Gnb* T ... fal.lv> I. facryxKxw/j. Ui e Visc&unt MiH, <^JffflkMirng.y Suq4 <2 (jenzYtd- od~ VlatvJ{jo . \ y I - ■ i * ' V ' . . Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesofpalOOsell X H F ANTIQUITIES ! PALMYRA. I Containing the H l S T O R Y OF THE City, and its Emperors, From its Foundation to the Prefent Time. WITH ! An APPENDIX of Critical I Obfervations on the Names, Religion, and Government of the Country. AND A COMMENTARY on the, Infcriptions lately found there. LONDON, Printed for S. Smith and B. Walford \ Printers to the Royal Sociey, at the Princes* Arms in St. Paul's Church- Yard. 1696. tSoClETATl REGIAE In Coliegio Grefhamenfi Supremo Nuniini, & Laboranti Natures Horas utiliftime impena'cnti, Verse Philofophise inftauratrici, Mathematum, & politioris Litteraturx Arbirrx, & Sequeftrx, Etudiri orbis Delicijs, Quam ambierunt Princip|um Maximi, Venerantur, quotquot Mufis litarunt Farraginem hanc RERUM PALMYRENARUM fujrmrxthatz't exaratam Siimmo, quo decet, cultu, 8c obfervantia Lubens merito more majorum, D. D. D C. Q. AB. Sellerus. A X ■ * THE PREFACE. T HE Learned World having been for fbme years in ex- pectation of a Defcriprion of the Antiquities of Palmyra *l° m me accurate Traveller, whole Curto prompt him to vifit thOie Defarts, that he might enrich Eu- rope with the Rarities of that remote Province of the Eaft, of which theWorld had had but a very obfcure, if any, ac- count ; (ome worthy Englifh Mer- chants, purfuant to the Dictates of that nobler Genius, that aduates the gene- rous Members of the Levant Company, overlookt all the Difficulties and Ha- zards, that accompany fuch an Enter- prize, and attempted the Discovery. And though the firfi Effay was not crown’d with fo good Succefs, as it de- ferv’d, through the Treachery and Bafe- nefsof the Aral Prince, who at that A 3 time T he Preface. time govern’d the Country } the fecond Voyage was perform’d to the great Sa- tisfaction of Mankind, and ’tis to their Munificence, that we owe thofe Jour- nals, which the Royal Society hath late- ly publifht. Nor is this the only In lfance, wherein thofe eminent Mer- chants have been Benefactors to the Commonwealth of Letters ; their Com- pany confining of Men of good Birth, and gentile Education, of liberal For- tunes, and as large Minds; and may their Succefs in their worldly Affairs be limed to their great Deferts, may they always flourifh, and always be in a ca- pacity to do worthy Adtions. To the jealous Arabs the Underta- king teem’d ridiculous, that prudent Men fhould contra 6t a great Ex pence only to tranferibe a few imperfed Tn- feriptions, and take a view of old Ru- ines, and perhaps there are feme Cen- fors who live nearer than the Defarts of Tadhtnur , who are cf the fame opinion ; but the Men of Judgment in all Ages hive entertained different Sentiments, ar.d Providence ieems to have been par- ticularly concern’d in the Preftrvation of The Preface. of many Fragments of Antique Lite- rature. When * Straho treats of Olyn - *l. 2^.121. thus , and other Cities of Greece, which had leen utterly deflroy d before his time , infomuch as whofoever travel d thofe parts , might juflly queflion, whither ever thofe places had been inhabited ; he fub- joins, that the Curious and Inquifitive ‘ were pleas d to v'tfit thofe Ruines , being defirous to fee the Theatres , where fo many nolle Aftions had been perform'd, and to pay Homage to the Ajhes of thofe Illudrious Perfons , who lay there buried : (And what a Spirit of Emulation does it raife in every generous Soul to prompt him to fublime Actions, when he views the Tombs, or hears the Story of the Heroes of former Ages?) And in the days of f Lucian , when many Cities had t tn Cha- leen f wallowed up of Earthquakes , or bu - ront * ried in the Sea , tho Rivers t hem fe Ives had been loft, and abforpt , that they ne- ver more appear'd, yet the Tomb of fna- ehus was prefervd at Argos, a Memori- al of the Atchievements of that firjt King of the Morea. Neither Strabo , nor Mela, take a n y notice of Palmyra , nor (which is mo*e to be admired) many of the Arabian A 4 Geogra- Jf be Preface. Geographers, neither Alferganus , nor the Geographer commonly calkd the lAulian, neither Najfer Ed din nor V- lug Beig, fet out by our Learned Mr. Greaves ; its Situation was very remote from both Rome and Athens , in the midfl: of vaft Defarts, which deter’d the curious Traveller ; and its Empire, and Glory were fo fhort-lived, that we can- not expedt a large Ddcnption of its State and Fortunes from the ancient Writers. But fuch Memorials, as ei- ther they, or the later Hifiorians have afforded, I have taken care ro d geft into method, and to offer them to the prifent Age. Had we Domninas the Hiftorian of Antioch, who lived in the Neighbourhood, or Philoflratus of A - thens, or Nicojlratus of Trehizcnd } who wrote the Hiftory of thofe times, par- ticularly the Affairs of the Eaft, it would have been no difficult Province to have given a more perfect account of that Country ; or had we but that one Oration of the mod accurate Lon- ginus y which he wrote in praife of 0- dcenathusy that no doubt would have furniflit a fufficient ftcck cf Materials toward the writing the Life of that Great The Preface . Great Man ; but the r e are Bleffings loft to the World, and, I fear, paft retrie- ving. It may look like a bold, and daring Undertaking, to adventure to build a Large Structure with fo few Materials; but l have been as careful in my ac- counts, as I was qualified to be, and ac- cording to my Underftanding have con- fin’d my felf to the ftridi Rules of Truth, and exaCtly followed my Vou- chers, (whom for that* reafon l have ci- ted in tne Margin;) for he, who pre- tends to write Hiftory without Autho- rities, may be faid to be Author of a Romance, or a Colie&or of Dreams, but can never be allowed to be a good Hiftorian. And 4 I have been, as I take it for granted, miftaken in any o l my Conjectures, (as 1 have frequently taken that liberty, but no where, that I know of, without fome grounds for my fb do- ing) it is no wonder, and w ill be eafily pardoned, when’tis confidefd, thate- ven the Hiflorians of that Country, and of the early Ages, knew not all the particulars of the Palmyrene Affairs; that Theodor it himfelf the Bilhop of Cy- rus Ibe Preface. Ihetft - ns/Hs tn 5 rut in Cyrrheftica , a Neighbouring Pro- vince, in lefs than two hundred years after the Reign of Odanathiu , is (o mi- ftaken, as to affirm, that Zenobia was conftituted the Toparch of Syria, and Phcenicia by the Perfians, after they had routed the Romans, and that he, who digs in a dark Mine, may be al- lowed a little failure in his Work ; and I ffiall thank any Learned Man, who lhall corred my Errors, and fet the Hi- {lory in a better light. I have dealt with my Reader, as I love to be treated my lelf, having been always pleafed with a full account of whatever is material on any fubjed, when profeftly handled ; and I have gi- ven my Authorities in the Margin, not to make a ffiow of much acquaintance with Books, but to inform the Reader that I have not impoled on him, and to dired him where he may fatisfy him- felf, if he doubts. I have uled the words Palmyra and Tadhmur promifeuoufly, becaule, though the new name, whither impoled by a Conqueror, or given for any other reafon, prevail’d among the Greeks and Romans, yet the old Syriac name The Preface . name kept its Intereft among the Na- tives, and has at this day recover’d an entire Pofteffion, as fome other neigh- bouring Cities in that Country have done : So Ctefarea in Yaleftine is at pre- fent call’d, as of old, Paneas ; and Petra in Arabia , is now named Bofra, to omit other Inftances. For, a s* Am- mi anus Mar cell in us has well obferv’d, When Seleucus Ni- cator rebuilt many old Cities in Syria, (among whom we may reckon Palmyra ) and gave them Strength and Ri- ches , tho many of them are ft ill called by the Greek Names , which their Founder Seleucus gave them ; yet they did at the fame time among the Natives retain their old Syrian Appellations^ which their fir ft Founders impofed . (Hence came it, that the new name of Adrianople given to / Palmyra , was in a little time worn out ; and tho’ the Greeks called the Iflnnd of Corfica f Cyrnas , the Natives dill main- f DiodSic. tain’d the Intereft of the true name, and it continues to this day ; and tho’ He- steph. raclea was for a while called Pliftarchia , ^* ,5rXf ' in time it aflerted its ancient Right, and was * Lib, 14. c. 8. Seleu- cus Nicator urbcs con- ftruxit muJtis opibus firmas, & viribus, qua- rum ad prafens plere- que licet Gracis nomi- nibus appellentur, qua iifdem ad arbitrium im- pofita funt conditoris, primogenita tamen no- mina nonamittunt,qu2e ex Afiyria lingua infti- tutores veteres indide- runt. g The Preface. * 1050. fo^ an 'Z' X*- i ^ /riser. was called as formerly, Heracleaf) And I heartily wilh, that the Learned Men, who have vifited thofe Oriental Coun- tries had furnilht themfelves with In- ftruments, and fpentfome time in tak- ing the exa£t Longitudes and Latitudes ot the feveral Cities. I* the Chronological Accounts, I have followed the commonly receiv’d Epo - ebaj , and accordingly fixt my Series of Times, without entring into an over- nice Examination of particular Deputes in Chronology, which was not (o con- fonant to my prefent Subjed, having fixt the year of the Creation according to the Computation of our mod Learn- ed Arch-bilhop Vfher. 1 have freely ufed the names of the Heathen Gods, (tho’ for the moft part with a dilTin- guilhing Epithet ;) and befides, the ne- cefiity of my Subjed, which obliged me to it, I might plead the ufual pra&ife in other Languages, that the Fathers did the fame ; and forne of the antient Chri- Ilians, who went larger lengths than l ever durft, witnefs that Epitaph in 6r«- ter *, QJovis optimi m&ximi leneficio hie in fpe refur reft ionit quiefeit ;J nor can I be perfwaded, that fuch Studies are dif- agreeable / he Preface. agreeable to my Profeflion, (if any pat fage of that kind appears in the Hiftory, I liere renounce it, and may it be, as if it had never been (aid or written) while the Learned Synefiut hath publilht the Life of Typbon, and Ofiris , St. Amlrofe , (as’tisfaid) and Palladius, the Hiftory of the Brachtnanes , and Nonmu, befides his Paraphrafe upon St. John, was the Author of the Dtonyfiaca. Tho’, after all, I muft profefs, I expeft to be treat- ed rudely by fome fowre Criticks ; but having no private delign in thefe Pa- pers, I tball pleafe my felt to be corrected by a Man of Senfe and Temper, and for the reft of the Tribe, they are be- neath Confideration ; it muft be acknow- ledg’d, that a Treatife of this kind ought to have been written in the Learned Language, (as probably it may be here- after ;) but it was requifite to publilh the Commentary in the fame Language with the Text, and that the Journals having been fet forth in Engliili, the Hi- ftory ought to be written in the fame Tongue ,• and had not a good part of my Papers, when finifht, been unhappily loft paft retrieving, my Genius alfo naulea- ting the Drudgery of doing the fame The Preface. thing over again, I might perhaps have managed the Subject with more Accu- p. 258. racy. I have affirmed, that the Sat urns and Jupiter s of the Heathens were born after the days of Job and of JoJhua , and herein I have followed the Fathers, par- ticularly Theophilus of Antioch , (an ex- cellent Chronologift, and who by that unanfwerabie Argument hath ruined all that was then faid for the Eternity of the World, and of the Heathen Gods) who in one place of his excellent Work a- gainft Autolycus, (which for this reafon is juftly if lied by LaHantius, liber de * L. temporibus') affirms, * that Saturn , Ju- piter , Neptune , and Pluto, were much , younger than the Creation ; in a fecond, f i- t • f that Jupiter was much younger than Mofes, and the Law ; but more exprefly U p. 282. in a third, || that Cronus and Belus , i. e. Saturn, as Thallus fays in his Hiftory, lived but 32Z years before the Trojan War; whereas Mofes lived 630 years before that famous Epocha. And the Chronologer Petavius proves, that when Saturn fled into Italy, driven out by his Son Jupiter, Ehud was then a Judge in Ifrael, about the year 1330 before Chaff ; and that from the time of Ja- nus, The Preface. // //. mis, to whom Saturn fled, to /Eneas, the whole was not 200 years. The Arabick Authors, as well as the common People of the Country, are to this day pofleft with the Opinion, that Tadmur was built by Solomon, and that by the help of Spirits, as was alfo Baal- lec, (fays Benjamin Tudelenfis) the fu- perrtitious Jews and Arabs thinking it impo/Jible tint Art Ihould perfedf a ftu- pendous Building without the abidance of a familiar. If the City were de- fl ray’d by Nebuchadnezzar, before he laid fiege to Jerufalem, as John Malela exprefly affirms, and in this account we may give him Credit, becaufe he was of that Country, and may be prefum’d, not to be ignorant of the Affairs of Sy- ria') then it is not improbable, that Seleu- . cus Nicator , the Founder of the Syrian Empire, rebuilt Tadhmur , as he did ma- ny other Cities ; and that then, in ho- nour to him, and compliance with both their Benefaffor and Conqueror; they dated their publick Writings from the firft year of his Empire, the cera Seleu- cidarum, as it is commonly ftiled.The Si- tuation of the City fitted it fora publick ; ( Mart, and the Cities Alahs, Sura, and c . 1 5. ' 5 ‘ Alamata, 1 he Preface. Alamata , being pans of Palmyrene , and built on the Banks of the Euphrates , may be prefumed the Ports, where they brought their Goods, either exported, or imported on that noble River, the Cities being fubjed to the Re-pubhck. Of what Bignels, and Capacity for car- riage the River that did run by its Walls was, we know not, it having been ma- ny years (ince abforpt. That there ran a River there in Ptolemy s time, the Geogragrapher affirms exprefly, that many ocher Rivers have been loft in Earthquakes , to which the Eaftern Regions are very fubjed, no Man doubts ,* and fome which yet continue to run, are i.c. 13. foon buried : Mela avers, that a great River arifes near Coryciis in Cilicia ; and having made a great noife, is immedi- ately (wallow’d, and difappears ; and the River that runs by Aleppo , is in a few hours afterward buried in the Sands. When the Romans began to enlarge their Conquefts in Syria , I queftion not but Palmyra was under the Jurifdidion of the Arabs ; for when Pompey the Greats after the Death of the famous Mithra - rlateSy marcht againft Aretas the King of the Arabs, ( Appian calls him King of The Preface . the JAalatrean Aral s') ann. V. C. 69 o. ante Chri/lum 63. his Kingdom reacht from the River Euphrates to the Red Sea , fays Dio , (in which com pa K Pal - L * myra muft be included 5) this Aretas was doubtlefs one of the AlHariths of the Arabians, who were Kings of Gejfan y and in later Ages Lords of Tadh- vmtr. After which time, l believe, it acknowledg’d the Roman rower, but was govern’d by its own Laws, having under its immediate Jurifdidion, be- fides the three Cities on the River al- ready mentioned, twelve more in the Inland of Syria. When Trajan made his glorious Expedition into Perjia y I con- jecture, Palmyra was a Sufkrer in the common Calamity of that Country, for Pliny fays it was fomedme in the Roman, at others in the Parthian In- tereft, or elfe it would not have need- ed Hadrian's afiiftance to rebuild, and beautify it ; while other Cities tailed of Trajan's Bounty, for from Trajan's Expedition ( in the 8th year of his Reign, of Chrift ioj.) the Inhabi- tants of Bozra and Petra, dated their Writings, fays the Author of the A* B lexandrian The Preface. L - i - p . 105. lexandrian Chronicle : and Zo(tmus af-' firms, that at Zaragardia , not far from the Euphrates on the Perfian fide, in his time there flood a noble Throne built of ftone, which the Natives called Tra- jan'S Throne ; erected, I doubt not, in memory of his illuftrious Atchieve- ments in that Country. But whatc- v ver Palmyra might have fuffered un-* der Trajan , was repair’d by his Suc- ceflor, who gave the City his own name, and they in Gratitude made Vows for his Recovery; not in the laft, the 19th of his Reign, as thro’ r. 35,36. hafte is laid, (he reigned almoft zi years;) but in the feventeenth, from w'hich Sicknefs he recover’d to dye afterwards in greater torment, (and this I mention here, that I may corred the Miftake in the Hiftory : ) To this City Septimius Severtu may alfo be prefumed a Benefador, (to whom be- fore his famous Expedition againfl: the span. vit. Parthians, when he routed Niger, with pTe™.' whom the Arabs, Parthians, and the Inhabitants of Adialene , join’d their F rces) the Re-publick gave their aR fiftance againfl: the Allies of the Em- pire, The Preface . pire, and adopted his name into their mofl eminent Families ; after which time, till the Reign of Zenohia y I take them to have been in confederacy with, and fubjed to the Emperors ; for they affifted both Alexander Se - verm and Gordian , in their Expediti- Q the Inhabi- tants were noted, as now, for great Robbers, fays the old Geographer, fet out by Gothofred , and govern’d by Wo- men ; but that I take for granted is an Error, as if, when ‘Zenolia had be- gun to wield a Scepter, none but her own Sex in that Country durft pre- Malel.-part tend to command. Theodojius the 2. /• 39 - Great divided Lihanefta from the Sea- coall of Phoenicia, and made it a di- flindt Province, Emefa being the Me- tropolis, under whole Jurifdi&ion Pal- myra was put, and fo continued, when the Followers of Mahomet had made themfelves Mailers of that Country, and for many Centuries after ; for in A - Ufedas's time, above 1300 after Chrift, Tadhmur acknowledg’d Hems , ( Eme - fa) its Metropolis, and probably it was fo after his time, fn the Reign of the *p.z 2 .cd.tlmeTbeodo(ius, (if* Ethicus, or who- Gron ‘ ever goes under that name, lived in thole days) or before (for St. Hierome is faid to have tranflated him) Palmy- ra is reckoned among the famous Towns of the Eaft; as it is alfo by 1 * Julius Honortus , who lived before Theo- v P . 8. The Preface. Theodoric ; for Cajfiodore mentions him, ( Palmira damafcus , read Palmyra , Da - ^ and the Author of the Alex an drian Chronicon among the famous Cities of the fourth Climate, reckons Palmyra , with Apamea , Emefa, &c. in CWe Syr/*. In Juftimans time it be- - came the Refidence of the Governor of the Eaft, and fhbjcft to the Con - flantinopolitan Empire, but ’tis proba- ble did not continue long in that State ; for about the year of Chrift 640. when Heraclius was Emperor, Jala - lah the Son of Al Iham was King of Gaffatt, and Lord o {Tadhmur, (perhaps a Tributary to Heraclius ) who being overcome by Omar the Caliph, one of Mahomet's SuccefTors, fubmitted, and turn’d Mahometan ; but, repenting, he afterward went to Covjlantinople , and Pococ. mt. became a Chriftian ; and at this time, 1 believe, Mahometanifm fettled it felf 77, 1 35. at Tadhmur , the Tribe of Gajfan being before thofe days Chriflian. I fhall not particularly undertake to demonftrate the Ufefulnefs of Coins and Infcriptions, the Learned World B 3 hath 1 he Preface. hath been already fully convinc’d of that truth ; how many difficult, and obfcure Paflages in Chronology have been fet in their due light, how ma- ny Series of Kings have been regular- ly deduc’t, what Rites and Cuftoms both facred and civil have been by thofe helps difcover’d, needs no fur- ther proof; though were there no- thing elfe at Palmyra to be feen, but the noble Ruines of the Temples and Palaces, built according to the beft and boldeft Rules of the ancient Ar- chitecture, I (hould think a Journey thither on that Errand alone worth the Undertaking. And though the oldefl: of the Palmyrene Inlcriptions is a hundred years younger than our blef- fed Saviour’s Incarnation (as I have made appear in the Commentary) yet they are not fo contemptible as fome have imagin’d, but afford us fome Memorials of thofe times, which no where elfe occur. And by the fame Argument, (the ufe of the Greek €, which appears not till about Domi- iians time) by which I poflpone the oldeft Infcription at Tadhmur a hun- dred v ; v / The Preface. dred years, may we prove the Spuri- oufhefs of that Table preferv’d at Rome, which is reported to contain the very Title, which by Pilate’s Order was affixt to the Crofs of our Lord, for therein is written with the fame fort of €. brrveri ■fcnr&tr Vi It mult be confeft, that in the Pal- myrene Infcriptions are fome peculiar words, which occur not in the Lexica p- as TctpoMy Ou^iT^ctrioovy &c.) of which L . fort there are more in other old Mar- bles ; nor is it any wonder, remote part of Syria , where a different Language was fpoken, the Greek fhould not be fo pure, as at Athens ; and in fuch cafes a Cririck is left to his own Judg- ment : nor is it a Disrepu- tation to his Fidelity, or acumen, if he happen to wander, where he has no Guide. that in a Fric. in Apul. Apotog. p. 6 7. De feedere Hiera- pytriiorum , fy Priavfenf. feiunt do&iores ufque- quo hue progredi licet, feripta hoc genus nonin- tra Lexicorum fepta co- ercenda : fatisq-, de In- terprets fide, ac judicio conftare, qui feiet, ubi legem fequi, ubi dare o- porteat. The Ufefulnefs of the Journals and Hiftory will never be controverted, B 4 when The Preface. when ’tis confider’d, rhat they give us the account of a Country, hard- ly before known to the prelent Age, and of many F-ites and Cermomes, which the European World counts ri- diculous, but will appear very ancient and defenfible ; for no Nation under Heaven hath been lo tenacious of old Wages, as the Orientals. Of which 1 lhall give a few inftances. That the Arabs Ihould fufpeft the Europeans, that in thofe Ruines, a- mong lo many Sepulchres, they Ihould leek for Treafures, is no wonder to me, fince it was very ulual under the Foundations of all magnificent Stru- ctures to bury great Sums of Mo- ney, probably that the Coin, when the Building was ruinous, might dilcover the Founder, Talilmans alio being let up in feveral places to diredt the cu- * Jambilc. nous Enquirer. Thus * Rhodanes found a great quantity of Gold by the Di- rections of a Pillar, upon which was \/ pour tray ed a Lyon ; and a like Story i ; related in the Life of /Efop : And in David's Tombj Jofephus fays, the High- The Preface. High-Prieft Hyrcanus found a vaft Treafure ; but the Author of the * Alexandrian Chronicle avers, that it * P- 364; was Hezekiah, who firft open’d the Tomb to lhow the Riches of his An- ceftors to the King of Babylon’ s Am* baffadors, and that for profaning the Afhes of his Fathers, God devoted his Pofterity to Captivity. That they Ihould account a young Camel dreft a noble Feaft, will ceale to be a Subject of wonder or diver- lion, when we remember, that Cuftom is the Judge of good or coarfe Meats, that every Nation, even in -the civiliz’d parts of Europe , differ in their Noti- ons of preferable Diflies, and that a Treat of the beft things the Country affords ought to be reckon’d a Feaft. To which we may add, that their An- ceftors lived on the fame fare ; that f Strabo calls the Arabs of his time f L - lS - Camel-eaters ; that || St . Hierome avers , \ Jdv'jo- that the Arabs and Saracens, and all vin.i.i.c.6. other the barbarous Inhabitants of the Defart, lived upon the Milk and Flelh of The Preface. turn, c . 2 6. CamcJs ’SJ- M Y XU caucus a, * ra>n (&uJk9?‘-, &J?]c >0 l }nct>$f^L his facts of their Camels, (and (o fays Alulfa- Hift. <*• rajas') that both * Ariftotle and i Pliny 5 ‘ reckon the Fie 111, and the Milk of t n. 41 . Camels, not only among the whole- fome, but among delicious Meats ; II in clio. anc j t h at || Herodotus affirms, that the Perfians of quality on their Birth- days, ( which was a lolemn Feftival among them) among other Dilhes, treated their Friends with a whole Oxe, and a whole Camel dreft ; that rtfrf A ~ * -Antiphanes fays, that a Camel lerv’d //"' ' 4 ' up hot was a Feaft for a King; and t Lamprid. that the Emperor f Elagalalus (who 10 ' was a Native of that part of Syria, where the Emir, who treated the Eng- lilh Merchants, lived) in imitation of Apicius (who was no contemptible Judge of luxurious Eating, having fpent a fair Eftate in the Gratifica- tions of his Palate, and being fince his Death quoted as an Author for all the Varieties of the old Cookery) ufed to eat the feet of Camels, as an extraordinary Difli ; and when he would appear magnificent, caufed to be brought in at Supper entire Camels The Preface. Camels for the Service of his Friends. Pilaw (or Rice,) is another Difli a- mong the Arabs, as alfo among the Perfians, Indians and Turks, and fo it was of old, fays * Stralo. The Arabs * Lit. 15 , of this Age live as their Anceftors, who wandred up and down with their Families, and Cattel, and fixt for a while, where-ever they found Water for themlelves, and Grafs for their Herds ; their Tents are now, as of old, made of Camels Hair, (the Camel is in truth the moft ufeful cf Animals to them ; the Flelh is their Meat, the Milk their Drink, their Tents are made of their Hair, their Carriage is upon Camels, and their Riches a numerous Herd of them) they marry as many Am. Mar- Wives as they are able to maintain ; generally hate Drunkennels, and avoid it as the Plague; never make Water Handing, nor eafe nature, but in a place of great Privacy ; and thofe, who are military Men, fit arm’d at the Table, and never put off their Scimitars till they T he V reface. they go to bed ; all which Cuftoms Ammianus obferv’d were practis’d a* mong the old Inhabitants of thole I Countries. They meafure their Jour- nies, not by leagues or miles, but by hours and days, as the old Syrians did ; impaleing is a Punilhment ufu- al to this day, and the Criminal is forc’t to carry his Stake to the place of Execution, as the Perlon to be cru- cified anciently carried his Crols. The Cuftom of putting the whole Family to Death for the Offence of the Chief of it, (of notorious and hainous, as the Murder of their Prince, or the like) is not quite difus’d to this day in Perfia ; and as Valerian , and o- thers were Head alive, fo was Mart Antonio Bragadini, the Venetian Go- vernor of Famagufla, tortur’d by the Turks, when Cyprus was taken ; his Skin being falted and ftuft, according to the old Perfian Method. And as the lame Valerian, clad in his Royal Purple, with his Back lifted Sapores - into the Saddle ; fo was Bajazet forc’t to aflift Tamerlane, when he mounted. The I be Preface. The Men of Condition ufed of old to ride with a Banner, and fo they con- tinue to do to this day. A Prel’ent of one or more Changes of Raiment was a Mark of Favour among the JE- gyptians, Jews and Syrians, as long ft nee as the days of the Patriarch Jo- feph ; and the Habit ( the Calaat ) lent by the Grand Seignior, or the King of Perfia, to any Subjedt or Fo- reigner, is now one of the higheft In- ftances of Royal Bounty. In the Monuments of their Dead the Perfians of former Ages placed Alex.p . 144 Magi to keep the Tomb ; and in this prelent Age the Mahometans give a Maintenance to a greater or lels num- ber of Mouliah's , who read the Law in the Mofchees, and take care of the Sepulchres, where their Princes are in- terr’d. And as of old they hired their Women Mourners to make a folemn Lamentation at Funerals, fo now the Jewifh Women are hired for the fame purpofe. I fhall add no more, buc that at Aleppo , (as my worthy Friend Mr. The Preface. Mr. Aaron Goodyear informs me, to whom I profeft my felf indebted for many ufeful Notices} in the Month . of June the Women go to the River, and with folemn Sorrow bewaile Tam- muz, and afterward make themfelves very merry ; which is no other, than the pra&ice of one of the oideft Su- perftitions in the World, of which I lhall treat at large. Apoitodor. The Heathen Mythologifts affirm, Bibiiot.i .3. that Cinyrai the AfTyrian founded the City of Paphos in the Ifland of Cyprus ; where, having married the Daughter of the King of that Country, he be- gat Oxyporus and Adonis ; that Adonis was very beautiful, and beloved by Venus, when an Infant, who, that he might be bred carefully, lent him to Proferpina to be educated ; but when fhe came to demand him, Proferpina refus’d to deliver her Charge ; where- upon the Controverfy was decided by Jupiter , that the Youth fhould ftay a third part of the year with Proferpina , another third with Venus, and the re- mainder The Preface. mainder Ihould be at his own Difpo- fal. But Adonis being pleas’d with the Charms of Beauty, elide to fpend two thirds of his time with Venus , who paflionately loved him ; for which reafon Diana being difpleas’d with him, fent a wild Boar to aflault him, by whole Teeth he fell a Sacrifice to her Indignation. But others tell the Story £«/• o in- differently, that Cinyras Jay with hi own Daughter Myrrh a, on whom hep. 274. begat Adonis ; but, being alham’d of his Inceft, expos’d the Infant on the top of the Mountains, where the Nymphs nurft and kept him, till he grew a molt beautiful Youth, Ipend- ing molt of his time in his Sports ; at which Age Venus feeing him, fell vi- olently in love with him, and chofe him her Gallant ; that this created Jealoufy in Mars, who turn’d himfelf into the Ihape of a wild Boar, and flew him ; which, when Venus heard of, (he gave her (elf up to the extrava- gant Sallies of an ungovernable Grief, and at laft relblv’d to follow him in- to the Shades to demand him there ; but 1 The Preface. but Proferpina refufing to deliver him, they comprimis’d the Affair, that he fhould be half the year in the inferior World, and the other half in this ; up- on which Venus return’d very joyful, and having inform’d her Followers of* the Agreement, they instituted a fb- lemn Feftival, which was continued to be celebrated with all the Demonftra- tions of publick Exultation. pintun.de This Story, with a little Variation, Jfid. jy the ^Egyptian Writers (from whom 0 m ' the Afiaticks deriv’d moft of their Su- perftitious Rites and Observances) tell us, under the name of Ofiris, whom Typhon nailed up in a Cheft, (or Cof- fin) which he threw into the Nile , that it might be fwallowed up of the Sea ; that Ifis, as foon as fhe heard of it, immediately went upon the fearch of Ofiris, inquiring of all Ihe met, till at laft fbme Children inform’d her, what Typhon had done,* whereupon, taking Anulis with her, Ihe failed down the River, and through the Ocean, till fhe came to Byllus in Sy- ria, The Preface. ria , where (he found the Ark (or Coffin} reding upon a Sprig of Heath, which (he carried with her into the Ship, and fo return’d to Egypt , and there hid the Coffin at Butu , where her Son Orus was nurd ; that fyphon hunting in thofe parts by the Light of the Moon, which was then at full, found the Coffin, and cutting the Body into fourteen pieces (catter’d it up and down in feveral places; where- upon Ifis hearing of the Fad:, (ailed up and down the Marches in a Boat of Reeds, till (he had gather’d up the (catter’d Limbs, which (lie buried in divers places, to prevent any further Attempts of Typhon, and to create 0- Jiris greater honour. In the Egyptian Month Athyr, they fay, Ofiris was (lain ; and on the feventecnth of their Month Tyli , Ifis return’d from Byblus , having fpent aimed two Months in the (earch. From this CL riginal came the practice of the /E~ gyptian Prieds, who upon the fird of tho(e Anniverfaries pretended, that the Body of Ofiris was hid in their c Tern- 1 he Preface. V '. JJerodot. Euterp. Jul . Finnic . Lucian . de Del Syr. Cyril, fc Procop. in IJdt. 18. & c . n Temples, where, no one knew, where- upon they lamented him, as if that had been the very day, wherein he wasmurther’d by Typhon; they fhav’d, and made bald their Heads, (the Cudom of fuch, as were in the deeped Mourning) they thumpt their Breads, they wan- dred up and down the Streets making heavy Lamentations, (in imi- tation of the Mournings, and Pere- grinations of Ifis ;) and if there hap- pen’d to be any of the Inhabitants of Carta at that time in /Egypt, they Haflit their Faces with Knives and Lan- cets, (as the Prieds of ZtoV /3i/3AjW $) the Jews fay, ’twas an Ark, or little Ship made of Reeds or Paper, which, after the performance of fome (pro- bably MagicalJ Rites, they feaFd and committed to the Waves, and of its Own accord in (even days time it was carried by the Winds to By bins, but never to any other place on the Sea* c % coaft The Preface. coaft of Phoenicia : And when the Wo- men of that City received it, they put an end to their Lamentations, and be- gun their joyful Feftival with Dances, and foiemn Feafting. As the precife time of the beginning the Feftival at Byhlus commenc’t from the hour, in which they receiv’d the Epiftle from ■CEgypt ; fb the exaCt time to begin the Mourning was fixt, fays Lucian , by another extraordinary Circum- ftance ; the River Adonis at that fea- fbn, from its rife on the fide of Mount Lihaniu, to its fall into the Sea, being all bloody, the Sea it felf alfo for a confiderable fpace being difcolour’d with the fame, (the Natives believing that at that time Adonis was actual- ly flairs on the Mountain, and that his Blood alter’d the Colour both of the River and the Ocean) though one of the more inquifitive Byblians told Lu- cian, that the bloody face of the Wa- ters proceeded from a reddilh fort of Earth, which the ftrong Winds, that at that time ufed to blow, brought down into the River, and gave the Streams The F reface. Streams their Tinfture. At this time the Woman began their Mourning, (having firft offer’d the Sacrifices of the Dead to Adonis, as the Egypti- ans ufed to do ) and fliaved their Heads, (which, whoever refus’d to do, was by way of Penance obliged for a whole day to proftitute her felf to all Strangers, and whatever the got, was to be fpent in a Sacrifice to Ve- nus) their Lamentations, fays * Am- * Lt 1? mianus Marcellinus being as extrava- gant, as thofe of a Mother for an only Son. The Epiftles fent from Alexandria to give notice, that Ofiris or Adonis was found, are mention’d, fay the Fathers, by the Prophet Ifaiab, 18.2. Wo to the Land that fends their Am- lajjadors ly the Sea in Vejfels of Bull- rufhes upon the water ; or, as the Sep- tuagint more pertinently, Ovxl yy<; ’kMioov irri^vyii 6 dm? tMn>v 0z- o/Mlggt, ly i-msoXch; l3t$Atvce4 iv-d- van 7§ v$itT@u) and the mournful So- lemnity by the Prophet Ezekiel, 8. 14. c 3 who The Preface. among the abominable Idota- of the People of the Jews, mentions the Womens weeping for Tham- muz : For from /£- gypt the Su peril it ion ipread it (elf over all the neighbouring Countries, over Phoe- nicia , Syria, and Cy- prus ; who challenged the mock Deity for their own ; nor did the peculiar People of God, the Ifraelites, efcape the Infecti- on, but they alfo fell into the fame Madnefs. who tries Cyril i»lf+ J' 0 0 A c/W/£ y ltd & Trocop. in loc\ & JheoJorit^ in Ez>ek 8. Hieron. ib> Ste- phan. t. Wa. A fta.Qus 7rohi{ KuVf» e&^djovtviy \v m A Mythological Moral; for by Adonis OfiriS) and Thammuz y was meant the Sun, who when the Summer Solftice Vyas paft, moving backward toward t he South, feemed to have deprived the Northern Hernifphere of hi§ Pretence* and Influences. The Preface. k =f£. 2.C.4. * Julius Pollux fays, that the !n- ■' 4- <:■ J 4- habitants of Phoenicia called Adonis , Gi>i gras, probably from the name of a Pipe, made of the Bone of a Goofe- leg, which they uled in his Solemnity, which made a very melancholy, and lorrowful Mufick ; and they had a Dance called by the fame name in remembrance oi the firft Inventor of Husbandry, who died in the Summer- time, as he was hunting, and who is honour’d yearly with a mournful Song by the Farmers of the Country, (who at that time uled to fow their Wheat and Barley in the Fields near the Ci- ties, fays the Scboliaft on Therocritus') accompanied by as doleful Inftrumen- tal Mufick. The Cuftom Bill in ufe at Aleppo of frequenting the River at this Feitival, I prefume had its Origi- nal alfo in /Egypt , where the Inhabi- tants paid a peculiar Veneration to the Waters of Nilus, as St. Atbanafm, who was born there, affirms ; and Laftantius adds, that they worfhipt the River yearly, becaufe there Ifis begun her fearch of Ofiris. That The Preface. — That all this Pomp was older than the Jewtfh Captivity, the holy Writ avers ; it lafted to the days of Plu- tarch, and the Aftronomer Ttolomee, who mention it ; (as do almoft all the old Apologias for Chriftianity Q Julius Pollux enumerates the Cere- monies of the Mourning in the Reign of Commodus ; and Lucian avers, that he law one of thole little Arks that brought the Letter from Alexandria floating into the Harbour, while he was at Byllus ; the pradtice continued in /Egypt, when Cyril was Patriarch Cut • there, about the year 440 after Chrift, and in Phtenicia in the times of Pro- copius of Gaza, who lived above a 100 years after Cyril ; and to thus day is in ule at Aleppo, as my honoured Friend informs me, and probably in fome other Cities of that Country. I thought it neceflary to make this Digrelfion, which is not difagreeable to my Subjedi ; and if the Reader (whom I earneftly defire to corredb the The Preface. the Errata, before he begins the Book) find any advantage by the Underta- king, I fhall not think my time ill em- ploy’d. • .. qY'\ 1 . • J • y f . . .*\ v* r \ ; \V - i . - • ' ■ ' « ',0£u . . -- /Ci ■ • ; U • i'i i"* 1 1 ‘ v . . ... Sjl The Contents of the feveral Chapters in the Hiftory, Chap. i. HT' H E Building of 1 Tadmur by So- lomon, Page 3. а. The Situation, Produtiy and Inhabitants , p. 6 . 3. The Commerce , and Riches of the City , p. 1 ». 4. The Civil Government of the City from Solmon’x time, p. 1 6. 5 . The Religion , and Ecclefafical Government , p. 1 g. б . /fx feveral Fortunes from its Foundation to Alexander the Great, p. 34. Chap. The Contents. Chap. 7. Its State under the Kings of Syria to Augu- ftus, p. 26. 8. Its Condition from the Keign of Auguftus to Hadrian, p. 28. p. T he State of the City under Hadrian, p. 33. 10. Its fever al Fortunes from Hadrian to Galiienus, p. 38. 1 1. The Life and Atbievements of Odenafhus, p. 42. 1 2. T he State of the Roman Em- pire at that time y with a Con- tinuation of the A Sis of Ode- nathus, p. 47. *3. The Folly and Stupidity of Galiienus, with the ViSlory of Odenasrhus over the Perli- ans, P- 53 * Chap. The Contents. Chap. 14. The ViSlory of Ode- nathus over Quietus and Ba- lifta, p. 6 o. 15. The Murder of Odenathus, the fbort Reign of Maeonius, with his CharaSier , p. 66 . 1 6. The Death of the Emperor Valerian, p. 70. 17. The Original , and Birth of Zenobia, p. 76. 18. Her Learning, k Magnificence, and Virtues , p. 80. ip. The Religion of Zeno- bia, p. 85. ao. Her Courage ai.d Bra- very , p. 85?. a I . Her illujlrious Atchivements , ViSlory over Heraclian, and Conquejl of yEgypt, p. 94. Chap. The Contents. Ghap. 22. T he. Reign of Aurelian, the Battel of Imma, p. 160. 33. The fatal Battel of Emefa, the Siege of Palmyra, p. s 05. 3 4. Palmyra taken , Zenobia made aPrifoner , p. ill. 3 5 . Zenobia’/ Minijlers flain , and among them Longinus, p. 1 ft 5. 2 The Rebellion of the Palmy - remans , the City dejlroy’d by Aurelian, p 1 1 7. 27. The Hiftory of Firmius, Ze* nobia’x Confederate , p. 121. 38. T/je Account of Zenobia, riff Aurelian’/ triumph, p.124. 25?. The triumph of Aurelian 0- •ver Zenobia and Tetri- CUS, p, The Contents. Chap. 30. The Hijlory of Zeno- bia after the triumph till her Death , with an Account of her Family , p. *33. 31. T/>e Mnrther of Aureli- an, p.13 6 . 3a. The State of Palmyra under Diocletian, p.140. 33. The Hijlory of Palmyra from the Reign 0/Honorius to Jufti- nian, p. 150. 34. The State of Palmyra from Juftinian to the prefent Age, p.153. The Contents. In the Appendix. r 'J' HE Infections , p- 163. Chap. i» Of the names Tadmur and Palmyra, P - 75 . * of the names of the inhabi- tants, P* 4 87. а. . Of the public f Officers, p* 97* Of there Idolatry and Super- fiiticn , p 24I. 5, 4 a Account of Vaballa- thus, p-.^7 2, б. T&e Eifiory of Longinus,p.287. y. The Commentary on the In- fer ipt ions, p .2 5? 5. C I 3 THE HISTORY O F Palmyra. t TT ISTORIES of Remote ■■ Countries, and Strange Re* M volutions, have been always entertained with Refpect 2 And the pleafure of Seeing at fo great a Diftance, and Hearing of difmal Ca- tafrophe’s, wherein we have no other immediate (hare, but that of Wonder anc Pity, is not to be reckon’d among the meaneft Satisfactions of a Wife Man’s Life j fince every Turn of Pro- vidence in a Foreign Nation, every new Scene of Profperity or Adverfity is a Leflon to the reft of the World : And B the 2 The Hijiory Palmyra. the beft Rules of Behaviour both for a pubiick and private Capacity, are de- ducible from fuch remarkable Occur- rences. And among all the great Revolu- tions that have call’d for the Altonifli- ment and Commiseration of Mankind^ the feveral Fortunes of Palmyra are not the leaft remarkable ; a Country far diflant from our Region, diftinguiflit by Nature from the' t eft of the World by a Separate Situation ; and an Empire, that in the Space of Ten Years over-ran all the Eaff, baffled the Forces of the Perfiam, Subdued Egypt, and made ill Afia to the Helkfpont tremble ; But |n a few Months afterward was ftript bf all its Grandeur, and by degrees in- duced to the ioweft ftate of Poverty, is it is this day. Of this Country In- tend to treat, of its Founder, and Anti- quity j its Situation, and Plenty ; its Government Ecclefiaftical and CivJ; and its feveral Fortunes and Conditions, as far as my Reading will aflift me, till Some more able Critick (hall undertake the Task ; and I fhall begin with fijeh an Account of the Place as the Antieats furnifh us with. CHAP. <*> o The Bijiory of Palmyra. CHAP. I. W Hen Solomon had finifht his ftu» pendious Temple at Jerufalem (which better deferv’d to be reckon’d among the World’s Wonders , than that at Ephefusf) and the Noble Palace which he built for himfelf, in the Twentieth J o Ki i n | ,?; Year of his Reign he made War againft achroni. Hamath-Zobah , which had been fub* 3> 4* dued by David , but revolted ; and ha- ving conquer’d it, he built Tadmor in the Wildernefs, the Vpper and Nether Bethhoron y Baalath , and all the Store- Cities, which he ftrongly fortify ’d with Walls, and Gates, and Bars ; they be- ing his Frontier Towns, and the Limits of his vaft Empire : For he reign d over ^^ ron - all the Kings from the River (Euphrates) to the Land of the Thiliftines , and to the Border of Egypt . From Tiphfac even 1 K * n S & to Azzah : i. e. from Gaza to Jkap^ % fachus , which Was one of the Parfes over the Euphrates. TheArabick Tranflator of z Chron. 8 . 3 . implies, that Tadmor was a City before Solomons time, and that he only re- 13 % edified 4 The Hiftory of Palmyra. edified it ; that it was a Metropolis of olJ, as it was in the latter times, and had many Towns under its Jurifdidtion : nor is it altogether improbable, thole Parts of the World near the Place where the Ark relied after the Deluge ceas’d, being firft peopled. The Arabick Hi- * Vnfp cc- floruit * Ahulfarajm, fays, That Sc- f ‘ i3 ‘ lomon , in the Twenty fourth Year of his Reign, having deltroy’d the City of Antioch, built feven Cities in its Head, of which Tadmor was one. But the Fabulous Hiftorian of Antioch , f Pur. i. f John Matela , averrs, That the Foun- ?• ,8 5 - dations of Palmyra were lay’d in the p. 15 2. ’ lame place in which David llcw Goliah, and cut off his Head with his ow ; n Sword ; and that King Solomon , in Memory of this great Victory, built a Noble City there, and, from the Fate of the Giant, call’d it Palmyra. While || Antiq. || Jofephus thus informs us. That Solo- L 8 ‘ e ' 2 ' mon, after he had built Gazara, which Pharcah, having taken it from the Phi - lijlines, gave to his Daughter, not far from it built two Cities, Betachora, and Baleth , with other Places, to which he might retire for his Pleafure, that he might enjoy a temperate Air, excel- The Hifiory of Palmyra. 5 lent Fruits, and pleafant Streams : From whence he pad into the Defart above Syria, and making himfelf Matter of it, lay’d the Foundations of a great City (which * he beautified with extraordi- * H 'f- ’ n nary Buildings) two Days Journey £ ^ -47 ' from the Zipper Syria, and one from Euphrates, but from Babylon fix Days Journey. And the reafon why he built this City fo far from the inhabited Places of Syria, was, that in the Upper Parts there was no Water, but in that Place only there were Fountains and Wells (as it appears by the Peutinger 7 - - Tables, that near it flood the Centum , • Tutei.) (<*) When therefore he had built the City, and fenced it with ftrong Walls, he named it Tadmor, as it is now called by the Syrians, while the Greeks call it Palmyra. (a) Concerning the Names Tadhmur , and Palmyra , confult the Append^ B 3 CHAP. 6 k 1 he Hijlory of Palmyra. CHAP. II. F : Forfh. U Rom its Founder and Name , I (hall proceed to confider its Situation and Plenty. As to its Situation, from the Defcription that J ofephus gives of it, it is plain, that, though it Rood in a Defart Country, it was a very Fertile Spot of Ground, the Air being very b zpijt, a d moderate and healthy : For when * Lon : ginus invites his Friend Porphyry thi- ther, he encourages him to undertake the Journey, upon two Accounts ; firft, That they might renew their old Friendfliip ; (econdly, That he might recover his broken Health, by the ex- celiency of the Air of Palmyra . f Ptolemy places it Eaft from Alexan - andria ; (in the lame Climate with An- ticch , Seleucia , Hierapolis , Emefa , and other Cities of Alexandria , {ays the Author of the Alexandrian Chronicon ,) in the Longit. of 71 deg, 30 min . and the Latit. of 34 deg. the Longeft Day being there above 14 Hours. The firft Inhabitants of Tadmur , I conjecture* were the Sons of Air ah am by f Lib . 8. P • 205 *' Chron. A- lex. 82 . The Hiflory of Palmyra. 7 by Keturah ; for they are faid to be fent by their Father into the Eaft, Gen. 6. i. e. into the Eaft from Je- rufalem, and the Land of Canaan, into the Delarts of Arabia, and the Coun- tries bordering on the Euphrates, whole Inhabitants are called, in Holy Writ, The Children of the Eaft ; and were, for that reafon alfo, call’d Saracens, that is, Orientals, or Eafterlings, (as our mod Learned ? acock affirms.) Now the Sa- racens are faid by * Atnm. Marcellinus , * L - !h 2 . to be the Arabes Scenite (though Pliny cap. uit. J and Ptolomy diftinguilh them) to whom the Palmyrenians were conterminous, if not the lame ; and for this reafon, I doubt not, but Odenathus, in all the latter Writers, is call’d the King of the Saracens ; though Zenobia, in her Let- ter to Aurelian, diftinguifhes the Sara- cens from her Subjects, reckoning the Saracens among her Foreign Troops and Auxiliaries. In the Ecclefiafiick Notitia, it is accounted a part of Phx- nicia Libanefia. And Porphyry, treat- ing of Longinus’s Inviting him to Pal- myra, fays, He undertook to perfuade him to leave Sicily, and to travel into Phoenicia, Others make it a part of B 4 Arabia j 8 The Hijlory of Palmyra. 4 ralia ; but ’tis commonly reputed by Ptolemy, and others, a part of Syria, as Phoenicia is another part of that large Country : though Zenob'ta , in her Let- ter above-mentioned, diftinguilhes the Palmyrenians from the Syrians, ( as yi.i-Mo. * Zojtmus alio does. That it flood in a Wildernefi, befides * KatMft. the Holy W rit,and Jofephus, f Pliny, who tom- 1. /.i. was Contemporary with the Jewilh Hi- 0$ $rir. 3 ' flotian, agrees, who thus defcribes it : ‘ Palmyra is a City eminent in its Situa- ‘ tion, in the riches of its Soil, and its * plealant Streams, being furrounded on * every fide with a vaft Defart of Sand : * It (eems to have been feparated from f the reft of the World, and did prefeve * its Liberty in a private Condition be- * tween the two Mighty Empires, the * Roman and Parthian ; and as foon as * any War happens to break out, it is * equally their care to engage it on their * fide, and in their Intereft : It is di- * ftant from Seleucia on the Tygris 337 * Miles j from the neighbouring Shore * of Syria, or the Mediterranean, 103 ; ‘ and from Damafcus 1 76. The fame Author, iri other places alfo, mentions the Solitudes of Palmyra ; beyond which, 9 The Hifkory of Palmyra. which, on one hand, is Stelendena ( a Country not fo much as nam’d by other Writers ; ) on the other fide, they reacht home to Emefa ; and to the Weftward, as far as Petra in Arabia Felix, from whence to the Perfian Gulf, it was all Defart. It was diftant from the Euphrates a Day’s Journey, fays *Jofephus: Not * vu [up. far from that Noble River, lays f Ap- f nk j. pian, ( for as foon as Marc. Antony threaten’d the Sack of the City, the In- p ' 7 ' habitants immediately tranfported all their Goods beyond the River, the Banks of which they defended with their Archers, and fo leaving the Town empty, baffled the Defign, and de- ceiv’d the Expectations of the Roman Troops, ) but fituate by a River that run by its Walls, whofe Name Ptolemy either knew not, or omitted. But other Geographers call it Palmyra , af- v>amn, firming, that it had its Rife in the Pal myrene Mountains, ran through the ghm,\c. Country, and at laft emptied itfelf into the Euphrates, though now there are no footfteps of its courfe left : Nor is it a wonder, that a fmall River fhould be fwallowed up in a long tra& of * J 10 The Hifiory of Palmyra. VIA Cup. Zofim.l. i ?- 44 - • || Zonar . tom . 2 . b 237- of Time, of fuch vaft quantities of Sand. When Solomon built it, he gave it all the Advantages of Strength and Se- curity that the Rules of Fortification in that Age allowed of j and it conti- nued fo as long as it was a Frontier Garrifon, fenc’d with ftrong Walls, and an advantagious Situation ; but better guarded by a brave Garrifon, the Mi- litia of Palmyra being efteem’d very flout. Their Archers were excellent Marks-men, fays * Appian , and their Horfe-men well armed with heavy Ar- mour, and very fecure, (the Army of Zemlia , faith the Hiftorian, confifting of Archers , and Horfe-men arm'd Cap-a-pe ,) who, notwithftanding the weight of their Arms, were much better Horfe-men than the Romans • and fuch a || Value did they fet upon their Hor- fes, that no greater Affront or Difgrace could be offer d to a P almyrenian , than to take his Horfe from him. Nor did the Romans difdain their Affiftance ; for in their Militia with the Affyrians and Moors , the Inhabitants of Palmyrene and Ofroene were mufter’d. CHAP. the Hiftory of Palmyra. CHAP. III. P ALMYRA was the Metropolis of the Province, and gave it its Name, being a Place of great Antiquity, and great Trade ; Rich, fays Pliny, in the Fertility of its Soil, but much more lo by its Commerce ; for it had not only the Advantage of its own Com- modities, but was the Thorough-fare of all the Merchants that liv’d beyond it toward the Mediterranean , who traded to Forath , and Charax, and other Ports on the Ter fan Gulf, if I rightly under- hand * Pliny, who fays, that at Petra in Arabia the two Ways met, both of^^Jj* 3 * thofe who came through Palmyra (pro- bably from Antioch, Seleucia in Pifidia, Laodicea , and other conterminous Places,) and of thole alio who came from Gaza, travelling towards the Gulf, it being impolfible, but the Caravans, who made that their conftant Road both to and from Perfea, mull: help to enrich the Stages where they Baited. But this was not all its Happinels ; its Inhabitants were great Merchants, fays 1 2 The Hifiory of Palmyra. * Vbi fuf. fays * Appian. And Man. ~Antony thought the Plunder of this City a fufficient Recompence for all the Fa- tigues and Hardfliips which his Horfe endured in that Countrey, during the Terfian War, tho’ he failed of his At- tempt : They had form’d themlelves into a Company , under a Prefident and Governor of their own. ( An EaB- India Trade cannot well be carry ’d on by a fingle Perfon, though he were one of the Merchants of Tyre , who were Companions of Princes.) For I find in ?ag ' one of the Infcriptions, that Septimius Orodes was honourd with an Iliuftrious Teftimonial from (a) the Prefidents, or Chiefs of the Merchants. And i doubt not, but they carry ’d the Manu- fa&ures, and other Commodities of Afia, down the Euphrates to Balfora, (a) MxgwpaSeic vw ty a word that appears in no Author, that I know of. «/*»»/> 'A fxv 7 np(&, like d fyk .- lb ‘ \ Tho{ e Governors of the Affairs of TradV were called at . {Ztym. M. & Harpocrat. v. amt ) Their Number, fay s Anftotle was Ten : Their Bufinefs, to Sm-fee the 1 orts, and to take care of the Corn that was brought thither ; for which purpofe they had their tv tnrv, and it was reckon^ among the moft Honourable Benefa&ions, to build fuch a Granarv or <3 T be Hijiory of Palmyra. or perhaps no farther than Vologefia , ^ Ap- and brought from Perfiet the Merchan- ' dizes of India and Arabia, and fo fur* niflit the Romans with Spices, and Silks, and other rich Goods : For though they are faid to lie far from the Sea, and without the advantage of the River (which muft be retrabted, fince it an* ciently had the affiftance of a River, though it is fince loft in the Sands,) yet it muft be acknowledged, they were not far from the Euphrates , a Noble and Navigable River, and had the conveniency of their Camels and Dromedaries, by which fort of Car- riage all the Riches of the Eaft were formerly brought into Europe by Ca- ravans, before the Cape of Good-Hope was difcover’d. But Palmyra had its own Product, Salt, with which the Inhabitants now drive a trade ; and Dates, the Fruits of their Palm-Trees, which were not only great Delicacies at Rome, and elfewhere, C for Nicolaus Damafeenus Pit Sjnu thought the Dates of Syria a fit Pre- ' 5 “' fent for Augujlus , and Phoenicia hath its cu>o . tjMS. 14 The Hiftory of Palmyra. its Name from its (a) Palm-Trees, but was of the fame Ule to the Afiaticks , that the Cocoa is to the Indians , if.we * nb - 6 l6 - may believe * Strabo , who affirms, p ' 4 ' that the Country about Euphrates pro- duces great quantities of Barley, but that the want of all other things was fupplied by their Palm-Trees ; that that fingle Tree afforded the Inhabitants both Wine and Vinegar, Honey and Meal ; and out of it they wove their Cloaths : The Shells ferve the Smiths for Fire ; and when you have fbakt the Shells in Water, you may feed your Cattle, your Oxen and Sheep with them : And ’tis reported, that there is a Per fee Poem, which enumerates Three hundred and forty Ufes (one for every Day of the old Year) of the Palm- ttf.j-.778. Tree, f l n fome Places of Arabia || piut.M are perfum’d : And thofe in f«P- II Syria, as they are moft Beautiful to 00 The Countrey being call'd Palmifera , and the Palm-Tree plac d commonly on the reverfe of their Coins : For which rea- ion, ^ I believe, that the Tree in the Palmyrene Marble, that mnas between Alagbelus and Malachbdus , is not a Pine, as Crnten and Monfieur Spon affirm, but a Palm-Tree ill grav’d. the «5 The Hiftory of Palmyra. the Eye, fb they are of a mod delicious Tafte to the Palate. And the Ruines of its pompous Build* ings yet Handing, eredfed before it be- came the Seat of the Eaftern Empire, are a further and undeniable Demon- flration, that, notwithftanding its un- happy Situation in the Confines of two fuch Potent and Contentious Neigh- bours, as the Romans and the Parthians , it was once a very Flourilhing and Wealthy Place, though now it looks like the Refidence of Beggery and famine. CHAP. The Hifiory ^Palmyra. 1 6 CHAP. IV. T H E Government of Palmyra comes next to be confider’d, both in Ecclefiaftical and Civil Affairs. And firft, in Civil Affairs. As long as it was in the hands of Solomon, 1 queftion not but it was govern’d, as the reft of his Provinces were, by fuch Lieutenants as himfelf ' appointed [(the 1r^.-ruyoi & * Ant. l.B. of the feveral KAw/aa;^, whom * Jo- *• 2> fephus mentions) under Reholoam , I take it for granted, it revolted with the reft of Syria, when Rezin became King of Damafcus : but whether it fubmitted to the Power of Rezin , or form’d it felf into a Commonwealth, as it was after- wards, or what its Government was till the days of Auguftus , we have no Records. In his time, probably, it was govern’d by a Prince, or Toparcb $ almoft every Town in Parthia, and the neighbouring Syria, upon the Death of Julius Cafar, or rather after the fatal Be// cni/. Overthrow of CraJJus, being feiz’d upon p . 671. by fome Tyrant, the Parthians fup- porting The Htjlory of Palmyra. 1 7 CU porting them in their Ufurpations, having been invited by thole Roytelets to their Afliftance, But fuppofing that it had fallen under one of thofe petty Princes, in Pliny s time it re- cover’d its old Form of Government ; for he affirms, that in his days Palmyra was Juris) neither lub- je<3: to the Romans y\\o rthe Parthzans,as F Harduin well interprets the words (private forte ) of the Natural Hi- itorian. And * Aurelian , in his Letter * Voplfu to Zenohia, when he requires her to fur- AureL render herfelf, promifes, that the Inha- bitants of the Country (hould be go- vern’d by their own Laws. And of this the Inscriptions are an unqueftio- nable Evidence, wherein (d) the Senate and People of Palmyra are frequently Paid to have ere&ed Monuments to thofe Illuftrious Perfons who had delerved well of the Republick. And Septi* (a) faXt) 0 8CC. X*T77/uiQ- ’OcteuyelQQ- 0 cuyitxmjM t. 'ZinrnfM®- Aifjlvtif ’O S'ouvdb* A& [irngy t etj wyKAWKQf. V wmAiQ- O vopvcftif cvyKAttmu>c ? it) pxAsvvif 'Ayd^nas ygppfj&Tivs tv (S 1 . Uyv ' monly to be harraft on both fides ; ) for Trajan having, in his Sixth Confu* late, declar’d War againft the Arme- nians and Parthians, upon the pretext. That the King of Armenia had receiv’d his Crown from the King of Perjia, whereas he ought to have taken it from the hands of the Roman Emperor ; but in truth, ftimulated by his defire of Vain- T be Hijlory of Palmyra. 29 Vain-glory, made an Expedition into the Eail, reduc’d Armenia, and fettled the Government of that Countrey j took Nifibis and Battue, and was ho- nour’d by the Senate with the Name of Parthicus , added to his other Titles. After which, he winter’d at Antioch, where he, by an extraordinary Provi- dence, and with much difficulty, efcap’t perilhing in that great Earth- quake which had almoft ruind that Noble City. After this, he return’d into the Eaft, pail the Euphrates, iub- dued all Ad'tabene , Arlela, and Gauga- mela, and came to Babylon ; the Par- thians being unable to oppofe him, having been much weaken’d by their Civil Diilentions. Then he part the Tigris, and went to Cteftphon, and thence purfued his Conquefls to the Ocean, where he declared, That if he had been as young as Alexander, he would have follow’d the Example of that Illuftrious Prince, and have fail’d into India. But while he was thus amufing himfelf with his vain Ambi- tious Thoughts, the Provinces which he had fubdued revolted, and feiz’d and murther’d the Roman Garrilons. Where- go The Hijtory of Palmyra. Whereupon, Trajan commanded Lufius and Maximus to chaftife the Rebels, and to reduce the Cities to Terms of Duty and Obedience. In this Expedi- tion Maximus was fiain in Battle ; but Lufius recover'd Idifibis, took Edejfia, as he did alio Seleucia, and other Places, by his Lieutenant-Generals : Where- upon, to prevent their future Revolt, Trajan gave the Parthians a King, and fettled the Eftate of the Eaft (as * in ah- * Vop't ficus calls that Country, be- rctian. cflufe, ‘in refpeft of Rome, the Sun feem’d to rife in Parthiaj) and this the Coins confirm, which mention the re- ducing of Armenia and Mefiopotamia under the Power and Jurifdidiion of the Romans in this Emperor’s Reign. At this time, ’tis probable, Palmyra was much ruin’d ; for otherwife it would not have wanted the favourable Afliftance of Trajaris Succeflor, who may be juftly reckon’d their Second Founder. Hadrian was a magnificent Prince, and a great Builder (and for that reafbn call’d the Wall-Flower, a great number of eminent Edifices owing their Being and Beauty to his Liberality : ) He it was who built the Ford 3 1 The Hijiory of Palmyra. Fora at Nicodemia and Nice, the Four < j hrm - A - High-ways, and that part of the Wall ex ' that looks toward Bithynia : At Cyzicum he built the Temple, and floar’d it with Marble : And in many other Places he either eredted New, or re- pair’d the Old Buildings, both Sacred and Civil. And in almoft every City of his vaft Empire, he left fome Marks of his Magnificence. * Dio Caffius af- * Huimn. , firming, that he generoufly aflifted all the Towns that were fubjedl to his Em- pire, or confederate with it, of which he vifited more than any of his Prede- ceflbrs, a great part of his Reign being employed in more than one Progrels through thofe fpacious Territories : fome Cities he adorn’d with Aquedudis, others with fafe Ports ; upon fome he bellow’d a Donative of Corn, or Pub- lick Buildings ; upon others, Money or Privileges, f At Antioch he repair’d \Jo.Maki. what had been deftroy’d by that ter- fa f u f f e ‘ rible and furious Earthquake that in s ’ 5 4 Trajan's time had almoft buried that noble City in its own Ruines ; as he did the Temple at Cyzicum , which in his own Reign had been deftroyed by another Earthquake, and made it one of 5 2 T he liiftory of Palmyra. of the World’s Wonders for Archi- tecture and Beauty, bellowing great Privileges upon the poor undone Inha- bitants, which was the nobleft Charity : He alio re-ereCted the Colojfus at Rhodes , which had been many years before thrown down by an Earthquake. Above all, he was a great. Benefactor to the City of Athens, toward which he al- ways expreft a peculiar Regard j as in Requital, they call’d him, while alive, Adriams Olympius in their Coines and Inlcriptions ; as he was in feveral other Cities, after his death, Deify ’d, efpe- cially in Syria ; for to fpeak the Truth, and to be doing Good, were, in the efteem even of the Heathen World, molt God-like Qualities. The Hijlory of Palmyra. 33 CHAP. IX. B U T the Liberality of this Muni- ficent Emperor was not confined to Greece, or the adjacent Parts of the remoter Cities of Syria, who had fuller’d fo deeply during the War which Trajan made in the Eaft, were not ex- cluded from their Ihare in his Bounty : For he had been a * Lieutenant-General * start. in that Expedition, and had feen the Hadr ‘ difmal Effe&s of War, and Military Rage and Rapine ; and upon the Death of Trajan, had made a Peace with the Parthians (envious of the Glory of his Predeceflor, lays Sextus Rufus, very malicioufly,) having remov’d the King, whom Trajan had let over them, and withdrawn the Roman Armies out of all the Countries beyond the Euphrates ; and becaule he was not ambitious to have his Name infcribed on all his Pub- lick Buildings, as it was cuftomary, he gave it to the Cities which he new' built or beautified, among whom we mull reckon Palmyra, f which, after he f stepk. had repair’d its Ruines, he call’d Ha- * "° rb - D drianople ; 34 I he Hiftory of Palmyra. *Pag- 99- drianople ; and (with the leave of Father Harduin , perhaps the Coin in the King of Frances Treafury ,and in MonfieurP^riw, p, 203. with this Infcription, AAPlAN MHT POTIOAIC) may be afcribed not to Hadrianople in Thrace , nor that other City in Cyrenaica of the fame Name, but to Palmyra , which was a Mother-City, as appears by the * In- fcriptions, and by Ptolemy , who not only reckons it among the Metropoles of Ccele/yria , but makes it the Capital of the Province of Palmyrene , which had its Denomination from it. And it is not unfitly reprefented by a Woman fitting on a Hill : For Tadmor is en- ! clofed on three Tides with long ridges of Mountaines, the Caftle being built on one of them, which commands the F ntrcinrn into the r^itv • Anri to fhic Entrance into the City : And to this City I would afcribe the Coin of Cara- j calla, in Mcnfieur Vatin, p. 301. with the Figure of an Archer alrnoft Naked on the reverie, his Thin Habit imply- ing the Heats ; and his Arms, the Militia of his Country ; the Sagit- tarii of Palmyrene beiDg Famous in Hi- ftory. This The Bijiory of Palmyra. 35 This City, I doubt not, but Adrian vifited, when, in the Sixth Year of his Empire, he made his Progrefs into the Eaft, and receiv’d the Homage of all the Kings and Toparchs, whofe Territories lay in thole Parts. And this his Expe- dition, I underftand to be meant in the Inscriptions. In which Expedition, Pag. 105 , Malech Agrippa , the Son of Jaraius, was the fecond time the Secretary of the City ; and when that Prince happen’d to draw near his end, and the Palmy - renians were in fear of lofing their Pa- tron, their Neighbours of the City lieve, three Days Journey from Tadmor towards the Euphrates (probably the Oriza of Ptolemy , as the Learned Mr. Halley conjectures) and a City of Palmyrene^ as Ptolemy reckons it, made their Vows for his Recovery, (as ap- pears by the Inscription : ) For in the Pag. iq$. Laft Year, the Nineteenth of his Reign, (not the Seventh, as the AEra of Seleu- cidie is miftaken in the Firft Account,) “ Agathangelus of Abila, the Decapo- V id. Ap- “ lican, built an Arch, or Cupola , in pend. u the Temple of Jupiter , and erected “ a Bed of State (or Puhinar , ufually “ dedicated to the Heathen Deities) to D 2 “ Jupiter 36 The Hijiory of Palmyra. *' Jupiter the Thunderer , for the Health “ of the Emperor Adrian his Lord” ; spart . who ianguifht a long time before he -.tfudr. died, aI1 ,j fuffer’d fuch Agonies of Pain, that he would fain have perfiiaded his Servant, who attended him, to have run him through ; and when that Per- fuafive would not prevail, would either have ftabb’d or poyfon’d himfelf. So difficult was it for this Great Emperor to breathe his laft. But when Aurelius Antoninus had prevail’d with the Senate to have him Deify ’d, and appointed him the Ho- nours properly given to the Gods, with a College of Priefls, and Attendants to do the Service of the Temples erected to him at Puteoli, and elfewhere, (which Societies continued to the Reign of f enter. f Septimius Severus at Rome ; but how ccecvft j on g j n Cities of the Eaft, I know ix. V 3 not,) and had inftituted Publick Games in his Name, (from which Gratitude to his Patron, the Hifforian fays, Au- relius had the Name of Pius given him.) The Cities of the Eaft, in Imitation of Italy, had their Sodales Hadrianales alfo (and Temples, queftionlefs, ere&ed to his Memory) of which Samofata is an The Hijiory of Palmyra. 57 an undeniable Inftance, where L. Falius Grut . ubi M. F. Gal . Cilo, Prsefeft ot the City, f u P- was a Fellow of the College of Priefts deputed to the Service of the Deify’d Emperor Adrian; particularly Palmyra , who gratefully commemorated her Se- cond Founder, allowed of his Confecra- tion, built him a Temple, and devoted fome of her Inhabitants to the Service thereof, as appears by the Infcription in Gruter ; and by another among thofe vid. Ap- lately publifht, where he is called^- Adrian the God ; and I am apt to be- lieve, that the little Temple mention’d in the Journal, was ere&ed to his Me- Pag. 104 , mory, as well as to Jupiter. io5. Such Societies were erefted in moft Cities of the Empire, to one or other of their deceas’d, but deify ’d Princes, call’d Col- legia Sacerdotalia by Lampridius , in the Life of Commodus , p. $o. and they had, according to their Rank and Dignity, their feveral VexiUa , or Banners, to diftinguifh them, called VexiUa Collegio- rum , iy Signa Templorum , by Trebellius Pollio , in the L'fe of Gallienus , p. 178. For as the Heathen Mock-Deities had their 'is^avT*!, fo their Emperors, when advanced to that Honour, had their with all the Pomp and Ceremony that ac- companied the Service of their Gods. ( Vid. Gruter . ) 38 T he Hiftory of Palmyra. M ■ * Vlpian . /. 1 . de Cenfib. po, rUJ, * f Goltx *. Thef. pag. 151. CHAP. X, T H E City having been repair’d, we may juftly (uppofe, that by the Advantages of its Situation and Trade, and the continuance of a long Peace wi.h the Parthians , not often in- terrupted, (except in the War which Septimius Seuerus made againft them, when he took both Cteftphon and Balylon, and reduced all Arabia , ha- ving marcht through that Arabia w here the Scenitce pitcht their Tents, in which Country Tadmur lay,) it ar- rived to its ancient Glory, when the - Emperor Antoninus Caracalla honour’d it ; with the Privileges of a * Roman Colony Juris Italia (for there was a difference between Colonies, all were not Juris It a - /icz, as Palmyra was,) Colonia Palmyra it is {tiled in the f Coins of that Em- peror, a Metropolis and a Colony, in the Infcriptions ; probably in Honour of his Mother, whom he afterward made his Wife, Julia Domna , who was of this Country ; but whether of Emifa (as feveral Authors affirm) or Palmyra , The Hiflory of Palmyra. gp or fame third City, I am not certain : A Native of Syria we know (he was, for fofays * Spartianus ; and Oppian*spartm. her Contemporary , calls her, the Se P im ' (d) Affyrian Venus, and a Moon that was never Eclipfl , or in her Wain . The fame Poet, in the fame place, mention- ing the Deftrudlion of the Parthians, and the Taking of Cteftphon (as the Coins do mention the f Viftoria Par - f Me^ob. thica of that Prince) as do alfo the^ 2 95» Hiftorians ; in which Expedition, I doubt not but the Palmy remans, in Gra- titude, Declared for his Intereft. This Honour and Privilege of a Roman Colony, palmyra kept, in the Reign of Alexander Severus (for un- .4, wan, der him, the great Lawyer Vlpian flourilht) and aliifted him with their Forces in his Expedition into the Eaft, in the Fitch Year of his Reign, (of which Undertaking, || Lampridius gives || vit. Ai. lo auguft a Character ^though Herodian s ™' ru f“&- upon this, as upon all other occasions, ^ 4 ! I?3 ’ “ — — — — — — (a ) *A cwe/n K ufripeieij * A&vrxcrct avhmu °f p \ ay ^ 4 Ky ~ 'UptyAmv n na. — & p. 7. A D 4 leflens 4© The Hi ft or y of Palmyra. leflens,and would obfcure the Achieve- ments of that excellent Prince. In this * journal, Expedition, * Aurelius Zenolius being, t- 97* as I conjecture, the Commander of the Forces of the Republick of Palmyra , attended, and was an unwearied Affiftant to Rutilius Crifpims, the Roman Ge- neral, and difcharg’d the Offices of a vid. ap- Man of Conduit and Courage againft pmd. th e Perfians , and deferv’d the moft ample Teftimonials of his Bravery and Prudence. But Palmyra never arrived to fuch an illuftrious pitch of Glory, as it did under Odenathus and his Sons, who eftablifht it the Seat of the Eaftern Em- pire, and beautified and ftrengthned it accordingly ; and for a few Years it afforded as remarkable TranfaCtions of War and State, as any other part of the World can boaft of, in fb fhort a fpace of Time : And therefore I fhall give my felf the liberty to treat more largely of thefe Affairs, and to deduce the Series of the Hifiory of the Imperial Family of Palmyra , as far as the An- tients afford us light, and lliall leave the judicious Reader to his choice, what Memoirs he will give moft credit to, having •. ■> • ■■ ^ ' ■ i ■ - '' ■ - / ■ . r •** A . * • : ; i ■ - ■■ ‘ * i . , V ; . •> - ,Jw xn ■ %- ' i ’‘■•‘J The Hifiory of Palmyra. 4« having taken care in every Paragraph to produce my Vouchers ; while I bemoan heartily the lofs of Vranius his ( ’Agpc/Si^' ) Aralick Hifiory, in the Second of which Books he treated of Palmyra ; as alio of Domnims of An- tioch, whom Malela commonly fol- lows ; and of Philoftratus of Athens , the Hiftoriographer, who liv’d under Aurelian, and wrote the Tranla&ions of his own Time : but particularly I regret the want of that Oration which Longinus made in Praife of Odenathus , and called by his Name, of which Li- lanius makes mention in his Epiftles t which would queftionlefs have given a more ample Hiftory of that Illuftrious Prince, than all the jejune Narratives of the Roman Hiftorians. But fince we muft follow the Light that is given us, I lhall firft begin with Odenathus, then treat of Zenolia , and their Chil- dren. CHAP. 42 The Hijlory of Palmyra. CHAP, XL * Lib . 7 . f\ DE NAT HZ'S ( fays * Orofius) cap. 22. was a Man of mean Birth and Original, ( Odenathus Quidam , as he Biles him : ) A Man ol Palmyra (fays f vbi infr. f Aonaras : ) Of no Reputation, and II Lik4 . unknown (lays || Agathias, ) till he !’ 154. made his Name Famous by his Con- | quells over the Perfians , and other eminent Atchievements, which give him an extraordinary Chara&er in the * Brcviar. ancient Hiftorians. * Sexttu Rufus lays, that he was a Decurio of Palmyra ; which being a word of large figmfica- fioo, may in that Author, 1 think, be render’d a Procurator, or Senator : And + pag. 88. fo he is (tiled in the f Infcriptions , if ibid./’.jj. he be the fame Perfon, Septimius Ode- thus , the MoB lllujlrious Senator, the Son of Air anes Nephew of Valallathus ; of which Order alfo his Son Septimius Aira- ,| L.i.p.36. nes was - -And || Zofmas fays exprefiy, that his Anceftors were Men of Honour and Condition, having been in paft Ages e nob led by the neighbouring *Pag.$ 82 . Kings. * Georgius Syncellus calls him a great The Htftory of Palmyra, 49 great Soldier, and probably he was the General of the Forces of the Com- monwealth of Palmyra : A Prince (fays *Pollio) accomplifht in rhe Art*p^.jp 2 ; Military, and from fris Youth a great Hunter, (Hunting being in thofe days, according to the moft ancient Practice, the Recreation and Exercife of the moft Eminent Perfons, a Sport that bred them to great Hardinefs and Refolution, and much Experience in War,) he be- llowed his leifure hours in deflroying Lyons, Leopards, Bears, and other Beads of Prey, inuring himfelf to bear the Fatigues of Labour, to endure the Hardfhips of Hear, and Showers, and the other Toils incident to a Wood- man’s Life 5 and by thele Methods brought himfelf to a Habit of enduring the fcorciiing Beams of the Sun, and the annoyance of the Dull, in his Wars with the Perfians , The later Greeks frequently ftile him the King of the Saracens , of the Bar- barous Saracens , as if he had been a Phylarchus of fome part of Arabia : f Ammianus averring, that thofe whof£& 23. were anciently called Arabes Scenitre , ca P- ulu were afterwards called Saracens , (but herein 44 The Hiftory of Palmyra. * Par. I. P-391, Sec. herein he differs from both Pliny and Ptolemy : ) A Name (fays Scaliger) never ufed by any Author before Pto- lemy ; whereas Pliny, who liv’d at lead fifty Years before that excellent Aftro- nomer, exprefly mentions them. Now the Saracens, over whom Odenathus and Zenohia reign’d, had been of old, fays Procopius Confederate with the Ro- mans. And as the Quality of this Mighty Prince hath been miftaken, fo have his Actions been wrongfully reprefented : Orofius affirming, that he form’d an Army of the Boors of Syria, and with thofe Rufticks overcame the Perjians ; and fo fays Sextus Rufus . But they confound two Stories, if we may credit * Malela ; for he affirms, that when Sapores had over-run all Syria, and had taken , plunder’d and burnt Antioch (which happen’d in the 314th. Year of the Mr a Antiochena, the 12 th. of/ the Reigns of Valerian and Gallienus , ) he afterward ravaged all the Eaft to Emefa, a City of Phoenicia Lilanefia , carrying with him, whither foever he went, Fire and Sword, and all the In* ftruments of Cruelty : but when he came The Hiflory of Palmyra. 45 came to Emefa , Sampfigeramus the Prieft of Venus, having collected a hafty Army of the Country-men of that Pro- vince, placed himfelf in the Head of them in his Prieftiy Habit ; which created him Refpedt from all who (aw him, particularly from the King of Perfia, to whom he faid he was lent an Empaflador : Upon which, while the King was difcourfing him, one of the Boors threw a Stone trom his Sling, and hitting Sapores in the Forehead, flew him ; whereupon the Army be- lieving that the Romans were falling on their Camp, left all their Booty, and fled, Sampfigeramus purfuing them ; and that while the fcattered Perfians were making their elcape, Enathus a Confederate of the Romans, the King of the Barbarous Saracens, and Lord of that part of Arabia, met them upon the Borders, and deftroy’d the remainders of that fcatter’d Army, as Domninus the Chronologer of Antioch affirms, to whom Malela gives credit ; while Philoflratus the Hiftorian (as the fame Malela confefles) who liv’d a Con- temporary with tho(e Princes, gives a different Account ; That after Sapores had ' r Jo Hi ~ berm I be Hifiory 0^ Palmyra. had made fuch great Devaftations in Syria, had ravag’d Cilicia, and burnt all her eminent Cities, {Domninas lays, the King went not in Perfon, but lent Spates his General with an Army to commit thole Outrages,) as he was returning t; rough Cappadocia into Per- fia, Enathus the King of the Saracens came forth to meet him, and pay the Refpedfs of a Confederate, and at length flew him. But to fet the Hiftory in its true Light, it will be requifite to take a fhort View of the State of the Empire at that time. m l , T he Hijiory of Palmyra. 47 CHAP. XII. / HT‘* H E Roman Intereft in the Eaft JL having been finking for fome years after the Death of Gordianus, un- der his Succeifor Philip, who was alfo his Murtherer, as alfo under Decius, G alius, and /Emilianus ; Valerian , and his Son Gallienus, were chofen to wear the Purple ; the Perfians in the mean time ravaging the Eaft, as the Scy- thians over-ran and pillag’d the reft of the Empire. This Devaftation continued for fome years, till at laft Valerian marcht againft the Scythians , who had taken Chal- cedon, burnt the City of Nice, and pil- lag’d and let fire to the famous Temple of Diana at Ephefus ; and after that, he attempted to drive the Perfians out of their New Conquefts, Anno Chrifii,z6o, but very unfortunately ; for having engag’d his Troops in thofe vaft De- farts, where the Rays of the Sun were very fervent, and few places afforded Water fufficient for an Army, and Forage and Provifions muft be brought from 4 8 The Hiftory of Palmyra. from a great diftance , V ilerian lent Echg& Le- Embafladors to Sapores, loaden with gat. Petit Gold, to buy a Peace : But the cruel pff"’ and crafty Monarch knowing the necef- fitous Condition of the Roman Army , and being incens’d, that Valerian , in his Letters, had not treated him with all the Pompous Titles which the Per - fians Kings ufed to a ITume to them- felves, detain’d the Embafladors for a while in Prifon, till he had gotten all his Forces in a readinefs to March, and zofm.i.i. then difmift them, with this Anfwer, t • 3 2 ' That if Valerian would give him a Meeting, they would agree upon Ar- ticles among themfelves, that Ihould be for the Common Good of both Em- pires. To this Meeting, Valerian , preft by the Neceffity of his Affairs, very imprudently aflented : but as he was purfuing his Journey, accompanied only with a few Attendants, he was feiz’d on by the Perfian Soldiers, and made a Prifbner ; Sapores ufing him with all rigour and contempt, fetting his Foot on his Neck every time he mounted his Horfe, till after fome years he flea’d him, and fo put an end to his miferable Life. In 49 The Hijiory of Palmyra. In this Expedition, Odenathus , (who, during the Reigns of Decius , Trelo - nianus y Gallus ? and Volufianus, while the Perfians had feiz’d and pillag’d Me - fopotamia y Syria y and the adjacent Pro- vinces, had probably join’d himfelf to to the Conquering Party, and acknow- ledg’d the Jurifdi&ion of the Terjians , not being able, alone, and unaflifted, to oppofe fo great a Power,) feeing the Roman Emperor engaged in Perfon in the Head of a puifTant Army for the recovery of the Eaft, and knowing that his Anceftors had received many fignal Favours from the Emperors, PredecefTors to Valerian y was eafily perfuaded to declare for the Roman In- tereft. But when Valerian was taken Captive, Odenathus bethought himfelf, and endeavour’d to make his Peace, having found the Perfian Monarch fo much Superior to the Roman. Where- upon, being convinced of the neceffity he was under to tmooth the Mind of that haughty Prince, he form’d an Em- baflie, loaded (everal Camels with molt noble Prefents, efpeciaily of fuch things v which Perjia did not produce, and lent them to Sapores with the molt fubmif- E five Ihe Hijiory of Palmyra. 5° five Letters, affirming, That in the whole War he had not been an Enemy to that Great King. But the proud Perfian commanded his Servants to throw the Prefents into the River , and tearing the Letters, he trampled them under his Feet, expreffing himfelf in an I angry Tone to this purpole, Who is this infolent Man , and from whence , that alleviate his Punifhment , let him come hither with his Hands tied behind his Back , fall at my Feet, and beg my Par- don ; but if he refufes , let him know, that I will deflroy him and his Family, and ruine his Country. What efletft this fharp Anfwer had upon the Prince of Palmyra, we want Information ; but I doubt not, he dif- fembled his Refentmenr, made the bell Terms he could for himfelf, and waited an Opportunity to revenge the Injury ; which, in a few years offer’d it felf, when Gallienus gave him his Commit fion to infult the Perfians. To fupport the Opinion, That Ode nathus was was an Ally, if not a Sub- ject of the Perfians, before Valerian this infolent Man, and from whence, that he dares write his Letters to his Lie± Lord and Sovereign ? If he intends attempted The Hijiory of Palmyra. 15 1 attempted the recovery of the Eaft out of their hands, TrcltUius Pollio affirms, That when Cyriades pretended to the Empire, he robb'd his Father of a vaft Summ of Silver and Gold, and with it c v fled to the Perfians ; and having infi- nuated himfelf into the AfFecftions of Sapores y and entred into a Confederacy with him, incited him to make War upon the Romans , after he had engaged Odenathus in the fame Defign ,* that he took Antioch and Ccefarea , and made himfelf, either by downright Force, or the Terror of his Arms, Lord of the Eaft ,• whereupon he afium’d the Title of Auguflus : But when Valerian came into the Eaft, he was (lain by his Sob diers. This Allyance he made with the King of Perfia (fays * Triftan ) in * 7 So the Fir ft or Second Year of Valerian , 2 S- in the Fourth (fays Mezzolarlaf) and he reign'd at lead two years, fay the f Coines, But Salmafius will not al- + Golt^ low, that Odenathus was concerned in The f aut * this Attempt upon Syria ; but Odomaftes P ' 2 (perhaps Oromaftes ) whom he (uppofes a General, or a Tributary Prince to the Perfian ; chough it is not altogether improbable, but the Prince of Palmyra E % might l be Hiftory of Palmyra. might be engaged in this Deftgn, not oniy. becaufe in League with the Perfian , but alfo, becaufe being an Ambitious, Politick and Warlike Prince, he was willing to enlarge his Limits, and to take the Advantage of the diftradted Eftate of the Roman Empire at that time, to make Additions to his own Territories. But when Valerian was marching into the Ealf, and Cyriades was flain, then he bethought himlelf, and in good time changed his Party, and declared for the Romans : Which enraged Sapores , and gave occaficn to him to upbraid Odenathus, when Va- lerian was made Prifoner,with his Apo- ftafie from his Duty.- The Hijiory of Palmyra. CHAP. XIII. T H E Wings of the Reman Eagle having been thus deplumed, and the Glory of the Empire eclip’ft, while Valerian wore the Chains, and daily fuffer’d the Infolences of the King of Perfia, it might have been with Juflice expe&ed that Gallienus Ihould have exerted his utmoft Powers to releafe his Father, and let his Coun- try and Subjects free. But inllead of .applyinghimlelf to (itch becoming Un- * Ami derta kings, which would have given new Life to his People, and new Lawrels to 1 him (elf, (who had in the beginning of his Reign behaved himlelf like a Man of Courage and Condudi,) he gave himlelf up to all manner of Voluptuoulhels, and permuted the Commonwealth to be - Ami Ihipwrackt, inafmuch as he not only negledted to make an attempt for his Father’s Releale, ( while, by the Bar- barians, the neighbouring Princes, who were Confederate with the Verfians , Sapores was follicited with all earneltnefs to let him at liberty, and to make 3 E 3 Peace, N 54 T/?e Hijicry of Palmyra. Peace, of which the Letters ftill ex- tant in Trelellius Follio are an unde- niable Demonftration ; while alfo the B adrians, Iberians, Albanians , and Taurofcythd , wrote to the Roman Gene- rals, promifing their Affiftance to re- deem him out of an ignominious Sla- very,) butfufFer’d the Goths, A.D.z6i. fay the Fa(li Idatiani ; but CaJJiodore fays, Anno z6 3. to over-run all Thrace, Macedon , and Achaia, with the neigh- zofim. i.i. bouring Provinces, one Party of them b 34 - ravaging Illyricum, and pillaging all its Cities, another invading/ru/y.and march- ing to the very Gates of Ropie, W’hiie the Parthians made their Inroads into Aiefopotamia, and the Syrian Banditti har- * /„< g . raft the Easl, * infomuch as the Con- Ep.Zo. federate pare -of Mankind thought the World near its End, (and the fad Effects of thole Eruptions were vifible, in the Ruines of many a Noble City and Country, almoft Two hundred Years after, both in the Easl and We si, fays t Lib. 7, f Orofius ,) while every bold Pretender cap. 22. dyjft U p Title to the Empire in the Weff, who could defend his Ufur- pation with his Sword ; his Father Va- lerian langtrilhing all tiie while under a i feverc 55 The Hiflory of Palmyra. fevere Captivity, till his Age and his Treb.poi. Afflictions had cover’d him with Grey 1 75- Hairs. When the Affairs of the Empire were Eutnp.1.9. in this perplext eftate, and their Inte- reft at the loweft ebb, Gallienus having^ 78,1 79. deferted the Care of the Republick, fauntred away his Time idlely, or fpent it ridiculoufly in the Company of Rope- dancers and Stage-players, and laught at the lofs of many a fertile and rich Province ; while Pofthumus maintained its Grandeur in the Woft, and preferved Gallia ; and Odenathus in the EaTt at- tackt and fubdu’d the Perfeans. For when that fenfeleft Emperor faw him- felf fo miferably oppreft on all hands, awaken’d by the Out-cryes of his People, he for a little while rouz’d him- felf out of his Lethargy, and look’d about him ; and feeing all at flake, re- quefted Odenathm , the Governor-Gene- Zofim. 1. u ral, or Praetor, of Palmyrene , and Confe- derate of the Romans, (the Prince of p.235, '237. that Country, fays Trehellius Pollio,) to drive the Verfians out of the Roman Territories : Odeuathus confider’d, that if he did not inter pofe, it would be im- poffible but that Sapores would in a E 4 fmal! ^ 6 The Hiftory of Palmyra. (mall rime, under fo negligent a Prince as Guillems , have made himfelf Matter of the World, and that his own Native Country mutt; neceffarily have been made an Appendage of that Empire ; and for this reafon, as well as to re- venge the Affront offer’d him in the Slight put on his Embaffadors, he join’d his Forces to the remains of the Roman Army, who ftill continued to fupport the Reputation of that Auguft Em- pire in the Easl : And in this diffi- cult Undertaking he behaved himfelf with fo much Addrefs, and fuch an ex- traordinary Courage, that he humbled the Pride of the Greateft of the Eaftern Monat chs in the midft of all his Glory and Triumphs : For he firft; fell upon the Perjian General, and having routed him, recover’d Nifthis and Mefopotamia out of the Hands of the Invaders; then attack’t the King of Perfia with a Suc- cefs fuitable to his Bravery ; for as Sa- por es was returning home, loaden with the Spoils of Syria and Cilicia, Ode- nathus came out to meet him, as one of his Ailyes ; but under that pretext he deluded him, having way-Iay’d him as he paft through Eupbratefia (call’d rhi'ofir. tip.Malel. par. i. p. 393 - & Zonar. Tom. 2 . P- 2 37* Agath . /. 4 , 1 34 * The Hijtory of Palmyra. •>7 (call’d of old Commagene, fays Proco- pius ; Auguflo-Euphratefia, by Theo- dor it a Bilhop of that Country,) fb ftreightned him, that being to march through a Valley whole Ways were too fteep and rugged for his Carriages, he flew all his Priloners, and threw them into the Hollows, and by that means pall over his heavy Baggage. After this, he fought and routed the Army of the Perfians, and made lo great a flaughter of their Troops, that * Peter the Hillorian, a Man of the Se- * Delega- natorian Dignity, and Embaflador to Chofroes King of Perfia , affirms, That when Sapores had pall: the Euphrates with the remains of his (batter'd Army, his Soldiers thinking themlelves lecure, by their ftation on the other fide of the River, embraced one another with un- expreffible Tranfports : After which, Sapores fent to the Garrifon at Edejfa , promifing them to give them all the Money which he had plunder’d in Syria, if they would not moleft him in his March, but fuffer him quietly to haften Home through their Territory ; fub- joyning, that he did not offer them this great Summ, as if he were afraid of them 5 8 The Hijiory of Palmyra. them, but that he might make the more fpeed into Perfia, to celebrate a great Feftival that he was near, not being willing to be hinder’d in his Dc- fign. To this the Garrifon confented, receiv’d the Money, and gave him leave to pals by the City unmolefted. By this Victory, Odenatbus not only prelerv’d the Roman Territories in the EaH, and defended the Limits, but re* cover’d feveral Cities which the Per- fans had ufurpt, and made his Inroads as far as Ctefphon , the Royal Seat of thofe Eaftern Princes, obliging them to quit their other Conquefts, to de- fend their Wives and Children. In this Expedition alfo he made himfelf Matter of the Trealures of that Great Mo- narch ; and of what thofe Kings held more valuable and more precious than all their Wealth, his Concubines ; and at the fame time he took many of the Nobiiity Prifoners. This was lo Meri- * Tnb.Pol. torious an Adtion, that the * Roman Hi- f. 192. ftorian confefles, That without this In- terpolition, the Intereft of the Empire had been entirely funk in the EaH .• And withal, he informs us, That Ode- nathus aflumed the Name of King , be- r 1 fore 59 4+ . The Htjiory of Palmyra. fore he rais’d his Army, (though the Greek Writers allow him to have only been declar’d General of the EaB, an Honorary Truft conferr’d on none but Perfbns of the beft Condition and Qua- lifications,) that his Wife “Zenolia, his eldeft Son Herod , and his two younger Sons Herermianus and T into lata, ac- pany'd him, when [Anno Chrifti , 246.) he fought and routed that Potent Mo- narch, and recover’d the Territories that he had ufurped on this fide the River. To reward thefe brave Services, Gal - Treb.poi. lienus declar’d him Auguftus, and his^' l8o ‘ Copart’ner in the Empire, ( fo that the Hiftorians with great injuftice reckon Odenathus and his Son Herodian among the Tyrants, as if they had been Ufurpers, who ought to have been in- ferred into the Catalogue of the Law- ful Emperors,) and commanded Mo- ney to be ftamp’t in his Name, the re- verfe of which reprelented the Captive Perfians following his Triumphant Chariot : The Senate, the City, and all the People of Rome, being wonder- fully pleas’d with the Performance. This 6 o The Htjiory of Palmyra. This Declaration of Gallienus intitled Odenathus to the Poflefiion of the East, while his illuflrious Achievements prov’d him worthy of the Purple : And accordingly, upon his return from Ctefi- phon, he aflum’d the Habit and Style, and Declar’d his Son Herodes his Co- partner in the Empire, and Princeps Juventutis ; as, betides the Hillorians, the Coins do fully declare. CHAP. XIV. O Denathus having thus atton’d for the Negligence of Gallienus , fup- ported the finking Fortune of that Au- guft Empire, and prelerv’d his own Native Country in its own Quiet and Freedom, and behav’d himfelf with lo dextrous an Addrefs, and fuch an ex- traordinary Courage, that he humbled the Pride of the Greateft of the Eaftern Monarchs, and acquir’d a great Repu- tation to his Arms ; and having fpcnt fome time in fettling his new Con- quefts. T be Hijlory of Palmyra. 6 i quefts, (though he fail’d of his main E n- ter prize of releafing Valerian, who was, upon this Irruption of the P almy- renians , flain by Sapores ,) at the Re- queft of Galliemu, he undertook to Tub. Pol lupprefs Macriamu, who had, in Op- T Z ^' T _ 2 pofition to Gallienus, Declar’d himlelf p° 2 ^. Emperor in Phoenicia, (though Eufelius avers, that himfelf did not aflume the Purple, but that he made his Sons Em- perors,) and was acknowledg’d by the Roman Army under his Command. But Macriamu having baffled the Scythians, Zom-Syn- and driven them out of Achaia, was retir’d with his Eldeft Son, of his own ^ 17 j. Name, into lllyricum, where, in a pitch’t Battel, they were both flain by Aureolus, another of the Pretenders to the Empire : But Macriamu had left Quietus the Younger of his Sons in the Eaft, with the Title of Augulhu, under the Conduit of Balifta an Experienced General. Balifta was the P reef dim Prce- torio to the Emperor Valerian, a Cap- tain of rare Capacity, and Angular Cou- rage, of great Wifdom and Forefight, and as great Refolution and Bravery ; he was General of the Horfe under Ma- criamu in the Eaft. And when Macrianus left <52 The Hijiory of Palmyra. ~ that Country, he, with Quietus the Second Son of Macrianus, managed the War with fo much Courage and good Fortune, that while he attack’ t Sapores on one hand, and Odenathus on the other, they drove him to take flicker in the Defarts of Perfia ; upon which Victory they aflumed the Title of Em- perors, which engaged Gallienus againft them : Therefore Odenathus march’t and fought them at Emefa, where Ba- li/fa fell by the Sword of Odenathus, Quietus by the Hands of the Citizens of Emefa, fays fZonaras ; while Trehellius Fag. 1 1 6 . Pollio in one place affirms, That after the Army was routed, the Soldiers feiz’d both Quietus and Balifia, and de- liver’d them to Odenathus, who flew Pag. 194 . them : but in another place he fays, That the common report was (few Writers accounting for Balifla’s Actions, after he was Declar’d Emperor, while they treat more largely of his Per- formances, while he was Prcefettus Pree- torio of the East') that he was flain by a Private Sentinel of Odenathus’ s Army, as he was fleeping in his Tent : but in Pag. 1 16. a third place he affirms, That the Army of Quietus, inftigated by Ba- lifia, I The Hijiory of Palmyra. 65 lifta, flew the young Prince, and ha- ving thrown his Body over the Walls of Emefa , immediately furrender’d : Others (as he lays) affirming, That Pag. 193 . Odenatbus having flain Quietus , gave Balifta his Life ; but that Balifta, not daring to truft either Gallienus,Aureolus, or Odenatbus , aflum’d the Imperial Purple. Nor does the Report want Au- thors, that he was flain at Daphne , near Antioch, at a Farm which he had pur- chaled, where helived a private life: while very many others averr. That having Declar’d himfelf Emperor, he was mur- ther’d by thofe whom Aureolus fent to apprehend Quietus , whom he deman- ded as part of his Plunder, having flain his Father, and Elder Brother. The Accounts even of thole Times being fo various, it cannot be expedted that the Writers of the prefent Age ffiould better adjuft the Hillory, while we are obliged to the Information of the Coins, that Balifta reign’d Three go it^Tbef. Years at Ieaft, and that his Name was t-7 2 - Servius Anicius ( or Sergius Anicetus') Balifta. Whatever his Fate was, as to his Titles, he was an Illuftrious Perfon, happy in his Undertakings, and had a finguiar 64 The Hijiory of Palmyra fingular Faculty in providing his Army with Provifions and Necellaries j and fb well vers’d in Politicks, that Vale- 1 rian acknowledged, that he had learn’d the Rules of Government from Balifta, and that he was one of the moil Provi- dent and moft Experienced Generals of the Age. But whether he was that Calliflus whom Zonaras affirms to have been chofen by the Roman Troops their General, after the Captivity of Valerian , and who, when he faw the Perfians carelefly wandring up and down, as if they had no more Enemies to conquer, fell upon them, and routed them, 1 will not determine, though it be highly probable, the Names being very like (Calliflus , and Baliflas,) and the ex- ploits feem to be the fame. But in this one Circumftance Zonaras is miftaken, who attributes the Taking the Baggage and Concubines of Sapores to Calliflus, which was the Achieve- ment of Odenathus. W hen Odenathus had thus compleated the Conqueft of the EaH, and wrefled it out of the Hands both of the Roman * Treb.Pol. Rebels, and the Per flan Uffirpers, * he f.176, 179. gave an exadi Narrative of all his Pro- ceedings The liijiory of Palmyra. 6 5 reed in gs to Gallienus , and Tent him the PerJ/an Nobility, whom he had taken Pritoners : And that befotted Prince had :he confidence to triumph at Rome , for :he Victories which Odenathus got in Euphratefia. Immediately upon this, Odenathus sinceiuti jeing a Captain of indefatigable Cou- f u P • •age, and great Expedition, engaged nmielf in the Expulfion of the Goths, jvho made their Irruptions into Phrygia, Cappadocia, and Galatia, and threatned he Eafl. But having march’d through Cappadocia to Heraclea of Ponttu , the Scythians, terrify’d with the Name of he IlluftrioUs General, retired ; but as le was preparing to purlue them, he was moft unfortunately and mod bar- aaroufly murder’d, the Anger of God Treb.pah tgainfi the Roman Commonwealth leingt • l8 + l nost vi filly feen ; lecaufe , after Valerian vas f lain , he would pot referve Ode-* nathus for its P refervation. CHAP- n 66 l he Hi fiery of Palmyra. t. . V-: C H A P. XV. *iO; T H E Manner of Odenatbtu his Death is differently related, tho’ the Hiftorians agree in the main. * Vbfjifr. * ftjafela , ( a ) alter his fabulous wont, affirms, That he was {lain by Callienus. f u.f.^6. f Zefimts, That while be was at Emifa, celebrating either his own, or fome Friend's Birth-Day, he was by Trea- chery murthered. But the generality of Writers affert, That Odenathus, with his Son £ft/W«,wereflain as they ware about to purfue the Scythians, who fled before them : That the Parricide who made the Aflafiination, was his Rinfman, his Brother’s Sen, Mceonius ; whom Symellus calls Odsnathus (pro- bably according to the Mode of that Time and Country, Mceonius Od ' % //M *r • 4 ^/ 7 if* t± fnmrtcf /':■-' GcvfiW k:r,\££(~h£U CK- A€ ^3 VJJfe «nce ^V /jr ' // a/' dcuiv CAii CHAP. XVJ. 11 O Deuathus was murther’d the fame Year that G alii ems was flain, but fbme time before him. Fori Ckrifli 2.60, Valerian was taken, in the Sixth Year of his Reign ; after which, the F erf am managed the Af- fairs of the £<7/? according to their own Will and Plealitre. Valerians Son, and his Copartner in the Empire, Ga/lienus, being joft in the mazes of his Vices, and lo devoted to his Pleafures, that his Name was not fp much as mention’d in the Army, who feem’d to have for- gotten him, as entirely as he had for- gotten himfelf, and all Princely Qua- lifications ; for he rejoyc’d at his Fa- ther’s Captivity, which clad all Rem in Mourning, and cover’d every Wife an 4 tyu Man with Tears ; and diverted him- Treb. pu. felf with Stage-plays, Horfe-races, and ^,176,182. the Combats of the Gladiators; in making himfelf Beds of Rofes to wallow in, in the Summer-time ; and Beds of Melons, to gratifie his Palate in the Winter ; in building Caftles of Apples, and T . *r\V 7 l 7* The Hifiory of Palmyra. and other Fruits, and exercifing his noble Courage in attacking them 5 in finding out Methods how to Preferve Grapes Sound and Untainted three Years, and Wines always in theMufte, Figs always Green, and Apples Ripe in every Month in the Year; as if he had been born a Slave to his Belly and his Pleafures. He fpent all his time in Riot and Luxury, in Wine and Women ,* never would drink, but out of a Golden Bowl ( defpifing Glafs, becaufe com- mon and cheap,) and every time chang’d his Wine : his Concubines (ate at the fame Table with him ; and at the next Table to him, his Buffoons, Parafites and Jeffers. His Cloaths were oreign, and different from the Habit >f the Roman Princes his Predeceffors ; its Hair powder’d with Gold, and his dead crown’d with Rays ; while his Soil intimate Privy-Counfellers were he Roman Ladies. And in this diffo- ute Courfe he lived till the Year of thrift, 164. when Odenatbus undertook tnd revenged the Quarrel, and baffled tnd put to flight the formidable Hoff, n which Year, it is very probable, the ?erfian King, enraged at his lofs of F 4 Honour, TTTtJt-t ,ns/j-xn> l TTtzfcuffc t &: — 1 2 * Cy. 2/eV enqa&< o a. r\s 7 2 The Hiftory of Palfnyra. Honour, Spoils, and Conquer’d Terri* tor ies, put C " alert an to Death. Anno z 62 , Odenatbus was murther’d, and the fame year Gallienus wasflain. For thus the Treb.Poi. * Hiftorian ftates his Accompts of j t.184. Time; H Whereas Valerian and his *[ Son reign’d Fifteen Years, in the '( Sixth Valerian was taken Prifbner “ by the Perfians ; after which, Gal • j “ hems reign’d Nine Years, fome fay “ Ten ; For its certain, that he cele- “ brated his Decennalia at Rome ; and “ after that, overcame the Goths, made a Peace with Odenatbus , an Agree- “ ment with Aureolas , and overcame Poftbumus and Lollianus. - — After which, he was (lain near Milan , by the Hand of Cerrontus ( or Cecrefius ) the General of the Dalmatian Troops. What the Quarrel was between Gal- iienus and Odenatbus , and upon what Reafons, no Hiftorian, that I know of, gives any Account : but perhaps the Coins hint it ; for in thole of Galliems, Anno Chrifli %66, a year and more be* fore Odenatbus was murthered, there often occurs Pax Augg. Concordia Augg, (with two Right Hands joined.) ’Tts true, Mezzoharka underftands the In? fcription; T he Hiftory of Palmyra. 7 3 fcriptions, of the Union between Gal- Hems and the junior Valerian ; but be- (ides that Valerian was not Emperor till the next year after thofe Coins were ftampt, Anno Chrifli z 6 j, as Mezzo- larla himfelf confefles, we never read of any Difpute between them ; for the Younger Valerian was a Prince of ex- cellent Temper and Modefty ; but a Quarrel there was between Odenathus and Gallienus (as Trebellius Pollio lays exprefly.) Much lefs can I interpret the Coins to have relation to Valerian the Father, as Monfieur Pat in does ; for long before this year, V alerian was a Prilbner in Perfea , and probably mur- thered. It muft be confefl, that there is great variety of Opinions concerning the Age of Valerian ; and that it is very difficult to adjuft the precile time of his Death, which happen’d at fo great a diftance from Rome, and in a Country at open War with the Em- peror, which precluded all Communi- cation. But I lhall endeavour to fix the Time. * Monfieur Triflan fays * Tom , 3 . ex prefly. That Valerian was born t*£. >• An. VC. 937. Anno Cbrijli i8j ; and that 74 Toe Hiftory of Palmyra. that he was murthered an. at. 75-, Chrifti 160, the very year in which he was made a Prifoner. But the whole Afiertion is precarious, and built upon the wrong Suppofition, That he lived but 75* years, and was flea’d the very year in which he was taken. Signior Mezzolarba affirms, that he was flairt art. at. 77. but fixes no year either From the Building of Rome , or from our Blefied Saviour’s Birth. The Writers of the Imperial Hiftory ofthofe Times fay only in general, that he lived to a great Age in the ftate of Cap* tivity : While the Writer of the Chro- nicon, commonly call’d the Alexan- drian, allows him to have lived but 6 1 years * hit exprefly affirms, that he reign’d 14 years, and that he was put to death by the Ferfians when Claudius and Paterms were Confuls, AmtoChrifli z £’• Moft of the Old Fafii averr, that V xlerian and GaHienus reign’d 15 years ; and fo does Trebellius P cilia ; and that Valerian was taken by the Ferfians , Gallieno 7. & SabiniHo Goff. Amo Chrifli z66. (as Idatius declares.) Among all which Writers, there is The Hiftory of Palmyra. 7*> is great Variety, but little Truth ; while its plain to me, that Valerian was alive when Odenathus firft took Arms for his Releafe (and fo could not be put to Death the fame year in which he was taken.) Trebellius Pollio ex- Pag- 179? prefly affirming, that Odenathus exerted his utmoft Vigour; and attended to nothing elfe but that Valerian might recover his Liberty. And the fame Author as exprefly avers, that Valerian r»i- 184. was dead before Odenathus was mur- thered : The Anger of God (as he fays) appearing vifibly again ft the Roman Commonwealth, in that after Valerian tv is Jlain , he would not fuffer Odenathus to live. I am therefore of the Opinion of the learned Monfieur Vatin , that as P«i- 4 ° 5 * foon as Sapor.es had experimented, to his coft, the Bravery and Conduct of the Ring of Palmyra, and underftood that his Defign was to reftore the Cap- tive Valerian to his Liberty, from an ignominious Slavery ; then his Rage tranfported him to that barbarous and inhumane Aft of Cruelty, A. C. 2.64 } ^ and if we may credit the Coin in Golt- zius , he was Deify’ d after his Death. But enough of this Digrefiion ; let us return to Zenobia. CHAP. y6 The Hifiory of Palmyra. G H A P. XVII. i Li /OD v l ‘ .. ) >i QEptimia Zenolia (for fo (he was O call’d, and for the knowledge of her firft Name we are wholly obliged to the Coins) being thus left by her Husband the Emprels of the EaH, (for as Ihe follow’d him in all his Wars, fo Ihe accompany’d him in his Expedition againft the Goths, when he was aflaiii- nated at Heraclea ,) and acknowledg’d to be fo by the Army (after they had difpatch’t her Ephemerous Competitor Moeomus, 'a Man of the loofeft Man- ners, profufe Luxury, and an ungo- vernable Temper) managed that vaft Empire with a Bravery and Condudl truly Heroick, and above her Sex ; and by the Afliftance of the wife Mi- nifters and Generals Odenathus left her, kept up the Reputation of her Government, and advanc’d it. She was Prudent and Fair, Learned and Stout ; as rigorous as a Tyrant, to thofe who were perverfe and obftinate j but humane and kind to all who were ready to live under Laws and Difei- pline. T be Hijlory of Palmyra. 77 pline. She furpaft even her Husband, who was one of the moft Illuftrious Perfonages in the World, in Courage, Magnanimity, and every generous Quality. In a word, Ihe was an addroit Accomplilh’t Lady, who had all the tranfcendent Qualities that would create her the Efteem of the World, and render her worthy the Nobleft Throne upon Earth, being of High Birth, Extraordinary Accomplilh- ments,and the Greateft Performances. Her Original was Noble, and the Treb. p»i. beft Blood of the Egyptian Kings flow’d in her Veins ; for Ihe deriv’d her lelf from the Family of the Ptolemy's , and from Cleopatra ; and had a great Re*- gard for thelaft Queen of Egypt, whom with Dido and Semiramis Ihe celebra- ted, as the Heroins of their feveral Ages ; IZenoiia particularly propofing to her lelf the Imitation of all Cleopatra's Illuftrious Qualifications , while Ihe avoided thole Vices that eclip’ft her Glory. Her Mother’s Name we are ignorant of, but her Father was Achil- leus ( Zozimus calls him Antiochus ) whom the Palmyrenians chofe to be Vofifc. their Prince, when they took Arms 2I ?- againft 78 The tiiftory of Palmyra. againfl: Aurelian. To him, IZofimus fays, that Aurelian gave his Life and Liberty, after he had made him his Prifoner. Nor is it the moft unpardo- nable Conjectures, to imagine that he was the Father of Lucitu Epidim AchiL- leiu , who twenty years afterthe Sack of Palmyra being made Governor of Egypt, took upon him the Im- perial Purple, and maintained his Pre- tentions for fix years at the leaft, as the Coins exprefly inform us j and at Iaft, after he had been befieged eight Months in Alexandria, was overcome by Dio- elefian and Galerius, and put to death. 2. Her Beauty was as Illuftrious as her Birth, but Manly and Auguft, not Soft and Effeminate ; Cornelius Capitolinut affirming, that lhe was the Handfomefl: of all the Eaftern Ladies, (though Syria Were famous for Beauties, more than one of the Roman Emprefles owing their Birth to that Country : ) Her png. ip;- face was of a Browniffi colour, (and ’tis no wonder that (he appear’d fb at Rome, who in Palmyrene had been inur’d to march in the. Head of her Army, on foot, feveral miles at a time, where the Rays of the Sun were fo fervent and fo trouble*- The Hijlory of Palmyra. 79 troublelom. ) Her Eyes Black and Sparkling, her Mien Divine, her Charms Irrefiftable ; her Teeth of fiich an ex- traordinary Whitenefs, that fome Men thought them Pearls : Her Voice Clear and Malculine : And all her Shapes Re- gular and Lovely. And with her Beauty, Ihe had Youth and Vigour ; for after her Captivity, file was marry’d at Rome, and there had Children by a Man of the Senatorian Dignity. But all the Symmetry of her Face, and the Beauties of her Mien, were not fit to ftand in competition with the more ravilhing Accomplilhmentsof her Mind. 8o The Hiflory c/ - Palmyra. rOCiii £■ ■ 7 ' > "> ' f^r f* CHAP. smoi is.* t - . xvnr. pkt. At. f T Er Anceftor Cleopatra was a Lady’ Anm. p. If"! of great Wit, and many Lan- pafr 'edit. S ua 8 es i that lhe feldom made ufe steph. of an Interpreter, but her felf anfwered all Foreigners that petition’d her in their own Languages, ^Ethiopians , Troglo -* dytes, Jews, Arabs , Syrians , Medes and Parthians ; whereas her PredeceP tors hardly underftood the Speech of their own Country, the Greek and the Coptick ; and all this variety was re^ commended by a charming Delivery ; her Words flowing with a delicate Sweetnefs, intermixt with a becoming Raillery : The teveral Languages which fhe fpake, were like the teveral Notes of a well-tun’d Lute ; every thing that the laid, was harmonious, and gave a new pleafure to all who heard her. * p 0 i . And in this Qualification * Zenolia > >99* ftrove to imitate that Great Lady ; the had fome knowledge of the Latin Tongue, but out of Modefly ufed it not : but the fpake Greek, and the Language of Egypt , in perfection : And fo n The Bijiory of Palmyra. 8f fo well skill’d was fhe in the Alexan- drian and Oriental Hiftories, that flie is (aid to have written an Epitome of them ' and (he was alfb acquainted with as much of the Roman Affairs, as were treated of in Greek. And though Ihe underftood other Tongues more iccurately than the Latin, and thought it not worth her while to be a Critick in it ; yet (he commanded her Sons to inure themfelves to the Language of Rome, rather than that of Greece, (which they fpake but (eldom, and with (bme difficulty,) defigning them probably, in her ambitious Thoughts, for the Go- vernment . of that proud City, as (he had already declared them Emperors ' ; to which end (he had provided her (elf of a pompous Chariot, in which (he intended to have made her trium- phant Entry into the Capital of the World, as a Conqueror ; while it hap- pen’d that (he was carry'd in the fame Vopfc.f.20, Chariot a Captive into that haughty City. And as (he was very Learned her felf, fo (he became a declared Patronels of Arts, and a Favourer of Scholars. Longinus (the beft Critick of the Age G he 82 The Hijtory of Palmyra, he liv’d in, and perhaps of any Age and a Philosopher ofunqueftionabk tie putation) fix’d his Residence at th< Court of this Heroick Emprets, wa: admitted to a {hare in our Councils taught her Greeks and was probablj made the Governor of her Sons : And could Longinus have perfuaded Porphyry whom by Letter he earneflly invite< to Palmyra (with the Queen’s Allow ance, i doubt not) that admirable Pla tempi had tsfied of her Bounty, as die Paulas of Samcfata, and other Votarie of Learning in that Age. Her Magnificence went an equipag( sec. sai- vvith her Learning and her Charms utmem. From the Coins it appears, that flu took the Name of Augufta , managing the Empire not only in her Sons Nam< (as the Hiftorian fays) but in her own And while Galliems was (auntring if Rome among Fidieri and Players, {h< kept the State of a Vtrfian Monarch and to perpetuate her Memory, (h< built a City on the Banks of the Rivei Euphrates , toward the We ft, five Mile: from the Caftle of Mamhrt , nearer tc t\u Roman Territories, but three Day; Journey from Circe fiuw t which lh< call’c * 1 "■ 1 ■ 1 ■ 1 " ,l ■ '- 1 ■ .. A The Hi ft or y of Palmyra. 83 call’d by her own Name,2e»0&r,whofeLewdnefs blemifht her other Accomplifhments,) inafmuch as fhe never enjoy’d her Husband’s Com- pany, but for the fake of Children; and as foon as fhe found fhe had Con- ceiv’d, fhe retir’d, according to the * ?£dag. Cuftom of the Jews, of whom * Clemens 1, 2. c.i 2. 0 f Alexandria gives the fame Cha- racter. And in the midft of all her Plenty, her Temperance was admirable, being always fober ; though fometimes fhe ufed to drink with her Captains, to ingratiate The Hifiory of Palmyra. 85 ingratiate her (elf to them ; and at other times, with the Armenians and Perfians, the better to dive into their Secrets. Upon all Occafions (he was very Li- beral, and yet managed her Largefles with great Prudence ; and took more care of her Revenues, than mod Mo- narchs ufually do : And this appear’d by the vaft Summs found in her Cof- fers, when (he fell into the Hands of Aurelian. CHAP. XIX. Z Enolia’s Religion was at firft ph„t. ew. r Pagan ; but (he forfook the Hea- then Poly theifm, and became a Jewels, ° 2 ‘ r by whofe Perfualions, I know not, (for Pbilajlrius was certainly in a Dream, when he aver’d, That Paulus of Samo- fata , Bifhop of Antioch, being a Ju- daizing Chriftian, and a Teacher of the Neceffity of Circumcifion, and other Molaical Rites, perfuaded her to turn Jew : Nor can I acquit Monfieur Triftan G 3 of 86 The Hijiory of Palmyra. Tom, 3 . of Inadvertency, when he quotes Pho - h 20 3- tins , That Odenathus alfo quitted the Idolatry in which he had been bred, and turn’d Jew probably upon the Per- liialions of his Wife; and that there is reafon to believe, that both of them were converted by Paulus of Samofata to Chriftianity ; for all that he fays, is without Authority, and groundless. ) But notwithftanding her Religion, Ihe behav’d her lelf with great Temper and Meeknefs towards the Chriftians her Subje&s, neither endeavouring to com- pell their Conlciences, nor to feize their Churches. She was a Hater of Perle- cution, though Ihe were a New Con- vert, (and fuch Perfons are generally very warm, and adted by an extraor- dinary ZeaJ,) and though Ihe was of a Religion whofe Profelytes have al- ways been Haters of all who differ from * ad them in Principles ; for * St. Athanafins soiitar. fays, That fhe was lo Juft to the Chri- ftians, as not to convert their Churches into Synagogues. vkeph.1.6. It is the common Opinion, that Ihe f. 27. was in a fair w ay to have embrac’d Chriftianity, if Ihe had fain into good Hands; that Paulus of Samofata, the Patriarch The Uijiory of Palmyra. 87 Patriarch of Antioch , undertook the Province, and took great pains therein, 'Zenohia being an excellent Difputanr, ind admirably skill’d in Controverfie,) out having unhappily fallen into the Herefie ot Artemon, he infus’d into her Mind very mean Notions of our Biellcd Saviour, That he was a meer Man, ind not of the fame Nature with God :he Father ; and that this occafion’d lis Depofition, and probably the lofs of his defign’d Difciple. But it is a 1 - 1x10ft indifputably certain, that ail this fair Story is built on a Miftake of the Words of Theodorit, who only fays, That Paulus fell into the Herefie of Ar- Lib. 2. * temon ; and affirm’d, That our Saviour was only a meer Man ; by this means defigning to ingratiate himfelf with, and to flatter Zenolia, who was a vid. Vaief. Jewels, and lo would not allow Jefus »> Eufet. to be God. Ll ’ c ' 3 °- It is plain from the Ecclefialtick Hi- ftorian, that Ihe had a great regard for Paul, that Ihe made him her Ducenarius , or Procurator at Antioch ; and that he affe&ed rather to be called by that Title; than that of Bilhop, being a haughty Man, and a Lover of Secular G 4 Gran- 88 T he Hiftory of Palmyra. Grandeur; but for his Herefie, and his vain and difallowable Morals, he was Eujeb. l. 7 . condemn’d by a Synod at Antioch, c.28,29. Anno Chrifli^t'66, and the izth. Year of Gallienus, in which year Diouyfius Bi. fhop of Alexandria died : But the proud Patriarch, fupported by his powerful Patronefs, defpifed the Determination of the Synod. Whereupon, the Ca- tholick Prelates, after Aurelian, the de- clar’d Enemy of Zenolia, had aflum’d the Purple, call’d a Second Synod, de- pos’d the Heretick, and fill’d the See with Domnas, Son of his Predeceflor Demetrianus : But though Condemn’d by two Syriods, the Heretick main- tain’d his pretended Title to his Jurift diction, and kept the Pofleflion of his Epifcopal Palace and Revenues, though his Throne were poflefs’d by a more Orthodox Prelate. Whereupon, the Synod appeal’d to Aurelian, who or- der’d Paul to be Ejected by the Secular Power. So well affected was that Em- peror towards the Chriftian Church at that time, tho’ afterwards he chang’d his Behaviour. And it is not the mod groundlefs of Conjectures, that Aure- lian was fo ready to ferve the Orthodox againfl T he Hiftory of Palmyra. 8p v— - — — [ i - ■ '—.i , againft the Heretick ; becaufe Paul was a Favorite and Dependant of Ze- utbia his Enemy, while the Catholicks were his Friends, and good Subjects. ' . CHAP. XX. A ND now, having accounted for her Religion, I (hall adventure to defcribe her Courfe of Life, and Pradiles. She ufed her felf to all forts of becoming Manly Exercifo ; and Ihew’ch upon all Occafions, a Hardinels above that of her foft Sex. She often rode on Horfe-back, commonly in a Chariot, feldom was carry’d in a Chair, and very frequently marched three or Tret- Pal. four miles on foot in the Head of her*' 192 ’ Army, having inur’d her felf to bear the Fatigues of War, the Scorchingsof the Sun, and the parch’t Sands of the Defarts : For her Education was like that of her Husband’s ; and in the opinion of forae very good Judges, the po The tiijtory of Palmyra. Wife was the braver of the two $ the mofi Couragious, as well as the Fairefi of her Sex. She often arm’d her Head i with a Cafque, and as often affifted at her Councils of War ; and fuch an efteera (he had of true Magnantnity, that Ihe told Aurelian, That (he ac- counted Gallienus and Aureoltu Milk- fops, but Ihe efteem’d him qualify’d to make an Emperor of the World ; be- caufe he was a Stout and Adventurous General. She accompany’d Odenathus in all his Expeditious, and was with him when he fo fuccesfully attempted the Perfidns. The Perfians , it muft be confeft, ufed to carry their Wives with them into the Field , but rather for Show and Mag- nificence, that they might enjoy the pleafure of feeing a fierce Battle fought, and be exempt from all the Hazards of ■ it ; but Zenolia went into the Field as a great General, and had her lhare in the Dangers of the Engagement. And this part of her Auguft Cha- jb. f. i 9 8. rafter her Enemy Aurelian gave her : For when it was objefted to him* That he made, a mighty buftte about a Triflb, when he triumph’t over an unfortunate Woman : The Hiftory of Palmyra. 91 iVoman : • — He told the Senate, ‘ That they knew not the Accomplilh- ‘ mentsof that Great Lady j That (he ■ was Prudent and Politick in her * Councils, and Conftant to her Relo- ' lutions ; That (he had an entire and ‘ undifputed Power over her Army y * was very Liberal, when Neceflity requir’d ; and very Sharp, when Se- verity was requifite ; That it was by ‘ her Conduct, that OJenatbtts over- * came the Perfians, put Sapor es to 4 flight, and march’t to the Walls of “ Ctefipbon 5 That Ihe made all the EaH, and all Egypt tremble, when neither 14 the Arabs , nor the Saracens, nor the “ Armenians could affright them $ and and that he gave her her Life, upon f the profpedt that fuch an extraordi- “ nary Heroine, who could preferve '* and manage the vaft Empire of the “ Eapt for her (elf and Children, would “ be of great Advantage to the Com- “ monwealth, and teach the Romans “ the Rules of Conduct and Govern- “ menr. To make good this Chara&er, and to let the World (ee how well the Deli- cate Sex might be accomplilht for Rule and pa The Hiflory of Palmyra. and Dominion, (he told the Emperor, That if (he had fucceeded in her At- tempt, (he defign’d to have conftituted FiRoria, the Wife of FiRorims , ano- ther brave Lady of that Age (who had made more than one Emperor, and took to her (elf the Title of Augufta , and is (filed in the Coins and Hifto- rlans, Mater Caflrorum) her Companion in the Royal Dignity, and between them they would have divided the Em- pire of the World. The only Fault which I find her chaf’d with (except her Fear, when (he fell into the Hands of Aureltan, which prompted her to difcover all her Friends and Afliftants to that cruel Prince, who prefently murther’d them, for in this (he fell beneath the Great Cleopatra ,) was her diflike of her Son- in-Law Her odes, whom Odetiatbus had begotten on a former Wife, and that (he contented to his murther, that the Empire might devolve on her own Sons, Herenttianus and Timolaus. But this is reported by only one Hiftorian ; and I cannot believe, that to rid her hands of a Son-in-Law, (he would con- tent to the Parricide of her Husband, whom The Hifiory of Palmyra. 95 whom (he lov’d lb dearly, and who fo well deferv’d it ; for they both fell at the fame time, and by the fame Hand. But Diamonds have their Flaws j and ! the richeft Metals, fome Alloy. I have thus endeavoured to let this Heroine in a true Light ; for it would not have been juft, to treat a Princefs of fuch rare Endowments both of Mind and Body (who was the Ornament of her Sex, and the Wonder of the Age fte liv’d in, reverenc’d over all the EaB, and admir’d even at Rome by her bittereft Adverfaries) with a meager and jejune Character, though the belt Defcriptions, even of the ancient Wri- ters, fall below her Merit. And now I (hall proceed to a more particular Ac- count of her Atchievements. CHAP. / •J The Hiftory of Palmyra. CHAP. XXL ’ . jTtyUfdZSy C} -u-M ; .. k ■ \Denathus and Herodian being * Haiti, Zenolia, during the Mi- nority of her two Sons {who were left very young) Herennianus and Timolaus , whom Ihe declar’d Prittcipes Juventutu & Augufii, took upon her the Em- *iVg.43o. pire, ( Monfieur Pat in lays, * That Gallknus gave her the Title of Emprefi, but without Proof : but whether it was given her, or Ihe alfum’d it, Theodorit and Nicephorus Callifti are much mi- ftaken, who call her only the foparch of the Country, and affirm, that Ihe ow’d her Dominion and Territory to the perjicm , who having overcome the Romans, gave her the Government of Syria and Fhsenice,) and Ihe manag’d it not like a Woman, nor only better than Gallienus , but with more Courage and better Conduct than many famous Em- perors, and gave Gallknus a Specimen of her Abilities, in a few Months after ihe had undertook to weild her Scepter, for when the News oiOdenat bus's Mur- ther was brought to Rome , the Emperor, The Hifiory of Palmyra. 9$ who had fome Courage (for he was an odd mixture of Softnefs and Hardinefs) made Preparations of War, though sl4> very late, againft the Perfians , to re- venge his Fathers ignominious and bar- barous Death ; and to this end, fent an Army under Heracliams the Pr nent Perlons, among whom the molt learned Longinus met his Fate with great Refolution ; and to the lift, he bore his Sufferings with a Philofo- phical Courage, and was (o far from being affrighted with the Shadows of the Grave, that he comforted his Friends who bemoan’d his Deftiny, and convinc’d them, that if this lower World be but one large Prifon, he is the happieft Mao who is fboneft dil- charg’d and fet at liberty. CHAR The Hiflory of Palmyra. 1 17 CHAP. XXVI. T He Affairs of the Eaft having Vopifc. thus been adjufted, and tht?- 21 ?- Country left without Didurbance, Au* /,Ij relian determin’d to return into Z?«- rope ; but before he could reach Rowe , while he was paffing through Rhodopa , a Province of Thrace , the Inhabitants of?almyrayA\o could not content them- leives with their meaner Circa mftances (the lofs of their Empire being a con- tinual Affliction ) relolved to betake themfelves to their Arms, to recover their ancient Grandeur. In purfuit of this Defign, they fell upon Sandarto , and the Six hundred Archers whom the Emperor had left there in Garrifcn, and putting them to the Sword, chofe Achilleus (the Father of their Captive Queen Zenolid) their Prince. But as foon as the Emperor heard of the Re- volt, being a General of unwearied Diligence and Difpatch, he immediately march'd back into Afia , and utterly de- flroy’d that unhappy City. 1 3 This n8 The Hijiory of Palmyra. This part of the Story ‘Zofimus tells fomewhat differently ; That the Men of Palmyra, inftigated by Apfrr,the Inhabitants of Axumis, and of Arabia the Happy ; the Indians , Baflrians, Iberians , Saracens and Per- fans ; and after them, the Goths , the Alans , the Roxolans, the Sarmatians, Franks , Suevians , Fandals and Ger- mans, with their Hands bound behind their Backs, preceded the Imperial Cha- riot. Among thefe, the principal Men of Palmyra , as many as had outliv’d the Calamity of their Country, and the Rebels of Egypt, had their dation. But the mod remarkable of the Captives were ten mafculine Women , who, habited in Mens Cloaths, had done ex- traordinary Service to the Gothick Ge- 1 neral ; thefe few being all that furvived of the Amazonian Race, who fought againd the Romans ; and in the Head of The Hijiory of Palmyra. i 3 1 of every Nation, was carry ’d the Name of the Country to which they belong’d. Amid’ft this numerous train of Prifc* ners, Tetricus made a peculiar Figure ; he was habited A-la-mode de France, where he had been Emperor, in a Scar- let Cloak, under which he wore a light Gold-coloured Coat, and a pair of French Breeches ; with him was his Son, whom Tetricus had declared Em- peror in France. After him followed Zenolia , deck’d to the greateft advan- tage, but loaden with her Golden Chains, whole weight was fupported by her Attendants. The Crown cf every conquer’d City, diftinguifh’d by an eminent Infcription, was carried before every Nation. After them fol- lowed the People of Rome , the Banners of the feveral Colleges, and the Enligns of every Regiment, with the Cuiraffiers, followed by the reft of the Army. And after thefe the Senators march’d (but not fo brisk and merry as otherwife they would have been onfucha Solemnity, / becaufe Tetricus , who was a Member of that Auguft Body, was led a Captive in the Triumph.) It was late e’re the K 2 Cavalcade I 32 the Hifiory of Palmyra. Cavalcade reach’d the Capitol, but Night before the Emperor return’d to the Palace. On the following Days the common People were folaced with the fight of Stage-plays, Horfe-races, Huntings, the Duels of the Gladiators, and mock Sea- fights. And among other the Plea- fantries of that merry time, it is not to be forgotten, that Aurelian , before he made his Expedition into theEafi, promifed the Romans , that if he return’d a Conqueror, he would give a Crown of two Pound weight to every Citizen, which they expected would be of no worfe Metal than Gold : But the Em- peror being neither able nor willing, prefented each of them with a fine Wheaten Loaf in lhape of a Crown, and of the fame weight, and one of thefe he beffowed on every Commoner, every year, as long as he liv’d. The Hiflory of Palmyra. *33 CHAP. XXX. W Hen this Ceremony was over, Aurelian gave both Te trie us and Zenobia their Lives, conftituting Tet ricus (a) Corrector of Lucania , [Trebellius Pollio fays, of all Italy ,) and fetling Zenobia at Rome , where (he liv’d in much Plenty and Honour to a great Age, maintaining the Port of a Roman Matron, by the Eftate which the Emperor pofleft her of in 'Tivoli, not far from the Emperor Adrians Palace, and the Place which is called Concha (or Conca ; ) and fo well (he behav’d her felf in her new Habitation, that the Place of her Refidence was called Zenobia , from the illuftrious Inhabi- tant. (4) The ConeZlors of any part of a Roman Pro- Gut ) Jer j e vince were reckon’d in Honour equal to the Men of ^ _ Confular Dignity. There were two Correftors of / ’ / f ’ Italy (as the Mitia fays) the one of Apulia and Ca- c ' ’ labrta, the other of Lucania, and th cBrutii-, the Cor- 2 ' 5 y' reftors being reckon’d among the Friends of the Em- ' _ 1 peror, among the Vm ClariJJimi, and SpeUabiles, and ’ fet to Hand on a level with the Prefidents of Pro- vinces. K 3 The «34 The HtJiory of Palmyra. The precife Situation of this Zenolia (the Villa of this excellent Princefs) is Con/, del to this day under difpute : Fulvio Car- mitt in ^y s > that c ^ e R uines of the Villa burtine, Zenolia are to be feen in that Place that far,2, c.5. is called Celle e!i Santo Stephano, Which is fituate near the Palace of Adrian. But Del Re avers, that Concha is near the Lake Della Solforata, call’d the Baths ; that the Plain is to this day called the Plain of Conche ; and, that the noble Marbles to be feen there, are a demonftration that he was not mi- ftaken in the Situation. The Baths being built (fays the learned Andrea Bacci ) by Agrippa, for the ufe of fuch as would fre- quent them ; that three hundred years after their firft Foundation jthe Place was deputed for the Habitation of Zenolia ; and, that the Cardinal Hyppolito of Fer- rara found there a Jewel of Gold, an Antique Veflel of Silver, and other Or- naments belonging to the Ladies of thofe early times , with an Infcription, that in that Place one of the Daughters of Zenolia was buried. From all which, •viz. from the Name Conche , ftill re- maining, from the Antique Fabricks ftanding thereabouts, and from what The Hijlory of Palmyra. 135 was found there, it may be gathered, that the Villa Zenolia could not be far off. Some Authors affirm, that Zenolia s Sons, Herennianus and Timolaus , were ffain by Aurelians Order, ( Greatnefs is feldom unaccompanied with Jea- loufie ; and a Rival Prince never thinks his Title fecure, till his Competitor is in his Grave ; ) but others fay, that they tailed of the Emperors Clemency, and died at Rome natural Deaths, the very year in which they were brought thither, Ann. Chr. 2,73, ( fays Mezzo- Pag. 385. larla ;) while Vafiallathus having been led in Triumph with his Mother Ze - nolia y (pent the remainder of his life in a private flation. But whence that learned Man had thefe Notices, I pro- fefs I know not. This we are fure of, that in the Reign of Conftantine the c Greats her Poflerity were reckon’d among the Nobility of Rome , fb fays Trelellitts Pollio exprefly : In the Reign of Valens the fame Family continued in great Reputation, fays ^Lutropius : And Sr. Jerom witnefles the fame thing for the times of Honor ius. And Cardinal Baronius imagines, that Zenobius the K 4 BiOiop %6 The Hijiory of Palmyra. Yjd. Ap- pend, 'Aurel.Vit Bi(hop of Florence , St. Arnbrofe's Con- temporary, was one of the Defendants of this famous Emprefs ; but I fuppofe he built his Conjecture on no other Foundation, but the Likenefs of the Names. Such was the Fate of this illuftrious Lady ; fuch the Deftiny of Palmyra, the Metropolis of her Empire, under Aurelian ; a Cataflrophe, if we may credit the Heathen Hiflorian Zojimus (who was a great Bigot for Paganifm) foretold by Oracles, and confirm’d by more than one fad Omen, which de- termin’d the period of that fhort-liv’d Empire. CHAP. XXXI. A Vrelian having thus fubdued all his Adverfaries, and eftablifh’d his own and the Empires Quiet, lived after this in an extraordinary Pomp and Splendor : He was the firft of the Roman Emperors who habited himfelf in Cloth of Gold, the firft who wore Gems on his I be Hijiory of Palmyra. ■37 his Cloaths, and in his Shoes, and put on a Diadem, (the Coin in Oefelius de- fcribing him encircled with a Diadem different from, and more rich than thole of his Predeceflors : ) He valued himlelf, as the Recoverer of the Empire both in the Eaft and Weft, as the Re- ftorerof the World to its defired Peace and Tranquility, and as one who was born a God, and the Lord of the Uni- «5r verle. He was undoubtedly an emi- Nation ncnt Prince, though born of mean Pa- the reverie rents, comparable to the Alexanders, ^ s °coins and the Julius Ctsfars of former Ages, in if he had not fully’d the Luff re of his bar ^>v- Vertues by his Exceffive Cruelties, of 40/ ' which the Carnage at the Sack of Pal- myra is a fevere Tnftance. And lo valuable did he account that Vitffory, that, to prelerve the Memory of it (ac- cording to the Practice of the Roman Emperors) he added to his Imperial Titles, among many others, that of the P almyrenian, as appears by an old In- « fcription conlecrated to his Honour in the Fifth Year of his Reign, in *Goltzius, * Thefaia . ( i. e. the laft, fays Petavius and Triftan, f- Al- though the old f Coins (and their Au- f ibid, thnritv is to me unquestionable) ex- preffy 158 The Hijlory of Palmyra. prefly mention the Sixth Year of his Reign ; and with them agrees the iPag.Sn. |J Chronicon, commonly call’d the Alex- andrian,) which is worth the preferving, becaufe in very few Infcripcions the mention of palmyra occurs : MAGNO A U GUSTO PR1NCIPI MAX. IMP. FORTISSIMO, CON- SERVATORI ORBIS, L. DOMITIO AURELIANO P. F. PONT. MAX. TRIB. POT. V. P. P. COS. Hi. PROCOS. GOTH. MAX. PALMYR. . MAX. GER. MAX. ORDO BRIXIANORUM. || Or,7o the |j To theGreat andAuguft,the moji Illufiri- Creat Au- ous of Princes, the Brave Pi of Emperors, ' us " the Preferver of the World , Lucius Do- mitius Aurelianus, Pious and Happy, the Chief Priest, in the Fifth Tear of hit Trihunitian Power, the Father of his Country, Conful the Third time. Pro- conful, the moPi Glorious Conqueror of the Goths, the Palmyrenians and Ger- mans, The Brefcians dedicate this Jnfcription. His The Hijiory of Palmyra. His Cruelty was the caui'e of his Death ; for his Secretary Eros ( or Mncjlheus, as V optjcus calls him) having been threatned by Aureltan, and fearing his fierce Temper, thought it advifeable to prevent his own Death, by imbruing his Hands in the Blood of his Mailer, whom, by the help of his Accomplices in the Trealon, and by the Hand of Mucapores, he Hew, as he was taking the Air, attended with but a thin Guard, while the Camp lay at the New Caftle ( Ccenophrium ) a Manfion ; between Heraclea and Byzantium, in fdx/vwy the Road_ toward Perfia, againft which Aureltan was marching his Army, to cujph.csf. revenge himfelf upon that Nation, for r- 19 ' affifting iZenolia in the former War againft the Romans. Thus Aureltan made his Exit, in the * Seventy fifth Year of his Age ; and * cbm. after his Death, was honoured, as the Alex ■ t- more deferving Princes ufually were, 637 ' with a Deification, as both the Hifto- rians and the Coins declare. CHAP, 140 The Hijiory of Palmyra. CHAP. XXXII. B Ut though Palmyra was thus ruin’d by the Commands of Au~ reliatt, I cannot think it was wholly raz’d, it not being confonant to the Wildom of that Auguft Government to flight fo ftrong aGarrifon upon the Borders ; for this would have been the fame, as to invite the Perjiam to a new Invalion ; but that the Emperor, who gave a particular Order to re-build, beautifie and endow the noble Temple of the Sun , that had been plunder’d and deftroyed by the infolent Soldiers, did alfo take care, that the City Ihould be put in a pofture of defence, lo as it might obftruft the Irruptions of the Enemy, and that to that end he confti- tuted Cerronius Ba(fus the Governor of that Province ; though I doubt not, but it loft the Privileges of a Roman Co- lony, of a Metropolis, and in all pro- bability of a Free City, and was only left in the condition of a Garrilon, or Prafidium. For as it was ufual to ad- vance a Prafidium, or Fort, to the Honour The Htjlory of Palmyra. 141 Honour of a City, as Bofra in Arabia was promoted by the Emperor Severus ; fo, on the contrary, a City often loft its Franchifes, when it turn’d Rebel to the Emperor. In this condition I fup- pole it to have been, when Dioclejian and Maximinian wore the Imperial Purple, Hierocles at that time being the Prtefetft of the Province, as appears by the only Latin Infcription that hath b. Be been as yet found at Palmyra ; the Pil- lar being erefted to the Honour of the vid. Ap- above-named Emperors, and of Conjlan-^- tins and Galerius Maximianus the Col- lars, who had moft happily founded C«.cc::,v Caftra. Now, that we may know when Caflra was founded, it will be neceflary to confider the State of the Empire at that time. Dioclejian having been op- pofed by many Competitors, was par- ticularly rival’d by Achilleiu in Egypt ; againft him therefore he march’d in Per- Eutrop. Ion, befieged him in Alexandria , and at lad flew him. After this,he went intoA/c- fopotamia, and there making a halt,fent Galerius, Ann. Chr. zp6, againft Narfes King of Perjia. Galerius rallily engaging the Perfians, between Callinicus and Carr* f 143 T be Hiftory of Palmyra. Carra, with a very fmall Force, was routed, and beaten back to the Gamp of Dioclefian ; who, when he met him, treated him with fo much (corn, that he made him run in his Purple Robe fome Miles by his Chariot-fide, like a Foot-man, before he vouchlafed to fpeak to him. But in a little time after this, Ann. Chr. 197, upon Galerius his important Solicitations, he furnilh’d him with Recruits from Illyricum and Mcefia , and commanded him to retrieve the Honour he had loft in the firft Engage- ment, and accordingly he behav’d him- felf with fo much Bravery in the fecond Battle (in which with 25000 Men he broke into the Enemies Camp) that he routed the Perfians, beat them out of Armenia Major, where they had pofted themleives, took the Tents and Bag- gage of Marfes, and a great Booty, made his Wives, his Sifters, and Children, (his Daughters, lays Rufus Feffusf) with a great part of the Perfian Nobility, Pri- loners, drove the King to fly for fhelter to the reraoteft Solitudes of his Domi- nions, and acquitted the Romans from the ignominy of the Captivity of Va- lerian, The Hijiory of Palmyra. Narfes being reduc’d to fo great ex- tremity by this laft Blow, that had al- moft determin’d the period of his Em- pire, chofe Jppharlan, one of the mofl trufty and moft beloved of his Courtiers (his Prtefettus Pr&torio&% the Hiftorian, ufing the Style of his own Country, calls him ) his Chief Minifler, a Man of Addrels,and happy Application, to be his Ambaflador toGalerius ; who having obtained leave to deliver his Meflage, thus accoded this victorious Prince ; 4 That all Mankind knew, that the two ‘ Empires of Rome and Ferfia, were two ‘ great Luminaries, which, like the two 4 Eyes in the Body, were to receive ' Lullre, Beauty and Help one from the * other j that it was unnatural, when * they endeavoured to extinguifli each ‘ other ; that to deftroy, and bring to ‘ defolation , could not be reckon’d ‘ among the illuftrious Atchievements, ‘ but muft be accounted an eifeft of * Madnefs and Folly ; that only meaner * Spirits delighted in the Ruine of their * Enemies ; that Narfeus was not to be 4 reckoned a weak Prince, becaufe he 4 was unfortunate, but that Galerius ‘ being the greateft of Monarchs, the ‘ Conqueft *43 F. P attic, excerpt . p. 2 6. A • 44 T/je Hiflory of Palmyra. ‘ Conqueft of Uarfeus , who was in no ‘ one noble Qualification inferior to any * of his Predeceflors, was refer v’d by ‘ the Deftinies for him. And that he ‘ further had it in his Commifiion to * aflure him. That though his Matter * had a juft Title to his Dominions, yet ‘ he threw himfelf upon the Mercy and ‘ Clemency of the Romans ; that he ‘ would not offer any Terms to Gale- * rius , but would be content with whar- * ever Articles he would pleafe to allow * him, defiring him to return him his ‘ Wives and his Children ; that this * Humanity would entitle him to a ‘ nobler Conqueft, than his viftorious * Arms ; and, that his generous Ufage ‘of his Family already had been fuch, * that he profefs’d his inability to pay * him his Acknowledgments as he de- * ferved. — ( For the Kings Wives and Children had been treated with all fort of handfom Ufage ; and the Nobi- lity who had been made Prifoners of War, except their reftraint, found no difference between their Captivity and Freedom, between the Enemies Camp and their owm Palaces ; that not only no Infults were made on their Pcrfons, and The llijiory of Palmyra. 145 no Injuries offered them, but their En- tertainment was liberal, and fuited to their Quality.) To this the Perfian Embafla- dor fubjoin’d, ‘ That the State of Man- ‘ kind was very mutable, and fubjedt to ‘ great Alterations, Upon this Galerius feem’d to be in a heat, and anfwer’d, ‘ That it was not well done of the Perfians, to defire their ‘ Adverfaries to confider the Inftabilty of ‘ Humane Affairs ; becaufe, whenever ‘ they were blefs’d with Succefs, them- ‘ felves were the mofl infolent of Con- * querors, and added new Afflictions, by * their opprobrious Ufage to thofe who ‘ who were before mod heavily oppreft : ‘ putting them in mind of their inhu- ‘ mane Carriage toward the unfortunate * Emperor Valerian, to whom they fhew’d * neither Juftice nor Moderation ; for ‘after you had circumvented him, and ‘ made him your Prifoner, you kept him ‘ in Chains, till he had languifht out many ‘ years in durance, and without any re- ‘ gard to his extreme Age, or his Sacred ‘ Charadfer, you uled him with fcorn, ‘ and at laft put him to a cruel and difho- ‘ nourable Death : And whereas the Rage * of the mod violent and wicked Men L ‘ ufes 1 46 l be Hijiory of Palmyra. ‘ ufes to be appeas’d, when tbeir Ad- ‘ verfaries are dead, your Malice out- ‘ liv’d the Objedfr of it ; and though his ‘ Body was mortal, you relolv’d to treat * it with a Tyranny that endeavour’d to ‘ make it felf immortal ; for having ‘ flea’d that great Prince alive, you falted ‘ and preferved his Skin, as a lading Me- * mortal of your Treachery, and info* ‘ tiable Cruelty : This lad thing, lie afo ‘ fured theEmbadador he mention’d, not f that he refolved to follow fo ignomi- ‘ nious a Prefident, but to convince the * Perftans that they could not have any ' Pretenfions to that Humane Ufoge ‘ which they petition’d for ; and that he ‘ was fatisfied, that their Argument from * the Incondancy of Humane Affairs, ! * never made any impredion on their ‘ Minds in the days of their Profperity ; ! 4 while he was relolv’d to t read in the fteps * end to imitate the nobler Practices of ‘ his Predeceflbrs, who were accuftom’d ‘ to fupprefs the Stubborn and Obdinate, ‘ but to comfort and fupport the Peni- 1 tent. — And having thus fpoken, he commanded the Embaflador to return to * his Mader, and to reprefent to him the ; Clemency of the Romans, of whole Cou- rage The Hijtory of Palmyra. i 47 rage he had lately met with an unque- ftionable Demonftration, bidding him to expedf in a (liort time the return of the Prifoners, according to his Defires. Having difmift the Perfian EmbaE ifador, the Triumphant Galerius re- turn’d into Alejopotamia to Dioclefian , cover’d with Lawrels, and the Trophies of an entire Victory, and was received with the teftimonies of the grcateft Ho- nour, as he jultiy deferv’d. At Nifiibis y Galerius met the Emperor , without whofe Confent himfelf, being only Cafar at that time, could not confirm a Peace, and having made Dioclefian acquainted with the Particulars, conlulred with him what Articles they (hould propofe to the Terfian Monarch. When they had ad- jufted the Affair, they fent Sicorius Pro- ^.29.30, bus, the Emperor’s Secretary, into Per- sia, with the Terms of Agreement. The King treated the Embafiador with all Ci- vility ; but, pretending lbme hinderance or other, carried him with him from place to place, till he came to Afprudis y 1 River of Media y where the fcattered remains of his routed Army, having ral- lyed, and embody’d themlelves, pitcht their Tents ,* there he granted the Em- L % baflador #48 l be Uijiory of Palmyra. w. * Lib. 23. cap . 5* f Par « 2. p. 17. baflador all the Demands of his Matter the Emperor, except that the Place of Meeting fhould be Ntfibis : Upon which th zPerftan Monarch’s Wife and Children were reftored him, and the Captive No- bility had their Liberty. At this time Caflra was founded by Dihcle fi an , fays * Ammianus Marcellinus , (and f Johannes Malela y ) which he calls Cercujnwi; Malela , Circijium ; but the Subfcriptinns ot the Chalcedon Council, Caftro-Circon , by a complication of both Names. For the Irruptions of the Verfians into the Roman Territories on the fide of xhzEiiphrates.WQrz io deftructtive to thofe Provinces, that the || Emperors faw it very neceffary to build feveral Cities and ^‘^^^Cafiles upon the Banks of that River, to ficJ2Zd. fecure their Borders, particularly in that large and barren Defart that lies between Euphratefia and the Perjian Limits ; in that Solitude Dicdefian ere&ed three Cattles built of unbak’d Bricks, of which number Mambrt was one, which was fi- tuate five miles below Zenobia ; but C/>* cefium flood three days Journey lower than Zenobia, and as far from Palmyra^ be- ing the latt and remoteft Cattle that the Romans had on their Confines, a little be- low (j Frocop. Perftc. /.: c.$.p. 97. 'tr jjjg ■ rAnj The Hifiory of Palmyra. t 49 Jow Thapfacus ; it was built very neat, and very ftrong, on the confluence of the Euphrates , and the Alora (or Cha * lorraSy as it is called in Ptolemy) two noble Rivers, which wafh the Walls of the City, being (ituated on the farther fide of the Euphrates , in that very Angle which the two Rivers make when they meet : Befides the Ramparts of the Caflle, it was defended by a long Wall, which extended it (elf for fome miles on the fides of both the Rivers, and was built in the figure of a Triangle. In times part it was a mean place, and not tenable ,* but Diocle fian fenced it with high Walls and Towers, when in the Confines of the barbarians he fix’d the Limits of the Rowan Empire, left the P erfians ihould by that Pafs invade Syria , as they had in times paft often done, to the great detriment of the Provinces, paricularly .under * Gallienus y when they march’d * Ammian. their Army over this Ford, and fack’t ubl ^ pr% and burnt Antioch . Inf the Reign off Maiei. Julian the Apojiate 'vt was garrifon'd with^* r * 2,jM7 ' 6000 Men : and in the 13th. Year of |1 Juflinian , when Chofroes brought his II Procop. Forces thither, with a defign that way to ub d u P r - invade the Empire, he durrt not attempt L 3 it. s$o T he Hiftory of Palmyra, it. After which time, how long it con- tinued in the hands of the Emperors of the Eaff, I know not. By all which it appears, that Caftra was founded Amo Chrifli ?. and that at that time Hierccles was Governor of Palmyra. CHAP. XXXIII. "I N the Reign of Honorius, Palmyra 1 continued a Roman Garrifbn, the Town being then under the Infpedtion of the Dux Phoenicia, as the Notitia, collected probably in that Emperor’s Reign, affirm ; commanded by a Co- lonel, or Praefedt of the firft Illyrian Legion, which was left there in Garrifbn. And in this Rate it was when Stephen the Grammarian of Conflantinople pub- liffi’d his Work concerning the Cities ; for he calls it exprefly a Cajlle of Syria ($peg/oo Sugia?,) as Hermolaus his Epitomator, who dedicated his Brcviate to the Emperor Jujlinian informs us. But though the Civil Privileges of the The Hijiory of Palmyra. 15 1 City were infring’d, it retain d the Ho- nour of an Epifcopal See ; this fell not under the cognizance of the Pagan Em- perors, and for that reafon was not for- tified ; the Church being careful to pre- ferve her Rights, when the City ho- nour’d with the Epilcopal Jurifdidtion, had loft her’s. Juft in tan having determin’d, in the Firft Year of his Reign, Ann. Chr. yij. to make War upon the Per fans, refolv’d to re-build Palmyra , fays P rocopius, who thus defcribes it : That there was a City of Phoenicia, near Mount Libams, cal- led Palmyra, built of old in a Country &t.$. c.t. that had no Neighbours but fuch as^ ^ were at a great diftance, but moll com- modioufly fituated toobferve the n\pve- ments of the Saracens , the Enemies of the Remans, having been built on pur- pofe to prevent the Irruptions of thofe Barbarians into the Roman Territories. This City having been for a long time 'deferted, Juftintan ftrengthened with ex- traordinary Fortifications, bringing Wa- ter to the Place for the fupport of a ftrong Garrifon which he fix’d there. (And to Juftinian 1 am enclined to attri- vid. jm- bute the building the Caftle of Palmyra, ™ £ L 4 rather i 5 2 The Hijiory of Palmyra. rather than to a Prince of the Drufes , who never, that we read of, enlarged their Territories as far as Tadmur ; as alfo, that noble Aquedudt feems to be of his Foundation, which runs under- ground in a diredt paflage five miles, and is cover’d all the way with an Arch of baftard-Marble, and a Path on both fides the Chanel, large enough for two Perfons to walk a-breaft in, with Venti- dudis at every twenty yards diftance, being built for thefupply of theGarrifon with Water.) This was done ( fays *chrmgr.* Jkeophanes ) in the Firft Year of Jujli - I4? man, after the Death of his Uncle Juftin, the Emperor having given Commiflion to P atrifius the Armenian , the Governor of the Eaft, to fee the Work done ef- fe&ually, having furnilh’d him with Money to that purpofe, commanding alfo the Governor of the EaB to make that Place the Seat of his conftant Refi» dence, and to preferve the Churches from the Sacrilegious Saracens . pracop.Bel. Eight Years after this, when B elijarius ffifpM- reduced Italy under the Obedience of the Emperor, Ann. Chr. 5-35, Chofroes King of P erfia concerted his Affairs with Alamundarus one of the Arabian Princes, that T he Hijiory of Palmyra. 153 that he {hould invade Aretbas another of the Saracen Kings, but in the Roman Intereft, upon the pretext, that Aretbas detain’d from him a little Region cal- led Strata, that lies to the South of the City Palmyra, but barren ot all things being burnt with the fervent Sun, io that it produces neither Trees nor Fruits, and is deftin’d only to the feeding of a few Cattle. Whereupon Cbofroes made an m. c.$. Inroad into the Roman Territories, t-91- march’d his Army three days by the Banks of the River Euphrates, till he came to Zenolia, the Foundation of the Queen of Palmyrene ,• but finding the Region uninhabited, and deftitute of all Neceflaries, the City alfo refufing to fur- render, when required to do fo, he re- tired to Sura, another City upon the Euphrates. CHAP. XXXIV. A Bout a hundred Years after the repairing of Palmyra by "jujlinian, it pleafed God to permit Mahomet, an obfcure Aral, to fcourge the Eaftern Churches for their Herefies, and their loole ’54 The Hijiory of Palmy ra. loole Manners ; and to lay the Founda' tions of an Empire, which, with the Religion call’d Mahometan , hath pre- vail’d over a great part of the known World, and in a very few years after the firft appearance of that falfe Prophet, eftablilh’t its Jurifdi&ion in Tadmur, where it prevails to this day. Elmacin . In the Year of Chrift, 613 . the Second /. i.c. 1. of the Hegira, Chofroes the Second, the King of Perfa, commanded all the Churches in Syria and Mefopotamia to be deftroy’d, carrying away with him all the Gold and Silver, with all the Or- naments of thofe Holy Places, even to the very Marble, into his own Country. It is probable, that Tadmur was not ex- empt from this dreadful Perfecution : But whatever its Fate was under chofroes , it isunqueftionable, that a few years after- wards it fell into the Hands of the Ma- hometans , who, Anno Chrifli 638, He- gira 16, having taken the Capital City of the Perfians , and routed Izdigerdes their laft King, and feiz’d his Empire ( the Conjlantimpolitan Princes not con- cerning themlelves, as they ought, to prevent thefe fudden and large Con- quefts) may be prefumed to have made Palmyra The Hiftory of Palmyra. 15 c; Palmyra their own. After which time, I believe, the Fortifications were permit- ted to run to decay, it being no longer a f rontier, lince verjia was in their hands on one fide of it, and Arabia on the other : And then aifo, I conjecture, it ceas’d to be a Mart, the Mahometans be- ing in conftant Hoftihty with the Chri- fiians ; fo that the Caravans not being able to travel fafely, the Trade with the Perftan Gulph was diverted and loft ; of which beneficial Commerce the City being deprived, and fituate in a defart Country, foon fell into Poverty and Ruine. In the Year 9, the 39th. of the Elmac.Lu Mahometan Computation, when Muavias c ' 5 ’ the Son of Alufofianus , with his Army of Syrians, march’d againft Alts the Fifth of Mahomet's SuccefTors, he lent Da- hacus with 3000 Men to plunder Praia, after which they fell into the Province of Higjaza, and having murther’d all the Arabs they met with, loaded themfelves with their Spoiles. Whereupon Alls lent againft him his General Hagjar the Son of Adis, with 4000 Men, who fol- fowed them as far as Tadmur within the Diftritft i S <5 The Hijtory of Palmyra. Diftridt of Emefa (for fo it was reckon’d at that time) where they had a (harp En- gagement, in which Dabacus was routed. And by this it is very plain, that Tadmur came very early into the hands of the Succcflbrs of Mahomet. • ldi.i^r.21. AnnoChriJli 746, of the fie fir a 117, the People of Emefa , at that time the Metropolis of the Country, rebell’d againft Merwan the Caliph, who came againft the Town With a ftrong Force, and befieged it : Whereupon the In- habitants fupplicated his Pardon, pro- mifed Obedience , and open’d their Gates. But when the Caliph had entred the City in the Head of 300 Men, the Citizens betook themfelvesto their Arms, and flew all the Soldiers, Merwan him- felf hardly efcaping through the Gate that leads to Tadmur , ( the old Roman Road lay from Emefa to Apamea, and thence to Palmyra, but the direct Road lay through the Defart, without touch- ing at Apamea ; ) and when Suleiman the Son of Hisjam, being created Caliph, in oppofition to Merwan, by the Men of Bafra, was overthrown in Battle, he re- tired, firft to Emefa , which he fortified j but T be Hifiory of Palmyra. *57 but being a fecond time beaten, he fled to Tadmur, leaving his Brother Saidus his Lieutenant in Emefa. From which Pal- fages it appears to me credible, that Tad- mur was then a Place of little Trade or Intereft, but a SanSuary for the Unfor- tunate , for Banditti, and Free-booters, who fled thither, and found a fecure re- treat, being protected by the advanta- geous Situation of the Town, which dor leveral Days Journey was on every fide furrounded with wild and uninhabited Solitudes. And if I might be allowed a bold Conjecture, how the River that ran by Palmyra, in Ptolemy’s time, and which Marius Niger fays emptied it felf into the Euphrates, happen’d fo to be loft, that now there remain no footfteps of it ; I would affirm, that it was buried in Eimacb. that terrible Earthquake that happen’d in thofe Countries, Anno Chrifti 859, of the Hegira 145, which ruin’d many a noble City, threw down the Palace at Bagdat, did great damage to Carrce, Emefa, Damafcus , Edejfa, Laodicea, and all along the Coaft of Syria : for at this time, the Arabick Hiftorian avers, that a River vanifh’t (nor is it unufual in fuch i«; 8 The H iflory of Palmyra. moft violent ConcuffionsJ being fwal- kj^ed up of the Earth, that no Man ever could difcover what new Channel it had found under ground. At this time, ’tis highly probable, Tadmur did not efcape, when ali the neighbouring Cities were harraft, and then the River might be abforpt. Nor does Juftinians bringing Water to Tadmur , for the fervice of his Garnfon, contradict this Opinion, becaufea River may be for other ufo,and yet not fit for Drink, many other 'of the Springs in thofc Countries being brackilh and fulphurous. itiner.f. 57, About the Year of Chrift 1 1 71 , Ben- 5 8 - jam m Tudelenfis the Jew’, among other Parts of the Eaft which he vifited in his Travels, touch’d at Tadmur , and he in- forms us (though he is miftaken in the exadl diftances of Places) that from Baalleck (or Baalath ) built by Solomon in the Valley of Libanus, to Tadmur in the Defart, was four Days Journey ; that Solomon built it of large Stones, and fenced it with a ftrong Wall 5 that it was built in a Defart far from any Inha- bitants ; and that in his time there were in the City zooo flout Jew’s, who waged War with the Chriflians, and with the . Arabs The Hijlory of Palmyra. 15 £ Arabs the Subjefts of Sultan Noraldin, out were ready to attift their Neighbours :he Ifbmaelites. From which Paflage it ippears, that in Benjamins time, the Eaftern Jews, a Race of known Wan- derers, had netted in Tadmur , deferted probably by the Arabs , and that they lived by Rapine and Inroads. When the Caliphs of Babylon began to lofe their Empire, I queftion not but Tadmur became fubjedt to the Mamalukes ; and upon the fall of their Empire, to the Grand Signior , under whole JurifduStion they now live, though govern’d by a Prince of their own, and by the Ufage of our Englijh Merchants, when Melham was their Emir y it is put paft all doubt that they have not forgotten, to this day, the Cuttom of their Anceftors, of rob- bing all that fall into their hands ,• for which Rapines, and their other ill ma- nagement, their Emirs are frequently depofed, and fometimes ftrangled by the Ottoman Fort • (o Melham , who robb’d the EngUfh Merchants, was in fome time after furpriz’d by the Batta of Aleppo , and put to death. Hafine y his Succeffor, was, Anno 1693, depoied, and one Dor fubftituted the Emir of thofe Arabs . Thus 160 The Hijiory of Palmyra. Thus I have, according to the belt of my Underftanding, given the Hiftory of Palmyra, from its firft Foundation, to the prefent Age : And by this Ac- count we may learn, that Cities, as well as their Inhabitants, have their Infancy and Youth, their Riper Years, and their Decrepit Days ; that nothing Can refill the Infults of Time, and the Barbarity of Ungovernable Conquerors ; and that it is impohible to eredi a Monument to our Memory, that (hall be lading, but a noble Series of Vertuous and Brave A&ions, that they only relcue from Oblivion, and give Immortality, when Marbles (hall Moulder into Dull, and the World it (elf (hall be no more. FINIS . ' ■ The Appendix. 163 Infcriptiones T? almyreme . I. Sepulcbralia. I. r. TO MNHMelON TOT TA$€«- roCEKTlCEN 63 IAI«N CenTlMlOC >AAINA0OC O AAMriPOT ATOC ;tnkahtl!koC] aipanot ota- AAAA0OT TOT NACaPOT AT- ®TE KAl TlO!C ATTOT KAI TV roic €IC TO !! AN-T6A6C AIcoNlON 6IMHN. ir. MAP06IN AA63ANAPOT TOT An A AHTOT OTABAAAAOOT TOT :/TMct>NOT COPAIXOC AIPANOT NHP ATTHC MNHMHC 6N6K6N IHN6I ATCTP® TOT *?T 6TOTG. M a HI. TO X he Appendix. II L 3. TO MNHM6ION 6KTICAN 6KABHA€C MANNAIOC COXAeIC MAAXOC OTABAAAA0OT TOT MANNAIOT TOT EAABHAOT ATT® KAI YIOIC 6TOYC AlY MH- NOC gANAlKOY. IV. 4. MNHM6ION AIwNION T€PAC ®KOAOMHCeN TIXOC MOKlMOY TOY KAIAKIAACICOY TOY MA ........ OY 6ICT6 6AYTON KAI YIOYC KAI 6KTONOYC €TOYC AIT MHN€l SANAIK®. II. Elogia Honoraria. I. Pullica ex decreto Senatus. 5. HBOYAH KAI O AHMOC AAl- AAM€N A nANOY MOKlMOY TOY AIPANOY TOY MA00A KAI AIPANHN The Apendix. « 6$ AIPANHN TON TlATePA AYTOY 6YC€B6l2 KAI $!AOllATPlAAC K[AI] nANTI TpOH* [€Y]G6lM«C AP6CANTAC TH nATPlA' KAI n A- TPIOIC 06OIC TelMHC XAPIN eTOYC NY A MHNOC 3ANAI- KOY. II. 6. H BOYAH KAI O AHMOC BAPeIX€lN AMPICAMCOY TOY IAPIB^ASOYC KAI MOKIMON YION AYTOY ^YC6B€lC KAI «- AOnATPIAAC TelMHC XAPIN... . III. 7. H BOYAH KAI O AHMOC IOYAlON AYPHAION ZHNObION TON KAI ZABAIAAN AlCMAA- XOY TOY NACCOYM'OY CTPA- THrHCANTA 6N € nlAHMIA ©eOY A A€3 A NAPO Y Kai YnHPeTHCAN- TA riAPOYCIA AlHNeKel POY- TIAAIOY KPlCHelNOY TOY HrH- CAMeNOY KAI EIIIAHMHCACAIC OY H 3 1 AA ATIOCIN ArORANO- MHCANTATe KAI OIKONIGoNA $6lAHCANTA XPHMAToiN KAI KAAct'C HO A€lTe Y C AMeNON «C M 3 AI4 i66 The appendix. ATA TAYTA MAPTYpHOENTA Yno ©€OY iapibcAOy kai Yno IOYAIOY TOY CSOX^TA- TOY eilAPXOY TOY lePOY nPAl- T&PIOY KAI THC HATPIAOC TON 3>lAOilATPIN TfilMHC XA- PINeTOYC Am. IV. 8. H BOYA[H KAI O AH]MOC CtnTIMION TON KPAT1CTON e[niTPOnON C]€bactoy aot* KHN[APlON] SOAOTHN THC MHT[OllOAa>] NelACKAl ANAKO- KOMlCA[NTA T]AC CYNOA1AS €S lAIaeN KAI MAPTYPH06NTA yuo t«n APxeMnoi «nkai aam- rtPcC CTPATHTHCANTA kai a- ArOPAMOMHCANTA THC AY- THC MHTpOKOA®N€IAC KAI riAelCT A OiKOeeN ANAAwCANTA KAIAP€CaNTATHT€ AYTHbOY* AHKAlT^AHM^ KAi NYNel AAM* mv.c cnMnocjAPXON t«n tot A'OC bHaOY l€[P]c«N T€iMHC eNeKeN eT saNAIK*,. II. Elogla The Appendix. 167 II. Elogia Honoraria privata. I. 9 . IOTAION ATPHAION Z 6 B€tAAN MO- KIMOT TOT Z 6 B 6 IAOT aC©*>PO- BAIAAIOI CTN A[r]T« KAT6A0OSIT6C 6 lC OAOrgClAAA €NNOPOIAN eCTHCAN AP 6 - CANTA ATTOlC T 6 IMHC XAPIN SANAIKw TOT HN4 €TOrC .... II. ic. CcnriMioN orop«AHN ton rpa- tiCton eniTPonoN C€baCtoY aOtkh- NAPlON KAI (a) AP0An€THN iOtaiOC ATPHAlOC ( b ) caamhC kaCCianOt tOt m[ 6 jA 6 NaiOt inner e (c) p«mai«n tOn (d) iaOn kai npOCTATHN eTorC HO<4> . . MHfCei SANAIKa. III. 11. C 6 btim[iOn OtOp«ahN] tON kpa[tIctON enlTpO]nON C€baC[tOt aOtk]hNapION ka[I APOAnej thN ( a) In another Copy, taken by Mr. Goodyear, ap. . AriHTHN : In a third, apmihthn. ( b ) CaNMIHC mCClAKSI TOT kf . . AgMIGT : in a third) TO* TOTMAUOT. ( c ) POTMAbN. (d ) 41 MOM. '* i M 4 IOtaIOC I he Appendix. IOYaIOC AY[PHaI]OC €[AaMHC] hYIaCOC M[€A6H AIlOC MAa«xA NAGCOYMO[Y] O KPATICTOC TON [4-IaON] KAf npOCTATHN TO 1 V!HC eNeKeN eTOYC .... [MH- N<-I hjANa!K«. IV. 12. CgnTMON AIPANHN OaAT NAeOY TON aamtipOTATON CYN- KaHTIKON. V. 13 . €sa nt«n ayphai. . . : phaIoabp GTpATGThC A€ KHC T«N nATP*>N TOmhC KaI <=Y- XAPICTIAC XAPIN eTOYCrs*. VI. 14'. . . . YhIaION OYOp*>aHN [CYN* KaJHTIKON KAI BOYA6YTHN ft AaMYPHNON BHaA KABOCApCA TON 4>i[aON] TelMHC XAPIN €- TOYC o*. VII. if. MAasNTON KAI ArpInnAN IAPAIOY TOY PAAIOY rpAMMA- TeA reNOMeNON TO AeYTepON enlAHMIfAl ©€OY AAPIANOY A- aIMMA 169 T he Appendix . aIMMA nAPACXOTA 26NOIC Te KAI nO/v€lTA[IC.] 6NH...N YnHPeTHCANTATHT.. CTPATeYMA TOY Yno HKAI TON NAON TON....aIOC....NT«T ...... VIII. Arfoffe in Monafterio Maronitarum. 16. +EnI EePiK EnIEK°. T# EYN* TEN MAP»NI« T« x«P£nIEK*. hi. Anathemata . 1 17 All Y^ICT» MerICTa KAI €nH- KO« b«aANOC ZHNOBIOY TOY AIPANOY TOY MOKIMOY TOY MA00A enlMeAfiTHCOH AIP€©6lC 64 -KAC nHrHC YnO IAPIb»aOY ©eOY TON B«[MON] €2 IaI»N ANe ©HKeN eTOYG aoY MHNOC YneP- BePeTAIOY K. V. VOTA. 170 The Appendix. IV. VO T A. Tieva. 18. AllMenCTa K6PArNl« rn€P C«- ThpIAC tp A. AapIANOt C6b tOt ktpIOt ArAeANreAOC AbIahNOC ThC A6KAn0A60C thN kAmApAN bkOaOmHC^N kAI thNJ kaINh gg IaI*>n AN€©hk€N ctOtC 6mt mhNOC a»Ot. V. Imperatorum Memorise. *9 « Orlis & Propaga- tores Generis Human i, D. D. AT. AT. Dio- cletianus ffimi Impp. Con . ftantius , {g? Maximianus Noli. Ctef. Cajira feliciter condiderunt. »tes OJftano Hierocltte V. P. Praf. Provincial D. N. M. 0. corum. Briadena. AiIgp«0H AAI aINaIOt tOt Am* €TOrC aIA mAt6pNOt k[AI nIAnnor kAI mAIkOY kN6TmN. Andr ence. The Appendix. 17 s And rente. I. JgYsAMgNOC gr« UANNHC gne- TYxA KAI gYxAPIGTmN T« nPOC gNlKA YngP T«N AMAP- TI»N MON. II. Ad Port am Aujlralem. AYTH H iiYaH Ta KYP . . aIKAIOI EIEEaEYEONTAI EN AYrH. III. Ad Port am Occidtntaltm. X ©Mr r iv. v. YPION IAYTI . . . PON aIKA . . . MIXAHa. VI. / The appendix. i yi vr. . . PIOC T»N A : YNAMe . > . HM»NAN TlAHMnl 0606 IAK^ BT . vir. VIII. AYsITaN. 4- EV ©EEKIor. IX. X. EVIE. ZtH. T H E \ . ‘ [ *73 1 THE APPENDIX. H Aving finiftid my pri- mary Tas^ % 1 jhall apply my Jelf to Jome other Conf derations of a fimilar na- ture • which 1 was unwilling to interweave with the thread of the Hiftory , that the T>if courfe might appear uniform » and all of a-piece : I have therefore referved for this Appendix fuch Critical Ob - fervations as I had made up~ on the Names of the Tdlace, and of the Inhabitants , with the 174 Ti&e Appendix . ^ Honorary Offices which the Men of Eminence bore in the City : 1 o which I have added an Account of their Idolatry • with a fhort feparate Hiflory of Vabal- lathus and Longinus, two Great Men of Pal- myra 5 intending to con- clude the Differ tat ions with fome Remarks upon the In— fcriptions found among the Ruines of this once lllujlrious City. CHAP. tvs J rU G H A P. I. Of the Names Tadmur, and Palmyra. T H E preceding Hiftory having given an Account of the foun- dation of Palmyra , I fhall in this Chapter account for the Names which were given it, in the Syriac Language Tadmur, but in the Greek Falmyra, (fays Jofephus.) And firft of Tadmur, 7^7?? *^P7^‘ in the Hebrew, x Cbron.Sy^. Qi ofr/uAg %t> ifUfjLco, as the Septuagint. Or as the Alexandrian Copy, much nearer to the Original, 0^>ccf. The F. Harduin therefore very ineptly, in his Notes on Tliny, calls it Theudemer ; and JoJephus as martificially, Q>o&u.um&.. It mult be confeft, that St. Hierom , in Ezek.yj. (and he is followed by Monfieur Spots, and others ) affirms, that Thamar in the Prophet, who is flaring the Limits of Judaa to the South, is no other than Tadmur j Hk verb terminus plaga auftralu ; 176 The Hijiory of Palmyra. aujlralis ; h. e. meridiana , incipit a Thamar, qua urbs in folitudine eli, quam & Solomon miris operibus inflruxit, & hodi'e Palmyra nmcupatur , Hebreoque fermone Thamar dicitur , qua in lingua no/lra palmafonat : And ( was once en- clinable to have corrected the Tranfla- tion of the Septuagint from the He- brew ; and inftead of what we now read, K a.) to togfi vqtw it) Ai’/So. itero 0a tl/ueiv iy $omjtav@» ? u$ttl(3L Met- K a.Si/j,, to have read, ’Aonl @ 04 - ypdo tv K) $oivmuv(GL. from Thamar, the City of Palm-Trees, or Palmyra-: But I have ifince altered my Opinion, becaufe Thamar is exprefly faid to be the Bor- der of Judsa to the South, whereas Palmyra lies near dire&ly Eaft from Jerufalem, and am apt to believe that Sx.Hierom was deceived by the like fig- nification of the words ; Tamar in He- brew (not Tadmur ) fignifyinga Palm- Tree, while Palmyra is not allowed to be of a Roman, but Greek Original ; and if lb, cannot be derived from Palma, a pure Latin word ; and that the Sep- tuagint read the Text aright, Theman being toward the South of Judaa , Theman, fays the Targum of Jonathan, i-e- Je- The appendix. *77 i. e. Jericho , a Town (fays Eujelim de Locis Hehr .) 15* Miles diliant from Pe- tra in Arabia^ and is, in the Old Tefta- ment, often put for the whole Countrey South of Judcea \ the $>olvik£i' in the Sep- taagint being not far diftant from it, as Straho ( l. 1 6.p. 25*9, ) affirms, ‘That ‘ Petra is the Metropolis of Arabia Na- * batata; That the Countrey round it is 1 Defart, efpeciaJly towards Judaea; That 1 it is Cituate three or four Days Jour- 1 ney from Jericho , and five from the ‘ Palme t trn , or City of Palm-Trees, as I would ender it. I was alfo once of the Opinion, that Palmyra had its Denomination from the Palm Trees, as St. Jerom fays exprefly, though Tadmur be not a word of that fignification, ( but feems to me to be derived rather from non implying its admirable and ftupendous Situation, probably becaufe a fertile Spot of Ground in the midfl of a vafl Defart.) But becaufe Jofephus feems to deter- mine itto be of Greek Original, 1 can- not think it derived from n ccAf/A-ms, an /Egyptian Deity ; for what had the Gods o\ /Egypt to do near the Banks of Euphrates ? nor from n a King or Father ; but from which N fignifies I he Appendix. ty 8 fignifies a Perfean Shield ; or Parma , a s the Latins render it, ( Hefych. YldR/xm Ti^fiOv, Gio[far. Vet. Ttppov dam- SfgL riigtnMii.) For the F almyrenians were near Neighbours to the Perfians, while at a great diftance from either Rome or Egypt , and from them with whom they maintain’d a continual Commerce, might receive the Name of their City, which very well agrees to a ftrong Frontier Town, built for the de- fence of the Borders ; and this exadtly s * . quadrates with the Arabick j\.*% ✓ Damar , Vrcefidium , And we may as well derive Palmyrene from a Perfick Origi- nal, as the neighbouring Province Of - rhoene ( the two Provinces being often confounded , for Photius Cod,.G%i. fty !e$ 2 ,enohia Tw Qapomvovv B&jjA/s , The Queen of Ofrhoenefj which was without any difpute fb denominated from Of n° C f{' 17! roes C or Ohofroes ) the King of that >. 49/ Country, and a Confederate of the Per- fans, who gave his Name to Edejfa, and the Territory round it. For I cannot be of the mind of Malela , though he feems, Pa [ff by his often mentioning it, to be fond p far. 2’. of his Etymology, that it was called P' l< > v Palmyra , £)£ 7 i 7 sriAai /uaT&iv j&l&ctf The Appendix. a 79 rlw YMfjlw tzS IVuaO, becaufe it was the Place where Goliath received his Fate at the Hands of King David ; though the Humour of giving Names to Cities or Countreys, from fuch Fabu- lous Encounters, hath not been altoge- ther difus’d; for fays Damafcius {apud Phod. Cot . 241.) fome affirmed, that his Native City, Damafcus , was fo cal- led from Afcus, a Giant whom Jupiter there overcame, ( to htfjuciv d* 3 A < 7 - kqv : ) And, t fear, fome of our Hiflo- rians, zealous for the Honour of Brute , will be found guilty of the fame Crime. But though I cannot believe the Fi- ction of David's flaying Goliath at Pal- myra , yet it is very probable, that that flout and vidorious Prince might have extended his Empire as far as Palmyra, f^nhem when he invaded Hadad-Ezer King of Hip. job. Solafz Sam. 8.3. 1 Chron. 18.3.) the Eu- phrates being the Eaftern Limit of Syria Solah ( from beyond which River Ha - h 6°- dad’Ezer brought his Auxiliaries, i. e . from Mefopotamia , 2 Sam. 10. 16. there called Syria beyond the River,) as Da- mafcus was the Weftern : And Palmyra is (aid, 2 Chron . 8. 3,4. to be fituated in Hamath Sola , or Syria Sola ; and the two Cities of Aralia the Defart , Sale N 2, and §8o T be Appendix. and Barathena in Ptolomy , feem to be Sola and Berothai , Cities of the ans, mention'd in the Sacred Writings. Caflaldiu and Orteliiu affirm that Tai- myr a is now called Amegara ; but Sanfon fays it is called Faid y as do Nicolojius in ^|* his Hercules Siculus find others; where- as it Hill retains its old Denomination Tadhmur , as it always did among the l. 2. p.j2. Syrians and Arabs . The old Geographer of Ravenna reckons it among the Cities oiCcele Syria , ( for fb I will adventure to correft that Author, Syria Cilenfin Comagenis> which Monfieur Porchenm reads Syria Seleucis , but it (hould be read Syria Cele in Comagenis ,) but calls it Malmiora , which the Editor fays is miftaken for Palmyra , and with him l agree. Tho’ perhaps 7 amir a in the fame Author may be fet for Padmira ( as Hepolis for Heliopolis ) for that Geogra- 7 b. pher lived in the 7th Century, when that City having fallen into the Hands cf the Arabs , had recover’d its ancient Syriack y or Arabick Name. I have in the Hiftory affirm’d, from * lib. 1 Authority of* Vlpian. that Caracalla Cenfibw. made Palmyra a Colony Juris Italici ; but if I might be allowed a Conjecture, I could think, that Septimius Severus made The Appendix. 1 8 8 made it a Colony, as he did feveral o* ther Cities in that Country, Rhefaina , Tyrus , Laodicea , Nifilis, and Singara , which from his Name were diled in the Coins Septima Rhefaina, Colonia Septi- c c ^ Tyrus , Septmia, Colonia Laodicea y , Sjeptimia Colonia Nifebis, (or as it is al- ways in the Coins, Neoxj8i$,)_ but that 3 tS vrGinz. his Son Caracalla gave it the Priviledges ~~ of an Italian City, as Vlpian affirms ; for it feems to me pad all doubt, from the frequent ufe of the Names Septimius , and Septimia, by the Inhabitants of PaL myra , who gave it as a Prsenomen to the People of both Sexes, of the bed Fami- lies and Condition, that the Citizens of TWwar had a very reverend regard for v the Emperqr Septimius Severus : but we want Coins to determine this Queftion, oudKvts Y ej. In an Infcription^bout the Year 296. Pag. 99. Cuins-Als^y- (fori am willing to (apply the Date J ournaL from the former Infcription , pag.-^S-. 32" . becaufe they both treat of the lame Perfon) Tadmur is called M yil^jKcXoovdict, as if it were the Mother of other Colo- nies, fays the Editor, ( a word that oc- curs not in any Author) which was a very honourable appellation, the Colo- mes being obliged to yt&L vofM^ojuucvxp. 15.^, foS&yzi ( /, £, il £}*<; ) to 0x ; c p m N 3 ' ~ Honour * w ’ ) 1 82 The Appendix. Honour their Mother City, and to give it the Preference the Law had appoin- ted ; butthe word fhould be divided in- to i. e. Mh 7 ^tst)Ai; and KoAw/ci, Palmyra being both a Metropolis and a Colony, as were feveral other Cities in ■ Syria, as appears from the Coins, Colo - via Damafcus Metropolis. ’Aimoyyw ttoAoov. Sephyrus Metropolis Co- lonia. Tyrv.$ Metropolis Colonia. Now, though to be a Roman Colony, was a great Honour, and entitled the City to great Priviledges ; yet it mull be acknowledged that it left the City deprived of its former unlimited Liber- ty : for in time pa ft it was govern’d by . . j lih its own Statutes ; but when made a Co- il. 1 c. ij. lony, was under the Roman Jurifdiftion, Antinbet P a ^ Submiftion to their Laws, and Tri- p, 57” 52.’ bute to the Emperors, from which it was before exempt ; and if a Frontier Town, as Palmyra was, it admitted of a Roman Garrifon (the Firft Legion of the Illyrians being polled there ) with the Liberty relerv’d to the Citizens, that they were to be Lifted as Romans into their Legions, not as Auxiliaries. In the Ecclefjaftick Hotitia, Palmyra was at firft a Metropolitan, as long as it was the Chief City of the Province, The Appendix. 385 i. e. till its Deftruciion by Aurelian. At the Divifion of the Empire by Con- ! ftantine the Great, it was a Suffragan See under the Archbifhop of Damafcus, who, in the Sixth A< 5 t of the Council held at Chalcedon , thus fubfcribes for the Bifhops of his Province, ©eo'J'aipjgSt, &tnaH/nr@v £ Md!?j?7raX.zx$ Aa.iJuh.nnH, tij \k?ip ■vky’ i/J-i S'iopiXi^cLmv ’’vmcs- funrcev 1 ooxvvx nriXioiii YlaXfjuL^.^, &C. From whence alfo it appears that that Church was Orthodox in thole days ; and that Palmyra was the firft of the Suffragans to that Metropolitan ; but af- terward it became lubjedt to the Metro- politan ofEdejJafis appears by the tdoti- tia of the Emperor Leo ; fince which time it hath no longer a place in theEcciefiafti- cal Account, Chrilliaoity having been, for fomeAges,totally banillit itomPalmyrene Whether the Merchants, who Tra- veli’d from Syria to Seleucia, and Baby- strab. lib. Ion, thro’ the Country of the Arabes l6 '?' 747 ’ Scenitce, thro’ the Malii, and their De- farts, and Ferried over the Euphrates near Anthemufia in Mefcpotamia, a City Situate near the river Aborrhas , took Palmyra in their way, I cannot deter- mine ; nor whether Alexander the Great imrcht his Army thro’ or by that City, N 4 when *84 The Appendix « Geograph. MS. Tom. 1. h $11* when having left Egypt, and paft thro’ Phoenicia to Tbapfacus, he carried his Troops over the Euphrates ; fince none of the Writers of the Achievements of that Miraculous Prince take any no- tice of Palmyra ; tho’ it be to me un- queftionable, that Palmyra fubmitted to that irrefftible Conqueror,as did many other Cities, of whom the Hiflorians make not any mention. The Situation cf the City, as to its Lc ngitude and Latitude , is differently accounted for by the Writers of the Country, the Arabs (_as the very Learn- ed Dt. Hyde informs me) Jfmael AluU Feda , the Prince of Hamah , i. e. of that part of Syria f wherein Fadmur was Si- tuate. (who was Born in th. Year 6 yz. ot the Mahometan /Era and conflicted the Lord of the Country in the Year 71c. of the fame Computation ) con- fefles, that his Country-men. who make it part of Arabia, are not agreed, three feveral Authors placing it in different degrees. The firft fixes it in Long. 67.40. Lat. 54.00. T he fecond in Long. 67. 40. Lat . 5 o. 00. The third in Long. 64. 00. Lat. 53. yo. But Calcajhendi , another Arabian Author, gives this Account out of other Writters, The Appendix. 185 Writers, as the Excellent Matter of the Oriental Languages, Dr. Hyde Tran- flates him — “ As for the Territory of “ Tadmur — the Author of the Book “ Al Tariph fays, it is Situate between “ the Two Villages and Rahba , and is “ reckon’d to be in Arabia , in the fourth fl.fra.ef “ of the Seven Climes : The Author of the Book of Longitudes fays, its Lon- “ gitude is 61 degrees, and its Latitude “34 degrees. The Lord of Hamath “ (i. e. Abulpheda) fays, it belongs to “ the Territory of Hems (i. e. Erne fa) 4t on the Eaft-fide of it, and that moft “ of its Soil is faltilh ; that in it there “ is a fort of foure Plant called Magjel, “ and alfo Olives. There are likewife «« very gi eat, and Ancient Ruins, con- “ fitting of Pillars, and Rocks, and a “ Cattle with a Wall. The Author of the Book, called, Al Raud Almitar “ fays, that it was Originally an Anci- •* ent City, which the Spirits Built for ‘‘ Solomon, with extraordinary Fortifi- “ cations. It was called Tadmur from ** Tadmur the Daughter of Haffan, whofe Sepulchre is there, and Solo- “ moH did Inhabit it after her. The Au- (t thor of the Book Al-Azizi faith, that f‘ between Tadmur and Damafcus are 59 ‘‘ Miles | The Appendix. 1 86 “ Miles ; between Tadmur and Rahha “ loz Miles. The Lord of Hamath fays, “ it is from Hem a about three Stations. The only difference in the Accounts is in this, that the Longitude of Palmyra in words at length, out of the Book of Longitudes, is 6 %. which in Abulpheda’s Geography is 67. where it is expreft in Letters ; which mull be attributed to the Carelefnefs of the Tranfcribers. I was a little (urpriz’d, when reading Al Edrifi (commonly, but wrongly, call’d the Nubian Geographer ) I found a Tademyr in Spain, which comprehend- ed the Kingdoms of Murcia and Tarra - gon, and was enclined to believe that the Caliph fent a Colony from the Syrian Tadmur (as well as from the other Cities of his vaft Dominions) to People Spain, when he had conquer’d it, who from their own Native City gave the Name to that part of Spain : But my Learned and much honoured Friend Dr. Bernard , has inform’d me, that the Spani(h Tade- mir may be derived, as to Name, and no otherwife, from the Syrian Tadmor, or from iOtnn, Tadmera , Mefcella Pa- puli, from a mixture of feveral Nations inhabiting there; as Tidal, in Holy Writ, is called the King of the Nations • The Appendix. 287 and Galilee (tiled Galilee of the Gentiles. The Arabs of this Age fay, that in ancient time Solomon Ebn el Doud ( or the Son of David ) built a City in that Place, which being deftroyed, was re* edify’d by a ftrange People j and the prefent Inhabitants pretend to (how you the top of a Mountain where one of So- lomons Concubines lies buried, as if that Great King had fix’d his Court there, ha- ving deftin’d it to his Retirement and Pleasures, as Jcfephus feems to affirm. CHAP. II. Of the Nantes of the Palmyrenians. F 'Rom the Names of the City , I (hall proceed to confider the Names of the Inhabitants, and I queftion not, but as their firft Language was Hebrew, or Syriack , fo the People had Syriack, or He- brew Names. This wants no further Confirmation, the Infcriptions put it pad all doubt, Odenatbus, Airanes , Va- ballathus,Mociwus , Orodes, Zabdas,Mat - thas, Jaribolus, &c. being all pure Sy- riack ; and had the Curiofity of our En- glijh Travellers directed them to have tranlcribed *88 The AppevdiXt tranfcribed the Syriack Infcriptions, as well as the Greek, at Tadmur ; I doubt not, but as we might from them have retrieved the old Syriack alphabet, 16 we alio might have been enabled to corred more than one Midake either of the Graver, or Tranfcriber (as I lhall unque- stionably demonflrate there are fuch") in the Names of the People of that famous City. This Method, I doubt not, the Talmyrenians made ule of, that their publick Monuments, as long as they continued, might preferve the know- ledge of their ancient Native Language ; and I hope fome attempt will be made to recover at lead theunderdandingof their Letters : For Monfieur Petit’s Specimen, in Sport’s Mifcellanies, is all Dream; and that Learned Man, if he had been in Earned, would doubtlefs have given us his Alphabet, and theln- Icriptions accordingly reduc’d into the Hebrew, or lome other known Chara- df r. ’Tis true, he fays they are the Pbtenician ( probably the fame with the old Syriack') L' iters, (for Grater’s Opi- nion that they are Aralick, is not to be defended,) but I refer the Reader to An- tony Gallandius's Confutation of Mr. Pe- tit, in the fame Mifcellanies. After I be appendix, igp c.ii- — - - “ After the Romans hid extended their Empire into the u er ' rts o( Syria, the [vien o i Taimyr a, . e ’ *e to the Practice of the other Nations f the Eajl , afiumed to themf ives a Pra NJo- men, the Cuftom of having T wo Names having been taken up by the Greeks and Syrians about the Times of Trajan ; and this feems to be confirm'd by the Sepulchral Infcriptions at Tadmur, the N *3>4* moll ancient of which were ere&ed Under Trajan , where the Names of Elalelus , Mannaus, Soroechus , Malchus t ValaRathus , Gichus , Mocimus , (land alone, without any Prce-nomina; but in the Infcriptions of After-times, Sep - timiuSy Rupiitus , Julius Aurelius , fre- quently occur, which being Roman, were prefix’d to their Syriack Names, {as feme of them had two Syriack Names, the laft having probably been givent to tho(e who w^ere adopted into other Families , as Fhanius Mccimus , qui (ff Airanes Julius Aurelius ‘Zeno- bius qui & Zabdilas — ) the Fore-Name Septimius was in veryjrequent ufe at _ /g/ Tadmur , probably in Honour of Sep- timius Severus the Emperor, their Be- nefadtor : The Firft of their Empe- rors w ? as Septimius Odenathus ; their only i po The Appendix. only Emprefs, Septimia Zenolia ; their Great Men, Septimius Orodes, and Sep- timus Airanes. Now, the Pra-Nomen being either Greek or Roman, the fecond the proper Syriack Name of the Perfon, was poft-pon’d to that, which was al- furn’d, ex. gr. Septimius Zenobius, Lon- ginus Cajfmus, Julius Aurelius Zenobi- us, Alexander Capadetus, Julius Aurelius Ealmes ( if it (hould not rather be read Palmes, for he is laid to be a Roman, and a Gentleman of one of their Troops; Now, Palma is a known Name among the Romans ; Talma, the Conful and the Lieutenant-General to Trajan , in his . Parthian Expedition, is very famous, Start. who being of a contrary Faction to mir. p. Adrian, was (lain at Terracina, by the Order of the Senate. ) And for this reafon, 1 cannot agree with the Learned Mr. Halley , correcting the Coins of V abailathus , and reading Airanes for Hermeias ; for it’s plain, that in thole Names tire firft is Greek', or Latin, the latter Syriack ; which alfo confirms m$ in my Opinion, that Vaballathus was the Son o j Herodes (or Herodianusjand that the Father’s Name was Athenas He- rodes ; of which more hereafter, it is alfo obfervable, that the Talmy'- renians , The Appendix. i p e c/ji renians,\ ike their Neighbours the Arabs, with their own Names gave their Pe- digree, reckoning up their Anceflors, many times , to their Great-Grand- Father : This the Saracenic Hiftory puts out of all difpute as to the Arabs ; and the Infcriptions, as to the Inhabi- tants oiTadmur. Now to Ihew that the Names are of Syriack or Hebrew Extra&ion, as the pras* Nomina of Greek or Latin, is an eafie Undertaking. Jaribolus , or j fa- riboleus , is Jerubbaal (Gideons Name ;) Bareiches is Barachias , Baruchus , or Ba~ rachus , ( of which Name were Baruch J- the Prophet Jeremy s Scribe ; and a p . 345. BifllOp, °Evn. J35-. *1.8. c.13 Lc, friawfto /. 4 Ih\t ♦ vernor of Mefopotamia , rS Nehem. x. 9. and Vabal* lathus y in Vopijcus , is called Balbatus , for Ballathus. Bolanus was one of the 7 ‘ Bilhops, who, in the Synod of Antioch , condemn’d Paulus of Samofata . thas among the Men, and Martha a- mong the Women, are alfo Hebrew ; Matthas , Matthat , Matthan , Matta- thas; Airanes , Aar ones ; Jaraius , y*/r; Elabelus is Elbelus y or the God J 3 r/ fometimes Alagbelus y Alagabalus , cor- ruptly Heliogabalus. Mannceus is the y^.13.2. fame Name with Manoah f or, as the LXX. MoitoI, or Manahath , 1 Chron. 1. 40. Zenobius was a common Name among the Phoenicians and Syrians . * Eufebius mentions two Martyrs of that Name, who fuffer’d in the £>/*- clejian Persecution, the one an admi- rable Phyfician , the other a Presby- ter of the Church of Stdon. Againft Zenobius of Emefa y Ephremius the Pa- triarch of Antioch wrote a Learned Treatife. And Zenobius a Bilhop of Cilicia was Martyr’d in the fame Per- fection, with his Wife, and his Sifter Zenobia , fays Simeon Met aphrafles ; and the Wife of Bafilifcus the Emperor was alfo call'd Zenobia . Malech y Malchus y and Phot, cod . 228. The appendix* ipj c./7. and Malchion (of which Name was an Eminent * Presbyter o$ Antioch, who* Id / * 7° oppos’d V aulas of Samofata the Here- r ’ ^ tical Patriarch of that* See) are from the fame Original ; as is Malechus Pg~ dofaces , who was the Prince (or Phy - larchus ) of the Arabians, in the times Am. Mar of the Emperor Julian ; and Melham , ct[ ' 1 ,24 ' the Name of the late Prince of Tadmur, w r ho treated the Enyfifb Merchants with fo much Injuftice. Zebeidas.Zabdas , and Zabdilas , are the fame ,* of which Name were Zabdas Biftiop of Jerufalem after Hymenceus> and Zaldi ( JoJh.j.^l) while the ignorant Tranfcribers of the Hifto- rian Vopijcus have turn’d Zenobids Ge- neral Zabdas into a Woman, ( Vopifc . p. 117. contra Zenobiam, & Zabam ejus Sociam.) Samfus , Samfon, 'Zclju.'^Av in the LXX. are of the fame Original ; and from thence is Sampfa (or s Efdr. 4 . 8 * and Sam- fake ramus one of the Princes of Syria under Pcmpey , another of that Name, being the Prieft of Venus under Gallienus ; and Sampfa a City in Arabia . fays Stephanas , 2^4^ vnuofi mf !?Aj(§U And Epiphan . liter. 53 . ^cLf&fouiot fiAicino}. And O in SojvJs tcyrap \ c u A/ v //• /4C. j. 45*. ) C asgibsoL m the Appendix. in the lame Stephanas, Yl?Vl&. Odaenathus is alfo of a Syrian Family ; of which Name was a Philofbpher, the Scholar of the Junior Flutarch , fays Vid ’o- Suidas out of Dawafcius ( j'cfuva,Q&. who ought to be re- mcmbred, if only for that one excel- lent Sentence of his, That it is very difficult, and next to irnpojfible , for Men either to think or /peak of God , as He is, John Malela always calls the Emperor Enathus ; and he, being of Antioch , may have been prefumed to have underfiood the Language, Names and Manners of De Marty- his own Country , Syria. And Eufelius , nb.PaUjh sm0 ng the Martyrs of Palefline, who fuffer’d in the Dioclefian Perfecution, reckons Ennathas a Woman of Scythe - polls. And I have been enclined to be- lieve, that Enathus and Ignatius were the fame Name ( Ignatius only better turn’d to pleafe the Ear of the Greeks and Rowans ,) and that, in Honour of Oda* nathus , Gallienus aflum’d the Name, who, in two rare Coins in Monfieur *Pag. 413 . * Pat in, and as rare an Infcription in f in h.a . f Fulvius Vrfimts, is fly led Publius Li - senpr. p. c ‘ in ' lus Jqnatius Gallienus ; or as F. Har- I he Appendix. i p «j duin, p. 330. from another Coin, Eg- natius . As to the Name Mocimus , I have been under fufpence, whether I Ihould cor- red the Books from the Monuments, or believe that the Tranfcriber of the Infcriptions might miftake a K for an N, which letters are not of a very diffe- rent make, and turn and read Monimus for Mocimus. * Jamllichus , who wa s*ApudJu- born at Chalcis , not far from Edejfa , iy^Si. fays, that Monimus was the Mercury of the People of Edejfa : And f Damajcius , f Apud in the Life of Jfidore the Philofopher , phot ; Cod ‘ fays that Jamllichus derived himfelP^’ from Monimus and Sampfaiceramus , the Roytelets of Syria ; and the Criticks V. x*a- have corrected Stephanus , n mXiocv. w* reading Mo vijul(&, for Mo But fince the Name occurs fo often in the Infcriptions at Palmyra, and is al- ways written Me )ju/jl@o 9 I am enclined to think that that was the right read- ing, and ought not to be alter’d, and that from thence Jamllichus and others are to be corre&ed. Nor is it to be omitted, that the Pal - myrenians y as well as other Nations, gave the Names of their Gods to their Princes, O 2 and The Appendix. and Uluftrious Perfbns, as appears by the frequent ufe of Jaribolus , Mocimus , Vaballatbus , Elabelus , the Rich and Eminent Per- fon, who furnifh’d the Money for their Publick Spectacles, and was at the Charge of the Plays, though they had ld)% a ~ 8 reac Bequefts often made to this pur- jf>. 290. * pofe, and fometimes the Expence was x# I2 * defray’d out of the Publick Treafury"; -72, 273. t jj at t fey [ iac j p uc j 1 an officer at7W- war, the Infcriptions put out of all dis- pute.) Their Original Office, it is true, was like that of our ( a ) Clerks of the Market (if not at firft deputed to infpeft the Temples, and their Revenues, and (a) Harpocrat . Kyey.vifjuau U nt k? t ’Ajpgpty wise p#.vifJL@* o w tm uyj>£ ve/uuav to' tft-x.cuoV‘ Glbflar. vet. J£.dilis y ’A y>e$tvo//.(§y*' ' A'lP&LVOfjuct, JE4ilitas % Mdilicius t JEdilis. Anemid . ov«p» 2. c. 15. d ) « rd s (ijtviiuov 'ar&ivofi&'xii* And P^j in bis Hiftory, always ufej fot JEdilii % to The Appendix. 1 99 c.iij ’ to file the Records,) where they en- quired into whatever was bought or lold, and regulated the Prices ,* and their number at Athens (lays Ariftotle , in his Book of that Commonwealth, cited by Harpocration ) was Twenty, Five in the Pireceus , and Fifteen in the City. But that which made them mod acceptable to the Common People, was their Secundary Employment, to enter- tain the Citizens with whatever might contribute to their Diverfion,upon their own Pocket ; and perhaps it often happen’d, that the fame Perfons who furnilh’d the Expence, was the Prefident, and Judge of the Games (both the ? A yo&gvo/Lur, and 3 A^wo- 3s7Tf^,) who, if the whole Pro- vince met (the K oivov £ FteA- fjuupvm') was from the Name of the Country call’d the n yy; y as there were 3 AoicLgycy, A Tct\cLTci^youf f &c. And therefore Ruffe • nus } in his Verlion of the Martyrdom of St. Polycarp , renders ’Aoia^n;, in Eu[ehius\ Greek by Muneraruis y the Perfon who managed the Expence of the Speftacula, very properly. . : O 4 This l- r - tAjifc Ludos facere Mdi- lem Cic. Li.de Or at. argentum ad ludos commodare. 1 . 28. D. de auro , argent o 9 <&c. dtdiles plebis ludorum maxime gratia crea- tes. Vid. Gronov. Ob - Jerv. 1 . 4. c. 21. *>A / * vS cf7o£f>Xr?S - b? r % * bm leruj, C u no A munesitOi/'us". But U l ken Xf?ar, f -ft' / * / -V"* +*• • /. Jh£ efeus /M J h^/ct/iCA naA.fi £>/n.>v £,se 4 i 7a / / t\jtm • \ ?• 2 . aAo X* fern The Appendix. 2 00 llemfti- 'Infcnpt, flajf. 6. it. exxi. This Generofity made fo deep and lading an Impreffion upon the Popu- lace, who are generally led by Ap- pearances, and fatisfy’d with Show, that they often eredted Monuments to the Memory of their Beneia&ors, for this very teafon. So the City of Tcena- rium (in the Gulf of Sparta ) celebrated the Glory of Tiberius Claudius Charito y in this noble Infcription : r H ttd yi T wa^Joov Tifil&tov KA ad- * f. Xctel- * XciPT&vct t* aoigov ttoA&I rluu tdoqpq- vwet. crums tz y^ ’tti&l t ayo^vofaaav aw 7TE^- /SA«Vei '°h 109. Vid. pago 105. Maid, par. 1. }• 39° • didly difcharged this Office ; particu- larly Zenobius , that he managed that Province, when he undertook it, with an extraordinary Liberality. For they diftinguilht between what was done at the expence of the Publick, and came out of theTreafury, and what was ex- pended by the Officer out of his own Coffers ; and themlelves took care, if the Commonwealth did not, to record this Circumftance ; fo Bolanus is faid to have built an Altar, 3k IShoev, at his own charge ; and Agathangelus , to have e- re&ed a Canopy, and a Bed of State, 3k iiit'v : And fo Septimius is faid to have fupplied the Company (or Cara- vans of Travellers) 3k And Mare tides, who had been one of the Magiftrates of Antioch , was, in the Reign of Gallienus , by the Vote of the whole Senate and People, ejecfted out of the Government ; becaufe, whatever Party he was obliged to provide for in the Publick Horfe-Races, he not only refufed to lay out any Money of his own, but cheated the Publick of what was deftin’d by the City to thofe Di- verlions, (the Emperors afterwards E trading, That whofoever was ap- pointed The Appendix, ao 5 pointed to infpeft the Ludi Circenfes y L,io,tit, which was the Office of the Duumviri? u § ' 2 # and alienated or diverted to another ufe any part of the Revenue deftin’d to that Service, ihould be obliged to re- fund.) This Difgrace occa hon’d his flying to Sapores the King of ?er(ia y in thote diflblute Times, to whom he gave an Account of the unhappy State of his Native Countrey, and the Care- lefnefi of the Inhabitants, which occa- fion’d the ruine of that noble City, as is already mention’d, the Tray tor him- felf being facrificed by that very Prince whom he had invited into Syria, to the angry Manes of his abufed Country - Beheaded (fays Malela ,) Burnt alive (fays * Ammiamts Marce/linus.) And * Vbi jup. x < . / . f Xenophon, introducing Socrates in-t0«ww- ftrudfing Critolulus as to what would be ™ K ' c ' 4 ’ expected from a Man of his Figure and Fortune at Athens, after he had inform’d him, that he muft very frequently be at the charge of noble Sacrifices, and magnificent Entertainments and Feafts, he adds, That it would be expe&ed from him, that he would be obliged to keep Horfes for the Publick Races ('l&TTQTgop'a^Xopviyiot^Ti, Tvf/jVcLCiOL^ict $,) and if he ftiould ever refute fb to treat the 204 The appendix. the Citizens, they would punilh him as feverely as if he had robb’d their Houfes. So pafiionately were the People of thole Ages and Countries addidted to the Speftacula, and fo much did they think them their due. BsAyjrfc. The Senators of Palmyra were Men of Eminence and Condition, and the moll Honourable Members of the Re- publick, and therefore are {tiled in the Infcriptions (Ao. / u.®-£0to7oc SoHcAhtwI} Mofl Illuflrious : But of thole Sena- tors, fome, I conjecture, were a {land- ing Council of State, (as the were at Athens, and in mod Common- wealths, fome fimilar Court ; ) for Ru- pilius Or odes is faid to be both a Senator * w.Marm. anc j a Councilor ( 2uf«A>rn«2?, d B«- Oxon.t1.46. ; ^ So as tjjg * BaAtOTst) and Tlfummi were diftinguilht at Athens , fo at Palmyra the SuhtA n-nnai and Ba- AaoraJ had their Diftindtions. For as the Romans had their Senate, lo other Cities had theirs ; their Court of Al- dermen, who govern’d the People (their Duumviri reprefenting the Con? i’uls, ) of which Senators lome were Eminent and Principal for Authority the Appendix. 205 and Influence ; and fuch, probably, were the BsMmti at Palmyra, Men who had borne the Office of the Duum- virate, and for that reafon were not only of the Senatorian, but Conlular ^° r ' Dignity, (one 'EvUt^muav iy 'T7mmiuv Marm. 2 . as it is worded in another Inscription.) fr >4 3 - The Name Bxtevrk, it muft be con- feft, is commonly given to every Mem- ber of that Court ; fo the old Glojfary. BsAami?, Decurio , Curtails ; called De- cur tones, becaule whenever the Colonies, or Mmicipia , were eftabliflit, and the Government of thofe Cities firft infti- tuted, the Decurio (like our Alderman of the Ward ) had his particular Pro- vince appointed, and his Number of Perfons, whom he infpe&ed (Nonius Marcel. Decuriones a numero, cui firm- er ant, dicelantur,') but the whole Order, or aggregate Body, govern’d all the Inhabitants, and are therefore called, in the Laws, and ancient Hiltories, Decu- riones Civitatum, Municipiorum, & Co- loniarum. Great care (lays Tally ) was l. 6. Efift. tiled in the choice of luch Governors,'"^** the Names of the Candidates being, be- fore the Elettion, propofed to the Peo- ple, that they might make their juft Excep- 20 6 The Appendix* Vid. Not. in Cod . /.iG.r.31 n. 1.9 Vid. B. Briffo. L 4. Selett.An- tiquit. Exceptions, if they had any, againft the Perlon. When any Publick Bari- n' fs was to be done, the Senators were folemnly fummon’d to the Court ; for out of their Body the Duumviri were chofen ( who were to be nominated three Months before they entred upon their Province ; ) as alfo the s. Ediles, (and in fome Places the Dictators and Prators ,) the Court being obliged to give immediate Notice to every Offi- cer, if abfent, whom they had ele&ed : The Infpe£tion of the Treafury was committed to them ; they were en* trufted with the Management and Dit pofal of all Bequefts, and of the Publick Money ; they were to take care that the Granaries ffiould always be full, that the City might not want Bread : They impofed and levied Taxes : In lhort, the whole Management of the Commonwealth was in their hands. It muft be granted, that the Dif- charge of the Office was very expen- five, and they were accountable for whatever Publick Money ffiould be embezled or mifapplied, and were in- cumbred with a troublefom Province ; for the Senator was not to leave the City, The Appendix. 20 7 CJ/I. City, to go to the Court, either upon the Publick, or his own private Affairs, without leave from the Prefident of the Province : They were prohibited the ap- plying themfelves to a Military Employ^ ment • and if any Man fcrupled to ferve hisCountrey, after he was chofen,theLaw compelFd him for two Years together to do the Office of a Duumvir (unlefs the Court exempted him, or he had the confent of the Citizens to excufe him ; ) nor would flying to a Monaftery give a Proteftion ,* a Religious Houfe was not then a San&uary to skreen a Man from Civil Employments. And there- fore in the * Novels of the Emperor * Nov. 46, Leo (after whofe Reign the word doth not occur in the Laws, nor is it to be found in the Bafilica) the Office of the Ducurio is ftyled Bx^x % ^vcrtnc oi^og, 1 an Employment very bur- thenlom and grievous, and probably, the Perfon, when chofen, was obliged to give to the Publick Treafury a Summ of Money ; it being mention’d f as a f Grut. great Honour done to Titius Chrefimus , 475 ‘ 3* that for the Merits of his Father, the Senate admitted him into their Society gratuitoufly, Oh merita Patris honorem Decurio - ao8 The appendix. Decurinatiis gratuitum decrevit Ordo Decurionum . But as the Office was thus molefted ( inasmuch as it was fometimes inflidfed as a Puniihment for fome Offences) fo their Privileges were very great, and their Station very honourable ; they were exempt from all extraordinary Employments, and from enduiing the Torture ; were not to be condemn’d to the Mines, not to be Burnt alive, thrown to the Wild Beads, Crucified, or Beheaded, (but if Criminal, were Imprifon’d, and Fetter’d, till the Em- peror had declar’d his Pleafure, and de- termin’d their Fate, ) and the Honour was derived to the Family, to the Fa- thers and the Children of the Senators, who were by this means ennobled ; the Men of Worth were capable of being chofen Members of the Court at Fif- teen ; and if any of them arrived to the Age of Seventy, or prov’d the Fa- ther of Twelve Children, he was ex- cufed from the Fatigue, while he en- joyed all the Privileges of a Senator ; nor could he be compell’d to go out of the Province, unlefs in cafes of moft urgent neceffity. Their Body was flyled The Appendix, top c./7/. fly led Ordo Decurionum ; the Roll in which their Edi&s were entred, Al- bum Decurionum ; their Habits diflin- £hve and ornamental ( Decurionalibus Grut. p, Veftimentu Ornatus ; ) their Houfes were 37 2 - 7 * fupplyed with Water upon the Publick Charge (ut Aqute digitus in Domo ejus id. 47 5. 3* o' flueret , commodifque Vublicis y ac ft de- curio frueretur ; ) and they were ca- pable of the greateft Bequefls, above ^ Fifteen hundred Pound having been given by C . Torafius , to furnifh out the Grut, p . Expence of a great Supper, annually 2 7 * & provided on the Birth-dav of his Son, for the Ducuriones of the City, and for a LargeFs in Money to the Poor. And if any generous Perfon, when dying, left Legacies to the People , they were entrufted with the Difpofal, (as appears by the Infcriptions D.F. D.I.P. h.e. Decurionum fide dividenda in publicum .) ~ And if the Emperor reiolved to exprefs his Indignation againft any People, he denied them the Privilege of being ruled by a Senate of their own Inhabitants, and left their Lives and Fortunes to the Difcretion and Integrity of their Go- vernor, who was a Foreigner. So Au- Dio . /.$ 1. guftus puniih’d the proud City of Alex-* 9 ** 1 ' P andria ; 310 Jhe Appendix . Sptrttan. Severn s, b 7 °* andria ; for when he had conquer’d Egypt, he conftituted Cornelius Callus their Governor, but would not permit any Citizen a ihare in Publick Affairs, while he allowed other Cities their Pri- vileges, ( 7D?£ ’Afej'ClVci'ptUOl OLViV /2&- AiVTZev itoAmvdcui and in this ftate they continued till Septimus Se - verus gave them (the Jus luleutarum) the liberty to be govern’d by their own Citizens ; and his Son Antoninus put them into the capacity of being chofen Senators at Rome , which, I conjecture, was one of the Privileges of the Decu- ricnes in the Colonies. That this Title was very Honourable in the Colony of Palmyra , appears from Sextus Rufus , who calls Odenatbus , be- fore he affum’d the Purple, by the Name or Decurio Falmyrenus , which Trelellius Follio explains by Frinceps C tv it at is ; for the Senators were the principal Men of the Cities where they refided. In Imitation of the Roman Methods of Government, the Falmyrenians had alfo The Appendix. 2 f i JIL alfo their Procurators Ducenarii ; of which Order was SeptimiusOrodes , un- der Odenathus ; and Paulus of Samofata , the Patriarch of Antioch, under ‘Zenohia, The Original of the Office is to be de- duced from the Times or Augujlus, who, Sneton.Au - for the better and more regular go- gHj ^ n '^ 2 ' vernment of his Subjects to the three Courts of Judicature, which had been TtM* formerly created, added a fourth, ftyled Decuria Ducenariorum of an inferior Order, the Judges whereof, at their firft Inftitution, were appointed to determine Caufes of left moment, but were in procefs of time advanced to a nobler Jurifdidion ; 'they were commonly Men of Quality, of the Equeftrian Dig- nity, though iometimes Lilerti , (but in thofe days the Emperors Freed-Men made no contemptible Figure in the Commonwealth,) the Cuitom, before the Reign of Auguflus , was, that every Dio.i . 53 , 0 . Officer turnifht the Expence of his Em- h ^em- ployment without any Charge ro the £ Publick , but that wife and munificent Prince confidering the Temptations fuch Officers, who were no way provided for out of the Exchequer, were expofed to, appointed every one his Salary : And P 2 from Ca\t d oOOt (7t, 2 i 2 I he Appendix. from hence the Ducenarii had their Name, and not from their colle&ing the Tribute of the Provinces, and the Summs which they exatSted (the Du - centefima) though that was a part of their Bufinefs, as of the Proconful, where he prefided,but from the Penfion, which by the Imperial Conftitution was to be paid them (which Capitolinus calls Du- cenum H. S. jlipendium , as the Law mentions the Procuratores Centenarii and Sexagenarii for the (ame reafon.) For this Dio avers exprefly, whatever fbme learned Men affirm to the con- Vbl fup. trary, — (St» tcLc, HAivcts cocXiyov7ztg ) jy Ttr^iTuSfjJiv^ cr$ioiv dvaXlatto V7&$ qvo/llcL- fy/jutv") — ly 7 wq yt avii T873 QVOpCCC i&P T 1 dp&jUkS (hcfoyiAvocv ctVToTg ygn/utctTfov } ytyvQ • the Salary being proportion’d to the Quality of the Perfon and his Employment; the Summ being limited as well as the Office : For the Procu- rator was not permitted to levy Sol- diers, nor to raife larger Taxes upon the Provincials, than were appointed by the Emperor, or Senate ; he was obligede to refigo, whenever required ; and The Apendix. 213 and not to lingerin the Province after his time was expir’d, but to return to Rome in three Months. In a few Years their Authority was racit.An- enlarged, became great and illuftrious ; mL l2 ‘ Claudius obliged the Senate to enad: it. That whatever was determin’d by the Emperor’s Procurator, fhould be lookt on as valid, as if himfelf had decided the Controverfie in Perfon. And when the Senate had Paft it as an Adi, it was l. i . d. reckon’d among the Laws of the Em- de °$ c - pire. The Office was feldom bellow’d 1 >0C ' c ^’ on a private Perfon, unlefs of extraor- dinary Merit , but upon a Man of Emi- nence, and a Favourite of the Empe- ror’s : He was impowered to irifpedt all M vit. Publick Affairs ; but the proper Bufi - A&ric ' nefs of the Procurator, was to over-fee the Publick Revenue ; his Office in the Province entitling him to the fame Charge that the Praefetti /Erarii (the & Lords of the Treafury) had at Rome ; and it was a ftep to the Senatorian Dig- nity, as that was many times to the Imperial; for Pert max was the Prccu-capitoim. rator Ducenarius in Dacia, before he Fertinax ° affirm'd the Purple. Their Title was ^' 54 ‘ Kgsen?#,, as appears by the Infcrip- P 3 tion. jvti 214 The Appendix. tion, and by Holy Writ, (for Feflus is, Aft.z6. 2 j. call’d They had their Guards to protect them H ' 7- (Aogupo^yjcoi) fays * Eufeliiu r, their Retinue was great, and their Atten- dance numerous ; fometimes they re- preftnted the Presidents of the Pro- vinces {Procurator Crefaris Vice Prvxkh;, Comman- 5J, ‘ 2 ‘ ders of Two Companies of the Life- guards, who of old, as among us, were treated with the Title of Colonels, and accordingly refpedfed and paid : The difference of Title between thefe Mili- tary. Ducenarii and the Procurators confifting in this, that the Office of the former was ftyied Dignitas Ducentena , of the later Dignitas Du - cenaria, T^cjcopccillji. Among other Officers of Note and Figure at Palmyra, the Y&c/ut./cut7iu<;, or Secretary of the Senate and People, was very eminent ; and among others who had been chofen to that Honour, Malech Agrippa is remarkable in the Infcriptions, who a fecond time ma- naged that Office, when Alexander the Emperor came into Syria. The Secretaries or Scribes at Rome were very numerous, being divided into their The Appendix . a * 8 Tacit. An- nal. 1 . 13. Orat. 8. in V err. Vbeinfr. Jul. Pol. 1 . 8. c. 8, 9 > 11* their feveral Clafles or Decuria, their Office obliging them to attend upon the refpe&ive Magiftrate, to whom they did belong, whether he were the Prator , JEdile y Quaflor , General of the Fleet , or the High Priefl (or the War- dens of the Port at Athens ,) for every one of thefe had his Scriba ; the Em- ployment was very honourable, (for the Secretary was very little inferior to the Chief Magiftrate, either in Dignity or Authority, being often of the Firft Rank of the Nobility,) fo fays Fully , Scrilarum Ordo eft honeflus ~ quod eorum homtnum fidei tabula publica, pe - riculaque Magiflratuum commitantur. He was Elected into the Office, fays Julius Pollux. And Ariftotle , in his Account of the Commonwealth of A- thens , affirms, that he was the Keeper 'of the Publick Records (and fully fays the fame) enroll’d all the Decrees of the Senate, and was an Afleflor in the Courts of Judicature. And therefore Suidas is miftaken, when he avers, that they had no other Employment, than to Write, and Read, or Publiih the Or* ders of the Senate : There were Three at Athens , of whom the • Firft The Appendix. 2 1 9 Firft kept al i the Publick Writings, the Letters and Decrees of the City, and he was chofen out of the Tfpvmv&$ by the Council : To the Second, the keep- ing of ail uie Laws was entrufted, apd he alio was nominated by the Council : But the Third was the Secratary of the People, chofen by the Commons, and he it was who read all the Writings of the People, fays the Scholiaft of Thucy- dides , or rather read all the Publick Orders both to the Senate and People : His Method oi Proceeding is thusftated by Ammonius , O fMv ygcc,fjyux'nij$ to L* nse*' fMv 'zr?£rov 7 ^ yty^x/x/jiivoev '^wpiojuxTav xvxyvioccryujcv tzS mjulm tots ovofxx e v A iyt t- yiy^ctpQT&j, /A — •zsrpoaiyo- pSv1@» Aio>chl@» tS Aio y^cf./uc' fAxtid!,ov7v; ’Ad'gy.vloevoi ’AAj|ai/,3p«. And very often his Name had the precedence in the Decree, as appears by * ^ndocyd. fevetal Inltances 5 * T E£b|'s r ri iy-m e My P ir ‘ — XAsg^wis iyoy/MuArAji, BowSo? t Thucyd. i7Tt$d,T&l. "f ¥ ESbjj6 •raf (WptGtf • — $nlw»- vrj'Not r/rD ^ .fy£ 9 s i M, / ue * r ^’* i-m^dru. in warm. And in the Coins, the Name of the «>x. 46. Tpa./jt,fjutaTj<;, as of a pubhck eminent Officer, from whole Year of Govern- ment the People made their Computa- tion, is frequently inierted, particularly in thole of the Cities of Curia , where, I fuppofe, the Tpa./jcfjutUj<; was the Chief Magiftrate. One of the Coins of Mylafa is faid to be ftampt Fpasp^aa- 'IJLsoiavi 'Ybpia, (and Hylreas the Ora- |{ Lib. 14. tor govern’d the City, lays \\Stralo.) h6i9 ' So the Coin of the Magnefians , upon 22 1 Xbe Appendix. upon the Maander, in the Reign of Maximinus, was ftampt ’Or. ypapyua., M, that he was choien by Vote ; that he 2I? * was to take into hisCuftody the Tables wherein the Laws were written ; that he was obliged to preferve the Origi- nals The Appendix. nals of all the Leagues, and to keep in a ftrong Box all the Books belonging to his Office, and the Publick Affairs ■, and when he lhall be required by the Community, he (hall bring them into the Senate-Houfe ; and whenever the Society (hall chufe another (Fpci/^ux- •zwpvM .% ) Cuftos Rotulorum , he lhall de- liver up his Truft. But in procefs of time, no Lay-man was permitted to be Secretary to the High Prieft, he was always chofen out of the interior Sacred Orders, and in the old Infcriptions is ftyled Scriba, a Libris Pontificalilus, who tranfcribed and prelerved all the Ritual, and other Books, that belong’d to the High Prieft’s Office, and many times he managed the Revenues of the Sacerdotal College, being the Treafurer of the Temple. So Grftf.306. QJngenuus Maximiams was Scriba Pub - he us Pontif. G* Curator ALrarii , the Keeper of the Records of the Temple, (and Publick Treaties and Leagues, be- sides the Deeds of pri vate Families, were for the moll partdepolited in Temples.) And the Treafurer ; fo Nehemiah made Shelemiah the Prieft, and Zadock the Scribe, and the Levite Pedaiah, Trea- furers 22$ The Appendix, furers of the Temple (Nehem. 13. 13.) And Ingenuus is dyled Scrila Pullicus> becaufe the High Pried had hefides him (as I conjecture) another private Secre- tary for his own Affairs. So Livius Theona is (aid to be ab Epijiclis Gr^ecis^ id. $87. & Scrila , a Libris Pontificalibtis . Such Publick Scribes belonging to the High- Priefts, were thofe probably of whom we read in the Sacred Writings, the Chief Prie ft s and the Scribes being com- monly joined together, ( 3 ^ TfujubjualSsi Mat . 1 6. 3. Mar. 10. 33. a very honourable Station, for God is faid to imprint Glory on the Face of the Scribe , Eccluf 10. y.) and they conti- nued in Employment among the Jews, when the H gh- pried hood ceas’d, 600 Years after our Saviour’s time ; for when Gregentius introduces the erni- Difput.cum nent Jews, who attended their Cham- % e ^ ano pion Herbanus to the Difputation about J Religion, at Tephra , he reckons up a multitude of Scribes , and Pharifees , and Lawyers , who were prefect at the De- bate of the Controverfie, they being the mod iiludrious Perfons of the Nation ; IIA.wS’os TpctfuicLiitov, z ;i No/:oo^$&- S3td?iQov 7 " QI jjjtyzXQi ciifjzfv* Among 23<5 I be Appendix. f 4 fj / Mu c.Mutm.y-o . Wiser. '< ./>v. S>(>- A: Among the chief Minifters at Antioch (a City with which Palmyra had a great h 377 - Commerce) the Secretary of the Olym- pick Games was habited, and worlhipt as a God ; for when Commodus the Em- peror had confirm’d the Bequeft of So- fihius to the People of Antioch, that every Fifth Year they might, for Forty five Days together, celebrate the Olym- pick Games, the next Officer to the Alytarches (who Was the Ptefid'ent of the AfTembly, and made Laws for the good and decent Management of thofe Sports ) was the Tgtyfidl&js, who reprcfented Apollo ; he Was chofen by the Senate and People, clad, ail the time the Solemnity lafted, in a White Gar- ment, his Head adorn’d with a Crown of pure Gold iliap’t like the Leaves of Lawrel, and was worlhipt as if he had been Apollo. This Officer, if the Olym- pick Games were_ peculiar to Antioch in the Eafl, as to Elis in Greece, (To (ays the learned Commentator on the Oxford Marbles, though the above- cited fnfcription in Honour of Paulinus p^rfuades me to believe that the Games were alfo celebrated at Smyrna ,) was alio peculiar to that City. But the reft of OiunAic yarnes tr ' " 3 . 5 ' 7 ricx.r,,~tr limits gJ&fl jrno- U/rcnfi The Appendix. 22 7 of Afia had their other Games in Ho- nour of the Emperors (which were celebrated by the (Kowor ^ ' Adv&^TaAoL- r ncL$, Bi Soviets,') Communities of Afia , Galatia , Bithynia , &c. wherein the T^/ui/jixWg had a principal fliare. Tnis Office, perhaps, was difeharged by Ma,kch Agrippa at Palmyra, in the Games celebrated in Honour of Alex- ander the Emperor, when he came into that part of Syria , in the (YLoivov $ general Meeting of the Inhabitants of that Province. At Alexandria , one Order of their Priefts were called lipoypctp^xl^ (and among them, probably, he who was of more eminent Worth and Station was fty led ’A^yny pct^oll Scr liar urn Pri- mus , as among the Littbrs, the'A^f- was Littorum Princepsk) of whole extraordinary Sobriety, Conti- nency, and other Vertues, together with their love of Solitude and Abftinences, Cheramon the Stoick (who was of the lame Order, fay Theodor it and Tzetzes,Ap.Porpb, though Stralo fpeak llightly of him) *• gives a large Account. And St. Cle~ L 4 * mens of Alexandria deferibes their Habit ; * C Q UpoypcipCjUx1<$}$ ' z ‘ r f 0 *Q'O * Q , 1 / 2a8 ihe Appendix. s 7Z2 7Tfi^0H (fJrl £ JOcpctX}\$> @>lf&\lQVTt 04/ ^VOVX 04/ 60 TC7S ypCKpitLOV (Ax XV, iij %oiv&, Y\ ypdf)K$&>Vy ti tc tpipksart) in which was Ink, and a Pen, to write with ; His Provence was tobe acquainted with, and to know exactly theHieroglyphicks of the Egyptians , to underftand Ccfmo- graphy and Geography, the Motions of/ the Sun and Moon, with the Influences of the Seven Planets, the Chorography of Egypt, the Defcription of the Rivet NiluSy the Ufe of the feveral Veflelsand Inftruments employed in Holy Offices, the Bate of all Confecrated Places, the feveral kinds of Meafures* and what- ever dfe was necefTary for the accom- pliftiing their Sacred Studies. For in The Apendtx. aip Egypt the Priefts were obliged to make themfelves Matters of' the Thirty fix Books of Hermes , which contain’d their Sacred Philofophy, treating of Religion and Nature, (the other Six Books of his Works being Medicinal,! among whom the Prophet (the Chief Pricft, or ?ra~ fed of the the Temple) was bound to learn Ten for his part (called 'hpan^ the Sacerdotal Books') wherein Hermes treated of the Laws, and the Gods, and the whole Difcipline of the Priefthood ; the Chanter (Tl^bs, or r T juLv&ciiS)) the 27 DAig< 2 U (or f I as Cheramon calls them) with the e hpo- L.i.Hien- ypcLfZjuzl&<; y being obliged to learn \ht ilypb - reft. And Orus Apollo fays, that he who would defcribe an 'hpoypzf^uz- in Hieroglyphic!*, ought to repre- ttnt him by Ink, a Sieve, and a Reed : Of the Reed the Egyptians made their Pens, fo that Ink, and a Reed, denoted his Profeftion ; the Sieve (which alfo was made of the Reed, or Bulrufn) his Condition and Quality, that he was well provided for, and had leifure to ftudy, thofe who want Bread being compell’d to apply themfelves to Me- chanical Trades. And the fame Au- 3 thor The appendix. thor informs us, they were Judges of Lite and Death, not that they pro- nounced the Sentence of Condemnation upon Criminals, or granted Pardons or Reprieves ; but that in times of Sicknefs, they determin’d whether the Patient fliould live or die: ’E to/? lipcypzfXjO’.ctlTj'm ^ /2//SAo? tiggc ’A/uc/Spns, (which is, I doubt not, an Egptian word , nor does it oc- cur in any Lexicon , only in Hefychius I find ’A/Lt@eJ.£&iv, Snpzir&j , :iv ef to/? hpoTi, and perhaps ’A/^/Sp«? is ®tpx-rrdy tixm ' ) for the 'kpoypctpcuctltlji had a Sacred Book, which they called Amhres (probably a Medicinal Treatife, one of the fix Books of Hermes , which he wrote upon that Subjedi) by the In- fpedion of which, they judg’d whether the fick Perfon would either die, or recover. So much for the YpzpcfUct- Uk- ^ , jjJj7TD If there le much Wine (fays he) give every Man as much as be defires ; if hut a little , divide it equal. And! queftion not 236 The appendix. not but thefe Rules of Drinking were obferved in Solemn, Publick and Reli- gious Feftivals, as well as in Private En- tertainments, fince much of the Pagan Religion confifled in good Eating and Drinking, and other Methods of Jol- lity, ’ETifja^yirr,; £ Ylnys;. Nor were the Senate of Palmyra only concern’d for the immediate Rites of their own City , but they chofe out of their Men of Condition, one or more to infpedt the Places in their Neigh- bourhood, dedicated to their Religious Worfhip. So Bolanus the Son of Ze- nobius, the Nephew of Airanes , who was the Son of Mocimus, the Grandfon of Matthas, was the Curator of the Fountain dedicated to Venus, at Nacle (or Haclis) a City that was fituate be- tween Heliopolis (the Syrian Heliopolis) and Billus, under Jaribolus, who being one of their (TlalptSoi ©to/) Countrey Gods, was tne Prefident of the Place. Of Jarilolus I fliall treat hereafter ; at prelent, of the Overfeer or Guardian of the Fountain. The Curators (that is The Appendix. 237 the true Roman Name) were thofe who probably luperintended the Repairs of the Fountain, colle&ed and improved the Revenues, and made Provifiqjn for the great Crowds who came thither to coniult the Oracle, or vifited the Place, out of ( miftaken ) Devotion, at the folemn times appointed : They were the JEditui Fontium y or the ITwyo- jcopoi. There were feveral forts of ’E rmfuz- Mlcu among the Antients, who had their Denomination from their Con- cerns : The Overfeer of the Appian way CfanfA&Amyft ofr S 0 A^^aq) occurs in Gruter y (and the People of Spain?. 495.2. were for a while very eager Difputants for the Honour of a new Saint, whofe Tomb they had found, call’d St. Viar , through their miftake of a broken In- fer ipt ion, of which only thefe Fragments remained f S.^// 4 /^,i t.Curatores Viarum.) So the ’AywoSiroy were the Overfeers of their Games, fays Julius Pollux. A 0 A»i/ "fh/juiMlaui- And Princes are (aid to be Qc&r — iirwaJom — Frefervers of the Rights of Religion, and of their Subjefts* The Curators of the Imperial Palaces and Revenues were The Appendix. 238 Lib. 5 . M/QpM 6 / / -yffL * Lib. 6. £. 411 . fepfirt rmni ioU. * / Ariftot. r 7r. 7 nhil, Apud Har pocrat were Men of the Senatorian, and fome- times of the Confular Dignity* (ays Agathias : 'AvxjbAizv rffi <£# ry avkkfr rao /3aA>? dvxyiypizpAf/Av&v • — xvf px ry rJeT tjTmr^v nn/AvjAlvcvy ^ yz ^ $%jvT races, artd Mdfick : ) And when the greater Myfteties were celebrated, Ten inferior Priefts Qipomio'i') were added to the B?5' (not Six yin is it is pub- 1 idl’d,) I /wear hy Jupiter, the Earth, the Sun ,and the other Gods. And this I men- tion, that I may take leave to mention f Ed hi- mvo^ux^otmi t-A pa>s Znvx it, A/a, &C„ (not Six 870 : ) for if lb* it ihould be Six toto, &c. The another fuch Correction in + Arijleas ; T:i’ ^ •zrarwav i-nvnfriv itj (Biov Sroi oiBovJ), ov it, 7raimi, y\uA> tf j5 fxcc\ ifx, •zsrpo- The Appendix, 353 The Moon was reputed the Sifter and Wife of the Sun, as Juno was of Jupiter j and the fame with Venus, fays Philo - chorus, in Macrolius. Now, Venus was a very comprehenfive Name amongthe *'•' uiMituu) mv «vwviv»« v* inoriyj. rapolis was by forne called Venus ; by others, Juno ; by a third fort, Nature , that gave Beginning and Seeds to all Things : By the Affyrians, Arabs, and Perfians, fhe was ador’d under the Name of ZJrania, fays f Herodotus : And in f Lib. 3. Africa, fays || Tertullian. And Apu- leius calls her Dea Cceleftis tnagna Jovu Met. germana, & conjux._ And fo lays Plo- tinus, ( ZJrania was Venus and Juno , the Wife and Sifter of Jupiter .) And fhe is called by v Herodotus , ’A?po ig/n, ••• Vxb.%. the Governefs of the Stars, i. e. the Queen of Heaven. (And for this rea- fon the Egyptians accounted it abfurd to call Heaven, Odg$u*d$, by a word of the Mafculine Gender ; they ftyling it Vrania, becaufe the Moon governs all Antients, fays * Ptolemy, The Syrians * Tetrabik tfcii o/cl worjhip Venus, as the Mother of the Lu scfcdcf Gods , ( 7 tomI\oi $ 9 % iryafgjott m/uctat k ‘ • *nrr\rsnrH A callina her Av fe<7)Pr/il ^ - Things.) T be Appendix. Syr . JS 4 Things.) And therefore Elagalalus xaOL±od(A&. the Emperor being himfelf called by the Name of the Sun y called his Wife Vrania , as if they had been the Sun * de vea and M oon. * Lucian fays, that the Sy- rians at Eyllos (the next Town to Hicrapolhy for this reafon, in the Coins, called c Igg£, the Sacred Byllus ) wor- fhipt Venus and Adonis with great Solemnity , and that the Phoenician Aflarte was the Moon , (Tw 5 A fdgrtwfiyuv 9 A the Moony Rhea , Diana , Nemefis , and the Dejlinies . Macrobius fays, that the Syrians worlhipt Adonis (/. e. the Sun y ) and Venus Arch it is ( i. e . the Moon.) Some Criticks read the word Adar - gidis 5 others, Dercitidis ; but Mr. SeL den % Aphaciditis . And it muft be ac- knowledg’d. t Om}. /. i. c. facred to the Sun and Moon,) at Ancyra u ’ ' ’ in Galatia , at Antioch in Pifidia , at in Caria, at Gifa in Galilee , at Juliopolis in Bithynia , at Magnefia in at Sait a in Lydia, and at £/&- 4/04/4 in Phrygia Salutaris , as the Coins in F .Harduin exprefly declare. It is highly probable, that the Wor» Ihip of the Sun was the Religion of the Chaldeans , in Ahrahams time, when God refcued that learned and devout Patriarch from the Prejudices of his Education, and the Perfections of his Adverfaries; (and if the Sacred Rites of the Chaldeans had their Original in Egypt , and were thence tranlplanted into the Eaft, the Idolatry begun much earlier : ) But this we are fure of, that the firft Account that is given us of Idolatry, in the oldeft Book in the J World, the oldeft, at leaft, that is come to the hands of the Men of the later V Ages (the Book of Jol , which, I may prefume, was penn’d before the Hiftory S of 358 l he Appendix. Hiflory of the Creation it felf) is that of the Worfhip of the Sun and Moon , * J ob 31. of* wor [hip ping the Sun in bis f fiend our, 27 ’ and the Moon walking in her hrightnefs , long before any of the Heathen Saturns or Jufiters could enter their claim, they all having been born long after Job’s time. And the Form of Adora- tion there mention’d is very ancient ( KiJJing the Hand , and paying Oleyfance,) which is naturally render’d by n&- cnauumi and Adoratio , among the Greeks and Latins. And when the Jews turn’d Idolaters, they are faid, Judg. 10. to worjhip Baalim and Ajhteroth , that is, in the Punick Language, fays Sr. Au- f uftine , the Jufiters and Juno’s of the leathen World ; by which he cannot mean other than the Sun and Moon : For Jupiter and Juno, in the Age juft after JoJhua, were not then in Embryo ; and when the Gentiles of fucceeding Ages, the latter School of the Plato- nijls (who were great Admirers of the Orphick and Pythagorean Rites) afham’d of the Accounts which the old Poets gave of their Gods, turn’d all the Story of Homer and Hefiod into Mythology ; they flill continued the W orlhip of thofe glorious The Appendix. 20 TuJi (QA> glorious Planets. With what Pomp and Ceremony of Eloquence doth Julia* the Apoftate Emperor treat of this Sub- ject, in his Hymn written in Praife of the Sun, fly ling him, the King of alt ihe Worlds the Moff Divine Prince , and the Common Father of Mankind \ QAu- Aw*d:?nus % relian calls him a Deity that he wa£ fure of, Dens certus Sol) and, that all things , from one end of the If or Id to the other , were govern'd by his Providence ; affirming, that for his own part, he had from a Youth a great regard for him ; and that at Conftantinople they kept an Annual Feaft, and offer'd Sa- crifices to his Honour. Nor does he forget the Moon , who was folemnly worfliipt at Athens after his time : For * Marinas , in the Life of Proclus , in- * A r . Hi forms us, that when Lachares and Sy - rianus , upon the firft appearance of the Mvon y did adore the Goddefs (^o- gkuujvlv t 0caV,) that Proclus retiring a little way from them, put off his Shoes (another Cuftom and Rite of Religious Worfhip, as old at lead as Mofesy when he convers’d with God in the Bu(h, continued by the Tlatoni/ls , id compliance with the Rule of Py- S % u/scoJc tscwcetuicn 260 T be Appendix. thagoras , ©yen' %pn avvyrih-rov, that he who would facrifice , /o difcalceate ,) and then faluted, z. e. ador’d the Deity, £.4.^24$. ( /iaBat^47D r ®ia.v . ) And when iZoJimus the Pagan Hiftorian ftudioufly aggra- vates the Severity of the Edidt of Theo- dofius , who deftroy'd all the Heathen Temples and Images, he fubjoins, that it was very dangerous for any Man, at that time, to aflert the Rights of Pa- ganifm , to affirm that the Heathen Deities were Gods , or fo much as to look up to Heavv , and to worlhip the Sun and the Moon Qli, 'rd. d* oJtoT fxj- vQ/Mvct •arpoejuw&vA) And at this day, among thofe poor Savages who inhabit the remote!! part of Earth, in Greenland , and other Parts of the North, if they have any Religious Ceremonies, any Objedt of Worlhip, they bow down to the Rifing-Sun, and acknowledge its Di- vinity : As in like manner the old Scythians , with whom one continued Night, as in Greenland , lafted half the Year, worlhipt Apollo, fays Mela. Nor could the Chriftians eafily be wean’d from this Cuftom at Rome, a long time after Cbriftianity had prevailed there ; for many of them, in the days of Pope The Apendix. a 6 1 Pope Leo the Great, when they came Sar.y.A into the Church of Sr. Peter, as they cbrj/i!f at ' went up the Steps that led to the Altar, turning themfelves about, bow’d their Heads, and worlhipt the Rifing-Sun. This Worlhip was objected to the Jews, in the days of the firft Roman Em- perors, by Petronius and Juvenal, that they worlhipt nothing but the Clouds, and the Sun, (for lo I render Cceli Numen,) i. e. in the Sacred Style, the HoH of Heaven. And in the Reign of Honorius and Theodofius, the Coeltcolce were a new upftart Se£t of Superfluous Votaries ( Nomen inaudit um qupdam- modo novum crimen fuperftitionis vindi- ^ (antes, in the words of the Law) called ' 9 Ccdicolte, lays the Colleflor of the Sy- nopsis BatoiAotav, becaufe they worlhipt the Heavens ( Ss/Ss/xiva; r ) who had their feparate Places of Meet- ing, their different Rites, and diftindfc Minifters of their Religious Ceremo- nies : But whether they were Jews, the remains of the old Ejffens, as lome affirm, (though the Law leems to me plainly to diflinguilh the Coelicola from the Jews,) or fome Chriftian Hereticks, the Progenitors of the Euchita (as others S 3 affirm, 262 The Appendix. ■ ■ " " " ■■ ■ ■ ■■■»' ; ■■■ — ' ^ affirm, though the Law alfo teems tp 1 difbnguiih them, when it makes them liable to the lame Penalties with Here- ticks,) or rather fome of the Remains of the old Heathens, who renounc’d their Saturn s and Jupiters (whole Di- vinities they could not vindicate ; be- caufe whatever is God, mud be Eternal) but ftuck to the Worlhip of theSa»and Moon , as the later Platonifis did, be- caufe they believed them Eternal, and of the fame Duration with the Supreme Being, 1 will not undertake to de- termine. Confidering what hath been already afierted, l think it needs not much more Proof, that Syria was eminently famous for the Worlhip of the Sun and Moon. In Syria, ’tis mod probable, that this Idolatry either had its firft Original, or its moll immediate Propagation ; and there it continued till Paganifm breath’d its laft in that part of the Eaft , till the Followers of Mahomet, profeft Ene- mies of Polytkeifm, made ufe of the Sword to extirpate it. The whole Country teem’d to be devoted to this Service ; Edejfa is called the Re- gion dedicated to the Sun, from the The Appendix. 263 Beginnings of Time ( 1 % a&v(&. »A/k yootAov ) and fo was Hierapolis- Byllis faid to be confecrated to Venus and Adonis , and fb was all Phcenitia. /. Efcbylus , in his Supplices, ftyles Ph for its Beauty and Magnificence, its extraordinary Riches, and the Quality of the Votaries who lent their Offerings thither, the neighbouring Barbarous Princes every Year making their Pre- fents to Elagabalus ,) and another at Rome, The Appendix . a 66 zofim. i.i. Rome, upon which he beftow’d a vaft t‘ $ 6 ’ Sumtn of Money, adorn’d it with the the Spoyles of the famous Temple at Palmyra , having at the fame time of- fer’d his own unparalleli’d Robe to the Deity. In Syria, and the neighbouring Pro- vinces, lived the Philofbphers who kept up the Reputation of Paganifm, when it was expos’d to the fevered Profecution of the Imperial Edidts : Porphyry was of Tyre ; Sopater a Syrian ; Jamhlicusi. Native of Chalets; Vranius was of Apamia ; Eujlathius and /Ede- fius, Cappadocians ; Procltts of Lycia ; Marinas a Samaritan of the City of Sichem ; Damafcius of Damafcus ; Sim- plicius a Cilician ; Hermias and Dio- genes , Phoenicians ; Ifidorus of Gaza, &C. And whatever progrefs Chriftianity might have made in other Places, it is plain, from the Epiftle of Julian to Li- lanius, that Heathenifin defended its Pofleflion in Syria ; for when that un- happy Apoftate Emperor made his Ex- pedition into Perfia, from Berrhrn to Batnce , all the Countrey was full of Sacrifices ; the fmell of Incenfe had per- fum’d the Air ; and at Hierapolis he met The Appendix. 067 met with more than a few who had been Confeftors, in the former Reigns, for the Ancient R ites. In Maleld s time, the AJJyrians continued to worihip Mars, or Baal ; and whoever fhall read Da- mafcius’s Life of Ifidorus, may latisfie himteJf what Methods the Philofophers of thole days u(ed to fupport the Inte- reft of Polytheifm, what Vifions they pretended to, what Magical Rites they ufed, and what Miracles were wrought in Confirmation of their Opinions ; Zofimus affirming, that in his time a Globe of Fire hover’d up and down in the Air, about the Temple of Venus , at Aphaca , the Place whither the Men of Taimyr a fent to learn their Fate, when Aurelian threaten’d them with Ruine, fays that bigotted Advocate of Idolatry, who thus rciates the Story ; That when they having confulted the Oracle at Seleucia, in Cilicia, had received from thence a melancholy Anfwer, they fent to Aphaca , a Place fituate between Heliopolis and Byllus, where the Temple of Venus Aphacitis flood : Near that Temple was a natural Fountain, that feem’d as if it had been made by Art ; to this Fountain the People of that Countrey, 2 <58 The Appendix . Country, at thole Set-Times, when they met there, brought their Offer- ings, either of Gold or Silver, Silks, or Linnen Cloaths, or whatever elfe was of Value : If Ferns was pleafed with the Oblation, the Garments that were offer’d funk to the bottom, as well as the heavy Metals ; but if the Deity was difpleas’d, all fwom on the top of the Fountain ; and that this Omen befel the Men of Palmyra, the Year when their City was deftroyed. But the Oracular Fountain, that fore- told the Ruine of Palmyra , could not fecure it felf from a like fate in a few Years after, under Conftantine the Great , which Eufebius, the Church Hiflorian, Bufeb. Vtt. thus relates; That the pious Emperor having been inform’d, that the pretext irOrat.de of Religion, was only a cover for noto- i and. Con- r j ous Debaucheries, refolved to deftroy M ' all thofe Places that were deftin’d to the Gratifications of the Flefh, particularly the famous Temple of Venus in Phoe- nicia : That on one part of the Mount Lilanus, near the top of it, in Aphaca , a Grove and Temple had been confe- crated to Venus, not in the middle of a City, or in the High-way, where the "the Appendix. 269 Ambition of the Heathens prompted them, for the mofl part, to build their Temples, but in a retired Place, remote from all Towns, and publick Roads, where a School of Lewdntfs was e- reded, where effeminate Men profli* tuted themfelves to unnatural Luffs, in honour of the Damon ; and the Female Sex, laying afide all regard to Modefty and Religion, devoted themfelves to gratifie the irregular Defires of all Pie- tenders, they living without Control or Observation ; becaufe no vertuous Perfon durft approach the Place ; till that llluftrious Prince commanded his Soldiers to demolifh the Temple, and fo put a period to thofe abominable Pra- dices, giving the Pagan Inhabitants truer Notions of Religion and Chaflity : This, fays Eufebius, was the Fate of that infamous Temple. But fee the Malice and Difingenuity of a zealous Heathen : Zoftmm affirms, that a miraculous Fire hover’d over the Place in his time. And Damafcius tells fzrange Stories of Vit.ifiiat. the fame nature, in his days, of the Globes of Flame ( the Batult ) that frequently appear’d about Mount Li- lams : That the Worfhip at Aphaca was in 270 The Appends in life before Marcus Antoninus's Reign, the Palmyrene Inicription demonftrates : utn The Solemn Meetings there were An- nual, the Pra&ices mod execrable, Luft and Luxury making a great Figure in all their pretended Religious Ceremonies, efpecially in that Country, Lucian him- * )< ■ s t u , (elf avering, that at Byllus , a very little ' way from Made, the Women who re- filled to cut their Hair in the time of their folemn Mourning for the Death of Adonis, were obliged for a whole Day to proftitute themlelves to all Strangers $ and whatever they got, was to be fpent in a Sacrifice to Venus. Apbaca was the Name of the Place, (ays Zofimus ^as^Jiov, ) and Eufelius (eems to be of the fame Opi- nion ( there being many Cities of that Denomination in Syria, one belonging Eufeb.de to the Tribe of Juda, another to the Heou Tribe of After, a third in the Coafts of the Amorites , a fourth a City of Syria ; ) but others, with greater pro- bability, that the Name of the City was Made, (and of the Well Apbaca ; ) fo V. xetri- ftys Suidas exprefly, upon the Autho- jftyf©-* 6c r i t y c f chriftodorus, who wrote the jr.NttxM. |jjft or y 0 f Made, or Madis, (a Book Which-, The Appendix. 271 which, if extant, would have much il- luftrated this part of our Hiftory) that it flood near Heliopolis, and that the Rites called *A (not as it is in the printed Copy) were there per- formed. What is meant by v Aja^, the Lexicographer informs, that it is a EtymolM. Syriack word, (in the Aralick it figni- V * A ?«**. fies Praputium , or Vinculum ,) and that if it be fit to render fuch a word into Greek , it fignifies (a) Embraces , Venus in that place embracing her Darling Adonis ; and probably Made has a like Signification. [ 2u fat (itiv %bv » Kifyf . SwJcilzt Ji jcafl’ ’EMcc Jk yxZctViV) €i eT« TO &$ei$W. 3 The Appendix, C H A P. V. An Account of Vaballathus, H Aving, in the foregoing Hiftory, averr’d, that Vahallathus was not the Son of Odenathus , as the generality of Writers have attefled ; but the Grand- fon of that heroick Prince, as Monliepr Triflan and F. Harduiu have affirm'd j I think my felf obliged to give my Rea* Ions for my Opinion ; the Roman and Greek Hiftorians of thofe times being either wholly ignorant of him, as, I think, Trehellius Pollio, Zoflmus, and others were ; or miltaken in his Pe- digree, as Vopifcus, who is the only Author who mentions him, feems to be. iranf.p.t} 8 . That Odenathus had Grandfons before he affiim'd the Purple, appears to me very plain from the Palmyrene Infcrip- tion, where Septimius Odenathus (the fame, I believe, with the Emperor of that Name) at that time a Man of the illuftrious Senatorian Order and Dig- nity, The Appendix. nity, built a Monument for himfelf, his Sons, and Nep&ew$f~$>r Grandfons, (ch/nS 75 , Kj ijoJs o^^y\iy^u)VoTg.') That thofe Nephews could not be the OfF- fpring of Herenni'aws and Timolaus , the Sons of Zenolia, rj$| to me undoubted • becaufe at their Father's Death they were very young', j fays the Roman Hiflorian , ( gtendbfa> quod parvuli TrebeLPoh ejjent filii ejus^'qui\ Jupiter ant y Heren^' l8o ‘ nianuV & Tmolqus\ fufcepit impe - r/aw,)^and therefore may be (iippoied thfe 98ns Of Herodes , or Herodianus , whomf* Odenatkfa begaf on a former Wife £lancF%r thefe Reafons, and by the'dielfr'of The Inscriptions, I amen- cfHnecKto deduee-tfie Line of that Fa- I have The Appendix- ; 7 7 "5 I have been encouraged to believe that Odenathus in the Inicriptions was the lame Perfon with the Emperor of that Name, from his pix-Nomen Sep- timius, which cannot juftly be pre- fumed to have been uled in the Eaft, before the Firft Emperor of that Name made his Inroads into Perfia. Now Septimius Severn s died ,Anno Chrijli z i 1 , before which time Odenathus may well prefumed to have been born, being murthered Am. Chr. z(,\. and I have given him a fecond Son, from the Authority of the Infcriptions, w here Septimius Airanes, a Man of the Con- Pa z- 99 * fular Dignity, is laid to have been the Son of Odenathus , the Date of the Iri- Infcription confirming it, viz. A.C.zf 3. I have alio adventured upon adjufting the Pedigree of his Anceftors, from the fame Infcription, where Septimius is p »s- 88. faid to be the Son of Airanes, the Grandfon of Valallathus , the Great- Grandfon of Id af or us (according to the Method of the Arabs, who ufually reckon’d their Delcent after that man- ner ; ") for I cannot think Airanes to be the prse-Nomen of Valallathus , fince all their fore-Names were either Roman T % or- ■2?6 l be Appendix. or Greek, to neither of which Lan- guages Airanes belongs. I have alio fubfcribed to the Opinion ol Tripan and Harduin, that Vaballathus was the Son of Her odes ■ not only becaufe Her ode s is in the Coins reprefented with a Beard, which implies feme Years- beyond Youth, while Falallathus has a very young Face, but becaufe the Coins de- clare him to have continued Empferor, after Zenobia was conquer’d ; and I am lo far from thinking that his Mother- in-Law held the Empire in his Name, shat I believe {he pro(ecuted him, as Hie did his Father, that (he might en- throne her own Children ; the Subject, it muft be confell, is much in the dark, and for want of Direftions from the Antients, it iseafie to be miftaken , but the luckieft Conje&urer in fuch CaEs is the beft Critick. It is plain from v. Trijlan. the Hifiorians, that there were violent foT %c.' Contefls between Herod and Zenobia , while Odenatbus was alive ( as it fel- dom happens that Mothers-in-Law look over-favourably on their Predeceflor s Children) but that thofe Difputesferv’d only to advance the Son in his Father’s Favour, who had declar’d him his Co- partner 777 The Apendtx. partner (a little while after himfelf had been made Emperor) and confequently his Succelfor ; and accordingly the Coins mention the third Year of his Reign, whereas Odenathus wore the Purple but four Years, being then murthered, and with him his Son Herod. Upon whole Death, I doubt not, but Vaballathus immediately alTum’d the Imperial Title and Dignity, as in right he ought, and probably was confirm’d in his Pretenfions by Claudius and Au- relian , (otherwife his Name and Titles could never have appear’d on the reverie of the Coins of Aurelian ; for neither Zenobias nor either of her Son’s Name is found on any of the Imperial Coins of the Romans , becaule in open Hoftility with them ; which confirms me, that Vaballathus was not the Son of that great Queen,) his Fourth Year being coincident with the Firll, his Fifth with the Second of Aurelian, (which unque- ftionably proves him to have been De- clared Augujlut, as foon as his Father was dead ; ) but being convinced that Zenobia had made the Army firm to her Interefts, and declar’d her own Sons’ Emperors, he fled to the Romans for T | Pro- The Appendix. a 78 Protection, who being well allured of the Jultice of his Title (his Grandfather Qdenathus having beeq declar’d Em- peror at Rome, whole right Heir Vabal- lathus was, whereas Zenolia had no tuch Pretenfions) treated him with that RefpeCt which tfiofe great Princes tiled to pay to diltreffid Monarchs j and I doubt nor, but in Gratitude to his Patrons, he a (lifted Attrelian, not only with the Equity pf his Caufp, but with what Forces he could bring into the Field. In the Sixth Year of his Reign, he had the Satisfaction to lee his Competitors conquer’d, and led Gdtt. rhc- Captive to Rome; and the Coins tell faur.p. 73. y S> j hat he bore the Title of Emperor in the Fourth Year of Aurelian, which was the Seventh of ValaHathus, (ATT. K. OTABAAAA0OC CTB L.Z) which was the Year after Palmyra was ruin’d. From whence it plainly ap- pears to me, that he was a Confederate of ths Romans in that War, his Effigies and Titles being ftampt on the reverfc of Aurelian % Coins, that yery Year that he undertook his Expedition into the Halt, as well as the Year after Ze* whin was fubdued ; for that was a Pri- vilege The appendix. 379 vilege never granted but to thofe Princes who were in League with, and had done good Service to th e Roman Com- monWeafth. So Rhemetalces King of Thrace is joyn’d with Auguflus, and Ah- gurus theToparch of Edejjja with Mar- cus Aurelius , to demonftrate their being in the Interefts of thofe Princes, but with feme diflindiion in the Habit of the Head, or Crown, to denote their Subjed'ion ; for when Vahadathus wears a Wreath or Diadem, then Au- relian wears a Crown of Lawrel ; but when Vahallathus wears a Crown of Lawrel, Aurelian wears a Crown radiated, or, as the Heralds call ir, rayonee. How long Vahallathus lived after the Eighth Year of his Reign, or what his Fate was, I know not ; but I am enclined to believe that he funk by de- grees in the Favour of Aurelian , and being deprived of the Imperial Dignity, was forced to content himfelf with the meaner Title of King, or Viceroy, and that this happen’d in the two laft Years of that Emperor ; for to that Year I refer thofe Coins, wherein he is ftyled T 4 V 4 >. 3ho 1 /je Appendix — ’ * 1 J - r " 1 1 ' * 1 - ' v.JWv. VABALATBV.S REX. A BAL- bKtrms mMtmsm m p. Aurel. Z!CBjm£.—&CRmP<~VmtMDR. Atexxob. — VERBHP. r- V.Ab ALAINS HER. Vatin. jud. IMP. R.. t dll which 3TC: Latin, f- and confcquently fecm to be corn’d, not in t he Taft, but ibraesyhefe nearer Rome,- but all in the Reign of Aurplian ; and frofti them 1 conjecture that Au- relicm, alter he had fetled his Autho- rity in Syrian eeUroy’d Palmyra, and put an end to the Pretentions of the Family of Qcknatlms, oblig’d Valal- lathus.tQ decline the Title of Emperor, and to ufe that of the Imperial Vice- gerent in theEafr; and that this is imply ed in the Coins, where heis laid to be VCRIMOR ( Wrongly in others &CRIMDR, ox VCRIMP) not Vice C£- faris Retior Imperii Orient alu, as F .Har- duin very ingenioufly (becaule in Au- reliant Age, and long before, Cafar was a Title of Honour inferior to that upan.f.^.oi Imperator, ALlius Verus being the cafitoim. g r fj. w [ 10 was declar’d Caefar, but never was Emperor, the Title at that time, and id future Ages, being appropriated to the Heir Apparent of the Empire - IJkH ■ ; b T* fo Ue Appendix rT. 281 fb tbat .it fhouid have been Fice Impe- Katfir is yZS tfemejtus is % led in * Sr titer,') * cixviii. but Fir Clariffimus Reftor Imperii Orien- 4? talis ; for (o the Governors of Pro- vinces were ftyled, in the Language oiorut.cL.^ the Law, and in the old In fcr ipt ions, F alius Maximus F. C. Re ft. frov. &c. This Province Faballathus managed more than once, being faid to be ITER. IMF ■ R. i. e. it e rum Imperii Retlor, a (econd time the Emperor’s Vicegerent in the Eaft ; for fuch were the Toparchs of that Country ( the Name demonfi rates it, Toparcha is Ficem - gerens,') which was in fome Ages fill’d with thole Royteiets : Such alfo were Thylarchs of the Arabians, who held their Dignity at the pleafure of either the Romans or Perfians, to whom they were fubjeft. ( Thus Agrippa, upon his Father’s Death, was made Prince of Chalets j but when he had continued in that Government four Years, was jofeph. An- difplaced by Claudius, but made Te- ''?• L 20 - trarch of Iturea , Batantea , Trachonitis , c ' 3 ’ 5 ‘ and Abilene , to which the fame Empe- ror after wards added a part of Galilee .) Put though their Territory was (mail, their Ambition commonly was very great, 282 The Appendix- great, and the Titles which they af- fe&ed very pompous, witnefs a Coin v. mr- of Antiochus the Fourth, one of the little Princes of Sehafte, a corner of Cilicia ereifced into a Kingdom by Vefpafian, *AntJ.i8. lays * Jofephus , who ftyles himfelf c ' 1 ' BzmX- fjmy. BzmXtvs pusysts, the great King ; and another of Abgarus on the reverie of Severus , with the lame Title ; it being very likely that Vabatlathus , prompted by the like Vanity ,ftylsd him- felf Faballathus Rex Vcrim. P. P. Va- lallathus the King, and the Father of his Country, (as in a Latin Coin of Zenebia, whom Theoderit , who was of I Cyrrkejlica, a Province not far from Palmyrene, calls the Toparch of Pal- myra ; fhe is faid to be Queen or Go- vernefs of all the Eaft ; Zenobia Aug. totius Orient is R. i. e. Reftrix, or Re- gina, as file ftyles her lelf in her Letter to Aurelian •’) unlefs this Inscription intimates to us another change in his Fortune and Tenure, that he was con- ftituted the Prince of that part of Cyr- rhejlica , whofe chief City was Ztrima ( in the Coins, by miftake, Vcrima , and 1 Ver'rna ) fituate on the Euphrates , between Samfata and Edeffa, near " v the Tfje 4 ppetidix. . 38$ the Mid-way, and an Epifcopal See. Againft this Opinion, that Valallathus was the Grandion of OJenathus, the learn* ed Spanbeim mutters all his Forces, and viffert. 7. blames Monfieur Triftan for indulging d f r v(lt ^ too much to his own Wit and Con- umifm. jetttures, while Vopifcus fays exprefly t-$ 97 >& c - that Valallathus was Zenolids Son, ( If Cafaulott's Notion, that it was only a fictitious Name, through miftake of the Greeks , who underftood not the Syrian Language, needs no further Con* fetation ; ) for which Opinion alfo Sal- nyafws contends earneftly, the Credit of Vopifcus iupporting it. But it is plain, m. h vo- that Vopifcus was deceived in that Pa .tfi-M* 0 - ragraph, when he fays, ‘ That Zenolia ‘ did not hold the Empire in the Name ‘ of Herennianus and Timolaus, but of ‘ her Son Valallathus. exprefly againft the Aflertionof Trelellius Follio, 30 Tyr. who affirms the contrary ; and of * Vo- f,I98 ‘ pifcus himfelf, in another place, 4 That* p - 21& * Zenolia held the Empire of the Eaft 4 ( Nomine Filiorum ) in the Name of 1 her Sons. — 3% And that the Coins are an unqueftionable Confirmation of this Truth, Spanbeim himfelf confefles, in which the lecond and third Years of their 284 Tib* Appendix. their Empire is recorded ; and there- fore (if any Manufcript would give countenance to the addition) I (hould think, with Triflan, that the word ( Herodis ) is left out, and that it (hould be read Faballathi Herodis Filii ; or probably Fopifcus might miftake his * p. 209. Author, ( for * he confefles, that he took all his Notices out of the Greek Writers,) and through hafte, read CjS for ijuivS, and Co tranflate Fili 't for Me- potis. But the placing the Head of Fa- lallathus on the reverfe of Aureliaris Coins, is to me an unqueftionable Evi- dence that he was not Zenolias Son ; for I believe there cannot be one In- ftance produced of any Emperor who gave fitch an Allowance, but to a Friend and Confederate ; whereas 2.e- mbia and her Sons were always in profeft Enmity, and open War with the Romans, and the Romans with them, who were very eager, all through the Reign of Claudius , to have that haughty Queen fubdued,and the Empire wretfed out of her Hands. Nor will the Years pf his Reign agree with this Opinion (if Vaballathus were carry’d a Prifoner to Rome with Zenobia , and Zenolia did not I The Appendix. not reign above five or fix Years ; } for thofe in Goltzius mention the Seventh Year of hisReigo ; one of which was ftampt at Troas, implying, that that City declar’d for his Interefts,' in the fifth Year of his Empire, the Year in which Aurelian went to the Eaft ; and the Figure of Hope on the reverfe of Mamcem one of his Latin Coins, implies his Ex- tbef. c.jj. pedtation to be reftored by that puifi I43 ‘ iant Prince, who had been fo long kept out of his Right by his Mother-in- Law. But Spanheim enforces his Opinion with a fecond Argument, That Herod's Name doth not appear in any of the Coins of Valallathus , nor is there any Proof that Herod was ever call’d A- thenas , or Athenceus. To which I an- fwerin general, That it was the Cuftom of that Age and Country to have Two Names, the one Latin or Greek, the other Syriack, as Septimius Odenathus , Hermias Valallathus ; (o that it is not improbable, that Herod was call’d A- thenatus , ( Athenas , Athenceus , Atheno- dorus t from Athene, i. e. Minerva , as Hermias from Hermes, or Mercury .) I once thought, that ’AStivv, by the tranipofing 28 6 The Appends tranfpofing the Letters (done by the Greek Monetarily igio antofSyriack) was put for ’Hrct^a, (_ by which Name Malela, the Syrian Writer, always calls Odertathus ;) but from one of the Goins in Golttius , 5 A8W., Ou * I am enclinable to read it, OjJat/2aMa0(^ ’AAirdiis OtjOpceS'x, //£- rodes and Orodes being the fame Name, and always fo written in the Infcrip- tions. But of this Conje&ure I mull leave thole Perfons to be Judges, who have leen thofe rare Coins, while I profels I was never lo happy. The Appendix* 3 , 287 i 2 U & - 4 : to -8 - lo T - ; • • ■ • •'"•• * - ; - CHAP. Vf. jktedp". • wdieg - An Accoitnf of Longinus. ;on T ; : . ■ T TAving accounted, as well as I I 1 could, for Valallathus, I lhall eafily be pardoned by all the Lovers of Learning, if out of a due Reverence to the Metaory of Longinus, 1 endeavour to adjuft the Particulars of the Life of that admirable Man. Who his Father 1 was, we know not , it? having been the fate of many other Excellent Perfons, that the World hath been left ignorant of their Parents; or the Place of their Nativity ; but his Mother’s Name was Front onis, the Sift&t suii. v. of the famous Fr'dnto ( Nephew pro- bably. to the great Plutarchf by' Birth' of the City of Erne fa, by Profefliod an Orator; who having, iff the Reign of the Emperor SeverUs, fix’d His Refidertce at Athens, became 1 a Competitor 'for GI6iV“ in his ptttilick EXetcifite Ifrfth' m0ratmite* Elder, an & Mirks dt EtHPaiii, and ' died at/ ; Athens’ leaving his Nephew Eoritwm the Critick his Hein ; aS8 The Appendix. Heir. Whether Longinus was born at Palmyra, as the Editor of his Book of the Sublime Conjectures, I know not ; though it be not altogether improbable that his Mother, \yfio yyas of Emefa, might marry at Palmyra, a City not far from it; though TanaquilFaber^ in his Edition of that excellent Trea- tife, from that Paffage of Vopifcus in the Life of Aurelian , ( That Longinus “ di&ated the haughty Epiflle of Ze- “ nohia to the Emperor Aurelian, tho’ “ it were written in Sy riack — ) would conclude, that Longinus was not born in Syria ; and that thofe who determin that .that Country was the Place of his Nativity, are confuted by Fopifcus. He is ufually called Dionyfius Lon- ginus , but for what reaforj, or from what Manulcripts, I know not ; Saidas exprefly calling him Caffius, though f rather think it fhould be Cafmus, as it is in the old Milan Edition of that Lexi- cographer, when he reckons up the Au- , thors out of whom he compiled his Work o Cafintus t Alul Cafimus , and AkCafem, being Arabick* Names* that commonly occur in the Saracenick Hiftory, The Appendix, 289 In his younger days he travcli’d into Ep.Longini many Countries to improve his Studies, ^ (his Parents giving themfelves the Satif- fa&ion to travel with him, and to oh- (erve his Proficiency,) where he con- traded an Acquaintance with the molt learned Men of all Nations, who were the Ornaments of that Age, with Euclides , Democritus, and Prodinus of TroaS, the Platonijls ; with Plotinus , and Gent Hi anus Amelias , of the lame Sed at Rome ; with Ammonias and Oriqen, under whofe Tuition he was a long time ( probably at Alexandria , where alfo he acquir’d the Acquaintance of Heliodoras the Peripatetick ; ) with Tbeodotus and Eubulus , who kept up the Platonick Succefiion at Athens * with Themijlocles and Pbebion, the Stoicks ; with Annius and MediuS y with Herminus and Lyfimacbus , with Athe - me us and Mu/onius, of the fame School at Athens ; as alfo with Ptolemy , and another Ammonias , the Yeripateticks. Having thus gratify’d his Guriofity in his Travels, and fnrnilht his Mind with the ufeful Learning of the Age, he fix’d at Athens , probably under the’ Tuition off his Uncle Frento, who enga- V gee! 2 9 o l be Appendix . ged him in the Study of Philology, where he (oon difcover’d his excellent Genius, and was reputed the mod famous Cri- tick of his time, his Judgment of Au- thors being fo much valued, that it be- came the Standard of that learned Age ; and every Book was either approv’d or condemn’d, as Longinus pronounc’d its fate. At Athens, I conjecture, he wrote his admirable accurate Treatile of the Sublime , upon the Importunity of his Friend Vofthumius Terentianus (or, as Sell. io. forne other Copies read it, Florentianus ) to whom he dedicates it ; for, fpeaking of the mod celebrated Orator, he calls him, our Demofthenes , and reckons him- felf among the Greeks. At Athens , Eunap.vit. porphyry became his Scholar, a Privi- i0Y > ))iiU ]eg e m uch valued in that Age ; for Lon - ginus was reputed a living Library, his Province engaging him to confider and cenfure the Writings of the Antients. And there Longinus changed his Syrian Name Malchus into that of Porphyrins ( as Amelius , upon the fame dillike, call’d him BaJileus) training him up in the Niceties of Grammar and Rheto- rick, and accomplifhmg his Juvenile Studies * and Porphyry , who himfelf was The Appendix . 291 an excellent Critick, calls him in grati- tude ( j&i3clA- AiSs TS Naazypa cLm& th ^ dcrd ^ yufodiS to 7rivTzAi<; gumviov rtijuilu. i* Which may be thus rendred : Monumentum fepulchrale propriis fump- tihus condidit Septimius Odenathus emi - nentiftmus Senator , sEranis filius , Va- U 4 hallathi 2 p 6 The Appendix. ballathi nepos, Nafori pronepos, & fill, & filiis finis, fiff nepotilus in perpetuum , in konorem fempiternum. This Infcription contains an Account, “ That Septimius Odenathus, the mod excellent Senator, had eretSfed that “ Monument for himfelf and his Pofte- “ rity, to preferve their Name for ever. And he hath hitherto had his With, the Monument having efcap’d the Fury of Time, the Rage of the Roman Soldiers, and the Madnels of the fuperftitious Arals, who are profeft Enemies to all the remains of venerable Antiquity. That this Septimius Odenathus was the fame illuftrious Perfon who afterward f P. 2 ~j \. was declar’d Emperor, I fuppofe,* I have already prov’d to be very probable. Tapiiev occurs not in the Lexicon, but fignifies a Place of Burial. The Place is the Sepulchre, the Epigraphe f p 3 •'£- the Monument, fays fServius ; Operis extndtio fepulehrum, nomen inferiptum monimentum ; but a Maufioheum con- tain’d many Sepulchres, as one Se- pulchre might include many Monu- ments ; the Tomb being built very often (as pur Vaults) for the fervice qf I be Appendix. 7 29J the whole Family, as this of Odenathus was ere&ed for himfelf, his Sons and Nephews ; others, for the Owner, his Children and Servants, &c. whereas whofoever laid violent Hands on him- Plato, 1. 9. (elf, was to be buried alone, and with- * Ug,b ' out an Infcription : The fhorter the Epitaph, the more honourable it was accounted, fo it contained the Atchieve- ments of the Perfon there depofited, it was not to exceed four Heroical Verfes, fays Plato, {[M 7rh&i'je dpuiv fipct iikfcv anc * °f this kind (/. e. very fhort) are the Palmyrene Infcriptions. But the Mep of Sicyon chofe a much Paupm. fhorter Method, infcribing only the 1 2 ' Name of the Dead Perfon (not men- tioning fo much as his Father’s Name) and wifhing him Joy ; while the Pal- wyrenians inferted their Pedigree to four or five Generations paft. By fuch Monuments the Antients thought to perpetuate their Memory to Eternity, and for this reafon the Grave is com- monly called Domus /Eterna, Domus v. Grater, Perpetua, Domus / Pit emails , and Se- pulchri Perpetui Honor ; and what is |n this Infcription faid to be done ei? 70 yzztj> eudnp? vpoUdi is in another Monu- 2 p8 The Appendix. Monument (aid to be, f/,vnpjt& hv audvm yiogx. And with their own Names they inferted thofe of their Progenitors, that they alfo might be enrolled in the Annals of Honour. And they often took care to infcribe the Epitaph in fe- yeral Languages, that other Nations might be thereby inftru&ed in the Name and Vertues of the Dead, (and perhaps, that they might preferve (ome remains of their native Language likely to be fupplanted and forgotten.) Thus, Capitol, when Philip had (lain the Emperor p'fiil ”' 3 " Gordian, the Army buried him at Circeia Caftra ( or Circejium ) in the Confines of Perfia, and wrote his Epi- taph in Greek and Latin, in the Perfic, Jewifli, and Egyptian Languages, that all Nations might underftand it, To the Deify d Gordianus, the Conqueror of the Perfians, the Goths and Sarmatians, the Arbiter of the Roman Seditions , the Conqueror of the Germans ; but not the Conqueror of the Philippi, for they murder’d him. z. The Second Infcription contains an Epitaph which Sortechus ere&ed to his ' 1 Wife The Appendix. 099 Wife Martha , Am. Chrifti 178. in the if of Marcus Antoninus the Em- peror : * ’AAz^dvfrpU TO K cL777tS)HTiS * J. Mcc?- O uctfix'foctQbs 7 § '£v(Mt)v&, Af- 'S-^. £9^8 dvr] g ouuttk; jxvripMjg \vwAv jxriv&t A v?pfo 7 S *?Y tTzg. * « And may thus be rendred : /« memoriam Martha Alexandrt Ca~ padeti filia , V ah allathi Neptis , Symonis proneptis Sorachus AEr anis filius, mart - z#/#j /w/ai/ Martio , Z). 490. .i '• -r . . / 4 . . V \ . a *- "* .A I v ^ -j • ‘ v ^ . r : • ... : ; -•>' ■' '* . 3 - ** ^ t ' - • ^ The Third is of the fame nature, appropriated by Malchus to himfelf and his Children^tho’ built by his Ancestors : To fAVYl/LL&QV ?KTl7ty, Jtj CjXS, fydnywiiS # 1. ztxs AIT [Mvzt £xv$pc£. Thus rendred : Monument um in fempiternum bonorem adificavit Gicbus Mocimi films y Calcial- cifi nepos , Manned prone pos in fui 9 & natorum , & pofiervrum fepulturam , anno 314, menfe Apr Hi t i. e . z\ I very much doubt, that more than one fault occurs in the Names of the Perfons, (and perhaps for K^A^aAoW, we may read 7 S >&) aAaoW al is a common prefix ; and Afifus, or Azifus , a Syrian Name. Jofephus mentions Azizus a Roytelet of Emefa ; it was alfo the Name of their God Mercury ; ) and if fo, it muft be render’d, Mocmi % qui Azizus , filius, Manneei nepos . But I dare not vouch for the Emenda- tion; 504 T be Appendix i tion ; whatever therefore may become of that Conjecture, it is certain, that there is a miftake in the Date, and that for AIT we ought to read AIT. ( T and T are letters eafily confounded,) becaufe in the Inlcription, G for 2, and oo for £2, and 6 for E are ufed, all which never appear in any genuine Coin, or Marble, till Domitian ’, s time, as the Criticks agree.) This Inlcription therefore is of the fame Year with the precedent, the Monument being let up, Ann. Chr. i oz, the Fourth of the Em* peror Trajan : And thele two are the mod ancient Infcriptions at Tadmur. I have rendred aidviov yip(& by horns fempiternus, upon the Authority of Hefychius, ny.r, af/Sa-, dpiTH$. 5 - From the Infcriptions of the Se- pulchres, I proceed to confider their publick Monuments, ereCted by the Order of the Senate and People of the Commonwealth of Tadmar , to the Ho- nour of fuch of their Citizens who had delerv’d well of the Republick. The firft I he Appendix. gog fir ft that occurs, relates to Alilamenes, or rather Alcamenes. r H /SfcAJi it) 6 3 AXiXifJUtva, IT cLvia M oxajlms tS AiggtvUy 7# M drS'Xy jy AiggLvlw t* TnvngcfL ztsnf dj it, 7 ml 0/01$ ScoTg tqJijlws 'XF'ZP 2 v ra$ NT. A /avivog SawStitS. 1 SenatuSy Topulufque (? almyrenus) AU camenem Panii Mocimi , qui & /EraneSy filiumy Matthce nepotem y & JEranem illius patrem viros pios , ©* patrice amantiffimoSy & omnimodo pullice pla - cente s patricBy 8 ? penatilus honoris ergOy anno 45*0, ultimo menfis Aprilis, h . Chr . 1 3 1. Hadriani Imp. emor- tuali . Alcamenes is a Name well known, and frequently occurs ; but AlilameneSy no where, that I remember. Alcamenes Thucyd . was one of the Generals of ^g/x King** 8 * of SpartUy fent into Euli(Se ■arfecr/SaLT^?, || dv. in (I Grater ; ’Atte^.z; the Prcetor ‘.•Harduin. of Apamia, in the v Coins. That this t- 58. Phanius Mocimus was alfo called Airanes, the Infcription demonftrates, wherein Airanes is expretty called the Father of Alcamenes ; they are both magnified for their Piety, and their Love to their Country ( as Barachias , and Mocimtis his Son, are applauded in the next In- Inlcription) to which they were great Benefactors, while in gratitude their fellow-Citizens honoured fuch Patrons with the magnificent Titles of Kng-A ( Founders of their City,) (Saviours,) and EutaytTOj ( Benefactors ,) paying them the higheft RefpeCt while alive ; and perpetuating their Memory when* the Appendix. 3 05 when dead, by a thankful Remem- brance, by publick Statues, and noble Infcriptions, according to that excel- lent Sentence that is happily preferv’d among the Fragments of the ancient Gratitude in one of Gruters Marbles, 4’ dyctSvf dayovTctf zvz^yzjSv S'h. That good Men , even when they are dead , ought to be recompendd, and celebrated \— Thus the Senate and People of Ancyra y the Metropolis of the Tettofagi , ho- noured L. Fulvius Rufticus JEmilianus , Calpurnius Proclus , and T. Flavius v. Marm * • Tteanus, their Benefactors, their Foun- Co ^ om ders, and Saviours. This Title of Be - I,2,3/r nefaflors was (ometimes given to Kings, (ays the Holy Writ, Luk. iz.zy to the Ptolemy s> Mithridates> to Fhilip of Macedon , and other Princes ; even to Women, fo Berenice is called by Era - toflhenes : fometimes by Sovereigns to their Subjects, (o Artaxerxes honour’d Mordecai with the Title of Benefaftor and Saviour y fays * Jofephus . Their * Antiq. Names and Achievements, for the/-n. c.6, Prefervation of their Mailers, being re- corded ( V. Efth, 6. 1 , 2 .) and a par- ticular Reward always f appointed t y* H y; X chem;" 4 '-'®- go 6 l he Appendix. them ; at other times to whole Coun- tries, fo the Agriafp# were called / An deEx * (^he Berftan'N ame is Orofan - M i4/e*T^j* a y s Herodotus ,) becaufe they aflifted /• 73- Cym the Son of Camh)(es in his Expedi- tion againftthe Scythians; a Title that demonftrated their Likenefs t o the Dei- ties, [lbr the Egyptians called t heir Nilus and 0 fir is. i . e . the Sun, Omphis , f ve ifid. which fignifies a Benefa<9tor,lays f Her- %dun < o m)px Byi pvnos Evigyiivs ©ao% vml^jLQiq^ 1 . e. Beneficus erga Pa - trios Deos y while the Inlcnption may be thus rend red, 1 think more properly, Dionyfius Zenonis films Tkeodori nrpos Berytius lene ficus ^h. e.foienni decreto Berytiormn } feu Bene fad or fancitus) The Appendix • 307 Jancitus ) Diis Patriis (JMarmor fc. feu aram pofitit , dedicavzt .) Thus in a curious Infcription found and tran- fcribed by Monfieur Spon, in the Ifthmus of Corinth ; the Dedication is made, ©go% 'TmlgJioiSy Kj Publius Mifcetlan. u Licinius Pyaem. Prifcus Invent ianus, er ^ t - An ' “ the High Prieft for Life, devoting to 4< his Country Gods, and his Country,/’- 3 * 3 - is the Altars which he had built, the Pro- “ vifions which he had made for the “ Athlete, who fhould come thither to u the Iflhmian Games, with other munifi- “ cent Buildings erected to theirHonour : Upon which account we may well pre- fume him a Favorite to the People of Corinth , and to the Penates ; as Alca - menes and his Father Airanes are faid to be pleafing not only to their fellow- Citizens, but to their Country Gods, who probably by an Oracle declar’d their good Opinion of their Perfons, and acceptance of their Services ; for fo Julius Aurelius Zenobius is in ano- ther of thefe Inscriptions, (aid to be f. 97, for his extraordinary meritorious Ser* Tran J*ti. vices to his Prince and Country, ho- nour’d with a Teftimonial from the God Jaribolus , (who was doubtlefs one X 2 of I he Appendix 308 the Country Gods, or Penates of Pal- myra y) and Bolanus decided in a third p. 103. place to be cholen one of the Curators of the Fountain Jphaca by the (ame God Jarilolus , the Heathens paying a great Veneration to their Country Gods, or Penates , (for fo the old Glc£ faries inftrudt us. Penates , Goth. /. 1. foot ; & vice versa , irctrp^oi ©so/, /V- 2 nates : and Procopius fays, that Janus h 37 5 ‘ was the firil of the antient Gods, whom the Romans call’d Penates , 6 ^ 7rpiro; yAv nv T'iv dp^cuAv ®ioev, Si du VoofAtuoi ykdosy rip ivitydai, h. e. Ep. Jam- Penates, dx.i>asv.) For when Mich. the Emperor would pafs an extravagant Complement upon his Fr end Jamhli - chus, (if the Epiftle be his, whicn I much doubt) he fays, that as foon as he came into Bithynia, he offered him his Prefents, as if he had been one of his Country Gods, wz}^ 0c£. 6 . r H 0 s/\x A, 0 Sdjuoi k/xoj.- ffsufJLan tm laegz/SoiAta? A, Mom/uuiv upv aura iu ty vuju& hz/bciradog GVju'7TV(nx0jfCv rdv tv Al% B/iA« kguiv, ti\~ zvituv It * * SavSted?. S. P. Q_ Palmy renus ) Septimium ( Orodem ) optimum P recur at or em Duce - narium Augujli , curavit do - !£l -2. ?, , trandum Metropoli colonic, quiq; privata impensa , 0? fmfumptu commeatum mer- catoribus iter commune facientibus pree- luit ; ©* a tie got tor im presid'd ns aw plum teflimonium adept ns eft • fort iter, 0* c//w militantem , © cedilem e- jiifdem ' Met ropdleoos colonice , plurimas etiam P+PP /A -4.. I he Appendix, 323 etiam opes domi impendentem; ideoq; pla - centem etdem fenatut , Populoq ; (0 nunc magnifies Modimperatorem agent em in facrificiis Jovis Reti , honoris ergo coluit a Ann. menfe Martio « In three federal Infcriptions ere&ed to the Honour ot Septimus Or odes , this by the Senate of Palmyra , and two o» thers by his Friend Julius Palmes , (for I no way doubt, but they all belong t to the lame lllufirious Peribn, and were ftt up in the fame Year, and the fame Month ; ) he is (aid to have been the Procurator Ducenarius to Odrenathus^ (for there could be no other Emperor at Palmyra in the Year of Chrift z66.) and to have done many good Offices for his Country, particularly for the Merchants, who honour’d him with a pubiick Teftimonialof their Gratitude,* what the Office of the iui'fppir^ /S&s'S S' was, what the v\d..Appcn, i vo and av/LCTroAsg^^^ , I have a!- ca ^ ready declar’d : the imperfect word * * • toSitlw is by Mr. Halley rend red K^oSirtuu, (it being unqueftionable, that the Ancients did diilribute, befides Bread, and other Largefles, Flefli to Y x the 334 Tta Appendix . the People ; the Law calls it Vifceratio, and the old Gloflary, Vtjceratio , aL^txy but if ( might be allowed the liberty of making ano- ther Conjefture, I would read it i\cu> etirluj, (or as the Syrian Graver might Ipell it iXioSirtw ) the Cuftom of bellowing Oyl upon the Citizens on folemn Feftivals, being well under- Hood : Ceftrania Severim gave a great Sum to the Colledge of the Den- Grut.$n.4 drophor't , that every year upon her Birth-day fuch a quantity of Oyl might be diftributed to every one of them. id. 414. 2. And T. Fundilius Geminus gave, belides his Bequeft to the Cheft of the Augu - fiales, and the Magiflrates, (Sc. to the id. 13#. 5. People a Fealt, and a Largels of Oyl on his Birth-day. And L. Ccecilius be- queath’d to the Inhabitants of Como e- very year on the Feaft of Neptune, Oyl for their Gymnafta, and their Baths, and for the Exercifes in the publick Places of Sport, (as I would rendert he words, in campo.) I have read y Ai? mAwsicz, (as many other Eallern Cities are (tiled in the Coins) though p. 1 zo.&c. Monfieur Fat in, in his Edition of the Coins The Appendix. 325 Coins of Maurocenus, retains (amI^oko- X'jevska. in thole of the Cities of Emfea , Carra , and Antioch, (Cities of the Eaft not far from Palmyra ; ) in all which I am of opinion, the word Ihould be ren- dred Metropolis colonia , /jiMl^ofioXcovdn never appearing in any Lexicon ; atwo- is rendred by the Critics Conjuntlio in via, or iter commune ; and Septimius is magnified in the Infcription for his defraying the Expence of the Caravan, for which rcafon the Prefidents of the Merchants in a publick Meeting gave him their Teftimonial, according to cuft om: So Metrodorus the Son of Her - orut. 30 9. mogenes , the Grandfon of Metrodorus, *• was honoured with a Teftimonial from the whole Synod, or Colledge of Priefts of Ceres, and advanc’d to the Office of Stephanephorut , or the Prefident, of their Country in holy things, ( £ amt- c^©, avujuxz’jvpzy * • tct o«o«<) and tnfeript. others are laid to have been (77 /*n 06 v- 7 7K, HN $ eVs# ’ * * ’ Which, with leave to fiil up the va- cant Spaces, and to corred the Mi- Rakes, may thus be read and rendred : f ‘‘ '/'/ ’ , laA iqp 1 he Appendix, 3 2 7 1v\iov 2 ifcdufrtv M OffJLfjLa 7S 2 g/S& 1^8 7r^y/uct1bix<; dl^iov 01 crux) cltjtS) >(qc 7 aA 0 ov 7 e^ O Aoytcridhi i/u- 'zi^icv 15m ct,v ctgiGCLvIcL ctbToi’g m/LtY\$ yd- %IV &Xvl$W,& 7 §, H N $ i'rtss # • • • Julium Aurelium Zebeidam Mocimi F. Zebeidae M. perpetuum commerc'd cu- ratorem qui cum illo dejcendermt ad em- porium Vologejfiam elegerunt , virum Us gratijfimum , cultus gratia : Menfe Mar - //0, <7//«0 5-58. h.e. Chrifti 246. Phi? Jippi Arabis Imp. 2 0 * > J , «. . •. .. t ; . I r ' \ 1 . * • , That Palmyra was a City of great Trade, and the Inhabitants eminent Merchants, hath been already prov’d from Appian and Pliny ; as alio that their Commerce was maintain’d both with Perfia and the Weflern Empire ; which aifo was done by other Frontier Cities, though under the Jurifdidbon of the Roman Princes, as by Nijibu and Edeffa ; of whom the old Geogra- pher fays, that with all his lofty Titles, ac- cording to the Rhodomontade of the Parthian and Perfian Kings; @ amAiJc BcunXiw, piAs/Wti ; to which Epithets, in another Coin in Monfieur Patin, is added S'i>yu@S) being Con- temporary with Nero and Fefpafian , built another City, which from his own Name he called Fologefocerta , in the Neighbourhood, (18 miles diftant, fay the Peutinger Tables ; ) but to the South of Babylon, and there, probably, fixt the (fapie of Trade from the Perfi- an Gulph, and the other parts of the Ealf. This City is called by Stepbanus BoAo^toJiac, by Ptolotnee Ouohytmcts ; Foloceffia in the Peutinger Tables, and Vologejfia by Ammianus Marcellinus ; but by Pliny, according to the Perfic Ter- mination, Fologefocerta. Kifla. ttiAi? 67m A^fjunluv, fays Hefycbitu ; to prove which Afiertion there is an eminent Pafiagein Pliny ; that among the Cities y. h. of Armenia the Left, Armofate is fituate 6 - §• «<>• near the Euphrates, Carcathiocerta near £ t the Tigris, (which * Strabo affirms, was f . ,27."' the The Appendix. the Royal City of Sophene ;) but on the Mountains Tigranocerta Rood. And for *£. 5 .c.i;. Artafigarta, which Ptolemee * places in Armenia the Greater , I would read Ar~ taxicerta ; Zadracarta being alio the t Lib. ?. * chief City of Hyrcania , fays f Arrian, exped Akx. ^ nc j | cannot but remark, that this h word, either in Termination, or Prae- fixt, in almoft all Languages fignifies a City. In Hebrew Kiriath-Arla is the City of Arba, Kiriath-Sepher is the Ci- ty of Books ; in the Punick, Carthage is the new City , in the Scythian, Car pa- luk the City of Fifh ; fays Tzetzes, -n> Chit. 8. Kzp/U, jb 2fct/9»cct)i', to c5\ C ‘ 224 ’ And in our own Britifh Cair- Lundein, London ; Cair- Kent, Canterbu- ry ; Cair-went, Winchefier , &c. and probably among the /Egyptians Gran- Cair hath its name from this Original, or al Cahira, as the Arabians call it. To this City Vologefia , the Mer- chants of Palmyra traded, not long af- ter it was made a Mart by the King, who founded it ; but the Commerce was often interrupted by the frequent Wars made by the Romans and Perfi- ans againft each other ; particularly during the Expedition of Gordianus in- to The Appendix. 7 . 3 3 i to the Eaft ; but when Philip the Arab, having murdred that excellent Empe- ror, fucceeded him, and made an ignb- minious Peace with Sapores in the firfl; year of his Reign, the Perfian Compa- ny at Palmyra lent Julius Aurelius Ze- leidas y w ith other eminent Per fens of their Society, to Fologejia to re-eftablifli their Factory, and adjuft all Differen- ces that had happen’d fince the War broke out : And he difeharg’d that Of- fice fo faithfully, and fo much to their Satisfaftion, that upon his return they eredted d Monument with an honorary Infoription to his Memory, which is ftill preferv’d, and as a Reward of his great Services, choie him their Prefi- dent. For fo I am inclin’d to read that broken, and unintelligible part of the Infcription ; nfgxyjucctl diets <£i%ou ol cruu) ctvrS) dg OA oycmx&z. ZjuL'Ttiej.QV fewcLV, fooe^og ab cZgyj ; i. e. S\iv 7vv ) igytlifov Iti- rpQTSov. H,i/2cL?z Axxm vcl£jlqv it) A^octrnk- *mv I Au?nAt(§k> y EaA MsA sva 2 o$ MaAsu^a 6 tci/ p/Aov, iv^ogirlw sra; * • * ' pZxvSikcZ). Septimium Orodem optimum Procure torem Augufli Ducenarium, & Arcbege - tarn Julius Aurelius Palmes , Pullius Me - lettaus The Appendix. lenceus Mai chi F. Najfumi bf. vir pres- ftantijftmus amicum , & patronum honoris ergo anno • • • # menfe Martio , ( colue • runtl) O (Septimius Or odes , I have difeours’e in the Comment on the eighth Infcrip- tion, and of his eminent Employments under Odanathus , as his Procurator Ducenarim , and in the City, as their AEdilis and Sympofiarch ; in thefe two Infcriptions he is {tiled (for fo I would read the unintelligible ago** ttithv not demyiTvs, as Mr. Halley conje&ures ; the Prcefettus annonv in He - fychius') or yvXcLpyZv, as it is in the Ancyran Infcription above mention’d •/>. 240. for where-ever the yvXoLpyZv is named, the £uAm is alfo named in the fame In- c °Jf ot u feription. And the Thylarchs of the^* I4 ** Saracens were fo called^ecaufe the Peo- ple were divided into iz Tribes ; over every one of which was eftablilh’d a Prince, called the Phylarchus , a Cuftom kept up by the Goths, and other barba- rous Nations. To what number the Tribes at Palmyra amounted, I know not ,* but that Septimius Orodes was the chief of one of them, is manifeft from the Inscription; nor do I doubt but thofe Chiefs had the" power to admit a Foreigner i^6 The Appendix* Foreigner to the Priviledges of the Tribe, and to give him their Prote&i- on j and therefore Or odes is faid to be Friend to Julius Aurelius Palmes, and his Patron. ( Upo^d-mv ) Hefyc . irposxmx, xv@lpvM$, Giojf. vet . irpozao ix P rat rod- Mum,irpo$ih<; Pair onus, prapojitus. And y.noju 7 * 5 , fjarpocration affirms, that no Foreigner was permitted to leave his own City, and to fettle at Athens , unlefs one of the Citizens undertook to be his Patron, (aval \ef.iw 'pb >iV Tovv /jaVJxasv 7ra- nvce, AQuvaiW vifA/eiv nspcffitluS) the fine the Foreigner, when 16 patro. niz’d, paid to the City was iz Drach- mas, called from thofe who paid the Tax fjutlolmov, which wholoever refilled to lay down, he was brought to the (mu- Auto)) Officers, who took care of their Tolls, and fold, being for the moll part condemn’d to the Gallies. Nor can I doubt but the lame Cuftom of Patro- nizing Foreigners was oblerv’d in o- ther Cities, particularly at Palmyra ; this Patronage fometimes covered only Atom .co/-P r * vat e Perlons ; Thus at Ancyra, Fla- (on.$. vianus Eutyches acknowledges, C.JEl. Flavianus Sulpicius his Patron, T. AiA. 9 >A«bi«w 2 sA irntav Si; tt ' ' /\cz-mp^nv. 337 The Appendix. (Lege TaAcL77z^w) tdV dyvonzTvv ^ <5*- ttpiomTov $/\clv\’glv@» Evtj%yi<; t iv yAu- kuttitov 7rur^Q6vcL. Eutyches, [ doubt not, was his Libertus , and acknowledg’d the Patronage of his quondam Matter, who had made him free ,* fuch Teftimonials of Gratitude being as ufual, as juft, (and (bmetimes it happen’d the Freedman himfelf became a Patron ; fo Tiberius Grut. 6 i®. Claudius the Libertus of Augujlus , is cal- * led the Patron of his Parents, to whom he ere&ed a Monument.) Sometimes the Patronage reach’d Societies, and Companies ot Trade, (fo we read of the Patrons of the Colleges of the Arvales , Grut. pafs . the Dendrophori , the Companies of Smiths, the Braziers, the Fi(hermen,and Shipwrights, &c.) fometimes whole Cities and Regions, and the Title and Office was very honourable, C. Torafius being by the unanimous Suffragesof the Magiftrates chofen the Patron of a Towm by the River Clitumnus , Cob me* rita ejus erga Remp .) for his great Ser- vices done to the Common-wealth. This Patronage it was requifite that even the Romans themfelves (during the Reign of Odenathus in the Eaft, in whofe time the infcriptions were made) Z fhould J he Appendix. 33 8 ftiould court, as Julius Palmes did ; I call him Palmes becaufe it is a known Ro- man name, (and perhaps Melenceus fliould be written Meilinius , or Menela - us) for which reafcn I have inierted Publius for Puilfus. He was a Man of the Equeftrian Dignity, which intitled him at Rome to eminent Privileges ; which I fhall not minutely enumerate, only mentioning , that the Roman Knights inftalfd the Princeps juventu - tis, prefenting him with a Horfeman’s Shield, (Parma) and a Silver Spear ,• for fo fays the Amy an Marble, as Gronovi- us judicioufly hath fupplied the eras’t Mam, An- Letters. Equites autem Romani univer - cyr.p t 6o,tyjr p r j nc }p em Juventuiis Romanorum par- mis utrumq', & haflis argenteis donatum appellaverunt ; for that both Caius and Lucius were Primipes juventutis , the Coins put out of all doubt: And that whenever a Native of any of the Ro- mo o Colonies was admitted to the Ho- nour of being made a Roman Knight, he reckon’d the Privilege among his no- crut. 388 . bleft Titles : So L . Claudius, the chief- %irm°co'( ; ^ er ^ on °f Ifl an( 3 of Malt a , glories fin"™'. 141 ! in the Honour, as does FL/Elianus , (or 77. Flavius Taanus, as it is written in the The Appendix, the Marble of Coffon) though the High- prieft of the whole Province of Galatia > and Galatarches , the ad Founder of his native City Antyra t and their Embafla- dor to the Emperor Antoninus. n. 'StirllfMOv Ai&lvlub Ohtivd&d rlv J . ctfi&uzj ■ xs Vghblo? cvysihYiliKov. Septimitm Airanem Od ten at hi filium fenatorem eminent ijfimum^ I have already prov’d it not unlike- ly, that this Airanes was the Son of the Emperor Odcenathus , before he affum’d the Purple, from his name Septimius, the name of his Father being alfo infer- ted, and from the Date of the follow- ing Infcription on the fame Pillar, viz. ann. Chrijii 15 r. but 13 years before Od&nathus was chofen by Gallienus , his Co-partner in the Government of the World. * 3 - * ' • ' vt&v AvgnPii ‘ * f HAi- Afc jcvtg t&v 7mr?d)v roi jms trxg T g <£. 2 a Aurelius The Appendix - 34 ° Aurelius Valerius Heliodorus Pra- fell us Legionis lllyriciorum in honorem Pat rum, (u gratulationu ergo anno 363. h. e, Chr. z$i. Decii ult. I have given the name Valerius to Heliodorus to fill up the Vacancy, be- caufe it occurs elfewhere, (L. P. Vale- rius Heliodorus) and becaufe the ? that appears before HAio^. {eems to be laft Letter of Ou«A«£, a like Vacancy occur- ring in the fame name in another In- fcnption. This Heliodorus was, 1 doubt not, either the Son of, if not the fame Perfon with, Lucius Aurelius Heliodo- rus, the Son of Antiochus , a Citizen of Palmyra ; who in an Infcription at Rome , pubhlhtby Gruter, (but more accurate* ly by Triftan and Spon) eredted a Silver Statue, (myvov') with all its Ornaments, to Aglilelus and Malachlelus, the Gods of his Country, for the falety of him- felf, his Wife and Children, in the Year 5"4 7. according to the Computation of his Country, but in the Year of Chrift Z3f. being the laft year of the Reign of Alexander Severus, the Infcription late- ly found at Palmyra bearing date 16 years The Appendix. 341 years after, ann.Cbr.%51. which was the laft year of the Emperor Deem. Ke is ftiled AdViavc? 7ra?\yuu^mlg, in the Marble at Rome, (Triftan reads it A§V>- aviiii) not becaule an Inhabitant of Pal- myra, which from their Benefadtor was called Hadrianople ; for then it lhould have been written ASpiavcnmArrn?, but by miftake of the Graver, or Tranfcri- ber; for he being one of the College of Priefts (Sodalis Hadri- analis) dedicated to the Serv ice of that Emperor, after the Senate had deify’d him : For, that he was acknowledg’d a God at Palmyra , is plain from another Inlcription ; in which he is called, 0 eo? And in that City, I doubt not but Heliodorus was one of hisPriefts, opivlns) AS' g/aW.JiL a Pried of Hadrian , as ASg/dvetoi> a Temple built to his Memory, and ASpiivzta, the Plays inftituted to his Honour. I call him the lame with ap- yj?°cfj,r,yhg, which occurs in another * In- feription, (or avn^^dliooiyii for d,vn?Qyc- %yo; t Pr opr at ore) and have given him the Command of the Illyrian Legion, becaule in after-times (and probably in the days of Dec i as), that Legion was Z 3 as * Reinefxl, VI, n, 101 . 342 The appendix. deputed to lye in Garrilon at Palmyra, as fays the Notitia of the Oriental Em- pire ; Sub Duce Phy :@u\nrrm TluXfMj^mbv Bn\cc>(#,fSotmg vrni£irhmym T}? i* Zge/i TiUfxa. TO • • • • tl^rs • • • • wyu • • • • t riv • • • * •■" » 7»T •••••• Malech , qui & Agrtppa, Jarai fit. Raid nep. Jecund'o fcribam ( civitatis Palmy rente ) in adventu Dei Hadriani % unguent a prabentem tarn bofpitibus , quant incolis injervientem exercitui , — & tern- plum Jovis Belt (ornantem), I have adventur’d to change the name Malen, which no where occurs, into Malech , (AT and X being Letters of fimilar lhape, and make) which is a known, and common name among the Syrians and Arabs , among whom the Philofopher Porphyry was call’d Mai- chus, Malchus the High-Prieft’s Servant was probably of that Country, and Ma- lech Podofaces was one of the Phy- A JJ: A f ,r ' larchsof Arabia , when Julian the Apo* 1 2 ?‘ ,24 ’ date 34 6 The appendix. Rate Emperor made his Expedition a- gainft the Perfians : The Office of Ma - lech Agrippa was very honourable ; he was Secretary of State to the Repub- lick of Palmyra , when Hadrian marcht into the Eaft ; i. e. in the 6th year of his Empire, anno Chrijli 122. fays Eu- felius. In which Expedition I am en- couraged by the broken parts of the Infcription, to believe he affifted the Army with his Perfon,and Services ; the Fragments being fbmewhat like part of the 7th Infcription ; that he was a Be- nefactor to his City and Country, ap- pears from the grateful Memorial erect- ed to his name ; wherein mention is made of the Temple of Jupiter Belus , (To I have fill'd the Vacancy from ano- * k. 8. ther * Infcription ;) to which, I queftion not but he had been a munificent Bene- factor ; perhaps he had been Sympofi- arch, as Septimius Orodes was after- wards. He alfo gave a Largefs to the publick Baths at Palmyra of Oyl for all r Perfons, who lliould frequent thofe Bag- nio's, whether Strangers or Citizens j it being ufual among the Ancients to tGr.376.5. make fuch Donations : So f L. Cacilius Cilo gave to the People of Como by his Will, The Appendix, 347 Will, Oyl for their Baths; aAs if^uce^ mguentum , fays the old Gioflary. For the Baths of every City were lookt up- on not only as ornamental, but highly ufeful, and great Promoters of Health and Vigor; the building fuch Structures is reckon’d among the ncbleft ACts of Magnificence in Agrippa , Titus, Diocle - fian,Conftantine , and others; the repair- ing of them when ruinous, efteem’d a Princely Benefa&ion; fome are cele- brated tor building Gjnmafia , or Porti- cos , others for floring the Apartments with Marble, a third fort for bringing Water from a great diftance for the Ser- vice of the Bagnio ; and others made an allowance for the Oyl that lhould be fpent there in the Gymnafia annext to the Bath ; all which appears in the In- fcriptions of Gruter. To thefe Privi - F - l8 °> leges fbmetimes particular Perfons were ^ admitted, or particular Sexes, mixt Bathings being exprefly prohibited, fays Lampridius ; in other places only the Freemen of the City, fometimes even Servants were allowed to frequent the place and Foreigners: C. Arunceius?- 1 * i* 1 * Cotta Colonis incolis , hofpitilus adven - torilus , fervifq ; corum lavationem ex fua pecunia 34* the Appendix . Capitolin. pecunia gratuitam per pet uo &edit;& An - Anm-b l 9 tonims Pius gave the People liberty to u(e his own Bath gratis. To the Bath there commonly was annext a Racket- Court ( Spaeriflerium ) as well as a p.rjB.in Bathing-place [Dioclcfian in fpberi - Jlerio nymfeum fieri curavit ) where thofe, who frequented the Bagnio, gave themfelves their Heats, before they went into the Bath ; fo Martial, Redde pilam, lonat ass thermarum; Lu - dere pergis .fo acknow- ledg’d 350 The Appendix. Iedg’d by the Author of the Etymolcgi- cum magmrn, who affirms, that inftead of the Antients ufed the word •TOiSbrei/Sn? : But in procefs of time it was denizen’d ; for the People of Spar- Grut. ta erected a Monument to Gains Rubri- t i°9°. 9. m g tanor t he Aleiptes, for his Gravity, according to the Lacedemonian Cuftom, and for his Vertue in the Gymnafia. But I cannot agree with the Tranflator ofa- 327. nother Infcription, where aXstfoi/umvot is rendred by Aliptre, for the juitm were not the Governours of the Gymnajium, but the ymyx^ctTia^cu the Gentlemen, who perform’d their Exer- cifes, and eredted that Monument to Ba to the Gymnafiarch, or Aliptes : The Office was very honourable, for the Grut. 313. Gymnafiarch was often theHigh-Prieftof ,0 ’ the place for life, and honour’d with 0- ther confiderable Preferments ; and it was reckon’d among his noblefl Titles, that he was Governour of the Imperial let. 327 . Bagnio. The Office of the Gymnafiarch was annual, but it was often given for feveral years to the fame Perfon, if he deferv’d well of the Society ; for then, befides the Continuation in his Dignity, he was honour’d with a Crown of Gold, ■ i a The Appendix. 3 ^1 Statue, and Infcriptions to perpetuate his Name and Merit, When a Bath was built, it was ulual to give it a folemn Dedication: * So * ‘7 8 - 7* Dioclefian and Maximian , Conjlantius and Galerius Emperors, with Severus and Maximian Cxfars, confecrated the Baths of Dioclefian, (and probably for this rea- fbn does the Hiftorian aggravate the Lam l fld - Cruelty of CaracaBus , that he murder’d p ' u 1,1 12 ' leveral People of all Conditions in the Baths) and fome eminent Perfons were deputed Curators to fuper-intend the Building, that it might not fall into ruine, nor its Revenues be alienated, or employ’d to wrong ufes. Andfuchcare was taken, that every thing fhould be kept in due repair, that though the Re- venue hath been alienated for many A- ges, yet the very Ruines of thole pub- lick Buildings at Rome remain to this day very venerable. 16. At Arfoffa , in the Ruines of a noble Church, upon the Chapiters of leveral Marble Pillars, that fupported the Body or Nave of the Church, is inlcrib’d the time: of the Foundation of that (acred Building, 352 Tifee Appendixi Building, which is faid to have been erefted when Sergius was Bilhop of the place. ■f 5 E?n imatcom tv cryj/jws? Mzpli 7K ^5t>££7nf7xi7r8. Epifcopo Sergio confanguineo Maronit Chore pifcopi. Whither Maron^ or Maronius , in the Inlcription, were the lame with the Founder of the 5e y, :$r;sj not with fo great Pomp and Splendor ; for though Sozomen fays exprefly, that the Temple of Venus at Heliopolis was ruin’d by Conflantines order, yet in the latter end of Conflantiuss Reign, it was very famous again, faith the * old Geo- * y&V- 3 x# grapher fet out by Gothofred \ and wor- ihipt with great Ceremony, A vtjjuc, (Afisn) it being the common O- pinion of the Country, that Venus d welt there ; and through her Favour fo or- der’d it, that the Woman of Mount Li - lanus were the faireft of all the Afia- ticks , as they were to a Proverb, (So- crates fays, that they held their Wo- men in common, and profiituted their Daughters to their Guefts;) and I doubt not but under Julian , by whole influ- ences and Affiftance dying Paganifm be- gan to recover fome Strength and Vi- gour, the Temple alfo recovered its loft Reputation ; for it is paft all difpute, that the Temple at Nacle, was not ut- terly dtftroj’d till the days of Maho- met : So fays Axhdfarajus ; for when he Pococ. spe- reckons up the feveral Idols of the old c {™' H{lh . Gentile Arabs, which they worihipt be- not.p. 90, fore that Impofter appear’d in the World, he fays, the Inhabitants of Tha- A a z kif The Appendix. kif wcrlhipta little Temple in the up- per part of Machla, which was called Allat, (or Alilat , i. e. the Moon, or Venus, as the Arabs calls her ; ) and A- hulfecla avers, that the Idol was de- firoy’d and ruined, by the command of Mahomet , in the ninth year of the He- gira, i.e. in the year ofChrift 6y i. Near to the Temple of Venus at Na- cle, was the Well Aphaca fituare ; fo the Caflalian Fountain at Delphi, flood near V, Marm. the Temple of Apollo , and another ora«- Ox.j>. ico. cu j ar Spring of chat name in Daphne the Suburb of Antioch , rofe near the Temple of the fame God ; which from the times of Seleucus, who built both the City and the Temple, was very fa- mous, till the Emperor Adrian fill’d the Wei! with ftones, and ftopt its Current : Julian open’d it again ; but in a little time both Fcunrain and Temple were confum’d by Lightning from Heaven, How thofe Fountains gave their pro- phetick Anfwers, the ancient Writers are not agreed ; feme fay the Enquirer wrote his Queftion on a Lawrel-leaf, and threw it into the Fountain ; in which, when he took it out, he found his Fate written ; others, that by the different the Appendix. y 357 different nolle of the Waters, either he, who confuked the Oracle, or the Prieft, deputed to that Office, interpreted the Doom; while a third fort affirm, that the Prieft drank the Water, and having by that means imbibed the Daemon, found himfelf fill’d with the Spirit of Prophecy, and inabled thereby to an- fwer all Queftions. How the Well A- phaca gave its Refponfes, Zojimus parti- cularly relates,* according to which Method the famous Stygian- Water at Boftra in Arabia unriddled Mens Defti- nies, which Damafcius defcribes as very Vamafc.ar terrible; for if the Daemon were pleat ^242? ed, the lighted things thrown into it, would immediately fink to the bottom,* but if the Dxmon were angry, the big- geft and moft ponderous things fwam on the top for a while, and at laft were thrown out to the Admiration of the By-ftanders. By this Well the Inhabi- tants uled to fwear ; but if any one * . had been fo hardy as to perjure himfelf, vu^ApoiL the Water that he drank caufed a Dropfy L u c * 4 - in him within the year ; Thus the Water of the Fountain * Aslamiceus, near the c.26.Arifl, Temple of Jupiter at Tyana was in fmooth ? and tweet to thofe who werp A a ^ lioneft 3^8 Ihe Appendix. honeft and juft * but if any Man hap- pen’d to run the hazard, v\ hen he in- tended to perjure himfelf, it affeded his Eyes, his Hands and his Feet, and broke out upon him io Sores and Pu- ftules, and great Swellings; nor could he move from the Well, till he had con- feft’d himfelf forfw orn : So that the Water was ordeal, like the Water of Jealoufy among the Jews, which to the Chafte gave a Conception, but to the Unjuft, and the Violators of the Mar- riage-Vow, caufcd the Belly to five/l 9 and the Thigh to rot . Of the like kind were the Fountains in Sicily , called Pa - ltci 9 by which the People of the Iftand Mftot.uhi hj ca f es 0 f gre^teft moment ufed to J Sotion*Je' fwear : He who took the Oath, wrote jfumin ex his Depofition on a Table, which he threw into the Water ; if he attefted the truth, the Table (worn on the top of the Waters ; if he were perjur’d, it funk and diBppear’d, and the Evidence was in a burning hear. Of the Fountain Aphaca , was Bolanns one of the Curators, cr Overfeers, un« der the Infpeftion of Jariholus the God ; who, I fuppofe, had here his Oracle, and gave nireftions in the choice of the Of- ficers The Appendix* ficers belonging to it, as well as Tefti- monials to thofe, who had difcharg’d their Province with Honour. Jariho * lus was doubkfi one of the 0soj or auM^yvoi, of that part of Syria, probably of the Moon, /. e. Verms , as Alaglelus and Malachlelus were AfleC lors of the Sun, (the Signification of the name implies it rm * 7 jn ;) fo the £- gyptians deputed Sigaleon to be the Far - hedrus to Sarapis , the Greeks to the Mother of the Gods, Erichthonius to Minerva , Virhius to Diana, Hygeia and Telefphorus to Efculapius, Tychon to the Moon, and to Venus Aclonis ; and ’tis not the moft improbable of Con- jectures, that he, whom the Greeks cal- led Adonis , the Syrians might (tile Ja- ribolus, (as well as the Egyptians Tam- muz) Baal and Adonai being both equi- valent names of Power and Sovereign- ty. And in after Ages, when Emperors and others were allowed a folemn Con- fecration, they al(o were honour’d with the Title of Collateral Judges to Jupiter , whofe were in the etteem of the Heathen World, the twelve v.Sahn.in greater Gods; for when Alexander the Great was to be deify ’d, he was call’d 3 ? A a 4 by 360 T he Appendix. Lucian. noti, temer.cred . calumn. /• 4 - *•' 7 * fi>. 7- j| ApudEu- fib. /.4.C.8. * '86. 1. f i- by Demades, the 1 3th of that Society ; and when Alexander, while alive, was refolv’d to give his Darling Hephceftion a Deification, the Greeks in Vain-flat- tery and Compliance facrificed to him as an Attettor of the Gods, (eDuov tto- gpL gw iy and they in- titled him to Apparitions, to Prophe- cies and Dreams, fays Lucian , (and for this rcafon I fuppofe * Eufelius joins cvoiZjMojuTTd*; iy 72 nzgi§ StLi/HAvct*; toge- ther, when he Ipeaks of the Gnofticks:) This Pageantry of Canonization was afted over again by the Emperor Adri- an , to omit other Inftances, when he Deify ’d his Pathic Antinous , the Greeks of that Age attributing to him fuch O- racles as Hadrian himlelf had compo- fed, fays f Capitolinus : To t he Memory of that Catamite the Emperor built a City in /Egypt called by his name, An - tinoopolis ; there he buried him, and there efpecially (though the WorlEip prevail’d elfewherej he appointed him a Temple, Prietts and Prophets, (^ 3S jy rzihiv Sktktolv ind\ v/uubv -Avtivqx, jy irp_p~ (pfauc,, fays || Hegeftppm) of which num- ber w ? as M. Vlpius Apollonius it * Gru « ter , and perhaps f Onias y who ftiles himfelf _ — I J II — I I - m a " - ■ — 11 The Appendix. ^6 1 himfelf the High-Prieft, and Prophet in another Infcription, for that he was of /Egypt, his name convinces me : It muft be confeft, that in Egypt the moft emi- nent Prieft was called the Prophet, fays Clemens of Alexandria ; but probably for this reafon, becaufe they all pre- tended to the Spirit of Prophecy, efpe- cially where there was an Oracle, as there was at Antinoopolts ; and the Facul- ty of Prediction descended often from Fa- ther to Son, as well as the Priefthood, (which among the Greeks as well as the Jews, was often fixt to a Family ,•) for which reafon T. Porcius is {tiled the Son of Proclus AZlianus, a moft illuflri - ous Perfon, and a Prophet in an old * Infcription ; for among the Priefts of * I(is , (and probably among thofe devo- 458? u ted to any other Deity,) h nuv Si chro- Qclvy tiroe 7mT$ av7 vy&fealeu, fays He- rodotus f ,• if the Father happen’d to f Lib. 2 . die, the Son fucceeded him. The Ha- v ^ eltodor * bit of thefe Prophets, fays || Herodian, y ub. $. was a Veil, or Caffock, reaching down to the Feet, with long Sleeves ; and in the middle of the Veil a {tripe of Pur- ple, their Shoes being made of Linen : This, fays the Hiftorian, was the Ha- bit ^62 l he Appe/ichx. bit of the Priefts of Phanicia and Syria. Such an Oracle as this I am inclined to attribute to Jariholus , (either at Nacle t or at Palmyra ) from whence the Peo- ple derived their Predictions of what was to come, and their Teftimonials of what was palt ; and perhaps the Ora- cle gave its Anfwers at the folemn Meetings, when great numbers of the People of the Country came to the Fountain ,• for that there were fuch (auAoSoi) Conventions at ftated times, Zofiwus affirms exprefly ; at which their Games were celebrated, (“as the * Hegef. Agon Gymnicus call’d * A was ubm f ,ib - perform’d in honour of the Darling of Adrian) there being particular Officers deputed to that Service ,• the chief of f 318. 3. which was the High-Prieft, (the Ar- 33 °- 3 - chiersus , or Primus Sacerdos fynhodi , cnvu&Ms* as he is Ailed in the IufcriptioasJ and under him the Cura- tors, or 'EmfjiJcMiTti, of which number Bolanus was one at Aphaca , (for that I fuppofe to be the name of the Weil, as Eros and Anteros were the names of two Fountains at Gadara , Aslami and C amir us , which at laft became one great City, called Rhodes after the name of The Appendix. 373 of the [fland : And * Apollodorus affirms, * L * 2 - c,u that Danaus having by the help of his Daughters, murther’d the Sons of his Brother AEgyptus, being his own Sons in Law, built a Ship by the advice of Minerva , in which himfelf and Daugh- ters fled out of /Egypt to Rhodes , where he dedicated tiae Image of Minerva Lindia . Minerva , fays *f Hyginus , built f Fab. 277. the Ship for Danaus , the firfl of the kind that ever was feen in Greece , fays || Pliny : This Voyage of Danaus , com* II 4 ** rnenc’t when Erichthon was King at ^ 4 - thens, fays the noble ColJe&ion of E- pocha's in the * Oxford Marble, that * n. 9, his Daughters Amyrnne, Helice , and Archedice y being chofen by lot by the other Sifters, built the Temple upon the Shear in the Maritime City of Rhodes , call’d Lindas ; which , fays f Strabo, was fituate toward the South, f l. 14. efpecially toward Alexandria: For in^ 555 * that City, as || Diodorus Siculus affirms, \\L. 5^.227. he was hcfpitably received, and there- fore built the Temple, and confecrated the Statue ; there he loft three of his Daughters, who died of the Peftiience, B b 3 which 1 37 4 The appendix. which then raged at Lindas, the reft failed with their Father to Argos. The fame Hiftorian adds, that Cadmus not long after offer’d feveral Gifts in that Temple, among which was a Brafs Vef- fel made a /’ antique, with an Infer ip- tion in Vhrenician Characters. But if we may believe the noble Marble, Cad- mus failed to Thebes eight years before Danaus left /Egypt ; fo that that part of the Story is a Parachronifm in Diodo- rus. A long time after Danaus’s Death, Herod, l. 2. rimafis the King of /Egypt prefented the c. io2. fame Minerva of Lindas with two Sta- tues of Stone, and with a Linen Breaft- plate of admirable Work, (Thoraces li- ne's being very ufual among the ancient * van. 2. Captains, as * Ferr arias unqueftionably l . 4. c . 1 1. proves, and Minerva was a warlike Goddeis, it was fomewhat like our Silkarmors) becaufe his Country-wo- men built that Temple : Which, Strabo fiys, was in his time very ijlullrious, and much frequented. Nor was fhc honour’d only in that Country, but in Syria, if we may credit thelnfcriprion. In which I have put for Mai* The appendix, % y | x (& 9 though perhaps it fhould he Md - cbus, Hefyc . ?£> 0e£> clv(%kai/ } 98. 7. in Gruter . 2F. At Andreen , which lies between Bri- adeen and Aleppo , among the Ruined of an ancient Church, were found feme broken Infcriptions. the Remains of the Devotions of the Chrifiians of former Ages. ly2 Joodpjmf iidrwyyt — ^ kbyctgjzoov iCf) 0S& 7T£0j7 Ultt? TWV (ZptCC^Tloiv JULiS * * ‘ * Ego Johannes precatus Dettm ajfecutus fum, (i quod petit) & gratias agens Deo (yotum folvi ut peccatis meis ( fit pro - pitius.) Over the Southern Door was written, Avth n vv?wr2 iui&i% ofeAfctJ- ctdvtk^ d# avry* Bb 4 Porta 37 6 T he Appendix. Porta hac Domini juflificat intrantes per illam. Over the Weftern Door, which f would read, X. 0 .MT.A. I X \ XglZOO Qci [© M r| fM'/i'j) defg'Ct) : \ r / CbriJIo Deo optimo Maximo. Thefe Infcriptions do not need a Commentary, fince nothing difficult occurs in them ; but they cannot but raife a deep Commileration in all Chriftians to fee fo many venerable Remains of the ancient Piety either converted into Mofques, or buried in their own Ruines : No Churches ha- ving in paft times been more illuftri- ous for Religion, and good Letters, than the Oriental, in which at this time there are but fome few footfteps of ei- ther, the reft being over-run with Bar- barifm and Infidelity. The next broken Infcription is alfb undoubtedly Chriftian, (as thofe where- in The Appendix. 377 in 0c:; IaxajS, and Emt 4 /S(@- appear ;) and, I (up pole, contain’d the names of the eminent Angels Vriel, Raphael, Ga- briel , Michael, (and perhaps the former Infcription may be thus rendred, ©eo 7 Wt@l, M i^anA, P a,pan\ according to the form of a fimilar Epi- graphe in Grater ;) for it was not unu- 1048. 2. fual to affix the names of thofe ho!y Angels upon the Chriftian Tombs, out of opinion to engage them to be Guar- dians of the Sepulchre (as the modern Pretenders to converfe with Spirits, in- feribe their names ufually on their U- tenfils ;) fo in the Tomb of Mary the Wife of the Emperor Honor ius, on a Plate, were written thefe names j Mi- chael, Gabriel, Raphael, Vriel. 'id. 287. 4. I have now done with the Monu- ments of this once famous Country ; and, becaufe there is in every Man an innate Defire of living after he hath left this World, though all Men do not be- lieve there is another ; and that they de- fire, when they are dead, to be remem- bred, and weli fpoken of, that their Add- ons may not be confin’d to the fame Grave with their Carcafles j I (hall con- clude 37 » the Appendix. dude with the wife Saying of the Ro- man Orator, That whenever we fee luch Remains of venerable Antiquity, fuch lading Records of the names, and Achievements of great Perfons, we are admonilht to take care lb to regulate our Adions, that we may convince the World we have fettled our prcfpebt up- on the Rewards of Future Ages, and not on the Flatteries of the Prelent ; and to remember, that Monuments being e- re&ed to the Memory of thofe. who have lived well in this World before they left it, put us in mind, that there is nothing here permanent, and immu- table, and that ’tis the Duty of confide- ring Men to afpire towards Immorta- lity. The Appendix. 8 . 375 ? Amo Per. Jul. 3720 Mund* 3010. p. 7.412? M. 3415 . F. 7.4673. M 39S3. Z 7 ! C. /^/r. 713. thrift. 41 . Chrifti 122 . fhort Chronicle 0/ Palmyra- T'^/myra, built by Solomon after 1 he had finilbt the Temple, ■ iJ his own Houfe, which were %o years in building. Palmyra deftroyed by Nebuchadnez- zar, before he laid Siege to Jeru- falem. Marc. Antony, after the Battel of Philippi, went into Afia, and lent his Troops to pillage Pal- myra. Hadrian, an. Imp. 6. went into the Eaft, rebuilt (probably) Palmyra, and call’d it Hadrianople, when Malech Agrippa was the fecond time Secretary of that City. Palmyra 380 T be Appendix . circ. ii 6. 117. Mr. 1 60. 16 4. 167. Palmyra made a Roman Colony by the Emperor Caracallus, in his Ex- pedition into Parthia. The Republick of Palmyra affifted Alexander Severus againft Ar- taxerxes King of Perfia, Zenobius being their General. The Republick affifted Gordian a- gainft the Perfians , Zenobius being their General. Valerian was taken Prifoner by Sa- pores King of Perfia. Odenathus routed the Perfians, and was declared Emperor by Galli- enus. Odenathus, with his Son Herodian, flain by Mceonius. Maonius, the Ephemerous Emperor of Palmyra, flain a few days after ; then Ze- nobia aflumes the Empire in her own name, and her Sons. Zenolia The Appendix. ■?. 581 ^ 6 \. Zenolia routed Herad'tanus , GaOie - war’s General. Vaballathus took the Empire. — GaUienus {lain. 268. Claudius chofen Emperor. 2 70. Zenobia conquer’d ZEgypt by her General Zabdas. Claudius died. Quintillus reigned 1 6 days. Aurelian in the later end of the year was chofen Emperor. XfZ. Palmyra taken, and ruin’d by Aure- lian, and Longinus flain ; an. • of Vaballathus. 2/3. Zenobia carried in triumph at Rome. 298. Hierocles, Governor of Palmyrene under Dioclefian. 511 Juftinian in the firft year of his Reign, repaired and fortified Pal- myra. Palmyra The Appendix. 382 63*. Palmyra was fubjeded by the Ma- hometans, Jahala the Son of Al Iham being then Lord of Tadhmur , and King ot Gajjan. 659. The Battel of Tadhmur between Da- hactu and Ada, 746. Suleiman the Pfeudo-Caliph, beaten by Merman, fled to Tadhmur. 1171. Benjamin mTudeletifis was at Tadhmur. 1 678. Melham , the Emir , or Prince of Tadh- mur, when the Englilh Merchants made their firft Journey thither. 1691. Haffine the Emir , when the Englilh Merchants went thither the fe- cond time. 1693. Dor the Emir of Tadhmur. Additions and Emendations. q . page 193. add afrer Sociam. Naforus is the fame name * with Hafir, Abunajtr, dbdtlnafir, Najireddin, which frequently occur in the Saracenick Hiftory. As does Am- rns in the lame Hiftory, and in the Catalogue of the Kings of Gejfan, in our Learned Pocock , Sochasii the fame with Sychaus the Husband of Dido. Sampfus, &tc. p. 240. 1 . 6. after Harpocration, add ,tho' the ft wa * proba- bly the chief Mag f rate, or Decurio at Ancyra. P. 301. 1 . 3. after Grammar add, perhaps for aorS roe Jhould read etCntc, (tho’ Mr. H. politively avers, that it was written aura in the Monument,) and then Elabelus , Manrueus, Sochaci. , and Mai chics, being all the Sons of Va- b a Hat bus. Grand Sons of Marmjtus , Great-grand Sons of Elabelus, let up that Monument for themfelves, and their Children j or rather (to aflert the true reading) e- re£ted that Tomb to their Father Vaballathus, (i£ ijois) and to themfelves’ (and others, if there were any) his children. This is one ot the oldeft Infcriptions at Pal- myra, ere&ed anno Chrijli 102. the yth of the Reign of the Emperor Trajan. Palma his Governor of Syria having fome few years before reduc’d that part of Arabia under the Roman Power, fays Dio. 1 . 68. which Age no other Monu- ment exceeds. Befides Mifaccentings, wrong Pointings, mifplacing of Letters, and other little Faults, the Reader is defired, be- fore he enters upon the Book, to correct the following ERRATA. P ge 8 . 1 . 1 7. preferve. P. 17. dele is&T 7 r&tmtoca. P. 20. 1 . 1 4. del. M. 1 . 26. r. Nice. p. 22. 1 . 21. when. p. 28. 1 6 . a State, p. 35. 1.12. r. happe n'd to fallfick. L 21. 2 2. r. for in the fevtfiteeritbyear ofJw Reign, p. 36. I 3. r. robs, living fome years after , languijbi. p- 48. Marg. Petri. p. SS - 1* I S • f. for r. but. p. 58. 1. 3. del. he. p. 59. r. an. 264. p. 62. 1. 9. enraged, p. 72. 1. 2. r. after which an. 268. p. 73. for probably r. doubtlefs. p. 86. del. the Marg. Note, and infert it p. 87. p. n8. 1 . 6. r. Marcellinus. 1 . % in the firfl year. p. 12 1. ch. XXV IL p. 13 1. 1 . It. r. de- clar'd his Tamer in the Empire, p. 1 39. Canophrurium. p. 140. p. 140. del. in all probability, p. 149. 1. 5. r. wajht. p. 166. 1. 17. del. M. p. 193. ^epejufia-Tfo'c. p. 196. Heraclas. 201. Julius. 219. dvaLyvucrxMv. ib. AvTeyv. 221, \.z 6 .yep.fxpyest^vov. 1. 12. brought, p. 23 9. 1. 14. 1. five. 248. 1. 1 6. del. J aribolus, and. p.249. I.26. «c «\i(§K 25 1. 1.12. r. Xiphiline , and del. the Marg. Note. p. 254. 1 . 2. the Emp. married Urania to his Country God Elaga- balu?, the Moon being the fittefl V/ife for the Sun. 263. 1.29. Grandmother, p. 270. Marg. de Ded Syr . ed. ult. 293. 1 . 6. tranjcribe. 299. 1. 4. *. 3 1 1. calls him. 312. r. the fame year, viz. the $th oF Alex. 3 1 3. 1 . 22. r. 225. p. 317. 1 . 3. commanding, and ajjifling- 325. Emefd. 332. 1 . 2. P erf on. 3 4*. vx 01 7 vr. 348 .Sonat. ib lotus. 350. 1 . 27. and then. 353.1.7. An- ton. tertio. 360./. pen. in Gr. 364. 1 . 15. del. and. 365’. Jetr archies, i b. Syria, ib. fornix, p. 3 66. feci. / .. > ^£^excvQ_ ^Q-S> 2 THE GETTY CENTER MBRARY