery in the battle off Malaga ; was one of the council to prince George of Denmark. 1702. John Graydon : dismissed the service for mis- conduct in the West Indies. Sir William Whestone : knighted by queen Anne : dismissed in 1706. 1703. Sir John Leake, knt. : was captain of the Eagle in the battle off La Hogue. In 1704 he was knighted by the lord high admiral ; and same year sent to the Mediterranean, and had his share in the taking of Gibraltar, and the sea-fight off Malaga. He relieved Gibraltar when besieged; destroyed great part of M. Pohitis's squadron; and performed other im- portant services in these seas. He was rear- admiral of Great Britain, and made commis- sioner of the admiralty. From both he was removed, and had a pension of 600Z. a year: died in 1720. Sir George Byng, knt., afterwards viscount Tor- rington : on every service he was employed in he displayed great courage and conduct. He totally defeated the Spanish fleet of 27 sail, off Messina, in Sicily, in 1718 ; and on his re- turn was raised to the peerage. He was rear- admiral of Great Britain, and first lord of the admiralty. Sir Thomas Dilkes, knt. : died in 1707. Basil Beaumont : drowned in the great storm of 1704, on board the Mary, in the Downs. Sir James Wishart : knighted by queen Anne: dismissed in 1715. 1705. Sir John Jennings : knighted by queen Anne for his bravery in the battle off Malaga, 1704 ; was entrusted with several important com- mands, in which he acquitted himself with great honour ; was rear-admiral of Great Bri- tain in 1732 : died in 1745. Charles, earl of Peterborough and Monmouth: was likewise captain-general of the land forces in Spain, and general of the marines. Sir Edward Whitaker : knighted by queen Anne : dismissed in 1715. 1706. Sir John Norris, knt. : served long, and with great reputation ; knighted by queen Anne ; commanded the fleet in the Baltic ; and was employed in a public character to the Czar : a lord of the admiralty, and admiral of the fleet : died in 1749. 1707. James, viscount Dursley, afterwards earl of Berkeley : served with great honour to him- self, and service to his country, for many years. 1 In the engagement the other ships of admiral Benbow's squadron, falling astern, left this brave commander alone to maintain the unequal battle. In this situation a chain-shot shattered his leg ; yet he would not be removed from the quarter-deck, but continued fighiing till the morning, when the French sheered off. He died in October following, of his wounds, at Jamaica, where, soon after his arrival, he received a letter from the trench admiral, of which the following is a literal translation :— " Carthagena, August 22, 1702. biR, _ 1 had little hopes on Monday last, but to have supped in your cabin ; yet it pleased God to order it otherwise. I am thankful for it. As for those cowardly captains who deserted you, hang them up, for by G— d they deserve It. ^ > » s Du Casse." Two of these unworthy cowards, captains Kirby and Wade, were shot on their arrival at Plymouth, having been previously tried by a court-martial. j , a 1708—1744.] ADMIKALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 283 Was vice-admiral of Great Britain, and first lord of the admiralty : died in 1736. 1708. John Baker: died in 1716, James Littleton : died in 1722. Sir Charles Wager, knt. : knighted by queen Anne for his gallant behaviour in the West Indies, in attacking, taking one, and destroy- ing some rich galleons ; he was treasurer of the navy, and first lord of the admiralty ; died in 1743. 1710. Sir HovENDEN Walker: knighted by queen Anne in 1711; commanded the sea-forces in the expedition against Quebec ; on his return, his ship, the Edgar, of 76 guns, blew up at Spithead, and all on board perished : the offi- cers were mostly on shore. He was dismissed in 1715 : died in 1725. Sir Thomas Hardy: knighted by queen Anne for his bravery at Vigo : died in 1732. 1718. Charles Cornewall : died in this year. George Delaval : killed by a fall from his horse in 1723. James Mighells : resigned, to be a commissioner of the navy. 1722. Francis Hosier: died in 1727, on board the Breda, off" Vera Cruz, of a broken heart. 1723. Sir George Walton : knighted for his gallant behaviour, while captain of the Canterbury, in a battle off" Messina.^ Resigned on a pension of 600/. a year. Charles Strickland : died in 1724. 1727. Salmon Maurice : resigned in 1734, on a pen- sion : died in 1741. Robert Hughes : died in 1728. Edward Hopson: died in 1728, on board the Leopard, under his command, off" the Grand Baru, West Indies. Philip Cavendish : became a lord of the admi- ralty : died in 1743. Sir John Balchan, knt. : after a long and meri- torious service, he was lost in the Victory, in a violent storm, near the race of Alderney, Oct. 8, 1744: the whole crew, consisting of 1000 men, perished. Edward St. Looe : died at his command in the West Indies in 1729. Hon. Charles Stewart, son to viscount Mountjoy : lost an arm whilst a captain : died in 1740. Thomas Matthews : after a long and distinguished service, was dismissed by the sentence of a court-martial, for misconduct (while com- mander-in-chief of the fleet in the Mediterra- nean) in an attack on the combined fleets of France and Spain, off Toulon, in Feb. 1744: died in 1748. Sir George Saunders, knt.: was sir George B^mg's captain in the battle off" Messina; knighted in 1720 ; made a commissioner of the navy : died in 1734. 1734. Nicholas Haddock : died in 1746. Sir Tancred Robinson, bart. : resigned in 1741 : died in 1754. George, lord Forbes, afterwards earl of Granard : quitted the service; made governor of the Leeward islands : died in 1765, John Hagar : resigned in 1748. 1739. Edward Vernon: did great service in th® West Indies by taking Porto Bello, Chagre* &c. ; but, by his disagreement with the com- mander of the land forces, the expedition against Cartliagena failed. He commanded in the Downs in 1745 ; and next year was dis- missed the service by his majesty's command, for writing two pamphlets, by which the secretary of state's and secretary of the ad- miralty's letters were made known: died in 1757. 1740. Sir Chaloner Ogle: knighted for taking Roberts, the pirate, on the coast of Africa, in 1722; made admiral of the fleet: died in 1751. 1743. James Stewart : appointed admiral of the fleet in 1751 : died in 1757. Richard Lestock : suspended in his command in the Mediterranean by admiral Matthews for misconduct ; but was tried and acquitted. Sir Charles Hardy : knighted in 1742 ; a lord of the admiralty : died in 1744. Thomas Havers: died in his command in the West Indies in 1747. Hon. George Clinton, son to the earl of Lincoln : made governor of New York in 1742 : died in 1761. Sir William Rowley, K.B. : distinguished him- self greatly in the sea-fight off" Toulon, in Feb. 1744 ; a lord of the admiralty in 1751 ; ad- miral of the fleet 1762 : died in 1768. 1744. William Martin : died in 1756. Isaac Townshend: commanded at the Leeward islands, and drove a French fleet ashore on Martinique in 1746; governor of Greenwich hospital : died in 1765. Henry Medley : died in Vado bay, on board the Russell, in 1746, while commanding in the Me- diteiTanean. Lord Vere Beauclerk, afterwards Lord Vere : a lord of the admiralty ; quitted the service : died in 1781. George Anson, afterwards lord Anson : went to the South seas as commodore, where he per- formed great services, and captured the cele- brated galleon. In May 1747 he took six French ships of war, and was raised to the peerage same year. This illustrious seaman made the well-known voyage round the world. * The letter he sent to sir George Byng, after performing this service, is justly considered as a curiosity. •* Canterbury, off Syracuse, August 16, 1718. " Sir, — We have taken and destroyed all the Spanish ships and vessels which were upon the coast. The number as per margin. And I am, &c. G. Walton.'* ^84 ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. [1745—1756. He was first lord of the admiralty in 1751, and admiral of the fleet in 1761 : died in 1762. Perry Mayne : died in 1761. 1745. Sir Peter Warren, K. B. : took Louisburg, while commodore, in 1745; distinguished himself greatly in the sea-fight off Cape Finis- terre, in May 1747 : died in 1752. Hon. John Byng: shot by the sentence of a court-martial, on board the Monarch, at Ports- mouth, March 14, 1757, for an error in judg- ment (for they acquitted him of cowardice or disaffection) in an engagement with the enemy off Minorca i. May 20, 1756. Henry Osborne : behaved with great bravery in many actions ; took commodore M. du Quesne in the Foudroyant, in 1758; vice-admiral of Great Britain in 1763 : died in 1771. Hon. Fitzroy Henry Lee, son to the earl of Lich- field: died in 1752. Thomas Smith : called by the seamen, " Tom of Ten Thousand when a lieutenant, was broke, on a complaint of the French ambassa- dor, for obliging a French ship of war to lower her topsails to his ship at Spithead; buf by the king's order was the next day made a captain : died in 1762. Thomas Griffin : broke for misconduct, while he commanded in the East Indies ; restored again : died in 1771. 1747. Sir Edward Hawke, K. B., afterwards lord Ilawke: greatly distinguished himself in the Berwick, in the sea-fight off Toulon, in Feb. 1744, by taking the Podor of 60 guns. In Oct. 1747, he captured six large French ships of war ; in 1758, drove seven French ships of the line ashore at the mouth of the Charente ; and in Nov. 1759, defeated the French fleet under M. Conflans. In 1766 was made first lord of the admiralty ; resigned 1771 : died in 1781. William Chambers : died in 1753. Sir Charles Knowles, bart. : commanded at Jamaica in 1747, and beat the Spanish fleet, under admiral Reggio, near the Havannah, in 1748. Rear-admiral of England in 1765. Went into the Russian service, but returned again : died in 1777. Hon. John Forbes : displayed great courage on many occasions; was several years a lord of the admiraltv; made general of marines in 1762 ; and admiral of the fleet in 1781. Hon. Edward Boscawen, son of viscount Falmouth : greatly distinguished himself in the Namur, in May 1747, in which action he was wounded ; commanded in the North American sea in 1755, and took two French ships of the line ; commanded, in 1758, the fleet at the taking of Louisburg, where the French navy sus- tained a severe blow ; and in 1759 defeated the French fleet under Mons. de la Clue, off Cape Lagos, taking three, and destroying two French ships of the line. In 1760 he was made general of marines; and was a lord of the admiraltv from 1751 to his death in 1761. Robert Mitchell : died before 1758. Charles Watson : having greatly signalised him- self as a captain, was, in 1754, sent to the East Indies ; he destroyed Angria, the pirate, re- took Calcutta, captured Chandernagore, &;c. : died in 1757. 1755. Temple West : a lord of the admiralty : died in 1757. Sir George Pocock, K. B. : commanded the fleet in the East Indies from 1757 to 1760 ; during which time he vanquished the enemy in three different engagements with an inferior force ; commanded the fleet in the West Indies in 1762, and aided in the capture of the Ha- vannah ; resigned in 1766 : died in 1792. Hon. George To^\Tishend: commanded at Ja- maica in 1755 : died in 1769. Savage Mostyn: a comptroller of the navy in 1749 : died in 1757. Francis Holburne : a lord of the admiralty ; go- vernor of Greenwich hospital : died in 1771. 1756. Henry Harrison : behaved with great bravery in the Monmouth^ in May and Oct. 1747 ; died in 1759. Thomas Cotes: behaved most gallantly while captain of the Edinburgh in 1747 ; commanded at Jamaica from 1757 to 1760 : died in 1767. Sir Thomas Frankland, bart. : died Nov. 1784. Lord Harry Poulett, afterwards duke of Bolton. Henry Norris. Thomas Broderick : going to the Mediterranean in the Prince George of 90 guns, she took fire and was burnt, and most of the crew were drowned; the admiral was taken up by a merchant-ship's boat. He behaved gallantly under admiral Boscawen off Cape Lagos in July 1759 : died of a cancer in his face, Jan. 1769. Sir Charles Hardy, knt. : governor of New York in 1756 ; went with lord Loudoun against Louisburg in 1757 ; against the same place with admiral Boscawen in 1758 ; and served under admiral Hawke the next year. Com- manded the grand fleet in 1779 : died in 1780. George, earl of Northesk : fought bravely in the East Indies while captain of the Preston in 1746 : died Jan. 1792. Sir Charles Saunders, K. B. : was one of lord Anson's lieutenants ; fought gallantly while in the Yarmouth in May and Oct. 1747 ; and commanded the fleet in the expedition against Quebec in 1759. Made lieutenant-general of marines in 1760 ; a lord of the admiralty in 1765 ; and first lord of the admiralty in 1766 : died Dec. 1775. ' Though Voltaire affects to be witty upon the fate of this unfortunate officer, observing that he was shot pour encourager les autres'' the nation has long been satisfied that his life was sacrificed to the political fervour of the times. The following inscription to his memory is in the church of South-Hill, Bedfordshire, the seat of the Torrington family : — TO THE PERrETUAL DISGRACE OF PUBLIC JUSTICE, THE HONOURABLE JOHN BYNG FELL A MARTYR TO POLITICAL PERSECUTION, MARCH 14, 1757; WHEN BRAVERY AND LOYALTY WERE INSUFFICIENT SECURITIES FOR THE LIFE AND HONOUR OF A NAVAL OFFICER. The ministry of the day took advantage of the admiral's unpopularity, and though the court which condemned him recommended him to mercy, they suffered the sentence to be carried into effect. 1758—1770.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN". 285 1758. Sir Thomas Pye: knighted by the king at Portsmouth in 1773 ; made a lieutenant-gene- ral of marines in 1781 : died March 1785. Charles Stevens: went out commodore to the East Indies, where he fought with great bravery under admiral Pocock; commanded the fleet at the taking of Pondicherry in Jan. 1761 : died in 1761. Philip Durell : commodore to Louisburg in 1758, and to Quebec in 1759 : died at his com- mand at Halifax, Sept. 1766. Charles Holmes: fought many gallant battles before he was promoted to a flag. In 1758 he forced the French and Austrian garrison to abandon the city of Embden ; was at Quebec in 1759 ; sent to command at Jamaica in 1760 ; and died there in 1761. Sir Samuel Cornish, bart. : commanded the fleet at the reduction of Manilla in 1762 : died in 1770. Sir Francis Geary, bart. : had the command of the grand fleet in 1780 : died in 1796. 1759. Smith Callis : made a post-captain, and had a gold medal given him by George II. for burn- ing tive Spanish galleys in the port of Tropez : died in 1761. Sir George Brydges Kodney: behaved with great bravery in the Eagle in Oct. 1747 ; bom- barded Havre de Grace in 1759 ; commanded the fleet at the capture of Martinico, Grenada, &c., in 1762; sent to command at Jamaica in 1770, and at the Leeward islands in 1780 : on his way out he captured the Caracca fleet, not one escaping; a few days afterwards he de- feated the Spanish admiral, Langara, made him prisoner, and took, destroyed, and dispersed his fleet. Relieved Gibraltar; and proceeded to the West Indies, where he fought several desperate battles with the French. Captured St. Eustatia, and all the Dutch islands, in 1781. Came home, and was sent out to the W est Indies again in 1782 ; and on the 12th of April in that year he defeated a large fleet of French ships of war, making the compte de Grasse the commander, prisoner. For this he was raised to the peerage, and made vice-admiral of Great Britain ; and, in 1783, got a pension of 2000Z. a-year : died in 1792. 1761. H. R. H. Prince Edward- Augustus, duke of York : was a midshipman at the taking of Cherbourg, and the defeat at St. Cas in 1758. IMade captain of the Phoenix of 44 guns, June 14, 1759; rear-admiral of the blue, April 8, 1761 ; vice of the blue in 1762. He died at Monaco, in Italy, Sept. 14, 1767. 1762. Sir William Burnaby, knt. and bart. : com- manded at Jamaica in 1771 : died in 1776. James Young : destroyed some French ships at Newfoundland, when he commanded the Kin- sale of 40 guns, and had a broad pendant in the glorious battle off" Belleisle, Nov. 20, 1759 : died Jan. 1789. Sir Piercy Brett, knt. : one of lord Anson's lieu- tenants ; he greatly distinguished himself, when captain of the Lion, in 1745 : was a lord of the admiralty: died in 1781. Sir John Moore, K.B. and bart. : commanded the fleet at the taking of Guadaloupe in 1759 : died in 1779. Richard Tyrrell : behaved gallantly, when cap- tain of the Buckingham of 70 guns, in an ac- tion with a French ship of 74 guns, and two large frigates, in the West Indies, in 1758, in which he was badly wounded in the right hand ; he commanded in the West Indies in 1763 : died, on his passage home, in 1765. Alexander Colville, lord Colville: retook New- foundland in 1762 : died in 1779. Sir James Douglas : knighted for bringing home the news of the surrender of Quebec in 1759 ; commanded the fleet at the Leeward islands in 1761 ; had a broad pendant at the siege of Martinico in 1762 ; and was created a baronet in June 1786 : died the next year. Sir John Bentley : knighted for his bravery in the Warspite, off* Cape Lagos, in 1759 : died in 1770. William Gordon : died in 1768. George Edgcumbe, lord Edgcumbe, afterwards viscount Mount Edgcumbe and Valletort : dis- played great courage when in command of the Lancaster, in May 1756 ; and was sent home with the news of the surrender of Cape Breton in 1758 : died in 1785. Robert Swanton: commodore at the taking of Martinico, &c., in 1762 : died Aug. 1765. Samuel Graves : commanded the fleet in North America in 1775 : died in 1787. William Parry : commanded at Jamaica in 1767 : died April 1779. Hon. Augustus Keppel, afterwards viscount Keppel : a midshipman at the taking of Paita, where he Avas slightly wounded ; was commo- dore on the coast of Africa; in January 1759 took Goree ; and behaved with great courage in the Torhay, in the sea-fight off" Belleisle, Nov. 20, 1759. In 1761 he commanded the fleet at the siege of Belleisle ; in 1762 went out commodore under sir George Pocock to the Havannah ; and commanded the grand fleet in 1778. Was accused by vice-admiral sir Hugh Palliser, of misconduct in a sea-fight off Ushant on the 27th of July 1778, for which he was tried, and honourably acquitted; he even got the thanks of the lords and com- mons. In 1782 he was made first lord of the admiralty, and soon after raised to the peer- age : died Oct. 1786. 1764. John Amherst : died Feb. 1778. H. R. H. Henry, duke of Cumberland and Stra- thern : died in 1790. 1770. Sir Peter Dennis, bart. : one of lord Anson's lieutenants; greatly distinguished himself in May 1747, in the Centurion. He took the Raisonable of 64 guns, in 1758, in the Dorset- shire ; and in the same ship began the battle off" Belleisle, Nov. 20, 1759 : died in 1778. Robert Hughes : one of lord Anson's lieutenants : died in 1774. Matthew Buckle : took the Glorioso in 1747 ; was captain of the Namur in the battles off" Cape Lagos in July, and off* Belleisle in Nov. 1759 : died July 1784. Robert Mann : a lord of the admiralty : died in 1783. Clerk Gay ton : behaved with great resolution in 286 ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN". [1775— 1779. the St. George of 90 guns, at the attack of Basse-Terre, Guadaloupe, in Jan. 1759: died in 1785. John Barker: died in 1777. Sir Richard Spry, knt. : died Dec. 1775. Lucius O'Brien : behaved with great gallantry while in command of the Colchester in 1756, and of the Essex, in the battle off Belleisle, Nov. 20, 1759 : died in 1771. John Montagu : died in Sept. 1795. Hon. Thomas Craven, brother to lord Craven : died in 1772. Sir Robert Harland, bart. : commanded the fleet in the East Indies in 1771, &c. ; a lord of the admiralty : died in 1784. James Sayer : behaved with great resolution at the attack on the island of Goree, when he commanded the Nassau, in 1759 : died in 1777. Richard Howe, viscount and earl Howe: dis- played great courage in the Dunkirk at the taking of the Alcide in 1755 ; and captured the island of Chausey in 1756. In 1757, while commanding the' Magnanime, greatly distin- guished himself in attacking the fort on the isle of Aix. In 1758 was commodore on the coast of France ; burnt the ships at St. Malo ; and took and destroyed Cherbourg. In 1759 he commanded the Magnanime, and had a great share of the glory gained on November 20, that year. In 1762 he was the duke of York's captain ; and in 1776 had the command of the fleet in North America. In 1782 he relieved Gibraltar in the face of 50 sail of the line; and afterwards repulsed the combined fleets. In December 1783 he was appointed first lord of the admiralty, which office he resigned in 1788, when he was created earl Howe. On the 1st June 1794 he defeated the French fleet under Villaret Joyeuse, sinking one, and taking six ships of the line : for this glorious victory he obtained the garter : died Aug. 5, 1799. 1775. Washington Shirley, earl Ferrers: died Oct. 1778. Hugh Pigot : commanded the fleet in the West Indies at the end of 1782 ; a lord of the ad- miralty : died in 1793. Molineux Shuldham, afterwards lord Shuldham : commanded in North America in 1776 ; the same year made a peer of Ireland: died in 1798. Sir Joseph Knight: knighted by the king at Portsmouth in 1773 : died in 1775. John Vaughan : died Nov. 1789. John Lloyd: commanded a small squadron in Quiberon bay in 1759, and was very active in distressing the enemy : died in 1778. Robert Duff: commanded at Gibraltar in 1779: died June 1787. John Reynolds : died in 1788. Sir Hugh Palliser, bart. : was third in command of the grand fleet in 1778; tried for miscon- duct, and acquitted. Was lieutenant-general of marines, and a lord of the admiralty, which office he resigned in 1779 ; and in 1780 was ap- pointed a governor of Greenwich hospital: died in 1796. Hon. John Byron: commanded in North Ame- rica and the West Indies in 1778 and 1779 ; and fought a bloody battle with a greatly su- perior French ship, off the island of Grenada : died in 1786. Augustus John Hervey, earl of Bristol : distin- guished himself greatly when commanding the Dragon of 74 guns, at the siege of Belleisle, Martinico, and the Havannah : died in 1779. 1777. George Mackenzie: in the expedition under sir George Pocock against the Havannah, his ship, the Defiance, captured two Spanish fri- gates : died in 1780. Matthew Barton : died in 1795. Sir Peter Parker, knt. and bart. : commodore in America, where he distinguished himself by his attack on Fort Sullivan, and the taking of Rhode Island ; sent to command at Jamaica in 1779 ; was port-admiral at Portsmouth during the mutiny at Spithead in 1797 ; made ad- miral of the fleet, Sept. 16, 1799 : died Dec. 1811, aged 95 years. 1778. Hon. Samuel Barrington: sent to command in the West Indies ; repulsed the French at St. Lucia in 1779, although their force was more than ten times his own ; and in the same year was wounded in a sea-fight off the Gre- nades ; made lieutenant-general of marines in 1786 : died in 1800. Marriot Arbuthnot : commanded in North Ame- rica in 1780 and 1781 : died in 1793. Robert Rodham: made post for his gallant behaviour while he commanded a sloop of war on the coast of Spain; bravely defended the Greenwich of 50 guns for many hours against a French squadron of five ships of the line and three frigates, but was at length obliged to yield to so great a superiority. An admiral of the red : died in 1808. George Darby, rear-admiral of Great Britain: relieved Gibraltar in 1781 ; was made a lord of the admiralty same year : died Feb. 1790. John Campbell : governor of Newfoundland from 1782 to 1784 : died in 1791. Christopher Hill : died in 1778 of a fall from his horse. J ames Gambler : commanded in North America in 1778; commander-in-chief on the Jamaica station : died in 1788. William Lloyd : died July 1796. Francis-William Drake : died Nov. 1788. Sir Edward Hughes, K. B. : commanded in the East Indies from 1778 to 1783, and fought with invincible valour five bloody battles with the French in the Indian seas : died in 1795. Sir Hyde Parker, bart. : commanded, in 1780, the fleet in the West Indies, where he distin- guished himself Y^ry much. On August 7, 1781, fought a superior Dutch fleet off the Dogger Bank, and forced them to retire into port. In 1782 was appointed to command the fleet in the East Indies, and hoisted his flag on board the Cato of 50 guns ; but from the time he left England, no account was ever received of him, his crew, or ship. 1779. John Evans : took St. Pierre and Miguelon in 1778 : died in 1796. Mark Milbanke : served at the relief of Gibraltar, as vice-admiral, in 1782 : died in 1804. Nicholas Vincent: died an admiral of the red, April 1809. 1780—1787.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. John Storr : took the Orphee of 64 guns, and in the action lost the calf of one of his legs : died in 1783. Sir Edward Vernon, knt. : commanded the fleet at the taking of Pondicherry in 1778 : died in 1794. Sir Joshua Rowley, bart. : showed many proofs of courage and conduct during his long ser- vices ; was created a baronet in 1786 : died in 1790. Richard Edwards : commanded at Newfoundland in 1779, 1780, and 1781 ; died in 1794. Thomas, lord Graves: commanded the fleet in North America in 1780 and 1781, and repulsed a much superior fleet ofl" the Chesapeak ; led the van in the Royal Sovereign in the memo- rable battle of the 1st of June 1794, when he was badly wounded. Created lord Graves for his gallant services : died Feb. 1802. Hon. Robert Digby: commanded the fleet in North America, 1782 : died an admiral of the red, Feb. 1814. Sir John Lockhart Ross, bart. : his services while captain of the Tartar, will always make a conspicuous figure in our naval annals. As- sisted in relieving Gibraltar in 1780 and 1781 : died in 1790. 1780. Charles Webber : died in 1783. ■William Langdon : behaved with great bravery when captain of the Edinburgh, in an action off* Cape Fran9ois, Oct. 1757 : died in 1785. Benjamin Marlow : shared in the encounter be- tween sir Edward Vernon and the French squadron under M. de Tronjolly, in the East Indies, in 1778 : died in 1794. Alexander Hood, afterwards lord and viscount Bridport: served, as rear-admiral, under lord Howe, at the relief of Gibraltar in 1782, and shared, as vice-admiral, in the glorious battle of the 1st of June 1794 ; gained a signal vic- tory over twelve sail of the line and eleven frigates, French, off" Port L'Orient, June 23, 1795 ; three sail of the line were taken, tliough protected by the land. Became vice-admiral of Great Britain, and general of marines : died May 1814. Sir Chaloner Ogle, bart. ; created a baronet for his eminent services : died senior admiral of the British navy, Aug. 1816, aged 89. Sir Samuel Hood, bart., afterwards lord and vis- count Hood : had the honour of being intro- duced by lord Anson to George III. for his bravery when a captain in taking the Bellona frigate. Raised to the peerage for his gallant services, as an admiral, in the West Indies, in the engagement with the French fleet under the count de Grasse, who was defeated by lord Rodney, April 1782. Signalised himself by the capture of Toulon in 1793, and, after- wards, of Corsica : died an admiral of the red, Jan. 1816, aged 92. Matthew Moore : behaved bravely whilst captain of the Adventure : died in 1787. Sir Richard Hughes, bart. : served as a rear- admiral, under lord Howe, at the relief of Gib- raltar ; whence he was detached to command in the Leeward islands' station, where his ser- vices were many and eminent : died an admi- ral of the red, Jan. 1812. Richard Kempenfelt: distinguished himself in the East Indies,, while captain of admiral Ste- vens's ship, in the bloody battles fought there in 1758 and 1759 ; as also at the taking of Manilla. In December 1780 he commanded twelve sail of the line, and, by his superior skill, cut off* twelve sail of French ships, es- corted by twenty -two sail of the line. Un- fortunately lost his life, by his ship the Royal George oversetting at Spithead, June 28, 1782. 1784. Sir Edmund Affleck, bart. : made a baronet for his gallant behaviour in the West Indies, on April 12, 1782 : died Nov. 1789. Sept. 14, 1787. John Elliot: took a French fleet of frigates, commanded by the famous M. Thurot; and has, on many occasions, greatly distinguished himself in the navy : died an admiral of the red, in 1809. William Hotham, afterwards lord Hotham ; be- haved most gallantly as commodore in Ame- rica and the West Indies ; and in 1782 at the relief of Gibraltar. Brilliant engagement with fifteen French sail of the line and three frigates off* Genoa, March 14, 1795, when two ships, the Ca-lra of 80 guns, and Censeur of 74, were taken. Raised to the peerage in 1797 : died an admiral of the red, May 1813. Sir John Lindsay, K. B. : knighted for his gal- lant behaviour at the siege of Havannah, and made a K. B. whilst commodore in the East Indies: died in June 1788. Joseph Peyton: was admiral's first captain, in the fleet under admiral Darbj'', at the relief of Gibraltar, in 1781 : died in 1804. John Carter Allen : was made post-captain for a very gallant action with a French privateer of superior force to the sloop he commanded : died Oct. 1800. Sir Charles Middleton, bart., afterwards lord Barham : when in command of a 20-gun ship in the West Indies, took and destroyed so many French privateers, and afforded such protection to the trade, that the Assembly of Barbadoes voted him their thanks, and a gold- hilted sword. A lord of the admiralty in 1794 : died an admiral of the red, June 1813. Sir John Laforey, bart. : greatly distinguished himself at the siege of Louisburg in 1758, by boarding and taking the French ship Prudent of 74 guns ; took (in conjunction with major- general Cuyler) the island of Tobago, 1793. Resident commissioner at Plymouth in 1784 : died June 1796. John Dalrymple : distinguished himself when captain of the Solebay, and when he com- manded the Union in 1782 : died Aug. 1798. Herbert Sawyer: when captain of the Active, took the Hermione Spanish register-ship, and distinguished himself when captain of the Boyne at St. Lucia in 1779 : died June 1798. Sir Richard King, bart. : distinguished himself while a commodore in the East Indies, on which station he continued during the whole of the war, and was engaged in all the actions with the French squadron commanded by M. de Suff*rein : had the command in the Downs in 1790, and Newfoundland in 1792: died Nov. 1806. Jonathan Faulknor : son of the gallant captain Faulknor, who lost his life in the Victory in 1744 : died June 1795. 288 ADMIEALS OF GEEAT BRITAm. [1790—1793. Philip Affleck : behaved with great courage in many severe engagements, when captain of the Triumph: died in Dec. 1799. Sir Kichard Bickerton, bart. : behaved very gal- lantly when captain of the Glasgow ; steered his majesty's barge at the grand naval review at Portsmouth in 1773, for which he was knighted; created a baronet in 1778; went commodore of a squadron to the East Indies in 1782, and joined sir Edward Hughes in time to share in the encounter with M. de Suffrein. Commodore on the Leeward islands' station in 1783 ; and, in 1790, hoisted his flag on board the Impregnable in the Channel fleet : died Feb. 1792. ^ ^ Hon. John Leveson Gower : signalised himself in command of the Quebec, and later of the Vali- ant; also as captain of Lord Howe's ship at the relief of Gibraltar in 1782: died Aug. 1792. Sir John Jervis, afterwards lord and earl St. Vincent, G. C. B. : signalised himself in the well-known action between his ship, the Fou- droyant, and the French ship Pegase, of 74 guns, April 20, 1782. With a fleet of only fif- teen sail of the line, totally defeated the Span- ish fleet off" Cape St. Vincent (Cape Lagos), consisting of twenty-seven sail of the line, seven of which carried from 112 to 130 guns each, taking four large ships, Feb. 14, 1797. First lord of the admiralty in 1801 ; admiral of the fleet, July 19, 1821 : died March 13, 1823, aged 89. Adam, viscount Duncan : raised to the peerage for the memorable victory he obtained over the Dutch fleet commanded by admiral De Winter, off^ Camperdown, Oct. 11, 1797, taking eight sail of the line and several frigates, and making the Dutch admiral a prisoner. Admiral Dun- can had previously distinguished himself under lord Keppel, and while in command of the North Sea fleet : died Aug. 1804. Sir Charles Douglas, bart. : recovered Newfound- land from the French in 1762, and relieved Quebec in 1776. Captain of the fleet in the action with the count de Grasse, 1782, and af- terwards commander of a squadron on the coast of America : died March 1789. Sir George Bowyer, bart. : had his flag in the Barfieur, 90 guns, in earl Howe's great victory in 1794 ; in this battle he lost a leg : died Dec. 1800. Sept. 21, 1790. Richard Braithwaite: commanded the Cen- turion in the repulse of the count d'Estaign in the West Indies, when four British ships of the line, and three of 50 guns, were arrayed against twelve sail of the line and ten frigates, 1779 : died in 1805. Phillips Cosby: died an admiral of the red, in 1808. Samuel Pitchford Cornish : eminent for his ser- vices on the West India station : died an ad- miral of the red, April 1816. Thomas Fitzherbert : served on the North Ame- rican station, where he commanded the Rai- sonable ; afterwards had his flag on board the Powerful at Plymouth : died in 1794. John Brisbane: commanded the Flora frigate, with a small squadron of five frigates and two sloops, at Rhode Island, which were set on fire, or sunk, to prevent their falling into the ' hands of the French under the count d'Es- taign, who entered the harbour with twelve sail of the line, Aug. 8, 1778 : died Dec. 1807. John Houlton : proceeded with sir George Brydges Rodney to the West Indies, and among other actions shared in the action with the count de Guichen off Martinique, 1780 : died in 1791. Charles Wolseley: served in the North Sea; and commanded the Magnanime in the East Indies, where he was most- usefully engaged : died (an admiral of the red) of a mortification in his foot, April 1808. Charles Inglis: captured a Spanish ship of 50 guns, Sept. 1778 ; served in the Channel fleet in 1781, and accompanied admiral Darby for the relief of Gibraltar. At the close of that year, sailed to the West Indies, and joined sir Samuel Hood on that station : died Oct. 1791. Samuel Cranston Goodall : shared, in the Va- liant, 74 guns, in the encounter with the count de Grasse, in April 1782. Had his flag on board the Princess Royal in the engagement with the French fleet oflf Genoa, March 1795 : died in 1801. Hon. Keith Stewart : commanded a squadron off the coast of Scotland in 1781 : died in 1794. Dec. 3, 1790. H. R. H. William- Henry, Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV.) : made admiral of the fleet, Dec. 24, 1811 ; and lord high admiral, May 2, 1827. His royal highness resigned the latter rank, Aug. 12, 1828 : died June 20, 1837. Feb. 1, 1793. Sir Richard Onslow, bart., G. C. B. : second in command, as vice-admiral, in the memorable battle off" Camperdown, Oct. 11, 1797 ; cre- ated a baronet for his bravery on that occasion : died an admiral of the red, Dec. 1817. Sir Robert Kingsmill, bart. : signalised himself in the engagement off" Ushant, July 1778, when commanding the Vigilant, 64; after- wards in the Elizabeth, 74, rendered much im- portant service: died Nov. 1805. Sir George Collier, knt. : served on the North American station in the first war, in which, and on various other occasions, he behaved most gallantly : died April 1795. Sir Hyde Parker, knt. (son of vice-admiral sir Hyde Parker, lost in the Cato') : knighted for his gallantry in the American war. Had his flag on board the St. George, 90, in vice-admi- ral Hotham's action with the French fleet off* Genoa, March 23, 1795 ; commanded (with lord Nelson) the expedition against Copen- hagen, by which the whole Danish navy was captured, and the " Armed Neutrality " vir- tually dissolved, April 1801 : died March 1807. Rowland Cotton : died Nov. 1794. Benjamin Caldwell: commanded the Agamem- non, 74, in the action with the count de Grasse ; and the Impregnable in lord Howe's memorable battle, June 1, 1794 : died an ad- miral of the red, Nov. 1820. Hon. sir William Cornwallis, G. C. B : a most distinguished officer. Fought in several bat- tles in the West Indies and in Europe ; among others, commanded the Lion in the battle off Grenada, July 6, 1779 ; brilliantly repulsed a 1794.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BKITAIX. 2S9 French fleet of four times superior force, June i 17, 1795. His squadron consisted of five sail of the line and one frigate, the enemy's of 13 sail and 14 frigates, his masterly retreat from which sheds lustre on our naval annals : died rear-admiral of the United Kingdom, July 1819. William Allen : led the van division of the fleet off Cuddalore, June 1783, afterwards served actively in Europe : died June 1805. John M'Bride: signalised by his gallantry in many actions, especially in the engagement off the Dogger Bank in 1781. Had the com- mand of a flying squadron, 1794. Performed brilliant services on various occasions: died March 1800. George Vandeput : commanded the Atlas, 98, at the relief of Gibraltar, and distinguished him- self in the exploits on that service: died at Halifax, April 1800. Charles Bucknor: served under sir George Brydges Rodney in his encounters in the West Indies with the count de Grasse. Commanded the Royal Oak on the American station. En- gaged on man}'- important occasions : died an admiral of the red, Feb. 1811. William Dickson : died in 1803. John Gell : died in 1806. Sir Alan Gardner, afterwards lord Gardner: distinguished for his bravery in earl Howe's great battle, June 1, 1794, having his flag on board the Queen ; this ship also bore his flag in lord Bridport's action, June 1795. Raised to the peerage for his brilliant services, in 1800. A lord of the admiralty, 1790, et seq. : died Dec. 1808. April 11, 1794. John-Lewis Gidoin : died Dec. 1796. George Gayton : died in 1797. George Murray, sen. : died in 1797. Robert Linzee: had his flag on board the Windsor Castle, 90, in vice-admiral sir William Hotham's engagement with the French fleet otf Genoa, March 1795 : died Sept. 1804. Sir James Wallace : knighted for his gallantry when commanding a frigate on the American station in the rebellion : died March 1803. William Peere Williams Freeman : in the Prince George, 98, shared in admiral Rodney's en- counters with the count de Grasse, April 9 and 12, 1782. Captured in the Flora, 32, after a sanguinary battle. La Nymphe, French frigate, 36 guns. Behaved with great gallantry in an action with two Dutch ships in the Mediter- ranean. Attained to the rank of admiral of the fleet, June 28, 1830 : died Feb. 1832. Sir Thomas Pasley, bart. : had his flag in the Bellerophon, 74, in earl Howe's great battle, June 1, 1794; in this engagement he lost a leg. Created a baronet soon afterwards : died Nov. 1808. John Symons : commanded the Formidable in the action April 12, 1782 ; in which, and in other actions, behaved with great bravery: died Dec. 1799. Sir Thomas Rich, bart. : died April 1803. Sir Charles Thompson, bart. : had his flag on board the Britannia, 100, in the battle off" Cape St. Vincent, 1797. Created a baronet for his gallantry : died March 1803. James Gumming : died Aug. 1808. John Ford : died in 1796. Sir John Col poys, g. c. b. : had his flag in the London, 98, in lord Bridport's action oflT Port L'Orient, 1795. A lord of the admiralty, 1804 : died an admiral of the red, April 1821. Skeffington Lutwidge: died an admiral of the red, Aug. 1814. Sir Archibald Dickson, bart. : so created for his gallant services, 1802: died in 1803. Sir George Montagu, g. o. b. : when captain of the Pearl, took, after a severe action, the Santa Monica Spanish frigate, 32 guns, Sept 1799 ; afterwards UEsperance French frigate same force, both larger than his own ship; behaved most gallantly on various occasions : died an admiral of the red, Aug. 1829. Thomas Dumaresque : among his many services, commanded the Repulse in the engagement on April 12, 1782 : died in 1801. Hon. sir George Keith Elphinstone, afterwards viscount Keith, g. c. b. Commanded in chief the fleet at the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope, Sept. 1795. Compelled the Dutch squadron in Saldanha bay, five sail of the line and ten frigates, to surrender, 1796. Second in command in the Mediterranean in 1798, under earl St. Vincent, whom he succeeded in the chief command: died an admiral of the red, March 1823. July 4, 1794. James Pigot: commanded the Tremendous in earl Howe's memorable victory, June 1, 1794 : died an admiral of the red, Sept. 1822. William Waldegrave, afterwards lord Radstock : had his flag in the Barfleur, 98, in the great battle ofl" Cape Lagos (Cape St. Vincent) Feb. 14, 1797. Raised to the peerage for his great services, 1800 : died an admiral of the red, Aug. 1825. Thomas Pringle : one of the heroes in earl Howe's great battle, 1794, in which he commanded the Valiant, 74 : died Dec. 1803. Thomas Mackenzie: also a hero of the same battle, commanding the Gibraltar : died Sept. 1813. Hon. William Clement Finch: died in 1794. Sir Roger Curtis, bart. : signalised by his bravery, commanding the Brilliant frigate, at the siege of Gibraltar. Earl Howe's captain of the Queen Charlotte in the battle of June 1, 1794. Commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, 1799, et seq.; and afterwards at the Cape: died an admiral of the red, Nov. 1816. Sir Henry Harvey, k. b. : captain of the Ramillies in earl Howe's great battle, June 1794; and rear-admiral in lord Bridport's action, June 1795: died in 181L Robert Mann, jun. : died an admiral of the red, Sept. 1813. Sir William Parker, bart. : commanded the Au- dacious on the glorious 1st of June 1794, Created a baronet for his many gallant ser- vices : died in 1804 Charles Holmes Everett Calmady : distinguished by his gallantry off" Camperdown, and by his subsequent services : died March 1807. John Bourmaster: died Dec. 1807. Sir George Young: knighted for his many services, 1781 : died Aug. 1810. His son was created a baronet in 1813. John Henry: died an admiral of the red, Aug. 1829. Sir Richard Rodney Bligh, g. c. b. ; in command 290 ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN". [1795— 1797. of the Alexander, 74, behaved most gallantly in defence of his ship against five French sail of the line, to which he was at length forced to surrender, Nov. 7, 1794 ; died an admiral of the red, April 1821. June 1, 1795. Alexander Gr/eme : captain of the Preston, 50, in the battle off the Dogger Bank, Aug. 1781; in this action he lost an arm: died an admiral of the red, Aug. 1818. George Keppel : died in 1805. Samuel Reeve: distinguished himself on many occasions as an active and brave officer : died in 1803. Robert Biggs : died July 1803. Francis Parry : died Dec. 1803. Isaac Prescott: commanded the Queen, 98, bearing the flag of vice-admiral Harland in Keppel's action with D'Orvilliers : died an admiral of the red, after much service, May 1830. John Bazeley : commanded the Alfred in lord Howe's great battle, June 1794; and the Prince of Wales (admiral Harvey's ship) in lord Bridport's battle, June 1795 : died April 1809. Christopher Mason : performed much early ser- vice : died in May 1802. Thomas-David Spry : in the Europe, 64, served in the expedition against St. Pierre and Miquelon. In the Pallas, 36 (one of a squadron of frigates under sir James Wallace), captured the Dande French frigate, 34 : died an admiral of the red, Nov. 1828. Sir John Orde, bart. : commanded the squadron blockading Cadiz, 1797 ; had his flag in the Glory, 98, ofl" the same station. After much service, died an admiral of the red, Feb. 1824. [This officer sent a challenge to earl St. Vincent for preferring Nelson in the command of the squadron detached for Egypt. ] Sir William Young, g. c. b. : distinguished for his services. A lord of the admiralty, 1795, et seq. : died an admiral of the red, Oct. 1821. James Gambler, afterwards lord Gambler, G. c. B. : repelled the French in their attempt upon Jersey, 1781. Served in the American war, and was present at the reduction of Charlestown. Signalised himself, in command of the Defence, 74, in earl Howe's great victory, in 1807 commanded the fleet sent against Copenhagen, when 19 sail of the line and 23 frigates and sloops were taken. Com- manded in chief the expedition against the French naval force in Basque Roads, 1809. Three times a lord of the admiralty ; admiral of the fleet July 22, 1830 : died April 1833. Sir Andrew Mitchell, k. b. : among various noble services, commanded the Impregnable, 90, under lord Duncan, off" the coast of Holland, and, entering the Texel, compelled a squadron of 12 Dutch line of battle ships and 13 India- men to surrender, Aug. 28, 1799: died at Bermuda in 1806. Charles Chamberlaine : died in 1810. Peter Rainier : commanded the squadron in the East Indies from 1794 until 1804: died April 1808. Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian, k. b. : distinguished by much important service; commanded, with sir Ralph Abercromby, at the reduction of St. Lucia, &c. : died commanding in chief at the Cape, Jan. 1799. William Truscott: died Jan. 1798. Lord Hugh Seymour : commanded the Leviathan, 74, in earl Howe's great battle, June 1794. Had his flag in the Sans Pareil in lord Bridport's action off^ Port L'Orient, 1795. Commanded on the Jamaica station, where he died Sept. 1801. John Stanhope: died Dec. 1800. Christopher Parker : died May 1804. Philip Patton : died an admiral of the red, Dec. 1815. Sir Charles Morice Pole, g. c. b. : in the Success frigate, 32, captured the Santa Catalina, 34, which, from her shattered state, he afterwards set on fire ; distinguished by much subsequent service. First captain of the grand fleet under lord Bridport. Commanded in the Baltic, 1801. A lord of the admiralty, 1806 : died an admiral of the red, Sept. 1830. John Browne : died May 1808. John Leigh Douglas : died in 1810. Feb. 20, 1797. William Swiney : died an admiral of the red, Jan. 1829. Sir Charles-Edmund Nugent, g. c. h. : admiral of the fleet, April 24, 1833 : died Jan. 1844. William Fooks : died in 1798. Charles Powell Hamilton: commanded the Prince, 98, in lord Bridport's action off" Port L'Orient, June 1795 : died an admiral of the red, March 1825. Edmund Dod: died Dec. 1815, aged 81. Sir Horatio Nelson, afterwards lord and viscount Nelson, and duke of Bronte. ^ His brilliant achievements are too many for record here. Severely wounded and lost the sight of his right eye, at Calvi, 1794. Lost his right arm at Teneriff*e, 1797. Signally de- feated the French fleet in Aboukir Bay (battle of the Nile) Aug. 1, 1798, when, of the enemies' 13 ships, nine were taken, two were burnt, and two escaped : this victory raised him to the peerage. Second in command at Copenhagen, where, after a great battle, of 23 ships com- posing the enemy's force, 18 were taken or destroyed, April 2, 1801 : for this victory he obtained the rank of viscount. Totally de- feated the combined fleets of France and Spain off" Cape Trafalgar, Oct. 21. 1805.2 Of 33 sail of the enemy's ships, 20 were taken, sunk, or destroyed, and the French commander-in-chief (admiral Villeneuve) and two Spanish admirals were made prisoners ; but the illustrious hero himself fell in the battle: and vice-admiral Collingwood succeeded to the command. 1 This rank was conferred upon him (with a fief of the duchy annexed thereto) by the king of the Two Sicilies, in reward for the protection his fleet afforded to his dominions. The meaning of the title rendered it peculiarly appropriate. Bronte is the Greek word for thunder. The name of Cyclops, who is represented in poetic fable as forging the thunder of Jupiter, was Brontes; his residence was, of course, at ^Etna, in the island of Sicily. Just before entering into the battle, the signal ^'■England expects every man to do his dtdy^''^ floated at the mast-head of the Victory, his flag- ship in the battle. The Victory afterwards brought home his remains, and it is still kept in fine preservation at Portsmouth, where it is the flag-ship in ordinary. 1799.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 291 Thomas Lenox Frederick : commanded the Il- lustrious in the action off Genoa, 1795, and the Blenheim in the great battle off Cape St. Vin- cent, 1797 : died Nov. 1799. Sir George Home, bart. : died May 1803. Sir Charles Cotton, bart. : commanded the Ma- jestic in earl Howe's victory, June 1794, and the Mars in admiral Cornwallis' engagement, 1795. Commanded in chief the Channel fleet : died Feb. 1812. Matthew Squire : died in 1800. Roddam Home : died also in 1800. Feb. 14, 1799. John Thomas : died in 1810. James Brine : died in 1814. Sir Erasmus Gower, knt. : distinguished as cap- tain of the 3Iedea frigate in the French war. Sent out with Lord Macartney, in the Lion, 64, on his embassy to China. Commanded the Triumph, 74, in the brilliant repulse of the French fleet by admiral Cornwallis, June 1795 : died, after a service of nearly sixty years, May 1814. John Holloway : vice-admiral Hotham's captain (in the Britannia, 100,) in the action with the French fleet off Genoa, March 1795 : died, after much service, an admiral of the red, June 1826. John Blankett : served actively in the East Indies, in command of the America, 64, and shared in the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope, 1795 ; also in the capture of the Dutch squadron in Saldanha bay, 1796 : died in 1801. George Wilson: died an admiral of the red, March 1826. Sir Charles-Henry Knowles, bart. G. c. b. (son of admiral sir Charles Knowles) : commanded the Goliah, 74, in the battle off St. Vincent's, 1797 : died, after long service, an admiral of the red, Nov. 1831. Hon. sir Thomas Pakenham, g. c. b. : had the command of the Invincible, 74, in earl Howe's great battle, June 1, 1794 ; and being offered his choice of the captured ships, he preferred the Juste, the one he had himself taken ; died an admiral of the red, Feb. 1836. Robert Deans: died Jan. 1815. Cuthbert Collingwood, afterwards lord CoUing- wood : commanded the Elephant, in the battle off Cape St. Vincent, 1797. Second in com- mand in the glorious battle of Trafalgar, 1805. Continued the fight, as chief, after lord Nelson received his mortal wound. The preservation of the captured ships, after the engagement, was attributable to his great energy and judg- ment. Raised to the peerage on this occasion : died on board his ship, the Ville de Paris, while cruising off Minorca, May 1810. Sir James Hawkins Whitshed, bart, g. c. b. : served in the American war, and at the relief of Gibraltar. Commanded the Namur, 98, in the memorable battle off Cape St. Vincent, 1797. Commanded in chief on the Halifax station until the peace of Amiens. After long service, commanded in chief at Portsmouth from 1821 till 1824. Admiral of the fleet, to which rank he rose Jan. 1844 : died Oct. 1849, aged 91 years. Arthur Kempe : died an admiral of the red, Jan 1823. Smith Child : served at the two sieges of Louis- burg and Pondicherry; and commanded the Europe, 64, in the two actions oft' the Chesa- peake, 1781 : died, closing an active life, Jan. 1813. Charles, lord Lecale, second son of James, duke of Leinster : captain of the Brmiswick, one of the five ships that engaged the French fleet, June 1795 : died in 1810. Thomas Taylor: died in 1812. Sir John-Thomas Duckworth: captain of the Orion, 74, in earl Howe's great battle, June 1, 1794. Joint commander-in-chief, with sir Charles Stewart, at the taking of Minorca, Nov. 1798. Defeated the French fleet in the West Indies, capturing three sail of the line, and driving two on shore, off St. Domingo, Feb. 6, 1806. Commanded the memorable expedition against Constantinople i, Feb. 1807 : died, distinguished by his great and many services, Sept. 1817. John Knowles: died in 1800. John Willett Payne: captain of the Russell, 74, in earl Howe's great victory, June 1, 1794: died Nov. 1803. Sir Robert Calder, bart., k. c. b. : captain of the Victory, 100, (sir John Jervis' ship,) at the battle off Cape St. Vincent, 1797. Having 15 sail of the line, engaged the combined fleets of France and Spain, consisting of 20 sail, off Ferrol, July 22, 1805, when two ships, the San Rafael and the Firma, were taken. Tried by a court-martial for " not having done his utmost to take, sink, burn, and destroy the other ships in the action ;" acquitted of cowardice, but reprimanded for want of judg- ment : died in 1818. James-Richard Dacres, sen. : commanded the Barfieur, 98, in lord Bridport's action, June 1795 ; and the same ship in the battle off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 1797. After much valuable service, died Jan. 1810. Hon. sir George Cranfield Berkeley, g. c. b. : in the battle of June 1, 1794, commanded the Marlborough, 74, which was opposed to the Impetueux, and, ultimately, to another ship of the line, together; both struck to the Marl- borough; but a French ship of 120 guns came under her stern, and raked her with a broad- side, which did great mischief, and wounded, among the rest, her gallant captain in the head and leg: died Feb. 1818. Thomas West: died Feb. 1821. James Douglas: died an admiral of the red, June 1839. Peter Aplin : died in 1817. Henry Savage : died an admiral of the red, in 1823. Bartholomew- Samuel Rowley : had the chief command of the squadron in the Downs, 1807 ; commanded on the Jamaica station, where he died Oct. 1811. Sir Richard Hussey Bickerton, bart., k. c. b., son of admiral sir Richard Bickerton : bore a conspicuous part in the Egyptian campaign : died an admiral of the red, Feb. 1832. George Bowen: commanded the Montague, 74, 1 The gallant exploit of forcing the passage of the Dardanelles was undertaken by admiral Duckworth with the squadron under his command, Feb. 19, 1807. He was obliged, however, to repass them with great loss, and immense damage to the fleet, March 2 following ; the castles of Sestos and Abydos hurling huge rocks, each many tons in weight, upon the decks of the British ships. u 2 292 ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAm. [1801—1804. in the action between admiral Graves and the count de Grasse, off the Cliesapeake, 1781. Shared in other achievements in the West Indies, the battle of April 12, 1782, &c. Com- manded the Canada, 74, at the reduction of St. Lucia : died an admiral of the red, July 1823. Robert Montagu : commanded the Exeter, 64, in the action between sir Edward Hughes and M. de Suffrein. After much active service, died an admiral of the red, Nov. 1830. John Fergusson: died in 1818. John Howorth: died in 1799. Edward Edwards: died in 1815. Sir John Borlase Warren, g. c. b. : a most dis- tinguished officer. Among many other ser- vices, commanded the squadron in the expe- dition to Quiberon bay, 1795. Engaged a French fleet of nine sail, full of troops as suc- cours to the Irish, and captured La Hoche, 80 guns, and two frigates, Oct. 12, 1798. His squadron captured the French line of battle ship, the Marengo, 80, and the Belle Poule, 40 guns, off Madeira, March 13, 1806 : died Feb. 1822. Jan. 1, 1801. Edward Tyrrell Smith : died Oct. 1824. Sir Thomas Graves, k. b. : third in command (having his flag in the Defiance, 74,) at the battle of Copenhagen, April 2, 1801 : died, after much service, March 1814. Thomas Macnamara Russell : in the Hussar, 20, captured the French frigate La Sybille, after a severe action, Jan. 1783. In the Vengeance, 74, served at the reduction of St. Lucia, Tri- nidad, &c. : died, after much active service, July 1834. Sylverius Moriarty : died in 1809. Sir Henry Trollope, g. c. b. : captain of the Glatton, 54, in an attack on a squadron of French frigates off Ostend, 1796. Commanded the Russell, 74, in the great battle with the Dutch fleet off Camperdown, 1797. Behaved most gallantly on various other occasions : an admiral of the red : destroyed himself Nov. 2, 1839. Sir Henry Edwyn Stanhope, bart., so created Nov. 1807 : died Dec. 1814. Robert M'Dowell : died Feb. 1816, aged 87. Billy Douglas : died in 1817. John Wickey : died an admiral of the red, June 1833. John Inglis: commanded the BeUiqueux, 74, in the battle off Camperdown, 1797 ; died March 1807. John Fish : died an admiral of the red, Sept. 1834. Jahleel Brenton, sen. : an active and zealous officer. Commanded the Ccesar, 80, (sir James Saumarez* ship,) in the battle off Algesiras, July 1801: died in 1802. Sir John Knight, k. c. b. ; shared, in the Mon- tagu, 74, in the battle with the Dutch fleet off Camperdown, 1797. After much service, died an admiral of the red, June 1831. Sir Edward Thornbrough, g. c. b. : distinguished by much service. Commanded the Latona fri- gate in earl Howe's battle, June 1794; the Robuste, 74, in lord Bridport's action, June 1795; and the same ship in sir John Borlase Warren's engagement, Oct. 1798 : died an admiral of the red, April 1834. James Kempthorne : died in 1808. Sampson Edwards: among his other services, assisted at the reduction of the West India islands : died an admiral of the red, Sept. 1840. Sir George Campbell, G. c. b. : commanded the Terrible, 74, in vice-admiral Hotham's engage- ment with the French fleet off Genoa, March 1795. An active officer: died an admiral of the red, Jan. 1821. Thomas Hicks : died in 1801. Henry Cromwell : died in 1814. Arthur Philip : died Aug. 1814. Sir William-George Fairfax, knt. : captain of the Venerable (admiral Duncan's flag-ship) in the glorious fight off Camperdown, Oct. 1797 ; knighted for his gallantry in that action : died Nov. 1813. Thomas Totty : had his flag on board the Invin- cible, 74, when she was lost off Yarmouth (near Winterton) with 400 of her crew, on her passage to join the Baltic fleet, March 20, 1801. Afterwards hoisted it on board the Zealous: died on his return home from the Leeward islands, June 1802. Sir James Saumarez, bart., afterwards lord de Saumarez, g. c. b. : captured, Oct. 1793, in the Crescent frigate, the French frigate Reunion, without losing a man, while 120 of the enemy were killed or wounded. Commanded the Orion, 74, in lord Bridport's action, June 1795, and the same ship at the battle off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 1797. Second in command at the glorious battle of the Nile, Aug. 1798. Fought, in the bay of Algesiras, the French and Spanish fleets, consisting of ten sail of the line, his own ships being only half the number, when two three-deckers, each 112 guns, were blown up; the San Antonio, 74, was taken, and the rest were disabled, July 12, 1801. Rendered a series of signal services command- ing in the Baltic Vioe-admiral of England, 1831 ; died Oct. 1836. April 23, 1804. Thomas Drury : in the Alfred, 74, served at the reduction of St. Lucia, &c. by sir Hugh Clo- berry Christian and sir Ralph Abercromby. In same ship captured Le Renommee, 44, and La Favorite, 22. After much gallant ser- vice, died an admiral of the red, Sept. 1832. Sir Albemarle Bertie, bart., G. c. b. : commanded the Thunderer, 74, in earl Howe's glorious battle, June 1, 1794, and in lord Bridport's action, June 23, 1795. Commanded at the Cape of Good Hope ; served in the Indian Sea, &c. : died Feb. 1824, William, earl of Northesk, g. c. b. : had his flag, as third in command, on board the Britannia, 100, at the ever-memorable battle of Trafalgar : died rear-admiral of Great Britain, May 1831. James Vashon : died Oct. 1827. Sir William- Henry Douglas, bart. : died May 1809, aged 81. Thomas Wells: died in 1812. Sir Edward Pellew, bart, afterwards viscount Exmoutli, G. c. B. : a most brave and illustrious seaman, distinguished by a life of services, commenced in the American war. Captured in the Nymphe frigate, 36, the Cleopatre, 40, a " crack ship of France," after a sanguinary fight, June 18, 1793. In the Indefatigable, after a gallant action, took the Virginie, French frigate, April 20, 1796 ; and was signally successful on various other occasions. Com- manded in chief in the East Indies until 1809, 1804—1805.] ADMIRALS OF GEEAT BRITAHST. 293 and subsequently in the North Sea, and in the Mediterranean. Crowned his victories by the battle of Algiers, and the destruction of the fleet and arsenal there, Aug. 27, 1816. Vice- admiral of England, 1832 : died Jan. 1833. Sir Isaac Coffin, bart., g. c. h. : shared in many of the splendid achievements in the West Indies, including St. Christopher's, &;c. : died an admiral of the red, July 1839, aged 80 years. John Aylmer : commanded the Glory ^ 74, in the Spanish armament, 1790 ; aided in the capture of the Dutch fleet in Saldanha bay, 1796. Kendered much subsequent service: died an admiral of the red, April 1841. Samuel Osborne, died Sept. 1816. Richard Boger : died Oct. 1822. Jonathan Faulknor, jun. : died in 1809. John Child Purvis : captain of the Princess Royal, 98, (vice-admiral Goodall,) in vice- admiral Hotham's action, March 1795 : died Feb. 1825. Theophilus Jones : died Nov. 1835. Sir William Domett, g.c.b. : captain of the Boyal George in earl Howe's great battle, 1794 ; and in the same ship (then bearing lord Bridport's flag) in the action, June 1795, off" Port L'Ori- ent, signalising himself in both ; a most gallant officer : died May 1828. William Wolseley : distinguished at the capture of St. Fiorenzo, and various other achieve- ments ; shared in much gallant service ; died an admiral of the red, June 1842. John Manley : died Sept. 1816. Sir George Murray, k. c. b. : captain of the Nymphe frigate in the battle off Port L'Orient, and of the Colossus, 74, in the battle off Cape St. Vincent. Commanded the Edgar, 74, in the battle of Copenhagen, 1801 : died Feb. 1819. Sir John Sutton, k. c. b. : commanded the JSg- mont, 74, in vice-admiral Hotham's action off' Genoa, 1795; and the same ship in sir John Jervis' great battle, 1797 : on many subsequent occasions conspicuous for his gallantry: died August 1825. Robert Murray : died May 1834. Hon. sir Alexander Inglis Forrester Cochrane, G. c. B. : a most active and brave officer. In the Ajax, 80, accompanied lord Keith and sir Ralph Abercromby to Egypt, 1801. Com- manded the Northumberland, 74, in sir J. T. Duckworth's great battle off St. Domingo, Feb. 1806 ; he sustained the brunt of this ac- tion, getting up first, and having 100 men killed and wounded on board his ship. In 1807 took the islands of St. Thomas' and Santa Cruz, and subsequently effected the conquest of Martinique. Distinguished by almost count- less services. Sir Thomas Troubridge, bart. : commanded the Culloden, 74, in the battle of L'Orient, and battle of the Nile. Lord St. Vincent's captain of the Channel fleet. A lord of the admiralty, 1801. Sent in 1805 to the East Indies, and, re- turning from that station, was lost in the Blen- heim, 74, supposed in Feb. 1810. John Markham : captured La Gentille, French frigate, 44 ; made prizes of a number of vessels of war. His squadron captured La Junon, 40, L^Alceste, 36, Le Courageux, 22, and other ships. A lord of the admiralty, 1801, et seq. : died Feb. 1827. Charles Stirling : commanded the Jason, 44, in the expedition to Quiberon bay, under sir John Borlase Warren. Captured, after a hard fight, u La Seine French frigate, 42 guns and 610 men (including soldiers), of whom 170 were killed and 100 wounded in the action. Commanded the Pompee, 80, at Algesiras, July 1801. Shared in sir Robert Calder's action, July 1805. Subsequently served at Monte Video. Sentenced by a court-martial to remain on the half-pay list, and not to be included in any fu- ture promotion, May 9, 1814 : died Nov. 1833. Sir Henry D'Esterre Darby, k. c. b. : commanded the Bellerophon, 74, at the battle of the Nile : she was opposed in that battle to U Orient j 120 guns, and had 196 men killed and wounded. Commanded the Spencer, 74, in the battle of Algesiras, July 12, 1801 : died April 1823. Edward Bowater : died March 1829. George Palmer: died Aug. 1834. William O'Bryen Drury: a very distinguished officer. Commanded the Powerful, 74, in the battle off Camperdown, 1797. Commanded in chief in the East Indies: died March 1811. Sir William Essington, k. b. : commanded the Triumph, 74, in admiral Duncan's great battle off Camperdown : died July 1816. Sir Thomas Louis, knt. : commanded the Mino- taur, 74, at the battle of the Nile; and the Canopus, 80, at the battle of St. Domingo: died May 1807. Nov. 9, 1805. John M'Dougal: died an admiral of the red, Nov. 1814. James Alms : died June 1816. Sir Eliab Harvey, g. c. b. : a brave and esteemed officer, distinguished by much activity. Served in the Spanish armament, 1790. Commanded the Temeraire, 98, at the glorious battle of Trafalgar. Dismissed the service May 1809 ; but restored by an order in council March the next year: died Feb. 1830. John Peyton : shared (commanding the Defence, 74), in the glory of the Nile: died July 1809. Sir Edmund Nagle, g. c. b, : displayed much gal- lantry on various occasions. Assisted at the destruction of La Felicite French frigate and two corvettes off the Penmarks, 1790. A fa- vourite courtier of George IV.'s reign: died March 1830. Sir John Wells, g.c.b.: materially contributed to the defeat of the Dutch fleet under admiral de Winter, off Camperdown, in which battle he commanded the Lancaster, 64, Oct. 1797 : died an admiral of the red, Nov. 1841. Sir Richard Grindall, k.c.b. : in the Irresistible, 74, fought in lord Bridport's engagement off Port L'Orient, in which he was severely wounded. Commanded the Prince, 98, at the battle of Trafalgar : died May 1820. Sir George Martin, g. c. b. : had many encounters with the enemy. Served at Malta; in the memorable expedition to Egypt, &c. Com- manded the Irresistible, 74, at the battle off Cape St. Vincent ; and the Barfleur, 98, in sir Robert Calder's action with Villeneuve, July 1805. Caused the Robuste, 80, and the Lion, 74, French ships, to run themselves on shore, near Cette, Avhere they were burnt by their own crews, Oct. 23, 1809. Admiral of the fleet, Nov. 9, 1846 : died July 1847, aged 83. Sir Alexander -John Ball, bart. : commanded the Alexander, 74, at the battle of the Nile. Served at the blockade of Malta. After its capture became governor of the island : died Oct. 1809, Sir Richard- John Strachan, bart, g. c. b. : reu- 3 294 ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIK [1807-1808. dered many and great services to his country ; among them was the engagement with, and capture of, four French sail of the line, with the same number of British ships, off Cape Ortegal (Nov. 4, 1805), a part of the combined fleets of France and Spain that had escaped unhurt from the glorious battle of Trafalgar. Commanded the memorable expedition to Wal- cheren in 1809: died Feb. 1828. Sir William Sidney Smith, g. c. b. : renowned for his many gallant exploits.^ The destruc- tion of the French ships of war at Toulon (en- trusted to him by lord Hood) was executed with singular ability, 1793. In 1798, in the Tigre, 80, was commodore on the coast of Egypt. In March 1799 defended St. Jean d'Acre against Buonaparte, frustrating many fierce assaudts of the French to take it. Appointed 1803 to the Antelope, 50, with a flying squa- dron. In 1805 hoisted his flag in the Pompey, 80, and harassed the French at Naples, com- pelling the garrison of Capri to surrender. Distinguished under sir J. T. Duckworth at the Dardanelles, 1807. In 1809 commanded a squadron in South America: died at Paris, May 1840. Thomas Sotheby : died July 1831. Edward O'Brien : in the 3Ionarch, 84, (vice- ad- miral Onslow's flag- ship,) broke the enemy's line at the battle off Camperdown, 1797 : died Feb. 1809. Nathan Brunton : died in 1814. William Hancock Kelly : died in 1811. John Schanck ; a meritorious officer : he built at Quebec, and commanded, the Inflexible, 18 guns, and fought her against the revolted colo- nies, on Lake Champlain, Oct. 1776, many of her upper timbers having been growing in the forests only ten days before : died Feb. 1823. Hon. Michael de Courcey : commanded the Magnanime in sir John Borlase Warren's en- gagement with the French fleet, and capture of the Hoche, 74 guns, and two frigates, Oct. 1798 : died Feb. 1824. William Bentinck : commanded the Fhceton fri- gate on the glorious 1st of June 1794: died Feb. 1813. Paul Minchin: died in 1810. Philip D'Auvergne, prince of Bouillon : died Sept. 1816, aged 81. Oct. 2, 1807. John Hunter: died March 1821, aged 83. Francis Pender : died Aug. 1820. William Albany Otway : died May 1814. George Lumsdaine : died Feb. 1812. Sir Samuel Hood, bart., k. b. : shared in the glory of the Nile, 1798. Next year employed in the recovery of Sicily and Naples from the French armies. In 1801 commanded the Ve- nerable, 74, at the battle of Algesiras. Cap- tured successively the enemy's settlements of Tobago, St. Lucia, Demerara, Essequibo, Ber- bice, and Surinam. Having the Centaur and Monarch under his orders, fought a squadron of five French frigates (taking four) and two brigs, laden with troops, from Rochefort, but lost his right arm in the action, Oct. 1806. Served at Copenhagen, 1807. Took Madeira, Nov. same year: died at Madras, Dec. 1814. Sir Henry Nicolls, k. c. b. : shared, in the Royal Sovereign, 100, (admiral Graves' ship,) in earl Howe's great battle, 1794 : died after much service, Aug. 1830. Sir Herbert Sawyer, k. c. b. : captured in the Artois, 44, Oct. 1794, La Revolutionaire French frigate, same force, for which he was knighted. A friend and companion of George IV, when prince regent : died Nov. 1833. Sir Davidge Gould, g. c. b. : commanded the Cy- clops at the reduction of Corsica, 1794; the Bedford, 74, in vice-admiral Hotham's engage- ment, March 1795 ; "and the Audacious, 74, at the battle of the Nile. A distinguished and gallant officer in various subsequent services. Vice-admiral of Great Britain : died April 1847. Sir Richard Godwin Keats, g. c. b. : in the Superb, 74, led the attack at the battle of Al- gesiras, July 12, 1801. Fought in the same ship (bearing the flag of Sir J. T. Duckworth) at the battle off St. Domingo, Feb. 6, 1806. Served in the expedition against Copenhagen, 1807 ; and in the expedition to the Scheldt, 1809. Commanded in chief at Newfoundland, and became governor of that island, 1813 : died April 1834. April 28, 1808. Robert Devereux Fancourt: commanded the Agamemnon, 64, in the battle of Copen- hagen, 1801 : died July 1826. Sir Edward BuUer, bart. : commanded the Malta, 74, in sir Robert Calder's action with Ville- neuve, and compelled the San Rafael, 80, (one of the two ships taken) to surrender, July 22, 1805 : died April 1824. Hon. sir Robert Stopford, g. c. b. : distinguished himself, in the Aquilon frigate, in earl Howe's great victory, 1794. Commanded the Spencer, 74, in sir J. T. Duckworth's defeat of the French fleet off St. Domingo, 1806 ; and the Ccesar, 80, in lord Gambier's destruction of the French ships in Basque Roads, 1809. Shared, with sir Samuel Auchmuty, in capturing the {)utch settlement of Java, Aug. 1811. In 1840 commanded in chief at the storming of Acre: died rear-admiral of Great Britain, June 1847. Mark Robinson : present at the reduction of Calvi, in the war of the Revolution. Com- manded the Arethusa frigate in sir John Borlase Warren's expedition to Quiberon, 1795. Accompanied Nelson (in the Swiftsure, 74,) to the West Indies, in quest of the combined fleets of France and Spain : died Feb. 1834. Thomas Revell Shivers : died June 1827. Charles Cobbe : died in 1809. Francis Pickmore : died commanding in chief at Newfoundland, Feb. 1818. 1 These exploits would fill several pages of this volume. The name of sir Sidney Smith was long a terror to the French. In April 1796 he was taken prisoner in an attempt to cut out a ship at Havre de Grace, and was confined two years in the Temple, whence he mysteriously escaped. An order of the minister of the day was forged, directing the gaoler of the Temple to deliver to the hearers le chevalier Sidney Smith, for the purpose of transferring him to another prison ; and having thus far succeeded, he and his friend in the secret passed by means of false passports to Rouen, and thence in an open boat to the channel, where they were taken up bv the Argo frigate, which soon landed them at Portsmouth. It is asserted, however, by captain Brenton, in his Naval History, that this escape had been connived at by the French authorities, and that perhaps even sir Sidney Smith himself was ignorant of the fact at the time. At the close of the war he was rewarded with a pension of 1000/. per annum. 1809—1810.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 295 John Stevens Hall : died Feb. 1814. John Dilkes: shared m the reduction of St. Lucia. Involved in the memorable affair with the Chinese government, 1800. Commanded the Raisonable, 64, in the battle of Copenhagen, 1801. Sir Alexander Cochrane's captain in the Pompee, 80, at the taking of Guadaloupe, &c. 1810: died Feb. 1827. William Lechmere: died in 1816. Sir Thomas Foley, g. c. b. : vice-admiral Hyde Parker's captain in the Si. George, 98, at the battle off Genoa, March 1795. Sir Charles Thompson's captain, in the Britannia, 100, at the battle off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 1797. Led the British fleet into action, in the Goliah, 74, at the battle of the Nile. Lord Nelson's captain, in the Elephant, 80, at the battle of Copenhagen, 1801 : died Jan. 1833. Sir Charles Tyler, g. c. b : commanded the Diadem, 64, in the engagement off Genoa, 1795 ; the Warrior, in the battle of Copenhagen, 1801; and the Tonant, 80, in the glorious victorv of Trafalgar : died Sept. 1835. Robert Carthew Reynolds : a zealous and gallant officer. Lost, with his ship, the -S'^. George, 98, (together with the Hero and Defence, also ships of the line,) off the coast of Jutland in a dreadful tempest, Dec. 24, 1811: of the three crews, consisting of nearly 2000 men, sixteen seamen only were saved. Robert Watson : died in 1819. Alan Hyde Gardner, viscount Gardner: com- manded the Hero, 74, at the battle of Trafalgar : died (while his patent for the dignity of viscount was being prepared) Dec. 1815. SirManley Dixon, bart., k. c. b. : in the Lion, 64, fought four Spanish frigates, of which he captured one, the Santa Dorotea, July 15, 1798. Captured the Guillaume Tell, French ship, 84 guns (which the Penelope frigate, hon. H. Blackwood, had previously fought,) March 1800: this ship was afterwards called the Malta : died Feb. 1837. George Losack : among other services, shared in the capture of the Dutch fleet in Saldanha bay, Aug. 1796 : died Aug. 1829. Sir William Mitchell, k. c. b. : died March 1816. George Hart : died in 1812. Sir Thomas Bertie, knt. : in the Ardent, 64, served at the blockade of the Texel, until the expedition of Aug. 1799. Commanded that ship at the battle of Copenhagen, 1801. Knighted for his many services, June 1813: died June 1825. Oct. 25, 1809. Rowley Bulteel : died Aug. 1820. Wilham Luke: died in 1819. Isaac-George Manley: died an admiral of the red, Oct. 1837. John Osborne : died Jan. 1820. Edmund Crawley : died Nov. 1834. Charles Boyles : died Nov. 1816. Sir Thomas Williams, knt., g. c. b. : commanded the Unicorn, 38, and (in company with the Santa Margaritta, 36,) took, after a desperate running fight, two of three French frigates ( La Tribune and La Tamise) each of 44 guns, June 8, 1796. Honoured with knighthood for this gallant action. Distinguished by his many services : died Oct. 1841. Thomas Hamilton: died in 1815. Sir Thomas Boulden Thompson, bart, g.c. b. : engaged with Nelson in the attack on Te- nerlffe. At the Nile, commanded the Leander, 50, which, from its being crippled in the battle, he was obliged to surrender to the French Le Genereux, 74 guns. On being ex- changed, he was knighted. Subsequently created a baronet for his gallantry, in the Bellona, 74:, at Copenhagen, where he lost a leg, 1801 : died March 1828. George Countess : commanded the Charon frigate in earl Howe's battle, June 1794; and the Ethalion, 64, in the action with the French squadron, October 12, 1798 : died after much gallant service, in 1811. July 31, 1810. John Laugharne : died in 1819. Sir William Hargood, g. c. b., g. c. h. : one of the victors of Trafalgar. Commanded the Belleisle, 80, in that battle: this ship was opposed to two of the enemy's line, lost all its masts, and had 126 men killed and wounded. Shared in the capture of Vhnpetueux, 74 guns and 670 men, off Cape Henry, Sept. 14, 1806. Distinguished by much subsequent service : died Dec. 1839. George Gregory: commanded the Veteran, 74, in the battle off Camperdown : died Jan. 1814. John Ferrier : this gallant officer was called by the immortal Nelson " as steady as old Time " : died Feb. 1836. Richard Incledon Bury: a lieutenant of the Agamemnon in sir George Brj'dges Rodney's action with the count de Grasse, April 12, 1782. Shared, in the Ceres frigate, in the reduction of the West India islands, 1794. Commanded the Texel, 64, blockading the Dutch fleet in Helvoetsluy's : displayed much gallantry on various occasions : died April 1825. Sir Robert Moorsom, k. c. b. : commanded the Revenge, 74, in the glorious battle of Trafalgar. This ship fought the Prmce of Asturias, 112 guns, on one side, and a French 74 on the other, while three more of the enemy's line partly supported them : wounded in the battle. In 1806 became private secretary to lord Mulgrave, then at the head of the admiralty : died April 1835. Sir Charles Hamilton, bart. : served at the re- duction of Corsica. Accompanied admiral Mitchell to the Helder as second in command, 1799. Commanded on the coast of Africa, and on the home. West India, and North American stations. Commander-in-chief and governor of Newfoundland. In his long career of service captured numerous armed vessels: died senior admiral of the red, Sept. 1849. Hon. Henry Curzon : commanded the Pallas frigate in the repulse of the French fleet by admiral Cornwallis, 1795. In the Indefatigable frigate, accompanied the expedition to Ferrol, 1800. Captured the Venus French frigate, Oct. same year. Assisted at the embarkation of sir John Moore's army at Corunna, 1809. Commanded the squadron blockading Cher- bourg, 1810 : died an admiral of the red, May 1846. William Bligh: when lieutenant, commanded the armed ship Bounty, so well remembered for the mutiny of its crew in 1789. Com- manded the Director, 64, at the battle of? Camperdown ; and the Glatton, 64, at Copen- hagen : died Dec. 1817, 4 296 ADMIRALS OF GEEAT BRITAIN". [1810—1811. Sir Lawrence-William Halsted, g. c. b. : in the Phoenix, 36, took the Dutch frigate Argo, same force, 1796. Commanded the Namur, 98, in sir Richard Strachan's action with, and capture of, the four ships of the line that had escaped from the memorable battle of Trafalgar. Served on various stations, and in several brilliant affairs : died April 1841. Sir Edward-Oliver Osborne: died (the last of three gallant and distinguished brothers, all flag officers) June 1820. Sir Harry Burrard Neale, bart., G. c. B. : assisted in L Almahle frigate, in the reduction of Bastia, &c. 1793. In the St. Fiorenzo, 42, (in company with La Nymphe frigate,) fought and captured the Resistance, 48, and Constance, 24 guns, off Brest, March 8, 1797. In the London, 98, (attached to sir John Borlase Warren's squadron,) fought, in company with the Amazon frigate, the Marengo, 80, and Belle Poule, 40, both of which were taken, March 13, 1806. In the Caledonia, 120, (lord Gambier's flag-ship,) aided in destroying the French fleet in Basque Roads, 1809. A lord of the admiralty, 1804, et seq. : died Feb. 1840. Sir Jose})h Sidney Yorke, bart., k. c. b. : a lord of the admiralty, 1810, et seq. : drowned (with captains Bradlev and Young) by the upsetting of a boat, May 1831. Hon. sir Arthur Kaye Legge, k. o. b. : com- manded the Niger frigate in earl Howe's great battle, 1794. Commanded the Repulse, 74, at the Dardanelles, 1807. Subsequently had the command at Cadiz in the Revenge, 74 : died in 1835. Francis Fayerman ; in command of the Beaulieu frigate, shared in the victory ofl* Camperdown, 1797. On various occasions behaved with great gallantry : died 1820. George, earl of Galloway, k. t. : died March 1834. Sir Thomas-Francis Fremantle, g. C. b. : a friend and companion of Nelson's in most of his brilliant achievements. In the Inconstant frigate, fought the French ship Ca Ira, 80 guns, in vice-admiral Hotham's action, March 1795. Distinguished at Piombino, Elba, and at Te- neriffe, where he was wounded in the arm.^ Captured the Unite French frigate, 36 guns. Commanded the Ganges, 74, and the Neptune, 98, at Copenhagen and Trafalgar. Commanded in the Adriatic, the Mediterranean, &c. A lord of the admiralty, 1806 : died Dec. 1819. Sir Francis Laforey, bart., k. c. b. : distinguished by the capture, in the Carysfort, of the Castor frigate, May 29, 1794. Gallantly gave chase, in the Hydra frigate, to three French ships, when one of them, the Confiante, 36, ran ashore near Havre, and was destroyed by the boats of the Hydra the following morning. May 1, 1798. Commanded the Spartiate, 74, at the glorious victory of Trafalgar. Served in guarding the coast of Sicily, &c. : died June 1835. Sir Robert Barlow, g. c. b. : commanded the Pegasus frigate in earl Howe's great battle, 1794; and the Aquilon in lord Bridport's en- gagement, 1795. In the Phoebe gallantly cap- tured the French frigate Nereide, Dec. 21, 1797. Distinguished by much valuable ser- vice : died an admiral of the red. May 1843, aged 86 years. Sir Philip-Charles Calderwood Henderson Dur- ham, G. c. B. : commanded the Anson, 46, at Quiberon, 1795 ; and in that ship fought in sir John Borlase Warren's engagement, Oct. 12, 1798. In the Defiance, 74, shared in the action with the combined fleets, July 22, 1805. Com- manded this ship also at the great battle of Trafalgar. In the Venerable, 74, took the Alcmene and Iphigenia French frigates, each of 40 guns, Jan. 16, 1814: died an admiral of the red, April 1845, aged 83. [This brave and veteran seaman was one of the few persons saved from the Royal George, 100 guns, admiral Kempenfelt's ship, which upset at Spithead in 1782.] Sir Israel Pellew, k. c. b. : brother of viscount Pellew. Commanded the far-famed Cleopatra frigate in the West Indies. In the Conqueror, 74, shared in the glorious victor}^ of Trafalgar, died July 1832. Aug. 1, 1811. Alexander Frazer : commanded the Vanguardy 74, in the expedition to Copenhagen, under lord Gambler. Rendered much gallant service : died June 1829. Sir Benjamin Hallowell Carew, g. c. b. : shared in many early actions. Commanded the Sivift- sure, 74, at the battle of the Nile. In that glorious victory engaged U Orient, 120 guns and 1010 men (bearing the French admiral's flag), which took Are and blew up.2 Com- manded the Tigre, 74, in the gallant attack on the ships of war in the bay of Rosas, all which were burnt or brought off"^ Nov. 1, 1809. Dis- tinguished bv a long career of eminent services : died Sept. 1834. ^ It was at Teneriffe, and immediately after captain Fremantle had received his wound, that the heroic Nelson also was shot in the arm, which he ultimately lost. The following, addressed to the lady of his friend (who was on board with her husband at the time he wrote), has been preserved, as being The first letter written by NELSON with his left hand. " My dear Mrs. Fremantle, — Tell me how Tom is ? I hope he has saved his arm. Mine j's off; but, thank God! I am as well as I hope he is. Ever yours, HORATIO NELSON." 2 The French admiral (Brueys) fought his ship, refusing to surrender, until he was cut in two by a cannon ball. The officers and crew, when the fire burst forth, jumped overboard to avoid the explosion expected every moment. Some supported themselves on pieces of wreck ; others swam to their British enemies, and were saved ; but nearly one thousand perished. On the explosion taking place, a terrific sound prevailed over the roar of the guns in action, and an earthquake-like motion was felt to the bottom of every ship, while men and burning matter descended in a shower on the decks and rigging of the fleets engaged in the deadly battle. Captain Hallowell afterwards presented lord Nelson with a coffin made from the wreck, accompanied by the following letter : — " My Lord, — I present to you a coffin, made from the mainmast of L^Orient, that when you have finished your glorious career in this world, you mav be buried in one of your own trophies. B(it that that period may be far distant, is the earnest wish of your sincere friend, BENJAMIN HALLOWELL." The g'orious hero accepted this strange present, and had it placed upright, with the lid on, against the bulk- head of his cabin in the Vayif^uard, immediately behind the chair on which he sat at dinner. At length he was prevailed upon, by the importunities of an old and faithful servant, to allow it to be carried below. 1812.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN 297 Sir George Johnstone Hope, k. c. b. : com- manded the Romulus frigate in vice-admiral Hotham's action off Genoa, March 1795. Fought the Defence^ 74, at Trafalgar. A lord of the admiralty, 1812, et seq. : died May 1817. Lord Amelias Beauclerk, g. c. b., g. c. h. : in the Juno, 32, encountered and beat off three French vessels of war (one a frigate), 1794. In the Drijud frigate, captured, after a spirited action, the French frigate Proserpine, 42 guns, June 13, 1796. Commanded the Royal Oak, 74, in the expedition to Walcheren, 1809: died an admiral of the red, Dec. 1846. William Taylor: died an admiral of the red, July 1842. Sir James Nicol Morris, k. c. b. : commanded the Colossus, 74, at the battle of Trafalgar; had 160 killed and wounded on board his ship, which he placed in the thickest of the fight ; among the latter was the gallant captain him- self: died Feb. 1830. George Burdon : died in 1815. William Browne: died commanding in chief at Jamaica, in 1814. Sir Thomas Byam Martin, g. c. b. : early dis- tinguished for his gallantry. In the Santa Margaritta frigate, captured La Tamise, 40, June 8, 1796. In the Fisguard frigate, cap- tured U Iinmortalite, 42 guns and near 600 men, Oct. 20, 1798. In the Implacable, 74, shared in the action with the Russian fleet, and capture of the Sewolod, 74 guns, Aug. 1808. Displayed great bravery on many other occasions. Vice- admiral of the United Kingdom, 1847. Ad- miral of the fleet, Nov. 1849. At present holds this rank. Sir John Lawford, k. c. b. : in the Romney, 50, accompanied the expedition to the H elder in the autumn of 1799. Commanded the PoZz/- joAemws, 64, at Copenhagen, 1801. Distinguished on several occasions: died an admiral of the red, Dec. 1842. Frank Sotheron : accompanied the expedition to the Helder, in the Latona frigate, 1799. In the, Excellent, 74, (attached to the Mediterranean fleet under lord Nelson,) entrusted with the defence of the bay of Naples. Behaved gallantly on various services: died Feb. 1839. Thomas Wolley: shared in the reduction of Trinidad and the destruction of the Spanish squadron by the forces under rear-admiral H. Harvey and sir Ralph Abercromby, Feb. 1797. Served on many occasions Avith great gallantry : died Aug. 1826. Aug. 12, 1812. Sir William Johnstone Hope, g.o.b. : captain of the Bellerophon, 74, (flag-ship of sir Thomas Pasley,) in earl Howe's memorable battle, 1794. In the Kent, 74, accompanied the expedition to Holland, 1799. Served at the blockade of Alexandria until Cairo surrendered to the British arms. A lord of the admiralty, 1807, et seq. : died May 1831. Lord Henry Paulet, k. c. b. : in the Vengeance, 74, bore the broad pendant of commodore C. Thompson at the reduction of Martinique, 1809. In the Astrcea frigate, 32, captured, after a close action, the French ship La Gloire, 42 guns, April 10, 1795. In the Thalia, 36, shared in the victory off Port L'Orient, 1795. Com- manded the Defence, 74, at the battle of Copen- hagen. A lord of the admiralty, 1813, et seq. : died Jan. 1832. Charles-William Paterson : died an admiral of the red, March 1841. Sir George Cockburn, g. c. b. : commanded the 3Ieleager frigate in the action of March 13, 1795. * Commodore in the Pompee, 80, at the reduction of Martinique, 1809. Went in the expedition to Walcheren same year. Served on the American station and shared in the important operations of the late war ; major- general Ross fell by his side at Baltimore, 1814. Commanded in chief at the Cape, St. Helena, &c. A lord of the admiralty, 1818, e< seq. One of the council of H. R. H. the duke of Clarence, high admiral in 1827. The present rear-admiral of the United Kingdom. [On Aug. 8, 1815, sir George sailed with Na- poleon from Plymouth, in the Northumberland, 74, and landed him at St. Helena, Oct. 16 following ; and continued at that station until the arrival of sir Hudson Lowe.] Thomas Surridge : died in 1820. Samuel Hood Linzee: this gallant officer fell from his horse in a fit of apoplexy, and never spoke afterwards, Sept. 1820. James Carpenter: died March 1845, aged 86. Robert Barton : in the Lapwing frigate captured the French ship Decieux, one of two which he fought Dec. 3, 1796. In the York, 74, accom- panied the expedition to Madeira, 1807 ; and assisted in the conquest of Martinique, 1809: died signalised by his services, Dec. 1831. Sir Graham Moore, g. c. b., brother of the lamented sir John Moore : commanded the Melampus frigate in the action Oct. 12, 1798. When in command of a squadron of four frigates, fell in with four Spanish frigates, near Cadiz, Oct. 5, 1804, and, after a sharp action, captured three; the fourth blew up, and all on board perished. The enemy's ships were immensely rich, being freighted with dollars. Conveyed the royal family of Portugal from Lisbon to the Brazils, 1807. Commanded in the Baltic, Mediterranean, &c. A lord of the admiralty, 1816, etseq. : died Nov. 1843. Matthew-Henry Scott: served at the reduction of Martinique, St. Lucia, &c. Had his flag in the Chatham, 74, in the North Sea. In 1814 commanded the British and Russian seamen and marines on the island of South Beveland : died Oct. 1836. Joseph Hanwell : died Nov. 1839, aged 80. Sir Henry-William Bayntun, g. c. b. : distin- guished by many early services. Commanded the Leviathan, 74, at the glorious battle of Trafalgar : his ship passed through the enemy's line, assisted in disabling the huge Santissima Trinidada, and compelled the San Augustine, 74, to surrender: died Dec. 1840. Hon. Francis Farrington Gardner: died Juh' 1821. Sir Richard King, bart, k. c. b. : in the Sirius frigate, captured two Dutch frigates, 36 and 26 guns, Oct. 24, 1798 ; and (in company with L^Oiseau, captain Linzee) the French ship Dedaigneuse. In the Achille, 74, shared in the glory of Trafalgar. Blockaded Ferrol, 1808 ; commanded oft* Cherbourg, 1809 ; and afterwards served at the defence of Cadiz. Captain of the Mediterranean fleet, the Channel fleet, &c. : died in command at Sheerness, Aug. 1834. Sir Edward Griffith Colpoys, k. c. b. : in the 1 London, 98, (vice-admiralColpoys' ship,) fought 29S ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. [1813—1814. off Port L'Orient, 1795. Distinguished by l>is discretion and zeal in quelling the mutiny at Spithead, 1797. Served on the North American station in the late war : died Nov. 1832. Sir Edward-James Foote, k. c. b. : fought, in the Niger frigate, in the battle off St. Vincent, 1797. In the Seahorse, 46, captured, after a close action. La Sensible French frigate, 36. Rendered eminent services to his Sicilian majesty at Naples : died May 1833. Sir Richard Lee, k. c. b. : in the Courageux, 74, shared in the fight with, and capture of, the four French ships of the line by the squadron under sir Richard Strachan, Nov. 4, 1805. In the 3Ionarch, 84, brought to close action three of five French frigates, two of which {L'Armide and La Minerve') were captured, each of 44 guns, Sept. 25, 1806.1 Served at Walcheren ; and in the North Sea until 1812 : died Aug. 1837. William Pierrepont: died Aug. 1813. Sir Peter Halkett, bart., g. c. h. : commanded the Circe frigate in the battle off Camperdown. Took several vessels of war, in the Apollo, 36. Signalised by his gallantry on numerous occasions : died Oct. 1839 William Bedford : commanded the Queen, 98, (sir Alan Gardner's flag-ship,) at the great battle off L'Orient, June 1795. Distinguished himself in command of various ships ; among them, the Thunderer, 74, Hibernia, 104, and Caledonia, 110 guns: died Oct. 1827. Dec. 4, 1813. Philip Wilkinson Stephens : signalised himself as lieutenant of the Europa, 50, in the attack on St. Domingo, &c. Wrecked in the Hussar frigate, off Ferrol, Feb. 1804, but saved. Behaved gallantly on several subsequent oc- casions : died Nov. 1846. William Shield: commanded the Audacious, 74, in the action with the Frejus, July 13, 1795. Served in harassing the enemy on the shores of the gulf of Genoa, &c. Actively engaged in various other quarters : died June 1842. Hon. Charles Elphinstone Fleeming: in the Egyptienne frigate, captured several ships of war, on the renewal of hostilities in 1803. This frigate was one of the fleet engaged in sir Robert Calder's action with the combined French and Spanish squadrons, July 1805 : died Oct. 1840. Sir Charles Vinicombe Penrose, k. c. b. : com- modore, commanding in chief the flotilla for the defence of Cadiz, 1810. Commanded the naval force in co-operation wath the British army in Spain under lord Wellington, until the close of the war. Commanded the Sicilian navy in the w^ar with Murat: died Jan. 1, 1830. Sir William Hotham, g. c. b. : in the Adamant, 50, fought off Camperdown. In the same ship aided in destroying the French ship La Preneuse. Commanded the Uaisonable, 64, in the North Sea; afterwards retired: died an admiral of the red. May 1848. George Hopewell Stephens : died in 1820. Sir Pulteney Malcolm, g. c. b. : in the Fox frigate, captured the French frigate La Modeste. Rendered brilliant service at Manilla, in the Indian Sea, &c. Commanded the Donegal, 74, in the battle off St. Domingo, 1806; and at the destruction of the French fleet in Basque Roads, 1809. Shared, with distinguished gal- lantry, in the Royal Oak, 74, in many of the operations of the late war with the United States : died July 1838, aged 80. William Nowell : died April 1828. J ohn Bazeley : this esteemed and gallant ofiicer died (committed suicide) March 1828. James Bissett: died Jan. 1824. John Clements : died July 1825. Sir John Gore, k.c. b., g. c. h. : signalised himself in numerous battles and encounters with the enem}^; among them, his gallant defence of Le Censeur, 74, Oct. 1795.2 Commanded the Windsor Castle, 98, (rear-admiral Linzee's flag- ship,) in the battle off Genoa. In the Medusa frigate bore lord Nelson's flag at Boulogne. Shared in commodore Graham Moore's fight with, and capture of, the squadron of Spanish frigates, Oct. 1804. Served in the East Indies, off Cadiz, &c. : died Aug. 1836. Sir John Harvey, k. c. b. : commanded the Southampton frigate at the reduction of the Virgin islands, &c. 1801. In the Agamemnon, 64, fought in sir Robert Calder's engagement with the combined French and Spanish fleets, 1805. Behaved gallantly on various occasions. Commanded in chief at the Leeward islands : died Feb. 1837. June 4, 1814. Hon. sir Henry Hotham, k. c. b. : commanded the Revolutionnaire frigate in sir Richard Strachan's capture of four French sail of the line, Nov. 4, 1805. Served on the coast of Spain in 1810, and during the struggle of the Patriots. In the Northumberland, 74, had a brilliant affair off L'Orient, which ended in the destruction of UArianne and Andromache, each of 44 guns, and the Mameluke, 18 guns, laden with the spoils of 36 vessels they had captured, May 22, 1812. Afterwards captain of the fleet under sir A. Cochrane, on the American station ; and commander of a divi- sion of the Channel fleet in 1815 : died in 1833. Sir George Burlton, k. c. b. : commanded the Lively frigate at the capture of Tourterelle, March 1795 ; and the Resolution ship of the line at the destruction of the French fleet in Basque Roads, April 1809 : died soon after his obtaining rear-admiral's rank in the East Indies. Charles Dudley Pater: died Feb. 1818. Sir Home Riggs Popham, k. c. b. At the com- mencement of the war with France, rendered great services to the duke of York in Holland : in 1800 had a command in the East Indies ; 1 The third frigate. La Gloi're, 46, hauled off on the approach of sir Samuel Hood, who lost his right arm immediately after getting into aciion ; but she afterwards surrendered to the Centaur and Mars^ which latter sliip had already pursued and captured U Indefatigable, also of 46. The Cowageux, it should be mentioned, was on the look out, off Rochefoi t, in advance of a squadron under sir Samuel Hood, when the ships of the enemy appeared, and she bore, in consequence, the brunt of the action. 2 In the Medusa frigate he captured the Santa Bn'g'da, and her consort, treasure ships, Oct. 1799 ; his share of the prize-money, as captain, amounted to 40,731/. He also took, successively, twelve ships of war, mounting together 160 guns. 1814.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 299 and ill 1803 served in the Red , Sea. Com- manded the expedition to the Cape of Good Hope, which was again taken ; and against Buenos Ayres, 180G. Finally commanded on the Jamaica station : died Sept. 1820. Sir Josias Rowley, bart., g. c. b. ; commanded the Raisonable, 64, in sir Robert Calder's action with the French and Spanish fleets, July 22, 1805. Accompanied the second expedition against the Cape under sirs Home Popham and David Baird in 1806. Distinguished himself in South America, the Isles of France and Bourbon, in actions with the enemy's squadrons at those places, and the recapture of the Ceylon frigate, 1810 ; and also on the coasts of Sicily and Naples, and elsewhere ; created a baronet for his many eminent services, Nov. 1813 : died Jan. 1842. Sir Edward Codrington, g. c. b. : shared in lord Bridport's victory off L'Orient, June 1795; and the glorious victory of Trafalgar, Oct. 1805, in which he commanded the Orion^ 74. Accompanied, in the Blake, 74, the expedition to the Scheldt under sir Richard Strachan, 1809. Served in the defence of Cadiz, 1810; and commanded on the coast of Spain, 1811. Afterwards rendered great services on the American station, and acted under sir A. Cochrane in the Chesapeake and at New Orleans. Commanded in chief the British, French, and Russian squadrons at Navarino, where, in a tremendous conflict, the Turkish navy was almost annihilated, Oct. 20, 1827 ' : died an admiral of the red. May 1851. Sir George Parker, k. c. b. : in the Argo, 44, and afterwards in the Stately, 64, employed in blockading the enemy off the Texel. In the latter ship, in company with the Nassau, same force, fought, March 22, 1808, the Dutch Prince Christian Frederick, 74, which ultimately grounded near the island of Zealand, and was set on fire. Commanded the Aboukir, 74, one of the Walcheren expedition ; and the Bombay, 80, in the Meditermnean, until nearly the close of the war : died an admiral of the red, Dec. 1847, aged 81. Frederick VVatkins : commanded the Nereide, 36, at the capture of the island of Cura9oa, Sept. 1800 : retired. Robert Pamplin : in the Courageux, 74, com- manded a division of the fleet, under sir Richard Strachan, in the Scheldt, 1809 ; com- manded the Ocean, 80, on the Mediterranean station ; and afterwards the Conqueror, 74, as commander-in-chief off St. Helena : died Feb. 1834. Edward Leveson Gower: resigned July 13, 1821. Hon. sir Henry Blackwood, bart., k. c. b., " the Friend of Nelson :" commanded the Megcera sloop in lord Bridport's battle, June 1795. In the Brilliant frigate (small size) sustained an- action with two French ships, each of 44 guns, and by a series of masterly movements effected his escape. In the Penelope, 36, engaged in a night action the Guillaume Tell, 86 guns, and so raked her, within pistol-shot, that on the coming up of the Foudroyant and Lion to his assistance, she struck, and was taken by captain Blackwood, March 30, 1800. Com- manded the Euryalus frigate at the battle of Trafalgar. Accompanied sir J. T. Duckworth, in the Ajax, 74, in the expedition against Constantinople, 1807.2 Encountered, in com- mand of a squadron not half the force, six French sail of the line and four frigates, which he gallantly fought. Commanded in chief in the East Indies, 1820 : died Dee. 1832. John Erskine Douglas : rendered great services on the North American station, where he assisted, in the Bellona, 74, in the capture of the French ship Ulmpetueux, of 80 guns, 1806 ; commanded a squadron in the Chesa- peake, 1807. Served, under lord Gambler, at the destruction of the French ships in Aix Roads, April 1809. Commanded in chief at Jamaica from 1815 to 1818 : died an admiral of the red, July 1847, aged 89. George, viscount Torrington : performed, as the hon. George Byng, much early service, dis- tinguishing himself on many important occa- sions; in the Belliqueux, 64, served in sir Home Popham's expedition to the Cape, 1806 : died June 1831. Sir Ross Donnelly, k. c. b. : distinguished by his services in various quarters, particularly at Alexandria, Sardinia, and Barbary. In the Narcissus, 32, commanded a squadron of frigates off Toulon, 1803 ; and accompanied sir Home Popham's expedition to the Cape, 1806. In the Ardent, 74, served in South America, and afterv/ards in the Invincible, 74, on the coast of Spain : died Sept. 1840. Sir John Poo Beresford, bart., k. c. b., g. c. h. : early made several captures of ships of war. Commanded the Illustrious, 74, off Cadiz, 1807 ; and in the Theseus, same force, aided in de- stroying the French ships in Basque Roads, April 1809. Captured the American ship Wasp, 20 guns, retaking the Frolic, her prize, Oct. 1812. Commanded in chief at Leith, 1820 : died Oct. 1844. Henry Lidgbird Ball : a gallant and active oflicer, shared in many encounters with the enemy. Commanded the Gibraltar, 74, at the destruc- tion of the French fleet in Basque Roads, 1809 : died Oct. 1818. Thomas Eyles: commanded the Canada, 74, bearing the broad pendant of sir John Borlase Warren, in the action off the coast of Ireland, Oct. 12, 1798 ; commanded the Plantagenet, 74, in 1809 ; and the Royal Charlotte yacht, 1813 : died Sept. 1835. Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin: shared, in the Kingfisher sloop, in lord Howe's victory, June 1, 1794; contributed to the reduction of the Dutch colony of Surinam, 1799. Commanded ^ It was to this battle that the duke of Wellington applied, in the British senate, the memorable designation of " an untoward event." The illustrious and far-seeing politician judged of its after-consequences rightly. ^ The squadron was waiting for a fair wind to run up the Dardanelles, when the Ajax caught fire (Feb. 14)» and in a few minutes she was so enveloped in smoke, that the crew were nearly suffocated, and could only distin- guish each other by feeling or speaking, though the moon shone brightly. Captain Blackwood was heard exhorting the m-^n to be calm and collected, while they endeavoured to save themselves as best they could. Immediately the fire burst forth in a raging and overwhelming flame, and the captain, officers, and men threw themselves overboard, swimming, in an exhausted state, to the boats of the squadron, which approached the burning pile as near as possible : those of the Canopus rescued captain Blackwood. Many were burnt to death or drowned ; 384 persons altogether were saved from the fire ; but of these several afterwards died, The ship turned all night, and blew up at five o'clock next morning, with a terrific explosion. 300 ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAlISr. [1819. the Latona frigate off Brest, 1804. In the Audacious^ 74, took sir John Moore to the shores of Portugal ; had charge of the trans- ports, and superintended the embarkation of the British army after the battle of Corunna, 1809. Now an admiral of the red. Sir Charles Rowley, bart., g. c. b., g. c. h., son of vice-admiral sir Joshua Rowley: early made many captures of ships of war; com- manded the Ruht/, 64, off the Texel, under orders of rear-admiral Thornbrough ; and, in 1806, the Eagle, off the coasts of Naples and Sicily, under sir William Sidney Smith. Cap- tured the French frigate La Corseyre, 40 guns, Nov. 1811 ; and signalised himself (as he had previously done in the expedition to Wal- cheren) in the gulf of Venice, capture of Trieste, &c. In the Syhille, 44, commanded in chief at Jamaica : died Oct. 1845. Thomas Rogers : died soon after his attaining the rank of rear-admiral. Samuel -James Ballard : commanded the Sceptre, 74, at the storming of the batteries at Anse-le- Barque, and the capture of the Loire and Seine frigates, Dec. 18, 1809; and the capture of Guadaloupe, Feb. 1810. In the Pear/ frigate he had previously taken several ships of war, among them U Incroyable, 24 guns; and had assisted in the capture of La Carriere, French ship, 42 : died Oct. 1829. Robert Rolles : commanded the Laurel, 28, at the reduction of St. Lucia by the forces under sir Hugh C. Christian and sir Ralph Aber- cromby, 1790 ; afterwards made many captures of vessels of war, and assisted in others : died Dec. 1839. Walter Locke : a lieutenant in the Queen Char- lotte, earl Howe's flag-ship, in the glorious battle of June 1, 1794 ; and present, as com- mander, in the Charon sloop, at the battle off L'Orient, June 23, 1795. Afterwards distin- guished himself by much gallant service ; died May 1835. Sir David Milne, G. c. b. : assisted at the re- duction of Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice, 1796, in La Pique frigate, which he had con- tributed to capture; aided in the capture of La Seine, 42 guns, which he also afterwards commanded ; and, after a brilliant action, cap- tured the French ship Vengeance, 52 guns, Aug. 20. 1800. Second in command in the Impregnable, 104 guns, at the bombardment of Algiers, Aug. 27, 1816. In this last affair he had 210 men killed or wounded on board his ship : died May 1845. George Dundas : died shortly after his attaining rear-admiral's rank, commanding at the Cape. James Young: in 1799 commanded the Ethalion, 46, in which ship he captured, after a running fight, the Spanish frigate Thetis, 36 guns, laden with specie (1,411,256 dollars), his share of which was 40,730/. I85. ; each of the crew had 182/. 4s. 9(/. : died March 1833. James Macnamara: served in the Southampton frigate (in which he captured the French frigate tltile^ under commodore Horatio Nel- son, on the coasts of Genoa. Shared in the battle off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 1797. Com- manded the Director, 64, in the North Sea and Baltic, and afterwards the Berwick, 74; and had the command of a squadron blockading Cherbourg: died Jan. 1826. [Captain Macnamara fought a duel, April 6, 1803, with colonel Montgomery, an esteemed man of fashion: both were wounded, the latter mortally.] Donald Campbell : died commanding in chief on the Leeward islands' station, Nov. 1819. Sir Robert Waller Otway, bart., g. o. b. : served as a lieutenant in earl Howe's battle, June 1, 1794. Commanded the Mermaid frigate, and performed, and aided in, many gallant enter- prises. Commanded the Trent on the Jamaica station until 1800, rendering brilliant services in the West Indies, and elsewhere. Present at the battle of Copenhagen, April 1801. In the Ajax (new 74), and previously in other ships, had many actions with the enemy. In this last ship, after long service, he joined the Channel fleet in 1813: died May 1846. Richard Dacres, g. c. h. : shared, in the Bar- fleur, 98, in lord Bridport's and sir John Jer- vis' battles, June 1795, and Feb. 1797 ; served on the Jamaica station from 1804 to 1808 : died Jan. 1837. Thomas Western : died shortly after his attain- ing the rank of rear-admiral. John-William Spranger: died Jan. 1822. William Lukin Windham : commanded the Thames at the battle of Algesiras, July 12, 1801 ; in the Mars, 74, bore a conspicuous part at the capture of four heavy French frigates full of troops, Sept. 25, 1806. Accompanied the expedition against Copenhagen, 1807 : died in 1833. Shuldham Peard: commanded the Audacious, 74, in the battle off Algesiras, July 1801 : died in 1832. Edward Fellowes: early, in the Acasta frigate, made many captures of vessels of war. In command of the Apollo frigate, served under sir Sidney Smith on the shores of Calabria, 1806 ; afterwards commanded the Conqueror, 74, in the Mediterranean : died Aug. 1841. Aug. 12, 1819. Sir WiLLOUGHBY Thomas Lake, k.c.b. : in the Gibraltar, 80, commanded ofl" Orient, and sub- sequently served with the Channel fleet under earl St. Vincent. Commanded the Magni- Jicent, 74, on the coast of Spain, aiding the Patriots; and commanded in chief on the Halifax station in the Superb, 74, from 1824 until 1827 : died Feb. 1847. Sir Charles Ogle, bart. : served, when lieutenant, at the earlier reduction of Martinique, St. Lucia, and Guadaloupe. As post, commanded the Meleager frigate on the Leeward islands' and Jamaica stations. In the Egyptienne frigate served on the coast of Egypt, and, in 1805, in the Unite, in the Mediterranean. Com- manded successively several ships of the line. Commanded in chief on the North American station from April 1827 to July 1830 ; and after- wards had the chief command at Portsmouth. Now an admiral of the red. Henry Raper : a lieutenant of the Queen Charlotte, lord Howe's flag-ship, on the memorable 1st June, 1794. Had a gallant action, in U Ami- able frigate, with La Syrene, a heavy French frigate (having the celebrated Victor Hugues on board) and the corvette jBer^ere ; but both eluded capture, Jan. 1799. Served on the West India station, and, in 1810, on the Lis- bon, and subsequentlv on the Baltic stations : died April 1845. 1819.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIK SOI Sir William-Charles Fahie, k. c. b. : commanded the Belhisle, 74, at the reduction of Martinique, Feb. 1809. In the Fompee, after a long and close action with the French ship Hautpoult, 74, captured her, aided by the Castor frigate and Recruit brig, April 17, same year. Served in the armament under sir Alexander Coch- rane and lieutenant-general Beckwith against Guadaloupe, Feb. 1810. Afterwards com- manded the Abercromby (late the Hautpoult) on the Lisbon station, and in the channel, un- til the close of the war. Commanded the Malta, 84, at the siege of Gaeta, 1815, and ob- tained the insignia of K. F. M. from the king of the Two Sicilies for his services on that occasion: died Jan. 1833. Sir George Eyre, k. c. b. : assisted at the cap- ture of Zante, Cephalonia, &c., 1809, and St. Maura, 1810. In 1811 commanded a squadron in the Ionian Sea, and afterwards a squadron on the coast of Spain : died Feb. 1839. Kobert Lambert: in the Suffolk, 74, as flag- captain to admiral Rainier, served at the re- duction of Ceylon, Amboyna, Banda, &c., 1795-6. Commanded the Saturn, 74, in the expedition to the Baltic under sir Hyde Parker, 1801. Afterwards served at Halifax, New- foundland, and Lisbon ; and in the Duncan, 74, the remainder of the war. In the Vigo, 74, hoisted his flag as commander-in-chief of the squadron employed at St. Helena, for the se- cure detention of Buonaparte : died Sept. 1836. Joseph Bingham : in 1798 commanded the Prince George, bearing sir William Parker's flag, on the coast of Spain. Afterwards served in the East Indies. Commanded the Sceptre, 74, in the Scheldt expedition, 1809 ; and the Egmont successively in America, the North Sea, and Baltic : died Dec. 1825. Robert Dudley Oliver : In the Melpomene frigate twice bombarded Havre, 1804. In the Mars, 74, captured Le Rhyn French frigate, 44 guns and 318 men. Commanded the Valiant on the American station during the late contest with the United States, occasionally having a detached squadron under his orders : died an admiral of the red, Sept. 1850, aged 83. D'Arcy Preston : served at the storming of Fort Royal, Martinique, and the early reduction of St. Lucia. In the Blanche, 38, shared, with La Minerve, in the capture of the Sabina and Ceres, Spanish frigates, each of 40 guns (after- wards retaken), Dec. 1796. Commanded the Dido frigate at the battle off" St. Vincent's, I'eb. 1797. Afterwards distinguished on various occasions : died Jan. 1847, aged 82. Man Dobson : died April 1847. Thomas Boys : died Nov. 1832. John Clarke Searle : served, in the Pelican sloop, at the reduction of St. Lucia, St. Vincent's, and Grenada, 1796. In this small ship fought the Medee, French frigate, of 40 guns. Com- manded the Tremendous, bearing the flag of sir Hugh C. Christian, at the Cape of Good Hope. Lord Keith's flag-captain in the Fou- droyant in the Egyptian campaign ; and, in the Monarch, again bore his lordship's flag as commander-in-chief in the North Sea from 1803 to 1806 : died Dec. 1824. Sir Charles Brisbane, k. c. b. : assisted in the capture of the Dutch fleet in Saldanha bay, Aug. 1796. Among his numerous gallant ex- ploits, he fought in the fkmed Arethusa frigate near Vera Cruz, Aug. 23, 1806, the Spanish frigate Pomona, 38 guns, and 347 men, sup- ported by 12 gun-boats, each carrying a 24- pounder and 100 men. The Pomona struck, three of the gun-boats blew up, six were sunk, and three were driven among the breakers. During the fight, a castle on the coast fired red-hot shot, but a melancholy and dreadful explosion took place within its walls. Shared in the capture of Curacao, Jan. 1807: died governor of St. Vincent's, in 1829. Hon. sir John Talbot, g. c. b. : passed the Dardanelles with sir J. T. Duckworth, Feb. 1807. Stationed under lord CoUingwood off Toulon, and aided subsequently in protecting Sicily. Served on the North American coast in the war. Now an admiral of the red. John Richard Delap Tollemache: performed much early service. In the Repulse, 74, com- manded the in -shore squadron off Toulon, 1810. In the Tigre, 80, served successively in the channel, in the North Sea, at St. Helena, and in the West Indies, until 1815 : died July 1837. John Giffard: commanded U Athennienne, 64, at the defence of Gaeta, 1805 ; afterwards, in the Zealous, 74, served in the Mediterranean. Now an admiral of the red. Sir John West, k. c. b. : commanded the Ex- cellent, 74, on the coast of Spain ; and in the Sultan, same force, had a command on the Mediterranean, home, and West India stations. Now an admiral of the red. Joseph Bullen : this gallant officer has had more than sixty encounters with the enemy. Now an admiral of the red. Stephen Poyntz : died May 1847. John, lord Colville : assisted, as first lieutenant of the Santa Margaretta, under sir Eliab Harvey, in the capture of the French West India islands, 1794. Served at the blockade of Havre. Served, in the Hercules, in the expe- dition against Copenhagen, 1807. Commanded in chief, as admiral, at Cork, from Nov. 1821 until April 1825 : died senior admiral of the white, Dec. 1849. John Cochet : present, in the Queen Charlotte, earl Howe's flag-ship, at the battle of 1st June, 1794. Commanded successively the Aberga- venny, 50, Thunderer, 74, and Valiant, same force. Among his captures were Le General Dumourier, 22 guns, and her prize, a Spanish galleon, having on board 680 cases, each con- taining 3000 dollars, and other packages valued at 300,000/. Now an admiral of the red. Sir Archibald CoUingwood Dickson, bart. : present at the capture of the Dutch admiral Story and his squadron in the Texel. Sub- sequently accompanied the armament to Elsineur; and in the Veteran, 64, shared in the battle of Copenhagen, April 1801 : died June 1827. Robert Winthrop: served, in the Circe, 28, in the expedition sent against Ostend, May 1798. In 1799 commanded a small squadron on the coast of Holland, and assisted in the operations at the Helder. Commanded the Stag frigate in the expedition against Ferrol the next year. Among other services, when com- manding the Ardent, 64, drove on shore, on the coast of Spain, La Bayonnaise French frigate, which her crew set on fire : died May 1832. 302 ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. [1821. Sir Henry Digby, g. c. b. : served at the re- duction of Minorca, Nov. 1798. In command of the Alcmene frigate in 1799, captured the Courageux, French ship, 32 guns, and other vessels of war ; and shared in the capture of the Santa Brigida, Spanish frigate, 36 guns, laden with 1,400,000 dollars and an immensely valuable cargo. Commanded the Africa, 64, at the battle of Trafalgar : died Aug. 1842. Sir Charles Ekins, k. c. b. : served actively in India, the West Indies, off Lisbon, &;c. In the Superb, 74, bore a conspicuous part at the bombardment of Algiers, where he was wounded, Aug. 1816. Now an admiral of the red. John Sprat Rainier: died Nov. 1822. Benjamin - William Page: died Oct. 1845, aged 80. Hon. Philip Wodehouse : died Jan. 1838. Thomas Alexander: commanded the Hope, at the capture of the Dutch fleet in Saldanha bay, Aug. 1796. Subsequently served in the East Indies: died Jan. 1843. July 19, 1821. Andrew Smith : died Sept. 1831. Sir Edward Berry, bart., k. c. b. : fought at the battles of the Nile, Trafalgar, and St. Domingo ; sir Horatio Nelson's captain (of the Vanguard) in the first, and captain of the Agamemnon in the second and third. It was this gallant officer who boarded the San Nicolas, of 80, and San Josef, of 112 guns, in the previous battle off St. Vincent's, Feb. 14, 1797, when lieu- tenant of commodore Nelson's ship, the Captain, 74; his bravery was immediately afterwards rewarded Avith post rank : died Feb. 1831. Sir William Prowse, g. c. b. : commanded the Raven sloop in sir John Jervis' battle, Feb. 1797. Commanded the Sirius frigate in sir Robert Calder's action, July 1805 ; and the same ship in the battle of Trafalgar, Oct. fol- lowing. In this frigate, also, he sustained a gallant fight with the French flotilla at Civita Vecchia, and captured the Bergere, April 17, 1806: died March 1826. Lord Mark-Robert Kerr : in the Cormorant, 20 guns, shared in the reduction of Minorca, Nov. 1798. Captured the Spanish ship El Vincelo, 26 guns, March, the following year: died Sept. 1840. Sir James Athol Wood, knt. : assisted, in the Latona frigate, in the capture of the island of Cura9oa, Jan. 1, 1807, distinguishing himself in the memorable transactions of that day. Had the chief command of the blockade of the Danish islands, which terminated in their surrender near the close of the year. Com- manded the Captain, 74, at the reduction of Martinique, Feb. 1809 : died July 1829. Sir Thomas Harvey, k. c. b. : bore a conspicuous part in the celebrated expedition against Constantinople, Feb. 1807 ; afterwards served in the Adriatic ; and commanded the Majestic, 74, in the Little Belt, to protect the Baltic trade : died commanding in chief in the West Indies, May 1842. Richard Hussey Moubray Hussey : in the Active, 38, accompanied sir J. T. Duckworth to the Dardanelles, Feb. 1807. Commanded the Re- pulse, 74, one of the in-shore squadron off Toulon, 1815. Previously and subsequently engaged in several gallant enterprises: died Nov. 1842. Henry-Richard Glynn: shared, in his early service, in the battles of June 1, 1794, and June 23, 1795. Now an admiral of the red. John Bligh, c. b. : commanded the Director at the battle off Camperdown, Oct. 1797; the Alfred, 74, in the expedition to Copenhagen, 1807; and the Valiant, same force, in lord Gambler's attack on the French fleet in Basque Roads, 1809. On Feb. 3, 1810, captured the French frigate Cannoniere (formerly La Minerve, in the British service) laden with spoil taken in the East Indies : died Jan. 1831. Peter Puget : died Oct. 1822. Sir Edward Hamilton, bart., k. c.b. : his achieve- ment, in the Surprise frigate, 32, in boarding and cutting out from the harbour of Porto Cabello, the Hermione, 44 guns and 400 men, moored between two batteries mounted with 200 pieces of cannon, stands unparalleled in our naval annals i, Oct. 25, 1799. Sir Thomas Baker, k. c. b. : in the Nemesus, 28, commanded a small squadron in the North Sea, 1800. In the Phoenix, 30, gallantly cap- tured La Didon French frigate, 44 guns and 330 men, Aug. 10, 1805. Shared in sir Richard Strachan's action with, and capture of, four French sail of the line that had escaped from Trafalgar, Nov. 4, same year : dead. Samuel Sutton : in the Alcmene, 32, assisted in the capture and destruction of the Danish line of defence before Copenhagen, April 2, 1801. Captured UAmbuscade French frigate, 32 guns. May 1803. Aided in the capture of the Spanish squadron of frigates laden with soecie, Oct. 5, 1804 : died May 1832. Henry Evans: died Dec. 1842. Hon. sir Courtenay Boyle, knt., k. c. h. : in the Seahorse frigate employed in the Mediter- ranean under the immortal Nelson during an important part of his lordship's command on that station. More lately commanded the Royal William, 120, bearing the flag of the port-admiral at Spithead : died May 1844. Sir Robert Laurie, bart., k. c. b. : in the Cleopatra frigate, 32, chased and fought La Ville de Milan, 46 guns and 360 men. After as fierce and obstinate an action as is on record, the Cleopatra reluctantly struck to the enemy, nearly twice her force, Feb. 16, 1805 ; " but the glory of the battle belonged to the cap- tured." 2 Afterwards commanded the Ajax, 74, till the close of the war : died Jan. 1848. ' We have not room in this volume for the hundred circumstances and incidents that attended and followed this wonderful exploit. The brave captain himself was among the wounded. He received a tremendous blow from the butt-end of a musket, which was broken over his head and felled him senseless to the ground ; a wound from the cut of a sabre laid open his left thigh ; the right thigh was penetrated by a pike or spear ; a grape shot produced a dreadful contusion on the leg ; one of his hands was lacerated ; and his loins and kidneys were fear- fully bruised. Yet the hero succeeded in making the Hermione his prize, and still lives, though a full half century has passed away, in the enjoyment of his distinctions and rewards. [Sir Edward Hamilton died in April 1851, while these pages were at press.] 2 Captain Talbot of the Leander, 50 guns, fell in with La Ville de Milan six days after the action ; she was in too crippled a state to fight a second battle, and immediately surrendered without firing a gun : he also reco- vered her prize. 1823—1825.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 303 Sir William Hall Gage, knt., g. c. h. : com- mander-in-chief on the East India station from 1825 to 1829 ; afterwards commanded in the Downs and off Lisbon. A lord of the admiralty from Sept. 1841 to July 1846. Commanded at Devonport 1848. John Maitland : died Oct. 1836. Stair Douglas : commanded the Bellona, 74, in lord Gambler's memorable attack on the French squadron in Basque Roads, April 11, 1809 : died Nov. 1826. William Cuming, c. b. : captain of the Victory (earl St. Vincent's flag-ship) in 1797; com- manded the Russell, 74, at Copenhagen, 1801 ; and the Bombay , same force, in the blockade of Toulon : his services were many and various : died June 1824. James Walker, c. b. : served in the Torhay, 74, in the operations, under sir Samuel Hood, at St. Christopher's; and was present, in the Monmouth, 64, at the battle off Camperdown. Conspicuous, in the Ms, 50, in the battle of Copenhagen, April 1801. In the Vanguard, 74, fought and captured, near St. Domingo, 1803, the Duquesne French ship of the line, which he afterwards commanded. Served in North America till the close of the war : died July 1831. April 9, 1823. The hon. sir Charles Paget, knt., g.c.h. : com- manded the Martin frigate in the battle off Camperdown, 1797, and the Brilliant frigate, 32, in the armament against Ferrol, 1800. In the Endymion frigate made many captures of ships of war. Commanded the Revenge, 74, blockading Cherbourg, 1810. Chief of a detached squadron in North America, 1814. Afterwards commanded the Prince Regent and Royal George yachts: died commanding in chief in the West Indies, Jan. 1839. Robert Williams : performed much early service in the Royal Oak, 74, Argo, 44, and the Elephant and Vengeance 74's. Distinguished himself in the last-named ship and in theFaw- guard in the West Indies : died March 1827. Richard Worsley : died Jan. 1838. May 27, 1825. AisKEV7 Paffard Hollis: Avounded, when a heutenant of the Queen,m the battle of June 1, 1794. In the Standard, 64, assisted in reducing the island of Anholt, 1809. Blockaded, in the Achille, 80, the Frencih and Venetian squadrons at Venice, and subsequently the port of Cherbourg. After commanding various ships of the line on different stations, had charge of the Ramillies, 80, at Portsmouth : died May 1844, aged 80. Sir Henry Heathcote, knt. : served actively in the Indian seas ; and subsequently (in 1813) in the Mediterranean, commanding the in- shore squadron off Toulon. Andrew Fitzherbert Evans : died June 1826. • Sir Edward- William Campbell Rich Owen, G. c. B., G. c. H. In 1814 commanded on the lakes of Canada ; from Feb. 1816 to Nov. 1822 commanded the Royal Sovereign yacht ; com- manded on the West India station from 1823 to 1828 ; from the last year, on the East India station, until 1832 ; and subsequently in the Mediterranean. One of the council of H. R. II. the duke of Clarence, as high admiral, 1828 : died Oct. 1849. George-Frederick Ryves: commanded in the Agincourt, 64, at the capture of Corfu, 18(»2. Distinguished himself in a variety of hazard- ous enterprises. Commanded the Africa, 64, on the Baltic station : died May 1826. George- James Shirley : present in several early battles, and as frequently wounded. Subse- quently distinguished by his valuable services : died Aug. 1845. Sir George Scott, k. c. b. : present, in the Bel- lerophon, 74, (sir Thomas Pasley's flag-ship,) at earl Ho\\e's great battle, June 1, 1794. In the Horatio, 38, captured La Junon French frigate of the largest class, Feb. 10, 1809 ; but was severely wounded in the action : died Dec. 1841. Sir Thomas Dundas, k. c. b : in the Naiad cap- tured a Spanish treasure ship, 1804. The Naiad was one of the repeating frigates at the battle of Trafalgar : died March 1841. George Fowke : died March 1832. Richard Harrison Pearson: died Jan. 1838. George Astle : died June 1830. Sir John Tremayne Rodd, k. c. b. : sir Charles Cotton's flag-captain in the San Josef, 112 guns, 1803. Commanded the Indefatigable at the destruction of the French fleet in Basque Roads, 1809 : died Oct. 1838. Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, bart., G. c. b., Nelson's " companion and friend:" posted into the Vanguard by his heroic chief for his gallant conduct at the battle of the Nile. Lord Nelson's flag-captain in the Namur, San Josef, and St. George. In the last-named ship shared in the battle of Copenhagen, 1801 ; and commanded the Victory at the glorious battle of Trafalgar. Commanded the Ramillits on the coast of North America in the late war with the United States : died Sept. 1839. William Cumberland : commanded the Leyden, at the capture of the Danish navy at Copen- hagen, 1807 : died Nov. 1832. James Keith Shepard : died May 1843. Sir Graham Eden Hamond, bart., k. c. b. : cap- tured several ships laden with immense treasure. Commanded the Blanche frigate at the battle of Copenhagen, 1801. Shared in the action with, and capture of, the Spanish frigates, Oct. 5, 1804. In the Victorious, 74, assisted at the reduction of Flushing, 1809. Commanded the Spartiate and the Dublin, in South America, from 1834 to 1838. Robert Honyman : distinguished by his active share in the operations at the Rio de la Plata under sir Home Popham. Served in the expedition to Copenhagen, under lord Gambler, 1807 : died July 1848. Sir Robert - Lewis Fitzgerald, knt., k. c. h. : assisted, as a lieutenant of the I^ondon, 98, in the battle off L'Orient, June 1795, and as commander of the Vesuvius bomb, at the bom- bardment of Havre by the squadron under sir Richard Strachan, 1797. Commanded, among other line of battle ships, the Tonant, 80, taken at the Nile : died Jan. 1844. Volant Vashon Ballard : one of Vancouver's officers in his voyage of discovery, 1790. Employed in blockading Guadaloupe, 1809 ; and assisted, in the Blonde frigate, same year, in the storming of the batteries at Anse-le- Barque and the capture of the French frigates Loire and Seine. Served at the reduction of Guadaloupe, Feb. 1810 : died Oct. 1832. S0[ ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. [1830. Hugh Downman : a lieutenant in the Victory, at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, 1797 ; and, afterwards, as commander, distinguished him- self by eminent services. Protected on board his frigate, the Santa Dorothea, in 1800, the Florence gallery, thus saving it from the hands of the French, and received, at the same time, the duke of Savoy (afterwards king of Sardinia) and his family and court. Commanded the Diadem, 64, bearing the broad pendant of sir Home Popham, at the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope, 1806. Hon. sir Thomas Bladen Capel, k. c. b. : in the Phcebe frigate fought in the battle of Trafalgar, 1805 ; and, in the Endymion, passed the Dardanelles in 1807. In the Barham, 74, served in America during the whole period of the late war with the tjnited States. Com- manded in chief on the East India station from 1834 till 1837, having his flag on board the Winchester of 50 guns. Commanded at Portsmouth 1848. William Hanwell: died June 1830. Thomas Manby : accompanied Vancouver in his voyage of discovery, 1791 ; rendered much early service, making prizes of several vessels of war. Commanded the Africaine, 48, and in that ship blockaded Helvoetsluys.i Com- manded, in the Thalia, a small squadron off Jersey, &c. : died June 1834. Lord James O'Bryen, g. c. h., afterwards mar- quess of Thomond. Richard Matson : died March 1848. Richard Raggett ; died May 1829. John Mackellar : in the Minerva frigate served in the expedition against Ostend, 1798 ; after- wards blockaded Toulon. In the Terpsichore rendered most valuable and gallant services in the East Indies. Commanded the Pique fri- gate on the Jamaica station. George Barker. Now an admiral of the white. Sir Charles Adam, k. c. b. : distinguished by his services, among others, on the coast of Spain, particularly in the defence of Tarragona, May and June 1811. Commanded in chief in North America and the West Indies, having his flag in the Illustrious, 74. A lord of the admiralty from Nov. 1834 until (a short in- terval excepted) Sept. 1841. July 22, 1830. John Styles: died Dec. 1830. William Granger : died Jan. 1848. Sir John Chambers White, k. c. b. : co-operated in the Centaur, 74, in the defence of Tarragona until the fall of that city, June 1811. In the same ship, present at the destruction, in the Gironde, of the Regulus, 74, three brigs of war, several smaller vessels, and the forts and bat- teries, April 1814 : died April 1845. Henry Garrett : died April 1846. Sir Adam Drummond, k. c. h. : died May 1849. Robert Hall : died May 1842. John Chesshyre : died March 1843. Robert Lloyd: after much service, commanded the Plantagenet, 74, in the Baltic, and, after- wards, in North America, where he co-operated against Washington, New Orleans, &c. ; in 1815 brought home the remains of major- generals Gibbs and Pakenham, killed in action there. The admiral died Jan. 1846. Sir Thomas Livingstone, bart. Now senior ad- miral of the blue. Sir Lucius Ferdinand Hardyman : shared, as lieutenant in the Sybille frigate, in the action with, and capture of. La Forte French ship of 52 guns, the command of which was afterwards conferred upon him by vice-admiral Rainier, Feb. 28, 1799. Commanded the Unicorn fri- gate at the reduction of Monte Video, Feb. 1807 ; and the destruction of the French squa- dron in Aix Roads, 1809 : died April 1834. Joshua Sydney Horton: when commander, in the Fairy, had a gallant action (in company with the Harpy) with the French frigate Pallas, which led to her subsequent capture by a more equal British force, Feb. 5, 1800 : died Nov. 1835. Sir Edward Brace, k. c. b. : distinguished by many early exploits and actions, particularly in the Kangaroo brig of war, in which, after a hard flght, he captured (partially aided by the Anson) the French frigate La Loire, 46 guns, Oct. 1798. Captured, in the Virginie frigate, the Dutch frigate Guelderland, May 19, 1808. Shared in the Berwick, 74, in the attack and reduction of Gaeta, July 24, 1815 ; and in the Impregnable, 104, (rear-admiral Milne's flag- ship,) shared in the bombardment of Algiers, Aug. 27, 1816 : died in the chief command at Sheerness, Dec. 1843. Sir Jahleel Brenton, jun., bart., k.c.b. : early dis- tinguished by his gallantry; a lieutenant of the Barfieur, 98, in the battle off Cape St. Vincent, 1797. Commanded the Ccesar, 80, (sir James Saumarez' ship,) in the battle off Algesiras, July 12, 1801.2 In the Spartan, 64, gained a victory over the Franco-Neapolitan fleet, making a prize of the Sparviere, May 3, 1810: died April 1844. Sir Francis- William Austen, k. c. b. : signalised by gallant services in almost every quarter. When commander, in the Peterel brig, cap- tured La Ligurienne, of superior force, March 21, 1800. In the Canopus (rear-admiral Louis' flag-ship) shared in the battle off St. Domingo and the destruction of four sail of the line, Feb. 6, 1806. Served in various subsequent enterprises. Sir Bendall Robert Littlehales : died Aug. 1847. 1 When blockading this port, the gallant captain, who had not previously molested the Dutch fishing-vessels, was one day mortified at observing several shot fired, by order of the French general at Scheveling, at the Jfn- caine's boat, in which four boys had been sent to gather shrimps from a sand-bank near the Maas. Determined to retaliate, he addressed the following note to the French officer: — " Monsieur le General, — As you have prevented me from having shrimps to my turbot, 1 will deprive you of turbot to your shrimps, by taking every fishing-vessel belonging to Helvoetsluys this very night. T. MANBY." He kept his word: that " very night " he seized sixty of the largest fishing-ships he could find in and off the port, most of which he directly sent to Yarmouth. 2 In command of La Minerve frigate, July 2, 1803, that ship struck on a rock near Cherbourg, in a fog, and was taken by the enemy. Captain Brenton remained a prisoner until 1807, when he was exchanged for M. Inferriet, who had commanded Le Intrepide, 74, at the battle of Trafalgar. Much negotiation was carried on, in vam, for his earlier release. * 1830.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 305 Sir Patrick Campbell, k. c. b. : among his early gallant exploits, boarded and brought out from the harbour of Dunkirk, when commanding the Dart sloop, the French frigate Desiree, 44 guns and 350 men, July 3, 1800. Distin- guished by much subsequent service: died Aug. 1841. Narborne Thompson: died June 1844. Sir Michael Seymour, bart., k. c. b. : junior lieu- tenant of the Marlborough^ 74, in earl Howe's great battle, 1794. Captured, in the Ame- thyst frigate, 36 guns and 261 men, the French frigate Thetis, 44 guns and 363 men off L'Orient, Nov. 10, 1808. This, a night action, is one of the most bloody upon record : of the enemy, 136 were killed and 102 wounded ; the Amethyst\va,(i 19 killed and 51 wounded. Cap- tured, in the same ship, after a most obstinate fight, another French frigate, Le Neimen, 46 guns and 319 men, April 6, 1809. Immediately afterwards created a baronet : died in command at Rio Janeiro, July 1834. Edward Stirling Dickson : closed a series of ser- vices in the late war, by taking, in the Rivoli, the Melpomene French frigate, whose tri-co- loured flag was the last that struck in action at sea, April 30, 1815 : died Jan. 1844. Thomas- James Maling: present in the Victory, 100, in the battle otf Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 1797. Shared, when commander of Le Bonne Citoyenne, 20, in the capture of Le Geriereux, 74, La Ville de Marseilles, and Le Guillaume Tell, 84's, April 1800. Among his many sub- sequent services, shared in the Mulgrave, 74, in sir Edward Pellevv's action with the Toulon fleet, 1813 : died Dec. 1848. Sir John Acworth Ommanney, k. c. b. : after much previous service, joined, in the Albion, 74, the Mediterranean fleet, 1825 ; and shared in the battle of Navarino, 1827. Had his flag on board the Donegal, 74, and Britannia, 100, on the Lisbon and Mediterranean stations, as com- mander-in-chief, from 1837 until 1841. Henry Stuart : died April 1840. Zacchary Mudge : rendered much service in va- rious quarters; made many captures in the Blanche frigate, 44, which was herself cap- tured after a most heroic defence, and when in a sinking state, by a French squadron in the West Indies, consisting of La Topaze and three other frigates, July 19, 1805. Henry Hill : died June 1849. Charies Wollaston : died Feb. 1845. Alexander Wilmot Schomberg : assisted in va- rious enterprises ; among others, in the opera- tions against, and reduction of, Guadaloupe, Jan. and Feb. 1810 : died Jan. 1850. Sir Edward Durnford King, knt., k. c. h. : dis- tinguished b}^ much early service. Commanded at the Brazils and the Cape of Good Hope from July 1840 until the close of 1842 ; and subse- quently at the Nore. Henry Vansittart : died March 1843. Sir George Mundy, k. c. b. : in his early service, fought, in the Blenheim, 98, in the battle off Cape St. Vincent; and, in the Goliah, 74, shared in the glories of the Nile. Commanded the Htjdra frigate, 88, at Begu, in Spain, in the attack on the batteries there and capture of three ships of war, Aug. 6, 1807. Commanded the Ajax, 74, under sir Edward Pellew, in the Mediterranean, 1815: and at Algiers, Tunis &c., 1816. George Sayer : in the Galatea, 32, assisted in the seizure of the Dutch islands by sir Alexander Cochrane, Dec. 1807. Shared, in the Leda frigate, 42, in the operations against Java, Aug. and Sept. 1811 : died April 1831. Sir Philip Bowes Vere Broke, bart., k. c. b. : pre- sent in several general engagements, previous to obtaining post rank in 1801. Eminently distinguished by his glorious encounter, in the Shannon frigate, 38, with the American ship Chesapeake, 49 guns, off Boston, June 1, 1813 : in this unequal conflict, the Chesapeake (whose colours were struck in 15 minutes from the commencement of the action) had 70 men killed and 100 wounded ; the Shannon 23 killed and 56 wounded. For this brilliant vic- tory over the United States' navy, captain Broke was rewarded with a baronetcy, Nov. same year : died Jan. 1841. Charles Tinling : died Nov. 1840. Sir Frederick-Lewis Maitland, k. c. b. : early present in several actions and enterprises. Served in the expedition to Egypt, where he commanded the armed launches covering the landing of sir Ralph Abercromby's army, 1801. Captured, in the Loire frigate, the French fri- gate Blonde, March 16, 1804; and (in com- pany with the Egyptienne') sulisequently cap- tured another French frigate La Libra, 40 guns, and made various other prizes of vessels of war. The French emperor Napoleon sur- rendered to captain Maitland, when in com- mand of the Bellerophon, 76 guns, off Rochefort, July 15, 1815: died, commanding in chief in the East Indies, Nov. 1839. Frederick Warren : died March 1848. Richard Peacocke : died April 1846. James Carthew: among his many services du- ring the late war, commanded the Gloire fri- gate in the operations against, and reduction of, Martinique, Feb. 1809, and capture of Guada- loupe, &c., Jan. and Feb. 1810. Sir Thomas Briggs, G. c. m. g. John Broughton: commanded the Illustrious, 74, in the operations against Java, Aug. and Sept. 1811 : died Oct. 1837. Hon. George Heneage Lawrence Dundas : shared, in the Calpe sloop, in sir James Saumarez' action in the Gut of Gibraltar, July 12, 1801. Served, in the Euryalus, in the Walcheren ex- pedition, 1809. Attached to the in-shore squadron off Toulon, 1810 ; and, in the Edin- burgh, 74, actively engaged on the coasts of Sicily, Naples, Tuscany, and Genoa : died Oct. 1834. Thomas, earl of Dundonald, g. c. b. (late lord Cochrane^) : distinguished by his intrepidity and many wonderful enterprises; capturing ships, blowing up magazines and barracks, de- stroying stores, demolishing semaphores on the coast of France, &c. In the Pallas, 32, cap- ' In 1814, Lord Cochrane lost his rank in the British navy, and being free to choose, accepted the chief command of the naval forces of Chili, which he triumphantly directed. He afterwards commanded the Brazilian fleet, and was rewarded for his services by Dom Pedro with the rank of marquess (marquez de Maranham) and other honours. Soon after the accession of the late king, William IV., he was restored to his rightful place in the British service ; and, subsequently, to the order of the Bath, his banner having been removed from Henry VII. 's chapel, Aug. 12, 1814. X SOG ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. [1837. tured the Spanish galleon, II Fortuna, worth 800,000/. in specie and merchandise, March 1805. Commanded in the Imperieuse, the fleet of fire-ships and explosion vessels em- ployed in destroying the French squadron in Aix Roads, 1809 : on this occasion, seven line of battle ships cat their cables and ran on shore, and most of them were afterwards burnt. His co-operation with the Patriots on the coast of Spain was one scene of brilliant ex- ploits. Nicholas Tomlinson: this officer was on board the DuJte of Athol Indiaman, when that ship was blown up at Madras, April 1783 : he was at the time first lieutenant of the Bristol. Six lieutenants, five warrant officers, and 127 men were killed by the explosion, and lieutenant Tomlinson very much injured. Afterwards distinguished by a long career of service up to the expedition to Walcheren in 1809 : died March 1847, aged 83. Sir William Parker, bart., G. c. b. : signalised himself, when commanding the Amazon fri- gate, (in company with the London, 98,) by the capture of the Marengo, 80 guns, and Belle Poule frigate, 40, March 13, 1806. Rendered great service to the Patriot cause on the coast of Spain, 1809. Behaved gallantly on many occasions. Appointed commander-in-chief in the East Indies, having his flag in the Corn- wallis, 74 ; and superintended the operations in China, from the taking of Amoy, Aug. 1841, to the pacification of Nankin, finally ratified Dec. 1842. Obtained the dignity of baronet for his services, 1844. Commander-in-chief on the Mediterranean station, Feb. 27, 1845, hav- ing his flag in the Hibemia, 104. A lord of the admiralty, Nov. 1834, et seq. Sir Robert Tristram Rickets, bart. : among his many services, were those in our late contest with the United States : died Aug. 1842. George M'Kinley: commanded the Liberty in the demolition of the batteries at Port Sper- gui, by sir Sidney Smith, and the destruction of the Etourdie corvette and seven other ves- sels of war, March 17, 1796. Commanded the Otter bomb at the battle of Copenhagen, 1801. In the Lively frigate rendered vast services on the Lisbon station, seeing away the British factory and English merchant vessels from the Tagus, to avoid seizure by the French, 1806, et seq. Afterwards served on the coast of Spain. James Katon : died Dec. 1845. Sir Charles Dashwood, k.c. b. : performed much early enterprising and hazardous service, and made numerous captures of vessels of war. Distinguished by his services in the Baltic in 1811. In the Norge, 74, took part in the ope- rations against New Orleans, &c. in the late war with the United States : died Sept. 1847, aged 83. Jan. 10, 1837. Richard Curry : early served on the coast of Egypt, at Aboukir, Rosetta, Alexandria, &c. William Skipsey : died March 1846, aged 90. Hon. Frederick-Paul Irby : aided, in the Amelia frigate, 38, in the destruction of the powerful batteries of Sable d'Orlonna, Feb. 24, 1809. Served gallantly on the north coast of Spain. Fought, in the Amelia, a most sanguinary battle with the French frigate V Arethuse (another being in sight) on the coast of Africa, Feb. 6, 1813 : the engagement lasted 3 hours and 50 minutes, when almost all his officers were killed or wounded: died April 1844. Sir John Wentworth Loring, k. c. b., k. c. h. : conspicuous for his early services. When com- manding the Niobe, 40, (in company with the Diana, 38,) attacked two French frigates, which ran on shore and were eventually de- stroyed, 1810. Commanded the Impregnable, 98, (admiral Toung's flag-ship,) in the blockade of the Scheldt, 1813. Sir Robert Howe Bromley, bart. Hon. Duncombe Pleydell Bouverie: shared, in the Medusa frigate, in all the operations at the Rio de la Plata from Oct. 1806, until his return to England with general Whitelock in Sept. 1807, including the capture of Maldonada, isle of Gorriti, &c. Richard Poulden : died March 1845. John Dick. Peter Ribouleau : among his early services, pre- sent in the Victory (lord Hood's flag-ship) at the occupation of Toulon, 1793 ; and in the Glory, 98, captain Elphinstone, shared in the battle of June 1, 1794. Accompanied the grand expedition to Egypt, 1801, and subse- quently served gallantly on several occasions : died Dec. 1847. Matthew Buckle, jun. : the services of this gallant officer were interrupted by his sight declining in 1813; since 1833 he has been totally blind. John Allen. James Noble: one of the dauntless heroes who successively boarded and carried the two Spanish ships of the line, San Nicolas, 80, and San Josef, 112 guns, at the battle off Cape St. Vincent in 1797. He was then a lieutenant of the Captain, 74, Nelson's ship, and was imme- diately promoted to the rank of commander. Very severely wounded (once supposed mor- tally) in several gallant actions. Sir Samuel Warren, k. (\ b., k. c. h. : shared, in the Glory, 98, (rear-admiral Stirling's flag- ship,) in Sir Robert Calder's action with Ville- neuve, July 22, 1805. Commanded the Diadem, 64, at the siege of Monte Video, 1806. In the President frigate assisted at the reduction of Java and its dependencies in 1811 : died Oct. 1839. Anselm John Griffiths: present in the battles fought by earl Howe and admiral Hotham, June 1794 and March 1795. In the Leonidas frigate assisted at the capture of Cephalonia, Oct. 1809, and at the reduction of St. Maura, &c., March and April 1810 : died June 1842. * Francis Holmes Coffin : died April 1842. *Jefiery, baron Raigersfeld : died Sept. 1844. *Christopher-John Williams Nesham : assisted at the capture of Marie-Galante ; and in com- mand of the Intrepid, 64, served (on shore) at the conquest of Martinique, &c., 1809. Sir Charles Bullen, k. c. b., k. c. h. : present in earl Howe's battle, 1794, and at the battle off Camperdown, 1797. Commanded the Wasp - Note — The officers whose names are preceded with an asterisk (thus *) were promoted by orders in council dated Aug. 10, and Nov. 10, 1840, from the roll of rear-admirals on retired half-pay. 1837.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN*. 307 sloop on the coast of Africa, 1802. In com- mand of the Britannia, 100, (rear-admiral lord Northesk's flag-ship,) shared in the glorious victory of Trafalgar, 1805. Served on the coast of Catalonia, 1810 and 1811 ; and again on the coast of Africa, as commodore, in the Maidstone frigate. Richard Byron: in the Belvedera frigate, 36, had a smart rencontre with an American squadron, consisting of three frigates of the largest class, a fourth (smaller) frigate, and a brig of war, in which he nobly defended and saved his ship, June 23, 1812. Again saved her from capture in a running light with the United States' ship Constitution, July same year. Made several prizes of American ships of war, among them the Vixen, 18 guns : died Sept. 1837. George Tobin: in the Princess Charlotte (after- wards called the And?'omache) frigate, 38, cap- tured, among other ships of war, the Cyane, 20 guns, formerly British (the Naiad, 16 guns, in her company, escaping), Oct. 1805. Also cap- tured, after a severe action, the French frigate La Trave, Oct. 1813. Served at the siege of St. Sebastian : died April 1838. William-Henry Webley Parry : first lieutenant of the Zealous (captain S. Hood's ship) at the battle of the Nile ; promoted for his gallantry. Commanded the Centaur in the expedition to Copenhagen in 1807. One of the captors of the Sewolod, Russian 74, Aug. 1808. Served at Corunna in sir John Moore's memorable arma- ment : died May 1837. ♦John Wight : had a gallant affair in the Wol- verine brig, off the islands of St. Marcou, with two large French sloops of war, Aug. 1800 ; one set on fire, the other disabled. Served on the North American station in the Cleopatra, 32. *Henry Folkes Edgell: after much previous service, commanded the Cornelia frigate at the reduction of Java and its dependencies, Aug. and Sept. 1811 : died June 1846. *William Butterfield : died Oct. 1842. *William Young: died Feb. 1847, aged 81. ♦Jacob Walton : died April 1844. Edward Galwey : sir Horatio Nelson's lieutenant in the Vanguard at the Nile. Commanded the Dryad frigate in the Walcheren expedition. Captured the Clorinde frigate previously dis- abled in a sanguinary action with the Eurotas frigate, but had escaped, Feb. 1814: the ad- miral died Aug. 1844. John Hayes : distinguished for his valuable early service. Commanded the Freija frigate at the reduction of Guadaloupe, &c., 1810. His heroic conduct saved his fine ship, the Magnificent, 74, in a dreadful storm, Dec. 1812. Served gal- lantly on the American coast in the late war : died April 1838. Samuel Campbell Rowley : commanded the Ter- ror bomb at Copenhagen, 1801. His wonderful presence of mind and heroism, when his ship, the Laurel frigate, was wrecked, being the very last man to leave her, Jan. 1812, shed lustre on our naval annals : died Jan. 1846. *Bulkeley Mackworth Praed. *SamuerMottley : died May 1841. ♦Edward Walpole Browne ; died Oct. 1846, aged 80. ♦John Rouett SmoUet: died May 1842. ♦Hon. William Le Poer Trench : 'died Aug. 1846. ♦Edward Sneyd Clay : present in the Venerable, 74, at the battle off Camperdown, in which he was severely wounded. Commanded the Zebra at the battle of Copenhagen : died Feb. 1846. ♦Charles Carter : died Dec. 1847. Thomas Browne: died April 1851. ♦William-Henry Browne Tremlett: in his long career of service, captured more than fifty armed and other vessels. Sir Samuel Pym, k. c. b. : commanded the Atlas, 74, at the battle off St. Domingo, Feb. 1806. Assisted at the reduction of the isle of Bourbon, July 1810. Commanded the The Nereide, in company with the Sirius, Iphiffenia, and Magicienne frigates, encountered La Bellona and Minerve French frigates, Le Victor corvette, three other French frigates, and another corvette. A series of engagements ended in the self-destruction of the Magicienne and Sirius, and the capture of the Nereide and Iphigema, the former of which had led the squadron into action. All the ships had stranded ; those of the enemy being defended by the powerful batteries of the place. The loss on the side of the British was immense, and may be conceived from that which the Nereide alone sustained, 230 out of 281, or five men out of every six, havmg been killed or wounded. 1847— 1849.J ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN. Dec. 2, 1847. William Fisher : in the Asia, 80 guns, aided in the operations on the coast of Syria ; com- manded the squadron of five sail of the line blockading the fleet at Alexandria, 1840. Dec. 17, 1847. Edward Harvey : commanded the Implacable, 74, on the coast of Syria, 1840. Appointed admiral superintendent at Malta, March 1848. Dec. 21, 1847. William Fitzwilliam Owen (brother of ad- miral Sir Edward- William Campbell Rich Owen) : commanded the Barracouta at the capture of Java, 1811. Dec. 27, 1847. Manley Hall Dixon, son of admiral sir Man- ley Dixon : distinguished himself in a long and severe action (in which he was badly wounded) as lieutenant of the Horatio frigate, 38, with La Ju7ion, French frigate, 40 guns; the action terminated in the surrender of La Junon, Feb. 1809 ; commander-in-chief at Cork. Jan. 3, 1848. Hon. Alexander Jones : present, as lieutenant, at the capture of the Spanish frigates by sir Graham Moore, Oct. 1804 ; and participated in the Lively, 38, in the action with the Spanish ship Gloriosa, 74, May 1805. Rendered great services at Oporto and on the coast of Spain, 1811. Jan. 7, 1848. Peter- John Douglas: present at the capture of Samana, St. Domingo, 1808 ; served in the expedition to Walcheren, 1809. Had his broad pendant in the Magnificent, 74, on the Jamaica station ; and commanded a large squadron in the Gulf of Mexico. Afterwards commanded in chief on the North American and West India stations. Jan. 8, 1848. Barrington Reynolds (son of rear-admiral Robert Carthew Reynolds who perished in the St. George, 98, in Dec. 1811): commanded the Hesper at the capture of Java, 1811 ; and the Ganges, 84, at Acre and on the coast of Syria, 1840. Commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope in 1848, et seq. Jan. 30, 1848. Hon. George - Alfred Crofton : assisted, among other services, in the capture of Gua- daloupe, 1810, and the operations on the coast of North America in the late war, the attack on Baltimore, New Orleans, &c. Feb. 14, 1848. ViLLiERS Francis Hatton : lieutenant of the Seagull brig in the hard fight with the Lougen, Danish ship of 20 guns, "March 1808 : despe- rately wounded in the action, losing an arm, and permanently injuring a leg. March 20, 1848, Charles Sotheby. March 23, 1848. Sir Augustus-William- James Clifford, bart. April 3, 1848. Sir Joshua Rickets Rowley, bart. June 1, 1848. Alexander Renton Sharpe. Aug. 1, 1848. Gordon Thomas Falcon : gallantly fought, off Madeira, in the Ci/a7ie, 32 guns and 171 men (in company with the Levant, 20 guns and 131 men), the United States' ship Constitution, 56 guns and 469 men, to which she surren- dered, after a desperate action, Feb. 20, 1815. Sept. 5, 1848. Sir Watkin Owen Pell, knt. Jan. 24, 1849. William Fairbrotiier Carroll : commanded the Cadiz flotilla, 1811. Assisted in the ope- rations in the Adriatic, including the blockade of Venice, 1813. March 3, 1849. Sir Andrew Pellat Green, knt., k. c. h. March 19, 1849. William Bowen Mends. May 4, 1849. George Ferguson. May 9, 1849. Sir George Rose Sartorius: held the com- mand (with the rank of admiral) of Dom Pedro's fleet, 1832 ; and directed its operations until superseded by sir Charles Napier. May 21, 1849. Robert Wauchope. J une 8, 1849. Sir John Gordon Sinclair, bart. Sept 1, 1849.; George-Edward Watts. Sept. 15, 1849. Sir James- John Gordon Bremer, k. c. b., K. c. h. : distinguished by his important ser- vices in China, as well in council as in arms, from the organisation of the force from Singa- pore, to the final capture of Canton, 1841: died Feb. 1850. Oct. 9, 1849. Ralfh Randolph Wormeley. Oct. 18, 1849. Hayes O'Grady. Oct. 30, 1849. Maurice Frederick Fitzhardinoe Berke- ley : served at the defence of Cadiz, 1811. Com- manded the Thunderer, 84, in the operations of the Syrian campaign, at the camp at d'Journi, the bombardment of Beyrout, storming of Sidon, and capture of St. Jean d'Acre, Nov. 1840. A lord of the admiralty, April 1833, et seq, Nov. 5, 1849. Sir David Dunn, knt., k. c. h. : made a prisoner in early service, 1801. Assisted in the capture 4 312 ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIK [1849—1851. of the Spanish ship Amfitrite, 44 guns, 1804; and of El Reyo, 100 guns, one of the line de- feated at Trafalgar. Shared in tlie victory gained by sir John T. Duckworth off St. Do- mingo, Feb. 1806. Present at the defence of Sicily, and reduction of Zante and Cephalonia. Severely wounded in the battle off Lissa, March 1811. Distinguished himself at the siege of Trieste, 1813. Dec. 20, 1849. Fairfax Moresby, c. b. : carried two strong batteries at the Boca di Cattaro, Aug. 1813 ; and served with the Austrian forces on the coasts of the Adriatic, for which he was honoured with the order of Maria Theresa. Commanded, in the Menai, at the Cape of Good Hope; and in 1821, et seq.^ at the Mauritius, •where he was zealous in the suppression of the slave-trade. Served, subsequently, in the Mediterranean ; commander-in-chief in the Pacific, 1851. Dec. 24. 1849. George Anson, lord Byron. Jan. 14, 1850. Sir Edmund Lyons, bart., g.c.b., K.c.n. : served as midshipman in the expedition to the Dar- danelles. Signalised, among other early ex- ploits, by his bravery in storming the fortress of Marrack, Java, with 35 men, boats' crews of the Minden, opposed to more than 200 men and 54 guns, July 30, 1811. Feb. 15, 1850. Sir Charles Sullivan, bart. : assisted, in early service, in the capture of a Dutch frigate, seven brigs of war, and twenty other vessels, in Batavia Roads, Nov. 1806. Aided in making prizes of the Scipio corvette, 24 guns, the Ceres gun-brig, and an armed merchant ship richly laden, Sept. 1807. As lieutenant, served long on the East India station, at the Isle of France, and on the coast of N. America. Served, as post, on the coast of Portugal, and in various other quarters. March 27, 1850. Sir John Marshall, knt., c. b., k. c. h. : as lieutenant of the Culloden, 74, contributed to the destruction of a Dutch frigate, seven brigs of war, and twenty armed and other vessels in Batavia Roads, Nov. 1806. Was in the Java frigate, 46 guns and 377 men, when captured by the American ship Cofistitution, 56 guns and 480 men, after a close action of nearly four hours, Dec. 23, 1812. Served afterwards in the German rivers with great gallantry: died Sept. 30, 1850. June 21, 1850. James Erskine Wemyss: had a sharp action, ■when lieutenant, in the Victor sloop, with an armed proa, in the East Indies, April 1807 : in this action eight}^ of the crew of the latter were killed in little more than half an hour. After- wards served in the North Sea and Mediterra- nean, and assisted in the reduction of Genoa. Sept. 2, 1850. Francis Erskine Loch : was on board the Queen Charlotte, 110 guns, when she took fire in Leghorn Roads S March 17, 1800. En- countered in the Sparrow, 16 guns, on the coast of Spain, the Etoile and Sultane, French frigates, which were eventually captured. Served as senior officer in the Persian Gulf in 1818, commanding the Eden, 26 guns. His gallant services embraced a period of forty years. Oct. 1, 1850. Edward Collier, c. b. : appointed acting lieu- tenant of the Arrogant for his exertions in saving the Centurion wdien on the point of foundering in a dreadful hurricane. Present in the St. Fiorenzo when she captured the French frigate La Psyche, Feb. 1805. This brave officer had his leg badly fractured at the bombardment of St. Jean d'Acre. Nov. 6, 1850. David Price : in the Centaur, 74, assisted in the capture of four French frigates from Rochefort, after an action in which sir Samuel Hood lost his arm. Served at the bombardment of Co- penhagen, the occupation of Madeira, and cap- ture of the Sewolod, Russian 74. Was present at the destruction of the French ship Amazone, 40, near Cape Barfleur, March 1811. Fought as first lieutenant of the Active, 46, in the action with the French fleet off" Toulon, Nov. 1813 ; and performed much gallant service in our last contest with America. Nov. 11, 1850. Algernon, duke of Northumberland, late lord Prudhoe. Dec. 30, 1850. John Toup Nicolas, k. h. : fought in sir Robert Calder's action with the combined French and Spanish fleets off" Cape Finisterre, July 1805 ; defeated the French ship Legere, June 1815 ; and displayed great gallantry on various occa- sions : died April 1851. March 21, 1851. William Willmotp Henderson : was with lord Nelson in his pursuit of the French and Spanish combined squadrons to the West Indies, and on his return shared in the glorious battle of Trafalgar. Was present, in the Active frigate, int he celebrated battle off" Lissa, March 1811. Co-operated in the reduction of Guadaloupe, Aug. 1815 ; and crowned his many services by aiding in the operations on the coast of Syria. ^ This dreadful catastrophe was communicated to the admiralty in despatches from lord Keith, commander- in-chief in the Mediterranean, the Queen Charlotte being his lordship's flag-ship at the time of its occurrence. The ship took fire just before daybreak, while she was under easy sail between the island of Gorgona and the port of Leghorn. It was occasioned by the fire of a match, which had been kept lighted for the purpose of firing signal guns, and which communicated to seme hay that lay upon the half-deck. The fire spread very rapidly, and bursting through the port-holes and up the hatchways of the ship, soon caught the shrouds, and, notwith- standing every exertion, she burnt to the water's edge, and then blew up. Upwards of 700 lives were lost, as the boats could not contain one-fourth of the large complement of men on board. Lord Keith was himself on shore at Leghorn. 1851.] ADMIRALS OF GREAT BRITAIN 313 March 24, 1851. Sir John Hill, knt. : served effectively in the Channel, the West Indies, and Mediterranean ; and among other actions was present in the glorious battle of the Nile. Eminently dis- tinguished by his many displays of bravery during a long and active service. The honour of knighthood was conferred on captain Hill in Aug. 1831, and he has had several home ap- pointments since he has been afloat. May 1851. John Carter: aided in the capture of Le Guil- laume Tell of 84 guns and 1000 men ; served on the coast of France and off Genoa ; went in the pursuit of the combined French and Span- ish squadron to the West Indies, and subse- quently bore a part in the battle of Trafalgar. Later, visited the Baltic and the West Indies* and engaged in much difficult service through- out his professional career. The present number of Admirals is as follows : Ten Admirals of the Red ; ten Ad- mirals of the AVhite ; and fen Admirals of the Blue. Fifteen Vice-Admirals of the Red ; fifteen Vice-Admirals of the White ; and fifteen Vice-Admirals of the Blue. Twenty-five Rear-Admirals of the Red; twenty-five Rear-Admirals of the White; and twenty-five Rear-Admirals of the Blue. Making, viz. : Thii^ty Admirals, or ten of each Squadron ; forty-five Vice-Admirals, or fifteen of each Squadron ; and seventy-five Rear-Admirals, or twenty-five of each Squadron. In the whole One hundred and fifty Flag-Ofiicers ; to which number the service will in future be confined. KETIRED REAE-ADMIKALS. "Admiralty, 31st October, 1846. " This day, in pursuance of Her Majesty^ s pleasure, the following Captains of Her Majesty's Navy were promoted to the rank o/ Retired Rear-Admirals of Her Majesty's Fleet, on the terms proposed in the London Gazette of the Ist September 1846." James Wilkes Maurice. James Prevost. Sir Francis Beaufort, k. c. b. and f. r. s. ; hydro- £^rapher to the admiralty since 1845. Spehnan Swayne ; died Jan. 1848. Thomas White : died Nov. 1846. James Lillicrap. Walter Grosset: died Sept. 1847. Jolm Thompson. Thomas Folliott Bangh. Samuel Martin Colquitt: died July 1847. Gustavus Stupart : died Feb. 1850. Thomas-Francis-Charles Mainwaring. William, earl Waldegrave. John Hollinworth. Clement Sneyd. John Duff Markland : died Aug. 1848. Abel Ferris. Robert Merrick Fowler. Donald Campbell. Sir Henry Hart, knt., K. c. H. George Henderson. Thomas Tudor Tucker, c. B. Henry Bourchier. Robert Worgan George Festing, c. b. George Morris. John Tancock. James Pattison Stewart, c. b. Christopher Bell, c. b. James Stevenson. Hon. Edmund Sexton Pery Knox, David, earl of Leven and Melville. Colin Campbell : died 1851. Joseph Symes. Hon. William-Henry Percy. James Pringle. Samuel Leslie. Edward Ellicott : died Jan. 1847, aged 80. Peter Rye ; died in 1851. James Gifford. George Le Geyt, c. b. Henry Gage Morris. Edward-Augustus Down. Thomas Whinyates. John-William Andrew, c. b. Robert Mitford. Henderson Bain. Clement Milward. John Fordyce Maples, c. b. : died May 1847. Joseph Needham Tayler, c. b. Robert Bloye, c. b. : died Sept. 1847. Thomas- Edward Symonds. Lewis Hole. James M'Kerlie : died 1850. Frederick Jennings Thomas. Additional Retired Rear-Admirals, Who have attained to that rank by their seniority as Captains, March 3, 1849. Henry-Thomas Da vies. Hon. Henry Dilkes Byng. Note. — Where the decease of an admiral is not mentioned in the foregoing Roll, it is presumed he was living at the time of the publication of this Work, no account of his death having been officially received at the Admi- ralty. In all cases where the death is added to the name, the date is taken from the Obituary kept by order of the Board. 314 ADMIRALS OF GEEAT BRITAIN. [1849—1851. May 4, 1849. George-Gust Av us Lennock. Sept. 1, 1849. Robert Gambier. Charles- Frederick Payne : died 1850. Colin Macdonald, c. b. Sept. 15, 1849. Abraham Lowe. Oct. 9, 1849. Charles Bertram. George Hills : died April 1850. Henry Fanshawe. Isaac Hawkins Morrison. George Bame Trollope, c. b. : died May 1850. Sir Thomas Mansell, knt., K. c. h. Hercules Robinson. William Black. Oct. 18, 1849. John Harmir, c. b. Oct. 30, 1849. Thomas Dick. William-Isaac Scott. Nov. 5, 1849. Bertie Cornelius Cator. Dec. 24, 1849. Frederick-Edward Vernon Harcourt. Jan. 14, 1850. Kenelm, lord omerville. March 27, 1850. Henry Jenkinson. June 21, 1850. Edward Saurin. John Hardy Godby. Christopher Strachey. Sept. 2, 1850. Arden Adderley. Sir Richard O'Conor, k. c. h. Oct. 1, 1850. Thomas Ball Sulivan, c. b. David Scott. Nov. 6. 1850. Nicholas Lechmere Pateshall. Rowland Money, c. b. John Sheridan. Sir Henry Loraine Baker, bart. George- William Hughes D'Aeth. Robert Ramsay, c. b. Johu-Charles Gawen Roberts. Nov. 11, 1850. ; Archibald Tisdall. Joseph Gulston Garland. Dec. 30, 1850. William Stanhope Lovell. March 21, 1851. Joseph Digby. Charles Warde, k. h. William Ffarington. James Rattray. John Allen. Note — The preceding roll of admirals is taken, by permission of the Lords of the Admi rait}', from their Records of the service. The notices of living admirals are adopted from O'Byrne's Naval Biography, a work recently published, of such wonderful research and industry, and so highly estimated by the officers of the British navy, that a testimonial from them is now in course of presentation to its much esteemed and most deserving author. BATTLES AND ACTIONS REFERRED TO IN THE PRECEDING ROLL OF ADMIRALS. Battle of Southwold Bay, May 28, 1672. Battle off Beachev Head, June 30, 1690. Battle off Cape La Hogue, May 19, 1692. Action of admiral Benbow off Carthagena, Aug. 19, 1702. Action off Vigo, Oct. 12, 1702. Action off Malaga, Aug. 24, 1704. Battle off Toulon, 1744. Battle off Cape Finisterre, May 3, 1747. Battle off Ushant, Oct. 14, 1747. Battle of Quiberon Bay, Nov. 20, 1759. Battle off Cape St. Vincent (admiral Rodney), Jan. 8, 1780. Battle off the Dogger Bank, Aug. 5, 1781. Admiral Rodney's action, April 12, 1782. Admiral Hughes' actions in the East Indies, 1782 and 1783. Lord Howe's actions, May 28 and 29, and (Tou- lon), June 1, 1794. Admiral Hotham's action, March 14, 1795. Lord Bridport's action (off L'Orient), June 23, 1795. Action in Saldanha Bay, Aug. 17, 1796. Battle off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 14, 1797. Battle of Camperdown, Oct. 11, 1797. Battle of the Nile, Aug. 1, 1798. Battle of Copenhagen, April 2, 1801. Battle of Algesiras, July 6, 1801. Battle off Cadiz (sir James Saumarez), July 12, 1801. Sir Robert Calder's action, July 22, ] 805. Battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805. Sir Richard Strachan's action off Cape Ortegal, Nov. 4, 1805. Sir J. T. Duckworth's action off St. Domingo, Feb. 6, 1806. Passage of the Dardanelles, Feb. 19 and 27, and March 3, 1807. Lord Gambler's Expedition to Copenhagen, Aug. and Sept. 1807. Lord Gambler's actions, April 11 and 14, 1809. Sir William Hoste's fight off Lissa, March 13, 18U. Sir Edward Pellew's action off Toulon, Nov. 5, 1813. Battle of Algiers, Aug. 27, 1816. Battle of Navarino, Oct. 20, 1827. Action off St. Jean d'Acre, Nov. 3, 1840. 315 THE MILITAEY DEPARTMENT. The time of the death of each General Officer follows his name in all cases where we find it stated in the Records at the War Office. In the more recent names, when his death is not mentioned, the Officer is presumed to te living at the Lime of the publication of this Work. Commanders-in-Chief. March 30, 1674. James, duke of Monmouth (natural son of Charles II.) : beheaded in 1685. June 3, 1690. John Churchill, earl of Marlborough, afterwards duke. The illustrious captain-general of queen Anne's wars. April 30, 1691. Meinhardt Schomberg, duke of Leinster, in Ire- land. May 9, 1695. Meinhardt (duke of Leinster), now duke of Schomberg, k. g. : died in 1719. Jan. 1, 1711. James, duke of Ormond : attainted in 1715 : died 1746. May, 1744. John, earl of Stair, k. t. : died May 1747. March, 1745. George Wade, field-marshal : died in 1748. See Field- Marshals, Oct. 24, 1757. John, viscount, afterwards earl Ligonier : died April 1770. See Field- Marshals. August 13, 1766. John, marquess of Granby: resigned in 1769: died 1770. [The office vacant.] March 19, 1778. Jeffrey, lord Amherst, general on the staff. See below. March 29, 1782. Hon. Henry Seymour Conway : this distin- guished general served in the Seven Years' War, and was the senior field-marshal at the time of his death in 1795. Jan. 21, 1793. Jeffrey, lord Amherst, again : died Aug. 1797, aged 81. Feb. 11, 1795. H. R. H. Frederick, duke of York field-mar- shal on the staff, to April 2, 1798. April 3, 1798. H. R. H. Frederick, duke of York, again, to March 24, 1809. March 25, 1809. Sir David Dundas, bart., to May 28, 1811 : died Feb. 1820. > The memorable duel between H. R. H. the duke of York and colonel Lenox, afterwards duke of Rich- mond, took place on May 26, 1789. We take the particulars from the only authentic account ever published of them. The dispute originated in an observation of his royal highness, namely, that colonel Lenox had heard words spoken to him at the club at Daubigny s to which no gentleman ought to have submitted. This obser- vation having been reported to the colonel, he took the opportunity, while his royal highness was on the parade, to address him, desiring to know what were the words which he had submitted to hear, and by whom they were spoken ? To this his royal highness gave no other answer at the time, than by ordering the colonel to his post. The parade being over, his royal highness went into the orderly-room, and sending for the colonel, intimated to him, in the presence of all the officers, that he desired to derive no protection from his rank as a prince, or his station as commanding officer ; but that, when not on duty, he wore a brown coat, and was ready, as a private gentleman, to give the colonel satisfaction. This led to a short correspondence, which was closed by a letter delivered to his royal highness by the earl of Winchilsea, to the effect, that the colonel expected, in justice to his character, his royal highness should contradict the report as publicly as he had uttered it. The answer returned not proving satisfactory to the colonel's feelings, the duel followed, and is described in the subjoined document : — *' In consequence of a dispute of which much has been said in the public papers, his royal highness the duke of York, attended by lord Kawdon, — and lieutenant-colonel Lenox, accompanied by the earl of Win- chilsea, met at Wimbledon common. The ground was measured at twelve paces, and both parties were to fire upon a signal agreed upon. The signal being given, lieutenant-colonel Lenox fired, and the ball grazed his royal highness's curl. The duke of York did not fire. Lord Kawdon then interfered, and said, 'that he thought enough had been done.' Lieutenant-colonel Lenox observed, 'that his royal highness had not fired.' Lord Rawdon said, ' it was not the duke's intention to fire ; his royal highness had come cut at lieutenant-colonel Lenox's desire, to give him satisfaction, and had no animosity against him.' Lieutenant-colonel Lenox pressed that the duke of York should fire, which was declined upon a repetition of the reason. Lord Winchilsea then went up to the duke of York, and expressed his hope, ' that his royal highness could have no objection to say he considered lieutenant-colonel Lenox as a man of honour and courage: ' his royal highness replied, ' that he should say nothing ; he had come out to give lieutenant-colonel Lenox satisfaction, and did not mean to fire at him; if lieutenant-colonel Lenox was not satisfied, he might fire again.' Lieutenant-colonel Lenox said, 'he could not possibly fire again at the duke, as his royal highness did not mean to fire at him.' On this, both parties left the ground. The seconds think it proper to add, that both parties behaved with the most perfect coolness and intrepidity. (Signed) "RAWDON. "WINCHILSEA. " Tuesday Evening, May 26, 1789 " 316 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. May 29, 1811. H. R. H. Frederick, duke of York, agaiii, to Jan. 5, 1827 ; when he died. [Vacant to Jan. 21.] Jan. 22, 1827. Arthur, duke of Wellington, k. g., g. c. b., to May 5, same year. [Vacant from May 6, to Aug. 26.] Aug. 27, 1827. Arthur, duke of Wellington, again, to Feb. 14, 1828. [Vacant to Feb. 24, inclusive.] Feb. 25, 1828. Rowland, viscount Hill, g.c.b., g.c.h., general on the staff, to August 14, 1842. General com- manding in chief: died Dec. 1842. Aug. 15, 1842. Arthur, duke of Wellington, again, by letters- patent. The PRESENT (1851) Commander-in- Chief. Captains-General. Aug. 3, 1660. George Monk, duke of Albemarle. See Admirals. April 27, 1678. James, duke of Monmouth: beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15, 1685. April 24, 1702. John, earl of Marlborough: created duke of Marlborough, December, same year. Feb. 20, 1711. James, duke of Ormond, to Sept. 1714. See CommanderS'in- Chief. Sept. 23, 1714. John, duke of Marlborough, aaam, to 1717: died 1722, March 8, 1744. H. R. H. William-Augustus, duke of Cum- berland, to 1757 : died Oct. 1765. Sept. 4, 1799. H. R. H. Frederick, duke of York^, to March 24, 1809. See Field-Marshals, Field-Marshals. Jan. 14, 1736. George, earl of Orkney ; governor of Edinburgh castle : died in 1737. John, duke of Argyll and Greenwich : died Nov. 1743. July 2, 1739. Richard, viscount Shannon. Francis, marquess de Montandre. March 28, 1742. John, earl of Stair. See Commanders-in-Chief. Richard, viscount Cobham : died 1749. Dec. 14, 1743. George Wade, commander-in-chief in 1745 : died 1748. Nov. 28, 1757. Sir Robert Rich, bart. : died Feb. 1768. Richard, viscount Molesworth: died October 1758. John, lord Ligonier, afterwards viscount and earl, and commander-in- chief. Served in all queen Anne's, and in the subsequent wars: died April 1770. June 10, 1763. James O'lTara, lord Tyrawley : died July 1773, in his 84th year. Oct. 12, 1793. Hon. Henry Seymour Conway, commander-in- chief: died July 1795. H. R. H. William-Henry, duke of Glou- cester, K. G. : died Aug. 1805. Sir George Howard, k. b. : died July 1796. Feb. 10, 1795. H. R. H. Frederick, duke of York and Al- bany, K. G., commander-in-chief. July 30, 1796. John, duke of Argyll : died May 1806, aged 85. Jeffrey, lord Amherst, k. b., previously com- mander-in-chief: died Aug. 1797, aged 81. John Griffin, lord How^ard de Walden : died May 1797, in his 80th year. Studholme Hodgson; in the army upwards of three-quarters of a century : died Oct. 1798. George, marquess of Townshend : died Sept. 1807. Lord Frederick Cavendish : died Oct. 1803. 1 His royal highness' patent or commission as captain-general, ran as follows : " His Royal Highness, Field- Marshal Frederick, Duke of York, k. G., to be Captain-General of all and singular His Majesty's land forces, raised, or to be raised and employed on His Majesty's service within the kingdom of Great Britain ; and also of all and singular His Majesty's land forces wliich are or shall be employed on the continent of Europe, in con- junction with the troops of His Majesty's allies." 1690—1746.] GENERALS OF THE ARMY. 317 Charles, duke of Richmond, k. g. : died Dec. 1806. Sept. 5, 1805. H. R. H. Edward, duke of Kent and Stra- THERN, K. G. : died Jan. 1820. June 21, 1813. Arthur, duke of Wellington, k. g., afterwards commander-in-chief. Nov. 26, 1813. H. R. H. Ernest -Augustus, duke of Cumber- land (king of Hanover in 1837), k. g. H. R. H. Adolphus-Frederick, duke of Cam- bridge, K.G. : died July 1850. May 24, 1816. H. R. H. William-Frederick, duke of Glou- cester, K. G. : died Nov. 1834. H. R. H. Leopold-George-Frederick, duke of Saxe-Coburg Saalfeld, and prince, K. G. ; afterwards king of the Belgians. July 19, 1821. Charles, marquess of Drogheda, k. st. p. : died Dec. 1822. William, earl Harcourt, k. c. b. : died 1830. July 22, 1830. Sir Alured Clarke, g. c. b., commanded in chief in India : died Sept. 1832. Rt. hon. sir Samuel Hulse, g.c.h., g.c.m.g. • died Jan. 1837. Feb. 8, 1840. H. R. H. Francis- Albert-Augustus-Charles- Emanuel (prince consort of her majesty queen Victoria), duke of Saxony, prince of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha, k.g., k.t., k. st. p., &c. July 28. 1845. His Majesty, William XL, king of the Nether- lands (late hereditarv prince of Orans:e\ k g . &c. ; died March 1849. Nov. 9, 1846. Sir George Nugent, bart., k. c. b., commanded in chief in India from March 1811 to Oct. 1813 • died March 1849, aged 92. Thomas Grosvenor : died July 1850. Henry- William, marquess of Anglesey, k.g., G.C.B., G.C.H., master-general of the ordnance. Generals of the Army. April 19, 1690. Frederick, duke of Scliomberg. [Killed at the battle of the Boyne, in Ireland, July 1, 1690.] May 29, 1690. Charles, duke of Schomberg ; his son. [Died of his wounds received in the battle of Marsiglia, in Italy, Oct. 7, 1G93.] Aug. 16, 1703. Meinhardt, duke of Schomberg, brother of the last named. July 3, 1704. Henry de Massue, earl of Galway : died 1720. 1705. Charles, earl of Peterborough English army in Spain commanded the died 1735. Jan. 1, 1707. Charles Churchill ; brother of the duke of Marl- borough. April 22, 1708. Richard, earl Rivers : died 1712. Jan. 1 1709. Daniel Hervey. Jan. 30, 1711. William Stewart. Thomas Erie. David, earl of Portmore; governor of Gibraltar: died 1730. Hon. Henry Lumley. April 1, 1712. Charles Ross. June 16, 1712. J ohn Richmond Webb. Nov. 13, 1714. Charles, lord Tyrawley. July 12, 1717. William, lord Cadogan ; general of all H. M. ffwt^ forces. Created earl of Cadogan, May March 1, 1727 George, earl of Cholmondeley : died 1733. July 2, 1730. Sir Charles Wills, k. b. : died 1746. Thomas Wetham. Joseph Sabine. William Evans. Feb. 1, 1743. Sir Philip Honywood, k. b. : died 1752. Lord Mark Ker. March 29, 1745. Sir Robert Rich, bart., afterwards field-marshal. See Field- Marshals. May 30, 1745. John, earl of Dunmore : died April 1752. Dec. 28, 1746. Richard, viscount Molesworth : died Oct. 1758. See Field- Marshals. 1 The earliest Army List our research has enabled us to discover, is one in the Military Library at Charing Cross, London, for the year 1744. The earliest in the British Museum is for the year 1754, from which year the series of Army Lists at the War Office also commences. 318 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. [1746—1782. Dec. 30, 1746. Sir John Ligonier ; general of horse ; afterwards lord, viscount, and earl Ligonier. See Field- Marshals and Commanders-in-Chief, March 24, 1747. Robert Dalzell. Gervase Parker. March 26, 1747. Algernon, duke of Somerset : died Feb. 1750. March 28, 1747. John, duke of Montagu: died 1749. March 30, 1747. William, earl of Harrington : died Dec. 1756. July 10, 1758. Charles, duke of Marlborough : commanded the British army on the Lower Rhine : died Oct. 1758. David Montolieu, baron de St. Ilippolite. March, 1761. John, earl of Westmoreland : died April 1774. Roger Handasyde: died the oldest general in the service, Jan. 1763. James O'Hara, lord Tyrawley ; afterwards field- marshal. See Field- Marshals. Charles Otway: died Aug. 1764. Charles, lord Cadogan: died, aged 92, Sept. 1776. Hon. James St. Clair. John Guise. Feb. 22, 1765. John, earl of Rothes; commanded in chief the forces in Ireland : died June 1773. Harr}^ Pulteney ; served in queen Anne's wars : died Oct. 1767. Hon. sir Charles Howard, k. b. : died Aug. 1765. John, duke of Argyll, k. t. : died Nov. 1770. James-Edward Oglethorpe ; founder of the colony of Georgia : at the time of his death, in 1785, he was the oldest general in the service, being aged 97 years. John, earl De la Warr, k. b. : died March 1776. April 13, 17 70. Sir John Mordaunt, k. b. Hon. James Cholmondeley : died Oct. 1775. Peregrine Lascelles : died March 1772, aged 88 years. Lord John Murray. John, earl of Loudoun, governor of Edinburgh castle : died April 1782. William, earl of Panmure : died Aug. 1781. William Henry, marquess of Lothian, k. t. : died April 1775. William, earl of Harrington : died April 1779. Hugh Warburton. May 26, 1772. Cuthbert Ellison. Peregrine Bertie, duke of Ancaster and Kesteven : died Aug. 1778. Evelyn, duke of Kingston, k. g. : died Sept. 1773. Hugh, viscount Falmouth : died Feb. 1782. Simon, earl Harcourt : accidentally drowned in a well in his own park, at Nuneham, Oxford- shire, Sept. 1777. Henry- Arthur Herbert, earl of Powis : died Sept. 1772. Michael O'Brien Dilkes : died Sept. 1775. John Montagu, earl of Sandwich; was first lord of the admiralty, 1762 ; secretary of state, 1763 ; again first lord of the admiralty, 1771 : died April 1792. Hon. Henry Seymour Conway; secretary of state, 1765 ; commander-in-chief, March 1782 ; died 1795. See Field- 3Iarshals. James Abercrombie: died April, 1781. George, earl of Albemarle, k. g. : commanded in chief at the reduction of the Havannah : died Oct. 1772. Francis Leigh ton : died June 1773. Lord Robert Manners : died May 1782. John Mostyn. John, earl Waldegrave, master of the horse to the queen : died Oct. 1784. H. R. H. William-Henry, duke of Glou- cester, K. G. : died Aug. 1805. See Field- Marshals. Sept. 6, 1777. Sir George Howard, k. b. ; field-marshal 1793. See Field- Marshals. Hon. sir Joseph Yorke, afterwards lord Dover, K. B. : died Dec. 1792. William Belford: died July 1780. Lord Robert Bertie : died March 1782. Philip Honywood : he received twenty-three broadsword wounds at the battle of Dettingen, and two musket-balls which were never ex- tracted : died March 1785. March 19, 1778. John, duke of Argyll ; afterwards field-marshal ; died May 1806. Hon. John Fitzwilliam : died July 1789. William A'Court Ashe. Jeffrey, lord Amherst, k. b., field-marshal, and, in 1793, commander-in-chief: died Aug. 1797. See Field- Marshals, April 2, 1778. John Griffin, lord Howard de Walden, after- wards field-marshal: died, at the age of 80, May 1797. Studholme Hodgson, afterwards field-marshal. See Field- Marshals. George- Augustus Elliot, k. B. ; lord Heathfield in 1787 ; the invincible hero of Gibraltar : died July 1790, aged 73. Nov. 20, 1782. John Lambton: died March 1794. John Parslow : died Nov. 1786. Hon. Thomas Gage, commanded in chief in North America: died April 1787. George, marquess of Townshend, afterwards field-marshal ; served under George II. at the battle of Dettingen ; also in the battles of Fon- tenoy, Culloden, and at the siege of Quebec : died Sept. 1807. Lord Frederick Cavendish, afterwards field-mar- shal. See Field- Marshals. Charles Lenox, duke of Richmond, Lenox, and Aubigny, k. g. ; field-marshal July 1796 : died Dec. 1806. Henry, earl of Pembroke : died Jan. 1794. John Severn : died July 1787. Sir John Sebright, bait. : died March 1794. Hon. George Gary. 1783—1798.] GENERALS OF THE ARMY. 319 Feb. 19, 1783. Hon. James Murray, governor of Fort William, in Scotland: died June 1794. Cyrus Trapaud i : died April 1801. Sir William Boothby, bart. : died Feb. 1787. Benjamin Carpenter: died March 1788. Bygoe Armstrong. William, earl of Shelbume, afterwards marquess of Lansdowne (1784), first minister to George III. in 1782 : died May 1805. William Haviland : died Sept. 1784. Rt. hon. sir John Irwin, k. b. : died June 1788. Charles Vernon : died 1810. David Graeme : died April 1792. April 12, 1793. H. R. H. Frederick, duke of York, k.g. ; after- wards field-marshal, captain-general, and com- mander-in-chief. See these ranks respectively. Oct. 25, 1793. Robert Melville : died 1809. Moriscoe Frederick : died in 1801. Robert Dalrymple Horn Elphinstone : died April 1794. James Johnstone, 6th dragoons. James Johnston, 2d dragoons. Charles Moore, marquess of Drogheda; after- wards field -marshal : died Dec. 1821. See Field- Marshals. Sir William-Augustus Pitt, k. b. : governor of Portsmouth : died Dec. 1809. Lord Adam Gordon; commanded in chief in Scotland : died Aug. 1801. Hon. sir Alexander Maitland, bart.: died Feb. 1820. Archibald, earl of Eglintoun: died Oct. 1796. Hunt Walsh. Guy Carleton, k. b., lord Dorchester ; governor of Canada ; commanded in chief in North Ame- rica : died Nov. 1808. Sir Charles Thompson, bart. Robert Clerk. Robert Cunninghame, afterwards lord Rossmore : died Aug. 1801. Hon. sir William Howe, k. b., afterwards viscount Howe : died in 1814. Lord George-Henry Lenox, governor of Ply- mouth : died March 1805. Henry Fletcher : died 1803. John Hale: died in 1806. Sir Robert Boyd, k. b. ; governor at Gibraltar : died May 1794. Sir Henry Clinton, k. b. : died Dec. 1795. Charles, lord Southampton : died March 1797. Bernard Hale : died 1798. Francis Craig ; governor of Sheerness : died Dec. 1811. Hugh, duke of Northumberland, k. g. : died July 1817. William Taylor. Charles, marquess Cornwallis, k. g. : immor- talised by his services in India, of which em- pire he was governor -general and commander- in-chief from 1786 to 1793, and again from January to October, 1805: died at Gauzepoor, in Bengal, Oct. 5, 1805. May 3, 1796. Sir David Lindsay, bart. : died March 1797 Edward Maxwell Brown: died 1803. James Robinson. Eyre Massy, lord Clarina; he was the last of Wolfe's companions; served in the army 70 years ; was wounded at Culloden, and again at Martinique ; headed the storming party at the Havannah : died May 1804. George Warde : died Feb. 1803. Flower Mocher: died July 1801. Sir Robert Sloper, k. b. ; commanded in chief in India : died Aug. 1802. Staates Long Morris : died in 1800. Ralph, earl of Ross : died 1802. Sir John Dalling, bart., k. b. ; commanded in chief at Madras : died Jan. 1798. Russel Manners : died Sept. 1800. Thomas Hall : died in 1809, aged 84. James Grant : died 1806. Sir William Faucett, k. b. ; served under general Elliott, and in the German wars of George II. ; governor of Chelsea hospital : died in 1804. William-John, marquess of Lothian: died Jan. 1815, aged nearly 80 years. Sir Charles Grey, k. b., afterwards earl Grey; served under prince Ferdinand at the battle of Minden, in which he was wounded ; served at Ostend and Nieuport 1793 ; commanded in chief in the West Indies, and at the reduction of various islands : died Nov. 1807. Sir Thomas Spencer Wilson, bart. : died in 1798. George Morrison : died, the oldest staff officer in the service, Nov. 1799. Thomas Clarke : died 1799. Charles Rainsford : died 1809. Jan. 26, 1797. Edward Matthew, died in 1805. James Pattison : died 1805. Hon. Henry St. John: died April 1818. John Campbell : died 1807. Sir George Osborne, bart. : died June 1818. Jan. 1. 1798. Sir Thomas Shirley, bart. ; commanded in chief in the West Indies : died March 1800. Patrick Tonvn : died 1804. Gabriel Christie : died 1799. John Reid : died Feb. 1807, aged 87. Sir William Green, bart.: died Jan. 1811, aged 86. George Scott: died 1811. Charles O'Hara ; governor of Gibraltar 1795, having been previously lieutenant-governor (1787) : died Feb. 1802. Loftus Anthony Tottenham : died 1810. William Rowley : died Sept. 1807. Peter Bathurst. Hon. William Gordon : died 1815. Robert Prescott : died Dec. 1815. Hon. William Harcourt^, afterwards field-mar- 1 This officer was the oldest in the service when he died, in 1801 . He was nearly related to the great marshal Turenne. Among other distinguished services he fought under George II. in the battles of Dettingen and Val, and was present in the battles of Fontenoy, Falkirk, and Culloden. 2 Gen. Harcourt performed a singular service while in Amerira, by going in one day on the same horse a distance of seventy miles, through the enemy's country, with only a patrol of thirty men, and bringing back general Lee, who had deserted from the British army, and whom he took out of his quarters though surrounded by 2000 of the American troops. General Harcourt, then earl Harcourt, carried the baton of the commander-in-chief at the funeral of the duke of York, January 1827. 320 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. [1799—1809. shal : died in 1830, aged 87. See Field-Mar- shals. Henry Lawes, earl of Carhampton: died April 1821. William Dalrymple : died Feb. 1807. William Picton : died Oct. 1811, aged 84. Sir Hector Munro, k. b. : died Jan. 1806. Hon. William Hervey: died Jan. 1815. John Fletcher Campbell : died 1808. Francis Lascelles : died Sept. 1799. Sir William Medows, k. b. ; commanded in chief in Madras and Bombay, and was some time governor of the latter presidency : died Nov. 1813. ^ May 10, 1799. H. R. H. Edward, duke of Kent, k. g. ; after- wards field-marshal. See Field- 3Iarshals. Jan. 1, 1801. Edward Smith : died 1808. Thomas Bland: died Oct. 1816. Felix Buckley: died Sept. 1823. George Ainslie : died 1804. Benjamin Gordon : died Nov. 1803. James Adeane : died April 1802. Henry Watson Powell. Sir Thomas Stirling, bart : died 1808. George Garth : died in 1819. Richard Grenville : died April 1823. April 29, 1802. John Leland : died Jan. 1808. James Hamilton : died 1803. John Stratton : died 1803. James Rooke: died Oct. 1805. Charles Crosbie : died March 1807. John, earl of Suffolk ; governor of Londonderry and Culmore : died Feb. 1820. Hon. Chappie Norton : died March 1818. George Hotham : died Jan. 1806. Sir David Dundas, k. b. ; afterwards commander- in-chief: died Feb. 1820. See Commanders-in- Chief. Sir Robert Abercromby, G. c. b. (brother to lieu- tenant-general sir Ralph Abercromby) ; com- mander-in-chief in India ; governor of Edin- burgh castle : died Nov. 1827. Gerard Lake, afterwards lord and viscount Lake ; commander-in-chief in Bengal ; greatly distinguished himself in the Mahratta war: died Feb. 1808. Sir Thomas Musgrave : died Dec. 1812. James Coates : died July 1822. Ralph Dundas : died Feb. 1814. Richard Whyte : died July 1807. Sir Aliired Clarke, k. b. ; governor-general and commander-in-chief of Bengal ; afterwards field-marshal: died Sept. 1832. See FieJd- Marshals. Sept. 25, 1803. William Shirreff : died 1804. Samuel Hulse, g. c. h. ; served during the re- bellion in Ireland, the expedition to the Helder, &c. ; was in the service more than three- quarters of a century ; held various offices in the royal household ; governor of Chelsea hos- pital; and a field-marshal. See Field-Mar- shals. Hon. Albemarle Bertie, afterwards earl of Lind- sey : died Sept. 1818. Charles Valancey, the distinguished antiquary : died in 1802, in his 91st year. John -Thomas, earl of Clanricarde : died July 1808. Sir James Steuart (Denham), bart., G. c. h. : died Aug. 1839. Thomas Carleton : died Jan. 1817. James Marsh. : died 1804. William Grinfield. Cavendish Lister : died Feb. 1823. Charles Leigh : died June 1815. James Ogilvie. Sir Robert Laurie, bart : died 1804. William Edmeston : died 1804. David Home : died 1810. Hugh Debbeig : died June 1808, aged 80. Montgomery Agnew : died Jan. 1813. Alexander, earl of Balcarres : died March 1825. Cornelius Cuyler, afterwards sir Cornelius Cuyler, bart. : died March 1819. Charles Stanhope, earl of Harrington, g. c. b., G. c. H. ; governor of Windsor castle : died Sept. 1829. Hon. Richard Fitzpatrick ; some time lieutenant- general of the ordnance : died April 1813. Nisbet Balfour : died Oct. 1823. Edmund Stevens : died Sept. 1825. Sir Thomas Trigg, k. b., lieut.-governor, and afterwards governor, of Gibraltar ; lieutenant- governor of the ordnance, &;c. : died Jan. 1814. Francis-Rawdon Hastings, earl of Moira, after- wards marquess of Hastings ; governor-general and commander-in-chief in India, and sub- sequently governor of Malta; filled various offices in the state, among them, master-gene- ral of the ordnance : died on board the Revenge^ in Baia bay, Nov. 1826. Peter Craig : died in 1810. H. R. H. Ernest- Augustus, duke of Cumber- land, K. G., K. ST. p., G. c. B., afterwards king of Hanover ; and H. R. H. Adolph US-Frederick, duke of Cam- bridge, K. G., G. C. B., G. C. H., were made generals, as of this date. See Field- Marshals, April 25, 1808. Edmund Fanning: died 1818. Henry Johnson, afterwards sir Henry, bart., G. c. B. : died March 1835, aged 87. Hon. Henry-Edward Fox, lieutenant-governor of Gibraltar: died 1811. John Watson Tad. Watson: died at Calais June 1826. Lowther Peimington, afterwards lord Muncaster : died July 1818. Francis-Edward Gwin : died Jan. 1822. Robert Morse, royal engineers : died Jan. 1818. Francis, lord Heathfield: died Jan. 1813. Thomas Sloughter Stanwix : died Dec. 1815. Sir James Pulteney, bart. : died from an acci- dental explosion of gunpowder, April 1811. H. R. H. William- Frederick, duke of Glou- cester, K. G., afterwards field-marshal. See Field- 3Iarshals. Oct. 25, 1809. Robert Donkin : died March 1821. James Balfour : died March 1823. Sir James Duff, knt. : died Dec. 1839. Henry, lord Mulgrave, afterwards earl of Mul- grave, g.c. b. ; governor of Scarborough castle : died April 1831. Grice Blakeney. ]811— 181G.] GENERALS OF THE ARMY. 321 July 31, 1811. Arthur, viscount Wellington (late sir Arthur Wellesley, and afterwards earl, marquess, and duke of Wellington, k.g., g.c.b., g. c.h., was, as of this date, made general in Spain and Portugal. Jan. 1, 1812. Sir Paulus ^milius Irving, bart. : died Jan. 1828. George Harris, G. c. b., afterwards lord Harris ; commander-in-chief at the siege and capture of Seringapatam : died May 1829, aged 83. Richard Vyse : died May 1825. WilHam, viscount (afterwards earl) Cathcart, K. T. ; commanded the land forces in the ex- pedition against Copenhagen in 1807: died June 1843. Sir Banastre Tarleton, bart., G. c. b., governor of Berwick: died Jan. 1833. Sir Hew Dalrj'-mple, bart. ; served in the penin- sula ; governor of Blackness castle : died April 1830. Gordon Forbes : died Jan. 1828. Sir John Floyd, bart. : died Jan. 1818. Oliver de Lancey : died Sept. 1822. Sir James-Henry Craig, k. b. : died Jan. 1812. Anthony Farrington, afterwards sir Anthony, bart., roy. art. : died Nov. 1823. James Stuart. John White. Andrew-John Drummond. John-William, earl of Bridgewater: died Oct. 1823. Ellis Walker. Sir William Maxwell : died March 1837. George, earl of Pembroke, k. g. : died Oct. 1827. John, earl of Chatham, k. g. ; commanded the expedition to Walcheren in 1809 ; governor of Gibraltar, 1820; held various high offices in the state : died Sept. 1835. Alexander Campbell : died Feb. 1832. William Morshed : died in 1822. Francis Dundas: died Jan. 1824. Alexander Ross, governor of Fort George : died Nov. 1827. Hon. Francis Needham, afterwards viscount and earl Kilmorey : died in 1832. Sir Henry Pigot, g. c. m. g. : died June 1840. June 4, 1813. George Bernard : died May 1820. Sir George Nugent, bart., k. b., afterwards field- marshal ; commanded in chief in India. See Field-Marshals. John Barclay : died Nov. 1823. William Macarmick : died Aug. 1815. Sir Robert Stuart, bart. Sir William Keppel, g. c. b., governor of Guern- sey : died at Paris, Dec. 1834. John, lord Hutchinson, g, c. b., k. c, afterwards earl of Donoughmore ; commanded in Egypt on the fall of sir Ralph Abercromby: died July 1832. John Hamilton : died in 1835. Alexander Leith Hay : died May 1838. James Stewart : died April 1815. Sir Charles Hastings, bart., g. c. h. : died Sept. 1823. Robert Manners : died June 1823. William Loftus: died July 1831. Oliver Nicolls ; commanded in chief in Bombay : died Dec. 1829. Alexander ISlercer, roy. engineers : died Nov. 181G. Sir George Hewett, ^bart., g.c.b.; commanded in chief in the East Indies in 1800 : died March 1840. June 4, 1814. Philip Martin, roy. art. : died Aug. 182L Sir E. Coote, g. c. b., k. n. : removed from the service. Charles, duke of Richmond, k. g., lord lieutenant of Ireland ; governor-general of the Canadas : died in Canada, Aug. 1819. John-Adolphus Harris: died Jan. 1827. William- John Arabin : died 1828. Sir George Don, g. c. b., g. c. h., lieut. -governor of Gibraltar ; he had been for sixty -two years in active service without any intermission (a circumstance without parallel in the British army) when he died Jan. 1832. Sir John-Francis Cradock, or Caradoc, g.c.b., K. H., afterwards lord Howden : died July 1839. Lord Charles Fitz-Roy : died Dec. 1829. Napier Christie Burton : died Jan. 1835. Richard Rich Wilford : died Dec. 1822. Edward Morrison: died Dec. 1843, in his 85th year. Sir Charles Asgill, bart., G. c. h. : died July 1823. Thomas Garth ; served actively for more than half a century: died Dec. 1829, aged 85. Vaughan Lloyd.* James, earl of Rosslyn, g. c. b. ; served at JMi- norca, in Portugal, at the siege of Copenhagen, and in the Zealand expedition ; lord president of the council, &c. : died Jan. 1837. Andrew Co well, retired in 1821 : died Sept. same year. Joseph Dusseaux : died Sept. 1823. Colin Mackenzie : died Nov. 1815, aged 80. John Dickson : died May 1816. John Money. Sir George Beckwith, g. c. b., governor of Bar- badoes in 1808 : died March 1823. Thomas Murray : died April 1816. Thomas Roberts. George-James, earl Ludlow, g. c. b. ; lost an arm in action in Flanders in 1794 : died April 1842, aged 84. Richard, earl of Cavan, k. b. : died Nov. 1837. Sir David Baird, bart., g. c. b., k. c. ; served in the East Indies, in Egypt, the Cape of Good Hope, at Copenhagen, where he was wounded, at Corunna, where he lost an arm, &c. : died Aug. 1829. Hon. Frederick St. John : died at Chailey, Nov. 1844, aged 82. Lord Charles-Henry Somerset ; governed at the Cape of Good Hope : died 1831. John Despard : died Sept. 1829. William Wemyss, governor of T^-nemouth castle : died Aug. 1839. July 25, 1814. H. R. H. William-Fredkrick-Henry, here- ditary prince of Orange, g. c. b., afterwards king of the Netherlands, and field-marshal. See Field' Marshals. May 2, 1816. H. R. H. Leopold-George-Fredertck, duke of Saxe and prince of Coburg-Saalfeld, K.G., g.c.b., g. c.h., afterwcirds king of the Belgians. See Field- Marshals. 822 THE MILITAEY DEPARTMENT. [1819—1830. Aug. 12, 1819. Hon. Robert Taylor : died May 1839. Creorge Milner : died May 1836. George, marquess of Huntly, g. c. b., afterwards duke of Gordon : died May 1836. Hon. Edward Finch : died Oct. 1843. Isaac Gascoyne : died Aug. 1841. David Douglas Wemyss : died Aug. 1839. Hon. John Leslie Cuming : died Nov. 1824. Henry Wjmyard : died April 1838. Duncan Campbell : died April 1837. Thomas Grosvenor, afterwards field-marshal. See Field- Marshals, John Calcraft : died Dec. 1829. John, earl of Hopetoun, g. c. b. ; a hero of the peninsula ; shared in the battles of Bayonne, Bordeaux, Toulouse, &c. : died at Paris, Aug. 1823. James, lord Forbes: died on the lake of Con- stance, May 1843. Henry- William, marquess of Anglesey, k.g., G. c. B., G. c. H., afterwards field-marshal. See Field-Marshals. He lost his right leg in the battle of Waterloo, June 1815. Sir John Doyle, bart., g. c. b., k. c. ; served in Egypt under sir Ralph Abercromb}' and lord Hutchinson : died Aug. 1834. Sir Robert Brownrigg, bart., G. c. b., governor of Landguard Fort : died May 1833. William Knollys, governor of Limerick : died at Paris, March 1834. Hon. Edmund Phipps : died Sept. 1837. William Cartwright : died Feb. 1827. Ferdinand, count Homspesch : died Nov. 1831. Sir Baldwin Leighton, bart. : died Nov. 1828. John Coflin : died at St. John's, New Brunswick, May 1838. John Murray: died in Paris 1824. Sir Charles Green, bart. : died July 1831. Thomas Hartcup, roy. eng. : died Feb. 1820. July 19, 1821. Sir Thomas Blomefield, bart. ; commanded the artillery at the capture of Copenhagen in 1807: died Aug. 1822. Gother Mann : died March 1830. John Pratt. Sir Josiah Champagne, G. c. h. : died, Jan. 1840. Sir Harry Calvert, bart, g. c.b., g. c.h., aide-de- camp to the duke of York in 1793 : he had retired from the public service -when he died in Sept. 1826. Sir George Cockburn, g. c. h. : died Aug. 1847, in his 85th year. Edward Dunne ; retired : died Oct. 1844; aged 82. James Drummond: died June 1831. William Dowdeswell; retired in 1824: died in 1828. Sir Alexander Mackenzie, bart. G. c. h. George Moncrieffb, governor of Carrickfergus : died Jan. 1830. Thomas Meyrick : died June 1830. Thomas Graham, lord Lynedoch, g. c. b. ; made all the campaigns in the late peninsular war ; commanded in chief at the battle of Barosa : died Dec. 1843, in his 94th year. George-Henry Vansittart : died Feb. 1824. Hon. Charles Fitz-Roy: died Oct. 1831. Francis Hugonin : died March 1836. May 27, 1825. William Scott : died June 1836. Francis Fuller: died at Versailles, May 1841. Sir James Affleck, bart. : died Aug. 1833. George Vaughan Hart: died 1832. George Warde : died June 1830. Mervyn Archdall : died July 1839. Sir John Cope Sherbrooke, g. c. b., some time governor in Canada : died Jan. 1830. Sir Gordon Drummond, g. c. b. ; also governor of Canada. James Wharton: died Sept. 1841. Sir William Payne, bart., afterwards Payne- Gallwey : died April 1831. Hon. Edward Bligh : died Nov. 1840. Rt. hon. lord WilHam C. Bentinck, g. c. b., G. c. H. ; commander-in-chief in the East Indies, &c. : died at Paris, June 1839. Edmund, earl of Cork, k, st. p. Hon. sir Henry-George Grey, g. c. b., g. c. h. : died Jan. 1845, aged 80. Hon. sir Edward Paget, g. c. b., governor of Cej^lon, and afterwards commander-in-chief in India : died governor of Chelsea hospital, May 1849. Sir Brent Spencer, g. o. b., governor of Cork : died in 1828. Sir Stapleton Cotton, lord (afterwards viscount) Combermere, g. c. b., g. c. h., colonel of the 1st regiment of Life Guards, and governor of Sheerness. Samuel Dalrymple : died at L'Orient, in France, Oct. 1832. Hon. William Stapleton : died March 1826. Denzil Onslow : died Aug. 1838. Sir John Murray, bart., g. c. h. : died at Frank- fort-on-the-Maine, Oct. 1827. William Twiss, roy. eng. : died March 1 827. Hon. Charles Hope : died July 1828. Sir George Pigot, bart. : died June 1841. Rowland, viscount Hill, g. c. b., g. c. h. ; served through the whole of the Egyptian campaign, in which he was wounded in the head, and throughout the peninsular war, and at Water- loo : died Dec. 1842. See Commanders-in- Chief. Frederick Maitland : died Jan. 1848, aged 80. Sir Martin Hunter, g. c. h. : died, in his 90th year, Dec. 1846. William Carr Beresford, viscount Beresford, G. c. b., g. c. h. ; governor of Jersey. July 22, 1830. George, earl of Dalhousie, g. c. h. ; shared in all the actions of the campaign in Holland; distinguished himself in Egypt, and com- manded the seventh division in the peninsula. Captain-general and governor-in-chief of the forces in North America, and afterwards com- mander-in-chief in India : died March 1838. Thomas Baker: died in France, May 1849. Henry Williams : died Feb. 1845, aged 80. Henry, marquess of Conyngham, k. st. p., g. c. h. : died Jan. 1833. Hon. sir Alexander Hope, g. c. b. : died May 1837. ^ Sir John Eraser, g. c. h. : died Nov. 1843, aged 85. Peter Heron : died Nov. 1848. John Ramsay : died at Geneva, Aug. 1845. Sir John Delves Broughton, bart. : died Aug. 1847, aged 80. William Dyott : died May 1847. Sir Ronald Craufurd Ferguson, g. c. b. : died April 1841. 1837—1841.] GENERALS OF THE ARMY. 323 Sir Robert Macfarlane, k. c. b., g. c. h. : died June 1843. Sir John-Gustavus Crosbie, g. c. h. : died Aug. 1843. Edward Stack : died in 1833. Hon. John Brodrick; died Oct. 1842. Sir Henry Warde, G. c. B. : governor of Bar- badoes : died Oct. 1834. James Durham : died Feb. 1840. Hon. David Leslie : died Oct. 1838. John Manners Ker : died April 1843. Thomas Scott : died April 1842. Sir Hillgrove Turner, g. c. h. , k. c. : died at Jersey, May 1843. Christopher Chowne : died July 1834. Hon. William Mordaunt Maitland: died June 1841. John, lord Crewe ; retired in 1831 : died at Liege in 1835. Hon. sir Galbraith Lowry Cole, g. c. b. ; dis- tinguished in the battles of Salamanca, Vit- toria, and Orthes, and many of the brilliant operations in the peninsular war : died Oct. 1842. Quin John Freeman : died Dec. 1834. George, earl of Granard : died in 1837. Francis Moore. Robert-Edward, viscount Lorton. Sir William-Henry Clinton, g. c. b. : died Feb. 1846. Jan. 10, 1837. Francis-Thomas Hammond, g. c. b. : died Nov. 1850. Robert Dudley Blake : died Feb. 1850. Hon. Robert Meade : died Aug. 1849. Sir William Houstoun, bart., g,c. b. and G. c. h. : some time lieut. -governor of Gibraltar: died April 1842. George Michel: died Dec. 1846, in his 90th year. Sir Thomas Hislop, bart., G. c. b. ; commanded the army in Madras : died May 1843. Thomas, earl of Elgin, k. c. : died in Paris, Nov. 1841. David Hunter : died March 1846. Sir John Slade, bart., g. c. h. Sir Frederick- Augustus Wetherell, G. c. H. : died Dec. 1842, aged 88. John Daniell Arabin : died Feb. 1838. Hon. sir William Lumley, g. c. b. : died Dec. 1850. Sir Moore Disney, k. c. b. : died April 1846, in his 82d year. John M'Kenzie. Alexander Graham Stirling : died April 1849. John Michel : died April 1844. Sir William Wilkinson, g. c. m. g. : died March 1840. Sir Henry Tucker Montresor, k. c. b., k. c. h. : died March 1837. John Hodgson : died Jan. 1846. Richard-Thomas Nelson : died Feb. 1842. Sir James Hay, k. c. h. : died Feb. 1837. James Robertson : died March 1845, in his 84th year. Edward- William Leyburn Popham: died June 1843. Sir Fitzroy Jeffries Grafton Maclean, bart. : died July 1847. Sir Henry-Frederick Campbell, k. c. b. and G. C. H. William Burnett : died Feb. 1839. Charles - William, marquess of Londonderry, G. c. b., g. c. h., 2d Life Guards. Y Sir John Smith, g. c. h. : died July 1837. Lewis Bayly Wallace : died Aug. 1848. John Sulivan Wood: lieutenant of the Tower of London. Hon. sir Charles Colville, g. c. b., g. c. h. ; com- manded in chief in Bombav : died March 1843. Frederick-Charles White. Gore Browne : died Jan. 1843. Sir Henry Fane, g. c. b. ; present at Corunna, Talavera, and other battles; commanded the cavalry and horse artillery at the battles of Orthes, Toulouse, &c. Afterwards commanded in chief in India : died at sea off" the Western Islands, March 1840. Sir George Anson, g. c. b. : died Nov. 1849. Kenneth Alexander, eaxl of Effingham, g. c. b. : died Feb. 1845. Thomas R. Charleton : died May 1849. William-Thomas Dilkes; present in all the actions of the Helder campaign; second in command to general Graham (afterwards lord Lynedoch) in the battle of Barrosa : died Dec. 184L Sir John Oswald, g. c. b., g. c. m. g. : died June 1840. Pinson Bonham. Sir William Anson, bart., k. c. b. : died Jan. 1847. Charles Terrot, royal artillery : died Sept. 1839. June 28, 1838. Sir Thomas Saumarez, knt. : died at Guernsev, March 1845, aged 85. Campbell Callendar : died Aug. 1845, in his 89th year. James Meredyth, roy. mar. : died July 1841. Robert Hill Farmar : died Jan. 1839. John Stratford Saunders: died March 1846. George Wilson : died at Brussels, Aug. 1841. Sir Warren Marmaduke Peacocke, k. c. b., k .c. : died Aug. 1849, aged 84. John Pare : died Aug. 1839. Sir Charles Wale, k. c. b. : died March 1845, in his 82d year. Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur, g. c. b. : died Nov. 1849. Charles Pye Douglas : died May 1844. Robert Browne Clayton, k. c. : died March 1845. Alexander- John Goldie; retired in 1844: died April 1848. Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe, bart. Hon. sir Alexander Duff, g. c. h. : died March 1851. Sir Rufane Shawe Donkin, k. c. b., g. c. h. ; sur- veyor-general of ordnance : died May 1841. William Eden. Sir George Townshend Walker, bart., g. c. b. ; commanded in chief at Madras : died governor of Chelsea hospital, Nov. 1842. Sir John Hamilton Dalrymple, afterwards earl of Stair. Nov. 23, 1841. Rt. hon. sir George Murray, g.c.b. g.c.h. ; a sharer in the campaign in Flanders, in the disastrous expedition to the Helder, where he was wounded, and in the expedition to Egypt under Abercromby. He afterwards distin- guished himself in the peninsular war. Among other offices in the state, he held that of master-general of the ordnance: died July 1846. 2 324 THE MILITAEY DEPARTMENT. [1678—1707. Rt. hon. sir James Kempt, g. c. b. g. c. h. ; wounded at Waterloo : lieut. -governor of Fort William. Sir Evan Lloyd, k.ch. : died March 1846. Matthew Sharpe : died Feb. 1845. Richard Blunt. Sir Henry Bayly, G. c. H. : died April 1846. Francis Slater Rebow : died Oct. 1845. Gerrard Gosselyn. Sir Frederick Philips Robinson, g. c. b. Sir Arthur - Richard Dillon, bart. ; died July 1845. Duncan Darrocli : died Feb. 1847. Sir Phineas Riall, k. c. h. : died at Paris, Nov. 1850. WiUiam Brooke : died Sept. 1843. John Vincent : died Jan. 1848, aged 83. Joseph Walker : died Jan. 1848. Sir William Hutchinson, k.ch. : died Aug. 1845. John, lord, afterwards earl of Strafford, g. c. b., G. c. H., Coldstream Guards ; governor of Lon- donderry and Culmore. Sir Thomas Macdougall Brisbane, bart., G. c. b., G. C. H. Sir Alexander Halkett, k. c. h. Sir William Keir Grant, k. c. b., g. c. h. ; 2nd Dragoons. Lord R. E. H. Somerset, g. c. b. : died Sept. 1842. Hon. Arthur Annesley : died Nov. 1849. Boyle Travers. Sir Thomas Bradford, g. c. b., c. c. h. ; some time commander-in-chief in Bombay. John Granby Clay: died Dec. 1846. Gage John Hall. Hon. William D'Blaquiere, afterwards lord De Blaquiere. Sir Thomas Browne, k. c. h. : died Dec. 1843. Sir John Lambert, g. c. b. : died Sept. 1847. Sir J. Willoughby Gordon, bart. g. c. b., g. c. h. ; commanded in chief at Bombay; died Jan. 1851. Sir Thomas Gage Montresor, k.ch.; 2d Dra- goon Guards. Sir Ralph Darling, G. c h. Sir Robert-Thomas Wilson, knt., k. c ; governor of Gibraltar ; died May 1849. Matthew, lord Aylmer, g. c b. ; governor of Canada, &c. : died Feb. 1850. Nov. 9, 1846. Sir Charles ImhofF, knt. Gabriel Gordon. Charles Craven: died March 1850, aged 81. James Orde: died in 1850. Sir Charles Bulkeley Egerton, g. c. m. g., g. c. h. Sir Henry- John Cumming, k. c h. Thomas Birch Reynardson : died Jan. 1847. John, earl of Carysfort. Sir Peregrine Maitland, k. c b. ; commanded in chief at Madras ; governor at the Cape, &;c. Hon. Thomas-Edward Capel. Godfrey Basil Mundy : died March 1848. Sir Colin Halkett, g. c b., g. c h. ; wounded se- verely at Waterloo ; governor of Chelsea hos- pital. Rt. hon. sir Frederick Adam, g. c b., g. c h., G. c M. G. ; high commissioner in the Ionian Islands in 1824. Lieutenant-Generals. George, earl of Linlithgow. May 1, 1678. William, earl of Craven. George, earl of Dumbarton. [He went with James II. to France.] Nov. 6, 1688. Sir John Lanier : killed at the battle of Stein- kirk, Aug. 3, 1692. James Douglas : killed in the same battle. Jan. 10, 1689. Arthur, earl of Granard. Sept. 12, 1690. William-Henry, earl of Rochford. Dec. 22, 1690. Piercy Kirke. Robert Mackay : killed at Steinkirk. April 3, 1693. James Fitzjames, duke of Berwick (natural son of James II.) : killed at the siege of Phillips- burgh in 1734. April 16, 1693. James, earl of Arran and duke of Hamilton: killed in a duel with lord Mohun, Nov. 15, • 1712. Aubrey, earl of Oxford. Jan. 8, 1694. Thomas Talmash : died of wounds received near Brest, in 1694. Oct. 24, 1694. Sir Henry Bellasyse : cashiered in 1703. Richard, earl of Scarborough. Henry, earl of Romney. Hon. sir Francis Comjpton. June 2, 1696. William, viscount Montgomery, marquess of Powis. Jan. 1, 1704. John, lord Cutts. Thomas, viscount Tiviot. George Ramsay. Richard Ingoldsby. Marquess of Miremont. Francis Langston. April 6, 1706. David, earl of Leven. Jan. 1, 1707. Henry Withers. Cornelius Wood. Thomas, earl of Strafford. Charles, earl of Arran. Algernon, earl of Essex. Edmund Mayne. 1709— 1754.] LIEUTENANT-GENERALS. 325 William Seymour. Hatton Compton. Robert Echlyn. William, marquess of Lothian. John Tidcomb. Hugh Windham. Jan. 1, 1709. James Maitland. Thomas, viscount Windsor. Thomas Meredyth. Francis Palmer. James, earl Stanhope. George Macartney. John, viscount Mordaunt. Hon. Harry Mordaunt. Thomas Farrington. William, viscount Mountjoy. Jan. 10, 1710. Richard Gorges. Kicholas Sankey. John, earl of Crawford. Henry Holt. George, duke of Northumberland, k. g. George, lord Carpenter. Charles, lord Mohun : killed in a duel with the duke of Hamilton, Nov. 15, 1712. March 12, 1711. James, earl of Barrymore. William, lord North and Grey. George, earl Marischal. Sir William Douglas. April 5, 1712. George Kellum. Nov. 16, 1715. John, earl of Sutherland. March 1, 1727. Owen Wvnne. William Tatton. Hayman Rooke. Thomas Pearce. Oct. 27, 1735. Richard Sutton. Andrew Bisset. Humphrey Gore. Henry Gore. Nov. 2, 1735. Robert Napier. James Dormer. Thomas Panton. July 2, 1739. George Preston. Albert Borgard. Francis Columbine. Richard Franks. Charles Churchill. William Barrel. Jasper Clavton : killed at the battle of Dit- tingen, 1743. Piercy Kirke. James Tyrrell. Edmund Fielding. John-Peter Desbordes. William Ker. Richard, earl of Scarborough. Y Feb. 18, 1742. Henry, earl of Pembroke, Sir Daniel O'Carrol, bart. Hon. sir James Campbell, k. b: killed at the battle of Fontenoy, 1745. Feb. 1, 1743, Clement Nevill. Sir John Arnot, bart. William Hargrave. Henry Cornwall. Henry Harrison. Thomas Howard. Sir John Cope, k. b. March 26, 1743. Peter Campbell. James Scott. John Jones. Richard Philips. Henry Hawley. May 27, 1745. Joshua Guest. Phineas Bowles. Philip Anstruther, June, 1745. John Foliot. Adam Williamson. Thomas Wentworth. Charles, duke of Richmond, Lenox, and Au- bigny, k. g. William- Anne, earl of Albemarle. Dec. 24, 1745, Charles, duke of Bolton. August, 1747. George Read. Archibald Hamilton. Fvichard Onslow. Philip Bragg. John Huske. Sept. 1747. Charles Frampton. Alexander Irwine. Richard St. George. William, lord Blakeney, K. B, Humphrey Bland. John, earl of Crawford. George Churchill. Henry Skelton. John Johnson. Edward Wolfe. John Wynyard. March 23, 1754. Thomas Bligh : resigned Sept. 1758. April 30, 1754. Thomas Fow^ke : suspended by the sentence of a court-martial in 1757, for disobedience of orders while governor of Gibraltar. His case was thought extremely hard, as the secretary- at-war's letters were very doubtful; and he was restored to his rank by George III. in 1761 : died March 1765. May 3, 1754. Henry de Grangues. 3 S26 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 1_1758~1777. Jan. 1758. James Cochrane. John Brown. Sir John Bruce Hope, bart. John FoHot. Hon. Thomas Murray. Hon. James Stuart : died May 1768. Maurice Bocland. Lord George Beauclerk : died May 1768. Lord George Sackville : dismissed the service, in 1759, for disobedience of orders at the battle of Minden : died Aug. 1785. Jan. 30, 1739. William Shirley. Sir William Pepperell, bart. Feb. 4, 1759. John, duke of Guilford, k. g. : died Jan. 1771. John, marquess of Granby ; commanded, in the Seven Years' War, the British forces, under prince Ferdinand, in Germany: died Oct. 1770. George, earl of Cholmondeley, k. b. George Dunk, earl of Halifax, k. g. : died June 1771. William, earl of Home, some time governor of Gibraltar : died April 1766. March 28, 1759. James Kennedy. Lewis Dejean. April 17, 1759. Henry Holmes. Sir Andrew Agnew, bart. : died in his 85th year, Aug. 1771. Robert Napier. Sir Richard Lyttelton, k. b. : died Oct. 1770. Edward Pole. Feb. 22, 1760. Hon. Edward Cornwallis, governor of Gi- braltar : died Jan. 1776. Edward Carr. Hon. George Boscawen : died May 1775. Thomas, earl of Effingham : died Nov. 1763. Dec. 1760. Sir Robert Rich, bart., dismissed the service in 1774: died May 1785. Sir John Whiteford, bart. William Kingsley. Charles, lord Cathcart, K. T. : died Aug. 1776. William Whitmore. Alexander Duroure. Hon. Bennet Noel : died Sept. 1766. John Adlercron: died July 1766. Thomas Dunbar. James Durand. John, marquess of Lome. Jan. 19, 1765. Daniel Webb : died Sept. 1773. James Paterson. Robert Anstruther. Sir Charles Montagu, k. b. : died Aug. 1777 George, earl of Granard. John Stanwix : drowned in 1796, in his passage from Ireland to England. Charles Jeffreys. William Strode : died Jan. 1776. Joseph Hudson : died May 1773, aged 83. Sir Henry Erskine, bart. ^ : died Aug. 1765. Robert Armiger : died March 1770. Sir David Cunningham, bart. Hon. Thomas Brudenell, governor of Windsor castle : died June 1767. April 30, 1770. William Skinner. Hon. Robert Monckton, governor and com- mander-in-chief at New York : died Mav 1782. John -Henry Bastide. Edward Sandford. Theodore Dury, John Parker. Hon. Charles Colville : died Sept. 1775, aged 85. William Browne. John, earl of De la Warr : died Nov. 1777. Henry Whitley. Sir John Clavering, k. b., commander-in-chief of the forces in India in 1774 : died April 1778. Sir George Grey, bart. : died Feb. 1773. Sir J. Adolphus Oughton, k. b. James, duke of Leinster : died Nov. 1773. May 26, 1772. James Preacott Mackay : local rank in N. Ame- rica only. John Gore : died Nov. 1773. George Williamson : died, after 60 years' service, Nov. 1781. Hon. William Keppel : died March 1782. Sir Richard Pierson, k. b. : died Feb. 1781. John Owen : died Dec. 1775. Edward Harvey. William Rufane : died Feb. 1773. Hamilton Lambert. Cadwallader, lord Blaney : died Nov. 1775. William Gansell : died July 1774. Edward Urmston. Aug. 29, 1777. Robert Melville; had local rank in the West Indies only; afterwards general in regular gradation. William Evelyn : died Aug. 1783. James Gisborne. Francis Grant. William-Alexander Sorrell. Richard, earl of Cavan : died Nov. 1778. Hon. Simon Eraser : died Feb. 1782. Thomas Desaguliers, roy. art. : died March 1780. George Preston: died 1784. John Thomas. Horn Philip Sherrard : died Sept. 1790. Hon. George Lane Parker : died Sept. 1791. Sir Frederick Haldimand, k. b. Hon. Alexander Mackay. Rt. hon. John Pomeroy : died June 1790. 1 In 1756, Sir Henry Erskine, whilst only a lieutenant-colonel In the army, was dismissed from the service, by order of George II., owing to a vote he gave in the House of Commons; but in November 1760, his Majesty George III. ordered him to be reinstated in his proper place in the army, an act of justice highly commended at the time by every party. 1779—1805.] LIEUTENANT-GENERALS. 827 Sir William Draper ^ k. b. ; commanded the forces at the capture of Manillo ; subsequently governor of Minorca: died in 1787. Sir Robert Hamilton, bart. Edward, earl Ligonier, of the kingdom of Ire- land : died June 1782. Sir Eyre Coote, k. b. : died at Madras, imme- diately after his return from Calcutta 2, April 1783. Feb. 27, 1779. William Amherst, adjutant-general: died May 1782. Jordan Wren. Launcelot Baugh : died April 1792. Henry Smith : died Sept. 1794. John Bell: died 1798. Robert Watson: died Oct. 1791. Daniel Jones. John Mackenzie ; severely wounded at the cap- ture of Belleisle: died June 1791. Sir John Burgoyne, bart. : died in the East Indies 1785. Nov. 20, 1782. Hezekiah Fleming : died 1784. William Stile. Henry Lister. Robert Skene. Thomas Calcraft. Sir Charles Thompson, bart. Robert Robinson. William Taylor : died 1794. Edward Maxwell. William Tryon ; governed and commanded in chief at New York: died Jan. 1788. James Cuningliame. Joseph Gabbett. Hon. John Vaughan. Sir Robert Pigot, bart. ; distinguished himself highly in the American war: died Aug. 1796. Sir Robert Murray Keith, k. b. : died 1795. Richard Prescott. Sept. 26, 1787. Spencer Cowper. William Wynyard : died Jan. 1789. Richard Burton Phillipson : died Aug. 1792. Francis Smith: died Nov. 1791. John Douglas: died Jan. 1795. Hon. Alexander Leslie : died Dec. 1794. Samuel Cleveland. Sir William Erskine, bart, : died March 1795. Oct. 12, 1793. Thomas Osbert Mordaunt : died 1808. Joseph Broome^, royal art. : died April 1796. Charles Ross. John Mansell: killed at the battle of Cateau, in Flanders, in 1794. May 3, 1796. Anthony- George Martin : died 1800. Hon. Thomas Bruce. Charles Wilson Lyon : died in 1799. Jan. 16, 1797. Wynter Blathwayte : died 1801. Sir Ralph Abercromby, k. b. : mortally wounded in the battle with the French, under general Menou, near Alexandria, March 21, 1801: died on board the admiral's ship 28th same month. June 16, 1799. William Gardiner: died 1806. James Lumsdaine : died in 1807. William Spry : died 1802. Jan. 1, 1801. Horatio Spry: died 1811. William Souter Johnston. Harry Innes : died 1806. Alexander Campbell: died 1808. James-Francis Perkins: died 1803. Francis D'Oyly : died 1803. Maurice Wemyss. Andrew Gordon : died 1806. John Graves Simcoe: died 1806. Charles Horneck : died 1804. Henry Bowyer: died 1808. Joseph Walton: died 1808. Abraham d'Aubant : died 1805. June 29, 1802. Duncan Drummond : died 1805. C. D. count de Meuron : died 1806. Philip Go Ids worthy. Sept. 25, 1803. Baron Charles Flomspech : died July 1812. John Bowater. Thomas Avarne: died 1805. James Hethersett : died April 1812. James Campbell : died 1808. Charles Tarrant. John Freke. Richard England : died Nov. 1812. Thomas Goldie : died 1804. Robert Douglas. Simon Eraser : died May 1813. Thomas Davies: died Jan. 1812. Sir William Myers, bart : died 1805. Jan. 1, 1805. William Borthwick : died 1808. Harrv Burrard, afterwards sir Harry ; served in Portugal, &c : died Oct. 1813. Arthur Ormsby : died 1808. Henry Read: died at Rome, April 1821. Jeffrey Amherst, governor of Upnor castle : died 1815. Count Pierre Frederick de Meuron : died 1812. 1 Sir William Draper was the celebrated knight who engaged in the well-known controversy with the famous Junius, in whose volumes his able letters appear. His correspondence with that writer (in 176^) was undertaken in defence of his friend the marquess of Granby. The marquess died the next year. Sir Eyre Coote having taken offence at the conduct of the Madras government, left the army. General Stuart, who succeeded him as commander, having been ordered to march to Cuddalore (100 miles distant), refused to obey the order until the 21st of April (some weeks afterwards), when he set out at the rate of two miles and a half per day. He arrived at Cuddalore about the beginning of June, and attacked the place on the 13th of that month, when he was repulsed by the French with very great loss. The Madras government soon after arrested general Stuart for repeated acts of disobedience, and sent him home to England. 3 General Broome rose from the situation of a private soldier to the rank of a general officer by his own personal merit. He was a captain of artillery at the time of the trial of lord George Sackville (Germaine), in which he appeared as a principal witness against his lordship. X 4 328 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. [1805—1813. June 8, 1805. Lucius Barber : died 1808. Oct. 30, 1805. James Ferrier: died 1809. Archibald Robertson. Miles Staveley. Edward-James Urquhart : died 1810. George Churchill : died Aug. 1808. Hon. Eyre Power Trench : died 1808. Sir John Moore, k. b. ; esteemed the " Good and Brave": fell by a cannon-ball at Corunna, Jan. IG, 1809. Hon. Henry Astley Bennet : died Dec. 1815. Sir Charles Ross, bart. : died Feb. 1814. John Whitelocke : cashiered. Hay Macdowall : died 1810. William-Anne Villettes. During a period of 33 years, he rendered essential services to his country; served at Toulon, in Corsica, at Malta, Jamaica, &c. : died July 1808, at Ja- maica, where he was lieutenant-governor and commander of the forces. April 25, 1808. Garret Fisher; died 1810. George Benson. George, lord Southampton : died June 1810. Francis, lord Seaforth. Hon. sir Brydges Trecothick Heniker : died July 1816. William Thornton : died Nov. 1841. Sir John Stuart, k. b. and count of Maida^ (Si- cilian title); the Hero of 3Iaida'^ : died April 1815. Hon. Vere Poulett : died March 1812. Charles Barton: died in 1819. Alexander Makenzie Fraser : died 1309. Sir William Congreve 2, bart., k. c. h. : died April 1814. July 1, 1809. H. S. H. Frederick-William, duke of Bruns- wick : killed at the head of his " brave BrunsAvickers," two days before the final battle of Waterloo, June 16, 1815. Oct. 25, 1809. George Elliott : died March 1820. Richard Chapman : died 1812. Richard Armstrong. William St. Leger: died March 1818. Richard Northey Hopkins ; retired : died April 1845, in his 96th year. July 25, 1810. Patrick Sinclair: died Jan. 1820. William Orch. Huddiestone : died Feb. 1814, in his 80th year. George Fead, roy. art. : died N"ov. 1815. James Sowerby, roy. art. : died July 1811. Donald M'Donald : died 1812. Forbes Champagne : died Oct. 1816. Sir Charles G. Craufurd. June 4, 1811. Frederic, baron Dreschsel, German Legion : died at Hanover in 1826. Charles, baron Linsengen, k. c. b., g. c. h. : died 1830. George Rochfort : died Feb. 1821. Francis Grose. Henry Richmond Gale. John'^Spens: died July 1821. Robert Tipping : died at Paris, Jan. 1823. Archibald Campbell. Alexander Trotter. John Robinson: died July 1819. Hon. Thomas Maitland, g. c. b., governor of Malta and the Ionian Islands : died Jan. 1824. Richard Bright: died Jan. 1831. William Ramsay : died in 1827. James Campbell. John Skerrett. Sir Hildebrand Oakes, bart., G. c. b., lieut.-ge- neral of the ordnance : died Sept. 1822. Sir Colin Campbell. Sir George Prevost, bart. ; commanded in chief the forces in North America : died Jan. 1816. William Waller: died July 1819. William, earl of Craven : died July 1825. Lord William Bentinck. Arthur Whetham, governor of Portsmouth : died May 1813. Jan. 1, 1812. William Johnstone. John Leveson Gower: died Sept. 1816. John, lord Elphinstone : died May 1813. Richard, earl of Donoughmore : died Aug. 1825. Hon. J ohn Abercromby, g. c. b. ; commanded in chief in Bombay and Madras : died Feb. 1817. Jan. 21, 1813. Count Walmoden : died in 1818. June 4, 1813. John Evelegh, roy. eng. : died June 1815. George Porter, afterwards baron de Hochefried : died March 1828 : died Dec. 1828. Sir James Erskine: died March 1825. Robert Lawson, roy. art, : died Feb. 1816. Thomas Peter : died Dec. 1828. Hon. Montague Matthew : died March 1819. Andrew Gammell : died 1815. Sir Samuel Auchmuty, k.b. ; when commanding in India, he reduced the settlements of Java and Batavia ; appointed to the command in Ireland, where he died Aug. 1822. Sir James Leith, k. b. ; commanded the forces in the Leeward islands : died at Barbadoes, Oct. 1816. William Robertson: died Jan. 1821. 1 The memorable battle on the plains of Maida between the British forces under sir John Stuart, and the Trench under general Regnier, was unquestionably the most glorious of the eventful period at wiiich it occurred. The enemy consisted of 7000 infantry and 300 cavalry ; the British, including artillery, of 47D5 men. The two corps, at the distance of about a hundred yards, fired reciprocally a few rounds, when, as if by mutual agreement, the firing was suspended, and each advanced in close compact order and awful silence towards the other until their bayonets began to cross. At this momentous crisis the enemy became appalled. They broke, and began to fly, but it was too late ; they were overtaken with the most dreadful slaughter. Their flight was marked with disorder and dismay, and they retired from the plain, leaving it covered with nearly a thousand dead. More than a thousand prisoners (whose number subsequently increased) were taken, and 40 pieces of artillery fell into the victors' hands : the victory, which was complete, was gained July 4, 1806. 2 The son of Sir William (not himself as some suppose), also named sir William, was the inventor of the missile called the " Congreve Rocket," which was first used in the attack of Boulogne in 1806. It was for some V»^r,-^°"^J^^^''^^ a grand auxiliary in warlike operations, but it has now fallen into comparative disrepute. Sir vVxUiam Congreve, jun. (a fellow of the It^yal Society) died May 1828. 1814—1821.] LIEUTEISTA^^ T-GENERALS. 329 Matthew Baillie : died at Nice, in France, May 1825. William Simson. William Mimro : died Jan. 1821. Sir James Campbell, bart. : died June 1819. Sir Thomas Picton ^, k. b., k. c. h. : killed at the battle of Waterloo in a moment of glory, having just repulsed one of the most desperate attacks of the enemy, June 18, 1815. John Gordon Cuming Skene : died April 1828. Sir Gonville Bromhead, bart. : died May 1822. Stafford Lightburne : died in 1827. John-Henry Loft : discontinued June 1817. Edward Stephens: died July 1815. Hon. sir William Stewart, k. b. : died Jan. 1827. June 4, 1814. Sir John Hamilton, bart. ; distinguished himself in India, Portugal, and in the whole of the peninsular war : died Dec. 1835. Robert Douglas : died April 1827. John Prince : died Sept. 1824. John Macleod, director-general of the roy. art. : died Jan. 1833. Walter Cliffe : died July 1816. William WjTiyard : died July 1819. Alexander Wood: died in 1817. Alexander Dirom : died Oct. 1830. Anthony-Lewis Layard: died July 1823. John, earl (afterwards marquess) of Breadal- bane : died March 1834. William Spencer : died Aug. 1829. Samuel Graham : died Jan. 1831. James Montgomerie : died April 1829. William Wright: died Dec. 1818. William Buchanan: died Nov. 1830. William Murray; died Sept. 1818. Robert Brereton: died June 1818. John Timms Hervey Elwes : died Feb. 1824. William Thomas ; retired in 1827 : died Jan. 1848, aged 88. Frederic, count von der Decken, g. c. h. : died May 1840. Christopher Darby : died Jan. 1832. Sir Albert Gledstanes, knt. : died April 1818. Charles Stevenson: died June 1828. Sir Wroth Palmer Acland, knt., k. c. b. : died Jan. 1816. Nicholas Nepean : died in 1824. James Taylor : died Dec. 1825. Sir Miles Nightingall, k. c. b., commander-in- chief at Bombay : died Sept. 1829. William Cockell : died June 1831. Leonard Shafto Orde: died Aug. 1820. Richard Bingham: died Nov. 1829. John Lee : died Dec. 1821. Sir Henry Clinton, g.c.b., g.c.h. : died Dec. 1829. John Sontag: died May 1816. James Dunlop : died March 1832. Walter Kerr : died in 1833. Sir Alexander Campbell, bart., k. c. b. : died at Madras, where he was commander-in-chief. Dec. 1824. Aug. 12, 1819. William Cuppage, roy. art. : died Nov. 1832. Thomas Seward, roy. art. : died Jan. 1831. Francis Laye, roy. art. : died Jan. 1828. Bayly Wiliington, roy. art. : died Oct. 1823. John Croker : died in 1833. Sir John Hope, knt, g. c. h. ; present in all the actions in which the cavalry were engaged in Flanders; served at the Cape, the West In- dies, and in the Baltic expedition, and at the siege and capture of Copenhagen ; crowned his services in the peninsular war ; died Aug. 1836. George Meyrick : retired. Sir Alan Cameron, k. c. b. : died March 1828. Thomas Andrew, lord Blaney : died March 1834. Hon. Stephen Mahon : died May 1828. Daniel O'Meara : died Aug. 1821. Francis, baron Rottenburg, knt. : died April 1832. Lewis Lindenthal, k. c. : died Jan. 1837. Roger Cochlan : died at Brussels, Aug. 1834. Sir Robert Bolton, knt., g. c. h. : died March 1836. Robert Cheney: died March 1820. Sir Harry de Hiniiber, k. c. b., k. c. h. ; sold out : died Dec. 1833. Sir Henry Bell, k. c. b. : died June 1835. Thomas Strickland : died in 1828. Thomas, lord Hartland : died Dec. 1835. Sir J. Shaw Maxwell, bart. : died Jan. 1830. Henry Rudyerd : died Oct. 1828. William Dovle: died Julv 1823. John Hatton : died Feb. 1821. Sir Edward Howorth, k. c. b., roy. art. : died March 1827. John Dorrien : died March 1825. Thomas Desbrisay : died March 1823. William Fyers, roy. eng. : died Oct. 1829. George Glasgow, roy. art. : died Oct. 1820. Robert Winter: died Oct. 1822. July 19, 1821. William Bentham, roy. art. : died Oct. 1826. Edward Stehelin, roy. art. : died in France, Oct. 1827. John-Augustus Schalch : died Feb. 1828. Henry Hutton. John-Simon Farley: died in 1824. John Jenkinson: died June 1830. Theo])hilus Lewis : died Jan. 1833. Francis Delaval : died at Martinique in 1828. Richard Williams. Lawrence Desborough : died Aug. 1825. 1 With a desire to relieve the bright fame of this gallant soldier from the obloquy which much misrepre- sentation relating to an incident of his life has cast upon it, we shall here make a short summary of it while recounting his eminent services to his country. Sir Thomas Picton commenced his military career at Gibraltar. In 1794 he embarked for the West Indies, and after the reduction of St. Lucia and Trinidad in 1797, he was appointed govei'nor of the latter island. While holding that situation he was applied to by a Spanish magistrate to sign an order for inflicting the torture on a female slave, named Louisa Calderon ; and on being told that it was a customary practice, he signed it without inquiry. The girl, who was only fourteen years of age, was accordingly picketed, with a view to extort from her the discovery of a theft committed by her paramour. For this act of cruelty the governor was, in Feb. 1806, indicted, and found guilty by an English jury. As many exaggerated rumours had preceded the colonel to England, anew trial was granted, and though he was acquitted of moi-al guilt, the deed was one which threw a shade over his bright course. However, in 1809, he was again employed for his country. He was at the siege of Flushing, and on its capture was appointed governor. From Flushing he returned to England an invalid ; but was soon again in the fieid. His courage and intrepidity shone on every occasion ; ever foremost in the fight, he was a victorious leader at Badajoz, at Vittoria, at Ciudad Rodrigo, &c. At the battle of Waterloo general Picton commanded the 5th division of the army, and fell. A monument to his memory was voted by parliament, and erected in St. Paul's cathedral. 330 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. [1825—1830. John Mackelcan : died Dec. 1838. John-Thomas Lavard ; died May 1828. John Skinner. Watkin Tench : died May 1833. Lachlan Maclean : died in 1829. Samuel Kimington, roy. inv. art. : died Jan. 1826. David Ballingall : died July 1833. David Shank : died Oct. 1830. John- James Barlow. Christopher JeafFreson : died 1824. William Minet ; retired in 1823 : died in 1829. Sir William Cockburn, bart. : died March 1835. W. Waldegrave Pelham Clay: died Sept. 1822. John Le Couteur : died at Jersey, April 1835. Robert Burne : died June J 825. Sir William Ayllett, knt. : died July 1834. John Rigby Fletcher : died Jan. 1830. Hugh Mackay Gordon : died March 1823. Robert Ballard Long : died March 1825. John Hughes : died April 1832. Sir George Airey, knt., k.c.h. : died at Paris, Feb. 1833. Hon. sir Edward Stopford, G. c. b. : died Sept. 1837. Sir George Cooke, k. c. b. ; severely wounded in battle at Schorel, in Holland, 1799 ; fought in several campaigns of the peninsular war ; com- manded the first division of the guards at Waterloo, in which battle he lost his right arm : died Feb. 1837. Thomas-Joseph Backhouse : died May 1828. Frederick Gerard, viscount Lake : died May 1836. Richard Stovin : died 1825, Sir Kenneth Mackenzie Douglas : died Nov. 1833. Sir Francis- John Wilder, knt. : died Nov. 1823. George de Grey, lord Walsingham : died April 1831. Sir Samuel Hawker, g. c. h. : died Dec. 1838. May 27, 1825. William Raymond : retired July 1829 : died June 1830. Terence O'Loghlin ; retired in 1826 : died in his 80th year, Aug. 1843. Charles N. Cookson : died March 1830. William Johnston: died 1827. John Burton : died Feb. 1830. Sir D. Latimer Tinling Widdrington, k. c. b. : died July 1839. William Guard, governor of Kinsale : died July 1830. Sh- Thomas Richard Dyer, bart. : died April 1838. Henry Conran : died July 1829. Sir William-Henry Pringle, g. c. b. : died Dec. 1840. Philip Kearney Skinner : died April 1826. John Grey : died Jan. 1837. John Murray: died in Paris, Sept. 1841. Arthur Aylmer: died Feb. 1831. John Mackenzie: died Jan, 1833. Sir Edward Barnes, g. c. b. ; served in the pe- ninsular campaigns ; was severely wounded at Waterloo; governor of Ceylon, and com- manded in chief in India : died March 1838. Edmund Reiley Cope : died Aug. 1835. Sir Thomas Molyneux, bart. : died Nov. 1841. George- Andrew Armstrong : died 1834. Sir Augustine Fitzgerald, bart. : died Dec. 1834. Benjamin Forbes Gordon: died at Paris, Sept. 1840. William Peachy : died in 1838. James Butler: died in 1836. Sir William. Inglis, k. c. b. : died Nov. 1835. George Lewis : died March 1828. Robert Lethbridge ; retired Nov. 1828 : died Feb 1831. Daniel Seddon : died in 1839. George-Robert Ainslie : died April 1839. Richard O'Donovan : died Nov. 1829. Charles Neville : died Jan. 1837. Hon. Thomas- William Fermor, afterwards earl of Pomfret : died 1833. Hugh Swayne : died at Paris, Oct. 1836. Hon. William Fitzroy; retired in 1828: died May 1837. Charles Griffiths : died May 1829. Frederick- William Buller : retired. Alexander Cosby Jackson : died Jan. 1827. Michael Head : died in 1829. Sir Joseph Fuller, g. c.h. : died Oct. 1841. Sir Manley Power, k. c. b. : died at Berne, in Switzerland, July 1826. George Horsford : died in France, April 1840. Sir Herbert Taylor, g. c. b., g. c. h. ; some time aide-de-camp to the duke of York, to whom and to George 111. he was subsequently private secretary ; he was also some time military secretary : died March 1839. July 22, 1830. John Humfrey, roy. eng. : died April 1832. Alexander Adams : died Sept. 1834. Godfrey, lord Macdonald : died Oct. 1832. Samuel Nead : died Aug. 1839. Edward Webber : died March 1 845, aged 84. Thomas L'Estrange: died March 1845, in his 91st year. Joseph Foveaux: died March 1846, aged 81. George Kinnaird Dana : died June 1837. James Moore, served long in Egypt; severely wounded at the battle of Maida : died April 1848. Sir Henry Maghall Mervyn Vavasour, bart. : died Jan. 1838. Henry Raleigh Knight : died Aug. 1836. Sir Samuel Venables Hinde, k. c. b. : died Sept. 1837. Thomas Norton Wyndham : died at Rome, March 1839. Berkenhead Glegg : died Dec. 1 842. Hon. James Ramsay : died Nov. 1837. Lewis Mosheim : died at Darmstadt, Sept. 1830. Sir Colquhoun Grant, k. c.b., g. c.h. ; com- manded the hussar brigade at the battle of Morales, in Spain ; shared in the battle of Vittoria, and had the command of a brigade at Waterloo : died Dec. 1835. Sir James Lyon, k. c.b., g.c.h. : died Oct. 1842. Sir Thomas Sidney Beckwith, k.c.b. : died at Bombay, where he was commander-in-chief, Jan. 1831. Sir Charles Phillips, knt. : died June 1846. Henry Bruce : died Oct. 1837. Sir William Sheridan, bart. : died April 1836. Hon. sir Robert- William O'Callaghan, g.c. b., K.C.H. ; commander-in-chief at Madras in 1831 : died June 1840. Sir John Keane, g. c. b., g. c. h., afterwards lord Keane ; shared in many of the battles of the peninsula ; co-operated in the attack on New Orleans and Louisiana, where he received two severe wounds; commanded in chief at Ja- maica, and subsequently at Bombay; con- ducted the operations in Scinde: died Aug. 1844. 1837—1838.] LIEUTENANT-GE^^ERALS. 331 Lord Georc^e-Thomas Beresford, g. c. h. : died June 1839. Robert Campbell : died May 1837. Robert Balfour: died Oct. 1837. Robert-Alexander Dalzell, earl of Carnwatli : died Jan. 1839. James Cuming : died Aug. 1839. Henry Eustace : died at Geneva, Oct. 1844. Sir H. E. Bunbury, bart., k. c. b. : retired. Sir Hudson Lowe, k. c.b., g.c.m.g. ; governor of St. Helena while that island was the place of detention of the emperor Napoleon : died J an. 1844. Rt. hon. sirHussey Vivian, g.c.b., g.c.h., after- wards lord Vivian ; severely wounded in the right arm at Toulouse ; commanded the sixth brigade of cavalry at Waterloo ; master-gene- ral of the ordnance in 1835 : died at Baden, Aug. 1842. Rt. hon. Benjamin, lord Bloomfield, g.c.b., G.o. H. ; private secretary to the prince regent, afterwards George IV.; minister to Sweden, &c. : died Aug. 1846, in his 80th year. George Cookson, k. a. : died Aug. 1835. Jan. 10. 1837. Sir John Elley S k. c. b., k. c. h. : died Jan. 1839. Sir Henry Sheehy Keating, k.c.b.: died Sept. 1847. Sir Lewis Grant, k.c.b., k.c.h. Sir Arthur Brooke, k.c.b. : died July 1843. Peter Carey. Henry Shrapnel ; inventor of the case-shot known as the " Shrapnel shells : " died March 1842. John M'Nair, c.b. : died Aug. 1840. Sir John- Alexander Wallace, bart., k.c.b. Hastings Eraser. Sebright Mawby : died Nov. 1850. John Montague" Mainwaring : died Jan. 1842. Hon. John Meade : died at Madrid, Aug. 1849. Sir George PownoU Adams, g. c. h. Sir John M'Leod, k. c. h. Henry Elliott : died Eeb. 1841. Overington Blunden: died Dec. 1837. Sir Benjamin D'Urban, g.c.b., g.c.h., com- manded the forces in North America : died at Montreal, May 1849. John Locke : died at Elorence, Feb. 1837. George Wulff : died Aug. 1846, aged 83. Sir John Taylor, k. c. b. : died Dec. 1843. Sir Samuel Trevor Dickens, k. c. h., roy. eng. ; died Oct. 1847. Sir Willshire Wilson, k.c.h., roy. art: died May 1842. Sir Thomas Reynell, bart., k. c. b. : died Feb. 1848. Sir Loftus William Otway. Sir William Nicolay, c.b., k.c.h.: died May 1842. Sir Edward Kerrison, bart., G. c. h. Sir Lionel Smith, bart, k.c.b., k.c.h.: died at the Mauritius, Jan. 1842. Sir Robert Barton, k. c. h. Sir William Paterson, k. c. h. : died Sept. 1849. Sir John Wright Guise, bart., k. c. b. Sir Charles- William Doyle, g.c.h., k.c. : died in France, Aug. 1842. Sir James Bathurst, k.c.b. : died April 1850. Paul Anderson. James, lord Glenlyon, k.c.h. : died Oct. 1837. Sir Andrew - John - Francis Barnard, g. c. b. G. c. H. Richard Pi got. Sir James Watson, k. c. b. Spencer Claudius Parry, R. A. : died June 1845. Sir Augustus de Butts, k. c. h. Sir Richard Bourke, k. c. b. Sir Patrick Stuart, g. c. m. g. George- William Phipps : died Dec. 1841. William Millar : died March 1838. Hon. Henry Otway Trevor. Sir James Stevenson Barns, k.c.b., k.c: died Oct. 1850. William-George, lord Harris, k. c. h. : died May 1845. Sir Howard Douglas, bart., g. c. b., g. c. m. g. Sir Theophilus Pritzler, k. c. b. ; held during many years important staff appointments in England, and commanded some strong divi- sions of the Madras army : died at Boulogne, in France, April 1839. Montagu Burrows : died Feb. 1848. Hon. Arthur Percy Upton. Sir J ohn Cameron, k. c. b. ; shared in the glory of Corunna, Busaco, San Sebastian, Salamanca, Vittoria : died at Guernsey, Nov. 1844. Samuel Huskisson. George Salmon, roy. art. : died June 1848, aged 85. Henry Monckton. John Maister. Hon. George Murray : died Sept. 1848. Sir Henry Askew, bart. ; died at Cologne, June 1847. Hon. William Stuart: died Feb. 1837. Sir Jasper Nicolls, k. c. b. ; commander-in-chief at Madras in 1838 : died May 1849. June 28, 1838. Samuel Browne. Dennis Herbert. John Ross : died May 1843. Hon. sir Henry King, k.c.b. : died Nov. 1839. Sir William Thornton, k. c. b. ; fought in the peninsular war, and subsequently in America ; severely wounded at the battle of Bladensburg, and again in a general attack on the enemy's lines in Jan. 1815 : died April 1840. Sir Joseph Maclean, k.c. h., roy. art.: died Sept. 1839. Richard Dickinson : died Dec. 1846, aged 84. Sir John Macdonald, g.c.b., adjutant-general: died March 1850. Hon. John Bruce Richard O'Neill, afterwards viscount O'Neill.' Anthony Salvin : died April 1844, aged 86. Anthonv Walsh : died Aug. 1839. Sir William Johnston, k.c.b. : died Jan. 1844. Francis Newbery : died at Wiesbaden, Nov. 1847. Alexander Armstrong : retired on full pay. Daniel-Francis Blommart : died Dec. 1844. Sir Joseph Straton, k.b., k.c.h. : died Oct. 1840, Rt. hon. sir Edward Blakeney, k. c. b., g. h. ; commander of the forces in Ireland. 1 This distinguished officer rose from the grade of a private soldier of the Royal Horse Guards blue ; he served in the campaigns of the Low Countries, including the siege of Valenciennes, and was an actor in all the sanguinary affairs in Spain and Portugal. At the final battle of Waterloo, he was most conspicuous, frequently fighting as an individual trooper; and we read in sir Walter Scott's Pcter^s Letters to his Kinsfolk, that several of Napoleon's cuirassiers were " found cleft to the very chine by EUey's stalwart arm " in that great battle. 332 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. [1 841 — 1 846. Sir James-Charles Dalbiac, k. c. h. : died Dec. 1847. ^ Sir John Maclean, k.c.b. : died Jan. 1848. James Home : died Sept. 1849, aged 92. Sir Richard Downes Jackson, commanding the forces in North America: died at Montreal, Canada, June 1845. Sir Thomas Hawker, k.c.b. Sir George-Augustus Quentin, k.c.h. Sir Colin Campbell, k.c.b. : died June 1847. Sir John Wilson, k.c.b. Sir Samuel Ford Whittingham, k.c.b., k.c.h.; fought in several of the great battles of the peninsula; severely wounded at Talavera: died at Madras, where he commanded in chief, Jan. 1841. Sir John Colborne, afterwards lord Seaton, go- vernor-general of Canada, g.c.b., g.c.m.g., G. C. H. Sir Archibald Campbell, bart., G. c. b. : died Oct. 1843. Sir Thomas M'Mahon, bart., k. c. b. Sir Alexander G. Woodford, k. c. b. Sir Thomas Arbuthnot, k.c.b. : died Jan. 1849. Sil* H. F. Bouverie, k.c.b., g.c.m.g. John, lord Burghersh, g. c. b., g. c. h. ; after- wards earl of Westmorland. Lord Fitz-Roy- James-Henry Somerset, g. c. b. I^nry Evatt. Sir Frederick- William Mulcaster, k.c.h., roy. eng. : died Jan. 1846. Lord Charles Somerset Manners. Nov. 23. 1841. Robert Ellice. Sir John Buchan, k.c.b. : died June 1850. Edward Pritchard, roy. art. : died Feb. 1845. Sir Maurice-Charles O'Connell : died at Sydney, New South Wales, May 1848. Cosmo Gordon. Sir Hugh Gough, bart., g. c. b. ; afterwards lord and viscount Gough ; commanded in chief in India, where he fought numerous battles, re- warded by these distinctions. Sir James Macdonald, k. c. b., k. c. h. Sir Andrew Pilkington, k.c.b. Alexander Bethune : died Jan. 1848. Sir John Gardiner, k. c. b. George Middlemore : died Nov. 1850. James Lomax : died Nov. 1848. James Wallace Sleigh. Alexander Nesbitt : died at Geneva, May 1849. Sir William Gabriel Davy, k. c. h. Sir Charles-William Maxwell, k. c. h. : died Sept. 1848. Robert Beevor, roy. art. : died Sept. 1843. Mark Napier : died June 1843. John Wardlaw : died Nov. 1848. William- Augustus Johnson: retired in 1842. Jonathan Yates. Sir James Kearney, k. c. h. : died Feb. 1846. Thomas Foster : died May 1843. John Le Mesurier : died May 1843. Hon. John Ramsay : died Aug. 1842. Robert Owen : died Sept. 1846, aged 82. Sir John Forster Fitzgerald, k.c.b. James Shortiill : died Dec. 1846, aged 86. Robert Crawford ; retired on full pay : died Feb. 1850, aged 80. Sir Arthur-Benjamin Clifton, k.c.b., k.c.h. Sir William Cornwallis Eustace, k.c.h. Charles IMurraj^ lord Greenock, afterwards earl Cathcart, k. c. b. Effingham Lindsay : died in France, May 1848. Philip Philpot : died March 1843. Sir Alexander Leith, k. c. b. Count sir Francis Rivarola, k. c. h. Sir John Brown, k. c. h. Hon. sir Robert-Laurence Dundas, k.c.b. : died Nov. 1844. Hon. Hugh Arbuthnot. Sir Robert Arbuthnot, k. c. b. George Guy Carleton L'Estrange: died Aug. 1848. Sir Thomas Pearson, k.c.h. : died May 1847. Sir Dugald Little Gilmour, k.c.b. : died at Rome, March 1847. Sir Gregory Holman Bromley Way, knt. : died Feb. 1844. Sir James Douglas, k. c. b. Sir John Waters, k.c.b. : died Nov. 1842. Sir William Macbean, k. c. b. Sir William Parker Carroll, k. c. h. : died July 1842. Rt. hon. sir Henry Hardinge, G. c. b. : afterwards viscount Hardinge. Sir Willoughby Cotton, g. c. b., g. c. h. John Clitherow, k. c. Sir John Hanbury . k. c. h. Nov. 9. 1846. Hon. Henry Beanchamp Lygon. Hon. Edward Pyndar Lygon. Elias Walker Durnford, roy. eng. : died March 1850. Sir George Whitmore, k. c. h. Henry Shadforth. Arthur Lloyd. John Millet Hamerton. Parry Jones Parry, k. c. h. Sir David Ximenes, k. c. h. : died Aug. 1848* Daniel Colquhoun : died Nov. 1848. Charles Nicol: died Jan. 1850. Sir William Tuyll, k. c. h. Sir George-Henry-Frederick Berkeley, k.c.b. ; commander-in-chief in India in 1847. Sackville Hamilton Berkeley, k. c. b. Sir Charles- James Napier, g.c.b.; commander- in- chief in India in 1849. Helier Touzel. Sir Jeremiah Dickson, k.c.b. : died March 1848. Sir Charles Wade Thornton, k. c. h. Sir Henry King, k. c. h., k. c. Sir Edward Gibbs, k.c.b.: died at Jersey, Jan. 1847. Sir George-Thomas Napier, k. c. b. ; governor of the Cape in 1837. Hon. sir Hercules-Robert Pakenham, k.c.b.: died March 1850. Sir John Harvey, k.c.b., k.c.h. Sir George Scovell, k. c. b. Ulysses Burgh, lord Downes, k. c. b. Sir Thomas Downman, k. c. h. George, marquess of Tweeddale, k.t. ; com- manded in chief at Madras in 1842. Sir Neil Douglas, k.c.b., k.c.h. Sir Frederick- William Trench, k. c. h. Alexander-George, lord Saltoun and Abernethy, K.C.B., K.C.H. Henry Wyndham. Frederick Rennell Thackeray. Sir Stephen Remnant Chapman, K. c. h. : died March 1851. John-Francis Birch. Gustavus Nicolls, 1690—1739.] MAJOK-GENERALS. 333 Sir Joseph-Hugh Carncross, k. c. b., roy. art. : died Dec. 1847. Alexander Watson : died Aug. 1849. Edward Vaughan Worsley : died Aug. 1850. Henry Evelegh. Hon. AVilliam-Henry Gardiner. George Wright. Frederick Walker. Sir Edward Bowater, k. c. h. Joseph Webbe Tobin. Sir William Maynard Gomm, k.c.b. ; the pre- sent (1850) commander-in-chief in India. Major- Generals. Dec. 2, 1690. Charles Trelawney. March 30, 1696. Arnold Joost, earl of Albemarle; accompanied William III. to England: died 1718. Michael Richards. June 1, 1696. Richard Leveson. William Lloyd. William, compte de Marton. June 27, 1697. George, prince of Hesse-Darmstadt : killed at the siege of Barcelona in 1705. June 10, 1702. William Selwyn. Jan. 1, 1704. Gustavus, viscount Boyne : distinguished himself at the battle of the Boyne, whence his title : died Sept. 1723. John Shrimpton. Henry Cunningham : killed at the battle of St. Esteven, 1706. Arthur, earl of Donegal : killed at Monjuich, in Spain, April 1706. Sir Bevil Granville, governor of Barbadoes, w^hence he died on his homeward-bound passage about 1707. James, earl of Derby ; resigned in 1705. Frederick Hamilton. Jan. 1, 1705. Robert Killigrew : killed at the battle of Almanza, in Spain, 1707. James Ferguson. Jan. 1, 1707. Emanuel Howe. Thomas Brudenell. William Caulfeild, viscount Charlemont : died July 1728. Charles, lord Baltimore. Jan. 1, 1709. Samson de Lalo: killed at the battle of Mal- plaquet, August 31, 1709. Jan. 1, 1710. Thomas Handasyde. John Bayne. Bartholomew Ogilvy. Sherrington Davenport. John Livesay. Edward Braddock. Gilbert Primrose. Edward Pearce. Roger ElHot. John Pepper. Joseph Wightman. John Newton. Thomas Growth er. Charles Sybourgh. Richard Holmes. Charles, earl of Orrery. Thomas Pulteney. Jan. 1, 1712. Christopher, lord Slane. July 27, 1712. John Hill : died June 1732. March, 1727. Henry, earl of Deloraine. Richard Russel. Robert Wroth. Nicholas Price. Lord John Ker : died 1728. Thomas Stanwix. James Crofts. Daniel Creighton. Andrew Wheeler. Robert Hunter. Oct. 27, 1735. Sir James Wood, bart. Nov. 4. 1735. Paul de Gually. James Moyie. July 2, 1739. John Cavalier. Balthazar Rivas de Foisac. James Douglas. John Orfeur. John Armstrong. Charles, lord Cathcart; commander-in-chief of the land forces designed against Carthagena, but died at Dominica on his way out at St. Christopher's, 1740. The imperfect records of this time, and the absence of authorised Gazettes, render it extremely difficult to compile a precisely authentic List of the Generals of the Army before the middle of the last century. We adopt Mr. Beatson's lists as the fullest, and perhaps most accurate. a34 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. [1743—1782. 1743. Hon. Stephen Cornwallis : died May 1743. Francis, earl of Effingham : died Nov. 1763. Francis Fuller. Hon. Henry Ponsonby : killed at the battle of Fontenoy, May 1745. May, 1745. William Merrick. Anthony Lowther. Sept. 1747. Sir William Gooch, bart. Sir Charles Armand Poulett, k. b. : died 1765. George Byng, lord Torrington : died April 1750. James Fleming. John Price. March, 1754. Richard O'Farrel. Edward Richbell. Edward Braddock : died of wounds he received in a battle, going to attack Fort Duquesne, in North America, 1755. Feb. 21, 1755. Hon. William Herbert. March 10, 1755. Richard, lord Edgcumbe. Feb. 2, 1757. Alexander Drury : killed at St. Cas, in Brittany, Sept. 8, 1758. Feb. 9, 1757. Hedworth Lambton. Peregrine Thomas Hopson : died commander-in- chief of the forces employed in reducing the island of Guadaloupe, Feb. 1759. Lord Charles Hay : died May 1760. 1758. Paul Mascareen. Granville Elliott : died in Germany, while serving with, the allied army, in 1759. Feb. 3, 1759. James Wolfe: commander-in-chief of the army sent against Quebec in 1759, having local rank in America only : fell in the battle of Quebec, Sept. 13, 1759, universally lamented. May 14, 1759. John Parsons. Julius Cfesar : died in Germany (while serving with the allied army in 1762) by a fall from his horse. George Walsh, June 25, 1759. Andrew Robinson. Lord Charles Manners. David Watson. Hon. John Barrington. Sir James Lockhart Ross, bart. Borgard Michelson. John Grey. Dec. 9, 1760. Stringer Lawrence ; had local rank in the East Indies only; introduced military discipline into India, where he commanded the com- pany's troops for 20 years : died Jan. 1775. Feb. 1761. Edward Whitmore : drowned in North America. Alexander, lord Lindores. March, 1761. Hon. Sharrington Talbot : died Nov. 1766. William Petitot. Hon. John Boscawen: died May 1767. John Lafusille: died on his homeward voyage from the Havannah in 1763. John Toovey. June 10, 1762. John Furbar. Ralph Burton. Marcus Smith. May 11, 1764. Robert, lord Clive ; had local rank in the East Indies only. Founder of the British empire in India; governor- general of Bengal (and commander-in-chief) in 1758 and 1764: died Nov. 1774. April 30 1770. William, earl of Glencairn : died Sept. 1775. William Deane : died Aug. 1775. John Salter: died Aug. 1787. Thomas Erie : died Feb. 1777. Richard Worge ; commanded the expedition to Senegal : died May 1774. Nevill Tatton. Richard Bendysh. John Scott : died Dec. 1775. May 26, 1772. William Napier. Tliomas Townshend. John Bradstreet : died Oct. 1774. Aug. 29, 1777. John Barlow. Valentine Jones. William Phillips : died whilst serving in North America. David Erskine. Feb. 27, 1779, William Thornton. Augustine Prevost : died May 1786. George Ogilvie. Oct. 19, 1781. James Muir, earl of Loudoun. James Bramham ; chief engineer of Great Britain : died Nov. 1786. Arthur Preston. Robert Sandford. John Roberts. Anthony St. Leger. James Stuart : died Feb. 1793. Archibald McNab. William Roy : died Aug. 1790. Charles Ross. Harry Trelawney. Nov. 20, 1782. James Paterson. Henry Gladwin. 1783—1805.] MAJOR-GENERALS. 335 Sir John Burgoyne, bart. : died in the East Indies, 1785. Thomas, lord Sey and Sele : died July 1788. Humphrey Stevens: died Sept. 1791. John Mackenzie, lord Macleod : died April 1789. Sir Henry Calder, bart. ; governor of Gibraltar in 1790 : died Feb. 1792. Henry Pringle : died 1800. Sir John Wrottesley, bart. : died April 1787. James D'Auvergne. Arthur Tucker Collins : died Jan. 1793. Hon. James Murray ^ : died March 1794. Samuel Town send. Arthur-George Martin. West Hyde. Hon. Thomas Bruce. Walter Carruthers. Philip Skene. Thomas Marriott. Thomas Cox. Sir Archibald Campbell, k.b. : died March 1791. Hon. Edward Stopford. Jan. 1783. Alan Campbell. ^ William Ogle. ( Local rank in the East Thomas Adams. C Indies only. Thomas Jones. J Sept. 28, 1787. Thomas, earl of Lincoln, afterwards duke of New- castle : died May 1795. John Campbell : died July 1794. Alan Campbell; now had full rank; died Oct. 1794. Samuel Birch. John Martin. Alexander Rigby. John Gunning. April 28, 1790. Gustavus Guy Dickens. John Mansel. George Morgan. Alexander Stewart : died Dec. 1794. James Hugonin : died March 1817. Oct. 12, 1793. Hon. Mark Napier: died 1809. Thomas Jones; now had full rank: died June 1801. John Phipps : died 1798. Patrick Bellew : died 1799. Benjamin Stehelin : died 1796. Oct. 3, 1794. Francis Richmond Humphreys : died 1812. John Hughes, roy. mar. : died 1796. Horatio Spry. William Fawcett : died Oct. 1826. William Crosbie : died 1798. John Small : died 1796. Robert Mason Lewis : died in 1800. Feb. 26, 1795. Welbore Ellis Doyle. Alexander Ross : died 1801. Charles Graham : died 1800. John St. Leger: died 1800. Richard Bettesworth : died June 1801. William Johnstone. George Campbell. William-Robert, viscount Fielding: died Auo- 1799. May 3, 1796. Thomas Duval : died 1807. William Maddox Richardson : died Feb. 1822. William Lewis : died 1798. Thomas Davis. James Hartley: died in 1800. Colebrooke Nesbit : retired 1798. Hon, Charles Monson : died Jan. 1800. William Brady : died 1800. Jan. 1. 1798. IMackay Hugh Baillie : died 1804. Charles Jackman. John Joinour Ellis: died 1804. William Wemyss : died 1799. Robert Douglas : retired 1799. June 18, 1798. Archibald Robertson. Bryan Blundell. Hon. John Knox : lost on his passage to Jamaica, in 1800. James Campbell. William Gooday Strutt ; retired : died Feb. 1848, aged 86. Jan. 1, 1801. John Stewart: died 1807. Henry Magan : died 1806. Charles Barnett: died 1804. W. D. Maclean Clephane : died 1803. Nov. 2, 1802. Stephen Poyntz : died 1837. Hay Ferrier: died April 1824. George Cunninghame : died 1803. Frederick Halkett : died 1803. William Caulfield Archer: died 1807. William Knollys, called earl of Banbury. Sept. 25, 1803. Duncan Campbell : died 1809. Patrick Wanchope : died 1807. Patrick Sinclair: died 1808. John Smith : died 1807. Alexander Mackay : died 1809. Edwin Hewgill : died 1810. Thomas Pakenham Vandeleur : died 1804. Aug. 18, 1804. Otto, baron Schutte : retired 1810. Jan. 1, 1805. Henry, viscount Gage: died Jan. 1808. Charles-William Este : died Feb. 1812. Roger Aytoun: died 1811. James Webber : died 1808. George, earl of Craufurd : died 1808. Stair Park Dalrymple : died 1808. Sir William Clarke, bart. ; commanded the British forces at Goa : died at Seringapatam, Feb. 1808. 1 On opening the corpse of this gallant officer for the purpose of its being embalmed, several bullets by which he had been wounded in Germany and in America, and had hot been extracted, were found in various parts ol it. His remains were privately mterred in Westminster Abbey. 336 THE MILITARY DEPARTMi^NT. [1805 — 1813. James Hall. Coote Manningham ; severely wounded in an am- buscade of the enemy in St. Domingo; had the command of a brigade at Corunna : died 1809. • Oct. 30, 1805. Eichard-Mark Dickens: died 1808. Sir George-Charles B. Boughton,bart : died 1810. April 25, 1808. Charles Baillie : died 1810. Edward Fage : died 1809. James Thewles : died Nov. 1811. Hugh Lyle Carmichael. John Randoll M'Kenzie: fell in the battle of Talavera, July 27, 1809. Sir William Erskine, bart. ; served in the ex- pedition to Flushing, and in Spain and Portu- gal : died at Brozas, in Spain, Feb. 1813. Nathaniel-William, lord Clarina: died in the island of Barbadoes, Jan. 1810. Oct. 25, 1809. Frederick de Watteville. John Barnes: died 1810. Archibald, lord Montgomerie : died at Alicante, in Spain, Jan. 1814. David Hunter. July 27, 1810. William Balfour : died 1812. Lawrence Bradshaw : retired, retaining rank. George- William Rich Harcourt. Andrew Burn. Augustus, baron Veltheim : died Feb. 1829. George, baron Bock. Thomas Trotter : died Feb. 1825. Peter du Plat : died March 1824. Augustus, baron Honstedt. Victor, baron Alten : died Aug. 1820. Sigismund, baron Low, k. c. b., k. o. h. : died July 1846. Adolphus, baron Barsse : died May 1834. Charles, baron Alten, made colonel of the King's German Legion in 1803, from which year until the close of the peninsular war he was almost constantly engaged; wounded severely at Waterloo : died in Hanover, being head of the war department there, April 1840. William Grant, roy. art.: died Sept. 1812, aged 84. Sir Montague Burgojnie, bart. : died Aug. 1817. Daniel Hoghton : died 1811. Barnard Foord Bowes ; died of his wounds Sept. 1812. June 4, 1811. Benjamin Fisher : died Sept. 1814. Thomas Nepean : died Nov. 1816. Sir Charles Shipley, knt., roy. eng. : died Nov. 1815. J. Gaspard Le Marchant : killed in the battle of Salamanca, July 22, 1812. James M. Had den, roy. art. : died Oct. 1817. John Bouchier. Sir Isaac Brock, k. b. : killed in action with the Americans in Upper Canada, Oct. 13, 1812. George-William Ramsay : died at Antigua, Nov. 1819. Robert Craufurd: died of the wounds he re- ceived at the storming of Ciudad Rodrigo, June 1812. Thomas Barrow : died at Paris, Aug. 1820. John Wood : dismissed June 3, 1817. Horace Churchill : died Aug. 1817. Thomas Dunbar : died Dec. 1815. Alexander Keith : died 1812. iEneas Shaw : died in 1815. George Dyer, roy. art. : died June 1817. Andrew Hay : killed in a sortie of the enemy at Bayonne, April 14, 1814. Sir John Douglas, knt. : died March 1814 of wounds he received at Bayonne. Trevor Hull : died on his passage from Jamaica, July 1816. James Kemmis : died April 1820. John Wilson. John Agmond Vesey : died 1812. April 1, 1812. Flower M. Sproule. William Borthwick ; died July 1820. Harry Chester: died Jan. 1821. John Lindesay : died Feb. 1820. Richard Hulse : died in Spain, Jan. 1813. George Stracey Smith. Hon. Sir Edward M. Pakenham, g. c. b. : killed Jan. 8, 1815, at the attack on ISIew Orleans. Henry M'Kinnon : died Jan. 1812 of the wounds he received at the storming of the citadel of Ciudad Rodrigo. Sir Robert Rollo Gillespie, K. c. b. : killed Oct. 31, 1814, at the unsuccessful attack on Kalunga fort, in the East Indies, Joseph Baird : died at the Cape, April 1816. William Wheatley: died Sept. 1812. James Hare: died at Madras, Aug. 1820. Oliver-Thomas Jones : died Nov. 1815. Andrew Ross : died Jan. 1813. June. 4, 1813. William Kersteman, roy. eng. : died Sept. 1820. William Alexander, roy. art. : died at Geneva, March 1825. Charles Campbell : died at the Cape, May 1822. Francis Stewart. Henry Davis. Hon. Sir William Ponsonby, k. c. b. : slain in the battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815. Benjamin Gordon Forbes. Haviland Smith : died in 1817. William-Frederick Spry. Henry Procter : died Oct. 1822. John Browne, royal staff corps: died March 1816. John Hall : died July 1823. John Byrne Skerrett : died March 1814. Sir Denis Pack, k. c. b. : lieut.-governor of Ply- mouth : died July 1823. Sir Granville Thomas Calcraft, knt. : died Aug. 1820. John Picton : died Jan. 1815. Edward Scott, k. c. ; retired, retaining rank : died July 1844. William M'Caskill: died 1815. John Crowgy : died in 1815. Thomas Gerard Elrington. William Lockhart : died March 1817. Robert Ross : killed in an attack on Baltimore, North America, Sept. 12, 1814. Henry Green Barry ; retired in 1824 : died May 1838. Lewis de Watteville : died at Berne, June 1836. Adam Gordon. Mat. Chit. Darby Griffith j retired in 1823 : died Aug. same year. 1814—1825.] MAJOR-GENERALS. 337 John-Francis Kelly: died Feb. 1814. Randolph Marriott : died March 1821. Lachlan Maquarie; retired in 1824: died July same year. Sir Samuel Gibbs, k.c. b. : killed Jan. 8, 1815, in the attack on New Orleans. Sir Robert-Thomas Wilson, knt. : removed from the service in Sept. 1821; but subsequently restored. See Generals, 1846. Digby Hamilton : died March 1820. June 4, 1814. Sir Charles Holloway, knt. ; retired in 1824 : died Jan. 1827. Archibald Stewart : died Sept. 1823. Thomas Norton Poulett : died Dec. 1824. Sir Edward Ger. Butler, knt. : died 1825. 3Iichael-Edward Jacob : died Dec. 1815. Sir Thomas Brooke Pechell, bart. : died June 1826. William Latham : died April 1823. David Dewar. Edward Baynes: retired in 1828; and died in 1829. James Stirling : died at Musselburg, Dec. 1834. Robert Young : died Nov. 1815. Edward Vicars : died in 1820. J. Millar: retired. William-George Dacres : died Feb. 1824. Robert Douglas : died Aug. 1828. Francis Streicher : died at Strasburg, May 1828. Charles Auriol : died Jan. 1821. William Gifford : died in 1829. J., baron de Sonnenberg : retired. Charles Irvine : died June 1820. Sir William Nicholson, bart. : died 1820. Thomas Carey : died Nov. 1824. William Grant: died July 1826. George Johnstone : died Nov. 1826. William- John, viscount Molesworth : lost in the Arniston transport, near the Cape of Good Hope, on his passage from Ceylon, May 31, 1815. William-Henry Beckwith ; retired : died March 1844. Dugald Campbell : died in 1824. Richard- Augustus Seymour. Sir H. Torrens, k. c. b. : died Aug. 1828. Aug. 12, 1819. Lord! Frederick Bentinck: died at Rome, Feb. 1828. Isaac Pattison Tinling : died Aug. 1822. Sir William Douglas, k. c. h. : died April 1834. Thomas -William Kerr: died April 1825. Frederick Hardyman : died at Bengal, Nov. 1821. John-Frederick Sig. Smith, K. c. H., roy. art. : died April 1834. William Mutge. Samuel Warren : died Oct. 1833. Patrick Mackenzie : died March 1 820. William Needham : died Feb. 1844. Robert Walter, lord Blantyre, k. c. b. : died at Brussels, Sept. 1830. Sir James Campbell, k. c. b., k. c. h. : died at Paris, May 1835. Edward Codd: died Dec. 1829. Robert Sewell : died Oct. 1835. Charles Amadee Harcourt: died Sept. 1831. George Hill : died Oct. 1830. Samuel Swinton : died in 1832. Sir C. Philip Belson, k. c. b. : died in 1830. William-Augustus Prevost. Sir J. Pringle Dalrymple, bart.: died Oct. 1829. Robert Kelso : died Oct. ] 823. John Nugent Smyth : died Nov. 1838. John Lamont; retired in 1824: died March 1829. William Armstrong: died at Paris in 1837. Robert D'Arcy ; retired in 1824: died May 1827. George Brydges. George-William Dixon: died April 1836. Sir G. Rid. Bingham, k. c. b. : died Jan. 1833. Sir Thomas Bligh St. George, c. b., k. c. ii. : died Nov. 1836. John Murray : died April 1832. Hon. Sir C. J. Greville, k. c. b. : died Dec. 1836. Alexander-Mark Ker Hamilton : died Feb. 1842. Sir George Leith, bart. : died Feb. 1842. Sir George Allan Madden, knt. : died Dec. 1828. John Miller : died March 1825. John Dalrymple : died May 1835. Brooke Young, r. a. : died May 1835. Sir Haylett Framingham, k. c. b. : died May 1820. July 19, 1821. Allen Hampden Pye : died at St. Omers, in France, Jan. 1833. John Shaw: died Oct. 1835. George Ramsay, roy. art. : died Sept. 1834. John Lemoine. John Rowley, roy. eng. : died Dec. 1824. Martin Campbell Cole : died July 1835. Robert Evans, roy. art. : died March 1833. Richard-Harry Foley : died 1825. John-Thomas Fitzmaurice, lord Muskerry; re- tired in 1823: died at Caen, France, Jan. 1824. Hon. Henry Brand. James Graves : withdrawn at his own request in 1826. Joseph Gubbins ; retired Aug. 1829 : died April 1832. George Duncan Robertson ; retired Nov. 1828 : died July 1842. John Nugent : died at Paris, April 1830. Louis-William, viscount de Chabot : retired. William Binks : died 1833. Sir Patrick Ross, g. c. m. g. ; retired : died at St. Helena, Aug. 1850. David Walker; retired Dec. 1827: died in 1840. Charles Turner: died at Sierra Leone, March 1826. Francis Hepburn, c. b. : died June 1835. Henry Darling : died Sept. 1835. William-Henry Rainsford : died at Madras, May 1822. William Stewart; retired in 1831: died June 1836. May 27, 1825. Henry-Charles Darling ; retired April 1829 : died June 1845. John Harris : died Sept. 1833. Sir George-Adam Wood, k. c. h., roy. art. ; go- vernor of Carlisle: died April 1831. Henry Tolley, c. b. : died Dec. 1837. Sir Charles Pratt, k. c. b. ; served throughout the peninsular war, and was present at the battles of Salamanca, Yittori a, Nivellas, Orthes, and Toulouse : died Oct. 1838. Nathaniel Blackwell : died Aug. 1833. z 338 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. [1830—1838. David Stewart, governor of St. Lucia, in which island he died Dec. 1829. Alexander Murray Macgregor ; retired Aug. 1827 : died same year. Hon. Granville Anson Chetwynd Stapylton j re- tired in 1825 : died Dec. 1834. Richard Buckby : died July 1830. Kobert Stewart : died 1837. Lewis Davies : died May 1828. Sampson Freeth : died April 1835. Sir Alexander Bryce, knt., k.c.b.: died Oct. 1832. Francis Burke : died Feb. 1827. John Pyne Coffin : died Oct. 1829. Sir George Bulteel Fisher, k. c. h. : died March 1834. Sir Neil Campbell, knt. : died at Free Town, Sierra Leone, Aug. 1827. Sir Thomas Hawker, k. c. b. Sir James Campbell, k. c. h. George Mackie, governor of St. Lucia : died there, March 1831. Sir Robert Travers, c. b. ; retired : died in 1834. Hon. Sir Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby, k. c. b., K. c. H. ; most severely wounded at VVaterloo June 1815 : died Jan. 1837. Charles Palmer : retired. Hon. Henry- Augustus Berkeley Craven: died May 1836. George, viscount Forbes : died 1836. Sir James Carmichael Smyth, bart., c. b., k. c. h. ; commanded the engineers in the battle of Waterloo ; governor of Guiana and Demerara ; died at Demerara, March 1838. Robert Pilkington, roy. eng. : died July 1834. William-Henry Ford : died April 1829. July 22, 1830. Norman M'Leod : lost at sea off Swansea in a steam-packet, March 1831. James-Patrick Murray; retired in 1831: died Dec. 1834. Sir James Viney, c.b, k.c.h., roy. art.: died Jan. 1841. George EUiot Vinicombe, roy. mar.: died Oct. 1841. Sir Lorenzo Moore, c. b., k. c. h. : died at Dresden, March 1837. Thomas Marlay : died Sept. 1831. Sir WilUam Williams, K. c. b. : died June 1832. Sir Charles Ashworth, k. c. b. : died in 1832. Archibald Campbell, c. b. : died at Jersey, May 1838. Edward-James O'Brien : retired. James-Alexander Farquharson : died Jan. 1834. Sir Amos Godsil R. Norcott, c. b., k. c. h. : died Jan. 1838. Sir Charles Bruce, k. c. b. : died Aug. 1832. Richard Legge: died June 1834. William Stewart: retired in 1841. Sir John Ross, k. c. b. : died April 1835. Lord Robert- WiUiam Manners, c. b. : died Xov. 1835. Sir George Elder, k. c. b. : died at Madras, Dec. 1836. Sir Henry Willoughby Rooke, k. c. h. : retired in 1832. Jan. 10, 1837. Sir George Woodford, k. c. b., k. c. ii. : retired in 1841. Sir Howard Elphinstone, bart., roy. eng. : died April 1846. John Pringle : retired. Sir James Kyrle Money, bart. : died June 1843. John Stafford : died in France, Feb. 1846. Sir Patrick Lindesay, k. c. b., k. c. h. ; a general of division in the Burmese war : died March 1839. Sir Octavius Carey, k. c. h. : died March 1844. Henry-Frederick Cooke, c. b., k. c. h. : died March 1837. Sir Evan John Murray MacGregor, bart., k. c. b., K. c. H., governor of the Windward islands : died at Barbadoes, June 1841. Sir C. Broke Vere, k. c. b. : died April 1843. Sir Alexander Dickson, g. c. b., k. c. h., roy. art. : died April 1840 Sir John-Thomas Jones, bart. : died Feb. 1843. Sir Leonard Greenwell, k.c.b., k. c. h. : died Nov. 1844. Sir Robert-Henry Dick, k. c. b., k. c. h : killed in action at Sabraon, in India, Feb. 10, 1846. William Keith Elphinstone, c. b. ; commanded at Affghanistan, where he died, April 1842. Sir John Boscawen Savage, k. c. h., roy. mar. : died March 1843. John-Francis Birch. Cornelius Mann, roy. eng. : died Oct. 1840. Stephen Galway Adve, c. b. : died Sept. 1838. Henry Phillot, c. b. : died March 1839. Peter Fyers, roy. art. : died May 1846. John Hassard, c. m. g. : died at Corfu, July 1838. Alexander Macdonald, c. b., roy. art. : died May 1840. Sir Robert M'Cleverty, c. b., k. c. h. : died Nov. 1838. Clement Hill : died at Madras, Jan. 1845. Percy Drummond, roy. art. : died Jan. 1843. June 28, 1838. Henry D'Oyly. Foster Coulson: died Feb. 1842. Richard Uniacke : retired on full pay. George Irvine. Sir Francis Hastings Doyle, bart. : died Nov. 1839. William Gray, k. c. : died June 1846. Edward Darley. William Vincent Hompesch : died Nov. 1839. Christopher Hamilton, c.b.: died Dec. 1842. Sir George Teesdale, k. h. : died Jan. 1840. ^ This great cavalry officer, then colonel Ponsonby, fought at Talavera, Barrosa, Vimeira, Salamanca, and Vittoria, performing some of the most brilliant exploits recorded in that fierce and enterprising era of the war. At Waterloo he led on the 12th regiment, and, fighting at fearful odds, received a cut on his right arm, which caused his sword to drop, and immediately afterwards he received another on his left, which he had raised to protect his head. By the latter he lost the command of his horse, which galloped forward, and colonel Ponsonby, unable to defend himself, got a blow from a sword upon his head, that brought him senseless to the ground. There he lay, exposed on the field, during the whole of the ensuing night. After being wantonly pierced through the back by a lancer, plundered by a French tirailleur, rode over by two squadrons of Prussian cavalry, and encumbered for some hours by a dying soldier lying across his legs, he was conveyed in the morning in a cart to the village of Waterloo, where it was found he had received seven wounds; yet by constant attention he recovered, and continued an ornament to his country for nearly twenty-two years afterwards. 1841— 1846.J MAJOE-GENEPvALS. 339 George-James Reeves, K.n. ; died March 1845. Hon. Henry Murray. Hon. Lincoln Stanhope. Sir John Grey, K. c. b. Sir Alexander Cameron, k. c. b. : died J uly 1850. Matthew Mahon: died March 1851. Sir James Wilson, k. c. b. : died Feb. 1847. Sir John May, k. c. b., k. c. h. : died May 1847. Sir John Fox Burgoyne, k. c. b., k. t. s. Thomas Dalmer. Sir Henry Watson, knt. Edward Walker, k. h. : died July 1848. Thomas Evans. Nov. 23, 1841. Sir Archibald Maclain. James Hay. William Wood, k. h. Sir William Warre, k. t. s. Charles Ashe A'Court, k. h. George-Charles DAguilar. Sir Charles* William Pasley, K. c. B. Jacob Glen Cuyler. George O'Malley : died May 1843. Edwin Rowland Joseph Cotton : died Oct. 1844. Charier Turner. William-Francis Bentinck Loftus. George Burrell. James Ogilvie : died June 1845. James Farrer : retired in 1843. Thomas Brabazon Aylmer. Henry- James Riddell, k. h. Richard Goodall Elrington : died Aug. 1845. Henry-Charles-Edward Vernon. John Ready : died July 1845. Sir J ames- Archibald Hope, k. c. b Sir Robert-John Harvey. Sir Hew Dalrymple Ross, k. c. b. Sir Dudley St. Leger Hill, k. c. b. Sir Edmund K. Williams, k. c. b. : died Dec. 1849. Sir Burges Camac : died Nov. 1845. Robert M'Douall : died Nov. 1818. Sir Richard Armstong. Sir Frederick Stovin, k. c. b. Sir Guy Campbell, bart. : died Jan. 1849. Richard Goddard Hare Clarges. Sir Charles Felix Smith, k. c. b. Alexander Thompson. Charles Grene Elicombe. Henry Goldfinch. James Webber Smith. Frederick-George Heriot: died at Drummond- ville, Canada, Dec. 1843. William Crosse : died at Paris, IMarch 1844. Sir William-Francis-Patrick Napier, k. c. b. John Duffy, k. c. Henry Daubeney, k. h. Douglas Mercer. Francis Miles Milman. John Reeve. Jacob Tonson : died Dec. 1849. William- Alexander Gordon. Stephen-Arthur Goodman, k. h. : died at Deme- rara, Jan. 1844. Thomas Kenah. Sir Robert-William Gardiner, k. c. b. Samuel Lambert : died at Jamaica, Jan. 1848. John- Willi am Fremantle ; retired in 1843 : died April 1845. Lord George-William Russell, g. c. b. : died at Genoa, July 1846. z < Edward Buckley Wynyard. James Fergusson. Th 0 m a s - Wi Uiam Brother ton . Sir Adolphus-John Dalrymple, bart. Sir James-Henry Reynett, k. c. ir. William Smelt. James Robertson Arnold, k. h., k. c. William Wemyss. George, earl of Munster, governor of Windsor castle : died March 1842. Robert Pym, roy. art. : died June 1845. Walter Tremenheere, k. h. Henry Percival Lewis : died June 1842. John Bell. Samuel-Benjamin Auchmuty. Thomas Lightfoot. Alured Dodsworth Faunce: died March 1850. George Brown, k. h. Lord Frederick Fitz-Clarence, k. c. h. George Prescott Wingrove : died 1850. Richard Seeker Brough. Andrew Brcdin ; died Oct. 1845. James Power, roy. art. Charles Younghusband, roy. art. : died April 1843. George Crawford : died at Nice, April 1847. John Aitchison. May 7, 1845. H. R. H. Prince George W. F. C. of Cam- bridge, K. G. Nov. 9, 1846. Charles-Edward Conyers. George- Augustus Henderson, k. h., k. c. George Parke. Robert Barclay Macpherson, k. h. Philip Hay: died Oct. 1847. John Slessor : died Oct. 1850. James Irving, James Alien. An^hibald Money, k. c. David Forbes : died March 1849. John-Frederick Ewart. Henry- Adolphus Proctor. William Jervoise, k. h. William Riddall, k. h. Thomas Fenn Addison. Sir Francis Cockburn. Thomas Steele : died Dec. 1847. Carlo Joseph Doyle : died Feb. 1848. Thomas Charretie : retired July 1847. Rt. hon. sir George Arthur, bart. k. c. h. Patrick Campbell : retired on full pay. Edward Parkinson. Thomas Hunter Blair : died Aug. 1849, Richard Lleuellyn. Peter-Augustus Latour, k. h. John Hare : died on his passage from the Cape of Good Hope to Europe, Dec. 1846. Richard Egerton. Sir William Chalmers, k. c. h. John Boteler Parker: died March 1851. Charles Beckwith : retired by sale. William Campbell. J ames Claude Bourchier, k. c. James Grant. Thomas-William Taylor. Lawrence Arguimbau. Sir Henry- George Wakelyn Smith, bart., g. c. b. ; one of the heroes of the Sutlej, Aliwal, Sec. in India; now (1851) governor at the Cape of Good Hope. 2 S40 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. [1846. Pelix Calvert. William Staveley. Sir De Lacy Evans, k. c. b. William-Henry Scott. Hugh Percy Davison : died July 1849. Sir Thomas Willshire, bart., k. c. b. Hon. Henry-Edward Butler. Edward Fleming. Sir William Gossett, k.c. b., k.c.h. : died, owing to an accident, March 1848. Sir John Rolt, k. c. b., k. c. George Cardew. Philip Bainbrigge. William Greenshields Power, k. h. Thomas Erskine Napier. Nathaniel Thorn, k. h. William-Henry Sewell. William Lindsay Darling. Sir Joseph Thackwell, g. c. b., k. h. Alexander Macdonald. Sir William-Lewis Herries, k. c. ii. John M'Donald. Thomas Staunton St. Clair, k.h. : died Oct. 1847. George- William Paty, k. h. Lord James Hay. Thomas-James Wemyss. Robert Burd Gabriel, k. h. Henry Thomas. William Rowan. James Shaw Kennedy. Arthur- William Moyses, lord Sandys. Sir Thomas-Henry Browne, k. c. h. Rich. W. H. How^ard Vyse. Thomas Phipps Howard, k. h. : died Oct. 1847. Archibald Maclachlan. Robert- William Mills. Edward Nicolls. Frederick Ashworth. Robert Bryce Fearon : died Jan. 1851. Henry Balneavis, c. m. g., k. h. Vincent Edward Eyre. John Whetham. Thomas Thornbury Wooldridge, k. h. : died March 1848. George Lee Goldie, c. b. George Powell Higginson. George Bowles. Thomas Bunbury. Hon. Henry F. Compton Cavendish. Philip Ray : died Oct. 1847. John-William Aldred. Henry Godwin. Thomas-William Robbins. Roderick M'Neil, or Macneil. George Dean Pitt. William Sutherland. Henry Rainey, k, h. Hon. Charles Gore, k. h. Robert Dalyell : died April 1848. William Lovelace Walton. Thomas Fyers, royal eng. : died at Woolwich, May 1847. Edward Fanshawe. Thomas Cunningham : died Feb. 1847. Thomas-John Forbes, roy. art. Alexander Munro : died Oct. 1849. James Pattison Cockburn: died March 1847. Thomas Colby. Robert- Henry Birch. Charles -Richard Fox. James Armstrong. Thomas Paterson. Nathaniel- William Oliver. Richard- J ohn- James Lacy. George Lewis. Elias Lawrence. George Jones. Thomas-Benjamin Adair: died Julv 1849. William Hallett Connolly. Charles-Augustus Shawe. George Beatty. CHIEF BATTLES AND ACTIONS. BEFERRED TO IN THE PRECEDING ROLLS. (^Fought witliin the last half century.^ Plains of Maida, July 4, 1806. Vimeira, in Portugal, August, 21, 1808. Attack and capture of Martinique, Feb. 1809. Talavera, Spain, July 27 and 28, 1809. Attack and capture of Guadaloupe, Jan. and Feb. 1810. Busaco, Portugal, Sept. 27, 1810. Barrosa, Portugal, March 5, 1811. Fuentes d'Onor, Spain, May 5, 1811. Albuera, or Albuhera, May 16, 1811. Attack and capture of Java, Aug. and Sept. 1811. Ciudad Rodrigo stormed, Jan. 19, 1812. Assault and capture of Badajoz, April 6, 1812. Salamanca, Spain, July 22, 1812. Capture of Fort Detroit, America, Aug. 1 812. Vittoria, Spain, June 21, 1813. Pyrenees, July 28 and Aug. 2, 1813. Assault and capture of St. Sebastian, Aug. and Sept. 1813. St. Jean de Luz, Nov. 10, 1813. Christler's Point, Canada, Nov. 11, 1813. Nive, Dec. 9 to 13, 1813. Orthes, France, Feb. 27, 1814. Bergen-op-Zoom, March 8, 1814. Tarbes, France, March 20, 1814. Toulouse, France, April 10, 1814. Attack on Baltimore, America, Sept. 12, 1814. Attack on Kalunga Fort, East Indies, Oct. 31, 1814. Attack on New Orleans, America, Jan. 8, 1815. Quatre Bras, June 16, 1815. Waterloo, June 18, 1815. Ghuznee, India, July 23, 1839. Sidon, in Syria, captured, Sept. 27, 1840. Maharajaspoor, India, Dec. 29, 1843. Moodkee, India, Dec. 18, 1845. Ferozeshah, India, Dec. 21, 1845. Aliwal, India, Jan. 28. 1846. Sobraon, India, Feb. 10, 1846. Mooltan, India, Nov. 7. 1848. Chillianwallah, India, Jan. 13. 1849. Goojerat, India, Feb. 21, 1849. 341 PART IV. ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS OF ENGLAND. The ecclesiastical government of England is divided into two provinces, Canterbury and York. Canterbury bath the following twenty suffragan bishoprics appertaining to it : Bangor. Bath and Wells. Chichester. Ely. Exeter. Gloucester and Bristol. Hereford. Lichfield. Lincoln. LlandafF. London. Norwich. Oxford. Peterborough. Rochester. St. Asaph. St. David's. Salisbury. Winchester. Worcester. To the province of York belong the following six suffragan bishoprics : Carlisle. | Durham. I Ripon. Chester. Manchester. Sodor and Man. The bishop of Sodor and Man is not a peer of parliament; but the present bishop of that see, the earl of Auckland, in right of his earldom, has his seat in the house of lords. By the act 10th and 11th Victoria, cap. 108. (passed 23rd July 1847), by which the see of Manchester was erected, it was declared, that the bishop of that see should then have no seat in parliament, with a view to not increasing the number of spiritual peers.^ By this act, the junior^ or last appointed bishop, is to have no seat, until called to the house of lords by writ of summons, which is issued to him on the avoidance of another see and creation of a new bishop, who then, of course, becomes, in his turn, the junior bishop. The archiepiscopal sees of Canterbury and York, and the three sees of London, Durham, and Winchester, are exempted from the operation of this act. ARCHBTSHOPEIC OF CANTERBURY. This see was settled by Austin, or Augustin, a monk, who first preached the gospel in England; and, converting Ethelbert, king of Kent, that king, animated with great zeal for bis new religion, bestowed many favours upon Austin, who in consequence fixed his residence in the capital of Ethelbert's dominions. The church was made a cathe- dral, repaired, consecrated, and dedicated to Christ, which dedication it still retains, although, for a considerable space of time, it was better known as St. Thomas's from Thomas a Becket, who was murdered in it. The present fabric was begun by arch- bishop Lanfranc and William Corbois, and greatly augmented by several of their successors. During the great rebellion, it suffered much, the usurper Cromwell having made a stable of it for his dragoons. After the Restoration, it was repaired, and made what it now appears. The diocese comprises the county of Kent, except the city and deanery of Rochester and some parishes in London. It included, until recently, a number of parishes in other dioceses : these were called Peculiars^ it having been an ancient privilege of this see, that, wheresoever the archbishops had either manors or advowsons, the place was exempted from the jurisdiction of the ordinary of the diocese wherein it was situated, and was deemed in the diocese of Canterbury. Abolished from 1st January 1846. The archbishop is accounted Primate and Metropolitan of all England, and is the I The first a'^d present bishop of Manchester, Dr. James Prince Lee, was called to the house of lords by writ of summons, in Feb. 1848. z 3 342 BISHOPS OF ENGLAND. first peer In the realm ; having the precedence of all dukes not of the blood-royal, and all the great officers of state. Pie is styled His Grace, and he writes himself Divina Providejitia ; whereas other bishops style themselves Z>2mm PenTzmzo/ze. At corona- tions, he places the crown on the king's head ' ; and, wherever the court may be, the king and queen are the proper domestic parishioners of the archbishop. The bishop of London is accounted his provincial dean, the bishop of Winchester his sub-dean, the bishop of Lincoln his chancellor, and the bishop of Rochester his chaplain. Canterbury has yielded to the Church eighteen saints; to the Church of Kome nine cardinals; and to the civil state of England twelve lord chancellors, four lord treasurers, and one lord chief justice. The see is valued in the king's books at 2816Z. 17^. 9 id Archbishops of Canteebuky. 596. Augiistin, or Austin. 611. St. Lawrence. 617. St. Miletus; translated from London. 624. St. Justus ; translated from Rochester. 634. St. Honorius. 655. St. Adeodatus, or Deus-dedit; the first Englishman who ruled this see. [The see vacant 4 years.] 664. Wigard ; died of the plague before conse- cration. — Adrian ; appointed by the pope, but he refused the see. 668. Theodore, a Grecian. 692. Birth wald, abbot of Reculver. 732. Tat wine; made primate of all England. 736. Nothelmus. 742. Cuthbert ; translated from Hereford. 759. Bregwin, a noble Saxon. 764. Lambert, or Jeambert; abbot of St. Au- gustin's. 793. Athelard ; translated from Winchester. 806. Wilfred, a monk of Canterbury. 832. Syred; died before he had obtained full possession. — Theologild, abbot of Canterbury. — Ceolnoth, dean of Canterbury. 871. Athelred ; translated from Winchester. 889. Plegmund, preceptor to king Alfred. 915. Athelm, or Adeimus; translated from Wells. 924. Wulfelm, or Wolflielmus ; translated from Wells, also. 934. Odo Severus ; translated from Wilton. 959. St. Dunstan ; translated from London. 988. Ethelgarus ; translated from Selsey. 989. Siricius ; translated from Wilton. 993. Alfric, or Aluricius; translated also from Wilton. 1006. St. Elpliege ; translated from Winchester. 1013. Leovingus, Livingus, or Elstan ; translated from Wells. 1020. Agelnoth, or iEthelnotus ; dean of Canter- bury. 1038. St. Eadsine, or Eadsimus. 1050. Robert Gemeticensis. 1052. Stigand, bishop of Winchester; deprived of both sees for simony. 1070. St. Lanfranc, abbot of Caen, an Italian: died June 4, 1089. [The see vacant 4 j^ears.] 1093. St. Anselm, abbot of Becco. [The see vacant 5 years.] 1114. Ralph, or Rodolphus; translated from Rochester. 1122. William Corbois, or Corbyl, prior of St. Osyth, in Essex; obtained this see from the king. [The see vacant 2 years.] 1138. Theobald, abbot of Becco. [The see vacant 2 years.] 1162. St. Thomas Becket, archdeacon of Canterbury, provost of Beverley, and lord chancellor: murdered Dec. 28, 1170. 1171. Richard, prior of Dover. 1184. Baldwin; translated from Worcester. He followed Richard I. to the Holy Land, and died at the siege of Ptolemais. 1191. Reginald Fitz-Jocehne ; translated from Wells : died same year. [The see vacant 2 years.] 1193. Hubert Walter; translated from Salis- bury; lord chancellor; died in 1205. Reginald, the sub -prior, Avas chosen by the monks, but was aftenvards, at their own request, set aside by the king : they then chose — John Grey, bishop of Norwich ; but the pope set him aside in favour of 1206. Stephen Langton, cardinal; who died in July 1228. — Walter de Hempsham chosen ; but the king and the pope set him aside. 1229. Richard Weathershed, chancellor of Lin- coln : died in 1231. — Ralph Nevil, bishop of Chichester; John, the sub-prior; and Richard Blundy, severally chosen ; but the pope set them aside. 1234. Edmund, prebendary of Salisbury. 1244. Boniface of Savoy, uncle to the queen : he died in July 1270 ; and — William Chillenden was chosen; but set aside by the pope. 1272. Robert Kilwarby ; made a cardinal and resigned this see in 1278. — Robert Burnel, bishop of Bath and Wells, chosen ; but set aside by the pope. 1278. John Peckham, canon of Lyons, provin- cial of Friars Minors. 1293. Robert Winchelsey, archdeacon of Essex, chancellor of Oxford. — Thomas Cobham, precentor of York; his election not contirmed by the pope. 1 At the coronation of king William and q.ueen Mary, the bishop of London put the crown on the kirg's head, as Dr. Sancroft would not take the oaths to their majesties. 1313. Walter Reynolds; translated from Wor- cester; lord chancellor, and lord trea- surer. 1327. Simon Mapham, prebendary of Chichester. 1333. John de Stratford; translated from Wm- cliester ; lord chancellor. 1348. John de Ufford, dean of Lincoln, lord chancellor : died before consecration. 1349. Thomas Bredewardin, chancellor of Lon- don : died two months after. — Simon Islip, prebendary of St. Paul's, secretary to the king, and keeper of the privy seal. — William Edington, or Edendon, bishop of Winchester, elected; but refused the dignity. 1366. Simon Langham; translated from Ely; made a cardinal and resigned this see. 1369. William Whittlesey, or Wittlesey ; trans- lated from Worcester. 1375. Simon de Sudbury, alias Tibold; trans- lated from London ; lord chancellor : be- headed by the rebels under Wat Tyler, June 14, 1381. 1381. William Courtenay; translated from Lon- don. 1396. Thomas Fitz-Alan (son of the earl of Arundel) ; translated from York ; lord chancellor. [This prelate was charged with high treason, in 1398, and fled the kingdom, and Roger Walden, dean of York, was consecrated ; but Fitz-Alan was after- wards restored by Henry IV.] 1414. Henry Chicheley; translated from St. David's. 1443. John Stafford; translated from Bath and Wells ; cardinal, lord chancellor, and lord treasurer. 1452. John Kemp; translated from York; car- dinal, and lord chancellor. 1454. Thomas Bourchier; translated from Ely; cardinal, and lord chancellor. 1486. John Morton; translated from Ely; car- dinal, and lord chancellor. 1486. Thomas Langton, bishop of Winchester, chosen ; but he died Jan. 27, 1501, tive days after. 1501. Henry Dene, or Deane; translated from Salisbury. 1504. William Warham; translated from Lon- don ; lord chancellor. 1533. Thomas Cranmer, archdeacon of Taunton, the illustrious martyr; first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury : burnt at Ox- ford, March 21, 1555-6. 1556. Reginald Pole, dean of Exeter; cardinal. 1559. Matthew Parker, dean of Lincoln. 1575. Edmund Grindall ; translated from York. 1583. John Whitgift; translated from Wor- cester. 1604. Richard Bancroft ; translated from London. 1611. George Abbot; translated from London. 1633. William Laud ; translated from London : beheaded on Tower Hill, Jan. 10, 1644. [The see vacant 16 years.] 1660. William Juxon; translated from London. 1663. Gilbert Sheldon ; translated from London. 1678. William Sancroft, dean of St. Paul's ; de- prived Feb. 1, 1691, for not taking the oaths to William III. and Mary: died Nov. 1693. 1691. John Tillotson, dean of St. Paul's. 1694. Thomas Tenison ; translated from Lincoln. 1716. William Wake ; translated from Lincoln. 1737. John Potter; translated from Oxford. 1747. Thomas Herring; translated from York. 1757. Matthew Hutton; translated from York: died the next year. 1758. Thomas Seeker ; translated from Oxford. 1768. Hon. Frederick Cornwallis; translated from Lichfield and Coventry. 1783. John Moore ; translated from Bangor. 1805. Charles Manners Sutton; translated from Norwich : died July 21, 1828. 1828. William Howley ; translated from London : died Feb. 11, 1848. 1848. John Bird Sumner; translated from Ches- ter. The PRESENT Archbishop of Can- terbury and Primate of all England. BISHOPRIC OF BANGOR.' This see is of very great antiquity: the founder is unknown. The church is dedicated to St. Daniel, who was bishop here about the year 516; but, for near five hundred years afterwards, there is no certain record of the names of his successors. Owen Glendower greatly defaced the cathedral, which bishop Dean repaired. The see met with a still more cruel ravager than Glendower, in the person of bishop Bulkeley, who not only alienated many of the lands belonging to it, but even sold the bells of the church. The diocese comprises the shire of Anglesey, and part of the shires of Carnar- von, Denbigh, Merioneth, and Montgomery. The see is valued in the king's books at 131Z. 16^. 4c?. Bishops of Bangor. 616. St. Daniel. I 1107. Hervey, or Hervaeua; translated to Ely. ******** I 1109. Urban, also bishop of LlandafF. 1 In the First General Report of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England, the union of the sees of Bangor and St. Asaph, was recommended to her Majesty, to take place on the avoidance of the sees, or on the avoidance of either, with the consent of tlie other bishop ; and to this end, an order in council was gazetted 25th Jan. 1839 ; but public opinion and feeling subsequently set in so stronglv (particularly in Wales) against this union, that the order was, in effect, annulled by the act 10th and 11th of Victoria, cap. 108, passed July 23, 1847, and the two sees still subsist separately. z 4 BISHOPS OF ENGLAND. 1120. David, a Scot. 1139. Mauritius, or Meuricus. 1162. William, prior of St. Austin's, in Bristol. 1177. Guy, Guido, or Guianus. [See vacant 4 years.] 1195. Albanus, prior of St, John of Jerusalem. 1197. Robert de Shrewsbury. 1215. Caducan I. 1236. Howel I. 1240. Richard. 1267. Anianus, archdeacon of Anglesey. 1303. Caducan II. 1306. Griffith, or Griffin ap Yerward. 1320. Lewis I. succeeds, according to Hcylyn; but — Anian Seys, according to Le Neve, in 1309. 1327. Matthew de Englefeld. 1357. Thomas de Ringstede. 1366. Gervase de Castro. 1370. Howel II. 1371. John Gilbert; translated to Hereford. 1375. John Swaffham, bishop of Cloyne, in Ire- land, was, according to Le Neve, bishop Gilbert's successor ; but Jo. Clovensis, according to Heylyn. 1400. Richard Young ; translated to Rochester. 1405. Lewis II. Great uncertainty as to this appointment. — Le Neve. 3408. Benedict Nichols ; translated to St. David's. 1418. William Barrow, canon of Lincoln ; trans- lated to Carlisle. 1424. Nicholaus, or John Clederow, canon of Chichester. 1436. Thomas Cheryton. 1448. John Stanbery, or Stanbury, confessor to Henry YL, the first provost of Eton; translated to Hereford. 1454. James Blakedon, bishop of Achad-Fobhair, an ancient bishopric in Ireland. 1464. Thomas Ednam, alias Richard Ev3mden. 1496. Henry Dean, prior of Lanthony, and lord chancellor of Ireland ; translated to Salisbury. -1500. Thomas Pigot. 1504. John Penny; translated to Carlisle. 1509. Thomas Skeffington, abbot Waverly. 1534. John Salcott, alias Capon, abbot of Hyde; translated to Salisbury, 1539. John Bird (the last provincial of the Car- melites) ; translated to Chester. 1541. Arthur Bulkeley ; died March 1552, [See vacant 3 years.] 1555. William Glynn, master of Queen's College, Cambridge. 1559. Rowland Merrick, chancellor and residen- tiary of St. David's. 1566. Nicholas Robinson. 1585. Hugh Bellot ; translated to Chester. 1595. Richard Yaughan, archdeacon of Middle- sex ; translated to Chester. 1598. Henry Rowlands. 16 J 6. Lewis Bayley, author of the Practice of Piety. 1631. David Dolben, vicar of Hackney. 1633. Edmund Griffith, dean of Bangor. 1637. William Roberts, sub-dean of Wells. 1666. Robert Morgan, archdeacon of Merioneth. 1673. Humphrey Lloyd, dean of St. Asaph. 1689. Humphrey Humphreys, dean of Bangor; translated to Hereford. 1701. John Evans ; translated to Meath, in Ire- land. 1715. Benjamin Hoadley, rector of St. Peter's- le-Poor, London; translated to Here- ford. 1721. Richard Reynolds, dean of Peterborough ; translated to Lincoln. 1723. William Baker, warden of Wadham Col- lege, Oxford ; translated to Norwich. 1728. Thomas Sherlock, dean of Chichester; translated to Salisbury. 1734. Charles Cecil ; translated from Bristol. 1737. Thomas Herring, dean of Rochester; translated to York. 1743. Matthew Hutton ; translated to York. 1748. Zachariah Pearce, dean of Winchester; translated to Rochester. 1756. John Egerton, dean of Hereford ; trans- lated to Lichfield and Coventry. 1769. John Ewer; translated from Llandaff*. 1774. John Moore, dean of Canterbury; trans- lated to Canterbury. 1783. John Warren; translated from St. David's. 1800. William Cleaver; translated from Chester; translated to St. Asaph. 1806. John Randolph; translated from Oxford (Dec. 13) ; translated to London. 1809. Henry- William Majendie ; translated from Chester ; died in 1830. 1830. Christopher Bethell (Oct. 10) ; translated from Exeter. The present Lord Bishop of Bangor, BISHOPIIIC OF BATH AND WELLS. This diocese, although it has a double name, is but one bishopric. The church was built at Wells, by Ina, king of the West Saxons in 704, and by him dedicated to St. Andrew. ^ Several others of the West Saxon kings endowed it, and it was erected into a bishopric in 905, during the reign of Edward the Elder, The present church was begun by Robert, the eighteenth bishop of the see, and completed by his immediate successor. John de Yillula, the sixteenth bishop, havhig purchased the city of Bath for 500 merks of Hen. L, transferred his seat to that city in 1088. From this, disputes arose between the monks of Batb, and the canons of Wells, about the election of a bishop; but they were at length compromised by Robert, the eighteenth bishop, who decreed, that thenceforward the bishop should be styled from both places, and that the precedency should be given to Bath; that, in the vacancy of the see, the bishop should be elected BATH AND WELLS. 345 by a certain number of delegates from both churches; that he should be histalled in them both; that both should constitute the bishop's chapter; and all his grants and patents should be confirmed in both. So it stood till the Reformation. But, in the 35th of Henry VIH. an act of parliament passed, for the dean and chapter of M'eWs to make one sole chapter for the bishop. The diocese has yielded to the Church of Rome one cardinal, and to the civil state of England six lord chancellors, five lord treasurers, one lord privy seal, one lord president of Wales, and one principal secretary of state. The diocese contains the whole county of Somerset, Bedminster excepted. The see is valued in the king's books at 535/. Is, Sd, Bishops of Wells. 905. Athelm, or Adelmus, abbot of Glastonbury ; translated to Canterbury. 915. Wolphelmus, or Wulf helme, or Wulfelm ^ translated to Canterbury. 924. Elphegus, or Alphegus. 942. Wolphemus, or Wulfelmus IL 958. Brithelmus, monk of Glastonbury. 973. Kinewardus, or Kinewaldus, abbot of Mid- dleton. 985. Sigarus, abbot of Glastonbury. 997. Alwinus, or Ealfwyn. 1005. Burwaldus, or Burwold. 1008. Leovingus, Livingus, or Elstan ; translated to Canterbur}^ 1013. Ethelwyn; expelled; restored in 1023. 1021. Brithwyn; expelled; restored in 1024. 1025. Herewith, abbot of Glastonbury. 1031. Dudoeo, or Bodeca, of Saxony or Lorraine. 1059. Giso, a Frenchman. Bishops of Bath and Wells. 1088. John de Villula, a Frenchman. 1123. Godfrey, or Godefridus, chancellor to the queen. 1135. Robert, monk of Lewes, in Sussex : died in 1165. [The see vacant 9 years.] 1174. Reginald Fitz - Joceline ; translated to Canterbury; but died before conse- cration. 1192. Savaricus, archdeacon of Northampton, and abbot of Glastonbury; whither he removed the bishopric. 1205. Joceline, canon of Wells : he died in 1242. [The see vacant 2 years.] 1244. Roger, chanter of Salisbury. 1247. William Bitton, or Button L, archdeacon of Wells. 1264. Walter Gitfard, canon of Wells, lord chan- cellor ; translated to York. 1267. William Bitton, or Button II., archdeacon of Wells. 1274. Robert Burnel, archdeacon of York, lord chancellor, and lord treasurer. 1202. William de Marchia, dean of St. Martin's, lord treasurer. 1302. Walter Haselshaw, dean of Wells. 1310. John Drokenesford, keeper of the king's wardrobe, and deputy to the lord trea- surer. 1329. Ralph de Shrewsbury. 1363. John Barnet ; translated from Worcester ; lord treasurer ; translated to Ely. 1366. John Harewell, chancellor of Gascoigne, chaplain to the Black Prince. 1386. Walter Skirlow, or Skirlaw; translated from Lichfield and Coventry ; translated to Durham. 1388. Ralph Ergham, or Erghum ; translated from Salisbury. 1401. Richard ClitFord ; appointed to this see, but before consecration removed to Worcester. 1402. Henry Bowet, canon of Wells ; translated to York. 1408. Nicholas Bubwith, or Bubbewith; trans- lated from Salisbury. 1425. John Statford, dean of Wells, lord trea- surer; translated to Canterbury; lord chancellor. 1443. Thomas Beckyngton, warden of New Col- lege, Oxford ; keeper of the privy seal. 1465. Robert Stillington, archdeacon of Taunton ; lord chancellor. 1492. Richard Fox ; translated from Exeter; translated to Durham in 1494. 1495. Oliver King; translated from Exeter. 1504. Adrian de Castello, cardinal; translated from Hereford : deposed by pope Leo for a conspiracy. 1518. Thomas Wolsey, cardinal; archbishop of York, and lord chancellor : he held this see in commendam, and resigned it in 1522. 1523. John Clark, master of the rolls, dean of Windsor. 1541. William Knight, secretary of state, pre- bend of St. Paul's. 1549. William Barlow; translated from St. Da- vid's ; deprived by queen Mary. See Chichester. 1554. Gilbert Bourde, or Bourn, prebendary of St. Paul's ; lord president of Wales. 1559. Gilbert Berkeley: died in 1581. [The see vacant 3 years.] 1584. Thomas Godwin, dean of Canterbury: he died in 1590. [The see vacant 2 j^ears.] 1592. John Still, master of Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and prebendary of Westminster. 1608. James Montague, dean of Worcester. 1616. Arthur Lake, dean of Worcester, and master of St. Cross. 1626. William Laud ; translated from St. David's ; translated to London. 1628. Leonard Mawe, master of Trinity College, Cambridge. 1629. Walter Curie; translated from Rochester translated to Winchester. 346 BISHOPS OF ENGLAND. 1632. William Piers, or Pierce ; translated from Peterborough. 1670. Robert Creighton, dean of Wells. 1672. Peter Mew, or Mews, dean of Rochester : translated to Winchester. 1684. Thomas Kenn, prebendary of Winchester ; deprived for not taking the oaths to king William and queen INIary. 169.1. Richard Kidder, dean of Peterborough: he was killed in his bed, in his palace at Wells, by a stack of chimneys falling on him, in the great storm in 1703. 1703. George Hooper ; translated from St. Asaph, 1727. John Wynne; translated from St. Asaph. 1744. Ed ward Willes ; translated from St.David's ; decipherer to his majesty. 1774. Charles Moss ; translated from St. David's : died in 1802, aged 91 years. 1802. Richard Beadon; translated from Glou- cester. 1824. George - Henry Law ; translated from Chester : died in 1845. 1845. Hon. Richard Bagot ; translated from Oxford. The pkesent Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells. BISIIOPEIC OF BKISTOL. This diocese was one of the six sees erected by Henry VIII. out of the spoils of the monasteries and religious houses dissolved in his reign. The cathedral was the church of the abbey of St. Austin, in Bristol, founded by Robert Fitz-Harding, son to a king of Denmark, once a citizen here, and filled by him with canons regular, in the year 1148. At the Reformation, Henry VIII. placed therein a dean and six prebendaries. During a great part of queen Elizabeth's reign, this see was held in commendam by the bishop of Gloucester. The diocese was originally formed chiefly out of the diocese of Salisbury, with a small part from the dioceses of Wells and Worcester. It latterly contained most of the city of Bristol and all the county of Dorset. In 1836, the Third Report of the "Ecclesiastical Commissioners, appointed to con- sider the state of the Established Church in England and Wales," recommended the consolidation of the see of Bristol with that of Gloucester; and by an act passed 6th and 7th William IV. cap. 77. (Aug. 13, 1836), his majesty in council was empowered to unite them accordingly. This was done by an order in council, published in the London Gazette on the 7th October following. The prelate of the united diocese is called the " Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol." See Gloucester and Bristol, The see of Bristol has yielded to the state one lord privy seal. It is valued in the king's books at 338Z. Ss. 4d. : the revenues of the abbey of St. Augustin, now called the cathedral church of the Holy Trinity, were, at the dissolution, 670Z. 135. lid. Bishops of Bristol. 1542. Paul Bushe, provincial of the Bonhommes ; resigned the see on the accession of Mary in 1553, he being married. 1551. John Holyman, monk of Keading : died in Dec. 1558. [The see vacant 3 years.] 15G2. Richard Cheney, or Cheyney, archdeacon of Hereford: he held the see of Glou- cester, by dispensation, along with this see. [See vacant 2 years.] 1581. John BuUingham, prebendary of Worcester and St. Paul's. He held Gloucester by dispensation ; resigned the see of Bristol in 1589. 1589. Richard Fletcher, dean of Peterborough; translated to Worcester in 1593. [See vacant 10 j^ears.] 1G03. John Thornborough ; translated from Limerick, in Ireland ; translated to Worcester. 1617. Nicholas Felton, prebendary of St. Paul's; translated to Ely. 1G19. Piowland Serclifield, vicar of Charlbury, in Oxfordshire. 1622. Robert Wright, canon of Wells; translate to Lichfield and Coventry. 1632. George Cook, or Coke, rector of Bj^grave, in Hertfordshire ; translated to Hereford. 1636. Robert Skinner, rector of Launton, Oxford- shire ; translated to Oxford, 1640. Thomas Westfield, archdeacon of St. Al- ban's. 1644. Thomas Howell, canon of Windsor: died in 1646. [See vacant 16 years.] 1660. Gilbert Ironside, prebendary of York. 1671. Guy Carleton, dean of Carlisle ; translated to Chichester. 1678. William Gulston, rector of Symondsbury, Dorsetshire. 1684. John Lake; translated from Sodor and Man ; translated to Chichester. 1685. Sir Jonathan Trelawny, bart. ; translated to Exeter. 1689. Gilbert Ironside, warden of Wadham Col- lege, Oxford ; translated to Hereford. 1691. John Hall, master of Pembroke College, Oxford. 1710. John Robinson, dean of Windsor, lord privy seal ; translated to London. CHICHESTER. 347 1714. George Smallridge, dean of Cliristcliurch, Oxford. 1719. Hugh Boulter, archdeacon of Surrey; translated to Armagh, in Ireland. 1724. William Bradshaw, dean of Christchurch, Oxford. 1732. Charles Cecil ; translated to Bangor. 1734. Thomas Seeker, prebendary of Durham; translated to Oxford. 1737. Thomas Gooch, prebendary of Canterbury ; translated to Norwich. 1738. Joseph Butler, prebendary of Rochester; translated to Durham. 1750. John Conybeare, dean of Christchurch, Oxford. 1758. John Hume, residentiary of St. Paul's; translated to Oxford. — Philip Yonge, residentiary of St. Paul's; translated to Norwich. 1761. Thomas Newton, prebendary of West- minster, and dean of St. Paul's. 1782. Lewis Bagot, dean of Christchurch, Ox- ford ; translated to Norwich. 1785. Christopher Wilson, prebendary of West- minster. 1792. Spencer Madan, canon residentiary of Lichfield ; translated to Peterborough. 1794. Henr}^ Reginald Courtenay, prebendary of Rochester ; translated to Exeter. 1797. Folliot Herbert Walker Cornewall, dean of Canterbury ; translated to Hereford. 1802. Hon. George Pelham ; translated to Exeter. 1807. JohnLuxmore; translated to Hereford. 1808. William Lort Mansel : died in 1820. 1820. John Kaye, master of Christ's College, Cambridge ; translated to Lincoln. 1827. Robert Gray : died in 1834. 1834. Joseph Allen ; translated to Ely. 1836. James-Henry Monk, bishop of Gloucester ; first prelate of the united see of Glou- cester and Bristol. (See Gloucester and Bristol) BISIIOPEIC OF CHICHESTEE. "WiLFRiDE, the tliird archbishop of York, having been obliged to flee his country by Egfrid, king of Northumbria, came and preached the gospel in these parts; and Edilwach, kinoj of the South Saxons, gave him the Isle of Selsey, not far from Chichester, for his seat, where he built a church. Cenwal, king of the West Saxons, having won Edilwach's king- dom, built a monastery in the Island of Selsey, which he afterwards got erected into a bishopric. Here the seat of this see continued, till Stigand, the twenty-third bishop of Selsey, had it removed to Chichester, the principal city in these parts, built by Cissa, second king of the South Saxons, and by him called Cissan Caester. The cathedral church was anciently dedicated to St. Peter; it was new built by Kadulph, the twenty- fifth bishop; but this fabric having been destroyed by fire, the church was again built by SefTridus II., the twenty-ninth bishop. The see has yielded to the Church of Home two saints; and to the nation three lord chancellors. Anciently the bishops of Chi- chester were confessors to the queens of England. The diocese contains the whole of the county of Sussex. It has two archdeacons, viz. of Chichester and Lewes ; and is valued in the king's books at 677/. Is. Sd. Bishops of Selsey. 680. Wilfride, expelled from York; G86,Hedda; and 705, Daniel. 711. Eadbertus, abbot of Selsey. 719. EoUa; died 782. [The see vacant.] 733. Sigelmus, or Sigfridus. 761. Alubrithus, or Alubertus. 790. Osa, or Bosa. 817. Giselherus. 844. Tota. 873. Wighthun. 891. Ethelulphus. 905. Beornegus. 923. Coenredus. 942. Guthard. 9G0. Alfredus. 970. Eadhelmus. 980. Ethelgarus, abbot of the new abbey at Winchester ; translated to Canterbury. 988. Ordbrightus. 1003. Elmarus. 1019. Ethelricus, or Agelred. 1088. Grinketellus ; translated to Norwich. 1047. Heca, confessor to king Edward; he was deprived unjustly, and imprisoned at Marlborough. 1057. Algericus, monk of Canterbury; after whose death the bishop's see and chair were removed to Chichester. Bishops of 1070. Stigand ; bishop of Selsey from this year until 1082, when he became bishop of Chichester: died in 1087. 1087. Godfrey ; by some authors improperly called William, Chichester. 1091. Ealph, or Radulphus; died in 1123. 1125. Selfridus I., abbot of Glastonbury. * * Hilary. The date of his consecration is uncertain; some authorities make the year 1133; others 1147. 348 BISHOPS OF ENGLAND. [See vacant 4 years.] 1173. John de Greenford, dean of Chichester. 1180. Seffridus 11. 1199. Simon de Welles. 1209. Nicholas de Aquila. 1214. Richard Poor, dean of Salisbury; trans- lated to Salisbury. 1217. Ralph de Warham, prior of Norwich. 1223. *Ralph de Nevill, lord chancellor ; elected to Canterbury ; rejected by the pope. [Robert Papelew chosen ; but the election was made void.] 1245. St. Richard, surnamed de la Wich. 1253. John Clipping, dean of Chichester. 1261. Stephen de Berkestede. 1288. St. Gilbert de Sancto Leopardo, treasurer of Chichester ; styled " the father to orphans, comforter to widows, visitor to the sick, and refresher to the poor." 1306. John Langton, lord chancellor. 1338. Robert Stratford, archdeacon of Canter- bury, lord chancellor, and chancellor of Oxford. 1362. William de Lenne, or Lullimore ; translated to Worcester. 1369. William Reade, fellow of Merton College, Oxford. 1385. Thomas Rushooke ; translated from LlandafF. 1389. Richard Mitford, lord treasurer of Ireland ; translated to Salisbury. 1395. Robert Waldby, archbishop of Dublin; translated to* York. 1396. Robert Reade ; translated from Carlisle. 1417. Stephen Patrington ; translated from St. David's : died immediately after. 1418. Henry Ware, official to the archbishop of Canterbury, and prebendary of St. Paul's. 1422. JohnKempe; translated from Rochester; translated to London. — Thomas Pulton, or Polton ; translated from Hereford ; translated to Wor- cester. 1425. John Rickinghale, chancellor of York. 1436. John Sidenham, dean of Salisbury. 1437. Richard Pratty, chancellor of Oxford. 1445. Adam Molins, dean of Salisbury, lord privy seal. 1450. Reginald Peacock; translated from St. Asaph ; deprived for opposing the Romish tenets in 1457. 1459. John Arundel, prebendary of St. Paul's. 1478. Edward Story ; translated from Carlisle. 1504. Richard Fitz- James ; translated from Ro- chester ; translated to London in 1506. 1508. Robert Sherburn, or Sherborne ; translated from St. David's ; resigned a little before his death : died Aug. 1536, aged 96 years. 1536. Richard Sampson, dean of Lichfield ; in 1536 made dean of St. Paul's ; translated to Lichfield and Coventry. I 1543. George Day, provost of King's College, Cambridge; deprived in 1551 by Ed- ward VI., and imprisoned ; restored by queen Mary in 1553. 1551. John Scory; translated from Rochester; deprived by queen Mary in 1553 ; and in 1559 made bishop of Hereford by queen Elizabeth. 1557. John Christopherson, dean of Norwich; deprived in 1559. 1559. William Barlow, the deprived bishop of Bath and Wells. 1570. Richard Curteys, fellow of St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge. [See vacant 3 years.] 1585. Thomas Bickley, warden of Morton Col- lege, Oxford. 1596. Anthony Watson, dean of Bristol. 1605. Lancelot Andrews, dean of Westminster ; translated to Ely. 1609. Samuel Harsnet, archdeacon of Essex; translated to Norwich. 1619. George Carleton ; translated from LlandafF. 1628. Richard Montagu, canon of AVindsor ; translated to Norwich. 1638. Brian Duppa, dean of Christchurch, Ox- ford, tutor to the prince; translated to Salisbury. 1641. Henry King, dean of Rochester. 1669. Peter Gunning, master of St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge ; translated to Ely. 1675. Ralph Brideoake, dean of Salisbury. 16/8. Guy Carleton; translated from Bristol. 1685. John Lake; translated from Bristol; de- prived for not taking the oaths. 1689. Simon Patrick, dean of Peterborough; translated to Ely. 1691. Robert Grove, archdeacon of Middlesex. 1696. John Williams, prebendary of Canterbury, 1709. Thomas Manningham, dean of Windsor. 1722. Thomas Bowers, archdeacon of Canterbury. 1724. Edward Waddington, fellow of Eton. 1731. Francis Hare; translated from St. Asaph. 1740. Matthias Mawson ; translated from Llan- dafF ; translated to Ely. 1754. Sir William Ashburnham, bart., dean of Chichester. 1797. John Buckner, rector of St. Giles, London : died in 1824. 1824. Robert- James Carr; translated to Wor- cester. 1831. Edward Maltby, prebendary of Lincoln; translated to Durham. 1836. William Otter, principal of King's College, London: died in 1840. 1840. Philip-Nicholas Shuttleworth, warden of New College, Oxford: died in 1842. 1842. Ashurst Turner Gilbert, principal of Bra- senose College, Oxford. The present Lord Bishop of Chichester. BISHOPEIC OF ELY. The cliurcli of Ely has undergcn^e various alterations since it was established by Etheldra, the wife of Egfride, king of Northumbria, who founded a religious house here, and planted it with virgins, and became the first abbess of it herself. The Danes having entirely ruined this establishment, Ethelwold, the twenty-seventh bishop of ELY. 349 Winchester, rebuilt the monastery, and filled it with monks; on whom king Edo-ar and several succeeding monarchs, bestowed many privileges, and great grants of land° so that the abbey became, in process of time, the best of any in England, llichard, the eleventh abbot, wishing to free himself of the bishop of Lincoln, within whose diocese his mo- nastery stood, and not liking so powerful a superior, made great interest with Henry 1. to get Ely erected into a bishopric ; and spared neither purse nor prayers to effect this object. He even brought the bishop of Lincoln to consent, by giving him, and his successors, the manors of Bugden, Biggleswade, and Spalding, which belonged to the abbey, in lieu of his jurisdiction; but he lived not to enjoy the fruits of his industry and ambition, dying before his abbey was erected into a see. His successor was the first bishop of Ely ; but the great privileges the see possessed were almost wholly taken away, or much restricted by the act of parliament, 27 Henry YIII., which restored to the crown the ancient royalties; and instead of being palatine of the Isle of Ely, the bishop, and his temporal steward, were by that act declared to be thenceforth justices of the peace. The diocese now contains all Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Hunting- don, and part of Suffolk. The see is valued in the king's books at 2134/. ISs. 5d. It has given two saints and two cardinals to the Church of Rome; and to the English nation nine lord chancellors, seven lord treasurers, one lord privy seal, one chancellor of the exchequer, and two masters of the rolls. Bishops of Ely. 1109. Hervey, or Hervajus ; translated from Bangor. [See vacant 2 years.] 1133. Nigellus, prebendary of St. Paul's, and lord treasurer: died 1169. [See vacant 5 years.] 1174. Geoffrey Ridel ; a baron of the exchequer. 1189. William deLongchamp; lord chancellor; and legate of Rome: died 1197. 3198. Eustace, dean of Salisbury; lord chan- cellor: died in 1215. [See vacant 5 years.] 1220. John de Fontibus, abbot of Fountains, in Yorkshire. 1225. Geoffrey de Burgh, archdeacon of Norwich. 1229. Hugh Northwold, abbot of St. Edmunds- bury. 1254. William de Kilkenny, archdeacon of Co- ventry ; lord keeper. 1257. Hugh de Balsham, sub-prior of Ely. 1286. John de Kirkeby, canon of Wells and York ; lord treasurer. 1290. William de Luda, archdeacon of Durham. 1299. Ralph de Walpole; translated from Nor- ■vvich. 1302. Robert de Orford, prior of Ely. 1310. John de Ketene, almoner of Ely. 1316. John Hotham, prebendary of York ; lord chancellor, and lord treasurer. 1337. Simon de Montacute ; translated from Worcester. 1345. Thomas Lisle, prior of Winchester. 1362. Simon Langham, abbot of Westminster; lord treasurer, afterwards lord chan- cellor ; translated to Canterbury. 1366. John Barnet; translated from Bath and Wells ; lord treasurer. 1374. Thomas de Arundel, or Fitz-Alan, arch- deacon of Taunton; lord chancellor; translated to York. 1388. John Frodsham, or Fordham; translated from Durham. 1425. Philip Morgan ; translated from Wor- cester. 1438. Louis de Luxemburgh (or Lushborough, according to Le JVeve)^ archbishop of Rouen ; cardinal. 1443. Thomas Bourchier ; translated from Wor- cester ; translated to Canterbury. 1454. William Grey, archdeacon of Northamp- ton ; lord treasurer. 1478. John Morton, prebendary of Salisbury, Lincoln, St. Paul's, and York; master of the rolls ; lord chancellor, and a car- dinal ; translated to Canterbury. 1486. John Alcock ; translated from Worcester ; lord chancellor, 1501. Richard Redman; translated from Exeter. 1506. James Stanley, warden of Manchester, and dean of St. Martin's. 1515. Nicholas West, dean of Windsor. 1534. Thomas Goodrick, or Goodrich, canon of St. Stephen's, Westminster; afterwards lord chancellor. 1554. Thomas Thirlby; translated from Nor- wich : deprived. 1559. Richard Coxe, dean of Christ-Church, Ox- ford: died in 1581. [The see vacant 18 years.] 1600. Martin Heton, dean of Winchester. 1609. Lancelot Andrews; translated from Chi- chester ; translated to Winchester. 1619. Nicholas Felton; translated from Bristol. 1628. John Buckeridge ; translated from Ro- chester. 1631. Francis White; translated from Norwich. 1638. Matthew Wren; translated from Norwich. 1667. Benjamin Lancy, or Laney; translated from Lincoln. 1675. Peter Gunning; translated from Chi- chester. 1684. Francis Turner ; translated from Rochester : deprived for not taking the oaths. 1691. Simon Patrick ; translated from Chi- chester. 1707. John Moore; translated from Norwich. 1714. William Fleetwood ; translated from St. Asaph. 1723. Thomas Greene ; translated from Norwich. 1738. Robert Butts ; translated from Norwich. 350 BISHOPS OF ENGLAND. 1748. Sir Thomas Gooch, bart. ; translated from Norwich. 1754. Matthias Mawson; translated from Chi- chester. 1770. Edmund Keene ; translated from Chester. 1781. Hon. James Yorke; translated from Glou- cester. 1808. Thomas Dampier ; translated from Ro- chester; died in 1812. 1812. Bowyer Edward Sparke; translated from Chester : died in 1836. 1836. Joseph Allen; translated from Bristol: died in 1845. 1845. Thomas Turton, fellow of Catherine Hall, and regius professor of Divinity. March 29. The PRESENT (1851) Lord Bishop of Ely. BISHOPEIC OF EXETER. This diocese contains what formerly constituted two bishoprics, Devonshire and Corn- wall. The church of the former was at Crediton, and of the latter at Bodmin. About the year 1032, the bishopric of Cornwall was united to that of Devonshire; and, soon after, the then bishop removed the see to Exeter, the largest and best city in these parts, where it still continues. The cathedral church of Exeter belonged to a monas- tery founded by king Athelstan, and by him was dedicated to St. Peter. Edward the Confessor removed all the monks to his new abbey of Westminster, and gave this church for a cathedral to the united bishoprics of Devonshire and Cornwall. Little now remains of the ancient fabric of the church. This see was once one of the most wealthy in the kingdom; but its revenues were wasted by bishop Voysey, who alienated its lands ; and what little he left was so much encumbered, that the see has never been able to recover its former grandeur. The see has yielded to the nation three lord chancellors, two lord treasurers, one lord president of Wales, and one chancellor to the university of Oxford. The diocese contains the entire of Devonshire (excepting only the parish of Thornecomb), and Cornwall, and the Scilly Islands ; it comprises, also, the parish of Stockland, in Dorset. The see has four archdeacons, viz., of Cornwall, Exeter, Barnstaple, and Totness. It was formerly valued in the king's books at 1556/. 14.S, 6d.'^ but, since bishop Yoysey's time, it lowered to 500/. BisHors OF Devonshire. 905. ^dulphus, or Werstanus I. 906. Putta. 925. ^dulphus XL 932. Ethelgarus. 942. Algarus. 953. Alfwoldus L 972. Alfwolfus. 981. Sydemanus. 990. Alfredus, abbot of Malmesbury. 999. Alfwoldus II. 1014. Eadnothus. 1032. Livyngus, who, after the death of Bur- woldus, bishop of Cornwall, procured that bishopric to be annexed to his own ; and his successor removed both to Exeter. See Worcester, Bishops of Cornwall. * * St. Patroe : he lived about the year 850. 909. Athelstan L * * Conanus. * * Ruvdocus. * * Aldi-edus L * * Britwynus. 906. Athelstan IL 966. Wolfi. * * Woronus. * * Wolocus. * * Stidio. * * Aldredus IL * * Burwoldus, or Brithwaldus. The last bishop of Cornwall. Bishops of Exeter, 1046. Leofric, who removed the see to Exeter, in 1050. 1074. Osbert, brother to the earl of Hereford: died in 1103. [See vacant 3 years.] 1107. William Warelwast, Warlewast, or Ware- wast ; resigned his see in 1127 : died in 1137. 1128. Robert Chichester, dean of Salisbury. 1150. Robert Warlewast, dean of Salisbury. 1161. Bartholomew Iscanus. 1185. John: died in 1191. [See vacant 2 years.] 1193. Henry Marshall, dean of York: died 1206. [See vacant above 7 years.] GLOUCESTER AND BRISTOL. 1214. Simon de Apulia, dean of York. 1224. William Brewer, privy councillor to Henry TIT. 1245. Richard Blondy. 1258. Walter Bronscombe, archdeacon of Surrey. 1280. Peter Quivil, canon of Exeter. 1293. Thomas de Button, dean of Wells. 1307. Walter Stapleton, lord treasurer : beheaded by a mob in London, Oct. 15, 132G. 1326. James de Berkeley : died in 1327. — John Godeleigli chosen ; but set aside by the pope. 1327. John Grandison. 1370. Thomas Brentingham, lord treasurer. 1395. Edmund Stafford, lord chancellor. 1419. John Ketterick; translated from Lichfield and Coventry: died in 1420. 1420. James Gary, bishop of Lichfield and Co- ventry: died before he took possession of the see. — Edmund Lacy ; translated from Hereford. 1456. George Nevill, lord chancellor, and chan- cellor of Oxford ; translated to York. 1465. John Booth, prebendary of St. Paul's. 1478. Peter Courtenay, archdeacon of Exeter; translated to Winchester. 1486. Richard Fox, prebendary of Salisbury, lord privy seal ; translated to Bath and Wells. 1492. Oliver King, prebendary of St. Paul's; translated to Bath and"^ Wells. 1495. Richard Redman ; translated from St. Asaph ; translated to Ely. 1502. John Arundel ; translated from Lichfield and Coventry. 1504. Hugh Oldham, or Oldman, prebendary of York and Lichfield. 1519. John Voysey, alias Harman, dean of Windsor ; resigned in 1551. 1551. Miles Coverdale; deprived and banished by queen Mary, in 1553. After her death he refused to return to his bishopric, and lived in retirement until his 81st year. 1553. John Yoysey, again; restored by queen Mary on her accession. 1555. James Turberville, prebendary of Winton ; deprived in Jan. 1560. 15G0. William Alley, prebendary of St. Paul's. 1571. William Bradbridge, dean of Salisbury. 1579. John Wooltoii, canon - residentiary of Exeter. 1594. Gervase Babington ; translated from Llan- daff ; translated to Worcester. 1598. William Cotton, canon-residentiary of St. Paul's. 1621. Valentine Gary, dean of St. PcUil's. 1627. Joseph Hall, dean of Worcester; trans- lated to Norwich in 1041. 1641. Ralph Brownrigg, prebendary of Durham. 1660. John Gauden, master of the Temple; translated to Worcester. 1662. Seth Ward, dean of Exeter; translated to Salisbury. 1667. Anthony Sparrow, archdeacon of Sudbury ; translated to Norwich. ' 1676. Thomas Lamplugh, dean of Rochester; translated to York. ' 1688. Sir Jonathan Trelawne}^ bart. ; translated from Bristol ; translated to Winchester. 1707. Offspring Blackball, rector of St. Mary Aldermary, London. 1716. Lancelot Blakburn, dean of Exeter • translated to York. ' 1724. Stephen Weston. 1743. Nicholas Claggett ; translated from St. David's. 1746. George Lavington, canon-residentiary of St. Paul's. 1762. Frederick Keppel, canon of Windsor, and in 1766 dean of Windsor. 1778. John Ross, one of his majesty's chaplains, and prebendary of Durham. 1792. William Buller, dean of Canterbury. 1797. Henry -Reginald Courtenay; translated from Bristol : died in 1803. 1803. John Fisher, archdeacon of Exeter; trans- lated to Salisbury. 1807. Hon. George Pelham ; translated from Bristol ; translated to Lincoln. 1820. WiUiam Carey; translated to St. Asaph. 1830. Christopher Bethell (April 7) ; translated from Gloucester; translated to Bangor (Oct. 10) same year. — Henry Phillpotts, fellow of Magdalen college, Oxford (Nov. 11), a prebendary of Durham, and the presejst (1851) Lord Bishop of Exeter. BISHOPRIC OF GLOUCESTER AND BRISTOL. The see of Gloucester was one of tlie six erected by king Henry VIII. in the year 1541, and was formerly part of the diocese of Worcester. The cathedral church was the church belonging to the abbey here, which was dissolved by the above king, and its revenue appropriated to the maintenance of the bishop. This diocese latterly com- prehended all (jrloiicestershire (two chapelries excepted), Bristol deanery, and the parish of Kingswood, in Wiltshire. The Third Report of the " Ecclesiastical Commissioners, appointed to consider the state of the Established Church in England and Wales," having recommended the con- solidation of the see of Bristol with this see, an act was passed 6th and 7th William IV. cap. 77 (Aug. 13, 1836) empowering his majesty in council to unite them accord- ingly, and an order in council was published in the London Gazette, Oct. 7, following, declaring them one see. The prelate of the united diocese is called the " Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol." The diocese now comprises the county of Gloucester, the city and deanery of Bristol, 352 BISHOPS OF ENGLAND. Bedmmster, and Abbots'-Leigh, Somerset, and the deaneries of Malmesbury and Cricklade, Wiltshire. The see of Gloucester was valued in the king s books at S15L 17 s. '2d. Bishops of Gloucester. 1541. John Wakeman, the last abbot of Tewkes- bury. 1550. John Hooper : he held the see of Worcester in commendam in 1552; was deprived by queen Mary in 1553 ; and condemned to the flames in 1555, in which year he was burnt at Gloucester on Feb. 9. 1554. James Brookes, master of Baliol college, Oxford : died in 1558. [See vacant 3 years.] 15G2. Richard Cheyney, also bishop of Bristol: died in 1579. [See vacant 2 years.] 1581. John Bullingham, also bishop of Bristol : died in 1598. 1598. Godfrey Goldsborough, prebendary of Worcester. 1604. Thomas Ravis, dean of Christ-Church, Ox- ford ; translated to London. 1607. Henry Parry, dean of Chester ; translated to 'Worcester. 1610. Giles Thomson, dean of Windsor. 1612. Miles Smith, canon-residentiary of Here- ford. 1624. Godfrey Goodman, dean of Rochester : his see was sequestrated in 1640, and he died a papist in 1655. [The see vacant 5 years.] 1660. William Nicholson, archdeacon of Breck- nock. 1672. John Pritchet, or Pritchard, vicar of St. Giles's, Cripplegate. 1681. Robert Frampton, dean of Gloucester: de- prived for not taking the oaths. 1691. Edward Fowler, prebendary of Gloucester. 1714. Richard WilUs, dean of Lincoln ; translated to Salisbury. 1722. Joseph Wilcocks, prebendary of West- minster ; translated to Rochester. 1731. Elias Sydall; translated from St. David's. 1734. Martin'^Benson, prebendary of Durham. 1752. James Johnson, canon-residentiary of St. Paul's ; translated to Worcester. 1759. William Warburton, dean of Bristol, and preacher at Lincoln's Inn. 1779. Hon. James Yorke; translated from St. David's ; translated to Eh^ 1781. Samuel Halifax ; translated to St. Asaph. 1789. Richard Beadon, archdeacon of London; translated to Bath and Wells. 1802. George-Isaac Huntingford, warden of Win- chester ; translated to Hereford. 1815. Hon. Henry Ryder ; translated to Lich- field and Coventry. 1824. Christopher Bethell (March 11); trans- lated to Exeter. 1830. James-Henry Monk. The first prelate (Oct. 7, 1836) of the united see of Glou- cester and Bristol ; the present (1850) Lord Bishop, and a prebendary of West- minster and Hereford. BISHOPEIC OF HEREFOED. This was a bishopric in the time of the Britons, and one of the suffragans to the me- tropolitan see of St. David's. When the country was conquered by the Saxons, it became a member of the province of Canterbury. The subsequent cathedral was founded in honour of Ethelbert, king of the East Angles, who had been treacherously made away with here by the queen of OfRi, king of Mercia, his intended mother-in-law. It was rebuilt by Rainelm, the thirtieth bishop, and what he left undone, was finished by his successors. The see has given two saints to the Church of Kome ; to the state two lord chancellors, three lord treasurers, and one lord deputy of Ireland ; and two chancellors to the university of Oxford. The diocese contains the greater part of the county of Hereford, with parts of Shropshire, Monmouthshire, Montgomeryshire, Rad- norshire, and Worcestershire. It has two archdeacons, viz., of Hereford and Salop ; and is valued in the king's books at 768/. 10^. 6| terbury. 960. St. Oswald ; in 971 made archbishop of York, which he held with this see. 993. Adulfe, abbot of Peterborough ; succeeded to this see, and York. 1002. Wolstan; he likewise succeeded to this see, and York. 1023. Leoffius, abbot of Thorney. — Britteagus, abbot of Pershore. 1038. Livingus, bishop also of Devonshire and Cornwall. 1046. Aldred; translated to York. 1062. St. Wolstan II., prior of Worcester ; the last Saxon bishop of this see. 1097. Sampson, canon of Baion. 1113. Theulph, or Theobald, or Teoldus, canon of Baion: died in 1124. 1125. Simon, chancellor to the queen. * * Alured. No date. Quccre de hoc, 1151. John Pagham, or Payham. 1163. Roger, son of Robert, earl of Gloucester. 1180. Baldwin, abbot of Ford ; translated to Canr terbury in 1184. 1186. Robert de Northall, abbot of Gloucester. 1191. Robert FitzRalph, canon of Lincoln: died the next year. 1192. Henry de Soilly, abbot of Gloucester. 1196. John de Constance, dean of Rouen, arch- deacon of Oxford. 1199. Maugere, dean of York. 1215. Walter de Grey; translated from Lich- field, lord chancellor ; translated to York. 1217. Sivester de Evesham, prior of Worcester. 1218. WiUiam de Blois, archdeacon of Bucks. 1236. Walter de Cantilupe, son to the lord Can- tilupe. 1266. Nicholas de Ely, archdeacon of Ely, lord chancellor, and privy treasurer ; trans- lated to Winchester. 1268. Godfrey GifFord, archdeacon of Wells, lord chancellor. [John de St. German, elected, but it is doubtful if he was ever consecrated.] 1302. William de Gainsborough, or Gaynesburg, friar minor at Oxford. [Peter of Savoy, nominated by the pope, but set aside by the king. ] 1308. Walter Reynolds, prebendary of St. Paul's, WOKCESTER. 37a lord chancellor, and lord treasurer; translated to Canterbury, 1313. 1314. Walter Maydenstun, or Maidstone, pre- bendary of St. Paul's. 1318. Thomas Cobham, sub-dean of Sarum : died 1327. [Wolstan, prior of Worcester ; elected 1327, but was not consecrated.] 1327. Adam de Orleton ; translated from Here- ford ; translated to Winchester. 1333. Simon de Montacute, archdeacon of Can- terbury ; translated to Ely. 1337. Thomas Hennibal, monk of Norwich. 1338. Wolstan de Brandesford, prior of Worcester : probably the Wolstan not consecrated in 1327. [John de Evesham, prior of Worcester; elected 1349, but not consecrated.] 1349. John Thoresby ; translated from St. David's, lord chancellor, cardinal; translated to York. 1352. Reginald Bryan ; translated from St. Da- vid's. 1362. John Barnet, archdeacon of London, lord treasurer ; translated to Bath and Wells. 1363. William de Whittlesey; translated from Rochester ; translated to Canterbury. 1369. W^illiam de Lynne, or Lenne; translated from Chichester. 1375. Henry Wakefield, archdeacon of Canter- bury, lord treasurer. — John Green, elected ; but set aside by the pope. 1395. Tideman de Winchcombe ; translated from LlandalF. 1401. Richard Clifford, dean of York ; trans- lated to London. 1408. Thomas Peverel ; translated from LlandafF. 1419. Philip Morgan, chancellor of Normandy; translated to Ely. 1425. Thomas Polton, or Poldon, or Pulton; translated from Chichester. 1434. Thomas Bourchier, dean of St. Mabin's, London ; translated to Ely. 1443. John Carpenter, provost of Oriel College, Oxford, chancellor of Oxford. 1476. John Alcock; translated from Rochester; translated to Ely ; lord chancellor. 1486. Robert Morton, prebendary of York and Lincoln. 1497. John Gigles, prebendary of St. Paul's, York, and Lincoln. 1499. Silvester Gigles, nephew to the last bishop. [Julius de Medici s, cardinal, afterAvards pope Clement VII. ; made administrator of this see in 1521 ; resigned in 1522.] 1523. Jerome de Ghinucci, an Italian : deprived in 1534. 1535. Hugh Latimer, the illustrious and apostolic martyr ; consecrated Sept. 1535 ; re- signed the see July 1, 1539: burnt at Oxford, Oct. 16, 1555. 1539. John Bell, archdeacon of Gloucester. 1543. Nicholas Heath, translated from Rochester : displaced by luhvard VL, and the see put in CGinmendam. 1552. John Hooper, bishop of Gloucester; held this see in co7muendam in 1552 : deprived in 1553 ; and suflered martyrdom in 1555. 1553. Nicholas Heath ; restored by queen Mary ; translated to York. 1555. Richard Pate, archdeacon of Lincoln and Winchester : deprived. 1559. Edwyn Sandys, prebendary of Peterbo- rough ; translated to London. [John Calf hill chosen; but died before consecration in 1570.] 1571. Nicholas Bullingham ; translated from Lin- coln, Jan. 1571. 1577. John Whitgift, dean of Lincoln ; translated to Canterbury, Sept. 1583. 1584. Edmund Freke ; translated from Norwich. 1593. Richard Fletcher ; translated from Bristol ; translated to London in Dec. 1594. 1596. Thomas Bilson, prebendary of Winchester ; translated to Winchester. 1597. Gervase Babington ; translated from Exeter. 1610. Henry Parry; translated from Gloucester: died Dec. 1616. 1617. John Thomborough ; translated from Bristol. 1641. John Prideaux, canon of Christ-Church, Oxford: died in 1650. [The see vacant 10 years.] 1660. George Morley, dean of Christ-Church, Oxford ; translated to Winchester. 1662. John Gauden; translated from Exeter. — John Earle, dean of Westminster ; trans- lated to Salisbury. 1663. Robert Skinner; translated from Oxford. 1671. Walter Blandford ; translated from Oxford. 1G75. James Fleetwood, prebendary of Lichfield. 1683. William Thomas; translated from St. David's. 1689. Edward Stillingfleet, dean of St. Paul's. 1699. Wilham Lloyd ; translated from Lichfield and Coventry. 1714. John Hough ; translated from Lichfield and Coventry. 1743. Isaac Maddox ; translated from St. Asaph. 1759. James Johnson; translated from Glou- cester. 1774. Hon. Brownlow North; translated from Lichfield and Coventry; translated to Winchester. 178L Richard Hurd; translated from Lichfield and Coventry : died 1808. 1808. Foliot Herbert Walker Cornewall; trans- lated from Hereford. 1831. Robert-James Carr ; translated from Chi- chester : died in 1841. 1841. Henry Pepys ; translated from Sodor and Man. The present (1851) Lord Bishop of Worcester. BISHOPKIC AND DEANERY OF WESTMINSTER. At the dissolution of monasteries, Westminster Abbey was valued at 3977Z. per annum; Henry YIIL, in 15-39, erected the abbey into a deanery; and in 1541, he erected it into a bishopric, and appointed John Thirleby prelate. But he having B D 3 374 BISHOPS OF ENGLAND. wasted the patrimony allotted by the king for the support of the see, was translated to Norwich, and with him ended the bishopric of Westminster. The dignity existed only nine years ; and Middlesex, which was the diocese, was restored to London. The dean continued to preside until the accession of queen Mary, who restored the abbot ; but queen Elizabeth displaced the abbot, and erected the abbey into a col- legiate church, of a dean and twelve prebendaries, as it still continues. On the revival of the order of the Bath in 1725, the dean of Westminster was appointed dean of that order ; and this honour has been continued to his successors. Bishop and Deans of Westminster. 1539. WilHam Benson, the last abbot, and first dean. 1541. Thomas Thirleby, first and only bishop; translated to Norwich. 1550. Richard Coxe, dean, afterwards bishop of Ely. 1553. Hugh Weston, dean, rector of Lincoln College, Oxford. 1556. John Frecknam, abbot : deprived. 15G0. William Bill, dean, master of Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. 1501. Gabriel Goodman, prebendary of St. Paul's. 100 1. Lancelot Andrews, afterwards bishop of Chichester. 1005. Richard Neyle, or Neale, afterwards bishop of Rochester. 1610. George Monteigne, afterwards bishop of Lincoln. 1617. Robert Thompson, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. 1629. John Williams, bishop of Lincoln, and dean here ; translated to York. 1000. John Earle, clerk of the closet; afterwards bishop of Salisbury. 1663. John Dolben, bishop of Rochester ; trans- lated to York. 1683. Thomas Spratt, bishop of Rochester. 1712. Francis Atterbury, bishop of Rochester. 1723. Samuel Bradford, bishop of Rochester. 1731. Joseph Wilcocks, bishop of Rochester. 1756. Zachariah Pearse, bishop of Rochester. 1769. John Thomas, prebendary of Westminster ; promoted to the deanery on the resig- nation of bishop Pearse, and on his death, in 1774, succeeded him in the bishopric. 1793. Samuel Horsley, bishop of Rochester. 1802. William Vincent, sub-almoner. 1816. John Ireland, previously a canon of West- minster. 1842. Thomas Turton, now bishop of Ely. 1845. Samuel Wilberforce, now bishop of Ox- ford : resigned same year. — William Buckland, previously canon of Christ-Church, Oxford. The presejjt (1851) Dean of Westminster. ARCHBISHOPRIC OF YORK. York is the most ancient metropolitan see in England, being, it is said, so made by king Lucius, about a.d. 180, when Christianity was first, although partially planted, in England. But this establishment was overturned by the Saxons driving out the Britons. When the former were converted, pope Gregory determined that its former dignity should be restored to York, and Paulinus was made archbishop of this see, about A.D. 622. York and Durham were the only two sees in the north of England for a large space of time, until Henry 1. erected a bishopric at Carlisle, and Henry VIII. another at Chester. York was the metropolitan see of the Scottish bishops ; but during the time of archbishop Nevill they withdrew their obedience, and had arch- bishops of their own. Much dispute arose between the two English metropolitans about precedency, as, by pope Gregory's institutions, it was thought he meant, that whichever of them was first confirmed, should be superior : appeal was made to the court of Rome by both parties, and it was determined in favour of Canterbury ; but York was allowed to style himself primate of England, while Canterbury styles himself primate all England. The archbishop of York hath precedence before all dukes not of the blood- royal; as also before all the great officers of state, the lord high chancellor excepted. York has yielded to the Church of Rome eight saints and three cardinals; and to the English nation twelve lord chancellors, two lord treasurers, and two lord presidents of the north. The diocese now contains all Yorkshire, except that part in the diocese of Ripon ; and there are three archdeaconries, viz. York, the East Riding, and Cleveland. The see was, at first, stated in the king s books at 2035Z. 14^. Q>d, ; but after Henry YIIL had made free with its lands, it was rated at only 1609Z, 195. 2d AliCIIBISHOPS OF YORK. 375 Archbishops of York. 622. 669. 678. 705. 718. 735. 767. 780. 797. 812. 830. 854. 895. 921. 941. 955. 971. 993. 1002. 1023. 1050. 1061. 1070. 1100. 1109. 1114. 1144. 1147. 1153. 1154. 1191. St. Paulinus : he died in 644, being then bishop of Rochester. [See vacant above 30 years.] St. Chad, previously bishop of Lichfield : died in 672. Wilfride I. St. Bosa. St. John of Beverley : resigned. St. Wihride II. St. Egbert, brother to king Eadbert of Northumbria. Adelbert, Albert, Caena, or Coena. Eanbald I. Eanbald II. Wolsius, or Wulfius. Wihnund, or Wymond. Wulfhere, or Wilferus. Ethelbald. Redeward, or Redward. Wolstan, or Wolfstan I. Oskitell. Athelwald. St. Oswald ; held the see of Worcester in comniendam. Adulphus, or Adulse ; also held the see of Worcester. Wolfstan, or Wolstan II. ; held Worcester also. Alfric, or Putta. Kinsius. Aldred ; translated from Worcester. Thomas I., canon of Baion. Gerard ; translated from Hereford. Thomas IL, bishop-elect of London ; but removed, before consecration, to this see. Thurstan, prebendary of St. Paul's : he re- signed in Jan. 1139. William, a kinsman of king Stephen's; deprived by the pope in 1 147. [Hilary, bishop of Chichester, chosen by part of the chapter; but the other part chose] Henry Murdac, abbot of Fountains. William, who was deprived in 1147, re- stored. Roger, archdeacon of Canterbury. [The see vacant 10 years.] Godfrey Plantagenet, natural son of Henry II., archdeacon of Lincoln, lord chancellor. 1217. 1256. 1258. 1264. 1265. 1279. 1285, [The see vacant 4 years.] I555. Simon de Langton, brother to Stephen archbishop of Canterbury, elected ; but set aside by the pope. Walter de Grey; translated from Wor- cester ; lord chancellor. St. Sewall de Bovill, dean of York. Godfrey de Kinton, or Ludeham, dean of York. William de Langton, orRuderfield, elected ; but put aside by the pope, who conferred the see on St. Bonaventure, cardinal, who soon afterwards resigned it. Walter GitFard ; translated from Bath and Wells ; lord chancellor. William Wickwane, chancellor of York. John Romayne, precentor of I^incoln, B B 4 1296. 1299. 1303. 1316. 1340. 1352. 1373. 1388. 1396. 1398. 1405. 1407. 1424. 1426. 1452. 1465. 1476. 1480. 1501. 1508. 1514. 1531, 1545. 1560. 1570. 1576. 1588, 1595, 1606, 1628. Henry de Newerke, dean of York. Thomas Corbridge, or Corbrigge, prebend- ary of York. William Greenfield, or Grenfeld, dean of Chichester, lord chancellor. William de Melton, provost of Beverley, lord chancellor, and lord treasurer. William le Zouch, or de la Zouch, dean of York, lord treasurer. John Thoresby; translated from Wor- cester ; cardinal ; lord chancellor. Alexander Nevill, archdeacon of Durham : banished in 1387. Thomas Fitz-Alan, or Arundel ; translated from Ely; translated to Canterbury; lord chancellor. Robert Waldby ; translated from Chi- chester. Richard Scrope ; translated from Lichfield and Coventry ; beheaded June 8, 1405. This is the first instance of a prelate suffering death in England, upon the sentence of a civil judge. Thomas Langley, or Longley, dean of York, elected; but put aside by the pope. Robert Hallum, nominated by the pope ; but, the king not consenting, he was removed to Salisbury. Henry Bowett ; translated from Bath and Wells. Richard Flemyng, bishop of Lincoln, pro- moted to this see ; but the appointment not confirmed. John Kempe ; translated from London; cardinal, and lord chancellor; trans- lated to Canterbury. William Booth ; translated from Lichfield and Coventry. George Nevill ; translated from Exeter ; lord chancellor. Laurence Booth ; translated from Durham. Thomas Scott, or Rotheram ; translated from Lincoln ; lord chancellor. Thomas Savage ; translated from London. Christopher Bainbridge; translated from Durham ; cardinal. Thomas Wolsey ; translated from Lincoln ; lord chancellor, and cardinal. Edward Lee, chancellor of Salisbury, and prebendary of York. Robert Holgate ; translated from Llandaflf ; lord president of the north : deprived. Nicholas Heath, late bishop of Worcester ; lord chancellor: deprived in 1558. William May, dean of St. Paul's, chosen ; but died before consecration, Aug. 1560. Thomas Young ; translated from St. Da- vid's ; lord president of the north. Edmund Grindal ; translated from London ; translated to Canterbury in 1575. Edwyn Sandys ; translated from London. John Piers ; translated from Salisbury. Matthew Hutton I. ; translated from Dur- ham. Tobias Matthew; translated from Durham. George Monteigne ; translated from Dur- ham : died the same year. Samuel Harsnet; translated from Nor- wich : died May 1631. 376 BISHOPS OF ENGLAND 1632. Richard Neile, or Neyle ; translated from Winchester. 1641. John Williams ; translated from Lincoln ; lord keeper : died in 1650. [The see vacant 10 years.] 1660. Accepted Frewen ; translated from Lich- field and Coventry. 1664. Richard Sterne ; translated from Carlisle. 1683. Jolm Dolben; translated from Rochester. 1688. Thomas Lamplugh ; translated from Exeter. 1691. John Sharp, dean of Canterbury. 1714. Sir William Dawes, hart. ; translated from Chester. 1724. Lancelot Blackburn ; translated from Exeter. 1743. Thomas Herring ; translated from Bangor; translated to Canterbury. 1747. Matthew Hutton TI. ; translated from Bangor ; translated to Canterbury. 1757. John Gilbert ; translated from Salisbury. 1761. Hon. Robert Drummond; translated from Salisbury; almoner. 1776. William Markham ; translated from Chester; almoner: died 1807. 1807. Hon. Edward Venables Vernon, afterwards Harcourt ; translated from Carlisle : died Nov. 1847. 1847. Thomas Musgrave ; translated from Here- ford. The PRESENT (1851) Archbishop of York, Primate of England, and Lord High Almoner to the Queen. BISHOPEIC OF CARLISLE. This see was erected in 11 33 by Henry I., and made sulFragan to York. The cathedral church had been founded a short time before by Walter, deputy in these parts for William Rufus, and by him dedicated to the Virgin Mary. He likewise built a monas- tery, and filled it with canons regular of St. Augustin. This foundation continued till the dissolution of monasteries, when its lands were added to the see. The church was almost ruined by the usurper Cromwell, and his soldiers; and has never since recovered its former beauty, although it was repaired after the Restoration. The diocese contains the greater parts of the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, in which are only ninety-three parishes ; but these are (as are all the northern parishes) very large. There is one archdeaconry, viz. Carlisle. The see is valued in the king's books at 530Z. 4^. ll^d. It has given to the English nation one lord chancellor, and two lord treasurers ; and three chancellors to the university of Cambridge. Bishops of Carlisle. 1133. Athelwolf, or Athelward, the last prior of St. Oswald's. 1157. Bernard: died in 1186. [See vacant 32 years.] During this vacancy, however, king John, in 1200, gave the see to the archbishop of Sclavonia; and in 1203 he granted it to Alexander de Lucy ; but the next regular bishop was 1218. Hugh de Bello Loco, abbot of Battel, in Sussex. 1223. Walter Maclerk, or Malclerk; lord trea- surer; resigned. 1246. Silvester de Everdon, archdeacon of Chester ; lord chancellor. 1255. Thomas Vipont. 1258. Robert de Cheverel, or Chause, called by Leland, chaplain to the queen. 1278. William de Rotherfeld, dean of York, elected ; but he refused the see. — Rodolph or Ralph de Ireton, prior of Gis- borne. 1293. John de Halghton, or Halton, canon of Carlisle. 1325. William Ayi'emyn, canon of York, elected ; but the pope appointed — John de Rosse, canon of Hereford. 1332. John de Kirkeby, canon of Carlisle. [John de Horncastle elected; but set aside by the pope.] 1353. Gilbert de Wilton. 1363. Thomas de Appleby, canon of Carlisle. William Strickland chosen ; but set aside b}' the pope. 1396. Robert Reade ; translated from Waterford, in Ireland ; translated to Chichester same year. 1397. Thomas Merkes. He was deprived in 1399, and was afterwards vicar of Sturminster, in Dorsetshire; and in 1404 became rector of Todenham, in Gloucestershire. He died about 1409. 1399. Wilham Strickland. 1420. Roger Whelpdale, provost of Queen's Col- lege, Oxford. 1423. William Barrowe ; translated from Bangor. 1430. Marmaduke Lumley, archdeacon of North- umberland, lord treasurer, lord chan- cellor, and chancellor of Cambridge; translated to Lincoln. 1450. Nicholas Close, archdeacon of Colchester ; translated to Lichfield and Coventry. 1452. William Percy, prebendary of York, Lincoln, and Salisbury ; chancellor of Cambridge. 1462. John Kingscotes, archdeacon of Gloucester. 1464. Richard Scrope, rector of Fen-Ditton, Cambridgeshire. 1468. Edward Story, chancellor of Cambridge; translated to Chichester. 1478. Richard Bell, prior of Durham : resigned. 1495. William Sever, or Seveyer, abbot of St. Mary's, York ; translated to Durham. 1502. Roger Leybourn, archdeacon of Durham. CHESTER. 377 1509. John Penny ; translated from Bangor. 1521. John Kite, archbishop of Aniiagh, in Ire- land. 1537. Robert Aldrich, provost of Eton College, and canon of Windsor. 1556. Owen Oglethorpe, dean of Windsor. He crowned queen Elizabeth : deprived in 1559. 1561. John Best, prebendary of Wells. 1570. Richard Barnes, chancellor, and prebendary of York, styled bishop of Nottingham; translated to Durham. 1577. John Mey, prebendary of Ely. 1598. Henry Robinson, provost of Queen's Col- lege, Oxford. 1616. Robert Snowdon, prebendary of Southwell. 1621. Richard Milbourne ; translated from St. David's. 1624. Richard Senhouse, dean of Gloucester. 1626. Francis White, dean of Carlisle; translated to Norwich. 1629. Barnabas Potter, provost of Queen's Col- lege, Oxford. 1641. James Usher, archbishop of Armagh: died in 1655. [The see vacant 5 years.] 1660. Richard Sterne, master of Jesus College, Cambridge ; trnnshitcd to York. 1664. Edward Kaiiibow, dean of Pel e. borough. 1684. Thomas Smith, dean of Cavlislc. 1702. William Nicholson, archdeacon and pre- bendary of Carlisle ; translated to Derry, in Ireland. 1718. Samuel Bradford, prebendary of Westmin- ster ; translated to Rochester. 1723. John Waugh, dean of Gloucester. 1734. Sir George Fleming, bart., dean of Carlisle. 1747. Richard Osbaldeston, dean of York; trans- lated to London. 1762. Charles Lyttelton, dean of Exeter. 1768. Edmund Law, archdeacon of Carlisle. 1787. John Douglas, canon-residentiary of St. Paul's ; translated to Salisbury. 1791. Hon. Edward Venables Vernon, afterv\^ard3 Harcourt ; translated to York. 1808. Samuel Goodenough ; elected Jan. 26 ; died in 1827. 1827. Hon. Hugh Percy; translated from Ro- chester Sept. 17. The present (1851) Lord Bishop of Carlisle. BISHOPKTC OF CHESTER. The bishopric of Chester was anciently part of the diocese of Lichfield ; one of wliose bishops removing the seat of his see hither in tlic year 1075, occasioned his successors to be frequently styled bishops of Chester. But it was not erected into a distinct bishopric until the general dissolution of monasteries, when Henry YIII., in 1541, raised it to this dignity, and allotted the church of the abbey of St. Werburg for the cathe- dral, styling it the cathedral church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin ; adding the bishopric to the province of Canterbury; but, soon after, he disjoined it from Canter- bury, and added it to the province of York. When the abbey was dissolved, its revenues were valued at 1003Z. 5s. lid. This diocese contains the entire county of Chester, and parts of Lancashire, Cum- berland, and Westmoreland. The bishopric is valued in the king's books at 420/. Is. 8d, There are two archdeaconries, viz. Chester and Richmond. Bishops of Chester, 1541. John Bird ; translated from Bangor : de- prived by queen Mary. 1554. George Cotes, master of Baliol College, Oxford. 1556. Cuthbert Scot, prebendary of St. Paul's : deprived by queen Elizabeth. 1561. William Downman, prebendary of West minster ; died in 1577. [See vacant 2 years.] 1579. William Chaderton, prebendary of York and Westminster; translated to Lin- coln. 1595. HughBellot; translated from Bangor. 1597. Richard Yaughan ; translated from Bangor ; translated to London. 1604. George Lloyd ; translated from Sodor and Man. 1616. Thomas Moreton, dean of Winchester ; translated to Lichfield and Coventry. 1619. John Bridgeman, prebendary of Lichfield: died in 1657. [See vacant 3 years.] 1660. Brian Walton, prebendary of St. Paul's, author of the Polyglot 13ible. 1662. Henry Feme, dean of Ely : consecrated in Feb., and died March following. — George Hall, archdeacon of Canterbury. 1668. John Wilkins, prebendary of York : died Nov. 1672. 1673. John Pearson, prebendary of Salisbury and Ely. 1686. Thomas Cartwright, prebendary of Dur- ham ; nominated to Salisbury ; but he fled. 1689. Nicholas Strafibrd, dean of St. Asaph. 1707. Sir William Dawes, bart., prebendary of Worcester ; translated to York. 1714. Francis Gastrell, canon of Christ-Church, Oxford. 1725. Samuel Peploe, warden of Manchester. 1752. Edmund Keene, rector of Stanhope, Dur- ham ; translated to Ely. 1771. William Markham, dean of Christ-Church, Oxford ; translated to York. 1777. Beilby Porteus, rector of Hunton, in Kent ; translated to London. 378 BISHOPS OF ENGLAND. 1787. Willicam Cleaver, prebendary of Westmin- ster; translated to Bangor. 1800. Henry- William Majendie, canon-residen- tiary of St. Paul's ; translated to Bangor. 1809. Bowyer Edward Sparke ; translated to Ely. 1812. George-Henry Law; translated to Bath and Wells. 1824. Charles-James Blomfield ; translated to London. 1828. John Bird Sumner, canon of Durham; translated to the see of Canterbury. 1848. John Graham, master of Christ's College, Cambridge. March 11. The present (1851) Lord Bishop of Chester. BISHOPRIC OF DURHAM. The seat of this see was first fixed at Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, a small isle on the coast of Northumberland ; but from this spot the monks were driven by the invasions of the Danes. They next fixed themselves at Chester-on-the- Street, where they remained nearly two hundred years, and then settled finally at Durham, having, during their peregrination from Lindisfarne, carried the bones of St. Cuthbert, the sixth bishop, with them ; and when the cathedral of Durham was founded, these relics were deposited within it. To this saint the church was dedicated, and he also gave name to the large possessions of the church, which were anciently called " St. Cuthbert's patrimony." Durham has been deemed the richest bishopric in the king- dom ; and the prebends have been frequently styled " the golden prebends of Durham." The bishops take precedence next after the bishops of London. The present beautiful cathedral was begun soon after the Norman Conquest, by William, the thirtieth bishop, and finished by his successors. The diocese contains the whole counties of Durham and Northumberland, and the jurisdiction of Hexham, in the latter county. The see is valued in the king's books at 2821Z. Is. 5\d: it has three archdeaconries, viz., Durham, Northumberland, and Lindisfarne. Durham has given to the Church of Rome eight saints and one cardinal; and to the English nation one lord chief justice, five lord chancellors, three lord treasurers, one principal secretary of state, one chancellor to the university of Oxford, and two masters of the rolls. Bishops of Lindisfarne, ok Holy Island. 635. St. Aidan. 652. St. Finan. 661. Colman: he resigned. €64. Tuda. [See vacant 14 years.] 678. Eata, St. Eata, or Estata. 685. St. Cuthbert. 688. St. Eadbert. .698. St. Eadfrid, or Egbert I. : died 721. [See vacant 3 years.] 724. St. Ethelwold. 740. Kenulf, or Cvnewolf. 781. Higbald. 803. Egbert II. 821. Heathured, or Heathored. 828. Egfrid. 846. Eanbert. 854. Eardulph. In 884 he removed the see to Chester-on-the-Street. 900. Cuthard, or Cutheard. 915. Tilred, or Milred. 929. Withred. 944. Uchtred. 947. Sexhelm : held the see only six months. 948. Aldred. 968. Alsius, Alfine, or Elfsig. 990. Aldwin, or Aldune, who removed the see to Durham. Bishops of Durham. 990. Aldune, Aldwine, or Aldwin. 1020. Eadmund. 1041. Eadred : died in less than eleven months. 1042. Egelric : resigned in 1056. 1056. Egelwine, his brother: expelled by Wil- liam the Conqueror in 1070, and died in prison in 1071. 1072. Walcherus de Loraine, earl of Northum- berland: slain. 1080. William de Carilepho, lord chief justice. [The see vacant 4 years.] 1099. Ralph Flambard, lord treasurer, and lord chief justice. 1133. Geoffrey Kufus, lord chancellor. 1143. William de St. Barbara, dean of York. 1153. Hugh Pudsey, or Pusar, earl of Northum- berland, treasurer of York, and arch- deacon of Winchester. 1197. Phihp de Poitiers: died in 1208. [The see vacant 9 years.] 1217. Richard de Marisco, dean of Salisbury, archdeacon of Northumberland ; lord chancellor. 1228. Richard Poore; translated from Salisbury. 1240. Nicholas de Farnham, elected Jan. 2 ; he refused the see of Lichfield, and unwil- lingly accepted this : resigned m 1249 j and died in 1256. MANCHESTER. 1249. Walter cle Kirkham. 1260. Ivobert Stitchell, prior of Finchdale. 1274. Robert de Insula. 1283. Anthony de Beck, archdeacon of Durham, patriarch of Jerusalem : lie had also from the king, the principality of Man. 1311. Richard de Kellawe. 1317. Lewis de Beaumont, treasurer of Salisbury. [Robert deGreystanes elected ; but set aside by the pope, and died soon after. ] 1333. Richard de Angarville, Aungervyle, or de Bury, dean of Wells, lord privy seal, lord chancellor, and lord treasurer. 1345. Thomas de Hatfield, prebendary of York and Lincoln ; principal secretary of state. 1381. John Fordham, dean of Wells, lord trea- surer ; translated to Ely. 1388. Walter Skirlaw; translated from Bath and Wells. 1406. Thomas Langley, or Longley, dean of York, lord chancellor, and cardinal. 1438. Robert Nevill ; translated from Salisbury. 1457. Laurence Booth, dean of St. Paul's, chan- cellor of Cambridge, lord chancellor; translated to York. 1476. William Dudley, dean of Windsor: died 1483. [See vacant 2 years.] 1485. John Sherwood, chancellor of Exeter : died 1492. [See vacant 2 years.] 1494. Richard Fox; translated from Bath and Wells ; translated to Winchester in 1501. 1502. William Sever, or Siveyer ; translated from Carlisle : died 1505. [See vacant 2 years.] 1507. Christopher Bainbridge, dean of York and Windsor, master of the rolls; trans- lated to York in 1508. 1509. Thomas Ruthal, or Rowthall, dean of Sa- lisbury ; lord privy seal. 1523. Thomas Wolsey, archbishop of York, held this see in commendam ; translated to Winchester in 1529. 1530. Cuthbert Tunstall, translated from Lon- don; deprived in 1552, and the bish- opric dissolved ; restored in 1553 : deprived again in 1559. 1560. James Pilkington. 1577. Richard Barnes : translated from Carlisle. [See vacant 2 j^ears.] 1589. Matthew Hutton, dean of York; trans- lated to York. 1595. Tobias Matthew, dean of Durham; trans- lated to York. 1600. William James, dean of Durham. 1617. Richard Neile, or Neale ; translated from Lincoln ; translated to Winchester, Dec. 1627. 1627. George Montaigne ; translated from Lon- don ; translated to York. 1628. John Howson ; translated from Oxford. 1632. Thomas Moreton; translated from Lichfield and Coventry : died in 1659 [See vacant about a year.] 1660. John Cosin, dean of Peterborough. 1674. Nathaniel Crewe, lord Crewe, the munifi- cent and benevolent bishop ; translated from Oxford : died in 1722. 1722. William Talbot ; translated from Salisbury. 17S0. Edward Chandler, translated from Lich- field and Coventry. 1750. Joseph Butler ; translated from Bristol. 1752. Hon. Richard Trevor ; translated from St. David's. 1771. Hon. John Egerton ; translated from Lich- field and Coventry. 1787. Hon. Thomas Thurlow ; translated from Lincoln. 1791. Hon. Shute Barrington ; translated from Salisbury. 1826. William Van Mildert ; translated from LlandafF. 1836. Edward Maltby; translated from Chi- chester. The PRESENT Lord Bishop of Durham. BISHOPRIC OF MANCHESTER. This see is of very recent erection. It was founded in accordance with the " Third Report of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, appointed to consider the state of the Esta- blished Church in England and Wales," printed in 1836. This report recommended the formation of the bishopric of Manchester, and an act of parliament was passed, 6tli and 7th William lY., cap. 77 (Aug. 13, in that year) whereby his majesty, in council, was empowered to carry into effect the recommendations of the commissioners.^ And by a further act, passed in 1847 (the 10th and 11th of Victoria, cap. 108), followed by un order in council, gazetted Sept. 1., in the latter year, this bishopric was constituted. The diocese comprises the greater part of the county of Lancaster, being for the pur- pose separated from the diocese of Chester. Bishop of Manchester. 1847. James Prince Lee, head master of king Edward Vl.'s School, Birmingham. Oct. 18 : conse- crated at Whitehall Chapel, Jan. 23, 1848 ; called to the house of peers by writ of summons, Feb. same year. The first and present (1851) Lord Bishop of Manchester. 1 An order in council was gazetted in Oct. 1838, declaring tliat the sees of St. Asaph and Bangor should be united on the next vacancy in either (as recommended by tlie Ecclesiastical Commissioners) and on that event occurring, that the bishopric of Manchester should be immediately created. The union of the sees of St. Asaph and Bangor did not, however, take place ; and the see of Manchester was afterwards created by the act of 1847, and the order in council that followed it, irrespective of tliis contingency. 880 BISHOPS OF ENGLAND. BISHOPRIC OF RIPON. This bishopric is of recent creation. It was founded in accordance with the " Third Report of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners appointed to consider the state of the Established Church in England and Wales," in 1836. This report recommended the formation (among other sees) of the see of Ripon ; and an act of parliament was passed in the 6th and 7th of William IV. (Aug. 13th in that year), whereby his majesty, in council, was empowered to constitute the bishopric. And an order in council, carrying into effect the recommendation of the commissioners was made accordingly, and gazetted on the 13 th of October following. The diocese consists of the western portion of the county of York. Bishop of Ripon. 1836. Charles-Thomas Longley, head-master of Harrow. The first and present (1851) Lord Bishop of the see. BISHOPRIC OF HEXHAM. This bishopric was founded in the infancy of the Saxon Church. Ten bishops enjoyed it successively ; and then, by reason of the spoil and rapine of the Danes, it was dis- continued, Tydfrith, the last bishop, driven away by these invaders, having died on a journey to Rome. The district in which the see was situated was anciently a county palatine ; but by an act of parliament, 37th of Henry YIIL, it was annexed to the county of Northumberland. Bishops of Hexham. 678. Estata, bishop of Lindisfarne. 680. Tumbert. 685. St. John of Beverley ; translated to York. 709. St. Acca. 739. Frithebert. 766. Alhmund. 780. Tilhere. 789. Ethelbert 797. Heardred. 800. Eanbert. 810. Tydferth, the last bishop of Hexham, BISHOPRIC OP so DOR AND MAN. The bishopric of Man was affirmed by pope Gregory IV. It had, united to Its diocese, the Western Isles of Scotland, which, when Man became dependent upon England, withdrew their obedience and had a bishop of their own. The patronage of the diocese was given, together with the island, to the Stanleys, and it ultimately came, by an heir- female, to the duke of Athol. The duke nominates the bishop to the king, who sends him to the archbishop of York for consecration. This prelate is not a lord of parlia- ment, not holding from the king himself. The bishopric is united to that of Sodor, a village of Icolmkill, one of the Hebrides of Scotland ; this latter was formerly a bishop's see, which comprehended all the islands together with the Isle of Man ; and the bishop of Man is called " Bishop of Sodor and Man." The diocese consists of the Island of Man. Bishops of Man. 447. Germanns, settled here by St. Patrick. * * Conindrius. * * Romulus. 498. Machutus, Machilla, or Maughold. * * Con an us. * * it. mTT'- I Sty'«? '^>s» Wshops of St. Malchus. Sodor. } Styled also bishops of Sodor. 889. Torkinus. * * Roolwer. * * William. * * Brendinus. 1113. Wymundus, or Reymundus, first bishop of Sodor and Man : deprived. 1151. John, a monk of Sais, in Normandy. 1154. Gamaliel. SODOE AND MAN. 881 * * Reginald, a N"orwegian. * * Christian, Orcadensis, or of Orkney. * * Michael, a Manksman. 1203. Nicholas de Meaux, abbot of Furnes. 1217. Keginald, nephew to king Olave. 1226. John. 1230. Simon, Orcadensis, or of Orkney. 1249. Lawrence, archdeacon of Man. [The see vacant almost 2 years.] 1252. Richard : he dedicated the church of St. Marv's of Rushen, or Castletown, in 1200". 1275. Mark of Galloway. 1305. Allen, or Onachus, of Galloway. 1321. Gilbert of Galloway. 1324. Bernard, a Scot, abbot of Kilwinning, in Scotland. 1334. Thomas, a Scot. 1348. William Russell, a Manksman, abbot of Rushen. 1374. John Donkan, a Manksman. 1381. Robert Waldby; translated to Dublin in 1391. [He is said to have been bishop of this see in 1396 ; but Le Neve doubts it] [See vacant many years.] 1429. Richard Fully. 1448. John Green, or Sprotton, vicar of Dun- church, Warwickshire. 1455. Thomas Burton. 1458. Thomas, abbot of Vale Royal, Cheshire. 1480. Richard Oldham, abbot of Chester. 1487. Huan Hisketh, or Blackleach. 1510. Thomas Stanley, rector of Wigan: de- prived. 1545. Robert Farrer, or Ferrar ; translated to St. David's. 1546. Henry Mann, dean of Chester. 1558. Thomas Stanley ; restored : died in 1570. 1571. John Salisbury, dean of Norwich. 1573. James Stanley. [Le Neve says the see was vacant about 3 years; but Heylyn states that this prelate held it from 1573 to 1576.] 1576. John Merick, vicar of Hornchurch, Essex. 1600. George Lloyd ; translated to Chester. 1604. John Philips, archdeacon of Cleveland and Man. 1634. William Forster, prebendary of Chester. 1635. Richard Parr, rector of Eccleston, Lan- cashire: died in 1643. [See vacant 17 j^ears.] 1661. Samuel Rutter, archdeacon of Man. 1663. Isaac Barrow, fellow of Eton College ; translated in 1669 to St. Asaph ; but held this see t^vo years in commendam. 1671. Henry Bridgeman, dean of Chester. 1682. John Lake, archdeacon of Cleveland; trans- lated to BristoL 1684. Baptist Levinge, prebendary of Winchester. [See vacant 5 years.] 1697. Thomas Wilson, of Trinity College, Dublin : died in 1755. 1755. Mark Hiddesley, vicar of Hitchen, Herts. 1773. Richard Richmond, vicar of Walton-on- the-Hill, Lancashire. 1780. George Mason : died 1783. 1784. Claudius Crigan : died in 1813. 1813. George Murray; translated to Rochester. 1827. William Ward: died in 1838. 1838. James Bowstead; translated to Lichfield and Coventry. 1839. Henry Pepys; translated to Worcester. 1841. Thomas Vowler Short,rector of St. George's, Bloomsbury ; translated to St. Asa])h. 1846. Walter- Augustus Shirley ; appointed Nov. 28: died in 1847. 1847. Hon. Robert-John Eden. The present (1851) Lord Bishop of Sodor and Man ; who, on the decease of his brother, the earl of Auckland, in 1849, succeeded to the title.i *** We follow Godwin, Heylyn, Le Neve, and others of the elder writers in giving the earlier prelates of each see. Sir Harris Nicolas does not commence his Catalogue of the bishops of England before the period of the Conquest, from which time the succession is, of course, more distinct and certain. But professing, as we do, to render our account of every institution perfect, as far as practicable, we determined upon tracing the bishops of our Church from the first ages of Christianity and the original foundation of their respective sees. If we may happen to err occasionally in a name or a date, we err with the distinguished antiquaries we have mentioned. The records of more than a thousand years ago are often, from causes that at once strike the mind, almost impenetrable to the most laborious research, but the results of the inquiries of illustrious men, even though they may not have produced a regular succession of our bishops, are, notwithstanding, of the highest interest and value. In many of the preceding Hsts, where Heylyn and Le Neve differ from each other in the precise name of a prelate, owing to the various and unsettled orthography of past ages, we have written the name as we find it in both these authorities, adopting, in this respect, the course taken by the most eminent modern writers of Ecclesiastical History, ^ Lord Auckland is, consequently, in right of his earldom, a peer of parliament ; but, as bishop of Sodor and Man, he has no seat in the house of lords. The operation of the act, 10th and 11th of Victoria, cap. 108, does not atlect this see. 382 4 THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER. This Most Noble and Illustrious Order ' (if we consider either its antiquity, or the nobleness of the personages that have been inrolled therein,) excels and outvies all .other institutions of honour in the whole world, and owes its origin to the great hero of th:it age, Edward III., who conquered France and Scotland, and brought their kings prisoners to England. The Order began in 1349-50, the 24th year of his reign, viz. : 119 years before the foundation of the order of St. Michael, by Lewis XI., king of France, in 1469 ; eighty years before the institution of the order of the Golden Fleece, by Philip IL, the second duke of Burgundy, in 1430; and 190 years before king James VI. of Scotland restored the order of St. Andrew, or the Thistle ; and 209 years before the order of the Elephant was instituted in Denmark. Its origin is as follows : King Edward, with a view to recovering France (which descended to him by right of his mother), made it his business to draw the best soldiers of Europe into his interest, and thereupon projecting and setting up king Arthur s Kound Table, he proclaimed a solemn tilting, to invite foreigners of quality and courage to the exercise. The place for the solemnity being fixed at Windsor, he, upon new-year's day, in the year 1344, published his royal letters of protection, for the safe coming and return of such foreign Knights as had a mind to venture their reputation at those jousts and tournaments, which were to be held on the 19th of January ensuing. Moreover, he provided a great supper, to begin the solemnity ; and then ordaining this feast to be annually held at Whitsuntide, he, for that purpose, erected a particular building in the castle, wherein he placed a round table of 200 ft. diameter, in imitation of king Arthur s at Winchester, and thereat entertained the Knights, at his own expence, of 100/. per week. This mighty and invincible prince Edward, being endowed with great piety, recom- mended himself and his companions to the protection of St. George of Cappadocia, whose parents, being Christians, afforded their son the advantage of being educated in that religion ; and he taking to the profession of arms, was made a tribune, or colonel, (in Palestine, his mother's country), and behaving with great courage, he was raised to higher stations by the emperor Dioclesian. But St, George complaining to the emperor of the severities he practised towards the Christians, and arguing in their defence, was thereupon thrown into prison, and cruelly treated. The emperor, how- ever, perceiving that his constancy to the Christian religion was not to be shaken off, St. George was, on the 23rd of April, in the year 290, drawn through the city, and beheaded. Thus he received a crown of martyrdom. And that he might be held in continual remembrance, king Edward gave his companions, for part of their daily habit, the image of the saint (sitting upon horseback, encountering a dragon, with a tilting-spear), appendant to a blue riband, continually to be worn about their necks. In 1347, the said king, issuing out his Garter, for the signal of a battle that was crowned with success (supposed to be Cressy), where he took John, king of France, prisoner, and brought him to England, at which time he had also David, king of Scotland, piisoner in England; and his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince (so called from his black armour), expelling the rebels of Castile, and enthroning Don Pedro, their lawful king ; he, upon these mighty and glorious exploits, soon after instituted this Order, giving the Garter pre-eminence amongst its ensigns ^, whence the select 1 We preserve the quaint style of Mr. Beatson in his account of this Order. We shall here mention, that with the vIpw of counteracting the project of our king, l^dward, the then French king, Philip of Valois, adopted a similar expedient at his own court, by inviting to it the martial men of fame and character in Germany and Italy, so to prevent their being engaged to Edward ; and thus he gave a check to Edward's Order for a time. 2 The collar, which weighs twenty ounces of pure gold, was introduced by king Henry VIII., and consists of twenty-six Garters enamelled, and as many knots, allusive to the Sovereign of the Order and his twenty-five Knights Companions, and, with roses and mottoes, are exactly formed and joined, with St. George, on horseback, in armour, appendant. The medal, being of [lure gold, is often enriched with jewels. The collar is put over a hood and mantle, and fastened to the shouhlers by a silver riband. Until the reign of king Charles II. the riband, with a lesser George, used to be worn round the neck, but Charles ordered it in future to be worn from the left shoulder, coming under the right arm. And the same king commanded, that the Sovereign and Knights Companions, also the prelate and chancellor of the Order, should at all times, in all places and assemblies, when they were not adorned with their robes, wear, upon the left side of their coats, cloaks, or riding cassocks, the cross of the Order, encompassed with the Garter, to show the world KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER. 383 number, whom he incorporated into a fraternity, were styled, Equites aurea Periscelide^ viz. Knights of the Golden Garter. The royal founder of this illustrious Order having established rules and statutes for its government, next resolved to elect, from those who had most signalised themselves by their heroic actions, twenty-five of the most celebrated Knights, who, together with himself, should make up the number to twenty-six, of which number this Order has almost always consisted. When the Order was founded, the famous William de AVykeham, bishop of Winchester, who was minister to King Edward III., had inlluence with that monarch to get himself named as the prelate to the Order, which office he got annexed to his see. The Original Knights. 1 The Sovereign, king Edward III. 2. Edward, prince of Wales (surnamed the Black Prince). 3. Henry, duke of Lancaster. 4. Thomas, earl of Warwick. 6. Piers, de Creilly, Captal de la Bouch. 6. Ralph, earl of Stafford. 7. William, earl of Salisbury. 8. Roger, earl of IVIarch. 9. Sir John Lisle. 10. Sir Bartholomew Burghersh. 11. Sir John Beauchamp. 12. Sir John Mohun. 13. Sir Hugh Courtenay. 14. Sir Thomas Holland. 15. Sir John Grey. 16. Sir Richard Fitz-Simon. 17. Sir Miles Stapleton. 18. Sir Thomas Wale. 19. Sir Hugh Wrottesley. 20. Sir Nele Loring. 21. Sir John Chandos. 22. Sir James Audley. 23. Sir Otho Holland. 24. Sir Henry Eam. 25. Sir Sanchet Daubrichcourt. 26. Sir Walter Pavely. Knights of the Garter. The figures exhibit the numbrr of each Knight in Knights who have been elected since A. * * Abercorn, John-James Hamilton, marquess of; died 1818. * * Abercorn, James Hamilton, marquess of. 271. Abergavenny, George Nevill, baron of; died 1535. See Bergaveriny. 458. Albemarle, George Monk, duke of; died 1670. 471. Albemarle, Christopher Monk, duke of ; died 1688. 505. Albemarle, Arnold Keppel, earl of; died 1718. 561. Albemarle, William- Anne Keppel, earl of; died 1754. * * Albemarle, George Keppel, earl of; died 1772. * * Albert, H. R. H. Prince ; prince consort to the Queen, duke of Saxe, and prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. * * Anglesey, Henry -William Paget, mar- quess of. 261. Ap Thomas, sir Rhys, temp. Henry YII. 163. Aragon, Alphonsus, king of; died 1458. 614. Argyle, John Campbell, duke of, in Scot- land ; also duke of Greenwich in England ; died 1743. 476. Arlington, Henry Bennet, earl of; died 1685. 314. Arundel, Henry Fitz-Alan, earl of; died 1579. the order of Election ; but the proper number of those the year 1770 has not been ascertained. 36. Arundel, Richard Fitz-Alan, earl of ; died 1393. 95. Arundel, Thomas Fitz-Alan, earl of ; died 1415. 106. Arundel, sir William Fitz-Alan, alias, temp. Henry IV. 144. Arundel, John Fitz-Alan, earl of; died 1434. 202. Arundel, William Fitz-Alan, earl of; died 1487. 209. Arundel, Thomas Fitz-Alan, earl of; died 1524. 285. Arundel, William Fitz-Alan, earl of ; died 1543. 406. Arundel, Thomas Howard, earl of; died 1646. * * Ash burnham, George, earl of ; died 1830. — Astley, sir John, temp. Henry VI. 22. Audley, James, baron ; one of the original knights; died 1386. 304. Audley, Thomas, baron (of Walden) ; died 1544. * * Austria, Francis II., emperor of; died 1 835. 160. Avranches, Albo Vasques, count of (in Nor- mandy), temp. Henry VI. B. 411. Banbury, William Knollys, earl of; died 1632. 55. Banester, sir Thomas ; died 1380. to what height of honour they were arrived, from the said noble Order, instituted for persons of the greatest worth and merit ; and to the Cross and Garter, he added a silver star of eight points, to be worn by the Knights on their left sides ; and by the statutes of the Order, they were never to appear in public without their Garter, lesser George, and star, except upoi. the principal and solemn feasts, when they were to wear their collars. 384 KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER. 122. Bardolph, William Phelip, generally called lord ; died 1439. 45. Basset, Ealph, lord (of Drayton) ; died 1390. * * Bath. Thomas Thynne, marquess of; died 1796. * * Bath, Thomas Thynne, marquess of ; died 1837. * * Bathurst, Henry Bathurst, earl ; died 1834. Gl. Bavaria, William, duke of; died 1377. 11. Beauchamp, John; one of the original knights ; died 1360. lo8. Beauchamp, John, baron ; died 1475. 473. Beaufort, Henry Somerset, duke of; died 1699. 516. Beaufort, Henry Somerset, duke of; died 1714. * * Beaufort, Henry Somerset, duke of; died 1803. * * Beaufort, Henry-Charles Somerset, duke of ; died 1835. * * Beaufort, Henry-Charles Somerset, duke of. 69. Beaumont, John, baron ; died 1396. 155. Beaumont, John, viscount ; died 1459. 39. Bedford, Ingelram de Coucy, earl of; died 1397. 90. Bedford, John Plantagenet, duke of; died 1435. 176. Bedford, Jasper Tudor, duke of; died 1495. 301. Bedford, John Russell, earl of; died 1554. 349. Bedford, Francis Russell, earl of ; died 1585. 475. Bedford, William Russell, duke of; died 1700. 608. Bedford, Wriothesley Russell, duke of ; died 1711. 661. Bedford, John Russell, duke of ; died 1771. * * Bedford, John, duke of; died 1839. * * Bedford, Francis Russell, duke of. * * Belgians, Leopold (late prince of Saxe- Coburg), king of the (late prince Leopold, of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld). 68. Bergavenny, William Beauchamp, baron of ; died 1410. 631. Berkeley, James, earl of; died 1736. 422. Berkshire, Thomas Howard, earl of; died 1669. ] 79. Berners, John Bom'chier, baron ; died 1474. 402. Bindon, Thomas Howard, viscount; died 1582. 408. Bohemia, Frederick, king of ; died 1632. 522. Bolton, Charles Paulet, duke of; died 1722. 181. Bonvill, William, baron ; died 1460. 27. Bordeaux, Richard, afterwards king Richard XL ; died 1400. 380. Borough, Thomas, lord ; died 1597. 153. Boteler, Ralph Boteler, lord (of Sudley) ; died 1473. 5. Bouch, Piers de Greilly, Captal de la ; an original knight ; died circa 1 376. 536. Bolton, Charles Paulet, duke of; died 1754. 83. Bourchier, John, baron ; died 1400. 130. Bourchier, Hugh Stafford, baron { jure uxoris) ; died 1421. 134. Bourchier, Lewis Robsart, baron (/wre uxoris) ; died 1431. 52. Boxhull, sir Alan ; died 1380. 456. Brandenburgh, Frederick- William, mar- quess of ; died 1688. 657. Brandenburgh, Charles-William, margrave of; died 1745. * * Brandenburgh Anspach, Charles-Frederick, margrave of. 615. Brandon, James Hamilton, duke of; died 1712. 255. Bray, sir Reginald ; died 1503. 119. Borga, duke of, temp. Henry V. 452. Bristol, George Digby, earl of; died 1697. 31. Britanny, John de Montfort, duke of; died 1401. 305. Browne, sir Anthony ; died 1548. 165. Brunswick, William, duke of ; died 1482. 417. Brunswick, Christian II., duke of; died 1626. * * Brunswick, William- Augustus-Lewis, duke of. 499. Brunswick Luneburgh, George -William, duke of. 507. Brunswick Luneburgh, George-Lewis, elector of, afterwards king George I. ; died 1727. 573. Brunswick Luneburgh, Ferdinand, duke of ; died 1792. * * Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, Charles, duke of; died 1806. 57. Bryan, Guy de, baron ; died 1390. * * Buccleuch, Walter-Francis Montagu, duke of (in Scotland). * * Buccleugh, Henry Scot, duke of (in Scot- land) ; died 1812. 142. Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, duke of ; died 1459. 208. Buckingham, Henry Stafford, duke of ; died 1485. 249. Buckingham, Edward Stafford, duke of; died 1521. 413. Buckingham, George Villiers, duke of ; died 1629. 446. Buckingham, George Villiers, duke of ; died 1687. 479. Buckingham, John Sheffield, duke of; died 1720. * * Buckingham and Chandos, Richard Temple Nugent Brydges Chandos Grenville, duke of; died 1839. * * Buckingham and Chandos, Richard Plan- tagenet Brydges Chandos Nugent Temple, duke of. 224. Burgh, Thomas, baron (of Gainsborough) ^ died 1496. 10. Burghersh, Bartholomew, baron ; one of the original knights ; died 1369. 137. Burgundv, Philip, duke of; died 1467. 207. Burgundy, Charles, duke of; died 1477. 77. Burley, sir Simon ; died 1388. 79. Burley, sir Richard, temp. Richard IL 82. Burley, sir John, temp. Richard II. 356. Burleigh, William Cecil, baron ; died 1598. 102. Burnell, Hugh, baron ; died 1420. 545. Burlington, Richard Boyle, earl of; died 1735. 577. Bute, John Stuart, earl of (in Scotland) ; died 1792. c. 468. Cambridge, James Stuart, duke of ; died 1667. * * Cambridge, H. R. TI. Adolphus-Frederick, duke of; died 1850. * * Cambridge, George- William -Frederick - Charles, duke of, his son. * * Cambridge. See Hamilton. * * Camden, John Jefferys Pratt, marquess; died 1840. * * Camden, George-Charles Pratt, marquess. 113. Camois, Thomas, baron; died 1421. 298. Carew, sir Nicholas ; died 1539. 419. Carlisle, James Hay, earl of; died 1636. 569. Carlisle, Henry Howard, earl of; died 1758. * * Carlisle, Frederick Howard, earl of j died 1825. KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER. 385 * * Carlisle, George Howard, earl of; died 1848. 217. Castile and Leon, Ferdinand, king of; died 1516. 202. Castile, Philip, king of; died 1506. 185. Chamberlayne, sir William, temp. Ed- ward IV. 358. Chandos, Edmund Brydges, lord ; died 1573. 21. Chandos, sir John ; one of the original knights. * * Chatham, John Pitt, earl of; died 1835. 238. Cheney, John, baron ; died 1495. 302. Cheney, sir Thomas ; died 1558. 104. Cherleton, Edward, baron (of Powis) ; died 1422. 544. Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, earl of; died 1752. * * Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, earl of; died 1813. 423. Chevereuse, Claude de Loraine, duke of; died 1657. * * Cholmondeley, George- James Cholmonde- ley, marquess of ; died 1827. 28. Clarence, Lionel Plantagenet, duke of ; died 1368. 89. Clarence, Thomas Plantagenet, duke of; died 1421. 184. Clarence, George Plantagenet, duke of ; died 1477. * ♦ Clarence, H. R. H. William - Henry, duke of, afterwards king William IV. of Great Britain ; died 1837. * * Clarendon, George- William-Frederick Vil- li ers, earl of. * * Cleveland, William-Henry Vane, duke of; died 1842. * * Cleveland, Henry Vane, duke of. 76. Clifford, sir Lewis ; died 1404. 133. Clifi'ord, John, baron ; died 1422. 135. Clux, sir Henry Van, alias sir Heere Tanke, or Hartanclux, temp. Henry V. 43. Cobham, Reginald, baron. 323. Cobham, George Brooke, baron ; died 1558. 367. Cobham, William Brooke, baron ; died 1596. 389. Cobham, Henry Brooke, baron; died 1619. 141. Conimbra, Peter, duke of ; died 1449. 220. Conyers, sir John ; died 1490. * * Cornwallis, Charles Cornwallis, marquess of ; died 1805. 81. Courtenay, sir Peter ; died 1409. 13. Courtenay, Hugh, baron ; one of the original knights ; died 1374, 299. Cumberland, Henry Clifford, earl of ; died 1542. 377. Cumberland, George Clifford, earl of ; died 1605. 643. Cumberland, William-Augustus, duke of; died 1765. * * Cumberland, H. R. H. Ernest-Augustus, duke of. See Hanover. D. 276. Dacre, Thomas, baron (of Gillesland). 434. Danby, Henry Danvers, earl of ; died 1643. 265. Darcv, Thomas, baron ; died 1538. 328. Darcy, Thomas, lord (of Chicke) ; died 1558. * * Dartmouth, George Legge, earl of ; died 1810. 228. D'Aubeney, Giles, baron ; died 1507. 25. Daubrichcourt, sir Sanchet; one of the original knights. 111. Daubrichcourt, sir John, temp. Henry V. * * De Grey, Thomas-Philip, earl, late lord- lieutenant of Ireland. C 269. De la Warr, Thomas West, baron ; died 1525. 324. De la Warr, Thomas West, baron ; died 1554. 124. Denmark, Eric, king of; died 1459. 256. Denmark, John, king of; died 1513. 364. Denmark, Frederick II., kinff of; died 1588. 394. Denmark, Christian IV., kiner of; died 1648. 466. Denmark, Christian, king of; died 1699. * * Denmark, Frederick VI., king of; died 1839. 486. Denmark, George, prince of, and duke of Cumberland; died 1708. * * Denmark, Christopher of Bavaria, king of. * * Denmark, Christierne, king of. 225. Derby, Thomas Stanley, earl of; died 1504. 319. Derby, Edward Stanley, earl of; died 1574. 359. Derby, Henry Stanley, earl of; died 1592. 391. Derby, William Stanley, earl of; died 1642. 451. Derby, James Stanley, earl of; died 1651. * * Derby, Edward Smith Stanley, earl of. 41. Despencer, Edward, baron ; died 1375. 78. D'Evereux, John, baron ; died 1394. 251. Devonshire, Edward Courtenay, earl of; died 1509. 386. Devonshire, Charles Blount, earl of; died 1606. 496. Devonshire, William Cavendish, duke of; died 1707. 513. Devonshire, William Cavendish, duke of; died 1729. 547. Devonshire, William Cavendish, duke of; died 1755. 568. Devonshire, William Cavendish, duke of; died 1764. * * Devonshire, William Cavendish, duke of; died 1811. * * Devonshire, William Spencer Cavendish, duke of. 234. Dinham, John, lord ; died 1509. 94. Dorset, John Beaufort, marquess of; died 1409. 215. Dorset, Thomas Grey, marquess of; died 1501. 241. Dorset, Thomas Grey, marquess of; died 1530. 373. Dorset, Thomas Sackville, earl of; died 1608. 420. Dorset, Edward Sackville, earl of; died ' 1652. 497. Dorset, Charles Sackville, earl of; died 1706. 524. Dorset, Lionel Sackville, duke 6f; died 1763. * * Dorset, Charles Sackville Germaine, duke of; died 1843. 506. Dover (and Queensbury in Scotland), James Douglas, duke of; died 1711. 194. Douglas, James, earl of (in Scotland) ; died 1488. 85. Dunstavil, sir Robert, temp. Richard 11. 178. Dudley, Edward Sutton, baron ; died 1530. 195. Duras, Galliard, lord of (in France), temp. Edward IV. 330. Dudley, sir Andrew, temp. Elizabeth. 403. Dunbar, George Hume, earl of (in Scotland) ; died 1611. E. 24. Earn, sir Henry ; one of the original knights. 110. Erpingham, sir Thomas, temp. Henry IV. c 380* KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER. 442. Espernon, Bernard de Foix, duke of; in- stalled 1661. 168. Essex, Bourchier Henry, earl of ; died 1483. 243. Essex, Henry Bourchier, earl of ; died 1539. 300. Essex, Thomas Cromwell, earl of ; died 1540. 355. Essex, Walter Devereux, earl of ; died 1576. 369. Essex, Robert Devereux, earl of ; died 1600. 649. Essex, William Capel, earl of; died 1743. 63. Exeter, John Holland, duke of; died 1400. 92. Exeter, Thomas Beaufort, duke of; died 1426. 116. Exeter, John Holland, duke of; died 1446. 278. Exeter, Henry Courtenay, marquess of; died 1539. 392. Exeter, Thomas Cecil, earl of; died 1622. 430. Exeter, William Cecil, earl of; died 1640. * * Exeter, Brownlow Cecil, marquess of. F. 140. FalstafFe, sir John ; died 1463. 105. Fanhope, John Cornwall, baron ; died 1443. 114. Felbrygge, sir Simon, temp. Henry V. 49. Felton, sir Thomas, temp. Edward III. 218. Ferrara, Hercules D'Este, duke of; died 1505. 205. Ferrers, Walter Devereux, baron (of Chart- ley) ; died 1485. 492. Feversham, Louis de Duras, earl of; died 1709. 128. Fitz-Hugh, Henry, baron ; died 1424. 16. Fitz-Simon, sir Richard; one of the original knights. 47. Fitz-V\^arine, William, baron ; died 1361. 51. Fitz-Warine, Fulke, baron ; died 1373. 292. France, Francis I., king of; died 1547. 326. France, Henry II., king of; died 1559. 348. France, Charles IX., king of ; died 1574. 361. France, Henry III., king of; died 1589. 374. France, Henry IV., king of; died 1610. * * France, Louis XVIII., king of; died 1824. * * France, Charles X., king of ; died 1836. 87. Frane, sir Sandich de, alias Sanchet de la Tour, temp. Richard II. * * French, Louis-Philippe, king of the; died 1850. G. 808. Gage, sir John ; died 1556. 60. Gelderland, William, duke of; died 1402. 93. Germany, Robert, emperor of; died 1410. 117. Germany, Sigismund, emperor of; died 1437. 151. Germany, Albert IL, emperor of; died 1439. 171. Germany, Frederic III., emperor of; died 1493. 235. Germany, Maximilian L, emperor of; died 1519. 351. Germany, Maximilian II., emperor of; died 1576. 363. Germany, Rodolph II., emperor of ; died 1612. 264. Germany, Charles V., emperor of ; died 1558. 279. Germany, Ferdinand, emperor of; died 1564. 58. Gloucester, Thomas Plantagenet, duke of ; died 1397. 91. Gloucester, Thomas Plantagenet, duke of ; died 1397. 198. Gloucester, Richard Plantagenet, duke of (afterwards king Richard III.). 453. Gloucester, Henry Stuart, duke of; died 1669. 501. Gloucester, prince William, duke of — Generally so termed, though he died before the patent passed the Great Seal ; died 1689. 576. Gloucester, William-Henry, duke of ; died 1805. * * Gloucester, H. R. IL William Frederick, duke of; died 1834. 511. Godolphin, Sidney Godolphin, earl of; died 1712. 482. Grafton, Henry Fitz-Roy, duke of; died 1690. 534. Grafton, Charles Fitz-Roy, duke of; died 1723. * * Grafton, George-Henry Fitz-Roy, duke of; died 1844. * * Grafton, Augustus-Henry Fitz-Roy, duke of; died 1811. 84. Gramston, or Granston (temp. Richard IL), sir Thomas ; died 1485. 562. Granville, John Carteret, earl ; died 1763. 457. Graville, John Gasper Ferdinand, count de, temp. Charles II. 15. Grey, John, baron (of Codnor) ; one of the original knights ; died 1392. 71. Grey, Richard, baron (of Codnor) ; died 1418. * * Grey, Charles Grey, earl ; died 1845, 129. Grey, sir John (earl of Tanker ville in Nor- mandy) ; died 1421. 148. Grey, sir John (father of Edmund, earl of Kent), temp. Henry VI. Greenwich. See Argyle. 338. Grev, William, baron (of Wilton); died 1562. 252. Guildford, sir Richard, temp. Henry VII. 291. Guildford, sir Henry, temp. Henry "VIII. * * Guildford, Frederick North, earl of; died 1792. H. 525. Halifax, Charles Montagu, earl of; died 1715. * * Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, earl of: died 1772. 170. Hall, alias Hull, sir Edward ; died 1453. 196. Harcourt, sir Robert; died 1474. 415. Hamilton, James, marquess of (in Scot- land), and earl of Cambridge ; died 1624. 431. Hamilton, James, marquess of (in Scot- land), and earl of Cambridge ; died 1648. 447. Hamilton, William, duke of (in Scotland), and earl of Cambridge ; died 1651. 515. Hamilton, James, duke of (in Scotland), duke of Brandon ; died 1712. * * Hamilton, Alexander, duke of Hamilton (in Scotland), and duke of Brandon. * * Hanover, Ernest - Augustus, king of (late H. R. H. the duke of Cumberland). * * Hanover, George-Frederick, crown prince of. * * Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, earl of; died 1834. 115. Harington, William, baron ; died 1457. 189. Hastings, William, baron ; died 1483. 336. Hastings, Edward Hastings, lord (of Lough- borough) ; died 1558. * * Hastings, Francis Rawdon Hastings, mar- quess of ; died 1824. 371. Hatton, sir Christopher; died 1591. 32. Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun, earl of (and KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER. 887 earl of Essex and Northampton) ; died 1372. Hereford, Walter Devereux, viscount ; died 1558. Hertford, Francis Seymour Conway, mar- quess of; died 1794. Hertford, Fran(;is Ingram Seymour Con- way, marquess of ; died 1822. Hertford, Francis-Charles Seymour Con- w^ay, marquess of ; died 1842. Hertford, Richard Seymour Conway, mar- quess of. Hesse, Frederick, prince of; died 1785. Hesse-Cassel, William-George, landgrave of. Holland, sir Otho ; cne of the original knights; died 1359. Holland, William, duke of; died 1417. Holland, Henry Rich, earl of; died 1649. Holstein, Gotorp Adolphus, duke of; died 1586. Holstein, Ulric, duke of; died 1624. Hoo and Hastings, Thomas, lord; died 1453. Howard, sir Edward ; died 1513. Howard, William Howard, lord (of Ef- fingham) ; died 1573. Howe, Richard Howe, earl ; died 1799. Hungerford, Walter, baron ; died 1449. Hunsdon, Henry Carey, lord ; died 1596. Hunsdon, George Carey, lord ; died 1603. Huntingdon, Guiscard d'Angouleme, earl of; died 1380. Huntingdon, Francis Hastings, earl of ; died 1560. Huntingdon, Henry Hastings, earl of; died 1595. K. 410. Kellie, Thomas Erskine, earl of (in Scot- land) ; died 1639. 157. Kendal, John de Foix, earl of, temp. Henry Y I. 14. Kent, Thomas Holland, earl of ; one of the original knights ; died 1360. 97. Kent, Edmund Holland, earl of; died 1407. 150. Kent, William Nevill, earl of; died 1462. 260. Kent, Richard Grey, earl of; died 1523. 617. Kent, Henry Grev, duke of; died 1740. * * Kent, H. R. H. Edward, duke of; died 1820. 258. Kildare, Gerald Fitz-Gerald, earl of ; died 1513. 303. Kingston, sir William ; died 1541. 532. Kingston, Evelyn Pierrepoint, duke of; died 1715. 553. Kingston, Evelyn Pierrepoint, duke of; died 1773. 74. Knolys, sir Robert ; died 1407. 382. Knollys, sir Francis ; died 1596 183. Kyriell, sir Thomas, temp. Henry VI. 282. 671. * * * ♦ * * 656. * * 23. 118. 421. 343. 899. 161. 272. 334. * * 136. 345. 385. 40. 822. 352. 42. 472. 387. 481. 559. * * 342. 414. * * 395. 416. 433. 462. 327. 565. 429. 403. 9. 283. 3. Lancaster, Henry Plantagenet, duke of ; one 270. of the original knights ; died 1362. 397. 29. Lancaster, John Plantagenet, duke of ; died 1399. 69. Lancaster, Henry Plantagenet, after- wards king Henry IV. 193. * * Lansdowne, William Pettv, marquess of; 12. died 1805. * * Lansdowne, Henry Fitzmaurice Petty, mar- 467. quess of. cc 2 156. 20. 101. 222. 254. 464. 46. 8. 416. 452. 509. Latimer, William, baron ; died 1380. La Tour. Vide de Frane. Lauderdale, John Maitland, duke of (in Scotland), and earl of Guildford ; died 1682. Lee, sir Henry; died 1611. Leeds, Thonias Osborne, duke of; died 1712. Leeds, Thomas Osborne, duke of; died 1789. Leeds, George- William-Frederick Osborne duke of; died 1838. Leicester, Robert Dudley, earl of: died 1588. Leicester, Robert Sydney, earl of; died 1677. Leiningen, Charles-William, prince of. Lenox, Lodowick Stuart, duke of (in Scotland), and Richmond; died 1624. Lenox, Esme Stuart, duke of (in Scot- land), and earl of March ; died 1624. Lenox, James Stuart, duke of (in Scot- land), and Richmond ; died 1655. Lenox, Charles Stuart, duke of (in Scot- land), and Richmond ; died 1672. Lincoln, Edward Clinton, earl of; died 1585. Lincoln, Henry Fiennes Clinton, earl of; died 1728. Lindsey, Robert Bertie, earl of ; died 1642. Lindsev, Montagu Bertie, earl of; died 1666. Lisle, John, baron (of Rugemont) ; one of the original knights ; died 1356. Lisle, Arthur Plantagenet, viscount; died 1541. Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, earl of; died 1828. Lonsdale, William Lowther, earl of: died 1844. Londonderry, Robert Stewart, marquess of (in Ireland) ; died 1822. Longueville, Gaston de Foix, earl of (in Normandy), temp, Henry VI. Loring, sirNele ; one of the original knights ; died 1385. Lovel, John, baron ; died 1408. Lovel, Francis, viscount ; died 1487. Lovel, sir Thomas ; died 1524. M. Manchester, Edward Montagu, earl of; died 1671. Manny, Walter, baron ; died 1372. March, Roger Mortimer, earl of ; one of the original knights ; died 1360. March, Esme Stuart, earl of, and duke of Lenox (in Scotland) ; died 1624. Marlborough, Charles Spencer, duke of; died 1722. Marlborough, John Churchill, duke of ; died 1758. Marlborough, George Spencer, duke of ; died 1817. Marney, Henry, lord ; died 1524. Marr, John Erskine, earl of (in Scotland) ; died 1634. Mecklenburgh Strelitz, Adolphus- Frederick III., duke of ; died 1794. Milan, Francis Sfortia, duke of; died 1466. Mohun, John, baron; one of the original knights; died circa 1373. Monmouth, James Scott, duke of j died 16fc'5. ♦383 KNIGHTS OF 385. Montacute, Anthony Browne, viscount ; died 1592. 187. Montagu, John Neville, marquess ; died 1471. 629. Montagu, John Montagu, duke of ; died 1749. * * Montagu, George Brudenell, duke of ; died 1790. 216. Montgomery, sir Thomas, temp. Edward IV. 404. Montgomery and Pembroke, Philip Herbert, earl of ; died 1650. 206. Montjoy, Walter Blount, lord ; died 1474. 289. Montjoy, William Blount, lord; died 1535. 275. Monteagle, Edward Stanley, baron; died 1523. 295. Montmorency, Anne, duke de (in France) ; died 1567. 354. Montmorency, Francis, duke de (in France) ; died 1579. 450. Montrose, James Graham, marquess of (in Scotland) ; died 1650. * * Montrose, James Graham, duke of (in Scot- land) ; died 1836. 103. Morley, Thomas, baron; died 1417. 435. Morton, William Douglas, earl of (in Scot- land) ; died 1648. 199. Mountgrysson, lord (in Apulia), temp. Edward IV. 381. Mulgrave, Edmund Sheffield, earl of ; died 1646. 86. Namur, sir Robert de, temp. Richard II. 192. Naples, Ferdinand II., king of; died 1496. 274. Nemours, Julian de Medici, duke of; died 1516. * * Netherlands, William, king of the ; died March 1849. 44. Neville, John, baron ; died 1388. 206. Newblanch, Philip Chabot, comte de (in France), temp. Henry VITI. 449. Newcastle, William Cavendish, duke of; died 1676. 480. Newcastle, Henry Cavendish, duke of ; died 1691. 602. Newcastle, John Holies, duke of ; died 1711. 630. Newcastle, Thomas Pelham Holies, duke of; died 1768. * * Newcastle, Henry Fiennes Pelham Clinton, duke of; died 1794. * * Newcastle, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton, duke of; died 1851. 64. Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, duke of ; died 1413. 131. Norfolk, John Mowbray, duke of; died 1432. 167. Norfolk, John Mowbray, duke of; died 1461. 200. Norfolk, John Mowbrav, duke of; died 1475. 204. Norfolk, John Howard, duke of; died 1485. 221. Norfolk, Thomas Howard, duke of; died 1524. 268. Norfolk, Thomas Howard, duke of; died 1554. 340. Norfolk, Thomas Howard, duke of; died 1572. 406. Norfolk, Thomas Howard, earl of, and earl of Arundel and Surrey ; died 1646. 489. Norfolk, Henry Howard, duke of ; died 1701. * * Norfolk, Henry-Charles Howard, duke of. 1 THE GARTER. * * Norfolk, Bernard Edward Howard, duke of; died 1842. * * Nornianby, Constantine Henry, marquess of. 33. Northampton, William Bohun, earl of ; died 1360. 312. Northampton, William Parr, marquess of; died 1571. 400. Northampton, Henry Howard, earl of; died 1614. 427. Northampton, William Compton, earl of; died 1630. 212. Northumberland, Hehry Percy, earl of ; died 1489. 242. Northumberland, Henry Algernon Percy, earl of ; died 1527. 294. Northumberland, Henry Algernon Perc3% earl of; died 1537. 310. Northumberland, John Dudley, duke of; died 1553. 346. Northumberland, Thomas Percv, earl of; died 1572. 378. Northumberland, Henry Percy, earl of; died 1632. 436. Northumberland, Algernon Percv, earl of ; died 1668. 488. Northumberland, George Fitzroy, duke of ; died 1716. 570. Northumberland, Hugh Percy, duke of; died 1786. * * Northumberland, Henry Percy, earl of. * * Northumberland, Hugh Percy, duke of; died 1819. * * Northumberland, Hugh Percy, duke of; died 1847. 362. Nottingham, Charles Howard, earl of ; died 1624. o. 409. Orange, Maurice, prince of; died 1625. 425. Orange, Henry-Frederic, prince of; died 1647. 441. Orange, William I., prince of; died 1650c 455. Orange, William III., prince of; died 1702. 546. Orange, William-Charles, prince of ; died 1751. 565. Orange, William V., prince of; died 1806. 542. Orford (elected while a commoner), Robert Walpole, earl of; died 1745. 370. Ormond and Ossory, Thomas Butler, earl of (in Ireland) ; died 1614. 444. Ormond, James Butler, duke of ; died 1 688. 494. Ormond, James Butler, duke of; attainted 1715. 477. Ossory, Thomas Butler, earl of (in Ireland), and lord Butler (in England) ; died 1680. 112. Oxford, Richard de Vere, earl of; died 1417. 227. Oxford, John de Vere, earl of; died 1513. 293. Oxford, John de Vere, earl of; died 1539. 461. Oxford, Aubrey de Vere, earl of ; died 1702. 519. Oxford, Robert Harley, earl of, and earl Mortimer ; died 1724. P. 321. Paget, William, baron; died 1563. 210. Parr, sir William, temp. Edward IV. 26. Pavely, sir Walter; one of the original knights; died 1375. 34. Pembroke, John Hastings, earl of; died 1389. 188. Pembroke, William Herbert, earl of ; died 1469. KNIGHTS OF 325. Pembroke, William Herbert, earl of ; died 1559. 3G0. Pembroke, Henry Herbert, earl of; died 1601. 398. Pembroke, William Herbert, earl of ; died 1630. 404. Pembroke and Montgomery, Philip Her- bert, earl of; died 1650. 490. Peterborough, Henry Mordaunt, earl of ; died 1697. 504. Pembroke and Montgomery, Thomas Her- bert, earl of; died 1733. 521. Peterborough and Monmouth, Charles Mor- daunt, earl of ; died 1735. * * Pembroke and Montgomery, George-Au- gustus Herbert, earl of. 53. Pembruge, sir Richard, temp. Edward III. 122. Phelip, sir William, generally called lord Bardolf ; died 1439. 164. Poland, Casimir IV., king of; died 1492. 248. Pole, sir Richard, temp. Henry VII. 428. Portland, Richard Weston, earl of; died 1634. 503. Portland, William Bentinck, earl of; died 1709. 554. Portland, William Bentinck, duke of ; died 1762. * * Portland, William-Henry Cavendish Ben- tinck, duke of; died 1809. 123. Portugal, John, king of ; died 1433. 146. Portugal, Edward, king of ; died 1438. 159. Portugal, Alphonsus V., king of ; died 1481. 219. Portugal, John II., king of ; died 1495. 267. Portugal, Emanuel, king of ; died 1521. * * Portugal, John, king of ; died 1826. 518. Poulett, John, earl ; died 1743. * * Powis, Edward Herbert, earl of; died 1848. 246. Poynings, sir Edward ; died 1521. 498. Prussia, Frederick I., king of ; died 1712. * * Prussia, Frederick- William III., king of; died 1840. * * Prussia, Frederick- William IV., king of. Q. 506. Queensberry and Dover, James Douglas, duke of ; died 1711, R. 109. Ramston, sir Thomas, temp. Henry IV. 143. RatclifFe, sir John ; died 1437. 223. Ratcliffe, sir Richard ; died 1485. 365. Rhine, John Casimir, count palatin; died 1592. 432. Rhine, Charles Lodovic, count palatin ; died 1680. 440. Rhine, Rupert, count palatin ; died 1682. 443. Rhine, Maurice, count palatin; died 1654. 445. Rhine, Edward, count palatin ; died 1663. 484. Rhine, Charles, count palatin ; died 1685. 287. Richmond and Somerset, Henry Fitz-Roy, duke of; died 1536. 395. Richmond and Lenox, Lodovick Stewart, duke of ; died 1624. 433. Richmond and Lenox, James Stewart, duke of; died 1655. 462. Richmond and Lenox, Charles Stewart, duke of; died 1670. 485. Richmond, Chai'les Lenox, duke of; died 1723. C c THE GARTER. 339 541. Richmond and Lenox, Charles Lenox, duke of; died 1750. * * Richmond, Charles Lenox, duke of: died 1806. * * Richmond, Charles Lenox, duke of; died 1819. * * Richmond, Charles Gordon Lenox, duke of. 166. Rivers, Richard Widville, earl ; died 1469. ' 197. Rivers, Anthony Widville, earl ; died 1483. 121. Robessart, sir John ; died 1450. 134. Robessart, sir Lewis, baron Bourchier {jure uxoris) ; died 1431. 339. Rochester, sir Robert. 491. Rochester, Lawrence Hvde, earl of: died 1711. * * Rochford, William-Henry Nassau, earl of; died 1781. 574. Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, marquess of ; died 1782. 99. Roos, William Roos, baron ; died 1414. 538. Roxburgh, John Ker, duke of (in Scot- land) ; died 1741. * * Roxburgh, John Ker, duke of (in Scotland) ; died 1804. * * Russia, Alexander, emperor of: died 1825. * * Russia, Nicholas, emperor of. 286. Rutland, Thomas Manners, earl of; died 1543. 341. Rutland, Henry Manners, earl of; died 1563. 366. Rutland, Edward Manners, earl of; died 1587. 412. Rutland, Francis Manners, earl of; died 1632. 523. Rutland, John Manners, duke of; died 1721. 537. Rutland, John Manners, duke of ; died 1779. * * Rutland, Charles Manners, duke of; died 1787. * * Rutland, John- Henry Manners, duke of. s. 474. St. Albans, Henry Jermyn, earl of; died 1683. 528. St. Albans, Charles Beauclerk, duke of; died 1726. 551. St. Albans, Charles Beauclerk, duke of; died 1751. 315. St. Leger, sir Anthony, temp. Henry VIII. 7. Salisbury, William Montacute, earl of ; one of the original knights ; died 1397. 126. Salisbur^^, Thomas Montacute, earl of; died 1428. 149. Salisbury, Richard Neville, earl of ; died 1460. 180. Salisburv, Richard Neville, earl of, and earl of Warwick ; died 1471. 401. Salisburv, Robert Cecil, earl of; died 1612. 418. Salisbury, William Cecil, earl of; died 1668. 483. Salisbury, Cecil, earl of; died 1683. * * Salisbury, James Cecil, marquess of; died 1823. * * Salisbury, James Brownlow William Gas- coigne Cecil, marquess of. Sanchet la Tour. See de Frane. 459. Sandwich, Edward Montagu, earl of; died 1672. 277. Sandys, William Sandys, baron (of the Vine), died 1542. 72. Sarnsfield, sir Nicholas, temp. Edward III. 236. Savage, sir John ; died 1492. 333. Savoy, Emanuel, duke of; died 1580. .3 390 KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER. Saxe-Coburg, Leopold, prince of. See King of the Belgians. * * Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Ernest I., duke of. * * Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Ernest IL, duke of. * * Saxe-Meiningen, Bernard Erich -Freund, duke of. * * Saxony, Frederick-Augustus, king of. 556. Saxe-Gotha, Frederick III., duke of. 470. Saxony, John-George II., duke of; died 1680. 139. Scales, Thomas Scales, baron; died 1460. 539. Scarborough, Richard Lumley,earl of; died 1740. 495. Schombergh, Frederick, duke of; died 1690. 510. Schombergh, Mynhardt, duke of ; died 1719. 297. Scotland, James V., king of ; died 1542. 375. Scotland, James VI., king of, ascended the throne as king of Great Britain, 1603 ; died 1625. 190. Scrope, John Scrope, baron (of Bolton) ; died 1494. 368. Scrope, Henry Scrope, baron (of Bolton), died 1592. 390. Scrope, Thomas Scrope, baron (of Bolton) ; died 1612. * * Scrope, Henry Scrope, baron (of Masham). 320. Sevmour, Thomas Seymour, lord, of Sudley ; died 1549. 138. Shrewsbury, John Talbot, earl of; died 1453. 172. Shrewsbury, John Talbot, earl of; died 1460. 230. Shrewsbury, George Talbot, earl of; died 1541. 316. Shrewsbury, Francis Talbot, earl of; died 1560. 314. Shrewsbury, George Talbot, earl of; died 1590. 376. Shrewsbury, Gilbert Talbot, earl of; died 1616. 500. Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, duke of ; died 1718. 239. Sicily, Alphonsus, king of; died 1495. 350. Sidney, sir Henry ; died 1586. 94. Somerset and Dorset, John Beaufort, mar- quess of ; died 1410. 147. Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, duke of; died 1455. 152. Somerset, John Beaufort, duke of; died 1444. 306. Somerset, Edward Seymour, duke of ; died 1552. 407. Somerset, Robert Car, earl of ; died 1645. 460. Somerset, William Seymour, duke of ; died 1660. 487. Somerset, Charles Seymour, duke of ; died 1748. * * Somerset, Edward - Adolphus Seymour, duke of. 290. Southampton, William FitzwiUiam, earl of ; died 1543. 317. Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, earl of; died 1550. 478. Southampton, Charles Fitzroy, duke of; died 1730. 831. Spain, Philip II., king of, temp. Elizabeth : he resigned the Order ; died 1598. * * Spain, Ferdinand YIL, king of; died 1833. * * Spencer, Frederick Spencer, earl. * * Spencer, George- John Spencer, earl; died 1834. 6. Stafford, Ralph Stafford, earl of; one of the original knights; died 1372. 38. Stafford, Hugh Stafford, earl of; died 1386. 96. Stafford, Edmund, earl of; died 1403. * * Stafford, Granville Leveson-Gower, mar- quess of ; died 1803. * * Stafford, George Granville Leveson-Gower, marquess of; died 1833. 107. Stanley, sir John ; died 1413. 237. Stanley, sir William ; died 1494. 174. Stanley, Thomas Stanley, baron ; died 1458. 17. Stapleton, sir Miles; one of the original knights ; died 1373. 80. Stapleton, sir Bryan, temp. Edward III. 438. Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, earl of ; died 1641. 465. Strafford, William Wentworth, earl of ; died 1695. 520. Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, earl of ; died 1739. 232. Strange, George Stanley, baron (of Kno- kyn) ; died 1497. 75. Sulby (or Sully), sir John, temp. Edward III. 37. Suffolk, Robert Ufford, earl of; died 1369. 66. Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, earl of; died 1389. 132. Suffolk, William de la Pole, duke of; died 1450. 201. Suffolk, John de la Pole, duke of; died 1491. 253. Suffolk, Edmund de la Pole, duke of; died 1513. 273. Suffolk, Charles Brandon, duke of; died 1545. 318. Suffolk, Henry Grey, duke of; died 1554. 384. Suffolk, Thomas Howard, earl of; died 1626. 426. Suffolk, Theophilus Howard, earl of; died 1640. 493. Sunderland, Robert Spencer, earl of; died 1702. 533. Sunderland, Charles Spencer, earl of ; died 1722. 162. Surien, sir Francis, temp. Henry VI. 62. Surrey, Thomas Holland, duke of; died 1400. 307. Surrey, Henry Howard, commonly called earfof ; died 1546. 284. Sussex, Robert Ratcliffe, earl of; died 1542. 332. Sussex, Henry Ratcliffe, earl of; died 1556. 337. Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, earl of; died 1583. 372. Sussex, Henry Ratcliffe, earl of; died 1593. 388. Sussex, Robert Ratcliffe, earl of; died 1629. * * Sussex, H. R. H. Augustus-Frederick, duke of; died 1843. * * Sutherland, George Granville Leveson- Gower, duke of; died 1833. * * Sutherland, George Granville Leveson- Gower, duke of. 424. Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus II., king of; died 1632. 469. Sweden, Charles XL, king of ; died 1697. T. 100. Talbot, Gilbert Talbot, baron, and baron Strange of Blackmere ; died 1419. 217. Tnlbot, sir Gilbert; died 1516. * * Talbot, Charles Chetwynd, earl ; died 1849. 129. Tankerville, sir John Grey, earl of (in Nor- mandy) ; died 1421. 454. Tarente, Henry, Charles de Tremouille, prince de ; died 1672. 575. Temple, Richard Grenville Temple, earl of; died 1779. KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER. 391 540. Townshend, Charles Townshend, viscount ; died 1738. 226. Tunstal, sir Richard, temp. Henry VI. u. 48. UfFord, sir Thomas, temp. Edward III. Ughtrede, alias Utreight, alias Wright. See IFriyht. 108. Umfreville, sir Robert de; died 1437. 211. Urbino, Frederick, duke of (in Italy) ; died 1482. 257. Urbino, Guido, duke of (in Italy) ; died 1508. V. 56. Yache, sir Richard de la, temp. Edward III. 73. Vache, sir Philip de la, temp. Richard II. 50. Van Hall, sir Francis, knight banneret, temp. Edward III. 154. Visco, Henry, duke of (in Portugal) ; died 1460. w. 550. Waldegrave, James Waldegrave, earl ; died 1741. 572. Waldegrave, James Waldegrave, earl ; died 1763. 18. Wale, sir Thomas; one of the original knights ; died 1352. 2. Wales, Edward, prince of (the Black Prince) ; one of the original knights ; died 1376, vita patris. 27. Wales, Richard Plantagenet, prince of, afterwards king Richard II. ; died 1399. 88. Wales, Henry, prince of, afterwards king Henry V. ; died 1422. 175. Wales, Edward, prince of, son of Henrv V. ; died 1471. 213. Wales, Edward, prince of, afterwards king Edward V. ; died 1483. 240. Wales, Arthur, prince of, son of king Henry VII. ; died 1502, vita patris. 250. Wales, Henry, prince of, afterwards king Henry VIII. ; died 1547. 893. Wales, Henry-Frederick, prince of, son of James I. ; died 1612, vita patris. 405. Wales, Charles, prince of, afterwards king Charles I. ; died 1649. 437. Wales, Charles, prince of, afterwards king Charles II. ; died 1685. 526. Walks, Frederick-Lewis, prince of, son of George II. ; died 1751, vita patris. 512. Wales, George - Augustus, prince of, afterwards king George II. ; died 1760. 558. Wales, George - William - Frederick, prince of, afterwards king George III. ; died 1820. * * Wales, George- Augustus -Frederick, prince of, afterwards king George IV. ; died 1830. * * Wales, H. R. H. Albert -Edward, prince of, son of hei' present majesty, the Queen. 313. Wallop, sir John; died 1551. 4. Warwick, Thomas Beauchamp, earl of ; one of the original knights ; died 1369. 35. Warwick, Thomas Beauchamp, earl of: died 1401. 125. Warwick, Richard Beauchamp, earl of: died 1439. 180. Warwick, Richard Nevill, earl of; died 1471. 347. Warwick, Ambrose Dudlev, earl of: died 1589. 231. Welles, John Welles, viscount; died 1498 * * Wellesley, Henry Colley Wellesley, mar- quess of (in Ireland) ; died 1842. * * Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Field-mar- shal, the duke of. 182. Wenlock, John Wenlock, lord; died 1471. 169. Wentworth, sir Philip, temp. Henry VI. * * Westminster, Robert Grosvenor, marquess of; died 1845. 98. Westmoreland, Ralph Nevill, earl of; died 1425. 288. Westmoreland, Ralph Nevill, earl of; died 1549. 329. Westmoreland, Henry Nevill, earl of; died 1563. * * Westmoreland, John Fane, earl of; died 1841. 70. Willoue^hby, William Willoughby, baron (de Eresby) ; died 1409. 127. Willoughby, Robert Willoughby, baron (de Eresby) ; died 1452. 245. Willoughby de Broke, Robert Willoughby, baron ; died 1503. 548. Wilmington, Spencer Compton, earl of; died 1743. 67. Wiltshire, William Scrope, earl of ; died 1399. 177. Wiltshire and Ormond, James Butler, earl of; died 1461. 203. Wiltshire, John Stafford, earl of; died 1473. 259. Wiltshire, Henry Stafford, earl of; died 1523. 281. Wiltshire, Thomas Boleyn, earl of; died 1538. 566. Winchelsea, Daniel Finch, earl of ; died 1769. * * Winchelsea and Nottingham, George Finch, earl of; died 1826. 311. Winchester, William Paulet, marquess of; died 1572. 280. Wingfield, sir Richard ; died circa 1525. 309. Wingfield, sir Anthony, temp. Henry VIII. 233. Widville, sir Edward ; died 1488. 383. Wirtemburg, Frederick, duke of; died 1608. * * Wirtemburg, William L, king of. * * Worcester, Thomas Percy, earl of; died 1402. 186. Worcester, John Tiptoft, earl of; died 1470. 244. Worcester, Charles Somerset, earl of ; died 1526. 353. Worcester, William Somerset, earl of ; died 1589. 379. Worcester, Edward Somerset, earl of ; died 1628. 54. Wright, alias Ughtrede, alias Utright ^ sir Thomas, temp. Edward III. 19. Wrottesley, sir Hugh ; one of the original knights ; died 1380. Y. 30. York, Edmund Plantagenet, duke of; died 1402. 1 Sir Harris Nicolas asks, " If this personage was Thomas de Ughtrede. who was siimmoned to parliament from 17th to 38th of Edward III., and who died in 1365?" We have carefully looked through all the authorities, and conclude that he was. c c 4 392 KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER. 65. York, Edward Plantagenet, duke of; died 1415. 145. York, Richard Plantagenet, duke of; died 1460. 214. York, Richard Plantagenet, duke of; died 1483. 439. York, James Stuart, duke of, afterwards king James II. ; died 1710. 527. York, Ernest-Augustus, duke of, brother of king George I. ; died 1728. 564. York, Edward-Augustus, duke of, brother of king George III. ; died 1767. * * York and Albany, H. R. H. Frederick, duke of; died 1827. The present Knights. Our Most Gracious Sovereign. H. R. H. Albert-Edward, prince of Wales. H. R. H. prince Albert, prince consort. Ernest-Augustus, king of Hanover. George- Frederick, crown prince of Hanover. George- William, duke of Cambridge. Leopold, king of the Belgians. Nicholas, emperor of Russia. William, king of Wurtemburg. Frederick-William IV., king of Prussia. Frederick-Augustus, king of Saxony. Bernard, duke of Saxe-Meiningen. William, duke of Brunswick. Ernest II., duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Charles-William, prince of Leiningen. 1. John-Henry, duke of Rutland. 2. Arthur, duke of Wellington. 3. Henry- William, marquess of Anglesey. 4. William, duke of Devonshire. 5. Brownlow-Cecil, marquess of Exeter. 6. Charles, duke of Richmond. 7. Walter, duke of Buccleuch. 8. Alexander, duke of Hamilton and Brandon. 9. Henry, marquess of Lansdowne. 10. Edward- Adolphus, duke of Somerset. 11. Edward, earl of Derby. 12. George Granville, duke of Sutherland. 13. Henry, duke of Beaufort. 14. Richard, duke of Buckingham and Chandos. 15. James Brownlow, marquess of Salisbury. 16. Henry, duke of Cleveland. 17. Thomas-Philip, earl de Grey. 18. James, marquess of Abercorn. 19. George-Charles, marquess of Camden. 20. Richard, marquess of Hertford. 21. Francis, duke of Bedford. 22. Henry-Charles, duke of Norfolk. 23. George- William -Frederick, earl of Clarendon. 24. Frederick, earl Spencer. 25. Constantine-Henry, marquess of Normanby. By a statute bearing date June 28, 1831, it was ordained that in future the Order should consist of the Sovereign and twenty-five Knights, together with such lineal descendants of his Majesty George I. as shall have been, or may hereafter be, elected Knights of the most noble Order of the Garter. KNIGHTS OF THE BATH. The knighthood of the Bath is supposed to have been adopted by the ancient Franks, inhabitants of Lower Germany, with whom, it is highly probable, the Saxons, who invaded England, had the same common descent, and who, with other customs, upon their settling here, introduced the same method of knighthood. These ancient Franks, when they conferred knighthood, observed, amongst other solemn rites, bathing before they performed their vigils ; which rites continued to be practised in England, and hence the members were denominated " Knights of the Bath." In the reign of Henry lY. there was a degree of knighthood under the express appellation of " The Bath." ^ That king, on the day of his coronation in the Tower of London, conferred the dignity of knighthood upon forty-six esquires, who had watched all the night before, and had bathed themselves. From that time it was customary with our kings to confer this dignity upon their coronations, the coronations of their queens, the birth and marriage of the royal issue, and the first advancement of their sons to honours. They conferred it, also, upon their designed expeditions against their foreign enemies, upon installations of Knights of the Garter, and when some grand anniversary festivals were celebrated. The last Knights of the Bath so made, were installed at the coronation of king Charles II. in 1661 ; after which time the Order was neglected, until the year 1725, when king George 1. was graciously pleased to revive it, and to provide a book of statutes for the government of the Order. By 1 There were Knights created with the ceremonies of the Bath, so early as the reign of king John. Sir Harris Nicolas mentions two knights created in that reign, viz.: sir Thomas Esturmy, July 17, 1204, and sir Theodore le Tyas, November 5, 1205. In the subsequent early reigns, various knights were created; but whether they came under the denomination of Knights of the Bath, seems doubtful. KNIGHTS OF THE BATH. 393 Jiese statutes the number of the knights was fixed at thirty-eight, viz. : the Soverei"-n and thirty-seven Knights Companions. — Beatson. . ^ The king ordained the chapel of king Henry VII. to be the chapel of the Order, and directed that each Knight's banner, with plates of his arms and style, should be placed over the respective stalls of the Knights, in manner as those of the Knights of the Garter in St. George's chapel in the same castle of Windsor, and he allowed them supporters to their arms. — Idem, The Original Knights. {Made at the Coronation of King Henry IV., October 13, 1399.) ^ ounger sons the king. of Thomas Plantagenet, John Plantagenet. Humphrey Plantagenet. Sir Thomas Fitz-Alan, earl of Arundel. Sir Richard Nevil, son to the earl of Warwick. Sir Edmund Stafford, brother to the earl of Stafford. Sir Hugh Courtenay. ) Sons to the earl of De- Sir Thomas Courtenay. j vonshire. Sir Henry Beaumont, lord Beaumont. Sir Henry Willoughby, the lord Willoughb^-'s brother. Sir Hugh Stafford, brother to the earl of Staf- ford. Sir Richard, or Thomas de Camois, son of the lord Camois. The lord of Paule. Sir Peter Mauley, lord Mauley. Lord Latimer. Lord D'Eyncourt. Sir Almeric de St. Amand, lord de St. Amand. Sir Thomas Beauchamp. Sir Thomas Pelham. Sir John Luttrell. Sir John Lisle. Sir William Hankford, justice. Sir Wlliam Brenchley, justice. Sir Bartholomew Rochford. Sir Giles Daubinie. Sir William Butler. Sir John Ashton. Sir Richard Sanape. Sir John Tiptoft. Sir Richard Francis. Sir Henry Persic-, or Percy, (Hotspur). Sir John Arundel. Sir William Stralley. Sir John Turpington. Sir Ailmer Saint. Sir Edward Hastings. Sir J ohn Griesley. Sir Gerald Sotill. Sir John Arden. Sir Robert Chalons. Sir Thomas Dymock. Sir Walter Hungerford. Sir William Gilethorpe, and Sir William Newport. The subsequent occasions chosen for the institution of Knights of the Bath, were the following : — At the coronation of king Henrj^ V. in 1413. On the feast of St. George, in the 5th or 6th year of Henry V. On the eve of St. George, in the 9th year of the same king. At the coronation of Henry VI.. November 6, 1429. At the coronation of Edward IV. in June 1461. At the coronation of Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV., May 26, 1464. At the creation of the prince of Wales and duke of York, April 18, 1475. On the marriage of Richard, duke of York, second son to Edward IV. [King Edward V. had named the persons to be Knights of the Bath for his coronation, but he was deposed before he was crowned. ] At the coronation of Richard III. and his queen Anne. At the coronation of Henry VII., October 28, 1485. At the coronation of Elizabeth, queen of Henry VII., in the ord year of his reign. On prince Arthur, the king's eldest son, being created prince of Wales, 1489. On prince Henry, the king's second son, being created duke of York, 1494. On the marriage of Arthur, prince of Wales, November 17, 1501. On prince Henry, duke of York, being created prince of Wales, 1503. At the coronation of Henry VIII., June 23, 1509, At the coronation of Anna Boleyn, queen of Henry VIII., May 30, 1533. At the coronation of Edward VL, February 20, 1547. At the coronation of queen Mary (queen reg- nant), September 28, 1553. At the coronation of queen Elizabeth (queen regnant), January 15, 1559. At the coronation of James I., July 25, 1603. On Twelfth-Eve, January 5, 1604, when twelve knights only were elected. On the creation of prince Henry, as prince of Wales, June 1, 1610. On Charles, duke of York, being created prince of Wales, November 3, 1616. At the coronation of Charles I., February 2, 1626. At the coronation of Charles IL, April 23, 1661 ; after which time the Order fell into disuse. 1 The date of the installation of the Knights created by Henry IV. on the occasion of his being crowned is stated by several authorities, among thera Sir Harris Nicolas, to be March 17, 1400. We believe that the date we adopt is the date of the record. 394 KNIGHTS OF THE BATH. Knights created on the Revival of the Order, in 1725. His majesty king George, sovereign. His royal highness William- Augustus, duke of Cumberland. John, duke of Montagu, grand master. Charles, duke of Richmond ; quitted for the Order of the Garter, 1720. William, duke of Manchester. Charles, earl of Burford, eldest son to the duke of St. Albans ; quitted for the Garter, 1741. John, earl of Leicester. William - Anne, earl of Albemarle j quitted for the Garter, 1749. Henry, earl of Deloraine. George, earl of Halifax. Talbot, earl of Sussex. Thomas, earl of Pomfret. Lord Nassau Poulett, younger son to the duke of Bolton. George, viscount Torrington. George, viscount Malpas, eldest son to the earl of Cholmondeley. John, viscount Glenorchy, eldest son to the earl of B read al bane. John, lord De la Warr, afterwards earl of De la Warr. Hugh, lord Clinton, afterwards earl Clinton. Edward, lord Walpole, afterwards earl of Orford. I Sir Spencer Compton, afterwards earl of Wil- mington ; quitted for the Garter, 1733. Sir William Stanhope, brother to the earl of Chesterfield. Sir Conyers D'Arcy, imcle to the earl of Hol- derness. Sir Thomas Lumley Saunderson, afterwards earl of Scarborough. Sir Paul Methuen. Sir Robert Walpole, afterwards earl of Orford ; quitted for the Garter, 1726. Sir Robert Sutton. Sir Charles Willes. Sir John Hobart, afterwards earl of Bucking- hamshire. Sir William Gage, bart. Sir Robert Clifton. Sir Michaf'l Newton. Sir William Yonge, bart. Sir Thomas Watson Wentworth, afterwards earl of Mai ton and marquess of Rockingham. Sir John Monson, afterAvards lord Monson. Sir William Morgan. Sir Thomas Coke, afterwards lord Lovel and earl of Leicester. William, earl of Inchiquin. John, viscount Tyrconnel. THE EXTENSION OPv RE-ORGANISATIOX OF THE OPvDER, in 1815. "Whitehall, January 2, 1815. " Whereas His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, acting in the name and on the behalf of His Majesty (George TIL) sovereign of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath, is desirous of commemorating the auspicious termination of the long and arduous contests in which this empire has been engaged, and of marking in an especial manner his gracious sense of the valour, per- severance, and devotion of the officers of His Majesty's forces by sea and land; and whereas His Royal Highness has thought fit, b}^ virtue of the royal prerogative, and of the power reserved to the sovereign in the statutes of the said Most Honourable Military Order, to advance the splendour and extend the limits of the said Order, to the end that those officers who have had the opportunities of signalising themselves by eminent services during the late war may share in the honours of the said Order, and that their names may be handed down to remote posterity, accompanied by the marks of distinction which they have so nobly earned ; the Prince Regent has therefore been gra- ciously pleased to ordain as follows : " The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath shall from this time forward be comprised of three classes, differing in their ranks and degrees of dignity. " The First Class shall consist of Knights Grand Crosses, which designation shall be substituted henceforward for that of Knights Companions, and from the date hereof the present Knights Com- panions and extra Knights of the Order shall in all acts, proceedings, and pleadings be styled Knights Grand Crosses of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath. The number of the Knights Grand Crosses shall not at any time or upon any account whatever exceed seventy-two, whereof there may be a number not exceeding twelve, so nominated and appointed in consideration of eminent services rendered to the state by British subjects in civil and diplomatic employments. The dignity of a Knight Grand Cross shall not be conferred upon any officer who shall not have attained the rank of major-general in the army or rear-admiral in the navy, except as to the twelve Knights Grand Crosses, who may be appointed on account of civil services. " The Second Class of the Order shall be composed of Knights Commanders, whose number shall not exceed one hundred and eighty, exclusive of foreign Officers holding British commissions, and shall take place and precedence before all Knights Bachelors of the United Kingdom. " The Third Class of the Order shall be composed of Officers holding commissions in His Majesty's service by sea or land, who shall be styled Companions of the said Order. They shall not be entitled to the appellation, style, precedence, or privileges of Knights Bachelors, but shall take place and precedence of all Esquires.'* In 1847 (April 14) the number of Knights Grand Crosses was increased to Fifty ^Military, and Twenty-five Civil, Knights; so ordained by Her Majesty Queen ^ Victoria. The other classes were also increased in the number of Knights. KNIGHTS OF THE BATH. 395 Knights of the Bath. (^From the revival of the Order in 1725, to its enlargement in 1815 ; and of the Knights Grand Crosses yVom that year to the present time.^ A. Abercromby, sir Ralph : died 1801. Abercromby, hon. sir John: died Feb. 1817. Abercromby, sir Robert: died Nov. 1827. A'Court, sir William, bart., afterwards lord Heytesbiiry. Adair, Rt. hon. sir Robert. Adam, Rt. hon. sir Frederick. Adams, sir John W. : died March 1837. Albemarle, William-Annc, earl of (1725) i : died 1754. Albert, H.R.H. Prince, of Saxe-Coburg and GoTHA, prince consort to Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Alten, Charles, count : died April 1840 {honorary). Amherst, sir Jeffrey, afterwards lord Amherst (1761): died Aug;. 1797. Anglesey, Henry-William, marquess of. See Paget. Anson, sir George : died Nov. 1849. Antrim, William Randall, marquess of (1780) : died 1791. Aston, sir Arthur, late envoy-extraordinary to Spain. Auchmuty, sir Samuel : died Aug. 1822. Auckland, George, earl of {civil) : died Jan. 1849. Austria, H. I. H. archduke Charles of {ho- norary) : died April 1847. Austria, H. I. II. archduke Frederick- Charles of {honorary)', died Oct. 1847. Aylmer, Matthew, lord : died Feb. 1850. B. Bagot, Rt. hon. sir Charles {civil) : died May'1843. Baird, sir David, bart. : died Aug. 1829. Banks, Rt. hon. sir Joseph, bart. (1795 ; hono- rary) : died June 1820. Barlow, sir George Hilaro, bart. {civil) : died Dec. 1846. Barlow, sir Robert : died May 1843. Barnard, sir Andrew-Francis. Barnes, sir Edward : died March 1838. Bateman, William, viscount (1732) : died 1744. Beauclerk, lord Amelius : died Dec. 1846. Beaulieu, Edward, earl of (1753) : died 1802. Beckwith, sir George : died March 1823. Bellamont, Charles, earl of (1764) : died Oct. 1800. Bentinck, lord William : died June 1839. Beresford, William Carr, viscount. Berkelev, sir George Cranfield : died Feb. 1818. Blakeney, William, lord (1756) : died 1761. Blakeney, Rt. hon. sir Edward. Blaquiere, sir John, afterwards lord De Blaquiere : died Aug. 1812. Bligh, sir Richard Rodney : died April 1821. Bloomfield, sir Benjamin, afterwards lord Bloom- field {civil) : died Aug. 1846. Blucher, H. H. prince, of Prussia {honorary) : died Sept. 1819. Bolton, Charles, duke of (1753) : died 1765. Boyd, sir Robert (1784) : died May 1794. Bradford, sir Thomas. Breadalbane, John, earl of (1725) : died 1782. Brisbane, sir Thomas Makdougall, bart. Brock, sir Isaac : died Oct. 13, 1812. Brownrigg, sir Robert, bart. : died May 1833. Bulwer, Rt. hon. sir Henry Lytton {civil). Byng, Rt. hon. sir John, afterwards earl of Strafford. Caldwell, sir Alexander {extra) : died Dec. 1839. Caldwell, sir Benjamin : died Nov. 1820. Caldwell, sir James Lillyman. Calthorpe, sir Henry (1744) : died April 1788. Calvert, sir Harry, bart. : died Sept. 1826. Cambridge, H. R. H. Adolphus-Frederick, duke of, K. G. : died July 1850. Campbell, sir Archibald, bart. (1785) : died Mar. 1791. Campbell, sir Archibald, bart. : died Oct. 1843. Campbell, sir George: died Jan. 1821. Campbell, sir James (1742) : died 1745. Canning, Rt. hon. sir Stratford {civil). Carew, sir Benjamin Hallowell: died Sept. 1834. Carnarvon, John, marquess of, afterwards duke of Chandos (1732) : died 1771. Carysfort, John, lord (1761) : died 1772. Catherlough, Robert, earl of (1770) : died March 1772. Cholmondeley, George, viscount Malpas, after- wards earl of Cholmondeley (1725) : died 1770. Christian, sir Hugh Cloberry (1796) : died Nov\ 1798. Clancarty, Richard, earl of {civil) : died Nov. 1837. Clarence, H. R. H. William-Henry, duke of, K.G., afterwards William IV. : died June 1837. Clarendon, George- William-Frederick earl of, k.g. Clarke, sir Alured : died Sept. 1832. Clavering, sir John (1777) : died April 1778. Clifton, sir Robert (1725) : died 1762. Clinton, Hugh, eari (1725) : died 1751. Clinton, sir Henry (1777) : died Dec. 1795. Clinton, sir Henry : died Dec. 1829. Clinton, sir William -Henry : died Feb. 1846. Clive, Robert, lord (1764) : died Nov. 1774. Cochrane, hon. sir Alexander Forrester Inglis: died Jan. 1832. Cochrane 2, Thomas, lord, afterwards earl of Dundonald : deprived, but restored, Cockburn, Rt. hon. sir George. Codrington, sir Edward: died April 1851. Colborne, sir John, afterwards lord Seaton. Cole, hon. sir Galbraith Lowiy : died Oct. 1842. Colpoys, sir John (1798) : died April 1821. Colvifle, hon. sir Charles : died March 1843. 1 The dates inserted in this Roll within parentheses, are those of the creation of knighthood between the revival of the Order in 1725, and the year 1815, when it was enlarged. The dates of the death of the Knights are taken from the records at the Heralds' College. 2 In O'Byrne's beautiful volume of Naval Biography, recently published, and which contains able sketches of the lives and actions of every living officer in the service, is an animated account of the glorious career of lord Dundonald, and a triumphant vindication of his lordship from the aspersions that for a time obscured his name, and led to the removal of his banner of knighthood from Henry VII. 's chapel. To the honour of William IV., his majesty, soon after his accession, restored lord Dundonald to the service, and subsequently, he recovered all the distinctions that had rewarded his innumerable gallant exploits during a long life devoted to his country. 396 KNIGHTS OF THE BATH. Combermere, Stapleton, viscount. Coote, sir Eyre (1771) : died April 1783. Coote, sir Eyre (1802) : deprived July 1816. Cope, sir John (1742) : died 1760. Cornwallis, hon. sir William: died July 1819. Cotton, sir Willoughby. Craig, sir James-Henry : died Jan. 1812. Craufurd, sir Charles G. : died March 1821. Cumberland, H. R. H. William-Augustus, duke of (1725): died 1765. Cumberland, H. R. H. Ernest-Augustus, duke of, afterwards king of Hanover. Curtis, sir Roger, bart. : died Nov. 1816. D. Dalhousie, George, earl of : died March 1838. Dallas, sir Thomas, E. I. C. S. : died Aug. 1839. D'Arcy, sir Conyers (1725) : died 1758. Delaval, sir Francis Blake (1761) : died Aug. 1771. De la Warr, John, earl (1725) : died 1776. De la Warr, sir Francis Blake (1761) : died 1771. Deloraine, Henry, earl of (1725) : died 1730. Dickson, sir Alexander : died April 1840. Digbv, sir Henry : died Aug. 1842. Domett, sir William : died May 1828. Don, sir George : died Jan. 1832. Dorchester, Guy, lord : died Nov. 1808. Douglas, sir Howard, bart. (civil). Doveton, sir John : died Nov. 1847. Downing, sir George, bart. (1732) : died 1749. Doyle, sir John, bart. : died Aug. 1834. Draper, sir William (1763) : died Jan. 1787. Drummond, sir Gordon. Duckworth, sir John-Thomas, bart. (1801) : died Aug. 1817. Dundas, sir David (1802) : died Feb. 1820. D'Urban, sir Benjamin: died May 1849. Durham, George, earl of: died July 1840. Durham, sir Philip-Charles Henderson : died April 1845. E. Ellenborough, Edward, earl of. Elliot, sir George -Augustus, afterwards lord Heathfield : died July 1790. Esterhazy, His Highness prince, of Austria. Exmouth, Edward Pellew, viscount: died Jan. 1833. F. Fane, sir Henry: died March 1840. Fawcett, sir William (1786) : died Marca 1804. Ferguson, sir Ronald C. : died April 1841. Fitzwilliam, Richard, viscount (1744) : died 1776. Foley, sir Thomas : died Jan. 1833. Francis, sir Philip (1806); died Dec. 1818. Frederick, sir Charles (1761) : died Dec. 1785. Fremantle, sir Thomas-Francis: died Nov. 1819. Frimont, baron (Jionorary), Austrian service : died Dec. 1832. G. Gage, sir William, bart. (1725) ; died 1744. Galway, Robert, viscount (1786) : died 1810. Gambler, James, lord : died April 1833. Gibbons, sir John, bart. (1761) : died 1776. Gilbert, sir Walter Raleigh, bart. Gloucester, H. R. H. William- Frederick, duke of, K. G. : died Nov. 1834. Gordon, sir William : died Jan. 1798. Gordon, sir James Willoughby, bart. : died Jan, 1851. Gordon, Rt. hon. sir Robert : died Oct. 1847. Gosford,Archibald,earlof (civil) : died March 1849. Gough, sir Hugh, afterwards lord and viscount Gough. Gould, sir Davidge : died April 1847. Granville, viscount, afterwards earl Granville: died Jan. 1846. Graves, sir Thomas, afterwards lord Graves (1801) : died 1814. Gray, sir James, bart. (1761) : died 1773. Grey, sir Charles, afterwards earl Grey (1783) : died 1807. Grey, hon. sir Henry G. (extra) : died Jan. 1845. Grey, Rt. hon. sir George, bart. (civil). Griffin, sir John Griffin, afterwards lord Howard de Walden (1761) : died May 1797. Gunning, sir Robert (1773) : died Sept. 1816. H. Halkett, sir Colin. Haldimand, sir Frederick (1785) : died June 1801. Halifax, George, earl of (1725) : died 1739. Hamilton, sir William (1772) : died 1813. Harbord, sir William Morden (1744) : died 1770. Harcourt, William, earl of : died June 1830. Hardinge, Rt. hon. sir Henry, afterwards vis- count Hardinge (civil). Hardy, sir Thomas Masterman, bart. : died Sept. 1839. Harris, George, lord: died May 1829. Harris, sir James, afterwards earl of Malmes- bury (1779) : died 1820. Harvey, sir Eliab : died Feb. 1830. Harvey, sir Henry (1800) : died Dec. 1810. Hastings, Francis, marquess of, k. g. : died Nov. 1826. Hawke, sir Edward, afterwards lord Hawke (1747) : died 1781. Henley, MortonEden, lord (civil) : died Dec. 1830. Hesse-Hombourg, H. S. H. William-Frede- rick, landgrave of (honorary) : died Jan. 1839. Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, H. S. H. Ernest-Frederick, prince of (honorary) : Hewett, Rt.hon. sir George,bart. : died March 1840, Hill, Rowland, viscount : died Dec. 1842. Hislop, sir Thomas, bart. : died May 1843. Hobart, sir John, afterwards earl of Buckingham- shire (1725) : died 1746. Hohenlohe-Langenburg, H. S. H. the prince of (honorary) : Honywood, sir Philip (1742) : died 1752. Hood, sir Alexander, afterwards viscount Brid- port (1788) : died May 1814. Hood, sir Samuel (1804), viscount Hood: died Jan. 1816. Hope, hon. sir Alexander: died Ma}^ 1837. Hope, sir William Johnstone: died May 1831. Hopetoun, John, earl of: died Aug. 1823. Hotham, sir Charles, bart. (1772) : died Jan. 1794. Hotham, sir William : died May 1848. Houston, sir William, bart. : died April 1842. Howard, hon. sir Charles (1749) : died 1765. Howard, sir George : died July 1796. Howard of Effingham, Kenneth Alexander, lord, afterwards earl of Effingham : died Feb. 1845. Howard de Walden, Charles-Augustus, lord (civil). Howden, John-Francis, lord: died July 1839^ Howe, hon. sir William, afterwards viscount Howe : died July 1814. Hughes, sir Edward (1778) : died Jan. 1794. KNIGHTS OF THE BATH. 397 Huntlv, George, marquess of, afterwards duke of Gordon : died May 1836. Hutchinson, John, lord, afterwards earl of Donoughmore (1801) : died July 1832. I. Inchiquin, William, earl of (1725) : died 1777. Irwin, Rt. hon. sir John : died June 1788. J. Jenkins, sir Richard (^civil). Johnson, sir Henry, bart. : died March 1835. Johnson, sir William, bart. : died March 1835. K. Keane, sir John, afterwards lord Keane: died Aug. 1844. Keats, sir Richard Godwin : died April 1834. Keene, sir Benjamin (1754) : died 1757. Keith, George, viscount (1794) : died March 1823. Keith, sir Robert Murray (1772) : died June 1795. Kempt, Rt. hon. sir James. Kent, H. R. H. Edward, duke of, k. g. : died Jan. 1820. Keppel, Rt. hon. sir William : died Dec. 1834. Knowles, sir Charles-Henry, bart.: died Nov. 1831. L. Lamb, Rt. hon. sir Frederic-James, afterwards lord Beauvale and viscount Melbourne {civil). Lambert, sir John : died Sept. 1847. Leicester, John, earl of (1725) : died 1737. Leith, sir James : died Oct. 1816. Ligonier, John, earl (1742) : died 1770. Ligonier, Edward, earl (1781) : died June 1782. Lindsey, sir John (1771) : died June 1788. Liston, Rt. hon. sir Robert {civil) ; died J uly 1836. Littler, sir John Hunter. Liverpool, Charles Cecil, earl of {civil). Londonderry, Charles- William, marquess of. Long, sir Charles, afterwards lord Farnborough {civil) : died Jan. 1838. Lovel, Thomas, lord (1725), afterwards earl of Leicester : died 1759. Ludlow, George- James, earl- (1804) : died April 1842. Lumley, hon. sir William : died Dec. 1850. Lushington, sir James Law. Lynch, sir William (1771) : died 1785. Lynedoch, Thomas, lord : died Dec. 1843. Lyons, sir Edmund, bart. {civil). Lyttleton, sir Richard (1753) : died 1770. M. McNeill, sir John ; late minister to Persia {civil). Macartney, sir George, afterwards earl Macartney {civil; 1773) : died March 1806. Macdonald, sir John : died March 1850. Maitland, Rt. hon. sir Thomas : died Jan. 1824. Malcolm, sir John : died May 1833. Malcolm, sir Pulteney : died July 1838. Malmesbury, James, earl of: died 1820. Manchester, William, duke of (1725) : died 1739. Mann, sir Horatio, bart. : died Nov. 1786. Martin, sir George : died July 1847. Martin, sir Thomas Byam. Mecklenburg-Strelitz, H. S. H. Frederic- William-Charles, hereditary grand-duke of {honorari/). Medows, sir William (1792) : died Nov. 1813. MensdorfF, count {honorari/). Metcalfe, sir Charles-Theophilus, afterwards lord Metcalfe : died Sept. 1846. Methuen, sir Paul (1725) : died April 1757. Milne, sir David : died May 1845. Minto, Gilbert, earl of {civil), Mitchell, sir Andrew (1765) : died Jan. 1771. Mitchell, sir Andrew (1800) : died Feb. 1806. Monson, sir J ohn, afterwards lord Monson (17 48) : died same year. Montagu, sir George : died Dec. 1829. Montagu, John, duke of (1725) : died 1749. Montagu, sir Charles (1771) : died Aug. 1777. Moore, sir Graham : died Nov. 1843. Moore, sir John (1770): died Feb. 1779. Moore, sir John (1804): died Jan. 1809. Mordaunt, sir John (1747) : died Oct. 1786. Morgan, sir William : died April 1731. Mulgrave, Henry, earl of: died April 1831. Munro, sir Hector (1780) : died Jan. 1806. Munster, Ernest-Frederick, count {honorary).: died May 1839. Murray, Rt. hon. sir George: died July 1846. Napier, sir Charles-James. Neale, sir Harry, bart. : died Feb. 1840. Nelson, sir Horatio, afterwards lord and viscount Nelson (1797) : died Oct. 1805. Newton, sir Michael (1725) : died 1743. Nicol, sir Charles Gunter (1732) : died 1733. Normanby, Constantino Henry, marquess of {civil), K. G. Northesk, William, earl of (1805) : died May 1831. Nott, sir William : died Jan. 1845. Nugent, Rt. hon. sir George, bart. : died March 1849. o. Oakes, sir Hildebrand : died Sept. 1822. Ochterlony, sir David, bart. : died July 1825. O'Callaghan, sir Robert- William : died June 1840. O'Halloran, sir Joseph : died Nov. 1843. Onslow, sir Richard, bart. : died Dec. 1817. Orange, H. R. H. William, prince of, after- wards king of the Netherlands : died March 1849. Oswald, sir John : died June 1840. Otway, sir Robert Waller, bart. : died May 1846. Oughton, sir James-Adolphus : died April 1780. Owen, sir Edward- William Campbell Rich : died Oct. 1849. P. Paget, Rt. hon. sir Arthur {civil; 1804): died July 1840. Paget, hon. sir Edward : died May 1849. Paget, Henry- William, earl of Uxbridge, after- wards marquess of Anglesey, k. g. Pakenham, hon. sir Edward-Michael, slain Jan. 1815. Pakenham, hon. sir Thomas : died Feb. 1836. Palmerston, Rt. hon. Henry -John, viscount {civil). Parker, sir William, afterwards bart. 398 KNIGHTS OF THE BATH. Paulet, lord Nassau (1725) : died 1741. Payne, sir Ralph, afterwards lord Lavington (1771): died Aug. 1807. Paynton, sir Henry- William : died Dec. 1840. Peirson, sir Richard (1780) : died Feb. 1781. Picton, sir Thomas : slain June 1815. Pitt, Rt. hon. sir William-Augustus (1792) : died Dec. 1809. Pocock, sir George (1761) : died 1792. Pole, sir Charles Morice, bart. : died Sept. 1830. Pollock, sir George. Pomfret, Thomas, earl of (1725) : died 1743. Ponsonby, Rt. hon. John, viscount. Pottinger, Rt. hon. sir Henry, bart. Poulett, sir Charles Armand (1747) : died 1765. Pringle, sir William-Henry : died Dec. 1840. Proctor, sir William Beauchamp (1761) : died 1773. Prussia, H. R. H. prince Frederick-William- Charles of {honorary'). Prussia, H. R. H. prince Waldemar of (ho- norary) : died Feb. 1849. R. Radstock, William Waldegrave, lord : died Aug. 1825. Richmond, Charles, duke of (1725): died 1750. Robinson, sir Frederick Phillipse. Robinson, sir Thomas, afterwards lord Grantham (1742): died 1770. Rodney, sir George Brydges, bart., afterwards lord'Rodney (1780) : died May 1792. .Rosslyn, James, earl of: died Jan. 1837. Rowley, sir Charles, bart. : died Oct. 1845. Rowley, sir Josias, bart. : died Jan. 1842. Rowley, sir William (1753) : died 1768. Russell, lord George- William (civil) : died July 1846. S. St. Alban's, Charles, duke of (1725) : died 1751. St. Vincent, John, earl of (1782) : died 1823. Sale, sir Robert-Henry : slain Dec. 1845. Saumarez, sir James, bart. (1801), afterwards lord de Saumarez : died Oct. 1836. Saunders, sir Charles (1761) : died Dec. 1775. Saunderson, sir Thomas Lumley, afterwards earl of Scarborough (1725): died 1742. Saville, sir John, afterwards earl of Mexborough (1747) : died 1778. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, H. S. H. Ferdinand- George-Augustus, duke of (honorary). Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, H. R. H. Leopold- George-Frederick, prince of, and duke of Saxe, k. g., afterwards king of the Belgians (honorary). Saxe- Weimar, duke Bernard of. Schwartzenburg, H. H. prince (honorary). Seymour, sir George Hamilton. Sherbroke, sir John Cope: died Feb. 1830. Sloper, sir Robert (1788) : died Aug. 1802. Smith, sir Henry-George Wakelyn, bart. Smith, sir Lionel, bart. (civil) : died Jan. 1842. Smith, sir William Sidney : died May 1840. Somerset, lord R. E. H. : died Sept. 1842. Somerset, lord Fitzroy Henry-Charles. Spencer, sir Brent : died Dec. 1828. Stanhope, sir William (1725) : died 1772. Stewart, hon sir William : died Jan. 1827. Stopford, hon. sir Edward : died Sept. 1837. Stopford, hon. sir Robert : died June 1847. Strachan, sir Richard-John, bart. (1806): died Feb. 1828. Strangford, Percv, viscount (civil). Stuart, hon. sir Charles: died March 1801. Stuart, sir John (1806) : died April 1815. Stuart, Rt. hon. sir Charles, afterwards lord Stuart de Rothsay (civil) : died Nov. 1845. Sussex, II. R. H. Augustus-Frederick, duke of, K. G. : died April 1843. Sussex, Talbot, earl of (1725) : died 1731. Sutton, sir Charles Manners (civil) ; commons' speaker ; afterwards viscount Canterbury' : died July 1845. Sutton, sir Robert (1725) : died 1746. Sydenham, Charles-William, lord (civil): died Sept. 1842. T. Talbot, hon. sir John. Tarleton, sir Banastre, bart. : died Jan. 1833. Taylor, sir Herbert : died March 1839. Thackwell, sir Joseph. Thompson, sir Thomas Boulden, bart. : died March 1828. Thornbrough, sir Edward : died April 1834. Thornton, Rt. hon. sir Edward (civil). Tollv, count Barclay de (honorary) : died May 1818. Torrington, George, viscount (1725) : died Oct. 1733. Trigge, sir Thomas (1801) : died Jan. 1814. Trollope, sir Henry : died Nov. 1839. Tyler, sir Charles : died Sept. 1835. Tyrcounell, John, viscount (1725) : died 1755. V. Vandeleur, sir John Ormsby : died Nov. 1849. Vaughan, hon. sir John (1792) : died June 1795. Victoria y de Morella, of Spain, duke of (honorary). Vivian, Rt. hon. sir Richard Hussey, bart., after- wards lord Vivian : died Aug. 1842. Volkonsky, H. H. prince, Russian service (ho- norary). w. Walke^r, sir George Townsend, bart. : died Nov. 1843. Walmoden, count (honorary). Walpole, hon. sir Edward (1753) : died Jan. 1784. Walpole, sir Robert, k. g., afterwards earl of Orford (1725): died 1751. Warde, sir Henry : died Oct. 1834. Warren, sir George (1761) : died Aug. 1801. Warren, sir John Borlase (1794) : died Feb. 1822. Warren, sir Peter (1747) : died 1752. Wellesley, hon. sir Arthur, afterwards duke of Wellington, k. g. (1804). Wellesley, Rt. hon. sir Henry, afterwards lord Cowley (civil) : died April 1847. Wells, sir John : died Nov. 1841. Wentworth, sir Thomas Weston, afterwards marquess of Rockingham (1725) : died 1756. Westmorland, John, earl of (civil). Whitmore, sir Thomas (1744) : died 1773. Whitshed, sir James Hawkins, bart. : died Oct. 1849. Whitworth, sir Charles, afterwards lord, viscount, and earl Whitworth : died May 1825. Williams, sir Charles Hanbury (1744) : died 1759. Williams, sir Thomas : died Oct. 1841. Williamson, sir Adam (1794) : died Oct. 1798. KXIGHTS OF THE BATH. Wills, sir Charles (1725) : died 1746. Wilmington, Spencer, earl of : resigned the order for the Garter. Woronzow, count, Russian service (honorari/^. Worsley, sir Henry : died Jan. 1811. Wrede,"!!. H. prince: died Dec. 1838. Wroughton, sir Thomas: died Aug. 1787. WuiiTEMBEKG, H. R. H. WiLLiAM, prince royal of, K. G., afterwards king. Tonge, Rt. hon. sir George, bart. (17 Sept. 1812 '88): died Yonge, sir William (1725) : died 1755. York, II. R. H. Fuederick, duke of, k. Jan. 1827. York, hon. sir Joseph, afterwards lord died 1792. Young, sir William: died Oct. 1821. 299 G. : died Dovor : Zieten, count, Prussian service (honorartA - died May 1848. ' The Present Knights Grand Crosses. H. R. H. Prince Albert, k. g., first and prin- cipal knight, and great master. His majesty the king of Hanover, k. g. His majesty the king of the Belgians, k. g. Field- marshal Arthur, duke of Wellington, k. g. Gen. viscount Beresford. Gen. viscount Combermere. Gen. marquess of Londonderry. Field-marshal Henry- William, marquess of An- glesey, K. G. Rt. hon. gen. sir James Kempt. Gen. sir Gordon Drummond. Rt. hon. admiral sir George Cockburn. Admiral sir Thomas Byam Martin. Gen. John, earl of Stratford. Gen. sir Thomas M. Brisbane, bart. Lieut.-general John, lord Seatou. Gen. sir Thomas Bradford. Gen. sir Frederick Philips Robinson. Lieut.-general sir James L. Lushington, e. i. c. s. Lieut.-general sir Willoughby Cotton. Gen. Rt. hon. sir Frederick Adam. Lieut.-general sir Andrew F. Barnard. Lieut.-general Hugh, viscount Gough. Admiral hon. sir John Talbot. Admiral sir William Parker, bart. Major-general sir George Pollock, e. i. c. s. Lieut.-general sir Charles- James Napier. JMajor-general sir George Wakelyn Smith, bart. Vice-admiral Thomas, earl of Dundonald. Lieut.-general lord Fitzroy Somerset. Gen. sir Colin Halkett. Major-general sir John H. Littler, e. i. c. s. Lieut.-general sir James L. Caldwell, e. i. c. s. Lieut.-general Rt. hon. sir Edward Blakeney. Major-general sir Joseph Thackwell. Major-general sir Walter Raleigh Gilbert, bart. Civil Knights Grand Crosses. Percy Clinton Sydney, viscount Strangford. William, lord Heytesbury. Rt. hon. sir Edw^ard Thornton. Frederick-James, viscount Melbourne. Rt. hon. sir Stratford Canning. Rt. hon. sir Robert Adair. Henry- John, viscount Palmerston. John, viscount Ponsonby. Gilbert, earl of Minto. George- William, earl of Clarendon. Charles- Augustus, lord Howard de Walden and Seaford. Sir Richard Jenkins. Sir John M'Neill. Lieut.-general sir Howard Douglas, bart. Major-general Rt. hon. sir Henry Pottinger, bart. Sir Arthur Aston. Lieut.-general Henry, viscount Hardinge. Rear-admiral sir Edmund Lyons, bart. Edward, earl of Ellenborough. Charles Cecil, earl of Liverpool. Lieut.-general John, earl of Westmoreland. Sir George Hamilton Seymour. Constantine Henry, marquess of Normanby, K. G. Rt. hon. sir George Grey. Rt. hon. sir Henry Lytton Bulwer Honorary Knights Grand Crosses. His majesty the king of Wurtemburg. Gen .H. S. H. the duke Bernard of Saxe- Weimar. Gen. H. H. prince Volkonsky. General count Woronzow. Lieut.-general count Walmoden. Lieut.-general H. S. H. prince Ernest of Hesse Phillipstal-Barchfeld. H. H. prince Esterhazy (^civil). Lieut.-general H. S. H. prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. General the duke de la Victoria y de Morella. General H. E. count Mensdorf. H. R. H. prince Frederick- William-Charles of Prussia. H. R. H. the hereditary grand duke of Mecklen- burgh-Strelitz (^civil). H. S. H. the prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (civil). 400 PART V. SCOTLAND. THE OFFICERS OF STATE, AND OTHER GREAT OFFICERS OF SCOTLAND. THE LORD CHANCELLOR. The Lord Chancellor was the chief in matters of justice ; and in the laws of Mal- colm II. he is placed before all other officers ; and from these laws it appears that he had the principal direction of the Chancery or Chancellary. He had the custody of the king's seal ; and he was the king's most intimate counsellor, as appears by an old ordinance, cited by Sir James Balfour : " The Chancellar sail, at al tymes, assist the King, in giving him counsall mair secretly nor the rest of the nobility, to quhais ordi- nances all officiaris, als well of the realme as of the Kingis hous, sould answer and obey. The Chancellar sail be ludgit neir unto the Kingis Grace, for keiping of his bodie, and the seill ; and that he may be readie, baith day and nicht, at the Kingis command." By having the custody of the great seal, he had an opportunity of examin- ing the king's grants and other deeds which were to pass under it, and to cancel them if they appeared against law, or were obtained surreptitiously, or by false suggestions. James VI. ordained that the Lord Chancellor should have the first place and rank in the nation, ratione officii^ by virtue whereof he presided in the parliament, and in all courts of judicature. After the Restoration of Charles II. the Lord Chancellor was declared by act of parliament, by virtue of his office, president in all the meetings of parliament, or other public judicatures of the kingdom. Although this act was made to declare the Chancellor president of the exchequer as well as other courts, yet in 1663 the king declared the lord treasurer to be president of that court. The office of Lord Chancellor was abolished by the Union, there being no further use for the judicial part of the office ; and a lord keeper of the great seal was appointed, with a salary of 3000/. per annum. Roll of the Lord Chancellors of Scotland. (^From the year 1057, to the abolition of the office in 1708.) 1057. 1093. 1094. 1097. 1098. 1107. 1124. 1125. 1129. 1147. 1151. 1153. 1157. Evan ; to king Malcolm III., surnamed Canmore. Oswald ; to king Donald VII. Earl Constantine ; to Duncan II. the Usurper. Sphothad, abbot of the religious Culdees ; to Duncan. Earl Rorey; to Donald VII. after the ex- pulsion of Duncan. Humphrey, bishop of Dunkeld; to king Edgar. Constantine, earl of Fife ; to Alexander I. Herbert, afterwards bishop of Glasgow. Walter. John, bishop of Glasgow. Herbert, great chamberlain. Edward. William Cuming. Henry, earl of Northumberland. Ingelramus, afterwards bishop of Glasgow. Walter Seneschallus. Gregory, bishop of Dunkeld. IIGI. Nicolaus, chamberlain. 1163. Willielmus de Ripariis, prior of St. An- drew's. 1165. Hugo de Morville, lord of Lauderdale. 1171. Walter de Bidun, bishop-elect of Dunkeld. 1178. Roger (son to the earl of Leicester), bishop of St. Andrew's. 1183. Walterus de Beide, a Frenchman. 1187. Walterus de Vidone. 1189. Hugo de Roxburgh, bishop of Glasgow. 1192. Willielmus de Lundyne. 1199. William Malvoisine, bishop of St. An- drew's. 1202. Florence, bishop-elect of Glasgow. * * Richard, afterwards bishop of Dunkeld. 1211. Willielmus de Bosco, or Wood, bishop of Dumblane. 1214. Willielmus Riddel. — Robert Kildelicht, abbot of Dunfermline. 1216. Walterus de Oliford. 1226. Thomas de Stryvelin, archdeacon of Glas- gow. LOED KEEPERS OF THE GREAT SEAL. 401 1227. Matthew Scot, bishop of Aberdeen, 1230. William de Lindesa}% 1231. William de Boiidington, bishop of Glasgow. * * Richard de Innerkeithing, afterwards bishop of Dunkeld. * * William de Huntington. 1247. William de Bond. 1251. Gameline, bishop of St. Andrew's. 1253. Richard de Innerkeithing, bishop of Dunkeld. 1256. William Wisehart, bishop of Glasgow, afterwards bishop of St. Andrew's. 1273. William Fraser, dean of Glasgow, after- wards bishop of St. Andrew's. 1295. Alexander de Baliol. — Allan, bishop of Caithness ; and confirmed in the office by Edward I. of England, as superior. 1298. Maurice, or Marcus, bishop of the Isles. — Adam, afterwards bishop of Brechin. 1301. Bernard, abbot of Aberbrothock. * * Nicolas de Balmyle, bishop of Dumblane. 1327. Dr. Walter Twynham, canon of Glasgow. 1345. Patrick de Leuchars, bishop of Brechin. 1347. Thomas de Carnsto, or Charteris de Kin- fawns. 1349. William Caldwall, prebendary of Glasgow. 1367. Patrick, bishop of Brechin, again. * * Sir John Carrick, prebendary of Glasgow. 1377. John Peebles, bishop-elect of Dunkeld. 1380. John Lyon, lord Glamis. * * Sir John Carrick, again. 1395. Sir Alexander Cockburn, of Langton. * * Duncan Petit, archdeacon of Glasgow. * * Gilbert Greenlaw, bishop of Aberdeen ; to king Robert III., and during the ad- ministrations of Robert and Murdoch, dukes of Albany. 1422. Sir John Forrester, of Corstorphine. 1424. William Lauder, bishop of Glasgow. 1427, John Cameron, bishop of Glasgow. * * Sir William Crichton, afterwards lord Crichton : turned out. 1444. James Kennedy, bishop of St. Andrew's : he held the office only a few weeks. — James Bruce, bishop of Dunkeld, after- wards bishop of Glasgow. 1447. William, lord Crichton, again. 1455. William, earl of Orkney and Caithness. 1458. George Shoreswood, bishop of Brechin. 1460. Robert, lord Boyd. * * Andrew, lord Evandale. 1482. John Laing, bishop of Glasgow. 1483. James Livingston, bishop of Dunkeld. 1484. Colin, earl of Argyll. 1489. William Elphinstone, bishop of Aberdeen 1493. Archibald, earl of Angus. 1498. George, earl of Huntly. 1500. James Stuart (second son to kino- James III.), duke of Ross, and arch- bishop of St. Andrew's. 1506. Andrew Foreman, archbishop of St. An- drew's. 1510. Alexander Stuart (natural son to James IV.), archbishop of St. Andrew's. 1512. James Bethune, archbishop of St. An- drew's. 1525. Archibald, earl of Angus ; consort to the queen-mother. 1528. Gavin Dunbar, archbishop of Glasgow; tutor to James V. * * David Bethune, cardinal, and archbishop of St. Andrew's. 1 546. J ohn Hamilton, archbishop of St. Andrew's. 1501. George, 2nd earl of Huntly. — Monsieur de Ruby, a French lawyer ; made chancellor for a short time by the queen-regent. 1562. James, earl of Morton. 1567. George, earl of Huntly, again. — James, earl of Morton, again. 1572. Archibald, earl of Argyll. 1573. John, lord Glamis. 1578. John Stuart, earl of Atholl. 1579. Colin, earl of Argyll. 1584. James Stewart, earl of Arran. 1587. Sir John Maitland, of Thirlestane. 1597. John, earl of Montrose. 1605. Alexander, earl of Dunfermline. 1622. Sir George Hay, knt., afterwards viscount Dupplin, and earl of Kinnoul. 1634. John Spottiswood, archbishop of St. An- drew's. 1641. John, earl of Loudoun. 1660. William, earl of Glencairn. 1664. John, earl (afterwards duke) of Rothes. 1682. George, earl of Aberdeen. 1684. James, earl of Perth. r William, duke of Hamilton, ") 1690. ■{ Archibald, earl of Argvll, V commis- (George, earl of Sutherland, J ^loners. 1692. John, marquess of Tweeddale. 1696. Patrick, lord Polwarth, afterwards earl of March mont. 1702. James (eldest son to the earl of Finlater), viscount (afterwards earl) of Seatield. 1704. John, marquess of Tweeddale. 1705. James, earl of Seafield, afterwards earl of Finlater. The last Lord High Chan- cellor of Scotland, Lord Keepers of the Great Seal of Scotland. {From the Union to the present time.') 1708. Hugh, earl of Loudoun. 1713. James, earl of Finlater and Seafield. 1714. William, marquess of Annandale. 1716. James, duke of Montrose : died in 1731. 1733. Archibald, earl of Isla, afterwards duke of Argyll. 1761. Charles, duke of Queensberry and Dover. 1763. James, duke of Atholl : died Jan. 1764. 1764. Hugh, earl of Marchmont. 1794. Alexander, duke of Gordon. 1806. James, earl of Lauderdale. 1807. Alexander, duke of Gordon, again: died June 1827. 1827. George- William, duke of Argyll. 1828. George, duke of Gordon. 1830. George-William, duke of Argyll: died Oct. 22 1839. 1840. John,' earl of Stair. Dec. 14. 1841. John, duke of Argyll. Sept. 27. 1846- John, earl of Stair. Aug. 22. The pre SENT (1851) Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. 402 GREAT OFFICERS, ETC. OF SCOTLAND. THE LORD HIGH TREASURER OF SCOTLAND. This office was established on the return of James I. to Scotland from his long capti- vity in England. He then made a High Treasurer as well as a chamberlain (whose functions were now confined solely to the government of the boroughs). The king's revenue being entirely in the management of the Treasurer, his business was to ex- amine and pass the accounts of the sheriffs and others concerned in levying the revenues of the kingdom. In 1617 the Treasurer was ranked by an ordinance of king James VI. as the first officer of state ; and, in 1623, when his majesty determined the precedency of his counsellors, he was ranked next to the chancellor: in 1663, he was declared president of the exchequer. The office of comptroller, which was sometimes joined with that of Treasurer, and designated computorum rotnlator^ and that of collector of the new aug- mentations, both distinct offices from that of the Treasurer, were conjoined into one by James VI., and exercised by the Treasurer until the treasury was put in com- mission. Roll of the Lord High Treasurers of Scotland. 1420. * * 1430. 1439. 1440. 1449. 1455. 1466. 1470. 1473. 1480. 1490. 1494. 1499. 1507. 1509. 1512. 1515. 1516. 1517. 1520. 1528. 1529. 1580. 1537. 1546. 1548. 1555. 1561. 1564. 1572. 1584. 1585. Sir Walter Ogilvie, of Lintrethan. Thomas de Myrton, clean of Glasgow. Patrick de Ogilvie. Sir Walter de Halliburton, lord of Dirleton. Robert Livingston, son to the governor of the kingdom. Sir Walter Halliburton, again. Andre V/, abbot of Melrose. James Stuart, dean of Moray. Sir David Guthrie, of Guthrie. Sir William Knowlys, preceptor of Tor- phichen. John Laing, parson of Kenland. An^hibald Crawford, abbot of Holyrood House. Sir John Ramsay, of Balmaine. Henry Arnot, abbot of Cambus- Kenneth. George Schaw, abbot of Paisley. Sir Robert Lundin, of Balgony. Sir David Beaton, of Creich. George Hepburn, abbot of Aberbrothock, afterwards bishop of the Isles. Andrew Stewart, bishop of Caithness. Cuthbert Baillie, commendator of Glenluce. James Hepburn, bishop of Moray. Sir Walter Ogilvie, of Stratheren. John Campbell, of Lundy. Sir Archibald Douglas, of Kilspindie. Robert Cairncross, abbot of Holyrood House, afterwards bishop of Ross. Sir Robert Barton, of Over Barnton. William Stewart, bishop of Aberdeen. Robert, abbot of Holyrood House. John Hamilton (brother to the regent), abbot of Paisley, and afterwards arch- bishop of St. Andrew's. Sir James Kirkaldie, of Grange. Gilbert, earl of Cassiiis. Robert Richardson, commendator of St. Mary Isle. William Stew^art, provost of Lincluden. AVilliam, earl of Gowrie. John, earl of Montrose. Sir Thomas Lyon, of Auld Bar, master of Glamis. Walter, lord Blantyre. 1599. Alexander, lord Elphinstone. 1601. Sir George Hume, earl of Dunbar. 1611. Sir Robert Ker, k. b., earl of Somerset. 1616. John, earl of Marr. 1630. William, earl of Morton. 1636. John, earl of Traquair. Commissioners appointed hy the Parliament in 1641. fJohn, earl of Loudoun, lord chancellor. Archibald, marquess of Argyll. William, earl of Glencairn. John, earl of Lindsey. Sir James Carmichael. 1644. John, earl of Lindsey. Appointed by the States. Co?nmissioners appointed hy the Slates in 1649. 'John, earl of Loudoun, lord chancellor. Archibald, marquess of Argyll. 1649 ■< ^1^^^"^^^^' <^'^^1 Eglintoun. * ' John, earl of Cassiiis. Robert, lord Burleigh. ^Sir Daniel Carmichael. 1660. 1667. ("John, earl of Craufurd and Lindsey. \ John, earl of Rothes. "John, earl of Rothes, lord chancellor. John, earl (afterwards duke) of Lauder- dale. J ohn, earl of Tweeddale. Alexander, earl of Kincardine. John, lord Cochrane, eldest son to the earl of Dundonald. Sir Robert Murray, lord justice-clerk. ^John, earl (afterwards duke) of Rothes, lord chancellor. John, duke of Lauderdale. John, earl of Dundonald. Colin, earl of Balcarras. Hon. Charles Maitland, deputy trea- ^ surer and master of the mint. 1682. William, marquess (afterwards duke) of Queensberry. 1674. LORD HIGH TREASUREES. 403 1698. ^William, duke of Queensberry. James, earl of Perth, chancellor. William, duke of Hamilton. John, earl of Kintore, treasurer-depute. George, viscount Tarbat, clerk register. Hon. William Drummond, afterwards ^ viscount Strathallan. ''James, earl of Perth, chancellor. John, marquess of Atholl, lord privy seal. William, duke of Hamilton. George, duke of Gordon. John, earl of Tweeddale. Colin, earl of Balcarras. George, viscount Tarbat. William, viscount Strathallan. Richard, viscount Maitland, eldest son to the earl of Lauderdale, treasurer- depute. William, earl of Craufurd. John, earl of Cassilis. John, earl of Tweeddale. David, lord Ruthven. *Hon. Alexander Melville, eldest son ^ to lord Melville. John, earl of Tweeddale, chancellor. * James, earl of Drumlanrig, eldest son to the duke of Queensberry. , John, earl of Cassilis. George, earl of Linlithgow. John, earl of Breadalbane. Alexander, lord Raith, eldest son to the earl of Melville, treasurer-depute. "John, marquess of Tweeddale, chan- cellor. J ames, earl of Drumlanrig. John, earl of Cassilis, George, earl of Linlithgow. John, earl of Breadalbane. *John, lord Tester, eldest son to the ^ marquess of Tweeddale. "John, marquess of Tweeddale, chan- cellor. James, duke of Queensberry. Archibald, earl (afterwards duke) of Argyll. William, earl (afterwards marquess) of Annandale. Alexander, lord Raith, treasurer-depute. ^*Sir John Maxwell, of Pollock, bart. Patrick, lord Polwartli (afterwards earl of Marchmont), chancellor. James, duke of Queensberry. Archibald, earl of Argyll. William, earl of Annandale. Hon. Alexander Hume (eldest son to lord Polwarth), treasurer-depute. *Sir John Maxwell, of Pollock, bart. r Patrick, earl of Marchmont, chancellor. < James, duke of Queensberry. t Archibald, earl of Arg}dl. 1G98. 1702. 1703. 1704. 1705. 1706. 1707. r William, earl of Annandale. J Adam Cockburn, of Ormiston, treasurer- depute. C*Sir John Maxwell, of Pollock, bart. James, earl of Seafield, chancellor. James, duke of Queensberry. Archibald, earl of Argyll. William, earl of Annandale. Alexander, earl of Eglintoun. Hugh, earl of Loudoun. David, lord Boyle, treasurer-depute. *David, lord Elcho (eldest son to the countess of Wemyss). James, earl of Seafield, chancellor. James, duke of Queensberry. Archibald, duke of Argyll. William, marquess of Annandale. Alexander, earl of Eglintoun. Hugh, earl of Loudoun. David, lord Boyle, eldest son to the earl of Glasgow, treasurer-depute. *Hon. Francis Montgomery. John, marquess of Tweeddale, chan- cellor. William, marquess of Annandale. Hugh, earl of Loudoun. Charles, earl of Selkirk. John, lord Belhaven. George Baillie, treasurer-depute. *Hon. Francis Montgomery. ^Sir John Hume, bart. "James, earl of Seafield, chancellor. James, duke of Queensberry. James, duke of Montrose. James, earl of Galloway. David, earl of Northesk. Archibald, earl of Forfar. David, earl of Glasgow, treasurer- depute. *Lord Archibald Campbell, William, lord Ross. Hon. Francis Montgomery. James, earl of Seafield, chancellor. James, duke of Montrose. James, duke of Queensberry. David, earl of Northesk. Archibald, earl of Forfar. David, earl of Glasgow, treasurer- depute. William, lord Ross. ^*Francis Montgomer3% "James, earl of Seafield, chancellor. James, duke of Montrose, president of the privy council. James, duke of Queensberry, keeper of the privy seal. David, earl of Glasgow, treasurer- depute. W^illiam, lord Ross. ^*Francis Montgomery. Note. — The Lord Treasurer of Scotland had, by the law of that country, a seat in its parliament, in virtue of his office, independently of election ; and when the treasury was in commission, the king had a right to name any commissioner to sit and vote as Lord Treasurer in parliament. The members of the treasury board marked thus * were so empowered by his majesty. DD 2 GREAT OFFICERS, ETC. OF SCOTLAND. Roll of the Comptrollers of Scotland. 1426. David Brune. 1429. John Spence. 1446. Alexander Nairne, of Sanford. 1448. Robert de Livingston. 1458. Ninian Spot, canon of Dunkeld. 1464. John Colquhoun, of Colquhoun. 1467. David Guthrie, of Guthrie. 1468. Adam Wallace, of Craigie. 1471. James Schaw, of Salquhy. 1472. Alexander Leslie, of Wardens. * * Thomas Simson. 1488. Alexander Inglis, archdeacon of St. An- drew's. 1499. Patrick Hume, of Polwarth. 1506. James, abbot of Dunfermline. 1507. James Riddoch, of Aberladenoche. 1513. Robert Arnot, of Woodmill: killed at Flodden. 1514. Duncan Forrester, of Garden. 1515. Patrick Hamilton. 1516. Alexander Garden. 1520. Robert Barton, of Over Barnton. 1525. Sir James Colvill, of Ochiltree. 1538. David Wood, of Craig. 1543. Thomas Menzies. 1546. William, commendator ofCulross. 1548. William, abbot of Ross. 1557. Monsieur de Ruby; to queen Mary the regent. 1560. Bartholomew Villemore. 1561. Sir John Wishart, of Pittarrow. 1563. Sir William Murray, of Tullibardine. 1567. James Cockburn, of Skirling. 1584. Sir James Campbell, of Ardldnglass. 1585. Andrew Wood, of Largo. 1589. David Seton, of Parbroath. 1597. Walter, prior of Blantyre. 1599. Sir George Hume, of Wedderburn. 1600. Sir David Murray, of Gospetrie, afterwards lord Scoon. 1603. Peter Bollock, bishop of Dunkeld. 1610. Sir James Hay, of Fingask. 1615. Sir Gideon Murray, of Elibank, was the last Comptroller to king James VL, in whose time the office was suppressed, and incorporated with that of the lord high treasurer. Roll of the Lord Presidents of 1625. John, earl of Montrose. 1649. John, earl of Loudoun. 1660. John, earl (afterwards duke) of Rothes. 1663. J ohn, earl (afterwards marquess) of Tweed- dale. 1672. John, duke of Lauderdale. 1681. Sir George Gordon, of Haddo, afterwards earl of Aberdeen. 1682. James, marquess of Montrose. 1686. William, duke of Queensberry. 1689. William, earl of Craufurd and Lindsey. THE Privy Council of Scotland. 1693. William, earl (afterwards marquess) of Annandale. 1695. George, earl of Melville. 1702. William, marquess of Annandale. 1704. James, marquess (afterwards duke) of Montrose. 1705. William, marquess of Annandale. 1706. James, duke of Montrose. The last Lord President of the Privy Council of Scot- land. LORD PRIVY SEAL OF SCOTLAND. This office was established by James I. on his return to Scotland from his captivity in England. In Scotland, in ancient times, in the attestation of writings, seals were commonly affixed to them in place of the subscription ; but from this practice great inconvenience arose, in consequence whereof it became the usage to affix the seal after the subscription, to render deeds, and other papers of importance, the more valid. In writs granted by the king, the affixing of his seal alone gave them sufficient authority, without signing. The seal was kept by the lord chancellor. When, however, business increased, a keeper of the Privy or King's Seal was (as already said) created by James I., who wished to model the officers about his court after those he had seen at the court of England ; and the affixing of the Privy Seal to any deed became a preparatory step to obtain the great seal to it ; but it was, in some cases, a sufficient sanction of itself to writs that were not to pass the great seal. As most of the writs which were to pass under the great seal were first to pass the Privy Seal, greater opportunity was affi)rded to examine the king's writs, and so prevent his majesty or his subjects from being hurt hy obreption or fraud. LOED HIGH ADMIRAL. 40^ Roll of the Loud IvEErERs of the Privy Seal. 1424. Walter Foote, provost of Bothwell. 1426. John Cameron, provost of Lincluden, and bishop of Glasgow. 1432. William Fowlis, provost of Bothwell. 1442. William Turnbull, canon of Glasgow. 1458. Thomas Spence, bishop of Gallow^ay. 1459. John Arouse. 1463. James Lindsay, provost of Lincluden. 1467. Thomas Spence, bishop of Aberdeen. 1470. William Tulloch, bishop of Orkney, after- wards bishop of Moray. 1472. Andrew Stuart (uterine brother to James IIL), bishop elect of Moray. 1482. David Livingston, provost of Lincluden. 1489. John, prior of St. Andrew's. 1500. William Elphinstone, bishop of Aberdeen. 1507. Alexander Gordon, bishop of Aberdeen. 1514. David, abbot of Aberbrothock. 1519. George, abbot of Holy rood House. 1526. George Crichton, bishop of Dunkeld. 1527. Archibald Douglas, of Kilspindie. * * Robert Colvill, of Craufurd ; a lord of session. 1542. David Beaton, abbot of Aberbrothock; cardinal and archbishop of St. An- drew's. — John Hamilton, abbot of Paisley, after- wards archbishop of St. Andrew's. 1547. William, lord Ruthven. 1553. George, lord Fyvie, afterwards earl of Dunfermline. 1563. Sir Richard Maitland, of Lethington. 1567. John Maitland, prior of Coldingham. 1571. George Buchanan; a lord of session, and privy counsellor, and preceptor to the king. 1583. Walter Stewart, commendator of Blantyre. 1595. Sir Richard Cockburn, of Clerkiiigton. 1626. Thomas, earl of Haddington. 1641. Robert, earl of Roxburgh. 1649. John, earl of Sutherland; by the parlia- ment. 1660. William, earl marischal. 1661. Charles, eai'l of Dunfermline. 1672. John, earl (afterwards marquess) of Atholl. r Archibald, earl of Forfar. 1689 < ^^^^^^ ^^^^ Kintore. J John, lord Carmichael, afterwards earl C of Hyndford. 1690. George, earl of Melville. 1695. James, duke of Queensberry. 1702. John, marquess (afterwards duke) of Atholl. 1705. James, duke of Queensberry. 1709. James, duke of Montrose. 1713. John, duke of AthoU. 1714. John, duke of Roxburgh. 1715. William, marquess of Annandale. 1721. Archibald, earl of Islay, afterwards duke of Argyll. 1733. James, duke of Atholl. 1763. Hon. James Stuart-Mackenzie, brother to the earl of Bute. 1765. Lord Frederick Campbell, son to the duke of Argyll. 1765. John, earl of Breadalbane. 1766. Hon. James Stuart-Mackenzie, again (for life) : died in 1800. 1800. Rt. hon. Henry Dundas, afterwards viscount Melville; died May 1811. 1811. Robert, second viscount Melville. [Robert, viscount Melville, died in June, 1851, and the othce of Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal has not yet been filled up.] LOKD HIGH ADMIRAL OF SCOTLAND. This officer in Scotland had very extensive powers. He commanded the king's ships and sailors, and had the inspection of all the sea-ports, harbours, and sea-coasts in the kingdom ; and had a particular tribunal, where the judges, appointed by him, decided all causes relating to sea affairs, and these according to a particular code of naval law. His powers likewise extended to the cognisance of all crimes committed at sea, and to all controversies, actions, and quarrels, concerning crimes, faults, and trespasses com- mitted upon the sea, or in the ports and creeks thereof, or in fresh waters and navigable rivers, so far as the sea flows and ebbs. This duty he executed by a deputy, com- missioned by him, called the Deputy Judge-Admiral, who likewise judged in matters purely commercial, arising on the sea. Adam Hepburn, earl of Bothwell, was made hereditary Lord Admiral of Scotland ; and, upon his forfeiture, it was conferred in like manner upon Francis Stewart, earl of Bothwell. The latter having also been attainted, James YI. conferred it upon his cousin the duke of Lenox and Richmond ; but the male line of this family becoming extinct in 1672, Charles IL conferred it upon his natural son, whom he created duke of Lenox and Richmond, who resigned it into the hands of the crown in 1703. After the Treaty of Union, a vice-admiral only was appointed by the sovereign, and that DD 3 406 GREAT OFFICERS, ETC. OF SCOTLAND. simply to act as a judge in civil affairs relating to naval and commercial concerns in Scotland.^ Roll of the Loud High Admirals of Scotland. * * Henry, earl of Orkney ; to king Robert III. * * George, earl of Caithness ; to king J ames II. * * William, earl of Caithness and Orkney; to the same king. 1474. David, earl of Craufurd. 1482. Alexander, duke of Albany. * * Andrew Wood, of Largo ; he was never admiral; but, in 1477, was master of the Yellow Carval. In James lY.'s time, his son defended the castle of Dumbarton against the English. 1502. Patrick, earl of Bothwell. * * James, earl of Arran. * * Archibald, earl of Angus. * * Robert, lord Maxwell. 1511. Adam, earl of Bothwell ; heritably. 1544. Patrick, earl of Bothwell. 1567. James, earl of Bothwell, and duke of Ork- ney; attainted. 1578. James, earl of Morton ; beheaded. 1583. Francis, earl of Bothwell. 1626. James, duke of Lenox and Richmond; heritably. * * John, earl of Linlithgow : made admiral during the duke of Lenox's minority. 1633. James, duke of Lenox. * * H. R. LI. J AMES, duke of York and Albany. 1668. Alexander, earl of Kincardine, vice-ad- miral. 1673. William, duke of Hamilton. — Charles, duke of Lenox and Richmond. 1705. James, duke of Montrose. 1706. David, earl of Wemyss. The last Lord Admiral of Scotland. THE GREAT CHAMBERLAIN OF SCOTLAND. The Great Chamberlain of Scotland was ranked by king Malcolm as the third great officer of the crown, and was called Camerarius Domini Regis. Before the appoint- ment of a treasurer, it was his duty to collect the revenue of the crown, and to dis- burse the money necessary for the king's expenses, and the maintenance of the royal household. From the time that a treasurer was appointed, his province was limited to the boroughs throughout the kingdom, where he was a sort of justice- general, as he had a power for judging of all crimes committed within the borough. He was to hold Chamberlain-ayres every year, of which court he was the supreme judge. The smallness of his salary, 200Z. per annum, and his great powers, had no doubt been the causes of much oppression in this officer, and the Chamberlain- ayre was called rather a legal robbery than a court of justice ; and when the combined lords seized James VI., August 24, 1582, and carried him to Ruthven castle, they issued a proclamation in the king's name, discharging the Chamberlain from holding courts. This office was granted heritably to the family of Stuart, dukes of Lenox ; and when their male line failed, Charles II. conferred it in like manner, heritably, upon his natural son, whom he created duke of Monmouth ; and on his forfeiture it went to the duke of Lenox ; but that family surrendered the office to the crown m 1703. EOLL OF THE LOKD GrEAT ChAMBEKLAINS OF SCOTLAND. 1128. Herbert. * * Philip. 1147. Herbert, bishop of Glasgow. 1153. Edward. 1165. Walter de Berclay, lord of Reidcastle. * * Gilbert Mora}^, bishop of Caithness. * * Philip de Valoniis, lord of Paninure. * * William de Valoniis, lord of Panmure. 1224. Henry de Baliol, lord of Reidcastle. 1281. Sir John Maxwell, lord Carlaverock. 1237. David Benham, bishop of St. Andrew's. 1249. Robert de Meyners. 125G. David Lindsay, lord Craufurd. 1258. Sir Eumer Maxwell, lord Carlaverock. 1260. Gilbert de Lempedlar. 1266. William, earl of Marr. 1267. Sir Reynold Chvne, of Innerugie. 1269. Sir Thomas Randolph. 1279. John Lindsay, bishop of Glasgow. 1290. Sir Alexander BaUol, of Cavers. 1317. Sir William Lindsay, rector of Ayr. 1321. Dr. Robert Peebles, canon of Glasgow. 1325. Sir Alexander Eraser, lord of Cowie. 1329. Sir Reginald More. 1330. James Bennet, bishop of St. Andrew's. 1335. Sir William Bullock. 1 The office of Admiral of Scotland reverted to the crown on the death of the last duke of Lenox and Rich- mond, of the name of Stuart, in 1673. The king then bestowed it upon his natural son (an infant), Charles Lenox, afterwards duke of Richmond and Lenox, with a reservation of a term for life to his royal brother James, duke of York In 1673, William, duke of Hamilton, wns appointed Admiral of Scotland, and after his death the office was managed by commissioners till the duke of Richir.ond became of age : and he resigned the office to the crown in 1703. LORD HIGH CO:NrSTABLES. 407 1350. Eobert Erskine, lord of Erskine. 1358. Thomas, earl of Marr. 1364. Michael Monymusk, bishop of Dimkeld. 13B8. Walter Biggar, parson of Erroll. 1378. John, lord Glamis. 1383. Robert, duke of Albany. 1406. John, earl of Buehan. 1425. Sir John Forrester, of Corstorphine. 1440. Sir James Crichton, of Frendraught. 1453. James, lord Livingston. 1467. Robert, lord Boyd : beheaded. 1471. James, earl of Buclian : resigned. 1474. Sir John Colquhoun, of Colquhoun: killed at the siege of Dunbar. 1478. James, earl of Buehan. 1484. David, duke of Montrose. 1488. Alexander, lord Hume : beheaded. 1517. John, lord Fleming : murdered by Dru- melzer. 1524. Malcolm, lord Fleming: killed at the battle of Pinky, 1547. 1553. James, lord Fleming. 1565. John, lord Fleming: killed at the siege of Edinburgh castle, 1572. 1580. Esmy, duke of Lenox. 1584. Ludowick, duke of Lenox. 1624. Esmy, duke of Lenox ; heritably. 1625. James, duke of Lenox. 1655. Charles, duke of Lenox. 1680. James, duke of Monmouth and Buccleugh : beheaded. 1685. Charles, duke of Lenox and Richmond. THE LOED HIGH STEWARD OF SCOTLAND. The next great officer of the crown was the Lord High Steward. He was judge of the king s household, and the whole family of the royal palace was under his care. This office was esteemed of great dignity, and was held heritably for many years by one family, who at last, when surnames came into use, assumed for theirs the name of their office. Steward, or Stuart. This was done by Walter, the son of Alan, who was at the same time justiciar to king Alexander II., in 1230. This family was frequently nearly allied to the crown, and at last succeeded to it in the person of Robert, eldest son to Walter Steward, or Stuart, in the year 1371. Eobert, just named, was the ninth heritable Lord High Steward of Scotland, and his son John, afterwards Kobert III., was created by his father prince and Steward of Scotland, since which time the eldest son of the king is natus Senescalhis Scotice. THE LORD HIGH CONSTABLE OF SCOTLAND. This is the next great officer of the crown, and whose office is of great antiquity and dignity. He had two grand prerogatives, viz., first, the keeping of the king's sword, which the king, at his promotion, when he swears fealty, delivers to him naked. Hence the badge of the Constable is a naked sword. Second, the absolute and unlimited com- mand of the king's armies while in the field, in the absence of the king ; but this com- mand did not extend to castles and garrisons. He was likewise judge of all crimes committed within two leagues of the king's house, which precinct was called the Chalmer of Peace. The jurisdiction of this office came at last to be exercised only as to crimes during the time of parliament, which some extended likewise to all general conventions. The office was conferred heritably upon the noble family of Erroll by king Robert Bruce, and with them it still remains, having been expressly reserved by the Treaty of Union. Roll of the Lord LIigh Constables of Scotland. * * Hugo de Morville ; to king David I. * * Edward ; to king David I. 11G3. Richard de Morville. * * William de Morville, his son. * * Allan de Galloway, son to Rowland de Galloway, and Helena de Morville (sister of the last constable) ; to king Alexander II. * * Sir Leonard Leslie ; to king Alexander TIL * * Roger de Quincy, earl of Winton ; in right of his wife, the daughter of the lord of Galloway. * * Scierus de Quincy, earl of Winton, son to Roger : forfeited by Robert I. 1321. Sir Gilbert Hay, made heritable constable, and created earl of Erroll. D D 4 408 GREAT OFFICERS, ETC. OF SCOTLAND. THE EARL MAEISCHAL OF SCOTLAND. The Marischal is a German word and office, viz., a maker of camps ; and the axe, wliicli he bears as the badge of his office, was the instrument with which he broke ground, though this part of his office came to be delegated to Marischal du Camp. The Marischal commanded the cavalry, whereas the constable commanded the whole army. They seem to have had a sort of joint command, as of old all orders were ad- dressed to " our Constable and Marischal." The office of Earl Marischal has never been out of the noble family of Keith. It was reserved at the Union ; and when the heritable jurisdictions were bought, it was in the crown, having been forfeited by the rebellion of George Keith, Earl Marischal, in 1715. THE SECRETAEY OF STATE IN SCOTLAND. This office in Scotland was nearly the same with that of the Great Prothonotary, which agreed with the Pi^imiceriis Notarium among the Romans. He was of the prince's council, and acted therein as his secretary. The Secretary was constantly to attend the king's person ; to receive all petitions and memorials that were presented to him, and to write the king's answers upon them. All letters-patent passed through his hand, and were drawn up by him ; and all the king's letters, despatches, warrants, and orders, were written out by him, and generally subscribed by him. He was answerable for them if they contained anything contrary to the laws of the land, or derogatory to the king's honour and dignity. The office was kept up for some time after the Union; but since the year 1746 there has been no Secretary of State for Scotland. EOLL OF THE SECRETARIES OF StATE. (^From the reign of King Malcolm IV. to the year 1746.) * * Nicolaiis ; to king Malcolm IV. 1380. Duncan Pecoce ; to Robert II. 1410. Andrew de Hawick, rector of Liston. 1418. John, earl of Buchan. 1424. John Cameron, afterwards bishop of Glasgow. 1429. William Fowlis. 1432. John Methven. 1448. John Raulston, bishop of Dunkeld. 1452. William Otterbm-ne. 1453. George de Slioreswood. 1454. John Arouse, archdeacon of Glasgow. * * Thomas de Vaus, dean of Glasgow. 1463. James Law, archdeacon of Glasgow. * * Archibald Whitlaw, archdeacon of Lothian. 1488. Alexander Inglis, afterwards bishop of Dunkeld. 1490. Patrick Paniter {vulgo Panter), arch- deacon of Moray; afterwards abbot of Cambuskenneth. 1405. Richard Muirhead, dean of Glasgow, 1496. Michael Balfour, abbot of Melrose. 1516. Thomas Hay. 1524. Patrick Hepburn, rector of Whiteston. * * Thomas Erskine, of Halton : afterwards sir Thomas Erskine, of Brechin. 1528. Patrick, abbot of Cambuskenneth, again. 1535. Richard Muirhead, dean of Glasgow, again. 1543. David Paniter, bishop of Ross. * * James Strachan, canon of Aberdeen. 1561. Sir William Maitland, of Lethington, the younger. 1564. Sir James Balfour, of Pittendriech ; to queen Mary. * * James Maxwell, of Cramond, son to sir William Maxwell ; to queen Mary. * * David Rizzio, foreign secretary to queen Mary : murdered by Darnley, in the presence of his royal mistress, anno 1566. * * John Lesley, bishop of Ross, secretary until May 1571 : made prisoner by order of queen Elizabeth for being engaged in the projected marriage of Mary with the duke of Norfolk; re- leased in Jan. 1574 Keith. 1572. Robert Pitcairn, archdeacon of St. An- drew's. 1584. Sir John Maitland, of Thirlestane. 1591. Sir Richard Cockburn, of Clerkington. 1596, Sir John Lindsay, of Balcarras. 1597. James Elphinstone, afterwards lord Bal- merino. 1608. Sir Alexander Hay, of Newton. — Sir John Preston, lord president of the court of session. 1612. Thomas, earl of Haddington, 1626, Sir William Alexander, afterwards earl of Stirling. — Sir Archibald Acheson, of Glencairn, bart. 1641. William, earl of Lanark, afterwards duke of Hamilton. 1644. Sir Robert SpottisAvood, of New Abbey, lord president of the court of session. LORD CLERK REGISTERS. 409 * * William, earl of Lothian : appointed by the parliament, when the earl of La- nark fled. 1650. George, earl of Seaforth ; to Charles II. during his exile. 1G59. Alexander, earl of Balcarras. 16G1. John, earl (afterwards duke) of Lauder- dale. 1G82. Alexander, earl of Moray. — Charles, earl of Middleton. 1685. John, viscount (afterwards earl) of Mel- fort. 1689. George, lord Melville, afterwards earl of Melville. 1690. Honourable John Dalrymple, eldest son to viscount Stair. * * James Johnston. 1696. John, lord Murray (eldest son to the marquess of Atholl), earl of TuUibar- dine. 1696. James, lord Deskford, eldest son to the earl of Finlater, viscount (afterwards earl") of Seafield. ^ — James, earl of Seafield. * * John, earl of Hyndford. 1702. James, duke of Queensberry. — George, viscount Tarbat, afterwards earl of Cromarty. 1704. William, marquess of Annandale. 1705. John, earl of Marr. * * Hugh, earl of Loudoun. 1714. James, duke of Montrose : resigned in 1715. 1716. John, duke of Roxburgh : resigned in 1725. 1731. Charles, earl of Selkirk. 1742. John, marquess of Tweeddale : resigned in 1746. The last Secretary of State in Scotland. LOllDS HIGH COMMISSIONERS TO THE PARLIAMENTS OF SCOTLAND. {From the accession of King James VI. to the throne of England, to the Union of the two Kingdoms.') 1605. 1607. 1609. 1621. 1639. 1641. 1646. 1660. 1663. 1669. 1670. 1672. 1680. 1685. 1686. 1689. John, earl of Montrose. Ludowick, duke of Lenox and Richmond. George, earl marischal. James, marquess of Hamilton, John, earl of Traquair. James, lord Balmorino, elected president. James, duke of Hamilton. John, earl of Middleton. John, earl (afterwards duke) of Rothes. John, earl (afterwards duke) of Lauder- dale. The same. The same. H. R. H. James, duke of York and Al- bany, afterwards king James VII. William, duke of Queensberry. Alexander, earl of Moray. William, duke of Hamilton, elected presi- 1690. dent of the convention ; and when it was turned into a parliament the same year, he was appointed lord high com- missioner. George, lord (afterwards earl) of Melville. — Robert, earl (afterwards marquess) of Lothian. 1694. John, marquess of Tweeddale. 1696. John, earl of Tullibardine, afterwards duke of Atholl. 1700. James, duke of Queensberry. 1702. The same. 1703. The same. 1704. John, marquess of Tweeddale, again. 1705. John, duke of Argyll. 1707. James, duke of Queensberry, again. The LAST Lord High Commissioner. THE LORD CLERK REGISTER OF SCOTLAND. The Clerk Register was anciently the principal clerk in the kingdom : from him all other clerks, who were his deputies, derived their immediate authority, and he himself acted as clerk to the parliament and council. He was called Clericus Rotulorum, because the proceedings of parliament, and minutes and judgments of other courts, were written upon rolls of parchment (hence the term Rotuli Pa?^liamenti)^ which were preserved by him in the public archives. By the Treaty of Union, the preservation of the registers was particularly provided for; and the return of the election of the six- teen Scottish peers to the British parliament was ordered to be made by the Clerk Register, or by two of the clerks of session deputed by him for that purpose. Roll of the Lord Clerk Registers of Scotland. * * William, archbishop of St. Andrew's. * * Simon de Quincy. * * Nicolaus ; clericus to king Malcolm IV. * * William de Bosch, and Hugo. * * Galfrid and Gregory j to Alexander II. 1253. Willielmus Capellanus, and Alexander de Carrerg. [All the preceding were called cler. dom. regis.] 1323. Robert de Dunbar, cler. rotul. 410 GKEAT OFFICERS, ETC. OF SCOTLAND. * * John Gray ; to Robert II. 1426. John Schives. 1440. Richard Craig, vicar of Dundee. 1442, George Shoreswood, rector of Culter. 1449. Sir John Methven. 1450. John Arouse, archdeacon of Glasgow. 1455. Nicol Otterburn. 14G6. Fergus Macdowall. 1471. David Guthrie, of Guthrie. 1473. John Laing, rector of NcAvlands. 1477. Alexander IngHs, chancellor of the see of Aberdeen. 1482. Patrick Leith, canon of Glasgow. * * Alexander Scot, rector of Wigtoun. 1488. William Hepburn, vicar of Linlithgow. 1489. Richard Muirhead, dean of Glasgow. 1492. John Fraser, rector of llestalrig. 1497. Walter Drummond, dean of Dunblane. 1500. Gavin Dunbar, archdeacon of St. Andrew's, afterwards bishop of Aberdeen. * * Sir Stephen Lockhart ; to James IV. 1531. Sir James Foulis, of Collington. 1548. Sir Thomas Marjoribanks, of Ratho. 1554. James Macgill, parson of Flisk; deprived for his share in David Rizzio's murder, in 1566. 1566. Sir James Balfour. 1567. James Macgill, again. 1577. Sir Alexander Hay, of Easter Kennet. 1594. Sir John Skene, of Curriehill. 1598. Sir John Skene, and his son, James Skene. 1612. Sir Thomas Hamilton, afterwards earl of Haddington. * * Sir Alexander Hay, of Whitburgh. 1616. Sir George Hay, afterwards earl of Kin- noul. 1622. Sir John Hamilton, of Magdalens. 1632. Sir Alexander Hay, of Lands. 1641. Sir Alexander Gibson, junior, of Durie. 1649. Sir Archibald Johnston, of Warriston. 1660. Sir Archibald Primrose, of Chester. 1681. Sir George Mackenzie, bart., afterwards viscount Tarbat, and earl of Cromartie. 1689. John, lord Belhaven, and four more. 1692. Sir George Mackenzie, again. 1696. Charles, earl of Selkirk. ' 1702. John, marquess of Tweeddale. 1704. James Johnston. 1706. Sir James Murrav, of Philiphaugh, knt. J 708. David, earl of Glasgow. 1714. Archibald, earl of Isla, afterwards duke of Argyll. 1716. James, duke of Montrose. July. — Alexander, lord Polwarth, afterwards earl of Marchmont. Dec. 1733. Charles, earl of Selkirk. 1739. WiUiam, marquess of Lothian. J 756. Hon. Alexander Hume Campbell. 1761. James, earl of Morton. 1767. Lord Frederick Campbell, son to the duke of Argyll. 1777. Lord Frederick Campbell, appointed for life: died June 1816, aged 87. 1821. Rt. hon. William Dundas. 1845. James-Andrew, earl (now nlarqiiess) of Dalhousie. The present (1851) Lord Clerk Register. THE LOED JUSTICE-GENERAL OF SCOTLAND. The Lord Chief Justice, or, as he was called in Scotland, the Lord Justice-General, was placed next in rank to the lord chancellor. He was anciently, before the court of session was erected, the grand justiciar of Scotland, and his court was originally the only sovereign court of the kingdom, and had a great part of that jurisdiction which now belongs to the court of session ; and even after the erection of that court several civil causes came before it; but at length its powers were confined to criminal matters alone, and the Justice- General was empowered to name his own deputies. In 1671, the court of justiciary was constituted, nearly as it now stands, by a commission under the great seal, afterwards ratified by regulations made in 1672. The kingdom was divided into three circuits, to which the judges went once a-year ; but after the sup- pression of the heritable jurisdictions, the assizes were held twice a-year. Anciently the kingdom was divided into two justiciaries, viz., the north and the south of the Frith of Forth. The office was hereditary in several families ; but the family of Argyll surrendered it to the crown, for a valuable consideration, in 1628, which arrangement was ratified by parliament in 1633. From that time it was disposed of either for life, or during pleasure, by a commission under the great seal. Roll of the Lords Justice-General of Scotland, * * Argadus, captain of Arg^de; in the reign of Ethodius. * * Comes Dunetus ; in the reign of William. * * The earl of Fife. * * William Cummin. * * David, earl of Huntingdon. * * Walter differ. 1216. Allan; to Alexander IL 1224. William Cummin, earl of Buchan. 1227. Walter Oliphant. * * Walter, son to Allan ; seneschal or steward of Scotland. 1239. Walter, earl of Ross, north of Forth. 1243. David de Lindsay, south of Forth. * * Alexander, seneschal to Alexander II. * * Hugh de Berkelay, south of Forth. 1253. Alexander Cummin, earl of Bucban. 13G6. Robert de Erskine, north of Forth. EXTRAORDINARY LORDS OF SESSION. 411 1426. Robert de Lauder, north of Forth. 1446. Patrick de Ogilvy, north of Forth. 1457. John, lord Lindsay de Byres, north of Forth. * * William, earl of Orkney, south of Forth. 1477. John Haldane, of Gleneagles, north of Forth. * * Patrick, lord Hales, and Robert, lord Lyle. * * Andrew, earl of Crauford, and George, , earl of Iluntly. 1488. Robert, lord Lyle, lord chief justice. 1489. John, lord Glamis, and John, lord Drum- mond. 1492, Robert, lord Lyle, and John, lord Glamis. 1494. John, lord Drummond. 1504. Andrew, lord Gray, and John, lord Ken- nedy. 1514. Colin, earl of Argyll. 1526. Archibald Douglas, of Kilspindie. 1537. Archibald, earl of Argyll. 1567. Gilespick, earl of Argyll ; heritably. 1578. Colin, earl of Argyll. 1589. Archibald, earl of Argyll : he exchanged the office of lord chief justice, for the heritable lieutenancy of Argyllshire, and most of the isles. 1628. AVilliam, earl of INFenteith. * * Sir William Elphinstone. 1642. Sir Thomas Flope, the younger, of Carse. 1646. William, earl of Glencairn. 1649. John, earl of Cassilis. 1663. John, earl (afterwards marquess) of Atholl. 1678. Sir George Mackenzie, bart., afterwards viscount Tarbat and earl of Cromartic. — Sir Archibald Primrose, of Carrington. 1680. William, earl (afterwards marquess and duke) of Queensberry. 1682. James, earl of Perth. 1692. Robert, earl of Lothian. 1703. George, earl of Cromartie. 1710. Archibald, earl of Isla, afterwards duke of Argyll, for life. 1761. John, marquess of Tweeddale. 1763. Charles, duke of Queensberry and Dover. 1778. David, viscount Stormont, afterwards earl of Mansfield. 1795. James, duke of Montrose ; after v/hose death (in 1836) the duties of this office were transferred to the lord president of the court of session. Roll of the Lords Justice-Clerk. * * William de Camera ; to David II. * * Adam Forrester ; to David II. 1478. William Halket, of Belfico. 1491. Richard Lawson, of Heirigs. 1507. James Henderson, of Fordil. 1513. James Wishart, of Pittarrow. 1524. Nicolas Crawford, of Oxengang. 1537. Adam Otterburn, of RedhalL — Thomas Scott, of Pitgorn. 1539. Thomas Ballenden, of Auchinoul. 1540. Henry Balneaves. 1547. Sir John Ballenden, of Auchinoul. 1578. Sir Lewis Ballenden, of Auchinoul. 1591. Sir John Cockburn, of Ormistoun. 1625. Sir George Elphinston, of Blythswood. 1634. Sir James Carmichael, of Carmichael. 1637. Sir John Hamilton, of Orbiston. , OR Second Judges of Justiciary. 1661. Sir Robert jMurray. 1663. Sir James Foulis, of Collingtoun. 1688. Sir John Dalrymple, afterwards earl of Stair. 1689. Sir Robert Sinclair, of Stevenson. 1693. Sir William Hamilton, of Whitelaw. 1707. Adam Cockburn, of Ormistoun. 1735. Andrew Fletcher, of Milton. 1748. Charles Erskine, of Tinwald. 1762. Sir Gilbert Elliot, of Minto, bart. 1766. Thomas Miller, of Glenlee. 1787. Robert MacQueen, of Braxfield. 1799. David Rae, of Eskgrove. 1804. Charles Hope, of Granton. 1811. David Boyle. 1841. John Hope. The present (1851) Lord Justice Clerk in Scotland. EXTKAORDINARY LORDS OF SESSION. The designation " Extraordinary Lords of Session," expresses a distinction between those functionaries and the Ordinary Lords of Session. The Extraordinary Lords of Session were lords of parliament appointed by the crown to sit and vote in court along with the permanent judges. Tliis "manifest impropriety," as a recent writer justly observes, was abolished by act of parliament in the tenth year of George IL The following is a roll of the Extraordinary Lords of Session up to that time. EOLL OF THE EXTRAORDINARY LORDS OF SeSSION. 1539. William, lord Ruthven. — John, lord Erskine. 1541. William, earl marischal. — William, earl of Rothes. 1541. Robert, lord Maxwell. — John, lord Lindsay. 1542. George, lord Seton. — Alexander, lord Livingston. 412 GREAT OFFICERS, ETC. OF SCOTLAND. — James, lord Ogilvie. — James, lord Innermeath. 1554. Sir Richard Maitlaiid, of Lethington. — Adam Livingstone, of Dunipace. 1561. William, earl marischal. — William Maitland, of Lethington. — James Balfour, parson of Flisk. 1562. John Wood, of TuUiedairie. 1563. Adam, bishop of Orkney. 1 565. Alexander, bishop of Galloway. 1566. Dr. Edward Henryson. — John Wood, of TuUiedairie. — Gavin Hamilton, commendator of Kil- winning. 1567. Sir John Wisehart, of Pittarrow, 15(59. Mark Ker, commendator of Newbattle. 1570. John, lord Glamis. 1573. Kobert, lord Boyd. 1574. Sir John Wisehart, of Pittarrow. 1575. Henry , commendator of Balme- rino. 1578. Patrick, master of Gray. — Robert, lord Boyd. — William, lord Rutliven. 1583. James Stuart, earl of Arran. 1584. James, lord Doune. — John, earl of Montrose. — Patrick, lord Gray. — Mark Ker, afterwards earl of Lothian. 1585. Alexander Seton, prior of Pluscardin. — Thomas Lyon, of Balduckie. ] 586. Robert, lord Boyd. 1587. Sir John Seton, of Barnes. 1588. John Cockburne, of Ormiston. 1591. John, earl of Montrose. 1592. Sir Thomas Lyon, of Auldbar. 1593. Walter Stewart, commendator of Blantyre. 1594. Sir Robert Melville. 1596. Peter, bishop of Dunkeld. 1599. Alexander, master of Elphinsfone. 1601. Sir Robert Melville, of Burntisland. 1608. Sir Alexander Drummond, of Medhope. 1610. Walter, lord Blantyre. — Alexander, master of Livingston. — Sir Robert Melville, of Burntisland. — John, archbishop of Glasgow. — Peter Pollock, of Piltoun. 1620. John, lord Erskine. 1622. Sir Robert Spottiswood, of New Abbey. 1626. Sir Archibald Napier, of Merchiston. — David, lord Carnegie. — John, earl of Lauderdale. — Patrick, bishop of Ross. 1628. John, lord Erskine. — Sir Archibald Acheson, of Glencairnie. — William, earl of Menteith. — Sir Andrew Ker, master of Jedburgh. 1629. Sir John Scot, of Scotstarvet. 1630. Sir John Hamilton, of Magdalens. — John, earl of Traquair. 1631. William, viscount Stirling, afterwards earl of Stirling. 1633. Sir John Hay, of Barro. — John, bishop of Ross. 1634. Archibald Campbell, lord Lorne. 1635. W^illiam, lord Alexander. 1639. Archibald, lord Angus. 1641. Archibald, earl of ArgyU. — Archibald, lord Angus. — John, lord Lindsay. — John, lord Balmerino. 1649. John, lord Coupar. — John, earl of Cassilis. 1661. John, earl of Crauford. — John, earl of Rothes. — John, earl of Lauderdale. — John, earl of Cassilis, 1662. John, earl of Middleton. 1664. John, earl of Tweeddale. — Alexander, archbishop of Glasgow. 1667. Alexander, earl of Kincardine. 1668. James, marquess of Montrose. 1669. John, earl of Dunfermline. 1673. John, earl of Atholl. 1674. Archibald, earl of Argyll. 1680. Alexander, earl of Moray. 1681. William, earl of Queensbjrry. 1682. James, earl of Perth. 1684. Charles, earl of Middleton. 1686. William, duke of Hamilton. — Patrick, earl of Strathmore. 1693. William, duke of Queensberry. — William, marquess of Annandale. — Patrick, lord Polwarth, afterwards earl of Marchmont. — William, duke of Hamilton. 1694. Archibald, earl of Argyll, afterwards duke of Argyll. 1696. James, duke of Queensberry. 1699. Hugh, earl of Loudoun. 1704. John, duke of Argyll. 1708. Archibald, earl of Isla, afterwards duke of Argyll. 1712. John, duke of Atholl. 1721. John, marquess of Tweeddale. The last Extraordinary Lord of Session. THE LORD PRESIDENTS AND JUDGES OF THE COURT OF SESSION. The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of justice in Scotland. It received its name and derives its constitution under a statute passed in the 20th year of James Y., 1532. The functions now discharged by this court were performed by parliamentary committees previously to the above-mentioned year ; but even until the period of the Revolution the condition of the court was very defective. The judges, upon their appointment, assume a title from their surnames or their estates, which is conceded to them by ancient usage, and though purely official, is recognised by courtesy in social intercourse. ORDI^sTARY LORDS OF SESSIO^T. 413 Roll of the Lord Presidents of the Court of Session. 1532. Alexander Milne, abbot of Cambusken- netli. 1543. Robert Reid, bishop of Orkney. 1558. Henry Sinclair, bishop of Ross. 1565. John "Sinclair, bishop of Brechin. 15G6. William Baillie, of Provand. 1567. Sir James Balfour, of Pittendrich. 1593. Sir Alexander Seton, lord Urquhart, after- wards earl of Dunfermline. 1605. James Elphinstone, lord Balmerino. 1609. John Preston, of Fenton Barns. 1616. Thomas Hamilton, lord Binning. 1626. Sir James Skene, of Curriehill. 1633. Sir Robert Spottiswood, of New Abbey. 1661. Sir John Gilmour, of Craigmiller. 1671. Sir James Dairy mple, afterwards viscount Stair. 1681. Sir George Gordon, afterwards earl of Aberdeen. 1682. Sir David Falconer, of Newton. 1685. Sir George Lockhart, of Carnwath. 1689. Sir James Dalrymple, again. 1698. Sir Robert Berwick. 1707. Sir Hew Dalrymple, of North Berwick. 1737. Duncan Forbes, of Culloden. 1748. Robert Dundas, of Arniston. 1754. Robert Craigie, of Glendoick. 1760. Dobert Dundas, of Arniston, son of the lord president appointed in 1748. 1787. Thomas Miller, of Glenlee; created a ba- ronet in 1788 : died in 1789. 1789. Hay Campbell, of Succoth ; created a ba- ronet on resigning in 1808 : died in 1823. 1808. Rt. hon. Robert Blair, of Avonton : died in 1811. 1811. Rt. hon. Charles Hope, of Granton : re - signed in 1841. 1841. Rt. hon. David Boyle. The (1815) present Lord President of the Court of Session. Roll of the Ordinary Lords of Session. 1532. Richard Bothwell, rector of Eskirk. — John Dingwall, provost of Trinit}^, Edin- burgh. — Henry Whyte, rector of Finevin. — William Gibson, dean of Restalrig. — Thomas Hay, dean of Dunbar. — Robert Reid ^ abbot of Kinloss. — George Ker, provost of Dunglass. — William Scott — Balwerie. — Sir John Campbell — Lundie. — Sir James Colville — Easter Wemyss. — Adam Otterburn — Auldhame. — Nicol Crawford — Oxengang. — Francis Bothwell. — James Lawson. — James Foulis — Collington. 1537. Walter Lindesay, lord St. John. — Sir Thomas Erskine — Brechin. — Thomas Bannatyne. — Robert Galbraith, parson of Spot. — Henry Sinclair, dean of Glasgow. 1538. Henry Balnavis — Hall Hill. — Thomas Scot — Abbotshall. — John Letliam, rector of Kilchrist. 1539. D. Brithman. — Henry Lauder — St. Germain's. 1540. John Sinclair, dean of Restalrig. — William Lamb, rector of Conveth. 1541. George Durie, abbot of Dunfermline. — Donald Campbell, abbot of Cupar. — Andrew Durie, abbot of Melrose. — Gavin Hamilton, abbot of Kilwinning. — John Foulis — Collington. 1542. John Waddell, parson of Flisk. — Dr. John Gladstaines. 1543. David Strachan. — John Hamilton, abbot of Paisley. 1543. Abbot of Lindores. — Abbot of Culross. — Abbot of Piltenweem. 1544. Thomas Wemyss. \ 547. Sir Robert Carnegie — Kinnaird. 1548. George Hay, parson of Renfrew. 1553. John Hamilton, archbishop of St. An- drew's. — George Durie, commendator of Dunferm- line. 1554. James Macgill — Rankeilor Nether. — Abraham Creighton, provost of Dunglass. — John Stevenson, precentor of Glasgow. — William Baillie — Provand. — James Scott, provost of Corstorphine. — Sir John Ballenden — Auchinoul. — Thomas Marjoribanks — Ratho. — William Chisolme, bishop of Dunblane. — Sir William Hamilton — Sanquhar. 1560. Archibald Dunbar, sub-chanter of Moray. 1561. Sir Richard Maitland — Lethington. — John Spence — Condie. 1562. Henry Balnavis — Hall Hill. 1563. James Balfour, parson of Flisk. 1564. John Leslie, parson of Oyne. — Robert Maitland, dean of Aberdeen. 1565. David Chalmers — Ormond. — Adam Bothwell, bishop of Orkney. 1566. Sir William Maitland — Lethington. — Archibald Craufurd, parson of Eglishame. 1568. Robert Pitcairne, commendator of Dun- fermhne. — John Maitland, commendator of Colding- ham. — Archibald Douglass, parson of Douglass. 1570. Thomas Macallyean — Clilton Hall. 1573. David Borthwick — Lochill. ' In the original nomination, Robert Chanwell and Arthur Boyes, were inserted ; but in their absence the abbot of Kinloss and the provost of Dunglass were chosen, and admitted by the king. It does not appear that Robert Chanwell or Arthur Boyes ever officiated. 414 GPvEAT OFFICERS, ETC. OF SCOTLxiND. 1575. James Meldrum — Segie. — Robert Pont, provost of Trinity College. — William Douglass — Wliittinghame. — Alexander Colvill, abbot of Culross. 1576. Patrick Yanse — BarnbarroAV. 1577. Thomas Bellenden — Newtyle. 1578. Archibald Douglass, parson of Glasgow. 1579. Alexander Hay — Easter Kennet. 1580. Robert Creighton — Elliock. 1581. John Maitland — Thirlestane. — John Lindsay, parson of Menmure. 1582. David Macgill — Nisbet. 1584. John Graham — Hallyards. — Sir Lewis Ballenden — Auchinoul. — John Bartane, dean of Dunkeld. 1586. David Chalmers — Ormond. 1587. James Elpliinstone — Innernochtie. — John Colvill, chanter of Glasgow. — Alexander Colvill, commendator of Cul- ross. — William Melville, commendator of Tong- land. 1588. Alexander Seton, lord Urquhart. 1590. Archibald Douglas — Whittinghame. 1591. Thomas Bellenden — Newtyle. — Richard Cockburne — Clerkintoun. — Andrew Wemyss — Myrecairnie. 1592. Thomas Hamilton — Drumcairne. 1593. Sir John Cockburn — Ormistoun. — Sir Thomas L^^on — Auldbar. — John Bothweli, commendator of Holyrood House. 1594. John Skene — Currie Hill. 1595. John Preston — Fenton Barns. 1597. David Macgill — Cranston-Riddel. — Edward Bruce — Kinloss. 1598. Sir David Lindsay — Edzell. 1604. Alexander Hay — Fosterseat. — Sir James Wemyss — Bogie. — Sir Lewis Craig — Wright's Land. — Sir John Wemyss — Craigtoun. 1607. Thomas Hamilton — Prestonfield. 1608. Sir Andrew Hamilton — Redhouse. 1609. Sir William Livingston — Kilsyth. 1610. Sir Alexander Hay — Newton. 1611. William Oliphant — Newton. 1612. Sir James Skene — Currie Hill. 1613. Sir Gideon Murray — Elibank. 1616. David Carnegie, lord Carnegie. 1617. Sir George Erskine — Innerteil. 1618. John Maitland, viscount Lauderdale. 1621. Sir Alexander Gibson — Durie. 1622. Thomas Henderson — Chesters. — Sir John Hamilton — Magdalens. 1623. Sir Archibald Napier — Merchistoun. — Sir Andrew Fletcher — Innerpeffer. 1627. Sir Robert Spottiswood — New Abbey. — Alexander Seton — Kilcreuch. — Sir George Auchinleck — Balmanno. — Sir Alexander Napier — Laurieston. — Sir Archibald Acheson — Glencairnie. — J ames Bannatyne — Newhall. — Alexander Morison — Preston-Grange. — Sir J ames Learmonth — Balcomie. — George Haliburton — Fodderance. 1629. Sir James Oliphant — Newton. — Sir James Macgill — Cranston- Riddel. 1632. Sir John Hope — Craighall. — Sir John Scot — Scotstarvet. 1634. Sir John Hay — Barro. 1636. Patrick Nisbet — Eastbank. 1637. Sir John Hamilton — Orbieston. — Sir William Elphinstone. — Adam Cunninghame — Woodhall. 1639. Sir James Carmichael — Carmichael. — Sir Alexander Falconer — Halkertoun. New Commission by Act of Parliament, 13th November, 1641. Sir Sir Sir Sir Sir Sir Sir 1641. ^ Sir Sir Sir Sir Sir Sir Sir Sir George Erskine — Innerteil. Alexander Gibson — Durie. Andrew Fletcher — Innerpeffer. J ohn Hamilton — Orbiestoun. J ames Carmichael — Carmichael. James Learmonth — Balcomie. James Macgill — Cranston-Riddel. George Haliburton — Fodderance. J ohn Hope — Craighall. John Scot — Scotstarvet. Alexander Falconer — Halkertoun. John Leslie — Newton. Thomas Hope — Kerse. Archibald Johnston — Warriston. Adam Hepburn — Humbie. 1646. Sir Alexander Gibson — Durie. — Sir James Lockhart — Lee. — Sir Alexander Belsches — Tofts. 1649. Sir James Hope — Hopetoun. — Robert Bruce — Broomhall. — Alexander Pearson — South Hall. — Robert Macgill — Ford. — Sir William Scott — Clerkintoun. — George Winram — Libbertoun. — Alexander Brodie — Brodie. — John Dickson — Hartrce. — Sir Hew Campbell — Cesnock. Commissioners for Administration of Jus- tice TO THE People of Scotland ; ar- poiNTED BY Oliver Cromwell. 1654. George Smyth. — William Laurence. — Edward Mosely. 1655. John Swinton — Sv/inton. — Alexander Pearson — South-Hall. — Sir James Learmonth — Balcomie. — Andrew Ker. 1656. Sir William Lockhart. 1657. James Dalrymple — Stair. — Sir Archibald Johnston — Warriston. — Alexander Brodie — Brodie. 1661. The Restoration. Alexander Falconer, lord Halkertoun. Sir Archibald Primrose — Carrington. Sir Robert Murray, lord justice-cierk. Sir James Macgill — Cranston. Sir James Lockhart — Lee. Sir George Mackenzie — Tarbet. Sir Archibald Stirling — Garden. Sir James Foulis — Collington. Sir James Dahymple — Stair. Sir Robert Nairne — Strathurd. Robert Burnet — Crimond. James Roberton — Bedlay. John Scougal — Whitekirk. Andrew Ay ton — Kinglassie. — Sir David Nevoy — Nevoy. 1662. Sir James Dundas — Arniston. 1663. John Hume — Renton. 1664. Sir John Nisbet — Dirleton. — Sir John Baird — Newbvth. 1665. Sir John Lockhart — Castlehill. 1668. Sir Peter Wedderburn — Gosfoord. Or.DINAKY LORDS OF SESSION". 415 16G9. Charles iMaitland — Halton. 1671. Sir Thomas Wallace — Craigie. — Sir Andrew Ramsay — Abbotshall. — Sir Richard Maitland — Pittricliie. 1672. Sir Robert Preston — Preston. 1674. Sir David Balfour — Forret. — Sir Thomas Murray — Glendoick. — Sir James Foulis — Reidfurd. 1676. Sir David Falconer — Newton. 1677. Sir Alexander Seton — Pitmedden. — Sir Roger Hogg — Harcarse. 1679. Sir Andrew Birnie — Saline. 1680. Sir George Gordon — Haddo. 1681. Sir George Mackenzie — Tarbet. — Sir Patrick Ogilvie — Boyne. — John Murray — Drumcairne. 1682. Sir George Nicolson — Kemnay. — John Wauchope — Edmonstone, 1683. Sir Thomas Stewart ~ Blair, — Sir Patrick Lvon — Carse. 1685, Sir G. Lockhart — Carnwath, 1687. Alexander Malcolm — Lochore. 1688. Sir John Dalrymple — Stair. — Alexander Swinton — Mersington. — Lewis Gordon — Auchintoul, The Revolutio2^. 1689, Sir John Baird — Newbyth. — Alexander Swinton — Mersington. — Sir Colin Campbell — Aberuchill. — James Murray — Philiphaugh, — James Dundas — Arniston, — J ohn Hamilton — Halcraig, — David Home — Crocerig. — Sir J, Maitland — Ravelrig, afterwards earl of Lauderdale, — Sir Robert Sinclair— Stevenson. — Sir John Lauder — Fountain Hall, — William Anstruther — Anstruther, — Archibald Hope — Rankeilor, — James Falconer — Phesdo, — Robert Hamilton — Presmennan, 1693. Sir William Hamilton — Whitelaw, 1696. James Scougal — Whitehill. 1699. Sir John Maxwell — Pollock. 1701. Robert Stewart — Tulliecutrie, 1704, R, Mackenzie — Preston Hall, — Sir A. Campbell — Cesnock. 1705, Adam Cockburn — . Ormistoun, — Sir Gilbert Elliot — Minto. — Sir Alexander Ogilvie — Forglen. 1707. Hon. James Erskine — Grange. — John Murray — Bowhill. 1709. Dougal Stewart — Blairhall, — Sir Francis Grant — Cullen. 1710. Sir James Mackenzie — Royston, — David Erskine — Dun, 1711. Sir W. Calderwood — Polton, 1712. James Hamilton — Pencaitland. 1714. Hon. James Elphinstone — Coupar, after- wards lord Balmerino. — Sir Andrew Hume — Kimerghame. 1718, Sir Walter Pringle — Newhall. 1724. Andrew Fletcher — Milton. 1726. Sir Gilbert Elliot — Minto, — Hew Dalrymple — Drummore, 1727. Patrick Campbell — Monzie, 1729, John Pringle — Haining. 1730. Alexander Eraser — Strichen, 1732, Patrick Grant — Elchies, 1733, Hon. John Sinclair — Murkle. 1734. Alexander, earl of Leven. 1735. Sir James Fergusson — Kilkerran. 1737. Robert Dundas — Arniston. 1744. Charles Areskine — Tinwald. 1746. Hon. Patrick Boyle — Shewalton. 1749. James Graham — Easdale. 1751. George Sinclair — Newhall. 1752. Henry Home — Kames. 1754. Alexander BosAvell — Auchinleck. — William Grant — Preston-Cirange. — Robert Pringle — Edgefield. — Thomas Hay — Huntington. 1755. Andrew Macdowal — Bankton. — Patrick Wedderburn — Chesterhall. — George Carre — Nisbet. 1756. George Brown — Coalston. 1759. Andrew Pringle — Alemoore. 1761. James Yeitch — Elliock. — James Erskine. 1762. John Campbell — Stonefield. 1764. James Ferguson — Pitfour. — Francis Garden — Gardenston. — Robert Bruce — Kennet. 1766. Sir David Dalrymple — Hailes. — Thomas Miller — Barskimming, now Glenlee. 1767. James Burnett — Monboddo. 1775. Alexander Lockhart — Covington, 1776. David Ross — Ankerville. — Robert MacQueen — Braxfield. 1777. David Dalrymple — Westhall. 1782. David Rae — Eskgrove. — John Swinton — Swinton. 1783. Alexander Murray — Henderland. — Hon. Alexander Gordon — Rockville. 1786. William Nairne — Dunsinnan, 1787. John Maclaurin — Dreghorn. 1792. Alexander Abercromby — Abercromby. — William Craig — Craig. 1793. William Baillie — Polkemmet. — David Smvtlie — Methven. 1795. Sir William Miller — Glenlee. 1796. Allan Maconochie — Meadowbank. — Robert Cullen — Cullen. 1797. Sir William Honyman, bart. — Arma- dale. 1799. William Mac Leod Bannatyne — Banna- tyne. — Claud Irvine Bos well — Balmuto. , — George Ferguson — Hermand. 1802. Alexander Fraser Tytler — Woodhouselee. 1805. William Robertson — Robertson. 1806. Charles Hav — Newton. 1809. Archibald Campbell — Succoth. 1811. David Boyle — Boyle. — Robert Craigie — Craigie. — David Williamson — Balgray. — Adam Gillies — Gillies. 1813. David Monypenny — Pitmilly. — David Cathart — ^^Alloway. — David Douglas — Reston. 1816. James Wolfe Murray — Cringletie, 1819. Alexander Maconochie — Meadowbank. 1822. William Erskine — Kinneder. — Joshua-Henry Mackenzie — Mackenzie. 1823. John Clerk — Eldin. 1825. John Hay Forbes — Medwyn. 1826. George Cranstoun — Corehouse. — Alexander Irving — Newton. 1829. John Fullerton — Fullerton. — Sir James W. Moncreiff, bart. — Mon- creiff. 1834. Francis Jeffrey — Jeffrey. — Henry Cockburn — Cockburn. 416 GREAT OFFICEKS, ETC. OF SCOTLAND. 1837. John Cunninghame — Cunninghame. 1839. Sir John A. Murray — Murray. 1840. James Ivory — Ivory. 1842. Alexander Wood — Wood. 1843. Patrick Robertson — Robertson. 1850. Thomas Maitland — Dundrennan. 1851. Andrew Rutherford — Rutherford. — Duncan M'Neill — Colonsay. — John Cowan — Cowan. THE LORD ADVOCATE OF SCOTLAND. The Lord Advocate is the same, in regard to functions, in Scotland, as the Attorney- General is in England. His business is to pursue and defend in all causes wherein the king has an interest. His office is very honourable, and he is, in virtue of it, styled Lord. The power and privileges of the Lord Advocate are very great ; among the latter, he is allowed to sit within the bar of the court of session covered, where only the peers of the realm are allowed to sit. He can issue warrants for searching, apprehending, and imprisoning, in any part of Scotland ; and his warrants are as valid as those of any judge. And as it was decided in the parliament of Paris in 1685, that the king's advocate might at the same time be a judge, so in like manner was it allowed in Scotland ; and both sir William Oliphant and sir John Nesbit were Lords Advocate and Lords of Session at the same time. Roll of the Lords Advocate of Scotland. 1483. John Ross, of Mongrenan. 1494. James Henderson, of Fordel. 1503. Richard Lawson, of Heirigs. 1521. James Wishart, of Pittarrow. 1525. Adam Otterburn, of Redhall. 1527. John Foulis, and Adam Otterburn. 1533. Adam Otterburn, and Henry Lauder, of St. Germains. * * Henry Bahieaves ; to queen Mary. * * Thomas Cummin, a lord of session. 1561. John Spence, of Condie. * * Robert Crichton, of Elliock. 1573. David Broth wick, of Loch-hiU. 1582. David Macgill, of Cranston- Riddel ; son to sir J ames, lord clerk register. 1589. John Skene. 1594. William Hart, of Levelands. — Andrew Logie. 1595. Sir Thomas Hamilton, afterwards earl of Haddington. — David Macgill, again. * * Sir Thomas Hamilton, again. 1612. Sir William Oliphant, of Newton. 1626. Thomas Hope, of Craighall, afterwards sir Thomas. 1641. Sir Archibald Johnston, of Warriston. * * Sir Thomas Nicholson. 1659. Sir Archibald Primrose. 1661. Sir John Fletcher. 1666. Sir John Nesbit. * * Sir George Mackenzie. 1687. John Dairy mple, afterwards earl of Stair. — Sir George Mackenzie, again. 1689. Sir William-James Stewart. 1709. Sir David Dalrymple. 1720. Robert Dundas, of Arniston. 1725. Duncan Forbes, of Culloden. 1737. Charles Erskine, of Tinwald. 1742. Robert Craigie, of Glendoick. 1746. William Grant, of Preston-Grange. 1754. Robert Dundas, of Arniston. 1760. Thomas Miller, ofGlenlee. 1766. James (afterwards sir James) Mont- gomery. 1775. Henry Dundas, afterwards viscount Mel- ville. 1783. Hon. Henry Erskine. 1784. Hay Campbell ; baronet in 1808. 1789. Robert Dundas, of Arniston ; son of the 2nd, grandson of the 1st Robert. 1801. Charles Hope, of Granton. 1804. Sir James Montgomery, bart. 1806. Hon. Henry Erskine, again. 1807. Archibald Colquhoun. 1816. Alexander Maconochie. 1819. Sir William Rae, bart. 1830. Francis Jeffrey. 1834. John-Archibald Murray. — Sir William Rae, bart., again. 1835. John- Archibald Murray, again. 1839. Andrew Rutherfurd. 1841. Sir William Rae, bart., third time. 1842. Duncan M'Neill. 1846. Andrew Rutherfurd, again. 1851. James Moncreitf, April 8. The present Lord Advocate. Solicitors-General of Scotland. 1775. Alexander Murray, of Henderland. 1783. Hay Campbell, of Succoth. 1789. Robert Blair, of Avonton. 1806. John Clerk, of Eldin. 1807. David Boyle, of Shewalton. 1811. David Monypenny, of Pitmilly. POSTMASTEKS-GENEKAL. 417 1813. Alexander Mnconocliie, of Meadowbank. 1819. James Wedderburn. 1825. John Hope. 1830. Henry Cockburn. 1834. Andrew Skene. 1834. Duncan M'Neill. 1835. John Cunninghame. 1837. Andrew Rutherford. 1839. James Ivory. 1840. Thomas Maitland, of Dundrennan. 1811. Duncan M'Neill. 1842. Adam Anderson. 1846. Thomas INIaitland, of Dundrennan. 1850. James MoncreifF. 1851. John Cowan. — George Deas. The present Solicitor- General of Scotland. Deans of Faculty. 1801. Eobert Blair, of Avonton. 1808. Matthew Ross. 1823. George Craustoun. 1826. Sir James W. IMoncreiff, bart. 1829. Francis Jeffrey. 1830. John Hope. 1841. Alexander Wood. 1842. Patrick Robertson. 1843. Duncan M'Neill. 1851. Adam Anderson. Postmasters-General of Scotland. (^From a Return made to the House of Commons j dated July 2, 1844.) 1737. Archibald Douglas was in olFice this year. 1 767. Robert Oliphant, of Rossie, was in otHce this year. 1799. Thomas Elder, of Forneth. — William Robertson. 1802. Robert Trotter, of Castlelaw. 1807. Hon. Francis Gray, afterwards lord Gray. 1811. James, earl of Caithness. 1823. Sir David Wedderburn, bart. The last Deputy Postmaster-General of Scot- land. Roll of the Lord High Commissioners appointed to represent the Sovereign in the General Assemblies of the Kirk of Scotland. 1038. James, marquess (afterwards duke) of Hamilton. 1639. John, earl of Traquair. 1040. [No commissioner.] 1641. John, earl of Wemyss. 1642. Charles, earl of Dunfermline. 1643. Sir Thomas Hope, of Craighall, his ma- jesty's advocate. 1644 to 1649. [No commissioners; but the king wrote a letter to the Assembly in 1646, showing that he could not conveniently send a commissioner.] * * * * * * * 1690. John, lord Carmichael. 1692. Robert, earl (afterwards marquess) of Lothian. 1694 to 1699. John, lord Carmichael, afterwards earl of Hyndford. 1700. James, viscount Seafield, afterwards earl of Seafield and Finlater. 1701. William, earl (afterwards marquess) of Annandale. 1702. Patrick, earl of Marchmont. 1703. James, earl of Seafield, again, 1704. AVilliam, lord Ross. 1705. William, marquess of Annandale. 1706 to 1710. David, earl of Glasgow. 1711. William, marquess of Annandale, again. 1712, 1713, and 1714. John, duke of Atholl. 1715 to 1721. John, earl of Rothes. 1722. Hugh, earl of Loudoun. 1723. Charles, earl of Hopetoun. E 1724. James, earl of Finlater and Seafield. 1725 and 1726. Hugh, earl of Loudoun. 1727. James, earl of Finlater and Seafield. 1728. Hugh, earl of Loudoun. 1729. David, earl of Buchan. 1730 and 1731. Hugh, earl of Loudoun. 1732 to 1738. William, marquess of Lothian. 1739 and 1740. John, earl of Hyndford. 1741 to 1753 (inclusive). Alexander, earl of Leven and Melville. 1754. John, earl of Hopetoun. 1755 to 1763 (inclusive). Charles Scliaw, lord Cathcart. 1764 to 1772 (inclusive). David, earl of Glasgow. 1773 to 1776 (inclusive). Charles Schaw, lord Cathcart. 1777 to 1782 (inclusive). George, earl of Dal- housie. 1783 to 1801. David, earl of Leven and Melville. 1802 to 1816 (both inclusive). Francis, lord Napier. 1817 to 1819 (both inclusive). William, earl of Krroll. 1820 to 1824 (both inclusive). George, earl of Morton. 1825 to 1830 (both inclusive). James, lord Forbes. 1831 to 1841 (both inclusive). Robert, lord Belhaven. 1842 to 1846. John, marquess of Bute. 1817 to 1851. Lord Beihaven. The present Lord High Commissioner. 418 GREAT OFFICERS, ETC. OF SCOTLAND. THE LOED PROVOST OF EDINBURGH. The municipal affairs of the city of Edinburgh are administered by a corporation called the Town Council, consisting of thirty-three persons. These are the Lord Provost, four bailies, a dean of guild, a treasurer, an old provost, four old bailies, an old dean of guild, an old treasurer, three merchant councillors, two trades councillors, six ordinary council deacons, and eight extraordinary council deacons. The members of the town council are in part elected by those of the fourteen incorporations, and ihey partly choose their own successors. The Lord Provost is high sheriff, coroner, and admiral within the city and liberties, and within the town, harbour, and port of Leith : lie has also jurisdiction in capital cases ; he is praeses of the convention of royal boroughs, colonel of the trained bands, of the city guard, and captain of the gaol. Within the city he takes precedence of all the great officers of state and the nobility, walking at the right hand of the king, or of his majesty's commissioner ; and has the privilege of having a sword and mace borne before him. The bailies have jurisdiction under the Provost ; the dean of guild has the charge of the public buildings, and without his warrant no house can be erected within the city. All the magistrates are sheriffs depute and justices of the peace. Lord Pkovosts of Edinburgh. 1760. George Lind. 1761. George Lind, continued. 1762. George Drummond. 1763. George Drummond, continued, .1764. James Stewart. 1765. James Stewart, continue!. 1766. Gilbert Laurie. 1767. Gilbert Laurie, continued. 1768. James Stewart. 1769. James Stewart, continued. 1770. John Dalrymple. 1771. John Dalrymple, continued. 1772. Gilbert Laurie. 1773. Gilbert Laurie, continued. 1774:. James Stoddart. 1775. James Stoddart, continued. 1776. Alexander Kincaid : died in office, Jan. 1777. 1777. John Dalrymple. 1778. Walter Hamilton. 1779. Walter Hamilton, continued. 1780. David Steuart. 1781. David Steuart, cojitinued. 1782. John Grieve. 1783. John Grieve, continued. 1784. James Hunter Blair. 1785. James Hunter Blair, contimced. 1786. John Grieve. 1787. John Grieve, continued. 1788. Thomas Elder. 1789. Thomas Elder, continued. 1790. James Stirling. 1791. James Stirling, afterwards hart., continued. 1792. Thomas Elder. 1793. Thomas Elder, continued. 1794. Sir James Stirling, bart. 1795. Sir James Stirling, bart., continued. 1796. Thomas Elder. 1797. Thomas Elder, continued. 1798. Sir James Stirling, bart. 1799. Sir James Stirling, bart., continued. 1800. WilHam Fettes. 180L William Fettes, afterwards bart., conimw^rf. 1802. Neil Macvicar. 1803. Neil Macvicar, continued. 1804. Sir William Fettes, bart. 1805. Sir William Fettes, bart., continued. 1806. Donald Smith. 1807. Donald Smith, continued. 1808. William Coulter. 1809. WilHam Coulter: died April 1809. William Calder elected in his room. 1810. William Calder. 1811. William Creech. 1812. 'W^illiam Creech, cojitinued. 1813. J. Marjoribanks, m. p. 1814. J. Marjoribanks, m. p., continued. 1815. William Arbuthnot, afterwards bart. 1816. Sir Williran Arbuthnot, bart., continued. 1817. Kincaid Mackenzie. 1818. Kincaid Mackenzie, continued. 1819. John Manderston. 1820. John Manderston, continued. 1821. William Arbuthnot. 1822. William Arbuthnot, continued. 1823. Alexander Henderson. 1824. Alexander Henderson, continued. 1825. William Trotter. 1826. William Trotter, continued. 1827. Walter Browm. 1828. Walter Brown, continued. 1829. William Allan. 1830. William Allan, continued. 1831. John Learmouth. 1 832. John Learmouth, continued. 1833. James Spittal. 1834. James Spittal, continued. 1835. James Spittal, continued. 1836. James Spittal, continued. 1837. James Forrest, afterwards bart. 1838. Sir James Forrest, bart., continued. 1839. Sir James Forrest, bart., continued. 1840. Sir James Forrest, bart., continued. 1841. Sir James Forrest, bart., contimied. 1842. Sir James Forrest, bart., continued. 1843. Adam Black. 1844. Adam Black, continued. 1845. Adam Black, contimied. 1846. Adam Black, continued. 1847. Adam Black, continued. 1848. William Johnston. 1849. William Johnston, continued. 1850. William Johnston, continued. 1851. William Johnston, continued. 419 ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS OF SCOTLAND. To present an exact account of the Bishops of Scotland Is next to impossible. Almost all the authors who mention them, differ from each other so much that correctness is extremely difficult to be arrived at. This, however, is the less to be wondered at, when it is considered that the country, for many centuries after the establishment of Christianity, was desolated with intestine broils and by foreign invasions ; and in the midst of a rude and barbarous people, it cannot be supposed that religious houses were regarded as sacred by the stronger party, when revenge or plunder suited their inclina- tion or schemes. The records of most of the religious fraternities in Scotland, were, at different times, either destroyed or carried off ; so that a catalogue of its Bishops can only be ascertained, partially, from charters they had granted, or been witnesses to ; even the public arcliives give but a feeble assistance for some centuries after the establishment of prelacies. In Scotland there were two Archbishoprics, St. Andrew's and Glasgow ; and twelve Bishoprics, Aberdeen, Argyll, Brechin, Caithness, Dunblane, ])unkeld, Edinburgh (erected into a see so late as 1633, by Charles I.), Galloway, the Isles, Moray, Orkney, and Koss. Although Glasgow was made archiepiscopal, St. An- drew's was always accounted the metropolitan see ; and, before it arrived at the dignity of an Archbishopric, resisted, with great spirit, the attempts of the Archbishops of York in England to become the metropolitans of Scotland. The sees of Argyll, Galloway, and the Isles, were suffragans to Glasgow ; all the others to St. Andrew's. THE SEE OF ST. ANDREW'S. The legendary tale of the transporting some relics of the apostle St. Andrew from the city of Patrae, in Achaia, is recorded by all the ancient Scottish historians ; and we may be expected, therefore, to transcribe it here, as, according to them, it was not only the means of founding this see, but of introducing Christianity into Scot- land : — " Regulus, a Greek monk, living at Patrse (by whom the relics of St. Andrew the apostle were preserved and kept), about the year 370, was warned by a vision in the night (three nights before the emperor Constantius came to the city for the purpose of translating these relics to Constantinople), to go to the shrine in which the relics were kept, and take therefrom the arm-bone, three fingers of the right hand, a tooth, and one of the caps of the apostle's knees, which he should carefully preserve, and carry with him to a region towards the west, situated in the utmost parts of the world. Regulus, at first troubled with the strangeness of the vision, after a little time, resolved to obey. So, putting the relics in a small box, he went to sea, taking carpenters with him, Damianus, a presbyter, Gelasius, and Cubaculus, two deacons, eight hermits, and three devout virgins. After long storms the vessel was driven into the bay near the place where St. Andrew's now stands, and was there totally wrecked upon a rock ; but Regulus and his companions were all brought safe ashore, having saved only the relics." Hergustus, king of the Picts, (in whose dominions the shire of Fife, and all tlie low country of Scotland-, then was,) came to visit them in the place where they had settled (now St. Andrew's), then a forest for wild boars, and called Muckross. The king changed the name to Kilrimont, the King's Mount, and gave to Regulus and his company all the land of that forest, and erected a church, which was afterwards dedi- cated to St. Rule or Regulus, and continues standing to this day." Abernethy, in Perthshire, was the metropolis of the kingdom of the Picts. The collegiate church there was dedicated to St. Bridget, or Bryde, who died about 523. Kenneth III., having conquered the Picts, translated the see from Abernethy, and called it St. Andrew's, and the bishop Wiis styled Maximus Scotorum Episcopus. It wns erected into an Archbishopric in 1470, by the pope. This diocese contained the greater part of the shire of Fife, with a part of Perth, E E 2 420 BISHOPS OF SCOTLAND. Forfar, and Kincardine, and a number of parishes, cliurclies, and chapels, in other dioceses. Bishops of St. Andrew's. {According to Sir R. Sihbald,) * * Adrian : killed by the Danes, and buried in the island of May, in 872. 872. Kellach : sot four years, Constantine II. being king. 877. Malisius : sat eight years, Gregory the Great being king. 904. Kellach II. * * Mai more. * * Malisius II. * * Alwinus. * * Malduinus. * * Tuthaldus. * * Fothadus : consecrated in 954. * * Gregorius : sat two j^ears. * * Turgot, prior of Durham : sat 25 or 2G 3'ears. * * Godericus, who anointed king Edgar : he died in 1107. 1120. Eadmerus, a monk of Canterbury. 1122. Robert, prior of Scone : this bishop founded the priory of St. Andrew's, and ob- tained land and many privileges for it from king David I. 1159. Walter, abbot of Melrose, elected; but he could not be prevailed upon to accept the dignity. * * Ernald, abbot of Kelso : he was legate in Scotland for the pope ; and founded the cathedral church of St. Andrew's, but died soon after it was begun. 11 G3. Richard, chaplain to Malcolm IV. r John Scot, archdeacon of ^ 11"8 J St. Andrew's. ( A double ' * ) Hugh, chaplain to king ( election, i C William. J 1188. Roger (son to the earl of Leicester in Eng- land) ; lord chancellor. 1202. William Malvoisine ; translated from Glasgow ; lord chancellor. 1233. David Benham, great chamberlain to the king. 1253. Abel, archdeacon of St. Andrew's. 1255. Gameline, archdeacon of St. Andrew's; loid chancellor. 1272. William Wiseheart, archdeacon of St. An- drew's ; lord chancellor. 1279. William Eraser, dean of Glasgow ; lord chancellor. 1298. William Lamberton, chancellor of the diocese of Glasgow. 1328. James Bennet, archdeacon of St. An- drew's. 1332. V/illiam Bell, duke of Dunkeld, elected ; but the pope refused to confirm the choice. [See vacant 9 years.] 1341. William Landell, rector of Kinkell. 1383. Stephen de Paye, prior of St. Andrew's ; tiiken prisoner at sea by the English, on his way to Rome : died at Alnwick, soon after his election. * * Walter Trail, canon of St. Andrew's; appointed by the pope, without an election: "he built the castle of St. Andrew's; and was a most excellent man, and universally esteemed." 1401. Thomas Stuart (son to king Robert II.); archdeacon of St. Andrew's. 1404. Gilbert Greenlaw, bishop of Aberdeen; elected lord chancellor. * * Henry Wardlaw, precentor of the see of Glasgow: being at Avignon, he v/as preferred to this see, instead of Gilbert, bishop of Aberdeen, and was conse- crated there the same year. 1440. James Kennedy; translated from Dun- keld ; lord chancellor : he was a younger son of James Kennedy of Dunure, by the lady Mary, countess of Angus, daughter of king Robert III.; "and was a most worthy prelate." Archbishops of St. Andrew's. 14GG. Patrick Graham ; translated from Brechin : he took a journey to Rome, and pro- cured this see to be made an arch- bishopric, in 1470, by pope Paul II., who made him his legate for Scotland. 2 1478. William Schives, archdeacon of St. An- drew's : one of the worthless favourites of James III. 1497. James Stuart, duke of Ross (second son to James III.); lord chancellor: he was an illustrious prince, and a good prelate ; and died in 1503. [See vacant 6 j-ears.] 1509. Alexander Stuart (natural son of king James lY.) : killed, along with his father, at the battle of Flodden, in 1513. 1514. Andrew Foreman ; translated from Moray. 1522. James Bethune ; translated from Glasgow ; lord chancellor. 1539. David Bethune, abbot of Aberbrothock, nephew to the former archbishop : he was, at different times, lord privy seal. 1 John was elected bishop, but the king opposed him, and caused his chaplain, Hugh, to be consecrated. John went to Rome to plead his cause ; and the pope (Alexander III.) was so convinced of the justness of it, that he sent him home with a nuncio, who made Matthew, bishop of Aberdeen, consecrate him in the abbey of Holy- rood House. Still the king continued inflexible, and John went a second time to Rome, and continued seven years in voluntary exile. The pope was about to interdict the kingdom, but John prevailed with him to desist ; and the bishopric of Dunkeld falling vacant, the king was willing that John should have it, and he accepted of it. 2 His acceptance of this office drew upon him the resentment of the king, as it had been conferred without his privity or consent. The clergy, too, who were become abandoned and licentious to a high degree, dreaded his virtue and his legantine powers, which were exerted to enforce a reformation of manners amongst (hem, and they conspired to the ruin of the new archbishop ; who, at length borne down by the displeasure of the court and their machinations, ended his days in Lochleven castle, dying of a broken heart. ABERDEEN. 421 lord chancellor, and a cardinal, and was invested with legantine powers.^ 1543. John Hamilton ; translated from Dunkeld : in great favour at court, while his friends were in power. ^ 1572. John Douglas, rector of the university of St. Andrew's : the first protestant arch- bishop here. 1576. Patrick Adamson, parson of Paisley : died in 1591. [The see vacant, and its revenues bestowed on the duke of Lenox.] 1G06. George Gladstanes, or Gladstone; trans- lated from Caithness. 1615. John Spottiswood ; translated from Glas- gow ; lord chancellor : died in 1639. [See vacant 22 years.] 1061. James Sharp, professor of Divinity at St. Andrew's; a proud, overbearing man, and extremely unpopuhir : barbarously murdered by a set of fanatics on May 3, 1079, on Magus-muir, near St. An- drew's. 1679. Alexander Burnet ; translated from Glas- gow : died in 1084. 1684. Arthur Ross; translated from Glasgow: the last archbishop of this see; ejected soon after the He volution. BISHOPEIC OF ABERDEEN. King Malcolm II., having gained a great victory over the Danes in 1010, resolved to found a new bishopric in token of his gratitude for his success, and pitched upon Mortlach, in Banffshire. The see was only inferior, in point of precedence, to St. An- drew's, but its revenue was inconsiderable ; and Nectanus, the fourth and last prelate who sat at Mortlach, was removed by David I., in 1139, to Okl Aberdeen, whither the see was entirely transferred in 1154, and where it continued until the devolution. The diocese contained most part of the shires of Aberdeen and Banff. BisTiors OF Mortlach. 1015. St. Eeanus. * * Donortius: died in 1098. * * Cormacus. 1106. Nectanus: he translated the see to Aber- deen, and king David I. greatly in- creased its revenue. Bishops of Aberdeen. * * Edward. * * Galfrid. 1104. Matthew de Kinninmund, archdeacon of Lothian. 1200. John, prior of Kelso. * * Adam Grail. * * Matthew Scot, archdeacon of St. An- drew's ; lord chancellor. 1228. Gilbert de Stryvelin. 1238. Randolf de Lambley, abbot of Aber- brothock. 1247. Petre de Ramsay. 1256. Richard de Potton. 1207. Hugh de Benham. 1281. Henry le Glen. 1329. Alexander Kinninmund, doctor of theo- logy. 1 345. William de Deyn. 1351. John Rait, d. d. 1357. Alexander de Kinninmund II. 1382. Adam de Tinningham, dean of Aberdeen. 1390. Gilbert Greenlaw ; lord chancellor : elected archbishop of St. Andrew's ; but the pope preferred Henry Wardlaw to that see. 1424. Henry de Leighton ; translated from IMoray. 1442. Ingeram Lindsa}^ 1459. Thomas Spence; translated from Gallo- way ; lord privy seal. 1480. Robert Blacadder, prebendary of Glasgow ; translated to Glasgow. 1484. William Elphinstone ; translated from Ross ; at different times lord chan- cellor, and lord privy seal : he founded the university of Old Aberdeen ; for which purpose he got a bull from Alex- ander VI. in 1494: died in 1514. 1515. Alexander Gordon, precentor of the see of INIoray. 1518. Gavin Dunbar, archdeacon of St. An- drew's. 1532. William Stewart, dean of Glasgow; lord treasurer: died in 1545. * * William Gordon, rector of Clatt. 1577. David Cunningham, sub-dean of Glasgow; the tirst protestant bishop of this see : died in 1G03. 1C03. Peter Blackburn, rector of St. Nicholas's church, Aberdeen. ' This prelate had, in a great measure, the direction of all civil affairs in Scotland ; he possessed great abilities, but was a proud, cruel, and unrelenting tyrant. His oupressions drew upon him general hatred and detestation, and he was murdered in the castle of St. Andrew's, on the 1st of February, 1545, by Norman Leslie (son to the earl of Rothes) and his associates. He was at different times lord privy seal, and lord treasurer ; and was one of queen Mavy's privy council, and a steady friend to that un fortunate princc'-s. He was declnred a traitor by the regent, the earl of Murray ; and b.'ing in the ca. c. 1448. Thomas Fitzgerald, prior of St. Thomas's. D. c. — Thomas Talbot, prior of Kilmainham. d. c. 1451. Sir John Talbot, again. 1453. Sir Edward Fitz-Eustace. 1454. Sir William Wells, d. c. 14C0. Edmund (earl of Rutland ?), younger son of the duke of York. — John Dynham ; for life. King Edward IV. 1461. Sir Robert Preston, d. c. — Sir William Wells ; for life ; confirmed by parliament, 2 Edw. IV. 1462. John, earl of Worcester; for life. 1464. Thomas, earl of Kildare; for life; con- firmed by parliament. 1468. Robert AUameston. 1469. Sir William Dudley. 1471. Robert, lord Portlester. 1472. The same, and John Taxton, jointly, and to the survivor of them ; confirmed by parliament. 1474. Gilbert de Venham. — Sir Richard Fitz-Eustace. 1480. William Sherwood, bishop of Meath. 1481. Lawrence de St. Lawrence. 1482. Walter Champflower, abbot of St. Mary's. L. K. 1483. Sir Robert de St. Lawrence, baron of Howth. — Thomas Fitzgerald, of Lackagh ; consti- tuted by parliament. King Henry VII. 1486. Roland Fitz-Eustace, lord Portlester. 1492. Alexander Plunket. 1494. Henry Deane, prior of Lanthony, bishop of Bangor. 1496. Walter Fitzsimons, archbishop of Dublin. 1501. William Rokeby (afterwards bishop of Meath). King Henry VIII. 1509. Nicholas St. Lawrence, lord Howth. — Walter, archbishop of Dublin. 1513. Sir William Compton ; for life. 1515. William Rokeby, archbishop of Dublin. 1527. Hugh Inge, archbishop of Dublin. 1528. John Allen, archbishop of Dublin. See note to " Archbishops of Dublin," in relation to this prelate. 448 GREAT OFFICERS, ETC. OF IRELAND. 1532. George Cromer, archbishop of Armagh. 1584. John Barnewall, baron of Trimleston. 1538. John Allen (afterwards sh* John), l. k. July 1. — The same, lord chancellor. Oct. 18. 1546. Sir Thomas Cusake, or Cusack. l. k. May 1. — Sir Kichard Read. l. c. Dec. 6. King Edward VI. 1 547. Sir John Allen. 1550. Sir Thomas Cusack, in sir John Allen's absence, d. c. Queen Mary. 1553. The same, as lord chancellor. 1555. Sir William Fitzwilliam. i.. k. — Hugh Curwen, archbishop of Dublin : by a separate patent he had power to hear causes. Qqeen Elizabeth. 1559. Hugh Curwen, archbishop of Dublin; during pleasure. 1567. Robert Weston, dean of Arches, London. 1578. Adam Loftus, archbishop of Dublin, l. k. 1576. William Gerrard, dean of St. Patrick's. 1577. Adam Loftus, in William Gerrard's ab- sence. L. K. 1578. Adam Loftus. l. c. King James T. f Thomas Jones, bishop of Meath. ^ i Sir James Lev, chief justice I 1605. -i K. B. " U. K. Sir Edmund Pelham, chief baron. L Sir Anthony St. Leger. Rolls. J 1605. Thomas Jones, now archbishop of Dublin. L. c. Sir William Jones, chief justice. "\ I Sir William Methwold, chief baron. ^Sir Francis Aungier. 1619. Adam Loftus, afterwards viscount Ely. King Charles I. 1625. Viscount Ely, continued. r James Usher, archbishop of Armagh. ir27 J Lord Docwra. < g-j, \yiiiiam Parsons, in the absence of viscount Ely. l. k. 1639. Sir Richard Bolton, l. c. rSi: 1619. (si King Charles H. '^Rich Pepys, chief justice k. b. Gerard Lowther, chief jus- tice c. p. iles Corbet, chief baron. 1656. William Steele, under the parliament. 1655. rRich J Sir ( ^ tic CMilei The Restoration. 1660. Sir Maurice Eustace. 1665. Michael Boyle, archbishop of Dublin. King James II. 1685. Michael Boyle, now archbishop of Ar- magh. 1686. Sir Charles Porter, knt. 1687. Sir Alexander Fitton. King William 111, ^Richard Pyne, esq. 1690. i Sir Richard Ryves. ( Robert Rochfort, esq — Sir Charles Porter, knt. rSir John JefFrevson. 1697. < Thomas Coote,*'esq. (Nehemiah Doneilan, esq, 1697. John Methuen. l. c. March 11. r Edward, earl of Meath. 1697 < ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ Longford. • "S Murrough, viscount Ble C sinton. L. c. Dec. 29. 1. y L. K. sq.J J. c. I L. K. J Jan. 12. h U. ( L. K. - T Dec. 21. Queen Anne. 1702. John Methuen, again, l. c. Aug. 26. 1703. Sir Richard Cox, knt. : resigned in 1707. 1707. Richard Freeman. June 11. C Robert, earl of Kildare. "J 1710. < William, archbishop of Dublin. >l. k. I Thomas Keightley. Nov. 28. J 1711. Sir Constantine Phipps, knt. Jan. 22 : re- signed Sept. 1714. King George I. 1714. Alan Brodrick (afterwards baron and vis- count Midleton). Oct. 11 : resigned in 1725. 1725. Richard West. May 29. 1726. Thomas Wyndham, afterwards baron Wyndham. Dec. 13. King George II. 1727. Thomas Wyndham, continued. 1739. Robert Jocelyn (afterwards lord Newport and viscount Jocelyn). Sept. 7 : died Dec. 3, 1756. 1757. John Bowes (afterwards baron Bowes, of Clonlyon). March 11. King George III. 1760. John, lord Bowes, continued: died in 1767. 1767. James Hewitt (one of the justices of the king's bench in England) ; created baron Litford ; afterwards viscount Lifford, of Donegal. Nov. 24 : died in 1789. /'Robert Fowler, archbishop of "J 170Q J Dublin; i Hugh Carleton, C.J CSir Samuel Bradstreet, j. — John Fitzgibbon, created lord Fitzgibbon ; afterwards viscount Fitzgibbon and earl of Clare. June 20 : died Jan. 28, 1802. 1802. Sir John Mitford, created lord Redesdale. Feb. 15. 1806. Rt. hon. George Ponsonby. March 25: resigned the next year. 1807. Thomas Manners Sutton (a baron of the exchequer in England). April 23 : cre- ated lord Manners. King George IV. 1820. Thomas, lord Manners, continued. 1827. Sir Anthony Hart, knt. (previously vice- chancellor of England). Nov. 5 : re- signed Nov. 1830; died in 1831. shop of^ , ; and p . K. B. J LOED TREASURERS. 449 King William IV. 1830. William Conyngham Plunket, lord Plun- ket (previously c. J. c. p.). Dec. 23 : surrendered Nov. 1834. 1835. Sir Edward Burtenshaw Sugden, knt. Jan. 13 : surrendered in April. — William Conyngham, lord Plunket; ap- pointed a second time. April 30. Queen Victoria. 1837. Lord Plunket, continued. 1841. Sir John Campbell, knt. (previously at- torney-general in England), created lord Campbell. June 22. — Sir Edward Burtenshaw Sugden ; appointed a second time. Oct. 3. 184G. Maziere Brady, previously chief baron of the exchequer. July 16. The pre- sent (1851) Lord Chancellor of Ire- land. LORD TEEASURERS OF IRELAND. (T/te abbreviation L. T. signifies Lord Treasurer; arid V. T. Vice Treasurer.^ King Henry III. 1217. John de St. John. 1232. Peter de Rivallis. 1233. Eustace, canon of Chichester. 1234. Geoffrey de Turville, archdeacon of Dublin. 1251. Hugh de Mapilton, bishop of Ossory. 1258. Hugh de Tachmon, bishop of Meath. King Edward I. 1274. Stephen de Fulburn, bishop of Waterford. 1277. Robert le Poer. 1278. Stephen de Fulburn, again. 1281. Hugh de Tachmon, again. 1289. Nicholas le Clerc, or Clerk. 1294. John ap Rees, or Rice, clericus. — Sir William de Essendon. 1300. Richard de Bereford. 1304. Sir William de Essendon, again. 1305. Richard de Bereford, again. — Richard de Sahan, King Edward II. 1307. Alexander de Bicknor, or Bython, cle- ricus. 1309. John de Hotham. 1312. John Leek, or Lich, archbishop of Dublin. 1315. Walter de Istlep, or Isteley. — John de Hotham, again, 1317. Walter de Istlep, again. 1325. Adam de Hermington. King Edward TIL 1327. Walter de Istlep, third time. — Robert Fitz-Eustace. 1330. Sir Thomas de Burgh, clericus. 1335. Sir John de EUerker. 1344. John de Burnham, canon of St. Patrick's, Dublin. 1349. John de Boukton. 1354. William de Bromley. 1357. Nicholas Allen, bishop of Meath. 1367. Alexander Balscot, bishop of Ossory. 1371. Peter Curragh, bishop of Limerick. — Stephen de Valle, bishop of Meath. 1374. John de Colton, dean of St. Patrick's, King Richard IT, 1377. Alexander Balscot, again. 138 L John de Colton, again. 1385. 1392. 1395. 1399. 1400. 1401. 1409. 1413. 1414. 1421. 1424. 1426. 1427. 1429. 1432. 1437. 1441. 1443. 1446. 1450. 1453. 1454. 1461. 1471. 1492. 1494. 1504. 1514. 1516. G G William Chambers, archdeacon of Dublin. Richard Mitford, bishop of Chichester. Stephen, abbot of St. Mary's, Dublin. King Henry IV. Robert de Faryngton. Thomas Bathe, or Batche. Sir Laurence Merbury. William Allington. King Henry V. Hugh Burgh. John Coryngham. William Tynebegh, or Thynbegh. King Henry VI. Hugh Banent, clericus. Edward Dantsey, bishop of Meath. Sir Nicholas Plunket, knt. Sir Thomas Strange, knt. Christopher Barnewall. JEgedius Thorndon, or Thornton. Thomas Barry, bishop of Ossory. William Cheevers, justice k. b. ^gedius Thorndon, again. John Blackston. Sir Henry Bruyn, knt. Sir Rowland Fitz-Edward Fitz-Eustace. King Edward IV. Sir John Wenlock, lord Wenlock ; and sir RoAvland Fitz-Eustace, lord Portlester ; for their lives, and survivor. Sir Rowland, who survived Wenlock, had his patent confirmed by act of parlia^ ment. King Henry VII. Sir James Orraond, natural son to the earl of Ormond. Sir Hugh Conway, knt. Gerald Fitzgerald, eldest son of the earl of Kildare. King Henry VIIT. Christopher Fleming, lord Slane. Bartholomew Dillon, chief baron of the exchequer, v. T. 450 GREAT OFFICERS, ETC OF IRELAND. 1517. John Rawson, prior of Kilmainham. 1520. Sir John Stile, v. t. 1524. John Barnewall, lord Trimleston. 1530. John, prior of Kilmainham, again. 1532. James, lord Butler, son of the earl of Ossory ; afterwards earl of Ormond. 1533. William Bath, of Doliardstown. v. t. 1534. William Brabazon. He continued v. T. until his death in 1552. 1540. James Butler, l. t. 1542. James, 15th earl of Desmond, l. t. King Edward VI. * * The same, continued. 1552. Andrew Wyse, on Brabazon's death, v. t. Queen Mary I. 1553. Sir Edmund Rouse, l. t. and v. t. * * James, earl of Desmond, l. t. Queen Elizabeth. 1559. Sir Henry Sydney, v. t. * * Sir Thomas Fitz-William. v. t. * * The earl of Ormond and Ossory. l. t. 1573. Sir Edward Fitton. v. t. 1582. Sir Henry Wallop, v. t. 1586. Thomas, earl of Ormond and Ossory. l. t. King James I. 1603. Earl of Ormond, continued. 1616. Arthur, lord Chichester, of Belfast, l. t. 1625. Sir Archibald Blundell. v. t. King Charles I. 1625. Sir Francis Annesley, bart. v. t. * * Sir Oliver St. John, viscount Grandison. L. T. 1629. Sir Francis Annesley, again, v. t. 1631. Richard Boyle, earl of Cork. l. t. 1636. Sir Adam Loftus. v. t. The Usurpation. 1654. James Standish, under the parliament. V. T. King Charles II. restored. 1660. Arthur Annesley, viscount Valentia; af- terwards earl of Anglesey, v. t. Aug. 21. — Richard, lord Clifford, earl of Cork and (afterwards) Burlington, l. t. Nov. 15. 1662. The same, by a new patent. March 20. 1667. Sir George Carteret, bart. v. t. July 18. 1673. Sir John Temple, v. t. Nov. 26. King James II. 1685. John Price, v. t. June 17. 1686. Thomas Knightley. v. t. April 3. 1689. Richard, duke of Tyrconnel (so created after the abdication) ; Henry, lord Dover ; Thomas, lord Riverston ; Jenico, viscount Gormanstown ; the viscount Fitzwilliam; Bruno Talbot; and sir Stephen Rice, commissioners. King William III. 1690. William Harbord. v. t. Dec. 11. 1693. Thomas, lord Conyngsby. v. t. Jan. 9. 1695. Charles, lord Clifford, of Lanesborongh, viscount Dungarvan. l. t. May 4. 1698. Thomas, lord Conyngsby, again, v. t. Oct. 7. Queen Anne. 1702. Charles, earl of Cork and Burlington, son of Charles, lord Clifford, l.t. Sept. 12. 1704. Henry Boyle, created lord Carleton (brother of the earl of Cork), during the minority of Richard, earl of Cork and Burlington. L. t. May 5. 1710. John, earl of Anglesey, v. t. Aug. 3 : died Sept. following. — Arthur, earl of Anglesey ; and Henry, lord Hyde, afterwards earl of Clarendon and Rochester, v. t. Oct. 19. King George I. 1715. Richard, earl of Cork and Burlington, l. t. Aug. 25. 1716. Charles, earl of Sunderland; and Henry, earl of Rochester, v. t. March 1. — Charles, earl of Sunderland, v. t. July 16 : now sole vice- treasurer. 1717. Matthew Ducie Morton ; afterwards lord Ducie. V. t. May 2. — Richard, earl of Scarborough ; and Matthew Ducie Morton, v. t. May 31. — Hugh Boscawen ; and Matthew Ducie Morton, v. t. Oct. 10. 1720. Hugh Boscawen; and sir William St. Quintin, bart. v. t. June 16. 1724. Hugh Boscav/en (now viscount Falmouth) ; and Richard Edgcumbe, afterwards lord Edgcumbe. v. t. April 7. King George II. 1727. Richard, earl of Cork, continued by a new patent, l. t. Oct. 24. 1734. Richard Edgcumbe; and Pattee Byng, viscount Torrington. v. t. April 24. 1742. Pattee, viscount Torrington; and Henry Vane. v. t. Aug. 2. 1744. Viscount Torrington ; and George, earl of Cholmondeley. v. t. Jan. 11. — George, earl of Cholmondeley ; and William Pitt. V. t. March 6. 1746. Earl of Cholmondeley; and sir William Yonge, bart. v. t. May 22. 1754. William, lord Cavendish, of Hardwyck, marquess of Hartington ; afterwards duke of Devonshire, l. t. March 2. 1756. John, earl of Sandwich ; George, earl of Cholmondeley ; and Welbore Ellis, v. t. Jan. 20. 1757. John, earl of Sandwich ; Welbore Ellis ; and Thomas Potter, v. t. Aug. 2. 1760. John, earl of Sandwich; Welbore Ellis; and Robert Nugent, v. t. Jan. 7. King George III. 1761. William, duke of Devonshire, continued. L. t. March 3. 1763. John, earl of Sandwich; Robert Nugent ; and Richard Rigby. v. t. Jan. 5. — Robert Nugent (afterwards viscount Clare and earl Nugent) ; Richard Rigby ; and James Oswald, v. t. May 4. 1765. Richard Rigby; James Oswald; and Wel- bore Ellis. V. T. July 12. 1766. James Oswald ; lord George Sackville (af- terwards viscount Sackville); and Wel- bore Ellis. V. T. Jan. 21. — William, duke of Devonshire, vice his father deceased, l. t. March 13. CHAITCELLORS OF THE EXCHEQUER. 451 17G6. James Oswald; Welbore Ellis; and hon. James Grenville. v. t. Aug. 3. — James Oswald , hon. James Grenville ; and Isaac Barre. v. t. Sept. 17. 17G8. Hon. James Grenville; Isaac Barre; and Richard Rigby. v. t. Feb. 22. — Hon. James Grenville ; Isaac Barre ; and Robert, viscomit Clare, v. t. July 4. 1769. Hon. James Grenville; Robert, viscount Clare ; and Charles, earl Cornwallis. V. T. Feb. 27. 1770. Robert, viscount Clare ; Charles, earl Corn- wallis ; and Welbore Ellis, v. t. April 21. 1771. Robert, viscount Clare ; Welbore Ellis ; and George, lord Edgcumbe, afterwards viscount Mount Edgcumbe and Val- letort. V. T. May 5. 1773. Robert, viscount Clare ; Welbore Ellis ; and Charles Jenkinson. v. t. Jan. 18. 1775. Robert, viscount Clare ; Welbore EUis; and Henry Flood, v. t. Oct. 27. 1777. Robert, viscount Clare (now earl Nugent) ; William Ellis ; and Henry Flood, v. t. March 7. — Robert, earl Nugent; Henry Flood; and Charles Townshend. v. t. Sept. 17. 1781. Robert, earl Nugent ; Charles Townshend ; and Richard, earl of Shannon, v. t. Nov. 21. 1782. Richard, earl of Shannon ; Richard, earl of Scarborough ; and sir George Yonge, bart. V. T. April 20. — Richard, earl of Shannon ; sir George Yonge, bart. ; and lord Robert Spencer. V. T. May 24. — Richard, earl of Shannon ; lord Robert Spencer ; and lord Charles Spencer, v. t. Sept. 9. 1783. Richard, earl of Shannon ; lord Charles Spencer; and Rt. hon. William Eden. V. T. April 18. 1784. Richard, earl of Shannon ; George, viscount Mount Edgcumbe; and Thomas, lord Walsingham. v. t. March 8. 1787. Richard, earl of Shannon; George, vis- count Mount Edgcumbe ; and lord Fre- derick Campbell, v. t. July 20. 1789. George, viscount Mount Edgcumbe; and lord Frederick Campbell, v. t. June 18. William, duke of Devonshire, appointed in 1766, was the last Lord High Treasurer. In 1793, the patent to the last-named vice-treasurers was abolished or revoked, and at the same time (Dec. 24.) the patent to the lord high treasurer was revoked also. And Richard, earl of Shannon ; sir John Parnell, bart., chancellor of the exchequer ; John Beresford, a commissioner of customs and excise ; sir Henry Cavendish, bart. ; the Et. hon. William Burton Conjngham ; and Robert, lord Hobart, chief secretary (or the chief secretary for the time being), were appointed commissioners of the office of trea- surer and vice treasurer ; any three of them to perform the duties thereof. Similar commissions were issued in subsequent years until the office was abolished. 1793. Dec. 28. Henry-Theophilus Clements ; separately granted the office of receiver-general and paymaster-general. 1816. Dec. 27. Rt. hon. sir George Fitzgerald Hill, bart., by himself or deputy. By the act 5Gtli George III. (1817) were united into one fund all the public revenues of Great Britain and Ireland. CHANCELLOES OF THE EXCHEQUER OF IRELAND. * * William de Bromleye, temp. Edward III. 1346. Robert de Emeldon. 1385. William Fitzwilliam, keeper of the seal. * * Robert de Herford, tejnp. Richard II. 1399. Hugh Banent. 1423. Sampson Dartas : he appointed James Blakeney his deputy. 1431. James Blakeney, now chancellor. 1461. Robert Norreys. * * Robert de St. Lawrence. 1495. Edward Barnewall. 1532. Richard Delahyde. 1535. John Alen, clerk or keeper of the rolls. 1536. Thomas Cusake, justice of the common pleas. 1561. Henry Dray cote, serjeant-at-arms. 1572. Robert Dillon. 1577. John Bathe. 1586. Sir Edward Waterhouse : surrendered. 1589. Sir George Clive. 1590. Thomas Mohnex, or Molyneux. 1596. Sir Richard Cooke. 1612. Sir Dudley Norton ; in reversion after Cooke. 1616. Henry Holcrofte : surrendered. 1617. Thomas Hibbotts. Oct. 27. 1617. 1634. 1668. 1674. 1687. 1695. 1702. 1717. 1733. 1735. 1739. 1754. 1755. 1757. 1761. 1763. 1784. 1785. G 2 Henry Holcrofte; in reversion after Hib- botts ; patent same date. Sir Henry Meredith, knt. Richard Jones; afterwards viscount and earl of Ranelagh. Sir Charles Meredith, knt. Bruno Talbot. Philip Savage. Philip Savage, again, by a new patent. vSir Ralph Gore, bart. Henry Boyle : resigned. Marmaduke Coghill. Henry Boyle, again : patent revoked. Arthur Hill : patent revoked. Henry Boyle, again; afterwards baron of Castlemartyr, and viscount and earl of Shannon. Anthony Malone. Sir William Yorke, bart., chief justice of the common pleas : resigned. William Gerard Hamilton, vice sir William Yorke. Rt. hon. John Foster. April 23. Sir John Parnell, bart. Sept. 17. 452 LAW OFFICERS OF IRELAND. 1799. Rt. hon. Isaac Corrv. Jan. 27. 1804. Rt. hon. John Foster. July 9. 1806. Sir John Newport, bart. Feb. 24. 1807. Rt. hon. John Foster, again. April 30. 1811. Rt. hon. William Wellesley Pole, after- wards lord Maryborough. 1812. Rt. hon. William Vesey Fitzgerald, after- wards lord Fitzgerald and Vese3^ Aug. 11. 1816. Rt. hon. Nicholas Yansittart (afterwards lord Bexley) ; chancellor of the exche- quer in England. The exchequers of England and Ireland were now consolidated. LAW OFFICERS OF IRELAND. (^Compiled from the Liber Munerum Publicorum Hiberni^e.^) Chief Justices of the King's Bench. 1300. Walter L'Enf-mt. 1342. Elias de Asshebournham. 1346. John Hunt. 1356. John de Redenesse. 1371. William de Skipwith. 1373. John Keppok, or Keppock. 1381. Sir Thomas de Mortimer, knt. 1384. John Penros, or Penrose. 1385. John Shriggely ; from the exchequer. 1388. Richard Plunket. July 10. * * Peter Rowe. Sept. 23. 1403. Stephen Bray ; from the common pleas. 1426. Henry Fortescue. 1429. Stephen Bray, again. 1434. Christopher Bernevall, or Barnewall, 2nd justice. 1461. Thomas Plunket. * * William Bermingham : died in 1489, and was buried in St. Mary's abbey, Dublin. 1496. John TopclitFe ; from the exchequer. 1521. Patrick Bermingham. 1532. Sir Bartholomew Dillon, knt., 2nd justice; from the exchequer. 1534. Patrick Fynglass ; from the exchequer. 1546. Sir Gerald Aylmer ; from the exchequer. 1559. John Plunket. 1562. John Plunket, by a new patent. 1583. James Dowdall, 2nd justice. 1586. Robert Gardiner, serjeant-at-law in Eng- land. 1604. Sir James Ley, knt., afterwards earl of Marlborough : resigned. 1608. Sir Humfrey Winche, knt., chief baron ; from the exchequer; made a justice of the common pleas in England. 1612. Sir JohnDenham, knt., chief baron; from the exchequer. 1617. Sir William Jones, knt., serjeant-at-law. 1619. Sir George Shurley, or Shirley, knt., ser- jeant-at-law. 1655. Richard Pepys ; under the usurpation. 1658. John San they. Jan. 19. : pro tern, on Pepys' death. 1659. William Basill, attorney-general. Jan. 24. 1660. Sir James Barry, knt. ; afterwards lord Santry. 1673. Sir John Povey, knt. ; from the exchequer. 1679. Sir Robert Booth, knt. : died the next year. 1680. Sir William Davys, knt., prime serjeant. 1687. Thomas Nugent : removed. 1690. Sir Richard Reynell, knt. and bart. : re- signed. 1695. Sir Richard Pyne, chief justice of the com- mon pleas. 1709. Alan Brodrick : removed. 171 1. Sir Richard Cox, knt. and bart. : removed. 1714. William Whitshed : removed to the com- mon pleas. 1727. John Rogerson, attorney-general. 1741. Thomas Marlay ; from the exchequer : re- signed. 1751. St. George Caulfield, attorney-general: resigned. 1760. Warden Flood, attorney-general. 1764. John Gore, afterwards lord Annaly ; soli- citor-general. Aug. 24. 1784. John Scott, created lord Earlsfort ; after- wards viscount and earl of Clonmel. April 29. 1798. Arthur Wolfe, lord Kilwarden ; afterwards viscount Kilwarden. June 13. : mur- dered in the streets of Dublin, by re- bels in Emmett's" insurrection July 23, 1803. 1803. William Downes, afterwards lord Downes. Sept. 12. 1822. Charles Kendal Bushe (solicitor-general from 1805). Feb. 14. 1841. Edward Pennefather (solicitor- general). Nov. 10. 1846. Francis Blackburne (master of the rolls)* Jan. 23. The present (1851) Chief Justice of the court of Queen's Bench in Ireland. Puisne Justices of the King's Bench. 1322. Robert Bagod, Bigod, or Bigot. 1326. Nicholas Fas-tolf. * * Roger de Preston. * * John Hunter del Nash. 1344. Jeffrey Foljambe. 1352. John de Redenesse. 1357. Peter Malorre. * * Nicholas Meones. 1 This stupendous work (two immense volumes, imperial iblio) was completed by the eminent antiquary, Mr. Rowley Lascelles, under the sanction of government, and printed by order of the house of commons, in 1826. It has never been published. A few copies only were issued to high personages in the state, and to certain I-ublic offices, as records. A copy was also presented to the British Museum, and may be seen there. PUISNE JUSTICES OF THE KING'S BENCH. 453 1371. John Keppok, or Keppock. 1381. The same/ by patent dated Trym, March 3. 1382. James Penkeston. 1385. John Sothern. 1388. Robert Coterell. July 10. — Walter Penkeston ; patent same date. 1402. John de Bermingham. 1404. John Lumbard. 1415 .Koger Hakenshawe. 1434. Christopher Bernevall, or Barnewall ; made chief justice. 1434. William Cheevers, or Chevyrs. 1461. John Beg, or Begg, of Drogheda. 5|e * * s»c * * 1513. Sir John Barnewall, lord Trimleston. * * Sir Bartholomew Dillon. 1527. Christopher Delahyde. 1535. Patrick White, vice Delahyde. Jan. 26. * * Thomas St. Lawrence, or Howth. Aug. 12. 1553. Robert Dillon, knt., of "Newtown, near Trim " ; made chief justice of the com- mon pleas. 1559. Luke Netterville, vice Dillon. 1560. Richard Dillon, vice Netterville. 1566. Bartholomew Russell, clerk, 3rd justice. 1575. James Dowdall, 2nd justice. 1577. James Dowdall ; new appointment. 1583. Bartholomew Russell ; new appointment. May 26. 3rd justice. — Edmond Butler (attorney- general), 2nd justice. 1584. Sir Nicholas Walshe, 2nd justice; made chief justice of the common pleas. 1590. Henry Burnell, 3rd justice. Oct. 15. — Gerald Dillon, 3rd justice. Nov. 26. 1599. William Saxey, 2nd justice. 1602. John Everard, 2nd justice. " His patent was given free, in respect that he is a principal judge according to ancient custom." — Liber Munerum Puhlicoruin Hibernice. 1604. Lewis Prowde, 3rd justice. 1605. Geoffrey Osbaldeston, 2nd justice. 1606. Sir Dominick Sarstield, 3rd justice. 1607. Sir Christopher Sibthorpe, 2nd justice: removed. 1609. Sir Dominick Sarsfield ; made 2nd justice. 1610. Sir William Sparke ; made a 4th or ad- ditional judge by the king's letters patent, in order to ride the circuits, and avoid the protraction of suits; and to be 2nd justice when sir Dominick Sars- field should be made chief judge of the common pleas." — Liber Munerum Pub- licorum Hibernice. [Sir Dominick Sarsfield was directly after- Avards appointed to the common pleas.] 1623. Sir Edward Harris, knt., 3rd justice. 1625. Sir Christopher Sibthorpe, knt., 2nd jus- tice. 1632. Hugh Cressy, 2nd justice. 1636. Sir William Ryves, knt. (attorney-gene- ral), ord justice. 1644. Thomas Dongnn, 2nd justice; afterwards a baron of the exchequer. 1659. John Cooke; under the usurpation, 3rd justice. 1660. Sir William Aston, knt., 2nd iustice. Nov. 3. — Thomas Stockton, 3rd justice. Nov. 23. 1671. Oliver Jones (from the common pleas), 2nd justice. 1682. John Lyndon (serjeant-at-law), 2nd jus- tice. 1684. Sir Richard Reynolds (called in some re- cords Reynell), knt. and bart., 3rd jus- tice; afterwards chief justice. 1685. Thomas Nugent, 3rd justice; afterwards chief justice. 1687. Sir Bryan O'Neile, bart., Srd justice : re- moved. 1690. Sir Richard Stephens, knt., 3rd justice, vice O'Neile. 1691. Sir Henry Echlin, Srd justice; from the exchequer. 1693. Thomas Coote, 3rd justice, vice Echlin, who returned to the exchequer. 1699. Robert Tracy, 2nd justice ; made a baron of the exchequer in England. 1701. James Macartney, 2nd justice: removed. 1711. Richard Nutley, 2nd justice: removed. 1714. James Macartney, again; transferred to the common pleas. 1715. Jeffrey Gilbert, 2nd justice: removed to the exchequer as chief baron. — William Caulfield, 3rd justice. 1716. Godfrey Boate (prime Serjeant), 2nd jus- tice. 1722. John Parnell, 2nd justice. 1729. Michael Ward, vice Parnell, 2nd justice. 1734. Henry Rose, vice Caulfield, 3rd justice. 1743. Arthur Blennerhassett (prime Serjeant), vice Rose. 1758. Charles Robinson, king's counsel. 1759. William Scott, prime Serjeant: removed to the exchequer. 1768. William Henn (king's counsel), i;ice Scott. 1784. Sir Samuel Bradstreet, recorder of Dublin ; (appointed an additional or 4th justice, pursuant to act 24th Geo. HI.) Dec. 12. 1787. John Bennett, vice Robinson. May 1. 1791. Robert Boyd, vice Bradstreet. June 10. — Joseph Hewett, serjeant-at-law. July 6. 1792. William Downes, vzce Bennett. Feb. 14; afterwards chief justice. 1794. Tankerville Chamberlain, vice Hewett. June 10. 1798. Robert Day, vice Boyd. Feb. 12. 1802. Charles Osborne, vice Chamberlain. July 5. 1803. St. George Daly, vice Downes. Oct. 22. 1817. Edward Mayne, vice Osborne. Oct. 10. 1818. Richard Jebb, vice Day. Nov. 12. 1820. Charles Burton, vice Mayne. Nov. 21. 1822. Thomas B. Vandeleur, vice St. George Daly (who resigned). Feb. 20. 1834. Philip Cecil Crampton (solicitor-general), vice Jebb. Oct. 21. 1835. Louis Perrin (attorney-general), vice Van- deleur. Aug. 31. 1847. Richard Moore. Dec. 13. Present (1851) Justices. Philip Cecil Crampton, Louis Perrin, and Richard Moore. The dates in these lists are, usually, those of the patents or the official announcement in the London Gazette. In some few (late) instances the dates are taken from the king's, or, as now, the queen's letter, or from the records in the Irish Office, in London. G G 3 454 LAW OFFICERS OF IRELA^^D. Chief Justices of the Common Pleas. * * Richard de Exon. 1326. Henry de Hambury. 1334. Robert le Poer. May 10. — Simon Fitz- Richard (2nd justice), vice Poer. Oct. 13. 1343. John Gernoun. 1353. Thomas de Dent. 1358. Sir Robert de Preston. 1378. Henry Michell. 1381. Stephen Bray. 1385. Edmund del Clay. 1414. John Fitz-Adam. 1419. William de Tynbegh. 1421. John Blakeney. 1428. Sir James Alleyne. 1446. Robert Dowdall. 1461. Nicholas Barnewall. 1464. Philip Bermingham. 1496. Thomas Bowryng. 4: 3fc * * 4: * 1532. Richard Delahyde. 1534. Thomas Luttrell, of Lultrellstown ; after- wards sir Thomas Luttrell, knt. 1554. John Bathe, serjeant-at-law. 1559. Robert Dillon, of Newtoun, near"Trym." 1562. The same ; new appointment. * * Nicholas Nugent, vice Dillon : resigned. 1581. Sir Robert Dillon, knt., of Riverstown, county of Westmeath (one of the jus- tices) : resigned. 1593. Sir William Weston. 1595. Sir Robert Dillon ; restored on the death of Weston. 1597. Sir Nicholas Walsh ; from the king's bench. 1610. Sir Dominick Sarsfield ; from the king's bench; in reversion after Walsh, "in reward of good service." 1615. Sir Dominick Sarsfield, knt., on Walsh's death : deprived by sentence in the court of Star-chamber in England. 1634. Sir Gerard Lowther, knt., on Sarsfield being deprived. 1658. Sir Gerard Lowther, by a new patent from Richard Cromwell, protector. 1660. Sir James Donellan, knt. 1665. Sir Edward Smith, knt. : resigned. 1669. Sir Robert Booth, knt. (one of the jus- tices) ; made chief justice of the king's bench. 1679. John Keating. 1690. Sir Richard Pyne, knt. ; made chief justice of the king's bench. 1695. Sir John Hely ; from the exchequer. 1701. Sir Richard Cox, knt., 2nd justice; made lord chancellor. 1703. Robert Doyne, chief baron : patent re- voked. 1714. John Forster, recorder of Dublin. 1720. Sir Richard Levinge, knt. and bart. 1724. Thomas Wyndham ; made lord chan- cellor. 1726. William Whitshed ; from the king's bench. 1727. James Reynolds: resigned, and made a judge in England. 1740. Henry Singleton, prime Serjeant : resigned, and made master of the rolls. 1753. Sir William Yoike, 2nd justice; after- wards chancellor of the exchequer. 1761. Sir Richard Aston, knt. ; made a justice of the king's bench in England. 1765. Richard Clayton, king's counsel in Great Britain. March 19 : resigned. 1770. Marcus Paterson, attorney - general. July 4. 1787. Hugh Carleton. May 9 ; afterwards baron and viscount Carleton. 1800. John Toler (attorney - general) ; created baron Norbury ; afterwards earl Nor- bury. Dec. 20. 1827. Lord Plunket, uzce Norbury : resigned June 18 ; afterwards lord chancellor. 1880. John Doherty, solicitor-general. Dec. 23. 1850, James-Henry Monahan, attorne}^- general. Sept. 23. The present (1851) Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. Puisne Justices of the Common Pleas. * * Robert Bagot. * * Simon Fitz-Richard. 1334. Richard Broun, or Brown. 1342. Roger de Preston. 1346. Nicholas de Synterby. 1358. Bartholomew Dardys. ****** 1439. William Baldewyne. 1461. Barnaby Barnewall. ****** 1528. Gerald Aylmer; afterwards chief baron, and chief justice of the king's bench. 1535. Thomas Cusake, or Cusack. May 24 : pa- tent revoked. * * Walter Kerdyfi'e. Aug. 12. * * Richard Talbot. * * James Dowdall, 3rd justice: removed to the king's bench. * * Robert Dillon, of Riverstown : removed to the king's bench. 1581. William Bathe, 2nd justice. 1592. Thomas Dillon, 3rd justice. 1600. Patrick Fitzgerald, 2nd justice. — Peter Palmer, 3rd justice. 1602. George Robinson : " appointed to supply the ofiice of a justice in the absence of the other judges." — Lodge. 1604. John Ady, 3rd justice. 1606. Charles Calthorpe (attorney - general), 2nd justice. 1610. Gerald Lowther ; additional judge: "the king understanding that there did want assistance in the common pleas, he, for the better expedition of his ser- vice in that court and of justice to his subjects, determined to be at the charge of one justice more." — Liber 3Iunerum Puhlicorum Hibernice. 1621, John Phillpott, 3rd justice. 1624. Samuel Mayart, vice Lowther. 1637. James Donellan, 3rd justice. 1644. William Hilton, a baron of the exchequer. See Exchequer. 1655. James Donellan; his commission signed CHIEF BAEONS OF THE EXCHEQUEK. 455 by Oliver Cromwell, " qnam diu se bene gessercf : removed to the chief justice- ship. 16G0. Sir Jerome Alexander, 2nd justice, vice Maj-art. — Sir Robert Booth, knt., vice Donellan, 3rd justice; made chief justice of the king's bench. 1669. Eobert Johnson, 3rd justice: revoked. 1670. Oliver Jones, 3rd justice: removed to the king's bench. 1672. Adam Cusake, or Cusack, 3rd justice. 1674. Sir Richard Reynell, knt. (serjeant-at- law), 2nd justice : removed to the king's bench. 1682. Arthur Turner, 3rd justice. 1684. Samuel Gorges, 3rd justice. 1685. Robert Johnson, vice Reynell, 2nd justice. 1686. Denis Daly, vice Johnson, 2nd justice. 1687. Peter Martin, vice Gorges. 1690. Sir Richard Cox, knt., vice Daly; after- wards lord chancellor. Sept. 2. * * John Jefferson, serjeant-at-law. Dec. 6. 1701. John Smyth, vice Jefferson. Feb. 20. — Sir Gilbert Dolben, bart. June 24. 1702. Anthony Upton, vice Smith. 1714. James Macartney (from the king's bench), vice Upton. 1720. George Gore (attorney - general), vice Dolben. 1726. Francis Bernard (prime serjeant), vice Macartney. 1731. Robert Dixon (serjeant-at-law), vice Ber- nard. 1732. Robert Lindsay, vice Dixon. 1742. William Yorke, vice Lindsay. 1745. Robert French, vice Gore. 1753. Robert Marshall; vice Yorke, appointed chief justice. 1761. Thomas Tennison (prime Serjeant), vice French. 1767. Edmund Malone, vice Marshall. Dec. 11. 1774. Godfrey Lill, vice Malone. Dec. 15. 1779. Robert Hellen, vice Tennison. May 4. 1784. Thomas Kelly, vice Lill. Jan. 9. — Alexander Crookshank. Jan. 14. [Justice Crookshank was made an addi- tional judge to the number heretofore appointed.] 1793. Tankerville Chamberlain, vice Hellen. Dec. 6. 1794. Matthias Finucane, vice Chamberlain, who resigned. June 20. 1800. Luke Fox, vice Crookshank. Feb. 27. [This judge was found guilty of a libel on the earl of Hardwicke, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Nov. 23, 1805.] 1801. Robert Johnson, mce Kelly. June 23. 1806. Edward Mayne, vice Finucane. Feb. 21 ; afterwards a justice of the king's bench. — William Fletcher, vice Johnson. 1816. Arthur Moore (1st serjeant), vice Fox, who resigned. July 23. 1817. William Johnson (1st serjeant), vice Mayne. Oct. 25. 1823. Robert Torrens, chairman of Kilmainham, vice Fletcher. July 10. 1839. Nicholas Ball (attorney -general), vice Moore. Feb. 23. 1842. Joseph Devonshire Jackson. Sept. 9. Present (1851) Justices. Robert Torrens, Nicholas Ball, and Joseph Devonshire J ackson. Chief Barons of 1346. Hugh de Burgh. 1374. Robert de Holywode : dismissed. 1376. Henry Michell ; afterwards chief justice of the common pleas. 1378. Stephen Bray ; afterwards chief justice of the common pleas. 1381. Thomas Bathe. * * Richard Rede; chief baron in 1399. 1403. Thomas Bathe, archdeacon of Meath. 1414. William de Tynbegh. 1419. James Uriell. 1420. James Cornewalsh. 1423. Richard Sydegrove, Sydgrave, or Segrave. 1446. Michael Griffin. ****** 1496. John Topcliffe; chief justice of the king's bench. 1513. Sir Bartholomew Dillon. 1525. Patrick Fynglass ; afterwards chief justice of the king's bench. 1534. Sir Gerald Aylmer ; afterwards, also, chief justice of the king's bench. 1546. James Bathe; "his patent was several times renewed." 1570. Lucas Dillon, attorney- general. 1593. Sir Robert Napper. 1002. Sir Edmund Pelham. THE Exchequer. 1606. Sir Humfrey Winche; afterwards chief justice of the king's bench. 1609. Sir John Denham (serjeant-at-law) ; after- wards chief justice of the king's bench. 1611. Sir William MethAvold, knt., serjeant-at- law. 1620. Sir John Blennerhassett, or "Bleverhays- sett," knt. 1625. Sir Richard Bolton, knt. ; afterwards lord chancellor. 1640. Sir Edward Bolton, knt. (solicitor-general and serjeant-at-law), son of sir Richard. 1655. Miles Corbet ; appointed under the Usur- pation. 1660. John Bysse. 1679. Henry Hene, one of the barons. 1686. Sir Stephen Rice, knt., one of the barons x removed. 1690. Sir John Hely, knt. ; made chief justice of the common pleas. 1695. Robert Doyne; afterwards chief justice of the common pleas : patent revoked. 1703. Nehemiah Donellan, one of the barons. 1706. Richard Freeman ; afterwards lord chan- cellor. 1707. Robert Rochfort, attorney-general: re- moved. G 4 456 LAW OFFICERS OF IRELAND. 1711 Joseph Deane. 1715. Geffrey Gilbert; from tlie king's bench; made a baron of the exchequer in Eng- land. — Salmon. 1722. Bernard Hale ; made a judge in England. 1725. Thomas Dalton. 1730. Thomas Marlay (attorney-general) ; after- wards chief justice of the king's bench. 1741. John Bowes (attorney-general) ; afterwards lord chancellor. 1757. Edward Willes (serjeant-at-law); ap- pointed solicitor -general in England, and in 1768 a justice of the king's bench, vice Hewitt, made lord chan- cellor of Ireland. 1766. Anthony Foster, vice Willes. Sept. 5. 1777. James Dennis; afterwards created baron Tracton, in the county of Cork. 1782. Walter Hussey Burgh. July 11. 1783. Barry Yelverton ; afterwards viscount Avonmore. Nov. 29. 1805. Standish O'Grady. Oct. 5 : resigned in 1831 ; created viscount Guillamore. 1831. Henry Joy, attorney-general. Jan. 6. 1838. Stephen Woulfe, attorney - general. July 20. 1840. Maziere Brady, attorney-general. Feb. 11. 1846. David-Richard Pigot. Sept. 1. The pre- sent (1851) Chief Baron. Barons of the Exchequer. 1335. Hugh de Burgh. — Robert Poer. 1336. John de Carleton. 1343. Nicholas de Synterby. 1356. Thomas de Doughes. 1369. John Brettan, chief remembrancer. 1371. William de Karlett. * * Robert de Holywode; afterwards chief baron. 1377. John Pembroke. 1378. William Archebold. 1380. Thomas Bathe ; afterwards chief baron. 1381. Waltei de Brugge. 1382. Thomas Taillor, clerk. * * John Shriggely : patent revoked ; after- wards chief justice of the king's bench. 1385. John Brekdene. 1399. Hugh de Faryngton. 1401. Richard Sydgrave, or Segrave; afterwards chief baron. 1402. Robert Burnell. 1415. John Gland. 1419. JohnWyche. 1422. John de Lydington, clerk. 1425. Francis Toppesfeld. 1426. Reginald Sneterbv. * * Thomas Shorthalls. 1435. Peter Clinton, or Clynton. 1461. William Sutton. ****** 1529. Patrick White ; afterwards sir Patrick. 1534. Walter Hussey. 1535. Walter Golding. 1561. Robert Cusake, or Cusack. 1562. Henry Draycott : resigned. 1566. Richard Edwarde, 3rd baron. 1570, Nicholas Nugent, 2nd baron. 1575. John Durninge, 3rd baron. 1577. Roger Mainweringe, 3rd baron. 1578. Robert Dillon, 2nd baron. April 17. — Richard Sedgrave, or Segrave, 2nd baron. June 16. 1580. Michael Cusake, or Cusack, 3rd baron. 1589. Sir John Elliott, 3rd baron. 1598. Patrick Sedgrave, 2nd baron : "removed for divers causes by the judgment of the lord deputy and council at Dublin castle." — Lodge. 1603. Gerald Comerford, 2nd baron. 1604. Thomas Cary, of Gray's inn, London, vice Comerford. 1605. Sir Robert Oglethorpe, of Gray's inn, London, vice Cary. 1609. Sir John Blennerhassett.i 1617. Sir Lancellot Lowther, knt., 3rd baron. 1624. Sir Laurence Parsons, knt., vice Ogle- thorpe. 1628. Gerald Lowther (serjeant-at-law in Eng- land) ; afterwards chief justice of the common pleas. 1634. James Barry (serjeant-at-law) ; afterwards chief justice of the king's bench, and created lord Santrv. 1637. William Hilton, 3rd baron. [Judge Hilton was continued a baron of the exchequer after he was appointed a justice of the common pleas, and held both offices together by a clause in his patent of justice, in 1644. — Liber HibernicB. ] 1659. John Santhey, 2nd baron, in the interreg- num. See King''s Bench. 1660. Sir Richard Kennedy, knt., of Mount Ken- nedy, 2nd baron. — Thomas Dongan, late a justice of the king's bench. 1663. Sir John Povey, knt., 3rd baron. 1673. Henry Hene (serjeant-at-law), 2nd baron; made chief baron in 1679. 1679. Sir Standish Hartstonge, bart., vice Hene, promoted : removed. — William Worth (king's counsel), 2nd baron. 1686. Sir Charles Ingleby, knt., vice Worth, 2nd baron. 1686. Sir Stephen Rice, knt., vice Hartstonge. Baron Rice was appointed chief baron soon afterwards. 1687. Sir Henry Lynch, bart., vice Rice. 1688. Sir John Barnewall, knt., serjeant-at-law, and recorder of Dublin. 1690. Sir Henry Echlin, knt. and bart. ; made a justice of the king's bench. — Sir Standish Hartstonge, again., vice Lynch. 1692. Sir Richard Ryves, knt. (serjeant-at-law) ; afterwards chief baron. 1693. Sir Henry Echlin, again ; from the king's bench ; second time a baron of this court. 1 The king understanding that there did want assistance in the court of exchequer, in regard to the in- firmities of some of the barons, was pleased for the better expedition of his service in that court, and of justice to his subjects, to be at the charge of one baron more, until some place did fall, and made choice of John Blen- nerhassett, an ancient counsellor, and by the opinion of the chancellor of England and of some of the judges thought meet for it : wherefore his majesty directed that on his coming over he should be admitted as one of the barons."— Li6e;- Munerum Publicorum Hibernice. MASTERS OF THE ROLLS. 457 1695. Nehemiah Donellan. 1703. Robert Johnson, vice Donellan. 1714. John Pocklington, vice Echlin. * * St. John St. Leger, knt., vice Johnson, who resigned. 1732. John Wainwright, vice Pocklington. 1741. Richard Mountney, of the Inner Temple, London, vice Wainwright. 1742. Arthur Dawson, vice St. Leger. 1768. William Scott, justice of the king's bench, vice Mountney. Aug. 1. * * George Smith, or Smyth (king's counsel), vice Dawson. Nov. 25. 1772. Richard Power (king's counsel), vice Smyth. 1776. George Hamilton (serjeant-at-law), vice Scott. 1784. Peter Metge; made an additional baron, by act of parliament passed in the 24th George IIL 1793. Sir Michael Smith, bart. (in 1799), vice Hamilton: he became, in 1801, the first judicial master of the rolls. See Masters of the Rolls. 1794. Denis George (recorder of Dublin), vice Power. 1801. St. George Daly (prime Serjeant), vice Smith ; afterwards justice of the king's bench. — William Cusack Smith (solicitor-general), vice Metge : he was son to sir Michael Smith, and succeeded to the baronetcy. 1803. James M'Clelland (solicitor-general), vice St. George Daly. 1821. Richard Pennefather, vice George, who retired (by king's letter) Feb. 1, 1830. John Leslie Foster, vice M'Clelland. July 13. 1836. Michael O'Loghlen (attorney-general), vice sir William C. Smith. Nov. 5 : afterwards appointed master of the rolls. 1837. John Richards (attorney-general), vice O'Loghlen, Nov. 5. 1841. Thomas Lefroy. Nov. 17. Present (1851) Barons. Richard Pennefather, John Richards, and Thomas Lefroy. Masters of 1334. William de Bardelby. 1371. Thomas de Thelwall. 1373. Robert de Sutton. 1374. Thomas de Everdon, clerk of the chan- cery. ^ ( Thomas de Everdon ; and ^"^^ I Robert de Sutton, jointly. — Robert de Sutton, alone. 1382. Robert de Sutton ; new appointment. 1385. Thomas de Everdon, again. 1399. John Kirkeby. 1401. Thomas de Everdon, again. 1423. Robert Sutton, again : re-appointed keeper of the rolls, "in consideration of the great services performed by him to the kings Edward IIL, Richard IL, Henry IV., and Henry V." — Lodge. 1430. William Sutton. 1446. Robert Dyke, Dyce, or Dyche, arch- deacon of Dublin. 1461. Patrick Cogley. * * Peter Travers. 1478. Thomas Dovedall, or Dowdall. 1496. John Payne, or Pain, bishop of Meath in 1483. 1522. Thomas Darcy, rector of Howth. 1538. Robert Cowley. Jan. 10. * * John Allen. Aug, ; made lord chancellor. 1542. Sir John Cusake, or Cusack, knt. 1550. Patrick Barnewall, serjeant-at-law. 1552. John Parker. 1566. Henrv Dravcott, chief remembrancer. 1572. Nicholas Whyte, of Whyte's Hall : " se- questrated." — Lodge. 1578. Edward Fitz-Symon. 1593. Anthony St. Leger; afterwards sir An- thon}^ St. Leger, knt. 1609. Sir Francis Aungier ; afterwards lord Aun- gier. 1632. Christopher Wandesford. 1640. Sir John Temple, knt. : " he had license THE Rolls. to repair to England for a year, or more." — Lodge. 1644. Sir Maurice Eustace. 1664. William Temple, son of sir John. 1677. Sir William Temple, bart. ; new appoint- ment: removed. 1689. Sir William Talbot, bart. 1696. William Berkeley; afterwards lord Berke- ley. 1717. John Shute, aZ/as Barrington ; afterwards viscount Barrington. July 5. 1731. Thomas Carter. Dec, 29. 1754. Henry Singleton. April 24. 1759. Richard Rigby. Nov. 30. 1761. Richard Rigby ; new appointment. Feb. 21. 1788. William Robert, duke of Leinster. June 7. r J ohn, earl of Glandore ; and 1789. < John- Joshua, earl of Car\'sfort, t jointly. July 15. An act of parliament was passed, April 18, 1801 (41 George III. chap. 25.), whereby the office of master or keeper of the rolls was re-made a ju- dicial office, with an augmented salary, and the future masters were consiituted assistants to the lord chancellor. 1801. Sir Michael Smith, bart. (from the ex- chequer) ; appointed the first judicial master under the act. June 24. 1806. John Philpot Curran. June 28. 1814. Sir William Mac Mahon ; created a baronet in 1815. March 1. 1837. Sir Michael O'Loghlen ; created a baronet in 1838. Jan. 28. 1842. Francis Blackburne (late attorney-gene- ral). Nov. 1. ; afterwards chief justice of the king's bench. 1846. Thomas Berry Cusack Smith (grandson of Sir Michael Smith), attorney-general. Jan. 26. The present (1851) Master of the Rolls. 458 LAW OFFICERS OF IRELAND. The functions of the Law Officers of the Crown in Ireland, are similar to those of the Attorney- General and Solicitor- General in England. Attorneys- General. 1357. John de Leycestre, king's attorney. 1372. Henry Michell, king's attorney. 1379. Robert Hore ; superseded. 1381. Thomas Malalo. 1385. Robert Hemynborgh. 1400. William Tynbegh. 1401. John Barry, king's attorney. 1422. John Whyte, or White. * * * * 1532. Thomas St. Lawrence. 1535. Robert Dillon. 1554. Barnaby Scurloke, or Scurlog. 1559. James Barnewall. 1566. Lucas Dillon. 1570. Edward Fitz-Symons. 1574. John Bathe, principal solicitor. 1577. Thomas Snagg. 1580. Christopher Flemyng. 1582. Edward Butler. 1584. Charles Culthorpe ; afterwards sir Charles. 1606. Sir John Davys, or Davies. 1619. Sir William Ryves, knt. 1636. Richard Osbaldeston, of Gray's Inn, Lon- don. 1640. Thomas Tempest, of Lincoln's Inn. 1649. William Basil; under the Usurpation. 1660. Sir William Domville, knt. 1686. Sir Richard Nagle, knt. 1690. Sir John Temple, knt. 1695. Robert Rochfort. 1707. Alan Brodrick. June 12. 1709. John Forster. Dec. 24. 1711. Sir Richard Levinge, knt. and bart. June 4. 1714. George Gore. Nov. 8. 1720. John Rogerson. May 14. 1727. Thomas Marlay. May 5. 1730. Robert Jocelyn. Sept. 29. 1739. John Bowes. Sept. 3. 1741. St. George Caulfield. Dec. 23. 1751. Warden Flood. Aug. 27. 1760. Philip Tisdall. July 31. 1777. John Scott. Oct. 17. 1782. Barry Yelverton. July 2. 1783. John Fitzgibbon. Nov. 29. 1789. Arthur Wolfe. July 16, 1798. John Toler. June 26. 1800. Patrick Stewart. Dec. 9. 1803. Standish O'Gradv. May 28. 1805. William Con vngliam Plunket. Oct. 15. 1807. William Saurin, May 15. 1822. William Conyngham Plunket, again. Jan. 15. 1827. Henry Joy. June 18. 1831. Francis Blackburne. Jan. 11, 1835. Louis Perrin. April 29. — Michael O'Loghlen. Aug. 31, 1836. John Richards. Nov. 10. 1837. Stephen Woulfe. Feb. 3, 1838. Nicholas Ball. Julv 11. 1839. Maziere Brady. Feb. 23. 1840. David R. Pigot. Aug. 14. 1841. Francis Blackburne, again. Sept. 23. 1842. Thomas Berry Cusack Smith. Nov. 1. 1846. Richard Wilson Green. Feb. 2. — Richard Moore. July 16. 1847. James-Henry Monahan. Dec. 24. 1850. John Hatchell. Sept. 23. The present (1851) Attorney-General. Solicitors-General.1 1532. Thomas Luttrell, general solicitor. 1534. Patrick Barnewall. 1537. Walter Cowley, principal solicitor. 1545. John Bathe, principal solicitor. 1550. John Bathe, solicitor-general ; new patent. Oct. 16. — Richard Finglas, principal solicitor. Oct. 17, next day. 1551. John Bathe, solicitor-general ; new patent. July 24. — Richard Finglas, principal solicitor; new patent. July 26. 1554. James Dowdall, principal solicitor and so- licitor-general. 1565. Lucas Dillon, principal solicitor. April 17. — Nicholas Nugent, solicitor-general. Same date. 1566. Richard Finglas, again, solicitor-general. 3 570. John Bathe, again, principal solicitor. 1574. Richard Bellyng, principal solicitor. Solicitors-General. 1584. Jesse Smythes. 1585. Roger Wilbraham. 1603. Sir John Davys, or Davies, of the Middle Temple, London. 1606. Sir Robert Jacobe, 1618. Sir Richard Bolton, knt. 1622. Sir Edward Bolton, knt., son of sir Richard. 1640. Sir William Sambach, knt. 1057. William Ellys, or Ellice ; under the Usur- pation. 1658. Robert Shapcott; under the Usurpation. 1660. Sir John Temple, knt. 1689. Sir Theobald Butler ; after the abdication : removed. 1690. Sir Richard Levinge, knt., in the room of Butler. 1695. Alan Brodrick. 1704. Sir Richard Levinge, again, now knt. and bart. 1 From the appointment of solicitor-general Cowley, in 1537, to the death of Richard Finglas, in 1574, there appears to have been two solicitors for Ireland, subsisting at the same time ; the one by the name of Principal or Chief Solicitor {Solicitoris Principalis sine capitalis aut Solicitatoris regni Hihemice), and the other by the name of General Solicitor {Solicitoris Generalis, alias Solicitatoris regni Hibernice) Liber Munerum Fublicorum Ihbernicc. SERJEANTS-AT-LAW. 1709. John Forster, recorder of Dublin. Sept. 8. — William Whitslied. Dec. 24. 1711. Francis Bernard. June 4. 1714. John Rogerson. Nov. 8. 1720. Thomas Marlay. Oct. 13. 1727. Robert Jocelyn. April 5. 1730. John Bowes. Sept. 29. 1739. St. George Caulfield. Sept. 24. 1741. Warden Flood. Dec. 24. 1751. Philip Tisdall. Aug. 27. 1760. John Gore. July 31. 1764. Marcus Paterson. Sept. 24. 1770. Godfrey Lill. June 18. 1774. John Scott. Dec. 12. 1777. Robert Hellen. Oct. 31. 1779. Hugh Carleton. May 4. 1787. Arthur Wolfe. May 9. 1789. John Toler. Aug. 8. 1798. John Stewart. July 6. 1800. William Cusack Smith. Dec. 6. 1802. James McClelland. Jan. 12. 1803. William Conyngham Plunket. Oct. 22. 1805. Charles Kendal Bushe. Oct. 15. 1822. Henry Joy. Feb. 20. 1827. John'Doherty. June 18. 1830. Philip Cecil Crampton. Dec. 23. 1834. Michael O'Loghlen. Oct. 21. 1835. Edward Pennefather, Jan. 27. — Michael O'Loghlen, again. April 29. — John Richards. Sept. 21. 1836. Stephen Woulfe. Nov. 10. 1837. Maziere Brady. Feb. 3. 1839. David R. Pigot. Feb. 11. 1840. Richard Moore. Aug. 14. 1841. Edward Pennefather, again. Sept. 23. — Joseph Devonshire Jackson. Nov. 10. 1842. Thomas Berry Cusack Smith. Sept. 21. — Richard Wilson Greene. Nov. 1. 1846. Abraham Brewster. Feb. 2. — James-Henry Monahan. July 16. 1847. John Hatchell. Dec. 24. 1850. Henry-George Hughes. Sept. 26. The PRESENT (1851) Solicitor-General. Serjeants-at-Law. 1326. Simon Fitz-Richard. 1341. Hugh Brown. 1 343. William le Petit. * * Robert de Preston. 1357. Edmund de Berford, or Bereford. 1373. John Tyrell. 1375. Richard Plunket. * * Walter Cotterell. 1388. John Bermyngham. 1422. Charles Barnewall. 1434. Sir Thomas Fitz-Christopher Plunket. 1435. Robert Dowedall. 1437. Edward Somerton. ***** 1532. Sir Thomas Luttrell. 1534. Patrick Barnewall. 1550. Sir John Bathe. 1554. Richard Finglas. 1574. Edward Fitz-Symon. 1594. Arthur Corye. 1597. Edward Loftus. 1601. Edward KerdilFe. 1609, Sir John Beere. 1617. Sir John Brereton, knt. Prime Serjeants. 1629. James Barry ; afterwards lord Santry. 1634, Sir Maurice Eustace, knt. 1660. Sir Audley Mervyn. 1675, Sir William Davys, or Davies, knt., re- corder of Dublin. 1676. John Osborne. [The king having intended this office for Mr. Osborne, granted it to him in re- version, and he succeeded to it in 1680, on sir William Davys being made chief justice of the common pleas. — Lodge.'] 1686. Gerald Dillon, vice Osborne, deprived. 1690. John Osborne ; restored. 1692. Nehemiah Donellan ; called in the patent Donelland. 1695. Sir Thomas Pakenham, knt. 1703. Robert Saunders. 1708. William Neave. 1711. Robert Blennerhassett. 1712. Morley Saunders. 1714. WiUiam Caulfield. 1715. Godfrey Boate; afterwards justice of the king's bench. 1717. Robert Fitzgerald. 1724. Francis Bernard. 1726. Henry Singleton. 1741. Arthur Blennerhassett. 1743. Anthony Malone. 1754. Eaton Stannard, recorder of Dublin. 1757. William Scott. Oct. 6. 1759. Thomas Tennison. July 27. 1761. John Hely Hutchinson. Dec. 11. 1774. James Dennis. July 18. 1777. Walter Hussey Burgh. July 24. 1780. James Browne. June 14. 1782. Walter Hussey Burgh, again. June 1. — Thomas Kelly, vice Burgh, advanced. July 13. 1783. John Scott. Dec. 11. 1784. James Browne, agairi. May 21. 1787. James Fitzgerald. June 21. 1799. St. George Daly. Jan. 28. First Serje^vnts. 1801. Edmund Stanley. July 1. 1802. Arthur Browne. Dec. '^29. 1805. Arthur Moore (3rd Serjeant) July 25. 1816. William Johnson. July 12.' 1817. Henry Joy. Oct. 28. 1822. Thomas Lefroy. May 13. 1830. Thomas Goold. April. 1832. Edward Pennefather. 1835. Louis Perrin. Feb. — Richard Wilson Greene. May 23. 1842. Joseph Stock. Nov. 1851 John Howley. June. The present First Serjeant. 460 LAW OFFICERS OF IRELAND. Second and Third Serjeants. 1627. Sir Nathaniel Catelyn, knt. The first Second Serjeant. 1637. Sir William Sandbach, knt. 1660. Robert Griffiths. 1670. Henry Hene. 1673. Sir Richard Reynell, knt. 1674. John Osborne. See Prime Serjeants. 1680. Sir Richard Stephens, knt. : dismissed. 1682. John Lyndon. The first third serjeant. July 24. — William Becket, 2nd serjeant. Oct. 24. 1683. Sir Richard Ryves, knt., recorder of Dub- lin. Feb. 19 : removed. Sir Henry Echlin, knt. and bart., 2nd ser- jeant. Aug. 3. 1687. Sir John Barnewall, knt., 3rd serjeant. 1688. Sir Theobald Butler, knt., 3rd serjeant. 1690. Sir Richard Stephens, restored, 2nd ser- jeant. 1691. Sir Richard Ryves, knt., restored; 3rd ser- jeant. — Alan Brodrick, 2nd serjeant. 1692. Sir Thomas Pakenh am, knt., 2nd serjeant; made prime serjeant. 1696. WilHam Neave, 2nd serjeant; made prime serjeant. 1708. William Caulfield, 2nd serjeant: resigned. 1711. Morley Saunders, 2nd serjeant. Aug. 14. — John Cliff"e, 3rd serjeant. Nov. 29. 1712. The same, now 2nd serjeant : removed. — John Staunton, 3rd serjeant : removed. 1714. Robert Fitzgerald, 2nd serjeant. — John Witherington, 3rd serjeant. 1716. The same, now 2nd serjeant. 1718. WilHam Brodrick, 2nd serjeant. 1726. Robert Jocelyn, 3rd serjeant; aftervrards solicitor-genei al. 1727. John Bowes, 3rd serjeant; afterwards so- licitor-general. 1728. Robert Dixon, 3rd serjeant. 1730. Henry Purdon, 3rd serjeant, vice Bowes. 1732. Richard Bettesworth, 3rd serjeant, vice Dixon. 1738. Robert Marshall, 3rd serjeant, vice Purdon. 1741. The same, now 2nd serjeant, vice Bettes- worth. 1742. Philip Tisdall, 3rd serjeant; afterwards solicitor-general. 1751. Richard Malone, 3rd serjeant, vice Tisdall. — Richard Malone, 2nd serjeant, vice Mar- shall. 1757. Marcus Paterson, 3rd serjeant. 1761. Edmund Malone (brother of Richard, de- ceased), 2nd serjeant. 1764. James Dennis, 3rd serjeant; afterwards prime serjeant. 1767. The same, who became 2nd serjeant ; after- wards prime serjeant. — Godfrey Lill, 3rd serjeant ; afterwards soli- citor-general. 1770. Maurice Coppinger, 3rd serjeant, vice Lill. Second Serjeants. 1774. Maurice Coppinger ; afterwards prime ser- jeant. 1777. Hugh Carleton, late 3rd serjeant. 1779. Attiwell Wood, late 3rd serjeant. 1784. James Fitzgerald, vice Wood. 1787. John Toler; afterwards solicitor-general. 1789. Hon. Joseph Hewitt, late 3rd serjeant. 1791. Henry Duquerry, vice Hewitt. 1793. James Chatterton, vice Duquerrj'. 1806. John Ball, vice Chatterton. April 23. 1813. William M'Mahon, vice Ball. Dec. 3. 1814. William Johnson, vice M'Mahon. March 4. 1816. Henrv Joy, vice Johnson. July 26. 1817. Richard Jebb, vice Joy. Oct. 29. 1818. Charles Burton, vice Jebb. Dec. 1. 1820. Thomas Lefroy, vice Burton. Dec. 3. 1822. John Lloyd, vice Lefroy. May 13: re- signed. 1830. Francis Blackburne, vice Lloyd. April 19. 1831. Edward Pennefather, vice Blackburne. Jan. 18. 1832. Michael O'Loghlen, vice Pennefather. Feb. 13. 1835. Richard Wilson Greene, vice O'Loghlen. Feb. — Joseph Devonshire Jackson, vice Green. Mav 23. 1841. Joseph Stock. Nov. 1842. Richard B. Warren. Nov. 1848. John Howley. July. 1851. James O'Brien. June. The present Second Serjeant. Third Serjeants. 1774. George Hamilton, vice Coppinger. 1776. Hugh Carleton, vice Hamilton. 1777. Attiwell Wood, vice Carleton. 1779. James Fitzgerald, r/ce Wood. 1782. Peter Metge, vice Fitzgerald. 1784. John Toler, vice Metge. 1787. Hon. Joseph Hewitt, vice Toler. 1789. Henry Duquerry, vice Hewitt. 1791. James Chatterton, vice Duquerry. 1793. Edmund Stanley, vice Chatterton. 1801. Arthur Moore, vice Stanley. Oct. 30. 1805. Charles Kendal Bushe, vice Moore. July 25. — John Ball, vice Bushe. Oct. 25. 1806. William M'Mahon, vice Ball. April 23. 1813. William Johnson, vice M'Mahon. 1814. Henry Joy, vice Johnson. March 19. 1816. Richard Jebb, vice Joy. July 27. 1817. Charles Burton, vice Jebb. Oct. 30. 1818. Thomas Lefroy, vice Burton. Dec. 1. 1321. Thomas B. Vandeleur, vice Lefrov. Feb. 14. 1 822. Robert Torrens, vice Vandeleur. May 3. 1823. Thomas Goold, vice Torrens. July 13. 1830. Edward Pennefather, vice Goold. April. 1831. Michael O'Loghlen, vice Pennefather. Jan. 18. 1832. Louis Perrin, vice O'Loghlen. Feb. 7. 1835. Joseph Devonshire Jackson, vice Perrin. Feb. — Stephen Woulfe, vice Jackson. Ma^^ 23. 1836. Nicholas Ball, vice Woulfe. Nov. 10. 1838. William Currv, vice Ball. July. 1840. Richard Moore. May. — Joseph Stock. Aug. 1841. Richard B. Warren. Nov. 1842. Richard Keating. Nov. 1843. John Howlev. Sept. 1848. James O'Brien. July. 1851. Jonathan Christian. June. The present Third Serjeant. LOKD MAYORS OF DUBLIN. 461 1784. 1789. 1797. POSTMASTERS-GENEEAL OF IRELAND. (^From a Return made to the House of Commons in 1844.) William-Henry, earl of Clermont, f James, viscomit Clifden ; and (William Brabazon Ponsonby. July 16. f William Brabazon Ponsonby ; and ( Charles, lord Loftus. Jan. 14. rCharles, lord Loftus, afterwards earl of ^ Ely; and (Charles, earl of Bellamont. July 18. rCharles, earl of Ely, afterwards mar- J quess of Ely ; and j Charles, marquess of Drogheda. Juh^ C 14. 1806. 1807. 1809. r Richard Hely, earl of Donoughmore; j and Rt. hon. Henry Fitzgerald, commonly called lord Henry Fitzgerald. April 19. r Charles-Henry St. John, earl O'Neill; < and ( Richard, earl of Clancarty. May 2. rCharles-Henry St. John, earl O'Neill; ■< and (Laurence, earl of Rosse. Dec. 1. By the act 1 William I. cap. 18, the two separate offices of Postmaster-General of Great Britain, and Post- master-General of Ireland, were consolidated and united into one office, to possess the same powers, and to be subject to the same penalties, as the former two ; and the appointments of the secretary and the other officers of the Post-office at Dublin, were thereafter vested in the Postmaster- General in London. LORD MAYOR OF DUBLIN. The cliief magistrate of Dublin had conferred upon liim the distinction of " Lord " Mayor, by king Charles I., 1641 ; but the first Mayor that enjoyed the title was sir Daniel Bellingham, in 1665. — Connellans Annals of Dublin. Lord Mayoks of Dublin. 1665- 1666- 1667- 1668. 1669. 1670- 1671 1672 1673- 1674 1675. 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689- 1690- 1691- 1692- 1693- 1694- 1695- 1696- 1697- 1698- 1699- 1700- 1701- 1702- 1703- 1704- 6. Sir Daniel Bellingham. 7. John Desmyniers. 8. Mark Quin. 9. John Forrest. 70. Lewis Desmyniers. 1. Enoch Keader. 2. Sir John Totty. 3. Robert Deey. 4. Sir Joshua Allen. •5. Sir Francis Brewster. ■6. William Smith. ■7. Christopher Lovet. John Smith. Peter Ward. John Eastwood. Luke Lowther. ]o* I Sir Humphrey Jervis. ' Sir EHas Best. Sir Abel Ram. Sir John Knox. Sir John Castleton. Sir Thomas Hacket. -9. Sir Michael Creagh. 90. Terence M'Dermott. 1. John Otrington. 2. Sir Michael Mitchell. 3. Sir Michael Mitchell. 4. Sir John Rogerson. 5. George Blackhall. 6. William Watts. 7. Sir William Billington. 8. Bart. Van Homrigh. 9. Thomas Quin. •1700. * * * 1. Sir Mark Rainsford. 2. Samuel Walton. 3. Thomas Bell. 4. John Page. 5. Sir Francis Stoyte. 1705- 6. William Gibbons. 1706- 7. Benjamin Burton. 1707- 8. John Pearson. 1708- 9. Sir William Fownes. 1709- 10. Charles Forrest. 1710- 11. Sir John Eccles. 1711- 12. Ralph Gore. 1712- 13. Sir Samuel Cooke. 1713- 14. * * * 1714- 15. Sir James Barlow. 1715- 16. John Stoyte. 1716 17. Thomas Bolton. 1717- 18. Anthony Barkey. 1718- 19. William Quail. 1719- 20. Thomas Wilkinson. 1720- 1. George Forbes. 1721- 2. Thomas Curtis. 1722- 3. William Dickson. 1723- 4. John Porter. 1724- 5. John Reyson. 1725- 6. Joseph Kane. 1726- 7. William Empson. 1727- 8. Sir Nathaniel Whitwell. 1728- 9. Henry Burrowes *, and John Page. 1729- 30. Sir Peter Verdoen. 1730- 1. Nathaniel Pearson. 1731- 2. Joseph Nuttall. 1732- 3. Humphrey French. 1733- 4. Thomas How. 1734- 5. Nathaniel Kane. 1735- 6. Sir Richard Grattan*, and George Forbes. 1736- 7. James Somerville. 1737- 8. William Walker. 1738- 9. John Macarroll. 1739- 40. Daniel Falkiner. 1740- 1. Sir Samuel Cooke. 1741- 2. William Aldrich. 1742- 3. Gilbert King. 1743- 4. David Tew *, and William Aldrich. * The lord mayors thus marked died during their mayoralty. 462 LORD MAYORS OF DUBLIN. 1744- 5. John Walker. 1745- 6. Daniel Cooke. 1746- 7. Richard White *, and William Walker. 1747- 8. Sir George liibton. 1748- 9. Robert Ross. 1749- 50. John Adamson. " 1750-1. Thomas Taylor. 1751- 2. John Cooke. 1752- 3. Sir Charles Burton. 1753- 4. Andrew Murray. 1754- 5. Hans Bailie. 1755- 6. Pereival Hunt. 1756- 7. John Forbes. 1757- 8. Thomas Mead. 1758- 9. Philip Crampton. 1759- 60. John Tew. 1760- 1. Sir Patrick Hamilton. 1761- 2. Sir Timothy Allen. 1762- 3. Charles Rossell. 1763- 4. WiUiam Forbes. 1764- 5. Benjamin Geale. 1765- 6. Sir James Taylor. 1766- 7. Edward Sankey. 1767- 8. Francis Fetherston. 1768- 9. Benjamin Barton. 1769- 70. Sir Thomas Blackhall. 1770- 1. George Reynolds. 1771- 2. Francis Booker *, and William Forbes. 1772- 3. Richard French. 1773- 4. William Lightburne. 1774- 5. Henry Hart. 1775- 6. Thomas Emerson. 1776- 7. Henry Bevan. 1777- 8. William Dunn. 1778- 9. Sir Anthony King. 1779- 80. James Hamilton. 1780- 1. Killner Swettenham. 1781- 2. John Darragh. 1782- 3. Nathaniel Warren. 1783- 4. Thomas Green. 1784- 5. James Horan. 1785- 6. James Shiel. 1786- 7. George Alcock. 1787- 8. William Alexander. 1788- 9. John Rose. 1789- 90. John Exshaw. 1790- 1. Henry Howison. 1791- 2. Henry Gore Sankey. 1792- 3. John Carleton. 1793- 4. William James. 1794- 5. Richard Moncrieffe. 1795- 6. Sir William Worthington. 1796- 7. Samuel Read. 1797- 8. Thomas Fleming. 1798- 9. Thomas Andrews. 1799- 1800. John Sutton *, and John Exshaw. 1800- 1. Charles Thorp. 1801- 2. Richard Manders. 1802- 3. Jacob Poole. 1803- 4. Henrv Hutton. 1804- 5. Meredith Jenkin. 1805- 6. James Vance. 1806- 7. Joseph Pemberton. 1807- 8. Hugh Trevor. 1808- 9. Frederick Darley. 1809- 10. Sir William Stamer, bart. 1810- 11. Nathaniel Hone. 1811- 12. William-Henry Archer. 1812- J 3. Abraham Bradley King. 1813- 14. John Cash. 1814 15. John Claudius Beresford. 1815- 16. Robert Shaw; afterwards sir Robert, bart. 1816- 17. Mark Bloxham. 1817- 18. John Alley. 1818- 19. Thomas M'Kenny. 1819- 20. Sir William Stamer, bart. 1820- 1. Sir Abraham Bradley King, bart. 1821- 2. Sir John Kingston James, bart. 1822- 3. John Smyth Fleming. 1823- 4. Richard Smyth. 1824- 5. Drurv Jones. 1825- 6. Thomas Abbot. 1826- 7. Samuel- William Tyndall. 1827- 8. Sir Edmund Nugent. 1828- 9. Alexander Montgomery. 1829- 30. Jacob West. 1830- 1. Sir Robert W. Hartv, bart. 1831- 2. Sir Thomas Whelan, knt. 1832- 3. Charles Palmer Archer. 1833- 4. Sir George Whiteford, knt. 1834- 5. Arthur Perrin. 1835- 6. Arthur Morrison. 1836- 7. William Hodges. 1837- 8. Samuel Warren. 1838- 9. George Hoyte. 1839- 40. Sir Nicholas-William Brady, knt. 1840- 1. Sir John Kingston James, bart. 1841- 2. Daniel O'Connell, m. p. 1843. George Roe. 1844. Timothy O'Brien. 1845. John L. Arabin. 1846. John Keshan. 1847. Michael Staunton. 1848. Jeremiah Dunne. 1849. Timothy O'Brien, m. p., afterwards bart. 1850. John Reynolds, m. p. 1851. Benjamin Lee Guinness. COMMANDERS OF THE FORCES IN IRELAND. * * General John Leslie, earl of Rothes. 1774. General sir George- Augustus Elliot. 1775. Lieut. -general sir John Irvine, k. b. 1782. Lieut.-general John Burgoyne. 1784. General William -Augustus Pitt. 1791. General George Warde. 1793. General Robert Cunninghame ; afterwards lord Rossmore. 1796. General Henry, earl of Carharapton. 1797. Lieut.-general sir Ralph Abercrombie, k.b. 1798. General Charles, marquess Cornwallis. 1801. General sir William Medows, k. b. 1803. Lieut.-general hon. Henry-Edward Fox. — General William, lord Cathcart. 1806. General Charles, earl of Harrington. 1812. General sir J. Hope, k.b. 1813. General sir George Hewett, bart. 1816. General sir George Beckwith, g. c. b. 1820. General sir David Baird, bart. g. c. b. 1822. Lieut.-gen. sir Samuel Auchmuty, G. c. b. — Lieut.-gen. lord Combermere, g. c. b. Nov 1825. Lieut.-gen. sir George Murray, g. c. b. 1828. Lieut.-gen. sir John Byng, k. c. b. 1831. Lieut.-gen. sir R. Hussey Vivian, bart. K. c. B. 1836. Lieut.-gen. sir Edward Blakeney, k. c. b Aug. 26. The present (1851) Com- mander of the Forces. 463 ARCHBISHOPRICS AND BISHOPRICS OF IRELAND. There were formerly four Arclibishoprics and eighteen Bishoprics in Ireland, many of which included merged sees. By the Church Temporalities Act, 3 & 4 William IV., cap. 37. (passed Aug. 14, 1833), the Archbishoprics of Cashel and Tuam were eventu- ally abolished, on the decease of the then existing archprelates ; and the suffragan bishoprics were, in like manner, reduced from eighteen to ten by the union of certain of the sees, accordingly as they became vacant, whether by the decease or the trans- lation of the respective prelates : — Bishoprics when and as void to he united to other Archbishoprics or Bishoprics. 1. Dromore - - - to be united to 2. Raphoe - - - to be united to 3. Clogher - - - to be united to 4. Elphin - - - to be united to 5. KiUala and Achonry - to be united to 6. Clonfert and Kilmacduagli - to be united to 7. Kildare - - - to be united to 8. Ossory - - - to be united to 9. Waterford and Lismore - to be united to 10. Cork and Koss - - to be united to Archbishoprics and Bishoprics to which those becoming void are to be united. Down and Connor. Derry. Armagh. Kilmore. Tuam ; now a bishopric only. Killaloe and Kilfenora. Dublin and Glandelagli. Ferns and Leighlin. Cashel and Emly ; now a bishopric onl}^ Cloyne. All these sees have now merged in the sees directed by the above-named act ; the see of Clogher (united to Armagh in 1850) being the last. ARCHBISHOPEIC OF ARMAGH. St. Patrick, the Apostle of Ireland, built a church, and fixed a bishop's see, here In the year 444 or 445. One Daire^ a man of great affluence and high reputation among his own people, granted the site whereon the church was built, near the river Callan. The bishops were not invested with the pallium until the year 1152 (March 9), when it was also conferred (at the hands of the cardinal-priest, John Paparo, legate from pope Eugene III.) on the sees of Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam. At that period, the dignity of " Primate of all Ireland " was recognised as belonging to the Archbishops of Armagh, of whom Gelasius was the first. The archdiocese includes four parishes in the county of Derry, one-third of the county of Tyrone, and nearly all of the counties of Armagh and Louth. The province over which the Archbishop presides as metropolitan, comprises the dioceses of Meath, Clogher, Derry, Down and Connor, and Dromore, Tuam, Clonfert, with Kilmore, Elphin, and Ardagh. His grace is, ex officio^ prelate of the order of St. Patrick, lord almoner to the queen, vice-chancellor of the university of Dublin, and a member of the Irish privy council. The episcopal residence is in Armagh. Bishops of Armagh. St. Patrick founded this see in - - - 444 St. Binen ; resigned - - - - 455 St. Jarlatli, the son of Trien - - - 4G5 Cormac 482 Dubtachl. 497 Ailild 1. 513 Ailild 11. 526 Dubtach II. - - - - - - 636 David (Mac Guaire Hua Farannan) - - 548 FiedUmid -551 Cairlan ------- 578 Eschaid (Mac Dermod) - - - - 688 Senach ------- 698 Mac Laisir (supposed to be St. Ternan) - 610 Thomian (IMac Ronan) - 623 Segene - - - - - - -661 Flan Febla ------ 688 Suibhney - - - - - - 715 Congusa ------- 730 Cele-Peter - 750 Ferdachry ------ 758 Foendelach; resigned - - - - 7C8 Dubdalethy - 778 Affiat 793 Cudiniscus - - - - - - 794 Conraach ------ 793 Torbach (Mac Gorman) - - - - 807 Nuad (Mac Serine) - - - - 808 Mac Loingle (Fiangus) - - - - 812 Artriftius ------ g22 464 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. Eugine (Monaster) 833 Faranan ; resigned ----- 834 8t. Dermod (O'Tigernacli) - - - 848 Factna 852 Ainmire ------- 874 Catasach (Mac Rabarlach) - - - 875 Moelcob (Mac Cmmvail) - - - - 883 Moel-Brigid (Mac Dornan) - - - 885 Joseph ------- 927 Moel-Patrick (MacMaoltule) - - - 936 Catasach 11. (Mac Dulgen) - - - 937 Muredach (Mac Fergus) - - - - 957 Dtibdalethy IT. (Mac Kellach) - - - 966 Miirechan; resigned - - - - 993 M^elmury, or Marian _ - - lOOl Amalgaid 1021 Dubdalethy III. 1050 Cumasach (O'Herudan) - - - - 1065 Moelisa (Mac Amalgaid) - - - - 1065 Donald (Mac Amalgaid) - - - - 1092 Celsus (Mac Aid Mac Maelisa) - - - 1106 Maurice (Mac Donald) - - - -1129 St. Malachy O'Morgair ; resigned - - 1134: Archbishops. ed - 1152 ^t. - 1174 oe 1175 jr 1184 Edmund Connesburgh ; resigned - - 1477 Octavian de Palatio, a Florentine - - 1480 John Kite ; resigned - _ - _ 1513 George Cromer ----- 1522 George Dowdalli - - - - - 1543 Hugh Goodacre - 1552 Gelasius (Mac Roderick), consecrate bishop in 1137 : the first archbishop Cornelius (Mac Concalede), abbot of ^ Peter and St. Paul, Armagh Gilbert (O'Caran) ; translated from Raph Maslisa O'Carrol ; translated from Cloght Amalve (O'Murid) . - - - 1184 Thomas O'Connor 1185 Eugene (Mac Gillivider) - - - - 1206 Luke Nettervill 1220 Donato Fidatra; translated from Clogher - 1227 [See vacant 3 years.] Albert of Cologn ; resigned - - - 1240 Reiner, Dominican friar - - - - 1247 Abraham O'Conellan - - - - 1257 Patrick O'Scanlain, Dominican friar ; trans- lated from Raphoe - - - -1261 Nicholas Mac Molissa - - - - 1272 John Taaf, Franciscan friar - - - 1305 Walter de Jorse, Dominican friar ; resigned 1306 Roland Jorse, Dominican friar ; resigned - 1311 Stephen Segrave, rector of Stepney, Lon- don ------ - 1322 David O'Hiraghty 1334 Richard Fitz Ralph 1347 Milo Sweetman, friar of Kilkenny - -1361 John Colton, dean of St. Patrick ; resigned 1382 Nicholas Fleming, a secular priest - - 1404 John Swayn, rector of Gall Irim, Meath ; resigned ------ 1417 JohnPrene 1439 John Mey 1444 John Bole, abbot of St. Mar}^, Navan - 1457 [See vacant almost 5 years.] John Foxall, Franciscan friar - - - 1475 [The see was vacant for some years, ex- cept at the time that archbishop Dow- dall filled, it during the reign of Mary.] Adam Loftus ; resigned - - - - 1562 Thomas Lancaster, friar of Salisbury - 1568 John Long ------ 1584 JohnGarvey; translated from Kilmore - 1589 Henry Ussher, archdeacon of Dublin - - 1595 Christopher Hampton, bishop elect of Derry 1613 J ames Usher ; translated from Meath (died 1655) 1624 John Bramhall; translated from Derry - 1661 James Margetson; translated from Dublin- 1663 Michael Boyle; translated from Dublin - 1678 Narcissus Marsh ; translated from Dublin - 1703 Thomas Lindsay; translated from Raphoe 1714 Hugh Boulter ; translated from Bristol - 1724 John Hoadley ; translated from Dublin - 1742 George Stone ; translated from Derry - 1747 Richard Robinson ; translated from Kildare (created lord Rokeby, of Armagh, in 1777) 1765 William Newcombe ; translated from Water- ford ------- 1795 Hon. William Stuart ; translated from St. David's - 1800 Lord John-George de la Poer Beresford; translated from Dublin - - - - 1822 The PRESENT (1851) Archbishop of Armagh. BISHOPRIC OF CLOGHER. (^Now united to the Ai^chhishopric of Armagh.) This see was founded by St. Macartin, who was one of the earliest disciples of St. Pa- trick, an indefatigable assistant to him in preaching the word of God, so he was called the staff, and support of his old age." He fixed the see at Clogher, where he also built a monastery " at the command of St. Patrick, in the street before the royal seat of the kings of Ergal." The diocese comprises the counties of Monaghan and Fermanagh, with parts of Tyrone, Donegal, and Louth. It is suffragan to Armagh, and on the decease of the present bishop, it will merge into that see. Incorrectness is the least fault in the accounts of the early bishops ; we shall therefore name those 1 This prelate was appointed by the king ; but the pope would never confirm him in the see, and appointed Eobert \N auchope, a Scotsman, who was never allowed possession. DUBLIN. 465 only, occurring previously to the twelfth century, that we find mentioned in con- temporary histories.^ Bishops of Cloghek. St. Macartin : died circa - - - - 506 St. Tigernach 550 St. Siiiell * * Feidlimid - - - - - _** St. Laserian : died circa - - - - 571 St. Aidan ; made bishop of Lindisfarn : died circa ------- 651 Airmeadach ; who is said to have written a life of St. Patrick * * Foeldobar : died circa - - . - - 731 Ailil : died in 898 St. Cenfail : died in - - - - 929 ****** Christian O'Morgair : succeeded - - 1126 Edan O'Kelly 1139 Moelisa O'Carol ; translated to Armagh - 1182 Christian O'Macturan, abbot of Clonmac- nois ------- 1184 Moelisa (Mac-Mail-Ciaran), abbot of Mil- lefont2 1191 Tigernach Mac Gilla Ronan, an Augustine canon ------- 1195 Donat O'Fidatra ; translated to Armagh - 1218 Nehemiah O'Brogan - - - - 1227 David O'Brogan 1240 Michael (Mac Antsair), archdeacon - - 12G8 Matthew MacCatasaid I., chancellor of Armagh - 1287 Gelasius O'Banan - - - - -1316 Nicholas Mac Catasaid, archdeacon - - 1320 Bernard Mac Camoeil, archdeacon - - 1356 Matthew Mac Catasaid II., archdeacon - 1361 Odo O'Neal, chancellor of Armagh: died - 1370 O'Corcroin, a Cistercian monk - - - 1370 Arthur Mac Camoeil, archdeacon - - 1389 Peter INIacguire, archdeacon : resigned - 1432 Roger Macguire ----- 1449 Edmund Courcy ; translated to Ross ; Fran- ciscan friar ------ 1485 [See vacant 8 years.] Nehemiah Clonin, Benedictine friar: re- signed 1502 Patrick O'ConolIy, abbot of St. Peter and St. Paul, Clormacnois - - - - 1504 Eugene Mac Camoeil, dean - - _ 1595 [See vacant 4 years.] Patrick CuUin, Augustine hermit - - 1519 [ See vacant 8 years. ] Hugh O'Cervallan 1542 Miler or Miles Macgragh ; translated to Cashel, 1571 ; first Protestant bishop - 1570 [See vacant many years.] George Mountgomery, dean of Norwich in England 1G05 [He held the sees of Derry and Raphoe with this : resigning these, he got Meath, which he held with this see until his death.] James Spottiswood - - - - -1621 Henrv Jones, dean of Ardagh ; translated to Meath 1645 John Lesley; translated from Raphoe - 1661 Robert Lesley; translated from Raphoe - 1671 Roger Boyle; translated from Down and Connor ------ 1G72 Richard Tennison ; translated from Killala andAchonry; translated to Meath - 1691 St. George Ash ; translated from Cloyne ; translated to Derry - - - - 1 697 John Sterne ; translated from Dromore - 1717 Robert Claj- ton ; translated from Cork and Ross ------- 1745 John Garnet ; translated from Leighlin and Ferns ------ 1753 JohnHotham; translated from Ossory - 1782 William Foster ; translated from Kilmore - 1796 John Porter ; translated from Killala - 1798 Lord John-George de la Poer Beresford ; translated from Raphoe; translated to Dublin 1819 Hon. Percy Jocelj^n ; translated from Leighlin and Ferns : deprived - - 1820 Lord Robert Ponsonby Tottenham ; trans- lated from Leighlin and Ferns - - 1822 [On the death of lord Robert Tottenham in 1850, the see of Clogher was united to the archbishopric of Armagh.] ARCHBISHOPRIC OF DUBLIN. This see is supposed to have been founded by St. Patrick, about the year 448. It became archiepiscopal in 1152. See Armagh, There are two cathedrals, both situated in the city of Dublin, a most rare thing ; one is dedicated to the Holy Trinity, and is called Christ-Church ; the other is dedicated to St. Patrick. The diocese comprises, with the see of Kildare, lately annexed, the counties of Dublin, Wicklow, Kildare, part of the King's and Queen's Counties, and a part of Wexford. The province includes the dioceses of Dublin, Kildare, Ossory, Limerick, Cork, Killaloe, and CasheL The Archbishop is primate of Ireland, and is ex officio chancellor of the order of St. Patrick, 1 Sir James Ware names forty-five bishops between 506 and 1126; of whom eleven are named between the death of St. Macartin, in 50G, and the death of Laserian, in 57J. '2 The family name of this bishop is lost ; for these that he is here called by are assumed names, according to a custom often practised among ecclesiastics, to express their devotion to Christ, or some saint. For Moelisa means the servant of Christ ; and the other name, the son of the servant of St. Kiaran. H H 466 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. a visitor of the university of Dublin, and a member of the Irish privy council. The seat of the see is in Dublin. Glandalagh was united to the Archbishopric in 1214. By the provisions of the late Church Temporalities Act, the bishopric of Kildare was united to Dublin, on the decease of Dr. Lindsay, in 1846. Bishops of Dublin. Livinius : suffered martyrdom in the Low Countries in - 633 St. Wiro or Wirus : died in - - - 650 Disibode : resigned ----- 675 Gualafer * * St. Rumold : murdered near Mechlin - 775 St. SeduHus : died 785 Gregory; bishop in 1121; the first arch- bishop of this see in - - - - 1152 St. Laurence O'Toole - - - -1162 John Com3'n ------ 1182 Henry de Londres - - - - -1213 Luke, dean of St. Martin's, London - - 1228 Fulk de Saunford, friar of St. Patrick's, London 1256 John de Derlington, Dominican friar - 1279 John de Saunford, Franciscan friar, and dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin : succeeded 1284 [Thomas de Chadsworth, dean of St. Pa- trick's, was elected in 1294, but the king would not confirm him.] William de Hotham, dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin : succeeded - - - - 1297 [He died the same year, and Adam de Balsham, prior of Christ-Church, was elected by that convent ; but the dean and chapter of St. Patrick's made choice of their dean, the before-men- tioned Thomas de Chadsworth. This occasioned much trouble ; for the pope, claiming a right to name to the see, it not having been filled within three months after the death of the last bishop, named — ] Richard de Ferings, archdeacon of Canter- bury, in ----- - 1299 [Who got possession after some difii- culty.] John Leek, bishop elect of Dunkeld - - 1310 [The same scene ensued on bishop Fering's death, in 1306, as had oc- curred on bishop Hotham's, and ended in both elections being declared void. He died in 1313.] Alexander de Bicknor : succeeded - - 1317 [On bishop Leek's death, the contest of election was renewed : one party made choice of W alter Thornbury ; the other, of Bicknor ; but the former was wrecked going to France, and the latter easily obtained possession.] J ohn de St. Paul, canon of Dublin : suc- ceeded 1349 Thomas Minot 1363 Cormac - - - - - - _** ***** Donat : died immediately after - - 1074 Patrick : succeeded _ _ - . 1074 Donat O'Haingly 1084 Samuel O'Haingly 1095 Robert de Wikeford, archdeacon of Win- chester 1375 Robert Waldby, bishop of Aire, in Gascony 1391 Richard Northalis ; translated from Ossory 1396 Thomas Cranley 1397 Richard Talbot 1417 Michael Tregury ----- 1449 John Walton, abbot of Osney, near Oxford : resigned ------ 1472 Walter Fitzsimons, chanter of St. Patrick's, Dublin - - - - : 1484 William Rokeby ; translated from Meath - 1511 Hugh Inge; translated from Meath - - 1521 John Allen, or Allan, friar of St. Patrick's, London 1528 [Murdered by the Fitzgeralds.] George Brown, an Augustine friar of Lon- don ; the first Protestant archbishop of this see : deprived by queen Mary in 1554 : succeeded ----- 1535 Hugh Curwen, or Curvvyn ; translated to Oxford 1555 Adam Loftus ; translated from Armagh - 15G7 Thomas Jones; translated from Meath - 1605 Lancelot Bulkeley, archdeacon of Dublin - 1G19 James Margetson, treasurer of St. Patrick's ; translated to Armagh - - - - 1660 Michael Boyle ; translated from Cork, &c. ; translated to Armagh - - - - 1663 John Parker ; translated from Tuam - - 1678 Francis Marsh ; translated from Kilmore, &c. 1681 Narcissus Marsh ; translated from Cashel ; translated to Armagh - - - - 1694 William King ; translated from Derry - 1703 John Hoadley ; translated from Leighlin and Ferns; translated to Armagh - - 1729 Charles Cobbe ; translated from Kildare - 1742 Hon. William Carmichael ; translated from Meath 1765 Arthur Smythe ; translated from Meath - 1766 John Craddock ; translated from Kilmore - 1772 Robert Fowler; translated from Killaloe and Kilfenora ----- 1778 Charles Agar, viscount Somerton; trans- lated from Cashel - - - - - 1801 Eusebv Cleaver ; translated from Leighlin and^Ferns 1809 Lord John-George Beresford; translated from Clogher ; translated to Armagh - 1820 William Magee ; translated from Raphoe - 1822 Richard Whately, principal of St. Alban's Hall, Oxford 1831 The PRESENT (1851) Archbishop of Dublin. Archbishops. KILDARE. 467 BISHOPKIC OF GLANDALAGH. ( United to Dublin.) This see has been united to that of Dublin since the year 1214. The catalogue of its bishops is extremely incorrect ; it has been so long united to the archiepiscopal see of Dublin, that their names are seldom to be met with in history. St. Kevin seems to have been the founder of the see. Here existed both a cathedral and an abbey ; the first was dedicated to the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul, and both were situated in a small valley surrounded by lofty mountains. The place is now commonly known by the name of the " Seven Churches," from the remains of so many buildings that are contiguous to the cathedral. Bishops of Glandalagh. St. Coemgene, or Kevin : resigned about - 612 Molibba, or Libba ; succeeded - - - 612 Aidan - - - - - - .** Ampadan - - - - - - ** Dungal Mac Baithen : died - - - 899 Cormac Mac Fitzbran - - - - 925 Gilda na Naomh I. 1085 Cormac O'Mail 1101 Gilda na Naomh II. - - - - 1152 Kinad O'Ronan : seated here about - - 1166 Malchus, or Macrobius - ... - 1179 William Piro: seated here in - - - 1192 BISHOPRIC OF KILDAEE. (^Now united to Dublin.) The see of Kildare is one of the earliest episcopal foundations in Ireland. It was founded, probably, at the close of the fifth century, as the first bisliop on record died in the year 519. St. Bridget, the illegitimate daughter of an Irish chieftain, born in the year 453, received the veil while in her fourteenth y ear, from the hands of St. Patrick, and previous to 484 she founded a nunnery here. To this saint, who died in 523, the cathedral was dedicated. The choir of the cathedral serves as the parish church ; but the nave and other parts of the venerable pile have long been in total ruins. By the operation of the late Church Temporalities Act, the see was united, in 1846, to the archiepiscopal see of Dublin. Bishops of Kildare. %^ Those marked with an (a.) after their names, it is probable were only abbots of Kildare. St. Conlffith: died 519 St. Aid 638 Lochin 694 St. Forannan (a.) 697 Maeldoborean ------ 708 Tola 732 Dim an 743 Cathald O'Forannan (a.) ■ Lomtuil - - - - Snedbran - - Muredach O'Cathald (a.) - Eudocius O'Diocholla (a.) Foelan O'Kellach (a.) Loetan O'Muctigern Murtogh O'Kellach (a.) - Siedhul, or Sedulius (a.) 747 782 785 785 793 799 813 820 828 Tuadcar ------- 833 - 840 - 862 - 808 - 870 - 874 - 874 Orthanach - - - - iEdgene - - - - - St. Cobthack O'Muredach (a.) - Moengal - - - - - Robertae Mac "N"aserda Lanfran Mac Mogtigern - Suibney O'Fianacta - - - Scandalus, or Scannail 884 Largisius: killed in a battle near Dublin by the Danes ----- 885 Flanagan O'Riagan (a.) - - - - 920 Crunmoel 929 Meelfinan 949 Culean Mac Kellach (a.) : killed by the Danes - - 953 Mured Mac Foelan (a.) : killed by the Danes 965 Amucaid- 98i Murechad Mac Flan - - - - - 985 Moel Martin 1028 Moel Brigid, or Brigidian - . - 1042 Fin Mac GufFan (Mac Gorman) : died - 1085 Moel Brigid (or Brigidian O'Brolcan) - 1097 Aid O'Heremon 1100 Ferdomnac ------ 1102 MacDongail 1108 Cormac O'Cathsuigh - - - - 1144 O'Dubhin 1148 Finan (Mac Tiarcain) O'Gorman - - IIGO Malachy O'Beirn 1176 Nehemiah: succeeded in - - - - li77 Cornelius MacGelany . - - - 12O6 Ralph of Bristol, friar of St. Patrick's, Dub- lin 1223 H 2 468 BISHOrS OF lEELAND, John of Taunton, canon of St. Patrick's, Dublin 1233 Simon of Kilkenny ----- 1258 Nicholas Cusack, Franciscan friar - - 1279 Walter de Yeele, chanter of Kildare - - 1299 Richard Hulot, archdeacon - - - 1334 Thomas GifFord, chanter of Kildare - - 1353 Robert of Askeaton, an Augustine hermit - 1366 George : succeeded in - - - - 1368 [He is said to have died in 1401.] Henry of Wessenberch, Franciscan friar - 1401 Thomas: died- - - - - - 1405 John Madock, archdeacon : died - - 1431 William, archdeacon : succeeded - - 1432 [See vacant nearly 3 years.] GeofFry Hereford, Dominican friar - - 1449 Richard Lang ; who was elected to the see of Armagh, but was disappointed of it - 1464 David 1474 James Wale, Franciscan friar : resigned - 1475 William Barret : resigned before - - 1482 Edmund Lane. This prelate was drawn in by the earl of Kildare, to assist at the mock coronation of Lambert Simnel, but was afterwards pardoned - . _ 1482 Thomas Dillon 1523 Walter Wellesley 1531 William Miagh 1540 [On the death of bishop Wellesley, the pope named Donald O'Beachan to be bishop ; he died a few days after ; the pope then named Thady Reynolds, but the king set him aside. ] Thomas Lancaster, the first Protestant bishop : deprived 1554 : succeeded - 1550 Thomas Liverous, dean of St. Patrick's : de- prived for refusing the oath of supre- macy ------- 1554 Alexander Craik, dean of St. Patrick's: he greatly impoverished the see - - 1560 Robert Daly: this prelate suffered much from the rebels ----- 1564 Daniel Neylan 1583 William Pilsworth : impoverished the see - 1604 Robert Usher, archdeacon of Meath - - 1635 William Golbourn, archdeacon - - - 1644 [This prelate died in 1650 : the see vacant about 10 years.] Thomas Price, dean of Kilmore ; translated to Cashel - 1661 Ambrose Jones, archdeacon of Meath - 1667 Anthony Dopping ; translated to Meath - 1678 William Moreton, dean of Christ-Church, which has ever since gone with this see ; translated to Meath - - - - 1681 Welbore Ellis ; translated to Meath - - 1705 Charles Cobbe ; translated from Dromore ; translated to Dublin - - - - 1732 George Stone ; translated from Ferns and Leighlin ; translated to Derry - - 1743 Thomas Fletcher; translated from Dro- more ------- 1745 Richard Robinson ; translated from Ferns and Leighlin ; translated to Armagh - 1761 Charles Jackson; translated from Ferns and Leighlin - - - - - 1765 George-Lewis Jones; translated from Kil- more - - - - - - - 1790 Hon. Charles Dalrym pie Lindsay ; translated from Killaloe ----- 1804 [On the death of this prelate in 1846, the see was united to Dublin.] CASHEL, EMLY, WATERFOED, AND LISMORE. CoRMAc, king and bishop of Cashel, is reputed to have been the founder or the re- storer of the cathedral of Cashel, and we have few traces of the bishops before his time. About the period of the arrival of the Englit^h, Donald O'Brien, king of Limerick, built a new church here from the foundation, which he endowed with lands, and con- verted Cormac's old church into a chapel or chapter house. Cashel became archiepis^ copal in 1152. The see of Emly was united to Cashel in 1568; and by the provisions of the late Church Temporalities Act, the united see of Waterford and Lismore became annexed to both, in 1839, when, also, Cashel ceased to be archiepiscopal. The combined diocese includes the counties of Tipperary and W aterford, and part of the county of Limerick. The see is suffragan to Dublin. Bishops of Cashel. Cormac Mac Culinan ; promoted 901 : died 908 Miler, or Melmurray O'Dunan - - - 1118 [Killed in a battle at Bean Ree.] Moelisa O'Foglada - - - - -1131 Donald O'Hene: died - - - - 1098 Donat O'Conaing 1137 Archbishops of Cashel. Donat O'Lonergan : seated here before - 1152 [As in that year he was invested with the pall by cardinal Paparo, the pope's legate.] Ponald O'Hullucan succeeded in - * 11. 38 Maurice - - 1182 Matthew O'Heney, Cistercian monk - - 1192 Donat O'Lonergan IL, Cistercian monk - 1206 Donat O'Lonergan 111. : resigned - - 1216 Marian O'Brien ; translated from Cork - 1224 I David Mac Kelly j translated from Cloyne - 1238 EMLY. 469 David Mac Carwill, dean of Cashel - - 1253 [This prelate founded the chantry of St. Nicholas at Cashel ; also a Cistercian abbey, called the Hore abbey ; and the abbey of St. Mary, on the rock of Cashel ; and erected Cashel into a bo- rough.] Stephen O'Brogan, archdeacon of Glan- dalagh 1291 Maurice Mac Carwill, archdeacon - - 1303 William Fitz-John ; translated from Ossory 1317 [The pope, at the king's request, made void two elections made by two parties, and chose this prelate.] John O'Carrol, dean of Cork - - - 1327 Walter le Rede; translated from Cork - 1330 John O'Grada, friar of Cashel - - - 1332 Kalph Kelly, Carmelite friar - - - 1345 George Eoche : drowned in the year - - 1362 [See vacant some years.] Thomas O'Carrol ; translated from Tuam : succeeded ------ 1365 Philip de Torrington, Franciscan friar - 1374 [See vacant 4 years.] Peter Hacket, archdeacon - - - - 1384 Richard O'Hedian, archdeacon - - - 1406 [In his time the cathedral becoming ruinous through age, he had it com- pletely repaired. He was impeached of many crimes by John Gese, bishop of Lismore and Waterford. See vacant 10 years.] John Cantwell : succeeded - - - 1450 r>avid Creagh 1483 Maurice Fitzgerald ----- 1504 Edmund Butler 1527 [This prelate died in 1550.] Roland Baron : succeeded - - . 1553 [See vacant 6 years.] James Mac Caghwell ; the first Protestant archbishop : succeeded in - - - 15G7 Miler Magragh, a Franciscan friar; but, becoming a Protestant, was, by queen Elizabeth, promoted to this see in - - 1571 [ He made great waste of the revenues : died in 1622, aged 100 years.] Malcolm Hamilton, chancellor of Down - 1623 Archibald Hamilton ; translated from Kil- lala and Achonry . _ _ _ 1G40 [He died at Stockholm in 1659, aged 80 years.] Thomas Fulwar ; translated from Ardfert - 1661 Thomas Price ; translated from Kildare - 1667 [This prelate died in 1684, and the see continued vacant until 1691.] Narcissus Marsh ; translated from Ferns and Leighlin ; translated to Dublin - - 1691 William Palliser ; translated from Cloyne - 1694 William Nicholson ; translated from Derry- 172G Timothy Godwin ; translated from Kilmore and Ardagh 1727 Theopliilus 13olton ; translated from Elphin 1730 Arthur Price ; translated from Meath - 1744 John Whitcombe; translated from Down and Connor ------ 1752 Michael Cox ; translated from Ossory - 1754 Charles Agar ; translated from Cloyne (lord Somerton, in 1795) - - - _ 1779 Hon. Charles Broderick; translated from Kilmore 1801 Richard Lawrence, regius professor of He- brew, Oxford 1822 Stephen C. Sandes ; translated from Killaloe 1839 Robert Daly, d. d., consecrated 1843. The PRESENT (1851) Bishop of Cashel, Emly, Waterford, and Lismore. BISHOPEIC OF EMLY. (^First united to Cashel; now to the united see of Cashel, Ewly, Waterford, and Lismore.) Emly is a very ancient see, and is supposed to have been founded by St. Patrick. The place is mentioned by some of the old historians as a large and flourishing city, though it is now a poor and inconsiderable village. The cathedral is dedicated to St. Ailbe, who is named as the first bishop, and who died Sept. 12, 527. Emly was united to Cashel in 1568. It is now united (with Cashel) to Waterford and Lismore. Bishops of Emly. St. Ailbe, circa 448 : died - - - - 527 Conaing O'Daithil : died - - - - 660 Conamail Mac Cartiag : died - - - 707 Cellach : died - - - - - 718 Senchai: died- ----- 778 Cuan: died 784 Sectabrat: died 819 Flan Mac Flamchellaic : died - - - 825 Olchobar Mac Kinede, king of Cashel : died 850 Maneus Hac Huargusa : died - - - 857 Caenfelad, king of Cashel : died - - - 872 Rudgall Mac Fingail : died - - - 882 Concen Mathair : died - - - - 887 Owen Mac Cenfeolad : slain - - - 889 H J Moelbrigid: died - - 895 Miscelus: died - - _ - 898 Flan Mac Conail : died - 903 Tibraid Mac Maelfin : died - 912 Edchada Mac Scanlain : died - - 941 Huarach : died _ - - - 953 Mel Killach : died - - - - 957 Feolan Mac Cellaid : died - - 981 Cenfada : died - - 990 Columb ]Mac Lagenan : died - 1003 Cormac O'Fin : died - 1020 Serbrethae : died - - - - 1027 Mselfman : died - - - - 1040 O'Flanchna: died - - - - 1047 470 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. Clothna Miiimnech : died - - - - 1040 Moelmorda: died ----- 1075 Mrelisa O'Harachtain : died - - - 1093 O'Ligbai: died 1122 Moelmorda Maclnclodnai- - - - * * Deicola * * Moelisa O'Lagenan - - - - -1163 O'Meiciti 1172 Charles O'Buacalla, abbot of Mellifont - 1177 Reginald O'Flanua 1197 [No certainty of his successor.] Henry, Cistercian monk: succeeded in - 1212 John CoUingham ----- 1228 Christian ------ 1236 Gilbert O'Doverty, dean - - - 1251 Florence of Emly, canon - - - - 1266 Matthew Mac Gorman, archdeacon - - 1272 David O'Culfy, abbot of Holy Cross, Tip- perary 1275 William de Clifford, escheator of England 1282 Thomas Cantock, canon - - - - 1306 William Roghened, dean: succeeded - 1309 Richard de Walleys - - - - 1335 John Esmond, archdeacon of Ferns - - 1356 AVilliam, archdeacon _ _ - - 1363 Nicholas : died 1422 John Rishberry, Augustine hermit; de- layed to expedite his letters of provi- sion. Robert Windell, Franciscan friar, ap- pointed by the pope ; never consecrated. Thomas Burgh, Augustine canon; de- layed to expedite his letters of provi- sion. Robert Portland, Franciscan friar; never consecrated. [The above four were named by the pope ; and the clashing provisions were the cause of the episcopal revenues having been for a long time returned into the king's exchequer.] Thomas : succeeded in - - - - 1431 Robert, of England, appointed by the pope on Thomas's death ; but he was either rejected, or appointed bishop of Tiberias, in Galilee. Cornelius O'Cunlis, Franciscan friar ; trans- lated to Clonfert 1444 Cornelius O'Mulledy, Franciscan friar; translated from Clonfert _ - _ 1448 [See vacant 10 years.] AVilliam O'Hedian 1459 Philip: died 1494 Charles Mac Brien, canon - - _ 1498 Thomas Hurley : died - - - _ 1542 iEneas O'Heffernan, an hospitaller: suc- ceeded 1543 Raymund de Burgh, Franciscan friar - 1554 [He died in 1562 ; and in 1568, the see of Emly was united to the archiepiscopal see of Cashel, by act of parliament.] BISHOPRIC OF WATERFOED AND LISMORE. (^Now united to Cashel and Emly.') The cathedral of Waterford, dedicated to the Blessed Trinity, was first built by tlie Ostmen, and by Malclius, the first bishop, after his return from England, from his consecration, about 1096. Lismore was united to Waterford in 1363. The church of this latter see was founded by St. Carthage, ciixa 636, and Cormac, the son of Muretus, king of Munster, repaired it before 1130. Of the ancient fame of the city of Lismore, the writer of the life of St. Carthage says : " Lismore is a famous and holy city, half of which is an asylum, into which no woman dare enter ; but it is full of cells and holy monasteries, and religious men in great numbers abide there ; and thither holy men flock together from all parts of Ireland ; and not only from Ire- land, but also from England and Britain, being desirous to remove from thence to Christ. The city is built upon the banks of a river, formerly called Nem^ but now Alban-more^ that is, the Great River, in the territory of Nan-Deci, or Decies." There was a see at Ardmore, founded by St. Declan, in the infancy of the Irish Church, but it was united to Lismore, soon after the arrival of the English. By the provisions of the Church Temporalities Act, the united see of Waterford and Lismore was united to Cashel and Emly, on the decease of the then prelate. Dr. Bourke. See below. Bishops of Malchus : placed here in - - - - 1096 Melisa O'Hamire : died - - - - 1J36 Tuistius, or Tostius : seated here in - - 1152 Augustine: succeeded - - - - 1175 Kobert I. : seated here in - - - - 1200 David : succeeded ----- 1204 Kobert II. 1210 William Wace, dean - - - _ 1223 Walter I., Benedictine monk ... 1227 Stephen I. : seated here in - - - 1238 Waterford. Henrv, archdeacon : succeeded - - - 1249 Philip, dean 1252 Walter II. 1255 Stephen of Fulburn 11. - - - - 1273 Walter of Fulburn III. - - - -1286 Matthew 1307 Nicholas Welifed 1323 Richard Francis 1338 Robert Elyot : deprived in 1350 - - 1349 Roger Cradock ; translated to LlandatF - 1350 CORK, CLOYNE, AND ROSS. 471 Bishops of Lismore. St. Carthage; promoted circa C31, or G3G : died 637 Hierologus : died - - - - - 698 Col man, or Mocholmoc, the son of Finbarr : in his time the school here was famous : died 702 St. Cronan : died - - - - - 717 Colman O'Liathan : died - - - - 725 Macoge : died ------ 746 Konan : died - - - - - - 763 Cormac Mac Culenan, bishop of Lismore, and prince of Decies, in Mmister : died - 903 O'Mail Sluaig : died - - - -1025 Moriertach O'Selbaic : died - - - 1034 Mac Airthir : died 1064 Mal-Duin O'Rebacain : died - - - 1091 ]\Iac-Mic-Oeducan : died - - - -1113 Gilla-Mocnda O'Rebacain : died - -1129 Malchus ; flourished in the year - - 1134 Christian O'Conarchy (succeeded about 1150) •. resigned in . _ - . 1175 Felix : died before 1206 O'Heda: died ; 1206 [An uncertain blank here, impossible to till up.] Robert of Bedford : succeeded - - - 1218 Griffin Christopher, chancellor of Lismore : succeeded ------ 1223 Alan O'Sullivan, Dominican friar; trans- lated from Clojme - - _ . 1248 Thomas, treasurer of Lismore - - - 1253 John Roche, chanter of Lismore - - 1270 Richard Corr, chancellor of Lismore - - 1279 William le Fleming, archdeacon of Lismore 1309 John Leynagh, secular priest - - - 1324 Thomas le Reve - - - - - 1358 [Huring his prelacy, the see was united to that of Waterford, in 1363, and has so continued ever since.] Waterford and Lismore. Thomas le Reve ; canon of Lismore ; united see ------- 1363 Robert de Reade, Dominican friar ; trans- lated to Chichester - - - - 1394 Thomas Sparkford : succeeded - ^ - - 1396 John Deping, Dominican friar - - -1397 Thomas Snell, archdeacon of Glendalagh ; translated to Ossory - - . I 1399 Roger 1405 John Gese, Carmelite friar - - . 1499 Richard, archdeacon of Lismore - - 1426 Robert Poer, dean of Limerick - - - 144(5 Richard Martin, Franciscan friar - - 1472 John Bolcomp - - - - _ 1475 Nicholas OTlenisy, Cistercian monk : suc- ceeded - - - - - - 1480 John 1482 Thomas Pursell i486 Nicholas Comin; translated from Ferns: resigned 1519 Patrick Walsh, dean of Waterford - - 1551 Marmaduke Middleton; translated to St. David's 1579 Miler Magragh - - - _ _ 1582 [He resigned in 1589 ; again succeeded in 1592 ; and again resigned in 1607.] Thomas Wetherhead : succeeded - ^ 1589 John Lancaster ----- 1607 Michael Boyle, dean of Lismore - -1619 John Atherton, chancellor of Christ-Church : hanged for bestiality - - - . 163(; Archdeacon Adair; translated from Kil- laloe and Achonry - _ . _ 1(541 [He died in 1647, and the see remained vacant till the Restoration.] George Baker - - - - -1661 Hugh Gore, dean of Lismore - - - 1666 Nathaniel Foy, minister of St. Bridget's, Dublin 1691 Thomas Milles 1708 Charles Este; translated from Ossory - 1740 Richard Chenevix; translated from Kil- laloe - - 174*5 William Newcombe; translated from Os- sory - - - - . - _ 1779 Richard Marlaj' ; translated from Clonfert 1795 Hon. P. le Poer Trench; translated to Elphin 1802 Joseph Stock; translated from Killala - 1810 Hon. Richard Bourke, dean of Ardagh - 1813 [Soon after the death of Dr. Bourke, the Church Temporalities Act was passed, whereby this see was united to Cashel and Emly.] BISHOPRIC OF CORK, CLOYNE, AND ROSS. There is little to be found in ancient writers concerning the foundation of the cathe- dral of Cork, but it is generally ascribed to St. Barror Finbarr, in the seventh century. Throuo-h length of time the church became quite ruinous, but some years ago it was completely rebuilt^ and is now a handsome structure. Cork and Cloyne were united by pope Martin V. about 1 430 ; and the see of Ross was united to the two in 1583, and the bishops were styled " Cork, Cloyne, and Koss," as at present. In 1638, Cloyne was separated by the appointment of a distinct bishop ; but, after the Restoration, they were again united, and continued so until 1678, when Cloyne once more had a bishop of its own. The sees of Cork and Ross now remained in the hands of one prelate for upwards of a century and a hpXf. On the occurrence of a vacancy at Cloyne in 1835, the provisions of the Church Temporalities Act came into force, and the bishoprics became united in the triple form they again bear. The II H 4 472 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. combined diocese comprises almost the whole of the county of Cork. It is in the pro- vince of Dublin. Bishops of Cork. St. Barr, or Finbarr : flourished in - - 630 [But of his immediate successors there are very imperfect accounts until the arrival of the English.] St. Nessan * * Russin: died ------ G85 Selbaic 773 Cathniogan - - - - - -9GI Colum Mac Ciarucain - _ - - 990 Cellach O'Selbaic : died in pilgrimage - 1026 Neil O'Mailduib : died - - - -1027 Airtri Sairt 1028 Cathal: died 1034 Mugron O'Mutan : murdered by robbers - 1057 Clerech O'Selbaic 1086 Maclothod O'Hailgenen - - - -1107 Patrick O'Selbaic 1111 [The see of Cork was vacant about 1140, and then " a certain poor man, who was a foreigner (says St. Bernard), but a man of sanctity and learning, was, by Malachy, bishop of Armagh, nominated bishop, and sent to that see with the applause of the clergy and people." Yet his name is not mentioned.] Gilla ^da O'Mugin : died - - -1172 [He founded an abbey in Cork, which took its name from him, Gilla Abbey.] Gregory: died - - - - - 1186 Reginald * * O'Selbaic: died 1205 Geoffry White- - - - - - * * Marian O'Brien ; translated to Cashel in - 1224 Gilbert, archdeacon of Cork : succeeded - 1225 Laurence: died ----- 1264 William of Jerepont, Cistercian monk : suc- ceeded- - 1266 Reginald, treasurer of Cashel - - - 1267 Robert Macdonogh, Cistercian monk - 1277 John Mac Carvill, or O'Carrol dean ; trans- lated to Meath 1302 Philip of Slane, Dominican friar - - 1321 John le Blonde, dean of Cloyne (never con- secrated) - - - - - -1326 Walter le Rede, canon ; translated to Cashel : succeeded - - - - 1327 John de Baliconingham - - - - 1339 [He was made bishop of Down by the king, but his election was not confirmed by the pope.] John Roche, canon - 1347 Gerald de Barry, dean - - - - 1359 Roger EUesmere ----- 139G Gerald 1406 Patrick Raggad ; translated to Ossory in - 1417 Milo Fitz John : succeeded . - - 141 8 Cork and Cloyne. [Upon the death of Milo Fitz John in 1430, the see of Cork was for a time committed to Nicholas, bishop of Ard- fert, and Richard Scuilog, archdeacon of Cork ; but before the close of 1340, Jordan, chancellor of Limerick, was advanced by pope Martin V. to the bishoprics of Cork and Cloyne, both va- cant at one time, and then canonically united.] Jordan, chancellor of Limerick : succeeded- Gerald Fitz Richard : died - - _ William Roche ; resigned : succeeded Thady Mac Carthy Gerald : resigned in the year - - - John Fitz Edmund : succeeded - - - JohnBennet: died - - - - - Dominick Tirrey : succeeded - - - Roger Skiddy, dean of Limenck [See vacant 4 years.] Richard Dixon ; deprived : succeeded Matthew Sheyn - - - 1431 1479 1479 1490 1499 1499 1536 1536 1557 1570 1572 Cork, Cloyne, and Ross. William Lvon : succeeded - _ - 1533 John Boyle 1618 Richard Boyle, dean of Waterford ; trans- lated to Tuam ----- 1620 William Chappel, provost of Dublin College 1638 [He died in 1649, and the see remained vacant until 1660.] Michael Bovle, dean of Cloyne ; translated to Dublin 1661 Edward Synge; translated from Limerick- 1663 Cork and Ross. Edward Wetenhall, chanter of Christ- Church ; translated to Kilmore and Ar- dagh: succeeded - - - - 1678 Dive DoAvns, archdeacon of Dublin : suc- ceeded- 1699 Peter Brown, provost of Dublin College - 1710 Robert Clayton ; translated from Killalaand Achonr}^ ; translated to Clogher - - 1735 Jemmet Brown ; translated from Killala ; translated to Elphin - - - - 1745 Isaac Mann, archdeacon of Dublin - - 1772 Euseby Cleaver, rector of Petworth, in Eng- land ; translated to Ferns - - - 1789 William Foster, chaplain to the house of commons ; translated to Kilmore - - 1789 William Bennett, chaplain to the earl of Westmoreland, lord lieutenant; trans- lated to Cloyne 1790 Hon. Thomas Stopford, dean of Ferns - 1794 Lord John-George Beresford, dean of Clo- gher ; translated to Raphoe - - - 1806 Hon. T. St. Lawrence, dean of Cork - - 1807 Samuel Kyle, provost of Trinity College, Dublin 1831 [On the death of Dr. Brinkley, bishop of Cloyne, the bishoprics of Cork and Ross became united with Cloyne, in 1835.] noss. 473 BISHOPRIC OF CLOYNE. (^Now united to the now conjoined see of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross.') This see was founded in the sixth century by St. Cohnan (the son of Linin), a man of learning and piety, and a disciple of St. Finbarr, bishop of Cork : he was himself the first bishop of it. Who his immediate successors in the see were, it is difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain ; nor can anything be said, with certainty, of the bishops, until after the arrival of the English. On the death of Dr. Brinkley in 1835, this see, conformably with the provisions of the late Church Temporalities Act, was finally united to Cork and Ross. Bishops of Cloyne. St. Colman : died 604 ***** O'Malvain: died - - - - - 1094 Nehemiah Moriertach : died - - - 1149 O'Dubery: died 1159 O'Flanagan: died ----- 1167 Matthew: died 1192 Laurence O'Sullivan : died - - - 1204 Daniel: died 1222 Florence: succeeded - . - - 1224 Patrick, a Cistercian monk _ - - 1226 David Mac Kelly ; translated to Cashel in 1238 Alan O'Sullivan ; translated to Lismore : succeeded ------ 1240 Daniel, Franciscan friar - - - - 1249 lieginald ; translated from Down - - 1265 Alan O'Lonergan : succeeded - - - 1274 Nicholas de Effingham - - - - 1284 Maurice O'Solehan, archdeacon - 1320 John de Cnmba, Cistercian monk - - 1335 John Bird, or Brid, abbot of Louth, Lin- colnshire - - - - - _** John Whittock, dean _ - - - 1351 John de Swatf ham, Carmelite friar - - 1363 Richard Wye, Carmelite friar : deprived for misdemeanours ----- 1376 Gerald Canton, Augustine hermit - - 1394 Adam Pay, or Pye : satin - - - 1421 Jordan: succeeded ----- 1431 [Cloyne was now united to Cork, and continued so for nearly 200 years, until the appointment of] George Synge: died 1653: succeeded in - 1638 From the death of bishop Synge, the see continued vacant until the restoration of Charles XL, when Dr. Michael Boyle was advanced to it, and held it, together with Cork and Ross, as did also Edward Synge, from whose death, in 1678, the sees were separated 1660 Patrick Sheridan, dean of Connor: suc- ceeded 1679 Edward Jones, dean of Lismore ; translated to St. Asaph ----- 1682 Wilfiam Palliser ; translated to Cashel - 1692 Tobias Pullen, dean of Ferns ; translated to Dromore - - - - - -1694 St. George Ash ; translated to Clogher - 1695 John Pooley, dean of Ossory ; translated to Raphoe 1697 Charles Crow, provost of Tuam - - 1702 Henry Maule, dean of Cloyne; translated to Dromore - - - " - - - 1720 Edward Synge ; translated from Clonfert ; translated to Ferns and Leighlin - - 1732 George Berkeley, dean of Derry - - 1734 James Stopford ----- 1753 Robert Johnson - - - - -1759 Hon. Frederick Hervey ; translated to Derry 1767 Charles Agar, dean of Kilmore ; translated to Cashel 1768 George Chinnery ; translated from Killaloe 1780 Richard Woodward, dean of Clogher - - 1781 William Bennett ; translated from Cork and Ross ------- 1794 Charles Mongan Warburton; translated from Limerick 1820 John Brinkley, archdeacon of Clogher, and royal astronomer of Ireland - - - 1826 [The see is now united to that of Cork. See Cork.~\ BISHOPEIC OF EOSS.i ( United to Cork and Cloyne.) The cathedral was, most likely, founded by St.Fachnan, who flourished in the beginning of the sixth century, and who " lived in a monastery of his own erection." He was called Fachnan Mongach, or " the Hairy," having been born with hair ; and was abbot of a monastery in the island of Molanfid, near the town of Youghal, formerly called Dar- Inis. There a city grew up, in which was always a large seminary for scholars, called ' Ross signifies a verdant plain, or, as some say, a place where heath and broom grow ; and Ailithri, a pilgrim- age, the jilace having been anciently much resorted to in pilgrimage. It is now called JHoss-carberry, from the barony, or tract of country wherein it is situated. 474 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. Eoss-Ailitlin. When the cathedral was founded, or who was the first bishop of It, it is impossible to ascertain. It seems probable, however, that Fachnan was the first bishop. There are no records of this see until after the arrival of the English, when they are found to be in some measure satisfactory. Bishops of Ross. St. Fcachnan - - - - - - * * ****** St. Finchad * * Benedict: seated here in - - - 1172 Maurice: died - - - - -1196 Daniel, a secular priest : succeeded - - 1197 Florence: died 1222 Robert: seated here in - - - - 1225 Florence, or Finin O'Cloghena : resigned - 1252 Maurice, chanter of Cloyne : succeeded - 1253 Walter O'Micthian, Franciscan friar - 1209 Peter O'Hullucan, Cistercian monk - - 1275 Laurence, canon ----- 1290 Matthew O'Fin 1310 Laurence O'Hullucan - - - - 1331 Dennis: succeeded ----- 1336 Bernard O'Connor, Franciscan friar - - 1378 Stephen Brown, Carthusian friar - - 1402 Matthew: died 1418 Walter Formay, Franciscan friar : succeeded 1418 Cornelius Mac Elchade, Franciscan friar - 1426 Thady : seated here in - - - - ] 488 Odo: succeeded ----- 1439 Edmund Courcey, Franciscan friar - - 1494 John Imurily, Cistercian monk, abbot of Maur 1519 Bonaventure, a Spaniard: was alive in - 1523 Dermod Mac Domnuil : succeeded - - 1544 Thomas O'Herlihy (resigned in 1570) - 1563 William Lyon (in 1583 he obtained Cork and Cloyne) 1582 [The see of Ross has continued ever since united to the see of Cork.] BISHOPRIC OF DERKY AND EAPHOE. The see of Derry, when first founded, was placed at Ardfrath, whence it was translated to Maghera, and in 1158 was removed to Derry, and Flathbert O'Brolcan, abbot of Derry, a learned and charitable man, made bishop of it. Flathbert built the cathedral in 1164 ; and the edifice becoming ruinous, was rebuilt by the colony of Londoners who settled here in the reign of James 1. Raphoe was united to Derry by the Church Temporalities Act, passed August 14, 1833. The combined diocese includes the counties of Derry, Donegal, and Tyrone, with a small part of Antrim. The see is suffragan to Armagh. Bishops of Derry. Flathbert O'Brolcan - - - - 1158 Maurice O'Coffy, or O'Dubthaic: died - 1173 Amlave O'Coffy : succeeded - - - II73 Florence O'Cherballen 1. - - - - 1185 German, or Gervase O'Cherballen - - 1230 Florence O'Cherballen II. - - - 1279 Henry of Ardagh ----- 1295 Jeffry Maglathin 1297 Odo O'Neal 1316 Michael Mac Laghlin - - - -1319 Simon : seated here in - - - - 1367 John Dongan, a Benedictine friar; trans- lated to Down in - 1395 [See 6 years vacant.] John, abbot of Moycoscain : succeeded - 1401 William Quaplode, an English Carmelite friar - - - - - _** Donald ; resigned : seated here in - - 1423 John : succeeded - - - - - 1429 Bartholomew O'Flanagan, Cistercian monk 1458 [See vacant 3 years.] Nicholas Weston, canon of Armagh - - 1466 Donald O'Fallon, an Observantine friar - 1485 [See vacant 7 years.] Thomas Mac Masson, prior of Knock - 1507 Roderick O'Donnell, dean of Raphoe - 1529 Eugene Magenis : succeeded after - - 1551 [Denis Campbell, a native of Scotland, and dean of Limerick, was nominated to the sees of Derry, Raphoe, and Clogher, but died in London, July 1603, before consecration.] George Mountgomery, dean of Norwich (together with the sees of Raphoe and Clogher); translated to Meath - - 1605 Brutus Babington ----- iciO [See vacant nearly 2 years.] John Tanner. See Dromore - - - 1013 George Downham - - - - -1616 John Bramhall, archdeacon of Meath ; translated to Armagh - - - - I634 George Wild 1660 Robert Mossom, dean of Christ-Church, Dublin 1G66 Michael Ward; translated from Ossory - 1679 Ezekiel Hopkins 1681 William King; translated to Dublin - 1691 Charles Hickman ----- 1703 John Hartstonge ; translated from Ossory 1714 St. George Ash ; translated from Clogher 1717 RAPHOE. 475 William Nicholson; translated from Car- lisle; translated to Cashel - - - 1718 Henry Downs; translated from Meath - 1727 Thomas Rundle, prebendary of Durham - 1735 Carew Reynell ; translated from Down and Connor - - - - - 1743 George Stone; translated from Kildare; translated to Armagh - - - - 1745 William Barnard ; translated from Raplioe 1747 I Hon. Frederick Hervey ( afterwards earl of Bristol); translated' from Cloyne - - 17G8 Hon. William Knox • translated from Kil- laloe 1803 Hon. Richard Ponsonby; translated from Killaloe - - - - - -1831 [Dr. Ponsonby became bishop of Derry and Raphoe, by the union of the sees, on the death of Dr. Bissett, in 1834.] BISHOPEIC OF RAPHOE. (^Now united to Derry. ^ It is difficult to determine the time when this see was founded. St. Columb-Cile, a man of great virtue and piety, and born of royal blood, founded a monastery here, which was afterwards enlarged and repaired by other holy men. But it is the received opinion, that St. Eunan erected the church into a cathedral, and was the first bishop of the see. History is very defective in the account of his successors, until the arrival of the English, In conformity with the recent Church Temporalities Act, the see of Raphoe was annexed to that of Derrj, on the decease of Dr. William Bissett, in 1834. Bishops of Raphoe. St. Eunan, founder, and first bishop of Raphoe * * Moelbrigid, or Brigidian Mac Dornan; translated to Armagh - - - Malduin Mac Kinfalaid : died about the year 930 -^{Ingus, or iEneas O'Lapain ; died in - 957 Muredach O'Dubthaigh - - - - * * Gilbert O'Caran; translated to Armagh: succeeded ------ 1160 [His immediate successors uncertain.] ****** Moelisa O'Dorigh 1203 Patrick O'Scanlain ; translated to Armagh in 1261 John de Alneto : resigned on account of bad health 1261 Carbrac O'Scoba : succeeded - - - 1266 Florence O'Ferral 1275 Thomas O'Nathain, archdeacon - - 1299 Henry Mac-an-Crossain - - - - 1306 Thomas Mac Cormac O'Donnel, abbot of Ashroe - 1319 Patrick Magonail : seated here in - - 1360 [A great benefactor to the church.] Richard Mac Crossain : succeeded - - 1866 John, a Cistercian monk ----- 1397 Cornelius Mac Carmic - - - - 1397 Anthony 1399 Robert Mubire, a Franciscan friar - - 1414 John Mac Carmic 1415 Laurence O'Galachor I., dean - - 1419 [See vacant 4 years.] John Mac Gilbride ----- 1442 Laurence O'Galachor IL : seated in - - 1469 Menelaus Mac Carmacan : succeeded - 1484 Cornelius O'Cahan : seated here in - - 1550 Donat Magonail : seated here in - - 1563 [He assisted at the council of Trent, and died in 1589. The see remained vacant until] George Mountgomery (he held this see in conjunction with Clogher and Derry; translated to Meath) succeeded - - 1605 Andrew Knox ; translated from Orkney in Scotland 1611 John Lesley ; translated from Orkney in Scotland ; translated to Clogher - - 1633 Robert Lesle}^ ; translated from Dromore ; translated to Clogher - - - - 1661 Ezekiel Hopkins, dean ; translated to Derry 1671 William Smith ; translated from Killala andAchonry; translated to Kilmore - 1682 Alexander Cairncross ; formerly archbishop of Glasgow 1693 Robert Huntington - - - - 1701 John Pooley ; translated from Cloyne - 1702 Thomas Lindsay ; translated from Killaloe ; translated to Armagh - - - - 1713 Edward Singe; translated to Tuam - - 1714 Nicholas Forster; translated from Killaloe 1716 William Barnard, dean of Rochester ; trans- lated to Derrv ----- 1744 Philip Twisden 1 1747 Robert Downes ; translated from Down and Connor ------ 1753 John Oswald ; translated from Dromore - 1763 James Hawkins ; translated from Dromore 1780 Lord John-George Beresford ; translated from Cork and Ross; translated to Clogher 1807 William Magee, dean of Cork; translated to Dublin 1819 William Bissett, chaplain to lord Wellesley, then lord lieutenant - - - - 1822 [On Dr. Bissett's death, Derry and Raphoe were united, in 1834.] 1 Sir James Ware, or, more properly, the subsequent editors of his works, narrate some very extraordinary circunnstanccs that rendered the close of the life of this prelate very remarkable and unfortunate; but we feel unwilling to transcribe them, though there seems to be no doubt of their truth. 476 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. BISHOPRIC OF DOWN, CONNOE, AND DEOMORE. The church of Down was repaired by St. Malachy Morgair, who was at first bishop of Connor, afterwards archbishop of Armagh, and who, having resigned the archi- episcopal see, became bishop of Down in 1137. About forty years afterwards, Malachy, the third bishop of Down of that name, by the assistance of John Courcey, called the Conqueror of Ulster, enlarged and beautified it. This conqueror also, in 1183, removed the secular canons from the church, and in their room substituted Benedictine monks, out of the abbey of St. AYerburgh, in Chester ; and about the same time, at the instance of Courcey, the cathedral, although it was before consecrated to the Blessed Trinity, was dedicated to St. Patrick. Christopher Pembridge says, in his Annals, " a great many were of opinion that Courcey, by this action, drew on himself the vast train of misfortunes which afterwards befel him." The sepulchre of St. Patrick anciently brought this place into great reputation ; and the bodies of St. Columb and St. Bridget were afterwards transLated to it. The last bishop of this see, before the real union (as it is called) of the churches of Down and Connor, was John Cely, a Benedictine monk; but he having been deprived in 1441, John, bishop of Connor, obtained an union of both sees from pope Eugene IV., and from that time they have been united and governed by one bishop. Dromore became united to Down in 1842. The combined diocese comprises the counties of Down and Antrim, with portions of Armagh and Londonderry. It is suffragan to Armagh. Bishops of Down. St. Cailan : seated here in - - - 499 St. Fergus : died 583 [No mention is made for some centuries of any bishop of this see, with any cer- tainty ; Fingen, Flaghertack, and Sa- muel, are named, but without good authority. ] Malachy 1. O'Morgair ; succeeded: died - 1137 Malachy II. (Mac Inclericuir) - - - 1148 Gelasius (Mac Cormac) - - - - 1175 Malachy III. 1176 Ralph, abbot of Melrose - - - -1202 Thomas 1213 Ranulph 1237 Reginald; translated to Cloyne - - 1258 Thomas Lidell 1266 Nicholas ------ 1276 Thomal Kettel 1305 Thomas Bright, prior of Down - - - 1314 [See 2 years vacant.] Ralph of Kilmessan - - - . 1329 Richard Calfe I., prior of Down - - 1353 William, Augustine hermit - - - 13G5 John Logan, archdeacon - - - - 1308 Richard Calfe II., prior - - - - 1369 John Ross, prior ----- 1387 John Dongan, Benedictine monk, and bishop of Derry ----- 1395 John Cely, Benedictine monk : deprived - 1413 Bishops of Connor. St. ^ngus Macnisius : died - - - 507 [Lugade, Dima, Duchonna, -^gedearus, and Malbrigid, are mentioned by some as bishops of this see, but without cer- tainty.] Malachy O'Morgair; translated to Ar- magh : succeeded - - - - 1124 Patrick O'Bainan : resigned - - - 1152 Nehemiah - - - - - -1172 Reginald 1183 Christian O'Kerney, abbot of St. Columb, Derry: died 1210 [No account of his successor.] Eustachius, archdeacon : succeeded - - 1225 Adam, abbot of Warden, Bedfordshire - 1242 Isaac, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne - - 1245 William, of Port Royal - - - -1257 William de Hay 1261 Robert, of Flanders - - - -1264 Peter, of Dunath 1274 John 1293 Richard; seated here before - - - 1320 James Couplith : succeeded in - - - 1321 John of EglesclifFe, Dominican friar ; trans- lated to Llandaff ----- 1322 James O'Kerney ----- 1324 William Mercier, archdeacon of Kildare - 1353 Paul 1376 John: seated here in - - - - 1411 Eugene : seated here in - - - - 1427 Cornelius - - - - - _** John Cely : seated here before - - - 1440 Down and Connor. John 1441 Robert Rochfort, Dominican friar - - 1451 Thomas 1456 Thady 1469 Richard Wolsey : died area . - - 1502 Tiberius: died c/rca - - _ - 1526 Robert Blyth, Benedictine monk (abbot of Thorney, Cambridgeshire) : resigned * * Eugene Magenis : succeeded - - - 1541 John Merriman 1568 Hugh Alleri ; translated to the see of Ferns 1573 Edward Edgeworth - . - - 1593 DROMORE. 477 John Cliarden - - - -1596 Eobert Humston 1602 John Tod, dean of Cash el _ _ _ igog [He held the see of Dromore in commen- dam with this: deprived for adidtery and subornation of witnesses.] James Dundas, chanter of Moray in Scot- land 1612 Robert Echlin, a Scotsman - - _ ig13 Henry Leslie, dean of Down ; translated to INIeath - - - - - 1635 Jeremy Taylor (bishop of Dromore in 1661) 1660 Roger Boyle ; translated to Clogher - 1667 Thomas Hacket : deprived for simony and other offences - - - - - 1672 Samuel Foley ------ 1694 Edward Walkington, archdeacon of Ossory, and chaplain to the house of commons 1695 Edward Smith, dean of St. Patrick's - 1699 Francis Hutchinson - - - -1721 Carew Reynel ; translated to Derry - - 1735 John Kyder ; translated from Killaloe ; translated to Tuam - - - - 1743 John Whitcombe; translated from Clon- fert; translated to Cashel - - _ 1752 Robert Downes ; translated from Ferns and Leighlin ; translated to Raphoe - - 1752 Arthur Smyth; translated from Clonfert ; translated to Meath - - _ _ 1753 James Trail, chaplain to the lord-lieu- tenant ]7C5 William Dickson, chaplain to the lord- lieutenant ------ 1783 Nathaniel Alexander ; translated from Kil- laloe ; translated to Meath - - - 1804 Richard Mant; translated from Killaloe - 1823 Robert Knox, prebendary of St. Munchin's, Limerick, consecrated April 14 - - 1849 The PRESENT Lord Bishop of Down and Connor, and Dromore. BISHOPRIC OF DROMORE. (Now annexed to Down and Connor.) The see was founded by St. Colman, a Florentine, the instructor of St. Finian, circa 556. The cathedral is dedicated to Christ the Redeemer. Dromore was united to Down and Connor when Dr. Jeremy Taylor^ was made bishop; but was again sepa- rated on liis death in August 1667. Conformably with the provisions of the late Church Temporalities Act (passed in 1833) the see of Dromore became finally united to Down and Connor in 1842. Bishops of Dro:more. St. Colman, a Florentine : about - - 556 [There are no certain accounts of the suc- cessors of St. Colman, till after the ar- rival of the English. It is probable that this see was united to Armagh, as its re- venues were then very inconsiderable. ] * * * * * * Gerard, abbot of Mellifort : succeeded - 1227 Andrew, archdeacon . _ - - 1245 Tigernach I. : rated before - . - 1287 Gervase: about - - - - - 1290 Tigernach II. : died . - - - 1309 Florence Mac Donegan, canon : succeeded 1309 Christopher ------ 1369 Cornelius ------ 1381 John O'Lannube, Franciscan friar - - 1382 John Volcan ; translated to Ossory in - 1404 [See vacant 4 years.] Richard Messing, Carthusian friar: suc- ceeded 1408 John: resigned ----- 1410 Nicholas Wartre, Franciscan friar - - 1419 David of Chirbury, Carthusian friar - 1427 Thomas Scrope, Carthusian friar, alias Bradley: resigned - - - - 1434 Thomas Radcliffe - - - - - 1440 George Brann, a Grecian; translated to Elphin 1489 Wilham 1500 Galeatius: died 1504 1504 1511 1536 1550 1611 John Baptist: succeeded - - .. - Thady, Franciscan friar - - - - Quintin Coigley, Dominican friar Arthur Magenis - - - John Tod, bishop of Down and Connor, 1606 : deprived - - - - - [John Tanner was, in 1611, appointed by James I. to succeed bishop Tod ; but the bi.-hopric of Derry just then falling void by the death of bishop Babington, he was advanced to Derry. See vacant 2 years.] Theophilus Buckworth, friar of Armagh : succeeded in - - - - - [Bishop Buckworth dying in 1652, the see was vacant 8 years. ] Robert Lesley ; translated to Raphoe - 1660 Jeremy Taylor 1, bishop of Downand Connor 1661 1667 1670 1683 1095 1613 George Rust Essex Digby, dean of Cashel - - - Capell Wiseman, dean of Raphoe Tobias Pullen ; translated from Cloyne John Sterne, dean of St. Patrick's ; trans- lated to Clogher ----- Ralph Lambert, dean of Down ; translated to Meath - - - Charles Cobbe ; translated from Killala and Achonry ; translated to Kildare - Henry Maule ; translated from Cloyne ; translated to Meath - - . - 1732 1713 1717 1727 1 This eminent and pious English divine, illustrious in ethical and theological literature, was interred in the chapel here, built at his own cost, upon the ruins of the old cathedral. 478 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. Thomas Fletcher, dean of Down ; translated to Kildare ------ 1744 Jemmet Brown ; translated from Killaloe ; translated to Cork and lioss - - - 1745 George Marlay - - _ _ _ 1745 John Oswald; translated from Clonfert; translated to Raphoe - - - - 17G3 Edward Young; translated to Ferns and ' Leighlin 1763 Hon. Henry Maxwell ; translated to Meath 17G5 William Newcombe ; translated to Ossory 1766 James Hawkins; translated to Raphoe - 1775 Hon. William Beresford ; translated to Os- sory 1780 Thomas Percy, dean of Carlisle - - 1782 George Hall,"^ provost of Trinity College, Dublin 1811 John Leslie, dean of Cork; translated to Elphin 1812 James Saurin, archdeacon of Dublin, and deanofDerry ----- 1819 [On the decease of Dr. Saurin, in 1842, this see became united with Down and Connor.] BISHOPRIC OF KILLALOE, KILFEXORA, CLONFERT, AND KILMACDUACH. The see of Killaloe is supposed to have been founded by St. Molua, abbot, whose disciple, St. Flannan (son of king Theodoric), was consecrated at Rome by pope John IV. about 640, and was first bishop. The church was esteemed of great sanctity, and was much resorted to in pilgrimage. Connor Mac Dermod O'Brian, king of Thomond and Desmond, died in pilgrimage to it in 1142. About the end of the twelfth century, the ancient see of Roscrea was united to Killaloe. Of this latter see, St. Cronan, who flourished about 620, was bishop, or as some say, abbot, and the founder of the church. There is no certainty concerning the foundation of the see of Kilfenora. Some writers think that St. Fachnan, to whom the church was dedicated, was the founder and first bishop. In the ancient distribution of the bishoprics of Ireland, made by cardinal Paparo, it was sufii-agan to the archbishopric of Cashel ; but at the Restoration of Charles II. it was annexed to Tuam, and so continued until it was united to Killaloe. Killaloe, Kilfenora, Clonfert, and Kilmacduach now form one bishopric, under the provisions of the Church Temporalities Act. The diocese includes the county of Clare and the King's County, with parts of Limerick, Galway, and Tipperary ; and is in the province of Dublin. The list of bishops is very defective, as no dependence can be placed on the accounts, before the arrival of the English. Bishops of Killaloe.^ St. Flannan : circa ----- G40 ****** Carmacan O'Muil-Cashel ; died - - 1019 O'Gernidider ------ 1055 Teig O'Teig 1083 * * * * * * Thady O'Lonergan - - - - 1161 Donat O'Brien ----- 11G5 Constantine O'Brien : satin - - - 1179 Dermod O'Coning ; deprived by the arch- bishop of Cashel, the cause unknown : he died of grief: deprived in - - - 1195 Charles O'Heney : succeeded - - - 1195 Cornelius O'Heney : satin . - - 1215 Kobert Travers ; deposed by the pope's le- gate: succeeded - - - - 1216 [See vacant 10 years.] Donald O'Kennedy, archdeacon - - 1231 Isaac O'Cormacain, dean : resigned - - 1253 Matthew O'Hogain, dean - 1267 Maurice O'Hogain, chanter - - - 1281 David Mac Mahoun, dean . - . 1299 Thomas O'Cormacain, archdeacon - - 1316 Benedict O'Cosery, dean : succeeded - 1322 David, of Emly 1326 Thomas O'Hogain, canon - - _ 1343 Thomas O'Cormacain, archdeacon - - 1355 Matthew Mac Cragh, dean - - . 1391 Robert Mulfield, Cistercian monk - - 1409 Donat Mac Cragh : sat in - - - 1428 Eugene O'Felan : succeeded - - - 1429 Thady Mac Cragh 1430 Ired O'Lonergan - - - _ * * James O'Ghonelan : sat in - - - 1441 Terence O'Brien I. : barbarously murdered by Brien O'Brien at Inis Clonruada, in - 1460 Thady : succeeded in - - - - 1460 Matthew, or Mahoun O'Griffa : died - 1482 Terence O'Brien II. : succeeded - - 1482 1 Laonia, commonly called Killaloe, is seated on the western bank of the Shannon, near the noted cataract which stops the navigatioh of that river. It takes its name from the abbot St. Molua. In the annals of Iiiisfall, and by almost all the Irish writers, it is called Kill-da-lua, /. e. the church or cell of Lua, that being the name of this abbot, to which name Mo is added by way of endearment only ; so that Kill-da-lua is the church dedicated to Lua, or Mo-lua. CLONFERT. 479 Richard Hogan; translated to Clonmac- nois: succeeded ----- 1525 James O'Corrin ; resigned: succeeded - 1539 Cornelius O'Dea : succeeded - - - 154G Terence O'Brien III. ; put in by queen Mary ------- 1555 [He governed this see until 1566.] Maurice O'Brien : he received the profits of this see six years before he was conse- crated, which was in the year - - 1570 [He voluntarily resigned in 1612.] John Rider, dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin : succeeded - - - - - -1612 Lewis Jones, dean of Cashel - - - 1033 Edward Parry, dean of Lismore, and friar of Christ-Church, Dublin - - - 1647 [See vacant until the Restoration.] Edward Worth, dean of Cork - - -1661 Daniel Witter, dean of Down - - - 1669 John Roan, dean of Clogher - - - 1675 Henry Rider, archdeacon of Ossory - - 1693 Thomas Lindsay ; translated to Raphoe in 1713 1696 Sir Thomas Yesey, bart. ; translated to Ossory in 1714 ----- 1713 Nicholas Forster, fellow of the university of Dublin; translated to Raphoe - - 1714 Charles Carr, chaplain to the house of commons in Ireland : succeeded - - 1716 Joseph Story ; translated to - - - 1740 John Ryder ; translated to Down and Connor ------ 1742 Jemmet Brown, dean of Ross; translated to Cork and Ross - 1743 Richard Chenevix; translated to Water- ford, &c. 1745 Nicholas Synge, archdeacon of Dublin - 1746 Robert Fowler, canon of Windsor ; trans- lated to Dublin ----- 1771 George Chinnery, dean of Cork ; translated to Cloyne ------ 1779 Thomas Bernard, dean of Derry ; translated to Limerick - - - - •■ 1780 Hon. William Knox, chaplain to the house of commons ; translated to Derry - 1794 Hon. Charles D. Lindsay, vicar of Sutter- ton, and chaplain to the lord-lieutenant ; translated to Kildare - - - - 1803 Nathaniel Alexander ; translated from Clonfert ; translated to Down and Con- nor 1804 Lord Robert Ponsonby Tottenham ; trans- lated to Leighlin and Ferns - - - 1804 Richard Mant, rector of Bishopsgate, Lon- don; translated to Down and Connor - 1820 Alexander Arbuthnot, dean of Cloyne - 1823 Hon. Richard Ponsonby, dean of St. Pa- trick's ; translated to Derry - - - 1828 Hon. Edmund Knox, dean of Down ; trans- lated to Limerick - - - - 1831 [On the translation of Dr. Knox to Li- merick in 1834, the sees of Clonfert and Kilmacduach became united to Killaloe and Kilfenora.] Christopher Butson. See Clon fert. Stephen C. Sandes, senior fellow of Trinity College, Dublin ; translated to Cashel May 2 1836 Hon. Ludlow Tonson, rector of Ahern, county of Cork. Jan. 25 - - - 1839 The PRESENT Bishop of Killaloe, Kil- fenora, Clonfert, and Kilmacduach. Bishops of Christian: died 1254 Henry, or Maurice : succeeded - - 1265 Florence O'Tigernach - - - - 1273 Charles, dean of Kilfenora - - - 1281 Congal O'Loghlan : died - - - - 1300 Simon O'Currin : died - - - - 1303 Maurice O'Brien, dean : succeeded - - 1303 Richard O'Loghlin : succeeded - - 1323 Patrick : sat in 1394 Dennis O'Cane, or O'Cahan : resigned in - 1491 Maurice O'Brien, canon : succeeded - - 1491 John O'Hinalan : sat in - - - - 1552 Daniel: satin - - _ ~ - 1585 [The see vacant in 1602.] Bernard Adams, bishop of Limerick, held Kilfenora. this see from 1606 to 1617, when he re- signed it. JohnSteere; translated to Ardfert - - 1617 William Murray; translated to LlandafF - 1622 Richard Betts,who, on learning the poverty of the see, would not accept of it - - 1628 James Higate, archdeacon of Clogher : suc- ceeded ------ 1G30 Robert Sibthorp ; translated to Limerick in 1642 ------ 1638 Samuel PuUen, archbishop of Tuam - 1660 [The succeeding bishops are to be seen among the archbishops of Tuam, from this time, to the year in which the see was joined to the bishopric of Killaloe.] BISHOPEIC OF CLONFERT. (^Now united to the see of Killaloe, Kilfenora, Clonfert, and Kilmacduach.) St. Brendan, the son of Finloga, contemporary with St. Brendan of Birr, and his fellow student, founded an abbey at Clonfert, in 558, and was himself abbot. He died in May 577, at Enaghdune, whence his body was conveyed to Clonfert, and there in- terred. His life is extant in jingling monkish metre, in the Cottonian Library. In his time, the cathedral of Clonfert (famous in ancient times for its seven a'tars) was 480 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. founded. Colgan makes St. Brendan the founder and first bishop of Clonfert, and says that he abdicated, and phiced St. Moena in his room. Others again make St. Moena the first bishop. We find in the Ulster Annals, under the year 571 or 572, the death of the first bishop of this see thus mentioned: "Moena, Bishop of CIonfert-Brenain, went to rest." Brendan's true name was Nennius or Nennio ; but it is common with the Irish to add the monosyllable mo^ signifying mine^ to the proper names of their saints, out of respect and tenderness. The church of Kilmacduach was founded by Colman, the son of Duach, who was descended from a noble family at Connaught, and very nearly related to Guair, king of that country. To distinguish him from other Colmans, his contemporaries, he was usually called after his father, Macduach, or the son of Duach. He was very fond of an ascetic life, and is said to have lived in a wilderness in the south parts of Connaught, seven years, with only one companion. From this life of retirement, he was, in the end, made bishop, and fixed his see in a place, which, from his surname, was called Kil- macduach, or the " Church of the son of Duach." The see has been united to Clon- fert since 1602. Both sees were united to Killaloe and Kilfenora in 1834. See Killaloe, Bishops of Clonfert. St. Moena: died 571 Fintan Corach; flourished about the close of the sixth ceutury. St. Senacb Garbh : died - - - - 620 St. Colman, the son of Comgal : died - 620 Cumin Foda, i. e. the Long » _ _ 6G2 Rutmel, called "Prince and Bishop of Clonfert " 825 Cathald Mac Cormac - - - - 861 Cormac Mac iEdain - - - - 921 Gilla Mac Aiblen 1116 Petro O'Mordai, Cistercian monk: drowned 1171 Moehsa Mac Award : died - - . I173 Malcallan 1186 Thomas 1248 Cormac, or Charles O'Lumlin - - - 1259 Thomas O'Kelly 1263 [See vacant 3 years.] John, an Italian, the pope's nuncio ; trans- lated to the archbishopric of 'Benevento : succeeded - - - - - -1266 Robert, a monk of Christ-Church, Canter- bury 1296 Gregory O'Brogy, dean : succeeded - - 1308 Robert le Petit, Franciscan friar : deprived 1321 1319 John O'Lean, archdeacon of Tuam - - 1322 [See vacant almost 10 years.] Thomas O'Kelly, a secular priest - - 1347 Maurice O'Kellv, ditto ; translated to Tuam 1394 " 1378 David Corre, Franciscan friar - - - 1398 [At this time the pope translated William O'Cormacain, archbishop of Tuam, to this see ; but the archbishop " took the exchange so much to heart," that he neglected to expedite his bull of translation in due time, and was de- prived. ] Thomas O'Kelly ; translated to Tuam : sat in - - - - - - - 1415 John Heyn, Franciscan friar, provincial of the order in Ireland - - - - LJ-38 Thomas de Burgo : sat in - - - 1444 Cornelius O'Mufledy, orMullaly, Franciscan friar; translated"^ from Emlv : resigned 1447 Cornelius O'Cunlis ; translated from Emly 1448 Matthew Mac Raik : died - - - 1507 David de Burgo, a secular priest : suc- ceeded 1508 Denis, a Franciscan friar - - - - 1509 Richard Nangle, provincial of Augustine hermits in Ireland - - _ 1536 Roland de Burgo, dean of Clonfert : suc- ceeded ------ 1541 Stephen Kerovan, archdeacon of Enagh- dune ------- 1582 Roland Linch, archdeacon of Clonfert, bishop of Kilmacduach : held this in commendam. He fraudulently alienated much of the land of both sees : succeeded 1602 [See vacant nearly 2 years.] Robert Dawson, dean of Down - - 1627 William Baily ; he did not get possession till the Restoration : succeeded - - 1644 Edward Wolley, chaplain to the king - 1664 [The see vacant from 1684 to 1691. The episcopal revenues were seized into the hands of James IL, and paid over to the bishops of the Popish religion.] William Fitzgerald, dean of Cloyne : suc- ceeded - - 1691 Theophilus Bolton, chancellor of St. Pa- trick's, and vicar-general of the diocese of Dublin ; translated to Elphin - - 1722 Arthur Price, dean of Ferns ; translated to Ferns and Leighlin - - - - 1724 Edward Singe, chancellor of St. Patrick's, Dublin ; translated to Cloyne - - 1730 Mordecai Cary; translated to Killala and Achonry 1732 John Whitcomb, rector of Louth; trans- lated to Down, &c. . - . - 1735 Arthur Smyth, dean of Deny; translated to Down ------ 1752 Hon, William Carmichael; translated to Ferns 1753 William Gore ; translated to Elphin - 1758 John Oswald ; translated to Dromore - 1762 Denis Cumberland ; translated to Kilmore 1763 Walter Cope; translated to Leighlin and Ferns 1772 John Law, archdeacon of Carlisle - - 1782 Richard Marlay, dean of Ferns ; translated to Waterford 1787 KILMORE. 481 Hon. Charles Broderick ; translated to Kil- more ------- 1795 Hugh Hamilton, dean of Armagh; trans- lated to Ossory ----- 1796 Matthew Young, senior felloAV of Trinity College, Dublin - - - - - 1798 George de la Poer Beresford, dean of Kil- more; translated to Kilmore - - 1801 Nathaniel Alexander ; translated to Down and Connor 1802 Christopher Butson, dean of Waterford - 1804 Killaloe and Kilfenora, and Clonfert and Kilmac- duach, became one bishopric, on the translation of Dr. Knox, bishop of Killaloe, to Limerick, in 1834 ; and Dr. Butson held the four sees until his death in 1836. For the succession of bishops, see Kt'llaloe. BISHOPRIC OF KILMACDUACH. The following is an imperfect catalogue of the bishops of Kilmacduach. Bishops of Kilmacduach. St. Colman : promoted about - - - 620 ***** Indrect: died ----- 814 ***** Rugnad O'Ruadan 1178 Odo, chanter : sat in - - - - 1227 Gelasius Mac Scelagai : died - - - 1249 Maurice Ileyan 1283 David O'Sedaghan 1290 Laurence O'Laghnan, Cistercian monk - 1306 Luke 1325 John, dean : sat in - - - - - 1347 Nicholas : sat in - - - - - 1371 Gregory Ileyan : died - - - - 1395 Nicholas Ileyan, Dominican friar - - 1399 John Icomaid - 1401 John, abbot of Corcumroe: confessed by the pope - - - - - - 1418 ***** Cornelius : resigned in - - - - 1502 Matthew, archdeacon of Killaloe ; suc- ceeded 1503 Christopher Bodekine ; translated to Tuam, and held this in commendam : succeeded 1533 Stephen Kerovan; translated to Clonfert: succeeded ------ 1573 [The see vacant 5 3^ears after his trans- lation.] Roland Linch : succeeded in - - - 1583 [In 1602, he was translated to Clonfert, and held this see in commendam; and they have ever since gone together.] BISHOPEIC OF KILMOEE, ELPHIN, AND AEDAGH. KiLMORE signifies a great church. The bishops of Kilmore borrowed their title from a territory called Brefiny or Brefne : they were sometimes named Brefinienses, some- times Triburnenses, bishops of Triburna; because they are said to have had their resi- dence near a village of that name; but in 1454, Andrew Mac Brady, bishop of Triburna, by the assent of pope Nicholas V., erected the parish church of St. Fedlemid or Felimy (which he found to be in a more commodious situation), into a cathedral. On the death of Dr. Beresford, of Kilmore, in 1841, the two sees of Kilmore and Ardagh became vested in the existing bishop of Elphin, under the provisions of the Church Temporalities Act, and all three now form one bishopric. The combined dio- cese includes the county of Roscommon, the greater part of Cavan, parts of Sligo, Galway, and Mayo, a portion of Leitrim, and a small part of Fermanagh. The see is suffragan to Armagh. Bishops of Kilmore. Florence O'Conacty : died Congolach Mac Eneol : succeeded Simon O'Ruirk - - - Maurice, abbot of the convent B. V. Kells - - - - . - - Matthew Mac Duibne : succeeded Patrick - - - - - Cornelius Mac Conoma : died - Richard O'Reley : died - - - Thomas, Dominican friar John O'Reley : died - - [See vacant 3 j^ears.] - 1231 - 1231 - 1251 at - 1286 - 1307 - 1314 - 1355 - 1370 - 1389 - 1393 Roderick Brady : succeeded - - - 1396 Nicholas Brady : died - - - - 1421 Donat : succeeded - - - - - 1456 Andrew Mac Brady, archdeacon : died - 1421 Thady: succeeded ----- 1456 Fursey Mac Duibne : died - _ - 1464 John: succeeded ----- 1464 Thomas Brady : before - - - - 1489 Dermod - 1511 Edmund Nugent ----- 1541 John (rather Richard) Brady; promoted to this see by the pope's authority. He I I 482 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. was a lewd and disorderly priest, and a most seditious subject: deprived by sir John Perrot, lord deputy, by whose re- commendation John Garvey, dean of Christ-Church, Dub- lin, was appointed ; translated to the see ^ of Armagh ------ 1585 [See vacant till the appointment of] Robert Draper : in - - - - - 1603 Thomas Moygne, dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin 1612 William Bedell ----- 1G29 Kobert Maxwell, dean of Armagh (the see of Ardagh added 1661) - - - 1643 Francis Marsh ; translated from Limerick ; translated to Dublin - - - - 1672 William Sheridan, dean of Down : deprived for not taking the oaths, in 1691 - - 1681 William Smith ; translated from Raphoe - 1693 Edward Wetenhall; translated from Cork and Ross 1699 Timothy Godwin, archdeacon of Oxford ; translated to Cashel - - - _ 1714 Josiah Hort ; translated from Leighlin and Ferns ; translated to Tuam - - - 1727 Joseph Story ; translated from Killa- loe, &c. 1742 John Craddock ; translated to Dublin - 1757 Denison Cumberland ; translated from Clonfert 1772 George-Lewis Jones, chaplain to the earl Harcourt, lord-lieutenant; translated to Kildare ------ 1774, William Foster ; translated from Cork and Ross; translated to Cloglier - - 1790 Hon. Charles Broderick; translated from Clonfert ; translated to Cashel - - 1796 George de la Poer Beresford, dean of Kil- more 1802 [On the decease of Dr. Beresford, in 1841, the see of Kilmore fell to Dr. Leslie, bishop of Elphin.] BISHOPRIC OF AEDAGH. ( United to Kilmore.') This is among the most ancient sees in Ireland, having been founded by St. Patrick, who made his nephew the first bisho]). Ardagh was united to Kilmore in 1660. In 1692 it was separated from that see for a short time; but the two sees were subse- quently conferred upon one prelate. In 1742, Ardagh was again disjoined from Kil- more, and it formed a portion of Tuam until that archdiocese was reduced to a bishopric by the operation of the Church Temporalities Act. Kilmore, Elphin, and Ardagh now form one see. Bishops of Ardagh. St. Mell, before 454 : died - - - 488 St. Melchuo : succeeded - - - - 488 St. Erard 754 ***** Ceili: died 1048 ***** Macrait O'Moran : died - - - - 1168 Christian O'Heothy : died - - -1179 O'Tirlenan: died 1187 O'Hislenan: died 1189 Adam O'Murredai : died - - - -1217 Eobert, abbot of St. Mary's, Dublin : suc- ceeded ------ 1217 Simon Mac Graith 1224 Joseph Magodaig, archdeacon - - - 1230 Jocelin O'Tormaig 1233 Brendan Magodaig 1238 Milo of Dunstable 1256 Matthew O'Heothy - - - - 1290 John Mageoir 1331 [See vacant 8 years.] Owen O'Ferral, archdeacon - - - 1347 William Mac Casac, secular priest - - 1367 Charles O'Ferral 1373 John O'Fraic 1378 Gilbert Mac Brady 1396 Adam Lyns, Dominican friar : died - - 1416 Cornelius O'Ferral : succeeded - - 1418 Richard O'Ferral 1427 Mac Samrhadhan ----- 1445 Cormac 1460 William O'Ferral ; uncertain - - - * * Thomas O'Congalan : died - - _ 15O8 Owen, Dominican friar : succeeded - - 1508 Richard Ferral : abbot of Granard - - 1541 Patrick Mac Mahon - - - - 1553 [Vacant from 1577, to the appointment of] Lisach Ferral - 1583 Robert Draper, Thomas Moygne, and Wil- liam Bedell. [See these prelates under Kilmore.'] John Richardson, archdeacon of Deny - 1633 Robert Maxwell, Francis Marsh, and Wil- liam Sheridan. [See these prelates under Kilmore.'] Ulysses Burgh 1692 [On the deprivation of bishop Sheridan, the see, which had gone with Kilmore from the restoration of Charles II. was now separated from it, and Ulysses Burgh, dean of Emly, promoted to it by William and Mary in 1692. Dr. Burgh died the same year, and the union of the two sees was restored under bishop Smith. In 1742, Ardagh was once more disjoined from Kilmore, and was held in commendam with that of Tuam, until 1841. Sec Tuam.] ELPIIIK 483 BISHOPRIC OF ELPIIIN.i (^Now united io Kilmore.) St. Patrick founded a cathedral in this pLice, near a little river issuing from twa fountains, about the middle of the fifth century, and placed over it St. Asicus, a monk, a great lover of penance and austerity, whom he consecrated bishop, and who filled it with monks. After many centuries, and a little before the arrival of the English, Elphin was enriched with many large estates, on its union with the see of Roscommon ; and the sees of Ardcarn, Drumclive, and others of less note, were also annexed to it. By these unions, the see of Elphin became one of the richest in Ireland. Only the names of two of the successors of St. Asicus are to be found in history previous to the twelfth century. Bishops of Elphin. St. Asicus : seated here in the fifth century. ***** Donnald O'Dubhai, bishop of Clonmacnois : died in ------ 1136 Flanachan O'Dubhai - - - - 1168 INIoelisa O'Conactain - _ _ _ 1174 Florence Mac Riagan O'Mulrony, Cister- tianmonk: died - - - - -1195 Ardgall O'Connor - - - - -1215 Denis O'Mulkyran, bishop of Ardcarn - 1224 Denis O'Morda ; resigned in 1229 : died - 1231 Donat O'Connor - 1244 John, archdeacon : succeeded - - - 1245 Cornelius Rufus - - - - 1246 Thomas, or Tumultach O'Connor, dean of Achonry; translated to Tuam : succeeded 1246 Milo O'Connor, archdeacon of Clonmacnois 1260 Thomas Mac Ferall Mac Dermot - - 1262 Maurice O'Connor, Dominican friar - - 1266 Gelasius Mac Iniianaig, Praemonstratensian canon, and abbot of Lochkee - - 1285 Malachy MacBrien, abbot of Boyle - - 1296 Donat O'Flanagan, abbot of Boyle - - 1303 Charles Mac Iniianaig, abbot of Lochkee ; his election annulled by the pope 1310. Malachy Mac ^da, canon - - - 1310 Laurence O'Laghnan, canon - - - 1313 John O'Findsa, canon : succeeded - - 1326 Gregory, provost of Killala - - - 1356 Thomas Barret, archdeacon of Enaghdune 1372 John O'Grada 1405 Robert Foster, or Fostin, Franciscan friar - 1418 William O'Etegan : sat here in - - 1444 Cornelius: satlierein - - - - 1450 Nicholas : resigned in - - - - 1494 [See vacant nearly 5 years.] George Brann : succeeded - - - 1499 Christopher Fisher : died - - - 1511 John, Praemonstratensian canon : died - 1536 Conat O'Siagal, abbot : succeeded - - 1544 Bernard O^Higgin, Dominican friar: sat in 1552 Roland de Burgo, bishop of Clonfert: he held the two sees during his hfe: died 1580: succeeded ----- 1552 [See vacant 4 years.] Thomas Chester : died - - - - 1584 JohnLinch: resigned in 1611. He greatly impoverished the see by see farms, &c. : lived a concealed, and died a public, Roman Catholic : succeeded - - - 1584 Edward King: recovered the unjust alien- ations of his predecessor, and improved the revenue of the see: succeeded - - 1611 Henry Tilson, dean of Christ-Church ; died in 1655 : succeeded - - - .. 1G39 [The see vacant until the Restoration in 1660.] John Parker, dean of Killala ; translated to Tuam : succeeded - 1661 John Hudson, dean of Clogher: died in 1685 1667 [The see vacant from 1685 to 1691.] Simon Digby; translated from Limerick - 1691 Henry Downs ; translated from Killala and Achonr}^ ; translated to Meath - - 1720 Theophilus Bolton; translated from Clon- fert ; translated to Cashel - - - 1724 Robert Howard; translated from Killala and Achonry - - - - -1730 Edward Synge ; translated from Ferns and Leighlin - - - - - 1740 William Gore; translated from Clonfert; translated to Limerick - - - - 1762 Jemmet Brown; translated from Cork; translated to Tuam - - - -1772 Charles Dodgson; translated from Os- sory ------- 1775 John" Law; translated from Killala and Achonry ------ 1795 Hon. Power Trench; translated from Waterford and Lismore; translated to Tuam - 1810 John Leslie; translated from Dromore - 1819 [On the decease of Dr. Beresford of Kil- more, in 1841 , Dr. Leslie became bishop of Kilmore, Elphin, and Ardagh.] 1 Some persons erroneously suppose that the name of this place was taken from a huge stone, there to be seen, called the stone of the giant Fin Mac Cool. Others, with some probability, interpret the name to signify a stone of a clear transparent fountain, Ail, signifying, in old Irish, a stone, andjin, oxfion, white. I I 2 484 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. BISHOPKIC OF LIMERICK, AEDFERT, AND AGHADOE. Donald O'Brien, king of Limerick, founded and endowed the cathedral of Limerick, about the period of the arrival of the English in Ireland. The more ancient see of Inis-Scattery was united to Limerick about the beginning of the thirteenth century ; but, according to Usher, its possessions were divided among the sees of Limerick, Kil- laloe, and Ardfert. Inis-Scattery is said to have been founded by St. Patrick, and to have been governed by him for some time. The see of Ardfert ^ was formerly called the bishopric of Kerry ; its cathedral was dedicated to St. Brandon ; the cathedral of Aghadoe, dedicated to St. Finian, is situated within two miles of the town of Killarney. These two sees have long been united. The three sees of Limerick, Ardfert, and Aghadoe were combined into one under bishop Fuller in 1667. The diocese comprises the counties of Limerick and Kerry, with small portions of Clare and Cork ; and is in the ecclesiastical province of Dublin. Bishops of Limerick. St. Munchin ** Gille, or Gillebert : died about - - - 1 140 Patrick: succeeded ----- 1140 Harold, an Ostman ; called by the Irish, Erolb: died 1151 Torgesius, an Ostman: seated here about - 1152 Brictius, an Ostman : seated here about - 1179 Donat O'Brien : died ... - 1207 GeofFry: seated here in - - - - 1217 Edmund: died 1222 Herbert de Burgh, prior of Athassel : suc- ceeded 1222 Robert of Emly 1251 Gerald le Marescall, archdeacon - - 1272 Robert of Dundovenald, canon - - - 1302 Eustace del Ewe, or Waters, dean - - 1311 Maurice Rochfort 1337 Stephen Lawless, chancellor of Limerick - 1354 Stephen de Valle, dean ; translated to Meath 1360 Peter Curragh : resigned - - - - 1369 Cornelius O'Dea, archdeacon of Killaloe: resigned ------ 1400 John Mothel, Augustine canon of Kells, abbot of Kilkenny ; resigned : succeeded in 1426 William Creagh ----- 1459 Thomas Arthur ----- 1472 Richard - 1486 John Dunow, canon of Exeter - - - i486 John Folan, canon of Ferns - - - 14^9 John Coyn or Quin, a Dominican friar: resigned in 1551, being blind and dis- abled by infirmities - - . _ 1522 William Casey (deprived in 1556, restored 1571) 1551 Hugh Lacy, or Lees, canon (appointed by pope Paul IV. at queen Mary's instance ; resigned in 1571, and bishop Casey re- stored to his see) ----- 1557 John Thornborough, chaplain to queen Elizabeth ; translated to Bristol - - 1593 Bernard Adams (with this see he held also Kilfenora, which was united to Limerick from 1606 to 1617, when he resigned it) 1604 Francis Gough, chancellor of Limerick - 1626 George Webb, chaplain to Charles I. - 1634 Robert Stibthrope ; translated from Kilfe- nora: died 1649 1642 [The see was vacant until the Restora- tion.] Edward Singe, dean of Elphin ; translated to Cork 1660 [The united sees of Ardfert and Aghadoe, together with the entire rectory of Tradery, were united to the see of Li- merick, and have continued so ever since.] William Fuller, dean of St. Patrick's, Dub- lin ; translated to Lincoln - - - 1667 John Vesey, dean of Cork; translated to Tuam - 1672 Simon Digby, dean of Kildare ; translated to Elphin 1678 Nathaniel Wilson, dean of Raphoe - - 1692 Thomas Smyth, chanter of Clogher - - 1695 William Burscough - - - - - 1725 James Leslie ------ 1755 John Averell, dean of Emly - - - 1771 William Gore ; translated from Elphin - 1772 William Cecil Pery ; translated from Killala and Achonry ----- 1784 [Created, in May 1790, baron Glentworth, of Mallow.] Thomas Bernard ; translated from Killaloe 1794 Charles Mongan Warburton, dean of Ar- dagh ; translated to Cloyne - - - 1806 Thomas Elrington, provost of Trinity Col- lege, Dublin ; translated to Leighlin and Ferns - - 1820 John Jebb, archdeacon of Emly - - 1822 Hon. Edmund Knox ; translated from Kil- laloe - - - - - - - 1834 William Higgin, dean of Limerick. June 1849 The PRESENT Lord Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert, and Aghadoe. The cathedral of Ardfert was entirely destroyed, with the exception of the walls, in the great rebellion of 1G41 ; after that time a small part of it was fitted up for divine service for the parishioners, and was kept in decent repair. Nothing now remains of the cathedral of Aghadoe, save a part of the outer walls, near which is a stump ot one of the round towers, and the ruins of a small old castle. — Beatson. ME/VTII. 485 Bishops of Ardfert and Agiiadoe. (^United to Limerick.) Ert ------ - . * * Cerpain: died - 500 [A blank here, which is impossible to be filled up.] Dermod Mac-Mel-Brenan : died - - 1075 Magrath O'Erodain, or O'Ronan - - 1099 Mac Ronan : was seated here before - - 1152 MelBrandan O'Ronan : died - - - 1161 Gilla Mac Aiblen O'Hanmada - - - 1166 Donald O'Conarchy - - - - 1193 David O'Duibditrib 1207 John, English Benedictine monk ; deprived • 1221: succeeded - - - - 1215 Gilbert, dean ; resigned : succeeded - - 1225 Brendan, provost of Ardfert (resigned 1242) 1237 [His successor uncertain.] Christian, Dominican friar ; succeeded - 1252 Philip - - - - - - - 1256 John, archdeacon of Ardfert •■ - - 1264 Nicholas I. : succeeded - - - - 1285 Nicholas II., Cistercian monk, abbot of Odorney 1288 Alan O'Hathern - - - _ > 1335 John de Valle - 1343 Cornelius O'Tigernach, Franciscan friar - 1372 William Bull, dean of Cork - - - 1379 Nicholas III. : seated here in - - - 1420 Maurice: died 1462 John Stack, after much opposition, was settled here in 1480 Philip, a secular priest : succeeded - - 1 488 John Fitzgerald, canon - - - - 1495 ****** James Fitzmaurice : seated here about - 1551 Nicholas Keenan : succeeded - - - 1588 John Crosby, prebendary of Disert - -1600 John Steere, friar, and archdeacon of Emly 1622 William Steere, dean - - - - 1628 Thomas Ful war ; translated to Cashel - 1641 Edward Singe, dean of Elphin ; translated to Cork 1660 William Fuller - 1663 [The three sees became united under bishop Fuller.] BISHOPRIC OF MEATH. There were formerly many episcopal sees in Meatb, as Clonard, Duleek, Kells, Trim, Ardbraccan, Dunshaugblin, and Slane, besides others of less note ; all which, with the exception of Duleek and Kells, were consolidated, and their common see was fixed at Clonard, before the year 1152 ; at which time the divisions of the bishoprics in Ireland was made by cardinal Paparo. Subsequently, however, Duleek and Kells merged into the general see. i The see of Clonard was founded by St. Finian about 520. "This saint was a great scholar, and had many students here, who afterwards became famous in the Irish church." About the year 1206, Simon Rochfort, bishop of Meath, forsook Clonard, and Kxed the seat of his see at Newtown, near Trim, and made the abbey church of St. Peter and St. Paul (which he had just founded for Augustine canons) the cathedral. At the Reformation, king Henry A^II. converted the church of St. Mary's abbey at Ballymore, near Loch Seudy, in Westmeath, into a cathedral for this see ; but how long it continued so is uncertain. The combined diocese includes the counties of Meath and Westmeath, and a part of the King's County, with small parts of Cavan, Longford, and Kildare. The see is suffragan to Armagh. Bishops of Clonard. 652 St. Finian - Senach - - Fiachre Colman ------ Ossenius - - - . - Ultan O'Cunga - - . . Becan - - - - - - - 665 Colman O'Heir 687 Dubdan O'Foelan - - - - .. 70O Ailchu - - - - - - - 716 Fienmale Mac Girthid, called " A Chosen Soldier of Christ" - - - - 726 520 j Tola Mac Dunchad, and of Kildare - 563 j Beglatneu * * ! Fulertach Algnied - - - Cormac MacSuibay - 731 - 733 - 755 - 774 - 778 I I 3 Cormac 828 Rumold Mac Cathasach, called the " Rich Repository of Excellent Wisdom "- - 882 Colman Mac Ailild 919 Ferdomnach Mac Flanagan - _ - 924 Moctean, called the " Fountain of Religion and Wisdom among the Irish " - - 930 486 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. INIalfechin 940 Bechan Mac Lactnan _ _ _ _ 942 Faithman - 971 Tuethal O'Dunluing - - - - 1010 Cellach O'Clercheii 1028 Tuathal O'Follanmuin .... 1043 Tigernach Boircech » _ - _ 1055 Murchertach Mac Longsoe . - - 1061 Idunan - - - - - - - 1092 Concovar - - - - - - 1110 Fiachry 1117 Christian O'Hagan _ - _ _ 1135 Eochaid O'Kelly 1136 O'Follomar 1140 Eleutherius - - - - - - 1150 Bishops of Meath. Eugene, who, a little before his death, called the see the see of Meath - - 1174 Simon Rochfort 1194 Deodat 1224 Ralph le Petit, archdeacon of Meath - 1227 Richard de la Corner, canon of St, Patrick's, Dublin 1230 Hugh de Tachmon 1250 Thomas St. Leger 1287 John O'Carrol ; translated to Cork - - 1321 William de Paul, a Carmelite friar - - 1327 William St. Leger, archdeacon of Meath - 1350 Nicholas Allen, abbot of St. Thomas, near Dubhn 1353 Stephen de Valle, dean of Limerick - - 1369 William Andrew ; translated from Achonry 1380 Alexander de Balscot; translated from Ossory 1386 Robert Montain 1402 Edward Dantsey, archdeacon of Cornwall 1413 William Hadsor 1430 William Silk 1434 Edmund Ouldhal, of Norwich ^ - - 1450 William Sherwood 1460 John Pain, or Payne, a Dominican friar - 1483 William Rokeby ; translated to Dublin - 1507 Hugh Inge; translated to Dublin - - 1512 Richard Wilson ----- 1523 Edward Staples : deprived - - - 1530 William Walsh : deprived - - - 1554 Hugh Brady 1563 Thomas Jones ; translated to Dublin - 1584 Roger Dod, dean of Salop - - - 1605 George Montgomery, dean of Norwich; bishop of Derry, Raphoe, and Clogher - 1610 James Ussher ; translated to Armagh - 1621 Anthony Martin, dean of Waterford - 1625 Henry Lesley ; translated from Down and Connor 1660 Henry Jones; translated from Clogher - 1661 Anthony Dopping ; translated from Kildare 1682 Richard Tennison ; translated from Clogher 1697 William Moreton ; translated from Kildare 1705 John Evans; translated from Bangor - 1716 Henry Downs; translated from Elphin; translated to Derry - - _ - 1724 Ralph Lambert : translated from Dromore 1727 Welbore EUis ; translated from Kildare - 1732 Arthur Price ; translated from Leighlin, &c. ; translated to Cash el - - - 1734 Henry Maule ; translated from Dromore - 1744 Hon. W. Carmichael ; translated from Ferns, Sec. ; translated to Dublin - - - 1 758 Richard Pocock ; translated from Ossory - 1765 Arthur Smythe; translated from Down, Sec. ; translated to Dubhn - - - 1760 Hon. Henry Maxwell ; translated from Dromore - 1766 Rt. hon. Thomas-Lewis O'Beirne ; trans- lated from Ossory - - - - 1798 Nathaniel Alexander ; translated from Down and Connor - - - _ 1823 Charles Dickenson, d. d. Dec. - - 18-10 Edward Stopford, d. d. ; consecrated Nov. 6. 1842 Thomas G. Townshend, dean of Lismore. Oct. 3 1850 Bishops of Clonmacnois. ( United to Meath.') St. Kiaran, the founder : died - - - 549 St. Tigernach : died - - - . 549 Baitan (O'Cormac) : died - - - 663 Joseph, of Rosmore : died - - - 839 Moeldarius : died ----- 886 Cropery, or Corprey Crom : died - - 899 Colman, called the " Wisest Doctor in all Ireland:" died 924 Cormac O'Killeen : died - - - - 964 Tuathal: died 969 Durichad O'Braoin ; resigned : succeeded - 969 Ectigem O'Ergain : died - - - - 1052 Colocair: died 1067 Ailild O'Harretaigh : died - - - 1070 Christian O'Hectigern : died - - - 1103 Donnald O^Dubhai : died - - -1136 Moriertach O'Melider : seated here - - 1152 Tigernach O'Moeleoin : died - - -1172 Mureach O'Murrechan : died - - - 1213 Edan O'Maily : died - - - -1220 MaBlrony O'Modein : succeeded - - 1220 Hugh O'Malone 1230 Elias 1236 Thomas 1236 Thomas O'Quin 1252 [See vacant nearly 2 years.] Gilbert: resigned 1281 [See vacant 2 years.] William O'Duffy, Franciscan friar - - 1290 William O'Findan, abbot of Kilbeggan - 1298 [See vacant some years.] Donald O'Bruin, Franciscan friar - - 1303 Lewis O'Daly : died •• - - -1337 Henry, Dominican friar : died - - - 1367 Richard - - - - - - _** Philip: died « 1388 Milo Cory, Franciscan friar : succeeded in 1390 O'Galachor: died 1397 OSSORY. 487 Peter, abbot of Granard : succeeded in Philip O'Mceil - . . . David Brendoc, Cistercian monk [The see vacant some years.] Cormac Mac Coughlan : succeeded - [Killed in a skirmish.] John Oldais, Franciscan friar : succeeded John; died - 1398 1411 1423 1427 1444 148G Walter Blake, canon of Enaglidune: suc- ceeded 1437 Thomas 1508 Quintin, Franciscan friar - - - 15 16 Richard Hogan, Franciscan friar - - 1538 Florence Gerawan, Franciscan friar - - 1539 Peter Wall, a Dominican friar - - - 1556 [Dr. Wall died in 1568, when this see was, by the authority of parliament, united to the bishopric of Meath.] BISHOPRIC OF OSSOEY, FERNS, AND LEIGHLIN. The see of Ossory was first planted at Salger, in the territory of Ely O'Carrol, about the year 402, thirty years, it is said, before the arrival of St. Patrick. It was removed to Aghavoe, it is supposed, in 1052, for in the MS. Annals of Leinster^ under that year, we meet with this passage, " A church was built at Achadboe, and the shrine of Canic placed in it." Felix O'Dullany, bishop of Ossory, translated the see to Kilkenny about the close of Henry II.'s rei 1485 Philip Pinson, Franciscan friar - - 1503 Maurice de Portu, alias O'Fehely, Fran- ciscan friar ------ 1506 Thomas O'MuUaly, or Laly - - - 1531 Christopher Bodekin ; translated from Kil- macduach ------ 1536 William Laly, dean of Tuam : he held, at the same time, the see of Enaghdune - 1573 Nehemiah Donellan : resigned 1609 - - 1595 William Daniel 1609 Randolph Barlow, dean of Christ-Church - 1629 Richard Boyle; translated from Cork - 1638 John Maxwell ; translated from Killala and Achonry ----- 1645 [He died in 1646; having been most barbarously treated by the rebels at Killala and Tuam ; the see remained vacant until the Restoration.] Samuel Pullen, dean of Clonfert - - 1661 [He also held the bishopric of Kilfenora in commendam.^ D aciionhy. John Parker ; translated from Elphin ; translated to Dublin : succeeded - 1667 JohnVesey; translated from Limerick - 1678 Edward Singe; translated from Raplioe - 1716 Josiah Hort; translated from Kilmore and Ardagh 1742 [He held Ardagh in commendam with this see, and it continued with Tuam up to the recent change.] John Ryder; translated from Down and Connor « 1752 Jemmet Brown; translated from Elphin - 1775 Hon. Joseph Deane Bourke ; translated from Leighlin and Ferns : (succeeded as earl of Mayo in 1792) - - - - 1782 Hon. William Beresford; translated from Ossory 1795 Hon. Power Trench; translated from El- phin 1819 Hon. Thomas Plunket, dean of Down (bishop of Tuam only; Tuam having been previously an archbishopric) April 1839 [On the death of Dr. Trench in 1839, Tuam ceased to be archiepiscopal, and the bishopric of Ardagh was separated from it, and united to the see of Kil- more.] BISHOPRIC OF MAYO. (^United to Tuam.') St. Gerald, a native of England, and disciple of St. Colman, bishop of Lindisfarne, followed that saint upon his expulsion out of England, in company with many persons of the same nation. St. Colman founded a monastery about the year 665 or 670, at Mayo, and placed in it the Englishmen who had followed him ; whence it took the name of Mayo-na-Sasson, or Mayo of the Saxons ; by which name the Irish called the natives of England. St. Gerald enlarged this monastery, and erected it into an epis- copal see, of which he was the first bishop. He died on the 13th of March, about the year 697. This bishopric has long been annexed to Tuam. Bishops of Mayo. St. Gerald : died circa - - - - 697 Muredach, the son of Indrect : died - - 726 Aidan: died 768 * * * * Cele O'Dubhai : died - - - -1209 Stephen O'Braoin : died - - - - 1231 * * * * William Pendergast, Franciscan friar ; succeeded 1428 : deprived, for not expe- diting his letters of provision, by pope Martin V. 1430 Nicholas Wagomai, Franciscan friar : suc- ceeded 1430 O'Higin: died 1478 Odo: died 1493 John Bell, Franciscan friar : succeeded - 1493 * * * * Eugene Mac Breohan, or Brethemain, was the last bishop of Mayo in 1569. In his time the see was annexed to Tuam. BISHOPRIC OF KILLALA AND ACHONRY. (^Now united to Tuam.) St. Muredach, the first bishop of this see, was consecrated by St. Patrick ; whence it is manifest that he flourished in the fifth century ; but the time of his death is uncer- tain. The author of the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick., in giving an account of that saint's progress through Connaught, sajs, "He came to a pleasant place, where the 492 BISHOPS OF IRELAND. river Muadas (Moy) empties itself into the ocean ; and on the south banks of said river he built a noble church, called Kill-Aladh, of which he made one of his disciples, Muredach, the first bishop." — If this be so, the time of the foundation of the church is pretty nearly to be guessed at; for St. Patrick made his journey into Connaught in 434, and continued there seven years, until 441. Few traces remain of the successors of Muredach, before the arrival of the English : the names of two only occur in history. The see of Achonry has been held in commendam with Killala since the year 1607; and the united see was consolidated with Tuam, under the provisions of the Church Temporalities' act, passed 3rd and 4th William IV. Aug. 14, 1834. Bishops of Killala. St. Muredach : sat here about - - - 440 « * « * Kellach: died - - - - - 544 [This bishop was murdered by his fos- terers, near to Adergool ; the assassins were torn in pieces by wild horses.] * * * * O'Moel Fogamair : died - - - -1151 Imar O'Ruadan 1177 Donat O'Beoda 1207 Cormac O'Tarpaid 1226 John O'Malfagamair - - - - 1234 O'Laidig 1275 John O'Laidig, or O'Loyn - - - 1281 Donat O'Flaherty : succeeded - - - 1281 John Tankard, archdeacon - - - 1306 John O'Laitin : died - - - - 1343 [See vacant 3 years.] William O'Dowda : succeeded - - - 1347 Kobert: succeeded - - - - - 1350 [This prelate was fined 100 merks for not appearing, upon summons, at a parliament assembled at Castledermot on the Monday after Ash Wednesday, 1377.] Thomas Lodowis, Dominican friar - - 1381 Thomas Orwell 1389 Thomas, archdeacon - - - - 1400 Muredach Clerach : died - ... 1403 O'Haneki, dean : succeeded - - - 1416 Connor O'Connell I. : died - - - - 1426 Martin: died 1431 Manus Fitz Fultagh O'Dowda, archdeacon : died - - - - ... - - 1436 Connor O'Connell II.: slain in the year 1461 by Manus O'Dowda's son. Donat O'Concubhair, or O'Connor: suc- ceeded 1461 John O'Cashin : resigned about - - 1490 Thomas: died 1497 Thomas Clerk, or Cleragh : resigned in - 1508 Malachy O'Clowan, or Cluan : succeeded - 1505 Richard Barrett : sat here in - - - 1523 Redmund Gallakan : sat here in - - 1549 Owen O'Connor, dean : succeeded - - 1591 [He sat about 16 years; and, on his death, Miler Magrath, archbishop of Cashel, held this see, together with Achonry, in commendam, for almost 15 years. On his death, Archibald Ha- milton was advanced to the see of Killala, and held that of Achonry in commendam; and this union has con- tinued ever since.] Killala and Achonry Archibald Hamilton, d. d. of Glasgow; translated to Cashel - - - - 1623 Archibald Adair, dean of Raphoe; trans- lated from Killaloe : deprived - - 1630 J'ohn Maxwell; translated from Ross, in Scotland ; translated to Tuam - - 1640 [The see continued vacant from his translation in 1645 to the Restoration.] Henry Hall, chaplain to the lord-lieu- tenant; succeeded _ _ _ - 1660 Thomas Bayly, dean of Down : succeeded - 1663 Thomas Otway : he rebuilt his ruinous cathedral ; translated to Ossory - - 1670 John Smith, dean of Limerick - - - 1679 William Smith, dean of Dromore; trans- lated to Raphoe 1681 Richard Tennison, dean of Clogher ; trans- lated to Clogher 1681 William Lloyd, dean of Achonry - - 1690 Henry Downs, minister of Barrington, Northamptonshire; translated to Derry 1717, Charles Cobbe, dean of Ardagh ; translated to Dromore - - - - - - 1720 • Robert Howard, dean of Ardagh; trans- lated to Elphin 1726 Robert Clayton; translated to Cork and Ross - - - - - - - 1730 ' Mordecai Cary ; translated from Clonfert - 1735 Richard Robinson ; translated to Ferns and Leighlin - - - - - - 1752 Samuel Hutchinson, dean - - - 1759 William Cecil Pery, dean of Derry ; trans- lated to Limerick - - - - 1780 . William Preston ; translated to Ferns - 1784 John Law ; translated from Clonfert ; trans- lated to Elphin 1787 John Porter, chaplain to the archbishop of Canterbury ; translated to Clogher - 1795 Dr. Joseph Stock, chaplain to the lord- lieutenant 1798 James Verschoyle, dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin 1810 [On the death of Dr. Verschoyle in 1834, Killala and Achonry were united to Tuam.] DEANS OF ST. PATRICK. 493 BISHOPRIC OF ACHONRY. St. Finian, bishop of Clonard, founded the church of A chad, hitterly commonly called Achonry, and Achad-Conair, and anciently Achad-Chavin, about the year 530. The site on which it was built was granted by a dynast, or petty prince, of the terri- tory of Luigny. St. Finian having built this church, immediately gave it to his dis- ciple Nathy, called in Irish Dathi, L e. David, who went by two names ; for he was commonly called Comrah or Cruimthir, and was a man of great sanctity. The latter of these names signifies, in old Irish, a priest ; the other has a religious meaning. His festival is celebrated on the 9th of August, and the church was dedicated to him. In the ancient annals of Ireland, the prelates of this see are, for the most part, called bishops of Luigny or Liny, from the barony or subdivision of the county in which it is situated. No account is to be had of the successors of St. Nathy, until the arrival of the English in Ireland. Bishops of Achonuy. St. Nathy, or Cruimthir Nathy : promoted about 530 * * * * Melruan O'Ruadan : died - - - 1170 Gillasius O'Ruadan - - - - 1214 Clemens O'Sinadaig - - - - 1219 Carus O'Tarpa, abbot of Mellifont - - 1226 Gelisa O'Clery 1230 Thomas O'Ruadan 1237 Oengus O'Clumain ; succeeded - - 1238 Thomas O'Miachan 1251 Dennis O'Miachan, archdeacon - - 1266 Benedict 1286 Henr}^ Mac O'Reghty, Cistercian monk: died - 1297 Benedict O'Brogan : died - - - 1311 David: succeeded - - - - -1312 Murchard O'Hara : died - - - - 1344 David: died - 1348 Nicholas O'Hedram, Cistercian monk - 1373 William Andrew, English Dominican friar ; translated to Meath : succeeded - - 1 374 Laurence Peter Jacopin, Dominican friar - 1445 Thady: died - - - - - 1448 Gasper, abbot of Boyle : succeeded - - 1449 James Blakedon ; translated to Bangor, in Wales 1452 Cornelius: died - - - - ' - 1472 Robert Welly s, Franciscan friar : succeeded 1473 Bernard: died 1488 John de Bustamento, a Spaniard (never visited the see) : succeeded in - - 1489 Richard: died 1492 Thomas Fort, Augustine canon : succeeded 1492 Cormac : sat here in - - _ _ 1523 * * * * Eugene ------- 1585 [Miler Magragh, archbishop of Cash el, obtained these sees in 1607, and held them till his death ; from which time the see of Killala and this see have always gone together. Both became united to Tuam in 1834.] DEANS OF ST. PATEICK'S. 1219. William Fitz-Guy, or Guido de Londres, the first dean recorded. 1223. Ralph de Bristol. 1234. John de Taunton. 1235. Richard Gardiner, or de Gardino. 1250. Richard de St. Martin. 1251. Hugh de Mapilton, or de Glandelagh, lord treasurer same year. 1269. John de Saunford, justice of the king's bench. 1275. William de Salinis. 1277. Adam de Wadenhall. 1284. James de Ispania. 1289. Stephen de Brogan. 1294. Adam de Furneis. 1310. Alexander de Byknore, or Bicknor, pre- bendary of Maynooth; he was lord treasurer in 1307 ; vice dean. 1312. William Rudyard, treasurer of St. Pa- trick's ; elected dean. 1349. William de Bromley; became lord trea- surer of Ireland in 1354. 1363. Thomas Minot, prebendary of Malihidert, or Mullahithart. 1374. William Lawless and Nicholas Bromley: "the dean being very old and infirm, the king authorized them to prosecute his afi^airs at Rome and elsewhere." — John Colton, lord treasurer; made lord chancellor of Ireland in 1379. 1382. [The deanery sequestered: dean Colton promoted to the primacy this year. ] 1396. Thomas de Everdon. Cardinal Randulph, who had intruded himself into the deanery, was evicted, after a trial of quare impedit. 1399. John Prene ; consecrated archbishop of Armagh in 1439. 1439. Nicholas Hill. 1449. Michael Tregury. 1457. Peter Norreis, or Norreys. 1465. John Alleyne, precentor of the cathedral : died 1505, having governed as dean for forty years. 494 KNIGHTS OF ST. PATRICK. 1505. Thomas Kochfort, son of Roger, lord of Killadown. — IFare. 1522. John Rycarde, rector of Trim : he is said to have resigned the deanery in 1523. 1523. Robert Sutton, archdeacon of Dublin. 1528. Thomas Darcy, prebendary of Howth, and master of the rolls. 1529. George Fyche, archdeacon of Glandelagh : died March 1537. 1537. Edward Bassenet de Devonshire ; went to Ireland in the train of sir Anthony St. Leger, who afterwards became lord deputy. 1548. [The judges began this year to sit in the cathedral, and keep their terms there ; from this time until the Restoration it became the hall of judicature.] 1555, Thomas Leverous ; a leading instrument in the fortunes of the earls of Kildare, to whom his family were tenants. 1560. Alexander Craike, prebendary of Clon- methan : died in 1564. 1564. Adam Loftus, archbishop of Armagh. 1567. Robert Weston, dean of Arches in London ; made lord chancellor of Ireland. 1576. William Gerrard, by letters-patent ; made lord chancellor of Ireland. 1581. Thomas Jones ; consecrated bishop of Meath in 1584; afterwards translated to Dublin. 1584. Richard Meredyth ^ ; raised to the see of Leighlin by letters patent April 1589. 1597. Sir John Ryder. 2 1608. Thomas Moigne, archdeacon of Meath: resigned in 1625 in favour of Benjamin Culme, his successor, and died in 1628. 1625. Benjamin Culme, rector of Rathmore, in the diocese of Meath. 1660. William Fuller ; obtained the deanery by letters patent. 1666. Thomas Seele, precentor of, Christ-Church : died Feb. 1674. 1674. Benjamin Parry^ chaplain to the lord- lieutenant Arthur, earl of Essex. 1677. John Worth; appointed by letters patent; having conformed to the Roman Catho- lic persuasion, he was deprived. 1688. William King, chaplain to Parker, arch- bishop of Tuam. 1690. Michael Jeplison ; appointed by letters- patent dated Jan. 15, this year. 1693. Thomas Lindsay, chancellor of Christ- Church ; appointed by letters-patent. 1695. Edward Smith; he had been chaplain to the factories of Constantinople and Smyrna : died in 1698. 1698. Jerome Ryves; appointed by letters-pa- tent : died June 1704. 1704. John Sterne, by election; became bishop of Dromore in 1713, and was afterwards translated to Cloglier. 1713. Jonathan Swift 3, by letters-patent. [Dean Swift's parents were English ; he was, however, himself born in Dublin, at No. 7. Hoey's-court, in that city : died in 1745.] 1745. Gabriel James Maturin: died the next year. 1746. Francis Corbet, prebendary of Malahidert : died in 1775. 1775. William Cradock: died in Edinburgh in Sept. 1793. 1793. Robert Fowler; elected Oct. 13, in this year : resigned, and died soon after. 1794. James Yerschoyle ; elected in April, on the death of Dr. Fowler. 1810. John-William Keatinge, by letters-pa- tent dated May 31 : died 1817. 1818. Hon. and Rev. Richard Ponsonby ; conse- crated bishop of Killaloe 1828; trans- lated to Derry 1831. 1828. Henry Dawson,'?;ice Ponsonby. March 3. [Dean Dawson died in Oct. 1840. Two candidates were thereupon proposed, viz , Dr. Daly and Dr. Wilson : the latter disputed certain votes given to the other, and on Dec. 9, 1842, the Court of Delegates decided in favour of Dr. Daly.] 1842. Robert Daly; installed dean Dec. 13 : soon afterwards appointed bishop of Cashel. 1843. Hon. and Rev. Henry Pakenham. Feb. 7. The PRESENT (1851) Dean of St. Patrick's. THE ORDER OF ST. PATRICK. The Order of St. Patrick was instituted in the year 1783 by George III., for the purpose of establishing a national fraternity of knights in Ireland, as a counterpart of the Order of the Thistle in Scotland, and the Order of the Garter in England. On the 5th of February, 1783, a royal warrant was addressed to earl Temple (afterwards marquess of Buckingham), then lord lieutenant of Ireland, authorizing the issue of 1 This prelate was committed to the Tower of London : the nature of the charge is not at the present day dis- coverable ; it is certain, however, that a fine of 2G00/. was imposed upon him in the Court of Star Chanr.ber. — Monck Mason. 2 The queen wrote, as usual, to have Ryder made dean, by virtue of her own authority solely ; but archbishop Lofius, in a courtly manner, showed to lord Burleigh how her majesty might obtain his legal election. — Idem. 3 Dean Swift was through life much troubled with giddiness of the head, which much increased towards the close of it, and at length ended in a total deprivation of reason, in which condition he died. In his lucid moments he bequeathed the bulk, of his fortune to erect an hospital in Dublin for idiots and lunatics, which was built accordingly. His remains were interred in the cathedral. KNIGHTS OF ST. PATRICK. 495 letters-patent under the great seal of Ireland, for the institution of the Order. Thougli all preliminary steps were taken, and though the passing of the letters-patent was duly gazetted, yet no such documents are now to be found, and it is believed by many authorities that the letters patent were never executed. The royal warrant merely authorized the preparation of the patent, but the latter necessary document is not recorded on the rolls of chancery either in England or Ireland. On the 28th of February the statutes of the Order were signed, by which it was ordained : — That the sovereignty should be vested in the crown ; and that the lord- lieutenant of Ireland should be, ex officio^ grand master ; and that the knights should be fifteen in number. In July, 1821, George lY. dispensed with the statute which restricted the number of knights to fifteen, and appointed six extra members at his coronation, but eight years elapsed before the royal warrant was issued to authorize this change, and in the mean time four of the extra knights had been elected to fill vacancies ifrom deaths which occurred in the constituent number of fifteen. AYilliam IV., at his coronation, nominated four more extra knights, and on the 24th of January, 1833, permanently increased the limits of the Order by fixing its consti- tuent numbers at twenty-two instead of fifteen. On the accession of Queen Victoria, a statute was issued substituting a declaration upon honour for the oath which was previously administered to each knight on his election, and in 1839 her majesty isssued an ordinance authorizing each successive grand master to retain and wear the star, riband, and badge of the Order, after he had ceased to be lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Thus, though the head and chief of the Oi'der was not a member of it during any lord-lieutenancy, but that of earl Talbot, yet by a verbal grant from William IV. and an express authority from her majesty, all who have held the oflfice of lord-lieutenant are entitled to the distinctive honours which are worn by the veritable members of the body. The esquires are three in number for each knight. The sixteenth statute ordains, that every knight should appoint three gentlemen of blood without reproach to be his esquires of the body, and to attend him at installations. No esquires have been ap- pointed since 1833, in consequence of installations having been dispensed with at the election of each new knight. The Original Knights. II. R. H. prince Edward, fourth son to the king, afterwards duke of Kent: died Jan. 1820. William -Robert Fitzgerald, duke of Leinster; died Oct. 1804. Henry Smyth de Burgh, earl, afterwards mar- quess of Clanricarde : died Dec. 1797. Randall-William Macdonnell, earl of Antrim: died in 1791. Thomas Nugent, earl of Westmeath : died Sept. 1792. Murrough O'Bryan, earl of Inchiquin, after- wards marquess of Thomond : died Feb. 1808. Charles Moore, earl, afterwards marquess of Drogheda : died Dec. 1822. George de la Poer Beresford, earl of Tyrone, afterwards marquess of Waterford ; died Dec. 1800. Richard Boyle, earl of Shannon : died May 1807. James Hamilton, earl of Clanbrassil : died Feb. 1798. Richard Colley Wellesley, earl of Mornington, afterwards marquess Wellesley; resigned the order on being elected k. g. : died Sept. 1842. Arthur Saunders Gore, earl of Arran; elected March 8, 1783 : died Oct. 1809. James Stopford, earl of Courtown; died March 1810. James Caulfield, earl of Charlemont : died Aug. 1799. Thomas Taylour, earl of Bective : died Feb. 1795. Henry Loftus, earl of Ely : died abroad IMay 1783, without having been invested. Knights subsequently elected. John- Joshua Proby, earl of Carysfort; elected Feb. 5, 1784 : died April 1828. Charles, viscount Loftus, earl, and afterwards marquess of Ely; elected Dec. 1794: died March 1806. William-Henry, earl of Clermont ; elected March 30, 1795 : died Sept. 1806. Walter, earl of Ormond and Ossory; elected March 19, 1798: died Aug. 1820. Charles, viscount Dillon ; elected March 19, 1798: died Nov. 1813. John Denis Browne, earl of Altamont, afterwards marquess of Sligo ; elected Aug. 11, 1«00 died Jan. 1809. Henry, marquess of Conyngham ; elected Jan. 22, 1801 : died Dec. 1832. Henrv de la Poer, marquess of Waterfor I ; elected March 14, 1806 : died July 1826. 496 KNIGHTS OF Thomas, marquess of Headfort; elected May 15, 1806 : died Oct. 1829. Kobert, earl of Roden ; elected Nov. 13, 1806 : died June 1820. John, marquess of Ely ; elected Nov. 3, 1807 : died 1845. Henry, earl of Shannon ; elected April 5, 1808 : died April 1842. Charles-Henry St. John, earl O'Neill; elected Feb. 13, 1809 : died March 1841. William, marquess of Thomond ; elected Nov. 11, 1809 : died Aug. 1846. Howe-Peter, marquess of Sligo ; elected March 24, 1810: died Jan. 1845. John Willoughby, earl of Enniskillen; elected April 27, 1810 : died March 1840. Thomas, earl of Longford ; elected Dec. 17, 1813 : died May 1835. Ernest- Augustus, duke of Cumberland, now king of Hanover; elected Aug. 20, 1821. George- Augustus, marquess of Donegal ; elected August 20, 1821 : died Oct. 1844. Dupre, earl of Caledon ; elected Aug. 28, 1821 : died April 1839. Charles Chetwynd, earl Talbot; elected July 1821 : resigned the order on being elected a knight of the Garter, Oct. 11, 1844. James, marquess of Ormond ; elected July 1821 : died May 1838. ' John Chambre, earl of Meath ; elected July 1821: died March 1851. Arthur- James, earl of Fin gal ; elected July 1821 : . died July 1836. ' James-George, earl of Courtown; elected July 1821 : died June 1835. Robert, earl of Roden ; elected July 1821. Arthur, marquess of Downshire; elected Oct. 1831 ; died April 1845. ST. PATRICK. Ulick-John, marquess of Clanricarde ; elected Oct. 1831. Francis- William, earl of Charlemont ; elected Oct. 1831. Francis- James, earl of Landaff ; elected Oct. 1831 : died March 1833. Francis- Nathaniel, marquess Conyngham ; elected March 27, 1833. Nathaniel, earl of Leitrim ; elected April 8, 1834. John, earl of Donoughmore; elected April 8, 1834. Edmund, earl of Cork and Orrery ; elected July 22, 1835. Thomas, earl of Howth ; elected July 22, 1835. Thomas-Anthony, viscount Southwell; elected Sept. 1837. Thomas, marquess of Headfort ; elected April 15, 1839. William, earl of Listowell ; elected April 29, 1839. Joseph, earl of Miltown ; elected March 13, 1841. Philip Yorke, earl of Arran ; elected May 6, 1841. William, earl of Wicklow ; elected Nov. 9, 1842. H. R. H. Prince Albert ; declared by a special statute, dated Jan. 25, 1842. William, earl of Rosse ; elected Jan. 4, 1845. Henry, marquess of Waterford; elected Jan. 4, 1845. John, earl of Clare; elected Sept. 17, 1845. John, marquess of Ormond; elected Sept. 17, 1845. Henry, lord Farnham ; elected Nov. 12, 1845. Arthur- James, earl of Fingal; elected Oct. 12, 1846. John Foster, viscount Massereene and Ferrard ; elected July 1851. The present Knights. The Sovereign. H. R. H. Prince Albert. His Excellency the Lord-Lieutenant, Grand Master, His Majesty the King of Hanover. Robert, earl of Roden. Ulick-John, marquess of Clanricarde. Francis- William, earl of Charlemont. Francis-Nathaniel, marquess Conyngham. Nathaniel, earl of Leitrim. ' J ohn, earl of Donoughmore. Edmund, earl of Cork and Orrery. Thomas, earl of Howth. Thomas-Anthony, viscount Southwell. Thomas, marquess of Headfort. William, earl of Listowell. Joseph, earl of Miltown. Philip Yorke, earl of Arran. William, earl of Wicklow. William, earl of Rosse. Henry, marquess of Waterford. John, earl of Clare. John, marquess of Ormond. Henry, lord Farnham. Arthur-James, earl of Fingal. John Foster, viscount Massereene and Ferrard. The knights of the Order of St. Patrick are not only entitled to certain rank and precedence among themselves, but enjoy privileges over all who are not members of the Order. 497 SUPPLEMENTARY LISTS. REVENUE DEPARTxMENT. COMMISSIONEPvS OF CUSTOMS, EXCISE, STAMPS, &c. IN ENGLAND. Commissioners of Customs in England. (^From the Restoration of King Charles II.) 16G0. Sir Job Harbye, sir John Wobtenholme, sir John Jacob, sir Nichohis Crispe, sir John Harrison, and sir John Shawe. Sept. 20. 1G71. Sir George Downing, sir William Thomp- son, sir William Lowther, William Gor- v^ay, Francis Millington, and John Upton. Salary 2000/. per annum each. Sept. 27. 1672. Sir Richard Temple, sir George Downing, sir William Thompson, sir William Lowther, William Garway, Francis Millington, and John Upton. Salary 2000/. per annum each. March 30, 1675. Sir Richard Temple, sir Edward Deering, sir George Downing, sir William Low- ther, Charles Cheyne, Francis Milling- ton, and John Upton. Salary 12G0/. per annum each. Jan. 8. 1677. Sir Richard Temple, sir Edward Deering, sir Francis Lawley, sir George Downing, sir William Lowther, Chailes Cheyne, and Francis Millington. Salary 1200/. per annum each. Nov. 9. 1679. Sir Richard Temple, sir Edward Deering, sir Francis Lawley, sir George Downing, Charles Osborne, Charles Cheyne, and Francis Millington, vice sir William Lowther. Salary 1200/. per annum. Feb. 14. — Sir Richard Temple, sir George Downing, Charles Cheyne, Francis IMillington, and John Upton. Salary 1200/. per annum. April 10. 1680. Charles, viscount Newhaven, sir Richard Temple, sir George Downing, barts., John Upton, and Nicholas Butler, vice Francis Millington. Salary 1200/. per annum. July 1. 1681. Charles, viscount Newhaven, Andrew Newport, sir Richard Temple, sir George Downing, and Nicholas Butler, m. d. Nov. 11. 1681. Charles, viscount Newhaven, sir Dudley North, Andrew Newport, sir Richard Temple, sir George Downing, and sir Nicholas Butler. Salary 1200/. per annum. March 7. — Charles, viscount Newhaven, Andrew Newport, sir Richard Temple, sir Ni- 1G84. 1685. 1686. 1687. 1688. 1689. K cholas Butler, sir John Buckworth, and William Dickinson. Salary 1200/. per annum. Aug. 1. Charles, viscount Newhaven, Andrew Newport, sir Richard Temple, sir Ni- cholas Butler, sir John Buckwortli, William Dickinson, and Thomas Chud- leigh. Salary 1200/. per annum. Dec. 3L Charles, viscount Newhaven, sir John Werden, sir Nicholas Butler, bart., Wil- liam Dickinson, and Thomas Chudleigli, vice Andrew Newport and sir Jolui Buckworth. Salarv 1200/. per annum. Feb. 28. Charles, viscount Newhaven, sir Dudley North, sir John Werden, sir Nicholas Bntler, sir John Buckworth, barts., William Dickinson, and Thomas Chud- leigli, Salarv 1200/. per annum. April 2. Charles, viscount Newhaven, sir Dudley North, sir John Werden, sir John Buck- worth, sir Nicholas Butler, barts., Wil- liam Dickinson, Thomas Cliudleigh, and Samuel Clarke. Salary 1200/. per annum. June 25. Charles, viscount Newhaven, sir Dudley North, sir John Werden, sir Nicholas Butler, bart., sir John BuckAVortli, bart., William Dickinson, Thomas Cliudleigh, and Samuel Clarke. Salary 1200Z. per annum. July 9. Sir Dudley North, sir John Werden, sir Nicholas Butler, bart., sir John Buck- worth, bart., and Thomas Chudleigli, vice viscount Newhaven. Salary 1200/. per annum. Feb. 25. Sir Nicholas Butler, bart., sir Dudley North, bart., sir John Weixlen, bart., Thomas Chudleigh, and William Culli- ford. Salary 1200/. per annum. Jan. 14. Sir Nicholas Butler, Henry Browne, sir Dudley North, sir John Werden, barts., and AVilliam Culliford, vice lliomas Chudleigh. Salary 1200/. per annum. Feb. 28, George ]5ooth, sir Richard Temple, sir John Werden, sir Robert Southwell, sir 498 REVENUE DEPARTMENT. Robert Clayton, sir Pntience Ward, barts., and Thomas Pelliam, vice sir Nicholas Butler, Henry Browne, sir Diulley North, and William Culliford. April 20. 1G9I. George Booth, sir Richard Temple, sir John Werden, sir Robert Southwell, sir Robert Clayton, sir Patience Ward, barts., and Henry Guy, vice Thomas Pelham. Salary 1000/. jjer annum. March 24. — George Booth, sir Richard Temple, sir John Werden, sir Robert Southwell, sir Patience Ward, sir Robert Clayton, barts., and Charles Godolphin, vice Ilenrv Guy. Salary 1000/. per annum. July 3. 1094. Sir Robert Clayton, sir Patience Ward, sir Robert Southwell, barts., Charles Go- dolphin, sir Walter Young, bart., James Chad wick, and Samuel Clarke, vice George Booth, sir Richard Temple, and sir John Werden. Salary 1000/. per annum. Aug. 14. 1G96. Sir Robert Clayton, sir Patience Ward, sir Robert Southwell, Charles Go- dolphin, sir Walter Young, James Chad- wick, Samuel Clarke, and Benjamin Overton. Salary 1000/. per annum. April 14. 1G97. Charles Godolphin, sir Walter Young, bart., Samuel Clarke, Benjamin Over- ton, sir Henry Hobart, John Austin, barts., Robert Henley, vice sir Robert Clayton, sir Patience Ward, sir Robert Southwell, and James Chadwick. Sa- lary 1000/. per annum. June 21. 1G98. Charles Godolphin, sir Walter Young, Samuel Clarke, Benjamin Overton, sir Henry Hobart, sir John Austin, Robert Henley, and sir William St. Quintin. Salary 1000/. per annum. Aug. 20. 1G99. Charles Godolphin, sir Walter Young, Samuel Clarke, Benjamin Overton, Robert Henley, sir William St. Quintin, bart., and hon. Thomas Newport, vice sir Henry Hobart and sir John Austin. Salary 1000/. per annum. Nov. 22. 1701. Charles "Godolphin, Samuel Clarke, Ben- jamin Overton, Robert Henley, Thomas Newport, Arthur Maj^nwaring, and William Culliford, vice sir Walter Young and sir William St. Quintin. Salar}^ 1000/. per annum. Dec. 18. 1702. The same commissioners to the close of King William III.'s reign ; continued at the commencement of that of queen Anne. 1703. Charles Godolphin, Samuel Clarke, Thomas Newport, Arthur Maynwaring, William Culliford, sir John Werden, bart., and Richard Bretton, vice Benjamin Over- ton and Robert Henley. Salary 1000/. per annum. July 14. 1705. Charles Godolphin, Samuel Clarke, Thomas Newport, William Culliford, sir John Werden, Richard Bretton, and Thomas Hall, vice Arthur Maynwaring. Salary 1000/. per annum. May 15. 170G. Charles Godolphin, Samuel Clarke, Thomas Newport, William Culliford, sir John Werden, Thomas Hall, and sir Mattliew Dudley, vice Richard Bretton. Salary 1000/. per annum. June 6. 1708. Charles Godolphin, Samuel Clarke, Thomas Newport, William Culliford, sir John Werden, sir Matthew Dudley, and sir John Stanley, vice Thomas Hall. Sa- lary 1000/. per annum. May 4. — Charles Godolphin, Thomas Newport, William Culliford, sir John Werden, sir Matthew Dudley, sir John Stanley, and John Shute, vice Samuel Clarke. Salary 1000/. per annum. Dec. 23. 1711. Charles Godolphin, sir John Werden, sir John Stanley, Matthew Prior, John Bridges, Robert Williamson, and Ed- ward Gibbons, vice Thomas Newport, William Culliford, sir Matthew Dudley, and John Shute. Salary 1000/. per annum. Jan. 25. 1714. Sir John Werden, sir John Stanley, Matthew Prior, John Bridges, Robert Williamson, Edward Gibbons, Charles Godolphin, and sir David Nairne. Sa- lary 1000/. per annum. May 17. — Sir John Stanley, John Bridges, Robert Williamson, sir John Werden, Matthew Prior, Edward Gibbons, and sir David Nairne ; their patent revoked, and sir Walter Young, sir Matthew Dudley, sir John Stanley, John Bridges, Robert Williamson, John Pulteney, and Thomas Walker appointed. Salary 1000/. per annum. Nov. 9. — Sir Walter Young, sir Matthew Dudley, sir John Stanley, Robert Williamson, John Pulteney, Thomas Walker, and sir Charles Peers, vice Bridges. Salary 1000/. per annum. Dec. 4. 1715. Sir Walter Young, sir Matthew Dudley, sir John Stanley, John Pulteney, Thomas Walker, sir Charles Peers, and sir Thomas Frankland, vice Robert Williamson. Salary 1000/. per annum. March 17. 1718. Sir Walter Young, sir Matthew Dudley, sir John Stanley, John Pulteney, Thomas Walker, sir Charles Peers, and Robert Baylis, vice sir Thomas Frank- land. Salary 1000/. per annum. Jan. 2. 1720. Sir Walter Young, sir Matthew Dudley, sir John Stanley, John Pulteney, Thomas Walker, sir Charles Peers, and Robert Baylis. Oct. 1. 1721. Sir Walter Young, sir John Stanley, John Pulteney, Thomas Walker, sir Charles Peers, Robert Baylis, and sir John Eve- lyn, vice sir Matthew Dudley. Salary 1000/. per annum. Sept. 4. 1722. Sir Walter Young, sir John Stanley, Thomas Walker, sir Charles Peers, Robert Baylis, sir John l^'velyn, and Thomas Maynard, vice John Pulteney. March 27. 1723. Sir Walter Young, sir John Stanley, Thomas Walker, sir Charles Peers, Robert Baylis, sir John Evelyn, Thomas Maynard, sir James Campbell, Hum- phry Brent, John Campbell, Brian Fairfax, Henry Hale, George Drum- mond, and John Hill, commissioners for England and Scotland. Salary 1000/. per annum. June 23. 1727. Sir Walter Young, sir John Stanley, Thomas Walker, sir Charles Peers, sir John Evelyn, Thomas Maynard, sir James Campbell, Humphry Brent, John COMMISSIONERS OF CUSTOMS IN ENGLAND. 499 Campbell, Brian Fairfax, Henry Hale, George Drumniond, John Hill, and Allan Broderick, vice Robert Ba3dis. Salary 1000/. per annum. Oct. 18. 1728. Sir Walter Young, sir John Stanley, Thomas Walker, sir Charles Peers, sir John Evelyn, sir James Campbell, Humphry Brent, John Campbell, Brian Fairfax, Henry Hale, George Drum- niond, Jolin Hill, Allan Broderick, and Gwynn Yaughan, Thomas Maynard. Salary 1000/. per annum. With a clause, tliat seven of the said com- missioners from time to time shall have their chief residence in the ports of London ; and that live of the said com- missioners shall have their chief resi- dence at Edinburgh for managing the said customs. July 19. 1730. Sir Walter Young, sir John Stanley, Thomas Walker, sir Charles Peers, sir John I^velyn, sir James Campbell, John Campbell, Brian Fairfax, Henry Hale, George Drummond, John Hill, Gwynn Yaughan, and George Koss, vice Hum- phry Brent. Sept. 21. 1731. Sir Walter Young, sir John Stanley, Thomas Walker, sir Charles Peers, sir John Evelyn, sir James Campbell, John Campbell, Brian Fairfax, Henry Hale, George Drummond, John Hill, Gwynn Yaughan, George Ross, and Wardel George Westby. Salary 1000/. per annum. May 14. — Sir John Stanley, Thomas Walker, sir Charles Peers, sir John Evelyn, sir James Campbell, John Campbelf, Brian Fairfax, Henry Hale, George Drum- mond, John Hill, Gwynn Yaughan, George Ross, Wardel George Westby, and sir Robert Baylis, vice sir Walter Young. Salary 1000/. per annum. Aug. 28. 1732. Sir John Stanley, sir Charles Peers, sir John Evelyn, sir James Campbell, John Campbell, Brian Fairfax, Henry Hale, George Drummond, John Hill, Gwynn Yaughan, George Ross, Wardel George Westby, sir Rol)ert Baylis, and Edward Trelawney, vice Thomas Walker. Jan. 2. 1735. Sir John Stanley, sir Charles Peers, sir John Eveljm, sir James Campbell, John Campbell, Brian Fairfax, George Drum- mond, John Hill, Gwynn Yaughan, George Ross, Wardel George Westby, sir Robert Baylis, Edward Trelawney, and sir Robert Corbett ; fourteen com- missioners for Great Britain, vice Henry Hale. May 24. 1737. Sir John Stanley, sir John Eveljm, John Campbell, Brian Fairfax, John Hill, Gwynn Yaughan, George Ross, Wardel George Westby, sir Robert Baylis, sir Robert Corbett, Richard Chandler, Beaumont Hotham, Richard Somers, and Colin Campbell, vice sir Charles Peers, sir James Cam])bell, George Drummond, and Edward Trelawney. Oct. 15. 1741. Sir John Stanley, sir John Evelyn, John Campbell, Brian Fairfax, John Hill, Geo?-ge Ross, Wardel George Westby, sir Robert Baylis, Richard Chandler, Beaumont Hotham, Richard Somers, K Colin Campbell, Edward Riggs, and Isaac Leheup, vice Gwynn Yaughan and sir Robert Corbett. June 29. 1742. Sir John Stanley, sir Jolni Evelyn, John Campbell, Brian Fairf-ix, John Hill, Wardel George Westby, sir Robert Baylis, Richard Chandler, Beaumont Hotham, Richard Somers, Colin Camp- bell, and Gwynn Yaughan, vice Edward Riggs and Isaac Leheup. — Sir John Stanley, sir John Evel^m, Brian Fairfax, John Hill, sir Robert Baylis, Richard Chandler, Wardel George AVestby, Beaumont Hotham, and Sa- muel Mead. At this time the commission for the United Kingdom was divided, and the above nine commissioners were appointed for the management of the customs in England, and the remaining five for Scotland. 1744. Sir John Evelyn, Brian Fairfax, .John Hill, sir Robert Baylis, Richard Chand- ler, Wardel George Westby, Beaumont Hotham, Samuel Mead, and Gwynn Yaughan, vice sir John Stanley. 1747. Sir John Evelyn, Brian Fairfax, sir Robert Baylis, Richard Chandler, Wardel George Westby, Beaumont Hotham, Samuel Mead, Gwynn Yaughan, and William Levinz, vice John Hill. 1748. Sir John I^velyn, I3rian Fairfax, Richard Cavendish, Wardel George Westby, Beaumont Hotham, Samuel Mead, Gwynn Yaughan, William Levinz, and Edward Hooper, vice sir Robert Baylis. 1750. Sir John Evelyn, Richard Cavendish, Wardel George Westby, Beaumont Ho- tliam, Samuel Mead, Gwynn Yaughan, William Levinz, Edward Hooper, and sir Miles Stapleton, vice Brian Fairfax. 1752. Sir John Evelyn, Richard Cavendish, Wardel George Westby, Beaumont Ho- tham, Samuel Mead, Gwynn Yaughan, William^ Levinz, Edward Hooper, and Thomas Tash, vice sir Miles Stapleton. 1756. Sir John Evelyn, Richard Cavendish, Beaumont Hotham, Samuel Mead, Gwynn Yaughan, William Levinz, Ed- ward Hooper, Thomas Tash, Claudius Amyand, vice Wardel George Westby. 1758. Sir John Evelyn, Richard Cavendish, Beaumont Hotham, Samuel Mead, Wil- liam Levinz, Edward Hooper, Thomas Tash, Claudius Amyand, and Henry Pelham, vice Gwynn Yaughan. 1761. Sir John Evelyn, Beaumont Hotham, Samuel Mead, William Levinz, Ed- ward Hooper, Thomas Tash, Claudius Amyand, Henry Ptlham, and John Frederick, vice Richard Cavendish. 1762. Sir John Evelyn, bart., sir Beaumont Ho- tham, bart., Samuel Mead, William Levinz, Edward Hooper, Claudius Amyand, Henry Pelham, and John Frederick and Henry Banks, vice Tho- mas Tash. Dec. 11. 1763. Samuel Mead, Edward Hooper, Claudius Amyand, Henry Pelham, sir John Fre- derick, bart., Henry Banks, and sir William Musgrave, bart , sir Joseph Pennington, bart., and Corbyn Morris, vice Evelyn, Hotham, and Levinz. March 15. K 2 500 REVENUE DEPARTMENT. 17G5. Satnnel Mead, Edward Hooper, Henry Pelbani, sir John Frederick, bart., Henry Banks, sir William Musgrave, bart., sir Joseph Pennington, bart., Corbyn Mor- ris, and bon. Henry Grenville, vice Amyand. June 8. 1766. Samuel Mead, Edward Hooper, Henry Pelham, sir John Frederick, bart., Henry Banks, sir William Musgrave, bart., sir Joseph Pennington, bart., Corbyn Mor- ris, and James Jeffreys, vice Grenville. Aug. 16. 1769. Samuel Mead, Edward Hooper, Henry Pelham, sir John Frederick, bart., Henry Banks, sir William Musgrave, bart., Corbyn Morris, James Jeffreys, and Thomas Boone, r/ce Pennington. Dec. 5. 1776. Edward Hooper, Henry Pelham, sir John Frederick, bart., sir William Musgrave, bart., Corbyn Morris, James Jetfreys, Thomas Boone, and Welbore Ellis Agar, and William Hav, vice Mead and Banks, Oct. 31. 1778. Edward Hooper, Henry Pelham, sir John Frederick, bart., sir William Musgrave, bart., James Jeffreys, Thomas Boone. Welbore Ellis Agar, William Hay, and Thomas Allan, vice Corbyn Morris. Sept. 29. 1782. Edward Hooper, Henry Pelham, sir Wil- liam Musgrave, bart., James Jeffreys, Thomas Boone, Welbore Ellis Agar, William Hay, Thomas Allan, and sir Stanier Porten, knt., vice sir John Fre- derick. March 27. 1785. Edward Hooper, Henry Pelham, sir W^il- liam Musgrave, bart., James Jeffreys, Thomas Boone, Welbore Ellis Agar, William Hay, sir Stanier Porten, knt., and John Pownall, vice Thomas Allan. Feb. 8. — Edward Hooper, Henry Pelham, James Jeffreys, Thomas Boone, Welbore Ellis Agar, William Hay, sir Stanier Porten, knt., John Pownall, and Joah Bates, vice sir William Musgrave. Aug. 10. 1786. Edward Hooper, Henry Pelham, Thomas Boone, Welbore Ellis Agar, William Hay, John Pownall, Joah Bates, sir Alexander Munro, knt., and Richard Frewin, vice sir Stanier Porten and James Jeffreys. Nov. 15. 1788. Edward Hooper, Thomas Boone, Welbore Ellis Agar, William Hay, Joah Bates, sir Alexander Munro, knt., Richard Frewin, William Stiles, and William Roe, vice Henrv Pelham and John Pownall. March 18. 1793. Thomas Boone, Welbore Ellis Agar, Wil- liam Hay, Joah. Bates, sir Alexander Munro, knt., Richard Frewin, William Stiles, William Roe, and Francis Fownes Luttrell, vice Edward Hooper. Dec. 2. 1797. Thomas Boone, Welbore Ellis Agar, Joah Bates, sir Alexander Munro, knt., Rich- ard Frewin, William Stiles, William Roe, Francis Fownes Luttrell, and John Buller, vice WlUam Hay. 1799. Thomas Boone, Welbore Ellis Agar, sir Alexander Munro, knt., Richard F rewin, William Stiles, William Roe, Francis Fownes Luttrell, John Buller, and Glou- cester Wilson, vice Joah Bates. 1805. Welbore Ellis Agar, sir Alexander Munro, knt., Richard Frewin, William Roe, Francis Fownes Luttrell, John Buller, Gloucester Wilson, James Hume, and John Williams, vice Boone, resigned, and Stiles deceased. Sept. 17. — Sir Alexander Munro, knt., Richard Frewin, William Roe, Francis Fownes Luttrell, John Buller, Gloucester Wil- son, James Hume, John Williams, and James Willis, vice W^elbore Ellis Agar, deceased. Nov. 26. 1810. Richard Betenson Dean, vice Alexander Munro. Sept. 17. 1812. Snowden Barne, previously a commissioner of the treasury. Oct. 22. 1813. Henrv Richmond vice Frewin, who retired. May 6. — William Booth by, afterwards sir William Boothby, bart. Sept. 15. 1819. Hon. Edward Stewart and William Thomas Roe. Feb. 17. 1821. Hon. James Henry Keith Stewart. April 2L September 13, 1823. The Commissioners of Customs prior to this date, were Commissioners for England and Wales. On September 13, 1823, the consolidation of the Boards in England and Scotland and Ireland took place, and the Commissioners from that time have been Commissioners for the United Kingdom. Commissioners for the United Kingdom. 1 823. Richard Betenson Dean, William Boothby, afterwards bart., Gloucester Wilson, John Williams, Henry Richmond, hon. James Henry Keith Stewart, William Thomas Roe, Edward Earl, hon. Abra- ham Hely Hutchinson, Hulton Smith King, Francis Seymour Larpent, Fre- derick Beilby Watson (afterwards sir Frederick, bart.), and Henry James Bouverie. Sept. 13. , [Of the preceding, Edward Earl had been previously in the Scotch commission, and the hon. Abraham Hely Hutchinson and Hulton Smith King commissioners in Ireland.] 1824. George William Frederick Villiers, now earl of Clarendon. Nov. 27. 1825. Stephen George Lushington. Jan. 3. — Hon. William Oust. April 21. 1826. Hon. Heneage Legge. April 13. — David Munro Binning. July 15. 1827. Culling Charles Smith. March 13. — Augustus G. Stapleton. Aug. 31. 1834. Lieut.-Colonel William Leader Maberly. June 28. 1836. Sir George-Henry Freeling, bart. Oct. 21. 1838. Hon. Stephen-Edmund Spring Rice. Sept. 10. 1841. Rt. hon. George-Robert Dawson. Dec. 29. 1845. Frederick Goulburn. Jan. 28. — Thomas Pargiter Dickenson. April 4. COMMISSIONERS OF EXCISE IX ENGLAND. 501 18 IG. Rt. hon. sir Thomas -Francis Fremantle, bart. Feb. 24. — Capt. Edward Saiirin, r. n,, now admiral ISaurin. July 4. Present (1851) Commissioners. Rt. lion, sir Thomas-Francis Fremantle, bart. Chairman, Rt. hon. George-Robert Dawson. Deputy Chair- man. Henry Richmond. Stephen- George Lnshington. Culling Charles Smith. Hon. Stephen- Edmund Spring Rice. Frederick Goulburn. Thomas Pargiter Dickenson. Admiral Saurin. Commissioners of Excise in England. (^From the Restoration of Charles II.) 1G60. Sir Matthew Hale, lord chief baron ; sir Edward Atkyns and sir Christopher Turner, barons of the exchequer; sir Richard Browne, lord mayor of London ; sir William Doyley, sir Henry Vernon, sir George Bimon, William Pr^^nne, John Birch, Robert Scawen, Francis Finch, Nathaniel Martin, and Edward Wingate, commissioners for discharging, settling, and recovering the arrears of excise due to the king. Feb. 8. — Sir George Bimon and others, or any three of them, to receive all arrears of excise due to November 8th, last past, within London, Westminster, Southwark, Surrey, and Middlesex (South Mimms in Middlesex excepted), with an allow- ance of 2s. in every 206'. they shall re- ceive. Nov. 29. 1664. Sir Denny Ashburnham, sir George Bi- mon, Francis Finch, and Edward Win- gate. March 20. 1665. Sir John James, John James, Richard Kingdom, and William Hiccocks, com- missioners within London, West- minster, Southwark, and counties of Middlesex and Surrey (except South Mimms in the county of Middlesex), on behalf of his majesty's farmers of the excise. June 24. 1666. Robert Huntingdon, Richard Kingdom, John James, jun., and William Forthe, commissioners for the above-said places for tlie farmers of the excise, with an allowance from the king of 2000/. per annum, payable quarterly. Oct. 11. — William Forthe, ll.d., Robert Hunting- don, Richard Kingdom, and John James. Salary 500/. per annum each. 1670. Sir Samuel Morland, Robert Huntingdon, William Forthe, and Richard King- doiTi. Salary 500/. per annum. Aug. 15. — Sir Samuel ^Morland, sir John James, Robert Huntingdon, William Forthe, and Richard Kingdom. Salary 500/. per annum. Sept. 24. Sir Samuel Morland, sir Robert Southwell (one of the clerks of his ma] sty's privy council), sir John James, Robert Hun- tingdon, William Forthe, and Richard Kingdom. Salary 500/. per annum. May 15. Sir Samuel Morland, sir John Davys, sir Robert Southwell, sir John James, Ro- bert Huntingdon, and Richard King- K K 1671. 1672. 1674. 1677. dom. Salary 500/. per annum. Jan. 31. 1673. Sir Samuel Morland, sir Robert Wiseman, sir Robert Southwell, sir John James, sir Robert Huntingdon, William Forthe, and Richard Kingdom. Salary 500/. per annum. Sept. 12. — Sir Samuel Morland, sir Robert Wiseman, sir Robert Southwell, sir John James, sir Robert Huntingdon, William Forthe, Richard Kingdom, and Richard Brett. Salary 500/. per annum. Dec. 1. Sir Samuel Morland, sir Robert Wiseman, sir Robert Southwell, sir John James, Robert Huntingdon, Richard Kingdom, Francis Finch, and Henry-Frederick Thynne, vice William Forthe and Richard Brett. Salary 500/. per annum. Oct. 23. Sir Samuel Morland, sir Robert Wiseman, sir Robert Southwell, sir John James, Robert Huntingdon, Henry-Frederick Thynne, Edward Wingate, Frederick- Christian Howard, and sir John Elves, vice Richard Kingdom and Francis Finch. Salary 500/. per annum. Nov. 9. 1678. Sir Denny Ashburnham, sir Samuel Mor- land, sir Robert Wiseman, sir John Elves, sir Robert Southwell, sir John James, Robert Huntingdon, Charles Davenant, Edward Wingate, and Frede- rick-Christian Howard, vice Henry- Frederick Thynne. Salary 500/. per annum. Aug. 3. 1679. Sir Denny Asliburnham, sir Robert Wise- man, sir John Elves, sir Robert South- well, sir John James, Robert Hunting- don, Charles Davenant, ll.d., Edward Wingate, Frederick-Christian Howard, and John Bende, vice sir Samuel IMor- land. Salary 500/. per annum. March 11. — Hon. Charles Bertie, sir Denny Ashburn- ham, sir Robert Southwell, sir John James, Robert Huntingdon, Charles Davenant, ll.d., Edward Wingate, Frederick-Christian Howard, and John Pjcnde, vice sir John Elves. Salary 500/. per annum. INlarch 21. — Sir Denny Ashburnham, sir Robert South- well, Robert Huntingdon, Charles Da- venant, LT-.D., and Edward Wingate, vice hon. Charles Bertie, sir John Jame.s and Frederick-Christian Howard. Sa- lary 500/. per annum. May 14. 502 EE VENUE DEPARTMENT. 1681. Sir Denny Ashburnliam, Francis Parry, Robert Huntingdon, Charles Davenant, LL.D., and Edward Wingate, vice sir Robert Southwell. Salary 500/. per annum. Feb. 14. 1G83. Sir Denny Ashburnham, Francis Parry, Robert Huntingdon, Charles Davenant, LL.D., John Freind, Felix Calvert, and Nathaniel Hornby, vice Edward Win- gate. Salary 1000/. per annum. Mav 19. IGBl. Sir Denny Ashburnham, Francis Parry, Robert Huntingdon, Charles Davenant, LL.D., John Freind, Felix Calvert, Na- thaniel Hornby, Patrick Traunt, and William Bridges, commissioners of ex- cise and hearth-money. Salary 1000/. per annum. April 10. — Sir Denny Ashburnham, Francis Parry, Robert Huntingdon, Charles Davenant, LL.D., John Freind, Felix Calvert, Na- thaniel Hornby, Patrick Traunt, Wil- liam Bridges, and Richard Graham. Salary 1000/. per annum. Sept. 17. 1G85. Sir Denny Ashburnham, Francis Parry, Robert Huntingdon, Charles Davenant, LL. D., John Freind, Felix Calvert, Na- thaniel Hornby, and Richard Graham, vice William Bridges. Salary 1000/. per annum. March 11. — Sir Denny Ashburnham, Francis Parry, Charles Davenant, ll.d., John Freind, Felix Calvert, Nathaniel Hornb}^ and Richard Graham, vice Robert Hunting- don. Salary 1000/. per annum. Aug. 26. 1688. Sir Denny Ashburnham, Francis Parry, sir John Freind, Charles Davenant, LL.D., Nathaniel Hornby, Richard Gra- ham, and John Wilcox, jun., vice Felix Calvert. Salary 1000/. per annum. Feb. 22. 1689. Sir Henry Fane, sir Henry Asliurst, sir Humphry Edwin, Thomas Frankland, Francis Parry, John Danvers, and John Wilcox, vice Ashburnham, Freind, Da- venant, Hornby, and Graham. Salary 800/. per annum. April 20. — Sir Flenry Ashurst, sir John Morden, sir Samuel Dashwood, sir Humphry Ed- win, William Strong, John Foche, and Stephen Evance, vice Fane, Frankland, Parry, Danvers, and Wilcox. Salary 1000/. per annum. Oct. 14. 1691. Sir Samuel Dash^vood, sir Stephen Evance, Francis Parry, William Strong, John Foche, Nathaniel Hornby, John Wilcox, jun., Thomas Hall, and Thomas Aram, vice Ashurst, Morden, and Edwin. Sa- lary 800/. per annum. April 13. 1694. Sir Samuel Dashwood, sir Stephen Evance, sir John Foche, Francis Parry, William Strong, Thomas Hall, Edward Clarke, John Danvers, and Foot Onslow, vice Wilcox and Aram. Salary 800/. per annum. Aug. 14. — Sir Samuel Dashwood, sir Stephen Evance, sir John Foche, Francis Parry, William Strong, Thomas Hall, Edward Clarke, John Dpnvers, Foot Onslow, and sir Philip Meadows. Salary 800/. per annum. IMarch 9. 1696. Sir Stephen Evance, sir John Foche, Fran- cis Parry, William Strong, Edward Clarke, John Danvers, Foot Onslow, sir Philip Meadows, and Thomas Everard, vice Dashwood and Strong. Salary 800/. per annum. June 30. 1698. Edward Clarke, Foot Onslow, Philip Mea- dows, Thomas Everard, sir William Ashurst, Christopher Montagu, John Smith, William Carr, and William Fleming, vice Evance, Foche, Parry, Strong, and Danvers. Salary 800/. per annum. Aug. 15. 1699. Foot Onslow, sir Philip Meadows, John Smith of Beaufort Buildings, William Fleming, Francis Parry, William Strong, George Townshend, Philip Ryley, and Richard Cocks, vice Clarke, Everard, Ashurst, Montagu, and Carr. Salary 800/. per annum. June 22. 1702. Foot Onslow, sir Philip Meadows, Francis Parry, William Strong, George Towns- hend, Philip Ryley, and Richard Cocks, vice Smith and Fleming. Salary 800/. per annum. June 19. — Foot Onslow, sir Philip Meadows, Francis Parry, William Strong, George Towns- hend, Philip Ryle}^, and sir Marmaduke Wyvill, vice Cocks. Salary 800/. per annum. Oct. 8. 1703. Foot Onslow, William Strong, George Townshend, Philip Ryley, sir Marma- duke Wyvill, Edward Noell, and John Boys, vice Meadows and Parry. Salary 800/. per annum. Dec. 17. 1706. Foot Onslow, William Strong, George Townshend, Philip Ryley, sir Marma- duke Wyvill, Edward Noell, and Chris- topher Montagu, vice Boys, Meadows, and Parry. Salary 800/. per annum. June 6. 1710. William Strong, George Townshend, Phi- lip Ryley, sir Marmaduke Wyvill, Ed- ward Noell, Christopher Montagu, sir William Gilford, Nicholas Pollexfeii, and Whitelock Bui strode, vice Ons- low and Strong. Salary 800/. May 20. — William Strong, George Townshend, Phi- lip Ryley, sir Marmaduke Wyvill, Ed- ward Noell, Christopher Montagu, Nicholas Pollexfen, Whitelock Bul- strode, and James Vernon, jun., vice Gilford. Salary 800/. Oct. 20. 1712. W^illiam Strong, George Townshend, Phi- lip Ryley, sir Marmaduke Wyvill, Ed- ward Noell, Christopher Montagu, Whitelock Bulstrode, James Vernon, jun., and John Price, vice Pollexfen. Salary 800/. July 7. 1714. George Townshend, Philip Ryley, sir Marmaduke Wyvill, Edward Noell, Christopher Montagu, Whitelock Bul- strode, James Vernon, John Price, and John W^hetham, vice Strong. Salary 800/. Feb. 2. — George Townshend, Philip Ryley, sir Mar- maduke Wyvill, Edward Noell, Chris- topher Montagu, Whitelock Bulstrode, James Vernon, John Whetham, sir William Ashurst, and William Carr, vice Price. Salary 800/. Nov. 12. 1715. George Townshend, sen., sir Marmaduke W^'vill, Christopher Montagu, James Vernon, John Whetham, sir William Ashurst, William Carr, Roger Gale, and COMMISSIONERS OF EXCISE IN ENGLAND. 503 John Brougham, vice Ryley, Noell, and Bulstrode. Salary 800/. Nov. 24. [The salary of the commissioners of excise Avas increased to 1000/. per annum each, Sept. 8, 1718.] 1719. George Townshend, sen., sir Marmaduke Wyvill, Christopher Montagu, James Vernon, John Whetham, William Carr, Eoger Gale, John Brougham, and Ben- jamin JNIildmay, vice Ashurst. Salary 1000/. per annum. IMarch 3. 1720. George Townshend, sen., sir ^larmaduke Wyvill, Christopher Montagu, James Vernon, John Whetham, Koger Gale, John Brougham, Benjamin Mildmay, and Richard Elliott, vice Carr. June 18. 1721. George Townshend, sen., sir Marmaduke Wyvill, Christopher Montagu, James Vernon, John Whetham, Roger Gale, John Brougham, Benjamin Mildm.ay, and Richard Elliott. iMarch 15. 1722. George Townshend, sen., Christopher Mon- tagu, James Vernon, John Whetham, Roger Gale, John Brougham, Benjamin Mildmay, Richard Elliott, and George Duckett, vice Wyvill. March 20. 1724. George Townshend, sen., Christopher Mon- tagu, James Vernon, John Whetham, Roger Gale, Benjamin Mildmay, Rich- ard Elliott, George Duckett, and Patrick Ilaldane, vice Brougham. May 20. 1726. George Townshend, sen., Christopher Mon- tagu, James Vernon, John Whetham, Roger Gale, Benjamin Mildmay, Rich- ard Elliott, George Duckett, Patrick Haldane, and Charles Polhill. June 22. — Christopher Montagu, John Whetham, Roger Gale, Benjamin Mildmay, Rich- ard Elliott, George Duckett, Patrick Ilaldane, Charles Polhill, and John Fowle, jun., vice Townshend. Oct. 11. 1727. Christopher Montagu, John Whetham, Roger Gale, Benjamin Mildmay, Rich- ard Elliott, George Duckett, Charles Polhill, John Fowle, and Thomas Wylde, vice Haldane. Nov. 3. 1728. Christopher Montagu, John Whetham, Roger Gale, Richard Elliott, George Duckett, Charles Polhill, John Fowle, Thomas Wylde, and James Vernon, vice Mildmay. June 26. 1729. Christopher Montagu, John Whetham, Roger Gale, George Duckett, Charles Polhill, John Fowle, Thomas Wylde, James Vernon, and Robert Eyre, vice Elliott. May 21. 1732. Christopher Montagu, John Whetham, Roger Gale, Charles Polhill, John Fowle, Thomas Wylde, James Vernon, Robert Eyre, and Humphry Thayer, vice Duckett. Oct. 20. 1735. John Whetham, Charles Polhill, John Fowle, Thomas Wylde, James Vernon, Robert Eyre, Humphry Thayer, hon. Horatio Townshend, and sir Thomas Robinson, vice Montagu and Gale. Nov. 1737. Charles Polhill, John Fowle, Thomas Wylde, James Vernon, Robert Eyre, Humphry Thayer, hon. Horatio ToAvns- hend, sir Thomas Robinson, and Wil- liam Burton, vice Whetham. Oct. 1738. Charles Polhill, John Fowle, Thomas K AVylde, James Vernon, Robert Eyro, hon. Horatio Townshend, sir Thomas Robinson, William Burton, and John Orlebar, vice Thayer, Jan 1740. Charles Polhill, John Fowle, James Ver- non, Robert Eyre, hon. Horatio Towns- hend, sir Thomas Robinson, William Burton, John Orlebar, and Augustus Earle, vice Wylde. Nov. 1742. Ch irles Polhill, John Fowle, James Ver- non, Robert Eyre, hon. Horatio Towns- hend, William Burton, John Orlebar, Augustus Earle, and David Papillon, vice Robinson. Feb. 1750. Charles Polhill, James Vernon, Robert Eyre, hon. Horatio Townshend, Wil- liam Burton, John Orlebar, Augustus Earle, David Papillon, and John AVynd- ham Bowyer, vice Fowle. July. 1751. Charles Polhill, James Vernonl^ Robert Eyre, William Burton, John Orlebar, Augustus Earle, David Papillon, John Wyndham Bowyer, and William Mel- lish, vice Townshend. Dec. 1753. Charles Polhill, James Vernon, William Burton, John Orlebar, Augustus Earle, David Papillon, John Wyndham Bow- yer, William Mellish, and Frederick Frankland, vice Eyre. Feb. 1754. Charles Polhill, James Vernon, William Burton, John Orlebar, Augustus Earle, John Wyndham Bowyer, William INlel- lish, Frederick Frankland, David Pa- pillon, jun., vice David Papillon, sen. April. 1755. James Vernon, William Burton, John Orlebar, Augustus Earle, John Wynd- ham Bowyer, William Mellish, Frede- rick Frankland, David Papillon, jun., and William Cayley, vice Polhill. April. 1756. William Burton, John Orlebar, Augustus Earle, John Wyndham Bowyer, Wil- liam Mellish, Frederick Frankland, David Papillon, jun., William CaAdey, and Thomas Farrington, vice Vernon. April. 1758. William Burton, John Orlebar, Augustus Earle, John Wyndham Bowyer, Wil- liam Mellish, Frederick Frankland, Da- vid Papillon, jun., William Cayley, and George Lewis Scott, vice Farrington. Feb. 17G0. William Burton, John Orlebar, Augustus Earle, John Wyndham Bowyer, Frede- rick Frankland, David Papillon, jun., William Cayley, George Lewis Scott, and Henry Poole, vice Mellish. 1762. William Burton, John Orlebar, John W>ndham Bowyer, Frederick Frank- land, David Papillon, William Cayley, George Lewis Scott, Henry Poolei^ and Thomas Bowlby, vice Earle. June 19. 1763. William Burton, John Orlebar, John Wyndham Bowyer, David Papillon, William Caylej^ George Lewis Scott, Thomas Bowlby, and Henry Vernon and John Bindley, vice Frankland and Poole. Feb. 15. 1765. William Burton, John Orlebar, John Wyndham Bowyer, David Papillon, William Cayley, George Lewis Scott, Thomas Bowlby, Henry Vernon, and Richard Bagot, vice Bindley. Jan. 5. K 4 504 REYEXUE DEPARTMEOT. 1765. William Burton, John Orlebar, John Wyndham Bowyer, David Papillon, William Cayley, George Lewis Scott. Thomas Bowlby, Richard Bagot, and sir Henry Boole, bart., vice Vernon. Aug. 24. 17GG. William Burton, John Wyndham BoAvy^er, David Papillon, William Cayley, George Lewis Scott, Thomas Bowlby, Richard Bagot, sir Henry Poole, bart., and George Quarme, vice Orlebar. 17G7. William Burton, John Wyndham Bowyer, David Papillon, George Lewis Scott, Thomas Bowlb}^, Riciiard Bagot, sir Henry Poole, bart., George Quarme, and Richard Stonehewer, vice Cayley. Jan. 17. — WilUam Burton, John Wyndham Bowyer, David Papillon, George Lewis Scott, Thomas Bowlby, Richard Bagot, George Quarme, Richard Stonehewer, and An- thony Lucas, vice sir Henry Poole. Aug: 29. 1772. William Burton, John Wyndham Bow^-er, David Papillon, George Lewis Scott, Thomas Bowlby, Richard Bagot, George Quarme, Anthony Lucas, and William Lowndes, vice Stonehewer. Oct. 31. 1774. William Burton, John Wyndham Bowyer, David Papillon, George Lewis S<"ott, Thomas Bowlby, George Quarme, An- thony Lucas, William Lowndes, and William Burrell, vice Bagot. May 14. 1776. John Wyndham Bowyer, David Papillon, George Lewis Scott, Anthony Lucas, William Lowndes, William Burrell, and Stamp Brooksbank, John Pownall, and Heneage Legge, vice Burton, Bowlby, and Quarme. Oct. 31. 1780. David Papillon, George Lewis Scott, An- thony Lucas, William Lowndes, Wil- liam Burrell, Stamp Brooksbank, John Pownall, Heneage Legge, and Charles Garth, vice John Wyndham Bowj'er. Dec. 2. 1781. David Papillon, Anthony Lucas, William Lowndes, William Burrell, Stamp Brooksbank, John Pownall, Heneage Legge, Charles Garth, and Martin Wliish, vice Scott. Aug. 25. 1782. David Papillon, Anthony Lucas, William Lowndes, William Burrell, Stamp Brooksbank, John Pownall, Charles Garth, Martin Whish, and George- James Cholmundeley, vice Legge. June 1784. David Papillon, Anthony Lucas, William Lowndes, William Burrell, Stamp Brooksbank, John Pownall, Martin Whisli, George-James Cholmondeley, and Henry Revelej', vice Charles Garth. May 18. 1785. David Papillon, Anthony Lucas, William Lowndes, William Burrell, Stamp Brooksbank, Martin Whish, George- James Cholmondeley, Henry Reveley, and hon. John Luttreil Olmius, vice Pownall. Feb. 5. 1789. David Papillon, William Lowndes, Wil- liam 13urrell, Stamp Brooksbrank, Martin Whish, George-James Chol- mondeley, Henry Reveley, hon. John Olmius, and Timothy Cas^vell, vice Lucas. Sept. 12. 1790. William Lowndes, Stamp Brooksbank, Martin Whish, George-James Chol- mondeley, Henry Reveley, hon. John Olmius, "Timothy Caswell, Robert Ni- cholas, and John Buller, vice Papillon and Burrell. March 31. 1792. Martin Whish, William Lowndes, George- James Cholmondeley, Henry Reveley, hon. John Olmius, Timothy Casweil, Robert Nicholas, John Buller, and hon. Augustus Phipps, vice Brooksbank. July 7. 1794. Martin Whish, William Lowndes, George- James Cliolmondeley, Henr}^ Reveley, hon. John Olmius, Timothy Caswell, Robert Nicholas, hon. Augustus Phipps, and William Jackson, vice Buller. Jan. 17. 1797. Martin Whish, William Lowndes, George- James Cholmondeley, hon. John Ol- mius, Timothy Caswell, Robert Nicho- las, hon. Augustus Phipps, WiUiam Jackson, and Richard Spiller, vice Henry Reveley. Aug. 16. 1801. Martin Whish, "^William Lowndes, hon. John Olmius, Timothy Caswell, Robert Nicholas, hon. Augustus Phipps, Wil- liam Jackson, Richard Spiller, and lord George Seymour, vice Cholmondele3^ July 24. 1802. Martin Whish, William Lowndes, hon. John Olmius, Robert Nicholas, hon. Augustus Phipps, William Jackson, Richard Spiller, lord George Seymour, and Edward Fisher, vice Caswelk Sept. 27. 1805. Martin Whish, William Lowndes, hon. John Olmius, Robert Nicholas, hon. Augustus Phipps, William Jackson, Richard Spiller, lord George Seymour, and George Watson, vice Fisher. Sept. 14. 1807. Martin Whish, William Lowndes, hon. John Olmius, Robert Nicholas, hon. Augustus Phipps, William Jackson, lord George Seymour, George Watson, and Alexander Campbell, vice Spiller. July 7. 1808. Martin Whish, hon. John Olmius, Robert Nicholas, hon. Augustus Phipps, Wil- liam Jackson, lord George Seymour, George Watson, Alexander Campbell, and Christopher Thompson Maling, vice William Lowndes. July 22. 1809. Martin Whish, hon. John Ohnius, Robert Nicholas, hon. Augustus Phipps, lord George Seymour, George Watson, Alexander Campbell, Christopher Thompson Maling, and Benjamin Sydenham, vice Jackson. July 15. 1810. Martin Whish, hon. John Olmius, Robert Nicholas, hon. Augustus Phipps, lord George Seymour, George Watson, Alex- ander Campbell, Benjamin Sydenham, and William Manley, vice Maling. July 14. IMartin Whish, hon. John Olmius, Robert Nicholas, hon. Augustus Phipps, lord George Seymour, Alexander Campbell, Benjamin Sydenham, William Manley, and sir Francis Hastings Doyle, vice Watson. Oct. 7. Martin Whish, hon. John Olmius, Robert Nicholas, hon. Augustus Phipps, lord 1815. 1819. COMMISSIOXErvS OF EXCISE IN ENGLAND. 505 George Se^-monr, Alexander Campbell, William Mauley, sir Francis Hastings Doyle, and sir John Cheetham Mort- lock, vice Sydenham Aj)ril 5. 1819. Hon. John Olmins, Robert Nicholas, hon. Augustns IMiipps, lord George Sey- monr, Alexander Campbell, William Manley, sir Francis Hastings Doyle, sir John Cheetham Mortlock, and lion. Charles Kodolpli Trefusis, vice Whisli. Oct. 15. 1822. Lord George Seymour, chairman, sir Francis Hastings Doyle, deputy-chair- man, hon. John Olmius (carl of Car- hampton), hon. Augustus Phipps, Alexander Campbell, William Manley, sir John Cheetham Mortlock, lion. Charles llodolph Trefusis, and llichard Dawkins, vice Nicholas. March 19. 'Septe:mbek 13, 1823. The BoAiiDS of England, Scotland, and Ire- land consolidated. These several Boards were consoV dated by a Treasury order under the above date, and a Board minute bearing date Sep- tember 25 following. 1823. Lord George Seymour, chairman, sir Francis Hastings Doyle, deputy-chair- man, John Olmius (earl of Carhamp- ton), hon. Augustus Phipps, Alex- ander Campbell, William Manley, sir John Cheetham Mortlock, hon. Charles Kodolph Trefusis, llichard Dawkins, hon. James Hewitt, Woodbine Parish, William Plunket, and John Backhouse. Sept. 52. [Abraham Cutto, Patrick P. Fitzpatrick, Samuel Pose, and James Cornwall, assistant commissioners ; of whom the latter two retired in September 18 29, and the former two in May 1830.] 1821. Lord George Seymour, chairman, sir Francis Hastings Doyle, deputy-chair- man, John Olmius (earl of Carhamp- ton), hon. Augustus Phipps, Alex- ander Campbell, sir John Cheetham Mortlock, hon. Charles Podolph Tre- fusis, Richard Dawkins, hon. James Hewitt, Woodbine Parish, Will am Plunket, John Backhouse, and Hart Davis, vice William Manley. Aug. 11. 1826. Lord George Seymour, chairman, sir Francis Hastings Doyle, deputy-chair- man, hon. Augustus Phipps, Alexander Campbell, sir John Cheetham Mort- lock, hon. Charles Rodolph Trefusis, hon. James Hewitt, Woodbine Parish, William Plmtlvet, John Backhouse, Hart Davis, and Thomas Harrison, and hon. Berkeley Paget, vice earl of Carhampton and Richard Dav.ddns. July 28. 1827. Lord George Seymour, chairman, sir Francis llastings Doyle, deputy-chair- man, hon. Augustus Phipps, Alexander Campbell, sir John Cheetham Mort- lock, hon. Charles Rodolph Trefusis, hon. James Hewitt, Woodbine Parish, William Plunket, Hart Davis, Thomas Harrison, hon. Berkeley Paget, and Thomas, lord Graves, vice Backhouse. July 24. 1828. Lord George Seymour, chairman, sir Francis Hastings Doyle, deputy- chairman, Alexander Campbell, sir John Cheetham Mortlock, hon. Charles Rodolph Trefusis, hon. James Hewitt, Woodbine Parish, William Plunket, Hart Davis, Thomas Harrison, hon. Berkeley Paget, Thomas, lord Graves, and hon. William-Henry Percy, vice hon. Augustus Phipps. July 28. 1830. Lord George Seymour, chairman, sir Francis Hastings Doyle, deputy- chairman, Alexander Campbell, sir John Cheetham Mortlock, hon. Charles Rodolph Trefusis, hon. James Hewitt, Woodbine Parish, William Plunket, Hart Davis, Thomas Harrison, hon. Berkeley Paget, and William-Henry Percy, Thomas, lord Graves, died Feb. 7 this year. 1832. The same board, with the exception of Alexander Campbell, hon. James Hewitt, and Woodbine Parish, who ceased to be commissioners in October this year. 1833. Lord George Seymour, chairman [until July this year], sir Francis Hastings Doyle, de])uty-chairman, sir John Cheetham Mortlock, hon. Charles Ro- dolph Trefusis [until February; suc- ceeded as baron Clinton], William Plunket, Hart Davis, Thomas Harrison, lion. Berkeley Paget, and hon. Wil- liam-Henry Percy. 1831. Sir Francis Hastings Doyle, William Plunket, deputy-chairman [until Sep- tember 1837], sir John Cheetham Mortlock, Hart Davis, Thomas Har- rison, hon. Berkeley Paget, and hon. William-Henry Percy. 1838. Sir Fi-ancis Hastings Doyle, chairmaa [until Dec. 1], Ilart Davis, deputy- chairman, sir John Cheetham Mort- lock, hon. Berkeley Paget, hon. Wil- liam-Henry Percy, Thomas Harrison, and Henry-Frederick Stephenson. 1839. John Wood, chairman. Hart Davis, de- puty-chairman, sir John Clieetham Mortlock, hon. Berkeley Paget [until November 22, 1842], "hon. William- Henry Percy, Thomas Harrison, Henry- Frederick Stephenson, and Charles- John Herries. The last appointed Nov. 22, 1842. 1845. John Wood, chairman. Hart Davis, de- puty-chairman, sir John Cheetham Mortlock [until December this year], hon. William-Henry Percy, Thomas Harrison, Henry - Frederick Stephen- son, Charles-John Herries, and Charles Ross. Mr. Ross appointed Dec. 13. 1849. John Wood, chairman, Hart Davis, de- puty - chairman, hon. William - Henry Percy, Thomas Harrison, Henry-Fre- derick Stephenson, Charles-John Her- ries, and Charles Ross, Hon. William- Henry Percy and Charles Ross retired January G this year. 506 EEYEXUE DEPARTMENT. January 6, 1849. The Boards of Excise, Stamps, and Ta: consolidated, and termed The Board of Inland Revenue. John Wood, chairman. John Thornton, deputy-chairman. Thomas Harrison : died May 6, 1851. Henry-Frederick Stephenson. Charles- John Herries. Charles Powlett Rush worth. Alfred Montgomery, and j Charles Pressly; who form the present (1851) I Board. Commissioners of Stamp Duties in England. (^From the re'ujn of King William III.) 1694. Christopher Montagu, John Stanley, Ed- ward Lloyd, Henry Cornish, Henry Harris, Jacob Vanderescb, and James Isaacson, commissioners for the several duties upon stamped vellum, parch- ment, and paper, to commence from June 28. May 21. 1G98. John Stanley, Edward Llo3^d, Henry Cornish, Henry Harris, Jacob Van- deresch, James Isaacson, and Thomas Farrington. Sept. 13. 1700. Edward Lloyd, Henry Cornish, Henry Harris, James Isaacson, Thomas Far- rington, Richard Uthwayte, and Robert Pooley. Dec. 7. 1702. Edward Lloyd, Henry Cornish, Richard Uthwnyte, Robert*^ Pooley, and John Weneyve. June 13. — Edward Lloyd, Henry Cornish, Richard Uthwayte, Robert Pooley, and Richard Dyott. Oct. 8. 170<>. Edward Lloyd, Henry Cornish, Robert Poole, Richard Dyott, and John Moles- worth. June 26. 1708. Edward Lloyd, Robert Pooley, Richard Dyott, John Molesworth, and Richard Martyn. May 1. 1710. Edward Lloyd, "Robert Pooley, Richard Dyott, Richard Martyn, and Richard Steele. June 1. 1713. Robert Pooley, Richard Martyn, Richard Steele, sir Brocas Gardiner and Thomas Palmer. June 12. 1714. Robert Pooley, Richard Martyn, sir Bro- cas Gardiner, Thomas Palmer, and Charles Vivian. Jan. 15. — Sir Brocas Gardiner, Thomas Palmer, Charles Vivian, Richard Shelton, and George Cowper. May 5. — Richard Martyn, Richard Pye, Thomas Warner, Nicholas Carew, sen., and Roger Gale. Dec 20. 1715. Sir Brocas Gardiner, Richard Pye, Thomas Warner, Nicholas Carew, sen., and Roger Gale. May 4. — Sir Brocas Gardiner, Richard Pye, Thomas Warner, Nicholas Carew, sen., and Richard Houlditch. Nov. 28. 1717. Sir Brocas Gardiner, Richard Pye, Thomas Warner, Nicholas Carew, sen., and John Shutz. Feb. 21. 1721. Sir Brocas Gardiner, sir Richard Pye, Thomas Warner, John Shutz, and George Townshend. Jan. 29. — Sir Brocas Gardiner, sir Richard Pye, John Shutz, George Townshend, jun., and John Turner. Mav 12. 1722. Sir Brocas Gardiner, John Shutz, George Townshend, jun., John Turner, and John Shorter. Oct. 12. 1727. Sir Brocas Gardiner, John Shutz, John Turner, John Shorter, and William Ilewett. March 17. 1729. Sir Brocas Gardiner, John Turner, John Shorter, William Hewett, and Richard Shelley. June 3. 1734. Sir Brocas Gardiner, John Shorter, Richard Shelley, William Fisher, and Burring- ton Goklsworthy. June 1. 1736. Sir Brocas Gardiner, John Shorter, Richard Shelley, William Fisher, and Briniey Skinner. May 6. 1737. Sir Brocas Gardiner, John Shorter, Richard Shelley, W^illiam Fisher, and William Blair. Feb. 2. — Sir Brocas Gardiner, Richard Shelley, V/illiam Blair, Matthew Kenrick, and John Bird. April 2. 1739. Richard Shelley, William Blair, Matthew Kenrick, John Bird, and John Plump- tree, jun. Feb. 7. 1742. Richard Shelley, William Blair, IMatthew Kenrick, John Plumptree, jun., and John Bernard. Aug. 30. 1754. Richard Shelle}^ William Blair, Matthew Kenrick, John Bernard, and Robert Thompson. April 15. 1755. William Blair, Matthew Kenrick, John Bernard, Robert Thompson, and George Whitmore. Dec. 5. 1762. William Blair, John Bernard, Robert Thompson, George Whitmore, and John Kenrick, March 17. 1763. John Bernard, Robert Thompson, and sir James Calder, Edward Tucker, and Marmaduke Gwynne, vice Blair, Ken rick, and Whitmore. Feb. 8. 1764. John Bernard, sir James Calder, Edward Tucker, Marmaduke Gwj'nne, and James Bindley, vice Thompson. Jan. 4. 1765. W^illiam Blair, John Bernard, George Whitmore, John Kenrick, and James Bindley, vice Calder, Tucker, and Gwynne. Aug. 24. 1775. W^illiam Blair, George Whitmore, Jolin Kenrick, James Bindley, and William Baile}", vice Bernard. Aug. 3. 1776. William*^ Blair, John Kenrick, James Bind- lev, William Bailey, and William Waller, vice W^hitmore. 1778. John Kenrick, James Bindley, William Bailey, William Waller, and Martin Whish, vice Blair. July 7. 1781. James Bindley, William Bailey, V/illiam COMMISSIONEHS FOR THE AFFAIRS OF TAXES. 507 Waller, and Richard Tickel, and George- James Cholmondeley, vice Kenrick and Whish. Aug. 24. 1782. James Bindley, William Bailey, William Waller, Richard Tickel, and hon. John Byng, vice Cholmondeley. June 1. 1783. James Bindley, William Bailey, Richard Tickel, hon. John Byng, and Everard Fawkener, vice Waller. 1793. James Bindley, William Bailey, hon. John Bvng, Everard Fawkener, and Charles Mellish. 1795. James Bindle}^ hon. John Byng, Everard Fawkener, Charles Mellish, and Lewis Jenkins. 1797. James Bindley, hon. John Byng, Everard Fawkener, Lewis Jenkins, and William- Robert Spencer. 1799. James Bindley, Lewns Jenkins, William- Robert Spencer, Warwick Lake, and Edward Finch Hatton. 1800. James Bindley, Everard Fawkener, Lewis Jenkins, William-Robert Spencer, and Warwick Lake. 1804. James Bindley, William -Robert Spencer, Warwick Lake, Edward Finch Hatton, and Lewis Jenkins. 1806. Gilbert Neville Neyle, chairman, James Bindley, William -Robert Spencer, Warwick Lake, Edward Finch Hatton, Henry Hallam, and Lewis Jenkins. 1807. The same board, with the addition of Henry Bouverie, vice Jenkins. 1817. James Sedgwick, chairman, ince Neyle, resigned ; James Bindley, William- Robert Spencer, Warwick Lake, Ed- ward Finch Hatton, Henry Hallam, and Henry Bouverie. 1819. James Sedgwick, chairman, William- Robert Spencer, Henry Hallam, Henry Bouverie ; John Kingston, vice Bindley, deceased ; INIeyrick Shaw% vice Lake, resigned; and Haviland John Adding- ton, vice Hatton. 1823. The same board, with the addition of Edward-John Johnston, vice Mevrick Shaw, and capt. William A. Montagu, vice Bouverie, who both resigned. i 1826. The same board, with the addition of Henry Seymour Montagu, vice Spen- cer, resigned. 1827. Hon. James H. K. Stewart, chairman, John Thornton, capt. William A. Mon- tagu, Henry Seymour Montagu, John- William Bowden, capt. Edward Saurin, and Richard W ellesley. 1828. The same board, with the exception of hon. James H. K. Stewart, in lieu of whom John Thornton became chair- man. 1833. John Thornton, chairman, captain Wil- liam A. Montagu, Henry Seymour Mon- tagu, John- William Bowden, captain Edward Saurin, ii. n., and Richard Wel- lesley. SxAMrs and Taxes consolidated. 1833. John Wood, chairman, John Thornton, deputy - chairman, Charles Powlett Rushworth, Henry Seymour Montague, John-William Bowden, and capt. Ed- ward Saurin, r. n. 1838. Henry Lewis Wickham, chairman, John Thornton, deputy-chairman, Charles Powlett Rushworth, Henry Se3'mour Montagu, John-William Bowden, and capt. Edward Saurin, n. n. [Mr. Wood, previously chairman of this board, was appointed chairman of the board of Excise.] 1840. The same board, with the exception of John -William Bowden, deceased. 1840. Henry Lewis Wickham, chairman, John Thornton, deputy-chairman, Charles Powlett Rushworth, Henry Se3miour Montagu, and Alfred Montgomery, vice Saurin, transferred to the Board of Cus- toms. *^* The Board of Stamps and Taxes was conso- lidated with the Board of Excise, Jan. 6, 1849. See Board of Excise. Commissioners for the Affairs of Taxes, (^From the accession of George III. in 1700, to the consolidation of the Board with the Board of Stamps in 1834.) * * Edward Younge, Henry Kelsall, Chris- topher Rigby, Richard Frankland, John Trenchard, and John Fane. 1762. Edward Younge, Christopher Rigby, John Trenchard, John Fane, George Quarme, and Thomas Wyndham, vice Kelsall and Frankland. Feb. 15. — Henry Reade, Edward Younge, Chris- topher Rigby, John Trenchard, John Fane, George Quarme, and Thomas Wyndham. April 27. 1703. Edward Younge, John Trenchard, Thomas Wyndham, William Blair, Daniel Bull, George Blount, and Thomas Bradshaw, vice Reade, Rigbv, Fane, and Quarme. Feb. 1. 1765. Edward Younge, John Trenchard, Thomas Wyndham, Daniel Bull, George Blount, Thomas Bradshaw, and Christopher Rigby, vice Blair. July 24. 1767. Edward Younge, Christopher Rigby, John Trenchard, Thomas Wyndham, Daniel Bull, George Blount, and Edward Tucker, vice Bradshaw. Oct. 24. 1773. Christopher Rigby, John Trenchard, Tho- mas Wyndham, Daniel Bull, George Blount, " Charles Deering, and John Fames, vice Younge and Tucker. I'lay 29. 1777. Christopher Rigby, John Trenchard, Da- niel Bull, George Blount, Charles Deer- ing, John Fames, and George Heath- cote, vice Wyndham. 1783. John Trenchard, Daniel Bull, George 508 REVENUE DEPARTMENT. Blount, Charles Peering, John Eames, George Heathcote, and Alexander Pop- ham, vice Rigby. 1784. John Trenchard," Daniel Bull, George Blount, Charles Deering, John Eames, George Heathcote, and Francis Fownes Luttrell, vice Popham. Julv 6. 1789. John Trenchard, Daniel B'lUl, George Blount, Charles Deering, John Eames, Francis Fov/nes Luttrell, Alexander Popham, and William Lowndes. 1791. John Trenchard, George Blount, Charles Deering, John Eames, Francis Fownes Luttrell, Alexander Popham, William Lowndes, and Barne Barne, vice Bull, deceased. April 9. 1793. John Trenchard, George Blount, Charles Deering, John Eames, Alexander Pop- ham, William Lowndes, Barne Barne, and Edward Meadows. 1795. John Trenchard, George Blount, Charles Deering, John Eames, Alexander Pop- ham, William Lowndes, Barne Barne, and Edward Meadows. — John Trenchard, George Blount, Charles Deering, Alexander Popham, William Lowndes, Barne Barne, Edward Mea- dows, and Horace Hayes. 1798. William Lowndes, Barne Barne, Edward Meadows, Horace Ha3^es, George Tren- chard Goodenough, and Henry Hodg- son. 1804. William Lowndes, Barne Barne, Edward MeadoAvs, Henry Hodgson, and Thomas Davis Lamb. 1806. William Lowndes, Barne Barne, Edward Meadows, Henry Hodgson, and Thomas Davis Lamb. 1810. William Lowndes, Barne Barne, Henry Hodgson, Thomas Davis Lamb, and Gabriel Tucker Steward. 1818. William Lowndes, Barne Barne, Thomas Davis Lamb, Gabriel Tucker Steward, and Charles Powlett Rush worth. 1819. William Lowndes, Barne Barne, Gabriel Tucker Steward, Charles Powlett Rush- worth, and William Rigby Bradshaw. 1820. W^illiam Lowndes, Gabriel Tucker Stew- ard, Charles Powlett Rushworth, W^il- liam Rigby Bradshaw, and sir Henry Campbell. 1823. Robert Mitford, Gabriel Tucker Steward, Charles Powlett Rushworth, William Rigby Bradshaw, and sir Henry Camp- bell. 1828. Robert Mitford, Charles Powlett Rush- worth, William Rigby Bradshaw, and sir Henry Campbell. 1833. The same commissioners, viz. : Robert Mitford, Charles Powlett Rushworth, William Rigby Bradshaw, and sir Henry Campbell. *^* The preceding were the Commissioners at the period of the consolidation of the Board for the Affairs of Taxes with the Board of Stamps, in June, 1833. Poor Law Commission for England and Wales. (Formed under the Act 4th and 6th William /T", cap. 76, entitled An Act for the Amendment and better Administration of the Laws relating to the Poor in Enf and and Wales,'^ passed Aug. 14, 1834.) The Poor Law CoM3nssiONERS. Rt. hon. Thomas Frankland Lewis, appointed Aug. 18, 1834; resigned Jan. 30, 1839. John- George Shaw Lefevre, appointed Aug. 18, 1834; resigned Nov. 25, 1841. George Nicholls, appointed Aug. 18, 1834 ; re- signed Dec. 17, 1847. George Cornewall Lewis, appointed Jan. 30, 1839 ; resigned Aug. 2, 1847. Sir Edmund Walker Head, bart., appointed Nov. 25, 1841 ; resigned Dec. 17, 1847. Edward Turner Boyd Twistleton, appointed Nov. 5, 1845 ; resigned July 23, 1847. Poor Law Board. (^Formed under the Act \()th and Wih Victoria^ cap. 109, entitled An Act for the Administration of the Laws for the Relief of the Poor in England^^ passed July 23, 1847.) Charles Buller, jnn., INI. P., /7rm«/ew<, appointed Dec. 18, 1847 : died Nov. 29, 1848. Rt. Hon. INIatthew Talbot Iiaines, M. P., presi- dent, appointed Jan. 1, 1849. The lord ]u-esident of the council, appointed Dec. 18, 1817. The lord privy seal, appointed Dec. 18, 1847, The secretarv of state for the home department, appointed Dec. 18, 1847. The chancellor of the exchequer, appointed Dec. 18, 1847. End of the Elective Dignities and Offices. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 510 THE ORDER OF PRECEDENCE. Above all peers of their own degree. The QUEEN". The prince of Wales. Her Majesty's Royal Consort, prince Albert. Her Majesty's younger sons. Her jMajesty's uncle, the Duke of Cumberland. 'i'he Duke of Cambridge. The Archbishop of Canterbury, l*rimate of all England, The Lord High Chancellor, or Lord Keeper, being a baron. The Archbishop of York, Primate of England. The Lord High Treasurer. ^ The Lord President of the f If of the rank of Council. C baron. The Lord Privy Seal. J The Lord Great Chamberlain. The Lord High Constable. The Earl Marshal. The Lord High Admiral. i The Lord Steward of Her Ma- ^ jesty's Household. The Lord Chamberlain of Her Majesty's Household. Dukes, according to their patents. The eldest sons of Dukes of the lilood Royal. Marquesses, according to their patents. Dukes' eldest sons. Earls, according to their patents. Younger sons of Dukes of the Blood Royal. Marquesses' eldest sons. Dukes' younger sons. Viscounts, according to their patents. Earls' eldest sons. ^Marquesses' younger sons. The Bishop of London. The Bishop of Durham. Tiie Bishop of Winchester. Bishops, according to their seniority of consecra- tion. Barons, according to their patents. Speaker of the House of Commons. Treasurer of the Household. Comptroller of the Household. Vice-Chamberlain of the Household. Secretaries of State, being under the degree of a baron. Viscounts' eldest sons. Earls' younger sons. Barons' eldest sons. Knights of the Garter. Privy Councillors. Chancellor of the Exchequer. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench. Master of the Rolls. Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. The Vice Chancellors. Puisne Judges of the Queen's Bench. Puisne Judges of the Common Pleas. Barons of the Exchequer. Knights Bannerets, made in the field under the Royal Standard. Viscounts' younger sons. Barons' younger sons. Baronets. Bannerets, not made by the royal hand. Knights of the Thistle. Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath. Knights of St. Patrick. Knights Grand Crosses of St. Michael and St. George. Knights Commanders of the Bath. Knights Commanders of St. Michael and St. George. Knights Bachelors. Eldest sons of Knights of the Garter. Eldest sons of Bannerets. Eldest sons of Baronets. Companions of the Bath. Companions of St. Michael and St. George. Eldest sons of Knights of the Thistle, and of the Bath. Knights' eldest sons. Baronets' younger sons. Esquires of the royal person. Gentlemen of the Privy Council. Esquires of the Knights of the Bath. Esquires by creation. Esquires b}^ office. Younger sons of Knights of the Garter. Younger sons of Bannerets. Younger sons of Knights of the Bath. Younger sons of Knights Bachelors. Gentlemen entitled to bear arms. Married ladies and widows are entitled to the same rank among each other as their husbands would respectively have borne between themselves, except such rank is merely professional or official ; and unmarried ladies to the same rank as their eldest brother would bear among men, during the lives of their fathers. — Burke. Valvasors. — The first name of dignity next beneath a peer, was anciently that of Vidarnes^ Vicedomini, or Valvasor. Yalvasors are mentioned by our ancient lawyers as viii imgnce dignitatis^ and sir Edward Coke speaks highly of them. Yet the distinc- tion is at present entirely out of use ; and our legal antiquaries are not agreed upon even the original or ancient office of Valvasors. Now, therefore, the first personal dignity after the nobility is a knight of the order of St. George, or of the Garter, first instiUited by Edward III — Blackstone. 511 OF THE DIFFERENT DEGREES OF NOBILITY. (^From Beat soil's Index. ^ The degrees of Nobility in Great Britain and Ireland are Five., Dukes, Marquesses Earls, Viscounts, and Barons ; to which may be added a Sixth degree, that of Bishops, inasmuch as bishops are entitled to a seat in the House of Peers, as Barons of the realm. Duke is the first rank of nobility. It was introduced by Edward III., who created Lis eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, in 1337 (then earl of Chester), duke of Corn- wall. This title subsequently merged (1343) in that of prince of Wales, and has ever since been vested in the heir apparent to the crown, who, at his birth, becomes duke of Cornwall. The only ceremony at the investiture of the Black Prince was, the girding him with the sword. When John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III., was created duke of Lancaster by his father, he had investiture, not only by the giixling him with the sword, but by putting on him a cap of fur, under a coronet of gold set with precious stones. In the twenty -first of Bichard II. the duke of Hereford, and several others, were created by placing a cap of honour on their heads, and by de- livering a rod into their hands : the surcoat, mantle, and hood followed. All these, however, have been laid aside, dukes being now created by patent. The mantle and surcoat worn by a duke at the coronation of a king or queen, is of crimson velvet, lined with white taffeta ; his parliamentary robes are of fine scarlet cloth. His cap is of crimson velvet, lined with ermine ; and his coronet of gold, set round with ornaments in the form of strawberry-leaves. A duke is styled '•'His Grace and is oflicially addressed by the king or queen as Our Right Trusty and Right Entirely Beloved Cousiji^'' and if of the privy council, with the addition of " Councillor." His title is " The Most High., Poterd, and Noble Prince'' IVTarquess. This dignity is the Saxon Marki7i-Reve, and the German MarJigrave., or Margrave (from Mark or Marche., which, in the languages of the northern nations, signifies a limit or bound), conferred by our ancestors and neighbours upon an ofiicer who had to guard or govern the frontiers of a province. It has the next place of honour to a duke, and was introduced several years after that title had been established in England. The first on whom it was conferred, was the great favourite of Bichard II., Kobert de Vere, earl of Oxford, who was created marquess of Dublin, and by him j)laced in parliament between the dukes and earls. The creation to this dignity was with nearly the same ceremony as that of a duke ; but marquesses are now created by patent under the great seal. The coronation robes are of crimson velvet, lined with white taifeta ; and the cap is of crimson velvet, lined with ermine. The coronet is of gold, and has pearls and strawberry-leaves mixed alternately round, of equal height. A marquess is styled " Most Honourable ; " and he is addressed by the king or queen as " Our Right Trusty and Entirely Beloved Cousin^ Earls. — This honour, which came from the Saxons, was of great dignity and power, and for many ages continued the highest rank in England, till Edward III. created dukes, and Bichard II. created marquesses, both of whom had precedence assigned above earls. Earls had anciently, for the support of their state, the third penny out of the sheriff's court, issuing out of the pleas of the shire whereof they had their title ; for in early times there was no count or earl but had a county or shire for his earldom. Afterwards, the number of earls increasing, they took their title from some eminent town or village, or from their own seats or parks ; and some from illustrious families, as Salisbury, Peterborough, Stamford, Paulet, Cholmondeley, Ferrers, Waldegrave, Stanhope, Ashburnham, &c. 'Nor were titles confined to England alone, as many were taken from the kingdom of France, as Albemarle and Tankerville. Upon the increase 512 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. of earls, their revenue ceased, and their powers were much abridged ; and it became the custom of the kings of England to assign some stated pension to the personage he ennobled, for the better support of his dignity. Anciently, an earl was created with nearly the same ceremony as a duke or marquess ; but he is now created by letters- patent. His coronation and parliamentary robes are nearly the same as those of a duke or a marquess. Sir Kobert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, viscount Cranbourne, was the first of the degree that wore a coronet. An earfs coronet has pearls raised upon points, and strawberry-leaves low between theni. His style is " Bight Honourable ; " and he is addressed by the king or queen as " Our Bight Trusty and Bight Wdl Be- loved Cousin^ Viscount was anciently the name of an office under an earl, Vice Comes, who being oftentimes required at court, the viscount was his deputy to look after the affairs of the county ; but in the reign of Henry VI. it became a degree of honour, and was made hereditary. The first viscount in England, created by patent, was John, lord Beaumont, who was by the above-named king created viscount Beaumont, and given ])recedence above all barons, A viscount is created by letters-patent. His coronet is surrounded with a row of pearls close to the chaplet. His style is " Bight Honour- able ; " and he is addressed by the king or queen as " Our Bight Tmisiy and Well Jhloved Cousin^ Bishops. — The precedence of bishops was settled by statute 31st Henry VIH. cap. x., to be next to viscounts, they being barons of the realm. They have the title of " Z()?'6/.s'," and " Bight Beverend Fathers in Godr Before the Saxons came into England, there were three archbishoprics, viz. London, York, and Caerleon-upon- Usk ; each of which had many suffragans : but, soon after St. Augustine's arrival in England, that personage, from the great kindness he received from the king of Kent, fixed the metropolitan see at Canterbury, where it has continued ever since. York continued archiepiscopal, but London and Caerleon lost the dignity. The latter was situated too near the Saxons to be much at ease ; wherefore one of its bishops removed the see to St. David's, in Wales. The archbishop of Canterbury is the first peer in Great Britain, next to the royal family. The lord high chancellor is the second, and the archbishop of York the third ; they take place of all dukes, and have the title of " Grace " given to them. The archbishop of Canterbury writes himself, " By Divine Providence ; " the archbishop of York, and the other bishops, " JBy Divine Per- mission.'" The bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester, have precedence of all their brethren ; the other bishops rank according to seniority of consecration. Baron. This title is extremely ancient. The dignity of a baron, by tenure, apper- tained to the holding of certain lands, according to the feudal system, directly under the crown, and conditionally upon the performance of honorary services to the king, such as advising him in council, attending him in the field, and providing him a given number of knights or men-at-arms. A baron, by ivrit, was an elevation to the peerage by a summons to attend the king in parliament ; but some barons were only summoned once. This mode of creation, however, has been a long time laid aside ; and the only writs now issued are those to the eldest sons of higher peers, in their fathers' baronies. The first who was raised to the dignity of baron, by patent, was John de Beau champ, of Holt Costle, created baron of Kidderminster, in Worcestershire, by Kichard II., in the 11th year of his reign. A baron's coronet has six pearls, set at equal distances on the chaplet. His style is Bight Honourable and he is addressed by the king or queen as " Bight Trusty and Well Beloved,'' — Beatson. THE PRIVILEGES OF PEERS OF GREAT BRITAIN. The nobility of England enjoy many great privileges, the principal of which are the following : — They are free from all arrests for debt, as being the king's hereditary councillors. A peer cannot, therefore, be outlawed in any civil action ; and no attachment lies against his person ; but execution may be taken upon his lands and good.s. For the same reason, peers are free from all attendance at courts leet, or sheriff's turns ; or, in case of a riot, from attending the posse comitatus. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 513 In criminal causes, they are tried by their peers, who give in their verdict, not upon oath, as other juries do, but upon their honou?\ And then a court is usually built on purpose in the middle of Westminster Hall, at the king's charge, which is pulled down when the trial terminates. To secure the honour of, and prevent the spreading of any scandal upon, peers, or any great officer of the realm, by reports, there is an express law, called Scandalum Magnatum^ by which any man convicted of making a scandalous report against a peer of the realm (though true), is condemned to an arbitrary fine, and to confinement in prison until the fine be paid. Peers have the privilege of voting in parliament by proxy ; a mode they very fre- quently adopt, when ill or absent from other cause. Upon any great trial in a court of justice, a peer may come into the court, and sit there covered. The barons of Kinsale enjoy, exclusively, the hereditary privilege of beino- covered in the royal presence. — Beatson. THE PEEES OF ENGLAND. (^Compiled fro7n Sir William DugdaWs " Baronage,''^ the " Stemmata Anglicana " of Sir Thomas Banks, and the " Synopsis^' of Sir Harris JVicolas.^^ A. Abercorn. John James Hamilton, earl of Abercorn (in Scotland) and viscount Hamil- ton, in England, created marquess of Abercorn, Oct. 2, 1790. Abercromby. Mary Anne Abercromby (widow of lieut.-general sir Ralph Abercromby), cre- ated baroness Abercromby, of Aboukir and TulUbody, co. Clackmannon, May 28, 1801. George -Ralph, her grandson, is the present baron. Abergavenny. William, baron Cantilupe, baron by tenure, temp. Henry III. — William de Beauchamp, descendant, baron by writ, Nov. 23, 1392.— Edward Nevill^, who married Elizabeth, sole heir of this family, was sum- moned to parliament Sept. 5, 1450. — The barony descended to George Nevill, 16th baron, created viscount Nevill, of Berling, co. Kent, and earl of Abergavenny, co. Monmouth, May 17, 1784. Abingdon. James Bertie, baron Norris, or Norreys, of Rycote, created earl of Abingdon, CO. Berks, Nov. 30, 1682. Montagu Bertie, who succeeded in 1799, is 5th and present earl of Abingdon. See Norreys. Abinger. James Scarlett, lord chief baron of the exchequer, created baron Abinger, of Abinger, co. Surrey, Jan. 12, 1835. AcHESON. Archibald Acheson (son of earl Gos- ford (in Ireland), by courtesy viscount Ache- son, created, vita patris, baron Acheson, of Glencairney, co. Armagh, Sept. 18, 1847. Adbaston. " Sir Charles Whitworth, bart., created baron Adbaston of Adbaston, co. Stafford, Nov. 25, 1815. Uxtinct 1825. See Whitworth. AiLESBURY. Robert Bruce, baron Bruce of Whorlton, 2nd earl of Elgin (in Scotland), created baron Bruce, of Skelton, co. York, viscount Bruce, of Ampthill, co. Bedford, and earl Bruce, of Ailesbury, co. Bucks, March 18, 1664. — Charles Bruce, grandson and heir, created baron Bruce, of Tottenham, co. Wilts, April 17, 1746. All the English honours ex- cept the last-mentioned barony became ex- tinct in 1747. — Thomas Bruce Brudenell (Bruce), nephew and heir, baron Bruce, of Tottenham aforesaid, created earl of Ailes- bury, CO. Bucks, June 8, 1776. — Charles Bruce Brudenell Bruce, his son and heir, created viscount Savernake, of Savernake Forest, co. Wilts, earl Bruce, of Whorlton, co. York, and marquess of Ailesbury, co. Bucks, July 17, 1821. AiLSA. Archibald Kennedy, earl of Cassilis (in Scotland), created baron Ailsa, of the Isle of Ailsa, CO. Ayr, Nov. 4, 1806 ; and marquess of Ailsa, Sept. 10, 1831. Albany, dukedom of, June 29, 1716. Extinct 1728. — Dukedom of, April 1, 1760. Extinct 1767. —Dukedom of, Nov. 27, 1784. Extinct 1827. See York. Albemarle. Odo, earl of Champagne and Holdernesse, created earl of Albemarle, or Aumarle, temp. William I. The earldom de- scended by marriage, to the family of de For- tibus, whose heiress, circa 1259, married Edmund, earl of Lancaster, 2nd son of Henry 111. — Thomas Plantagenet, duke of Gloucester (3'oungest son of Edward III.), summoned to parliament as duke of Aumarle, Sept. 3, 1385; but not afterwards. — Edward Plantagenet, earl of Rutland, created duke of Albemarle, Sept. 29, 1397. Fo;/eM 1399.— Thomas Plantagenet (2nd son of Henry IV.), created earl of Albemarle and duke of Cla- rence, July 9, 1411. Extinct 1421. — Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, created earl of Albemarle for life, 1417. Extinct 1439.-— ^ Sir Thomas Banks angrily complains, in the Prefac*5 to his Baronia Anglica Concentrata, that Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas drew much of the materials for his Synopsis from Sir Thomas's previous work, the Stem?)/a'a Anglicana, without acknowledgment. Be this as it may, Sir Harris has produced the most perfect general Peerage now extant. Of this Peerage, ours may be said to be, in some measure, an abridgment ; and we adopt the alphabetical order of it (which, liowever, originated with Sir Thomas Banks), as being more perspicuous and easy of reference. — Editok. 2 Previous writers have considered all the possessors of the Castle of Bergavenny, or, as it is now written, Abergavenny, as barons of Bergavenny ; but much doubt exists whether, until the writ of summons, 29 Henry VI. to Edward Nevill, as '* Domino de Bergavenny," the proper debignatiou of the previous barons was not that of their family name. — Sir Harris Nicolas. I. L 514 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. George Monk, general, created baron Monk, of Potheridge, baron Beauchamp, of Beau- cliamp, and baron Teyes and earl of Torring- ton, all of CO. Devon, and duke of Albemarle, July 7, 1660. Extinct in his son, 1688. — Arnold Joost von Keppel, created baron Ash- ford, CO. Kent, viscount Bury, co. Lancaster, and earl of Albemarle, Feb. 10, 1696. Albini. William de Albini, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — William de Albini, son and heir, became possessed of the castle of Arun- del, and by that tenure became earl of Arun- del. See Arundel. Albini, of Belvoir. William de Albini, lord of Belvoir Castle, baron temp. William II. Aldborougii, barony of, April 7, 1722. Extinct L778. See PVahingham. Aldeburgh. Wilham de Aldeburgh, baron by writ, Jan. 8, 1371. Presumed to be in abeyance. Neither Dugdale's, nor any other peerage, no- tices this baron. — Nicolas. Alderney, barony of, July 27, 1726. Extinct 1765. See Cumberland. Alford, barony of, Dec. 24, 1698. Extinct 1754. See Grantham. — Viscount}' of Alford, created Sept. 30, 1815. See Brownlow. Allington. William Allington, baron Ailing- ton (in Ireland), created baron Allington, of Wvmondley, co. Herts, Dec. 5, 1682. Extinct 1691. Althorp, viscounty of, Nov. 1, 1765. See Spencer. Alton, marquisate, April 80, 1694. Extinct 1718. See Shrewsbury. Alvanley. Richard Pepper Arden, chief jus- tice of the common pleas, created baron Al- vanley, of Alvanley, Cheshire, May 22, 1801. Amesbury. Charles Dundas, created baron Amesbury, of Kintbury-Amesbury, and Bar- ton Court, CO. Berks, May 10, 1832. Extinct same year. Amherst. Sir Jeffrey Amherst, created baron Amherst, of Holmesdale, co. Kent, May 20, 1776 ; and baron Amherst, of Montreal, co. Kent, Sept. 6, 1788. The first extinct in 1797. — William Pitt Amherst, heir, created earl Amherst and viscount Holmesdale, Dec. 19, 1826. Ancaster and Kesteven. Robert Bertie, earl and marquess of Lindsey and baron Wil- loughby of Eresby, created duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, July 16, 1715. Extiyict 1809. Andover. Thomas Howard, 2nd son of the earl of Suffolk, created baron Howard, of Charleton, co. Wilts; viscount Andover, co. Hants, Jan. 23, 1622 ; and earl of Berkshire, Feb. 5, 1626. See Berkshire. Anglesey. Christopher Villiers, 3d son of George Villiers, by Mary, duchess of Buck- ingham, created baron Villiers, of Daventry, CO. Northampton, and earl of Anglesey, in Wales, April 18, 1623. Extinct 1659. — Ar- thur Annesley, viscount Valentia (in Ireland), created baron Annesley, of Newport-Pagnel, CO. Buckingham, and earl of Anglesev, in Wales, April 20, 1661. Extinct 1761.1— Henry Bailey Paget, created earl of Uxbridge, co. Middlesex, May 19, 1784. — Henry William Paget, 2d earl of Uxbridge, created marquess of Anglesey, in Wales, June 23, 1815. See ZTxbridge. Annesley, barony of, April 20, 1661. Presumed to have become extinct in 1761. See Ari- glesey. Anson. Admiral George Anson, created lord Anson, baron of Sober ton, co. Hants, June 13, 1747. Extinct in 1762. — Thomas Anson (Adams), created viscount Anson of Shug- borough and Orgrave, co. Stafford, and baron Anson, of Soberton, Feb. 17, 1806. See Lich- field. Ap Adam. Johan Ap-Adam, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. Extinct circa 1309. Apsley. Henry Bathurst, eldest son of earl Bathurst, created baron Apsley, of Apsley, co. Sussex, Jan. 23, 1771. See Bathurst. Arcedekne. Thomas le Arcedekne, baron by writ. May 15, 1321. In abeyance. Archer. Thomas Archer, "^baron Archer of Umberslade, co. Warwick, July 14, 1747. Ex- tinct in 1778. Arden. Charles-George Perceval, baron Arden (in Ireland), created baron Arden, of Arden, CO. Warwick, July 20, 1802. Merged in the Irish earldom of Egmont. Ardrossan. Hugh Montgomerie, earl of Eglin- ton (in Scotland), created baron Ardrossan, of Ardrossan, co. Ayr, Feb. 15, 1806. Merged in the Scotch earldom of Eglinton. Arlington. Hon. Henry Bennet, created baron Arlington, of Arlington, co. Middlesex, April 14, 1664; and viscount Thetford, co. Norfolk, and earl of Arlington, April 12, 1672. Charles Fitz-Roy, duke of Grafton, succeeded to these titles in 1723. See Grafton. Arundel. Roger de Montgomerie, created earl of Arundel and Shrewsbury, temp. William I. Deprived for treason 1102. By tenure of the castle of Arundel, the title descended to the families of de Albini and Fitz-Alan: Philip Howard, their 19th descendant, and grandson of Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk, by Mary Fitz-Alan, their heiress, was summoned to parliament as earl of Arundel, Jan. 16, 1580. Forfeited. — Thomas Howard, restored in blood, as earl of Arundel and Surrey ; and had the baronies of Fitz-Alan, Clun, and Oswaldes- tre and Maltravers, annexed by act 3rd Charles I., 1627. See Norfolk. Arundel. John de Arundel or Fitz-Alan, baron de Arundel, by writ, Aug. 4, 1377. In abeyance. Arundel, of Wardour. Thomas Arundel,* baron Arundel, of Wardour, co. Wilts, May 4, 1605. This barony descends. Arundel, of Trerice. Richard Arundel, baron Arundel, of Trerice, co. Cornwall, March 23, 1664. ^'.r^mc^ in 1768. Ascott, viscounty. Aug. 2, 1628. Extinct 1709. See Carnarvon. Ashburnham. John Ashburnham, created baron Ashburnham of Ashburnham, co. Sussex, May 30, 1689. —John Ashburnham, heir, created visct. St. Asaph, in Wales, and earl of Ashburnham aforesaid. May 14, 1730. 1 Richard, sixth earl of Anglesey, died in 1761, leaving a son, Arthur, of the legitimacy of whose birth there is some doubt, although on coming of age he was summoned to the Irish parliament as viscount Valentia ; but on his petitioning his majesty for a writ of summons to the parliament of Great Britain, as earl of Anglesey and baron Annesley, the question of his birth was referred to the House of Peers, who decided against him. It is, however, to be observed, that, notwithstanding this decision, the House of Peers of Ireland afterwards solemnly adjudged that he was born in wedlock. In 1793 he was created earl of Mount Norris in Ireland. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 515 AsiiBURTON. Jolin Dunning, created baron Ashburton, of Ashburton, co. Devon, April 8, 1782. Extinct in 1823. — Alexander Baring, created lord Ashburton, of Ashburton afore- said, April 8, 1835. AsHFORD, barony of, Feb. 10, 1G96. See Albe- marle. Ashley. Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, created baron Ashley of Wimborne St. Giles, co. Dorset, April 20, 1661 ; and baron Cooper and earl of Shaftesbury, April 23, 1672. See Shaftesbury. AsTLEY. Philip de Estley i, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. Forfeited 1554. See Ferrers of Groby. AsTLEY, of Eeading, Jacob Astley, created baron Astlev, of Eeading, co. Berks, Nov. 4, 1644. Extinct 1688. Aton. Gilbert de Aton, baron of Aton, Dec. 30, 1324. In abeyance circa 1371. Auckland. William Eden, baron Auckland (in Ireland), created baron Auckland of West Auckland, co. Durham, May 23, 1793.— George Eden, 2d baron, created earl of Auck- land, and baron Eden of Norwood, co. Surrey, Dec. 11, 1839. AuDLEY. Henry de Aldithley, baron by te- nure, ^mjo. Henry III. — Nicliolas de Aldithley, baron by summons, Jan. 8, 1313. The family of Touchet succeeded in 1405. Forfeited 1497. — John Touchet, restored in blood and hon- ours, 1512. Again forfeited 1631. — James Touchet, created baron Audley and earl of Castlehaven (in Ireland) 1634, and restored to the English barony by act of parliament, 1678. George-Edward Thicknesse Touchet Is 20th and present baron. Audley. Hugh de Aldithley, baron of " Aud- leigh," May 15, 1321. Forfeited 1521. Audley, of Walden. Thomas Audley, created baron Audley, of Walden, Essex, Nov. 29, 1538. Extinct 1544. Aylesford. Heneage Finch, baron Guernsey, created earl of Aylesford, co. Kent, Oct. 26, 1714. Heneage Finch is 5th and present earl. B. Baalun. Hameline de Baalun, baron by tenure, temp. William I. John de Baalun, presumed of the same family, was at the battle of Evesham, 1265. Badlesmere. Bartholomew de Badlesmere, baron of Badlesmere, by writ, Oct. 2G, 1309. In abeyance. Bagot. William Bagot, created baron Bagot of Blythfield, co. Stafford, Oct. 17, 1780. William Bagot, son, who succeeded 1798, is 2nd and present baron. Baliol. Guy de Baliol, baron by tenure, temp. William T. John de Baliol, of this familv, be- came king of Scotland. Alexander Baliol, brother of the king, baron by writ, Sept. 26, 1300. Extinct. — llQwry i\Q Baliol, baron by tenure, temp. Henry 111. : died 1245. — Edward de Baliol, king of Scotland, was summoned to parliament, Jan. 1, 1348. Banbury. William Knollys^, vise. Walling- ford, created earl of Banbury, co. Oxford, Aug. 18, 1626. This earldom was claimed, in 1813, by gen. WilHam Knollys; but the house of lords decided " that he had not established his right." Presumed to be extinct. Banyard. Robert de Banyard, baron by writ, May 22, 1313. Extinct soon after. Bardolf. ^Villiam Bardolf, baron by tenure, ^em^j. Henry II. — Hugh Bardolf, descendant, baron by writ, Feb. 26, 1299. Forfeited 1404. Barfleur, viscounty, May 7, 1697. Extinct 1727. See Orford. Barham. Sir Charles Middleton, bart., created baron Barham, of Barham and Teston, co. Kent, April 27, 1805. Succeeded, in 1823, by his daughter and heiress Diana, wife of sir Gerard Noel, whose son, Charles Noel Noel, became viscount Campden and earl of Gains- borough, Aug. 11, 1841. See Gaitisborovgh. Barnard. Christopher Vane, created baron Barnard, of Barnard's Castle, co. Durham, July 8, 1699. — Henry Vane, son and heir, created viscount Barnard, of Barnard's Castle aforesaid, and earl of Darlington, April 3, 1754. See Darlington and Cleveland. Basset, of Drayton. Ralph Basset, baron by tenure, temp. Henry IT. Ralph Basset, grand- son, baron by writ, Dec. 14, 1264. Supposed to be extinct, though attributed to the Towns- hend family. Basset, of Sapcoate. William Basset, baron by- tenure, temp. Henry H. — Ralph Basset, heir, baron by writ, Dec. 14, 1264. In abeyance from 1378. Basset, of Stratton. Sir Francis Basset, baron de Dunstanville, created baron Basset, of Stratton, co. Cornwall, Nov. 7, 1797. The title has descended to his daughter and heiress, Frances Basset, present baroness. 1 '* Of this family," says Dugdale, " Jolm de Astley is eminently distinguished in the histories of those times, for his great and heroic actions." In the year 1438, the 29th of August, m the presence of Charles VII., then king of France, he maintained a duel on horseback, in Paris, with one Peter de Massei, a native of that country, in the street called St. Antoine, and piercing Massei through the head, had (as was mutually stipulated) tlie honour of presenting his lady with Massei's helmet. Arriving in England, he did (with great honour to his king and country), 30th January 1441, in presence of king Henry VI., undertake another combat in Sinithfield. in the fitv of London, with Sir Philip Boyle, an Arragonian knight, who, Dugdale contuiues, " having been in France, by the king his master's command, to look out some such hardy person, against whom he might try his skill in leats of arms, and missing there of his desires, repaired hither." After the combat ended, which was gallantly performed on foot with battle-axes, spears, swords, and daggers, he was knighted by the king, and had an hundred marks given him during his life ; and so famous did he grow for his valour, that he was elected knight of the most noble order of the Garter. — Sir Thomas Banks. 2 Sir Robert Knollys, of this family, was one of the thirty English, who, for the honour of their country, under- took to encounter the same number of Brittanese, and came off triumpliant. In 13r)0, he was sent into France with an army, where he drove the French before him like sheep, overwhelming their towns and cities in such a number, that years afterwards the sharp points and gable ends of overthrown houses, cloven asunder with instru- ments of war, were commonly called KnoWs Mitres. The French styled him " La veritable demon de guerre,'''' or the thunderbolt of war. He was made seneschal of Guienne by Edward III., who commissioned him to assist John de Montfort in the recovery of his duchy of Brittany, wherein he acquitted himself so nobly, that he alone v/as esteemed a fit parallel to Bertrand de Gascelin, the French commander. He was appointed by John de Montfort lieutenant of Brittany ; and his services were rewarded by the said duke with a fair estate in the duchy. »- Sir Thomas Banks. L L 2 516 THE PEERAGE Basset of Welden. Ralph Basset, justice of England, baron, temp. Henry I. Richard Basset, heir, was summoned to parliament, Feb. 6, 1299. His descendants were never summoned. Bateman. William Bateman Hanburj', created baron Bateman, of Shobdon, co. Hereford, Jan. 21, 1837. Bath. Philibert de Shaunde, created earl of Bath, Jan. 6, 1485. — John Bourchier, baron Fitz-Warine, created earl of Bath, July 9, 1536. Extinct 1654. — John Granville, created baron Granville, of Rilhampton and Biddeford, vis- count Granville of Lansdowne, and earl of Bath, April 20, 1661. Extinct 1711.— William Pulteney, created baron of Heydon, co. York, viscount Pulteney of Wrington, co. Somerset, and earl of Bath, July 14, 1742. Extinct 1764. — Thomas Thynne, baron Thynne and vise. Weymouth, created marquess of Bath, Aug. 18, 1789. John- Alexander Thynne, succeeded 1837, present and 4th marquess. See Wey- mouth. Bath. Henrietta Laura Pulteney, created baroness Bath, of Somerset, July 23, 1792, and countess of Bath, Oct. 26, 1803. Extinct 1808. Bathukst. Allen Bathurst, create! baron Ba- thurst, of Battlesdon, co. Bedford, Jan. 1, 1712 ; and earl Bathurst, of Bathurst, co. Sussex, Aug. 12, 1772. Henry-George Bathurst, suc- ceeded 1834, is 4th and present earl. Bavent. Roger Bavent, baron by writ, Jan. 8, 1313. Probably in abeyance. Eayeux. Ranulph de Bayeux, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. One moiety of this barony was adjudged, in 1315, to belong to the king, and the other to Maud de Bayeux, and her heirs. Bayham, viscounty, May 13, 1786. See Camden. Bayning. Sir Paul Bayning, created baron Bamming of Horkesley-Bentley, co. Essex, Feb. 27,1627; viscount I5ayning, of Sudbury, co. Suffolk. Extinct 1638. — Anne Bayning, created viscountess Bavning, of Foxley, co. Wilts, March 17, 1674. Extinct 1698. — Charles Townshend, created baron Bayning, of Foxley, Berks, Oct. 27, 1797. Henry-VVilliam Powlett, is 3rd and present baron. Beauchamp, of Beauchamp, barony of, July 7, 1660. Extinct 1688. See Albemarle. Beauchamp, of Elmley. Walter de Beauchamp, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — William de Beauchamp succeeded to this barony, jure matris^ as earl of Warwick. See Warwick. BeauchA31p, of Powyke. John Beauchamp, created baron Beauchamp, of Powyke, co. Worcester, May 2, 1447. Extinct circa 1496. — William Lygon, created baron Beauchamp, Feb. 26, 1 806 ; and viscount Elmley and earl Beauchamp, Sept. 13, 1815. Beauchamp, of Kyderminster. John de Beau- champ, of Holt, created baron by patent (first instance), Oct. 10, 1387. Extinct 1420. Beauchamp, of Bletsho. Roger de Beauchamp, baron Beauchamp, by writ, June 1, 1363. This barony ultimately became vested in the late dukes of Gordon. Beauchamp. John Beauchamp, j^ounger son of Guy, earl of Warwick, summoned to par- liament as "Johanni de Bello-Campo de Warrewyk." Extinct 1360. Beauchamp, of Essex. Stephen de Beauchamp, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. Extinct. Beauchamp, of Hache. Robert de Beauchamp, OF ENGLAND. baron by tenure, temp. Henry III. — John de Beauchamp, baron by writ, Dec. 29, 1299. In abeyance. — Edward Seymour, created viscount Beauchamp, of Hache, co. Somerset, June 5, 1536 ; earl of Hertford, Oct. 18, 1537 ; and duke of Somerset in 1547. Forfeited 1552. — Ed- ward Seymour, his son, created baron Beau- champ and earl of Hertford, Jan. 13, 1559. Extinct 1750. — Francis Seymour Conway, lord Conway, created viscount Beauchamp of Hache, and earl of Hertford, Aug. 3, 1750. See Hertford. Beaufort. Henry Somerset, 3rd marquess and 7th earl of Worcester, created duke of Beau- fort, Dec. 2, 1682. [Edward Somerset, 1st marquess of Worcester, is supposed to have been created baron Beaufort, of Caldecot Castle, and earl of Glamorgan.] Henry Somerset is 7th and present duke. See Wor- cester. Beaumont. Henry Beaumont, baron by writ, March 4, 1309. — John Beaumont, heir, created viscount Beaumont, Feb. 12, 1440. T?he vis- county became extinct 1507, and the barony fell into abeyance. The latter was claimed, in 1798, by Thomas Stapleton, of Carleton, a descendant of the Beaumont family ; and, Oct. 16, 1840, the right of the Stapleton family to the barony of Beaumont was acknowledged, and the barony was conferred accordingly upon Thomas Miles Stapleton, one of the co-heirs. Beaulieu. Edw^ard Hussey Montagu, created baron Beaulieu, of Beaulieu, co. Hants, May 11, 1762 ; and earl of BeauHeu, July 10, 1784. Extinct 1802. Beauvale. Hon. Frederick-James Lamb, cre- ated baron Beauvale, of Beauvale, co. Notting- ham, April 20, 1889. This barony now merges in the Irish viscounty of Melbourne. See Melbourne. Bedford. Hugh de Bellomont (brother of Robert, earl of Leicester), created earl of Bed- ford, 1150. Extinct. — Ingelram de Courcy (son-in-law of Edward III.), created earl of Bedford, 1366. Extinct 1397. — John Plan- tagenet (3rd son of Henry IV.), created duke of Bedford and earl of Kendal, May 6, 1414. Extinct 1435. — George Nevill (son of the marquess of Montagu), created duke of Bed- ford, Jan. 5, 1469. Degraded by parliament, 1477. — Jasper Tudor (uncle of Henry VII.), created duke of Bedford, Oct. 27, 1485. Ex- tinct 1495. — John Russell, baron Russell, created earl of Bedford, Jan. 19, 1550. — William Russell, descendant, created mar- quess of Tavistock and duke of Bedford, May 11, 1694. Francis Russell, who succeeded 1839, is 7th and present duke. Beke. Walter Beke, baron Beke, of Eresby, baron by tenure, temp. William I. Probably in abeyance. Belasyse. John Belasyse (son of Thomas, visct. Fauconberg), created baron Belasvse, of Worlaby, Jan. 27, 1644. Extinct in 1692. — Susan Belasyse, of this famil}^ created baroness Belasyse, of Osgodby, for life, March 25, 1674. Extinct 1713. • Belgrave. Sir Richard Grosvenor, bart., created baron Grosvenor of Eaton, co. Chester, April 8, 1761 ; and viscount Belgrave, same co., and earl Grosvenor, July 5, 1784. See Grosvenor. Benhale. Robert de Benhale, summoned to parliament, April 3, 1360 ; but never after- wards. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 517 Bf.resford. General AYilliam-Carr Beresford, created baron Beresford, of Albuera, and of Dungarvon, co. Waterford, Ireland, May 3, 1814; and viscount Beresford, of I3eresford, CO. Stafford, March 28, 1823. Berkeley. Roger de Berkeley, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Thomas de Berke- ley, heir, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. — William de Berkeley, heir, created viscount Berkeley by patent, April 12, 1481 ; earl of Nottingham, June 28, 1483 ; and marquess of Berkeley, in 1488. The viscounty and mar- quisate and earldom of Nottingham became extinct in 1492 ; but the barony descended. — George Berkeley, heir, created viscount Durs- ley and earl of Berkeley, both co. Gloucester, Sept. 11, 1679. Dormant. [No writ has been issued to an earl of Berkeley since the death, in 1810, of Frederick- Au- gustus, 5th earl ; the house of peers having decided, 1 July, 1811, that William-Fitzhar- dinge Berkeley, esq., who then claimed the tit-e as eldest son and heir of the last earl, had not made good his claim.] See Fitzhardinge, Berkeley, of Stratton. Hon. John Berkeley, created baron Berkeley, of Stratton, May 19, 1658. Extinct 1773. Berkhampsted, marquisate, July 27, 1726. Extinct 1765. See Cumberland. Berkshire. Francis Norris, baron Norris, or Norreys, of Rycote, created viscount Thame and earl of Berkshire, Jan. 28, 1620. Extinct same year. — Thomas Howard, viscount An- dover, created earl of Berkshire, Feb. 5, 1626. United to the earldom of Suffolk since 1745. See Suffolk. Berners. John Bourchier de Berners, " cheva- lier," baron, May 26, 1455. This barony lay in abeyance from 1532 until 1720, when it was claimed by Catharine Bokenham, a de- scendant, and the house of lords (May 30) declared her "to be entitled to the ancient barony of Berners." It again fell into abey- ance 1743, and so remained until May 5, 1832, when Robert Wilson, of Didlington, and Ashwellthorpe, co. Norfolk, proved his descent as eldest co-heir. On the decease of this last baron in 1838, the barony a third time fell into abeyance, but in that year (April 23) the Rev. Henry Wilson, brother, was sum- moned to parliament by wTit as baron Berners. His son, Henry- WiUiam, who succeeded 1851, is the present baron. Berwick. James Fitz-James (natural son of James II.), created baron Bosworth, co. Lei- cester, earl of Tynemouth, co. Northumber- land, and duke of Berwick-upon-Tweed, March 19, 1687. Forfeited. Berwick, of Attingham. Noel Hill, created baron Berwick, of Attingham, co. Salop, May 19, 1784. Richard Noel Hill, succeeded 1 848, 5th and present baron. Beverley, marquisate. May 26, 1708. Extinct 1778. See Dover. — Algernon Percy, baron Louvaine, of Alnwick, created earl of Bever- ley, CO. York, Nov. 2, 1790. George Percy, who succeeded in 1830, is the 2d and present earl. Bexley. Nicholas Yansittart, created baron Bexley, of Bexley, co. Kent, March 1, 1823. Extinct 1851. BiNDON. Thomas Howard Bindon (2nd son of Thomas, duke of Norfolk), created viscount L L Bindon, co. Norfolk, Jan. 13, 1559. Extinct 1619. — Henry Howard, heir, created vita patrisy baron Chesterford, co. Essex, and earl of Bindon, co. Dorset, Dec. 30, 1706. The barony of Chesterford and earldom of Bindon became extinct 1722. Bingley. Robert Benson, created baron of Bingley, co. York, July 21, 1713. Extinct 1730. — George Fox Lane, created baron Bingley, as aforesaid. May 13, 1762. Extinct 1773. Blandford, marquisate, Dec. 14, 1702. See Marlborough. Blount. Robert le Blund, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Thomas le Blount, of the same family, baron by writ, Dec. 3, 1326. Extinct 1337. Bodmin, ^'iscounty, July 23, 1679. Extinct 1764. See Radnor. BoDRiGAN. Henry de Bodrigan, baron Bod- rigan, of Bodrigan, co. Cornwall, by writ, Oct. 26, 1309. Extinct circa 1323. Boh UN. Humphrey de Bohun, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Henry de Bohun, heir, created earl of Hereford, 1199. See Hereford. Bolebrook, barony, Feb. 11, 1782. See Sack- ville. Bolingbroke. Oliver St. John, baron St. John, of Bletso, created earl of Bolingbroke, Dec. 28, 1624. Extinct 1711. — Henry St. John, cre- ated baron St. John, of Lydiard-Tregoze, co. Wilts, and viscount Bolingbroke, co. Lincoln, July 7, 1712. Forfeited 1714; but restored 1751. See St. John. Bolton. Charles Paulett, marquess of Win- chester, created duke of Bolton, April 9, 1689. Extinct 1794. — Thomas Ord Paulett, created baron Bolton, of Bolton Castle, co. York, Oct. 20, 1797. BoNViLE. William Bonvile, baron by writ. Sept, 28, 1449. This barony merged in the marquisate of Dorset and dukedom of Suffolk, until the attainder of Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk, when, with his other honours, it became /br/eiYec? in 1554. BoRiNGDON. John Parker, created baron Bo- ringdon, of Boringdon, co. Devon, May 18, 1784. — John Parker (2nd lord), created viscount Boringdon, of North Molton, co. Devon, and earl of Morlev, of same countv, Sept. 30, 1815. See Morley. BoscAWEN, barony of Boscawen-Rose, June 13, 1720. See Falmouth. Boston, viscounty, Dec. 24, 1698. Extinct 1754. See Grantham. — Sir William Irby, bart, created baron Boston, of Boston, co. Lincoln, April 10, 1761. Bos^voRTH, barony, March 13, 1687. Forfeited 1695. See Berwick. BoTELER, of Oversley and Wemme. Ralph Boteler, baron by tenure, temp. Henry 1. — William le Boteler, summoned to parliament Aug. 26, 1296. Probably in abeyance. Boteler, of Sudley. Ralph Boteler, created baron Sudley, of Sudley, co. Gloucester, by patent, Sept. 10, 1441. Extinct 1473. Boteler, of Werington. Robert le Boteler, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — William le Boteler, summoned June 23, 1295. Extinct 1365. Botetourt. John de Botetourt, baron de Bote- tourt, by WTit, March 10, 1308. In abeyance from 1406 until 1764, when it terminated in favour of Norborne Berkeley, lineal descendant. 3 518 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAN^D. Again in abeyance from 1776 until 1803, when it terminated in favour of Henry Somerset, duke of Beaufort, one of the co-heirs of the Berkeleys ; confirmed by patent, June 4, 1803. Botetourt, of Langport, barony, March 17, 1664. Extinct 1665. See Falmouth, BoTKEAUX. William de Botreaux, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — William Botreaux, heir, baron by writ, Feb. 24, 1368. Forfeited 1463. Restored in favour of Edward Hast- ings, baron Hungerford and Hastings. See Hastings. BoTTESFORD. Charlcs Manners Sutton, cre- ated baron Bottesford, of Bottesford, co. Lei- cester, Feb. 28, 1835. See Canterbury. BouRCHiER. Robert Bourchier, baron by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. United with the barony of Ferrers of Chartley, with which barony it fell into abeyance, 1646. This dignity is often erroneously given to the marquess Towns- hend. The viscounty of Bourchier, created Dec. 14, 1446, is presumed to have become extinct, 1539. Bowes, John Bowes, earl of Strath more (in Scotland), created baron Bowes, of Streatlam Castle, CO. Durham, Aug. 7, 1815. Extinct 1820. Boyle. Charles Boyle, earl of Orrery (in Ire- land), created baron Boyle, of Marston, co. Somerset, Sept. 5, 1711. Merged in the Irish peerage of Cork and Orrery. Brackley. Thomas Egerton (lord keeper, afterwards lord chancellor), created baron of Ellesmere, July 17, 1603, and viscount Brack- ley, of Brackley, co. Northampton, Nov. 7, 1616. — John Egerton, son and heir, created earl of Bridgewater, May 27, 1617. — Scroope Egerton, earl of Bridgewater, created mar- quess of Brackley and duke of Bridgewater, June 18, 1720. The marquisate of Brackley became extinct in 1803 ; but the viscounty devolved on the earls of Bridgewater. See Bridgewater. — Lord Francis Egerton (Leve- son-Gower), 2nd son of the late duke of Sutherland, created viscount Brackley, of Brackley, co. Northampton aforesaid, and earl of Ellesmere, co. Salop, June 27, 1846. See Ellesmere. Bradeston. Thomas de Bradeston, baron by writ, Feb. 16, 1342. Probably extinct circa 1360. Bradford. Francis Newport, viscount New- port, created earl of Bradford, May 11, 1694. Extinct 1762. — Sir Henry Bridgeman, heir, created baron Bradford, co. Salop, Aug. 13, 1794. — Orlando Bridgeman, heir, created viscount Newport and earl of Bradford, both CO. Salop, Sept. 30, 1815. George-Augustus- Frederick-Henry, who succeeded 1825, is 2d and present earl. Brancepeth, barony, Nov. 3, 1613. Extinct 1645. See Rochester. Brandon, viscounty, July 23, 1679. Extinct 1702. See Macclesfield. Brandon. James Hamilton, duke of Hamilton (in Scotland), created baron of Dutton, co. Chester, and duke of Brandon, co. Suffolk, Sept. 10, 1711. Alexander Douglas, who succeeded in 1819, is the 7th and present duke. Braose, of Gower. John de Braose, baron by tenure, temp. John ; baron by writ, 1299. Presumed to be in abeyance from circa 1322. — Thomas de Braose, heir, baron by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. Extinct 1361. Braye. Edmond Bray, baron by writ, Nov. 3, 1529. In 1557 the baron}^ fell into abeyance, which state was terminated Oct. 6, 1839, in favour of Sarah Otway Cave, the present baroness. Her ladyship's daughters are co- heirs to the barony. Bray BROOKE. John Griffin Griffin, baron Howard de Walden, created lord Braybrooke, baron of Braybrooke, co. Northampton, Sept. 5, 1788, This barony descended to Richard Aldworth Neville, who assumed the name of Griffin. Breadalbane. John Campbell, earl of Bread- albane (in Scotland), created baron Breadal- bane, of Tay mouth Castle, co. Perth, Nov. 4, 1806 ; and marquess of Breadalbane and earl of Ormelie, Sept. 12, 1831. Breant. Foulke de Breant, baron by tenure, temp. John. His sole daughter and heir. Eve, married Llewel^m, prince of North Wales. Brecknock. James Butler, marquess of Or- mond (in Ireland), created baron Butler, of Lantliony, co. Monmouth, and earl of Breck- nock, in Wales ; created duke of Ormond in Ireland, 1661, and duke of Ormond in Eng- land, Nov. 9, 1682. Forfeited 1715. See Ormond. Brecknock, earldom of, Aug. 15, 1812. See Camden. Brentford. Patrick Ruthyn, or Ruthven, earl of Forth (in Scotland), created earl of Brentford, co. Middlesex, May 27, 1644. Ex- tinct 1651. — Earldom of Brentford, created April 10, 1689. Extinct 1719. See Schom- berg. — Barony of Brentford, created 1722. Extinct 1730. See Darlington, Bridfort. Alexander Hood, baron Bridport (in Ireland), created baron Bridport, of Cricket St. Thomas, co. Somerset, June 13, 1796; and viscount Bridport, of the same place, June 10, 1801. The English honours became extinct in 1814. Bridgewater. Henry D'Aubeney, baron D' Aubeney, created earl of Bridgewater, co. Somerset, July 19, 1538. Extinct 1548. — John Egerton, viscount Brackley, created earl of Bridgewater, May 27, 1617. — Scroop Egerton, heir, created marquess of Brackley and duke of Bridgewater, June 18, 1720. The marquisate and dukedom became extinct in 1803 ; and the earldom of Bridgewater, which descended, also became extinct 1829. Bristol. John Digby, baron Digbv, created earl of Bristol, Sept. 15, 1622. Extinct, 1698. — John Hervey, baron Hervey of Ickworth, created earl of Bristol, Oct. 10, 1714. — Fre- derick-William Hervey, created earl Jermyn, of Horningheath, co. Suffolk, and marquess of Bristol, June 30, 1826. Britannia. John, son of the earl of Richmond, and duke of Brittany, baron by writ; earl of Richmond, 1303. Extinct soon afterwards. Briwere. William de Briwere, baron by te- nure, temp. John. The 2nd, who was the last baron, died 1232. Brodrick. George Midleton, viscount Mi die- ton (in Ireland), created baron Brodrick, of Pepper-Harrow, co. Surrey, May 28, 1796. Merged in the Irish viscounty of Midleton. Brome, viscounty of, June 30, 1753. See Corn- wallis. Bromflete. Henry de Bromflete, baron by THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 510 writ, summoned as " Henrico Bromflet, 3Iilfti, domino de Vessy^^^ ^ Jan. 24, 144.9. Extinct 1468. Brooke. Fulke Greville, created baron Brooke, of Beauchamp's Court, co. Warwick, Jan. 9, 1620. — Francis Greville, heir, created earl Brooke, of Warwick Castle, July 7, 1746 ; and earl of Warwick, Nov. 27, 1759. See War- wick. Brougham and Vaux. Henry Brougham, cre- ated baron Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham, CO. Westmorland, Nov. 22, 1830 ; Lord Chan- cellor. Broughton. Sir John (Cam) Hobhouse, bart., created baron Broughton, of Broughton de Gyfford, co. Wilts, Feb. 22, 1851. Brownlow. Sir Brownlow Cust, bart., created baron Brownlow, of Belton, co. Lincoln, May 20, 1776. — John Cust, son and heir, created viscount Alford, of Alford, co. Lincoln, and earl Brownlow, Sept. 30, 1815. Bruce, of Annandale. Robert de Brus, baron b}^ tenure, temp. Richard I. — Robert Brus, heir, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. Extinct 1304. — Robert Bruce, of this family, was crowned king of Scotland March 25, 1305. Bruce, of Whorlton, Skelton, and Ampthill. — Thomas Bruce, earl of Elgin (in Scotland), created baron Bruce, of Whorlton, co. York, Aug. 1, 164L — Robert Bruce, son and heir, created baron Bruce, of Skelton, co. York, viscount Bruce, of Ampthill, co. Bedford, and earl of Ailesbury, March 18, 1664. Extinct 1747. See Ailesbury. Bruce, of Tottenham, barony, co. Wilts. April 17, 1746. See Ailesbury. — George- William - Frederick Brudenell Bruce (earl Bruce, as son and heir of the marquess of Ailesbury), sum- moned to parliament by writ, July 6, 1838, and placed, vita patris, in this, his father's barony, of Bruce, of Tottenham. Bruce, earldom of, Jul}^ 14, 1821. See Ailesbury, Marquisate of. Brudenell. Sir Thomas Brudenell, bart., cre- ated baron Brudenell, of Stanton-Wyvill, co. Leicester, April 26, 1627 ; and earl of Cardigan, April 20, 1661. See Cardigan. Brudenell, of Deene. James Brudenell, son of George, earl of Cardigan, created baron Brudenell, of Deene, co. Northampton, Oct. 17, 1780. Extinct 1790. Brune. Maurice le Brune, baron by v.Tit, Jan. 8, 1313. Supposed to be extinct. Bryan. Guy de Bryan, baron by writ, Nov. 25, 1350. Extinct 1456. — Thomas Percy, baron by patent. May 1, 1557. Extinct 1670. See Northumberland., Percy, and Poynings. BucKHURST. Thomas Sackville, created baron Buckhurst, co. Sussex, June 8, 1567, and earl of Dorset, March 13, 1603. See Dorset. Buckingham. Walter Gifford, created earl of Buckingham, temp. William I. — Richard de Clare of this family, earl of Pembroke, and surnamed " Strongbow," styled himself earl of Buckingham, from this earldom. Extinct circa 1126. — Thomas Plantagenet, duke of Gloucester (youngest son of EdAvard III.), created earl of Buckingham, 1377. Extinct 1400. — Humphrey Stafford, earl of Stafford, created duke of Buckingham, Sept. 14, 1441. Forfeited, duke Edward being attainted and beheaded, 1483. — - George Villiers, viscount Villiers, created earl of Buckingham, Jan. 5, 1617; marquess of Buckingham, Jan. 1, 1618; and duke of Buckingham and earl of Coventry, May 18, 1623. Extinct 1687. — Mary Villiers (mother of George Villiers, 1st duke), created countess of Buckingham for life, July 1, 1618. Extinct 1632. — John Sheffield, marquess of Normanby. created duke of Normanby (March 9), and duke of the county of Buckingham (March 23), 1703. Extinct 1735. — George Grenville Nugent Temple, earl Temple, created marquess of the town of Buckingham, Bucks, Nov. 30, 1784. — Richard Grenville Brydges- Chandos (his son), created marquess of Chan- dos and duke of Buckingham, Jan. 12, 1822. See Temple. Buckinghamshire. John Hobart, baron IIo- bart, created earl of Buckinghamshire, Sept. 5, 1746. Augustus-Edward Hobart, who suc- ceeded 1849, is 6th and present earl. Bulkeley. Thomas-James Warren Bulkeley, viscount Bulkeley (in Ireland), created baron Bulkelev, of Beaumaris, Isle of Anglesey, May 14, 1784. Extinct 1822. Bulmer. Bertram de Bolemer, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Ralph de Bulmer, baron by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. Extinct circa 1357. BuRFORD. Charles Beauclerk (natural son of Charles II.), created baron of Iledington and earl of Burford, both co. Oxford, Dec. 27, 1676 ; and duke of St. Albans, Jan. 10, 1684. See St. Albans. Burgh. Hubert de Burgh, baron by tenure, temp. John. — William de Burgh, baron by writ, Dec. 10, 1327. ii^^r^mci 1328. Thomas Burgh, baron by writ, Sept. 1, 1487. In abey- ance. Burgh, co. Cumberland, barony. May 11, 1784. Extinct 1802. See Lonsdale. Burghersh. Robert de Burghersh, baron by ^Yr\t, Nov. 12, 1303. United to the barony of De Spencer, though it has not been claimed.^ — Francis Fane, created baron Burghersh and earl of Westmorland by patent, Dec. 29, 1624. See De Spencer and Westmorland. Burleigh. William Cecil, created baron Bur- leigh, CO. Northampton, Feb. 25, 1571. — Tho- mas Cecil, his son, created earl of Exeter, May 4, 1605. — Henry Cecil, created marquess of Exeter, Feb. 4, 1801. See Exeter. Burlington. Richard Boyle, earl of Cork (in Ireland), created earl of Burlington, co. York, March 20, 1664. The English honours became extinct, 1753. — George-Augustus-Henry Ca- vendish (2nd son of William, fourth duke of Devonshire), created earl of Burlington and baron Cavendish, of Keighley, co. York, Sept. 7, 1831. BuRNELL. Edward Burn ell, baron by writ, Dec. 19, 1311. Extinct 1315.— Nicholas Bur- nell, descendant, baron by writ, Nov. 25, 1350. In abeyance. Burton. Henry Paget (son and heir apparent of Thomas, 6th lord Paget), created baron 1 Although it has been usual for genealogical writers to consider this barony as that of Bromflete of Vescy, it is almost certain, from the first writ of summons, that Vescy is the proper title of this dignity — Sir Harris Nicolas. 2 Though the title has not been assumed, the dignity is unquestionably possessed by the family of Stapleton, who have borne the title of lords Le Despencer ^eV Harris Nicolas. L L 4 520 THE PEERAGE OF EI^GLAND. Burton, of Burton, co. StafFord, Dec. 31, 1711 ; he succeeded to the barony of Paget, 1713; and was created earl of Uxb ridge, Oct. 19, 1714. This barony and the earldom of Ux- bridge, became extinct 1769. See Anglesey and Uxbridge. Bury, viscounty of, Feb. 10, 1696. See Albe- marle. BussELt,. Richard Bussell, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. This barony was granted in 1205 to Roger de Laci. Bute. John Stewart, earl of Bute (in Scotland), and baron Cardiff and baron Mount- Stuart, created viscount Montjoy, of the Isle of Wight, earl of Windsor, co. Berks, and mar- quess of Bute, CO. Bute, Feb. 20, 1796. Butler, of Bramfield. Sir John Butler, bart., created baron Butler, of Bramfield, co. Hert- ford, Sept. 20, 1628. Extinct in 1647. Butler, of Lanthony, barony of, July 20, 1660. Forfeited 1715. See Brecknock and Ormond. — Walter Butler, earl and marquess of Ormond (in Ireland), created baron Butler, of Lan- thony, CO. Monmouth, Jan. 13, 1801. Extinct in 1820. Butler, of More Park. Thomas Butler, son and heir of James, duke of Ormond, summoned viid patris, as baron Butler of More Park, co. Hertford, March 5, 1679. Forfeited, 1715. See Brecknock and Ormond. Butler, of Weston, Richard Butler (second son of James, duke of Ormond, created earl of Arran (in Ireland), and, in 1673, baron Butler, of Weston, co. Huntingdon. Extinct 1685. — Charles Butler (son of Thomas, baron Butler, of More Park), created baron Butler, of Weston, March 8, 1693. Extinct 1759. Byng, barony of, Sept. 9, 1721. See Tor- rington. Byron. Ernisius Buren (Byron), baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Sir John Byron, same family, created baron Byron, of Roch- dale, CO. Lancaster, Oct. 24, 1643. George Gordon Noel BjTon, of this family, and the 6th lord, was the celebrated poet. c. Cadogan. William Cadogan, created baron Cadogan, of Reading, co. Berks, June 21, 1716 ; and baron Cadogan, of Oakley, co. Bucks, viscount Caversham, co. Oxford, and earl Ca- dogan, May 8, 1718. The earldom became extinct, together with the viscounty of Caver- sham, in 1726 ; but the barony descended. — Charles Sloane Cadogan, created viscount Chelsea, co. Middlesex, and earl Cadogan, Dec. 27, 1800. — Charles-Henry Sloane Ca- dogan, created baron Oakley, of Caversham, 1831. Cailll Thomas de Cailli, baron by writ, March 4, 1309. Extinct 1311. Calne and Calnston, viscounty, Nov. 30, 1784. See Lansdowne. Calthorpe. Sir Henry Gough (Calthorpe), bart., created baron Calthorpe, of Calthorpe, CO. Norfolk, June 15, 1796. Cambridge. William de Meschines, earl of Cambridge, 1139. Extinct. John de Avesnes, created earl of Cambridge, 1340. This earl was brother to queen Philippa, consort of Edward HI., and was soon deprived of the dignity. — William, marquess of Juliers, cre- ated earl of Cambridge, May 7, 1340. Sur- rendered into the king's hands. — Edmund Plantagenet, of Langley, (5th son of Edward III.)i, created earl of Cambridge, Nov. 13, 1362; and duke of York in 1385. — Richard Plantagenet, of Conisburgh, created earl of Cambridge, 1414. The title continued by descent to Edward Plantagenet, who ascended the throne as Edward IV., 1461, when it merged in the crown. — James Hamilton, marquess of Hamilton (in Scotland), created baron of Ennerdale, co. Cumberland, and earl of Cambridge, June 16, 1619. Extinct 1651. — Henry Stuart, surnamed of Oatlands (3rd son of Charles I.), created earl of Cambridge and duke of Gloucester, May 13, 1659. Ex- tinct 1660. — Charles Stuart (son of James, duke of York, afterwards James IL), created duke of Cambridge, June 1661 : died an infant, same year, when the title became extinct. — James Stuart (2nd son of James, duke of York, afterwards James II.), created duke of Cam- bridge, 1663 : died also an infant, 1667, when it again became extinct. — Edgar Stuart (4th son of the said duke of York, afterwards James IL), created duke of Cambridge, 1667 : died an infant, 1671, when the title again be- came extinct. — Charles Stuart, another son, was created duke of Cambridge, 1677, and died an infant the same year, when the title once more became extinct. — George Augustus, electoral prince of Hanover, created baron Tewkesbury, co. Gloucester, viscount Northal- lerton, CO. York, earl of Milford-Haven, in Wales, marquess and duke of Cambridge, Nov. 9, 1706 ; and prince of Wales, Sept. 22, 1714. This prince ascended the throne as George IL, June 11, 1727, when all these dignities merged in the crown. — Adolphus-Frederick (7th son of George HI.), created baron of Culloden, North Britain, earl of Tipperary, in Ireland, and duke of Cambridge, Nov. 27, 1801. His son, George-Frederick, is the present duke, who succeeded July 8, 1850. Camden. Charles Pratt, created baron Camden, of Camden Place, co. Kent, July 17, 1765 ; and viscount Bayham, of Bayham Abbey, co. Sus- sex, and earl Camden, May 13, 1786. Lord Chancellor. — John Jeffreys Pratt, his son, 1 Edmund Plantagenet, when made earl of Cambridge, was lord of Tyndale. After the death of his father, he was appointed one of the commissioners for the management of the realm in the minority of king Richard II. He was with his brother, John of Ghent, in his expedition made into Spain, where he behaved himself with great valour and conduct ; for which, on his return to England, he was created duke of York. King Richard II., his nephew, upon his going to Ireland in the eighteenth year of his reign, made him custos and warden of the kingdom during his absence; so likewise in the king's second fatal expeditiou thither, to revenge the death of Roger Mortimer, slain by the Irish, whom he had nominated for his successor, he left this Edmund lieutenant, who faithfully endeavoured to withstand Henry of Bolingbroke, who then seized the crown ; and when he could not prevent this usurpation, he abandoned the court, and gave himself up to solitary retirement. And though he hated Bolingbroke, yet he on no account would be guilty of treason ; for when his own son, with others, had conspired king Henry's death at Oxford, he detected him, and reviled him for being doubly a traitor, first to king Richard II. and then to king Henry. This Edmund, who was the stem of the royal house of York, died at his manor of Langley, anno 1402. — 5«r Thomas Banks. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 521 created earl of Brecknock, in Wales, and mar- quess Camden, Aug. 15, 1812. Camelford. Thomas Pitt, created lord Camel- ford, baron of Boconnock, co. Cornwall, Jan. 5, 1784. Extinct 1804.1 Camois, or Camoys. Ralph de Camois, baron by tenure, temp. Henry III. " I have not found traces of these "^barons after 1335." — JDugdah. — Thomas de Camois, summoned to parliament Aug. 20, 1383. On the death of his grandson, Hugh, 1425, ttie barony fell into abeyance, which terminated Sept. T4, 1839, when Thomas Stonor, descendant, was sum- moned to parliament, by writ, as the senior co-heir, Campbelu John Campbell, created baron Campbell, of St. Andrew's, co. Fife, June 30, 1841. Became lord chancellor of Ireland same month and year, and lord chief justice of England in March 1850. Campdkn. Baptist Hicks, created baron Hicks, of Ilmington, co. Warwick, and viscount Campden, of Campden, co. Gloucester, May 5, 1628. Of the Noel family, which succeeded, was Edward Noel, created earl of Gainsborough, co. Lincoln, Dec. 1, 1682. These honours became extinct 1798. — Charles Noel Noel, baron Bar- ham, created viscount Campden and earl of Gainsborough, Aug. 11, 1841. See Gains- borough. Campehdown. Robert-Dundas Duncan-IIal- dane, viscount Duncan, of Camperdown, and baron Duncan, created earl of Camperdown, of Lundie, co. Forfar, and of Gleneagles, co. Perth, Sept. 7, 1831. See Duncan. Camville, of Clifton, Geoffrey de Camville, . baron by writ, June 23, 1295. Probably in abeyance from 1311. Canci. Walter de Canci, baron by tenure, temp. Stephen. The lands of this family were seized in 1215. Canning. Joan Canning, widow of the Rt. hon. George Canning, created viscountess Canning, of Kilbrahan, co. Kilkenny, Jan. 22, 1828. On her death in 1837, she was succeeded by her son, Charles-John Canning, present viscount. Cantelupe, viscounty of, March 18, 1761. See Dp la TVaj-r. CantePvBury. Charles Manners Sutton, created viscount Canterbury, of the city of Canterbury, and baron Bottesford, of Bottesford, co. Leices- ter, Feb. 28, 1835. Cantii.upe. William de Cantilupe, baron by tenure, temp. John. See Abergavenny. — William de Cantilupe, baron by writ, Dec. 29, 1299. Exti7ict circa 1371. Capei.. Arthur Capel, created baron Capel of Hadham, co. Hertford, Aug. 6, 1641. — Arthur Capel (his son), created viscount Maiden and earl of Essex, April 20, 1661. See Essex. , Capel, of Tewkesbury. Henry Capel, created baron Capel, of Tewkesburv, co. Gloucester, April 11, 1692. Extinct 169^6. Cardiff. John Stuart (son of John, 3d earl of Bute, in Scotland), created, vita patris, baron Cardiff, of Cardiff Castle, May 20, 1766. See Bute. Cardigan. Sir Thomas Brudenell, bart , baron Brudenell, of Stanton- Wyvill, co. Leicester, created earl of Cardigan, April 20, 1661. Carew. George Carew, created baron Carew, of Clopton, CO. Warwick, June 4, 1625 ; and earl of Totnes, Feb. 6, 1626. Extinct 1629. Carew, of Castleborough. Robert Shapland Carew, baron Carew (in Ireland), created baron Carew, of Castleborough, co. Wexford, June 23, 1838. Carey, or Gary. Robert Carey, created baron Carey, of Leppington, co. York, Feb. 6, 1622; and earl of Monmouth, Feb. 5, 1626. Extinct 1661. See Monmouth. Carleton. Hon. Henry Boyle (brother of Charles, earl of Burlington), created baron Carleton, of Carleton, co. York, Oct. 20, 1714. Extinct 1725. — Richard Boyle, earl of Shannon (in Ireland), created baron Carleton, co. York, Aug. 6, 1786. Carlisle. Ranulph de Meschines, afterwards earl of Chester, is called by many writers earl of Carlisle. Sir Harris Nicolas says, " there is, however, but doubtful authority for the state- ment." — Andrew, baron Harcla, created earl of Carlisle, March 25, 1322 ; beheaded and his honours forfeited, in 1323. — John Plantagenet, duke of Bedford (third son of Henry IV.), called, by some writers, earl of Carlisle ; but Dugdale doubts " his having received or used the title." — Richard Plantagenet, duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard HI., is said to have been created earl of Carlisle. This, also, appears doubtful. — James Hay, viscount Don- caster, created earl of Carlisle, Sept. 13, 1622. Extinct 1660. — Charles Howard, (son of Thomas, duke of Norfolk), created baron Dacre, of Gillesland, co. Cumberland, viscount Howard, of Morpeth, co. Northumberland, and earl of Carlisle, April 30, 1661. Carlton. Dudley Carlton, created lord Carl- ton, baron of Imbercourt, co. Surrey, May 22, 1628; and viscount Dorchester, co. Oxford, Jul}' 25, same year. Extinct 1631. Carnarvon. Robert Dormer, lord Dormer, created viscount Ascott, co. Hertford, and earl of Carnarvon, Aug. 2, 1628. The earldom and viscounty extinct 1709. — James Brydges, baron Chandos, created viscount Wilton, co. Here- ford, and earl of Carnarvon, Oct. 19, 1714; and marquess of Carnarvon, and duke of Chandos, April 30, 1719. Extinct 1789. See Chandos. — Henry Herbert, baron Porchester, created earl of Carnarvon, July 3, 1793. Carmarthen. Sir Thomas Osborne, earl of Danby, created marquess of Carmarthen, April 6, 1689 ; created duke of Leeds, 1694. See Leeds. Carrick, earldom of. See Rothesay. Carrickfergus, barony of, Aug. 11, 1841. See Ennishoiven. Carrington. Charles Smith, created lord Car- rington, baron of Wotton-VVaven, co. War- wick, Oct. 31, 1643 ; and viscount Carrington (in Ireland), Nov. following. Extinct 1705. Carrington, of Upton. Robert Smith, first baron Carrington (in Ireland), created baron Carrington of Upton, co. Notts, Oct. 20, 1797. Robert John Carrington, who succeeded in 1830, is 2d and present baron. Carteret. Sir George Carteret, bart., created baron Carteret of Hawnes, co. Bedford, Oct. 19, 1681. — Grace Granville (his widow) created 1 Thomas Pitt, second lord Camelford, fought the remarkable and fatal duel with Mr. Best of Wimpole-street, March 10, 1804. The parties met in the grounds of Holland House, Kensington : lord Camelford fired first, and missed ; Mr. Best then fired, and shot his lordship throu-h the breast j he died the same evening. 522 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. viscountess Carteret and countess Granville, Jan. 1, 1714. All these honours descended; but became extinct in 1776. — Henry Frederick Th^^nne (Carteret), created baron Carteret, of Hawnes aforesaid ,Jan. 29, 1784. Extinct 1849. Carysfokt. John Joshua Proby, earl of Carj^s- fort (in Ireland), created baron Carysfort, of Norman Cross, co. Huntingdon, Jan. 13, 1801. Merged in the Irish earldom. Castleton. James Saunderson, baron Saunder- son (in England), and viscount Saunderson (in Ireland), created viscount Castleton, of Sandbeck, co. York, 1716, and earl of Castle- ton, same county, 1720. Extinct 1723. Cathcart. William Schaw Cathcart, baron Cathcart (in Scotland), created viscount Cath- cart, Nov. 3, 1807 ; and baron Greenock and earl Cathcart, June 18, 1814. Cavendish, of Bolsover. William Cavendish, viscount Mansfield, created baron Cavendish, of Bolsover, co. Notts, and earl of Newcastle 1628. Extinct 1691. See Newcastle. Cavendish, of Hardwicke. William Cavendish, created baron Cavendish, of Hardwicke, co. Derby, May 4, 1604; and earl of Devonshire, Aug. 7, 1618. See Devonshire. Cavendish, of Keighley. George Augustus Henry Cavendish, created baron Cavendish, of Keighley, co. York, and earl of Burlington, Sept. 7, 1831. See jBurlington. Caversham, viscounty of, May 8, 1718. Ex- tinct 1726. See Cadogan. Cawdor. John Campbell, created baron Caw- dor, of Castlemartin, co. Pembroke, June 21, 1796. — John-Frederick Campbell, created viscount Emlyn, of Emlyn, co, Carmarthen and earl Cawdor, of Castlemartin aforesaid, Sept. 24, 1827. Cecil. Sir Robert Cecil, created baron Cecil, of Essendon, co. Rutland, May 13, 1603; and viscount Cranborne, Aug. 20, 1604. See Cranborne and Salisbury. Cecil, of Putney. Hon. Edward Cecil, created baron Cecil, of Putney, Nov. 9, 1625 ; and viscount Wimbledon, co. Surrey, July 25, 1626. Extinct 1638. Champvent. Peter de Champvent, baron by writ, Dec. 29, 1299. Extinct soon after. Chandos. Robert de Chandos, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — Roger de Chandos, heir, baron by writ, Dec. 11, 1337. — John Bruges, a descendant, created baron Chandos, of Sudeley Castle, CO. Gloucester, April 8, 1554. — James Brydges, also a descendant, created viscount Wilton, CO. Hereford, and earl of Carnarvon, Oct. 19, 1714; and marquess of Carnarvon and duke of Chandos, April 30, 1729. The duke- dom of Chandos, marquisate and earldom of Carnarvon, and viscounty of Wilton, became extinct in 1789, and the barony of Chandos was presumed to be extinct, same time. — Richard Grenville (Brydges-Chandos), marquess of Buckingham, created duke of Buckingham and Chandos, and marquess of Chandos, Jan. 12, 1822. Charlemont. Francis William Caulfeild, earl of Charlemont (in Ireland), created baron Charlemont, of Charlemont. co. Armagh, Feb. 13, 1837. Chatham, barony of, Nov. 26, 1705. Extinct 1743. See Greemnich. — Hester Grenville (wife of the Rt. hon. William Pitt), created baroness Chatham, of Chatham, co. Kent, Dec. 4, 1761. — William Pitt (her husband), cre- ated viscount Pitt, of Burton-Pynsent, co. Somerset, and earl of Chatham, co. Kent, Aug. 4, 1766. All these honours became extinct in 1835. Chaworth. Patrick de Chaworth, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Thomas de Cha- worth, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. Extinct. — John Chambre Brabazon, earl of Meath (in Ireland), created baron Chaworth, of Eaton Hall, CO. Hereford, Sept. 10, 1831. Chedworth. John Howe, created baron Ched- worth, CO. Gloucester, May 12, 1741. Ex- tinct 1804. Chelsea, viscounty of, Dec. 27, 1800. See Cado- gan. Cheney. John Cheney, created baron by writ, Sept. 3, 1487. Extinct circa 1496. Cheney, of Todington. Henry Cheney, nephew of the preceding baron, summoned as " of Todington," May 8, 1572. Extinct circa 1587. Cherleton. John de Cherleton, lord of Powis, created baron by writ, July 26, 1313. Pro- bably in abeyance.! Chester. Georbodus, created earl of Chester by William I. 1066. Deprived. — Hugh de Abrincis, surnamed Lupus (the Conqueror's nephew), created earl of Chester, 1070. The title descended until 1244; and in 1246 the earldom was annexed to the crown for ever. Edmund Plantagenet (younger son of Henry III.), was, however, created earl of Chester, 1253, and afterwards earl of Leicester and Lancaster. Simon de Montfort, the celebrated earl of Leicester, extorted from prince Ed- ward, after the battle of Lewes, a grant of the inheritance of the earldom and honour of Chester, under the colour of an exchange, and obtained two patents from king Henry III. confirming the same, the one dated Dec. 24, 1264, and the other May 20, 1265 : killed at the battle of Evesham, in August 1265. The earldom of Chester was, by act of parliament 21 Rich. II., united to the principality of Wales, and has ever since been borne by the heir apparent to the throne. Chesterfield. Philip Stanhope, baron Stan- hope, of Shelford, created earl of Chesterfield, CO. Derb}^ Aug. 4, 1628. Chesterfield. Catharine (widow of sir Henry Stanhope), created countess of Chesterfield for life, 1660. Extinct 1667. Chesterford, barony of, Dec. 30, 1706. Ex- tinct 1722. See Bindon. Chewton, viscounty of, Sept. 13, 1729. See TF aldegrave. Chichester. Francis Leigh, baron Dunsmore, created earl of Chichester, June 3, 1644. Ex- tinct 1667. — Charles Fitz-Roy (natural son of Charles II.), created earl of Chichester and duke of Southampton, Sept. 10, 1674. Suc- ceeded his mother in the dukedom of Cleve- land, 1709. Extinct 1774. — Thomas Pelham, baron Pelham, of Stanmer, co. Sussex, created earl of Chichester, June 23, 1801. Edward de Cherleton, 4th descendant, died in 1422, leaving two daughters, the elder of whom married s*r John Grey, knt. ; the j'ounger married sir Jolin Tiptott, who, in consequence o! this marriage, was summoned to parliament, and bore the title of lord Powis — Dugdale. It is certain he was summoned to parliament in 142G ; but never with the designation of*' Powis." — Mcy/a*. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 523 Cholmondeley. Robert Cliolmondeley, vis- count Cholmondeley (in Ireland), created baron Cholmondeley, of Wich-Malbank, or Namptwich, co. Chester, Sept. 1, 1645 ; and earl of Leinster (in Ireland), March 5, 1646. Extinct 1659. — Hugh Cholmondele}^ 2nd viscount (in Ireland), created baron Chol- mondeley, of Namptwich, co. Chester, April 10, 1689; viscount Malpas and earl of Chol- mondeley, both of the co. of Chester, Dec. 27, 1706. — George- James Cholmondeley, created earl of Rocksavage and marquess of Chol- mondeley, Nov. 22, 1815. Churchill. John Churchill, baron Churchill, of Eyemouth (in Scotland), created baron Churchill, of Sandridge, co. Herts, May 14, 1685 ; and earl of Marlborough, April 9, 1689. See 3Iarlborough. Churchill, of Wychwood. Francis Almarick Spencer (2nd son of the duke of Marl- borough), created baron Churchill, of Wych- wood, CO. Oxford, July 18, 1815. Cirencester, barony of, April 9, 1689. See Poi^tland. Clanbrassil. Robert Jocelyn, earl of Roden (in Ireland), created baron Clanbrassil, of Hyde Hall, co. Herts, July 14, 1821. Clancarty. Henry le Poer Trench, earl of Clancarty (in Ireland), and baron Trench, in England, created viscount Clancarty, of co. Cork, Nov. 17, 1823. ClanwilliA!\i. Richard Meade, earl of Clan- william (in Ireland), created baron Clan- william, of Clanwilliam, co. Tipperary, Jan. 28, 1828. Clare. Richard Fitz-Gilbert, created lord or earl of Clare, temp. William I. Extinct 1313. Clare. Richard de Clare, baron by wit, Oct. 26, 1309. Dugdale gives no account of this baron, nor is there any thing more known of him. Clare. John Holies, baron Houghton, created earl of Clare, co. Sussex, Nov. 2, 1624. — John Holies (descendant), created marquess of Clare and duke of Newcastle, May 14, 1694. Extinct 1711. — Thomas Pelham (Holies), baron Pelham, of Laughton, created viscount Pelham, of Houghton, and earl of Clare, Oct. 26, 1714; marquess of Clare and duke of Newcastle, co. Northumberland, Aug. 2, 1715 ; and duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Nov. 13, 1756. The earldom and marquisate of Clare and dukedom of Newcastle, co. Northumber- land, became extinct 1768 ; but the dukedom of Newcastle-under-Lyme descends. See New- castle-under-Lyme. Clarence. Lionel Plantagenet (3rd son of Edward III.), created duke of Clarence, Nov. 13, 1362. His daughter and heir married Edmund, earl of March, and through her the house of York derived its claim to the throne. Extinct 1368. — Thomas Plantagenet (2nd son of Henry IV.), created earl of Albemarle and duke of Clarence, July 9, 1411. Extinct 1421. — George Plantagenet (brother of Ed- ward IV.), created duke of Clarence, 1461. He was attainted, and the title became for- feited 1477. — William-Henry (3rd son of George III.), created duke of Clarence and St. Andrews, and earl of Munster (in Ireland), May 19, 1789. Ascended the throne as Wil- liam IV. June 26, 1830. Clarendon. Edward Hyde, baron Hyde, created viscount Cornbury, co, Oxford, and earl of Clarendon, April 20, 1661. Lord chan- cellor. Extinct 1753. — Thomas Villiers, cre- ated baron Hyde, of Hindon, co. Wilts, June 3, 1756 ; and earl of Clarendon, June 1-1, 1776. Clavering. Roger Fitz-Richard, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Robert Fitz-Rogor, baron by writ, Nov. 2, 1295. Probably in abeyance. Clements. Nathaniel Clements, earl of Lei- trim (in Ireland), created baron Clements, of Kilmacrenan, co. Donegal, June 20, 1831. Cleveland, Thomas Wentworth, baron Went- worth, created earl of Cleveland, co. York, Feb. 5, 1626. The earldom became extinct 1667. — Barbara ViUiers, created baroness Nonsuch, CO. Surrey, countess of Southampton and duchess of Cleveland, Aug. 3, 1670. Ex- tinct 1774. — William-Henry Vane, viscount and baron Barnard and earl of Darlington, created marquess of Cleveland, Oct. 5, 1827 ; and baron Raby and duke of Cleveland, Jan. 29, 1833. See Raby. Clifford, — De Clifford. Walter de Clif- ford, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Robert Clifford (descendant), baron by writ, Dec. 29, 1299. Forfeited 1461. — Henry de Clifford, restored in blood and honours; his son and heir was created earl of Cumberland. — The barony was in abeyance from 1605; and was claimed by Thomas Tufton, earl of Thanet, a descendant, whose right was ad- mitted by the house of peers, Dec. 12, 1691. On the death of the earl, in 1729, it again fell into abeyance, which the crown termi- nated, confirming the barony, by patent, to Margaret, 3rd daughter and co-heir of the last baron, and wife of Thomas Coke, earl of Lei- cester. It again fell into abeyance in 1775, which was terminated in favour of Edward Southwell, of King's Weston, a descendant, 1776. And falling once more into abeyance on the death of Edward Southwell Clifford, the 21st lord, in 1832, his late majesty, Wil- liam IV., on Feb. 16, 1833, was pleased to call it out of that state, in favour of Sophia Russell, daughter of the 20th lord; the pre- sent baroness. Clifford. Henry Clifford (of the family of Clifford, earls of Cumberland), summoned to parliament by writ addressed to " Henrico Clifford, chevalier," March 7, 1628. The ba- rony created under this writ was carried by an heiress to the Boyle family, who became barons Clifford, of Lanesborough. See next article. The barony now belongs to the dukes of De- vonshire. Clifford, of Lanesborough. Richard Boyle, earl of Cork, who married the heiress of Henry Clifford, 5tli earl of Cumberland, created baron Clifford, of Lanesborough, co. York, Nov. 4, 1644; created earl of Burlington, March 'zO, 1664. Extinct 1753. See Burlington. Clifford, of Chudleigh. Thomas Clifford, de- scended from the barons Clifford, created baron Clifford, of Chudleigh, co. Devon, April 22, 1672. Clifton. John de Clifton, baron by writ, Dec. 1, 1376. Probably in abeyance. Clifton, of Leighton - Bromswold. Gervase Clifton, baron by writ, July 9, 1608. — Ca- therine Clifton^ a descendant, wife of Heniy O'Brien (son and heir-apparent of Henry, earl of Thomond), claimed, and was allowed the 524 THE PEERAGE barony, Feb. 7, 1674, and it descended by marriage, first to Edward Hyde, earl of Cla- rendon, and afterwards to the 131igli family, earls of Darnley, in Ireland. Clinton. Geoffrey de Clinton, chamberlain to Henry I., baron bv tenure, temp. Henry I. — John de Clinton, baron by writ, Feb. 27, 1299. Forfeited 1460 ; but restored the next year. This family became earls of Lincoln in 1572. In 1692 the barony fell into abeyance, which was terminated by the crown in favour of Hugh Fortescue, a descendant, who was sum- moned to parliament in this barony, March 16, 1721, and was created earl Clinton and baron Fortescue, of Castle Hill, July 5, 1746. The earldom became extinct 1751, and the barony again fell into abeyance ; but in 1760 the dignity devolved on Margaret, a descendant, and widow of Robert, 2nd earl of Orford. George Walpole, 3rd earl of Orford, dying in 1791, the barony was claimed by the Trefusis family as next descendants, and their right was allowed in 1794. Clinton. William de Clinton, of the above family (brother of John, 6th baron), baron by writ, Sept. 4, 1330 ; created earl of Huntingdon, March 16, 1330. Extinct 1354. Clive. Edward Clive, baron Clive (in Ireland), created baron Clive, of Walcot, co. Salop, Aug. 12, 1794; viscount Clive, of Ludlow, baron Herbert, of Cherbury, and earl of Powis, May 12, 1804. See Powis. Cloncukry. Valentine Brown Lawless, baron Cloncurry (in Ireland), created baron Clon- currv, of Cloncurry, co. Kildare, Sept. 14, 1831. Clun and Oswaldestre. Alan, son of Flat- hald, obtained the castle of Oswaldestre, Sa- lop, from William I. His descendant, Wil- liam Fitz-Alan (grandfather of John Fitz- Alan, who by marrying Isabel, sister and heiress of Hugh de Albini, earl of Arundel, acquired the castle of Arundel, and whose posterity by tenure thereof became earls of Arundel), married Isabel, daughter and heiress of Helias de Say, who brought him the lord- ship of Clun ; but from the time of Edward I. neither of these possessions were considered to confer any title of peerage until 1627. In that year Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel and Surrey, was created baron Fitz-Alan, Clun and Oswaldestre, and Maltravers. See Nor- folk. CoBHA^i, of Kent. Henry de Cobham, baron by writ, Jan. 8, 1313. — The barony fell by mar- riage to the Oldcastle and Brooke families; and became extinct on the death of Henry Brooke, the 9th baron, in 1619. — John Brooke, descendant, created by patent Jan. 3, 1645. Again extinct, 1651. — Sir Richard Temple, descended from Margaret Cobham, of this family, created baron Cobham, co. Kent, Oct. 19, 1714; and viscount and baron Cobham, May 23, 1718. — The barony of 1714 became extinct in 1749, but that of 1718, and the viscounty, devolved on Hester Temple, sister of sir Richard, and wife of Richard Grenville ; created countess Temple, Oct. 18, 1749. — Her son, Richard Grenville Temple, earl Temple, was created marquess of Buckingham, Nov. 30, 1784. See Buckingham. Cobham, of Sterborough. Reginald de Cobham (same family as the above), baron by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. Probably extinct. OF ENGLAND. Cobham, of Rundall. Stephen de Cobham, same family, baron by writ, Dec. 3, 1326. Extinct. CocKERMOUTH, barouy, Oct. 3, 1749. See Egre- mont. Coke, viscounty. May 9, 1744. Extinct, 1759. See Leicester. — Thomas- William Coke, created viscount Coke and earl of Leicester, Aug. 12, 1837. See Leicester. Colborne. Nicholas-William Ridley Colborne, created baron Colborne, of West Harling, co. Norfolk, May 15, 1839. Colchester. Thomas Darcy, baron Darcy, created viscount Colchester, of Colchester, co. Essex, July 5, 1621 ; created earl Rivers, Nov. 4, 1626. Extinct 1728. See Rivers. — Charles Abbot, speaker of the house of commons, cre- ated baron Colchester, of Colchester, co. Essex, June 13, 1817. Colepeper. John Colepeper, master of the rolls, created lord Colepeper, baron of Thoresway, CO. Lincoln, Oct. 21, 1644. Extinct 1725. Colevill. Philip de Colevill, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Walter de Colevill, 4th in descent, baron by writ, Dec. 14, 1264. Ex- tinct circa 1368. CoLLiNGwooD. Cuthbcrt Collingwood, admiral, created baron Collingwood, of Caldburne and Hethpoole, co. Northumberland, Nov. 20, 1805. Extinct 1810. Columbers. Philip de Col umbers, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Philip de Columbers, baron by writ, July 29, 1314. Extinct 1342. CoMBERMERE. Gcu. sir Staplcton Stapleton Cotton, bart., created baron Combermere, of Combermere, co. Chester, May 17, 1814; and viscount Combermere, of Bhurtpore, in the East Indies, and of Combermere, Chester, Feb. 8, 1826. Compton. Henry Compton, baron by writ, May 8, 1572. — William Compton, son and heir, created, Aug. 2, 1618, earl of North- ampton, in which title this barony was merged until 1754, when Charlotte Compton, baroness P'errers of Chartley, succeeded ; ancl by marriage with her, both baronies came to the Townshend family. See Toivnshend. Compton, earldom of, Sept. 7, 1812. See North- ampton. CoMYN. Richard Comjm, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. CoMYN, of Badenagh. John Comyn, baron by tenure, temp. Edward I. He was competitor for the crown of Scotland in 1291. Congleton. Sir Henry Brooke Parnell, bart., created baron Congleton, of Congleton, co. Chester, Aug. 20, 1841. CoNiNGSBY. Thomas Coningsby, baron Co- ningsby (in Ireland), created baron Coningsby, CO. Lincoln, June 18, 1715 ; and earl Coningsby, CO. Lincoln, April 30, 1719. — Margaret, daughter, created, vita patris, baroness and viscountess Coningsby, of Hampton Court, co. Hereford. Extinct 1761. Conway. Edward Conway, created baron Con- way, of Ragley, co. Warwick, March 22, 1624 ; and viscount Conway, of Conway Castle, co. Carnarvon, June 6, 1627. — Edward Conway, heir, created earl of Conway, Dec. 3, 1679. Extinct 1683. — Francis Seymour (Conwa}'), created baron Conway, of Ragley, March 17, 1703. — Francis Seymour Conway, his son, created earl of Hertford, Aug. 3, 1750. See Hertford. CoNYERS. William Conyers, baron by writ, THE PEERAGE Oct. 17, 1509. In abeyance from 1557. — The barony subsequently came to the barons Darcy. See Darcy. Cooper, viscounty, April 23, 1672. See Shaftes- bury. CoiiBET. Robert Corbet, baron by tenure, temp. Henry H Peter Corbet, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. Extinct 1322. — Sarah Corbet, wi- dow of sir Vincent Corbet, created viscountess Corbet, of Lynchdale, co. Salop, for life, 1679. Extinct soon after. CoRNBURY, viscounty of, April 20, 1661. Ex- tinct 1753. See Clarendon. Cornwall. Robert de Moreton (half-brother of William I.), created earl of Cornwall, 1068. Extinct 1104. Reginald de Dunstanvill (na- tural son of Henry I.), created earl of Corn- wall, 1140. Extinct 1175.— John Plantagenet, (2nd son of Henry XL, afterwards king), bore the title in the life-time of his brother Richard L, 1199. — Richard Plantagenet (younger son of king John), created earl of Cornwall, Maj 30, 1226 ; (elected king of the Romans) suc- ceeded by his son. Extinct 1300. — Piers de Gaveston, created earl of Cornwall circa 1308. Extinct 1314, — John Plantagenet, of Eltham (2nd son of Edward II.), created earl of Corn- wall, 1328. Extinct 1336. — Edward Planta- genet (eldest son of Edward III.), created duke of Cornwall, by patent, 1337. He was afterwards created prince of Wales, w^hen the dukedom merged in that title, and has been ever since vested in the heir apparent to the crown, who becomes duke of Cornwall imme- diately after his birth, and who has always been created prince of Wales. See W ales. CoRNWALLis. Sir Frederick Cornwallis, bart., created baron Cornwallis, of Eye, co. Suffolk, April 20, 1661. — Charles Cornwallis, heir, created viscount Brome, co. Suffolk, and earl Cornwallis, June 30, 1753. — Charles Corn- wallis, son and heir, created marquess Corn- wallis, Aug. 15, 1792. — The marquisate be- came extinct 1823 ; but the other dignities descended. CoTTENHAM. Sir Charlcs Christopher Pepys, bart., created baron Cottenham, of Cottenham, CO. Cambridge, Jan. 28, 1836 ; and viscount Crowhurst, of Crowhurst, co. Surrey, and earl of Cottenham, of Cottenham aforesaid, June 1, 1850 Lord Chancellor: died 1851. Suc- ceeded by his son, Charles Edward, 2d and present earl. OoTTiNGTON. Sir Francis Cottington, bart., created lord Cottington, baron of Hanworth, CO. Middlesex, July 10, 1631. Extinct 1653. CouRCL Richard de Courci, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — John de Courci, of this family, was created earl of Ulster (in Ire- land). Ancestor of the barons of Kinsale, in Ireland. CouRTENAY. Reginald de Courtenaj^ baron by tenure, temp. Richard I. — Hugh de Courtenay, heir, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299 ; created earl of Devon, Feb. 22, 1335. — The original barony, created by the writ of 1299, continued vested in the earldom of Devon until the attainder of Thomas, 6th earl of Devon, in 1461, when, with his other honours, it became forfeited. Courtenay, of Powderham. William Courte- nay (of the family of the Courtenays, earls of Devon), created viscount Courtenay, of Pow- derham Castle, CO. Devon. May 6, 1762. Wil- liam Courtenay, grandson, established his OF ENGLAND. 525 claim to the earldom of Devon, March 15, 1831 ; and dying May 26, 1835, the viscounty of Courtenay became extinct, but the earldom of Devon devolved on his cousin William, the present earl. See Devon. Coventry. George Yilliers, marquess of Buck- ingham, created earl of Coventry and duke of Buckingham, May 18, 1623. Extinct 1687. Coventry, of Aylesborough. Thomas Coventry, created baron Coventry, of A^^lesborough, co. Worcester, April 10, 1628. — Thomas Coven- try, descendant, created viscount Deerliurst, CO. Gloucester, and earl of Coventry, co. War- wick, April 26, 1697. — The barony became extinct 1719. The other honours descend. Cowley. Hon. Henry Wellesley, created baron Cowley, of Wellesley, co. Somerset, Jan. 21, 1828. Cowper. Sir William Cowper, created baron Cowper, of Wingfield, co. Kent, Nov. 9, 1706 ; and viscount Fordwich, of Fordwich, co. Kent, and earl Cowper, March 18, 1718. Lord Chan- cellor. Cranbourne. Robert Cecil, baron Cecil of Es- singdon, created viscount Cranbourne, co. Dorset, Aug. 20, 1604 ; and earl of Salisbury, May 4, 1605. See Salisbury. Cran field. Lionel Cranfield, created baron Cranfield, of Cranfield, co. Bedford, July 9, 1621 ; and earl of Middlesex, Sept. 16, 1622. Extinct 1674. See Middlesex. — Charles Sack- ville, earl of Dorset, created baron Cranfield and earl of Middlesex, April 4, 1675. — Plis son and heir, Lionel, was created duke of Dor- set, June 30, 1720. See Dorset. Cranley. George Onslow, created baron Cranley, of Imbercourt, co. Surrey, May 14, 1776 ; created viscount Cranley, of Cranley, co. Surrey, and earl of Onslow, June 19, 1801. See Onslow. Cranworth. Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe, knt., created baron Cranworth, of Cranworth, co. Norfolk, Nov. 13, 1850. Craven. William Craven, created baron Craven, of Hampstead- Marshall, co. Berks, March 12, 1626. Created anew, baron Craven, and viscount Craven, of Uffington, co. Berks, and earl Craven, co. York, March 15, 1663. He obtained two new creations of the barony, the last Dec. 11, 1665 ; but the baronies of 1626 and 1663, and the viscounty and earldom, be- came extinct at his death, in 1697. — William, baron Craven, descendant, created viscount Uffington, co. Berks, and earl of Craven, co. York^June 13, 1801. Craven, of Ryton. John Craven (brother of the above William), created baron Craven, of Ryton, CO. Salop, March 21, 1642. Extinct 1650. Cressy. Hugh de Cressy, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. William de Cressy, 5th and last baron, died circa 1314. Cretin G. John de Creting, baron by writ, Jan. 27, 1332. Nothing more is known of him. — Dugdale. Crevequer. Robert de Crevequer, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. William de Crevequer, 6tli and last baron, died sine prole., circa 1300. Crewe. John Crewe, created baron Crewe, of Stene, co. Northampton, April 20, 1661. Ex- tinct on the death of Dr. Nathaniel Crewe, bishop of Durham, 1722. Crewe, of Crewe. John Crewe, created baron Crewe, of Crewe, co. Chester, Feb. 25, 1806. 526 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. Ckiol. Bertram de Criol, baron by tenure, te.tnp. Henry III. This barony terminated with Nicholas de Criol, summoned in 1297. Crofts. William Crofts, created baron Crofts, of Saxham, co. Suffolk, May 18, 1658. JEx- tinct 1677. Ckomwelt.. John de Cromwell, baron by writ, March 10, 1308. Presumed to be in abeyance. Cromwell, of Wimbledon. Thomas Cromwell, created baron Cromwell, of Okeham, co. Rut- land, July 9, 1536 ; and earl of Essex, April 10, 1539. Forfeited in 1540, when he was be- headed. — Gregory Cromwell, son and heir, summoned to parliament April 28, 1539; created, by patent, baron Cromwell, Dec. 18, 1540. The barony of April 28, 1539, is pro- bably in abeyance ; but that of 1540 became extinct 1687. Crowhurst. Charles Christopher Pepys, baron Cottenham, created viscount Crowhurst, of Crowhurst, co. Surrey, and earl of Cottenham^ June 1, 1850. See Cottenham. CuLLODEN, barony, Nov. 27, 1801. See Cam- bridge. Cumberland. Henry Clifford, baron Clifford, created earl of Cumberland, June 18, 1525. JE.vtinct 1643. — Prince Rupert, created baron Kendal, co. Westmorland, earl of Holdernesse, CO. York, and duke of Cumberland, Jan. 24, 1644. Extinct 1682. — George, prince of Denmark, created baron Wokingham, co. Berks, earl of Kendal, co. Westmorland, and duke of Cumberland, April 9, 1689. Extinct 1708. — William Augustus (brother of George II.), created baron of Alderney, vis- count Trematon, co. Cornwall, earl of Ken- nington, co. Surrey, marquess of Berk- liampsted, co. Hertford, and duke of Cumber- land, July 27, 1726. Extinct 1765. — Henry- Frederick (brother of George III.), created earl of Dublin (in Ireland) and duke of Cum- berland and Strathern, in Great Britain, Oct. 18, 1766. Extinct 1790. — Ernest- Augustus (5th son of George III.), created earl of Ar- magh (in Ireland), and duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, in Great Britain, April 23, 1799. This last duke became king of Han- over, June 1837. C u RZON. Assheton Curzon, created baron Curzon, of Penn, CO. Bucks, Aug. 13, 1794; and vis- count Curzon of same place, Feb. 27, 1802. — Richard William Penn Assheton Curzon (Howe), grandson, created earl Howe, July 14, 1821. See Howe. D. Dacre. Ralph de Dacre, baron by writ. May 15, 1321. — Sir Richard Fiennes, summoned to parliament as " Richardo Fenys i, domino de Dacre, Militi," Oct. 9, 1459. Forfeited 1541. — Gregory Fiennes, son, restored in blood and honours, and summoned to parliament, Jan. 11, 1573. The barony came to the Lennard fiimily by marriage, and subsequently to that of Brand, in which latter it continues. Dacre, of Gillesland. Ralph Dacre (of the above family), baron by writ, Oct. 9, 1459. Slain at Wakefield in 1461, and having been attainted his honours became forfeited. — Sir Ilumphre}'- Dacre, brother, summoned to par- liament, Nov. 15, 1482.1 The barony fell into abeyance in 1569. — Charles Howard, descend- ant, created by patent, baron Dacre of Gilles- land, CO. Cumberland, viscount Howard, of Morpeth, co. Northumberland, and earl of Carlisle, April 20, 1661. See Carlisle. Dagworth. Thomas de Dagworth, baron by writ, Nov. 13, 1347. Never afterwards sum- moned. Dalhousie. George Ramsay, earl of Dalhousie (in Scotland), created baron Dalhousie, of Dalhousie Castle, co. Edinburgh, July 18, 1815. — James Andrew Ramsay, son and heir, created marquess of Dalhousie, of Dalhousie Castle aforesaid, and of the Punjaub, in India, June 15, 1849. D'Amourie. Roger D'Amourie, baron by writ, Nov. 20, 1327. Forfeited circa 1404. Danby. Henry Danvers, lord Danvers, created earl of Danby, co. York, Feb. 5, 1626. Extinct 1 643. — Thomas Osborne, viscount Latimer, created earl of Danby, co. York, June 27, 1674 ; marquess of Carmarthen, April 9, 1689 ; and duke of Leeds, May 4, 1694. See Leeds. Danvers. Henry Danvers, created baron Dan- vers, CO. Wilts, July 27, 1603 ; and earl of Danby, 1626. See above. Extinct 1643. Darcy. Norman Darcy, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Philip Darcy, baron by writ, Jan. 26, 1297. In abeyance. — Thomas Darcy, summoned by writ as " Thomas Darcy, of Darcy, Chevalier," Oct. 17, 1509. This baron was attainted and beheaded, and his honours became forfeited, 1538. — George Darcy, his son, restored in blood, with the dignity of baron Darcy, 1548. Extinct 1635. — Conyers Darcy, descendant, created by patent, Aug. 10, 1641. — Conyers Darcy, his son, was created earl of Holdernesse, Dec. 5, 1682; and the barony (with that of Conyers) was merged in the earldom until 1778, when all became extinct. Darcy, of Chiche. Thomas Darcy (descended from the above barons), created baron Darcy, of Chiche, co. Essex, April 5, 1551. Extifict 1639. Darlington, barony of, Jan. 2, 1686. Extinct 1692. See Dorchester. — Charlotte Sophia, wife of baron Kilmansegg, countess of Platen (in Germany) and countess of Leinster (in Ire- land), created baroness of Brentford, co. Mid- dlesex, and countess of Darlington, co. Durham, 1722. Extinct 1730. — Henry Vane, baron Barnard, created viscount Barnard, and earl of Darlington, co. Durham, April 3, 1754. — William Henry Vane, earl of Darlington, created marquess of Cleveland, Oct. 5, 1827 ; ^ Great disputes having arisen between Joan, baroness Dacre, only child of Thomas Dacre, eldest son of Hugh, lord Dacre, her husband sir Richard Fiennes (who, in 1459, had by king Henry VI. been summoned in right of his wife, the said lady Joan, as baron Dacre), and her uncle Sir Humphrey Dacre, concerning their honours and property, they mutually agreed to refer their respective claims to the decision of Edward IV., who, in the thirteenth year of his reign, with the assistance of the lords assembled in parliament, awarded all the estates of Hugh, lord Dacre, to his grand-daughter, the said lady Joan, except the barony of Gillesland, which he gave to her uncle sir Humphrey Dacre, whom he at the same time created baron Dacre of Gillesland ; and to have place next beneath the said sir Richard Fiennes, lord Dacre, and the lady Joan, to whom he adjudged precedence, from the date of her grandfather's summons to parliament : and the said sir Richard, and his heirs, to be styled lords Dacre Beatson. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAKD. 527 and duke of Cleveland, Jan. 29, 1833. See Cleveland. Dartmouth, barony of, July 29, 1675. Extinct 1680. See Plymouth. — George Legge, cre- ated baron Dartmouth, of Dartmouth, co. Devon, Dec. 2, 1682. — William Legge, son and heir, created viscount Lewisham, co. Kent, and earl of Dartmouth, co. Devon, Sept. 5, 1711. Daiitrey. Richard Dawson, lord Cremorne (in Ireland), created baron Dartrey, of Dartrey, CO. Monaghan, Aug. 28, 1847. Daubeney. Ralph de Albini, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Elias Daubeney (same fa- mily), baron by writ, Nov. 2, 1295. — Giles Daubeney, created by patent, baron Daubeney, March 12, 1486. — Henrj^ Daubeney, son and heir, created earl of Bridgewater, July 19, 1538. The two last extinct 1548. The barony of 1295 in abeyance. Dawnay. John Christopher Burton Dawnay, viscount Downe (in Ireland), created baron Dawnay, of Co wick, co. York, May 28, 1796. Extinct 1832. De Clifford See Qifford. De Dunstanville. Sir Francis Basset, bart., created baron de Dunstanville, of Tehidy, co. Cornwall, June 17, 1796 ; and baron Basset, of Stratton, co. Cornwall, Nov. 7, 1797. The barony of de Dunstanville became extinct 1835. See Dunstanvill. Deerhurst, viscounty of, April 26, 1697. See Covejitry. De Freyne. Arthur French, created baron de Frevne, of Artagh, co. Roscommon, May 2, 1839. De Grey. Henry Grey (1st duke of Kent), created marquess de Grey, May 9, 1740. Ex- tinct 1797. — Amabel Hume Campbell, baro- ness Lucas, created countess de Grey, of Wrest, CO. Bedford, Oct. 25, 1816. The earl- dom of De Grey has descended to Thomas- Philip de Grey, lord Grantham, her nephew, the present earl. See Grantham, Deincourt. Walter Deincourt, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Edmund Deincourt, heir, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. Forfeited 1487. Deincourt, of Sutton. Sir Francis Leke, bart., created baron Deincourt, of Sutton, co. Derby, Oct. 26, 1624 ; and earl of Scarsdale, Nov. 11, 1645. Extinct 1736. See Scarsdale. D'EiviLL. Robert D'Eivill, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — John D'Eivill, baron by writ, Dec. 14, 1264. His posterity were never summoned. — Dugdale. De la Beche. Nicholas de la Beche, baron by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. Never afterwards sum- moned. De la Mare. John de la Mare, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. " None of his des(^endants continuing in the rank of barons, I shall take no further notice of them." — Dugdale. De la Mere. Sir George Booth, bart., created baron de la Mere, of Dunham- Massey, co. Chester, April 20, 1661. Extinct 1770. — George-Harry Grey, earl of Stamford, created baron de la Mere, of Dunham-lNIassGy afore- said, and earl of Warrington, April 22, 1796. Delamere, of Vale Royal. Thomas Cholmon- deley (descended from the common ancestor ot the present marquess of Cholmondeley), cre- ated baron Delamere of Vale Royal, co. Chester, July 14, 1821. De la Pole. Michael de la Pole, baron by writ, Jan. 20, 1366 ; created earl of Suffolk, Aug. 6, 1385. Both forfeited circa 1388. — Restored in 1397, to Michael, son and heir, on whose death, in 1415, the honour fell into abeyance between his three daughters, the last survivor of whom, Katharine, took the veil, when this barony devolved on her uncle, William de la Pole, earl, marquess, and duke of Suffolk, on whose attainder in 1450, the barony, with all his other honours, became forfeited. Delaval. Sir John Hussey Delaval, bart., first baron Delaval (in Ireland), created baron Delaval of Seaton -Delaval, co. Northumber- land, Aug. 21, 1786. Extinct 1808. De la Warde. Robert de la Warde, baron by writ, Dec. 29, 1299. Probably in abeyance. De la Warr. Roger de la Warr, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. This barony came to the West family, descendants, and fell into abeyance be- tween the daughters of sir Owen West, circa 1554. — William West (of the same family), created baron, by patent, Feb. 5, 1570. — John West, descendant, created viscount Cantelupe and earlde la Warr, March 18, 1761. De LTsle and Dudley. Philip Charles Sid- ney, created baron de LTsle and Dudley of Penshurst, co. Kent, Jan. 8, 1835. De Mauley. Hon. William-Francis Spencer Ponsonby (3d son of the earl of Besborough, in Ireland), created baron de Mauley, of Can- ford, CO. Dorset, June 23, 1838. Denbigh. Robert Dudley, created baron Den- bigh, Sept. 28, 1563 ; and earl of Leicester, Sept. 29, same year. Extinct 1588. — William Feilding, baron and viscount Feilding, created earl of the co. of Denbigh, Sept. 14, 1622. Denman. Thomas Denman, lord chief justice of England, created baron Denman, of Dovedale, CO. Derby, March 22, 1834. Denney. Edward Denney, baron by writ, Oct. 27, 1604; and earl of Norwich, Oct. 24, 1626. The earldom became extinct 1630, and the barony 1660. Derby. Robert de Ferrars, created earl of Derby, 1137. — Robert de Ferrars, his de- scendant, was dispossessed of the earldom (and that of Nottingham) by Henry III. in 1265. — Henry Plantagenet (afterwards duke of Lan- caster), created earl of Derby, March 16, 1337. — The title came to Henry Plantagenet, after- wards Henry IV., when it merged in the crown. — Sir Thomas Stanley, summoned to parliament in 1456, as baron Stanlev, created earl of Derby, Oct. 27, 1485.^ Edward Geoffrey Smith- Stanley, who succeeded 1851, is 14th and present earl. See Stanley. De Ros, or Roos. See Rosy or Roos. ' Among the many illustrious and honoured nobles of this great family, was James, 7th earl, of most heroic spirit, who fell a sacrifice to the odious revenge of Oliver Cromwell, by whom he had been sent a letter, offering him his own terms, if the earl would deliver up the Isle of Man to that usurper's lieutenant. The earl answered Cromwell as follows : " I received your letter with indignation, and with scorn I return you this answer, that I cannot but wonder whence you should gather any hopes from me, that I should (like you) prove treacherous to my sovereign ; since you cannot be insensible of my former actings in his late majesty's service ; from which principle of loyalty I am in no way departed. 528 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND, Derwentwater. Sir Francis Raclclyffe, bart., created baron of Tyndale, co. Northumber- land, viscount Ratcliffe and Langley, and earl of Derwentwater, March 7, 1688. For- feited by James, 3rd earl, who was attainted and betieaded 1716. De Saumarez. Admiral James Saumarez, created baron de Saumarez, of the island of Guernsey, Sept. 15, 1831. Despencer. See Le Despencer. De Tabley. John Fleming Leicester, created baron de Tabley, of Tabley House, co. Chester, June 13, 1826. Devereux. William Devereux, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. — John Devereux, his grandson, summoned to parliament Sept. 28, 1384. This barony became united to that of Fitz-Walter. See Fitz- Walter. Devon. Richard de Redvers, baron of Oak- hampton, co. Devon, created earl of Devon, temp. Henry I. — Hugh Courtenay, 6th baron Courtenay, heir, created earl of Devon, Feb. 22, 1335. Forfeited by Thomas Courtenay, who was attainted and beheaded, 1461. — Humphrey Stafford, baron Stafford, of South- wicke, created earl of Devon, May 7, 1469; beheaded same year, when the earldom was again forfeited. — Edward Courtenay (de- scendant of the Courtenay family), created earl of Devon, Oct. 26, 1485. — Henry Cour- tenay, created marquess of Exeter, June 18, 1525 ; attainted and beheaded 1539, and his honours forfeited. — Edward Courtenay, son and heir, restored in blood and honours by parliament, created earl of Devon, Sept. 28, 1553. Extinct 1556. — Charles Blount, baron Mountjoy, created earl of Devon, July 21, 1603. Extinct 1606. — This earldom remained dormant until March 15, 1831, when it was adjudged by the house of lords to William, viscount Courtenay, tenth in descent from the attainted marquess of Exeter. On the death of this last earl, in 1835, he was succeeded by his cousin, William Courtenay, the present earl. Devonshire. William Cavendish, baron Ca- vendish, of Hardwicke, created earl of De- vonshire, Aug. 7, 1618. — William Cavendish, great-grandson, created marquess of Har- tington, CO, Derby, and duke of Devonshire, May 12, 1694. DiGBY. John Digby, created baron Digby, of Sherborne, co. Dorset, Nov. 25, 1618, and earl of Bristol, Sept. 15, 1622. Extinct 1698. See Bristol. — Henry Digby, baron Digby (in Ireland), descendant, created baron Digby, of Sherborne aforesaid, Aug. 16, 1765 ; and vis - count Coleshill, CO. Warwick, and earl Digby, CO. Lincoln, Nov. 1, 1790. Baron Digby, in Ireland. DiNAN. Foulke de Dinan, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Geoffrey Dinant, descend- ant, lived circa 1258. — Oliver Dynaunt, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. — John Dynham, sum- moned to parliament Feb. 28, 1466. Extinct circa 1509. Dinorben. William Lewis Hughes, created baron Dinorben, of Kemnell Park, co. Den- bigh, Sept. 10, 1831. DoNCASTER. James Hay, baron Hay, of Sauley, created viscount Doncaster, co. York, July 5, 1618; and earl of Carlisle, Sept. 13, 1622. Extinct 1660. — James Fitz-Roy (assumed the name of Scott; natural son of Charles II.), created baron Tyndale, co. Northumberland, earl of Doncaster, co. York, and duke of Monmouth, Feb. 14, 1663. — Having married Anne, daughter of Francis Scott, earl of Buc- cleuch, he and his said wife were created duke and duchess of Buccleuch, earl and countess of Dalkeith, and baron and baroness Whit- chester and Ashdale (in Scotland), April 20, 1673. He was attainted and beheaded 1685, when his English honours became /or/ez^ed — Francis Scott, earl of Dalkeith, grandson, re- stored to the titles of earl of Doncaster and baron Tyndale by act of parliament, March 23, 1743 ; and succeeded to the dukedom of Buccleuch (in Scotland) 1732. The dukes of Buccleuch are earls of Doncaster. Dorchester, co. Dorset. Henry Pierrepont, 2nd earl of Kingston, created marquess of Dorchester, co. Dorset, March 25, 1644. The marquisate became extinct 1680. Catherine Sidley (daughter of sir Charles Sidiey), cre- ated baroness Darlington, co. Durham, and countess of Dorchester for life, Jan. 2, 1686. Extinct 1692. — Evelyn Pierrepont, 4th earl of Kingston, created marquess of Dorchester, Dec. 23, 1706 ; and duke of Kingston, July 20, 1715. The marquisate again extinct 1773. — Joseph Damer, baron Milton, created vis- count Milton and earl of Dorchester, May 18, 1792. Extinct 1808. DoRciHESTER, CO. Oxford- Dudley Carlton, baron Carlton, created viscount Dorchester, CO. Oxford, July 25, 1628. Extinct 1631. — Gen. sir Guy Carleton, created baron Dor- chester, of Dorchester, Aug. 21, 1786. Dormer. Sir Robert Dormer, created baron Dormer, of Wenge, co. Bucks, June 30, 1615. The present peer is 11th baron. Dorset. Osmund de Seez, created earl of Dor- set by William I. — William de Mohun, cre- ated earl of Dorset by the empress Maud. — John Beaufort, earl of Somerset, (natural son of John of Gaunt by Catherine Swinford), created marquess of Dorset, Sept. 29, 1397 ; and next day, by another patent (having re- linquished the former), created marquess of Somerset. — Thomas Beaufort (younger bro- ther), created earl of Dorset, July 5, 1411, and duke of Exeter, Nov. 18, 1416. Extinct 1417. — Edmund Beaufort, same family, created earl of Dorset, Aug. 28, 1441 ; marquess of Dorset, June 24, 1442 ; and duke of Somerset, March 21, 1447. Forfeited 1463.— Thomas Grey, baron Ferrers of Groby, created mar- quess of Dorset, April 18, 1475. The honours were forfeited, but restored in 1485. — His grandson, Henry Grey (created duke of Suf- folk, Oct. 11, 1551), was attainted and be- " I scorn your proffers ; I disdain your favours ; I abhor your treasons ; and am so far from delivering this island to your advantage, that I will keep it to the utmost of my power to your destruction. '•' Take this final answer, and forbear any further solicitations, for if you trouble me with any more messages upon this occasion, I will burn the paper, and hang the bearer. " This is the immutable resolutioa of him who accounts it his chiefest glory to be " His Majesty's most loyal subject, " Castle Town, " DERBY." " I2th July, 1649. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 529 headed in 1554, when his honours were for- feited. — Thomas Sackville, baron Buckhurst, created earl of Dorset, March 13, 1603. — Lionel Cranfield Sackville, created duke of Dorset, June 13, 1720. This fLimily became also barons Bolebrook and Cranfield, viscounts Sackville, and earls of Middlesex. See ihost titles. Extinct 1843. Douglas. William Douglas, duke of Queens- berrv (in Scotland), created baron Douglas, of Amesbury, co. Wilts, Aug. 8, 1786. .Extinct 1810. Douglas, of Douglas Castle. Archibald Stewart (Douglas), created baron Douglas, of Douglas Castle, CO. Lanark, July 8, 1790. James Dou- glas, succeeded 1848, 4th and present baron. Douglas, of Lochleven. George Douglas, earl of Morton (in Scotland), created baron Dou- glas, of Lochleven, co. Kinross, Aug. 11, 1791. Extinct 1827. DouRO, barony, Sept. 4, 1809 ; marquisate, May 3, 1814. See Wellington. Dover. Henry Carey, baron Hunsdon and viscount Rochford, created earl of Dover, March 8, 1628. Extinct 1668. — James Dou- glas, duke of Queensberry (in Scotland), cre- ated baron of Ripon, marquess of Beverley, both CO. York, and duke of Dover, May 26, 1708. Extinct 1708. — Hon. Joseph Yorke, created baron Dover, of Dover, co. Kent. Ex- tinct 1792. — George-James Welbore Agar Ellis, eldest son of baron Mendip, in England, and viscount Clifden (in Ireland), created baron Dover, of Dover aforesaid, June 16, 1831. DovoR. Fulbert de Dovor, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — Richard de Dovor, de- scendant, died circa 1300. Draycote. Richard de Draycote, baron by writ, Jan. 26, 1297. Dugdale gives no account of this baron. Dublin. Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, cre- ated marquess of Dublin, Dec. 1, 1385, and duke of Ireland, 1387. Attainted, banished, and his honours /or/e/Yec?, 1388. DuciE. Matthew Ducie Moreton, created lord Ducie, baron of Moreton, co. Stafford, June 9, 1720. — Matthew Ducie Moreton, son, created baron Ducie, of Tortworth, co. Gloucester, April 23, 1763. The first barony became ex- tinct in 1770 ; but the barony of Ducie of Tortworth descends. — Thomas Reynolds More- ton, created earl Ducie and baron Moreton, Jan. 21, 1837. Dudley, and Dudley and Ward. John de Somerie, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — John de Somerie, descendant, baron by Avrit, March 10, 1308.1 Extinct 1322. — John de Sutton, baron "de Duddeley," by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. — Of his descendants was Frances Sutton, who married sir Humble Ward, cre- ated baron Ward of Birmingham, March 23, 1644. The baronies of Dudley and Ward, thus united, were separated in 1740. That of Dud- ley, being a barony in fee, devolved upon Fer- dinand Dudley Lea, on whose death in 1757, it fell into abeyance between five sisters ; while the barony of Ward devolved to the heir male, John Ward, who was created viscount Dudley and Ward, April 21, 1763. — John-William Ward (4th viscount) created viscount Ednani, of lulnam, co. Roxburgh, and earl Dudley, of Dudley Castle, Sept. 24, 1827. On his death in 1833, the titles conferred on himself, and the viscounty of Dudley and Ward, became ex- tinct ; but the barony of Ward descended to his 2nd cousin, William Humble, 10th baron Ward, whose son is the presentlord. See Ward. Dudley. Alice, daughter of sir Thomas Leigh, and wife of sir Robert Dudley, son of Robert, earl of Leicester (respecting whose legitimacy there was much doubt), created duchess of Dudley for life. May 23, 1644. Extinct 1670. Duncan. Admiral Adam Duncan, created vis- count Duncan, of Camperdown, and baron Duncan, of Lundie, co. Forfar, and of Glen- eagles, co. Perth, Oct. 30, 1797. — Robert Dundas Duncan Haldane, created earl of Cam- perdown, Sept. 7, 1831. See Camperdown. DuNCANNON. John- William Ponsonby (eldest son of the earl of Besborough, in Ireland), created, vita patris, baron Duncannon, of Dun- cannon, co. Kilkenny, July 18, 1834. Merged in the Irish earldom' of Besborough. Dundas. Sir Thomas Dundas, created baron Dundas of Aske, co. Ycrk, Aug. 13, 1794. — Laurence Dundas, son and heir, created earl of Zetland, June 23, 1838. See Zetland. Dunfermline. James Abercromby, late speaker of the house of commons, created baron Dun- fermline, of Dunfermline, co. Fife, May 28, 1839. DuNEiRA, barony of, Dec. 21, 1802. See 3Iel- ville. DuNMORE. Alexander Murray, earl of Dunmore (in Scotland), created baron Dunmore, of Dunmore, in the forest of Athole , co. Perth, Sept. 7, 1831. DuNSMORE. Sir Francis Leigh, bart., created baron Dunsmore, of Dunsmore, co. Warwick, July 31, 1628. Extinct 1653. See Chichester. DuNSTANViLL. Reginald de Dunstanvill, baron by tenure, ternp. Henry I. — The barony came to Petronil, heiress, who married Robert de Montfort, temp. Henry III. DuNwiCH, viscounty of. July 18, 1821. See Stradbrooke. DuRAS. Lewis Duras (marquess of Blanquefort, and brother of the duke Duras, in France), created baron Duras, of Holdenby, co. iS'orth- ampton, Jan. 19, 1673. He succeeded his father-in-law, George Sondes, as earl of Fe- versham, and died in 1709, when his honours became extinct. Durham. John-George Lambton, created baron Durham, of the city of Durham and of Lamb- ton Castle, CO. Durham, Jan. 29, 1828; and viscount Lambton and earl of Durham, of Durham aforesaid, March 15, 1833. Dursley, viscounty, Sept. 11, 1679. Berkeley. DuTTON, barony of, Sept. 10, 1711. See Brandon. Dynevor. William Talbot, earl Talbot, created baron Dynevor, of Dynevor, co. Carmarthen, Oct. 17, 1780. The barony came to his daughter Cecil, wife of George Rice ; and their 1 Although this barony is uniformly considered to be that of " Dudley," it appears very questionable if such is the proper designation. That antecedent to the latter part of the reign of Edward I. the tenure of the Castle of Dudley constituted the family of Somerie barons by tenure, can scarcely be doubted ; but that such tenure did not establish a right in the possessor of that castle to demand a writ of summons to Parliament, may be inferred from this fact, that John de Somerie, who was first summoned to Parliament 1 Fldward II., and who continued to be regularly summoned to the 15 Edward II., is never once designated as " de Dudley," but is merely described as " Johanni de Somery." — Sir Harris Nicolas. MM 530 THE PEERAGE son, George Talbot Rice, succeeded to the barony on his mother's decease in 1793. E. Eastnor, viscounty, July 14, 1821. See Somers. Ebrington, viscounty, Aug. 18, 1789. See For- tescue. EcHiNGHAM. William de Echingham, baron by writ, Dec. 19, 1311. Never afterwards sum- moned, according to Dugdale. Eddisbury. Edward- John Stanley, eldest son of lord Stanley, of Alderley, created baron Eddisbury, of Winnington, co. Chester, May 8, 1848. See Stanley of Eddisbury. Eden. George Eden, baron Auckland, and baron x\uckland (in Ireland), created baron Eden, of Norwood, co. Surrey, and earl of Auckland, Dec. 21, 1839. The barony of Eden and earldom of Auckland became extinct 1849. See Auckland,. Edgcumbe. Richard Edgcumbe, created baron Edgcumbe, of Mount Edgcumbe, co. Devon, April 20, 1742. — George Edgcumbe, heir, created viscount Mount Edgcumbe and Val- letort, same county, March 5, 1781 ; and earl of Mount Edgcumbe, Aug. 31, 1789. See Mount Edgcumbe. Edinburgh. H. R. H. Frederick Lewis duke of Gloucester (eldest son of George, prince of Wales, afterwards George II.), created baron Snawdon, co. Carnarvon, viscount Launceston, CO. Cornwall, earl of Eltham, co. Kent, mar- quess of Ely, CO. Cambridge, and duke of Edinburgh, July 15, 1726; created prince of Wales, &c., Jan. 9, 1729. H. R. H. George, duke of Gloucester, son and heir, created prince of Wales, April 20, 1751, and ascended the throne Oct. 25, 1760, as George III., when the above honours merged in the crown. — H. R. H. William-Henry (brother of George III.), created duke of Gloucester and Edin- burgh, in Great Britain, and earl of Connaught (in Ireland), Nov. 17, 1764. H. R. H. Wil- liam-Frederick, his son and heir, succeeded, on his death, in 1805 ; and died sine prole, Nov. 30, 1834. Ednam. John- William Ward, viscount Dudley and Ward, created viscount Ednam, of Ednam, CO. Roxburgh, and earl Dudlev, of Dudley Castle, CO. Stafford, Sept. 24," 1827. See Dudley. Effingham. Francis Howard, baron Howard, of Effingham, created earl of Effingham, co. Surrey, Dec. 8, 1731. The earldom became extinct 1816. — Kenneth Alexander Howard, 11th baron Howard, of Effingham, created earl of Effingham, co. Surrey aforesaid, Jan. 21, 1837. Egremont. Thomas Percy (3rd son of the earl of Northumberland), created, by patent, baron Egremont, Dec. 20, 1449. Extinct 1460. — Algernon Seymour, duke of Somerset, earl of Northumberland, &c., created baron Cocker- mouth and earl of Egremont, both co. Cum- berland, Oct. 3, 1749. The earldom and barony came to the Wyndham family. Extinct 1845, Zldon. John Scott, created baron Eldon, of Eldon, CO. Durham, July 18, 1799; viscount^ Encombe, of Encombe, co. Dorset, and earl of Eldon, of Eldon aforesaid, July 6, 1821. Lord Chancellor. OF ENGLAND. Eliot. Edward Eliot (Craggs-Eliot), created baron Eliot, of St, Germans, co. Cornwall, Jan. 30, 1784 ; created earl of St. Germans, Sept. 30, 1815. See St. Germans. Ellenborough. Edward Law, created baron Ellenborough, of Ellenborough, co. Cumber- land, April 10, 1802. Lord Chief Justice of England. — Edward Law, son and heir, created viscount Southam, of Southam, co. Gloucester, and earl of Ellenborough, of Ellenborough aforesaid, Oct. 22, 1844. Ellesmere. Thomas Egerton, created baron Ellesmere, co. Salop, July 21, 1603 ; and vis- count Brackley, of Brackley, co. Northampton, Nov. 7, 1616. Lord Chancellor. See Brackley. — Lord Francis Egerton (2nd son of the 1st duke of Sutherland), created viscount Brackle}^ of Brackley aforesaid, and earl of Ellesmere, CO. Salop, June 30, 1846. Elmley, viscounty of, Sept. 30, 1815. See Beau- champ of Powyck. Eltham, earldom of, July 15, 1726. See Edin- burgh. Ely, marquisate, July 15, 1726. See Edinburgh. Emlyn. John-Frederick Campbell, baron Caw- dor, created viscount Emlyn, of Emlyn, co. Carmarthen, and earl Cawdor, of Castlemartin, CO. Pembroke, Sept. 24, 1827. See Cawdor. Encombe, viscounty of, July 6, 1 821. See Eldon. Enfield, barony of. May 10, 1695. See Roch- ford. — John Byng, baron Strafford, created viscount Enfield, of Enfield, co. Middlesex, and earl of Strafford, Aug. 28, 1747. See Strafford. Engaine. Richard Engaine, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — John de Engaine, heir, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. Extinct 1322. — John de Engaine, of this family, summoned to parliament Feb. 25, 1342. In abeyance since 1367. Ennerdale, barony of, June 16, 1619. Extinct 1651. See Cambridge. Ennishowen. George Hamilton Chichester, earl of Belfast as eldest son of the marquess of Donegal (in Ireland), created baron Ennish- owen, of Ennishowen, co. Donegal, and Car- rickfergus, co. Antrim, Aug. 11, 1841. Erdington. Henry de Erdington, baron by writ, Jan. 22, 1336. Extinct circa 1345. Erskine. Thomas Erskine, created baron Erskine, of Restormel Castle, co. Cornwall, Feb. 8, 1806. Lord Chancellor. Essex. Swene de Essex, baron by tenure, temp. William I. ; his lands were confiscated temp. Henry II. — Geoff'rey de Mandeville, created earl of Essex, temp. Stephen. This earldom went by an heir-female to the family of Fitz- Piers, who took thereupon the name of Man- deville. Extinct 1245. — Humphrey de Bo- hun, earl of Hereford, created earl of Essex, temp. Henry HI. Extinct 1371. — Thomas Plantagenet, of Woodstock, youngest son of Edward HI., created earl of Essex and North- ampton. Murdered 1397, and these and his otner titles extinct on his death. — Henry Bourchier, earl of Eu or Ewe (in Normandy), and viscount Bourchier in England, created earl of Essex, June 30, 1461. Extinct 1539.— Thomas Cromwell, baron Cromwell, created earl of Essex, April 17, 1539; beheaded 1540, and his honours forfeited. — William Parr, baron Parr, brother of Catherine, queen of Henry VIII., created earl of Essex, Dec. 23, 1513. Forfeited 1553. — Walter Devereux, THE. PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 531 riscount Hereford, created earl of Essex, May 4, 1571 : Robert, his son and heir, was be- headed and attainted in IGOO, and his honours forfeited. — Robert, son of the last, restored in blood and honours 1603. Extinct 1646. — Arthur Capel, baron Capel, created viscount Maiden, co. Essex, and earl of Essex, April 20, 1661. EusTON. Henry Fitz-Eoy (natural son of Charles II.), created baron Sudbury, viscount Ipswich, and earl of Euston, all co. Suffolk, Aug. 16, 1672. Created duke of Grafton, Sept. 11, 1675. See Grafton. EvERiNGHAM. Adam de Everingham, baron by writ, March 4, 1309. In abeyance from 1371. EvRE, or EuRE. William Evre, or Eure, cre- ated baron Evre, or Eure, of Wilton, co. Dur- ham, Feb. 24, 1544. Extinct 1698. Exeter. John Holland, earl of Kent, created earl of Huntingdon, June 2, 1387, and duke of of Exeter, Sept. 29, 1397. Beheaded, and his honours forfeited, 1400. — Thomas Beaufort, earl of Dorset, natural son of John of Gaunt, created duke of Exeter, Nov. 18, 1416. Ex- tinct 1426. — John Holland, heir of John, 1st duke, created duke of Exeter, Jan. 6, 1443. Forfeited by the son of the last-named, 1461 : he died 1473. — Henry Courtenay, earl of Devon, created marquess of Exeter, June 18, 1525. Attainted and beheaded 1539, and his honours became forfeited. — Edward Courte- nay, restored in blood and honours by par- liament, Oct. 10, 1553; created earl of Devon that year: died in 1556, when his honours became extinct. — Thomas Cecil, baron Bur- leigh, created earl of Exeter, May 4, 1605. — Henry Cecil, heir of this family, created mar- quess" of Exeter, Feb. 4, 1801 ; the present earl and marquess. ExMOUTH. Sir Edward Pellew, bart., admiral, created baron Exmouth, of Canonteign, co. Devon, May 14, 1814; and viscount Exmouth aforesaid, Sept. 21, 1816. Fairford, viscounty of, Aug. 12, 1772. See Hillsborough. Falmouth. Charles Berkeley, viscount Fitz- Harding (in Ireland), created baron Bote- tourt, of Langport, co. Somerset, and earl of Falmouth, March 17, 1664. Extinct the next year. — George Fitz-Ro}^, natural son of Charles II., created baron of Pontefract, vis- count Falmouth, and earl of Northumberland, Oct. 1, 1674; created duke of Northumber- land, April 6, 1682. Extinct 1716.— Hugh Boscawen, created baron of Boscawen-Rose and viscount Falmouth, co. Cornwall, June 13, 1720. — Edward Boscawen, descendant, cre- ated earl of Falmouth, June 14, 1821. FALVESLEr. John de Falvesley, baron by writ, Aug. 20, 1383. Extinct 1392. Fanhope. John Cornwall, created baron Fan- hope, of Fanhope, co. Hereford, July 17, 1433, and baron Milbroke, of co. Bedford, Jan. 30, 1442. Extinct 1443. FxVREHAM, countess, Aug. 19, 1673. See Forts- mouth. Fauconberg. Walter de Fauconberg, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. — William Neville, having M M married the heiress of this family, was sum- moned Aug. 3, 1429, and was created earl of Kent in 1461. The earldom became extinct 1463, and the barony fell into abeyance. Fauconberg, of Yarm. Sir Thomas Belasyse, bart., created baron Fauconberg, of Yarm, co. York, May 25, 1627; and viscount Faucon- berg, of Henknowle, co. Durham, Jan. 31, 1643. — Thomas Belasyse, heir, created earl Fauconberg, April 9, 1689. The earldom became extinct 1700, but the barony and viscounty descended. — Thomas Belasyse, heir, created earl Fauconberg, of Newborough, co. York, June 15, 1756. The earldom again became extinct 1802 ; the barony and viscounty still descending, until 1815, when they, also, became extinct. Feilding. William Feilding, created baron Feilding, of Newnham-Padox, co. Warwick, and viscount Feilding, Dec. 30, 1620 ; created earl of Denbigh, Sept. 14, 1622. See Den- high. Fe LTON. Robert de Felton, baron by writ, Jan. 8, 1313. William de Felton was sum- moned Feb. 25, 1342 ; and dying 1367, ap- pears to have been the last baron. Ferrers, of Chartley. John Ferrers (of the family of Ferrers, earls of Derby), baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. — This barony came by marriage to the Devereux family, of whom Walter Devereux was created viscount Here- ford, Feb. 2, 1550 ; and Walter, his grandson, earl of Essex, May 4, 1572. Robert Deve- reux, who succeeded, was attainted and be- headed in 1600. Forfeited. — Robert, son of this last, was restored in blood and honours in 1603, and died 1646, when the earldom of Essex became extinct ; the viscounty of Here- ford devolved on sir Walter Devereux as next male heir ; and the barony of Ferrers fell into abeyance, which was terminated, in 1677, in favour of sir Robert Shirley, bart., into whose family it had come by marriage. — Sir Robert Shirley, created viscount Tamworth and earl Ferrers, Sept. 3, 1711. — The barony again fell into abeyance in 1741, and ultimately came by marriage to the Townshend family. See Townshend. Ferrers. Robert Shirley, baron Ferrers of Chartley, created viscount Tamworth, co. Stafford, and earl Ferrers, Sept. 3, 1711. Washington Sewallis Shirley is the 9th and present earl. Ferrers, of Groby. William Ferrers, of the family of the earls of Derby, lord of Groby, temp. Henry III. — William Ferrers, son and heir, baron by writ, Sept. 26, 1300. — The barony came by marriage into the family of Grey, of whom Thomas Grey was created earl of Huntingdon, Aug. 24, 1471, and marquess of Dorset, April 18, 1475. — Henry Grey, grandson and heir of this last, was created duke of Suffolk, Oct. 11, 1551 ; and was at- tainted and beheaded 1554. Forfeited. Ferrers, of Wemme. Robert Ferrers (of the Ferrers of Chartley family), summoned to parliament Dec. 28, 1375. In abeyance since 1410. Feversham. Sir George Sondes, created baron Sondes, of Throwley, viscount Sondes, of Lees Court, and earl of Feversham, co. Kent, April 8, 1676. Extinct 1709. — Erangard Melosine, duchess of Munster (in Ireland), mistress of George I., created baroness Glastonburv, co. 9 532 THE PEERAGE OF EKGLA^^D. Somerset, countess of Feversham, co. Kent, and duchess of Kendal, co. Westmorland, for life, July 2, 1716. Extinct 1743. —Anthony Duncombe, created lord Feversham, baron of Downton, co. Wilts, June 23, 1747. Extinct 17G3. — Charles Duncombe, created baron Feversham, of Duncombe Park, co. York, July 14, 1826. Fife. James Duff, earl of Fife (in Ireland), created baron Fife, co. Fife, Scotland, Feb. 19, 1790. The English barony became extinct 1809. — James Duff, earl of Fife, nephew, created baron Fife, April 28, 1827. Finch, of Daventry; and of Fordwich. John Finch (of the family of the earls of Winchil- sea), created baron Finch, of Fordwich, co. Kent, April 7, 1640. Extinct 1660. — Sir He- neage Finch (of same family), created baron Finch, of Daventry, co. Northampton, Jan. 10, 1673 ; and earl of Nottingham, May 12, 1681. Lord Chancellor. See Nottingham. FiNGAL. Arthur James Plunket, earl of Fingal (in Ireland), created baron Fingal, of Wool- hampton Lodge, co. Berks, June 20, 1831. FiSHERWiCK. George-Augustus Chichester, mar- quess of Donegal (in Ireland), created baron Fisherwick, of co. Stafford, July 3, 1790. Fitz-Alan. Alan Fitz-Brian, baron of Bedale, by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Brian Fitz-Alan, grandson, baron of Bedale, by writ, June 23, 1295. Supposed to be in abeyance from circa 1305. Fitz-Alan, of Clun. Alan obtained the castle of Oswaldestre from William the Conqueror. — John Fitz-Alan, 5th baron in descent, on a partition of the lands of his uncle, Hugh, earl of Arundel, in 1243, had the castle of Arundel, ■which was adjudged to confer the title of earl of Arundel on its possessor by act of parlia- ment, 11 Henry VI. But Fitz-Alan was not a parliamentary barony until 1627. — Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel and Surrey, heir ge- neral of the Fitz-Alan family, created, by act 8 Charles L, baron Fitz-Alan, Clun and Os- waldestre, and Maltravers, which baronies were then annexed to the earldom of Arundel, and are now vested in the dukes of Norfolk, as earls of Arundel. See No?] folk. Fitz-Bernard. Thomas Fitz-Bernard, baron by writ, Jan. 6, 1313. This baron is not no- ticed by any writer save sir Harris Nicolas. Fitz-Clarence. William-George Fitz-Clarence (natural son of William IV.), created baron Tewkesbury, viscount Fitz-Clarence, and earl of Munster, May 12, 1831. See Munster. Fitzgerald. William-Vescy Fitzgerald, baron Fitzgerald and Vesci (in Ireland), created baron Fitzgerald, of Desmond and Clan-Gib- t)on, CO. Cork, Jan. 8, 1835. Extinct 1843. FiTZGiBBON. John Fitzgibbon, earl of Clare (in Ireland), created baron Fitzgibbon, of Sidbury, CO. Devon, Sept. 24, 1799. Fitz-Hamon. Robert Fitz-Hamon, baron by tenure, temp. William I. : he died in 1107, leaving four daughters his heirs, of whom two took the veil ; the third married the earl of Brittany ; and the fourth, Mabell, became the wife of Robert, earl of Gloucester, natural son of king Henry I. Fitzhardinge. William-Fitzhardinge Berke- ley (of the familj^ of Berkeley, late earls of Berkeley), baron Segrave, created earl Fitz- hardinge, Aug. 11, 1841. Fitz-Harris, viscounty of, Dec. 29, 1800. See 3Ialmeshury. Fitz-Herbert. Mathew Fitz-Herbert, baron temp. John. Mathew, 4th and last baron, was summoned Jan. 25, 1297. Nothing more is known of them. Fitz-Herbert, of Eastwell. Heneage Finch, earl of Winchilsea, created baron Fitz-Herbert, of Eastwell, co. Kent, June 26, 1660. Extinct 1729. See Winchilsea. Fitz-Hugh. Bardolph, lord Ravensworth, in Richmondshire, baron by tenure, temp. Wil- liam I. — Henry Fitz-Hugh, baron by writ, May 15, 1321. In abej^ance since 1512. FiTZ-JoHN. John Fitz-Geoffrey, baron by te- nure, temp. Henry III. — John Fitz-John, baron by writ, Dec. 14, 1264. This latter barony became extinct 1275. — Richard Fitz-John, brother, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. Extinct 1296. Fitz-Payne. Robert Fitz-Payne, baron by te- nure, temp. Henry II. — Robert Fitz-Payne, descendant, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. This barony has been in abeyance since 1354. — Robert de Grey, of the family of the Greys of Codnor, assumed the name of Fitz-Payne, and is said by Dugdale to have been summoned, April 6, 1369, and through an heir-female this barony came to the Percy family. Extinct 1537. — Thomas Percy, created by patent baron Percy, of Cockermouth and Petworth, baron Poynings, Lucy, Bryan, and Fitz-Payne, April 30, 1557, and, next day, earl of Northumber- land. Extinct 1670. FiTZ-RoGER. John Fitz-Roger, baron by writ, Feb. 27, 1299. The barony was probably ex- tinct on his death, for nothing more is known of him. — Andrew Fitz-Roger, summoned Jan. 26, 1299. Also considered to be extinct. Fitz-Walter. Robert Fitz-Walter, baron by tenure, ^ewjo. Henry I. — Robert Fitz-Walter descendant, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. Forfeited 1495. — Robert Ratcliffe, descendant, summoned Nov. 28, 1511; created viscount Fitz-Walter, July 18, 1525, and earl of Sussex, Dec. 28, 1529. The barony came by marriage to the Mildmay family; but the viscounty and earldom were extinct 1541. — Benjamin Mildmay, descendant, created viscount Har- wich, CO. Essex, and earl Fitz-Walter, May 14, 1730. This last viscounty and earldom be- came extinct 1756, and the barony, since then, is in abeyance. Fitz-Warine. Fulke Fitz-Warine, baron by tenure, temp. Richard I. — Fulke Fitz-Warine, his grandson, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. — The barony fell by marriage to the Hankford and Bourchier families, of which latter John Bourchier was created earl of Bath, July 9, 1536. In abeyance from 1636. Fitz-Warine. William Fitz-Warine (of the same family), summoned to parliament Feb. 25, 1342. None of his descendants appear to have been summoned. FiTzwiLLiAM. William Fitzwilliam, earl of Fitz- william (in Ireland), created lord Fitzwilliam, baron of Milton, co. Northampton, April 19, 1 Robert Fitz-Walter, of this family, and grandson of this Robert, was styled " Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church," by the barons who obtained Magna Charta from King John, and was one of the celebrated twenty-five barons appointed to enforce its observance. — S/r Harris Nicolas, THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 533 1742 ; and viscount Milton and earl Fitzwilliam, of Norborough, same county, Sept. 6, 1746. Flint, earldom of. The county of Flint has always been considered as an appendant to that of Chester, and is said "ad Gladium Cestrise pertinere ; " and it has consequently formed part of the earldom of Chester. Hey- lyn states, that Edward, son and heir apparent of Edward II., was summoned to parliament as earl of Chester and Flint ; but the latter name does not occur in any writ of summons on record. The first time it appears as a distinct title is in the reign of Henry VII., who, accord- ing to Sandford, created his son Arthur prince of Wales, earl of Chester and of Flint, in 1489 : but it is presumed that it has never been held as a distinct earldom from that of Chester. — Sir Harris Nicolas. [See note to roll of the Lord High Chancellors of England, page 104.] Foley. Thomas Foley, created baron Foley, of Kidderminster, co. Worcester, Dec. 31, 1711. Extinct 1766. — Thomas Foley, descendant, created baron Foley, of Kidderminster afore- said, May 20, 1776. FoLiOT. Robert Foliot, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Jordan Foliot, summoned to par- liament, Nov. 2, 1295. None of his posterity are known to have been summoned. Folkestone. Sir Jacob Bouverie, bart., created lord Longford, baron of Longford, co. Wilts, and viscount Folkestone, of Folkstone, co. Kent, June 29, 1747. — William Bouverie, son and heir, created earl of Radnor and baron Pley- dell-Bouverie, of Coleshill, co. Berks, Oct. 31 , 1765. See Radnor. FoRDWiCH, viscounty of, March 18, 1718. See Cowper. Forester. Cecil Weld Forester, created baron Forester, of Willey Park, co. Salop, July 17, 1821. Fortescue. Hugh Fortescue, baron Clinton, created earl Clinton and baron Fortescue, of Castle Hill, co. Devon, July 5, 1746. The earl- dom of Clinton became extinct 1751. — Hugh Fortescue, descendant and heir, and baron Fortescue, created viscount Ebrington, co. Gloucester, and earl Fortescue, Sept. 1, 1789. Hugh, the present earl, w^as summoned to the house of peers, vita patrisy in his fathers barony of Fortescue, Feb. 28, 1839, on being appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Succeeded to the earldom, June 1841. FoxFORD. Edmund -Henry Pery, earl of Lime- rick (in Ireland), created baron Foxford, of Stackpole Court, co. Clare, Aug. 11, 1815. Frene. Hugh de Frene, baron by writ, Nov. 29, 1336. Sir Harris Nicolas is the only writer who has mention of this baron. Frescheville. John Frescheville, created baron Frescheville, of Staveley, co. Derbv, March 6, 1664. Extinct 1682. FuRNivAL. Gerald de Furnival, baron by tenure temp. Richard I. — Thomas de Furnival, de- scendant, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. The barony fell to the Neville and Talbot families by marriage, and continued vested in the earls of Shrewsbury until 1616, when it fell into abeyance. It afterwards passed to the How- ards, dukes of Norfolk, who were lords of Furnival until the death of Edward, duke of Norfolk, in 1777, when the barony again fell into abeyance. M Furnival. Richard Wogan Talbot, lord Talbot de Malahide (in Ireland), created baron Fur- nival, of Malahide, co. Dublin, May 8, 1839. Extinct 1850. G. Gage. AVilliam Hall Gage, viscount Gage (in Ireland), created baron Gage, of Firle, co. Sussex, Oct. 27, 1780 ; and baron Gage, of High Meadow, co. Gloucester, Nov. 1, 1790. The first barony became extinct 1791 ; but that of Gage, of High Meadow, descends. Gainsborough. Edward Noel (of the Noels, viscounts Campden), created, vita patris, baron Noel, of Titchfield, co. Southampton, Feb. 3, 1681 ; succeeded as viscount Campden 1682 ; created earl of Gainsborough, co. Lincoln, Dec. 1, same year. The earldom became ex- tinct 1798. — Charles Noel Noel, baron Barham, created viscount Campden, of Campden, co. Gloucester, and earl of Gainsborough, of co. Lincoln, Aug. 11, 1841. Gajmbier. James Gambier, admiral, created baron Gambier, of Iver, co. Buckingham. Extinct 1833. Gant. Gilbert de Gant, baron by tenure, temp. William 1. — Gilbert de Gant, baron by writ, Dec. 14, 1264. Extifict 1297. Gardner. Alan Gardner, baron Gardner (in Ireland), created baron Gardner, of Uttoxeter, CO. Stafford, Nov. 27, 1806. A warrant was issued for the creation of his son, Alan Hyde Gardner, to the dignity of a viscount, but the latter died before the patent passed the great seal, in 1815. [Upon the demise of Alan Hyde, lord Gardner, the honours of this family were claimed by John Fenton Gardner, son by his first and divorced wife ; but after a long investigation the house of lords decided against the claim, and declared his lordship's son by a second marriage, Alan Legge Gardner, the present peer, to be the rightful heir. ] Gaugi. Ralph de Gaugi, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. Sir Harris Nicolas says, " The account given of this family by Dugdale is very obscure: but from one of these barons the present Lord Gage is said to be de- scended." Genevill. Peter de Genevill, baron by tenure, temp. Henry HI. — Geoffrey de Genevill, son and heir, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. He died circa 1307, leaving three sons, who were never summoned, and who each left daughters, but no male heirs. Gerard, of Bromley. Thomas Gerard, created baron Gerard, of Gerard-Bromley, co. Stafford, July 21, 1603. Extinct 1711. Gerard, of Brandon. Charles Gerard (of the above family), created baron Gerard, of Bran- don, CO. Suffolk, Nov. 8, 1645 ; and viscount Brandon, of Brandon, aforesaid, and earl of Macclesfield, co. Chester, July 23, 1679. Ex- tinct 1702. Ghisnes. Ernald, count of Ghisnes (in France), baron by tenure, temp. John. — Ingelram de Ghisnes, descendant, summoned to parliament June 23, 1295. In abeyance. Giffard. Osbert Giffard (natural son of the king), baron by tenure, temp. John. — Osbert Gifford, son and heir, summoned Jan. 26, 1297. I 3 534 THE PEEEAGE OF ENGLAND. Nothing more is known of him or his de- scendants. GiFFARD, of Brimmelsfield. Osbert Giffi\rd, baron by tenure, temp. William the Conqueror. — John Giffard, baron by writ, June 24, 1295. Forfeited 1322. All the proceedings against Thomas, earl of Lancaster, and his adherents (of whom John Giffard, who was attainted and executed in 1322, was one), were reversed in 1327 ; and this barony may, therefore, be in abeyance. GiFFORD. Sir Robert Gifford, knt., created baron Gitford, of St. Leonard's, co. Devon, Jan. 31, 1824. Master of the rolls. Kobert- Francis, his son, is the present peer. Glamorgan. Edward Somerset i (son of the marquess of Worcester), created earl of Gla- morgan and baron Beaufort, of Caldecot Castle, 1644. Glanvill. Ranulph de Glanvill, baron by tenure, temp.. William I. The 4th baron died 1189, leaving three daughters, but no n\ale heir. Glastonbury. See Feversham. James Gren- ville (of the family of Grenville, dukes of Buckingham), created baron Glastonbury, of Butley, cc. Somerset, Oct. 20, 1797. Extinct 1825. Glenelg. Rt. hon. Charles Grant, created baron Glenelg, of Glenelg, co. Inverness, May 8, 1835. Glenlyon. James Murray (2nd son of the duke of Atholl), created baron Glenlyon, of Glenlyon, co. Perth, July 17, 1821. This baronj^ merged in the Scotch dukedom of Atholl in 1846. Gloucester. Robert the "Consul" (natural son of Henry L), created earl of Gloucester, temp. Henry I. — John Plantagenet (younger son of Henry II.), created earl of Gloucester, temp. Henry II. : ascended the throne in 1199. — The dignity fell by female heirs to the De Clares, earls of Hereford, and ultimately to Hugh de Audley, who married Margaret de Clare, their heiress, and was created, in par- liament, earl of Gloucester, April 23, 1337. Extinct 1347. — Thomas Plantagenet (6th son of Edward III.), created duke of Gloucester, Nov. 12, 1385. Extinct 1399. — Thomas, lord Despencer, created earl of Gloucester, Sept. 29, 1397. \_Rot. jPar/.] Forfeited 1400. — Hum- phrey Plantagenet (youngest son of Henry IV.), summoned to parliament as duke of Gloucester, Sept. 26, 1414. Extinct 1446.— Richard Plantagenet (brother of Edward IV.), created duke of Gloucester, 1461 : he ascended the throne as Richard III. 1485, when the dignity merged in the crown. — Henry Stuart (youngest son of Charles L), created earl of Cambridge and duke of Gloucester, May 13, 1659 : he died 1660. — In 1689 a warrant was issued for the creation of prince William, K. G., son of George and Anne, prince and princess of Denmark, duke of Gloucester, but he died before the patent passed the great seal. — Frederick Lewis (eldest son of George, prince of Wales ; afterwards George II.), created duke of Gloucester, Jan. 10, 1717 ; and baron Snaw- don, in Wales, viscount Launceston, co. Corn- wall, earl of Eltham, co. Kent, marquess of the Isle of Ely, co. Cambridge, and duke of Edin- burgh, North Britain, July 15, 1726; and created prince of Wales, Jan. 9, 1729: died vita patris, 175J ; and was succeeded by George- William-Frederick, his son, who was created prince of Wales, April 20, 1751, and ascended the throne as George III. 1760, when all these titles merged in the crown. — William-Henry (younger brother of George III.), created duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, and earl of Con- naught (in Ireland), Nov. 17, 1764. This last duke was succeeded, in 1805, by his son, William- Frederick, who died in 1834, when these titles became extinct. Go DOLPHIN. Sidney Godolphin, created baron Godolphin, of Rialton, co. Cornwall, Sept. 8, 1684, and viscount Rialton and earl Godol- phin, CO. Cornwall aforesaid, Dec. 29, 1706. — Francis Godolphin, son, created baron Go- dolphin, of Helston, co. Cornwall, Jan. 23, 1735 : died s. p. m. 1766, when the earldom and barony of Godolphin of Rialton, and viscounty of Rialton, became extinct. The barony of Godolphin of Helston also became extinct 1785, — Lord Francis Godolphin Os- borne (2nd son of Francis, 5th duke of Leeds), created baron Godolphin, of Farnham -Royal, CO. Bucks, May 14, 1832. GoDERicH. Rt. hon. Frederick-John Robinson, created viscount Goderich, of Nocton, co. Lin- coln, April 25, 1827; and earl of Ripon, of Ripon, CO. York, April 10, 1833. See Ripon. Goodrich, viscounty of, co. Hereford, Dec. 14, 1706. Extinct 1740. See Kent, Dukedom of. Gordon, of Aberdeen. George Hamilton Gor- don, earl of Aberdeen (in Scotland), created viscount Gordon, of Aberdeen, co. Aberdeen, June 1, 1814. 1 Edward Somerset, son and heir apparent of Henry, first marquess of Worcester, is generally considered to have been created earl of Glamorgan, and baron Beaufort, of Caldecot Castle, by Charles I., in 1644 ; but great doubt exists whether the patent ever passed the Great Seal. Dugdale takes no notice of any such creation, whilst Beatson says the patent was cancelled in 1660; and Dale, in his '* Catalogue of Nobility," does not attribute these titles to the duke of Beaufort, the descendant of the said Edward, in 1697. The authority on whicii the titles in question appear to have been assigned to the dukes of Beaufort, is the circumstance of ('harles I. having directed several letters to Edward Somerset, above-mentioned, by the title of earl of Glamorgan ; and, in a com- mission, no less remarkable than illegal, dated in 1644, granting him power to fill up certain blank patents of creation to every dignity from a marquess to a baronet, he is styled " Edward Somerset, alias Plantagenet, lord Herbert, baron Beaufort, of Caldecote, Grismond, Chepstow, Ragland, and Gower, earl of Glamorgan ; " which patent was, in consequence of a motion in the house of lords after the Restoration, delivered up, from its being deemed " in prejudice to the peers ; " and which is probably the cause of Beatson's statement, that the patent of creation to the dignities of earl of Glamorgan and baron Beaufort was cancelled in 1660. It is stated by Collins, *' that there is remaining in the signet office a bill under the royal sign manual at Oxford (if a patent did not pass the Great Seal thereupon), in order to his being created earl of Glamorgan and baron Beaufort, of Caldecot Castle, in the county of Monmouth." Another dignity attributed to the dukes of Beaufort is the " viscounty of Grosmont," but it has baffled the editor's research to discover the source whence that title is derived. Dale takes no notice of any such dignity ; and the only trace of a title at all similar is that recited in the commission just noticed, wherein he is styled baron Beaufort, of Caldecot, Grt'smund, and Gower. Notwithstanding the opinion here expressed, that the titles of earl of Glamorgan, viscount Grosmont, and baron Beaufort are not vested in the duke of Beaufort,* in consequence of the impression that his ancestor had not been legally created to them, it must be observed, that not only have most writers attributed them to his grace, but that they are each inserted in his style on his plate as a knight of the Garter, in his stall at Windsor Sir Harris Nicolas. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 535 Gordon, of Huntly. Alexander Gordon, 4th duke of Gordon (in Scotland), created baron Gordon, of Huntly, co. Gloucester, and earl of Norwich, July i2, 1784. — George Gordon, commonly called marquess of Huntly, son and heir apparent of the said duke of Gordon in Scotland, and earl of Norwich, and baron Gordon of Huntly, was summoned to par- liament in his father's barony of Gordon, April 11, 1807. The English barony and earldom became extinct on the death of the above George, the last duke of Gordon, in 1836. Gorges. Ralph de Gorges, summoned to par- liament, March 4, 1309. Neither he nor any of his descendants were summoned after 1322. Goring. George Goring, created baron Goring, of Hurst-Pi errepont, co. Sussex, April 14, 1642 ; and earl of Norwich, Nov. 8, 1645. Extinct 1672. GouGH. Sir Hugh Gough, lieutenant-general, created baron Gough, of Chinkeanfoo, in China, and of Maharajpore and the Sutlej, India, April 7, 1846 ; created viscount Gough, of Goojerat and the Punjaub, and of the city of Limerick, June 15, 1849. Gower. Sir John Leveson-Gower, bart., created baron Gower, of Sittenham, co, York, March 16, 1703. — John Leveson-Gower, son and heir, created viscount Trentham, co. Stafford, and earl Gower, July 8, 1746. — Granville Leveson-Gower (son and heir of the latter), created marquess of the co. of Stafford, Feb. 28, 1786. — George Granville Leveson-Gower (son and heir of the last mentioned), sum- moned to parliament, vltd patris, in his father's barony of Gower, of Sittenham; and created duke of Sutherland, Jan. 14, 1833. See Suther- land. Grafton. Henry Fitz-Roy, earl of Euston (natural son of Charles XL), created duke of Grafton, co. Northampton, Sept. 11, 1675. The dukes of Grafton are earls of Euston and Arlington, viscounts Thetford and Ipswich, and barons Arlington and Sudbury. See those titles. Graham, David Graham (son and heir ap- parent of James, 1st duke of Montrose, in Scotland), created baron and earl Graham, of Belford, co. Northumberland, May 23, 1722. This title merges in the Scotch dukedom of Montrose. Granard. George Forbes, earl of Granard (in Ireland), created baron Granard, of Castle- Donington, co. Leicester, Feb. 15, 1806. Merged in the Irish earldom. Granby, marquisate, March 29, 1703. See Rutland. Grandison. Otho de Grandison, baron by writ, Sept. 27, 1299. Extinct 1305. — William de Grandison, brother, summoned Feb. 6. 1299. This latter barony came to John de Grandison, 3rd baron and bishop of Exeter, who died 1370. Probably in abeyance. Grantham. Henry de Nassau, created baron Alford, viscount Boston, and earl of Grantham, all CO. Lincoln, Dec. 24, 1698. Extinct 1754. — Sir Thomas Robinson, created baron Gran- tham, of Grantham, co. Lincoln, April 7, 1761. — Thomas-Philip de Grey (Robinson), 3rd baron, nephew of Amabel, countess de Grey, succeeded as earl de Grey, on the death of that countess, May 4, 1833". See De Grey, Grantley. Fletcher Norton, created, by pa- tent, lord Grantley, baron of Markenfield, co. M York, April 9, 1782. Speaker of the house of commons. Fletcher Norton, grand nephew, is the 3rd and present lord. Granville, of Kilhampton and Biddeford, barony, April 20, 1661. Extinct 1711. See Bath. Granville, of Lansdownc, viscountv, also April 20, 1661 : also extinct 1711. See Bath. Granville, of Potheridge. John Granville (2nd son of the 1st earl of Bath), created baron Granville, of Potheridge, co. Devon, March 9, 1702. Extinct 1707. Granville. Grace Carteret (daughter of John, 1st earl of Bath, and widow of George, lord Carteret), created viscountess Carteret and countess Granville, Jan. 1, 1714. Succeeded by her son and grandson. Extinct 1766. Granville, of Stone Park. Granville Leveson- Gower (youngest son of the 1st marquess of Stafford), created viscount Granville, of Stone Park, CO. Stafford, July 15, 1815; created earl Granville, May 2, 1833. His son, Granville George, the present earl, succeeded 1846. Greenock, barony of, June 18, 1814. See Cathcart. Greenwich. John Campbell, duke of Argyll (in Scotland), created baron of Chatham aiid earl of Greenwich, co. Kent, Nov. 26, 1705 ; and duke of GreeuAvich, April 30, 1719. The En- glish honours extinct 1743. — Caroline Towns- hend (daughter of this duke and v/ife of the hon. Charles Townshend), created baroness Greenwich, Aug. 28, 1767. Extinct 1794. Grendon. Ralph de Grendon, baron by writ, Dec. 29, 1299. In abeyance from 1348.— Robert de Grendon, summoned to parliament Jan. 22, 1305. No further notice of him. Grentemaisnill. Hugh de Grentemaisnill, baron by tenure, temp. William I. Hugh de Grentemaisnill, 4th baron, left a daughter, Patronilla, who married Robert, 3rd earl of Leicester. Grenville. William Wyndham Grenville (of the family of Grenville, dukes of Bucking- ham), created baron Grenville, of Wotton- under-Bernewood, co. Bucks, Nov. 25, 1790. Extinct on his death in 1834. Greslei. Robert de Greslei, lord of Mancestre, CO. Lincoln, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — Thomas de Gresley, 6th baron, summoned to parliament March 10, 1307. Extinct 1347. Grey, of Codnor. Henry de Grey, of Turrock, CO. Essex, baron by tenure, temp. Richard I. — Henry de Grey (4th baron), baron by writ, June 8, 1294. In abeyance since 1496. Grey, of Glendale, viscounty, June 11, 1695. Extinct 1701. See Tankerville. Grey, of Groby. Sir Edward Grey, knt., sum- moned to parliament, 1446, as lord Ferrers of Groby: his descendants were sometimes im- properly styled barons Grey of Groby. — Sir Harris Nicolas. Forfeited 1554. — Henry Grey (younger son of the 2nd marquess of Dorset), created baron Grey, of Groby, co. Leicester, July 21, 1603. — Henry Grey (grandson), created earl of Stamford, March 26, 1628. See Stamford. Grey, of Howick. Sir Charles Grey, general, created baron Grey, of Howick, (;o. IS[orthum- berland, June 23, 1801 ; and viscount Howick, of Northumberland aforesaid, and earl Grev, April 11, 1806. Succeeded, in 1807, by his son, Henry Grey, the distinguished statesman, on whose decea'^se, July 17, 1845, his lordship »i 4 536 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. was succeeded by his son, Henry-George Grey, the present and 3rd earl. Grey, of Powis. John Grey, baron by writ, Nov. 15 1482. He was succeeded by his son, John Grey, who was never summoned to par- liament; but Edward Grey, son and heir of the latter, was summoned Nov. 21, 1529. Extinct 1552. Grey, of Rolleston. Charles North (son of Dudley, lord North), baron bv a special writ, Oct. 17, 1673. Extinct 1734. " Grey, of Rotherfield. Robert de Grey (younger son of the 1st baron Grey, of Codnor), lord Rotherfield, co. York, baron by tenure, temp. John. — John de Gre}^ 4th baron, summoned Jan. 26, 1297. This barony became vested in John, lord Lovell, who was succeeded by his son, Francis, viscount Lovell, attainted in 1487. Forfeited. Grey, of Rugemont. Thomas Grey (brother of P^dward Grey, 1st earl of Kent), created baron Grey, of Rugemont, 1449. Attainted, and his honowx^ forfeited 1461. Grey, of Ruthyn. Roger de Grey (younger son of John, 3rd baron Grey, of Codnor), sum- moned to parliament Dec. 30, 1324. — Ed- mund de Grey, 4th baron, created earl of Kent, May 3, 1465. — The barony came, by female heirs, to the Longueville and Yelverton families, of whom Henry Yelverton, 15th baron, was created viscount Longueville, April 21, 1690 ; and his son, Talbot Yelverton, 16th baron, was created earl of Sussex, Sept. 26, 1717. — Barbara, only child of Henry, 18th baron, married Edward Tlioroton Gould ; and their son, Henry-Edward Gould, 19th baron, assumed the name of Yelverton. — This last baron died in 1810, leaving a daughter and heiress, Barbara, who married, in Aug. 1831, George- Augustus Francis, marquess of Hast- ings ; and 2ndly, in April 1845, captain Hastings-Reginald Henry, r. n., who, also, has assumed the name of Yelverton. Grey, of Sliirland. Henry de Grey, 6th baron de Grey, of Wilton, summoned to parliament as Henry de Grey, of Shirland, Aug. 4, 1377. He died 1395. His descendants were sum- moned as the de Greys of Wilton. Grey', of Werke. Sir William Grey, bart., created baron Grey, of Werke, co. Northum- berland, Feb. 11, 1624. — Ford Grey, 3rd baron, created viscount Grey, of Glendale, and earl of Tankerville, June 11, 1695 : he died 1701, when the viscounty and earldom became extinct; but the barony descended until 1706, when it, also, became extinct. Grey, of Wilton. John de Grey (2nd son of Henry, 1st baron Grey, of Codnor), baron by tenure, temp. Henry III. — Reginald de Grey, son and heir, baron by writ, June 23, 1295.— Thomas de Grey, 16th baron, was attainted in 1604, when his honours became forfeited. Bridget, his sister and heir, married into the Egerton family, of which sir Thomas Egerton, 6th baronet, was created baron Grey de Wil- ton, of Wilton Castle, co. Hereford, May 15, 1784; and viscount Grey de Wilton, and earl of Wilton aforesaid, June 26, 1801. The ba- rony became extinct 1814; but the viscounty and earldom devolved upon the hon. Thomas Grosvenor, who assumed the name of Egerton, 2nd son of Robert, 1st marquess of West- minster ; the present viscount Grey, of Wilton, and earl of Wilton. See Wilton. Greystock. Ranulph de Greystock, lord of Greystock, co. Cumberland, baron by tenure, temp, John. — John de Greystock, 6th baron, summoned to parliament June 23, 1295. Ex- tinct 1305. — Ralph Fitz- William (allied to this family), baron by writ, June 23, 1295. — The 7th baron died 1487, and Elizabeth Grey- stock, the heiress, married Thomas, lord Dacre, of Gillesland, to which barony that of Grey- stock became united until the death of George, 5th baron Dacre, of Gillesland, and baron Gre3^stock, in 1569, when it fell into abey- ance. ^ Griffin. Edward Griffin, created baron Griffin, of Braybrooke Castle, co. Northampton, Dec. 3, 1688. Extinct 1742. — Anne, sister and ulti- mately sole heir of Fxlwaid, 3rd baron, mar- ried William Whitwell, and their son, John Griffin Whitwell Griffin, was summoned to parliament as baron HoAvard de Walden, Aug. 3, 1784. See Howard de Walden. Grimston, viscounty of, Nov. 24, 1815. See Verulam. Grinstead. John Willoughby Cole, earl of Enniskillen (in Ireland), created baron Grin- stead, of Grinstead, co. Wilts, July 18, 1815. Grosmont. See Note to Glamorgan. Grosvenor. Sir Richard Grosvenor, bart., created baron Grosvenor, of Eaton, co. Chester, April 8, 1761. Created viscount Belgrave, co. Chester, and earl Grosvenor, July 5, 1784. — Robert Grosvenor, son, created marquess of Westminster, Sept. 13, 1831. Richard, the present marquess, succeeded in Feb. 1845. Guernsey. Heneage Finch (2nd son of the 1st earl of Nottingham), created baron of Guern- sey, CO. Southampton, March 15, 1703; and earl of Aylesford, Oct. 19, 1714. See Ayles- ford. Guilford. Elizabeth (daughter of William, 1st earl of Denbigh), created countess of Guilford, for life, July 14, 1660. Extinct 1673.— John Maitland, duke of Lauderdale (in Scotland), created baron Petersham and earl of Guilford, both CO. Surrey, June 25, 1674. Extinct 1682. — Francis North (2nd son of Dudley, 4th baron North), created baron Guilford, of Guilford, Surrey, Sept. 27, 1683. — Francis North, who ' This barony fell into abeyance in 1569, between lord Dacre's three sisters and coheirs, of whom Ann, the eldest, married Philip Howard, earl of Arundel, ancestor of the dukes of Norfolk ; Mary, the second sister and coheir, married Thomas lord Howard, of Walden, but died s. p.; Elizabeth, the third sister and coheir, became the wife of lord William Howard, ancestor of the earls of Carlisle; and between the representatives of these coheirs this barony is presumed to be in abeyance. But the barony of Greystock has by many writers been ascribed to the dukes of Norfolk, the representatives of Ann, the eldest coheir. If the abeyance was terminated by the crown in favour of the dukes of Norfolk, but which is extremely doubtful, the barony must now be in abeyance solely between the lords Petre and Stourton, as representatives of the cnheirs of Philip, brother of Edward, 11th duke of Norfolk ; and these noNemen are also the coheirs of one moiety of the barony, if it has been in abeyance since the death of Ralph lord Greystock in 1487, they being the representatives of Ann Dacre the eldest sister and coheir of George lord Dacre above-mentioned ; and tlie earl of Carlisle (as the representa- tive of Elizabeth Dacre, the youngest sister and coheir) is the other coheir of the barony of Greystock. — Sir Harris Nicolas, THE PEERAGE succeeded to the barony of North, in 1734, created earl of Guilford, April 8, 1752. The barony of North fell into abeyance on the death of George Augustus, lord North, in 1802, but the earldom of Guilford descended. Francis North, the present earl, who succeeded 1827, is the 6th earl of Guilford. GwYDiK. Sir Peter Burrell, bart, husband of j Priscilla, baroness Willoughby de Eresby, created baron Gwydir, of Gvvydir, co. Carnar- von, June 16, 1786. Succeeded, in 1820, by their son, Peter-Robert-Drummond Burrell, who also succeeded to the barony of Wil- loughby de Eresby, as 19th baron, on the de- cease of his mother in Dec. 1828. The present baron. H. Hache. Eustace de Hache, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. In abeyance from 1306. Halifax. Sir George Savile, bart., created baron Saville of Eland, and viscount Halifiix, CO. York, Jan. 13, 1668. Created earl of Hali- fax, July 16, 1679 ; and marquess of Halifax, Aug. 22, 1682. Extinct 1700. — Charles Mon- tagu, created baron Halifax, co. York, Dec. 4, 1700; and viscount Sunbury, co. Middlesex, and earl of Halifax, Oct. 14, 1714. The viscounty and earldom became extinct 1715, but the barony descended. — George Montagu, nephew and heir, created viscount Sunbury, CO. Middlesex, and earl of Halifax, June 14, 1715. All extinct 1772. Haisiilton. Elizabeth Gunning (wife of J ames, duke of Hamilton, and, secondly, of John, duke of Argyll, in Scotland), created baroness Ha- milton, of Hameldon, co. Leicester, May 20, 1776. This barony is vested in the dukes of Argyll. H.^AiiLTON, of Hamilton. James Hamilton, earl of Abercorn (in Scotland), created viscount Hamilton, of Hamilton, co. Leicester, Aug. 8, 1786. — John- James Hamilton, heir, created marquess of Abercorn, Oct. 2, 1790. The vis- county merged in the latter dignity. See Abercorn. Hamilton, of Wishaw. Robert-Montgomery Hamilton, lord Belhaven and Stenton (in Scotland), created baron Hamilton, of Wishaw, Sept. 10, 1831. Hampden. Robert Trevor (Hampden), lord Trevor, created viscount Hampden, of Great and Little Hampden, co. Bucks, June 14, 1776. Extinct (both the honours) 1824. Handlo. John de Handlo, baron by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. Extinct 1346. Harborough. Bennet Sherard, lord Sherard (in Ireland), created baron Harborough, of Harborough, co. Leicester, Oct. 19, 1714; created viscount Sherard of Stapleford, same CO., Oct. 31, 1718; and earl of Harborough, May 8, 1719. The viscounty became extinct 1732 ; but the barony and earldom descend. Harcla. Andreas de Harcla, summoned to parliament May 15, 1321 : degraded and at- tainted in 1323, when the barony was for- feited. Harcourt. Simon Harcourt, created baron Harcourt, of Stanton-Harcourt, co. Oxford, Sept. 3, 1711 ; and viscount Harcourt, of Stanton-Harcourt, aforesaid, July 24, 1721. • Lord Chancellor. — Simon Harcourt, grandson, OF ENGLAND, 537 ' created viscount Nunehara, of Nuncham- Courtney, and earl Harcourt, of Stanton-Har- court aforesaid, Dec. 1, 1749. Extinct (all the honours) 1830. Hardereshull. John de HardercshuU, baron by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. " Dugdale gives no account of this baron, nor is he noticed by any other genealogical writer." — Sir Harris Nicolas. Hardinge. Rt. hon. sir Henry Hardinge, lieutenant-general, created viscount Hardinge, of Lahore, India, and King's Newton, co. Derb}^ by patent. May 2, 1846. Governor- general of India, 1844. Hardavicke. Philip Yorke, created baron Hardwicke, of Hardwicke, co. Gloucester, Nov. 23, 1733. Created viscount Royston and earl of Hardwicke, same county, April 2, 1754. Lord Chancellor. — Charles - Philip Yorke is present and 4th viscount and earl. Harewood. Edwin Lascelles, created baron Harewood, of Harewood Castle, co. York, July 9, 1790. Extinct 1795. — Edward Las- celles, cousin, created baron Harewood, of Harewood aforesaid, June 18, 1796. Created viscount Lascelles and earl of Harewood, co. York, Sept. 7, 1812. Henry Lascelles, who succeeded 1841, is 3rd and present earl. Harington. John de Harington, baron by writ, Dec. 30, 1324. This barony came by an heir female to the family of Grey, marquesses of Dorset, and continued vested in them until the attainder of Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk, in 1554, when, with all his other honours, it becam e forfeited. Harington, of Exton. John Harington (of the same family as the preceding), created baron Harington, of Exton, co. Rutland, July 21, 1603. Extinct 1614. Harley. Robert Harley, celebrated minister, created baron Harley, of Wigmore, co. Here- ford, and earl of Oxford and Mortimer, May 24, 1711. See Oxford. Harold, earldom of, Dec. 14, 1706. Extinct 1740. See Kent. Harrington. William Stanhope (of the family of Stanhope, earls of Chesterfield), created baron Harrington, of Harrington, co. North- ampton, Nov. 20, 1729. Created viscount Petersham, co. Surrey, and earl of Harrington, CO. Northampton, Feb. 9, 1742. Harris. George Harris, general, created baron Harris, of Seringapatam and Mysore, India, and of Belmont, co. Kent, Aug. 11, 1815. George Francis Robert Harris, succeeded 1845, is 3rd and present baron. Harrowby. Nathaniel R3^der, created baron HarroAvby, of Harrowby, co. Lincoln, May 20, 1776. — Dudley Rj^der, son and heir, created viscount Sandon, of Sandon, co. Staftbrd, and earl of Harrowby, co. Lincoln, July 19, 1809. His son, the present and 2nd earl, succeeded in Dec. 1847. Harrowden, barony of, Nov. 19, 1734. Extinct 1782. See Malton. Hartington. William Cavendish, baron Ca- vendish, and earl of Devonshire, created mar- quess of Hartington, co. Derby, and duke of Devonshire, May 12, 1694. See Devonshire. Harwich, marquisate of, April 10, 1689. Ex- tinct 1719. See Schomberg. Harwich, viscounty of. May 14, 1730. Extinct 1756. See Fitz- Walter. Harwich. Wills Hill, earl Hillsborough (in Ireland), created lord Harwich, baron of Har- 538 THE PEEP. AGE OF ENGLAND. wich, CO. Essex, Nov. 24, 1756. Created vis- count Fairford, co. Gloucester, and earl of Hillsborough, Aug. 28, 1772. Created mar- quess of Downshire (in Ireland), Aug. 19, 1789. IIastang. Robert de Hastang, baron by writ, Dec. 19, 1311. Presumed to be in abeyance from circa 1324. — Thomas de Hastang, baron by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. Also presumed to be in abeyance. Hastings. William de Hastings, lord of Ash- ley, CO. Norfolk, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — Henr}'- de Hastings, summoned to parlia- ment Dec. 14, 1264. — Laurence Hastings (of this family), 13th baron, created earl of Pem- broke, Oct. 18, 1339. In abeyance.i — Hugh de Hastings (same family), baron by writ, Feb. 16, 1342. Nothing further is known of him. — Nicholas. Hastings. Edmund de Hastings, summoned to parliament Dec. 29, 1299. Dugdale takes no notice of his having been summoned; and nothing is known of him after 1313. Hastings, of Ashby. William Hastings (of the family of the ancient barons Hastings), baron by writ, July 26, 1461. Beheaded 1483. Succeeded by his son, who died 1507 George Hastings (son of the latter), sum- moned Oct. 17, 1509 ; created earl of Hunting- don, Dec. 8, 1529. See Huntingdon. The barony was merged in that earldom until the death of Francis, the 10th earl, 1789, when it (together with the baronies of Hungerford, Botreaux, and Molines) became vested in Elizabeth Hastings, his sister and heir, wife of John Rawdon, earl of Moira (in Ireland). — Francis Rawdon, son and heir, assumed the name of Hastings, 1st baron Rawdon in England ; succeeded his father as earl of Moira (in Ireland) 1793 ; claimed, and was allowed the barony of Hastings, 1809; cre- ated viscount Loudoun, earl of Rawdon, and marquess of Hastings, Dec. 7, 1816. His grandson, Henry- Weysford Charles, is the pre- sent and 4th marquess. Hastings, of Loughborough. Edward Hastings (2nd son of George, 1st earl of Huntingdon), created baron Hastings, of Loughborough, co. Leicester, Jan. 19, 1558. Extinct same year. — Henry Hastings, descendant, created baron Hastings, of Loughborough aforesaid, Oct. 23, 1643. Extinct 1666. Hatherton. Edward- John Littleton, created baron Hatherton, of Hatherton, co. Stafford, May 8, 1835. The present peer. Hatton. Christopher Hatton, created baron Hatton, of Kerby, co. Northampton, July 29, 1643.— Christopher Hatton, son, created vis- count Hatton, of Gretton, same co., Jan. 17, 1682. Extinct 1762. Hausted. John de Hausted, baron by writ, July 20, 1332. No mention is made of him after 1336. — Nicolas. Havering. John de Havering, summoned to parliament Feb. 6, 1299, but never afterwards. Haversham. Sir John Thompson, bart., cre- ated baron Haversham, co. Buckingham, May 4, 1696. Extinct in his son, 1745. Hawke. Sir Edward Hawke, admiral, created baron Hawke, of Towton, co. York, May 20, 1776. Edward-William Harvey Hawke is the 4th and present baron. Hawkesbury. Sir Charles Jenkinson, hart., created baron Hawkesbury, of Hawkesbury, CO. Gloucester, Aug. 21, 1786; and earl of Liverpool, June 1, 1796. — Robert Banks Jenkinson, his son, was summoned, vitdpatris, in his father's barony of Hawkesbury, Dec. 1803. See Liverpool. Hay. James Hay, created baron Hay, of Saw- ley, CO. Cumberland, June 29, 1615*; and vis- count Doncaster, July 5, 1617. Extinct 1660. See Doncaster. Hay, of Pedwardine. George-Henry Hay (son of Thomas, 6th earl of Kinnoul, in Scotland, whom he succeeded), created baron Hay, of Pedwardine, co. Hereford, Dec. 31, 1711 : merged in the Scotch dignity. Heathfield. George- Augustus Eliott, general, created lord Heathfield, baron Heathfield, of Gibraltar, July 6, 1787. Extinct in his son, 1813. Hedington, barony of, Dec. 27, 1676. See Burford and St. Albans. Henley. Robert Henley, created lord Henley, baron Henley, of Grainge, co. Southampton, March 27, 1760 ; created viscount Henley and earl of Northington, in same co.. May 19, 1764. Extinct in his son, 1786. See North- ington, Herbert, of Herbert and of Chepstow, Ragland, and Gower. William Herbert, baron by writ, July 26, 1461 ; created earl of Pembroke, May 27, 1468; beheaded in 1469. —William Her- bert, his son, created earl of Huntingdon, July 4, 1479. — Elizabeth, his daughter, married sir Charles Somerset, who was created, by patent, baron Herbert, of Ragland, Chepstow, and Gower, Nov. 26, 1506 ; and earl of Wor- cester, Feb. 2, 1514. See Worcester. Herbert, of Cherbury and of Ludlow. Edward Herbert, baron Herbert (in Ireland), created baron Herbert, of Cherbury, co. Salop, May 7, 1629. Extinct 1691. — Henry Herbert, of this family, created baron Herbert, of Cher- bury aforesaid, April 28, 1694; again extinct 1738. — Henry-Arthur Herbert, same family, created baron Herbert, of Cherbury aforesaid, Dec. 21, 1743. Created baron Powis, of Powis Castle, viscount Ludlow, co. Salop, and earl of Powis, May 27, 1748. Further created baron Herbert, of Ludlow, co. Salop, Oct. 7, 1749. Extinct (all these honours) 1801. — Edward Clive, baron Clive, created baron Herbert, of Cherbury, baron Powis, of Powis Castle, vis- count Clive, of Ludlow, and earl of Powis, May 12, 1804. See Powis. Herbert, of Cardiff and of Shurland. William Herbert, created baron Herbert, of Cardiff, co. Glamorgan, Oct. 10, 1551 ; and earl of Pem- broke the following day. — Philip Herbert, created baron Herbert, of Shurland, isle of ' Sir Harris Nicolas says : " John Hastings, grandson of this baron, the lord of Bergavenny and earl of Pem- broke, died in 1389, when Reginald lord Grey of Ruthyn, son and heir of Reginald lord Grey of Ruthyn, eldest son of Roger de Grey of Ruthyn, by Elizabeth his wife, sister of John lOth baron Hastings, was found his heir of the whole-blood; aud Hugh baron Hastings, son of Hugh de Hastings, eldest son of Hugh de Hastings, son of the said John 10th baron Hastings, by his second wife, his heir of the half-blood ; between whose son. Edward Hastings, and the said Reginald lord Grey, there was a competition for the right of bearing the arms of Hastings, which was decided in favour of the latter. Unless this barony be considered the same as that of Bergavenny, it must be vested in the descendants and representatives of the said Edward Hastings." THE PEERAGE Sheppy, CO. Kent, and earl of IMontgomery, in Wales, May 4, 1605. See Pemhrolic. IIerefokd. William Fitz -Osborne, created earl of Hereford, 1066. [The first creation by William the Conqueror.] Extinct in his son Roger, 1114. — Milo de Gloucester, created earl of Hereford, July 25, 1140. Extinct 1187. — Henry de Bohun, created earl of Hereford, July 17, 1199. Extinct 1372. — Henry Plan^ tagenet (son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lan- caster), created duke of Hereford, Sept. 29, 1397. He ascended the throne as Henry IV. 1399, when the title merged in the crown. — Walter Devereux, baron Ferrers, of Chartley, Bourchier, and Louvaine, created viscount Hereford, Feb. 2, 1550. — Walter Devereux, grandson, created earl of Essex, May 4, 1572. Robert, 3rd earl, was beheaded, ' and his honours were forfeited 1600. — Robert Deve- reux (son of Robert, the attainted earl), re- stored in blood and honours 1603 : died 1646, when the earldom of Essex became extinct, but the viscounty descended. Robert, the 15th and present viscount, who succeeded in 1843, is the premier viscount of England. Heron. Jordan Hairun, baron by tenure, temp. John. — William Heron (of the same family), baron by writ, Jan. 8, 1371. Extinct. — Wil- liam Heron, summoned Nov. 13, 1393. Sup- posed to be extinct at his death 1404. Hertford. Richard de Clare, created earl of Hertford, 1137. Extinct 1313. — Edward Seymour (brother of queen Jane Seymour), created viscount Beauchamp, of Hache, co. Somerset, June 5, 1536 ; and earl of Hertford, Oct. 18, 1537. Created baron Seymour, Feb. 15, and duke of Somerset the day following, Feb. 16, 1547. Beheaded and attainted 1552, and his honours forfeited. — Edward Seymour (son of the last earl), created baron Beau- champ, of Hache, and earl of Hertford, Jan. 13, 1559. — William Seymour, grandson, cre- ated marquess of Hertford, June 3, 1640 ; and restored to the title of duke of Somerset, 1660. The marquisate became extinct 1675 ; but the earldom of Hertford and viscounty of Beau- champ descended until 1750, when they, also, became extinct. — Francis Seymour Conway, baron Conway, created viscount Beauchamp and earl of Hertford, Aug. 3, 1750 ; and earl of Yarmouth, co. Norfolk, and marquess of Hertford, July 5, 1793. Richard Seymour Conway, succeeded 1842, 4th and present mar- quess. Hervey. Sir William Hervey, bart., baron Hervey (in Ireland), created baron Hervey, of Kidbroke, co. Kent, Feb. 7, 1628. Extinct 1642. — John Hervey (same family), created baron Hervey, of Ickworth, co. Suffolk, March 23, 1703. Created earl of Bristol, Oct. 19, 1714. See Bristol. Heydon, barony of, July 14, 1742. Extinct 1764. See Bath. Heytesbury. Sir William A'Court, bart., cre- ated baron Heytesbury, of Heytesbury, co. Wilts, Jan. 17, i828. The present baron. Hicks, barony of, May 5, 1628. Extinct 1798. See Campden. HiGHAM, viscounty of, Nov. 19, 1734. Extinct 1782. See Malton, Hill. Rowland Hill, general, created baron Hill, of Almarez and of Hawkstone, co. Salop, May 17, 1814; and baron Hill, of Almarez and of Hawkstone and Hardwicke, co. Salop, OF ENGLAND. 539 Oct. 31, 1815. Created viscount Hill of Hawkstone and Hardwicke aforesaid, Sept. 27, 1842. Hillsborough. Wills Hill, earl of Hills- borough (in Ireland) and baron Harwich, created viscount Fairford, co. Gloucester, and earl of Hillsborough, Aug. 28, 1772. Mar- quess of Downshire (in Ireland), Aug. 19, 1789. Hilton. Robert de Hilton, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. — Alexander de Hilton, sum- moned Jan. 27, 1332 ; no account of this latter after 1336. IIinchinbroke, viscounty of, July 12, 1660. See Sandwich. HiNTON, viscounty of, Dec. 29, 1706. Sec Poulett. Hob ART. Sir John Hobart, bart., created baron Hobart, of Blickling, co. Norfolk, May 28, 1728 ; and earl of Buckinghamshire, Sept. 5, 1746, See Buckinghamshire. HoESE. Geoffrey de Hoese, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — Henry Hoese, baron by writ, J une 23, 1295. None of this family summoned after 1349. HoLDERNEssE. Johu Ramsay, viscount Had- dington (in Scotland), created baron of King- ston -upon-Thames, and earl of Holdernesse, Jan. 22, 1621. Extinct 1625. — Prince Ru- pert, palatine of the Rhine, created earl of Holdernesse, Jan. 24, 1644. Extinct 1682. See Cumberland. — Conyers Darcy, baron Darcy and Conyers, created earl of Holder- nesse, Dec. 5, 1682. Extinct 1778. Holland. Robert de Holland, baron by writ, July 29, 1314. This barony fell to the Lovel family, of which Francis, viscount Lovel, was attainted in 1487, when his honours were forfeited. Holland. Thomas de Holland (of the above family), baron by writ, July 15, 1353. This barony afterwards vested in the earls of Kent. In abeyance. Holland. Henry Rich, baron Kensington, created earl of Holland, co. Lincoln, Sept. 24, 1624. Extinct 1756. See Warwick. Holland. Georgiana-Caroline Fox, created baroness Holland, of Holland, co. Lincoln, May 6, 1762. —Henry Fox (husband of the preceding lady), created baron Holland, of Foxley, co. Wilts, April 16, 1763. Both baronies devolved on their son, Stephen Fox, and are united in the family of Fox, of whom Henry-Edward is the present lord. The dis- tinguished senator, Charles- James Fox, was 2nd son of Stephen Fox, mentioned above. Holland, of Enmore. John Perceval, earl of Egmont (in Ireland), created baron Lovel and baron Holland, of Enmore, co. Somerset, May 7, 1762. — Charles-George Perceval, created baron Arden, of Arden, co. Warwick, July 20, 1802. These baronies unite in the family of Perceval, earls of Egmont (in Ireland). HoLLES. Denzil Holies, created baron Holies, of Ifield, CO. Sussex, April 20, 1661. Extinct 1694. Hoo and Hastings. Thomas Hoo, created baron of Hoo, co. Bedford, and of Hastings, CO. Sussex, June 2, 1447. Extinct circa 1453. Hood. Susanna, wife of Samuel, admiral lord Hood (in Ireland), created baroness Hood, of Catherington, co. Hants, March 27, 1795. — Lord Hood was, himself, created viscount Hood, of Whitley, co. Warwick, June 1, 17 9G. 540 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. Francis Wheeler Hood is the 4th and present viscount. HOPETOUN. James Hope Johnstone, earl of Hopetoun (in Scotland), created baron Hope- toun, of Hopetoun, co. Linlithgow, Feb. 3, 1809. — John Hope, general (half-brother and heir), created baron Niddry, of Niddry Castle, CO. Linlithgow, May 17, 1814; and succeeded as baron Hopetoun, and earl of Hopetoun (in Scotland) .1816. John-Alexander Hope (6th earl in Scotland) is the present peer. HopTON. Ralph Hoptoh, created baron Hop- ton, of Stratton, co. Cornwall, Sept. 4, 1643. Extinct 1652. Houghton. William Holies, created baron Houghton, of Houghton, co. Nottingham, July 9, 1616; and earl of Clare, Nov. 2, 1624. Extinct 1624. See Clare. — Sir Robert Wal- pole, created baron Houghton and viscount Walpole, CO. Norfolk, and earl of Orford, co. Suffolk, Feb. 6, 1742. Extinct 1797. See Orford. Howard. John Howard, summoned to par- liament, Oct. 15, 1470. Created duke of Nor- folk, June 28, 1483. Forfeited^ with all his honours, 1485. Howard, of Castle-Rising. Henry Howard (brother of Thomas, duke of Norfolk), created baron Howard, of Castle-Rising, co. Norfolk, March 27, 1669 ; and earl of Norwich, Oct. 19, 1672. Extinct See Norwich and Nor- folk. Howard, of Charleton, barony of, Jan. 23, 1622. See Andover and Berkshire. Howard of Effingham. William Howard (of the Howards, dukes of Norfolk), created baron Howard, of Effingham, co. Surrey, March 11, 1554. — Charles Howard, 2nd baron, created earl of Nottingham, Oct. 22, 1596. The earldom became extinct 1681 ; but the barony desc^ended. — Francis Howard, created earl of Effingham, Dec. 8, 1731. This earl- dom, also, became extinct 1816 ; but the ba- rony still descended. — Kenneth Alexander Howard, 11th baron, created earl of Effing- ham, Jan. 27, 1837. See Effingham. Howard, of Escrick. Edward Howard (of the family of the Howards, earls of Suffi)lk), cre- ated baron Howard, of Escrick, co. York, April 29, 1628. Extinct 1714. Howard, of Marnhill, barony of, March 13, 1604. Extinct 1614. See Northampton. Howard, of Morpeth, viscounty of, April 20, 1661. See Carlisle. Howard de Walden. Thomas Howard (of the family of Howard, dukes of Norfolk), summoned to parliament Oct. 24, 1579. Cre- ated earl of Suffolk, July 21, 1603. — The barony fell into abeyance in 1706, and so con- tinued until 1784, when it was terminated by the crown in favour of John Griffin Whitwell (Griffin), created baron Braybrooke, of Bray- brooke, co. Northampton, Sept. 5, 1788 : died 1797, — Frederick-Augustus Hervey, earl of Bristol, succeeded to this barony as heir- general, and Charles-Augustus Ellis, his lord- ship's great-grandson, is the 6th and present baron. Howden. John-Francis Cradock (Caradoc), baron Howden (in Ireland), created baron Howden, of Howden and Grimston, co. York, Sept. 10, 1831. His son, John Hobart Cara- doc, is the present peer. LIowE. Richard Howe, admiral, viscount Howe (in Ireland), created viscount Howe, of Lan- gar, CO. Nottingham, Jan. 30, 1782. Created baron Howe, of Langar aforesaid, and earl Howe, Aug. 19, 1788. The viscounty and earldom extinct 1799; but the barony de- volved on his daughter, who married the hon. Penn Assheton Curzon ; and their son, Rich- ard-William Penn Assheton Curzon Howe, succeeded to this barony and the viscounty of Curzon, and was created earl Howe, July 14, 1821. The present earl Howe. Ho WICK, viscounty of, April 11, 1806. See Grey, of Howick. HowLAND. Wriothesley Russell (grandson of William, 1st duke of Bedford), created baron Howland, of Streatham, co. Surrey, June 13, 1695 : succeeded, in 1700, as duke of Bedford, in which dignity this barony merged. — Fran- cis Russell (by courtesy marquess of Tavi- stock), summoned in tlie duke's, his father's barony of Howland, Jan. 15, 1833 : succeeded to the dukedom 1839. Hume. George Hume, created baron Hume, of Berwick, July 7, 1604. Extinct 1611. — Alex- ander Hume Campbell (eldest son of Hugh, earl of Marchmont (in Scotland), created baron Hume, of Berwick, May 20, 1776. Ex- tinct 1781. HuNGERFORD. Walter Hungerford, baron by writ, Jan. 7, 1426. Forfeited (the 3rd baron being beheaded and attainted) 1463. — Ed- ward Hastings (son and heir of William, 1st lord Hastings of Ashby), summoned Nov. 15, 1482. — George Hastings, baron Hunger- ford, created earl of Huntingdon, Dec. 8, 1529. In this dignity the barony, and the baronies of Botreaux and Molines, were merged until 1789. They subsequently came to Francis Rawdon Hastings, marquess of Hastings. See Hastings. Hungerford, of Heytesbury. Walter Hunger- ford, baron bv writ, June 8, 1536. Forfeited 1541. HuNSDON. Henry Cary, created baron Huns- don, of Hunsdon, co. Herts, Jan. 13, 1559. — Henry Cary, 4th baron, created viscount Roch- ford, CO. Essex, July 6, 1621 ; and earl of Dover, March 8, 1627. The viscounty and earldom became extinct 1677 ; but the barony descended until 1765, when it also became extinct — Lucius Bentinck Cary, viscount Falkland (in Scotland), created baron Hunsdon, of Scutter- skelfe, CO. York, May 15, 1832. The present peer. Huntercombe. Walter de Huntercombe, sum- moned to parliament June 23, 1295. Extinct 1312. Huntingdon. Waltheof, created earl of Hunt- ingdon, Northampton, and Northumberland, 1068. Forfeited 1075. "The first nobleman beheaded in England." — Dugdale. Simon de St. Liz, married Maud, heiress of earl Waltheof, 1 This barony continued merged in the dukedom of Norfolk, and was included in the numerous forfeitures and restorations which attended the inheritors of that dignity, until the demise of Edward Howard, duke of Norfolk, in 1777, when, with several other baronies, it fell into abeyance between the two daughters and coheirs of Philip, the brother of the said duke, and is now in abeyance between the lords Petre and Stourton, as their coheirs aad representatives. —Sir Harris Nicolas. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 541 and with lier acquired the earldom of Hunt- ingdon, 1075. — David (brother of Alexander, king of Scotland), married Maud, widow of tlie latter earl, and succeeded him, 1108: he ascended the throne of Scotland in 1124. The earldom may be said to have continued in the royal line of Scotland until 1237, when it be- came eo^^mc^, — William, lord de Clinton, cre- ated earl of Huntingdon, March 16, 1337. Extinct 1354. — Guiscard de Angoulesme, created earl of Huntingdon, July 16, 1377. Extinct 1380. — John Holland (3rd son of the earl of Kent), created earl of Huntingdon, June 2, 1387 ; and duke of Exeter, Sept. 29, 1397. Beheaded and his honours forfeited 1399. — John Holland, heir, restored in blood and honours 1417 ; and created duke of Exeter, Jan. 6, 1442. Forfeited 1461. Thomas Grey, baron Ferrers, of Groby, created earl of Hunt- ingdon, Aug. 24, 1471 ; and marquess of Dorset April 18, 1475 : resigned. — William Herbert, earl of Pembroke, created earl of Huntingdon, July 4, 1479. Extinct in him. — George Hastings, baron Hastings, of Ashby, baron Hungerford, &c., created earl of Huntingdon, Dec. 8, 1529. — In 1789 Elizabeth, sister of the 10th earl of this family, succeeded him in the baronies of Hastings, Hungerford, Botreaux and Molines (see Hastings of Ashby^, and Hans Francis Hastings, male heir, claimed and was adjudged this earldom, Jan. 14, 1819. His son, Fraucis-Theophilus-Henry, is the present earl. HuNTiNGFiELD. William de Huntingfield, baron by tenure, temp. John. — William de Hunting- field, descendant, baron by writ, Nov. 15, 1351. Extinct 1377. — John de Huntingfield (of same family), was summoned Aug. 14, 1362 ; but nothing more is known of him. HussEY. John Hussey, baron by writ, Jan. 5, 1534. Beheaded and attainted, and his honours forfeited, 1536. Hutchinson. John Hely Hutchinson, general, created baron Hutchinson, of Alexandria and of Knocklofty, co. Tipperary, Dec. 16, 1801. — Richard Hely Hutchinson, brother, earl of Donoughmore (in Ireland), created viscount Hutchinson, of Knocklofty aforesaid, July 14, 1821. Hyde. Edward Hyde, created baron Hyde, of Hindon, co. Wilts, Nov. 3, 1660 ; and viscount Cornbury, co. Oxford, and earl of Clarendon, CO. Wilts, April 20, 1661. Extinct 1753.— Thomas Villiers, created baron Hyde, of Hin- don aforesaid, June 3, 1756; and earl of Cla- rendon, June 14, 1776. See Clarendon. Hyde, of Wotton- Basset. Laurence Hyde (of the family of Hyde, earls of Clarendon), created baron Hyde, of Wotton-Basset, co. Wilts, and viscount Hvde, of Kenilworth, co. Warwick, April 23, 1681. Extinct 1682. See Rochester. I. Ilchester. Stephen Fox (Strangways), created lord Ilchester, co. Somerset, and baron Strang- ways, of Woodford-Strangways, co. Dorset, May 11, 1741. Created lord Ilchester and Stavordale and baron of Redlynch, co. So- merset, Jan. 3, 1747. Created earl of Ilchester, June 5, 1756. Henry-Stephen Fox Strangways is the 3rd and present earl. Ingestkie, viscounty of, J uly 3, 1 784. See Talbot. Ingham. Oliver de Ingham, summoned to par- liament June 15, 1328. In abeyance from 1344. Innes. James-Henry- Robert Innes Ker, duke of Roxburghe (in Scotland), created earl Innes, Aug. 1 1, 1837. Inverness, earldom of, Nov. 7, 1801. Sec Sussex. Cecilia-Letitia Underwood, created duchess of Inverness, in North Britain, April 10, 1840. Ipswich, viscounty of, Sept. 11, 1675. Sec Euston. Ireland. Robert Vere, earl of Oxford, created marquess of Dublin, Dec. 1, 1385 ; and duke of Ireland, March 18, 1387. Banished and attainted 1388, and his honours forfeited : he died in exile in 1393. J. Jeffreys. Sir George Jeff*reys, knt. and bart., created baron Jeftreys, of Wem, co. Salop, May 15, 1685. Extinct in his son 1703. See note to Lord Chancellors, page 104. Jermyn. Henry Jermyn, created baron Jermjm, of St. Edmundsbury, co. Sufi'olk, Sept. 8, 1643. Extinct 1703. Beatson makes the first date 1644, and the latter 1708. — Henry Jermyn (same family), created baron Jermyn, of Dover, co. Kent, May 13, 1685. Extinct 1708. — Frederick-William Hervey, earl of Bristol, created marquess of Bristol, and earl Jermyn, of Horningheath, co. Suffolk, June 17, 1826. See Bristol. Jersey. Edward Villiers, baron and viscount Villiers, (and viscount Grandison, in Ireland), created earl of the island of Jersej^, Oct. 13, 1697. George Child Villiers, who succeeded in 1805, is the 5th and present earl of Jersev. Jervis, barony of. May 27, 1797. Extinct 1823. See St. Vincent. Keane. Sir John Keane, lieut.-general, created baron Keane, of Ghuznee, in Afighanistan, India, and of Cappoquin, co. Waterford, Dec. 11, 1839. Keith. George Keith Elphinstone, baron Keith (in Ireland), created baron Keith, of Stone- haven-Marischal, co. Kincardine, Dec. 15, 1801 ; and baron Keith, of Banheath, co. Dunbarton, Sept. 17, 1803. Created viscount Keith, June 1, 1814. The barony of Keith, of Stone- haven-Marischal, and the viscounty, became extinct on the viscount's death in 1823; but the barony of Keith, of Banheath, devolved to his daughter, Margaret Mercer Elphinstone, the present baroness. Kendal, earldom of. May 6, 1414. Extirict 1435. See Bedford. Kendal, earldom of, 1443. Extinct same year. See Somerset. Kendal, barony of, Jan. 24, 1644. Extinct 1682. See Cumberland. — Charles Stuart (son of James, duke of York), created duke of Ken- dal, 1666 : died an infant the next year. Ex- tirict. — George, prince of Denmark, created, earl of Kendal, April 9, 1689. Extinct 1708. See Cumberland. — Erangard Melosine (duchess of Munster, in Ireland), created, Avith otber honours, duchess of Kendal for life. Extinct 1743. See Fever sham. 542 THE PEERAGE OF EXGLAXD. Kenlis. Thomas Taylour (marquess of Head- fort in Ireland), created baron Kenlis, of Ken- lis, or Kells, co. Meath, Sept. 10, 1831. Kenmare. Valentine Browne, earl of Kenmare (in Ireland), created baron Kenmare, of Castle- Rosse, CO. Kerry, Aug. 11, 1841. Kennington, earldom of, July 27, 1726. Ex- tinct 1765. See Cumberland. Kensington. Henry Rich, (2d son of Robert earl of Warwick), created baron of Kensington, CO. Middlesex, March 8, 1622 ; and earl of Hol- land, CO. Lincoln, Sept. 24, 1624. Merged in the earldom of Warwick. Extinct 1759. See Warwick. Kent. Odo (bishop of Bayeaux, in Normandy ; half-brother to William the Conqueror), created earl of Kent. Extinct 1096. — William de Ipres, created earl of Kent, 1141. Extinct 1162. — Hubert de Burgh, created earl of Kent, Feb. 11, 1226. Extinct 1243.— Edmund Plan- tagenet (younger son of Edward I.), created earl of Kent 1321. Beheaded, attainted, and his honours /or/eifec?, 1329. His son, Edmund, was restored in blood and honours by parlia- ment in 1330. The title came by marriage to sir Thomas Holland ^, and vested in his family until 1407, when it became extinct, — William Nevill (son of Ralph 1st earl of Westmor- land), baron Fauconberg, created earl of Kent, 1462. Extinct 14:63. — Edmund de Grey, baron Grey of Ruthyn, created earl of Kent 1465. — Henry de Grey, descendant, baron Lucas, created viscount Goodrich, of Goodrich, co. Hereford, earl of Harold, co. Bedford, and marquess of Kent, Dec. 14, 1706. Created duke of Kent, April 28, 1710. Created, also, marquess de Grey, May 9, 1740. All extinct save the last dignity and the barony of Lucas, 1740. See De Grey.— U. R. H. prince Ed- ward (4th son of George III., and father of her majesty queen Victoria), created duke of Kent and Strathern, and earl of Dublin in Ire- land, April 23, 1799. Extinct 1820. Ken YON. Sir Lloyd Kenyon, bart., created lord Kenyon, baron of Gredington, co. Flint, June 9, 1788. Keppel. Augustus Keppel (of the family of Keppel, earls of Albemarle), admiral, created viscount Keppel, of Elveden, co. Suffolk, April 22, 1782. Extinct on his death 1786. Kek. Robert Ker (eldest son of John, duke of Roxburghe, in Scotland), created baron Ker and earl of Ker, of Wakefield, co. York, May 24, 1722. Extinct 1804. Kerdeston. Roger de Kerdeston, of Folking- ham, baron by writ, Jan. 27, 1332. Presumed to be in abeyance. KerPw. William Kerr, marquess of Lothian (in Scotland), created baron Kerr, of Kerraheugh, CO. Roxburgh, July 17, 1821. Kesteven, dukedom of, July 16, 1715. Extinct 1809. See Ancaster and Kesteven. Kilmarnock. William George Hay, earl of ErroU (in Scotland), created baron Kilmar- nock, of Kilmarnock, co. Ayr, May 31, 1831. King. Peter King, created lord Kdng, baron of Ockham, co. Surrey, May 29, 1725. Lord chancellor. — William King, 8th baron, created viscount Ockham, of Ockham, aforesaid and earl of Lovelace, June 23, 1838. See Lovelace. Kingston. Robert Pierrepont, baron Newark, created earl of Kingston, of Kingston -upon- Hull, CO. York, July 25, 1628.— Henry Pierre- pont, 2nd earl, created marquess of Dor- chester, CO. Dorset, March 25, 1644. —The marquisate became extinct in 1680 ; but the earldom descended. — Evelyn Pierrepont, 5th earl, created marquess of Dorchester, of Dor- chester aforesaid, Dec. 23, 1706, and duke of Kingston, July 20, 1715. Extinct 1773. Kingston, barony of, Jan. 22, 1620. Extinct 1625. See Holdernesse. Kingston, of Michaelstown. George King, earl of Kingston (in Ireland), created baron King- ston, of Michaelstown, co. Cork, July 17, 1821. Kintore. Anthony Adrian Keith-Falconer, earl of Kintore (in Scotland), created baron Kin- tore, of Kintore, co. Aberdeen, June 23, 1838. Kirkeby. William de Kirkeby, summoned to parliament June 8, 1294. Sir Harris Nicolas doubts if this ca» be considered a regular writ of summons. KiRKETON. Thomas de Kirketon, baron by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. — John de Kirketon, sum- moned Aug. 14, 1362. Extinct 1367. Knivet. Sir Thomas Knivet, baron by writ, as lord Knivet, of Escrick, co. York, July 4, 1607. Extinct in himself 1622. Knollys. William Knollys, created baron Knollys, of Greys, co. Oxford. Extinct 1632. See Banbury. Knoville. Bevil de Knoville, of Whitechurch, CO. Salop, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. Pre- sumed to be extinct. Kyme. Simon de Kyme, baron by tenure, as lord of Kesteven, co. Lincoln, temp. Stephen. — Philip de Kyme, 7th baron, summoned June 23, 1295. In abeyance from the death of his son and heir in 1338. L. Laci. Walter de Laci, baron by tenure, temp. William I. Hugh de Laci, 8th baron in descent, was lord of Ulster, in Ireland, temp. Henry HI. — Ilbert de Lacy, lord of Pontefract, CO. York, baron by tenure, temp. William I. John de Lacy, 7th baron in succession from this last (created earl of Lincoln 1232), was one of the twenty-five celebrated barons ap- pointed to enforce the observance of Magna Charta. — Sir Harris Nicolas. Lake. Gerard Luke, general, created baron Lake of Delhi and Las wary, and of Aston - Clinton, co. Bucks, Sept. 13, 1804 ; and vis- count Lake of the same places, Nov. 4, 1807. Lambton. John George Lambton, baron Dur- ham, created viscount Lambton and earl of Durham, co. Durham, March 15, 1833. See Durham. Lancaster. William de Lancaster, baron of J Joan Plantagenet, only daughter to Edmund, earl of Kent, and heir to her brothers Edmund and John, was for her admirable beauty called the " Fair Maid of Kent." She married, first, William Montacute, earl of Salisbury, but from him was divorced ; and, secondly, she married sir Thomas Holland, afterwards earl of Kent. On the decease of the latter, she, still retaining a great share of her beauty and perfections, captured the heart of the prince of Wales, the gallant hero surnamed the Black Prince, and was married to him l)y a dispensation from the pope, rendered necessary by reason of their consanguinity. By the prince she was mother of Pilchard 1 1 . in whose reign she departed this life, and was buried in the Friars Minors at Stamford. Thomas Banks. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 543 Kendal, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — John de Lancaster, summoned to parliament Dec. 29, 1299. Extinct 1334. Lancaster. Edmund Plantagenet (second son of Henry III.), created earl of Lancaster June 30, 1267. He was succeeded by his son, Thomas, beheaded and attainted and his honours forfeited 1321. — Henry Plantagenet (brother of the latter), restored in blood and honours, 1327. — Henry Plantagenet (son and heir of the last earl), created duke of Lancaster March 6, 1351. The dukedom descended to Henry Plantagenet, who ascended the throne in 1399 as Henry IV., when it merged in the crown, in which it has ever since been vested. Langdale. Marmaduke Langdale, created baron Langdale, of Holme, co. York, Feb. 4, 1658. — Henry Bickersteth, master of the rolls, created baron Langdale, of Langdale, co. West- morland, Jan. 19, 1836. Extinct 1851. Langley, viscounty of, March 7, 1688. For- feited 1716. See Derwentwater. Lansdowne. George Granville (of the family of Granville, earls of Bath), created barou Lansdowne, of Biddeford, co. Devon, Dec. 31, 1711. Extinct 1734.— William Petty, earl of Shelburne (in Ireland), and baron Wycombe, created viscount Calne and Calstone, co. Wilts, earl of Wycombe, co. Bucks, and marquess of Lansdowne, co. Somerset, Dec. 6, 1784. Henry Fitzmaurice Petty, who succeeded 1809, is 3rd and present marquess. See Wycombe, Lansladron. Serlo de Lansladron, baron by writ, Dec. 29, 1299. Nothing is known of him after 1306. Lasceli.es. Roger de Lascelles, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. Probably in abeyance. Las(jelles, viscounty of, Sept. 7, 1812. See Harewood. Latimer. William de Latimer, summoned to parliament, Dec. 29, 1299. This barony is supposed to be vested in the family of the barons Willoughby de Broke. Dormant. Latimer. Thomas Latimer, baron by writ, Dec. 29, 1299. He was summoned until 1311, and died in 1334 ; but his descendants were never summoned. In abeyance from 1334. Latimer. George Nevill, summoned to par- liament, Feb. 25, 1432. In abeyance since 1577. Latimer. Sir Thomas Osborne, bart., created viscount Latimer, of Danby, and baron Os- borne, of Kiveton, co. York, Aug. 15, 1673; and earl of Danby, June 27, 1674. Created marquess of Carmarthen, April 20, 1689; and duke of Leeds, May 4, 1694. See Leeds. Lauderdale. James Maitland, earl of Lau- derdale (in Scotland), created baron Lauder- dale, of Thirlestane, co. Berwick, Feb. 22, 1806. [John Maitland, 2nd earl of this family, was duke of Lauderdale and marquess of March, in Scotland, and earl of Guilford and baron Petersham, in England : the Scotch dukedom and marquisate, and the English dignities, became extinct in 1082.] Launceston, viscounty of, July 15, 1726. Merged in the crown 1760. See Gloucester. Leohemere. Nicholas Lechemere, created baron Lechemere, of Evesham, co. Worcester, Aug. 25, 1721. Extinct 1727. Le Despencer — Despencer. liobert De- spencer, baron by tenure, temp. W^illiam I. — Hugh Despencer (of this familv), baron by writ, Dec. 14, 1264. Forfeited 1326.1 — Hugh Despencer (same family), summoned to par- liament, June 15, 1338. — Thomas Despencer, 7th baron, created earl of Gloucester, 1397, beheaded 1400, attainted, and his honours forfeited. — A female heir (the attainder being reversed), carried the barony, with the ba- ronies of Bergavenny and Burghirsh, to the Nevills, with whom it remained until 1587. The barony afterwards passed to the family of Fane, and fell into abeyance in 1762, termi- nated in favour of sir Francis Dashwood in 1763; and falling again into abeyance, 1781, it was terminated, in 1788, in favour of the family of Stapleton. On the death of the last lord, in 1831, the title devolved upon his grand-daughter, Mary-Francis, the present baroness. Leeds. Thomas Osborne, marquess of Car- marthen, created duke of Leeds, co. York, May 4, 1694. See Carmarthen, Danby, and Latimer, Leicester. Robert de Bellomont, created earl of Leicester by Henry I. 1103, Extinct 1204. — Simon de Montfort, created earl of Leicester by king John, 1206. Forfeited 1264. — Ed- mund Plantagenet (2nd son of Henry III., and earl of Chester), created earl of Leicester, Oct. 25, 1264. Forfeited 1321 by his son, who was attainted and beheaded. — Henry Plan- tagenet, restored to his brother's honours in 1327. The dignity came ultimately to Henry IV., and merged in the crown. — Sir Robert Dudley, created baron of Denbigh, Sept. 28, 1563 ; and earl of Leicester the fol- lowing day. Extinct 1588. — Robert Sydney, viscount Lisle, created earl of Leicester, Aug. 2, 1618. Extinct 1743. — Thomas Coke, baron Lovel, created viscount Coke, of Holkham, co. Norfolk, and earl of Leicester, May 9, 1744. Extinct 1759. — George Townshend, baron de Ferrers, of Chartley, created earl of the county of Leicester, May 18, 1784 : succeeded as marquess Townshend. — Thomas - William Coke, of Holkham, created viscount Coke and earl of Leicester, Aug. 12, 1837. Leigh. Sir Thomas Leigh, bart., created baron Leigh, of Stoneleigh, co. Warwick, July 1, 1643. Extinct 1786. — Chandos Leigh, cre- ated baron Leigh, of Stoneleigh aforesaid, May 11, 1839. Leinster. James Fitzgerald, earl of Kildare (in Ireland), created viscount Leinster, of Taplow, CO. Bucks, Feb. 21, 1747. Created duke of Leinster (in Ireland), Nov. 26, 1766. Lempster. Sir William Fermor, bart., created baron Lempster, co. Hereford, April 12, 1692. — Thomas Fermor, his son, created earl of Pomfret, co. York, Dec. 27, 1721. See Pom- fret. Lewisiiam, viscounty of, Sept. 5, 1711. See Dartmouth. Lexinton. Richard de Lexinton, lord of Lexin- ton, CO. Notts, baron by tenure, temp. John. — Robert Sutton (descendant of the above family), created baron Lexinton, of Aram, 1 Forfeited in his son, Hugh, who, also, had been sumTtioned to parliament in 1295. This Hugh had been created earl of Winchester, May 10, 1322. He was declared a traitor by act of parliament, and was beheaded Oct. 9, 1326. Hugh, son of the preceding, who had been summoned as " Hugoni le Despencer, juniori," July 29, 1314, was also declared a traitor by parliament, and beheaded Nov. 30, same year, 132G. $44 THE PEERAGE CO. "N'otts, Nov. 21, 1645. Extinct in his son, 1723. Ley. Sir James Ley, bart., created baron Ley, of Ley, CO. Devon," Dec. 31, 1625 ; and earl of Marlborough, Feb. 5, 1626. Extinct 1679. See Marlborough. Leyburn. William de Leyburn, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. Extinct. — John de Leyburn, summoned to parliament June 21, 1337. Ex- tinct 1348. Lichfield. Charles Stuart (son of George, lord Aubigny, in France), created baron Stuart, of Newburv, co. Berks, and earl of Lichfield, co. Stafford, Dec. 10, 1645. Suc- ceeded as duke of Richmond in 1660. Extinct 1672. — Sir Edward-Henry Lee, bart., cre- ated baron of Spellesbury, co. Oxford, viscount Quarendon, co. Bucks, and earl of Lichfield, CO. Stafford, June 5, 1674. Extinct 1776.— Thomas Anson, created viscount Anson, of Shugborough and Orgrave, co. Stafford, and baron Anson, of Soberton, co. Hants, Feb. 17, 1806. — Thomas-William Anson, son, created earl of Lichfield, co, Stafford, Sept. 8, 1831. The present earl. LiGONiER. John Ligonier, viscount Ligonier (in Ireland), created lord Ligonier, baron of Ripley, co. Surrey, April 27, 1763; and earl Ligonier, Sept. 10, 1766. Extinct 1770. LiLFORD. Thomas Powis, created baron Lil- ford, CO. Northampton, Oct. 26, 1797. Thomas Atherton Powis is the 3rd and present peer. Lincoln. William de Romare, lord of Boling- broke, bore the title of earl of Lincoln in right of his mother, Lucy, sister and heir of Morcar, earl of Lincoln before the Conquest. The earldom passed into the family of Gant, of whom Gilbert de Gant was divested of it, 1216. — Ranulph de Meschines, earl of Ches- ter, created earl of Lincoln, 1216. Extinct 1231. — John de Laci, created earl of Lincoln, Nov. 23, 1232. Extinct 1348. — Henry Plan- tagenet, created earl of Lincoln, Aug. 20, 1349 ; and duke of Lancaster, March 6, 1351 : merged in the crown in Henry IV. 1399. — John de la Pole, afterwards duke of Suffolk, created earl of Lincoln, March 13, 1467. Ex- tinct 1487. — Henry Brandon, afterwards duke of Suffolk, created earl of Lincoln, March 14, 1525. Extinct 1551. — Edward Clinton, baron Clinton, created earl of Lincoln, May 4, 1572. The barony of (^dinton fell into abej^ance (see Clinton), but the earldom descended. — Henry Fiennes (Pelham Clinton) succeeded his uncle in the dukedom of Newcastle in 1768. See JVewcastle. LiNDSEY. Robert Bertie, baron Willoughby de Broke, created earl of Lindsey, co. Lincoln, Nov. 22, 1626. — Robert Bertie, created mar- quess of Lindsey, Dec. 29, 1706; and duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, July 20, 1715. See Ancaster, in which dukedom the earldom and marquisate of Lindsey Avere merged until the death of Brownlow Bertie, oth duke of An- caster and Kesteven, 5th marquess and 8th earl of Lindsey, in 1809, when the dukedom and marquisate became extinct ; but the earl- dom descended. LTsLE. Gerald de LTsle, summoned to par- liament as " Geraldo de Insula," Dec. 15, 1357. Presumed to be in abeyance since 1381. — John Talbot, created baron L'Isle, of Kingston L'lsle, CO. Berks, July 26, 1443 ; and viscount LTsle, Oct. 30, 1452. The viscounty became OF ENGLAND. extinct 1469 ; and the barony was suspended between the two sisters of Thomas, the last baron and viscount. — Edward Grey, by marriage with Elizabeth, one of the sisters, had his right ito the dignity recognised by the crown, and was created viscount LTsle, June 28, 1483. — The viscounty again became extinct in 1512 ; but the barony came, by contract of marriage with Elizabeth (daughter and heir of John Grey, 2nd baron of that family), to Charles Brandon (afterwards duke of Suffolk), who was thereupon created vis- count LTsle, May 15, 1513. — When she be- came of age, however, she refused to marry her affianced husband, and the patent of creation was cancelled : she afterwards married Henry Courtenay, 2nd earl of Devon. — The barony next came to the family of Dudley, of whom John Dudley, earl of Warwick and duke of Northumberland, was beheaded and attainted in 1553. — Ambrose Dudley (son and heir of John), created baron LTsle, Dec. 25, 1561 ; and earl of Warwick, Dec. 26, 1567. Extinct 1589. — Robert Sydney, baron Syd- ney, of Penshurst, created viscount Lisle, May 4, 1605 ; and earl of Leicester, Aug. 2, 1618. See Leicester. — Philip-Charles Sidney, cre- ated lord de LTsle and Dudley, of Penshurst, CO. Kent, Jan. 8, 1835. LTsle. John de Lisle, baron by tenure, June 8, 1294. — John de LTsle, summoned to par- liament, Dec. 29, 1299, as " Johanni de Insula vecta." — Robert LTsle, also baron by writ, Dec. 19, 1311. Extinct 1315: the barony is deemed by sir Harris Nicolas " to be vested in the descendants or representatives of the last baron," unless, as Beatson states, it was extinct in 1315. LiSMORE. Cornelius O'Callaghan, viscount Lismore (in Ireland), created baron Lismore, of Shanbally Castle, co. Tipperary, June 23, 1838. Liverpool. Charles Jenkinson, baron Hawkes- bury, created earl of Liverpool, co. Lancaster, June 1, 1796. His son, Robert Banks Jenkin- son, the eminent statesman (Avho was called, vita vatris, to the house of pcsers in his father's barony of Hawkesbury), succeeded in 1808- died 1828. Charles Cecil Cope Jenkinson was 3rd and last earl. Extinct 1851. LoFTUS. Charles Tottenham Loftus, marquess of Ely (in Ireland), created baron Loftus, of Long Loftus, CO. York, Jan. 19, 1801. LoNDESBOROuGH. Albert Denison Denison, created baron Londesborough, of Londes- borough. East Riding of the co. York, 1850. Longford, barony of, June 29, 1747. See Folkestone and Radnor. LoNGUEviLLE. Hcury Yelverton, baron Grey de Ruthyn, created viscount Longueville, April 21, 1690. — Talbot Yelverton, son, cre- ated earl of Sussex, Sept. 26, 1717. The viscounty and earldom extinct in 1799. LoNGViLLiERS. Thomas de Longvilliers, baron by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. Extinct 1374. Lonsdale. Sir John Lowther, bart., created baron Lowther, of Lowther, co. Westmorland, and viscount Lonsdale, co. Westmorland, May 28, 1696. Extinct 1751. — Sir James Low- ther, bart., created baron Lowther, of Lowther, CO. Cumberland, baron of the barony of Ken- dal, in said co., and baron of the barony of Burgh, CO. Westmorland, and also viscount of Lonsdale, in said co. of Westmorland and THE TEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 545 CO. of Lancaster, and viscount Lowtber, of the CO. of Westmorland aforesaid, and earl of Lonsdale, May 24, 1784. Created baron and viscount Lowther, of Whitehaven, Oct. 20, 1797. All these honours, excepting the barony and viscounty of Lowther, of White- haven, again became extinct 18U2. — William Lowther, viscount Lowther, created earl of Lonsdale, co. Westmorland, April 7, 1807. — William, the present peer, was summoned to the house of lords, viid patris, in his father's barony of Lowther, Sept. G, 1841. See Lowther. L'OiiTr. Henry L'Orti, baron by tenure, temp. Henry III. — Henry L'Orti, lord I'Orti, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. In abeyance from his death. Loudoun, viscounty of, Dec. 7, 1816. See Hastings. The present marquess of Hastings is earl of Loudoun (in Scotland). Loughborough. Alexander Wedderburne, created baron Loughborough, of Lough- borough, CO. Leicester, June 14, 1780; and baron Loughborough, of Loughborough, co. Surrey, Oct. 31, 1795. Created earl of Koss- lyn, CO. Mid-Lothian, April 21, 1801. Lord Chancellor. — James- Alexander St. Clair Ers- kine is the ord and present earl. LouvAiNE. Hugh Percy, duke of Xorthumber- land, created baron Louvaine of Alnwick, co. Northumberland, with remainder to his 2nd son, Algernon, and his heirs, Jan. 28, 1784. — Algernon (2nd son), created earl of Beverley, Nov. 2, 1790. LovAiNE. Godfrey de Lovaine, baron by tenure, temp. John. — Matthew de Lovaine, baron by writ, June 8, 1294. Extinct 1347. LovAT. Thomas Alexander Fraser (chief of the clan Frazer, and descendant of Simon Frazer, 12th lord Lovat, beheaded on Tower-hill in 1747), created baron Lovat, of Lovat, co. In- verness, Jan. 28, 1837. LovEL. William, son of Asceline Goell, baron by tenure, temp. Stephen. — Richard, 11th lord, baron by writ, Nov. 20, 1348. In abeyance from 1351. LovEL, of Tichmersh. William Lovel, lord of IVIinster-Lovel, co. Oxford, and Tichmersh, co. Northampton, baron by tenure, temp. Itichard I. — John Lovel, 5th baron, summoned to par- liament, Feb. 6, 1299. — Francis Lovel, 13th baron, created viscount Lovel, Jan. 4, 1483. Slain 1487, and his honours forfeited by at- taint. Lovel. Thomas Lovel, baron by writ, Sept. 12, 1342. Never afterwards summoned. Diigdale gives no account of this baron. Lovel, of Minster-Lovel. Thomas Coke, created baron Lovel, of Minster-Lovel, co. Oxford, May 7, 1728; and viscount Coke and earl of Leicester, May 9, 1744. All extinct 1759. See Leicester. Lovel and Holland. John Perceval, earl of Egmont (in Ireland), created baron Lovel and baron Holland, of Enmore^ co. Somerset, ]\Iay 7, 1762. — Charles George Perceval, baron Arden (in Ireland), created baron Arden, of Arden, co. Warwick, July 20, 1802. The present, the 6th earl of Egmont, succeeded to these English honours in 1841. Loa^elace. Richard Lovelace, created baron Lovelace, of Hurley, co. Berks, May 31, 1627. Extinct 1736. — AVilliam King, baron King, created viscount OckLam, of Ockham, co. K Surrey, and earl of Lovelace, by patent, June 23, 1838 : he is the present earl. Lowther, barony of Lowther, of Lowther, INIay 28, 1696. Extinct 1751. — Barony of Lowther, and viscounty of Lowther, May 11, 1784. Ex- tinct 1802. See Lonsdale. Lowther, of Whitehaven. James Lowther, earl of Lonsdale, created baron and viscount Lowther, of Whitehaven, co. Cumberland, Oct. 26, 1797. The earldom became extinct 1802 ; but this barony and viscounty de- scended. — Sir William Lowther, son and heir, created earl of Lonsdale, April 7, 1807. — The present and 2nd earl, William, was summoned to the house of peers, vita patris,m his father's barony of Lowther, Sept. 6, 1841. See Lons- dale. Lucas. John Lucas, created baron Lucas, of Shenfield, co. Essex, Jan. 3, 1644. Extinct in. the 3rd baron, 1705. Lucas, of Crudwell. INIary Lucas (heir of the above 1 st baron, and wife of Anthony Grey, earl of Kent), created baroness Lucas, of Crud- well, CO. Wilts, May 7, 1663. — Henry Grey (son and heir) succeeded as 12th earl of Kent. See Kent. This barony came to the de Grey family, of which Thomas-Philip is the present earl de Grey. Lucy. Reginald de Lucie, lord of Egremont, CO. of Cumberland, baron by tenure, temp. Richard I. — Anthony de Lucy, summoned to parliament May 15, 1320. This barony came to the Perc}^ family, of whom Thomas Percy was created baron Percy, of Cockermouth and Petworth, baron Poynings, Lucy, Bryan, and Fitz-Payne, April 30, 1557. Created earl of Northumberland, May 1, same year. See Noi'thumherland. Ludlow, viscounty of, May 27, 1748. Extinct 1803. See Powis. — George James Ludlow, earl Ludlow (in Ireland), created baron Lud- low, of Ludlow, CO. Salop, Sept. 7, 1831. Ex- tinct on his decease in 1842. LuMLEY. Ralph de Lumley, baron bv writ, Sept. 28, 1384. Slain and attainted 1400, when his honours became /or/e/Yec?. — Thomas de Lumley, grandson, restored in blood by parliament, summoned July 26, 1461. For- feited 1537. — John de Lumley, restored in blood, and created baron Lumley, 1547. Ex- tinct 1609. Lumley, of Lumley Castle Richard Lumley, viscount Lumley (in Ireland), created baron Lumley, of Lumley Castle, co. Durham, May 31, 1681 ; and viscount Lumley, of Lumley Castle aforesaid, April 10, 1689. Created earl of Scarborough, April 15, 1690. See Scar- horough. LuiiGAN. Charles Brownlow, created baron Lurgan, of Lurgan, co. Armagh, May 2, 1839. Charles Brownlow, his son, the present baron, succeeded in 1847. Lymington. John Wallop, created baron Wallop, of Wallop, co. Southampton, and viscount Lymington, in said co., June 11, 1720. Created earl of Portsmouth, June 11, 1743. See Portsmouth. Lyndhurst. John Singleton Copley, created baron Lyndhurst, of Lyndhurst, co. Hants, April 27, 1827. Lord Chancellor. The present peer. Lynedoch. Sir Thomas Graham, general, created baron Graham, of Balgowan, co. Perth, May 3, 1814. Extinct 1843. N 546 THE PEERAGE Lyttelton. Edward Lvttelton, created baron Lvttelton, of Mounslow, co. Salop, Feb. 18, 1G40. Extinct lG4:0. — ^lr George Lytteltoii, bart., created baron Lvttelton of Frankley, co. Worcester, Nov. 19, 1757. Extinct 1779.— William Henry Lyttelton (baron Westcote in Ireland, and brother of George, just men- tioned), created lord Lyttelton, baron of Frankley aforesaid, Aug. 13, 1794. George- William is the 5th and present peer. M. Macartney. George Macartney, earl Macart- ney (in Ireland), created baron Macartney of Parkhnrst, co. Surrey, and of Auchinleck, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, June 8, 1796. All exlinct in 180G. Macclesfield. Charles Gerard, baron Gerard, of Brandon, created viscount Brandon, co. Suffolk, and earl of Macclesfield, co. Chester, July 23, 1679. Extinct 1702. — Thomas Par- ker, baron Parker, of Macclesfield, created viscount Parker of Ev/elme, co. Oxford, and earl of Macclesfield, co. Chester. Lord Chan- cellor. ISFaiion. See Stanhope. Maidstone. Elizabeth (widow of sir IMoyle Finch, bart.), created viscountess of Maid- stone, CO. Kent, July 8, 1623; and countess of Winchilsea, July 12, 1628. See Winchilsea. Maeden, viscounty of, April 20, 1661. See Essex. Malmesbury, marquisate of, Jan. 1, 1715. For- feited 1728. See Wharton. — James Harris, created baron Malmesburv, of Malmesburv, co. Wilts, Sept. 19, 1788. Created viscount Fitz- Harris, of Heron Court, co. Hants, and earl of Malmesbury, Dec. 29, 1800. Malpas, viscounty of, Dec. 27, 1706. See Chol- mondeley. Malton. Thomas Watson (Wentworth), cre- ated baron of Malton, co. York, May 28, 1728. Created viscount Higham, of Higham-Ferrers, baron of Waith, co. York, and of Harrowden, CO. Northampton, and earl of Malton, co. York, Nov. 19, 1734. Succeeded to the barony of Rockingham, in 1746 ; and was created mar- quess of Rockingham, April 19, same year. Ail extinct 1782. See Rockingham. Maltraveks. John Maltravers, baron by writ, June 5, 1330. — An heir female carried this barony to the Fitz-Alan family, from whom it passed to the family of Howard, dukes of Norfolk, in which (together with the baronies of Fitz-Alan and Clun and Oswaldestre) it is still vested, notwithstanding several early for- feitures. — Henry Charles Howard, present duke of Norfolk, was summoned, vita patris, to the house of peers, in his father's barony of Maltravers, Aug. 11, 1841. Succeeded to the dukedom the next year. Manchester. Henry Montagu, baron Mon- tagu, of Kimbolton, and viscount Mandeville, created earl of Manchester, Feb. 5, 1626. — Cliarles Montagu, 4tli earl, created duke of Manchester, April 13, 1719. — George Mon- tagu is the 6th and present duke. ^Iandeville. Henry Montagu (the preceding Henry), created baron Montagu, of Kimbolton, CO. Huntingdon, and viscount Mandeville, Pec 19, 1620 J and earl of Manchester, Feb. 5, OF ENGLAND. 1626. — Charles Montagu, created duke of Manchester, April 13, 1719. Maners. Baldwin de Maners, summoned to parliament Oct. 26, 1309, but never afterwards. Extinct. Of this baron Dugdale gives no account. Manners. John Manners (son and heir of John, earl of Rutland), summoned to par- liament, vita patriSf as " Johanni Manners de Haddon," April 29, 1679. Succeeded his father same year. Created marquess of Granby and duke of Rutland, March 29, 1703. See Rut/and.— Rt. hon. Thomas Manners Sutton (of the ftimily of Manners, dukes of Rutland), created baron Manners, of Foston, co. Lincoln, April 20, 1807. Lord Chancellor of Ireland. Succeeded by his son, John-Thomas, 2nd and present lord. Manny. Walter de Mannv, baron by writ, Nov. 13, 1347. Extinct 1399. Mansell. Sir Thomas Mansell, bart., created baron Mansell, of Margam, co. Glamorgan, Dec. 31, 1711. Extinct 1750. Mansfield. William Cavendish (of the family of Cavendish, earls of Devonshire), created baron Ogle, of Bothal, co. Northumberland, and viscount Mansfield, of Mansfield, co. Not- tingham, Nov. 3, 1620. Created earl of New- castle, March 7, 1651. Extinct 1691. See Newcastle. — William Murray (of the family of Murray, viscounts Stormont, in Scotland), created lord Mansfield, baron Mansfield, co. Nottingham, Nov. 8, 1756; and earl of Mans- field, CO. Nottingham, Oct. 31, 1776. Created earl of Mansfield, of Caen Wood, co. Middlesex, Aug. 1, 1792. The eminent lord chief justice of England. On his death in 1793, the barony became extinct ; but the earldom of Mansfield, of Caen Wood, co. Middlesex, devolved upon his nephew, David, viscount Stormont; and that of Mansfield, co. Nottingham, upon Louisa, wife of his said nephew; and on her death in 1843, the latter title descended, also, to his and her heirs. — William-David, grand- son, is present earl of both creations. Manvers. Charles Medows (Pierrepont), baron Pierrepont, of Holme-Pierrepont, and viscount Newark, created earl Manvers, April 9, 1806. March. Roger Mortimer, created earl of March, 1328. Executed and attainted 1330, when the title was forfeited. — Roger Mortimer, grand- son, had the attainder reversed, 1352. [Ed- mund Mortimer, 3rd earl, married Philippa, daughter and heir of Lionel Plantagenet, duke of Clarence, 3rd son of Edward HI., through which alliance this family afterwards became heirs to the throne.] Extinct in Edmund Mortimer, 1424. — Edward Plantagenet, prince of Wales, created earl of March, July 9, 1479 : ascended the throne as Edward V., 1483, when all his titles merged in the crown. — Esme Stuart, lord of Aubigny, in France, 2nd son of Esme, duke of Lenox (in Scotland), created baron Stuart, of Leighton, of Leighton-Broms- wold, CO. Huntingdon, and earl of March, June 7, 1619 : his son and heir, James, created duke of Richmond, Aug. 8, 1641. Extinct 1672. — Charles Lenox (natural son of Charles II.), created baron of Settrington, co. York, and earl of March and duke of Richmond, Aug. 9, 1675. See Richmond. Marlborough. James Ley, baron Ley, created earl of Marlborough, co. Wilts, Feb. 1, 1626. Extinct 1679. — John Churchill, the great captain -general, baron Churchill, created earl THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. of Marlborough, co. Wilts, April 9, 1G89. Created marquess of BlaiKlford, co. Dorset, and duke of Marlborough, Dec. 14, 1702, The duke died in 1722, and his honours ultimately devolved by marriage upon the Spencer family, earls of Sunderland, who have assumed the name of Churchill, and whose own dignities merge in this dukedom. Maumion. Robert Marmion, lord of Tamworth, temp. William I. — Robert jMarmion, lord ol' Witrington, co. Lincoln, baron by tenure, temp. John. — John Marmion, of this family, was summoned to parliament July 2G, 1313. In abeyance. — A baron}^ created by writ to Wil- liam Marmion, brother of Robert, 1st lord of Witrington, Dec. 24, 1264, is supposed to be exthtct. Mai^ney. Henry Marney, created baron IMarnoy, of Laver- Marney, co. Essex, April 9, 152'3. Extinct 1525. Marshal. Gilbert Marshal, marshal to the king, baron b}^ tenure, temp. Henry I. — Of this family was William Marshal, summoned to parliament Jan. 9, 1309. In abeyance from circa 1316. Mausham, viscounty of, June 22, 1801. See Romjiei/. Martin. INIartin de Tours, baron by tenure of tlie lordship of Kemys, co. Pembroke, temp. William I. — Of this fomily, William, Gth baron, w^as summoned to parliament J une 23, 1295. In abeyance from 1326. IMauybokough. William Wellesley (Pole), brother of the duke of Wellington, createil baron Maryborough, of Maryborough, Queen's County, Aug. 15, 1821. This barony merges in the Irish earldom of Mornington. Masiiam. Sir Samuel Masham, bart., created baron Masham, of Otes, co. Essex, Dec. 31, 1711. Extinct 1776. Mauduit. William Mauduit, chamberlain to Henry I., baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Of this family was John Mauduit, summoned to parliament Sept. 12, 1342. Extinct circa 1347. Mauley. Peter de Mauley, baron by tenure of the lordship of Mulgrave, temp. Richard I. — Peter de Mauley, 4th baron, summoned to parliament June 23, 1295. In abeyance from 1415. Maynard. Sir William Maynard, bart. and baron Maynard (in Ireland), created baron Maynard, "of Kstaines, co. Essex, March 14, 1628. Grey Maynard, 5th baron, died sine prole, 1745. — Charles Maynard, brother, cre- ated baron Maynard, of Much-Easton, co. Essex, and viscount Maynard, of Easton Lodge, same co., Oct. 18, 1766. The Irish barony and the barony of Maynard, of Estaines, became extinct 1775 ; but the barony of May- nard, of Much-Easton, and the viscounty descend. Meinel, or Meinill. Nicholas de Meinill, sum- moned to parliament June 23, 1295. Extinct 1299. — Nicholas de Meinill, natural son, sum- moned May 22, 1313. Extinct 1322.— Nicholas de Meinill, summoned Jan. 22, 1336. In abey- ance since 1418. Melbourne. Peniston Lamb, viscount Mel- bourne (in Ireland), created baron Melbourne, of Melbourne, co. Derby, Aug. 11, 1815. Suc- ceeded, in 1828, by his son William, the emi- nent statesman. On the death of the latter, in 1848, Erederick-James Lamb, brother, who had been created baron Reauvale, Ajtril 20, 1839 (see Beauvale), became viscount Mel- bourne (in Ireland), and baron Melbourne. Melcoivibe. Rt. lion. George Dodington, cre- ated baron Melcombe, of Melcombe- Regis, co. Dorset, April 1761. Extinct the next year. Meldrum. George Gordon, earl of Aboyne (in Scotland), created baron Meldrum, of Alcyven, CO. Aberdeen, Aug. 11, 1815. This barony merges in the Scotch manpiisate of liuntly. Melgund, viscount V of, Eebruary 24, 1813. See 3Iinto. Melrose. Charles Hamilton, earl of Hadding- ton (in Scotland), created baron IMelrose, of Tyninghame, co. Haddington, July 5, 1827. Melville. Henry Dundas, created baron Du- neira, co. Perth, and viscount INlelville, of Melville, co. Edinburgh, Dec. 24, 1802. Mendip. Welbore Ellis, created baron Mendip, of Mendip, co. Somerset, Aug. 13, 171J4. — George-James ^^'elbore Agar Ellis, created baron Dover, of Dover, co. Kent, June 1(5, 1831. These honours merge in the Iribh viscounty of Clifden. Merton, Viscounty of, Nov. 20, 1805. See iVe'so7i. Methuen. Paul Methuen, created baron INle- thuen, of Corsham, co. Wilts, July 13, 1838. Middlesex. Lionel Cranfield, baron Cranlield, created earl of Middlesex, Sept. 16, 1622. Ex- thict 1674. — Charles Sackville, created baron Cran field, of Cranfield, co. Bedford, and earl of Middlesex, April 4, 1675. Succeeded as earl of Dorset in 1677. — Lionel Crantield Sackville, son, created duke of Dorset, June 13, 1720. See Dorset. Middleton. Sir Thomas Willoughby, bart., created baron Middleton, of Middleton, co. Warwick, Dec. 31, 1711. MiLRROKE. John Cornwall, baron Fanhope, (husband of Elizabeth Plantagenet, sister to Henry IV.), created baron of Milbroke, co. BedfoVd, Jan. 30, 1442 : died the next year, wdien his honours became extinct. MiLFORD. Sir Richard Bulkeley Philipps (Grant) Philipps, bart., created baron Milford, of Picton Castle, co. Pembroke, Aug. 28, 1847. Milford-IIaven, earldom of, Nov. 9, 1706. Merged in the crown 1727. See Cambridge. Milton, viscounty of, Sept. 6, 1746. See t'itz- william. — Joseph Damer, baron Milton (in Ireland), created baron Milton, of Milton Abbey, co. Dorset, IMay 10, 1762. Created viscount Milton, of Milton Abbey aforesaid, and earl of Dorchester, in said countv, Mav 18, 1792. Exiijict 1808. MiNSHULL. John Minshull, created baron Mln- shull, CO. Chester, 1642. Extinct in him. — JJcatson. IJugdale takes no notice of this peer; and the probability is (sir riarris Nicolas observes), that the patent was never regularly executed. i Minster. Henry Conyngham, marquess Co- nyngham (in Ireland), created baron Minster, of Minster Abbey, co. Kent, July 14, 1821. Merged in the marquisate. MiNTO. Sir Gilbert Elliot, bart, created baron Minto, of Miuto, co. Roxburgh, Oct. 26, 1797. 1 Sir Thomas Banks says, that John Minshull left issue male, whose descendants in the male line are still ex- isting, and who, it may be presumed, would assert their claim to the dignity, if a valid one could be preferred. N N 2 5^8 THE PEERAGE Created viscount Melgund, of Melgund, CO. Forfar, and carl of Minto, co. Roxburgh, Feb. 24, 1813. MoELS. Nicholas de IMoels, lord of Caddebury, baron by tenure, temp. Henry III. — John de Moels, baron by writ, Feb. 6, 1299. In abey- ance since 1337. MoHUN. William de Mohun, lord of Dunster, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — John de Mohun, 8th baron, summoned to parliament Feb. G, 1299. Extinct in his grandson. — Beatson, In abeyance. — Sir Harris Nicolas. Mohun, of Oakhampton. Sir John Mohun, bart. (of the above family), created baron Mohun, of Oakhampton, co. Devon, April 15, lfi28. Extinct in Charles Mohun, 5th baron, 1712. MoLiNES. John de Molines, summoned to par- liament, Feb. 18, 1347. Extinct 1428. — Kobert Hungerford, baron by writ, Jan. 13, 1445. Succeeded as 3rd baron Hungerford in 1459. Attainted, and his honours forfeittd^ 1461. Thomas Hungerford, his son, was also attainted, 1468 ; but both attainders were reversed in 1485. The barony came by a female heir to the Hastings family, of which the marquesses of Hastings are the present barons of Molines. Monk, barony of, July 7, 1660. Extinct 1688. See Albemarle, Mon310Uth. Robert Cary or Carey, baron Cary or Carey, of Lep])ington, created earl of Monmouth, Feb. 5, 1626. Extinct in his son, 1661. — James Fitz-Roy (natural son of Charles II.), created baron Tyndale, co. Northumberland, viscount Doncaster, and duke of Monmouth, Feb. 14, 1663. Attainted and beheaded 1685, and his honours forfeited. — Charles Mordaunt, viscount Mordaunt, cre- ated earl of Monmouth, April 9, 1689. Suc- ceeded as earl of Peterborough, 1697 : these earldoms were united until 1814, when both became extinct. See Peterborough. MoNSON. Sir John Monson, bart., created baron Monson, of Burton, co. Lincoln, May 28, 1728. Wm.-John Monson is 6th and present baron. MoNTAcuTE. Richard de Montacute, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Simon de Monta- cute (of this family), summoned to parliament Sept. 26, 1300. — William de Montacute, 4th baron by writ, was created earl of Salisbury, March 16, 1337, and the barony merged in the earldom until 1400, when both were forfeited. — Thomas de Montacute, restored in blood and honours 1421 : died 1428, and this barony, and the baronies of Monthermer and Montagu, fell by marriage to the Nevill family, of which Richard, earl of Warwick, was attainted 1471, when all his honours became forfeited. One of his two daughters, Anne, married, 1st., Edward, prince of Wales, and 2nd., Richard III., but died without surviving issue. His other daughter, Isabel, married George Plantagenet, duke of Clarence, drowned and attainted 1477. She left issue, Edward, who was beheaded and attainted 1499 ; and Margaret, wife of sir Richard Pole. This Margaret, who was created countess of Salisbury, Avas beheaded 1541. Her son, Henry Pole, had been attainted and beheaded in 1439. His immediate descendants, two daughters, having been restored in blood and honours, the barony is in abeyance. Montagu. John Nevill, summoned to parlia- ment, May 23, 1461. Created earl of North- OF ENGLANTD. umberland. May 27, 1467: relinquished this dignity, and was created marquess Montagu, March 25, 1470. Forfeited. — Anthony Brown, created viscount Montagu, Sept. 2, 1554. Ex- tinct 1797. Montagu. Edward de Montagu, or Monta- cute, summoned to parliament Feb. 25, 1342. Extinct in his daughter. — John de Montagu, summoned Feb. 15, 1357. Forfeited 1400; and again 1471. See Montacute. Montagu, of Boughton. Edward Montagu, baron, created baron Montagu, of Boughton, CO. Northampton, June 29, 1621. — Ralph Montagu, grandson, created viscount Mon- thermer, of Monthermer, co. Essex, and earl of Montagu, April 9, 1 689. Created marquess of Monthermer and duke of Montagu, April 12, 1 705. Extinct 1749. — John Montagu, son and heir of George, earl of Cardigan (after- wards duke of Montagu), created baron Mon- tagu, of Boughton, aforesaid, May 8, 1762. Extinct 1772. — George Brudenell, earl of Cardigan, assumed the name of Montagu, and was created marquess of Monthermer and duke of Montagu, Nov. 5, 1766 ; created baron IMontagu, of Boughton aforesaid, Aug. 8, 1786. The marquisate and dukedom became extinct 1790 ; but the barony devolved to the family of Scott, dukes of Buccleuch, of which Henry- James Montagu Scott became baron Montagu, of Boughton. Extinct 1845. Montagu, of Kimbolton. Henry Montagu, cre- ated baron Montagu, of Kimbolton, co. Hunt- ingdon, and viscount Mandeville, Dec. 19, 1620; and earl of Manchester, Feb. 5, 1624. See 3Ianchester. Montagu, of St. Neot's, barony, July 12, 1660. See Sandwich, MoNTALT. Robert de Montalt, lord of Montalt, CO. Flint, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Roger de Montalt, 6th baron, summoned to parliament June 23, 1295. Extinct 1329. Monteagle. Edward Stanley, lord of Mont- eagle, summoned to parliament, Nov. 23, 1514. The barony came by an heir female to the Parker family, lords Morley. In abeyance from circa 1686. Monteagle, of Westport. John Denis Browne, marquess of Sligo (in Ireland), created baron Monteagle, of Westport, co. Mayo, Feb. 20, 1806. This dignity merges in the Irish mar- quisate. Monteagle, of Brandon. Rt. lion. Thomas Spring Rice, created baron Monteagle, of Brandon, co. Kerry, Aug. 27, 1839. This nobleman, formerly chancellor of the ex- chequer, is now comptroller-general of the receipt and issue of her majesty's exchequer. MoNTFOKT. Hugh de Montfort, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — John de Montfort, 10th baron, summoned to parliament, June 23, 1295. In abeyance from 1367. Montfort, of Horseheath. Henry Bromley, cre- ated lord Montfort, baron of Horseheath, co. Cambridge, May 9, 1741. Extinct 1851. Montgomery. John de Montgomery, sum- moned to parliament Feb. 16, 1342 ; but never afterwards, — Philip Herbert (of the family of Herbert, earls of Pembroke), created baron Herbert of Shurland, Isle of Sheppy, co. Kent, and earl of Montgomer}^ in Wales, May 4, 1605. United to Pembroke. See Pembroke. Montgomery, viscounty of, March 24, 1687. Extinct 1748. See Powis. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 549 MoNTHERMER. Ralph (le Monthermer, baron by writ, March 4, 1309. See Montacutc. — Edward de Monthermer, summoned to par- liament, April 11, 1337; but never afterwards. Extinct. MoNTHEKiMEU, of Essex, viscouuty of, April 9, 1G89. Marquisate of, April 12, 1705. l>oth extinct^ 1749. See JMontagu of Boughtoii. Marquisate, again, Nov. 5, 1766. Extinct 1790. See, also, Montagu of Bonghton. MoNTjOY. Walter Blount, created baron Mont- joy, of Thurveston, co. Derby, June 20, 1465. — Charles Blount, 8th baron, created earl of Devonshire, July 21, 1603. Extinct 1606.— Montjoy Blount, baron Montjoy (in Ireland), created baron Montjo}'^, of Thurveston, co. Derb}^, Aug. 6, 1627 ; and created earl of Newport, Aug. 3, 1628. Extinct 1681. See Newport. — Thomas Windsor, viscount Wind- sor (in Ireland), created baron Montjoy, of the Isle of Wight, Jan. 1, 1711. Extinct in his son, 1758. IMoxTjoY, viscounty of Feb. 20, 1796. See Bute. LlooRE. Charles Moore, marquess of Drogheda (in Ireland), created baron Moore, of Moore Place, CO. Kent, Jan. 17, 1801. Merges in the Irish marquisate of Drogheda. M<^KDAUNT, of Turvey, co. Bedford. John IMor- daunt, summoned to parliament May 4, 1532. — John Mordaunt, 5th baron, created earl of I'eterborough, March 9, 1628. This barony merged in the earldoms of Peterborough and Monmouth, until 1814 ; and ultimately de- volved to Alexander Gordon, duke of Gordon (in Scotland), in 1819. Extinct, with that dukedom, in 1836. Mordaunt, of Avalon and Ryegate. John Mordaunt (of the family of Mordaunt, earls of Peterborough), created baron Mordaunt, of Ryegate, co. Surrey, and viscount Mordaunt, of Avalon, co. Somerset, July 10, 1659. Merged in the earldoms of Peterborough and JNIonmouth until 1814; when both the barony and vis- county, with the other honours, became ex- tinct. MoRi-EY. William de Morley, summoned to parliament Dec. 29, 1299. The barony came to the Lovel and Parker families. In abey- ance from the decease of Thomas Parker, 14th baron, circa 1686. Morley, co. Devon. John Parker, baron Bo- ringdon, created viscount Boringdon, of North Molton, CO. Devon, and earl of Morley, of same CO., Nov. 29, 1815. Mortimer. Ralph de IMortimer, baron by tenure of the Castle of Wigmore, temp. Wil- liam I. — Edmund Mortimer (of this family), summoned to parliament, June 23, 1295. — Roger Mortimer (son of the last-mentioned), created earl of March, 1328. Executed and attainted in 1330, and his honours forfeited. — Edmund Mortimer, summoned to parliament, Nov. 20, 1331. See March. Mortimer, of Richard's Castle, or Riccard's Castle, CO. Hereford. Robert de Mortimer, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Hugh de Mortimer, 4tli baron, summoned to parliament, Feb. 6, 1299. Probably in abe^^ance from 1304. ]Morti:\ier, of Chirke. Roger IMortimer, sum- moned to parliament Aug. 2(^ 13U7. This baron died 1336, and sir Harris Nicolas adds, " leaving John, his son and heir, Avhose pos- terity continued in the male line for several generations, but neither he nor any of his descendants were ever summoned to parlia- ment; the barony is, however, probably in abeyance among the descendants and repre- sentatives of the said John de Mortimer." Mortimer, of Wigmore. Robert Harley, created baron Harley, of Wigmore, co. Hereford, earl of Oxford and earl Mortimer, May 24, 1711. See Oxford; and note to Lord Presidents, page 118. MosTYN. Sir Edward Pryce Eloyd, bart., cre- ated baron Mostyn, of Mostyn, co. Flint, Sept. 8, 1831. Mount Edgcumbe. George Edgcumbe, baron Edgcumbe, created viscount Mount Edgcumbe and Va'letort, co. Devon. March 5, 1781 ; and earl of Mount Edgcumbe, of co. Devon, Aug. 31, 1789. Mount Stuart. Mary, daughter of Edward Wortley Montagu, and wife of John, earl of Bute (in Scotland), created baroness Mount Stuart, of Wortley, co. York, April 3, 1761. John Stuart, 4th earl of Bute (in Scotland), succeeded to this barony in Nov. 1794, and was created marquess of Bute in England, Feb. 20, 1796. See Bute. Mowbray. Nigel de Albini, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Roger de Mowbray, 7tli baron, summoned to parliament June 23, 1295. — John de Mowbray, Utli baron, created earl of Nottingham, July 16, 1377: died sine prole. — Thomas de Mowbray, brother, and 12th baron, created earl of Nottingham, 1383 ; and duke of Norfolk, Sept. 29, 1397. See Norfolk. This barony having fallen into abeyance, that state was not determined until April 1639, when Henry Howard, son and heir of Thomas, earl of Arundel, Norfolk, and Surrey, was summoned to parliament as baron Mowbray. The barony merged in the dukedom of Norfolk until 1777, and is now in abeyance. Mulgrave. Edmund Sheffield, baron Sheffield, created earl of Mulgrave, Feb. 7, 1626. — John Shcjifield, 3rd earl, created marquess of Nor- manby, co. Lincoln, May 10, 1694; and duke of Normanby, March 9, 1703. Created duke of Buckingham, March 23 following. Extinct 1735. — Constantine Phipps, 2nd baron Mul- grave (in Ireland), created baron Mulgrave, of Mulgrave, co. York, June 16, 1790 : died 1792, when the English barony became extinct. — Henry Phipps, 3rd baron Mulgrave (in Ire- land), created baron IVIulgrave, of Mulgrave aforesaid, Aug. 13, 1798. Created viscount Normanby, of Normanby, co. York, and earl of Mulgrave, same co., Sept. 7, 1812. — Con- stantine Henry Phipps, 2nd earl, created marquess of Normanby, June 23, 1838. See N^ormanbi/. MuLTON, of Gillesland. Thomas de Multon, lord of Multon, CO. Lincoln, baron by tenure, tenip. Henry I. — Thomas de Multon (of this family), summoned to parliament, Aug. 26, 1307. The barony came by an heir- female to the family of Dacre. Multon, of Egremont. Lambert de Multon, baron by tenure, temp. Henry III. — Thomas de Multon, summoned to parliament, Feb. 6, 1299. In abeyance from the death of the 4th baron, 1334. Munch ENsi. Hugh de Munchensi, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — William de Mun- chensi, summoned to parliament, Dec. 24, 1264. Extinct. 550 THE PEERAGE INIuNCY. Walter de IMuncy, summoned to par- liament Feb. G, 1299. "Du^^dale gives no account of this baron, nor does any other genealogical writer." — Sir Harris Nicholas. MuNSTEii. George Fitz - Clarence (natural son of William IV.), created earl of jMunster, vis- count Fitz-Ciarence, and baron Tewkesbury, May 12, 1831. INIuKKAY, barony of, Aug. 8, 1786. See Strange. MusGKAVE. Thomas IMusgrave, summoned to parliament Nov. 25, 1350. The descendants of this baron (who had summons until 1373), it is presumed, are still extant. N. Kelson. Sir Horatio Nelson, admiral, created baron Nelson of the Nile and of Burnham- Thorpe, co. Norfolk, Nov. 6, 1798. Created viscount Nelson, of the Nile, and of Burnham- Thorpe aforesaid. May 22, 1801. Created baron Nelson, of the Nile and of Flilborough, co. Norfolk, Aug. 4, 1801. Killed in the battle of Trafalgar, 1805, when the barony of Nelson, of Burnham-Thorpe, and the viscounty, became extinct, but the barony of Nelson of Hilborough descended. — William Nelson, brother, created viscount Merton, and Trafalgar of Merton, co. Surrev, and earl Nelson, of Merton and Tra- falgar, Nov. 20, 1805. [Lord Nelson obtained the distinction of duke of Bronte, in Sicily. See note to Admirals of Great Britain, page 290.] Nevill. Geoftrey de Nevill, baron by tenure, teinp. Henry II. — Ralph de Nevill, 5th baron, baron by writ, June 23, 1295. — Kalph de Nevill, 8th baron, summoned to parliament as " Ranulpho de Nevill de Baby," Dec. 6, 1389 ; created earl of Westmorland, Sept. 29, 1397. The barony continued merged in the earldom of Westmorland until 1570, when with that earldom it hecsime forfeited. See IVestmorland, Nevill. Hugh de Nevill, baron by tenure, temp. Henry III. — Hugh de Nevill (of this family), summoned to parliament as "Johanni de Nevill de Essex," Jan. 22, 133(5. Extinct 1358. Neville, of Berling, viscounty of, May 17, 1784. See Abergavenny. Newark. Robert Pierrepont,, created baron Pierrepont, of Holme-Pierrepont, co. Notting- ham, and viscount Newark, same co., June 29, 1627 ; and earl of Kingston, July 25, 1628. Extinct 1773. See Kingston. — Charles Medows (Pierrepont), created baron Pierrepont, of Holme-Pierrepont, co. Nottingham, and vis- count Newark, July 23, 1796. Created earl Manvers, April 9, 1806. See Manvers. Newburgii. George Cholmondeley, baron New- borough (in Ireland), created baron of New- burgh, in the Isle of Anglesey, July 2, 1716. Succeeded as earl Cholmondeley in 1725. See Cholmondeley. — George Horatio Cholmondeley (afterwards succeeded as marquess Cholmon- deley), summoned vita patris to the house of peers as baron Newburgh, Dec. 24, 1821. Newbury, barony of, Sept. 10, 1674. Extinct 1774. See Southampton. Newcastle. Lodovick Stuart, (earl of Rich- mond), created earl of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and duke of Richmond, May 17, 1623. Extinct 1624. — WiUiam Cavendish (of the family of Cavendish, earls of Devonshire), viscount OF ENGLAND. Mansfield, created baron Cavendish, of Bol- sover, CO. Nottingham, and earl of Newcastle- upon-Tyne, March 7, 1628. Created marquess of Newcastle, co. Northumberland, Oct. 27, 1643. Created earl of Ogle and duke of Nev/- castle, both co. Northumberland, March 16, 1664. He had succeeded to the barony of Ogle in 1629. All extinct, except this last barony, in 1691. — John Holies, earl of Clare, created marquess of Clare and duke of New- castle, May 14, 1694. Extinct 1711. — Thomas Pelham (Holies), baron Pelham, created vis- count Peiham and earl of Clare, Oct. 26, 1714. Created marquess of Clare and duke of New- castle, CO. iSorthumberland, Aug. 2, 1715. Created duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme, co. Stafford, Kov. 13, 1756 ; and baron Pelham, of Stanmere, co. Sussex, May 4, 1762. All ex- tinct in 1768, except the last dukedom and last barony (see Felhani). Henry Fiennes (Pelham) Clinton, earl of Lincoln, then suc- ceeded to the dukedom. Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton, who succeeded iu 1851, is the 5th and present duke. Newmarcii. Bernard Newmarch, baron by tenure, temp. William I. Adam de New- march (of this family), baron by writ, Dec. 24, 1264. His descendants w^ere never sum- moned. Newport. Montjoy Blount, baron Montjoy, created earl of Newport, Isle of Wight, Aug. 3, 1628. Extinct in the 4th earl, 1681. Newport. Richard Newport, created baron Newport, of High Ercall, co. Salop, Oct. 14, 1642. — Francis Newport, son, created vis- count Newport, of Bradford, co. Salop, March 11, 1675 ; and earl of Bradford, May 11, 1694. Extinct 1762. See Bradford. Newport, viscounty of, Sept. 30, 1815. See Bradford. NiDDRY. John Hope, general, of the family of Hope, earls of Hopetoun (in Scotland), cre- ated baron Niddry, of Niddry, co. Linlithgow, !May 3, 1814. Succeeded as earl of Hopetoun (in Scotland) in 1816 : died 1823. The barony merges in the Scotch earldom. Noel. Sir Edward Noel, bart., created baron Noel, of Ridlington, co. Rutland, March 23, 1617. Succeeded as viscount Campden and baron Hicks, 1629. — Edward Noel, created, vita patris, baron Noel, of Titchfield, co. Southampton, Feb. 3, 1682. Created earl of Gainsborough, Dec. 1, 1681. Extinct 1798. — Charles Noel Noel, baron Barham, created baron Noel, of Ridlington aforesaid, viscount Campden, of Campden, co. Gloucester, and earl of Gainsborough, co. Lincoln, Aug. 11, 1841. See Gainsborough. Nonsuch, barony of, Aug. 3, 1670. Extinct 1774. See Cleveland. Norfolk. Ralph de Waher, or Wacher, cre- ated earl of Norfolk and Suffolk, 1070. For- feited 1080. — Hugh Bigod, created earl of Norfolk, 1 136. Extinct 1305. — Thomas Plan- tagenet (son of Edward I.), created earl of Norfolk, Dec. 16, 1312. Extinct 1338.— Margaret, daughter, created duchess of Nor- folk for life, 1398. Extinct 1399.— Thomas de Mowbray, earl of Nottingham, created duke of Norfolk, Sept. 29, 1397: banished same year. — John Mowbray, son, restored 1424. Extinct 1475. — Richard Plantagenet, duke of York (2nd son of Edward IV.), created duke I of Norfolk, Feb. 7, 1477. Extinct, by his THE PEERAGE murder in the Tower, 1483. — John Howard, baron Howard, created duke of Norfolk, June 28, 1483. Slain at Bosworth 1485, attainted, and his honours forfeited. — Thomas Howard, son (created, vita patris, earl of Surrey, June :^8, 1483; attainted 1485; but restored to the oarldom, 148U), created duke of Norfolk, Feb. 1, 1514. — Thomas Howard, his son, who suc- ceeded, was attainted 154G', and his honours forfeited: these were restored to hhn in 1553. — Thomas Howard (son of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, who was belieaded, vita prdris, in 1547) succeeded in 1554: married Mary, daughter of Henry Fitz-AIan, earl of Arundel. Attainted and beheaded 1572, when all his honours became forfeited. — Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel by descent and tenure, re- stored in blood, and to the earldoms of Arundel and Surrey, 1003.'^ Created earl of Norfolk, June 6, 1G44. — Thomas Howard, son of the List- named earl, restored to the dukedom of Norfolk by act of parliament, Dec. 29, 1660.3 Henry Howard, created, in addition, baron Howard of Castle-Rising, March 27, 1669, and earl of Norwicii, Oct. 19, 1672. These two last became extinct 1777, and the baronies of Howard and Mowbray fell into abeyance. Henry-Charles Howard is the 13th and pre- sent duke of Norfolk, and earl of Arundel, Surrey and Norfolk, and baron Fitz-Alan, Clun and Oswaldestre, and JMaltravers. NoKMANBY. John Sheffield, earl of Mulgrave, created marquess of Normanby, co. Lincoln, May 10, 1694. Created duke of Normanby, March 9, 1703; and duke of Buckingham, March 23, same year. Extinct in the second duke 1735. — Henry Phipps, baron Mulgrave, created viscount Normanby, of Normanby, co. York, and earl of Mulgrave, same county, Sept. 7, 1812. — Constantine Henry Phipps, son, se- cond earl, created marquess of Normanby, of Normanby aforesaid, June 23, 1838. NoiiREYS. Henry Norreys, created baron Nor- reys, of Rycote, co. Oxford; summoned as " Henrico Norris de Rycote, chancellor," May 8, 1572. — Francis Norreys, created viscount Thame and earl of Berkshire, Jan. 28, 1620. The viscounty and earldom became extinct same year; but the barony devolved to the family of Bertie, and has merged in the earldom of Abingilon. North. Edward North, baron North, of Kirt- ling, CO. Camb., summoned to parliament, Feb. 17, 1554, as "Edwardo North, chevalier." — Charles North, 5th baron, summoned as baron Grey, of Rollestone, Oct. 17, 1673. The barony of Grey of Rollestone became extinct 1734, but that of North devolved on Francis North, baron Guilford, created earl of Guil- ford, April 8, 1752. — Of this family was Fre- derick North, the distinguished statesman, who succeeded as Ccirl of Guilford in 1790, and died OF ENGLAND. 551 in 1792. The barony of North is in abeyance since 1802. See Guilford. NoiiTiiALLKiiTON, viscounty of, Nov. 9, 1706. IVlerged in the crown 172f. See Caml>ridqc. NoKTiiAMPTON. Walthcof, earl of Huntingdon, Northampton, and Nortliuinberland (sou of Seward, earl of those counties before the Con- quest), beheaded, and his honours forfeited^ 1073. — Simon de St. Liz, created earl of llunt- ingdon and Northampton, 1073. Extinct 1184. — William de liohun, created earl of Northampton, March 17, 1337. Extinct 1471. — William Parr, baron Parr and earl of Essex, created marquess of Northampton, Feb. 16, 1547. Forfeited 1554. Restored 1559. Ex- tinct 1571. — Henry Howard, created baron Howard, of IMarnlnll, co. Dorset, and earl of Northampton, March 13, 1004. Extinct 1614. — William Compton, baron Com))ton, created earl of Northampton, Aug. 2, 1618. The ba- rony of Compton devolved to an heir-female, 1754. — Charles Compton (9th earl of this family), created baron Wilmington, of Wil- mington, CO. Sussex, earl Compton, of Comp- ton, CO. Warwick, and marquess of the co. of Northampton, Sept. 7, 1812. NoKTHiNGTON. Robert Henley, baron Henley, created viscount Henley and earl of Northing- ton, CO. Hants, May 19, 1764. Lord chancellor. Extinct in his son, second earl, 1786. Northumberland. Morcar, earl of North- umberland before the Conquest. Deprived. — Copsi, earl of Northumberland 1068. Mur- dered same year. — Robert Comyn, earl of Northumberland 1068. Killed in an insurrec- tion 1069. — Waltheof, earl of Northumberland, Northampton, and Huntingdon. Forfeited 1073. The first nobleman beheaded in Eng- land. — Walcher de Lorraine, bishop of Dur- ham, earl of Northumberland, 1076. Extinct 1080. — Alberic, earl of Northumberland. Re- linquished the earldom 1085. — Geotfrey, bishop of Coutance, earl of Northumberland 1085. — Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumberland. Deprived area 1095. — Hugh Pudsey, bishop of Durham, earl of Northumberland 1192. Extinct 1194. — Henry, lord Percy, created earl of Northumberland July 16, 1377. Slain, attainted, and his honours /or/czYec/ 1408. — Henry Percy (Hotspur) restored, Nov. 11, 1414. Again forfeited, in his son, who was slain, 1461. — John Nevill, baron Montagu, created earl of Northumberland, May 27, 1464. Iielinquished this earldom 1470, and was created marquess of Montague. Slain £it the battle of Barnet, 1472. — Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland 1470. Extinct 1537. — John Dudley, earl of Warwick, created duke of Northumberland, Oct. 11, 1551. Beheaded 1553, and his honours forfeited. — Thomas Percy*, created earl of Northumberland, May I 1, 1557. Beheaded 1572. Henry Percy, 1 See Note to Administrations of England, page 89. 2 By act of parliament 3 Charles I. 1627, the earldom of Arundel and the titles and dignities of the baronies of Fitz-Alan, Clun and Oswaldestre. and ^laitravers, were annexed to the titl,-, honour, and dignity of earl of Arundel, and, together with the tarldom of Arundel, were settled upon this earl and his heirs. 3 This act was confirmed by a second act, passed Dec. 20, 16G1. These acts gave to this duke and his s-iccessor^ the original precedence of their ancestor, Jolm Howard, the first duke of the Howard family ; and the dukes of Norfolk accordingly date their dukedom from the 1st year of Richard HI., June 28, 1483. 4 Thomas Percy, baron Fercv, Poynings, I.ucy, Bryan, and Fitz-Paine ; and earl of Northumberland. This Thomas, 7th earl of Northumberland, was nephew to Henry, the 6th earl, who died in 1537, he being eldest son of sir Thomas Percy, executed for rebellion in 1537. and he revived the earldom after it had b^ en extinguished twenty years in this family. He was beheaded in 1572 ; but by virtue of the entail, his brother Henry succeeded N N 4 552 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. brother, however, succeeded (see note below). Extinct 1670. — George Fitz-Roy (natural son of Charles II.) created baron of Pontefract, co. York, viscount Falmouth, co. Cornwall, and earl of Northumberland, Oct. 1, 1674; and duke of Northumberland April 6, 1683. Ex- tinct 1716. — Algernon Seymour, duke of Somerset, created baron Warkworth, of VVark- worth Castle, co. Northumberland, and earl of Northumberland, Oct. 2, 1749. Created baron Cockermouth and earl of Egremont, next day : died sine prole masculd 1750. — Sir Hugh Smithson, bart., assumed the name of Percy ; became (by marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of the above-named duke of Somerset), baron Warkworth and earl of Northumberland. Created earl Percy and duke of Northumber- land, Oct. 18, 1766. Created baron Louvaine, of Alnwick, Jan. 28, 1784. NoRTHwicK. Sir John Rushout, bart., created baron Northwick, of Northwick Park, co. Worcester, Oct. 20, 1797. NoRTHwoDE. John de Northwode, summoned to parliament June 8, 1294, and Jan. 8, 1313. Probably in abevance from the death of the 3rd baron in 1379. Norwich. John de Norwich, baron bv writ, Feb. 25, 1342. Extinct 1374. — Edward Den- ney, baron Denney, created earl of Norwich, Oct. 24, 1626. Extinct 1630.— George Goring, baron Goring, created earl of Norwich, Nor. 8, 1645. Extinct 1672. — Henry Howard, baron Howard, of Castle-Rising, created earl of Noi*wich, Oct. 19, 1672. The barony and earl- dom became extinct on the death of Edward, duke of Norfolk, in 1777. See Norfolk.— Alexander Gordon, duke of Gordon (in Scot- land), created earl of Norwich, and baron Gordon, of Huntly, co. Gloucester, July 12, 1784. Extinct on the death of the last duke of Gordon in 1836. Nottingham. William de Peverel, (natural son of William the Conqueror), earl of Notting- ham, 1008. — William de Ferrers, earl of Derby, became earl of Nottingham (in right of his wife, Margaret, daughter of Peverel) 1138. Extinct 1219. — John, baron Mowbray, of Ax- hohne, created earl of Nottingham, July 16, 1377. Extinct 1383. — Tliomas, brother, created earl of Nottingham 1383, and duke of Norfolk, Sept. 29, 1397. Extinct 1475.— Richard Plantagenet, duke of York, created earl of Nottingham, June 12, 1476. Murdered in the Tower 1483. Extinct. — William, baron Berkeley, created earl of Nottingham, June 28, 1483, and marquess Berkeley, 1488. Ex- tinct 1491. — Henry Fitzroy (natural son of Henry VIII.), created earl of Nottingham and duke of Richmond, June 18, 1525. Extinct 1536. — Charles Howard, baron Howard of Effingham, created earl of Nottingham, Oct. 22, 1597. Extinct in the third earl of this family, 1681. — Heneage Finch, baron Finch of Daventry, created earl of Nottingham, May 12, 1681. Lord chancellor. This earldom has been united to that of Winchilsea since 1729. See Winchilsea. NuNEHAM, viscounty of, Dec. 1, 1749. See JJaj'court. o. OcKHAM. William King, baron King, created viscount Ockham, of Ockham, co. Surrey, and earl of Lovelace, June 23, 1838. See Lovelace. Ogle. Sir Robert Ogle, baron Ogle, of Ogle Castle, CO. Northumberland, by summons, July 26, 1461. In abeyance from 1597 until 1628, when Catherine, daughter of the 7tli and last baron, had her right confirmed by patent dated Dec. 4 in that year. The barony passed into the family of Cavendish, dukes of Newcastle, of whom William Cavendish was created baron Ogle, of Bothal, Nov. 3, 1620, and earl of Ogle, both of co. Northumberland, March 16, 1664. In 1791, the barony of Ogle, of Bothal, and the earldom of Ogle became extinct, and the ancient barony again fell into abeyance. Oldcastle. John Oldcastle, summoned to par- liament Oct. 26, 1409. Extinct circa 1417. Onslow. Sir Richard Onslow, bart., created baron Onslow, of Onslow, co. Salop, and of West Clandon, co. Surrey, June 25, 1716. — George Onslow, 4th baron Onslow, and 1st baron Cranley, created viscount Cranley, of Cranlev, co. Surrev, and earl of Onslow, co. Salop, June 19, 1801. Orford. Edward Russell (of the family of Russell, dukes of Bedford), admiral, created baron of Shingay, co. Cambridge, viscount Barfleur, in the duchy of Normandy, and earl of Orford, co. Suff'olk, May 7, 1697. Extinct 1727. — Sir Robert Walpole, bart., created baron of Houghton and viscount Walpole, co. Norfolk, and earl of Orford, co. Sufi*olk, Feb. 6, 1742. — Robert Walpole, son, created, vita patris, baron Walpole, of Walpole, co. Norfolk, June 1, 1723 ; succeeded to the earldom 1745. The barony of Houghton, viscounty of Walpole, and earl- dom of Orford became extinct 1797. — Horatio Walpole, 2d baron Walpole, of Woolterton, (see fFalpole)^ succeeded as 4th baron Wal- pole, of ^Valpole, 1797. Created earl of Or- ford, April 10, 1806. Oriel. Rt. hon. John Foster (formerly speaker of the Irish house of commons), created baron Oriel, of Ferrard, co. Louth, July 17, 1821 : married IMargaret- Amelia Burgh, wl\o was created baroness Oriel and viscountess Ferrard in the peerage of Ireland. The English ba- rony merges in the Irish viscounty of Masse- reene and Ferrard. OiiMELiE. John Campbell, earl of Breadalbane (in Scotland), baron Breadalbane, created earl of Ormelie and marquess of Breadalbane, Sept. 12, 1831. See Breadalbane. Ormond, of Rochford. Thomas Butler, earl of Carrick and Ormond (in Ireland), summoned to parliament, Oct. 14, 1495. In abeyance from 1515. Ormond. James Butler, duke of Ormond (in Ireland), and earl of Brecknock in England, created duke of Ormond, Nov. 9, 1682. For- feited by his grandson in 1715. Ormond, of Llanthony. James Butler, earl of Ormond (in Ireland), created baron Ormond, of Llanthony, co. Monmouth, July 17, 1821. to the honours and estate. On the death of Josceline, the 11th earl, in 1670, the earldom became extinct ; but the baronies of Percy, Lucy, Poynings, Bryan, Fitz-Paine, and Latimer, went to his only daughter, who married the duke of Somerset, whose son was created ecrl of Northumberland. Bcafson. THE PEERAGE Advanced to the dignity of marquess of Ormond in the peerage of Ireland, Oct. 5, 1825. OiniEBY. John de Orrcby, baron Orreby by summons, March 4, 1309. Extinct 1313.' OsnoRXE, barony of, Aug. 15, 1673. See Latimer and Leeds. OssuLSTON. John Bennet, created baron Ossul- ston, CO. Middlesex, Nov. 24, 1682. See Tan- kerville. OvEHSTONE. Samuel Jones LIo3^d, created baron Overstone, of Overstone and Fothering- hay, both co. Northampton, Feb. 28, 1850. OxENFOouD. John Hamilton Dalrymple, gene- ral, earl of Stair (in Scotland), created baron Oxenfoord, of Consland, co. Edinburgh, Aug. 11, 1841. Oxford. Aubrey de Vere, baron of Sandford, created earl of Oxford by the empress Maud, 1137. Contirmed in the earldom by Henry I. 1155. — Robert de Vere, 9tli earl, created mar- quess of Dublin, Dec. 1, 1385 ; and duke of Ire- land, March 18, 1387. Banished, and his ho- noms forfeited, 1388. — Aubrey de Vere, uncle, was granted the earldom 1392. — John de Vere, 12th earl, beheaded, and his honours forfeited, 1461.- John de Vere, 13th earl, restored 1464; attainted 1474, and the earldom again for- feited. The honours of this family were once more restored 1485. The earldom became extinct 1702. — Robert Harley, the celebrated minister, created baron Harley, of Wigmore, CO. Hereford, and earl of Oxford and earl Mortimer, May 24, 1711. Alfred Harley, the 6th, is the present earl. P. Paget. Sir William Paget, summoned to par- liament as baron Paget, of Beaudesert, co. Stafford, Dec. 3, 1549. Forfeited 1581. The honours restored to William, 4th baron, 1603. — Henry Paget, baron Burton, created earl of Uxbridge, co. Middlesex, Oct. 19, 1714. The barony of Burton and the earldom became extinct 1769, — Henry Bailey (Paget), created earl of Uxbridge, May 19, 1784. — Henry William Paget, son, created marquess of An- glesey, July 4, 1815. See Anglesey. Panimuiie. William Maule (of the family of Ramsay, earls of Dalhousie in Scotland : changed the paternal name to Maule), created baron Panmure, of Brechin and Navar, co. Forfar, Sept. 9, 1831. Parker. Thomas Parker, created baron Par- ker, of Macclestield, co. Chester, March 10, 1716. Created viscount Parker, of Ewelme, CO. Oxford, and earl of Macclesfield, Nov. 5, 1721. See 3IacclesJield. Parr. William Parr, created baron Parr, of Kendal, co. Westmorland, April 28, 1539, and earl of Essex, Dec. 23, 1543. — William Parr (of same family), created baron Parr, of Horton, co. Northampton, Dec. 23, 1543. Ex- tinct 1546. P ASTON, barony of, Aug. 19, 1673. See Yar- mouth. Pateshull. John de Pateshull, summoned to parliament Feb. 25, 1342 ; but not afterwards. Extinct 1366. Paynell. Hugh Paynell, baron by tenure, temp. John. — John Paynell, summoned as baron Paynell de Drax, Dec. 29, 1299. — Wil- OF ENGLAND. 553 liam Paynell (of this family), summoned Nov. 12, 1303. The last extinct 1317. Peche. Gilbert Peche, lord Peche, of Prune, in Cambridgeshire, summoned Dec. 29, 12!)9. — John Peche, summoned May 15, 1321. In abeyance. Pelham. Sir Thomas Pelham, bart., created baron Pelham, of Laugh ton, co. Sussex, Dec. 29, 1706. — Thomas Pelham (Holies), son, created viscount Pelham, of Houghton, co. Nottingham, and earl of Clare, Oct. 26, 1714. Created marquess of Clare and duke of New- castle-upon-Tyne, Aug. 2, 1715. See New- castle. Created baron Pelham, of Stan mere, CO. Sussex, INIay 4, 1762. This last barony has descended to the Pelhams, earls of Chi- chester. PeisibroivE. Arnulf de INIontgomery, created earl of Pembroke 1087. Extinct n\ him. — Gilbert de Clare, created earl of Pembroke, 1138. Extinct 1245. — William de Valence, created earl of Pembroke, 1247. Extinct in his son, 1323. — Laurence, baron Hastings, created earl of Pembroke, Oct. 13, 1339. Ex- tinct 1389. — Humphrey Plantagenet (son of Henry IV.), summoned as earl of Pembroke and duke of Gloucester, Sept. 26, 1414. Ex- tinct 1446. — William de la Pole, marquess of Suffolk, and by grant earl of Pembroke, 1446. Forfeited 1450.— Jasper Tudor, of Hatfield, created earl of Pembroke, 1452. Extinct 1461. — William Herbert, baron Herbert, of Chep- stow, created earl of Pembroke, May 27, 1468. Extinct in his son, w^ho had exchanged the dig- nity for that of Huntingdon. — Edward Plan- tagenet, prince of Wales, created earl of March and Pembroke, July 8, 1479. Merged in th crown, 1483. — Anna Boleyn, created mar- chioness of Pembroke, Sept. 1, 1532. Merged in her dignity as queen of Henry VIII. 1533. — William Herbert (of the above family of Herbert), created baron Herbert, of Cardiff, Oct. 10, 1551, and earl of Pembroke the next day. Philip Herbert, 4th earl, who succeeded 1630, and had been created earl of Montgomery and baron Herbert, of Sliurland, in 160 ), united those dignities with those of Pembroke. Robert Henry Herbert, the present peer, is the 12th earl of Pembroke and 9th earl of Mont- gomery. Pensiiurst. Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe, viscount Strangford (in Ireland), created baron Penshurst, of Penshurst, co. Kent, Jan. 26, 1825. Percy. William de Percy, surnamed Algernon, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Henry de Percv, 10th baion, summoned to parliament Feb.'^e, 1299. — Henry de Percy, 13th baron, created earl of Northumberland, July 16, 1377. See Northumberland. — Sir Hugh Smithson (Percy), earl of Northumberland, created earl Percy and duke of Northumberland, Oct. 18, 1766. See Northumberland. Percy, of Alnwick. Henry Percy, created baron Percy, of Alnwick, co. Northumberland, June 28, 1643. Extinct 1652. Perth. James Drummond (of the family of Drummond, former earls of Perth, in Scot- land), created lord Perth, baron Drummond, of Stob Hall, CO. Perth, Oct. 26, 1797. Extinct 1800. Peterborough. John Mordaunt, baron Mor- daunt, created earl of Peterborough, March 9, 1028. Extinct 1814. 554 THE PEERAGE Petersfield, barony of, Aug. 19, 1673. Ex- tinct 1734:. See Portsmouth. Pjcti<:ksiiam, barony of, June 25, 1G74. Extinct 1682. ^ee Guilford. Petersham, viscounty of, Feb. 9, 1742. See Harrington. PicTiJE. John Petre, created baron Petre, of Writtle, CO. Essex, July 21, 1603. The present is 12th baron. Pevensey, viscounty of, May 14, 1730. Extinct 1743. See Wilmington. PiEKKEPONT. Robert Pierrepont, created baron Pierrepont, of Hobne-Pierrepont, co. Notting- ]iarn, and viscount Newark, June 29, 1627. Cieated earl of Kingston July 25, 1628. Ex- tinct 1773. See Kingston. PiEiiREPONT, of Ilanslape. Gervase Pierrepont, baron Pierrepont (in Ireland), created baron Pierrepont, of Hanslape, co. 13ucks, Oct. 19, 1714. Extinct 1715. Pip:iuiepont, baron}^ of, July 23, 1796. See Newark. Pitt, viscounty of, Aug. 4, 1756. Pee Chathrm. Pleydeel-Bouvekie, barony of, Oct. 31, 1765. See Radnor. Plunket. William-Conyngham Plunket, created baron Plunket, of NewtoAvn, co. Cork, June 1, 1827. Lord Chancellor in Ireland. Plyimoutii. Charles Fitz-Charles (natural son of Charles IL), created baron Dartniouth, vis- count Totnes, and earl of Plymouth, all in CO. Devon, July 29, 1675. Extinct 1680. — Thomas- Hickman Windsor, baron Windsor, created earl of Plvmouth, Dec. 6, 1682. Ex- tinct 1U3. Pointz. Hugh Pointz, lord Point z, of Cory- Mallet, CO. Somerset, sunnnoiied to parliament June 24, 1295. In abeyance from 1333. Poltimore. Sir George-Warwick Bampfylde, bart., created baron Poltimore, of Poltimore, CO. Devon, Sept. 7, 1831. PoMEiiAi. Ralph.de Pomerai, who held divers lordships at the Survey, baron by tenure, temp. William I. The succession of these barons ends with Henry de Pomerai, 7tli baron, temp. Edward I. " As none of his descendants were ever summoned, they ceased to be ranked among the barons of the realm until 1783, when Arthur Pomeroy, the heir male of tliis Henry, was created baron Harberton, in Ireland." Po.AiFKET. Thomas Fermor, baron Dempster (or Leominster), created earl of Pomfret, of Pomfret or Pontefract, co. York, Dec. 27, 1721. PoxsoNBY. Brabazon Ponsonby, earl of Bes- borough (in Ireland), created baron Ponsonby, of Sysonby, co. Leicester, June 12, 1749. Merged in the Irish earldom. Ponsonby, of Imokilly. William Ponsonby (of the family of Ponsonby, earls of Besborough, in Ireland), created baron Ponsonby, of Imo- killy, CO. Cork, March 13, 1806. — John Pon- sonbv, son, created viscount Ponsonby, April 20, 1839. PoRoiiESTER. Henry Herbert (of the family of Herbert, earls of Pembroke), created baron Porchester, of High Clere, co. Hants, Oct. 17, 1780. Created earl of Carnarvon, July 3, 1793. See Carnarvon. Portland. Richard Weston, baron Weston, created earl of Portland, Feb. 17, 1633. Ex- tinct 1688. — William Bentinck, created baron of Cirencester, co. Gloucester, viscount Wood- stock, of Woodstock, CO, Oxford, and earl of Portland, co. Dorset, April i\ 1C89. — Hcniy OF ENGLAND. Bentinck, 2d earl, created marquess of Titcli- field, CO. Southampton, and duke of Portland, July 6, 1716. Portman. Edward Berkeley Portman, created baron Portman, of Orchard-Portman, co. Somerset, Jan. 27, 1837. Portsmouth. Louise Renee de Querouadle (mistress of Charles IL), created baroness Petersfield, co. Southampton, countess of Fiireham, same co., and duchess of Ports- mouth, Aug. 19, 1673. Extinct 1734. — John Wallop, baron Wallop and viscount Lyming- ton, created earl of Portsmouth, April 11, 1743. Poulett. John Poulett, created baron Poulett, of Hinton St. George, co. Somerset, June 23, 1627. — John Poulett, 4th baron, created vis- count Hinton, of Hinton St. George aforesaid, and earl Poulett, Dec. 29, 1706. Powis. Sir William Herbert (of the fomily of Herbert, earls of Pembroke), created baron Powis, of Powis Castle, co. IMontgomery, April 2, 1629. — William Herbert, 3rd baron, created earl of Powis, co. Montgomery, April 4, 1674 ; and viscount Montgomery and mar- quess of Powis, March 24, 1687. All extinct in 1748. — Henry- Arthur Herbert, baron Her- bert, of Cherbury, created baron Powis, of Powis Castle aforesaid, viscount Ludlow, co. Salop, and earl of Powis, May 27, 1748. Ex- tinct 1801. — Edward Clive, baron Clive (also baron Clive, in Ireland), created baron Powis, of Powis Castle, co. Montgomery, baron Her- bert, of Cherbury, co. Salop, viscount Clive, of Ludlow, and earl of Powis, in said co. of Montgomery, May 14, 1804. PoYNiNGS. Michael de Poynings, lord Poynings, summoned to parliament, Feb. 25, 1342. — Henry Percy (afterwards earl of Northumber- land), summoned, jure uxoris, Dec. 14, 1446. This barony merged in the earldom of Nor- thumberland. Poynings. Thomas Poynings, created baron Poynings, Jan. 30, 1545. Extinct 1560. Prudhoe. Gilbert de Umfraville, earl of Angus (in Scotland), baron of Prudhoe, co. Northum- berland, 1295. Extinct 1437. — Algernon Percy (brother of Hugh, duke of Northum- berland), created baron Prudhoe, of Prudhoe Castle, CO. Northumberland, Nov. 27, 1816. Merged in the dukedom of Northumberland. Pulteney, viscounty of, July 14, 1742. Ex- tinct 1764. See Bnth. Purbeck. John Villiers, created baron Vil- liers, of Stoke, co. Buckingham, and viscount Purbeck, co. Dorset, June 19, 1619. Extinct 1657. QuARENDON. Sir Edward-Heory Lee, bart., created baron Spellesbury, co. Oxford, vis- count Quarendon, co. Bucks, and earl of Lich- field, CO. Stalford, June 5, l-'i74. Extinct in Itobert Lee, 4th earl, 1776. See Lichfield. E. Raby. Thomas Wentworth, viscount Went- wortli, created baron Raby, of Raby Castle, CO. Durham, and earl of Strafford, Van. 12, 1640. For felled 1641. See Strafford. — THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 555 William Wentuwth, restored to his father's honours, Dec. 1, 16G5 ; but all became extinct, except this barony, 1695. — Thomas Went- worth, ord baron Raby, crented viscount Wentworth and earl of Strafford, Sept. 4, 1711. Extinct 1799. See Strafford. Radnor. John Robartes, baron 'Robartes, cre- ated viscount Bodmin, co. Cornwall, and earl of Radnor I, in Wales, July 23, 1079. Extinct 1764. — William Bouverie, viscount Folke- stone, created baron Pleydell-Bouverie, of Coleshill, CO. Berks, and earl of the co. Radnor, Oct. 31, 1765. Ranfurly. Thomas Knox, viscount North- land (in Ireland), created baron Ranfurly, of Ramphorlie, co. Renfrew, July 6, 1826. Cre- ated earl of Ranfurly (in Ireland), Sept. 7, 1831. RA'rcMFFE and Langley, viscounty of, March 7, 1G88. Forfeited 1716. See Derwentwater. Ravensworth. Sir Henry Liddell, bart., cre- ated lord Ravens worth, baron of Ravens- worth, CO. Durham, June 29, 1747. Extinct 1749. — Sir Thomas-Henry Liddell, bart., created baron Ravensworth, of Ravensworth Castle, CO. Durham, July 17, 1821. Rawdon. Francis Rawdon (Hastings), earl of Moira (in Ireland), created viscount Loudoun, earl of Rawdon, and marquess of Hastings, Dec . 7, 1 8 1 6. See Hastings. Rayleigh. Charlotte-IMaiy Gertrude Strutt, created baroness Rayleigh, of Terling Place, CO. Essex, July 18, 1821. Succeeded by her son, John- James Strutt, present peer, Sept. 12, 1836. Raymond. Robert Raymond, created lord Raymond, baron of Abbot's Langley, co. Hert- ford, Jan. 15, 1732. Extinct 1753." Redksdale. Sir John Freeman-Mitford, knt,, created baron Redesdale, of Redesdale, co. Northumberland, Feb. 15, 1802. Renfrew. See Rothesay. RiALToN, viscounty of, Dec. 29, 1706. Extinct 1766. See Godolphin. Ribrlesdai.e. Thomas Lister, created baron Ribblesdale, of Gisburne Park, west riding co. York, Oct. 26, 1797. Rich. Richard Rich, created baron Rich, of Leeze, co. Essex, Feb. 16, 1547. Lord chan- cellor. Extinct 1759. See Warwick. Richmond. Alan of Britanny, created earl of Richmond by William the Conqueror for his services in the battle of Hastings, 1067. The earldom passed, through a female heir, to Geoffrey Plantagenet (son of Henry II.), 1171 ; and to the family of Dreux, 1219 ; and even- tually reverted to the crown, 1341. — John Plantagenet, surnamed of Gaunt, created earl of Richmond, Sept. 20, 1342: relinquished the title, 1372. — John, earl of Montfort and duke of Britanny, created earl of Richmond, June 20, 1372. Forfeited 1391. — Ralph Nevill, earl of Westmorland, by grant earl of Rich- mond, 1399: he did not assume the title. — John Plantagenet, duke of Bedford, created earl of Richmond, 1414. Extinct 1435, — Edmund Tudor, created earl of Richmond, Nov. 23, 1452. Merged in the crown on Henry Tudor, his son, ascending the throne as Hemy VIL, 1485. — Henry Fitz-Roy (na- tural son of Hen. VI IT.), created earl of Not- tingham and duke of Richmond and Somerset, June 18, 1525. Extinct 1536. — Lodovick Stuart, duke of Lenox (in Scotland), created baron of Settrington, co. York, and earl of Richmond, Oct. 6, 1613, and earl of Newcastle- upon-Tyne and duke of Richmond, May 17, 1623. Extinct 1624. — James Stuart, duke of Lenox (in Scotland), created duke of Rich- mond, Aug. 8, 1641. Extinct 1672. — Charles Lenox (natural son of Charles II.), created baron of Settrington, earl of March, and duke of Richmond, all in co. York, Aug. 9, 1675. Charles Lenox Gordon is the 5tli and present duke of Richmond. RiPARiis, or Rivers. John de Ripariis, sum- moned to parliament Feb. (5, 1299. Of this barony nothing is known after the summons of the 2nd baron in 1315. RiPON. Rt. hon. Frederick-John Robinson, created viscount Goderich, of Nocton, co. Lincoln, April 25, 1827. Created earl of Ripon, CO. York, April 10, 1833. RiVEus. Richard Widvile (Woodville), cre- ated baron Rivers, of Grafton, co. Northamp- ton, May 29, 1448 ; and earl Rivers, May 21, 1466. Extinct in the 3rd earl, 1491.— Thomas Darcy, baron Darcy and viscount Colchester, created earl Rivers, Nov. 4, 1626. Extinct in the Savage family, 1728. — [Eliza- beth (daughter of Thomas, baron Darcy, and widow of Thomas, viscount Savage) had been created countess Rivers for life, April 21, 1641 : died 1650.] Rivers. George Pitt, created baron Rivers, of Strathfieldsaye, co. Southampton, May 20, 1776. Created baron Rivers, of Sudeley Castle, CO. Gloucester, April. 1, 1802. The 1st barony became extinct 1828 ; the latter de- scends. Robartes. Sir Richard Robartes, bart., created baron Robartes, of Truro, co. Cornwall, Jan. 16, 1625.1 — John Robartes, son, created vis- count Bodmin, co. Cornwall, and earl of Rad- nor, in Wales, July 23, 1679. Extinct 1764. Roche. Thomas de la Roche, summoned to parliament, Dec. 29, 1299. Probably in abey- ance. Rochester. Sir Robert Carr, created viscount Rochester, March 25, 1611 ; baron Brancepeth, CO. Durham, and earl of Somerset, Nov. 3, 1813. Extinct 1645. — Henry Wilmot, baron Wilmot (and viscount Wilmot, in Ireland), created earl of Rochester, Dec. 13, 1652. Ex- tinct 1681. — Laurence Hyde, viscount Hyde, created earl of Rochester, Nov. 29, 1682. Ail extinct 1753. RocHFORD. Thomas Boleyn, created viscount Rochford, June 18, 1525 ; and earl of Wilt- shire, Dec. 8, 1529. Extinct 1538. — Henry Cary, or Carey, baron Hunsdon, created vis- count Rochfort, Julv 6, 1621 ; and earl of Dover, March 8, 1627. Extinct 1677. See Dover. — William-Henry Nassau de Zuleistein, 1 John, lord Robartes, was created viscount Bodmin and earl of Falmonth, but his majesty (Charles IT.) was afterwards pleased to change his earldom to that of Radnor. The prenoiis lionours, and the several high offices in the state that were conferred upon this nobleman's family, Dugdale observes, they owed to their great wealth and the many fair lordships they enjoyed ; and instances a charge made against Villiers, duke of Buckingham, in the house of commons (2d Charles !.)> namely, " that the said duke, knowing him (the 1st lord Robartes) to be rich, had forced his honours upon him, for which, in consideration, he had paid 10,000/. to the duke's use." Ee this as it may, the family proved well worthy of their honours. 556 THE PEERAGE created baron of Enfield, co. Middlesex, vis- count Tunbridge, co. Kent, and earl of Roch- ford, CO. Essex, May 10, 1G95. Extinct 1830. Rockingham. Sir Lewis Watson, bart., cre- ated baron Rockingham, of Rockingham Castle, CO. Northampton, Jan. 29, 1(345. — Lewis Watson, 3rd baron, created baron of Throwley and viscount Sondes, of Lees Court, both CO. Kent (which honours were borne by his father-in-law, sir George Sondes), and earl of Rockingham, co. Northampton, Oct. 19, 1714. The barony of Throwley, viscounty, and earldom extinct 1746 ; but the barony of Rockingham descended. — Thomas W atson (Wentworth), earl of Malton, created mar- quess of Rockingham, April 19, 174G. Extinct 1782. RocKSAVAGE, earldom of, Nov. 22, 1815. See Cholmondeley. Rodney. Admiral sir George Brydges Rodney, bart., created baron Rodney, of Rodney Stoke, CO. Somerset, June 19, 1782. RoLLE. Henry Rolle, created baron Rolle, of Stevenstone, co. Devon, Jan. 8, 1748. Extinct 1750. — John Rolle, created baron Rolle, of Stevenstone aforesaid, June 20, 1796. Extinct 1842. RoMNEY. Henry Sydney, viscount Sydney, created earl of Romne}^ co. Kent, April 25, 1694. Extinct 1704. — Sir Robert Marsham, bart., created baron of Romney, co. Kent, June 25, 1716. — Charles Marsham, 3rd baron, created viscount Marsham, of the Mote, same CO., and earl of Romney, June 22, 1801. Ros, or Roos, of Hamlake. Peter de Ros, or Roos, lord of Roos, in Holdernesse, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — Robert de Roos, 6th baron, summoned to parliament, Dec. 24, 1-294. Forfeited 1461. The attainder of Thomas, 15th baron, was reversed 1485, and the barony soon after came to the family of Manners, of which Francis Manners obtained a patent of the dignity, July 22, 1616. This latter became extinct 1632 ; but the original barony devolved to the Villiers family, and in 1687 fell into abeyance until 1806, when that state was terminated in favour of Charlotte, wife of lord Henry Fitzgerald, of the family of Fitzgerald, dukes of Leinster. Her son is the present peer. Ros. John de Ros, summoned to parliament Jan. 27, 1332. Extinct on his death in 1338. RosKBERY. Archibald-John Primrose, earl of Rosebery (in Scotland), created baron Rose- bery, of Rosebery, co. Edinburgh, Jan. 17, 1828. Merged in the Scotch earldom of Rosebery. Ross. George Boyle, earl of Glasgow (in Scot- land), created baron Ross, of Hawkhead, co. Renfrew, July 18, 1815. Merged in the Scotch earldom of Glasgow. RossiE. George-William Fox, lord Kinnaird (in Scotland), created baron Rossie, of Rossie, CO. Perth, June 16, 1831. RossLYN. Alex. Wedderburn, baron Loughbo- rough, Lord Chancellor : created earl of lioss- lyn, CO. Mid-Lothian, April 21, 1801. RossMOiiE. Warner William Westenra, baron Rossmore (in Ireland), created baron Ross- more, of Rossmore Castle, co. Monaghan, June , 23, 1838. Rothesay. The heir apparent to the throne of Scotland has always been created duke of Rothesay, earl of Carrick, and baron of Rcn- OF ENGLAND. frew, since the union with Scotland, when these titles became dignities in the peerage of the United Kingdom, See Wales. Rous. Sir John Rous, bart., created baron Rous, of Dennington, co. Suffolk, June 14, 1796. Created viscount Dunwich and earl of Stradbroke, co. Suffolk, July 18, 1821. See Stradbroke. RoYSTON, viscounty of, April 2, 1754. See Hardwicke. Russell. William Russell, created baron Russell, of Cheneys, co. Buckingham, IMarch 9, 1539 ; and earl of Bedford, Jan. 19, 1550. — William Russell (same family), created baron Russell, of Thornhaugh, co. Northamp- ton, July 21, 1603. See Bedford. Rutland. Edw^ard Plantagenet (son of the duke of York), created earl of Rutland, Feb. 25, 1390. Extinct 1402. — Thomas Manners, baron Ros, created earl of Rutland, June 18, 1525. — John Manners, 9th earl, and 1st baron Manners, of Haddon, created marquess of Granbv, co. Nottingham, and duke of Rutland, March 29, 1703. S. St. Albans. Francis Bacon, baron Verulam, created viscount St. Albans, co. Herts, Jan. 27, 1621. Lord chancellor. Extinct 1626. — Richard de Burgh, viscount Tunbridge (earl of Clanricarde, in Ireland), created earl of St. Albans, Aug. 23, 1628. Extinct 1659. — Henrv Jermvn, baron Jermyn, created earl of St. Albans, April 27, 1660." Extinct 1683.— Charles Beauclerk, baron of Heddington and earl of Burford (natural son of Charles II.), created duke of St. Albans, Jan. 10, 1684. In this dukedom are merged the earldom of Burford and barony of Heddington, created Dec. 27, 1676 ; and the barony of Vere, of Hanworth, created March 28, 1750. St. Amand. Almaric de St. Amand, summoned to parliament, Dec. 29, 1299. Extinct 1312. — John de St. Amand, summoned March 22, 1313. The barony fell into abeyance 1403, and until 1449, when it came to the Beau- champ family. Again in abeyance from 1508. St. Andrews, dukedom of, May 19, 1789. See Clarence. St. Asaph, viscounty of. May 14, 1730. See Ashburnham. St. Germans. John Craggs Eliot, baron Eliot, created earl of St. Germans, co. Cornwall, Sept. 30, 1815. St. Helens. Alleyne Fitzherbert, baron St. Helens (in Ireland), created baron St. Helens, in the Isle of Wight, co. Southampton, July 15, 1801. Extinct 1839. St. John, of Basing. William de St. John, baron by tenure, temp. John. — John de St. John, 4th baron, summoned to parliament Dec. 29, 1299. In abeyance from 1337.— William Paulet, created baron St. John, of Basing, March 9, 1539. Created earl of Wilt- shire, Jan. 19, 1550 ; and marquess of Win- chester, Oct. 12, 1551. See Winchester. St. John, of Bletsoe. Oliver St. John, baron Beauchamp, created baron St. John, of I31etsoe, . CO. Bedford, Jan. 13, 1559. — Oliver St. John, 4th baron, created earl of Bolingbroke, Dec. 28, 1624. This earldom became extinct 1711 ; but the barony descends. THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAN^D. 557 St. John, of Battersea. Sir Henry St. John, bart., created baron St. John, of ifattersea, co. Surrey, and viscount St. John, July 2, 1716. Frederick St. John, 3rd viscount, Avas attainted 1714; but restored in blood in 1725; and as viscount Bohngbroke and baron St. John, of Lydiard-Tregoze, 1751. See BoUncjhrohc. St. John, of Lageham. John de St. John, sum- moned to parliament Sept. 21, 1299. In abeyance since 1349. St. John, of Stanton. Thomas de St. John, lord of Stanton, co. Oxford, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — Of this family was Koger de St. John, summoned Dec. 24, 12G4. Slain at Evesham. Extinct 1265. St. Liz. Basil Feilding, earl of Denbigh, created baron de St. Liz, Feb. 2, 1664: descends, and is merged in the earldom of Denbigh. St. Maur. Nicholas de St. Maur, summoned to parliament July 29, 1314. In abeyance from the death of Richard de St. Maur, 6th baron, in 1409. It having vested in the barons Zouche, again fell into abeyance 1625. St. Phhjbert. Hugh de St. Philibert, lord de St. Philibert, summoned to parliament Feb. 6, 1299. Extinct in the 2d baron, 1359. St. Vincent. Sir John Jervis, admiral, created baron Jervis, of Meaford, co. Stafford, and earl St. Vincent, May 27, 1797. Created viscount St. Vincent, of Meaford aforesaid, April 21, 1801. The barony of Jervis and the earldom of St. Vincent became extinct 1823 ; but the viscounty descends. Sackville. Lord George Sackville (Germaine), created baron of Bolebrook, co. Sussex, and viscount Sackville, of Drayton, co. Northamp- ton, Feb. 11, 1782. These honours merged in the dukedom of Dorset, which see. Salisbury. Walter Devereux, created earl of Salisbury, 1066. Extinct before 1141. — Patrick Devereux, created earl of Salisbury by the empress Maud, 1141. The earldom passed to William de Longespee, natural son of Henry II. by the Fair Kosamond. Extinct 1256. — William de Montacute, baron Monta- cute, created earl of Salisbury, March 16, 1337. Forfeited 1400. — Thomas de Montacute, re- stored 1417. Extinct 1428. — Richard Nevill, created earl of Salisbury, May 4, 1442. Again forfeited 1471. — George Plantagenet, duke of Clarence, created earl of Warwick and Salis- bury, March 25, 1472 : executed and attainted 1477, and his honours forfeited. — Edward Plantagenet (son of Richard, duke of York, afterwards Richard III.), created earl of Salis- bury, 1477. Extinct 1484. — Margaret Plan- tagenet, heir, created countess of Salisbur}^, Oct. 14, 1513. Attainted and beheaded, 1541, and her honours forfeited. — Robert Cecil, viscount Cranborne, created earl of Salis- bury, May 4, 1605. — James Cecil, 7th earl, created marquess of Salisbury, Aug. 10, 1789. James Brownlow William Gascoigne Cecil is the 2d and present marquess. Saltersford. James Stopford, earl of Cour- town (in Ireland), created baron Saltersford, of Saltersford, co. Chester, June 7, 1796. Sampson. William Sampson, summoned to parliament Dec. 29, 1299. Of this baron Dugdale gives no account. Sandon, viscounty of, July 19, 1809. See Harroivhy. Sandwich. Sir Edward Montagu, admiral, created baron ISIontagu, of St. Neots, and viscount Hinchinbroke, both co. Huntingdon, and earl of Sandwich, co. Kent, July 12, 1660. Sandys. Samuel Sandys, created lord Sandys, baron of Ombersley, co. Worcester, Dec. 20, 1743. Extinct in his son, 1797. — Mary Hill, widow of Arthur, marquess of Downshire (in Ireland), created baroness Sandys, of Om- bersley aforesaid, June 15, 1802."^ Succeeded by her son, Arthur -Moyses- William Hill, present baron Sandys, in 1«36. Sandys, of the Vine. William Sandys, created baron Sandys, of the Vine, in Hamjjshire, April 27, 1523, and summoned to parliament Nov. 3, 1529. The 8th baron died in 1680: since when the barony is in abeyance. Saunderson. James Saunderson, viscount Castleton (in Ireland), created baron Saun- derson, of Saxby, co. Lincoln, INlarch 9, 1714 ; and viscount Castleton, of Sandbeck, co. York, Nov. 9, 1716. Created earl of Castleton, co. York, Nov. 2, 1720. Extinct 1723. Savage. Sir Thomas Savage, bart., created viscount Savage, of Rocksavage, co. Chester, Nov. 6, 1626. Extinct 1728. See Rivers. Savernake, viscounty of, July 17, 1821. See Aylesbury. Savile. John Savile, created baron Savile, of Pontefract, co. York, July 21, 1628. His son Thomas, who succeeded in 1630, was created viscount Savile (in Ireland), and earl of Sussex, May 25, ^1644. Extinct 1671. See Sussex. Savile, of Eland, barony of, Jan. 13, 1668. Ex- tinct 1700. See Halifax. Say'e. Picot de Say, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — William de Say, summoned as lord Saye de Birling and Sele, co. Kent, June 8, 1294. In abeyance from the decease of John, 4th baron, 1404. ^ Say^e and Sele. James Fiennes, lord Saye and Sele, summoned to parliament March 5, 1447. Richard Fiennes, lord Saye and Sele, by patent, Aug. 9, 1603. — William Fiennes, son, created viscount Saye and Sele, July 7, 1624. The two above-mentioned baronies fell into abeyance in 1674 ; but the viscounty descended until 1781, when it became extinct. In that year (1781) the barony of 1603 was claimed by, and allowed to, Thomas Twisleton, as heir general, and descends. Frederick-Twisleton- Wykeham Fiennes is the 20th and present peer. Scales. Hugh de Scales, lord of Berkhampsted, baron by tenure, temp. Stephen. — Of this family, Robert de Scales was summoned to parliament, Feb. 6, 1299. — Anthony Widvile (Woodville), was summoned, jure uxoris, as " domino Scales," Dec. 2, 1462. Beheaded 1483 ; since when the barony has been in abeyance. Scarborough. Richard Lumley, viscount Lum- ley, created earl of Scarborough, April 15, 1 William, the fourth lord Saye, having no heirs male, his honours and estate devolved to his eldest daughter Elizabeth, successively married to John de Falvesley and sir William Heron, by neither of whom she had any issue ; and dying in 1428, Idonea, the second da ghter, who married John, third lord Clinton, ancestor to the present dulie of Newcastle, was the next heir. Joan, the third daughter, married sir W^illiam Fiennes, to whom the lord Clinton gave up his pretensions to this barony. — Beatson. 558 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 1G90. John Lumley Savile is the 8th and present earl. ScAKSDALE. Francis Leke, baron Deinconrt, of Sutton, created earl of Scarsdale, Nov. 11, 1G45. Extinct 1736.— Sir Nathaniel Curzon, bart., created baron Scarsdale of co. Derby, April 9, 1761. SCII03IBERG. Frederick de Schomberg, created baron Teyes and earl of Brentford, co. Middle- sex, marquess of Harwich, co. Essex, and duke of Schomberg, April 10, 1689. — Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd duke, was duke of Leinster (in Ireland), and succeeded to the English dukedom in 1693. Extinct (all the titles) 1719. SciiOPE, of Bolton. Robert le Scrope, baron by tenure, ^mjo. Henry II. — William le Scrope, summoned to parliament, Nov. 17, 1309. — Emmanuel le Scrope, 11th baron, created earl of Sunderland, June 19, 1027. The earldom became extinct 1640. The barony has been in abeyance since 1627. Scrope, of Masham and Upsal. Henry le Scrope, 'baron by writ, Feb. 25, 1342. For- feited by Henry le Scrope, 3rd baron, beheaded 'and at tainted "^1415. — John le Scrope, brother, restored to the honours of his family 1421. In abeyance since 1517. Seafoud. Charles Rose Ellis, created baron Seaford, of Seaford, co. Sussex, July 15, 1826. Seaforth. Francis Humberstone Mackenzie (of the family of Mackenzie, former earls of Seaforth, in Scotland), created lord of Sea- forth, baron Mackenzie, of Kintail, co. Ross, Oct. 26, 1797. Extinct 1814. Seaiiam, viscounty of, July 8, 1823. See Vane. Seaton. Lieut.-general John Colborne, created baron Seaton, of Seaton, co. Devon, Dec. 14, 1839. Seftox. William - Philip Molyneux, earl of Sefton (in Ireland), created baron Sefton, of Croxteth, co. Lancaster, June 16, 1831. Segrave. Gilbert de Segrave, lord of Segrave, CO. Leicester, temp. Henry 11. — Nicholas de Segrave, summoned to parliament Dec. 24, 12(54. In abeyance from the decease of John, 6th baron, 1353. Segrave. William Fitzhardinge Berkeley (co- heir of the preceding barony), created by letters - patent baron Segrave, of Berkeley Castle, CO. Gloucester, Sept. 7, 1831; and earl Fitzhardinge, Aug. 11, 1841. See Fitzhardinge, and Berkeley. Selsey. Sir James Peachey, bart., created baron Selsey, of Selsey, co. Sussex, Aug. 13, 1790. Extinct 1838. Settrington, baron}^ of, Oct. 6, 1613. Extinct, 1624. Settrington, barony of, Aug. 9, 1675. See Richmond. Seymour. Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford, created baron Seymour, Feb. 15, 1547. Created duke of Somerset the day following. Beheaded and attainted, and his honours forfeited, 1552. — William Seymour, marquess of Hertford, restored to the above titles of duke and baron, by act of parliament, 1660. The barony has since merged in the dukedom of Somerset. Seymour, of Sudley. Thomas Seymour (\ounger brother of the Protector), created baron Sey- mour, of Sudley, co. Gloucester, Feb. 16, 1547. Beheaded 1549, and his honours forfeited. Seymour, of Troubridge. Francis Seymour, created baron Seymour, of Troubridge, co. Wilts, Feb. 19, 1641. This last-mentioned barony merged in the dukedom of Somerset until 1750, when it became extinct. Shaftesbury. Anthony Ashley Cooper, baron Ashley (see Ashley), created baron Cooper, of Paulett, CO. Somerset, and earl of Shaftesbury, April 23, 1672. Anthony-Henry Ashley Cooper is the 7th and present earl. Sheffield. Edmund Sheffield, created baron Sheffield, of Butterwike, co. Lincoln, Feb. 16, 1547. — Edmund Sheffield, 3rd baron, created earl of Mulgrave, Feb. 7, 1626. Extinct 1735. See 31ulgrave. — John Baker Holroyd, baron Sheffield (in Ireland), created baron Sheffield, of Sheffield, co. York, July 29, 1802. Created earl of Sheffield (in Ireland), Jan. 22, 1816. Sheppey. Elizabeth Bayning, created countess of Sheppey for life, Sept. 6, 1680. Extinct 1690. Sherard. Bennet Sherard, baron Harborough (baron Sherard in Ireland), created viscount Sherard, of Stapleford, co. Leicester, Oct. 31, 1718; and earl of Harborough, May 8, 1719. The viscounty became extinct 1732. The earl- dom and barony descend. Sherborne. James Dutton, created baron Sherborne, of Sherborne, co. Gloucester, May 20, 1784. Descends. Shingay. Edward Russell (of the family of Russell, dukes of Bedford), created baron Russell, or baron Russell, of Shingay, co. Cambridge, viscount Bartleur, and earl of Orford, May 7, 1697. Extinct 1727. Shrewsbury. Roger de Montgomery, created earl of Shrewsbury, 1066. Deprived, 1102. — John Talbot, baron Talbot, created earl of Shrewsbury, May 20, 1442. Created earl of Wexford and earl of Waterford (in Ireland), July 17, 1446. — Charles Talbot, created mar- quess of Alton, CO. Stafford, and duke of Shrewsbury, April 30, 1694. The marquisate and dukedom became extinct 1718 ; but the earldom of Shrewsbury, &c. descended. John Talbot, of this family, is the 17th and present earl. Sid:\iouth. Henry Addington, created viscount Sidmouth, of Sidmouth, co. Devon, Jan. 12, 1805. William Leonard Addington, son, aviio succeeded in 1844, is the 2nd and present viscount. Silchestek. Thomas Pakenham, earl of Long- ford (in Ireland), created baron Silchester, co. Southampton, July 17, 1821. Merged in the Irish earldom of Longford. Skelmersdale. Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, created baron Skelmersdale, of Skelmersdale, CO. Lancaster, Jan. 30, 1828. The present baron. Snawdon, barony of, July 15, 1726. Merged in the croAvn, 1760. See Edinburgh. SoMERHiLL, barony of, April 3, 1624. Extinct 1659. See Tutihridge. — Ulick John de Burgh, marquess of Clanri'carde (in Ireland), created baron Somerhill, of Somerhill, co. Kent, June 23, 1826. Merged in the Irish marquisate of Clanricarde. SoMERs. Sir John Somers, created lord Somers, baron of Evesham, co. Worcester, Dec. 2, 1697. Lord chancellor.i Extinct 1716. — Sir Charles 1 In March 1693, sir John Somers was made Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Enjjland, and sworn accordingly one of their majesties' most honourable Privy Council. In IGjT, upon a new promotion, his majesty received the THE PEERAGE Cocks, bart., created lord Somers, baron of i Evesham aforesaid, May 17, 1784. — John Somers Cocks, 2nd baron, created viscount Eastnor, of Eastnor Castle, co. Hereford, and earl Somers, July 17, 1821, Somerset. William de IMohun, created earl of Somerset, 1138. Extinct 1170. — Keginald de Moliun, created earl of Somerset, lo\)6. Ex- tinct same year. — John de Beaufort (natural son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, by Catherine Swinford, legimated by act of par- liament), created earl of Somerset, June 3, 1397, and marquess of Dorset, Sept. 29, same year; created marquess of Somerset, same day and year. — John cle Beaufort, created earl of Kendal and duke of Somerset, 1443. The dukedom of Somerset and earldom of Kendal became extinct 1444. — Edmund de Beaufort, marquess of Dorset, created duke of Somerset, March 31, 1448. Forfeited in his son, 1463, who was attainted and beheaded. — Edmund Tudor (infant son of Henry YIL), created duke of Somerset, 1496. Extinct 14 99.— Henry Fitz-Roy (natural son of Henry VIIL), created earl of Nottingham and duke of So- merset and Richmond, June 18, 1525. Extinct 1536. — Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford, created duke of Somerset, Feb. 15, 1547. Pro- tector. Beheaded, and his honours forfeited by attainder, 1552. — Robert Carr, viscount Rochester, created baron of Brancepeth, co. Durham, and earl of Somerset, Nov. 3, 1613. Extinct 1645. — William Seymour (heir of the Seymours), 1st marquess of Hertford, restored to the dukedom of Somerset and barony of Seymour (the above-mentioned attainder being reversed), Sept. 13, 1660. — The peerages of Hertford, viscounty of Beauchamp, and barony of Seymour, of Troubridge, became extinct^ 1750, but the barony of Seymour and duke- dom of Somerset descend. — Edward-Adolphus St. Maur is the Uth and present duke. Sondes, viscounty and barony of, April 8, 1676. Extinct 1709. See Fever sham. Sondes, vis- county of, Oct. 19, 1714. Extinct 1746, See Rocliingham. Sondes. Lewis Monson (Watson), created baron Sondes, of Lees Court, co. Kent, May 20, 1760. SouTHAiM. Edward Law, baron EUenborongh, created viscount Southam, of Southam, co. Gloucester, and earl of EUenborough, of Ellen- borough, CO. Cumberland, OcL 22, 1844. Southampton. William Fitzwiliiam, created earl of Southampton, Oct. 18, 1537. Extinct 1543. — Thomas Wriothesley, baron Wriothes- ley, created earl of Southampton, Feb. 16, 1547. Lord chancellor. Forfeited in his grandson, 1598. Restored, and created by a new patent, July 21, 1603. Extinct 1667. — Barbara Vil- liers (mistress of Charles II.), created baroness Nonsuch, CO. Surrey, countess of Southampton, and duchess of Cleveland, Aug. 3, 1670. — Charles Fitz-Roy (natural son of Charles II.), OF ENGLAND 559 I created baron of Newbury, co. Berks, earl of Chichester, co. Sussex, and duke of South- ampton, Sept. 10, 1674. Succeeded his mother m the dukc'dom of Cleveland and earldom of Southampton in 1709. Extinct (all the honours) 1774. — Charles Fitzroy, created baron of Southampton, co. Hants, Oct. 17, 1780. Charles Fitzroy, grandson, is the 3rd and pre- sent baron. Spellesbuiiy. Sir Edward Henry Lee, bnrt., created baron of Spellesbury, co. Oxford, viscount Quarendon, co. Bucks, and earl of Lichfield, co. Stafford, June 5, 1674. Extinct 1776. See lAchfiAd. Spencer. Robert Spencer, created baron Spen- cer, of Wormleighton, co. Warwick, July 21, 1603. — Henry Spencer, 3d baron, created earl of Sunderland, June 8, 1(M3. See Sunderland. Spencer, of Althorp. John Spencer (sr.me family), created baron Spencer, of Altliorp, co. Northampton, and viscount Spencer, of Althorp aforesaid, April 3, 1761; created viscount Althorp, CO. Northampton, and earl Spencer, Nov. 1, 1765. Frederick Spencer is the 4th and present earl: succeeded 1845. Stafford. Robert de Stafford, baron by tenure, temp. Wilham 1. — Edmund de Stafford, 9th baron, summoned to parliament, Feb. 6, 1299. — Ralph de Stafford, 10th baron, created earl of Stafford, March 5, 1351.— Humphrey de Stafford, loth baron, created duke of Bucking- ham, Sept. 14, 1444. [Henry de Stafford, 16th in descent, and duke of Buckingham, was beheaded by Richard HI. in 1483.] Edward de Stafford, beheaded, attainted, and his honours fo?f cited, 1521. — Henry Stafford, son, restored in blood, 1522, and by act of parlia- ment created de novo baron ' Stafford 1547. Extinct 1640. — Sir William and Mary Howard, created baron and baroness Stafford, Sept. 12, 1640; and sir William, created vis- count Stafford, Nov. 11 following. Forfeited hy him, 1678. — The above Marv Howard created countess of Stafford for life, Oct. 5, 1688. This dignity became extinct 1693. — Henry Stafford Howard, son, created earl of Stafford, Oct. 5, 1688. The earldom exti7ict 1762. — Sir George William Stafford Jerning- ham, bart., heir-general of the above William and Mary Howard (the attainder of the said William Howard having been reversed in 1824) succeeded to the barony created by the patent of Sept. 12, 1640 ; the house of peers resolving (July 6, 1825) that he had esta- blished his claim thereto. Stafford. Richard de Stafford, lord of Clifton, summoned to parliament, Jan. 8, 1371. In abeyance. Stafford, of Southwick, in Devonshire. Hum- phrev Stafford, summoned to parliament July 26, 1461. Created lord Stafford, of Suthwyk, April 24, 14G4 ; and earl of Devon, May 7, 1469. Beheaded 1469, when his honours be- came extinct. seal from him in council, and returned it again, with the title of Lord Chancellor of England ; and a few days afterwards was pleased to create him a baron of ihis realm, by the style and title of lord Somers, baron of Evesham, in the county of Worcester. Bat in 1700, to gratify the resentment of the house of commons, the seals were taken from him, and given to sir Nathan Wright, witli the title of Lord Keeper. This, though it seemed to dis- please many people, yet did it not afl'ect his lordship, who retired with great content and tetnper ; and upon all occasions in parliament served the king, and the interests of the realm, with the same zeal he had usually done ; and was not wanting, when occasions served, to vindicate his majesty's memory. In the year 1701, he was im- peached concerning the Partition Treaty, but honourably acquitted ; having been five times one of the Lords Justices of England during the reign of king William ; and President of the Council to queen Anne. — Arthur Collins. 560 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. Stafford, of the county of Stafford. Granville Leveson Gower, earl Gower, created marquess of the county of Stafford, Feb. 28, 178(5.— George Granville Leveson Gower, 2d marquess, created duke of Sutherland, Jan. 14, 1833. See Sutherland. Stamford. Henry Grey, baron Grey, of Oroby, created earl of Stamford, co. Lincoln, March 26, 1628. — George-Harry Grey, 5th earl, created baron Delamere, of Dunham-Massey, CO. Chester, and earl of Warrington, co. Lan- caster^, April 22, 1796. The earldoms of Stamford and Warrington are thus united. Stanhope. John Stanhope, created baron Stan- hope, of Harrington, co. Northampton, INIay 4, 1G05. Extinct in the 2d baron, Charles Stan- hope, 1675. Stanhope, of Shelford. Philip Stanhope (of the preceding family), created baron Stan- hope, of Stanhope, of Shelford, co. Nottingham, Nov. 7, 1616 ; and earl of Chesterfield, co. Derby, Aug. 4, 1628. See Chesterfield. Stanhope, of Elvaston and Mahon. James Stanhope (of the same family), created baron Stanhope, of Elvaston, co Derby, and viscount Stanhope, of Mahon, in the island of Minorca, July 12, 1717. Created earl Stanhope, April 14, 1718. Philip-Henry Stanhope is the 4th and present earl. Stanley. Thomas Stanley, summoned to par- liament, as lord Stanley, of Latham, co. Lan- caster, Jan. 15, 1456. — Thomas Stanley, son, created earl of Derby, Oct. 27, 1485." The barony of Stanley merged in the earldom of Derby until 15942, and has since been in abey- ance. — Edward, 12th earl, created baron Stanley, of Bickerstaffe, co. Lancaster, Oct. 22, 1832. In this latter barony, Edward Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th and present earl of Derby, was summoned to parliament, vita patris, Sept. 1844. Stanley, of Alderley. Sir J ohn Thomas Stanley, bart., created baron Stanley, of Al(lerle3% co. Chester, May 9, 1839.— Edward John Stanley, his son, created baron Eddisbury, of Winning- ton, same county. May 12, 1848. The latter nobleman succeeded his father as baron Stan- ley, of Alderley, Oct. 23, 1850, and unites both baronies. Stapleton. Miles de Stapleton, summoned to parliament, Jan. 8, 1313. In abeyance from the death of the 2d baron in 1343. Stavordale, baron}^ of, Jan. 3, 1747. See Ilchester. Staavel. Ralph Stawel, created baron Stawel, of Somerton, co. Somerset, Jan. 15, 1683. Ex- tinct 1755. — Mary Legge, created baroness Stawel, of Somerton aforesaid. May 20, 1760. Extinct in her son, Henry Stawel Bilson Legge, 1820. Stewart, of Garlics. John Stewart, earl of Galloway (in Scotland), created baron Stewart, of Garlies, co. Wigtoun, June 6, 1796. Merged in the Scotch earldom of Galloway. Stewart, of Stewart's Court. Charles- William (Vane) Stewart, created baron Stewart, of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn, co. Donegal, July 1, 1814. Merged in the Irish marquisate of Londonderry. Stourton. John Stourton, created baron Stourton, of Stourton, co. Wilts, May 13, 1448. Charles Stourton is 18th and present baron. Stowell. William Scott (elder brother of John, Istearl of Eldon), created baron Stowell, of Stowell Park, co. Gloucester, July 17, 1821. Extinct 1836. Strabolgi. David de Strabolgi, earl of Athol (in Scotland), summoned to parliament, March 14, 1322, Beatson says, as baron of Chilham, co. Kent. In abeyance from the decease of David, 3d baron, 1375. Stradbroke. John Rous, baron Rous, created viscount Dunwich, co. Suffolk, and earl of Stradbroke, same co., July 18, 1821. John Edward Cornwall is Rous, who succeeded in 1827, is the 2d and present earl. Strafford. Thomas Wentworth, viscount Wentworth, created baron Raby, of Raby Castle, CO. Durham, and earl of Strafford, co. York, Jan. 12, 1640. Beheaded and attainted, and his honours forfeited, 1641. His son, William Wentworth, w^as restored 1665, and died 1695, when all his honours became extinct, except the barony of Raby. — Thomas Went- worth, 3d baron Raby, created viscount Went- worth, of Wentworth-Woodhouse and of Stainborough, co. York, and earl of Strafford, Sept. 4, 1711. Extinct 1799.— John Byng, general, created baron Strafford, of Harmonds- worth, CO. Middlesex, May 8, 1835. Created viscount Enfield, of Enfield, co. Middlesex, and earl of Strafford, Aug. 28, 1847. Strange. Guy le Strange, lord of Weston, baron by tenure, temp, lienry II. — John le Strange, lord of Knokyn, summoned to parlia- ment, March 4, 1299!^ This barony came to the Stanleys, earls of Derby, and merged in that earldom until 1594, since when it is in abeyance. Strange, of Blackmere. Fulke le Strange, lord Strange of Blackmere, co. Salop, Jan. 13, 1309. This barony passed to the Talbots, earls of Shrewsbury, and afterwards to the Howard family. In abeyance from the decease of Edward, duke of Norfolk in 1777. Strange, of EUesmere. Roger le Strange, lord Strange, of EUesmere, co. Salop, summoned June 24, 1295. Of this baron there is no ac- count after 1303. Strange, of Lincoln. Eubolo le Strange, baron Strange, summoned to parliament, Dec. 3, 1326. Extinct 1335. He was earl of Lincoli? in right of his wife Alice. Stiiange, of Stanley. James Stanley (of the Derby fiimily), summoned March 7, 1628. The barony fell several times into abeyance, and ultimately came to the Murrays, dukes of Atholl, of whom John INIurray was created earl Strange and baron Murray, of Stanley, co. Gloucester, Aug. 8, 1786. Merged in the dukedom of Atholl. Stratheden. Mary Elizabeth Campbell (daughter of James, lord Abinger, and wife of John, lord Campbell), created baroness Strath- eden, of Cupar, CO. Fife, Jan. 19, 1836. Strathern, dukedom of, Oct. 18, 1766. Ex- tinct 1790. See Cumberlajid. Strathern, dukedom of, April 23, 1799. Extinct 1820. See Kent. Stuart, of Castle Stuart. Francis Stuart, earl 1 His lordship's fjitlier, Harry Grey, 4th earl of Stamford, had married Mary, sole daughter and heir of George Booth, last earl of Warrington and baron Delamere. 2 During this period several of the eldest sons of the earls of Derby had been summoned to parliament, each vita patris, as barons Strange. THE PEERAGE of Moray (in Scotland), created baron Stuart, of Castle Stuart, co. Inverness, June 4, 1796. Merged in the Scotch earldom of IMoray. Stuart de Decies. Henry Villi ers Stuart, created baron Stuart de Decies, of Dromana, within the Decies, co. Waterford, May 2, 1839. Stuart, of Leighton-Bromswold, June 7, 1619. Extinct 1672. See March. Stuart, of Newbury, barony of, Dec. 10, 1645. Extinct 1672. See Lichfield. Stuart de Kothesay. Charles Stuart, created baron Stuart de Rothesay, in the Isle of Bute, Jan. 17, 1828. Extinct 1845. Sudbury, barony of, Sept. 11, 1675. See Euston. Sudeley. Harold (son of the earl of Hereford), baron by tenure, temp. William I. — John de Sudele}^ 8th baron, summoned to parliament as lord Sudeley, of Sudeley, in Gloucestershire, Dec. 29, 1299. In abeyance from 1336. — Charles Hanbury Tracy, created baron Sudeley, of Toddington, co. Gloucester, July 12, 1838. Suffield. Sir Harbord Harbord, bart., created baron Suffield, of Suffield, co. Norfolk, Aug. 8, 1786. Edward Yernon Harbord is the 4th and present baron Suffield. Suffolk. Robert de Ufford, baron de Ufford, created earl of Suffolk, March 16, 1337. Ex- tinct 1382. — Michael de la Pole, baron de la Pole, created earl of Suffolk, Aug. 6, 1385. Forfeited 1388; but restored 1397.— William de la Pole, created marquess of Suffolk, Sept. 14, 1444 ; and duke of Suffolk, June 2, 1448. Beheaded, and his honours forfeited 1450. — John de la Pole, created duke of Suffolk, March 23, 1463. His son Edmund beheaded, and again forfeited 1513. — Charles Brandon, viscount L'tsle, created duke of Suffolk, Feb. 1, 1514. Again extinct 1551. — Henry Grey, marquess of Dorset, created duke of Suffolk, Oct. 10, 1551. Beheaded and attainted, and his honours /or/ezYec?, 1554. — Thomas Howard, baron Howard de Walden, created earl of Suffolk, July 21, 1603. Henry Bowes Howard, 4th earl of Berkshire, succeeding in 1745, the two earldoms of Suffolk and Berkshire have since been united. SuNBURY, viscounty of, Oct. 14, 1714. Extinct 1715. The same viscounty recreated June 14, 1715. Extinct 1772. See Halifax. Sunderland. Emmanuel Scrope, baron Scrope, of Bolton, created earl of Sunderland, June 19, 1627. Extinct 1640. — Henry Spencer, baron Spencer, created earl of Sunderland, June 8, 1643. — Charles Spencer, 5th earl, succeeded as marquess of Blandford and duke of Marl- borough in 1733. See 3Iarlhorough. Sundridge. John Campbell (by courtesy marquess of Lorn), created baron Sundridge, of Coomb Bank, co. Kent, Dec. 22, 1766. Merged in the Scotch dukedom of Argyll. Surrey. William de Warren, earl of Warren (in Normandy), created earl of Surrey, 1088. This earldom passed to the Plantagenets, and afterwards to the Fitz-Alan family. Forfeited 1397. — Thomas Holland, earl of Kent, created duke of Surrey, Sept. 29, 1397. Forfeited 1400. — Thomas Fitz-Alan, restored as earl of Arundel and Surrey, 1400. — John Mowbray (heir to the dukedom of Norfolk), created vita patris earl of Warren and Surrey, March 29, 1451. Extinct 1475.— Thomas "Howard, created earl of Surrey, June 28, 1483. This earldom, like the dukedom of Norfolk, was OF ENGLAND. 561 subjected to various subsequent forfeitures, and linallv merged in the superior dicrnitv. May 8, 1644. ^ ^ Sussex. Roger de Montgomerj^, created earl of Arundel, Sussex, and Shrewsbury, 1 067. For- feited 1102. — William de Albini, earl of Sussex, 1141. Extinct 1243. — Sir Harris Nicolas says, "the earldom terminated owing to the great possessions of this family being divided among female heirs." — Robert Ratcliffe, viscount Fitz- Walter, created earl of Sussex, Dec. 28, 1529. Extinct 1641. — Thomas Savile, baron Savile (viscount Castlebar in Ireland), created earl of Sussex, May 25, 1644. Extinct 1671. — Thomas Lennard, baron Dacre, created earl of Sussex, Oct. 5, 1674. Again extinct 1715. — Talbot Yelverton, viscount Longueville, created earl of Sussex, Sept. 26, 1717. Ex- tinct 1799. — H. R. H. Augustus-Frederick (6th son of George III.), created baron of Arklow in Ireland, earl of Inverness, in Scot- land, and duke of Sussex, Nov. 7, 1801. Ex^ tinct 1843. Sutherland. George -Granville Leveson- Gower, marquess of Stafford, created duke of Sutherland, Jan. 14, 1833. George-Granville Sutherland Leveson-Gower, who succeeded in 1833, is the 2nd and present duke. Sutton. John de Sutton, lord Sutton, of Sutton-upon -Trent, summoned to parliament Dec. 26, 1323. — John de Sutton, lord Sutton, of Holdernesse, summoned April 3, 1360. Little more is known of the 1st baron: the latter barony was extinct in 1361. Swillington. Adam de Swillington, lord Swillington, of Swillington, co. York, sum- moned to parliament Dec. 3, 1326. There is no account of this baron after 1328. Swinnerton. Roger de Swinnerton, lord Swin- nerton, of Swinnerton, co. Stafford, summoned to parliament April 23, 1337. Never after- wards summoned. Sydney. Robert Sydney, created baron Sydney, of Penshurst, co. Kent, May 13, 1603 ; created viscount LTsle, May 4, 1605 ; and earl of Leicester, Aug. 2, 1618. Extinct 1743. Sydney. Henry Sydney (of the family of Sydney, earls of Leicester), created baron Sydney, of Milton, and viscount Sydney, of Sheppey, both co. Kent, April 9, 1G89. Created earl of Romney, April 25, 1694. Extinct 1700. Sydney, of Chiselhurst and St. Leonards. Thomas Townshend (of the family of Towns- hend, viscounts Townshend), created baron Sydney, of Chiselhurst, co. Kent, March 6, 1783 ; and viscount Sydney, of St. Leonards, CO. Gloucester, June 11, 1789. John Robert Townshend is the 3rd and present viscount. T. Tadcaster. Henry O'Bryen, earl of Thomond (in Ireland), created viscount Tadcaster, co. York, Oct. 19, 1714. Extinct 1741.— William O'Bryen, marquess of Thomond (in Ireland), created baron Tadcaster, of Tadcaster aforesaid, June 13, 1826. Merged in the Irish mar- quisate of Thomond. Tai>bot. Hugh Talbot, baron by tenure, temp, Henry I. — Gilbert Talbot, 7th baron, sum- moned to parliament June 5, 1331. Of this family, John Talbot, 12th baron, was created 562 THE PEERAGE earl of Shrewsbury, March 20, 1442. The barony merged in the earklom of Shrewsbury until 162G, when it fell into abeA^ance, and afterwards passed to the Howard family, with whom it continued nntil the death of Edward, duke of Norfolk, in 1777, when it again fell into, and still remains in, abeyance. Talbot, of Hen sol. Charles Talbot, created baron Talbot, of Hensol, co. Glamorgan, Dec. 5, 1733. Lord Chancellor. — William Talbot, son, created earl Talbot, March 10, 1701. The earldom became extinct 1782 ; but the barony descended. — John Chetwynd Talbot, 3d baron, created viscount Ingestrie, co. Stafford, and earl Talbot, of Hensol, co. Glamorgan, July 8, 1784. Henry-John Chetwynd Chetwynd Talbot is 3d and present earl. Talboys or Talbois. Gilbert Talboys or Talbois, baron Talbois, of Kyme, co. Lincoln, by summons, 1529. Extinct 1550. Tamwoiith, viscounty of, Sept. 3, 1711. See Ferrers. Tankerville. Sir John Grey, created earl of Tankerville (in Normandy), 1418. Forfeited by his grandson, Richard, 1460. — Ford Grey, baron Grey, of Werke, created viscount Grey, of Glendale, co. Northumberland, and earl of Tankerville, same co., Ma}^ 11, 1095. Extinct 1701. — Charles Bennet, baron Ossulston, created earl of Tankerville, Oct. 19, 1714. Charles- Augustus Bennet is the 5th and pre- sent earl. Tatteshall. Eudo, lord of Tatteshall, baron hj tenure, temp. William I. — Robert de Tattes- hall, lord Tatteshall, of Bokenham, co. Norfolk, summoned to parliament June 24, 1295. In abe^-ance since 1306. Tavistock, marquisate of, May 11, 1694. See Bedford. Temple. Hester Grenville, viscountess Cob- ham, created countess Temple, Oct. 18, 1749. Succeeded by her son, Richard Grenville (Temple), 1752. — George Grenville Nugent Temple, created marquess of Buckingham, Nov. 30, 1784. — Richard Temple Nugent (Brydges Chandos Grenville), created duke of Buckingham and Chandos, Jan. 12, 1822. See Buckingham. Templemore. Arthur Chichester, created baron Templemore, of Templemore, co. Donegal, Sept. 10, 1831. Tenterden. Sir Charles Abbott, knt, lord chief justice of England, created baron Ten- , terden, of Hendon, co. Middlesex, April 30, 1827. TiavKESBURY, barony of, Nov. 9, 1706. Merged in the crown, June 11, 1727. See Cambridge. — George Fitzclarence, created baron Tewkes- bury, viscount Fitzclarence, and earl of Munster, May 12, 1831. See 3Iunsfer. Teyes, barony of, July 7, 1660. Extinct 1688. See Albemarle. — Teyes, barony of, April 10, 1680. Extinct 1719. See Schomherg. Te YN n AIM. John Roper, created baron Teynham, of Teynham, co. Kent, July 9, 1616. George- Henry Roper Curzon is the 16th and present baron. Thame, viscounty of, Jan. 28, 1620. Extinct same year. See Berkshire. Thanet. Nicholas Tufton, baron Tufton, created earl of Thanet, co. Kent, Aug. 5, 1628. Extinct in Henry Tufton, 11th earl, in 1849. Tiietford, viscounty of, April 12, 1672. See Arlington, OF ENGLAITD. TuoMOND. Murrough O'Bryen, marquess of Thomond (in Ireland), created baron Thomond, of Taplow, CO. Bucks, Oct. 2, 1801. Extinct 1808. Thorpe. John de Thorpe, lord Thorpe, of Creke, co. Norfolk, summoned to parliament June 11, 1308 ; but not after 1325. Thorpe. William de Thorpe, summoned July 16, 1381. In abeyance from 1417. Throwley, barony of, April 8, 1676. Extinct 1709. See Feversham. — Throwley, barony of, Oct. 19, 1714. Extinct 1746. See Rocking- ham. Thurlow. Edward Thurlow, created baron Thurlow, of Ashfield, co. Suffolk, June 3, 1778; and baron Thurlow, of Thurlow, co. Suffolk, June 12, 1792. Lord Chancellor. The barony of Thurlow, of Ashfield, became extinct on his death in 1806 ; but the barony of Thurlow, of Thurlow, descends. TiiwENG. Marmaduke de Thweng, lord de Thweng, of Kylton Castle, summoned to par- liament June 8, 1294. In abeyance from 1374. Beatson says, " the barony was extinct in William, 3d baron, who died 1341." Thynne, barony of, Dec. 11, 1682. See JFey- mouth. Tibetot. Bevil Tibetot, lord Tibetot, sum- moned to parliament March 10, 1308. The heirs male of this family became extinct 1371 ; since when it is in abeyance. Tiptoft. John de Tiptoft, lord Tiptoft, of Powis, summoned Jan. 7, 1426. — John de Tiptoft, 2d baron, created earl of Worcester, July 16, 1449. Beheaded and attainted, and his honours forfeited, 1470. — Edward de Tip- toft, 3d baron, restored 1471. Extinct 1485. — Beatson. In abeyance from 1485. — Sir Harris Nicolas. Titchfield, marquisate of, July 6, 1716. See Poi'tland. Tiviotdale, dukedom of, April 23, 1799. See Cumberland. ToNi. Ralph de Toni, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Robert de Toni, 8th baron, lord Toni, of Kirtling, co. Cambridge, sometimes styled of Maud's Castle, co. Hereford, sum- moned April 10, 1299. Extinct 1310. Torbay, barony of. May 29, 1689. Extinct 1716. See next peerage. ToRRiNGTON, carldom of, July 7, 1660. Extinct 1 688. See Albemarle. — Arthur Herbert, created baron of Torbay, co. Devon, and earl of Torrington, same co.. May 29, 1689. Extinct 1716. — Thomas Newport, created baron of Torrington, co. Devon, June 25, 1716. Extinct 1719. — Sir George Byng, bart., created baron Bjaig, of Southill, CO. Bedford, and viscount Torrington, co. Devon, Sept. 9, 1721. George Byng is the 7th and present viscount. Tot:nes. George Carew, baron Carew, created earl of Totnes, co. Devon, Feb. 6, 1626. Extinct 1629. — Totnes, viscounty of, July 29, 1675. Extinct 1680. See Plymouth. Touchet, or Tuchet. William Touchet, lord Tuchet, of Levenholes, summoned to parlia- ment Dec. 29, 1299. Of this baron Dugdale gives no further account. He is presumed to have been related to the ancestor of John Touchet, who acquired the barony of Audley, temp. Henry IV. Townshend. Sir Horatio Townshend, bart., created baron Townshend, of Lynn Regis, co. Norfolk, April 20, 1661 ; and viscount Towns- THE PEERAGE OF EISTGLAND. 5G3 hend, of Ra3mham, co. Norfolk, Dec. 11, 1G82. — George Townshend, 4th viscount, created marquess Townshend, of Kaynliani aforesaid, Oct. 27, 1786. —George Townshend, baron Ferrers, of Chartley, jure matris, created earl of Leicester, vita patris, May 18, 1784. George Ferrers Townshend is the 4th and present marquess Townshend. Tragi. Henry de Traci, baron by tenure of the honor of Barnstaple, co. Devon," ^emp. Stephen. — William de Traci, of this family, was, it is asserted, one of the assassins who murdered Thomas a Becket at the altar. — John, viscount Tracy (in Ireland), was descended from this family. — Banks. Trafalgar, viscounty of, Nov. 20, 1805. See Nelson. Tregoz. Geoffrey de Tregoz, baron by tenure, temp. Henry II. — Henry de Tregoz, sum- moned to parliament "Feb. 6, 1299. In abeyance from circa 1300. — Oliver St. John, viscount Grandison (in Ireland), created baron Tregoz, of High worth, co. Wilts, May 21, 1626. Extinct 1629. Trematon, viscounty of, July 27, 1726. Extinct 1765. See Cumberland. Trexch. Richard le Poer Trench, earl of Clancarty (in Ireland), created baron Trench, of Garbally, co. Galway, Jv\\y 15, 1815; and viscount Clancart}^, co" Cork, Nov. 17, 1823. See Clancarty, Trentham, viscounty of, July 8, 1746. See Gower. Trevor. Thomas Trevor, created baron Trevor, of Bromham, co. Bedford, Dec. 31, 1711. — Robert Trevor, 4th baron (who assumed the name of Hampden), created viscount Hamp- den, June 14, 1776. Extinct 1824. See Hampden. Truro. Thomas Wilde, created baron Truro, of Bowes, CO. Middlesex, July 15, 1850. The present Lord High Chancellor of England. Trussel. William de Trussel, baron Trussel, summoned to parliament June 8, 1294. — William de Trussel, lord Trussel, of Cublesden, CO. Stafford, summoned Feb. 25, 1342. Extinct. TuFTON. Sir Nicholas Tufton, bart., created baron Tufton, of Tufton, co. Sussex, Nov. 1, 1626; and earl of Thanet, Aug. 5, 1628. Extinct 1849. See Thanet. Tunbridge. Richard Burgh, earl of Clanri- carde (in Ireland), created baron Somerhill and viscount Tunbridge, co. Kent, April 3, 1624. Created earl of St. Albans, Aug. 23, 1628. See *S'^. Albans. — Tunbridge, viscounty of. May 10, 1695. See Rochford. Tyes. Henry de Tyes, lord' T^^es, of Chilton, summoned to parliament Feb. 6, 1299. For- feited 1321. Of this family was Walter de Tyes, summoned same time. Extinct 1324. Tyndale, barony of, Feb. 14, 1663. See Don- caster. — Tyndale, barony of, March 7, 1688. Forfeited 1716. See Derwentwater. Tyneiviouth. James Fitz- James, natural son of James II., created baron of Bosworth, co. Leicester, earl of Tynemouth, co. Northumber- land, and duke of Berwick-upon-Tweed, March 19, 1687. Forfeited 1695. See Berwick. Tyrone. George de la Poer Beresford, earl of Tyrone (in Ireland), created baron Tyrone, of Haverford West, co. Pembroke, Aug. 8, 1786. Created marquess of Waterford (in Ireland), Aug. 19, 1789. The barony is merged in the Irish marquisate of Waterford. o o U. Uffingtox. William Craven, baron Craven, created viscount Uffington, co. Berks, nnd earl of Craven, co, York, June 13, 1801. See Craven. Ufford. Robert Ufford, lord Ufford, of Ufford, CO. Suffolk, summoned to parliament Jan. 13, 1308. — Robert de Ufford, 2d baron, created earl of Suffolk, March 16, 1337. The bnrony fell into abeyance on the death of William, 4tli baron and 2d earl, 1382, wdien, also, the earldom became extinct. See Suffolk. Ufford. John de Ufford (same family), sum- moned to parliament April 3, 1360. " Extinct 1361. Ughtred. Thomas de Ughtred, baron Ughtred, of Bouchill, CO. York, summoned April 30, 1343. In abeyance from his decease in 1365. Umfraville. Robert de Umfraville, or Um- phraville, lord of Tours, baron bv tenure, temp. William I. ~ Gilbert de Umfraville (of this family), earl of Angus (in Scotland), summoned to parliament June 24, 1295. In abeyance from 1381. Upper Ossory. John Fitzpatrick, earl of Upper Ossory (in Ireland), created baron of Upper Ossorv, of Amphill, co. Bedford, Aug. 12, 1794. Extinct 1818. Uvedale. Peter de Uvedale, lord of Uvedale, summoned to parliament Jan. 27, 1332. Dug- dale gives no account of this baron: Banks says he died sine prole, in which case the barony became extinct. Uxbridge. Henry Paget, baron Paget and baron Burton, created earl of Uxbridge, co. Middlesex, Oct. 19, 1714. The barony of Burton and earldom of Uxbridge, extinct 1769. — Henry Bailey Paget, created earl of Ux- bridge, CO. Middlesex, May 19, 1784. — Henry- William Paget, 2nd earl, created marquess of Anglesey, in Wales, July 4, 1815. See Aii- glesey. Y. Valence. William de Yalence, baron by tenure, temp. 41enry III. Created earl of Pembroke, 1247. — Aylmer de Yalence, son, and 2nd earl, summoned to parliament Feb. 6, 1299. Extinct (all his honours) 1323. Yalletort. George Edgcumbe, baron Edg- cumbe, created viscount IMount-Edgcumbe and Yalletort, co. Devon, March 5, 1781 : and earl of Mount-Edgcumbe, co. Devon, Aug. 31, 1789. See 3Iount- Edgcumbe. Yane. Charles-William Yane Stewart, baron Stewart, of Stewart's Court, and marquess of Londonderry (in Ireland), created viscount Seaham, co. Durham, and earl Yane, July 8, 1823. These titles merge in the Irish mar- quisate of Londonderry. Yaughan. Richard Yaughan, earl of Carberry (in Ireland), created baron Yaughan, of Emlyn, co. Carmarthen, Oct. 25, 1643. The barony became extinct 1713. Yaux. Hugh de Yallibus, or Yaux, baron by tenure, of Gillesland, temp. Stephen. Of this name were several barons, of w^hom the last died, sine prole masculd, in 1288. Yaux, of Harrowden. Nicholas Yaux, created baron Yaux, of Harrowden, co. Northampton, April 27. 1523. Extinct 1061. o 564 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. Vaux. Plenry Brougham, created baron Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham, co. West- morland, Nov. 22, 1830. Lord Chancellor. See Brougham and Vaux. Vavasour. William de Vavasour, lord Vava- sour, summoned to parliament Feb. C, 1299. Of this baron nothing is known after 1313, — Walter de Vavasour, summoned July 26. 1313. Extinct on his death. Veel. Peter le Veel, summoned to parliament Feb. 25, 1342. Extinct on his death. Verdon. Bertram de Verdon, lord of Farnham Royal, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — Theobald de Verdon, lord Verdon de Weobly, baron by writ, June 24, 1295. Probably in abeyance. — John de Verdon, summoned Jan. 27,*^ 1332. Of this last baron there is no account after 1342. Vere. Hugh de Vere, lord Vere, of Swains- camp, summoned to parliament Sept. 21, 1299. Extinct 1320. — Horatio de Vere, created baron Vere, of Tilbury, co. Essex, July 25, 1625. Extinct on his decease in 1635. — Lord Vere Beauclerk, created baron Vere, of Han- worth, CO. Middlesex, March 28, 1750. Merged in the dukedom of St. Albans. Vernon. George Venables Vernon, created lord Vernon, baron of Kinderton, co. Chester, May 12, 1762. George-John (Warren), 5th baron, is the present peer. Verulam. Francis Bac'on, created baron Ve- rulam, of Verulam, co. Herts, July 11, 1618. Created viscount St. Albans, Jan. 27, 1621. Lord Chancellor. Extinct on his death in 1626. — James Bucknall Grimston, viscount Grimston (in Ireland), created baron Ve- rulam, of Gorhambury, co. Herts, July 9, 1790. — James Walter Grimston, 2nd baron, created viscount Grimston and earl of Verulam, Nov. 24, 1815. James- Walter Grimston is the 3rd and present earl. Vesci. John de Vesci, lord Vesci, of Alnwick, baron by tenure, temp. William I. — John de Vesci, 6th baron, summoned to parlia- ment Dec. 24, 1264. Extinct in William de Vesci, 8th baron, in 1297. — William de Vesci, summoned Jan. 8, 1313. Extinct on his decease in 1315. See Bromjiete. ViLLiERs. Sir George Villiers, knt., created baron Whaddon, and viscount Villiers, Aug. 13, 1616; and earl of Buckingham, Jan. 5, 1617. Created marquess of Buckingham, Jan. 1, 1618; and duke of Buckingham, May 18, 1623. Extinct in his son, George Villiers, 1687. See Buckingham. — Edward Villiers, created baron Villiers, of Hoo, co. Kent, and viscount Villiers, of Dartford, same co., March 20, 1691. Created earl of Jersey, Oct. 13, 1697. See Jersey. Villiers, of Daventry, barony of, April 18, 1623. Extinct 1659. See Auglesei/. Villiers, of Stoke, barony of, June 19, 1619. Extinct 1657. See Purbech. Vivian. Sir Richard Hussey Vivian, lieutenant- general, created baron Vivian, of Glynn and Truro, co. Cornwall, Aug. 19, 1841. Died 1842. Charles Crespigny Vivian, his son, is 2nd and present baron. Wahull. Simon de Walhull, or Wahull, baron by tenure, temp. Henry L — Thomas de Wa- hull, 8th baron, summoned to parliament Jan. 26, 1297 : died 1304. His son had no summons. ^ Waith, barony of, Nov. 19, 1734. Extinct 1782. See Malton. Wake. Hugh Wake, or Wac, lord of Willes- ford, CO. Lincoln, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — John Wake (of this family) had summons to parliament Oct 1, 1295. — Thomas, 3rd baron, died in 1349, after which year this barony merged in the earldom of Kent, and was forfeited in 1400. Probably in abeyance, notwithstanding, from 1407. Waldegrave. Sir Henry Waldegrave, bart., created baron Waldegrave, of Chewton, co. Somerset, Jan. 20, 1686. — James Walde- grave, 2nd baron, created viscount Chewton, of Chewton aforesaid, and earl Waldegrave, CO. Northampton, Sept. 13, 1729. William Waldegrave is the 8th and present earl. Wales. Edward Plantagenet (son of Ed- ward I.), created prince of Wales, April 19, 1284 : ascended the throne as Edward H. 1307. — Edward Plantagenet, " the Black prince " (son of Edward HI.), created nrince of Wales, 1343 : died vita patris, 1376. — Kicliard Plantagenet (his son), created prince of Wales, Jan. 26, 1377 : ascended the throne as Richard IL 1377. — Henry Plantagenet (son of Henry IV.), created prince of Wales, 1399: ascended the throne as Henry V. 1413. — Edward Plantagenet (son of Henry VI.), created prince of Wales, 1454 : murdered vita patris, 1471 Edward Plantagenet (son of Edward IV.), created prince of Wales, 1471 : ascended the throne as Edward V. 1483. — Edward Plantagenet (son of Richard III.), created prince of Wales, 1483 : died vita patris, 1484. — Arthur Tudor (son of Henry VIL), created prince of Wales, 1489 : died vita patris, 1502. — Henry Tudor, duke of York (2nd son of Henry VIL), created prince of Wales, Feb. 18, 1503 : ascended the throne as Henry VIII. 1509. — Edward Tudor (son of Henry VIII.), created prince of Wales, Oct. 1537 : ascended the throne as Edward VI. 1547. — Henry-Frederick Stuart (son of James I.), created prince of Wales, May 30, 1610: died vita patris, 1612. — Charles Stuart, duke of York (brother of the last prince), created prince of Wales, Nov. 4, 1616 : ascended the throne as Charles I. 1625. — Charles Stuart (son of Charles I.), declared but not created prince of Wales, 1630 : ascended the throne as Charles II. 1649. — 1 In the reign of James I. sir Richard Chetwode, the heir-general of Thomas baron Wahull last mentioned, possessing the manor and castle of Odell, claimed the dignity of a baron, which claim was referred to the duke of Lenox, the lord Howard, and the earl of Nottingham, as exercising the office of earl marshal, whose certificate, as given by Banks, stated that the averments in his petition, that his ancestors were barons in their own right before the usual calling of barons by writs, and were also summoned to parliament, were true; and on these, and other grounds, but which had nothing to do with his claim to the dignity in question, reported that they held him worthy the honour of a baron, if his majesty thought meet. Nothing was done in consequence of this certificate, which, it must be remembered, by no means admitted hfs right to the barony, but merely recommended him to the notice of the crown, as a proper person to receive the dignity of the peerage. —Nicolas. THE PEEKAGE OF ENGLAND. 565 George- Augustus, of Brunswick •Luneburg (son of George I.), declared prince of Wales, Sept. 22, 1714 : ascended the throne as George II. 1727. — Frederick-Lewis, of Bruns- wick-Luneburg, (son of George II.), created prince of Wales, Jan. 9, 1729 : died vita patrisy 1751. — George-William-Frederick (son of the preceding), created prince of Wales, April 20, 1751 : ascended the throne as George III. 1760. — George -Augustus-Frede- rick (son of George III.), created prince of Wales, Aug. 17, 1762; ascended the throne as George lY. 1820. — Albert-Edward (son of her most gracious majesty Queen Victoria), prince of Wales, duke of Saxony, duke of Cornwall and Rothesay, earl of Chester and Carrick, baron of Renfrew, and lord of the Isles : created by patent prince of Wales and earl of Chester, Dec. 4, 1841 ; and earl of Dublin, Sept. 10, 1849. Waleys. Richard Waleys, lord Waleys, sum- moned to parliament May 15, 1321. Extinct on his death. Wallace. Thomas Wallace, created baron Wallace, of Knaresdale, co. Northumberland, Jan. 25, 1828. Extinct 1844. Wallingford. William Knollys, baron Knollys, cr^'ated viscount W^allingford, co. Berks, Nov. 14, 1616 ; and earl of Banbury, Aug. 18, 1626. Extinct 1632. See Banhiiry. Wallop. John Wallop, created baron Wallop, of Wallop, CO. Southampton, and viscount Lymington, same co., June 11, 1720. Created earl of Portsmouth, June 11, 1743. See Ports- mouth. Walpole. Robert Walpole (son of sir Robert Walpole), created, vita patris, baron Walpole, of Walpole, CO. Norfolk, June 10, 1723. Suc- ceeded as earl of Orford, viscount Walpole, and baron Houghton, 1745. Extinct (all these honours except this barony), 1797. The barony of Walpole, of Walpole, descended. — Horatio Walpole, baron Walpole, of Wool- terton, and baron Walpole, of Walpole, created earl of Orford, April 10, 1806. In this earldom both the above baronies merge. See Orford. W^ALPOLE, of Houghton. Sir Robert Walpole, minister, created baron of Houghton, co. Nor- folk, viscount Walpole, of Houghton, same county, and earl of Orford, Feb. 6, 1742 Extinct 1797. See Orford. Walpole, of Woolter'ton. Horatio Walpole, brother of sir Robert Walpole, created baron Walpole, of Woolterton, co. Norfolk, June 4, 1756. — Horatio Walpole, son, created earl of Orford, April 10, 1806. See Orford. Walsingham. Melesina de Scliulemberg, cre- ated baroness of Aldborough, co. Suftblk, and countess of Walsingham, co. Norfolk, for life, April 7, 1722. Extinct 1778. — Sir William de Grey, knt., created baron Walsingham, of Walsingham, co. Norfolk, Oct. 17, 1780. Thomas de Grey is 5th and present baron. Ward. Humble Ward, created baron Ward, of Birmingham, co. Warwick, March 23, 1644. — Edward, 2nd baron, succeeded to the barony of Dudley, 1697 ; in which barony that of Ward merged until 1740. — John Ward, 6th baron Ward, created viscount Dudley and Ward, April 21, 1763. — John- William Ward, 4th viscount, created viscount Ednam, of Ednam, co. Roxburgh, and earl Dudlev, of Dudley Castle, Sept. 24, 1827. On his death, 1833, the titles conferred on himself, and the viscounty of Dudley and Ward, became ex- tinct ; but this barony descended to William Ward, 10th and present baron. See Dudley and Ward. Warivworth, barony of, Oct. 2, 1749. See Northumberland. Warren. William de Warren, earl of Surrey, and earl of Warren (in Normandy), 1088. His descendants, wdio inherited the earldom of Surrey, styled themselves " earls Warren ; " but it does net appear that it -was ever con- sidered as a regular earldom in this countrv until 1451. — John Mowbray, created earl of Warren and Surrey, March 29, 1451. Extinct 1475. — Richard Plantagenet, duke of York, created earl of Warren and duke of Norfolk, Feb. 7, 1477. Extinct 1483. Warrington. Henry Booth, baron Delamere, created earl of Warrington, co. Lancaster, April 17, 1690. Extinct 1758. — George-Harry Grey, earl of Stamford, created baron Dela- mere, of Dunliam-Massey, co. Chester, and earl of Warrington, co. Lancaster, April 22, 1796. The two earldoms of Stamford and Warrington have since united in the same peer. See Stamford. Warwick. Henry de Newburgh, created earl of Warw^ick, 1077. — The earldom came to the family of Marshal, and subsequently to the families of Plessetts, Mauduit, and Beau- champ, of the last of whom, Henry de Beau- champ, was created duke of Warwick, April 5, 1444. The dukedom became extinct 1445.1 — Anne de Beauchamp, styled countess of Warwick : died 1449, when the earldom, also, became extinct. — Richard Nevill, created earl of Warwick, 1449. Slain 1471 ; and his howom?, forfeited. — George Plantagenet, duke of Clarence, created earl of Warwick and Salisbury, March 25, 1472. Murdered and attainted, 1477, and his honours forfeited. — John Dudley, viscount Lisle, created earl of Warwick, Feb. 17, 1547; and duke of North- umberland, Oct. 11, 1551. Attainted and beheaded, 1553, and the titles forfeited. — Ambrose Dudley, son, restored, and created earl of Warwick, Sept. 26, 1567. Extinct 1589. — Robert Rich, baron Rich, created earl of Warwick, Aug. 6, 1618. [Several of this fimily were earls of Holland, co. Lincoln, and barons Kensington, co. Middlesex. See Holland and Kensington.'] Extinct 1759. — Francis Greville, earl Brooke, created earl of Warwick, Nov. 21, 1759; since which year the earldoms of Brooke and Warwick have continued united in the same peer. Watevyll. Robert de Watevyll, lord Wate- vyll, summoned to parliament Dec. 3, 1326. Of this baron Dugdale gives no account. Welles. Adam de Welles, summoned to par- ment Feb. 6, 1299. This long line of barons, after several forfeitures of their honours, be- came extinct 1503. Of the family was John Welles, created viscount Welles in 1487, which viscounty became extinct 1498. Wellesley. Richard CoUey Wellesley, earl 1 Henry de Beauchamp was created premier earl of England, with the especial privilege of wearing a gold coronet, in April, 1444 ; and was crowned king of the Isle of Wight, by the king's own hands, circa 1445 : he died in 1449. O O 3 566 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. of Mornington (in Ireland), created baron Wellesley, of Wellesley, co. Somerset, Oct. 20, 1797. Created marquess Wellesley (in Ire- land), Dec. 2, 1799. Extinct 1842. Wellington. Sir Arthur Wellesley, created baron Douro, of Wellesley, co. Somerset, and viscount Wellington, of"^ Talavera, and of Wellington, co. Somerset, Sept. 4, 1809. Created carl of Wellington, co. Somerset, Feb. 28, 1812. Created marquess of Wellington aforesaid, Aug. 18, 1812. Created marquess of Douro aforesaid, and duke of Wellington, May 3, 1814. Present duke, marquess, earl, and viscount Wellington, and marquess and baron of Douro ; also prince of Waterloo, in the Netherlands ; duke of Ciudad Rodrigo, in Spain, and a grandee of the first class ; and duke of Vittoria, marquess of Torres Yedras, and count of Vimiera, in Portugal. Wemyss. Francis Wemyss Charteris Douglas, earl of Wemyss (in Scotland), created baron Wemyss, of Wemyss, co. Fife, July 17, 1821, W ENLOCiv. John Wenlock, created baron Wen- lock, of Wenlock, co. Salop, July 26, 1481. Extinct 1471 — Sir Robert Lawley, bart., cre- ated baron Wenlock, of Wenlock, co. Salop, June 16, 1831. Extinct on his death, 1834.— Paul Beilby Lawley Thompson, created baron Wenlock, of Wenlock, co. Salop, May 2, 1839. WENiMAN. Sophia-Elizabeth Wykeham, created baroness Wenman, of Thame Park, Oxon, May 17, 1834. Wentworth. Thomas Wentworth, baron WentAVorth, of Nettlested, co. Suffolk, Dec. 2, 1529. — Thomas Wentworth, 4th baron, created earl of Cleveland, co. York, Feb, 5, 1G26. — The earldom became extinct 1667 ; but the barony descended, and passed to the Noel family. AYentwokth, of Vv^entworth-Wodehouse. Sir Thomas Wentworth, bart., created baron Wentworth, of Wentworth -Wodehouse, co. York, July 22, 1628 ; and viscount Wentworth, Dec. 10, following. Created earl of Stratford, Jan. 12, 1640. Forfeited 1641 : restored, 1665 ; and extinct 1695. See Strafford. Wentworth, viscounty of, Sept. 4, 1711. Ex- tinct 1799. See Strafford. West. Thomas West, lord St. Amand, co. Berks, summoned to parliament Feb. 25, 1342. This barony is vested in the family of West, earls de la Warre. Western. Charles Callis Western, created baron Western, of Rivenhall, co. Essex, Jan. 14, 1833. Extinct on his death, 1844. WesTiMINSTER. Sir Richard Grosvenor, bart., created baron Grosvenor, of Eaton, co. Chester, April 8, 1761. Created viscount Belgrave, co. Chester, and earl Grosvenor, July 5, 1784. — Robert Grosvenor, 2nd earl, created marquess of Westminster, Sept. 7, 1831. V/estmorland. Ralph Nevill, baron Nevill, of Raby, created earl of Westmorland, Sept. 29, 1397. Forfeited 1570. — Francis Fane, created baron Burghersh and earl of Westmorland, by patent, Dec. 29, 1624. — John Fane (7th earl of this family), created baron Catherlough (in Ireland), Oct. 4, 1733. — In 1762 the barony of Berghersh, by writ, fell into abeyance, and the Irish barony became extinct; but the barony of Burghersh, by patent, and the earldom of Westmorland, descended. John Fane is the 1 1 th and present earl of Westmorland. Weston. Richard Weston, created baron Weston, of Neyland, co. Essex, April 13, 1628. Created earl of Portland, Feb. 17, 1633. Ex- tinct 1688. See Portland. Weymouth. Sir Thomas Thynne, bart., created baron Thynne, of Warminster, co. Wilts, and viscount Weymouth, co. Dorset, Dec. 11, 1682. — Thomas Thynne, 3rd viscount, created mar- quess of Bath, Aug. 18, 1789. — John-Alex- ander Thynne is the 4th and present marquess of Bath. See Bath. Wharncliffe, James Archibald Stuart Wort- ley, created baron Wharncliffe, of Wortlev, co. York, June 13, 1826. Wharton. Thomas Wharton, created lord Wharton, of Wharton, co. Westmorland, Jan. 30, 1545. — Thomas Wharton, 5th baron, cre- ated viscount Winchendon, co. Bucks, and earl of Wharton, co. Westmorland, Dec. 24, 1706. Created marquess of Malmesbury, co. Wilts, and marquess of Wharton, co. Westmorland, Jan. 1, 1715; and on the same day, baron of Trim, earl of Rathfarnham, and marquess of Catherlough (in Ireland). — Thomas Wharton, son, created duke of Wharton i, co. Westmor- land, Jan. 20, 1718. Extinct 1731. WuiTTiNGTON. John dc Whittington, lord Whittington, summoned to parliament Jan. 26, 1297 ; but not afterwards. Whitworth. Charles Whitworth, baron Whit- worth (in Ireland), created viscount Whit- worth, of Adbaston, co. Stafford, June 14, 1813. Created baron of Adbaston aforesaid, and earl W^hitworth, Nov. 25, 1815. Extijict, on his death, in 1825. WiDDRiNGTON. Sir William Widdrington, bart., created baron Widdrington, of Blankney, co. Lincoln, Nov. 10, 1643. Forfeited 1716. WiGAN. James Lindsay, earl of Balcarres (in Scotland), created baron Wigan, of Haigh Hall, CO. Lancaster, July 5, 1826. Merged in the Scottish earldom of Balcarres. WiLLiNGTON. John dc Willington, lord Wil- lington, summoned to parliament June 14, 1329. Extinct 1348. Williams. John Williams, baron Williams, of Thame, co. Oxford, summoned to parliament, April 2, 1554. Extinct 1559. — Dugdale. In abeyance from that year. — Nicolas. W^illoughby de Eresby. Robert Willoughby, summoned to parliament July 26, 1313. This ancient barony passed to the Bertie family, of Avhom Robert Bertie was created earl of Lind- sey, Nov. 22, 1626. It merged in the earldom of Lindsey and dukedom of Ancaster until 1779, when it fell into abeyance, which the king terminated in favour of Priscilla-Barbara- Elizabeth Burrell, March 18, 1780. See Gwydir. Willoughby de Broke. Robert de Wil- loughby (of the preceding family), lord Wil- loughby de Broke, in Wiltshire, by descent ; summoned to parliament Aug. 12, 1492. The barony fell into abeyance in 1606, when it was 1 Of this family was the celebrated lord-lieutenant of Ireland. This noble was attainted in 1728, when all his honours heQume forfeited. Sir Harris Nicolas says: " It does not appear that his attainder has been reversed ; but sliould his heirs ever be rendered capable of inheriting his honours, the barony would become vested in the descendants and representatives of Lucy and Jane, his sisters and coheirs ; but as he died sine prole, in 1731, all nis other honours, if he had not forfeited them in 1728, would then have become extinct." THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 567 claimed b3% and allowed to, the Yerney family, of whom Henry Peyto Verney is the 8th and present baron. WiLLouGHBY, of Parham. William Willoiighby (of same family), created baron Willoughby, of Parham, co. Suffolk, Feb. 16, 1547. Extinct 1779. Wilmington. Sir Spencer Compton, the cele- brated minister, created baron AVilmington, CO. Sussex, Jan. 11, 1728. Created viscount Pevensey and earl of Wilmington, both co. Sussex, May 14, 1730. Extinct on his death in 1743. — Charles Compton, earl of North- ampton, created baron Wilmington, of Wil- mington, CO. Sussex, earl Compton, of Comp - ton, CO. Warwick, and marquess of the co. of Northampton, Sept. 7, 1812. See Noj-th- ampton. WiLMOT, viscount Wilmot (in Ireland), created baron Wihnot, of Adderbury, co. Oxford, June 29, 1643. Created earl of Kochester, Dec. 13, 1652. Extinct 1681. See Rochester. Wilton. James Brydges, baron Chandos, cre- ated viscount Wilton, co. Hereford, and earl of Carnarvon, Oct. 19, 1714. Created marquess of Carnarvon and duke of Chandos, April 30, 1719. Extinct 1789. See Chandos. — Thomas Egerton, baron Grey de Wilton, of Wilton Castie, created viscount Grey de Wilton and earl of Wilton, of Wilton Castle aforesaid, June 26, 1801. Thomas Grosvenor Egerton is 2nd and present earl. Wiltshire. William le Scrope, created earl of Wiltshire, Sept. 29, 1397. Attainted, and his honours forfeited, 1399. — James Butler (of the family of Butler, earls of Ormond in Ire- land), created earl of Wiltshire, July 8, 1449. Beheaded 1461, when this earldom became extinct — John Stafford (of the family of Staf- ford, dukes of Buckingham), created earl of Wiltshire, Jan. 5, 1470. Again extinct 1499. — Henry Stafford, created earl of Wiltshire, 1509. Extinct 1523. — Thomas Boleyn, vis- count Rochford (father of queen Anna Boleyn) ; created earl of Wiltshire, Dec. 8, 1529. Ex- tinct in his son, George Boleyn, who was be- headed in 1538. — William Paulet, baron St. John, of Basing, created earl of Wiltshire, Jan. 19, 1550; and marquess of Winchester, Oct. 12, 1551. The earldom merges in the marquisate of Winchester. See Winchester. Wimbledon. Edward Cecil, baron Cecil, of Putney, created viscount Wimbledon, co. Surrev, July 25, 1626. Extinct on his death, 1638." WiNCiiKNDON, viscounty of, Dec. 23, 1706. For- feited 1728, or extinct 1731. See Wharton. WiNCHESTEF.. Saicr de Quincy, baron of Groby, in Leicestershire, created earl of Winchester, 1207. Extinct 1264. — Hugh, baron le De- spencer, created earl of Winchester, May 10, 1322. Forfeited 1326. — Prince Louis de Bruges (of Germany), created earl of Win- chester, Oct. 13, 1472. Resigned the earldom 1499. _ William Paulet, earl of Wiltshire, created marquess of Winchester, Oct. 12, 1551. — John Paulet, succeeded 1843, is the 14th and present marquess, and premier marquess of England. See Wiltshire. WiNCiiiLSEA. Elizabeth, viscountess Maidstone, created countess of Winchilsea, July 12, 1628. Succeeded by her son, sir Thomas Finch, bart., 1633. — Daniel Pinch, earl of Nottingham, succeeded as 6th earl of Winchilse:i, 1/29; o o since Mliich year the earldoms of Winchilsea and Nottingham have been united. Windsor. William Eitz-Other, baron bv tenure, ientp. William I._\\'illiani de Windsor, de- scendant, baron by sunnnons, Aug. 22, 1381. Extinct 1384. — Andrew Windsor (of same family), summoned to parliament, Nov. 3, 1529. In abeyance from 1642 until 1660, when that state was terminated in favour of Thomas Hickman Windsor, confirmed to him by patent, June 16, in that year; and who was created earl of Plymouth, Dec. 6, 1682. The barony merged in the earldom of Ply- mouth. See Plymouth. Windsor, co. Berks. John Stuart, earl of Bute (in Scotland), baron Cardiff and baron jMount- stuart (in England), created viscount Mont- joy, in the Isle of Wight, earl of Windsor, co. Berks, and marquess of Bute, co. Bute, Feb. 20, 1796. Merged in the marquisate of Bute. See Bute. WoDEiiousE. Sir John Wodehouse, bart., cre- ated baron Wodehouse, of Kimberlev, co. Nor- folk, Oct. 26, 1797. John Wodehouse, grand- son, is 3rd and present baron. WoKiNGHAiM, barony of, April 9, 1689. Extinct 1708. See Cumberland. WoLYEKTON. Hamou, lord of Wolverton, co. Bucks, baron by tenure, temp. Henry I. — John de Wolverton, 6th baron, appears to have been the last of the barons of Wolverton, temp. Edward 1. Woodstock. Edmund Plantagenet (son of Edward I.), had summons to parliament, Aug. 5, 1320. Created earl of Kent, May 15, 1321. Forfeited by attainder 1330. See note to Edmund, of Woodstock, under head "Princes of Europe," page 9. — William Bentinck, cre- ated baron of Cirencester, co. Gloucester, vis- count Woodstock, CO. Oxford, and earl of Portland, co. Dorset, April 9, 1689. See Port- la7id. Worcester. Urso d'Abitot, baron of Elmley, created earl of Worcester, 1076. Extinct in him, circa 1100. — Waleran de Bellamont, or Beaumont, created earl of Worcester, 1144. Extinct 1166. — Thomas Percy, lord of Haven- ford, created earl of Worcester, Sept. 29, 1397. Beheaded 1402, and the earldom extinct. — Richard Beauchamp, baron of Abergavenny, created earl of Worcester, 1420. Extinct 1421. — John Tiptoft, baron Tiptoft, created earl of Worcester, July 16, 1449. Forfeited being attainted and beheaded) 1470. — Edward Tip- toft, son, restored, 1471. I^xtinct 1485. — Charles Somerset, baron Herbert, of Chepstow, Ragland, and Gov/er, created earl of Worcester, Feb. 2, 1514. — Henry Somerset, 5th earl, cre- ated marquess of Worcester, Nov. 2, 1642. — Henry Somer.-et, 3rd marquess, created duke of Beaufort, Dec. 2, 1682. See Beaufort. WoRLiNGiiA^r, Archibald Acheson, earl of Gos- ford (in Ireland), created baron Worlingham, of Beccles, co. Suffolk, July 8, 1835. Merged in the Irish earldom of Gosford. Wotton. Sir Edward Wotton, created baron Wotton, of Maherly, co. Kent, May 13, 1603. Extijict in his son, 1630. — Charles Henry Kirkhoven, created baron Wotton, of Wotton, CO. Kent, Aug. 31, 1650. Created earl of Bella- mont (in Ireland). 1677. Extirict on his death, 1682. Wriotiiesley. Thomas Wriothesley, created baron Wriotheslc}', of Titchfield, co. South- 4 THE PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. hampton, Jan. 1, 1544, and earl of Southamp- ton, Feb. 16, 1547. Extinct 1667. See South- ampton. Wrottesley. John Wrottesley, created baron Wrottesley, of Wrottesley, co. Stafford, July 11, 1838. His son, John Wrottesley, is 2nd and present peer. Wycombe. John Fitzmaurice Petty, earl of Shelburne (in Ireland), created baron Wy- combe, of Chipping-Wycombe, co. Bucks, May 17, 1760. — William Petty, son, created vis- count Calne and Calston, co. Wilts, earl of Wycombe, co. Bucks, and marquess of Lans- dovvne, co. Somerset, Dec. 6, 1784. See Lans- downe. Wynfokd. William Draper Best, created baron Wynford, of Wynford- Eagle, co. Dorset, June 4, 1829. Succeeded in 1845 by his son, Wil- liam-Samuel Best, 2nd and present baron. Y. Yarboeough. Charles Anderson Pelham, cre- ated baron Yarborough, of Yarborongh, co. Lincoln, Aug. 13, 1794. — Charles Anderson Pelham, 2nd baron, created earl of Yarborough, Jan. 24, 1837. Charles-Anderson Worsley Pelham, son of the earl, whom he succeeded in 1846, is the 2nd and present earl of Yar- borough. Yarmouth. Sir Robert Paston, bart., created baron Paston, of Paston, co Norfolk, and vis- count Yarmouth, sameco., Aug. 19, 1673; and earl of Yarmouth, July 30, 1679. Extinct in his son, 1732. — Amelia Sophia de Walmeden (mistress of George II.), created, for life, ba- roness and countess of Yarmouth, both co. Norfolk, March 24, 1740. Extinct 1765. Francis Seymour Conway, earl of Hertford, created earl of Yarmouth, co. Norfolk, and marquess of Hertford, July 5, 1793. See Hert- ford. York. William le Gros, earl of Albemarle, created earl of York, 1138. Exiinct 1179.— Otho (son of the empress Maud), created earl of York by Richard 1. 1190. Extinct 1218. — Edmund Plantagenet, earl of Cambridge (son of Edward HI.) created duke of York, Aug. 6, 1385. The Plantagenets bore the title until Edward Plantagenet, who ascended the throne as Edward IV., 1461, merged the dukedom in the crown. — Richard Plantagenet (2nd son of Edward IV.), created duke of York, May 28, 1474. Murdered (with his brother Edward V.) in the Tower, 1483. — Henry Tudor (2nd son of Henry VII.) created duke of York, Nov. 1, 1491. Ascended the throne as Henry VIII., 1509. — Charles Stuart (2nd son of James I.), created duke of York, Jan. 6, 1604. Ascended the throne as Charles I., 1625. — James Stuart (2nd son of Charles I.), created duke of York, Jan. 27, 1643. Ascended the throne as James II. , 1685. — Ernest Augustus (brother of George L), created duke of York and Albany, June 29, 1716. Extinct 1728. ■— Edward Au- gustus (brother of George HI.), created duke of York and Albanv, April 1, 1760. Extinct 1767. — H. R. H. Frederick (2nd son of George III. ), created duke of York and Albany, Nov. 27, 1784. Extinct, on his death, 1827. z. Zetland. Sir Thomas Dundas, bart., created baron Dundas, of Aske, co. York, Aug. 13, 1794. — Laurence Dundas, sou, and 2nd baron, created earl of Zetland, June 13, 1838. Thomas Dundas (son of the latter) succeeded in 1839, and is 2nd and present earl of Zetland. Zouche, of Ashby. William le Zouche, baron by tenure, temp. Richard I. — Alan le Zouche, lord Zouche, of Ashby, co. Leicester, 5th baron, had summons to parliament Feb. 6, 1299. In abeyance from 1314. Zouche, of Haryngworth. Eudo le Zouche, baron by tenure, temp. Edward I. — William le Zouche, lord Zouche, of Haryngworth, co. Northampton, summoned to parliament Jan. 13, 1308. This barony continued in the family of Zouche until 1625, when it fell into abey- ance, which state was terminated Aug. 27, 1815, in favour of sir Cecil Bishopp ; and again falling into abeyance in 1828, it was again ter- minated, Jan. 8, 1829, in favour of Harriet- Anne Curzon, present baroness Zouche, of Haryngworth. Zouche, of Mortimer. William le Zouche, lord Zouche, of Riccards Castle, afterwards of Mor- timer, summoned to parliament Dec. 26, 1323. Presumed to be in abeyance from his death, circa 1337. 569 INDEX TO THE PRIVY COUNCILLORS OF ENGLAND. *^* In the following Index, reference is made to the year in which the Privy Councillor was sworn, not to the page in which his name occurs. From the number of names contained in a page, reference would be less facile than it is made by looking to the year. Besides, the object of the in- quirer may be, in many instances, to ascertain at what time the personage sought for became a Privy Councillor, and this is at once shown by this Index alone, without further search. Where it is ne- cessary to learn minuter particulars, the arrangement by years saves the trouble of poring through all the names that crowd a page. A. Abbot, Charles (lord Colchester) - - 1801 Abbot, sir Charles, chief justice - - 1818 Abercorn, James, earl of - - - 1738 Abercorn, James, marquess of - - 1846 Abercrom.by, James _ _ - 1827 Aberdeen, George, earl of - - - 1814 Abingdon, Montagu, earl of - - 1702 Abinger, James, lord _ - - 1834 A'Court, sir William - - - 1817 Adair, sir Robert - - - - 1828 Adam, sir Frederick _ . _ 1831 Adam, William - 1815 Addington, Henry _ - - 1789 Addington, John Hiley - - -1803 Addison, Joseph - - - -1717 Ailesbury, Robert, earl of - - - 1678 Ailesbury, Robert, earl of, again - - 1681 Ailesbury, Thomas, earl of - - 1776 Aislabie, John - - - -1716 Albemarle, Christopher, duke of 1675 and 1679 Albemarle, George, duke of - - 1660 Albemarle, George, earl of - - 1761 Albemarle, William- Anne, earl of - 1751 Albemarle, WilHam-Charles, earl of - 1830 Albert, H. R. H. prince, consort to the Queen - - - - - 1840 Alexander, sir William (chief baron) - 1824 Althorpe, John-Charles, viscount - - 1830 Alvanley, Richard Pepper, lord - - 1788 Amherst, Jeffrey, lord - - - 1772 Amherst, William Pitt, lord - - 1815 Ancaster and Kesteven, Peregrine, duke of 1724 Ancaster and Kesteven, Peregrine, duke of 1742 Ancaster and Kesteven, Robert, duke of - 1779 Anglesey, Arthur, earl of - - - 1660 Anglesey, Arthur, earl of - - - 1679 Anglesey, Arthur, earl of - - - 1710 Anglesey, John, earl of - - - 1710 Annandale, William, marquess of - 1711 Annesley, Arthur, lord - - - 1660 Anson, George, lord - . > 1750 Anson, William, viscount - - 1830 Anstruther, sir John _ - - 1806 Apsley, Henry, lord - - - 1771 Ansley, Henry, lord - - - 1793 Arbuthnot, Charles - - - 1804 Arden, sir Richard Pepper - - 1788 Argvll, George-William, duke of - - 1833 Argyll, John, duke of - - - 1709 Argyll, John, duke of - - - 1762 Arlington, Henry, earl of - - - 1679 Armagh, dr. Stuart, archbishop of - 1801 Arthur, sir George > _ _ 1847 Arundel of Wardour, Henry, lord - 1686 Ashburnham, John, earl of - - 1765 Ashburton, Alexander, lord - - 1834 Ashburton, John Dunning, lord - - 1782 Athol, John, duke of - - - 1797 Atholl, James, duke of - - - 1734 Atholl, John, duke of - - - 1712 Auckland, George, lord, afterwards earl of 1830 Auckland, William, lord - - - 1783 Aylesford, Heneage, earl of - - 1783 B. Bagot, sir Charles - - . I815 Baines, Matthew Talbot - - - 1849 Banks, sir Joseph - - - - 1797 Barham, Charles Middleton, lord - - 1805 Baring, Alexander - - - 1834 Baring, Francis Thornhill - - 1839 Baring, William Bingham - - 1845 Barre, Isaac - 1766 Barrington, William, viscount - - 1755 Bateman, John, viscount - - - 1756 Bath, John, earl of - - - 1663 Bath, John, earl of - - - 1679 Bath, Thomas, marquess of - - 1765 Bath, William Pulteney, earl of - - 1742 Bathurst, Allen, lord - - - 1742 Bathurst, Charles Bragge - - 1801 Bathurst, Henry, earl - - - 1771 Bathurst, Henry, earl - - - 1793 Bayham, John Jeffreys, viscount - - 1 793 Bayley, sir John - - - - 1834 Beauchamp, Francis, viscount - - 1780 Beauclerk, lord Sidney - - - 1740 Beaufort, Henry, duke of - - - 1679 Beauvale, Frederick Lamb, lord - - 1822 Becket, sir John - - - - 18L7 Bedford, Francis, duke of - - - 1846 Bedford, John, duke of - - - 1744 Bedford, John, Cluke of - - - 1806 Bedford, William, earl of - - - 1689 Belasyse, John, lord - - - 1686 Belfast, George, earl of - - - 1830 Bennett, sir Henry - - - 1662 Benson, Robert - - - -17U 570 INDEX TO THE miYY COUNCILLORS. Bentinck, William - - - 1689 Bentinck, lord William-Charles C. - 1812 Bentinck, lord William-Henry C. - 1827 Beresford, John - - - - 1786 Beresford, William Carr, lord - - 1821 Berkeley, sir Charles _ _ - IBGO Berkeley, George, lord - 1678 and 1685 Berkeley, James, earl of- - -1717 Berkeley, John, lord, of Stratton - - 1752 Berkeley, John, lord, of Stratton - - 1663 Berkshire, Thomas, earl of - - 1660 Bertie, Peregrine - - - - 1695 Besborough, John, earl of - - 1831 Besborough, John-George, earl of - 1848 Besborough, William, earl of - - 1765 Best, sir William Draper - - - 1824 Beverley, George, earl of - - - 1842 Bexley, Nicholas, lord - - - 1805 Bickei'steth, Henry (lord Langdale) - 1836 Bindon, Henry, earl of - - - 1708 Bingley, Robert, lord _ _ _ 1730 Binning, Thomas, lord _ _ - 1814 Blackburn, dr., archbishop of York - 1724 Blomfield, dr., bishop of London - - 1828 Bloomfield, sir Benjamin - - - 1817 Bodmin, John, viscount - - - 1679 Bolton, Charles, duke of - - - 1725 Bolton, Harry, duke of - - - 1755 Bolton, Harry, duke of - - - 1766 Bolton, Thomas Orde, lord - - 1785 Bond, Nathaniel - - - - 1803 Bosanquet, sir John Bernard - " 1833 Boscawen, hon. Edward - - - 1759 Boscawen, Hugh - - - - 1689 Bourne, William Sturges - - - 1814 Boyle, David - - - - 1820 Boyle, Henry - - - - 1701 Bradford, Francis, earl of - - - 1689 Bradford, Richard, earl of - - 1710 Bragge, Charles (Bathurst) •- -1801 Breadalbane, John, earl of - - 1766 Breadalbane, John, marquess of - - 1848 Brentford, Patrick, earl of - 1649 Bridgeman, sir Orlando - - - 1667 Bridgewater, John, earl of - - 1667 Bridgewater, John^ earl of 1G79 and 1691 Bristol, dr. Robinson, bishop of - - 1711 Bristol, George, earl of - - - 1660 Bristol, George-William, earl of - - 1766 Bromley, William - - -1711 Brougham, Henry, lord - - - 1830 Bruce, lord Ernest - - - 1841 Bruce, sir James Lewis Knight - - 1842 Bruce, Thomas Bruce, lord - - 1776 Brydges, sir Harford Jones - - 1835 Buccleuch, Walter-Francis, duke of - 1842 Buckingham, George, duke of - - 1650 Buckingham, George, duke of - - 1662 Buckingham, George, duke of - - 1782 Buckingham, Richard, duke of • - 1806 Buckingham, Richard, duke of - - 1841 Buckinghamshire, John, earl of - - 1756 Buckinghamshire, Robert, earl of - - 1793 Bulwer, Henry Litton . . - 1845 Burghersh, John, lord - _ - 1822 Burke, Edmund - - - - 1782 Ikirlington, Charles, earl of - - 1702 Burlington, Richard, earl of - - 1729 Bute, John, earl of - - - 1760 Bute, John, earl of - - - 1779 Butler, sir Nicholas _ - > 1686 Byng, sir George - - - - 1721 Byng, hon. George Stevens - - 1835 hon. Pattee ... 1732 c. Cadogan, William, lord - - - 1717 Calcraft, John - - . _ 1828 Cambridge, Adolphus-Frederick, duke of - - - - - 1802 Camden, Charles, lord . - _ 1762 Camden, John, earl _ . _ 1793 Campbell, lord Frederick - - - 1765 Campbell, John, lord - • - 1841 Canning, George - - - - 1800 Canning, John, viscount - - - 1846 Canning, sir Stratford - - _ 1820 Canterbury, Charles, viscount - - 1809 Canterbury, Cornwallis, archbishop of - 1768 Canterbury, dr. Juxon, archbishop of - 1663 Canterbury, dr. Moore, archbishop of - 1783 Canterbury, dr. Potter, archbishop of - 1737 Canterbury, dr. Sancroft, archbishop of - 1678 Can terbury, dr. Sancroft, archbishop of, again 1679 Canterbury, dr. Seeker, archbishop of - 1758 Canterbury, dr. Sumner, archbishop of - 1848 Canterbury, dr. Sutton, archbishop of - 1805 Canterbury, dr. Tennyson, archbishop of - 1695 Canterbury, dr, Tillotson, archbishop of - 1691 Canterbury, dr. Wake, archbishop of - 1716 Capel, sir Henry - - 1679 and 1689 Carberry, Richard, earl of - - 1661 Carew, Reginald Pole - 1805 Carleton, Henry, lord - - - 1714 Carlisle, Charles, earl of - - - 1701 Carlisle, Frederick, earl of - - 1777 Carlisle, George, earl of - - - 1806 Carlisle, George, earl of - - - 1835 Carmarthen, Francis, marquess of - 1777 Carmarthen, Thomas, marquess of - 1672 Carnarvon, Henry, earl of - - 1806 Carr, sir Robert - - 1672 and 1680 Carteret, sir George . _ _ 1660 Carteret, John, lord - 1721 Carysfort, John-Joshua, earl of - - 1806 Castlemaine, Roger, earl of - - 1686 Castlereagh, Frederick, viscount - - 1835 Castlereagh, Robert, viscount - - 1798 Cathcart, Charles, lord _ - - 1768 Cathcart, William Shaw, lord - - 1798 Cavendish, George, lord - - - 1762 Cavendish, John, lord - _ - 1782 Cavendish, William, lord - - - 1679 Chandos, James, duke of - - - 1721 Chandos, James, duke of - - - 1775 Chatham, John, earl of - - - 1789 Chesterfield, George, earl of - - 1834 Chesterfield, Philip, earl of - -1681 Chesterfield, Philip, earl of - - 1728 Chesterfield, Philip, earl of - - 1784 Cliewton, George, viscount - - 1782 Chicheley, sir Thomas - 1670 and 1679 Cholmondeley, George, earl of - - 1736 Cholmondeley, George- James, earl of - 1783 Cholmondeley, Hugh, viscount - - 1705 Cholmondeley, Jamics, marquess of - 1830 Churchill, general John, lord - - 1689 Clancarty, Richard, earl of - - 1807 Clanricarde, Ulick, marquess of - - 1830 Clare, John, earl of - - - 17l!0 Clare, John, earl of - - - 1830 Clarence, H. R. H. William -Henry, duke of - - - - - 1789 Clarendon, Edward, earl of - 1711 Clarendon, George, earl of - - - 1840 Clarendon, Henry, earl of - 1G79 and 1680 Clarendon, Thomas, earl of - - 1763 Clarke, sir Thomas - • - 1754 INDEX TO TilE TR IVY COUNCILLORS. 571 Clerk, sir George - - - _ 1845 Clifford, sir Thomas - - - in go Clutterbuck, Thomas - _ 1742 Cobham, Richard, lord - - - 1716 Cockburn, sir George - - _ 1^27 Coke, Thomas - 1706 Colchester, Charles, lord - - - 1 80 1 Colepeper, John, lord - _ - i(349 Corabermere, Stapleton, viscount - - 1834: Compton, dr., bishop of London 1676 and 1679 Compton, dr., bishop of London, again - 1()89 Compton, Spencer - - -1716 Compton, sir William - - - ig62 Coningsby, Thomas, lord - - - 1693 Conway, Edward, eail of - - - 1681 Conway, hon. Henry Seymour - - 1765 Conyngliam, Francis, marquess of - 1835 Conyngham, Henry, marquess of - - 1821 Cooper, sir Anthony Ashley, bart. - 16()0 Cooper, sir Grey - - - - 1796 Copley, sir John Singleton - - 1826 Cornewall, Charles VVolfran - - 1780 Cornwallis, Charles, lord - - - 1692 Cornwallis, Charles, lord - - - 1721 Cornwallis, Charles, lord - - - 1740 Cornwallis, Charles, earl - - - 1770 Cornwallis, dr., archbishop of Canterbury - 1768 Cornwallis, sir Frederick - - - 1660 Corry, hon. Henrj^-Thomas Lowry - 1835 Corry, Isaac (Rt. hon.) - - - 1799 Cottenham, Charles, earl of - - 1834 Cottington, Francis, lord - - - 1649 Courtenay, Thomas Peregrine - - 1828 Courtown, James, earl of - - - 1784 Coventry, Henry - - 1672 and 1679 Coventry, William, earl of - - 1720 Cowley, Henry, lord - - - 1809 Cowper, William, lord _ . - 1705 Craggs, James - - - - 1718 Cranley, George, viscount - - - 1767 Cranworth, lord . - - - 1850 Craven, William, earl of - - - 1666 Craven, William, earl of - - - 1681 Crewe, lord, bishop of Durham 1676 and 1686 Croker, John Wilson - - - 1828 Cumberland, H. R. H. Ernest-Augustus, duke of - - - - - 1799 Cumberland, H. R. PL Henry-Frede- rick, duke of - - - - 1766 Cumberland, H. R. H. William, duke of 1742 Cust, sir John - - - - 1 762 D. Dalhousie, James, earl of (marquess) - 1843 Dallas, sir Robert - - - - 1818 Darner, hon. George Lionel Dawson - 1841 Danby, Thomas, earl of - - - 1672 D'Arcy, sir Conyers _ _ - 1730 Dartniouth, George, earl of - - 1682 Dartmouth, George, earl of - - 1801 Dartmouth, William, lord - - - 1702 Dartmouth, William, earl of - - 1765 Dashwood, sir Francis - - - 1761 Dawes, dr., archbishop of York - - 1714 Dawson, George-Robert - - - 1830 De Ferrars, George, lord - - - 1782 De Grey, Ihomas-Philip, earl - - 1834 De Grey, sir William _ _ - 1771 De la Mere, Henry, lord - - - 1689 De la AYarr, George-John, earl - - 1841 De la W^irr, John, lord > - - 1731 Denbigh, Basil, earl of - - - 1760 Denbigh, Basil Percy, enrl of - - 1833 Denman, sir Thomas (lord Denman) - 1832 Denmark, George, prince of, II. R. H. - 1685 Derb}^, Edward, earl of - - - 17 - - 1790 Fitz-Herbert, Alleyne - _ - 1787 Fitzpatrick, hon. Richard - - - 1783 Fitzroy, lord Charles' . - - 1835 Fitzwalter, Benjamin, earl - - 1735 Fitzwilliam, William Wentworth, earl - 1794 Flood, Henry - - - 1776 Foley, Thomas, lord - - - 1830 Forrester, John-George, lord - - 1841 Fortescue, Hugh, earl - - - 1839 Fortescue, William _ _ _ 1741 Foster, Augustus-John - - - 1822 Foster, John, lord Oriel - - - 1786 Fox, Charles-James - 1782 and 1806 Fox, Henry (lord Holland) - - 1746 Fremantle, William-Henry - - 1822 Fremantle, sir Thomas-Francis - - 1844 Frere, John Hookham . - - 1805 Fust, sir Herbert Jenner - - - 1834 G. Gal way, Henry, earl of ~ - - 1715 Galway, Robert, viscount - - - 1784 Garrow, sir William - _ _ 1832 Germaine, lord George Sackville 1758 and 1765 Gibbs, sir Vicary - - - _ 18 13 Gibson, dr., bishop of London - - 1723 Gibson, Thomas Milner - - - 1846 Gifford, sir Robert (lord Gifford) - - 1824 Gilbert, dr., archbishop of York - - 1757 Gladstone, William Ewart - - 1841 Glastonbury, James, lord - - - 1783 Glenoervie, Sylvester, lord - - 1794 Glencairn, William, earl of - - 1661 Glenelg, Charles, lord - - - 1819 Gloucester, Henry, duke of - - 1660 Gloucester, H. R. H. William-Henry, duke of - - - - - 1764 Gloucester, H. R. H. William- Frede- rick, duke of - - - - 1806 Godolphin, Francis, earl of - - 1723 Godolphin, Sidney, afterwards lord - 1680 Godolphin, Sidney, lord, again - - 1690 Goodricke, sir Henry - - _ 1690 Goodricke, sir John _ » _ 1773 Gordon, George, duke of - - - 1829 Gordon, Robert - - . . 1826 Gosford, Archibald, earl of - - 1834 Goulburn, Henrj'- - - - - 1821 Gould-Morgan, sir Charles - - 1804 Gower, lord Francis Leveson - - 1828 Gower, George Granville Leveson, earl - 1790 Gower, Granville, earl _ .. _ 1755 Gower, Granville Leveson, lord - - 1804 Gower, John, lord - 1742 Gower, sir John Leveson - - . 1702 Grafton, Augustus-Henry, duke of - 1765 Grafton, Charles, duke of - - - 1715 Graham, James, marquess of - - 1789 Graham, James, marquess of - - 1821 Graham, sir James-Robert-George - 1830 Graham, sir Robert - _ _ 1834 Granby, John, marquess of - - 1760 Grant, Charles (lord Glenelg) - - 1819 Grant, sir Robert - - - - 1830 Grant, sir William - - - 1801 Grantham, Henrv, earl of - - 1727 Grantham, Thomas, lord - - - 1770 Grantley, Fletcher, lord - - - 1769 Granville, Granville-Levison, viscount, af- terwards earl _ - _ - 1804 Granville, Granville George, earl - - 1846 Granville, hon. John > _ - 1702 Gray, sir James - - - - 1769 Grey, sir Charles (lord Grey) - - 1797 Grey, hon. Charles (earl Grey) - " 1806 Grey, sir Charles-Edward " - - 1835 Grey, sir George - - - - 1839 Grey, Henry, earl _ - _ 1835 Grenville, hon. George - - . 1754 Grenville, James - - - - 1783 Grenville, hon. James - - - 1761 Grenville, Thomas . _ - 1793 Grenville, William Windham, lord - 1783 Greville, Charles - - - - 1783 Grosvenor, hon. Robert - - - 1830 Guernsey, Heneage, lord - - - 1703 Guilford, Francis, lord - - - 1712 Gwj^dir, Peter, lord - - - 1820 Gwydir, Peter-Robert, lord - - 1821 H. Haddington, Thomas, earl of - - 1814 Halifax, George, viscount - - 1672 Halifax, George, viscount, again - - 1679 Halifax, George, earl of - 1672 and 1679 i^lalifax, George, marquess of, again - 1689 Halifax, George, earl of - - - 1717 Halifax, George Dunk, earl of - - 1749 Hamilton, William, duke of - - 1650 Hamilton, William, duke of - - 1686 Hamilton, sir William - - - 1791 Hampden, Richard _ - _ 1689 Hampden, Richard - - - 1718 Harbord, William - - - 1689 Harcourt, dr., archbishop of York - 1808 Harcourt, sir Simon - - - 1710 Harcourt, Simon, earl - - - 1751 INDEX TO THE PRIVY COUXCILLORS. Hardinge, sir Henry (viscount) - - 1828 Hardwicke, Philip, lord - - - 1733 Hardwicke, Philip, earl of - - 1801 Harley, Robert, afterwards sir Robert - 1 701 Harley, hon. Thomas - - _ 1768 Harrington, Charles, earl of - - 1798 Harrington, William, lord - - 1727 Harris, sir James - - - - 1784 Hart, sir Anthony . , _ 1827 Hartington, William, marquess of - 1751 Plastings, Francis, marquess of - - 1806 Hastings, Warren - - - - 1814 Hatherton, Edward- John, lord - - 1833 Hatton, Christopher, lord - - - 1GG2 Hawke, sir Edward _ _ _ 170(3 Hawkesbury, Charles, lord - - 1773 Hawkesbury, Robert Banks, lord - - 1799 Hayter, dr. Thomas, bishop of London - 1761 Hayter, William Goodenough - - 1848 Hedges, sir Charles _ _ _ 1700 Henley, Morton Eden, lord - - 1794 Henley, sir Robert _ . _ 1757 Herbert, Arthur - - - - 1689 Herbert, sir Edward _ - - 1G85 Herbert, George, lord _ _ - 1784 Herbert, hon. Sidney - - . - 1845 Hereford, Henry, viscount - - 1830 Herries, John-Charles - _ - 1827 Herring, dr., archbishop of York - - 1743 Hertford, Francis, earl of - - - 1763 Hertford, Francis, marquess of - - 1812 Hertford, William, marquess of - - 1660 Hervey, John, lord _ _ _ 1730 Hevtesbury, William, lord ■ - 1817 Hifl, lord Arthur IMarcus Cecil - - 1841 Hill, sir George Fitzgerald - - 1817 Hill, John - - - - 1712 Hill, Rowland, lord - - - 1828 Hill, William Noel - - - 1824 Hillsborough, Wills, earl of - - 1754 Hinchinbrook, John Montagu, viscount - 1771 Hobart, John, lord _ _ - I745 Hobart, John, lord _ _ - 1756 Hobart, hon. Robert - - - 1793 Hobhouse, Henry - - > - 1828 Hobhouse, sir John (now^ lord Broughton) 1832 Holdernesse, Robert, earl of - - 1718 Holdernesse, Robert, earl of - - 1751 Holland, Henry-Richard, lord - - 1806 Holland, sir John - - - - 1709 Holies, Denzil, lord - - - 1660 Holies, Denzill, lord - - - 1679 Holt, sir John - . _ _ 1689 Hope, Charles - . - . 1822 Hope, John _ . . . 1844 Hope, sir William Johnstone - - 3830 Hopton, Ralph, lord . _ - 1649 How, John - 1702 Howe, Richard-William, earl - - 1831 Howe, Richard, viscount - - - 1765 Howe, sir William _ _ - 1782 Howard, colonel Charles - - - 1660 Howard, lord Edward-George Fitz-Alan - 1846 Howard, sir George, field-marshal - 1795 Howard, sir Robert _ _ - 1689 Howley, dr., bishop of London - - 1813 Howick, Henry, viscount (earl Gre}-) - 1835 Huntingdon, Francis, earl of - - 1760 Huntingdon, Theophilus, earl of - - 1683 Huskisson, William - - - 1814 Hutchinson, John Hely - - - 1787 Hut ton, dr., archbishop of York - - 1748 Hyde, sir Edward, knt. - - -1649 Hyde, Henry, lord - - - 1710 Hyde, Laurence H3^de, Thomas, lord Hyndford, John, earl of I. Ilchester, Henry-Stephen, earl of Ilchester, Stephen, earl of - Inchiguin, Murrough, earl of Ingram, sir Thomas - Islay, Archibald, earl of - J. JetFreys, sir George Jek}^], sir Joseph - Jenkins, sir Leoline Jenkinson, Charles Jenner, sir Herbert (Fust) Jermyn, Frederick-William, earl Jermyn, Henry, lord Jersey, Edward, earl of J ersey, George, earl of Jersey, George Bussy, earl of Jersey, William, earl of Jervis, sir John Jocelyn, Robert, viscount - Johnston, sir Alexander Juxon, dr., bishop of London K. Keith, sir Robert Murray Kempt, sir James - Kent, H. R. H. Edward, duke of Kent, Henry, earl of Kenyon, Lloyd, lord Keppel, hon. Augustus Keppel, sir William Kincardine, Alexander, earl of King, sir Peter Kinnaird, George, lord Kinnoul, Robert Auriol, earl of Knatchbull, sir Edward L. Labouchere, Henry Lamb, hon. Frederick-James Lamb, lion. William (lord Melbour Lane, sir Richard, knt. Langdale, Henry, lord Lansdowne, George, lord - Lansdowne, Henry, marquess of Lascelles, hon. William Sebright Latimer, Thomas, viscount Lauderdale, James, earl of Lauderdale, John, duke of Lauderdale, John, earl of - Lavington, Ralph, lord Leach, sir John Lechmere, sir Nicholas Le Despencer, Francis, lord Lee, sir George Lee, sir William Leeds, Francis, duke of Leeds, Thomas, duke of Leeds, Thomas, duke of Lefevre, Charles Shaw Lcgge, George, admiral Legge, hon. Henry Bilson 574 INDEX TO TilE PRIVY COUNCILLORS. Leicester, John, earl of - - - 1731 Leicester, Robert, earl of - - - 1G60 Leigh, Thomas Pemberton - - 1843 Leinster, Augustus-Frederick, duke of - 1831 Lenox, lord George _ _ - 1784 Lewis, Thomas Frankland (sir) - - 1828 Lewisham, George, viscount - - 1801 Lexinton, Robert, lord - - - 1692 Lichfield, George-Henrj^ earl of - - 1762 Ligonier, gen. sir John - - - 1749 Lincoln, Henry, earl of - - - 1715 Lincoln, Henry Pelham, earl of - - 1841 Lindsay, Montague, earl of - - 1660 Lindsey, Robert, earl of - - 1C66, 1682, and again - 1689 Lindsey, Robert, earl of - - - 1701 Liston, Robert - - - - 1812 Littledale, sir Joseph _ _ - 1841 Littleton, Edward-John - - - 1833 Liverpool, Charles, earl of - - 1773 Liverpool, Charles Cecil, earl of - - 1841 Liverpool, Robert Banks, earl of - - 1799 London, dr. Blomfield, bishop of - - 1828 London, dr. Compton, bishop of - 1676, 1679, and again - - - - 1689 London, dr. Gibson, bishop of - - 1723 London, Hayter, bishop of - - 1761 London, dr. Henchman, bishop of - 1663 London, dr. Ilowley, bishop of - - 1813 London, dr. Juxon, bishop of - - 1663 London, dr. Louth, bishop of - - 1777 London, dr. Osbaldeston, bishop of - 1762 London, dr. Randolph, bishop of - - 1809 London, dr. Sheldon, bishop of - - 1663 London, dr. Sherlock, bishop of - - 1749 London, dr. Terrick, bishop of - - 1764 Londonderry, Charles-William, marquess of 1814 Londonderry, Robert, marquess of - 1798 Long, Charles (lord Farnborough) - 1802 Long, Robert - - - - 1649 Long, sir Robert - 1672 Lonsdale, Henry, viscount - - - 1726 Lonsdale, William, earl of - - - 1828 Lothian, John- William, marquess of - 1841 Loudoun, Hugh, earl of - - - 1708 Loughborough, Alexander, lord - - 1780 Louth, dr., bishop of London - - 1777 Lowther, sir John - - - - 1689 Lowther, WilHam, viscount - - 1828 Ludlow, Peter, earl _ _ . 1782 Lumley, Richard, lord - - - 1689 Lushington, dr. Stephen - - - 1838 Lushington, Stephen-Rumbold - - 1827 Lynch, sir William - . . 1773 Lyndhurst, John Singleton, lord - - 1826 Lyttelton, sir George . - - 1754 Lyttelton, Thomas, lord - - - 1775 M. Macartney, George, lord - - - 1792 Macaulay, Thomas Babington - - 1839 Macclesiield, George, earl of - - 1791 INIacclesfield, Charles, earl of - - 1689 Macdonald, sir Archibald - - - 1793 Mackenzie, Holt - - - - 1832 Mackenzie, J. A. Stew.irt - - - 1837 INIackenzie, hon James Stuart - - 1761 INIackintosh, sir James - - - 1827 Mc Mahon, sir John - - -1812 IMaitland, hon. sir Thomas - - 1803 Malmesbury, James, viscount - - 1784 Manchester, Charles, earl of • - 1698 Manchester, Edward, earl of - - 1660 Manchester, George, duke of - - 1782 Manners, Thomas, lord - - ~ 1807 Manners, Thomas, lord, resworn - - 1820 Mansfield, sir James . _ _ 1804 Mansfield, William, lord - - - 1756 Mansel, Thomas - - - - 1704 Marchmont, Alexander, earl of - - 1726 Marchmont, Hugh, earl of - - 1762 Markham, dr., archbishop of York - 1777 Marlborough, Charles, duke of - - 1749 Marlborough, John, lord, general - - 1689 Marlborough, John, earl of, again (after- wards duke of Marlborough) - - 1698 Marlborough, George, duke of - - 1762 Marr, John, earl of - - -1708 Maule, hon. Fox - - - - 1841 Maynard, William, lord - - - 1672 Melbourne, William, viscount - - 1827 Melville, viscount - - 1782 and 1807 Melville, Robert, viscount - - - 1 807 Mendip, Welbore ElHs, lord - -1760 Meredith, sir William . - - 1774 Metcalfe, sir Charles-Theophilus (lord) - 1839 Methuen, Paul - - - -1714 Middleton, Charles, earl of - - 1684 Middleton, John, earl of - - - 1662 Milton, George Darner, viscount - - 1794 Minto, Gilbert, lord - - - 1793 Minto, Gilbert, earl of - - - 1832 Mitford, sir John (lord Redesdale) - 1801 Moira, Francis, earl of - - - 1806 Monk, general sir George (afterwards duke of Albemarle) - - - - 1660 Monmouth, James, duke of 1671 and 1679 Monson, John, lord _ - - 1737 Montagu, Charles - - - - 1694 Montagu, Frederick - - - 1783 Montagu, general lord - - - 1660 Montagu, George, duke of - - - 1776 Montagu, John, duke of - - - 1736 Montagu, Ralph - - - - 1672 Montagu, Ralph, lord - - - 1689 Monteagle, Thomas, lord - - - 1834 Montrose, James, duke of - - - 1708 Montrose, James, duke of - - - 1789 Montrose, James, duke of - - - 1821 Moore, dr., archbishop of Canterbury - 1783 Moray, Alexander, earl of - - 1684 Mordaunt, Charles, viscount - - 1689 Morgan, sir Charles (Gould) - - 1802 Morley, dr., bishop of Winchester - - 1675 Mornington, Richard, earl of - - 1793 Morpeth, George, viscount - - 180G Morpeth, George, viscount - - 1835 Morrice, Humphry - _ - 1763 Morrice, sir William - - - 1660 Mount Edgcumbe, George, earl of - - 1765 Mount Edgcumbe, Richard, earl of - 1808 Mountstuart, John, viscount - - 1779 Mulgrave, Constantine-John, lord - - 1784 Mulgrave, Henry, lord (earl) - - 1804 Mulgrave, Henry-Constantine, earl of (af- terwards marquess of Normanby) - 1832 Mulgrave, John, earl of - - - 1685 Munster, George Fitzclarence, earl of - 1833 Murray, sir George _ _ _ 1828 Musgrave, dr., archbishop of York - 1848 Nepean, sir Evan - - - - 1804 Newcastle, Henry, duke of 1670 and 1679 INDEX TO THE PIUYY COUNCILLORS. 575 Newcastle, Henry, duke of, again - - 1G85 Newcastle, Henry, duke of - - 1768 Newcastle, John, duke of - - - 1705 Newcastle, Thomas, duke of - - 1717 Newcastle, William, marquess of - - IG.'iO Newport, Francis, lord _ - - lOGS Newport, Francis, viscount - - 1(^89 Newport, sir John - _ - 1806 Nicholas, sir Edward, knt. - - - 1649 Nicholl, sir John - - - - 1809 Nicholl, dr. John - - - -1841 Norfolk, Bernard-Edward, duke of - 1830 Norfolk, Henry, duke of - - - 1689 Norfolk, Henry-Charles, duke of - - 1837 Normanby, Henry-C, marquess of - 1832 Normanby, John, marquess of, again - 1702 Normanby, John, marquess of 169-1 and 1702 Norris, sir John - - - - 1739 North, sir Francis - - - - 1679 North, Frederick, lord - - - 1766 North and Grey, William, lord - ' ^J}^ Northampton, George, earl of - ~ 1702 Northampton, J . - 1660 Robartes, John, lord - - - 1679 Robinson, dr., bishop of Bristol - -1711 Robinson, sir Christopher - - - 1828 Robinson, sir Thomas _ - - 1750 Robinson, hon. Thomas - - - 1770 Rochester, Henry, earl of - - - 1679 Rochester, Laurence, earl of - - 1692 Rochford, William-Henry, earl of- - 1755 Rockingham, Charles, marquess of - 1765 Roden, Robert, earl of - - - 1812 Rolfe, sir Robert Monsey ; now lord Cran- worth 1850 Rooke, sir George - - - - 1702 Rose, George - _ - - 1802 Rose, George-Henry - - - 1818 Roseberry, Archibald, earl of - - 1831 Rosslyn, Alexander, earl of - - 1780 Rosslyn, James, earl of - - - 1829 Rosslyn, James-Alexander, earl of - 1841 Rothes, John, earl of - - - 1663 Roxburgh, John, duke of - - - 1709 Roxburgh, John, duke of - - - 1796 Royston, Philip, viscount - - - 1760 Rupert, H. H. Prince - 1662 and 1679 Rushout, sir John - - . 1744 Russell, Edward, admiral - - - 1689 Russell, sir Henry - - - - 1816 Russell, lord John - - - - 1830 Russell, William, lord - - - 1679 Rutland, Charles, duke of - - - 1783 Rutland, John, duke of - - - 1727 Ryan, sir Edward - - - - 1843 Rvder, sir Dudley - - - - 1754 Ryder, hon. Dudley - - - 1790 Ryder, hon. Richard - - - 1807 S. St. Albans, Henry, earl of - - 1660 St. Germans, Edward, earl of - - 1841 St. Helens, Alleyne, lord - - - 1787 St. John, St. Andrew, lord, of Bletsoe - 1806 St. John, Henry - - - - 1710 St. Vincent, John, earl - - - 1801 Sackville, lord George (Germaine) - 1758 Sackville, lord George, again - - 1765 Salisbury, James, earl of - - - 1679 Salisbury, James, earl of, again - - 1679 Salisbury, James, earl of - - - 1780 Salisbury, James, marquess of - - 1826 Sancroft, dr., archbishop of Canterbury - 1678 Sancroft, dr., archbishop of Canterbury, again ----- 1679 Sandwich, Edward, earl of - - 1660 Sandwich, John, earl of - - - 1749 Sandwich, John-Montagu, earl of - - 1771 Sandys, Samuel, lord _ - - 1742 Saunders, sir Charles - - - 1766 Saxe-Coburg, Leopold, prince of - 1816 Save and Sele, William, viscount - - 1660 Scarborouf];h, Richard, earl of - - 1689 Scarborough, Richard, earl of - - 1727 Scarborough, Richard, earl of - - 1765 Scarlett, sir James - - _ 1834 Schomberg, Frederick, duke of - - 1689 Schomberg, Meinhardt, duke of - - 1695 Scott, sir John (lord Eldon) - - 1799 Scott, sir William (lord Stowell) - - 1798 Sealield, James, earl of - - - 1708 Seeker, dr., archbishop of Canterbury - 1 758 Selkirk, Charles, earl of - - - 1733 Sewell, sir Thomas - _ - 1764 Seymour, sir Edward - 1673 and 1679 Seymour, sir Edward, again - - 1692 Seymour, Francis, lord - - - 1660 Shadwell, sir Lancelot - - - 1827 Shaftesbury, Anthony, earl of - - 1761 Shaftesbury, Anthony, earl of - - 1679 Shaftesbury, Cropley, earl of - - 1814 Shannon, Richard, earl of - - - 1782 Sharp, dr., archbishop of York - - 1703 Sheffield, John, lord - - - 1809 Shell, Richard Lalor . - - 1839 Shelburne, William, earl of - - 1763 Sheldon, dr. Gilbert, bishop of - - 1663 Shelly, sir John - 1766 Shepherd, sir Samuel - - . 1819 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley - - 1806 Sherlock, dr., bishop of London - - 1749 Shrewsbmy, Charles, earl of - - 1689 Shrewsbury, Charles, earl of - - 1694 Sidmouth, Henry, viscount - - 1789 Sinclair, sir John - - - - 1810 Skinner, sir John - - - - 1787 Sligo, Howe-Peter, marquess of - - 1834 Smith, John - - 1695 and 1717 Smith, John - - - . 1802 Smith, Robert Vernon - - - 1841 Smythe, sir Sidney Stafford - - 1777 Somers, sir John *- - - - 1693 Somerset, Charles, duke of - - 1701 Somerset, lord Charles - _ - 1797 Somerset, Edward, duke of - - 1770 Somerset, lord Granville Charles-Henry - 1834 Somerville, sir William-Meredyth - - 1847 Southampton, Thomas, earl of - - 1660 Spencer, lord Charles - - . 17(53 Spencer, Frederick, earl - - - 1846 Spencer, George- John, earl - - 1794 Spencer, John-Charles, earl - - 1830 Spencer, lord Robert - . - 1782 Stair, John, earl of - - - 1714 Stamford, Thomas, earl of - - - 1694 Stanhope, James - - - - 1714 Stanhope, William - 1727 Stanley, Edward-Geoffrey Smith, lord - 1830 Stanley, hon. Edward- John - - 1841 Stanley, Hans - - - - 1762 Steele, Thomas - - - - 1791 Stephen, sir James ' _ _ - 1847 Stewart, Charles- William, lord - - 1812 Stoneliouse, sir John - - - 1713 Stormont, David, viscount - - 1763 Stowell, William Scott, lord - - 1798 Stratford, William, earl of - - -1674 Strange, James, lord - - - 1762 Strange, sir John - - - - 1750 Strangford, Percy Smythe, viscount - 1808 Strangways, Giles - - - - 1675 Strickland, sir William - - - 1730 Strutt, Edward - - - - 1846 Stuart, dr. William, archbishop of Armagh 1801 Suffolk and Berkshire, Henry, earl of - 1771 Sugden, sir P]dward . _ 1834 Sullivan, John - - - _ 1805 Sumner, dr., archbishop of Canterbury - 1848 Sunderland, Charles, earl of - - 1706 Sunderland, Robert, earl of - - 1674 Sunderland, Robert, earl of, again - - 1679 Surrey, Henry Charles, earl of - - 1837 INDEX TO THE PRIVY COUNCILLOES. 577 Sussex, H. R. H. Augustus Fkederick, duke of - Sussex, Talbot, earl of - Sutherland, John, earl of - Sutton, dr. C. M., archbishop of Canterbury Sutton, Charles Manners - - - Sutton, sir Robert - - - - Sydenham, Charles Poulett, lord - Sydney, Henry, viscount - - - Sydney, Thomas, viscount T. Talbot, Charles, lord Talbot, Charles Chetwynd, earl Talbot, William, earl Tankerville, Charles, earl of Tankerville, Charles, earl of Tankerville, Ford, earl of - Taylor, sir Brooke Taylor, Michael An gel o Teignmouth, John, lord Temple, George, earl Temple, Richard, earl Temple, Richard Chandos, earl Temple, sir William Tennyson, dr., archbishop of Canterbury Tennyson, Charles (D'Eyncourt) - Tenterden, Charles, lord •• Terrick, dr., Richard, bishop of London Thanet, Thomas, earl of - Thomond, Percy Wyndham, earl of Thomson, sir Alexander - Thomson, Charles Poulett Thornton, sir Edward Thurlow, Edward, lord Thynne, lord George 1 hynne, hon. Henry Frederick Thynne, lord John Tierney, George - - - Tillotson, dr., archbishop of Canterbury Tindal, sir Nicolas Conyngham ^- Torrington, Arthur, lord - ^- Torrington, Thomas, lord - Townshend, Charles Townshend, hon. Charles - Townshend, Charles, viscount Townshend, hon. George - Townshend, lord John Townshend, Thomas, junior Trenchard, sir John Trevor, sir John - Trevor, sir J ohn - - - Trevor, hon. John - - - Trevor, sir Thomas Trevor, Thomas, lord - Trumbull, sir William Truro, Thomas, lord Tufnell, Henry - - - Tweeddale, John, marquess of Tyrawley, James, lord Tyrconnell, Richard, earl of u. Uxb ridge, Henry, earl of Uxbridge, Henry, earl of V. Yansittart, Nicholas Vaughan, -sir Charles 1804 1727 1721 1805 1809 1722 1830 1689 1767 1733 1817 1761 1716 1782 1695 1829 1831 1807 1782 1756 1806 1679 1694 1832 • 1818 1764 1703 . 1757 . 1814 • 1830 ■ 1816 • 1778 • 1804 • 1770 ■ 1804 ■ 1803 • 1691 ■ 1829 . 1689 • 1717 . 1777 . 1757 . 1708 • 1760 - 1806 . 1767 - 1693 - 1668 - 1691 - 1797 - 1702 - 1726 - 1695 - 1846 - 1850 - 1742 - 1762 - 1086 1714 1839 1805 1825 P Yauglian, sir John _ _ . 1834 Vaughan, Richard, lord - - - 1661 Verney, hon. John - - > 1738 Verney, Ralph, earl - - - 1765 Vernon, James - - - - 1697 Villiers, George Bussy, viscount - - 1765 Villiers, John Charles _ _ _ 1737 Vivian, sir Richard Hussey (lord) - 1835 Wade, George, general Wager, sir Charles Wake, dr., archbishop of Canterbury Waldegrave, George, earl of Waldegrave, James, earl of Waldegrave, James, earl of Wales, H. R. H. Frederick, prince of • Wales, H. R. H. George, prince of WHALES, H. R. H. George-Augustus Frederick, prince of - Wallace, Thomas (lord Wallace) - Walpole, Horatio - - - , Waipole, sir Robert Walsingham, Thomas, lord Walsingham, William, lord Warren, sir John Borlase - - - Warrender, sir George - - - Wedderburn, Alexander - Wellesley, hon. sir Arthur Wellesley, hon. Henry - - - Wellesley, Richard, marquess Wellington, Arthur, duke of - - Wentworth, Thomas, lord - - - Westminster, Richard, marquess of Westmorland, John, earl of - - Westmorland, John, earl of - - Westmorland, Thomas, earl of - Weymouth, Thomas, viscount Weymouth, Thomas, viscount WharnclifFe, James Archibald, lord Wharton, Thomas, lord - - - Whitworth, Charles, lord - - - Wickham, William - Wigram, sir James » _ _ Wilde, sir Thomas (lord Truro) - Willes, sir John - Williamson, sir Joseph - 1674 and Willoughby de Eresby, lord Wilmot, Sir John Eardley Wilton, Thomas, earl of - Wills, Charles, lieut. -general Winchester, Charles, marquess of 1679 and Winchester, Charles, marquess of, again - Winchester, Charles, marquess of - Winchester, Charles, marquess of - Winchester, dr. Morley, bishop of Wlnchilsea, Charles, earl of - - Winchilsea, George, earl of - - Windham, William _ . - Windham, sir William - - - Winnington, Thomas - - - Wood, sir Charles - - - - Worcester, Henry, marquess of - Worcester, Henry, marquess of - Worsley, sir Richard _ - - Wortley, James Archibald Stuart - Wright, sir Nathan _ _ - Wynford, William, lord - - - Wynn, Charles Watkin Williams - Wynn, Henry Watkin Williams - Wynne, sir William - - - W^yse, Thomas - 1742 1733 1716 1782 1735 1752 1728 1714 1783 1801 1730 1714 1783 1771 1802 1822 1780 1807 1809 1793 1807 1660 1850 1789 1822 1717 1702 1765 1834 1689 1800 1802 1842 1846 1737 1696 1821 1766 1835 1719 1089 1690 1758 1812 1675 1711 1804 1794 1713 1741 1846 1679 1672 1780 1846 1700 1824 1822 1825 1789 1849 578 INDEX TO THE ADMIKALS. Y. Yarmouth, Francis, earl of - - 1812 Yonge, sir George - - - - 1782 YoTige, Sir William _ _ - 1735 York, dr. Blackburn, archbishop of - 1724 York, dr. Dawes, archbishop of - - 1714 York, Drummond, archbishop of - - 1761 York, H. R. H. Edward, duke of - 17G0 York, H. R. H. Frederick, duke of - 1787 York, H. R. H. James, duke of - - 1660 York, dr. Harcourt, archbishop of - 1808 York, dr. Herring, archbishop of - - 1743 York, dr. Hutton, archbishop of - - 1748 York, dr. Markham, archbishop of - 1777 York, dr. Musgrave, archbishop of - 1848 York, dr. Sharp, archbishop of - - 1703 Yorke, hon. Charles _ _ - 1770 Yorke, sir Charles - - - - 1801 Yorke, sir Joseph - - - - 1768 Yorke, sir Philip - - - - 1733 INDEX TO THE ADMIRALS. The figures point to the year of preferment to the rank of Rear- Admiral, A'Court, Edward Henry - 1847 Adam, sir Charles - - 1825 Affleck, Philip - - 1787 Affleck, sir Edmund - 1784 Albemarle, earl of. Monk 1660 Alexander, Thomas - - 1819 Allen, John - - - 1837 Allen, John Carter - - 1787 Allen, sir Thomas - - 1661 Allen, William - - 1793 Alms, James - 1805 Amherst, John - - 1764 Anson, George, afterwards lord - - - - 1744 Aplin, Peter - - - 1799 Arbuthnot, Harriot - - 1778 Arthur, Richard - - 1846 Astle, George - - - 1825 Austen, Charles- John - 1846 Austen, sir Francis - Wil- liam - 1830 Avlmer, hon. Frederick- William - - - 1837 Aylmer, John - - - 1804 Aylmer, Matthew - - 1691 Ayscough, John - - 1841 Ayscue, sir George - - 1665 B. Baker, John - - - 1708 Baker, sir Thomas - - 1821 Balchan, sir John - - 1727 Ball. Henry-Lidgbird - 1814 Ball, sir Alexander-John - 1805 Ballard, Samuel-James - 1814 Ballard, Volant-Vashon - 1825 Barker, George - - 1825 Barker, John - 1770 Barlow, sir Robert - - 1810 Barrie, sir Robert - - 1837 Barrington, hon. Samuel - 1778 Barton, Matthew - - 1777 Barton, Robert - - 1812 Bateman,Charles-Philip-B. 1841 Bayntun, sir Henry-Wil- liam - - - - 1812 Bazeley, John « - - 1795 Bazeley, John - - - 1813 Beauclerk, lord Amelius - 1811 Beauclerk, lord Vere - 1744 Beauman, Francis - - 1841 Beaumont, Basil - - 1703 Bedford, William - - 1812 Benbow, John- - - 1694 Bentinck, William - - 1805 Ben tley, sir John - - 1762 Beresford, sir John Poo - 1814 Berkeley, hon. sir George-C. 1799 Berkeley, lord, of Stratton 1688 Berkeley, Maurice-Frede- rick-F. - - - 1849 Berkeley, sir William - 1665 Berry, sir John - - 1683 Bertie, sir Albemarle - 1804 Bertie, sir Thomas - - 1808 Berry, sir Edward - - 1821 Bickerton, sir Richard - 1787 Bickerton, sir Richard, jun. 1799 Biggs, Robert - - - 1795 Bingham, Joseph - - 1819 Bissett, James - - - 1813 Blackwood, hon. sir Henry 1814 Blankett, John - - 1799 Bligh, John - - - 1821 Bligh, sir Richard-Rodney 1794 Bligh, William - - 1810 Boger, Edmund - - 1841 Boger, Richard - - 1804 Boscawen, hon. Edward - 1747 Bouillon, prince of - 1805 Bourmaster, John - - 1794 Bouverie, hon. Buncombe P. - - - - 1837 Bowater, Edward - - 1804 Bowen, George - - 1799 Bowles, William - - 1841 Bowyer, sir George - - 1787 Bovle, hon. sir Courtenay- 1821 Bovles, Charles - - 1809 Boys, Thomas - - - 1819 Brace, sir Edward - - 1830 Braithwaite, Richard - 1790 Bremer, sir James- John- Gordon - - - 1849 Brenton, Jahleel, sen. - 1801 Brenton, sir Jahleel, jun. - 1830 Brett, sir Piercy - - 1762 Briggs, sir Thomas - - 1830 Brine, James - - - 1799 Brisbane, John - - 1790 I Brisbane, sir Charles - 1819 Bristol, Augustus - John, earl of - - - - 1775 Broderick, Thomas - - 1756 Broke, sir Philip - Bowes - Vere - - - - 1830 Bromley, sir Robert-Howe 1837 Broughton, John - - 1830 Browne, Edward-Walpole 1837 Browne, John - 1795 Browne, PhiUp - - 1846 Browne, Thomas - - 1837 Browne, Thomas - - 1838 Browne, William - - 1811 Brunton, Nathan - - 1805 Buckle, Matthew - - 1770 Buckle, Matthew, jun. -1837 Bucknor, Charles - - 1793 Bulkeley, Mackworth- Praed - - - - 1837 Bullen, Joseph- - - 1819 Bullen, sir Charles - - 1837 Buller, sir Edward - - 1808 Bulteel, Rowley - - 1809 Burdon, George - - 1811 Burlton, sir George - - 1814 Burnaby, sir William - 1762 Bury, Richard-Incledon - 1810 Butcher, Samuel - - 1837 Butterfield, William - - 1837 Byng, hon. John - - 1745 Byng, sir George - - 1703 Byron, George- Anson, lord 1849 Byron, hon. John - - 1775 Byron, Richard - - 1837 c. Cadogan, George, earl - 1841 Calder, sir Robert - - 1799 Caldwell, Benjamin - - 1793 Callis, Smith - - - 1759 Calmady, Charles-H.-Eve- rett - 1794 Campbell, Donald - - 1814 Campbell, John - - 1778 Campbell, sir George - 1801 Campbell, sir Patrick - 1830 Capel, sir Thomas-Bladen 1825 Garden, John Surman - 1838 Carew, sir Benjamin~Hal- lowell - 1811 INDEX TO THE ADMIRALS. 579 Carmarthen, Peregrine, marquess of - - - 1G94 Carpenter, James - - 1812 Carroll, William -Fairbro- ther - 1849 Carter, Charles - - 1837 Carter, John - - - 1851 Carter, Richard - - 1691 Carthew, James - - 1830 Cavendish, Philip - - 1727 Chamberlaine, Charles - 1795 Chambers, William - - 1747 Chesshyre, John - - 1830 Chicheley, sir John - - 1670 Child, Smith - - - 1799 Christian, Hood-Hanway - 1838 Christian, sir Hugh-Clo- berry - 1795 Churchill, George - - 1701 Clarence, William- Henry, duke of - - 1790 Clay, Edward-Sneyd - 1837 Clements, John - - 1813 Clifford, sir Augustus-Wil- liam-James - - - 1848 Clinton, hon. George - 1743 Cobbe, Charles - - 1808 Cochet, John - - - 1819 Cochrane, hon. sir Alex- ander-J.-F. - - - 1804 Cochrane, lord (Dun- donald) - - - 1830 Cochrane, Nathaniel-Day- 1841 Cochrane, sir Thomas- John 1141 Cockburn, sir George - 1812 Codrington, sir Edward - 1814 Coffin, Francis-Holmes - 1837 Coffin, sir Isaac - - 1804 Coghill, sir Josiah-C. - 1841 Collard, Valentine - - 1841 Collier, Edward - - 1850 Collier, sir Francis-A. - 1846 Collier, sir George - - 1793 CoLLiNGWooD, Cuthbcrt, lord . . - - 1799 Colpoys, sir Edward-G. - 1812 Colpoys, sir John - - 1794 CoLViLLE, Alexander, lord Colville - - - 1762 CoLViLLE, John, lord - J 819 Coode, John - - - 1847 Cornewall, Charles - - 1718 Cornish, Samuel-Pitchford 1790 Cornish, sir Samuel ■ 1758 Cornwallis, hon. sirWilliam 1793 Cosby, Philip - - - 1790 Cotes, Thomas- - - 1756 Cotton, sir Charles - - 1797 Cotton, sir Rowland- - 1793 Countess, George - - 1809 Craven, hon. Thomas - 1770 Crawley, Edmund - - 1809 Croft, William- - - 1841 Crofton, hon. George-Alfred 1848 Cromwell, Henry - - 1801 Cumberland, prince Ru- pert, duke of - - 1660 Cumberland, William - 1825 Cuming, William - - 1821 Cumming, James - - 1794 Curry, Richard - - 1837 Curtis, sir Lucius - - 1838 Curtis, sir Roger - - 1794 Curzon, hon. Henry - - 1809 D. Dacres, James-Richard - 1799 Dacres, James-Richard, jun. 1838 Dacres, Richard - - 1814 Dalrymple, John - - 1787 Daly, Cuthbert-Fetherstone 1846 Darby, George- - - 1778 Darby, sir Henry -D'Esterre 1804 Dartmouth, George, lord 1683 Dashwood, sir Charles - 1830 D'Auvergne, Philip - - 1805 Davenport, sir Salusbury - 1837 Davers, Thomas - - 1743 Davies, William - - 1683 Deans, Robert - - -1799 De Courcj^ hon. Michael - 1805 Delaval, George - - 1718 Delaval, sir Ralph - - 1690 Dennis, sir Peter - - 1770 De Saumarez, lord - 1801 De Starck, M.-A.-Newton 1841 Dick, John - - - 1837 Dickson, Edward-Stirling 1830 Dickson, sir Archibald - 1794 Dickson, sir Arcliibald-Col- lingwood - - - 1819 Dickson, William - - 1793 Digby, hon. Robert - - 1779 Digby, sir Henry - - 1819 Diikes, John - - - 1808 Dilkes, sir Thomas - - 170 Dillon, sir William-Henry 1846 Dixon, Manley-Hall 1847 Dixon, sir Manley - - 1808 Dobson, Man - - - 1819 Dod, Edmund - - - 1797 Domett, sir William - 1804 Donnelly, sir Ross - - 1814 Douglas, Billy- - - 1801 Douglas, James - - 1799 Douglas, John-Erskine - 1814 Douglas, John-Leigh - 1795 Douglas, Peter-John - 1848 Douglas, sir Charles - 178 Douglas, sir James - - 1762 Douglas, sirWilliam-Henry 1804 Douglas, Stair- - - 1821 Downman, Hugh - - 1825 Drake, Francis-William - 1778 Drummond, sir Adam - 1830 Drurv, Thomas - - 1804 Drury, William -O'Bryen - 1804 Duckworth, sir John-Tho- mas - 1799 Duff, Archibald - - 1838 Duff, Robert - - - 1775 Dumaresque, Thomas - 1794 Duncan, Adam, after- wards viscount - - 1787 Dundas, George - - 1814 Dundas, hon. George-Hen- eage-Lawrence - - 1830 Dundas, James - Whitley - Deans - 1841 Dundas, sir Thomas - - 1825 DuNDONALD, Thomas, earl of - - - - 1830 Dunn, sir David - - 1849 D'Urban, William - - 1837 Durell, Philip - - - 1758 Durham,sirPhilip -Charles- C.-H. - - - - 1810 Dursley, James, viscount 1707 r p 2 E. Edgcumbe, George, lord - 1762 Edgell, Henry-Folkes - 1837 Edwards, Edward - - 1799 Edwards, Richard - - 1779 Edwards, Sampson - - 1801 Ekins, sir Charles - - 1819 Elliot, John - - _ 1787 Elliot, Robert - - - 1846 Elliott, hon. George - - 1837 Elphinstone, sir George- Keith - - - - 1794 Essington, sir William - 1804 Evans, Andrew-Fitzherbert 1825 Evans, Henry - - - 1821 Evans, John - 1779 Exmouth, Edward, vis- count - 1804 Eyles, Thomas - - 1814 Eyre, sir George - - 1819 Fahie, sir William-Charles 1819 Fane, Francis-W^illiam - 1837 Fairborne, sir Stafford - 1701 Fairfax, sirWilliam -George 1801 Falcon, Gordon-Thomas - 1848 Fancourt, Robert-Devereux 1808 Farquhar, sir Arthur - 1837 Faulknor, Jonathan - - 1787 Faulknor, Jonathan, jun. - 1804 P'averman, Francis - - 1810 Fellowes, Edward - - 1814 Fellowes, sir Thomas - 1847 Ferguson, George - - 1849 Fergusson, John - - 1799 Ferrers, Washington-Shir- lev, earl - - - 1775 Ferrier, John - - - 1810 Finch, hon. William-Cle- ment - - - - 1794 Fisher, William - - 1847 Fisk, John - - - 1801 Fitzgerald, sir Robert - Lewis - - - - 1825 Fitzherbert, Thomas - 1790 Fitz-Roy, lord William - 1837 Fleeming, hon. Charles-E. 1813 Foley, sir Thomas - - 1808 Fooks, William - - 1797 Foote, sir Edward-James - 1812 Forbes, George, lord - 1734 Forbes, hon. John - - 1747 Ford, John - - - 1794 Fowke, George - - 1825 Frankland, sir Thomas - 1756 Frazer, Alexander - - 1811 Frederick, Thomas-Lenox 1797 Freeman, William-Peere- Williams - - - 1794 Fremantle, sir Thomas- Francis - - - 1810 G. Gage, sir William-Hall - 1821 Galloway, George, earl of 1810 Galwey, Edward - 1837 GA3IBIER, James, lord - 1795 580 INDEX TO THE ADMIKALS. Gambler, James - - 1778 Gardner, Alan, viscount - 1808 Gardner, Alan, lord - 1793 Gardner, hon. Henry- F. - 1812 Garrett, Henry - - 1830 Gay ton. Clerk - - - 1770 Gay ton, George - - 1794 Geary, sir Francis - - 1758 Gell, John - - - 1793 Gidoin, John-Lewis - - 1794 Giffard, John - - - 1819 Glynn, Henry-Richard - 1821 Godwin, Matthew - - 1837 Goodall, Samuel-Cranston 1790 Gordon, Charles - - 1841 Gordon, Henry - - 1837 Gordon, sir James-Alex- ander - 1837 Gordon, James-Murray - 1846 Gordon, William - - 1762 Gordon, hon. William - 1846 Gore, sir John - - - 1813 Gosselin, Thomas-Le Mar- chant - 1814 Gould, sir Davidge - - 1807 Gower, Edward-Leveson - 1814 Gower, sir Erasmus - - 1799 Gower, hon. John-Leveson 1787 Groeme, Alexander - - 1795 Granger, William - - 1830 Graves, Samuel - - 1762 Graves, Thomas, lord - 1779 Graves, sir Thomas - - 1801 Graydon, John - - 1702 Green, sir Andrew -Pellet - 1849 Gregory, George - - 1810 Griffin, Thomas - - 1745 Griffiths, John-Anselm - 1837 Grindall, sir Richard - 1805 H. Haddock, Nicholas - - 1734 Haddock, sir Richard -1688 Hager, John - - - 1734 Halkett, sir Peter - - 1812 Hall, John-Stevens - - 1808 Hall, Robert - - - 1830 Hallowell, sir Benjamin - 1811 Halsted, sir Lawrence- Wil- liam - - - - 1810 Hamilton, Charles-Powell 1797 Hamilton, sir Charles - 1810 Hamilton, sir Edward - 1821 Hamilton, Thomas - - 1809 Hamond, sir Graham-Eden 1825 Hancock, John - - 1838 Hancock, Richard-Turner 1841 Hanwell, Joseph - - 1812 Hanwell, William - - 1825 Hardy, sir Charles - - 1743 Hardy, sir Charles - - 1756 Hardy, sir Thomas - - 1710 Hardy, sir Thomas-Master- man - 1825 Hardyman, sir Lucius-F. - 1830 Hargood, sir William - 1810 Harland, sir Robert - - 1770 Harrison, Henry - - 1756 ILart, George - - - 1808 Harvey, Edward - - 1 847 Harvey, sir Eliab - - 1805 Harvey, sir Henry - - 1794 Harvey, sir John - - 1813 Harve3% sir Thomas - ^82 1 Hawke, sir Edward - - 1747 Hawker, Edward - - 1837 Hawtavne, Charles - S.- John - - - - 1841 Hayes, John - - - 1837 Heatlicote, sir Henry - 1825 Henderson, Robert - - 1838 Henderson, William- Will- mott - - - - 1851 Henniker, hon. Major- Ja- cob - - - - 1838 Herbert, Arthur - - 1688 Herman, sir John - - 1665 Hervey, Augustus-John - 1775 Hicks, Thomas - - 1801 Hill, Christopher - - 1778 Hill, Henry - - - 1830 Hill, sir John - - - 1850 Hilliar, sir James - - 1837 Hoare, Edward- Wallis - 1847 Hodgson, Brian - - 1838 Holburne, Francis - - 1755 Holland, John-Wentworth 1838 Holies, sir Fretcheville - 1670 HoUis, Aiskew-Patfard - 1825 Holloway, John - - 1799 Holmes, Charles - - 1758 Holmes, sir Robert - - 1661 Home, Roddam - - 1797 Home, sir George - - 1797 Honyman, Robert - - 1825 Hood, Alexander, viscount 1780 Hood, sir Samuel - - 1780 Hood, sir Samuel - - 1807 Hope, Henry - - - 1846 Hope, sir George- Johnstone 1811 Hope, sir William-John- stone - 1812 Hopson, Edward - - 1727 Hopson, sir Thomas - - 1693 Hornby, Phipps - - 1846 Horton, Joshua- Sydney - 1830 Hosier, Francis - - 1722 Hotham, hon. sir Henry - 1814 Houlton, John- - - 1790 HoTHAM, William, lord - 1787 Hotham, sir William - 1813 Howe, Richard, viscount - 1770 Howarth, John - - 1799 Hughes, Robert - - 1770 Hughes, Robert - - 1727 Hughes, sir Edward - 1778 Hughes, sir Richard - 1780 Hunter, John - - - 1807 Hussey, R.-Hussey-Mow- bray - - - - 1821 I. Impey, John - - 1838 Inglefield, Samuel -Hood - 1841 Inglis, Charles - - 1790 Inglis, John - - - 1801 IrJby, hon. Frederick-Paul 1837 J Jackson, Robert - 1837 Jackson, Samuel - - 1841 Jennings, sir John - - 1705 I Jennings, sir William - 1666 I Johnston, Charles-James - 1841 I Jones, hon. Alexander - 1848 Jones, Theophilus - - 1804 Jordan, sir Joseph - - 1665 K. Katon, James - 1830 Keats, sir Richard -Godwin 1807 Keith, George, viscount - 1794 Kelly, William -Hancock - 1805 Kempe, Arthur - - 1799 Kempenfelt, Richard - 1780 Keppel, hon. Augustus - 1762 Keppel, George - - 1795 Kempthorne, James - 1801 Kempthorne, sir John - 1666 Kerr, lord Mark-Robert - 1821 Killigrew, Henry - - 1688 King, hon. James- William 1846 King, sir Edward-Durnford 1830 King, sir Richard - - 1787 King, sir Richard - - 1812 Kingsmill, sir Robert - 1793 Knight, sir John - - 1801 Knight, sir Joseph - - 1775 Knowles, sir Charles - 1747 Knowles, sir Charles Henry 1799 Knowles, John - - 1799 L. Laforey, sir Francis - 1810 Laforev, sir John - 1787 Lake, sir Willoughby-T. - 1819 Lambert, Robert - - 1819 Langdon, William - - 1 780 Laugharne, John - - 1810 Laurie, sir Robert - - 1821 Lawford, sir John - - 1811 Lawson, sir John - - 1660 Leake, sir John - - 1703 Legale, Charles, lord - 1799 Lechmere, William - - 1808 Lee, hon. Fitzroy-Henry - 1745 Lee, sir Richard - - 1812 Legge, hon. sir Arthur- Kaye - 1810 Lestock, Richard - - 1743 Lindsay, sir John - - 1787 Linzee, Robert - - 1794 Linzee, Samuel Hood - 1812 Littlehales, sir B. Robert - 1830 Littleton, James - - 1708 Livingstone, sir Thomas - 1830 Lloyd, John - - - 1775 Lloyd, Robert - - - 1830 Lloyd, William - - 1778 Loch, Francis Erskine - 1850 Locke, Walter - 1814 Loring, sir John-Went- worth - 1837 Losack, George - - 1808 Louis, sir John - - 1838 Louis, sir Thomas - - 1804 Lysaght, Arthur - - 1841 Luke, William - - 1809 Lumsdaine, George - - 1807 Lutwidge, Skeffington - 1794 Lye, William- Jones - 1841 Lyons, sir Edmund - - 1850 INDEX TO THE ADMIRALS. 581 M. Mackay, hon. Donald- Hugh - - - - 1838 Mackellar, John - - 1825 Mackenzie, George - - 1777 Mackenzie, Thomas - 1794 Macnamara, James - - 1814 Maitland, hon. sir Anthonj^ 1841 Maitland, sir Frederick Lewis - - - - 1830 Maitland, John - - 1821 Malcolm, sir Charles - 1837 Malcolm, sir Pulteney - 1813 Maling, Thomas-James - 1830 Man by, Thomas - 1825 Mangin, Keuben Callaud - 1841 Manley, Isaac-George - 1809 Manley, John - - - 1804 Mann, Robert - - - 1770 Mann, Robert, jun. - - 1794 Markham, John - - 1804 Marlow, Benjamin - - 1780 Marshall, sir John - - 1850 Martin, sir George - - 1805 Martin, sir Thomas Byam 1811 Martin, William - - 1744 Mason, Christopher - - 1795 Mason, sir Francis - - 1838 Matson, Richard - - 1825 Matthews, Thomas - - 1727 Maude, WiUiam - - 1841 Mayne, Perry - - - 1744 M'Bride, John - - 1793 M'Dougal, John - - 1805 McDowell, Robert - - 1801 Medley, Henry - - 1744 Meeze, George - - 1694 Mends, William BoAven - 1849 Middleton, sir Charles - 1787 Mighells, James - - 1718 M'Kinley, George - - 1830 Milbank, Mark - - 1779 Milne, sir David - - 1814 Mimms, sir Christopher - 1665 Minchin, Paul - - 1805 Mitchell, Robert - - 1747 Mitchell, sir Andrew - 1795 Mitchell, sir David - - 1691 Mitchell, sir William - 1808 Monk, George (Albemarle) 1660 Montagu, John - - 1770 Montagu, Robert - - 1799 Montagu, sir George - 1794 Montagu, sir William Au- gustus - 1841 Moore, Matthew - - 1780 Moore, sir Graham - - 1812 Moore, sir John - - 1762 Moriarty, Sylverius - - 1801 Moorsom, sir Robert - 1810 Moresby, Fairfax - -1849 Morris, sir James Nicol - 1811 Mostjm, Savage - - 1755 Mottlev, Samuel - - J 837 Mudge^, Zachary - - 1830 Munden, sir John - - 1698 Mundy, sir George - - 1830 Murray, George, sen. - 1794 Murray, sir George - - 1804 Murray, Robert - - 1804 Nagle, s'r Edmund - - 1805 Napier, sir Charles - - 1846 Narbovough, sir John - 1675 Neale, sir Harry Burrard 1810 Nelson, Horatio, viscount 1797 Nesham, Charles - John- William - - - 1837 Nevill, hon. Edward - 1692 Nicolas, John Toup - - 1850 Nicolls, sir Henry - - 1807 Noble, James - - - 1837 Norris, Henr}- - - - 1756 Norris, sir John - - 1706 NoRTHESK, George, earl of 1756 NoKTHESK, William, earl of 1804 Northumberland, Al- gernon, duke of - - 1850 Nowell, William - - 1813 Nugent, sir Charles- Ed- mund - - - - 1797 o. O'Brien, Edward - - 1805 O'Brien, Lucius - - 1770 O'Bryen, lord James - 1825 Ogle, sir Chaloner - - 1740 Ogle, sir Chaloner - - 1780 Ogle, sir Charles - - 1819 O'Grady, Hayes - - 1849 Oliver, Robert-Dudley - 1819 Ommanney, Henry-M. - 1838 Ommanney, sir John -A. - 1830 Onslow, sir Richard - - 1793 Orde, sir John - - - 1795 Osborne, Henry - 1745 Osborne, John - - - 1809 Osborne, Samuel - - 1804 Osborne, sir Edward-Oliver 1 810 OssoRY, Thomas, earl of - 167i) Otway, sir Robert- Waller 1814 Otway, William-Albany - 1807 Owen,sirEdward -William- Campbell-Rich - - 1825 Owen, William-Fitzwilliam 1847 P. Page, Benjamin-William - 1819 Paget, hon. sir Charles - 1823 Pakenham, hon. sir Thomas 1799 Palliser, sir Hugh - - 1775 Palmer, George - - 1804 Pamplin, Robert - - 1814 Parker, Christopher - - 1795 Parker, Hyde - - - 1841 Parker, sir George - - 1814 Parker, sir Hyde - - 1778 Parker, sir Hyde, jun. - 1793 Parker, sir Peter - - 1777 Parker, sir William - - 1794 Parker, sir William - - 1830 Parrv, Francis - - - 1795 Parry, William - - 1762 Parry, William-Henry-W^ 1837 Pasco, John - - - 1847 Pasley, sir Thomas - - 1794 Pater, Charles-Dudley - 1814 Paterson, Charles- William 1812 Patton, Philip - - - 1795 Paulet, lord Henry - 1812 Payne, John-Willet - - 1799 Peacocke, Richard - - 1830 Peard, Shuldham - - 1814 Pearson, Richard-Harrison 1825 rr 3 Pechell, sir Samuel -J.- Brooke - - . 1846 Pell, sir Watkin-Owcn - 1848 Pellew, hon. sir F.-B.-R. - 1846 Pel lew, sir Edward - - 1804 Pellew, sir Israel - - 1810 Pender, Francis - - 1807 Penn, sir William - - 1661 Penrose, sir Charles-Veni- combe - 1813 Percy, hon. Josceline - 1841 Peterborough, Charles, earl of - - - - 1705 Peyton, John - - - 1805 Peyton, Joseph - - 1787 Philip, Arthur- - - 1801 Philips, James-Robert - 1841 Pickmore, Francis - - 1808 Pigot, Hugh - - - 1775 Pigot, James - - - 1794 Pigot, sir Hugh - - 1837 Pierrepont, William - -1812 Pocock, sir George ~ - 1755 Pole, sir Charles-Morice - 1795 Popham, sir Home-Riggs - 1814 Poulden, Richard - - 1837 Poulet, hon. George - - 1841 Poulett, lord Harry - - 1756 Poyntz, Stephen - - 1819 Prescott, Henry - - 1846 Prescott, Isaac - - 1795 Preston, D Arcy - -1819 Price, David - - - 1850 Pringle, Thomas - - 1794 Proby, hon. Granville- L. - 1841 Proctor, sir William-B. - 1841 Prowse, sir William - - 1821 Puget, Peter • - - 1821 Purvis, John -Brett - - 1846 Purvis, John-Child - - 1804 Pye, sir Thomas - - 1758 Pym, sir Samuel - - 1837 R. Radstock, Granville - G., lord - - - - 1841 Radstock, William, lord - 1794 Raigersfeld, Jeffrey, baron 1837 Rainier, John -Sprat - 1819 Rainier, Peter - - - 1795 Raggett, Richard - - 1825 Paper, Henry - - - 1819 Ratsey, Edward - - 1841 Reeve, Samuel- - - 1795 Repington,Edward-Henrv- A'Court - - 1847 RejTiolds, Barrington - 1848 Reynolds, John - - 1775 Reynolds, Robert-Carthew 1808 Riboleau, Peter - - 1837 Rich, sir Thomas - - 1794 Richardson, sir Charles - 1837 Ricketts, sir Robert-T. - 1830 Robinson, Mark - - 1808 Robinson, sir Tancred - 1734 Rodd, sir John-Tremavne 1825 Rodham, Robert - ^ - 1778 Rodney, sirGeorge-Brydges 1759 Rogers, Thomas - - 1814 Rolles, Robert - - - 1814 Rooke, sir George - - 1690 Ross, Charles-B. -Hodgson 1837 Ross, sir John-Lockhart - 1779 \ 582 INDEX TO THE ADMIKALS. Rowlev, Bartholomew - Samuel - - - 1799 Kowley, Samuel -Campbell 1837 Rowley, sir Charles - - 1814 Rowley, sir Joshua - - 1779 Rowle}^ sir Joshua Rickets 1848 Rowley, sir Josias - - 1814 Rowley, sir William - 1743 Rupert, prince - - 1660 Russell, Edward - - 1690 Russell, Thomas Macna- mara - - - - 1801 Ryves, George-Frederick - 1825 S. St. Looe, Edward - - 1727 St. Vincent, John, earl - 1787 Salmon, Maurice - - 1727 Sampson, Robert - - 1665 Sandwich, Edward, earl of - - - - 1660 Sartorius, sir George Rose 1849 Saumarez, sir James - 1801 Savage, Henry - - 1799 Sawyer, Herbert - - 1787 Sawyer, sir Herbert - 1807 Sayer, George - - 1830 Sayer, James - 1770 Saunders, sir Charles - 1756 Saunders, sir George - 1727 Schanck, John - - 1805 Schomberg, Alexander Wilmot - - - 1830 Scott, Matthews-Henry - 1812 Scott, sir George - - 1825 Searle, John Clarke - - 1819 Searle, Thomas - - 1846 Seymour, lord Hugh - 1795 Seymour, sir George-Fran- cis - 1841 Seymour, sir Michael - 1830 Sharpe, Alexander Renton 1848 Shepard, James Keitb - 1825 Shield, William - - 1813 Shippard, Alexander - 1838 Shirley, George-James - 1825 ShirrefT, William-Henry - 1846 Shivers, Thomas Revell - 1808 Shovel, sir Cloudesley - 1690 Shuldham, Molvneux, lord - - " - - 1775 Sinclair, sir John Gordon 1849 Skipsey, William - - 1837 Smith, Andrew - - 1821 Smith, Edward Tyrrell - 1801 Smith, sir Jeremiah - 1665 Smith, sir William Sidney 1805 Smith, Thomas - - 1745 Smollet, John Rouett - 1837 Sotheby, Charles - - 1848 Sotheron, Frank - - 1811 Spraggs, sir Edward - 1666 Spranger, John- William - 1814 Spry, sir Richard - - 1770 Spry, Thomas-David - 1795 Squire, Matthew - - 1797 Stanhope, John - - 1795 Stanhope, sir Henry-Ed- wyn - - - - 1801 Starck, M. Adolphus New- ton de - - - - 1841 Stayner, sir Richard - 1660 Stephens, George Hopewell 1813 Stephens, Philip Wilkinson 1813 Stewart, hon. Keith - 1790 Stewart, James - - 1743 Stevens, Charles - - 1758 Stirling, Charles - - 1804 Stoddart, Pringle - - 1841 Stopford, hon. sir Robert - 1808 Storr, John - 1779 Strachan, sir Richard- John 1805 Strickland, Charles - - 1723 Strickland, sir Roger - 1683 Strode, sir Edward Che- tham ... - 1841 Stuart, Henry - - - 1830 Stuart, lord George - 1837 Styles, John - - - 1830 Sullivan, sir Charles - 1850 Surridge, Thomas - - 1812 Sutton, Samuel - - 1821 Sutton, sir John - - 1804 S wanton, Robert - - 1762 Swiney, WiUiam - - 1797 Sykes, John - - - 1838 Symons, John - - - 1794 T. Tait, James Haldane - 1841 Talbot, hon. sir John - 1819 Taylor, Thomas - - 1799 Taylor, William - - 1811 Temple, Francis - - 1837 Thomas, John - - - 1799 Thomas, Richard - - 1837 Thomas, Sotheby - - 1805 Thomond, Jas., marquess of 1825 Thompson, Narborne - 1830 Thompson, sir Charles - 1794 Thompson, sir Thomas B. 1809 Thornbrough, sir Edward 1801 Tinling, Charles - - 1830 Tobin, George - - 1837 Tollemache, John R. Delap 1819 Tomlinson, Nicholas - 1830 ToRRiNGTON, Gcorgc, vis- count - 1814 Totty, Thomas - - 1801 Tower, John - - - 1837 Townshend, hon. George - 1755 Townshend, Isaac - - 1744 Tremlet, William - Henry Browne - 1837 Trench, hon. William Le Poer - 1837 Trollope, sir Henry - - 1801 Troubridge, sir Edward- Thomas - - - 1841 Troubridge, sir Thomas -1804 Truscott, William - - 1795 Tucker, sir Edward - - 1841 Tyddiman, sir Thomas - 1665 Tyler, sir Charles - - 1808 Tyrrell, Richard - - 1762 u. Ussher, sir Thomas - - 1846 Utber (Uthurt), Robert - 1666 V. Yandeput, George - - 1793 Vansittart, Henry - - 1830 Vashon, James " - - 1804 Vaughan, John - - 1775 Vernon, Edward - - 1739 Vernon, sir Edward - 1779 Villiers, Francis Hatton - 1848 Vincent, Nicholas - - 1779 w. Wager, sir Charles - • 1708 Walker, James - - 1821 Walker, sir Hovenden - 1710 Wallace, sir James - - 1794 Walton, Jacob - - 1837 Walton, sir George - - 1723 Ward, William - - 1846 Warren, Frederick - - 1830 Warren, sir John Borlase 1799 Warren, sir Peter - - 1745 Warren, sir Samuel - - 1837 Watkins, Frederick - - 1814 Watson, Charles - - 1747 Watson, Robert - - 1808 Watts, George-Edward - 1849 Wauchope, Robert - - 1849 Webber, Charles - 1780 Wells, sir John - - 1805 Wells, Thomas - - 1804 Wemyss, James Erskine - 1850 West, sir John - - 1819 West, Temple - - - 1755 West, Thomas - - 1799 Western, Thomas - - 1814 Wheeler, sir Francis - 1692 Whetstone, sir William - 1702 Whitaker, sir Edward - 1705 White, sir John Chambers 1830 Whitshed, sir James Haw- kins - - - - 1799 Wickey, John - - 1801 Wight, John - - - 1837 Williams, Robert - - 1823 Williams, sir Thomas - 1809 Willoughby, sir Nesbit J. 1847 Wilson, George - - 1799 Windham, William Lukin 1814 Winthrop, Robert - - 1819 Wise, William Furlong - 1841 Wishart, sir James - - 1703 Wood, sir James Athol - 1821 Wodehouse, hon. Philip - 1819 Wollaston, Charles - - 1830 Wolley, Thomas - - 18U Wolseley, Charles - - 1790 Wolseley, William - - 1804 Wormeley, Ralph Ran- dolph - - - - 1849 Worsley, Richard - - 1828 Y. York, Edward-Augustus, duke of - - - 1759 Yorke, sir Joseph Sidney - 1810 Young, James - - " - 1762 Young, James - - - 1814 Young, sir George - - 1794 Young, William - - 1837 Young, sir William - - 1795 ESTDEX TO THE GENERALS. 583 INDEX TO THE GENERALS. %* In the following, as in the preceding Index, reference is made to the year, not to the vaae The figures, consequently, point to the date of promotion of the Generals to their respective ranks' This Index,^ thus arranged, serves as an Alphabetical List of the Generals, Lieutenant-Generals! and Major-Generals of the British Army from the Restoration (1660) to the present time A. Abercrombie, James - 1772 Abercrombv, sir Robert - 1802 A'Court, William - - 1778 Adam, sir Frederick - 1846 Adeane, James - - 1801 Affleck, sir James - - 1825 Agnew, Montgomery - 1803 Ainslie, George - - 1801 Albemarle, George, earl of 1772 Amherst, Jeffrey, lord - 1778 Ancaster and Kesteven, duke of - - - 1772 Anglesey, Henry-William, marquess of- - - 1819 Annesley, hon. Arthur - 1841 Anson, sir George - - 1837 Anson, sir William - - 1837 Arabin, John-Daniel - 1837 Arabin, William- John - 1814 Archdall, Mervyn - - 1825 Argvll, John, duke of - 1765 Argyll, John, duke of - 1778 Armstrong, Bygoe - - 1783 Asgill, sir Charles - - 1814 Ashe, William A'Court - 1778 Aylmer, Matthew, lord - 1841 13. Baird, sir David - - 1814 Baker, Thomas - - 1830 Balcarres, Alexander, earl of - - - - 1803 Balfour, James - - 1809 Balfour, Nisbet - - 1803 Barclay, John - - 1813 Bathurst, Peter - - 1798 Bayly, sir Henry - - 1841 Beckwith, sir George - 1814 Belford, William - - 1777 Bentinck, lord William (X 1821 Beresford, William Carr, viscount - - - 1825 Bernard, George - - 1813 Bertie, hon. Albemarle - 1803 Bertie, lord Robert - - 1777 Blake, Robert Dudley - 1837 Blakeney, Grice - - 1809 Bland, Thomas - - 1801 Bligh, hon. Edward - 1825 Blomefield, sir Thomas - 1821 Blunt, Richard - - 1841 Bonham, Pinson - - 1837 Boothby, sir William - 1783 Bovd, sir Robert - - 1793 Bradford, air Thomas - 1841 Generals. Bridge water, John - Wil- liam, earl of - - 1812 Brisbane, sir Thomas Mac- dougall - - - 1841 Brodrick, hon. John - 1830 Brooke, William - - 1841 Broughton, sir John Delves 1830 Brown, Edward Maxwell 1796 Browne, Gore - 1837 Browne, sir Thomas - 1841 Brownrigg, sir Robert - 1819 Buckley, Felix - - 1801 Burnett, William - - 1837 Burton, Napier Christie - 1814 Cadogan, Charles, lord - 1761 Cadogan, William, lord - 1717 Calcraft, John - - - 1819 Callendar, Campbell - 1838 Calvert, sir Harry - - 1821 Cambridge, Adolphus- Frederick, duke of - 1803 Campbell, Alexander - 1812 Campbell, Duncan - - 1819 Campbell, sir Henry-Fre- derick - 1837 Campbell, John - - 1797 Campbell, John Fletcher - 1798 Capel, hon. Thomas-Ed- ward - - - - 1846 Caradoc, sir John-Francis 1814 Carhampton, Henry, earl of 1798 Carleton, sir Guy - - 1793 Carleton, Thomas - - 1803 Carpenter, Benjamin - 1783 Cart Wright, William -1819 Gary, hon. George - - 1782 Carysfort, John, earl of - 1846 Cathcart, William, vis- count - 1812 Cavan, Richard, earl of - 1814 Cavendish, lord Frederick 1782 Champagne, sir Josias - 1821 Charleton, Thomas R. - 1837 Chatham, John, earl of - 1812 Cholmondeley, George, earl of - - - - 1727 Cholmondeley, hon. James 1770 Chowne, Christopher - 1830 Christie, Gabriel - - 1798 Churchill, Charles - - 1707 Clanricarde, J ohn-Thomas. earl of- - - - 1803 Clarina, Eyre Massy, lord 1796 Clarke, sir Alured - 1802 r p 4 Clarke, Thomas - - 1796 Cla}^ John Granby - - 1841 Clayton, Robert Browne - 1838 Clerk, Robert - - . 1793 Clinton, sir Henry - - 1793 Clinton, sir William-Henry 1830 Coates, James - - . 1802 Cockburn, sir George - 1821 Coffin, John - - _ I819 Cole, hon. sir Galbraith Lowry - - _ I830 Colville, hon. sir Charles - 1837 Combermere, viscount - 1825 Conway, hon. Henry Sey- mour - 1772 Conyngham, Henry, mar- quess of - - - 1830 Coote, sir E. - - - I8I4 Cork, Edmund, earl of - 1825 Cornwallis, Charles, mar- quess - 1793 Cotton, sir Stapleton - 1825 Cowell, Andrew - - 1814 Cradock, sir John-Francis 1814 Craig, Francis - - . 1793 Craig, sir James-Henry - 1812 Craig, Peter - - - 1803 Craven, Charles - - 1846 Crewe, John, lord - - 1830 Crosbie, Charles - - 1802 Crosbie, sir John Gustavus 1830 Cumberland, Ernest - Augustus, duke of - 1803 Cuming, hon. John Leslie 1819 Gumming, sir Henry-John 1846 Cunninghame, Robert - 1793 Cuyler, Cornehus - - 1803 Dalhousie, George, earl of 1830 Dalling, sir John - - 1796 Dalrymple, sir Hew - 1812 Dairy m pie, sir John Ha- milton - - 1838 Dalrymple, Samuel - - 1825 Dalrymple, William - 1798 Dalzell, Robert - - 1747 Darling, sir Ralph - - 1841 Darroch, Duncan - - 1841 Debbeig, Hugh - - 1803 De Blaquiere, lord - - 1841 De Lancey, Oliver - - 1812 De la Warr, John, earl - 1765 Denham, sir James Steuart 1803 Despard, John - - 1814 Dickson, John • - 1814 584 INDEX TO THE GENERALS. Dilkes, Michael O'Brien - 1772 Dilkes, VS'illiam -Thomas - 1837 Dillon, sir Arthur-Richard 1841 Disney, sir Moore - - 1837 Don, sir George - - 1814 Donkin, Robert - - 1809 Donkin, sir Rufane Sliawe 1838 Dorchester, Guv, lord - 1793 Douglas, Charles Pye - 1838 Dowdeswell, William - 1821 Doyle, sir John - - 1819 Drogheda, Charles, mar- quess of - - - 1793 Drummond, Andrew-John 1812 Drummond, sir Gordon - 1825 Drummond, James - - 1821 Duff, hon. sir Alexander - 1838 Duff, sir James - - 1809 Dundas, sir David - 1802 Dun das, Francis - - 1812 Dundas, Ralph - - 1802 Dunmore, John, earl of - 1745 Dunne, Edward - - 1821 Durham, James - - 1830 Dusseaux, Joseph - - 1814 Dyott, William - - 1830 E. Eden, William - - 1838 Edmeston, William - - 1803 Effingham, Kenneth Alex- ander, earl of - - 1837 Egerton, sir Charles Bulke- ley - - - - 1846 Eglintoun, Archibald, earl of - - - - 1793 Elgin, Thomas, earl of - 1837 Elliott, George-Augustus, afterwards lord Heath- field - - - - 1778 Ellison, Cuthbert - - 1772 Elphinstone, Robert Dai- ry m pie Horn - - 1793 Erie, Thomas - - - 1711 Evans, William - - 1730 F. Falmouth, Hugh, viscount 1772 Fane, sir Henry - - 1837 Fanning, Edmund - - 1808 Farmar, Robert Hill - 1838 Farrington, sir Anthony - 1812 Faucett, sir William - 1796 Ferguson, sir Ronald Crau- furd - - - - 1830 Finch, hon. Edward - 1819 Fitzpatrick, Rt. hon. Rich- ard - - - - 1803 Fitz-Roy, lord Charles - 1814 Fitz-Roy, hon. Charles - 1821 Fitzwilliam, hon. John - 1778 Fletcher, Henry - - 1793 Floyd, sir John - - 1812 Forbes, Gordon - - 1812 Forbes, James, lord - 1819 Fox, hon. Henry-Edward 1808 Eraser, sir John " - - 1830 Frederick, Moriscoe - 1793 Freeman, Quin John - 1830 Fuller, Francis - - 1825 G. Gage, hon. Thomas - - 1782 Garth, George - - 1801 Garth, Thomas - - 1814 Gascoyne, Isaac - - 1819 Gloucester, William- Frederick, duke of - 1808 Gloucester, William- HENRr, duke of - - 1772 Goldie, Alexander- John - 1838 Gordon, lord Adam - - 1793 Gordon, Benjamin - - 1801 Gordon, Gabriel - - 1846 Gordon, George, duke of - 1819 Gordon, hon. William - 1798 Gordon, sir J. Willoughby 1841 Gosselyn, Gerrard - - 1841 Graeme, David - - 1783 Graham, Thomas - - 1821 Granard, George, earl of - 1830 Grant, James - - - 1796 Grant, sir William Keir - 1841 Green, sir WiUiam - - 1798 Greene, sir Charles - - 1819 Grenville, Richard - - 1801 Grey, sir Charles - - 1796 Grev, hon. sir Henry - George - - - 1825 Grinfield, William - - 1803 Grosvenor, Thomas - - 1819 Guise, John - - - 1761 Gwin, Francis-Edward - 1808 H. Hale, Bernard - - 1793 Hale, John - - - 1793 Halkett, sir Alexander - 1841 Halkett, sir Colin - - 1846 Hall, Gage John - - 1841 Hall, Thomas - - - 1796 Hamilton, James - - 1802 Hamilton, John - - 1813 Hammond, Francis -Tho- mas - - - - 1837 Handasyde, Roger •• - 1761 Harcourt, Simon, earl - 1772 Harcourt, hon. William - 1798 Harrington, Charles, earl of - - - - 1803 Harrington, William, earl of - - - - 1747 Harrington, William, earl of - - - - 1770 Harris, George, lord - 1812 Harris, John Adolphus - 1814 Hart, George Yaughan - 1825 Hartcup, Thomas - - 1819 Hastings, sir Charles - 1813 Hastings, Francis, mar- quess of - - - 1803 Haviland, William - - 1783 Hay, Alexander Leith - 1813 Hay, sir James - - 1837 Heathfield, Francis, lord - 1808 Heathfield, George, lord - 1778 Heron, Peter - .. _ 1830 Hervey, Daniel - - 1709 Hervey, hon. William - 1798 Hewett, sir George - - 1813 Hill, Rowland, viscount - 1825 Hislop, sir Thomas - - 1837 Hodgson, John - - 1837 Hodgson, Studholme - 1778 Home, David - - - 1803 Homspesch, Ferdinand, count - 1819 Honywood, sir Philip - 1743 Honywood, Philip - - 1777 Hope, hon. sir Alexander 1830 Hope, hon. Charles - - 1825 Hopetoun, John, earl of - 1819 Hotham, George - - 1802 Houston, sir William - 1837 Howard, hon. sir Charles 1765 Howard, sir George - 1777 Howard de Walden, John Griffin, lord - - 1778 Howden, J ohn - Francis, lord - - - - 1814 Howe, hon. sir William - 1793 Hugonin, Francis - - 1821 Hulse, Samuel - - 1803 Hunter, David - - 1837 Hunter, sir Martin - - 1825 Huntly, George, marquess of - - - - 1819 Hutchinson, John, lord - 1813 Hutchinson, sir William - 1841 I. Imhoff, sir Charles - - 1846 Irving, sir Paulus ^mi- lius - - - - 1812 Irwin, sir John - - 1783 J. Johnson, Henry - - 1808 Johnstone, James, 6 th dra- goons - - - - 1793 Johnstone, James, 2nd dra- goons - - - - 1793 K. Kempt, sir James - - 1841 Kent, Edward, duke of - 1799 Keppel, sir William - -1813 Ker, John Manners - - 1830 Ker, lord Mark - - 1743 Kilmorey, Francis, lord - 1812 Kingston, Evelyn, duke of 1772 KnoUys, William - - 1819 L. Lake, Gerard, lord - - 1802 Lambert, sir J ohn - - 1841 Lambton, John - - 1782 Lansdowne, William, mar- quess of - - - 1783 Lascelles, Francis - - 1798 Lascelles, Peregrine - 1770 Laurie, sir Robert - - 1803 Leigh, Charles - - 1803 Leighton, sir Baldwin - 1819 Leigliton, Francis - - 1772 Leland, John - - - 1802 INDEX TO THE GENERALS. 585 Lenox, lord George-Heniy 1793 1 Leslie, hon. David - - 1830 Ligonier, sir John - - 1746 Lindsay, sir David - - 1796 Lister, Cavendish - - 1803 Lloyd, sir Evan - - 1841 Lloyd, Vaughan - - 1814 Loftus, Winiam - - 1813 Londonderry,Charles-\Yil- liam, marquess of - 1837 Lorton, Robert - Edward, viscount _ - - 1830 Lothian, William - Henry, marquess of - - - 1770 Lothian, William - John, marquess of - - - 1796 Loudoun, John, earl of - 1770 Ludlow, George - James, earl - - - - 1814 Lumley, hon. Henry - 1711 Lumley, hon. sir William 1837 M. Macarmick, William - 1813 M'Kenzie, John - - 1837 Mackenzie, sir Alexander 1821 Mackenzie, Colin - - 1814 Maclean, sir Fitzroy Jef- fries Grafton - - 1837 Macfarlane, sir Robert - 1830 Maitland, hon. sir Alex- ander - - - - 1793 Maitland, Frederick - - 1825 Maitland, hon. William Mordaunt - - - 1830 Maitland. sir Peregrine - 1846 Mann, Gother - - 1821 Manners, Robert - - 1813 Manners, lord Robert - 1772 ]Manners, Russell - - 1796 Marlborough, Charles, duke of - - - 1758 Marlborough, John, duke of. See Captain Gencj-als. Marsh, James - 1803 Martin, Philip - - 1814 Massue, Henry de, earl of Gal way - - - 1704 Mathew," Edward - - 1797 Maxwell, sir William - 1812 Meade, hon. Robert - 1837 Medows, sir William - 1798 Melville, Robert - - 1793 Mercer, Alexander - - 1813 Meredyth, James - - 1838 Meyrick, Thomas - - 1821 Michel, George - - 1837 Michel, John - - - 1837 Milner, George - - 1819 Mocher, Flower - - 1796 Moira, Francis, earl of - 1803 Moles worth, Richard, vis- count - - - - 1746 Moncrieffe, George - - 1821 Money, John - - - 1814 Montagu, John, duke of - 1747 Montolieu, David, baron de St. Hippolite - - 1758 Montressor, sir Thomas Gage - - - - 1841 Montressor, sir Henrv Tucker • - ' - 1837 ^Moore, Francis - - 1830 Mordaunt, sir John - - 17/0 Morris, Staates Long - 1796 Morrison, Edward - - 1814 Morrison, George - - 1796 IMorse, Robert - - - 1808 Morshed, William - - 1812 Mostyn, John - 1772 Mulgrave, Henry, lord - 1809 Muncaster, Lowther, lord - 1808 Mundy, Godfrey Basil - 1846 Munro, sir Hector - - 1798 Murray, sir George - - 1841 Murray, hon. James - 1783 Murray, John - - - 1819 Murray, sir John - - 1825 Muaray, lord John - - 1770 Murray, Thomas - - 1814 Musgrave, sir Thomas - 1802 N. Needham, hon. Francis - 1812 Nelson, Richard-Thomas - 1837 Nicholls, Oliver - - 1813 Northumberland, Hugh, duke of - - - 1793 Norton, hon. Chappie - 1802 Nugent, sir George ~ - 1813 o. Ogilvie, James - - 1803 Oglethorpe, James-Edward 1765 O'Hara, Charles - - 1798 Onslow, Denzil - - 1825 Orange, Wilt.iatm-Fre- DEKICK, prince of- - 1814 Orde, James - - - 1846 Osborne, sir George - - 1797 Oswald, sir John - - 1837 Otway, Charles - - 1761 P. Paget, hon. sir Edward - 1825 Panmure, William, earl of 1770 Pare, John - - - 1838 Parker, Gervase - - 1747 Parslow, John - - - 1782 Pattison, James - - 1797 Payne, sir William - - 1825 Peacocke, sir Warren-Mar- maduke _ - - 1838 Pembroke, George, earl of- 1812 Pembroke, Henry, earl of- 1782 Pennington, Lowther - 1808 Peterborough, Charles, earl of . - - - 1705 Phipps, hon. Edmund - 1819 Picton, William - - 1798 Pigot, sir George - - 1825 Pigot, sir Henry - - 1812 Pitt, sir WiUiam-Augustus 1793 Popham,Edward-William- Leyburn _ - - 1837 Portmore, David, earl of - 1711 Powell, Henry- Watson - 1801 Powis, Henry 'Arthur, earl of - - - - 1772 Pratt, John Prescott, Robert Pulteney, Harry Pulteney, sir James • 1821 1798 1765 1808 Rainsford, Charles - - 1796 Ramsay, John - - - 1830 Rebow, Francis-Slater - 1841 Reid, John - - - 1798 Reynardson, Thomas-Birch 1846 Riall, sir Phineas - - 1841 Rich, sir Robert - - 1745 Richmond, Charles, duke of 1782 Richmond, Charles, duke of 1814 Rivers, Richard, earl - 1708 Roberts, Thomas - - 1814 Robertson, James - - 1837 Robinson, sir Frederick - Philips - - - 1841 Robinson, James - - 1796 Rooke, James - - - 1802 Ross, Alexander - - 1812 Ross, Charles - - - 1712 Ross, Ralph, earl of - - 1796 Rossmore, Robert, lord - 1793 Rosslyn, James, earl of - 1814 Rothes, John, earl of - 1765 Rowley, William - - 1798 S. St. Clair, hon. James St. John, hon. Frederick - St. John, hon. Henry Sabine, Joseph Sandwich, John, earl of - Saumarez, sir Thomas Saunders, John- Stratford - Saxe-Coburg, Leopold, prince of - - - Schomberg, Charles, duke of - - - - Schomberg, Frederick, duke of - - - Schomberg, Meinhardt, duke of - - - Scott, George - Scott, Thomas - - - Scott, William - Sebright, sir John - Severn, John - - - Sharpe, INIatthew Sheaffe, sir Roger-Hale Shelburne, William, earl of Sherb rooke, sir John -Cope Shirley, sir Thomas - Shirreff, William - Slade, sir John Sloper, sir Robert - Smith, Edward Smith, sir John Somerset, Algernon, duke of - - - - Somerset, lord Charles- Henry - - - - Somerset, lord R.-E.-H. - Southampton, Charles, lord Spencer, sir Brent - Stack, Edward 1761 1814 1797 1730 1772 1838 1838 1816 1690 1600 1703 1798 1830 1825 1782 1782 1841 1838 1783 1825 1798 1803 1837 1796 1801 1837 1747 1814 1841 1793 1825 1830 586 INDEX TO THE GENERALS. Stanwix, Thomas -Slough - ter - - - - 1808 Stapleton, hon. William - 1825 Steuart, sir James - - 1803 Stevens, Edmund - - 1803 Stewart, James - - 1813 Stewart, William - - 1711 Stirling, Alexander-Gra- ham - - - - 1837 Stirling, sir Thomas - 1801 Strafford, John, lord - 1841 Stratton, John- - - 1802 Stuart, James - - - 1812 Stuart, sir Robert - - 1813 Suffolk, John, earl of - 1802 Tarleton, sir Banastre - 1812 Taylor, hon. Robert - - 1819 Taylor, William - - 1793 Terrot, Charles - - 1837 Thompson, sir Charles - 1793 Tonyn, Patrick - - 1798 Tottenham, Loftus - An - thony - 1798 Townshend, George, mar- quess of - - - 1782 Trapaud, Cvrus - - 1783 Trigg, sir Thomas - - 1803 Turner, sir Hillgrove - 1830 Twiss, William - - 1825 Tyrawley, Charles, lord - 1714 Tyrawley, James, lord - 1761 V. Valancey, Charles - - 1803 Vandeleur, sir John - Ormsby - - - 1838 Vansittart, George-Henry 1821 Vernon, Charles - - 1783 Vincent, John - - - 1841 Vyse, Richard - - - 1812 w. Waldegrave, John, earl of 1772 Wale, sir Charles - 1838 Walker, Ellis - - - 1812 Walker, sir George -Town- shend - - - - 1838 Walker, Joseph - - 1841 Wallace, Lewis-Bayly - 1837 Walsh, Hunt - - - 1793 Warburton, Hugh - - 1770 Warde, George - - 1796 Warde, George - - 1825 Warde, sir Henry - - 1830 Watson, John-Watson-Tad 1808 Webb, John-Richmond - 1712 Wellington, Arthur, vis- count, afterwards earl, marquess, and duke of Wellington - - - 1811 Wemyss, David-Douglas - 1819 Wemyss, William - - 1814 Westmorland, John, earl of 1761 Wetham, Thomas - - 1730 Wetherell, sir Frederick- Augustus - . - 1837 Wharton, James - - 1825 White, Frederick-Charles - 1837 White, John - - - 1812 Whyte, Richard - - 1802 Wilford, Richard Rich - 1814 Wilkinson, sir William - 1837 Williams, Henry - - 1830 Wills, sir Charles - - 1730 Wilson, George - - 1838 Wilson, sir Robert-Thomas 1841 Wilson, sir Thomas-Spencer 1796 Wood, John-Sullivan - 1837 Wynyard, Henry - - 1819 Y. York, Frederick, duke of 1 783 Yorke, hon. sir Joseph - 1777 A. Abercromby, hon. John - 1812 Abercromby, sir Ralph - 1797 Acland, sir Wroth Palmer - 1814 Adams, Alexander - - 1830 Adams, sir George Pownoll 1837 Adlercron, John - - 1760 Agnew, sir Andrew - - 1759 Ainslie, George-Robert - 1825 Airey, sir George - - 1821 Albemarle, William-Anne, earl of - - - - 1745 Amherst, Jeffrey - - 1805 Amherst, William - - 1779 Anderson, Paul - - 1837 Anstruther, Philip - - 1745 Anstruther, Robert - - 1765 Arbuthnot, hon. Hugh - 1841 Arbuthnot, sir Robert - 1841 Arbuthnot, sir Thomas - 1838 Armiger, Robert - - 1765 Armstrong, Alexander - 1838 Armstrong, Geo. -Andrew- 1825 Armstrong, Richard - - 1809 Arnot, sir John - - 1743 Arran, Charles, earl of - 1707 Arran, James, earl of - 1693 Askew, sir Henry - - 1837 Aubant, Abraham de - 1801 Auchmuty, sir Samuel - 1813 Avarne, Thomas - - 1803 Aylett, sir William - - 1821 Aylmer, Arthur - - 1825 Lieutenant-Generals. B. Backhouse, Thomas - Jo- seph - - - - 1821 Baillie, Matthew - - 1813 Balfour, Robert - - 1830 Ballingall, David - - 1821 Barber, Lucius - - 1805 Barlow, John-James - 1821 Barnard, St. Andrew- John- Francis - - - 1837 Barnes, sir Edward - - 1825 Barns, sir James Steven- son - - - - 1837 Barrel!, William - - 1739 Barrymore, James, earl of - 1711 Barton, Charles - - 1808 Barton, sir Robert - - 1837 Bastide, John-Henry - 1770 Bathurst, sir James - - 1837 Baugh, Launcelot - - 1779 Beauclerk, lord George - 1758 Beckwith, sir Thomas- Sid- ney - - - - 1830 Bedford, John, duke of - 1759 Beevor, Robert - - 1841 Belasyse, sir Henrv - - 1694 Bell, sir Henry " - - 1819 Bell, John - - - 1779 Bennett, hon. Henry- Ast- ley - - - - 1805 Benson, George - - 1808 Bentham, William - - 1821 Bentinck, lord William - 1811 Beresford, lord George- Thomas - - - 1830 Berkeley, sir George- Henry Frederick - - 1846 Berkeley, Sackville -Ha- milton - - 1846 Berwick, James, duke of - 1693 Bethune, sir Alexander - 1841 Bingham, Richard - - 1814 Birch, John Francis - - 1846 Bisset, Anilrew - - 1735 Blakenej^ sir Edward - 1838 Blakeney, William, lord - 1747 Bland, Humphrey - - 1747 Blathwayte, Wynter - 1797 Blayney, Cadwallader, lord - - - 1772 Blayney, Thomas-Andrew, lord - - - - 1819 Bligh, Thomas - - 1754 Blommart, Daniel Francis - 1838 Bloomfield, Benjamin, lord- 1830 Blunden, Overington - 1837 Bocland, Maurice - - 1758 Bolton, Charles, duke of - 1745 Bolton, sir Robert - - 1819 Borgard, Albert - - 1739 Borthwick, William - - 1805 Boscawen, hon. George - 1760 Bourke, sir Richard - - 1837 Bouverie, sir H. F. - - 1838 Bowater, sir Edward - 1846 Bowater, eTohn- - - 1803 Bowles, Phineas - - 1745 INDEX TO THE GEXERALS. 587 Bowyer, Henry - - 1801 Bragge, Philip - - 1747 Breadalbane, John, earl of - 1814 Brereton, Robert - - 1814 Bright, Richard - - 1811 Bromhead, sir Gonville - 1813 Brooke, sir Arthur - - 1837 Broome, Joseph - - 1793 Brown, John - - - 1758 Brown, sir John - - 1841 Browne, Samuel - - 1838 Browne, William - - 1770 Bruce, Henry - - - 1830 Bruce, hon. Thomas - - 179G Brudenell, hon. Thomas - 1765 Brunswick, H. S. H. Frederick - William, duke of - - - 1809 Buchan, sir John - - 1841 Buchanan, William - - 1814 Buller, Frederick-William- 1825 Bunbury, sir H. E. - - 1830 Burghersh, John, lord - 1838 Burgoyne, sir John - - 1779 Burue, Robert - - - 1821 Burrard, sir Harry - - 1805 Burrows, Montague - - 1837 Burton, John - - - 1825 Butler, James - - - 1825 c. Calcraft, Thomas - - 1782 Cameron, sir Alan - - 1819 Cameron, sir John - - 1837 Campbell, Alexander - 1801 Campbell, sir Alexander - 1814 Campbell, Archibald - 1811 Campbell, sir Archibald - 1838 Campbell, sir Colin - - 1811 Campbell, sir Colin - - 1838 Campbell, James - - 1803 Campbell, James - - 1811 Campbell, sir James - 1813 Campbell, hon. sir James - 1742 Campbell, Peter - - 1743 Campbell, Robert - - 1830 Carey, Peter - - - 1837 Carncross, sir Joseph- Hugh ... - 1846 Carnwath, Robert-Alex- ander-Dalzell, earl of - 1830 Carpenter, George, lord - 1710 Carr, Edward - - - 1760 Carroll, sir William- Parker - - - 1841 Cathcart, Charles, lord - 1760 Cathcart, Charles, earl - 1841 Cavan, Richard, earl of - 1777 Champagne, Forbes- - 1810 Chapman, Richard - - 1809 Chapman, sir Stephen Remnant - - - 1846 Cheney, Robert - - 1819 Cholmondelev, George, earl of - * - - - 1759 Churchill, Charles - - 1739 Churchill, George - - 1747 Churchill, George - - 1805 Clavering, sir John - - 1770 Clay, W. Waldegrave Pel- ham - - - - 1821 Clayton, Jasper - - 1739 Cleveland, Samuel - - 1787 Cliffe, Walter - - - 1814 Clifton, sir Arthur-Ben- jamin - - - - 1841 Clinton, sir Henry - - 1814 Clitherow, John - - 1841 Cochrane, James - - 1758 Cockburn, sir William - 1821 Cockell, William - - 1814 Coghlan, Roger - - 1819 Colborne, sir John - - 1838 Colquhoun, Daniel - - 1846 Columbine, Francis - - 1739 Colville, hon. Charles - 1770 Compton, hon. sir Francis- 1694 Compton, Hatton - - 1707 Congreve, sir William - 1808 Conran, Henry - - 1825 Cooke, sir George - - 1821 Cookson, Charles N.- - 1825 Cookson, George - - 1830 Coote, sir Eyre - - 1777 Cope, Edmund-Reiley - 1825 Cope, sir John - - 1743 Cornwall, Henry - - 1743 Cornwallis, hon. Edward - 1760 Cotton, sir Willoughby - 1841 Cowper, Spencer - - 1787 Craufurd, John, earl of - 1710 Craufurd, John, earl of - 1747 Craufurd, sir Charles G. - 1810 Crawford, Robert - - 1841 Craven, William, earl of - 1678 Craven, William, earl of - 1811 Croker, John - - - 1819 Cuming, James - - 1830 Cunningham, sir David - 1765 Cunninghame, James - 1782 Cuppage, William - - 1819 Cutts, John, lord - - 1704 D. Dalbiac, sir James-Charles- 1838 Dana, George Kinnaird - 1830 Darby, Christopher - - 1814 D'Aubant, Abraham - 1801 Davies, Thomas - - 1803 Daw, sir William-Ga- briel - - - - 1841 De Butts, sir Augustus - 1837 Decken, Frederick, count von der - 1814 De Grangues, Henry - 1754 Dejean, Lewis - - - 1759 Delaval, Francis - - 1821 De la Warr, John, earl of - 1770 Desaguliers, Thomas - 1777 Desbordes, John-Peter - 1739 Desborough, Lawrence - 1821 Dickens, sir Samuel Tre- vor - - - - 1837 Dickinson, Richard - - 1838 Dickson, sir Jeremiah - 1846 Dirom, Alexander - - 1814 Donoughmore, Richard, earl of- - - - 1812 Dormer, James - - 1735 Dorrien, John - - - 1819 Douglas, sir Howard - 1837 Douglas, James - - 1688 Douglas, sir James - - 1841 Douglas, John - - 1787 Douglas, sir Kenneth Mackenzie - - - 1821 Douglas, sir Neil - -1846 Douglas, Robert - - 1803 Douglas, Robert - - 1814 Douglas, sir William - 1711 Downes, Ulysses Burgh, lord - - - - 1846 Downman, sir Thomas - 1846 Doyle, sir Charles- Wil- liam - - - - 1887 Doyle, William - - l«ia D'Oyly, Francis - - 1801 Draper, sir William - - 1777 Dreschsel, Frederick, baron 1811 Drummond, Duncan - 1802 Dunbar, Thomas - - 1760 Dunbarton, George, earl of . - - - 1678 Dundas, lion, sir Robert Lawrence - - - 1841 Dunlop, James - - 1814 Durand, James - - 1760 D' Urban, sir Benjamin - 1837 Durnford, Elias Walker - 1816 Duroure, Alexander - - 1760 Dury, Theodore - - 1770 Dyer, sir Thomas-Richard 1825 E. Echlyn, Robert - - 1707 Effingham, Thomas, earl of 1760 Elley, sir John - - 1837 Ellice, Robert - - 1841 Elliott, George - - 1809 Elliott, Henry - - 1837 Elphinstone, John, lord - 1812 Elwes, JohnTimmsHervey 1814 England, Richard - - 1803 Erskine, sir Henry - - 1765 Erskine, sir James - - 1813 Erskine, sir William - 1787 Essex, Algernon, earl of - 1707 Eustace, Henry - - 1830 Eustace, sir William Corn- walUs - 1841 Evatt, Henry - - - 1838 Evelegh, Henry - - 1846 Evelegh, John - - 1813 Evelyn, William - - 1777 F. Farley, John Simon - 1821 Farrington, Thomas - 1709 Fead, George - - - 1810 Fermor, hon. Thomas- William - - - 1825 Ferrier, James - - 1805 Fielding, Edmund - - 1739 Fisher, Garret - - 1808 Fitzgerald, sir Augustine 1825 Fitzgerald, sir John Foster 1841 Fitzroy, hon. William - 1825 Flemyng, Hezekiah - 1782 Fletcher, John Rigby - 1821 Foliot, John - - - 1745 Foliot, John - - - 1753 588 INDEX TO THE GENERALS. Foster, Thomas - - 1841 Foveaux, Joseph - - 1830 Fowke, Thomas - - 1754 Frampton, Charles - - 1747 Franks, Richard - - 1739 Fraser, Alexander Ma- kenzie - - - 1808 Fraser, Hastings - - 1837 Fraser, hon. Simon - - 1777 Fraser, Simon - - 1803 Freke, John - - - 1803 Fuller, sir Joseph - - 1825 Fyers, William - - 1819 Gabbett, Joseph - - 1782 Gale, Henry Richmond - 1811 Gammell, Andrew - - 1813 Gansell, William - - 1772 Gardiner, sir John - - 1841 Gard ner, W^illiam - - 1799 Gardiner, hon. William- Henry - - - 1846 Germaine, lord George Sackville - - - 1758 Gibbs, sir Edward - - 1846 Gilmour, sir Dugald Little 1841 Gisborne, James - - 1777 Glasgow, George - - 1819 Gledstanes, sir Albert - 1814 Glegg, Berkenhead - - 1830 Glenlyon, James, lord - 1837 Goldie, Thomas - - 1803 Goldsworthy, Philip - 1802 Gomm, sir William May- nard - - - - 1846 Gordon, Andrew - - 1801 Gordon, Benjamin Forbes 1825 Gordon, Cosmo - - 1841 Gordon, Hugh-Mackay - 1821 Gore, Henry - - - 1735 Gore, Humphrey - - 1735 Gore, John - - - 1772 Gorges, Richard - - 1710 Gough, sir Hugh, after- wards lord and viscount 1841 Gower, John-Leveson - 1812 Graham, Samuel - - 1814 Granard, Arthur, earl of • 1689 Granard, George, earl of - 1765 Granby, John, marquess of 1759 Grangues, Henry de - 1754 Grant, sir Colquhoun - 1830 Grant, Francis - - 1777 Grant, sir Lewis - - 1837 Greenock, Charles, lord - 1841 Grey, sir George - - 1770 Grev, John - - - 1825 Griffiths, Charles - - 1825 Grose, Francis - - 1811 Guard, WiUiam - - 1825 Guest, Joshua - - 1745 Guise, sir John Wright - 1837 H. Haldimand, sir Frederick 1777 Halifax, George Dunk, earl of - - - 1759 Hamerton, John Millet - 1846 Hamilton, Archibald - 1747 Hamilton, James, duke of 1693 Hamilton, sir John - - 1814 Hamilton, sir Robert - 1777 Hanbury, sir John - - 1841 Hardinge, sir Henry, after- wards viscount Hardinge 1841 Hargrave, William - - 1743 LI arris, William -George, lord - - - - 1837 Harrison, Henry - - 1743 Hartland, Thomas, lord - 1819 Harvey, Edward - - 1772 Harvey, sir John - - 1846 Hatton, John - - - 1819 Hawker, sir Samuel - 1821 Hawker, sir Thomas - 1838 Haivley, Henry - - 1743 Head, Michael - - 1825 Pleniker, hon. sir Brvdges Trecothick - - - 1808 Herbert, Denis - - 1838 Ilethersett, James - - 1803 Hiiide, sir Samuel Yenablcs 1830 Hiniiber, sir Harry de - 1819 Holmes, Henry - - 1759 Holt, Henry - - - 1710 Home, James - - - 1838 Home, William, earl of - 1759 Homspesch, baron Charles 1803 Hope, sir John Bruce - 1758 Hope, sir John - - 1819 Hopkins, Richard North ey 1809 Horneck, Charles - - 1801 Horsford, George - ■« 1825 Howard, Thomas - - 1743 Howorth, sir Edward - 1819 Huddlestone, William Orch. - - - - 1810 Hudson, Joseph - - 1765 Hughes, John - - 1821 Humfrey,John • - 1830 Huske, John - - - 1747 Huskisson, Samuel - - 1837 Hutton, Henry - - 1821 I. Inglis, sir William - - 1825 Ingoldsby, Richard - - 1704 Innes, Harry - - - 1801 Irwine, Alexander - - 1747 J. Jackson, Alexander Cosby 1825 Jackson, sir Richard Downes - - - 1838 Jeaffreson, Christopher - 1821 Jeffreys, Charles - - 1765 Jenkinson, John - - 1821 Johnson, John - - 1747 Johnson, William-Augus- tus - - - - 1841 Johnston, William - - 1825 Johnston, sir W^illiam - 1838 Johnston, William Souter 1801 Johnstone, William - - 1812 Jones, Daniel - - - 1779 I Jones, John - - - 1743 K. Keane, sir John, afterwards lord - - - - 1830 Kearney, sir James - - 1841 Keating, sir Henry Sheehy 1837 Keith, sir Robert Murray 1782 Kellum, George - - 1712 Kenned}^ James - - 1759 Keppel hon. William - 1772 Ker, William - - - 1739 Kerr, Walter - - - 1814 Kerrison, sir Edward - 1837 King, sir Henry - - 1846 King, hon. sir Henry - 1838 Kingslev, William - - 1760 Kirke, Piercy - - - 1690 Kirke, Piercy - - - 1739 Knight, Henry Raleigh - 1830 L. Lake, Frederick Gerard, viscount - - _ 1821 Lambert, Hamilton - - 1772 Langston, Francis - - 1704 Lanier, sir John - - 1688 Lawson, Robert - - 1813 Layard, Anthony-Lewis - 1814 Layard, John-Thomas - 1821 Lave, Francis - - - 1819 Le'Couteur, John - - 1821 Lee, John - - - 1814 Leinster, J ames Fitzgerald, duke of - - - 1770 Leith, sir Alexander - 1841 Leith, sir James - - 1813 L'Estrange, George Guy Carleton - - - 1841 L'Estrange, Thomas - 1830 Le Mesurier, John - - 1841 Leslie, hon. Alexander - 1787 Letlibridge, Robert - - 1825 Leven, David, earl of - 1706 Lewis, George - - - 1825 Lewis, Theophilus - - 1821 Lightburne, Stafford - 1813 Ligonier, Edward, viscount and earl - 1777 Lindenthal, Lewis - - 1819 Lindsay, Effingham - 1841 Linlithgow, George, earl of - - - - 1660 Linsengen, Charles, baron 1811 Lister, Henry - - - 1782 Lloyd, Arthur - - - 1846 Locke, John - - - 1837 Loft, John-Henry - - 1813 Lomax, James - - 1841 Long, Robert Ballard - 1821 Lorn, John, marquess of - 1760 Lothian, William, marquess of - - - - 1707 Lowe, sir Hudson - - 1830 Lumsdaine, James - - 1799 Lygon, hon. Edward P}'n- dar - - " - 1846 Lygon, hon. Henry Beau- champ - 1846 Lyon, Charles Wilson - 1796 Lyon, sir James - - 1830 Lyttelton, sir Richard - 1759 INDEX TO THE GEXEP.ALS. M. Macartney, George - - 1709 Macbeanj^sir William - 1841 M'Donald, Donald - - 1810 Macdonald, Godfrey, lord 1830 Macdonald, sir John - 1838 Macdonald, sir James - 1841 Macdowall, Hay - - 1805 Mackay, hon. Alexander - 1777 Mackay, James Prescott - 1772 Mackay, Robert - - 1690 IMackeican, John - - 1821 Mackenzie, John - - 1779 JMackenzie, John - - 1825 ]Maclean, sir John - - 1838 Maclean, Lachlan - - 1821 Maclean, sir Joseph - - 1838 M'Leod, sir John - - 1837 Macleod, John - - 1814 M*Mahon, sir Thomas - 1838 Mahon, hon. Stephen - 1819 M'Nair, John - - - 1837 Main waring, John Montagu 1837 Maitland, James - - 1709 Maitland, hon. Thomas - 1811 Maister, John - - - 1837 Manners, lord Charles So- merset - - 1838 Mansell, John - - - 1793 Marischal, George, earl - 1711 Tdartin, Anthony-George - 1796 Mathew, hon. Montague - 1813 Mawby, Sebright - - 1837 Maxwell, sir Charles-Wil- liam - ~ - - 1841 Maxwell, Edward - - 1782 Maxwell, sir J. Shaw - 1819 Mayne, Edmund - - 1707 Meade, Hon. John - - 1837 Melville, Robert - - 1777 Meredyth, Thomas - - 1709 Meuron, C. D. count de - 1802 Meuron, count Pierre Fre- derick de - - - 1805 Meyrick, George - - 1819 Middlemore, George - 1841 Millar, William - - 1837 Minet, William - - 1821 Miremont, marquess de - 1704 Mohun, Charles, lord - 1710 Molyneux, sir Thomas - 1825 Monckton, Henry - - 1837 Monckton, hon. Robert - 1770 Montagu, sir Charles - 1765 Montgomerie, James - 1814 Montgomery, William, viscount - - - 1G96 Moore, James - - - 1830 Moore, sir John - - 1805 Mordaunt, hon. Harry - 1709 Mordaunt, John, viscount- 1709 Mordaunt, Thomas Osbert 1793 Mosheim, Lewis - - 1830 Mountjoy, William, vis- count - - - - 1709 Mulcaster, sir Frederick- William - - - 1838 Munro, William - - 1813 Murray, hon. George - 1837 Murray, John - - - 1825 Murray, hon. Thomas - 1758 IMurray, William - - 1814 Myers, sir William - - 1303 Napier, sir Charles-James 1846 Napier, sir George-Thomas 1846 Napier, Mark - - - 1841 Napier, Robert - - 1735 Napier, Robert - - 1759 Nead, Samuel - - - 1830 Nepean, Nicholas - - 1814 Nesbitt, Alexander - - 1841 Nevill, Clement - - 1743 Neville, Charles - - 1825 Newbery, Francis - - 1838 Nicol, Charles - - - 1846 Nicolay, sir William - 1837 Nicolls, Gustavus - - 1846 Nicolls, sir Jasper - - 1837 Nightingall, sir Miles - 1814 Noel, hon. Bennct - - 1760 North and Grey, William, lord - : . . 1711 Northumberland, George, duke of - - - 1710 o. Oakes, sir Hildebrand - 1811 O'Callaghan, hon. sir Ro- bert-William - - 1830 O'Carrol, sir Daniel - - 1742 O'Connell, sir Maurice- Charles - - - 1841 O'Donovan, Richard - 1825 O'Loghlin, Terence - - 1825 O'Meara, Daniel - - 1819 O'Neill, hon. John Bruce Richard - - - 1838 Onslow, Richard - - 1747 Orde, Leonard Shafto - 1814 Ormsby, Arthur - - 1805 Otway, sir Loftus William 1837 Oughton, sir J. Adolphus 1770 Owen, John - 1772 Owen, Robert - - - 1841 Oxford, Aubrey, earl of - 1693 P. Pakenham, hon. sir Her- cules Robert - - 1846 Palmer, Francis - - 1709 Panton, Thomas - - 1735 Parker, hon. George Lane 1777 Parker, John - - - 1770 Parry, Parry Jones - - 1846 Parry, Spencer-Claudius - 1837 Paterson, James - • 1765 Paterson, sir William - 1837 Peach}^ William - - 1825 Pearce, Thomas - - 1727 Pearson, sir Thomas - 1841 Pembroke, Henry, earl of- 1742 Pepperell, sir William - 1759 Perkins, James Francis - 1801 Peter Thomas - - - 1813 Philips, Richard - - 1743 Phillips, sir Charles - - 1830 Phillipson, Richard Barton 1787 Philpot, Philip - - 1841 Phipps, George- William - 1837 Picton, sir Thomas - - 1813 Pierson, sir Richard - 1772 589 Pigot, Richard - - 1837 Pigot, sir Robert - - 1782 Pilkington, sir Andrew - 1841 Pole, Edward - - 1759 Pomeroy, Rt. hon. John - 1777 Pomfret, Thomas-William, earl of - 1825 Porter, Geori;e - - 1813 Poulett, hon. Vere - - 1808 Power, sir Manley - - 1825 Powis, William, marquess of - 1690 Prescott, Richard - - 1782 Preston, George - - 1739 Preston, George - - 1777 Prevost, sir George - - 1811 Prince, John - - - 1814 Pringle, sir William-llenry 1825 Pritchard, Edward - - 1841 Pritzler, sir Theophilus • 1837 Q. Quentin, sir George Au- gustus - - ' 1838 E. Ramsay, George - - 1704 Ramsay, hon. James - 1830 Ramsay, hon. John - - 1841 Ramsay, William - - 1811 Raymond, William - - 1825 Read, George - 1747 Read, Henry - - - 1805 Reynell, si/Thomas - 1837 Rich, sir Robert - - 1760 Richmond, Charles, duke of 1745 Rimington, Samuel - - 1821 Rivarola, count, sir Francis 1841 Robertson, William - - 1813 Robertson, Archibald - 1805 Robinson, John - - 1811 Robinson, Robert - - 1782 Rochfort, George - - 1811 Rochford, WiUiam-Henry, earl of- - - 1690 Romney, Henry, earl of - 1694 Rooke, Havman - - 1727 Ross, Charles - - - 1793 Ross, sir Charles - - 1805 Ross, John - - - 1838 Rottenburg, Francis, baron 1819 Rufane, William - - 1772 Rudyerd, Henry - - 1819 S. St. George, Richard- - 1747 St. Leger, William - - 1809 Sackville, lord George - 1758 Salmon, George - - 1837 Saltoun and Abernethy, Alexander George, lord 1846 Salvin, Anthony - - 1838 Sandford, Edward - - 1770 Sankey, Nicholas - - 1710 Schalch, John-Augustus - 1821 Scarborough, Richard, earl of - - - - 1G94 590 INDEX TO THE GENERALS. Scarborough, Richard, earl of - - - " 1739 Scott, James - - - 1743 Scovel, sir George - - 184G Seaforth, Francis, lord - 1808 Seaton, John, lord - - 1838 Seddon, Daniel - - 1825 Seward, Thomas - - 1819 Seymour, William - - 1707 Shadforth, Henry - - 1846 Shank, David - - - 1821 Sherard, hon. Philip - 1777 Sheridan, sir William - 1830 Shirley, William - - 1759 Shortall, James - - 1841 Shrapnel, Henry - - 1837 Simcoe, John Graves - 1801 Simson, William - - 1813 Sinclair, Patrick - - 1810 Skelton, Henry - - 1747 Skene, John-Gordon-Cu- ming - - - - 1813 Skene, Robert - - - 1782 Skerrett, John - - - 1811 Skinner, John - - - 1821 Skinner, Philip Kearney - 1825 Skinner, William - - 1770 Sleigh, James- Wallace - 1841 Smith, Francis - - 1787 Smith, Henry - - 1779 Smith, sir Lionel - - 1837 Somerset, J ames - Henry, lord Fitz-Roy - - 1838 Sontag, John - - - 1814 Sorrell, William-Alexander 1777 Southampton, George, lord 1808 Sowerby, James - - 1810 Spencer, William - - 1814 Spens, John - - - 1811 Spry, Horatio - - - 1801 Stanhope, James, earl - 1709 Stanwix, John - - 1765 Staveley, Miles - - 1805 Stehelin, Edward - - 1821 Stephens, Edward - - 1813 Stevenson, Charles - - 1814 Stewart, hon. sir William 1813 Stile, William - - - 1782 Stopford, hon. sir Edward 1821 Stovin, Richard - - 1821 Strafford, Thomas, earl of 1707 Straton, sir Joseph - - 1838 Strickland, Thomas - - 1819 Strode, William - - 1765 Stuart, hon. James ' - 1758 Stuart, sir John - - 1808 Stuart, sir Patrick - - 1837 Stuart, hon. William - 1837 Sutherland, John, earl of - 1715 Sutton, Richard - - 1735 Swayne, Hugh - - 1825 T. Talmash, Thomas - - 1694 Tarrant, Charles - - 1803 Tatton, William - - 1727 Taylor, sir Herbert - - 1825 Tavlor, James - - 1814 Taylor, sir John - - 1837 Taylor, William - - 1782 Tench, Watkin - - 1821 Thackerav, Frederick Ren- nell - - - - 1846 Thomas, John - - 1777 Thomas, William - - 1814 Thompson, sir Charles - 1782 Thornton, sir Charles Wade - - - 1846 Thornton, William - - 1808 Thornton, sir William - 1838 Tidcombe, John - - 1707 Tipping, Robert - - 1811 Tiviot, Thomas, viscount - 1704 Tobin, Joseph Webbe - 1846 Touzel, Helier - - 1846 Trench, hon. Eyre Power - 1805 Trench, sir Frederick- William - - - 1846 Trevor, hon. Henry Otway 1837 Trotter, Alexander - - 1811 Tryon, William - - 1782 Tuyll, sir William - - 1846 Tweeddale, George, mar- quess of - - - 1846 Tyrrell, James - - 1739 u. Upton, hon. Arthur Percy 1837 Urmston, Edward - - 1772 Urquhart, Edward James - 1805 V. Vavasour, sir Henry Mag- hall Mervyn - - 1830 Vaughan, hon. John - 1782 Villettes, William-Anne - 1805 Vivian, sir Hussey, after- wards lord - - - 1830 Von derDecken, Frederick, count - - - - 1814 w. Walker, Frederick - - 1846 Wallace, sir John Alex- ander - - - - 1837 Waller, William - - 1811 Walmoden, count - - 1813 Walsh, Anthony - - 1838 Walsingham, George de Grey, lord - - - 1821 Walton, Joseph - - 1801 Wardlaw, John - - 1841 Waters, sir John - - 1841 Watson, Alexander - - 1846 Watson, sir James - - 1837 Watson, Robert - - 1779 Way, sir Gregory Holman Bromley - - - 1841 Webb, Daniel - - - 1765 Webber, Edward - - 1830 Wemyss, Maurice - - 1801 Wentworth, Thomas - 1745 Westmorland, John, earl of 1838 Whetham, Arthur - - 1811 Whiteford, sir John - - 1760 Whitelock, John - - 1805 Whitley, Henry - - 1770 Whitmore, sir 'George - 1846 Whitmore, William - 1760 Whittingham, sir Samuel Ford - - - - 1838 Widdrington, sir D. Lati- mer Tinling - - 1825 Wilder, sir Francis- John - 1821 Williams, Richard - - 1821 Williamson, Adam - - 1745 Williamson, George - 1772 Willington, Bayly - - 1819 Wilson, sir John - - 1838 Wilson, sir Willshire - 1837 Windham, Hugh - - 1707 Windsor, Thomas, viscount 1709 Winter, Robert - - 1819 Withers, Henry - - 1707 Wolfe, Edward - - 1747 Wood, Alexander - - 1814 Wood, Cornelius - - 1707 Woodford, sir Alexander G. 1838 Worsley, Edward Vaughan 1846 Wren, Jordan - 1779 Wright, George - - 1846 Wright, William - - 1814 Wulff, George - - 1837 Wyndham, Henry - - 1846 Wyndham,Thomas Norton 1830 Wynne, Owen - - 1727 Wynyard, John - - 1747 Wynyard, William - - 1787 Wynyard, William - - 1814 X. Ximenes, sir David 1846 Y. Yates, Jonathan • 1841 A. A'Court, Charles Ashe - 1841 Adair, Thomas Benjamin - 1846 Adams, Thomas - - 1783 Addison, Thomas Fenn - 1846 Major-Generals. Adye, Stephen Gal way - 1837 Aitchison, John - - 1841 Albemarle, Arnold Joost, earl of - - - 1696 Aldred, John William - 1846 Alexander, William - 1813 Allen, James - - - 1846 Alten, Charles, baron - 1810 Alten, Victor, baron - 1810 Archer, William Caulfield 1802 Arguimbau, Lawrence - 1846 Armstrong, James - - 1846 INDEX TO THE GENERALS. 591 Armstrong, John • 1739 Armstrong, sir Richard - 1841 Armstrong, William - 1819 Arnold, James Robertson - 1841 Arthur, sir George - - 1846 Ashworth, sir Charles - 1830 Ashworth, Frederick - 1846 Auchmuty, Samuel Ben- jamin I - - - 1841 Auriol, Charles - - 1814 Aylmer, Thomas Brabazon 1841 Aytoun, Roger - - 1805 B. Baillie, Charles - - 1808 Baillie, Mackay Hugh - 1798 Bainbrigge, Phihp - - 1846 Baird, Joseph - - 1812 Balfour, William - - 1810 Balneavis, Henry - - 1846 Baltimore, Charles, lord - 1707 Banbury, William, earl of 1802 Barlow, John - 1777 Barnes, John - - - 1809 Barnet, Charles - - 1801 Barrington, hon. John - 1759 Barrow, Thomas - - 1811 Barry, Henry Green - 1813 Barsse, Adolphus, baron - 1810 Bayne,John - - - 1710 Baynes, Edward - - 1814 Beatt}^ George - - 1846 Beckwith, Charles - - 1846 Beckwith, William-Henry 1814 Bell, John - - - 1841 Bellew, Patrick - - 1793 Belson, sir C. Philip - 1819 Bendysh, Richard - - 1770 Bentinck, lord Frederick - 1819 Bettesworth, Richard - 1795 Bingham, sir G. Rid. - 1819 Binks, William - - 1821 Birch, John-Francis - 1837 Birch, Robert -Henry - 1846 Birch, Samuel - - 1787 Blackwell, Nathaniel - 1825 Blair, Thomas-Hunter - 1846 Blantyre, Robert-Walter, lord - - - - 1819 Blundell, Bryan - - 1798 Bock, George, baron - 1810 Borthwick, William - 1812 Boscawen, hon. John - 1761 Bouchier, John - - 1811 Bourchier, James Claude - 1846 Boughton, sir George- Charles B. - - 1805 Bowes, Barnard Foord - 1810 Bowles, George - - 1846 Boyne, Gustavus, viscount 1704 Braddock, Edward - - 1710 Braddock, Edward - - 1754 Bradshaw, Laurence - 1810 Brads treet, John - - 1772 Brady, William - - 1796 Bramham, James - - 1781 Brand, hon. Henry - - 1821 Bredin, Andrew - - 1841 Brock, sir Isaac - - 1811 Brotherton, Thomas- Wil- liam . - - - 1841 Brough, Richard Seeker - 1841 Browne, George - - 1841 Browne, John - - 1813 Browne, sir Thomas-Henry 1846 Bruce, sir Charles - - 1830 Bruce, hon. Thomas - 1782 Brudenell, Thomas - - 1707 Bryce, sir Alexander - 1825 Brydges, George - 1819 Buckby, Richard - - 1825 Bunbury, Thomas - - 1846 Burgo3'ne, sir John - - 1782 Burgoyne, sir John Fox - 1838 Burgoyne, sir Montague - 1810 Burke, Francis - - 1825 Burn, Andrew - - 1810 Burrell, George - - 1841 Burton, Ralph - - 1762 Butler, sir Edward-Gerard 1814 Butler, hon. Henrv-Ed- ward - - - - 1846 Caesar, Julius - - - 1759 Calcraft, sir Granville- Thomas - - - 1813 Calder, sir Henry - - 1782 Calvert, Felix - - 1846 Camac, sir Burges - - 1841 Cambridge, H. R. H. prince George - Cameron, sir Alexander - Campbell, Alan Campbell, Archibald Campbell, sir Archibald - Campbell, Charles - Campbell, Dugald - Campbell, Duncan - Campbell, George - Campbell, sir Guy - Campbell, James Campbell, sir James Campbell, sir James Campbell, John Campbell, sir Neil - Campbell. Patrick - Campbell, William - Cardew, George Carey, sir Octavius - Carey, Thomas Carmichael, Hugh Lyle - Carruthers, Walter - Cathcart, Charles, lord Cavalier, John Cavendish, hon. Henry F. Compton - - _ Chabot, Louis -William, viscount de - Chalmers, sir William Charlemont, William, vis- count - - - - Charretie, Thomas - Chester, Harry Churchill, Horace - Clarges, Richard Goddard Hare - Clarina, Nathaniel -Wil- liam, lord - - - Clarke, sir William Clephane, W. D. Maclean Clive, Robert - - - Cockburn, sir Francis Cockburn, James I'attison Codd, Edward Coffin, John Pyne - Colby, Thomas Cole, Martin Campbell - Collins, Arthur Tucker - Connolly, William Hallett Cony ers, Ch a r 1 es - 1: d w a rd Cooke, Henry- Frederick - I Connvallis, hon. Stephen - I Cotton, i:dAviu-liu\vland- I Joseph - I Coulson, Foster Cox, Thomas - - - Craufurd, Robert Craufurd, George, earl of - Craven, hon. Henry-Au- gustus Berkeley - ! Crawford, George - I Creighton, Daniel - Crofts, James - Crosbie, William 1 Crosse, William I Crowgy, John ■ Crowther, Thomas - I Cunningham, Henry I Cunningham, Thomas I Cunninghame, George Cuyler, Jacob Glen - 1845 D. 1838 1787 Dacres, William-George - 1830 Dalmer, Thomas - 1782 Dalrymple, sir Adolphus- 1813 John - - - - 1814 I Dalrymple, John 1803 I Dalrymple, sir J. Pringle - 1795 Dalrymple, Stair Park - 1841 ! Dal veil, Robert 1798 iD'Arcy, Robert 1819 I Darlev, Edward 1825 I Darling, Henry 1787 Darling, Henry-Charles - 1825 I Darling, William Lindsay 1846 Daubeney, Henry - 1846 D'Auguiiar, George-Chas. 1846 D'Auvergne, James 1837 Davenport, Sherrington - 1814 Davies, Lewis 1808 Davis, Henry - 1782 Davis, Thomas 1739 Davison, Hugh Percy 1739 Deane, WilHani Deloraine, Henry, earl of - 1846 Derby, James, earl of De Gually, Paul 1821 De Lalo, Samson 1846 Dewar, David Dick, sir Robert-Henry - 1707 I Dickens, Gustavus Guy - 1846 I Dickens, Richard-Mark - 1812 I Dickson, sir Alexander - Dixon, George- William - Donegal, Arthur, earl of - - 1841 ) Douglas, James I Douglas, sir John - 1808 I Douglas, Robert 1805 I Douglas, Robert 1801 I Douglas, sir William 1764 I Doyle, Carlo- Joseph 1811 184G 184G 1819 1825 1846 1821 1782 1846 1846 1837 1743 1841 1838 1782 1811 1805 1825 1841 1727 1727 1794 1841 1813 1710 1704 1846 1802 1841 1814 1838 1841 1819 1819 1805 1846 1819 1838 1821 1825 1846 1841 1841 1782 1710 1825 1813 1796 1846 1770 1727 1704 1735 1709 1814 1837 1790 1805 1837 1819 1704 1739 1811 1798 1814 1819 1846 592 INDEX TO THE GENERALS. Doyle, sir Francis Hastings 1838 DoVie, VYelbore Ellis - 1795 D'Oyly, Henry - - 1838 Drummond, Percy - - 1837 Drury, Alexander - - 1757 Duffy, John - - - 1841 Dunbar, Thomas - - 1811 Du Piatt, Peter - - 1810 Duyal, Thomas - - 1796 Dyer, George - - 1811 E. Edgcumbe, Richard, lord - 1755 Effingham, Francis, earl of 1743 Egerton, Richard - - 1846 Elder, sir George - - 1830 Elicombe, Charles Grene - 1841 Elliot, Roger - - - 1710 Elliott, Granyille - - 1758 Ellis, John Joinour - - 1798 Elphinstone, sir Howard - 1837 Elphinstone, William-Keith 1837 Elrington, Richard-Goodall 1841 Elrington, Thomas-Gerard 1813 Erie, Thomas - - - 1770 Erskine, David - - 1777 Erskine, sir William - 1808 Este, Charles-William - 1805 Eyans, sir De Lacy - - 1846 Eyans, Robert - - 1821 Eyans, Thomas - - 1838 Ewart, John-Frederick - 1846 Eyre, Vincent-Edward - 1846 F. Fage, Edward - - 1808 Fansha-\ve, Edward - - 1846 Farquharson, James-Alex- ander - 1830 Farrer, James - - - 1841 Faunce, Alured Dodsworth 1841 Fawcett, William - - 1794 Fearon, Robert Bryce - 1846 Feilding, William-Robert, yiscount - - - 1795 Ferguson, James - - 1705 Ferguson, James - - 1841 Ferrier, Hay - - - 1802 Fisher, Benjamin - - 1811 Fisher, sir George Bvilteel - 1825 Fitz-Clarence, lord Frede- rick - > - - 1841 Fitzmaurice, John-Thomas 1821 Fleming, Edward - - 1846 Fleming, James - - 1747 Flower, M. Sproule - - 1812 Foley, Richard-Harry - 1821 Forbes, Benjamin Gordon - 1813 Forbes, Dayid - - 1846 Forbes, George, viscount - 1825 Forbes, Thomas-John - 1846 Ford, William-Henry - 1825 Fox, Charles-Richard - 1846 Framingham, sir Ha^dett - 1819 Freeth, Sampson - '■ 1825 Fremantle, John- William - 1841 Fuller, Francis - - 1743 Furbar, John - - - 1762 Fyers, Peter - - - 1837 Fyers, Thomas - - 1846 G. Gabriel, Robert Burd - 1846 Gage, Henry, yiscount - 1805 Gardiner, sir Robert-Wil- liam - 1841 Gibbs, sir Samuel - - 1813 Gifford, William - - 1814 Gillespie, sir Robert Rollo 1812 Gladwin, Henry - - 1782 Glencairn, William, earl of 1770 Godwin, Henry - - 1846 Goldfinch, Henry - - 1841 Goldie, George Lee - - 1846 Gooch, sir William - - 1747 Goodman, Stephen- Arthur 1841 Gordon, Adam •• - 1813 Gordon, William-Alexan- der - - - - 1841 Gore, hon. Charles - - 1846 Gossett, sir William - 1846 Graham, Charles - - 1795 Grant, James - - - 1846 Grant, William - - 1810 Grant, William - - 1814 Granyille, sir Beyil - "1/04 Graves, James - - 1821 Gray, William - - 1838 Greenwell, sir Leonard - 4837 Greyille, hon. sir C. J. - 1819 Grey, John - 1759 Grey, sir John - - 1838 Griffith, Mat. Chit. Darby 1813 Gubbins, Joseph - - 1821 Gunning, John - - 1787 H. Hadden, James M. - - 1811 Halkett, Frederick - - 1802 Hall, James - - - 1805 Hall, John - - - 1813 Hamilton, Digby - - 1813 Hamilton, Alexander- Mark Ker - - - 1819 Hamilton, Christopher - 1838 Hamilton, Frederick - 1704 Handasj^de, Thomas - 1710 Harcourt, Charles-Amadee 1819 Harcourt, George- William Rich - - . - 1810 Hardyman, Frederick - 1819 Hare, James - - - 1812 Hare, John . - - 1846 Harris, John - - - 1825 Hartley, James - - 1796 Harvey, sir Robert- John - 1841 Hassard, John - - 1837 Hawker, sir Thomas - 1825 Hay, Andrew - - - 1811 Hay, lord Charles - - 1757 Hay, James - - - 1841 Hay, lord James - - 1846 Hay, Philip - - - 1846 Henderson, George - Au- gustus - 1846 Hepburn, Francis - - 1821 Herbert, hon. William - 1755 Heriot, Frederick-George 1841 Herries, sir William Lewis 1846 Hesse-Darmstadt, Geokge, prince of 1697 Hewgill, Edwin - - 1803 Hi gginson, George Powell 1846 Hill, Clement - - - 1837 Hill, sir Dudley St. Leger 1841 Hill, George - - - 1819 Hill, John - - - 1712 Hoghton, Daniel - - 1810 HoUoway, sir Charles - 1814 Holmes, Richard - - 1710 Homspesch, William-Vin- cent - - - . 1838 Honstedt, Augustus, baron 1810 Hope, sir James -Archibald 1841 Hopson,Peregrine-Thomas 1757 Howard, Thomas-Phipps - 1846 Howe, Emmanuel - - 1707 Hughes, John - - - 1794 Hugonin, James - - 1790 Hull, Trevor - - - 1811 Hulse, Richard - - 1812 Humphreys, Francis Rich- mond - - - - 1794 Hunter, David - - 1809 Hunter, Robert - - 1727 Hyde, West - - - 1782 I. Irvine, Charles - - 1814 Irvine, George - - 1838 Irving, James - - - 1846 J. Jackman, Charles - - 1798 Jacob, Michael-Edward - 1814 Jervoise, William - - 1846 Jones, George - - - 1846 Jones, sir John-Thomas - 1837 Jones, Oliver-Thomas - 1812 Jones, Thomas - - 1783 Jones, Thomas - - 1793 Jones, Valentine - - 1777 Johnstone, George - - 1814 Johnstone, William - - 1795 K. Keith, Alexander - - 1811 Kelly, John-Francis -1813 Kelso, Robert - - -1819 Kemmis, James - - 1811 Kenah, Thomas - - 1841 Kennedy, James -Shaw - 1846 Ker, lord John - - 1727 Kerr, Thomas-William - 1819 Kersteman, William - 1813 Killigrew, Robert - - 1705 Knollys, William - - 1802 Knox, hon. John - - 1798 L. Lacy, Richard- John- James 1846 Lafusille, John - - 1761 Lambert, Samuel - - 1841 Lambton, Hed worth - 1757 Lamont, John - - - 1819 I INDEX TO THE GENERALS. 593 Latham, William - - 1814 Latour, Peter- Augustus - 1846 Laurence, Stringer - - 1760 Lawrence, Ellas - - 1846 Legge, Richard - - 1830 Leith, sir George - - 1819 Le Marchant, I. Gaspard - 1811 Lemoine, John - - 1821 Leveson, Richard - - 1696 Lewis, George - - - 1846 Lewis, Henry Percival - 1841 Lewis, Robert Mason - 1794 Lewis, William - - 1796 Lincoln, Thomas, earl of, afterwards duke of New- castle - - - - 1787 Lightfoot, Thomas - - 1841 Lindesay, John - - 1812 Lindesay, sir Patrick - 1837 Lindores, Alexander, lord 1761 Livesay, John - - - 1710 Lluellyn, Richard - - 1846 Lloyd, William - - 1696 Lockhart, William - - 1813 Loftus, William -Francis Bentinck - - - 1841 Loudoun, James, earl of - 1781 Low, Sigismund, baron - 1810 Lowther, Anthony - - 1745 M. M'Caskill, William - - 1813 Mackay, Alexander - - 1808 M'Kenzie, John Randoll - 1808 Mackenzie, John - - 1782 Mackenzie, Patrick - - 1819 Mackie, George - - 1825 Maclain, sir Archibald - 1841 M'Cleverty, sir Robert - 1837 Macdonald, Alexander - 1846 Macdonald, Alexander - 1837 M'Donald, John - - 1846 M'Donall, Robert - - 1841 Mac Gregor, sir Evan- John Murray . - - 1837 Macgregor, Alexander Murray - - - 1825 Magan,Henrv- - - 1801 Maiion, Matthew - - 1838 M'Kinnon, Henry - - 1812 Maclachlan, Archibald - 1846 Me. Leod, Norman - - 1830 Me. Nab, Archibald- - 1781 Macneil, Roderick - - 1846 Macpherson, Robert Bar- clay - - - - 1846 Madden, sir George Allan - 1819 Mann, Cornelius - - 1837 IManners, lord Charles - 1759 Manners, lord Robert Wil- liam - - - - 1830 Manningham, Coote - 1805 Mansel, John - - - 1790 Maquarie, Lachlan - - 1813 Marlay, Thomas - - 1830 Marriott, Randolph - - 1813 Marriott, Thomas - - 1782 Martin, Arthur-George - 1782 Martin, John - - - 1787 Marton, William, compte de - - - - 1696 Mascarcen, Paul - - 1758 Ma)', sir John - - - 1838 Mercer, Douglas - •■ 1841 Merrick, William - - 1745 Michelson, Borgard - - 1759 Milman, Francis- Miles - 1841 Millar, J. - - - 1814 Miller, John - - - 1819 Mills, Robert-William - 1846 Molesworth, William- John, viscount - - 1814 Money, Archibald - - 1816 Mone}', sir James Kyrle - 1837 Monson, hon. Charle^s - 1796 Montgomerie, Archibald, lord - - . - 1809 Moore, sir Lorenzo - - 1 830 Morgan, George - - 1790 Moyle, James •• - - 17135 Munro, Alexander - - 1846 Munster, George, earl of - 1841 Murray, hon. Henry - 1838 Murray, hon. James - 1782 Murray, James-Patrick - 1830 Murray, John - - - 1819 Mutge, William - - 1819 N. Napier, hon. Mark - - 1793 Napier, Thomas Erskine - 1846 Napier, William - - 1772 Napier, sir William-Fran- cis-Patrick - - - 1841 Needham, WilHam - - 1819 Nepean, Thomas - - 1811 Nesbit, Colebrooke - - 1796 Newton, John ~ - - 1710 Nicholson, sir William - 1814 NicoUs, Edward - - 1846 Norcott, sir Amos Godsil R. - - - - 1830 Nugent, John - « - 1821 o. O'Brien, Edward-James - 1830 O'Farrel, Richard - - 1754 Ogilvie, George - - 1779 Ogilvie, James - - 1841 Ogilvy, Bartholomew - 1710 Ogle, William - - - 1783 Oliver, Nathaniel -William 1846 O'Malley, George - - 1841 Orfeur, John de - - 1739 Orrery, Charles, earl of - 1710 P. Pack, sir Denis - - 1813 Pakenham, hon. sir Ed- ward - - - - 1812 Palmer, Charles - - 1825 Parke, George - - - 1846 Parker, John Boteler - 1846 Parkinson, Edward - - 1846 Parsons, John - - - 1759 Pasley, sir Charles- Wil- liam . - - - 1841 Paterson, James - - 1782 Paterson, Thomas - - 1846 Paty, George-William - 1846 Pearce, Edward - - 1710 Q Q Pechell, sir Thomas Brooke - - - 1814 Pepper, John - - - 1710 Petitot, William - - 1761 Philips, William - - 1777 Phillot, Henry - - l,s37 Phipps, John - - - 17;):; Picton, John - - - isl.*) Pilkington, Robert - - lh25 Pitt, George Dean - - 1,S4(> Piatt, Peter du - - 1810 Ponsonby, hon. sir Frede- rick-Cavendish - - 1825 Ponsonby, hon. Henry - 1743 Ponsonl)y, hon. sir 'Wil- liam - - - 1813 Poulett, sir Charles -Ar- mand - - - - 1747 Poulett, Thomas-Norton - 1814 Power, James - - - 1841 Power, W^illiam-Grecn- shields - _ _ ]846 Poyntz, Stephen - - 1802 Pratt, sir Charles - - 1825 Preston, Arthur - - 1781 Prevost, Augustine - - 1779 Prevost, W'illiam- Augus- tus - - - - 1819 Price, John - - - 1747 Price, Nicholas - - 1727 Primrose, Gilbert - - 1710 Pringle, Henry - - 1782 Pringle, John - 1837 Procter, Henry - - 1813 Proctor, Henry-Adolphus- 1846 Pultenev, Thomas - - 1710 Pye, Allen Hampden - 1821 Pym, Robert - - - 1841 R. Rainey, Henry - - 1846 Rainsford, William-Henry 1821 Ramsay, George - - 1821 Ramsay, George-William - 1811 Ray, Philip - - - 1846 Ready, John - - - 1841 Reeve, John - - - 1841 Reeves, George-James - 1838 Revnett, sir James-Henry 1841 Richards, Michael - - 1696 Richardson, William- Maddox - - - 1796 Richbell, Edward - - 1754 Riddall, William - - 1846 Riddell, Henry-James - 1841 Rigby, Alexander - - 1787 Rivas de Foisac, Balthazar 1739 Roberts, John - - 1781 Robertson, Archibald - 1798 Robertson, George Duncan 1821 Robbins, Thomas- WiUiam 1846 Robinson, Andrew - - 1759 Rolt, sir John - - - 1846 Rooke, sir Henry - Wil- loughby - - - 1830 Ross, Alexander - - 1795 Ross, Andrew - - - 1812 Ross, Charles - - - 1781 Ross, sir Hew-Dalrymple - 1841 Ross, sir James Lockhart - 1759 Ross, sir John - ~ 1830 694 INDEX TO THE GENERALS. Ross, sir Patrick - - 1821 Ross, Robert - - - 1813 Rowan, William - - 184G Rowle}^, John - - - 1821 Roy, William - - - 1781 Riissel, Richard - - 1727 Russell, lord George-Wil- liam ... - 1841 S. St. Clair, Thomas-Staunton 1846 St. George, sir Thomas - Bligh - - - - 1819 St. Leger, Anthony - - 1781 St. Leger, John - - 1795 Salter, John - 1770 Sandford, Robert - - 1781 Sandys, Arthur - William Moyses, lord - - 1846 Savage, sir John Boscawen 1837 Saye and Sele, Thomas, lord - - - - 1782 Schutte, Otto, baron - 1804 Scott, Edward - - 1813 Scott, John - - - 1770 Scott, William-Henry - 1846 Selwyn, William - - 1702 Sewell, Robert - - 1819 Sewell, William -Henry - 1846 Seymour, Richard-Augus- tus - - - - 1814 Shaw, iEneas - - - 1811 Shaw, John - - - 1821 Shawe, Charles- Augustus- 1846 Shipley, sir Charles - - 1811 Shrimpton, John - - 1704 Sinclair, Patrick. - - 1803 Skene, PhiUp - - - 1782 Skerrett, John-Burne - 1813 Slane, Christopher, lord - 1712 Slessor, John - - - 1846 Small, John - - 1794 Smelt, Vfilliam - - 1841 Smith, sir Charles- Felix - 1841 Smith, George-Stacey - 1812 Smith, Haviland - - 1813 Smith, sir Henry-George- Wakelyn - - - 1846 Smith, James- Webber - 1841 Smith, John - - - 1803 Smith, John-Frederick-Sig. 1819 Smith, Marcus - - 1762 Smyth, sir James-Carmi- chael - - - . 1825 Smyth, John Nugent - 1819 Sonnenberg, J. baron de - 1814 Spry, William -Frederick - 1813 Stafford, John - - 1837 Stanhope, hon. Lincoln - 1838 Stanwix, Thomas - - 1727 Stapylton, hon. Granville Anson Chetwynd - 1825 Staveiev, William - - 1846 Steele, Thomas - - 1846 Stehelin, Benjamin - - 1793 Stevens, Humphrey - 1782 Stewart, Alexander - 1790 Stewart, Archibald - 1814 Stewart, David - - 1825 Stewart, Francis - - 1813 Stewart, John - - 1801 Stewart, Robert - - 1825 Stewart, William - - 1821 Stewart, William - - 1830 Stirling, James - - 1814 Stopford, hon. Edward <- 1782 Stovin, sir Frederick - 1841 Streicher, Francis - - 1814 Strutt, William Goodday - 1798 Stuart, James - - 1781 Sutherland, William - 1846 Swinton, Samuel - - 1819 Sybourgh, Charles - - 1710 T. Talbot, hon. Sharrington - 1761 Tatton, Nevill - - 1770 Taylor, Thomas-William - 1846 Teesdale, sir George - 1838 Thackwell, sir Joseph - 1846 Thewles, James - - 1808 Thomas, Henry - - 1846 Thompson, Alexander - 1841 Thorn, Nathaniel - - 1846 Thornton, William - - 1779 Tinling, Isaac Pattison - 1819 Tolley, Henry - - - 1825 Tonson, Jacob - 1841 Toovey, John - - - 1761 Torrens, sir Henry - - 1814 Torrington, George, lord - 1747 Townshend, Samuel - 1782 Townshend, Thomas - 1772 Travers, sir Robert - - 1825 Trelawney, Charles - - 1690 Trelawny, Harry - - 1781 Tremenheere, Walter - 1841 Trotter, Thomas - - 1810 Turner, Charles - - 1821 Turner, Charles - - 1841 u. Uniacke, Richard - - 1838 V. Vandeleur, Thomas-Pa- kenham - - - 1803 Yeltheim, Augustus, baron 1810 Vere, sir C. Broke - - 1837 Vernon, Henry - Charles - Edward - - - 1841 Vesey, John Agmond - 1811 Vicars, Edward - - 1814 Viney, sir James - - 1830 Vinicombe, George Elliot 1830 Vyse, Richard W. H. Howard - - - 1846 w. Walker, David - - 1821 Walker, Edward - - 1838 Walsh, George - - 1759 Walton, William-Lovelace 1846 Warre, sir William - - 1841 Warren, Samuel - - 1819 Watteville, Frederick de - 1809 Watteville, Lewis, de - 1813 Watson, David - - 1759 Watson, sir Henry - - 1838 Wauchope, Patrick - - 1803 Webber, James - - 1805 Wemyss, Thomas-James - 1846 Wemyss, William - - 1798 Wemyss, William - - 1841 Wheeler, Andrew - - 1727 Wheatley, William - - 1812 Whetham, John - - 1846 Whitmore, Edward - - 1761 Wightman, Joseph - - 1710 Williams, sir Edmund K. 1841 Williams, sir William - 1830 Willshire, sir Thomas - 1846 Wilson, sir James - - 1838 Wilson, John - - 1811 Wilson, sir Robert Thomas. See Generals - - 1813 Wingrove, George-Prescott 1841 Wolfe, James - - - 1759 Wood, sir George-Adam - 1825 Wood, sir James - - 1735 Wood, John - - - 1811 Wood, William - - 1841 Woodford, sir George - 1837 Wooldridge, Thomas- Thornbury - - - 1846 Worge, Richard - - 1770 Wroth, Robert - - 1727 Wrottesley, sir John - 1782 Wynyard,' Edward-Buck - ley - - - - 1841 Y. Young, Brooke - - 1819 Young, Robert - - 1814 Younghusband, Charles - 1841 THE END. London : SPOTTiswooDiis and Shaw, New-street-Square.