BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 A GUIDE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 Babylonian 
 
 AND 
 
 Assyrian Antiquities. 
 
 SECOND EDITION-REVISED AND ENLARGED. 
 
 WITH FORTY-FIVE PLATES AND FORTY-FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS 
 IN THE TEXT. 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 
 
 1908. 
 Price Two Shillings and Sixpence. 
 
0^ 
 
 I 
 

A GUIDE 
 
 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 A GUIDE 
 
 Babylonian 
 
 AND 
 
 Assyrian Antiquities. 
 
 SECOND EDITION-REVISED AND ENLARGED. 
 
 WITH FORTY-FIVE PLATES AND FORTY-FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 IN THE TEXT. 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 
 
 1908. 
 [All Rights Resei-ved.\ 
 
HARRISON AND SONS, LTD., 
 
 PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY, 
 
 ST. MARTIN'S LANE, LONDON, VV.C. 2. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In this Guide are described the great collections of Babylonian 
 and Assyrian antiquities now in the British Museum. These 
 collections cover a period of about four thousand five hundred 
 years, ranging from about B.C. 4000 to a.d. 500. In them are 
 comprised by far the largest portion of available material for 
 reconstructing the history of Western Asia inscribed in the 
 cuneiform character. 
 
 The collections consist of sculptures and bas-reliefs, and 
 inscribed monuments, boundary-stones, gate-sockets, and bricks 
 bearing the names and titles of the kings who made them ; 
 baked clay cylinders and tablets inscribed with records of 
 the history and of the religious, commercial, and domestic 
 life of the Babylonians and Assyrians ; objects which illustrate 
 the art of Babylonia and Assyria, Elam, and the surrounding 
 nations, in bronze, ivory, terra-cotta, and precious stones ; and 
 numerous miscellaneous objects belonging to the later periods 
 of the Persian, Greek, Parthian, Roman, and Sassanian periods 
 of occupation in Mesopotamia. 
 
 In this, the Second Edition, descriptions of the most 
 important objects acquired since the issue of the First Edition 
 have been inserted, and the whole work has been thoroughly 
 revised. Thirteen plates, forty-four illustrations in the text, 
 an index to the exhibited tablets for the use of students, and 
 a general index have been added. 
 
 Mr. L. W. King, M.A., F.S.A., Assistant in the Department, 
 
 has ably assisted me in the preparation and revision of this 
 
 Guide. 
 
 E. A. WALLIS BUDGE. 
 
 Department of Egyptian and Assyrian 
 
 Antiquities, British Museum. 
 
 July Uth, 1908. 
 
 A 3 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PREFACE . . 
 
 LIST OF PLATES 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT . 
 
 INTRODUCTION, CONTAINING A SKETCH OF BABYLONIAN AND 
 ASSYRIAN HISTORY AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE BRITISH 
 MUSEUM EXCAVATIONS 
 
 ASSYRIAN TRANSEPT 
 
 NIMROUD GALLERY . 
 
 NIMROUD CENTRAL SALOON 
 
 ASSYRIAN SALOON . 
 
 NINEVEH GALLERY . 
 
 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM 
 
 A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BABYLONIAN, ASSYRIAN, AND 
 PERSIAN KINGS 
 
 INDEX TO REGISTRATION-NUMBERS OF EXHIBITED TABLETS 
 AND INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 V. 
 
 IX. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 37 
 
 . 86 
 
 229 
 
 235 
 
 255 
 
 A 4 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 Colossal lion, inscribed with the name and titles of Ashur- 
 nasir-pal, king of Assyria from B.C. 885 to 860, from the 
 Temple of Ninib at Calah (Nimrud) .... 1. 
 
 Bas-relief from a wall of the palace of Ashur-nasir-pal, king 
 of Assyria from B.C. 885 to 860, at Calah (Nimrftd), 
 sculptured with figures of foreigners bringing apes as a 
 present to the king ....... II. 
 
 Portion of one of the bronze bands from the gates of 
 Shalmaneser II., king of Assyria from B.C. 860 to 825, 
 representing the king seated in his camp ; in the lower 
 register may be seen an Assyrian battering-ram in 
 action 111. 
 
 Colossal winged and human-headed lion from the palace 
 of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria from B.C. 885 to 860, 
 at Calah (Nimrud) IV. 
 
 Colossal winged and human-headed bull and mythological 
 being, from a doorway in the palace of Sargon, king of 
 Assyria from B.C. 722 to 705, at Dur-Sharrukln 
 (Khorsabad) V. 
 
 Bas relief sculptured with a figure of Ashur-nasir-pal, king 
 of Assyria from B.C. 885 to 860, carrying a bow and 
 arrows, and attended by a winged mythological being. 
 From the North-west palace at Nimrfid (Calah) . . VI. 
 
 View of Babil, one of the principal mounds which mark the 
 site of Babylon and contain the ruins of the palaces of 
 the kings of the last Babylonian Empire . . . VII. 
 
 View of Birs Nimrud (Borsippa), showing the remains of 
 the great temple of Nairn, the traditional site of the 
 Tower of Babel VIII. 
 
 Colossal winged and human-headed bull and mythological 
 being, from a doorway in the palace of Sargon, king of 
 Assyria from B.C. 722 to 705, at Dur-Sharruktn 
 (Khorsabad) IX. 
 
 Bas-relief sculptured with two figures of Ashur-nasir-pal, 
 king of Assyria from B.C. 885 to 860, attended by 
 winged mythological beings, and worshipping Ashur, the 
 national god of Assyria, who appears within a winged 
 circle above the sacred tree ...... X. 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 Bas-relief from the palace of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of 
 Assyria from B.C. 885 to 860, at Calah (Nimrtid), 
 sculptured with a figure of a winged mythological 
 being carrying an ibex ....... 
 
 Bas-relief sculptured with a winged and eagle-headed 
 mythological being, from the palace of Ashir-nasir-pal, 
 king of Assyria from B.C. 885 to 860 .... 
 
 Statue of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria from B.C. 885 to 
 
 860 . . 
 
 The "Black Obelisk," inscribed with an account of the 
 campaigns of Shalmaneser II., king of Assyria from B.C. 
 860 to 825. The sculptured scenes illustrate the text, 
 and among the vanquished princes is " Jehu, the son of 
 Omri" 
 
 Sennacherib, king of Assyria from B.C. 705 to 681, seated 
 
 upon his throne before the city of Lachish, and receiving 
 
 tribute . . . 
 
 Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria from B.C. 668 to 626, 
 
 pouring out a libation over dead lions .... 
 
 Portion of one of the bronze bands from the gates of 
 Shalmaneser II., king of Assyria from B.C. 860 to 825, 
 representing the army on the march. On the right of 
 the upper register is a figure of the king in the lower 
 register is a representation of chariots crossing a river by 
 a bridge of boats ........ 
 
 Fragments of baked clay tablets inscribed with the 
 Babylonian account of the Creation .... 
 
 Portion of a tablet inscribed with the legend of the fight 
 between Marduk and Tiamat .... 
 
 Fragment of a baked clay tablet inscribed with the 
 Babylonian account of the Deluge ..... 
 
 Inscribed brick or memorial tablet of Eannatum, king of 
 Lagash, recording the sinking of a well in the forecourt 
 of Ningirsu's temple at Lagash ..... 
 
 Brick of Gudea, governor of Lagash about B.C. 2500 . 
 
 Stele engraved with a charter of Nebuchadnezzar I., king of 
 Babylonia about BC. 1120 
 
 Brick of Shalmaneser II., king of Assyria from B.C. 860 to 
 825 
 
 Stele with inscription and figure, sculptured in relief, of 
 Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria from B.C. 668 to 626 
 
 Bronze doorstep inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II., king of Babylon from B.C. 604 to 
 561 
 
 Brick inscribed with the name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar 
 II., king of Babylon from B.C. 604 to 561 
 
 PLATE 
 
 XL 
 
 XII. 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 XV. 
 XVI. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 XXII. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 XXVI. 
 XXVII. 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 XI 
 
 The Rock of Bisutun, or Behistun, in Persia, engraved 
 with a scene representing Darius, king of Persia from 
 B.C. 521 to 485, receiving the submission of the chiefs 
 of the nations who had revolted, and with inscriptions 
 in the Persian, Susian, and Babylonian languages 
 describing his wars and conquests. This plate is 
 made from the drawing of the rock published by the 
 late Sir H. C. Rawlinson, Bart., G.C.B. 
 
 Scene from the Rock of Bisutun, or Behistun, in Persia, 
 representing Darius receiving the submission of the 
 chiefs of the nations who had revolted against him. 
 The figure in the winged circle above is the god 
 Ahuramazda. This plate is made from the drawing 
 of the sculptures published by the late Sir H. C. 
 Rawlinson, Bart., G.C.B. ...... 
 
 Glazed brick on which is depicted the figure of an 
 Assyrian king pouring out a libation after hunting. 
 He holds a bow and arrow, and behind him is an 
 attendant carrying his quiver ..... 
 
 Upper portion of the stele engraved with the text of 
 Khammurabi's Code of Laws. The scene represents 
 the king receiving the laws from Shamash, the Sun- 
 god 
 
 List of eleven fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur about B.C. 
 2400 
 
 Figure of an early Sumerian royal personage or priestly 
 official ......... 
 
 Cone inscribed with the name and titles of Ur-Bau, 
 governor of Lagash about B.C. 2500 .... 
 
 Inscription of Khammurabi, king of Babylon about B.C. 
 2200 
 
 The " Sun-god Tablet," engraved with a scene represent- 
 ing Nabu-aplu-iddina, king of Babylon about B.C. 870, 
 worshipping in the shrine of the Sun-god in the city 
 of Sippar ......... 
 
 Babylonian Chronicle, recording the principal events 
 which took place in Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam 
 from B.C. 744 to 668 
 
 Babylonian syllabary, or spelling book, written B.C. 
 442 . . . 
 
 Letter from Tushratta, king of Mitani, to Amenophis III., 
 king of Egypt about B.C. 1450 
 
 Baked clay cylinder of Nabonidus, king of Babylon from 
 B.C. 555 to 538, inscribed with a prayer on behalf of 
 Belshazzar, his son ....... 
 
 PLATE 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 XXIX. 
 XXX. 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 XXXII. 
 XXXIII. 
 XXXIV. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 XL. 
 
XII LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 Baked clay cylinder of Nabonidus, king of Babylon from 
 B.C. 555 to 538, in which mention is made of Naram- 
 Sin, the son of Sargon I., who is stated to have 
 reigned about B.C. 3750 XLI. 
 
 Baked clay cylinder inscribed with an account of the 
 
 capture of Babylon by Cyrus, king of Persia, B.C. 538 XLII. 
 
 Baked clay cylinder of Sennacherib, king of Assyria 
 from B.c. 705 to 681, inscribed with an account of 
 his invasion of Palestine and the siege of Jerusalem in 
 the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah .... XLIII. 
 
 Baked clay cylinder inscribed with the annals of Esar- 
 
 haddon, king of Assyria from B.C. 681 to 668 . . XLIV. 
 
 Baked clay cylinder inscribed with the annals of Ashur- 
 
 bani-pal, king of Assyria from B.C. 668 to 626 . . XLV. 
 
XIII 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. 
 
 1. Map to illustrate excavations in Babylonia and Assyria 
 
 2. Plan of the Palace Mound at Nimrud . 
 
 3. Plan of Nineveh ....... 
 
 4. Map of Babylon and Borsippa .... 
 
 5. Small ivory panel carved in relief with the figure of an 
 
 Egyptian king ....... 
 
 6. Small inlaid ivory panel carved with representations of 
 
 two Egyptian personages ..... 
 
 7. Small ivory panel carved with figures of sphinxes in 
 
 relief ........ 
 
 8. Small block of ivory carved with a representation of a 
 
 sacred tree ....... 
 
 9. Ivory panel carved to represent a window, at which is 
 
 the face of an Egyptian woman 
 
 10. Portion of an ivory panel or ornament carved with the 
 
 figure of a sphinx ...... 
 
 11. Bronze figure of a Babylonian god 
 
 12. Bronze figure of a Babylonian demon . 
 
 13. Bronze lion-weight of two manehs, with Babylonian and 
 
 Phoenician inscriptions ..... 
 
 14. Bronze head of a bull, which decorated the end of i 
 
 chariot pole ....... 
 
 15. Limestone model of a winged and human-headed cow 
 
 16. Opaque glass vase inscribed with the name of Sargor 
 
 king of Assyria from B.C. 722 to B.C. 705 . 
 
 17. Fine white limestone head of a lion 
 
 18. Terra-cotta bowl with Mandaitic inscription . 
 
 19. Terra-cotta group representing Europa and the bull 
 
 20. Terra-cotta foundation-figure of a fish-god 
 
 21. Terra-cotta foundation-figure of a god 
 
 22. Terra-cotta votive figure of a woman suckling a child 
 
 23. Terra-cotta plaque stamped with a scene representing a 
 
 man leading a dog ...... 
 
 24. Steatite mould for casting small articles of jewellery 
 
 25. Terra-cotta figure of a Babylonian demon 
 
 26. Limestone head of a Babylonian demon 
 
 PAGE 
 
 2 
 15 
 17 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 107 
 107 
 
 108 
 
 109 
 110 
 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 115 
 115 
 116 
 
 117 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 
XIV 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 27. Ivory head of a bull 119 
 
 28. Clay tablet recording a sale of land in the reign of 
 
 Samsu-iluna . . . . . . . .125 
 
 29. Case, or clay envelope, of the above . . . .126 
 
 30. Letter from Khammurabi, king of Babylon, to Sin- 
 
 idinnam ......... 141 
 
 31. Stone mace-head of Sargon, an early king of Agade . 143 
 
 32. Bronze figure of a god holding a cone on which is a 
 
 short inscription of Gudea, viceroy of Lagash . 1 45 
 
 33. Bronze bearded figure of an early Babylonian king . 145 
 
 34. Bronze figure of Arad-Sin, an early king of Larsa .146 
 
 35. Covering of clay made for the sculptured scene upon 
 
 the " Sun-god Tablet " by Nabopolassar, king of 
 Babylon 148 
 
 36. Inscription of Nabopolassar on the back of the above . 149 
 
 37. Cylinder-seal of the reign of Ur-Engur, about B.C. 2500 158 
 
 38. Cylinder-seal of Darius, king of Persia . . . .158 
 
 39. Cylinder-seal of Adda, the scribe . . . . .160 
 
 40. Clay model of a liver inscribed with omens and magical 
 
 formulae . . . . . . . . .174 
 
 41. Babylonian map of the world . . . . .175 
 
 42. One maneh weight of the time of Nebuchadnezzar II. . 193 
 
 43. Symbols sculptured on the top of the black basalt 
 
 memorial stone of Esarhaddon . . . . .221 
 
 44. 45. Bronze weights inlaid in gold with figures of a beetle 223 
 
A Grl/lDE 
 
 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 The antiquities exhibited in the Babylonian Koom and the 
 Assyrian Galleries are the result of a series of excavations 
 which have been prosecuted in Assyria and Babylonia during 
 the last sixty-five years. The scene of these operations is 
 represented in the map on page 2. 
 
 The following brief sketch of the History of Babylonia 
 and Assyria will help to a better understanding of the 
 antiquities to be described : 
 
 The two great nations which, in later historical times, are 
 found in possession of these countries, came in the main of one 
 Semitic stock, Assyria being colonized from Babylonia ; but 
 this stock itself, particularly in Babylonia, had suffered 
 considerable admixture from the earlier inhabitants of the land 
 as well as from a series of foreign invaders, who in turn 
 succeeded in conquering the country and bringing it under 
 their control. Of the aboriginal inhabitants of the country we 
 know nothing whatever, but it is certain thatits first inhabitants 
 of whom we possess records, were of a non-Semitic race, and 
 that they spoke and wrote a language which has been thought 
 by some writers to resemble the ancient Tartar languages. 
 Their principal cities were Eridu, Ur, Erech, Larsa, Nippur, 
 Lagash, and Umma, and were situated in Southern Babylonia, 
 in the country lying at the head of the Persian Gulf, which then 
 extended farther into the land. At a period which it is 
 impossible to fix with accuracy, the immigration of this non- 
 Semitic race into Babylonia took place ; the race is known as 
 the Sumerians, from the fact that they settled in Sumer or 
 
2 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES 
 
 Southern Babylonia. At a subsequent period the Semites 
 invaded Northern Babylonia, or Akkad, where they settled and 
 took the name of Akkadians. The principal cities in which 
 
 tadris DUR-SHAKRUKIN 
 iJ^SS&a Khars frad 
 
 le 5 Si 5 
 
 C" EXCAVATIONS IN 
 
 "V^Skifc \ BABYLONIA 
 
 AND ASSYRIA. 
 
 BORSIPPA,\BABYLON 
 Birs Nimrud 
 
 :v> ' 
 
 nippur's/ 
 
 Niffcr /. \ |"H 
 
 [ \ \ o > 
 
 J> x \ LAQASH , 
 ERECH YTdlo / 
 \Warka > / 
 
 LARSA / 
 
 ~ StikCTfiV 
 
 "w 
 
 :-,()- 
 
 vr u UR> 
 Mukeyyer 
 
 Basrer 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 they established their authority were Kish, Opis, Sippar, 
 Babylon, and Cutha. According to the Bible (Genesis x., 8-11), 
 the leader of this invasion was Nimrod, the son of Cush, who 
 built Babel (Babylon), Accad,and Calneh in the land of Shinar ; 
 
SKETCH OF EARLY BABYLONIAN HISTORY. 3 
 
 but, as he is also recorded to have built Erech in Southern 
 Babylonia, it is clear that the two invasions of the country are 
 not sharply distinguished by the writer. The Semitic 
 immigrants, or Akkadians, appear to have amalgamated with 
 the earlier inhabitants, and to have been considerably influenced 
 by their higher civilization. Thus they borrowed from the 
 Sumerians the system of cuneiform writing, and adapted it 
 to suit their own requirements. For a long period both 
 languages were used side by side, with the result that each was 
 affected by the other and gradually adopted many foreign words 
 into its vocabulary. When the Semitic language became the 
 common tongue, Sumerian still survived as a literary language. 
 The earliest Babylonian empire, in the proper sense of the 
 term, was that founded by Sargon of Agade, the father of 
 Naram-Sin, who according to the information afforded us by 
 the cylinder of Nabonidus, king of Babylon, B.C. 555-538 (see 
 p. 195 f.), reigned three thousand two hundred years before 
 Nabonidus. As this inscription was written about the year 
 B.C. 550, it has been assumed that Naram-Sin reigned about 
 B.C. 3750, and his father Sargon about B.C. 3800. Eecent 
 excavation and research have shown that the scribes of 
 Nabonidus exaggerated the interval separating the period of 
 Naram-Sin from their own time; but we are as yet without 
 the means of fixing a definite date for these early rulers in 
 place of the traditional one. From their inscriptions that 
 have been recovered we gather that Sargon and his successors 
 on the throne of* Agade were Semites, and since they made 
 their power felt throughout Western Asia, it is clear that the 
 Sumerian power declined when they were kings at Agade. 
 The period of the Sumerian rulers before the foundation of 
 this empire must have been long, for the names of a consider- 
 able number of kings and rulers have been identified from the 
 Sumerian inscriptions which were almost certainly written 
 before the reign of Sargon of Agade. Some of these can be 
 arranged in strict chronological order, e.g., the earlier rulers 
 of the city of Lagash (the modern Tello), Ur-Nina, Akurgal, 
 Eannatum, Enannatum I., Entemena, and Enannatum II., 
 but the lengths of their reigns are unknown, and their dates 
 can only be approximately ascertained. A king who reigned 
 at Lagash shortly after Enannatum II. was Urukagina, and 
 in his reign Lagash was captured and sacked by Lugal-zaggisi, 
 a ruler of the neighbouring city of Umma. The empire of 
 which this latter king made himself master included the great 
 cities of Ur, Erech, Larsa, and Nippur, aud resembles the con- 
 
4 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 federation of Babylonian cities which had been brought about 
 by Eannatum at a still earlier time. In the present state of 
 knowledge it is useless to attempt to assign a date to the 
 founding of those early city-states ; but the complex social 
 system and the highly developed culture of such a city as 
 Lagash, to take but a single example, indicate that the 
 beginning of Sumerian civilization may date from a period even 
 as remote as B.C. 4000, or earlier. 
 
 From the period of the empire of Agade to B.C. 2500 little 
 is known of the history of the country, but from about 
 B.C. 2500 to B.C. 2200 we have recovered the names of a series 
 of Kings of Sumer and Akkad, who founded successive 
 dynasties in the ancient cities of Ur, Isin, and Larsa. During 
 the early part of this period the city of Lagash was governed 
 by patesis, or priest-kings, who owed allegiance to Ur, among 
 whom may be mentioned Ur-Bau, Gudea, and Ur-Ningirsu. 
 The Dynasty of Ur was founded by Ur-Engur and was con- 
 solidated by his son Dungi, who captured Babylon and 
 incorporated Northern Babylonia in bis empire. Dungi was 
 succeeded on the throne by his direct descendants Bur-Sin I., 
 Gimil-Sin, and Ibi-Sin, the total period during which these 
 five kings ruled at Ur amounting to one hundred and seventeen 
 years. The rule in Babylonia then passed to the city of Isin, 
 where for a period of two hundred and twenty- five years and 
 a-half there ruled a dynasty of sixteen kings known as the 
 Dynasty of Isin. The dynasty was founded by Ishbi-Ura, 
 and its most famous kings were Ishme-Dagan, Libit-Ishtar, 
 Ur-Ninib, and Bur-Sin II. The large number of tablets of 
 temple-accounts, dating from the earlier period of the kings 
 of Sumer and Akkad, attest the great prosperity of the country 
 at this time. 
 
 From about B.C. 2500 to B.C. 2200 no city succeeded in 
 permanently retaining power in Babylonia; the rule of one 
 city rising as that of another declined. About the latter 
 period, however, we find the Semitic king of Babylon called 
 Khammurabi gaining great influence in the country, and his 
 power eventually became so great, that he was able to expel 
 the Elamites, who under their kings Kudur-Mubug and his 
 sons Arad-Sin and Rim-Sin had effected a settlement in the 
 ancient Sumerian cities of Ur and Larsa. Khammurabi 
 established a powerful kingdom with its capital at Babylon, 
 and the numerous legal, commercial, religious, and other docu- 
 ments which were written during the reigns of himself and 
 his successors Samsu-iluna, Abeshu, Ammi-ditana, Ammi- 
 
PLATE I. 
 
 B 3 
 
 3SS 
 
 go 
 
 
 
 '-3 P* 
 T3 S 
 
 a <o 
 
 S) * 
 
 a -* 
 
 - 
 
 ,J3 9~' 
 
 J3 ao 
 
 C Q0 
 
5 SKETCH OF BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN HISTORY. 
 
 zaduga, and Samsu-ditana, prove that the people of the 
 country had reached a very high pitch of civilization. This 
 dynasty of Babylonian kings was brought to an end by an 
 invasion of the Hittites, who swept down from the mountains 
 of Cappodocia, and, descending the Euphrates, captured 
 Babylon and carried off the statues of Marduk and his consort, 
 the national god and goddess of Babylon. 
 
 About B.C. 1800 Babylonia was invaded by the Kassites, 
 a race of warlike people who came from a district situated on 
 the east of the Tigris and to the north of Elam. They 
 succeeded in capturing Babylon, already weakened by the 
 Hittite raid, and in establishing themselves in the country, 
 where they flourished for many centuries. At first their 
 authority appears to have been confined to Northern Babylonia, 
 but they afterwards extended their sway over the Country of 
 the Sea, at the head of the Persian Gulf, where an indepen- 
 dent dynasty of kings had established themselves as early as 
 the reign of Samsu-iluna. It is clear that in the time of 
 Khammurabi, Samsu-iluna's father, the Semites had already 
 made their way northwards, and had founded settlements on 
 the banks of the Tigris, and that even at this early period the 
 country which they had colonized bore the name of Assyria. 
 The oppression of the Kassites increased the emigration of the 
 Semites northwards, and about B.C. 1700 the northern portion 
 of the empire finally asserted its independence. Assyria 
 became a separate kingdom,* and its power became pre- 
 ponderant in its relations with the mother country. About 
 B.C. 1450 the power of the Kassites was still predominant in 
 Babylonia, and we know from the Tell el-Amarna tablets (see 
 p. 177 ff.) that some of their kings, e.g., Burraburiash, Kuri- 
 galzu, and Kara-indash corresponded with Amenophis III. 
 and his son Amenophis IV., kings of Egypt in the fifteenth 
 century before Christ. By about B.C. 1300 the Kassites seem 
 to have become absorbed into the Semitic population of 
 Babylonia, and the inscriptions prove that for some time before 
 that period they waged incessant war against Assyria, the 
 nominal object of dispute being the boundaries of the two 
 kingdoms. About B.C. 1275 the conquest of Babylonia was 
 
 * The history of Assyria can best be followed by reading the official 
 accounts of their reigns, compiled by order of the kings of Assyria, and now 
 preserved in the British Museum. A series of these from the earliest period to 
 B.C. 860 has been' issued by the Trustees of the British Museum under the title 
 of Annals of the king's of Assyria, price 1. This volume contains the 
 original texts, printed in the Assyrian character, with transliterations, full 
 English translations, Introduction, and Notes. 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES. 6 
 
 effected by Tukulti-Ninib I., king of Assyria, and from this 
 date down to the destruction of Nineveh the history of the 
 older nation is of secondary importance. Assyria became 
 the great power of Western Asia, the leading epochs of whose 
 history under her more renowned kings may be briefly 
 recounted. 
 
 The immediate successors of Tukulti-Ninib I. still appear to 
 have been almost continually engaged in war with Babylonia, 
 with varying success. Tiglath-Pileser I., B.C. 1100, also 
 extended his arms abroad, and, besides conquering the 
 surrounding tribes, he carried on successful campaigns against 
 the nations which inhabited the country to the north-west 
 along the course of the upper Euphrates and in Northern 
 Syria, and against the peoples who dwelt in the mountainous 
 northern district near Lake Van. In a campaign against 
 Babylonia he was also successful ; but this success was followed 
 by a reverse, for the Babylonians invaded Southern Assyria, 
 and carried off the statues of the gods. 
 
 On the death of Tiglath-Pileser I. the power of Assyria 
 began temporarily to decline ; and after the reigns of his two 
 sons, the country sustained a severe defeat at the hands of the 
 nomad tribes and it momentarily disappears from its leading 
 position. But in the reign of Tukulti-Ninib II. the Assyrians 
 again emerge as a conquering nation. 
 
 The northern highlands of Nairi were once more subdued by 
 this monarch, who was succeeded in B.C. 885 by his son 
 Ashur-nasir-pal, one of the greatest of the Assyrian kings. 
 His conquests extended on every side, and laid the foundation 
 for the further successes of future reigns. His last campaign, 
 which opened the road to the extension of his empire west- 
 ward, was against the inhabitants of Northern Syria (B.C. 867). 
 Ashur-nasir-pal, besides being a conqueror, was also a great 
 builder. Following the example of Shalmaneser I. he removed 
 the seat of government from Ashur some forty miles north- 
 wards to Calah (Nimrild), where he built a great palace, and 
 carried out other extensive works (see p. 14 f.). Assyrian art 
 was greatly developed in his reign, as testified by the remains 
 of sculptures and articles of ornamentation which have been 
 found. 
 
 The limits of the Assyrian empire were carried still further 
 by Ashur-nasir-pal's son and successor, Shalmaneser II. 
 (B.C. 860-8125), whose almost ceaseless wars made him 
 master of the whole of Western Asia, from the Persian Gulf to 
 the Armenian mountains, and from the frontiers of Media to 
 
PLATE II. 
 
 Bas-relief from a wall of the palace of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria from 
 B.C. 885 to 860, at Calah (Nhnrud), sculptured with figures of foreigners bringing 
 apes as a present to the king. 
 
 [Nimroud Gallery, No. 19.] (See pp. 6, 23.) 
 
SKETCH OT BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN HISTORY. 7 
 
 the shores of the Mediterranean. His campaigns in the west 
 have a particular interest, for here we find the Assyrians first 
 coming in contact with the Israelites. When the power of the 
 Syrians of Damascus was broken, and there was a general 
 submission to the Assyrian king, Jehu, king of Israel, was 
 among those who sent tribute (see p. 30). 
 
 Shalmaneser's immediate successors also appear to ' have 
 been warlike monarchs, but after their reigns a period of 
 decadence set in. Assyria began to shrink again within her 
 borders, and the nations over whom she had held sway asserted 
 their independence. But in B.C. 745, a powerful king arose, 
 in the person of Tiglath-Pileser III.,* who in the course of his 
 reign of eighteen years recovered the lost ground, and even 
 pushed forward the boundaries of the empire to the confines of 
 Egypt. His first effort was to subdue his immediate neighbour, 
 Babylonia. His wars in Syria resulted in great calamities for 
 the people of Israel. Summoned by Ahaz, king of Judah, to 
 assist him against Pekah, king of Israel, and Rezin of 
 Damascus, who had attacked him, Tiglath-Pileser entered 
 Syria, subdued the enemies of Ahaz, and carried away into 
 captivity (B.C. 734) the Israelite tribes of Eeuben and Gad, 
 and the half- tribe of Manasseh, whose territory lay on the east 
 of the Jordan. Shortly afterwards Hoshea, the new king of 
 Israel, formally became the Assyrian king's vassal ; and in 
 the reign of Tiglath-Pileser's successor, Shalmaneser IV. 
 (B.C. 727-722), being detected in an intrigue with Egypt 
 against Assyria, he was himself carried away prisoner. His 
 country was invaded, and Samaria was besieged (B.C. 724), 
 but held out for two years. Befoie its fall, in B.C. 722, 
 a revolution took place, Shalmaneser disappears, and Sargon, 
 " the son of a nobody," a usurper, succeeded to the empire. 
 
 Sargon's reign of nearly eighteen years (B.C. 722-705) 
 was one long series of foreign campaigns. He was the first 
 Assyrian king to come into actual conflict with the Egyptians, 
 whose army, in alliance with the Philistines, he defeated at 
 Raphia, near the Egyptian frontier, upon which he had 
 marched after the termination of the campaign against 
 Samaria. He again subdued Babylonia, and carried war into 
 Elam. More than any of his predecessors, he systematically 
 followed the policy of displacing and removing into other 
 lands large numbers of the population of conquered countries. 
 Amongst others, most of the inhabitants of Samaria were 
 
 * I.e., " Pul, king of Assyria," mentioned in 2 Kings xv., 19 ; 1 Chron. v., 26: 
 Isaiah lxvi., 19. 
 
8 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYKIAN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 carried away after the capture of the city. Sargon was also 
 famous as a builder. He erected the great palace at Khorsabad 
 (see p. 14), which has been excavated, and carried on other 
 works at Calah and Nineveh. On his death, in B.C. 705, he 
 was succeeded by his son Sennacherib. 
 
 The first years of the new king's reign were occupied in 
 putting down revolts which had broken out on Sargon's 
 death. Babylonia, as usual, had thrown off' the yoke under 
 the restless Merodach-Baladan II.. a king who had been 
 deposed by Sargon, but was again completely subdued. In 
 B.C. 701 Sennacherib invaded Syria, first attacking the king 
 of Sidon, and receiving the submission of the neighbouring- 
 petty kings. Then marching south, he recovered the revolted 
 Philistine city of Askelon, and, advancing against Ekron, 
 was met by an Egyptian army which had come to the assist- 
 ance of that city. At Altaku, in Dan, was fought the second 
 great battle between the Assyrians and Egyptians. The latter 
 were again defeated, and Ekron fell. It was now the turn of 
 Hezekiah, king of Judah, to receive punishment. Sennacherib 
 entered Judaea, captured the small towns, enslaved 200,000 of 
 the inhabitants, and laid siege to Jerusalem. Hezekiah, sore 
 pressed by famine, was compelled to yield, and purchased the 
 safety of the city by tribute, for which he stripped the Temple 
 of its gold.* Satisfied with this result, Sennacherib returned 
 to Assyria. But two years afterwards he again invaded 
 Palestine, Hezekiah, depending on the support of Egypt, having 
 refused further allegiance. The Assyrian army first sat down 
 before Lachish in the south, and a messenger was despatched 
 to demand the submission of the king of Judah, which, 
 however, was refused. Contenting himself for the moment 
 with a threat of future vengeance, Sennacherib marched west- 
 ward to engage the Egyptian army which lay at Pelusium, one 
 of the frontier towns of Egypt. But the battle was not fought. 
 A great disaster probably the result of a sudden attack of 
 plague overtook the Assyrian host ; " the angel of the Lord 
 went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians an hundred 
 fourscore and five thousand : and when they arose early in the 
 morning, behold, they were all dead corpses " (2 Kings xix., 35) ; 
 and the remnant of the army returned to Nineveh. 
 
 After this there followed wars nearer home. The Baby- 
 lonians, supported by their Eastern neighbours the Elamites of 
 Susiana, were again in arms ; and their stubborn resistance was 
 
 * See the official Assyrian account of this campaign in the description of the 
 Taylor Cylinder of Sennacherib, p. 218 ff. 
 
PLATE III. 
 
 oo a 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 2 o 
 
 rt ^ 
 
 
 "J 
 
 M 8.8 
 
 g.s 
 
 J -2 T 
 oo -2 fee 
 
 -2 &<J 
 
 MS 
 
 2 ' 
 
 H 
 
 T3 o 
 
 3 go 
 
 rid S i 
 
 111 
 
 - to - 
 a cj c 
 
 . 5 
 
 *J to OJ 03 
 
 8rS"C 
 
 o a 
 
9 SKETCH OF BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN HISTORY. 
 
 only quelled after a succession of campaigns in which Susiana 
 was more than once invaded and ravaged, and the city of 
 Babylon destroyed (B.C. 689). It appears to have been in 
 the latter years of his reign that Sennacherib undertook a 
 campaign in Cilicia, where he defeated the Greeks, and is said; 
 to have founded the city of Tarsus. He was assassinated by 
 his sous in B.C. 681 (Isaiah xxxvii., 38). 
 
 Sennacherib restored and repaired the works of his pre- 
 decessors, and reared a palace at Nineveh on a grander scale 
 than had ever been before attempted, and extensively orna- 
 mented it with sculpture. Many of the wall slabs now in the 
 Assyrian Saloon and the Nineveh Gallery (see p. 32 ff.) were 
 excavated from the ruins of this palace, and among other 
 events, illustrate details of its construction. 
 
 Sennacherib's death was followed by an internal struggle in 
 Assyria, which resulted in the accession of his son Esarhaddon 
 to the supreme power. His reign, which lasted to B.C. 668, is 
 marked by wars with Phoenicia, with Cilicia, with Edom, by 
 the usual suppression of revolt in Babylonia, by wars with the 
 Arabs and the Medes, and above all by the conquest of Lower 
 Egypt and the occupation of the country by the Assyrians in 
 B.C. 672. The revolt of Manasseh, king of Judah, was 
 punished by the reduction of his kingdom and his own 
 captivity. But eventually he was allowed to return to 
 Jerusalem, Esarhaddon being of a more forgiving and milder 
 nature than most of his line. 
 
 The end of his reign saw the Assyrian king again involved in 
 war in Egypt, Tirhakah, the Ethiopian Pharaoh, having suc- 
 ceeded in recapturing Memphis and raising the country against 
 the Assyrian domination. The defeat of this rising was the 
 first work of Esarhaddon's son and successor, Ashur-bani-pal, 
 who reigned for forty-two years, B.C. 668-626. 
 
 Death appears to have overtaken Esarhaddon before he had 
 completed his great palace at Calah (Nimrud), which has been 
 excavated. A yet more splendid building, his palace at 
 Nineveh, still lies buried and only partially explored beneath 
 the mound which bears the name of Nebi Yunus. Specimens 
 of his architectural remains are therefore scanty in number, 
 although he had the reputation of a great builder, not only of 
 palaces, but also of temples of the gods. 
 
 Ashur-bani-pal's first work, as already stated, was to restore 
 the Assyrian power in Egypt; but it was not until three 
 campaigns had been fought, and the ancient city of Thebes 
 had been sacked by the Assyrians (B.C. 666), that their 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES. 10 
 
 supremacy was once more established. In a series of success- 
 ful wars Ashur-bani-pal extended, further than they had ever 
 reached before, the northern limits of his empire ; and on the 
 south-east a long war with Elam also brought that country 
 under his sway. In the first campaign Urtaku, the Elamite 
 king, was defeated. His death was followed by a revolution, 
 in which a leader named Te-Umman got the upper hand. 
 Against him Ashur-bani-pal led his army, defeated and slew 
 him, and punished his adherents with the utmost cruelty. 
 The decisive battle in which the Elamite king thus perished 
 was represented on sculptured slabs of the wall of Ashur- 
 bani-pal's palace at Nineveh, which are to be seen in the 
 Nineveh Gallery (below p. 38 f.). Elam then passed under the 
 rule of the Assyrian king's nominees, but joining in revolt 
 with Shamash-shum-ukin, a younger brother of Ashur-bani- 
 pal, who was viceroy of Babylonia, it again became the seat 
 of war. Shamash-shum-ukin was defeated, taken prisoner, 
 and burnt alive ; and after a protracted struggle, which was 
 brought to an end by the capture and sack of Susa about 
 B.C. 640, Elam was finally subdued and ruled as a province of 
 the empire. 
 
 But while Ashur-bani-pal was thus engaged, Egypt shook 
 herself free of the Assyrian yoke ; and Gyges, the Lydian 
 king, who had formerly sent tribute, defied the Assyrian 
 power. Egypt maintained her independence, but a war in 
 which Gyges lost his life brought Lydia once more into 
 vassalage. An expedition against the Arabs, followed by the 
 suppression of a revolt in Ushu, a tributary city of Sidon, and 
 Akko, are the last known campaigns of Ashur-bani-pal, 
 who was one of the most energetic, and also one of the 
 most cruel, of the Assyrian monarchs. He had raised the 
 power of his empire to a pitch which it had never reached 
 before ; and yet within a few years it was doomed to fall. 
 About B.C. 634 the Medes had already made an inroad 
 on the eastern borders, and in B.C. 626, when Ashur-bani- 
 pal died, the Assyrian power had greatly declined. A few 
 years later the Median king Cyaxares actually defeated the 
 Assyrian army and laid siege to Nineveh. But the end was 
 stayed for a time by the sudden advance of the Scythian 
 hordes, which swept across Western Asia, wasting all 
 countries indiscriminately. Soon after this the combined 
 forces of Cyaxares of Media and of Nabopolassar, an Assyrian 
 general holding a command in Babylonia, invaded Assyria 
 and laid siege to Nineveh. The city held out for two years, 
 
PLATE IV. 
 
 *^ 
 
 Colossal winged and human-headed Hon from the palace of Ashur-nasir-pal, 
 king of Assyria from B.C. 885 to 860, at Calah (Nimrud). 
 
 [Assyrian Transept, No. 841.] 
 
 (See pp. 11 f., 21.) 
 
SKETCH OF BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN HISTORY. 11 
 
 but was at length captured and destroyed, about B.C. 607 or 
 606. The great empire was divided among the conquerors, 
 Assyria proper passing under the power of the Medes, and 
 Babylonia, and other dependencies falling to the share of 
 Nabopolassar, who thus became the founder of the New 
 Babylonian Empire. 
 
 The New Babylonian Empire lasted only about seventy 
 years. Nabopolassar died about B.C. 605, and was succeeded 
 by his son Nebuchadnezzar II., who at the moment of his 
 father's death was absent on a campaign in which he had 
 inflicted, at Karkemish, a crushing defeat upon Necho, king 
 of Egypt, and was preparing to invade that country. 
 Nebuchadnezzar reigned until B.C. 562. He devoted himself 
 to repairing the ancient temples of Babylon and beautifying 
 that city. Of his warlike expeditions, we are best acquainted 
 with those which were conducted against the Jews, and 
 which ended in the captivity of Judah. Jehoiakhim's second 
 revolt was punished by the capture of Jerusalem and the 
 removal of a large part of the inhabitants to Babylonia, 
 B.C. 597. Eleven years later, B.C. 586, Zedekiah rebelled ; 
 Jerusalem was again taken ; and the captivity of the people 
 was accomplished. .Nebuchadnezzar appears also to have 
 carried on war against the Arabs ; and there is also evidence 
 of a campaign undertaken by him against Egypt at the 
 beginning of the reign of Amasis II., but we have no knowledge 
 of the result. 
 
 His successors were weak sovereigns who reigned only a 
 few years. In the days of the last king, Nabonidus, the city 
 of Babylon, which was commanded by his son, the Belshazzar 
 of the scriptures, was captured by Cyrus, B.C. 539. From 
 this date Babylonia remained under the rule of the Persians 
 until the time of Alexander the Great, when it became a 
 possession of the Greeks. 
 
 Judged by what we know of their history, the Babylonians, 
 and more particularly the Assyrians, appear as a busy, 
 pushing, domineering race sturdy, warlike, and ruthless, 
 inflicting on their conquered enemies punishments of savage 
 cruelty. 
 
 They made considerable progress in the Mechanical arts. 
 They were respectable engineers, and, as far as the imperfect 
 materials at their command would allow, they were successful 
 builders. In Sculpture they appear to have made indifferent 
 attempts to work in the round ; the doorways of their royal 
 palaces were adorned with colossal figures of winged lions and 
 
12 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 human-headed bulls, which were believed to guard the 
 entrance ; their walls were covered with reliefs, sometimes, as 
 in the palace of Ashur-nasir-pal, of considerable breadth -and 
 power, and at a late period, as in the palace of Aslmr-bani- 
 pal, exhibiting great technical skill and refinement. In details 
 of pure decoration they were very successful. The engraving 
 of cylinder-seals was practised from the earliest periods to the 
 time of the Persian Empire, and many beautiful specimens have 
 been recovered (see p. 156 ff.). An estimate of their progress 
 in the minor arts may be formed from the existing specimens 
 of their work in various materials ; and special attention may 
 be drawn to the skill exhibited in their treatment of metals. 
 The repoussd patterns on their bowls and shields, and on the 
 gate fittings from Tell Balawat, are remarkable. Even in the 
 remote periods of the early Sumerian rulers we find statuettes 
 of this material. 
 
 In Science they excelled, especially in their knowledge of 
 mathematics and astronomy, and numerous tables have been 
 recovered which the scribes compiled to assist them in their 
 calculations. These include multiplication and division tables, 
 and tables of squares, square roots, geometrical progres- 
 sions, etc. Metrological texts have also been found, and 
 from these we infer that the Babylonians could undertake 
 such problems as the calculation of the area of a right-angled 
 triangle from the length of its two sides, of a rectangle from its 
 base and altitude, of a trapezoid from its two bases and altitude, 
 etc. The study of mathematics and astronomy was confined 
 to the priesthood, who only imparted their knowledge to their 
 successors in the priestly office, whom they trained in schools 
 attached to the great temples. 
 
 In Religion the Babylonians and Assyrians were worshippers 
 of the heavenly bodies and of the powers of nature. Their 
 principal gods were : Sin, the moon ; Shamash, the sun ; 
 Marduk, a form of the Sun-god, who conveyed the prayers 
 of men to heaven ; Anu, the god of the sky, Enlil. the god of 
 the earth, and Ea, the god of the abyss and of deep knowledge, 
 forming a trinity ; Rammanu,* the god of storm and thunder ; 
 Ishtar, their Aphrodite, who was also the goddess of battle ; 
 Nabu, their Mercury, scribe of the gods and god of science and 
 
 * Rammanu, " the thunderer," was one of the principal titles of the Storm-god, 
 and corresponds to the name of the deity Rimmon in 2 Kings v., 18. There is 
 evidence that the god also bore the name Adad, and in an inscription of 
 Sardur III., at Van, the Assyrian royal name, Ramman-nirari, is written as 
 Adadi-nirari. But Adad was not the god's original name, and Rammanu or 
 Ramman, in view of its familiarity, is retained throughout the Guide. 
 
PLATE V. 
 
 Colossal winged and human-headed bull and mythological being, from a doorway 
 in the palace of Sargon, king of Assyria from B.C. 722 to 705, at Dur-Sharrukin 
 (Khorsabad). 
 
 [Assyrian Transept, No. 840.] 
 
 (See pp. 11 f., 20.) 
 
13 SKETCH OF BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN HISTORY. 
 
 learning; Nergal, god of war and hunting, and also of the 
 under- world ; Ninib, or Adar, another god of battle ; and 
 Nusku, the fire-god. The number of omen-tablets which 
 have survived bear witness to their extreme superstition. 
 The skill of the Chaldaeau astrologers and magicians was pro- 
 verbial. 
 
 Their Language was a dialect of the great Semitic group, and 
 was more closely allied to Hebrew, Syriac, and Chaldee than to 
 Arabic, Ethiopic, and Sabaean or Himyaritic. It was much 
 influenced by Sumerian, the language of the earlier inhabitants 
 of Babylonia, and incorporated many Sumerian words in its 
 vocabulary. 
 
 The Characters used by them in their inscriptions consist 
 of groups of strokes in the form of wedges, placed upright 
 or horizontally: hence the writing has been generally called 
 Cuneiform. Each cuneiform character was originally a 
 picture, which was inscribed in outline upon stone or clay 
 or other substance.* Eventually clay became the common 
 material ; but the scribes found it difficult to impress the 
 complicated picture characters upon it easily and quickly. 
 They therefore discarded such parts of the sign as appeared 
 superfluous, and by this process gradually transformed the 
 picture writing into conventional signs. Thus the old 
 Babylonian picture form ijfc, meaning a "star," became in 
 
 the later writing -*f-; and Ty^F^I meaning "gate" became 
 
 **ftr 
 
 The characters were impressed upon the clay while still 
 moist, with a stilus, or an instrument of wood, bone, or metal, 
 having a pointed end with facets. 
 
 The inscribed tablets of clayf which have been discovered 
 range in size from 15 inches by 9 to 1 by ^. They are 
 generally of a quadrangular form, varying in thickness. After 
 receiving the inscription they were either sun-dried or baked. 
 Previous to baking it was sometimes customary to pierce the 
 tablets with small holes, apparently to allow for evaporation 
 and prevent fracture (see Table-cases A-I in the Nineveh 
 Gallery). Tablets served for literary, commercial, domestic, 
 official, and general purposes. Commercial tablets were often 
 
 * Among the oldest specimens of Babylonian writing are the inscriptions of 
 Eannatum, Entemena, and Sargon I. See pp. 87 f., 142 f. 
 
 t A series of selections of Babylonian and Assyrian texts which are preserved 
 in the British Museum are in course of publication by the Trustees, under the 
 title of Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum. Twenty-four parts haye 
 appeared; Parts I. to XXIII., price 7*. 6d. each, and Part XXIV., 10*. 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES. 14 
 
 sun-dried. Most of the literary tablets now in the British 
 Museum were discovered in the Library, which Ashur-bani-pal 
 collected and established in his palace at Nineveh. Clay 
 cylinders were also used for special purposes. In the founda- 
 tions of the Assyrian palaces have been found such cylinders, 
 of large size, and having six, eight, or ten sides, inscribed with 
 the annals of the kings. The Babylonian cylinders, which 
 usually contain the architectural history of the kings' reigns, 
 are generally barrel-shaped. 
 
 The outline of the history of the exploration and excava- 
 tions of the Babylonian and Assyrian sites is as follows : 
 
 In the year 1842 M. Botta, the French Consul at Mosul, 
 began to explore the mound of Kouyunjik, the site of the 
 ancient Nineveh (see p. 16 f.), but without much success ; and 
 he transferred his operations to Khorsabad, a few miles north 
 of Mosul.* 
 
 In the year 1845 Sir Henry Layard began the work of 
 exploring the mound at Nimrud. This mound marks the 
 site of the ancient city of Calah, which, according to 
 Genesis x., ll,f was built by Asshur. In the large standard 
 inscription of Ashur-nasir-pal, King of Assyria, about B.C. 885, 
 it is said that Calah was founded by Shalmaneser I., king of 
 Assyria, about B.C. 1300. Calah, or Nimrud, is about twenty 
 miles to the south of Nineveh. The place is called Nimrud by 
 the natives, as they believe that it was built by one of the 
 generals of Nimrod, the " mighty hunter." 
 
 At Nimrud the remains of the palaces of three kings were 
 found, viz., of Ashur-nasir-pal (north-west palace, plan 
 letter A), of Shalmaneser "II. (central palace, letter B), and of 
 Esarhaddon (south-west palace, letter C). At D the remains 
 of a building, and at E a vaulted chamber, were also discovered. 
 
 To the north of the north-west palace, the site of the temple 
 of the war-god Ninib (F), was found the monolith stele* of 
 Shamshi-Eamman, king of Assyria (B.C. 825-812), and not very 
 far from this were discovered the two statues which were made 
 
 * At Khorsabad (i.e., "the town of Chosroes ") M. Botta found the remains 
 of a large building, since proved to be the palace of Sargon, king of Assyria, 
 B.C. 722-705. The greater part of the sculptures which he excavated were 
 sent to Paris ; a very few reached England. The annals of Sargon, which are 
 inscribed upon baked clay cylinders, are to be seen in the Babylonian Boom on 
 the Upper Floor, Table-case D. The sculptures from this palace, which were 
 obtained for the British Museum by Sir Henry Kawlinson, are exhibited in the 
 Assyrian Transept, and consist of two colossal bulls and wall slabs. 
 
 f " And out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and the 
 city Rehoboth, and Calah." 
 
 X See Nimroud Central Saloon, No. 110. 
 
 B 
 
PLATE VI. 
 
 Bas-relief sculptured with a figure of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria from 
 B.C. 885 to 860, carrying a bow and arrows, and attended by a winged 
 mythological being. From the North- West palace at Nimrud (Calali). 
 
 [Niinroud Gallery, No. 24.] 
 
 (See pp. 14 f., 24.) 
 
BRITISH MUSEUM EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 15 
 
 and dedicated to the god Nebo* by Kamman-nirari III., king 
 of Assyria (B.C. 812-783). 
 
 The remains of the. old city walls show that Calah, or 
 Nimrftd, stood upon an area measuring about 7,000 feet by 
 5,500 feet.f 
 
 A. 
 
 N.W. Palace. 
 
 D 
 
 B. 
 
 Central Palace. 
 
 E. 
 
 C. 
 
 S.W. Palace. 
 
 F. 
 
 THE PALACE MOUND AT NIMKUD. 
 
 Buildings and tombs. 
 Vaulted Chamber. 
 Temple of Ninib or Adar. 
 
 After the time of Shalmaneser I. (b.c. 1300) the city appears 
 to have ceased to be a royal residence, until the time of Ashur- 
 nasir-pal (b.c. 885). The reigns of the kings of the second 
 Assyrian empire who lived at Nimrud cover a period of nearly 
 
 * See Nimroud Central Saloon, Nos. 69, 70. 
 
 t The kings built their palaces in the south-west corner of this space, and 
 these, together with the temple of Nebo, occupied about 2,200 feet by 1,200 feet. 
 
 B 2 
 
16 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 220 years, (B.C. 885-668). It should be noted, however, that 
 Sennacherib (b.c. 705-681) transferred his capital to Nineveh, 
 which he rebuilt with great splendour. 
 
 The next scene of Sir Henry Layard's researches lay at 
 Kouyunjik. 
 
 Kouyunjik, more properly Koyunjik, is the Turkish name 
 given to a group of mounds, nearly 9,000 feet in circumference, 
 situated on the east bank of the river Tigris, just opposite to 
 the modern town of Mosul. It was formerly called Armu- 
 shiyyeh, after the name of an Arab chief ; its modern name, 
 Koyunjuk, appears to have some reference to the number of 
 sheep which feed upon it. From very early days tradition has 
 pointed to the mounds as the site of part of the great city 
 of Nineveh ; and the ancient legend that the Prophet Jonah 
 was buried under the mosque, which stands on another mound 
 called to this day Nebi Yunus (i.e., " Prophet Jonah "), supported 
 this view. Inscriptions which have been found on this site 
 prove that the place was called Ninua, or Nineveh. The ancient 
 city of Ninua, or Nineveh, built on the eastern bank of the 
 Tigris, was intersected by the river Khosr. The ruins of its 
 ancient walls and moat are still visible, and indicate the size of 
 the greater part of the city, which appears to have measured 
 15,000 by 7,000 feet. According to Genesis x., 11,* Nineveh 
 was founded by Asshur. As to the meaning of the name there 
 is some doubt. 
 
 The mounds at Kouyunjik were formerly thought to be the 
 remains of a Eoman camp, and the first person in the present 
 century who undertook any careful examination of them was 
 Mr. J. Eich, who, in 1820, obtained some fragments of pottery 
 and a few tablets inscribed with cuneiform characters, f He 
 had no hesitation in regarding Kouyunjik as a part of the 
 site of Nineveh. As already stated, the first excavations were 
 undertaken in 1842 by M. Botta, the French Consul at Mosul ; 
 but the great discoveries which have since been made are the 
 result of the excavations undertaken by Sir Henry Layard, first 
 for the late Viscount Stratford de Eedcliffe, K.G., G.C.B., and 
 afterwards for the Trustees of the British Museum in 1845. 
 They were continued by Mr. Loftus, Mr. Eassam, and others, 
 under the direction of the late Sir Henry Eawlinson, when 
 Consul-General and Political Agent at Baghdad. 
 
 * " Out of that land went forth Asshur and builded Nineveh." 
 
 t Several of Mr. Rich's tablets were, after his death, given by Mrs. Rich 
 
 to Miss Hay Erskine, and the latter lady gave them to Miss Holmes, who 
 
 presented them to the British Museum on April 6, 1895. 
 
PLATE VII. 
 
 B 3 
 
17 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 In the mounds of Kouyunjik and Nebi Yunus the remains 
 of the palaces, of three Assyrian kings were found, viz., of 
 Sennacherib (b.c. 705-681), of Esarhaddon (b.c. 681-668), 
 and of Ashur-bani-pal (b.c. 668-626). Sennacherib built his 
 great palace and library close to the north bank of the river 
 Khosr ; Es-irhaddon enlarged and completed a palace which his 
 
 PLAN OF NINEVEH. 
 
 A. Palace of Sennacherib. 
 
 B. Palace of Ashur-bani-pal. 
 
 father Sennacherib had begun to the south of the Khosr, and 
 built another for himself close by ; and Ashur-bani-pal built 
 yet another to the north of that of Sennacherib on the north 
 of the Khosr. Sennacherib appears to have been the first 
 Assyrian king who made Nineveh a royal residence, after his 
 return from his expedition to Egypt. 
 
 Operations were also extended to Kalat Sherkat and Sherif 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES. 18 
 
 Khan. Kalat Sherkat is the name of the mound upon which 
 are the ruins of the old city of Ashur, the metropolis of the 
 first kingdom of Assyria, where were found slabs and other 
 objects inscribed with the names of the early Assyrian kings 
 Shamshi-Eamman and Arik-den-ilu, about B.C. 1350 ; Bamman- 
 nirari I., about B.C. 1325 ; Shalmaneser I., about B.C. 1300 ; and 
 the famous inscriptions upon baked clay cylinders which record 
 the history of the reign of Tiglath-Pileser I., B.C. 1100. (See 
 Table-case D in the Babylonian and Assyrian room of the 
 Upper Floor.) The ruins of the city of Ashur are situated on 
 the right or west bank of the Tigris, about sixty miles south of 
 Nineveh. Sherif Khan is situated a few miles to the north- 
 west of Nineveh, and marks the site of the ancient city called 
 in the cuneiform inscriptions Tarbis. 
 
 In the year 1854 Sir Henry Eawlinson also excavated the 
 Birs Nimrud mound,* the traditional site of the Tower of 
 Babel, which lies to the S.W. of Babylon, and marks the site 
 of the ancient city of Borsippa. It is situated not far from 
 the Euphrates, and lies about seventy miles south of Baghdad. 
 Sir Henry proved, from the inscriptions found there, that the 
 building, of which remains still exist, was once the famous 
 Tower of the Seven Planets, built upon an ancient site of a 
 temple by Nebuchadnezzar II., king of Babylon (b.c. 604-562). 
 Each storey of the tower was constructed of bricks glazed 
 with the colour attributed to the particular planet to which 1 
 it was dedicated. The cylinders found in the ruins are now 
 exhibited in the Babylonian room, Table-case G. In the same 
 neighbourhood excavations were also undertaken by Sir Henry 
 Eawlinson in the buried ruins of Nebuchadnezzar's palace at 
 Babylon, which bears the name of El-Kasr (i.e., " the palace "), 
 and in the mound called BabiLf Simultaneously Mr. Loftus 
 excavated at Niffer (Nippur), Warka (Erech), Senkereh 
 (Larsa), and Mukeyyer (Ur of the Chaldees), in Southern 
 Babylonia. 
 
 No further explorations of importance were carried on under 
 British auspices until the year 1878, when the Trustees of the 
 British Museum obtained a farman from the Porte, and 
 appointed Mr. Hormuzd Eassam to renew the work of excava- 
 tion. Mr. Bassam's operations extended to the most important 
 of the Babylonian and Assyrian cities, including Abu. Habbah 
 (Sippar, the SepharvaimJ of the Bible), Hillah to the south 
 of ancient Babylon, Tell Ibrahim (the ancient Cutha), Birs 
 
 # See Plate VIII. J 2 Kings xix., 13 ; Isaiah xxxvii., 13. 
 
 t See Plate VII. 2 Kings xvii., 24, 30. 
 
 B 4 
 
PLATE VIII. 
 
BRITISH MUSEUM EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 19 
 
 Nimrud (Borsippa), Kouyunjik and Tell Balawat, and were 
 continued down to the year 1883. 
 
 BABYLON 
 
 and 
 
 BORSIPPA. 
 
 MAP OF BABYLON AND BORSIPPA. 
 
 Other expeditions on behalf of the British Museum have 
 added to the store of cuneiform tablets and other antiquities, as 
 those of Mr. George Smith, at the expense of the proprietors of 
 the Daily Telegraph, in 1873, and on other occasions in 1874 
 and 1876 ; those of Dr. E. A. W. Budge in 1887, 1888, and 1891 
 and those of Mr. L. W. Kin in 1901 and 1902-1904, and of 
 Mr. E. C. Thompson in 1904-1905. 
 
20 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 ASSYRIAN TRANSEPT. 
 
 On the Eastern side of this transept is the Khorsabad 
 compartment (see p. 14), containing monuments from the 
 palace of Sargon, the founder of the last Assyrian dynasty, 
 B.C. 722-705. Here are: 
 
 1. Two colossal human-headed bulls, corresponding in dimen- 
 sions and style with the pair now in the Louvre at Paris, placed as 
 they originally stood at the entrance of a chamber, and beside 
 these are two colossal figures of mythological character. The fifth 
 leg with which each creature is provided was added to increase its 
 symmetrical appearance when viewed from the front or side. This 
 entire group was obtained from Khorsabad by Sir H. C. Rawlinson 
 in 1849. The cuneiform inscriptions under the bodies of the bulls 
 record the name and titles of Sargon, ting of Assyria, B.C. 722-705, 
 and describe briefly his building operations at Dfir-Sharrukin, etc., 
 and his wars and conquests. These colossal composite creatures 
 were believed to represent supernatural beings, and they were set 
 up by the doors of palaces to prevent the entrance of evil spirits. 
 (See Plates V. and IX.) [Nos. 810, 811, 839, 840.] 
 
 2. Slabs from colossal bulls, inscribed in cuneiform with accounts 
 of the campaign of Sennacherib against Judaea. From Kouvunjik.] 
 
 [Nos. 817, 819, 821, "823.] 
 
 3. Sargon, king of Assyria, conferring with his officials ; the 
 king holds a staff in his right hand. [Nos. 824 and 825.] 
 
 4. Heads of eunuchs and other officials of the Assyrian court. 
 
 [Nos. 826-829.] 
 
 5. Assyrian official shooting birds in a wood with a bow and 
 arrow ; he is accompanied by two attendants, one of whom carries 
 a bow, and the other a dead gazelle on his shoulders, and a dead 
 hare in his right hand. This is the only slab which Sir Henry 
 Layard obtained at Khorsabad : it is in black marble. [No. 831.] 
 
 6. Assyrian groom lending two horses with elaborate trappings 
 and head-gear. [No. 830.] 
 
 7. Assyrian archer. [No. 837.] 
 
 8. Captive carrying skin of wine as tribute. [No. 838.] 
 
 The Western compartment contains monuments from the 
 palace of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria B.C. 885-860 at 
 Nimrud, the ancient Calah (see p. 14 f.). The most remarkable 
 of these are 
 
PLATE IX. 
 
 Colossal winged and human-headed bull and mythological being, from a doorway 
 in the palace of Sargon, king of Assyria' from b.c. 722 to 705, at Diir- 
 Sharrukin (Khorsabad). 
 
 [Assyrian Transept, No. 810.] (See pp. 11 f., 20.) 
 
21 THE NIMROUD GALLERY. 
 
 1. Pair of colossal human-headed winged lions, which flanked 
 a doorway in the palace. (See Plate IV.) [Nos. 809 and 841.] 
 
 2. Large slab, or stele, rounded at the top, with a figure of the 
 king and emblems of certain Assyrian gods in relief ; these emblems 
 were added to ensure the protection of the divine powers which 
 they represented. On the sides and back is an inscription recording 
 the most important conquests of Ashur-nasir-pal. The altar in 
 front of it stood originally before the stele at the entrance of the 
 temple of Adar or Ninib, the Assyrian war-god. 
 
 [Nos. 847 and 848.] 
 
 3. Obelisk of Ashur-nasir-pal set up at Kouyunjik (Nineveh). 
 The four sides are sculptured in very low relief with battle scenes 
 and representations of events which took place in the life of this 
 king ; on the steps of the pyramidion is a short inscription. The 
 obelisk resembles somewhat the famous Black Obelisk (see p. 29 f.) 
 of Shalmaneser II., but it has no long historical inscription on the 
 four sides at the base. [No. 62.] 
 
 4. Slab sculptured with the figure of a divine attendant. Across 
 the body runs the text of the inscription which is usually found on 
 such slabs, and is commonly known as the " Standard Inscription " 
 of Ashur-nasir-pal ; it contains a summary of this king's principal 
 conquests. [No. 864.] 
 
 5. Slab sculptured with an eagle-headed, winged figure perform- 
 ing the ceremony of fertilizing the date palm. [No. 865.] 
 
 [Affixed to the walls are fragments of Persian sculptures and 
 casts of reliefs at Persepolis.] 
 
 NIMROUD GALLERY. 
 
 This room contains a series of sculptures which are continued 
 in the Nimroud (or Nimrud) Central Saloon (see p. 29). The 
 slabs on the Western side of the Gallery and part of those on 
 the Eastern side were found in the ruins of the palace of 
 Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria, B.C. 885-860, in the mound 
 at Nimrud (Calah) (see p. 14 f. and plan) ; a few of those on the 
 Eastern side were found in the small temple of Adar, the war 
 god of the Assyrians, close to the palace. 
 
 The slabs on the Western side are arranged as they originally 
 stood in the palace. 
 
 No. 1. Four- winged figure of a divine attendant bearing a mace. 
 
 No. 2 contains representations of the performance of religious 
 rites in connexion with the ceremony of fertilizing a date palm. 
 
THE NIMROUD GALLEKY. 
 
 22 
 
 The small figure within a winged circle, holding a ring, above the 
 king, represents the god Ashur ; it reappears in a modified form in 
 some of the battle scenes, where it becomes the protecting spirit 
 watching over the person of the king. (See Plate X.) 
 
 Small ivory panel carved in relief with the figure of an Egyptian king holding 
 
 a lotus. 
 [Table-Case F, No. 50.] 
 
 The sculptures which follow this scene represent Ashur-nasir- 
 pal's successes in war and in the chase, as 
 
 No. 3a. A bull hunt. 
 
 No. 3/*. King pouring out a libation over a dead bull. 
 
 No. 4a. A lion hunt. 
 
 No. 41). King pouring out a libation over a dead lion. 
 
 No. 5a. Siege of a city. 
 
PLATE X. 
 
 2 gg 
 
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 a 
 
 
 
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 03 
 
 >3 
 
 Ol 
 
 
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 '8 
 
 
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 c 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 it 
 
 X 
 
 C 
 
 B |S 
 
 03 P 
 
 ^* 
 
 d o 
 
 .53 
 
 03 _ 
 G oS 
 
 8 
 
 GO ~ 
 
 53 3 
 
 Si -5 
 
 3'iM 
 
 u > ~_ 
 
 5^6 
 
 *S .1 
 =3 * 
 
 m 
 
THE NIMROUD GALLERY. 
 
 23 
 
 No. 6a. Fugitives swimming on inflated skins across a river to 
 a fort. 
 
 Nos. 5b and 6/>. Receiving prisoners and spoil. 
 
 Nos. 7a-lQa. Battle and passage of the host over a river. 
 
 Nos. 106-13/;. The capitulation of a city, and the king receiving 
 prisoners and spoil. The original of 12b was so broken that 
 Sir Henry Layard did not attempt to remove it, but made a careful 
 drawing, from which the painting which fills the vacant space is 
 copied. 
 
 No. 1 la. The return from battle, the cooking of food, &c. 
 
 Small inlaid ivory panel carved with representations of two Egyptian 
 personages seated upon thrones before a cartouche (see p. 28). 
 [Table-Case F, No. 69.] 
 
 Nos. 12a-15a. Counting the heads of the slain; return of 
 chariots ; battle outside a city. 
 
 Nos. I3b-15b. Siege of a city. 
 
 No. 16a, 1 and 2. The king and his army passing through the 
 mountains. 
 
 No. 16/>. The horsemen of the enemy in flight before Assyrian 
 chariots. 
 
 Round the Northern and Eastern sides of the room are 
 slabs, generally representing colossal figures. 
 
 Nos. 17 and 18. Male winged figures bearing offerings. (See 
 Plate XI.) A similar pair are at the other end of the Gallery. 
 
 No. 19. Foreigners bringing apes as a present to the king. (See 
 Plate II.) 
 
 No. 20. Figure of Ashur-nasir-pal. 
 
24 
 
 THE NIMROUD GALLERY. 
 
 Nos. 21-23. Three slabs, representing the king, with his pro- 
 tecting spirits and his attendants. Parts of the figures and of their 
 dress have been coloured. 
 
 Nos. 24-26. King performing ceremonies with his bow and 
 arrow, and pouring out a libation. (See Plate VI.) 
 
 Nos. 27-30 are from the small temple of Adar. Nos. 27 and 28 
 stood originally, as here, at right angles to each other, No. 27 being 
 on the external wall of the building, and Nos. 28 and 29 on the side 
 of a doorway to one of the chambers. On the opposite side of the 
 doorway was a similar group, of which the slab on the external 
 wall (No. 32) was alone removed by Sir H. Layard. 
 
 Small ivory panel carved with figures of sphinxes in relief. 
 [Table- Case F, No. 83.J 
 
 Nos. 28 and 29 represent the conflict between the god Marduk, 
 or Bel and the monster Tiamat, who, although she was the mother 
 of the gods, conceived a hatred for them and made a plan to destroy 
 them, The god Marduk (Merodach) was chosen by his fellow gods 
 as their champion, and after a fierce conflict with Tiamat he 
 succeeded in slaying her ; he cleft her body' in twain, and from the 
 two halves he formed the heavens and the earth. The account of 
 the battle forms the subject matter of the Fourth Tablet of the 
 great " Creation Series." (See p. 42 f .) These slabs have been 
 damaged by fire. 
 
 Nos. 30, 33, 34. Fish and eagle-headed deities. 
 
 No. 35. A four- winged figure, holding a necklace, perhaps the 
 goddess Ishtai of Nineveh. 
 
 Nos. 37 and 38. Containing representations of the performance 
 of ceremonies in connexion with the fertilization of the palm tree. 
 
PLATE XI. 
 
 Bas-relief from the palace of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria from B.C. 885 to 860, 
 at Calali (Nimrud), sculptured with a figure of a winged mythological being 
 carrying an ibex. 
 TNimroud Gallery, No. 18.] (See p. 23.) 
 
25 
 
 THE NIMROUD GALLERY. 
 
 Nos. 39 and 40. The king with eagle-headed deities or mytho- 
 logical beings. (See Plate XII.) 
 
 No. 41. Winged figure of a divine attendant. 
 
 Along the middle of the room are : 
 
 1. Part of a broken obelisk of Ashur-nasir-pal, with scenes in low 
 relief, in which are depicted the receipt of tribute and other events 
 during the reign of this king. [No. 42.] 
 
 Small block of ivory carved with a representation of a sacred tree. 
 [Table-Case F, No. 87.] 
 
 2. Table- Case A. A selection from the iron and bronze 
 objects which were found at Nimrud. Of the iron objects of special 
 interest are : Lock-plate (No. 5), two reaping hooks (Nos. 7 
 and 8), spear heads (Nos. 6 and 10), rings and staples (No. 14), 
 axe-heads (No. 21), arrow heads (Nos. 33-37), and a group of 
 finger rings (1) (Nos. 29-32). Among the bronze objects in this 
 case may be noted : A collection of bells of various shapes and 
 sizes (Nos. 42-62), top of a staff (No. 63), feet of a throne in the 
 form of a lion's feet (Nos. 65, 66), foot of a throne in the form of a 
 bull's hoof (No. 77), portions of a clip with traces of enamel 
 (No. 84), object in the form of a lotus (No. 90), heads of the 
 
THE NIMROUD GALLERY. 
 
 26 
 
 demon of the South-West Wind (Nos. 96 and 97), head of a 
 copper bolt driven into iron (Xo. 104), calf's head (No. 105), dagger, 
 sickle, spear head and sword sheath (Nos. 113-116), buckle (No. 121), 
 votive tablet inscribed with figures of two deities, before whom 
 stand priests, and a dedicatory text to Nebo by Ashur-risua 
 (No. 130), axe-head (No. 133), wine strainer (No. 134), and a large 
 axe-head (No. 135). 
 
 3. Table- Case B. A selection from the bronze objects which 
 were found at Nimrud. Of special interest are : Mirrors (Nos. 6 
 and 10), sceptre head, silver plated (No. 15), ladles (Nos. 25-27), 
 two-pronged fork (No. 28), lamp (No. 31), large staples (Nos. 36 
 
 Ivory panel carved to represent a window, at which is the face of an Egyptian 
 
 woman. 
 [Table-Case F, No. 70.] 
 
 and 37), handles of caldrons (No. 42), bowl containing bones of the 
 human hand (No. 40), vessel with plaited ornament on the outside 
 (No. 44), funnel (No. 47), handle of casket (No. 48), bowl of fine 
 bronze (No. 50). 
 
 4. Table-Case C. A series of fiat bronze bowls ornamented 
 on the insides with designs engraved or in relief, in which are 
 represented figures of mythical and other animals, geometrical 
 patterns, etc. These bowls are the work of Phcenician artists in 
 
PLATE XT1. 
 
 Bas-relief sculptured with a winged and eagle-headed mythological being, from the 
 palace of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria from B.C. 885 to 860. 
 
 [Nimroud Gallery, No. 40.] (See p. 25.) 
 
THE NTMROUD GALLERY. 
 
 27 
 
 metal, and many of them exhibit the chief characteristics of Egyptian 
 design and artistic execution. On the edges of some of them the 
 names of the artists have been found inscribed in Phoenician letters. 
 These bowls are probably of a later date than the large sculptures 
 in this Gallery, and are not older than about B.C. 700. 
 
 5. Statue of Ashur-nasir-pal, standing upon its original lime- 
 stone pedestal. The inscription of eight lines on the breast records 
 the name, titles, and genealogy of the king. This is the only extant 
 perfect Assyrian royal statue in the round. From the small temple 
 of Adar. (See Plate XIII.) [No. 89.] 
 
 6. Limestone altar dedicated to the god B61 by Ashur-nasir-pal, 
 as a thank-offering for preserving his life ; in the inscription the 
 king prays that his days may be made long, and his years increased. 
 
 [No. 71.] 
 
 Portion of an ivory panel or ornament carved with the figure of a sphinx. 
 [Table-Case F, No. 80.] 
 
 7. Limestone coffer with an inscription of Ashur-nasir-pal record- 
 ing his name and titles, and a summary of his conquests. The two 
 tablets which were found in it are inscribed with texts which deal 
 with the same subject matter; they are exhibited in the Babylonian 
 and Assyrian Room, Table-Case D. [No. 73.] 
 
 8. Table-Case D. A series of bronze bowls with designs 
 engraved or in relief. Exceptionally fine examples are Nos. 16, 18 
 and 21. 
 
 9. Table-Case E. A series of ivory carvings found in the south- 
 east building at Nimrud. Of special interest in this case is the 
 group of heads of figures which illustrate the form of the head-gear 
 
28 THE NIMROUD GALLERY. 
 
 and the manner in which the hair was dressed by Assyrian ladies. 
 Many faces are undoubtedly intended to be portraits, and several 
 {e.g., Nos. 3, 4, 28, 44, and 49) are clearly those of Egyptian women ; 
 good examples of the Babylonian type of features are Nos. 13, 29, 
 35, and 52. The eyes, and many parts of the head-dresses were 
 originally inlaid with gold. Nos. 70 to 119 include some fine 
 examples of ivory carving in relief (Nos. 90 to 97) and figures of 
 bulls (Nos. 101 to 105), etc. 
 
 10. Table-Case F. Among the fine series of ivory panels, sides 
 of toilet boxes, figures, etc., may be specially noticed : Figure of 
 an Egyptian woman holding a lotus flower ; she stands beneath the 
 winged disk (No. 6). Fragment of a panel carved with figure of a god 
 or king in conflict with a lion (No. 8) ; hero slaying a lion (No. 10) ; 
 Assyrians plucking fruit (No. 12); figures of Ashur-nasir-pal with 
 deities and attendants (No. 14); rosette (No. 27); Egyptian king 
 (Nos. 50, 51 ; see p. 22) ; bulls and stag (Nos. 56, 58 to 60) ; female 
 looking out of window (Nos. 65, 67, 70, and 86 ; see p. 26) ; carving 
 with figures of winged animals in relief, portions being inlaid with gold 
 and lapis-lazuli (No. 66). Panel with figures of two Egyptian per- 
 sonages seated on inlaid thrones. Each figure grasps the sceptre j 
 
 and has a hand raised in adoration of a cartouche surmounted by 
 
 the two feathers of Maat and the disk of the sun. The 
 
 iK characters in the cartouche may be read Uben Shu, i.e., " the 
 
 /* "\ Sun god riseth, or the " Eising Sun " ; the inside of the 
 cartouche is gilded, and the feathers, characters, and edges 
 of the garments are inlaid. This is a most interesting object 
 (No. 69 ; see p. 23). Portion of a panel with a figure of 
 Harpocrates seated upon a lotus ; beside him stands Isis 
 (No. 79) ; figures of winged sphinxes in relief (Nos. 80 and 
 
 83; see pp. 24 and 27). Rounded panel with raised and inlaid 
 
 figure of a beetle, the type of the Egyptian god Khepera (No. 84) ; 
 
 ivory block carved with a representation of a sacred tree (No. 87 ; 
 
 see p. 25). 
 
 The ivories in Table-Cases E and F prove that a very intimate 
 connection existed between Egypt and Assyria at a very early 
 period ; others are of a purely Assyrian character, but all are 
 probably the work of Phoenician artists. 
 
 11. Memorial stone of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria from B.C. 
 885 to 860, with a figure of the king in low relief ; his right hand is 
 raised apparently in adoration of the emblems of the gods Ashur, 
 Sin, Shamash, Kamman, etc. The inscription on both sides of the 
 stele records the name and titles of the king, and gives a list of the 
 cities, and countries, and peoples which he conquered. From Kurkh. 
 
 [On the ivestern side of this Gallery is a door leading to the 
 Assyrian Saloon. The antiquities exhibited therein are described 
 below, pp. 32-37.] 
 
 
PLATE XIII. 
 
 Statue of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria from B.C. 885 to 860. 
 [Ximroud Gallery, Xo. 89.] (See p 27.) 
 
29 
 
 NIMROUD CENTRAL SALOON. 
 
 In this hall is arranged part of a series of sculptures which 
 were excavated in different parts of the mound at Nimrud 
 (Calah). 
 
 1. Winged man-headed bull inscribed with a text recording the 
 name and titles and conquests of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria 
 from B.C. 885 to B.C. 860. From the north-west palace of Nimrud. 
 
 [No. 76.] 
 
 2. Winged man-headed lion inscribed with a text recording the 
 names and titles and conquests of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria 
 from B.C. 885 to B.C. 860. From the north-west palace of Nimrad. 
 
 [No. 77.] 
 
 3. Black basalt seated figure of Shalmaneser II. found at Kalat 
 Sherkat, about forty miles south of Nimrud, on the site of the city of 
 Ashur, the most ancient capital of Assyria. The inscription on the 
 throne is obliterated in places ; it enumerates the king's name and 
 titles, gives a summary of his conquests in Babylonia (Akkad and 
 Kaldu), and refers to the setting up of his statue. [No. 849.] 
 
 4. Black alabaster monolith which was set up by Shalmaneser II. 
 (b.c. 860-825) in the central building at Nimrud. It is commonly 
 called the " Black Obelisk," and is inscribed on the four sides with 
 an account of the expeditions undertaken by Shalmaneser during 
 the thirty-one years of his reign, and with scenes representing the 
 paying of tribute by the kings whom he had conquered. On the 
 four sides of the obelisk there are in all twenty small reliefs, which 
 are to be divided into five series, each series containing four por- 
 tions of a scene in which the payment of the tribute of a certain 
 country is represented. Thus the relief at the top of each side 
 forms one series, the second relief on each side forms another 
 series, and so on; each series begins on the west side of the 
 monolith. The scenes are as follows : 
 
 (1) Payment of tribute by Sua of Gilzani, who brought silver, 
 gold, lead, vessels of copper, horses and dromedaries. 
 
 (2) Payment of tribute by " Iaua (Jehu), the son of Khumri 
 (Omri)," who brought silver, gold, lead, and bowls, dishes, cups, 
 and other vessels of gold. 
 
 (3) Payment of the tribute of the land of Musri, consisting of 
 dromedaries, buffaloes, elephants, apes, and other animals. 
 
 (4) Payment of tribute by Marduk-aplu-usur, of the land of Sukhu, 
 who brought silver, gold, vessels of gold, ivory, coloured apparel, 
 
THE NIMROUD CENTRAL SALOON. 30 
 
 and stuffen garments. The relief in which a mountain forest with 
 a lion hunting a horned, animal is represented was probably added 
 to show the nature of the country of Sukhu. 
 
 (5) Payment of the tribute by Garparunda, of the country of 
 Patin, who brought silver, gold, lead, copper, vessels of copper, 
 ivory, and a rare kind of wood called tirkarinu. [No. 98.] 
 
 In the large historical text which runs round all four sides of the 
 top and base of the obelisk, no mention whatever is made of 
 " Jehu, the son of Omri." In the portion of the text, however, 
 which describes the events of the eighteenth year of the reign of 
 Shalmaneser II. (i.e., B.C. 842), it is stated that he captured 1,121 
 chariots and 470 battle horses and the whole camp of "Hazael, 
 king of Damascus." Now, this Hazael, ] ^< ]} -^^Hh *Hf~ 
 Klui-za-'-ilu, is the " Hazael, king of Syria," mentioned in 
 
 1 Kings xix., 15. From a paper squeeze in the British Museum 
 we learn that Shalmaneser II. received tribute from Jehu during 
 the expedition againt Hazael (see p. 6 f.). (See Plate XIV.) 
 
 5. A series of wall sculptures, found in the Central Palace at 
 Nimrud, illustrating the evacuation of a city, military operations 
 connected with a siege, the impaling of prisoners, etc. The inscrip- 
 tions record the victories of Tiglath-Pileser III., the " Pul " of 
 
 2 Kings xv., 9, who reigned from B.C. 745 to 727. The "Pul" of 
 the Bible is the king mentioned in the Babylonian List of Kings 
 (see p. 172) under the form Pu-lu, ] $ gy. [Nos. 80-95.] 
 
 6. Large stone bowl on which is sculptured in relief a scene of 
 the conflict of the mythical heroes Eabani and Gilgamesh with lions 
 (see p. 45 f.). [No. 61.] 
 
 7. Stele of Shalmaneser II. (b.c. 860-825), with a figure of the 
 king in relief ; above him are emblems of the Assyrian gods. The 
 inscription records the name, titles, and genealogy of the king, and 
 describes at some length his military expeditions. It is interesting 
 to note that in an expedition which took place in his sixth year 
 (B.C. 854), Shalmaneser attacked Irkhul^ni, king of Hamath, who 
 with a number of allies had rebelled against his authority. Among 
 the allies is mentioned " Ahab of the land of Israel," f ]} JJ< 
 tt] ^- V ^MfTT 4-4- *f ft ft A-kha-ab-bu (matu) Sir-'la-ai. 
 i.e., the Ahab of 1 Kings xvi., 29, etc. Shalmaneser defeated the 
 Syrian alliance and slew fourteen thousand of their warriors. This 
 stele was found at Kurkh, a place situated on the right bank of the 
 Tigris, about twenty miles south of Diarbekr. [No. 88.] 
 
 8. Stele of Shamshi-Ramman (son of Shalmaneser II., B.C. 
 825-812), with a figure of the king in relief. The inscription 
 records the name, titles, and genealogy of the king, the suppres- 
 sion of a revolt instigated by his brother Ashur-danin-apli, and 
 describes the military expeditions undertaken during his reign. 
 
PLATE XIV. 
 
 The " Black Obelisk," inscribed with an account of the campaigns of Shalmaneser II., 
 king of Assyria from B.C. 860 to 825. The sculptured scenes illustrate the text, 
 and among the vanquished princes is " Jehu, the son of Omri." 
 [Nimroud Central Saloon, No. 98.] (See p. 29 f .) 
 
THE NIMROUD CENTRAL SALOON. 31 
 
 The text is written in archaic characters, probably with a view to 
 their decorative effect. The stele was found in the south-west 
 palace, Nimrud. [No. 110.] 
 
 9. Torso of a female figure inscribed on the back with the name, 
 titles, and genealogy of Ashur-bel-kala, king of Assyria, about 
 B.c. 1080. Found at Kouyunjik. [No. 849.] 
 
 10. Colossal lion inscribed with the name and titles of Ashur- 
 nasir-pal, and a brief account of his principal conquests. From the 
 small temple of Ninib at Nimrud. (See Plate I.) [No. 96.] 
 
 11. A small group of wall sculptures of Tiglath-Pileser III., 
 from the south-west palace at Nimrud, which represent the 
 evacuation of the city of Azkuttu. They appear to have been 
 removed from an old palace and placed by Esarhaddon, king of 
 Assyria, B.C. 681-608, in that which he built at Nimrud. 
 
 [Nos. 64-67.] 
 
 12. Head of a human-headed bull which was excavated in the 
 ruins of the same palace. [No. 68.] 
 
 13. Upper part of a broken obelisk set up at Kouyunjik by 
 Tiglath-Pileser I., B.C. 1100, to record his hunting expeditions. 
 On the south side of the obelisk is a small relief, in which the king 
 is represented receiving the homage of the chief men of certain 
 tributary peoples. Above are the emblems of certain gods, and 
 from the emblem of Ashur reach forth two hands towards the king. 
 In one of these is a bow which the god presents to the king for use 
 in battle and in the chase. [No. 63.] 
 
 14. Two statues of the god Nebo excavated by Mr. H. Rassam 
 in the ruins ,of the temple of Adar at Nimrud. From the inscrip- 
 tions on the bodies we learn that these statues were made by 
 Bei-tarsi-iluma, governor of the city of Calah (Nimrud), and were 
 dedicated to the god with the view of ensuring a long life to 
 king Ramman-nirari III., B.C. 812-783, and to the queen Sammu- 
 ramat, and to himself. A number of interesting attributes of the 
 god Nebo are enumerated in the text, which ends with the 
 words : " O thou who shalt come after, put thy trust in Nebo, 
 and put not thy trust in any other god." Summuramat is probably 
 the original of the famous queen Semiramis mentioned by Greek 
 and Roman writers. [Nos. 69 and 70.] 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM JERABfS, etc. 
 
 Near the pillars on the east side of the Central Saloon 
 are : 
 
 I. A series of basalt sculptures and fragments, from Jerabis, 
 the supposed site of the ancient Karkemish (see p. 11), and 
 
32 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 other places, inscribed in a hieroglyphic character which has 
 been called Hittite. The most interesting are : 
 
 1. Portion of a building. 
 
 2. Portion of a semicircular column, sculptured with a draped 
 figure. The figure is certainly of a later date than the inscription 
 upon the column. 
 
 3. Fragment, with a winged figure holding a basket. 
 
 7. Cast of a lion. From Marash, in the north of Asia Minor. 
 Presented by F. D. Mocatta, Esq., 1885. 
 
 8. Basalt slab with a figure in relief. 
 
 9. Bowl. From Abu Habbah. 
 
 10. Monolith with the figure of a king in relief. From Tell 
 Salahtyyeh near Damascus. Presented by the Palestine Exploration 
 Fund. 
 
 11. A few sculptures of the Eoman period, and a stone door 
 cut in imitation of a wooden door studded with iron nails ; from 
 Gebel Hauran, in Bashan, on the east side of the Jordan. 
 
 [Reluming to the Nimroud Gallery, the visitor enters the 
 Assyrian Saloon.] 
 
 ASSYRIAN SALOON. 
 
 The sculptures arranged in this room belong to the reigns of 
 Tiglath-Pileser III., B.C. 745-727, Sennacherib, B.C. 705-681, 
 and his grandson Ashur-bani-pal, b.c. 668-626. The sculptures 
 of Tiglath-Pileser III. were discovered in the ruins of his palace 
 at Nimriid, and those of Sennacherib and Ashur-bani-pal were 
 found among the ruins of the two palaces at Nineveh. Those 
 of the reign of Ashur-bani-pal belong to the best period of 
 Assyrian art, and are executed with greater faithfulness to 
 nature and with more delicacy of modelling than the bas-reliefs 
 from Nimrud or the early monuments from Nineveh. 
 
 The visitor first passes through the ante-room, and then 
 makes the circuit of the gallery, which he should enter from 
 the further side. The sculptures are arranged as follows : 
 
 1. Inscription recording the conquests of Tiglath-Pileser III., 
 B.C. 745-727. The cuneiform characters on this slab are the 
 largest known. [No. 616.] 
 
 2. Assault of a city by Tiglath-Pileser III. and the capture of the 
 gods of the enemy, which are being borne away on their thrones 
 
PLATE XV. 
 
 Sennacherib, king of Assyria from B.C. 705 to 681, seated upon liis throne In-fore the city of 
 Lachish, and receiving tribute. 
 
 [Assyrian Saloon, No. 28.] (See p. 33.) 
 
33 THE ASSYRIAN SALOON. 
 
 by the victorious Assyrian soldiers, probably for exhibition in the 
 temples of Ashur and other gods in the city of Calah, or Nineveh. 
 
 [No. 863.] 
 
 3. Bas-relief on which is a representation of Tiglath-Pileser III., 
 receiving the submission of the enemy. The king stands with one 
 foot placed on the neck of a prostrate foe. [No. 862.] 
 
 [Belonging to this series of slabs is one (No. 618) which is 
 placed at the north end of the west wall on the ground floor.] 
 
 4. A series of wall sculptures on which are figures of Assyrian 
 gods and mythological scenes. [Nos. 17, 18, 80, 81.] 
 
 5. A series of sculptures describing the siege, assault and capture 
 of the strongly fortified city of Lachish by Sennacherib, king of 
 Assyria, B.C. 705-681. On slab No. 28 Sennacherib is seen seated 
 on his throne, which has been set near some vines and fig-trees 
 outside the city. His officers are reporting to him the events of 
 the siege, and behind them the representatives of the conquered 
 people kneel or stand. In a space a little in front of the king 
 are four lines of cuneiform text which read : " Sennacherib, king of 
 hosts, king of Assyria, sat upon his throne of state, and the spoil of 
 the city of Lachish passed before him." (See Plate XV.) 
 
 [Nos. 21-32.] 
 
 6. Figures of soldiers and captives. [Nos. 19 and 20.] 
 
 7. Figures of Assyrian soldiers. [Nos. 13 and 15.] 
 
 8. A long series of sculptured slabs on which are represented 
 the lion-hunts and adventures in the chase of Ashur-bani-pal, king 
 of Assyria, B.C. 668-626. Slab No. 118 is of special interest. Here 
 we see Ashur-bani-pal standing and pouring out a libation over 
 four dead lions which lie before an altar ; he is accompanied by a 
 bowman, musicians bearing stringed instruments, and men with 
 fans. The three lines of cuneiform text above the scene read : 
 "I, Assur-bani-pal, king of hosts, king of Assyria, whom Ashur and 
 B61it have endowed with might, slew four lions. The powerful 
 bow of Ishtar, the lady of battle, over them I held, and I poured 
 out a libation over them." (See Plate XVI.) 
 
 [Nos. 33-53, 63-74, 104-114, 118, 119.] 
 
 Descending the stairs and passing round the room in the 
 same direction as that followed above, the visitor will find : 
 
 1. A group of sculptured slabs on which scenes in Ashur-bani- 
 pal's camp are represented, i.e., the preparation of food, the 
 bringing in and registration of spoil, etc. [Nos. 1-8.] 
 
 2. Figures of soldiers and musicians. [Nos. 9, 12, 14, 16.] 
 
THE ASSYRIAN SALOON. 34 
 
 3. Campaign against Shamash-shum-ukin, king of Babylon, by 
 his brother Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria. Shamash-shum-ukin 
 owed his elevation to the throne of Babylon to his brother, but 
 before he had reigned many years he joined with the Elamites in a 
 revolt against his brother's rule, and involved Assyria and Babylonia 
 in war. Shamash-shum-ukin was defeated and was burnt to death 
 in his palace. [Nos. 89, 95, 97, 99, 100.] 
 
 4. Sculptured slabs on which are represented the invasion of 
 Elam by Ashur-bani-pal, the capture of an important city there, 
 and the reception of captives. [Nos. 54-62.] 
 
 5. Death of the king of Elam. [No. 95.] 
 
 6. Wars against the Arabians, Egyptians and Babylonians. 
 
 [Nos. 83-94.] 
 
 7. Attendants bringing offerings. [No. 96.] 
 
 8. Pavement slabs with ornamental designs. 
 
 [Nos. 101 and 102.] 
 
 9. Capture and burning of the city of Khamanu in Elam. 
 
 [No. 120.] 
 
 10. Ashur-bani-pal and his queen seated in a garden drinking 
 wine and attended by musicians. On one of the trees near hangs 
 the head of Te-umman (see p. 39). [No. 121.] 
 
 11. Bringing in a dead lion from the desert. [No. 122.] 
 
 12. Inscription recording the name and titles of Sargon, 
 B.C. 722-705, and describing briefly his conquests in Elam, Judah, 
 Hamath, the region about Lakes Van and Urmi, and the coast 
 lands of the Mediterranean. In it mention is made of the restora- 
 tion of the palace which Ashur-nasir-pal had built at Calah about 
 one hundred and fifty years before Sargon's time ; when finished, 
 Sargon turned the palace into a storehouse for the treasures and 
 spoil which he collected during his campaigns. [No. 614.] 
 
 13. Inscription recording the conquests of Ashur-nasir-pal, 
 B.C. 885-860. [No. 615.] 
 
 14. Inscription of Ramman-nirari III., B.C. 811-872, in which 
 this king records the names of his ancestors Shamshi-Ramman, 
 Shalmaneser II., Ashur-nasir-pal, and traces his pedigree back to 
 Tukulti-Ninib I., B.C. 1275-1250, and to Shalmaneser 1., B.C. 1300. 
 From Nimrud. [No. 611.] 
 
 15. Eagle-headed mythological figure, performing the religious 
 ceremony of fertilizing the date-palm. From the palace of Ashur- 
 nasir-pal, king of Assyria, B.C. 885-860, in the mound at Nimrud 
 (Calah). Presented by His Majesty the King, 1903. 
 
 [No. 98060.] 
 
PLATE XVI. 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 1 ' . 
 
 ~* CO 
 
 ^ s 
 
 S ao 
 
 -9 t '* 
 
THE ASSYRIAN SALOON. 35 
 
 16. Winged mythological figures, kneeling beside a sacred tree, 
 or date-palm. From the palace of Ashur nasir-pal at Nimrud. 
 Presented by His Majesty the King, 1903. [Nos. 98061, 98062.] 
 
 In a case at the end of the room are exhibited the bronze 
 bands from Gates made by Shalmaneser II., B.C. 860-825, to 
 record his battles and conquests (see Plates III. and XVII.). 
 They are said to have been found at Tell Balawat, and were 
 obtained by Mr. H. Eassam in 1879. The principal scenes 
 presented are : 
 
 Band 1. Expedition against Karkemish. Beceipt of tribute 
 from Sangara, king of Karkemish, and reception of the same by 
 Shalmaneser. 
 
 Band 2. Siege of a city of Ararat. Battle between the soldiers 
 of the Assyrians and the people of Ararat; receipt of tribute by 
 Shalmaneser. 
 
 Band 3. Capture and destruction of the cities of Parga and 
 Ada, the capture and spoiling of the city of Karkara ; receipt of 
 spoil by Shalmaneser. 
 
 Band 4. Expedition of Shalmaneser to the land of Nairi. The 
 king offering up a sacrifice to the gods of the water, while a 
 priest throws into the water haunches of some animal ; march of 
 the Assyrian army over the mountains ; capture of the city of 
 Suguni ; procession of captives. 
 
 Band 5. Reception of the tribute of the ships of Tyre and 
 Sidon by the king ; expedition against the city of Khazazi ; the 
 capture of the city ; burning of the city and slaughter of prisoners. 
 
 Band 6. Passage of the Assyrians over the Euphrates, and 
 receipt of tribute by the king, from Adini, son of Dakuri, of the 
 city of Enzudi. 
 
 Band 7. Capture and destruction of the city of Ilu-khiti, king 
 of Ruri : outside the city are the heads of the vanquished in rows. 
 
 Band 8. Homage paid by a king of a district in Ararat to 
 Shalmaneser ; arrival of the captain of the Assyrian host in a rocky 
 glen, and the offering up of a sacrifice ; capture and burning of the 
 city of Kilisi under the authority of Rizua, king of a district near 
 the sources of the Tigris ; march to the source of the Tigris ; 
 the carving of an image of the king upon a rock, and the per- 
 formance of ceremonies in the rocky district where the river rises. 
 
 Band 9. Siege of the city of Arne, which was under the 
 authority of Arame, king of Ararat ; siege and capture of another 
 city in Ararat ; scenes in the Assyrian camp, etc. 
 
 Band 10. Receipt of tribute by Shalmaneser ; scenes in the 
 Assyrian camp, etc. 
 
 c 
 
36 THE ASSYRIAN SALOON. 
 
 Band 11. Capture of the city of Ashtamaku; capture of a 
 second city, on the walls of which Irkhul^ni, king of Hamath, 
 reclines upon a couch and directs the defence ; reception of the 
 princes of Hamath by Shalmaneser, and procession of prisoners. 
 
 Band 1 2. Expedition against the country of Ararat ; a captured 
 city in flames ; slaughter and impalement of prisoners ; cutting 
 down a grove, and the bringing in of a huge vessel as spoil. 
 
 Band 13. The siege of the city of Dabigi, one of the cities of 
 Akhuni, king of Til-Barsip ; Shalmaneser in his pavilion; 
 reception of the prisoners and spoil of the city of Til-Barsip. 
 
 Below, in the lower part of the Case, are shown the pivots 
 of the large gates from Balawat, and some bands of bronze from 
 a smaller pair of gates from the same place. 
 
 At the Northern end of the room is a part of a pavement 
 from the palace of Ashur-bani-pal at Kouyunjik. Below, to 
 the left and right of the platform are : 
 
 1. Winged and human-headed figure, performing the religious 
 ceremony of fertilizing the date-palm. From the palace of Ashur- 
 nasir-pal, king of Assyria, B.C. 885-860, at Nimrud. Presented by 
 the Library Committee of the Corporation of the City of London, 
 1903. 
 
 2. Winged and eagle-headed mythological figure performing the 
 religious ceremony of fertilizing the date-palm. From the palace of 
 Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria, at Nimrud. Presented by 
 J. Howard, Esq., 1907. 
 
 3. Fragments of a Vannic inscription from Armenia, found in 
 the village of Sarab between Urmi and Suash-Bulak. Presented bv 
 Pastor W. Faber, of Berlin, 1896. 
 
 4. Winged and human-headed figure performing the religious 
 ceremony of fertilizing the date-palm. From the palace of Ashur- 
 nasir-pal, king of Assyria, at Nimrud. Presented by the Library 
 Committee of the Corporation of the City of London, 1903. 
 
 In the vestibule are : 
 
 1. Alabaster sarcophagus from Sidon, about B.C. 300. 
 
 2. Cast of the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar, king of Sidon, 
 about B.C. 360. Presented by the Museum of the Louvre. 
 
 In the inscription Eshmunazar II., king of Sidon, son of Tabnith, 
 complains that he is dying before his time. He forbids all men to 
 open his sarcophagus in search of treasure, for there is none ; or to 
 remove his tomb, or to build 'another over it. The inscription also 
 states that he, King Eshmunazar, son of Tabnith, king of Sidon 
 and Queen Ammastoreth, his mother, the priestess of Ashtoreth 
 
PLATE XVII. 
 
 >0 <B 
 
 -= 
 
 o . 
 
 =' be 
 
 M a O 
 < U <S 
 
 a> ** bo 
 
 $ 
 
 B d s 
 
 o 01 
 
 Sin 
 
 J= e 
 a s 
 
 2^2 
 
 - - 
 
 oj S 
 
 c s 
 
 53 *tt [ i 
 
 "^ c S 
 C O si 
 
 2^ 
 
 ^ : CJ 
 S * gH 
 
 *tt o 
 
 o.5 ! d 
 c -3 .2 xi 
 
 9 m S 
 
 .2 2 2 J 
 
 c 2 
 
37 THE NINEVEH GALLERY. 
 
 built the temples of Ashtoreth and Astarte in Sidon ; the temple of 
 Eshmun ; the sacred grove En-Yidlal in the mountain ; and the 
 temple of Baal of Sidon and that of Astarte-shem-Baal. He, the 
 " lord of kings," bought at great price the most excellent land of 
 Dkv and Joppa, in the territory of Sharan, and joined it to the 
 borders of Sidon for ever. 
 
 3. Cast of the cover of the sarcophagus of an Egyptian official 
 called Pen-Ptah, about B.C. 400. The sarcophagus was usurped 
 by Tabnith, king of Sidon, son of Eshmunazar I., and father of 
 Eshmrni&z&r II., about B.C. 369, and his inscription in Phoenician is 
 cut on the foot of it. 
 
 4. Sepulchral tablet of Madmiyah, the daughter of Sa'adyah, the 
 son of Abraham, dated in the 1644th year of the Era of Contracts 
 (a.d. 1333). Presented by Thomas Holdsworth Newman, Esq., 
 1886. 
 
 5. Hebrew sepulchral tablets of a lady named Rachel, and of 
 Zechariah, son of the Rabbi David. From Aden. Presented by 
 H. Hopley White, Esq., 1847. 
 
 [The visitor ascends the staircase, and passing through the 
 Nimroud Centred Saloon, enters the Nineveh Gallery.'] 
 
 NINEVEH GALLERY. 
 
 The bas-reliefs which line the walls of this room were 
 excavated by Sir Henry Layard, from the mound of Kouyunjik, 
 Nineveh, between the years 1845-1854 (see p. 16); a large 
 number of them were fractured by the action of fire when 
 Nineveh was destroyed by the allied forces of the Babylonians 
 and Medes about B.C. 609. As far as possible the fragments 
 have been laid in their proper places ; no attempt at restoration 
 has been made. 
 
 The sculptures on the left or Western side of the Gallery are, 
 with the exception of No. 1, all of the period of Sennacherib, 
 B.C. 705-681, and illustrate the wars which he waged in 
 Babylonia and other countries. 
 
 No. 1 is a cast from a bas-relief cut in the rock, at the mouth of 
 the Nahr el-Kelb, near Berut, in Syria, close to the ancient high- 
 way between Egypt and Syria. It represents Esarhaddon, king 
 of Assyria, B.C. 681-668, standing in an attitude of worship, 
 above him being emblems of deities. The inscription on the 
 
THE NINEVEH GALLERY. 38 
 
 original is much mutilated. In the same rock are also six similar 
 Assyrian slabs and three Egyptian bas-reliefs, with hieroglyphic 
 inscriptions, bearing the name of Barneses II., who passed through 
 Syria about B.C. 1300. [No. 1.] 
 
 No. 2. Assyrian galley with ram and two banks of oars ; on 
 the upper deck shields are fastened to protect the soldiers and crew 
 from arrows. 
 
 Nos. 4-8. Battle in a marsh, and registration of prisoners and 
 spoil. 
 
 Nos. 9-14. Fragments of sculptures representing slingers, 
 archers, etc. 
 
 Nos. 15-19. A series, of which the upper portion is lost, repre- 
 senting the return from a battle. 
 
 Nos. 20-26. Part of a series, representing the assault on the city 
 of ... . alammu* (Jerusalem 1) by the Assyrians. The city is 
 seen on slab No. 25, as situated on a high dome-shaped hill ; the 
 archers of the besieging forces for the most part shielded by wicker 
 screens. 
 
 Nos. 27-29. Execution of prisoners with Jewish features. 
 
 No. 26a. A small slab representing the cooking of food in the 
 Assyrian camp. 
 
 Nos. 36-43. Part of a series of sculptures which originally lined 
 the two walls of a long, narrow gallery which lead, by an inclined 
 plane, from Sennacherib's palace to the plain outside the palace 
 grounds. On the one side, descending the slope, are horses, led by 
 grooms ; on the other, ascending into the palace, are servitors, bear- 
 ing food for a banquet. No. 39, on which is seen a marshal or 
 chamberlain, with a staff, was originally placed, as here, at a pro- 
 jection in the wall. Among the attendants or servitors, represented 
 on Nos. 41-43, is one, bearing in each hand a rod with two rows of 
 dried locusts. The other attendants carry birds, pomegranates 
 and other fruit, etc. 
 
 No. 44. An arch-headed slab, with a small mutilated figure, in 
 front of which are various emblems of the gods. The lower part 
 of the slab contains an inscription relating to the buildings of 
 Sennacherib. 
 
 The slabs numbered 45-50, on the right or Eastern side of 
 the Gallery, were sculptured for Ashur-bani-pal, B.C. 668- 
 626, and illustrate his conquest of Elam. 
 
 * The beginning of the name is lost. 
 
 c 3 
 
39 SCULPTURES OF ASHUR-BANI-PAL. 
 
 Nos. 45-47 represent a battle between the forces of Ashur-bani- 
 pal and Te-umman, king of Elam, on the plain between the river 
 Eulaeus and the city of Shushan. The successive scenes of the 
 battle are depicted with great spirit: the rout of the Elamites; 
 Urtaku, an Elamite prince, calling, in his despair, on an Assyrian 
 soldier to behead him (46) ; the overturning of the chariot of Te- 
 umman (46, top row), who falls to the ground wounded by an 
 arrow ; Tamritu, defending his father, Te-umman, with his bow ; 
 the Assyrians cutting off the head of Te-umman (47) ; Assyrian 
 warriors in a chariot, carrying the head of Te-umman to 
 Assyria (45). 
 
 The following are translations of the descriptions of events in the 
 battle : 
 
 (1) Over Urtaku, who is wounded and surrenders : " Urtaku, the 
 " son-in-law of Te-umman, was wounded by an arrow but not 
 " killed. He commanded an Assyrian to cut off his head, saying, 
 " ' Come, cut off my head, and carry it into the presence of the 
 " king my lord that [the Assyrians] may show mercy.' " 
 
 [No. 47.] 
 
 (2) Over Te-umman who had been wounded by an arrow and 
 kneels on the ground ; he is defended by his son Tamritu with a 
 bow: "Te-umman in despair said unto his son, 'Shoot with the 
 '"bow."' 
 
 Over Te-umman and Tamritu, who are being slain by Assyrian 
 soldiers : " Te-umman, king of Elam, was wounded in fierce battle, 
 "and his eldest son Tamritu took him by the hand, and to save 
 "their lives they fled and hid themselves in a wood. With the 
 " help of the gods Ashur and Ishtar I [Ashur-bani-pal] seized them 
 "and I cut off their heads in the presence of each other.'" 
 
 (4) Over soldiers in a chariot who are carrying Te-umman's head 
 to Assyria : " The head of Te-umman, king of Elam, which they 
 "had cut off in the battle in the sight of mine army as [a symbol 
 "of] glad tidings they carried quickly to Assyria." 
 
 Nos. 48-50. Reception at Arbela, by Ashur-bani-pal, of two 
 ambassadors from the king of Armenia, the officers of the Assyrian 
 king pointing out to them the tortures inflicted on Elamite 
 prisoners. An officer conducts Ummanigash, nephew of Te-umman, 
 to be installed as king of Elam, and the Elamites come out to pay 
 homage. In the distance is the city of Madaktu. 
 
 Two small slabs, placed on the other side of the gallery 
 (Nos. 34, 55) show the journey of Ummanaldash II., king of 
 Elam, to Assyria, after his capture by the soldiers of Ashur-bani- 
 pal, and the arrival of the Elamite princes in the presence of the 
 
THE NINEVEH GALLERY. 40 
 
 Assyrian king; these were probably incidents of the second war 
 against Ummanaldash II. 
 
 The remaining bas-reliefs in this room belong to the period 
 of Sennacherib. 
 
 Nos. 51-56 formed originally part of a series illustrating the 
 architectural works of that king, including the construction of 
 the building from which the slabs exhibited in this part of the 
 gallery were obtained. On Nos. 51 and 52 a human-headed 
 colossal bull lying on a sledge is being moved into position by 
 ropes and levers. On one side the construction of a mound or 
 platform is shown, and the king himself is present to direct the 
 operations. A similar mound appears on No. 53, where captives 
 from the city of Balada are making preparations to build the gates 
 of the palace. On No 54, some heavy object is being moved; on 
 No. 55 is another colossal bull ; and on No. 56 is the king in his 
 chariot. In the immediate background are men carrying picks, 
 saws, spades, etc., and drag carts laden with ropes and beams ; and 
 a view of the surrounding country with its rivers and trees is seen 
 beyond. 
 
 On Nos. "7-59 is Sennacherib and his soldiers besieging a city on 
 the bank of a river ; followed by a scene representing the king in 
 his chariot receiving spoil and captives, who are beheaded in his 
 presence. 
 
 Along the middle of the gallery are placed nine table-cases, 
 in which are exhibited some of the most valuable and interesting 
 tablets from the Royal Library at Nineveh. This library 
 existed in a humble form in the days of Sargon, king of 
 Assyria from B.C. 722 to B.C. 705, and his son Sennacherib and 
 grandson Esarhaddon added to its contents. During the 
 reign of his great-grandson Ashur-bani-pal, B.C. 668 to 
 B.C. 626, many thousands of tablets were copied and incor- 
 porated with older works already in the library. Ashur- 
 bani-pal caused lists of cuneiform signs with their phonetic 
 values, lists of words, vocabularies, etc., to be compiled, and, 
 in order to render the old Sumerian language easier for study 
 by his scribes, he attached to several of the copies ot the 
 Sumerian works, which he had made for the Royal Library, 
 versions in the Assyrian tongue, which was in common use at 
 the time. This great king sent scribes to the ancient cities of 
 Babylonia and Assyria where libraries existed, to make copies 
 of rare and important works for him, and, when his collection 
 
 c 4 
 
41 LIBRARY OF ASHUR-BANI-PAL. 
 
 was complete, it is tolerably certain that it comprised works 
 upon every branch of learning and science known to the wise 
 men of his day. Almost every tablet of importance in the 
 Eoyal Library bore upon it the following words : " The palace 
 " of Ashur-bani-pal, king of hosts, king of Assyria, who 
 " putteth his trust in the gods Ashur and Belit, on whom 
 " Nabu and Tashmetu have bestowed ears which hear and eyes 
 " which see. I have inscribed upon tablets the noble products 
 " of the work of the scribe, which none of the kings who have 
 " gone before me had learned, together with the wisdom of 
 " Nabft in so far as it existeth [in writing]. I have arranged 
 " them in classes, I have revised them and I have placed them 
 " in my palace, that I, even I, the ruler who knoweth the light 
 " of Ashur the king of the gods, may read them. Whosoever 
 " shall carry off this tablet, or shall inscribe his name upon it 
 " side by side with mine own, may Ashur and Belit overthrow 
 " him in wrath and anger, and may they destroy his name and 
 " posterity in the land." 
 
 The tablets exhibited in this gallery were found among the 
 ruins of the palaces, which the kings of the last Assyrian 
 Empire built on a flat low hill now called Kouyunjik, which 
 marks the site of the central portion of the great city of 
 Nineveh, and stands nearly opposite to the modern town of 
 Mosul. From this place over twenty thousand tablets and 
 fragments have been excavated during the last fifty years, and 
 are preserved in the British Museum. The tablets are made of 
 a light brown or reddish clay; they were inscribed, when the 
 clay was still moist, with a three-sided blunt instrument made 
 of wood, metal or ivory, and were afterwards baked in an oven. 
 A number of small holes were made in the surface of the 
 larger tablets at intervals, to allow the steam to escape during 
 the process of baking. It is quite certain that the tablets 
 were arranged in the Tioyal Library at Nineveh in order, and it 
 is probable that they were classified and laid on shelves. The 
 back of each tablet is rounded or convex, and this would 
 preclude the possibility of the tablets of a series being piled 
 one upon the other. The tablets were not only grouped into 
 classes, but were also labelled ; for specimens of such labels 
 see Case I., Nos. 8 and 9. The various classes of tablets may 
 be at once recognized from their . shape and appearance : thus 
 incantations, grammatical texts, legends, and all works written 
 for purposes of reference were inscribed on large tablets often 
 in several columns, while letters, contracts, astrological 
 reports, etc., were inscribed upon small pillow-like pieces of 
 
THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE A. 42 
 
 clay, well suited for the merchant or messenger to carry on his 
 person. 
 
 Table-Case A. The principal tablets exhibited in this case 
 belong to series which give the Assyrian account of the 
 Creation, the Flood, and other early events of Bible history 
 as recorded in the Book of Genesis : 
 
 Nos. 1-16A form parts of the series which was called in Assyrian 
 " When in the height," tH *jf- :T fy "7, e-nu-ma e-lish, and 
 describes the events which led to the creation of the world and 
 man. The First Tablet of the series describes the time when the 
 heavens were not and the earth was not, when there were no plants, 
 and before the gods had come into being, and when the water-deep 
 was the source and origin of all things. The male and female 
 deities of the primaeval watery mass were called Apsu and 
 Tiamat j their children were called Lakhmu and Lakhamu, and 
 their grand-children Anshar and Kishar, and their great-grand- 
 children were Anu, Enlil, Ea, and the other great gods. While the 
 newly-created gods represented the birth of order and system in the 
 universe, Apsu and Tiamat remained in confusion, and, hating the 
 new " way " of the gods, plotted a rebellion with the help of their 
 minister Mummu. But the god Ea overheard their plotting, and 
 brought about the downfall of Apsu and Mummu. Tiamat herself 
 remained unconquered, and, prompted by the god Kingu to avenge 
 their fate, she made her preparations for battle against the gods by 
 creating a brood of terrible monsters, whom she placed under 
 Kingu's leadership. The Second Tablet describes how Ea heard 
 of this new rebellion, and brought news of it to Anshar, who sent 
 Anu to Tiamat in the vain hope of appeasing her, but he was 
 frightened and turned back. Anshar then appealed to Marduk, 
 *-Jf- ^^^f (the Merodach of the Bible, and the god of Babylon), 
 who consented to fight Tiamat on the condition that the gods 
 elected him as their champion. The Third Tablet describes the 
 meeting of the gods in their council-chamber, Upshukkinaku, 
 where " they made ready for the feast, and sat at the banquet ; 
 " they ate bread, and they drank sesame-wine," before proceeding to 
 elect their champion. The Fourth Tablet records the election of 
 Marduk as the champion of the gods, and supplies the details of the 
 successful war which he waged on their behalf against Tiamat. 
 Marduk armed himself with the invincible power which the gods 
 had bestowed upon him, and, mounting his four-horsed chariot, he 
 advanced against the monster. He spread out his net to catch her, 
 he drove the winds, which he had gathered together, down her 
 throat, and he " seized the spear and pierced through her carcase. 
 " He drove the weapon into her heart, he severed her inward parts, 
 " he vanquished her, he cut off her life." He split her like a flat fish 
 
PLATE XVIII. 
 
STORY OF THE CREATION. 43 
 
 into two halves. From one of these halves he made the covering 
 for the heavens, i.e., the firmament, and from the other he seems to 
 have formed the earth. The Fifth Tablet deals with the creation 
 of the stars, the stablishing of the year, which was divided into 
 twelve months, and the appointment of the moon " to determine 
 the days," and probably also contained an account of the creation 
 of vegetation upon the earth, and perhaps also of animals. The 
 Sixth Tablet records the Creation of Man, who was brought 
 into existence that the gods might have worshippers. In order to 
 create man, Marduk caused another god, probably Ea, to cut off his 
 (Marduk's) head, and, taking bone and the blood which flowed 
 from his own body, he formed man. This was the culminating act 
 in the creation of the universe, and, when it was finished, the gods 
 met again in solemn assembly in Upshukkinaku to praise and exact 
 their deliverer, Marduk, who, since he was a god, did not die, 
 although his head had been cut off. The Seventh Tablet 
 contains the hymn of the gods, and consists of a series of addresses 
 in which Marduk is hailed by them under fifty titles of honour. 
 At the conclusion of these addresses there follows an Epilogue, in 
 which the study of the poem is commended to mankind, and 
 prosperity is promised to those who rejoice in Marduk and keep his 
 works in remembrance. The creation epic, in the form in which it 
 has come down to us, is a product of the priests of Babylon, who 
 in it explain the promotion of Marduk, their city-god, to the chief 
 place among the great gods of Babylonia. [K. 5419^, 81-7-27, 80, 
 KK. 3938, Nos. 93015, 40559, KK. 292, 3473, 8524, 8575, 
 Nos. 93017, 42285, K. 5420c, 79-7-8, 251, K. 3437, No. 93016, 
 K. 3567, 92, 629, KK. 2854, 8522.] 
 
 (See Plates XVIII. and XIX.) 
 
 No. 17. Fragment of a tablet inscribed in Assyrian characters 
 with another version of the Dragon-Myth, in which Tiamat is slain 
 by some deity other than Marduk, and the fight is described as 
 taking place at a time when men existed and cities had been built. 
 Details are given with regard to the size and terrible nature of the 
 dragon, which inspired the gods with terror. [R. 282.] 
 
 No. 18. Part of a tablet inscribed in the Babylonian character 
 with an account of the Creation. The text describes a period in 
 which nothing existed except the gods and the great deep. 
 A movement took place in the waters, after which the god 
 Merodach formed the earth. He next created man and beast, and 
 the great rivers of Babylonia, and he founded the cities of Nippur 
 and Erech, together with their temples. [No. 93014.] 
 
 No. 19. Fragment of a text containing a reference to the 
 creation of the cattle and the beasts of the field by the gods. It was 
 
44 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE A. 
 
 formerly thought to be part of the Creation series and is inscribed 
 with the introduction or opening lines of another legend. 
 
 [D.T. 41.] 
 
 No. 20. Fragment of a didactic composition containing a 
 number of moral precepts, which was formerly believed to contain 
 the instructions given to the first man and woman after their 
 creation. [K. 3364.] 
 
 No. 21. Fragment of a tablet inscribed with a portion of a 
 mythological legend which was formerly thought to refer to the 
 building of the tower of Babel. [K. 3657.] 
 
 No. 22. Tablet inscribed with a mythological legend of the 
 descent of the goddess Ishtar into Hades, whither she descended 
 probably in search of her youthful husband Dumuzi, or Tammuz 
 (compare Ezekiel viii., 14), with a view of bringing him back from 
 the dead to earth. The text here given is not a complete account 
 of the story, but the other portions of it which refer to the sickness, 
 death, and burial of Tammuz have, unfortunately, not yet been 
 found. When the goddess arrived at the gate of Hades and found 
 it shut, she threatened to break it down and to set free the dead 
 that they might devour the living. The Porter hastened to announce 
 her arrival to Allatu, the queen of the underworld, who gave him 
 orders to admit her after she had performed the customary cere- 
 monies. This done, she entered the region of those " whose bread 
 is dust, whose food is mud, who see not the light, who dwell in 
 darkness, and who are clothed like birds in apparel of feathers." 
 The beings here referred to are, of course, the dead. The cere- 
 monies consisted in removing from her some portion of her raiment 
 and ornaments at each of the seven gates of the underworld, and, 
 finally, when she entered into the presence of Allatu, who forthwith 
 mocked at her and ordered the Plague-demon to torment her, she 
 was naked. During the absence of Ishtar, the goddess of love, 
 no marriage was celebrated, no animals begat offspring, and the 
 whole course of nature both in man and beast was changed. 
 Ishtar's calamity was reported to Shamash, the sun-god, by 
 Papsukal and the god Ea straightway created a being called 
 Uddushu-namir, whom he sent down to beg Allatu to give him 
 the Water of Life, with which he intended to restore Ishtar to life. 
 Allatu was furious, but, because she had been adjured by the power 
 of the gods, she told her attendant Namtar to bring Ishtar forth 
 and sprinkle her with the water of life. Ishtar was then led out 
 through the seven gates, at each of which the portion of raiment 
 which she had left there on her entrance was restored to her. The 
 unfortunate messenger Uddushu-namir remained in the underworld, 
 where Allatu cursed him and wreaked her vengeance upon him. The 
 text of this tablet is written in metre, each half of the line forming 
 
PLATE XIX. 
 
 Portion of a tablet inscribed with the legend of the fight between Marduk 
 and Tiamat. 
 
 [Nineveh Gallery, Table-Case A, No. 13; No. 93016.] 
 
 (See p. 42 f.) 
 
45 LEGEND OF GILGAMESH. 
 
 a parallel member ; this arrangement, owing to the care of the 
 scribe, is easily discernible. [K. 162.] 
 
 No. 23. Fragment of a tablet inscribed with a legend concern- 
 ing the birth and infancy of Sargon I., king of Agade, an ancient 
 city in Babylonia. The text states that Sargon was brought forth 
 in secret and was put by his mother into an ark of reeds smeared 
 with bitumen, which she set floating on the river Euphrates. Akki, 
 a water-carrier, found the child and reared him, until the goddess 
 Ishtar, having seen him, loved him and made him king over the 
 land. , [K. 3401+ Sm. 2118.] 
 
 Nos. 24-64. Fragments of tablets of the Gilgamesh Series, 
 inscribed in the Assyrian character with legends describing the 
 wanderings and adventures of a mythical hero Gilgamesh, -f- f 
 HUlT HK or > as these signs were formerly read, Iz-du-bar. Some 
 have sought to identify this hero with Nimrod, but there are no 
 satisfactory grounds for accepting this identification. The Gilgamesh 
 Series when complete consisted of twelve tablets or sections but 
 this division was probably the work of scribes who edited the story 
 in comparatively late times. The original form or forms of these 
 legends are of great antiquity, a fact which is proved by the 
 illustrations of various episodes in them which are found inscribed 
 upon seal-cylinders and other objects belonging to the period which 
 lies between B.C. 4000 and B.C. 2300. The place of origin of the 
 legends was at Erech, the home of Gilgamesh. 
 
 In the fragments of the First Tablet of the series, the calamities 
 that have fallen upon the city of Erech after it had been besieged 
 for three years are described. The siege seems to have been led by 
 Gilgamesh, who eventually became the king of Erech; he ruled the 
 city with a rod of iron, for the text says : " Gilgamesh hath not left 
 the son to his father, nor the maid to the hero, nor the wife to her 
 husband." The people of the city cried to the goddess Aruru and 
 their prayers were supported by the gods, who besought this 
 goddess to create a being strong enough to oppose Gilgamesh 
 successfully. In answer to the petitions of gods and men, Aruru 
 created a being, part man, part beast, called Ea-bani ; his body was 
 covered with long hair which is said to have resembled that of a 
 woman and that of the Corn-god, and he ate and drank with the 
 beasts of the field. As soon as Gilgamesh heard that an enemy had 
 been created, he sent Saidu, the hunter, and a beautiful woman 
 called Ukhat to lure Ea-bani to the city of Erech. Ukhat succeeded 
 in bringing Ea-bani to Erech, where he soon became a fast friend of 
 Gilgamesh. Soon after Ea-bani had settled in Erech, the two friends 
 set out to do battle Avith an Elamite despot called Khumbaba, and 
 in due course they arrived at his castle. This they captured, and 
 when they had slain Khumbaba they cut off his head. They returned 
 to Erech with great joy ; but soon after Gilgamesh incurred the 
 
THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE A. 46 
 
 wrath of the goddess Ishtar, by the refusal of her proffered love. 
 The goddess then besought her father Arm to create a mighty bull 
 called Alu to destroy Gilgamesh ; and when he had done so, Ea-bani 
 and Gilgamesh went forth to do battle with the bull. After a fierce 
 fight the two friends vanquished the bull and slew him. Ea-bani 
 next incurred the wrath of the goddess by the share he had taken 
 in the slaughter of the bull, and by the threats which he uttered 
 against her, in which he promised to serve her as he had served the 
 bull. The horns of the bull were dedicated to the Sun-god by Gil- 
 gamesh, and the slaughter was commemorated by a great banquet. 
 Soon after the faithful ally Ea-bani met his death in a manner 
 unknown to us, and his loss was deeply mourned by his friend. With 
 the view of avoiding the same fate, Gilgamesh determined to seek 
 out his ancestor Sit-napishtim, who had learnt the secret of 
 immortality. Aided by a dream from the Moon-god, in which part 
 of the way to the abode of his ancestor was revealed to him, he set 
 out for the Mountain of the Sunset. On arrival here he found 
 the gates guarded by the Scorpion-man and his wife, who, after 
 much talk, allowed him to pass through. For twenty-four hours he 
 travelled through thick darkness, and at length arrived at a place 
 on the sea-coast where the trees were laden with precious stones 
 instead of fruit. Paying no heed to these, he made his way to the 
 place of Sabitu, the princess of the place, who alone could help him 
 to cross the sea, but this lady refused to see him. With difficulty 
 he obtained admission to the palace, and succeeded in explaining to 
 Sabitu the reason of his journey, and of his quest for immortality. 
 Sabitu described the difficulties of the passage, and told him that one 
 man only, Arad-Ea, the sailor, was able to carry him across the 
 sea to the abode of Sit-napishtim. Gilgamesh at once sought out 
 Arad-Ea, who consented to help him to cross the sea, and told him 
 to go and fashion a new steering pole for his boat out of a tree-trunk 
 in the forest. Gilgamesh and Arad-Ea then set out in the boat, and 
 after many dangers crossed the Waters of Death and arrived at 
 the place where Sit-napishtim dwelt with his wife. Sit-napishtim 
 came down to the shore arid listened to the explanation which Gil- 
 gamesh gave of the cause of his journey. In answer to the request 
 of Gilgamesh that he would teach him how to become immortal, he 
 replied that he was unable to do anything to help him to escape 
 from death, for " as long as houses are built, and as long as brethren 
 quarrel, and as long as there is hatred in the land, and as long as 
 the waters of the river run into the sea, so long will death come to 
 every man." When Gilgamesh heard these words he said to the 
 sage : " How then didst thou obtain the life which thou dost enjoy 
 "in the assembly of the gods?" In answer to this question. Sit- 
 napishtim related the story which is inscribed on the Eleventh 
 Tablet of the poem of Gilgamesh, and is commonly known as the 
 Babylonian account of the Deluge. 
 
PLATE XX. 
 
 Fragment of a baked clay tablet inscribed with the Babylonian account of the Deluge. 
 [Nineveh Gallery, Table-Case A, No. 48 ; K. 3375.] (See p. 47.) 
 
STORY OF THE FLOOD. 47 
 
 According to this story the gods determined to send a deluge upon 
 the earth, and Sit-napishtim, f *J Hflf^" "Ar, a dweller in the 
 ancient city of Shurippak, on the Euphrates, was warned by the 
 god Ea of their design. In obedience to this god's instructions, he 
 collected wood and materials for the building of the ship which was 
 intended to save him and his wife and his family, and his beasts of 
 the field from the waters of the flood. He made a barge one 
 hundred and twenty cubits wide, and on its deck he built a deck- 
 house a hundred and twenty cubits high ; this house was divided 
 into six stories, and each story contained nine rooms. The outside 
 of the ship was smeared with bitumen and the inside with pitch. 
 Having slaughtered oxen and made a feast, Slt-napishtim, with all 
 his family and belongings, entered into the ship, the direction of 
 which he entrusted to the pilot Puzur-Amurru. The same night 
 a heavy rain began to fall, and a mighty tempest with terrible 
 thunder and lightning and torrents of rain continued for six days 
 and six nights, until even the tops of the mountains were over- 
 whelmed. On the seventh day the storm abated and the sea went 
 down, but by this time all mankind, with the exception of those in the 
 ship, had been destroyed. Meanwhile the ship had drifted until at 
 last it grounded on the top of a high mountain named Nisir. 
 Seven days later Slt-napishtim sent forth a dove, but she found 
 no resting place and returned to the ship; after a further interval 
 he sent forth a swallow, who also returned to the ship ; but when, 
 some time after, he sent forth a raven, the bird flew away, and 
 although it approached and croaked, it did not re-enter the ship. 
 Slt-napishtim then knew that the waters had abated, and, having 
 come forth with his family and the beasts of the field, he offered up 
 a sacrifice to the gods upon the mountain. The god Enlil, however, 
 was wroth that the race of mankind had not been utterly destroyed, 
 but was appeased by the god Ea, and Sit-napishtim and his family 
 were allowed to live. Immortality was conferred upon him by Enlil, 
 and he took up his abode in the remote region near the mouth 
 of the river where Gilgamesh had found him. (See Plate XX.) 
 
 All the time that Slt-Napishtim was telling the story of his rescue 
 from the flood, Gilgamesh, being sick, sat in his boat by the shore. 
 When the story was ended, Slt-napishtim promised to obtain his 
 restoration to health, and during the sleep which came upon 
 Gilgamesh on the seventh day, Sit-napishtim's wife prepared magic 
 food and fed him as he slept. When he awoke Slt-napishtim 
 caused Arad-Ea to carry Gilgamesh to a certain fountain with healing 
 waters, and, having washed his sores, the hero was cured of his 
 disease. But before Gilgamesh set out, Slt-napishtim told him of 
 the existence of a plant which prolonged life, and Gilgamesh, having 
 arrived with Arad-Ea at the place where it grew, succeeded in finding 
 it. As they were journeying back with it they stopped to drink at 
 a brook, and while they were drinking a demon in the form of a 
 
48 the nIneVeh gallery cases a and b. 
 
 serpent appeared and carried off the plant, which Gilgamesh never 
 saw again. Bitterly disappointed, Gilgamesh returned to Erech, 
 where he passed his time in lamenting for his dead friend Ea-bani, 
 and in beseeching the gods to let him see him once more. One god 
 after another refused to help him, until at length Nergal, the god 
 of the dead, granted his request, and, opening the ground, " caused 
 " the spirit of Ea-bani to come forth from the earth like a wind." 
 When Gilgamesh saw Ea-bani, he besought him to describe to him 
 the abode of the dead, and, although he at first shrank from paining 
 Gilgamesh with a description of its condition of wretchedness and 
 misery, he was at length prevailed upon and told him of the place 
 where the worm devours and where all is cloaked in dust. With a 
 comparison of the condition of the unburied dead with that of those 
 who had received due burial, the text of the Gilgamesh legends comes 
 to an end. [KK. 2756, 2756a, c, d, e, f, 4465, 8584, 3252, 8591, 
 4579a, 3990, 5335, 4579, R. 578, K. 231, S. 401, K. 3060, 80-7-14, 
 305, KK. 3382, 8579, 8565, 8589, 8564, 8517, 3375, 2252, 7752, 
 R. II. 383, 390, KK. 8594, 8593, 8595, S. 2196, R. 616, D.T. 42, 
 K. 2774, R. II. 197, KK. 3475, 8226, 8225.] Along the top of the case 
 (Nos. 65-69) are clay models of Ashur-bani-pal's hunting dogs. 
 
 Table-Case B. Here are exhibited a number of Assyrian 
 grammatical tablets, lists of cuneiform signs, explanatory lists 
 of words, &c, which were drawn up for use in the Royal 
 Library at Nineveh. The Cuneiform Signs in use among the 
 Assyrians were in number about five hundred aud seventy, of 
 which over three hundred were of frequent occurrence in the 
 Nineveh tablets. The Assyrian characters are conventional 
 simplifications of the cuneiform signs which were employed by 
 the early Babylonians to express their ideas, and these in turn 
 were modifications of pictures of animals, objects, etc., which 
 the ancient Sumerians employed in writing. These pictures 
 were not originally formed by combinations of the wedge,* but 
 were rudely scratched in outline upon various kinds of soft 
 stone. In the course of time wet clay came into use as the 
 writing material, and, as it was impossible to trace with ease 
 rounded figures and outlines upon it, the scribe attempted to 
 represent the shape of the objects by means of a series of wedge- 
 shaped impressions which he was able to make quickly and 
 neatly with his writing-tool. This was the beginning of 
 cuneiform writing. A process of simplification of the cuneiform 
 signs gradually developed, as will be seen from the following 
 examples : 
 
 * The writing has been called " cuneiform," from the Latin word cuneus 
 " a wedge." 
 
LISTS OF CUNEIFORM SIGNS. 49 
 
 OLD NEW 
 
 BABYLONIAN. ASSYRIAN. BABYLONIAN. 
 
 1. 
 
 * 
 
 "f 
 
 2. 
 
 gMifP=> 
 
 
 3. 
 
 O 
 
 *T 
 
 4. 
 
 !#f 
 
 ^r 
 
 5. 
 
 IPf 
 
 ^TTTT 
 
 3* 
 
 ->f " god." 
 
 ^ " day." 
 
 #y " gate." 
 
 ^| " house." 
 
 t 3Kt " month." 
 
 From the tablets exhibited in this case it will be seen that 
 the Assyrian scribes found it necessary to draw up lists of the 
 ancient Babylonian characters, to which they added the simpler 
 Assyrian signs which they believed to be their equivalents. In 
 Nos. 1 and 2 we have examples of such lists, but there is reason 
 to believe, that those who drew them up were not certain what 
 objects the picture-characters here given represented. Nos. 3-6 
 supply us with lists of archaic Babylonian signs with their 
 modern equivalents; on the other hand, Nos. 7 and 8 are 
 lists of archaic cuneiform signs without their modern equiva- 
 lents. [K. 8520, 81-7-27, 49, KK. 269, 4372, 4155, 4228, 135, 
 2839.] 
 
 In the ancient Sumerian language the sound of a sign was 
 derived from the name of the object which it represented, e.g., 
 the sound of the sign ^ was an ; now $fc represented " heaven," 
 and the word for heaven was an. At a later time these sounds, 
 which were really words, were used both in the Sumerian and 
 in the Babylonian and Assyrian languages as syllables only, 
 without any reference whatsoever to the objects which they 
 originally represented. Thus the sign ]] in the ancient language 
 was a picture for water, the name of which was a ; but in the 
 Assyrian word TY , ^- a-bu, " father," the sign TY , is used merely 
 as a syllable without any reference to its original picture-form 
 or meaning. Lists of signs, or " syllabaries " as they are 
 called, are divided into three classes, which are illustrated by 
 the following groups of tablets ; 
 
50 
 
 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE B. 
 
 Nos. 9-11. Portions of Syllabaries of the First Class. The 
 text on each side of the tablet is arranged in three columns, each 
 column having three divisions. The middle division contains the 
 cuneiform signs to be explained, that to the left their values in 
 Sumerian, and that to the right their Assyrian names.* 
 
 [KK. 62, 262, 7622.] 
 
 The following extracts will explain the arrangement : 
 
 SUMBRIAN 
 
 VALUE. 
 
 SIGN. 
 
 ASSYBIAN NAME. 
 
 
 
 > < 
 
 -m n i 
 
 bi - i 
 
 
 
 ka - a - shu 
 
 m *w 
 
 
 & 
 
 *&l ^* *= 
 
 ku - u 
 
 
 
 tu - kul - lum 
 
 H< W 
 
 
 BK 
 
 m *w T? 
 
 kha - a 
 
 
 
 ku - u - a 
 
 >& * 
 
 
 EAtf 
 
 *E **n tyyyt 
 
 ni - i 
 
 
 
 i - zu - u 
 
 YYV ->- 
 YY\ *] 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^1 *w ** 
 
 kha - ab 
 
 
 
 la - ga - bu 
 
 ^r m 
 
 
 x*m 
 
 <m ^it zm 
 
 te - ir 
 
 
 
 ki - ish - turn 
 
 T <wn 
 
 m 
 
 & & m 
 
 ba - ar 
 
 
 
 pa - rak - ku 
 
 Nos. 12-15. Portion of Syllabaries of the Second Class. 
 Each column of the text contains three divisions. In the middle 
 division are the cuneiform signs and groups to be explained ; that 
 
 * Apart from their values as words or syllables, the cuneiform signs had 
 special names given to them by the Assyrians. 
 
LISTS OF CUNEIFORM SIGNS. 
 
 51 
 
 to the left contains their Sumerian values, and that to the right 
 their Assyrian meanings. [S. 23, KK. 110, 6016, 7683.] The 
 following extracts will explain the arrangement : 
 
 SUMERIAN VALUE. 
 
 SIGN. 
 
 ASSYRIAN NAME. 
 
 V II 
 
 
 
 ^TTT 
 
 *m *- 
 
 sha - a 
 
 
 
 
 lib - bu 
 
 -H <vs 
 
 *fl? 
 
 *%= 
 
 4^ P=TT ^ 
 
 ka - 
 
 as - 
 
 kal 
 
 
 khar - ra - nu 
 "road" 
 
 HM - 
 
 H* 
 
 
 <E^ 
 
 *TT- iM 
 
 gi - 
 
 ig 
 
 
 
 mar - su 
 
 * *- 
 
 
 
 ~> 
 
 ~TT ctT s=ffi 
 
 mu - nu 
 
 
 
 
 ta - ab - turn 
 " salt " 
 
 *tj p 
 
 
 
 '? 
 
 r w *- 
 
 e - rim 
 
 
 
 
 sa - a - ba 
 " warrior" 
 
 tl w 
 
 
 
 TTT 
 
 *W Bfe *- 
 
 ma - a 
 
 
 
 
 e - lip - pu 
 
 ^TT 3= 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~nr ^rr * 
 
 si - i 
 
 
 
 
 na - da - nu 
 
 Nos. 16 and 17. Syllabaries of the Third Class arranged 
 in four columns, each column having four divisions, the second of 
 which contains the cuneiform signs to be explained, the first their 
 Sumerian values, the third their Assyrian names, and the fourth their 
 Assyrian meanings. [K. 4146, D.T. 40.] No. 16 was presented 
 by the Proprietors of the "Daily Telegraph," 1873. 
 
52 
 
 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE B. 
 
 The following extracts will explain a syllabary of the third 
 class : 
 
 SUMERIAN 
 VALUE. 
 
 SIGN. 
 
 ASSYRIAN NAME. 
 
 ASSYRIAN MEANING. 
 
 -M ^!T 
 
 ^1 
 
 c* ^ttt hr 
 
 -TT^ <H OT 
 
 gi - ish 
 
 
 ni - ta - khu 
 
 zi - ka - ru 
 
 ^1 ^ 
 
 HTC* 
 
 ^T ^ ^ 
 
 <T : 4Hff*T 
 
 na - am 
 
 
 na - am - mu 
 
 shi - im - tu 
 
 <m 4ft 
 
 <tt 
 
 <T- ** ^ 
 
 **T ^ < 
 
 ki - ira 
 
 
 shi - dim - mu 
 
 ba - nu - u 
 " to build " 
 
 e - pi - shu 
 
 ^A fci^w 
 
 ^T 
 
 n P=TT ~T *- < 
 
 W -H IH 
 
 gi - in 
 
 
 a - ra - gub - bu - u 
 
 a - la - ku 
 
 fr* < 
 
 *H 
 
 *fcj w ^* 
 
 V -iTT < 
 
 gu - u 
 
 
 ka - a - gu 
 
 sha - su - u 
 "to call" 
 
 <m *- < 
 
 ki - bu - u 
 
 " /o speak" 
 
 No. 18. Fragment of a syllabary of the third class. Presented 
 by W. Mayer, Esq., 1876. [76-4-13, 1.] 
 
 Nos. 19-21. Lists of Suraerian words arranged to show dialectic 
 differences. Assyrian translations are appended. 
 [(19) K, 4410 (20) K. 4221 + Rm. 605 (21) K. 4319 + K. 4604.] 
 
GRAMMATICAL TABLETS. 53 
 
 No. 22. List of Assyrian words of synonymous meanings. 
 
 [K. 52.] 
 
 No. 23. List of Assyrian words of synonymous meanings 
 arranged in groups. [K. 4375.] 
 
 Nos. 24 and 25. Fragments of a tablet containing Assyrian 
 words and phrases used in legal documents, arranged to serve as 
 grammatical examples. [(24) K. 4223 (25) K. 8521.] 
 
 No. 26. Words and phrases used in legal documents, arranged 
 to serve as grammatical examples ; each column is in two divisions ; 
 that on the left contains the Sumerian text, and that on the right 
 the Assyrian translation. [K. 251.] 
 
 The following extract will illustrate the contents of this class of 
 tablet : 
 
 1. "If a son saith unto his father, 'Thou art not my father,' let 
 11 them put a brand upon him, and put him in fetters and sell him 
 " for money as a slave." 2. " If a son saith unto his mother, 
 " ' Thou art not my mother,' let them put a brand upon his face, and 
 " forbid him the city, and drive him forth from the house." 3. " If 
 " a wife hateth her husband and saith unto him, ' Thou art not my 
 " husband,' let them throw her into the river." 4. " If a husband 
 " saith unto his wife. ' Thou are not my wife,' he shall pay (to her) 
 " half a maneh of silver." It is interesting to note that the early 
 Babylonian inscriptions prove that these laws were in full force as 
 early as B.C. 2300. 
 
 The copy of the great code of laws drawn up by Khummurabi 
 which was discovered at Susa in the winter of 1901-2 (see p. 120 f.) 
 contains a classified collection of laws, from which the above were 
 abstracted by the Assyrian scribes. 
 
 No. 27. Grammatical examples in Sumerian, with Assyrian 
 translations ; the phrases being those found in incantation texts. 
 
 [K. 4355 + Sm. 1981.] 
 
 No. 28. Grammatical examples in Sumerian, with Assyrian 
 translations; some being proverbs and riddles, copied from an 
 older original. [K. 4347.] 
 
 No. 29. Grammatical examples in Sumerian, with Assyrian 
 translations ; the phrases having reference to religious subjects. 
 
 [K. 156 + K. 3220 + K. 246.] 
 
 No. 30. List of examples of a verbal formation, arranged accord- 
 ing to the order of signs usually followed in Syllabaries of the first 
 class. [K. 253.] 
 
54 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASES B AND C. 
 
 Nos. 31 and 32. Portions of two explanatory lists of words 
 arranged in groups according to the similarity of the Assyrian words 
 or expressions by which they are rendered. 
 
 [(31) K. 247 (32) K. 244.] 
 
 Nos. 33-35. . Portions of three explanatory lists of words arranged 
 in groups according to the similar forms of the characters. 
 [(33) K. 4323 (34) K. 207 (35) K. 4243 + K. 4335 + D.T. 128.] 
 
 Nos. 36 and 37. Two explanatory lists of words arranged accord- 
 ing to the roots of their Assyrian equivalents ; glosses are added in 
 a smaller hand. [(36) K. 197 (37) K. 39 + K. 153.] 
 
 Nos. 38 and 39. Fragments of explanatory lists of words arranged 
 in groups according to the meanings of their Assyrian equivalents. 
 
 [(38) K. 264 (39) K. 2058.] 
 
 No. 40. Fragment of an explanatory list of words which end 
 with the same character. [K. 4549.] 
 
 No. 41. Explanatory list of words ; glosses are added in a 
 smaller hand. [K. 4386.] 
 
 Table-Case C. Here are exhibited a number of Assyrian 
 tablets inscribed with historical, moral, and grammatical 
 texts from the Royal Library at Nineveh. Nos. 1-29 have 
 been selected from a series excavated at Nineveh during the 
 expedition undertaken at the expense of the Proprietors of 
 " The Daily Telegraph," and presented by them to the British 
 Museum in 1873. 
 
 Nos. 1-11. Fragments of an eight-sided cylinder inscribed with 
 part of the annals of Sargon, king of Assyria, B.C. 722-705. The 
 text records the campaign of Sargon against Ashdod, B.C. 711 
 (see Isaiah xx., 1). Azuri, king of Ashdod, having refused to pay 
 tribute to the Assyrians, was deposed by Sargon, and was suc- 
 ceeded on the throne by his brother Akhimiti. The people of 
 Ashdod, however, rejected Akhimiti and elected Yamani as their 
 king. They then made a league with Philistia, Judah, Edom, 
 Moab, and Egypt, but were defeated by Sargon, and their city 
 once more became subject to Assyria. [(1) K. 1668 + D.T. 6. 
 
 (2) K. 1669. (3) Sm. 2021. (4) Sm. 2022. (5) K. 4818. (6) 
 
 K. 8536. (7) 79-7-8, 14. (8) K. 1672. (9) Sm. 2050. (10) K. 
 
 1668 + K. 1671. (11) K. 1673.] 
 
 Nos. 12-17. Fragments of inscribed cylinders made for Sin- 
 shar-ishkun, the last king of Assyria, about B.C. 615-606. 
 [(12) K. 1662. (13) D.T. 64 + 82-5-22, 27. (14) K. 8541. 
 (15) K. 1663. (16) K. 8540 + 82-5-22, 28. (17) 81-7-27, 8 
 + 82-5-22, 26.] 
 
GRAMMATICAL AND HISTORICAL TABLETS. 55 
 
 No. 18. Syllabary of the third class giving the values of certain 
 signs, together with their Assyrian names and meanings. (See 
 above, p. 45.) [K. 4174 + K. 4583.] 
 
 Nos. 19 and 20. Explanatory list of words with glosses. [K. 4230 
 + D.T. 9 + K. 4250 + K. 4544. K. 2021a + K. 4357 + D.T. 14.] 
 
 Nos. 21 and 22. Fragment of an explanatory list of words. 
 
 [D.T. 44. D.T. 58.] 
 
 No. 23. Part of a legend containing fragments of a conversation 
 carried on between a horse and an ox. [K. 3456 + D.T. 43.] 
 
 No. 24. Akkadian or Sumerian hymn in honour of a Babylonian 
 king, with interlinear Assyrian translation. The king's name is 
 wanting. [K. 1832 + K. 5072 + K. 5249 + D.T. 5.] 
 
 No. 25. Part of a list of names of gods, with explanatory glosses. 
 
 [K. 4343 + D.T. 128.] 
 
 No. 26. Part of a list of names of utensils and vessels. 
 
 [D.T. 52.] 
 
 No. 27. Part of a mythological legend. This tablet formed the 
 second of a series. [K. 2518 + D.T. 358.] 
 
 No. 28. Prayers and directions for making offerings to the gods. 
 
 [K. 3397 + K. 13165 + D.T. 122.] 
 
 No. 29. Tablet of moral precepts, including warnings to kings 
 concerning the evils which follow misgovernment and injustice. 
 The following extract will illustrate the contents of the text : 
 
 " If the king payeth not heed to justice, his people shall be over- 
 thrown, and his land shall be brought to confusion. If he giveth 
 no heed to the law of his land, Ea, the king of destinies, shall 
 change his destiny, and shall visit him with misfortune. If he 
 giveth no heed to his nobles, his days shall (not) be long. If he 
 giveth no heed to the wise men, his land shall revolt against him. 
 If he giveth heed unto wisdom, the king shall behold the strengthen- 
 ing of the land. If he giveth heed to the commandments of Ea, 
 the great gods shall endow him with true knowledge and discern- 
 ment. If the men of Babylon bring money with them and give 
 bribes, and the king favoureth the cause of these Babylonians and 
 turneth to their entreaty, Marduk, the lord of heaven and earth, 
 shall bring his foe against him, and shall give his goods and his 
 possessions unto the enemy. And the men of Nippur and Sippar 
 and Babylon who do these things shall be cast into prison." 
 
 [D.T. 1.] 
 
 No. 30. List of names of gods. [K. 171.] 
 
 No. 31. List of names and titles of gods, with glosses. 
 
 [K. 4332.] 
 
56 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASES C AND D. 
 
 No. 32. List of the various names of the months and of the 
 titles of the god Nebo, together with explanations of the cuneiform 
 symbol for his name. [K. 104.] 
 
 No. 33. List of names of stars, etc. [K. 250.] 
 
 No. 34. List of names of early Babylonian kings. 
 
 In this list the royal names are not. arranged chronologically, and 
 the object of the compiler seems to have been to explain their 
 meanings. [K. 4426 + Rm. 617.] 
 
 No. 35. List of geographical names. [K. 4312 + K. 4379.] 
 
 No. 36. List of names of rivers, canals, etc. [K. 4344.] 
 
 No. 37. List of names of countries, cities, rivers, temples, etc., 
 with glosses. [K. 2035a + K. 4337.] 
 
 No. 38. List of names of temples. [K. 3436 + K. 4186 + K. 
 4218b + K. 4414 + K. 4772 + K. 13377.] 
 
 No. 39. List of names of birds. [K. 4318.] 
 
 No. 40. List of names of animals with glosses. [K. 71 A.] 
 
 No. 41. List of names of birds, plants, stones, etc. [K. 4325.] 
 
 Nos. 42 and 43. List of names of plants. [K. 208 + K. 476, K. 
 4216 + K. 4360.] 
 
 No. 44. List of names of stones. [K. 4232.] 
 
 No. 45. List of bronze objects. [K. 8676.] 
 
 No. 46. Lists of names of liquids, etc. [K. 4239.] 
 
 No. 47. List of articles of clothing. [Sm. 1 3 + Rm. 606.] 
 
 No. 48. List of names of vessels. [K. 4547 + K. 7634 + K. 
 8388.] 
 
 No. 49. List of names of various kinds of wood. [K. 4257 + 
 K 4346 + K. 4392. + K. 4433 + K. 4545 + Sm. 1634.] 
 
 No. 50. List of names of various kinds of ships. [K. 4331.] 
 
 No. 51. List of names of ships and of various wooden objects. 
 
 [K. 4338a.] 
 
 Table-Case D. Here are exhibited a number of most 
 important documents relating to the chronology and history 
 of Babylonia and Assyria, historical inscriptions of Tiglath* 
 Pileser III., Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, Ashur-bani-pal, and 
 other Assyrian kings, and lists of "eponyms.'' The official 
 who is commonly known by this title, was a man of high rank 
 he might even be the king himself who held office in 
 Assyria for one year, and whose name was used to date all 
 
HISTORICAL RECORDS. 57 
 
 documents executed during his period of office. His position 
 was similar to that of the Archon at Athens, and of the Consul 
 at Eome. The Eponym Canon, the great importance of which 
 was first pointed out by Sir Henry Rawlinson, contains a con- 
 secutive list of the eponyms from B.C. 893 to B.C. 666.* In 
 some of the lists remarks concerning the chief events which 
 took place during the years of office of the eponyms are given, 
 and it is clear that if we can fix the exact date of one of these 
 events the date of every eponym in the series will be kuown. 
 Now in one list we are told that in the eponymy of Pur-Sagali, 
 in the month Sivan (i.e., May-June) an eclipse of the sun took 
 place ; and recent astronomical calculations prove that an 
 eclipse of the sun, visible at Nineveh, took place on June 15, 
 763 B.C. With this year as a fixed point we can accurately 
 assign correct dates to all the important events from the reign 
 of Ramman-nirari II. to the beginning of the reign of Ashur- 
 bani-pal. 
 
 Nos. 1-5. Lists of names of Assyrian eponyms and their 
 titles, with brief notices of the chief events which happened during 
 their term of office, from B.C. 860-848, 817-723, and 720-704. 
 
 [(1) K. 4446 (2) K. 3403 + 95-4-6, 4 + 81-2-4, 187 
 (3) K. 3202 (4) K. 51 (5) Km. 2, 97.] 
 
 Nos. 6-11 and 51. Lists of the names of the Assyrian eponyms 
 
 who held office from about B.C. 900 to about B.C. 650. [(6) K. 
 
 4388 (7) Rm. 580 (8) K. 4390 (9) K. 4329a (10) K. 4329b 
 
 (11) K. 4329 (51) 82-5-22, 526.] 
 
 No. 12. Agreement between the Governments of Assyria and 
 Babylonia, probably drawn up in the reign of Assur-bani-pal, king 
 of Assyria, B.C. 668-625, to settle disputes concerning the 
 boundaries of the two kingdoms. The document consists of a 
 series of brief notices of the conflicts and alliances which took 
 place between the Assyrians and Babylonians from about B.C. 1600 
 to B.C. 800, and is generally known as the " Synchronous 
 History." 
 
 The following extracts will illustrate the character of the contents 
 of this tablet : 
 
 I. " Kara-indash, king of Karduniash (i.e., Babylonia), and 
 " Ashur-bel-nishshu, king of Assyria, established an agreement 
 " with each other, and they bound each other by oath to observe 
 " the frontier on which they had agreed." 
 
 * The names found on some of the fragmentary lists can, at present, only be 
 arranged with approximate accuracy : they belong to the periods before B.C. 893 
 and after B.C. 666. 
 
58 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE D. 
 
 II. " Puzur-Ashur, king of Assyria, and Burnaburiash, 
 " king of Babylonia, discussed and fixed the boundary for both 
 " kingdoms." 
 
 III. " In the time of Ashur-uballit, king of Assyria, the 
 " Kassites revolted from the rule of Karakhardash, king of 
 " Babylonia, the son of Muballitat-Sherua, the daughter of 
 " Ashur-uballit, and slew him ; they established Nazibugash, the 
 " son of no one, king over them." [K. 4401 + Era. 854.] 
 
 Nos. 13 and 14. Fragment inscribed with part of the text of 
 the " Synchronous History." [K. 4401b, Sm. 2106.] 
 
 No. 15. Portion of an Assyrian copy of a Babylonian Chronicle, 
 generally known as the Dynastic Chronicle, relating to the 
 dynasties and reigns of early Babylonian kings. Col. IV. contains 
 traces of the names of the kings of the first dynasty of Babylon ; 
 col. V. gives the names of three kings of the dynasty of the country 
 of the sea, and the names of kings of two other dynasties. When 
 complete the tablet must have been inscribed with a list of the kings 
 of Babylonia in six columns. This tablet was probably copied from 
 a Babylonian original for the library of Ashur-bani-pal. 
 
 [K. 8532 + K. 8533 + K. 8534.] 
 
 No. 16. Tablet containing copies of inscriptions of Shagarakti- 
 shuriash, king of Babylon, about B.C. 1280, and Tukulti-Ninib 
 king of Assyria, about B.C. 1275, made by the order of Senna- 
 cherib, king of Assyria, about B.C. 705-681. The original texts 
 were inscribed on a cylinder-seal of lapis-lazuli, which was brought 
 back by Sennacherib from Babylon, whither it had been carried six 
 hundred years before. [K. 2673.] 
 
 No. 17. Assyrian copy of an inscription of Agum, king of 
 Babylonia about B.C. 1700, recording the restoration of the images 
 of Merodach and Sarpanitum to the temple of E-sagil in Babylon. 
 These images had been carried off to the land Khani in Northern 
 Syria by the Hittites, who sacked Babylon in the reign of Samsu- 
 ditana, the last king of the first dynasty of Babylon. The text 
 gives a list of the furniture which Agum provided for Marduk's 
 shrine. This copy was made for Ashur-bani-pal's library at 
 Nineveh. [K. 4149 + K. 4203 + K. 4448 + Sm. 27.] 
 
 Nos. 18-36. Fragments of terra-cotta bowls inscribed with 
 the names and titles and genealogies of kings of Assyria who 
 reigned from about B.C. 1140 to B.C. 681. The greater number 
 of these describe, shortly, building operations undertaken by the 
 kings in whose reigns they were inscribed. 
 
 No. 18. Ashur-resh-ishi, about B.C. 1140. [56-9-9, 167.] 
 
 No. 19. Shamshi-Ramman, about B.C. 1080. 
 
 [56-9-9, 179.] 
 
HISTORICAL RECORDS. 59 
 
 No. 20. Ashur-resh-ishi, about B.C. 1140. [56-9-9, 188.] 
 
 No. 21. Shamshi-Ramman, about B.C. 1080. [56-9-9, 172.] 
 
 No. 22. Ashur-resh-ishi, about B.C. 1140. [56-9-9, 189 + 56- 
 9-9, 192.] 
 
 No. 23. Shamshi-Ramman, about B.C. 1080. [56-9-9, 198.] 
 
 No. 24. Sargon II., b.c, 722-705. [56-9-9, 171.] 
 
 No. 25. Ashur-resh-ishi, about B.C. 1140 [56-9-9, 194.] 
 
 No. 26. Ashur-nasir-pal, B.C. 885-860. [56-9-9, 136 + 56-9- 
 9, 143 + 56-9-9, 184.] 
 
 No. 27. Ashur-resh-ishi, about B.C. 1140. [56-9-9, 185.] 
 
 No. 28. Ashur-nasir-pal, B.C. 885-860. [56-9-9, 156 + 56-9- 
 9, 168 + 56-9-9, 191.] 
 
 No. 29. Sargon II., B.C. 722-705. [81-2-4, 182.] 
 
 No. 30. Ashur-resh-ishi, about B.C. 1140. [56-9-9, 183.] 
 
 No. 31. Ashur-resh-ishi, about B.C. 1140. [56-9-9, 178.] 
 
 No. 32. Shalmaneser II., B.C. 860-825. [56-9-9, 142.] 
 
 No. 33. Ashur-resh-ishi, about B.C. 1140. [56-9-9, 182.] 
 
 No. 34. Ashur-resh-ishi, about B.C. 1140. [56-9-9, 175.] 
 
 No. 35. Sennacherib, b.c. 705-681. [56-9-9, 138.] 
 
 No. 36. Sennacherib, B.C. 705-681. 
 
 [56-9-9, 147 + 56-9-9, 149.] 
 
 Nos. 37-40. Portions of inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser I., king 
 of Assyria, about B.C. 1100, recording the names of countries and 
 peoples conquered by him. It will be noticed that the handwriting 
 of the scribes of this early period diners considerably from that in 
 use in the reign of Ashur-bani-pal, and that it is both larger and 
 coarser than that found on the other tablets in this Gallery. [(37) 
 K. 2806. (38) K. 2804. (39) K. 2805. (40) K. 2807.] 
 
 No. 41. Inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III., king of Assyria, 
 B.C. 745-727, recording his conquests and his building operations. 
 Among the tributary kings, " Ahaz, king of Judah " (\ t^]y ^ITT^ 
 yy< ^yy^ ^ j^yr ^ ^yy yy yy ; i a . U -]cha-zi* (mdtu) Ia-u-da-ai, 
 is mentioned. Among the Hebrews, Tiglath-Pileser III. is known 
 by his Babylonian name of Pul, \ ^- JJjJJ, Pu-lu. Compare 
 2 Kings xv., 19, and 1 Chronicles v., 26. [K. 2751.] 
 
 No. 42. Inscription of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, about 
 B.C. 681-668, giving his genealogy, and containing an account of 
 his building operations. [K. 3053 + K. 2801.] 
 
 *This king was formerly identified with Uzziah, whose name is, however, 
 written differently. 
 
60 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASES D AND E. 
 
 No. 43. Tablet inscribed with an account of the accession of 
 Ashur-bani-pal to the throne of Assyria, b.c. 668, and of the 
 installation of his brother, Shamash-shum-ukin, as Viceroy of 
 Babylon. For stelae with figures of the two kings in relief, see 
 the Babylonian Eoorn, page 98 f. [K. 2694 + K. 3050.] 
 
 No. 44. Inscription of Ashur-bani-pal, King of Assyria, about 
 B.C. 668-626, recording his conquest of Arabia. 
 
 [K. 2802 + K. 3047 + K. 3049.] 
 
 Nos. 45-48. Portions of four tablets inscribed with an account 
 of the conquest of Elam by Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, about 
 B.C. 668-626, and of the bringing back of the image of the goddess 
 Nana, which had been carried thither by Kudur-Nanhundi, king 
 of Elam, sixteen hundred years before. [(45), K. 2631 + K. 2653 
 + K. 2855, (46), K. 3101, (47), K. 2654, (48), K. 2664.] 
 
 Nos. 49-50. Two inscriptions of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, 
 about B.C. 668-626, describing his campaigns in Egypt, and re- 
 cording the arrival of a friendly embassy from Gyges, king of 
 Lydia. [(49), K. 228 + K. 3081 + K. 3084, (50), K. 2675.] 
 
 Table-Case E. Here are exhibited a large number of 
 Assyrian letters and despatches relating to public and private 
 affairs, selections from astrological and astronomical reports, 
 contract tablets, and commercial documents written in the 
 Assyrian and Phoenician languages. 
 
 Nos. 1-55 are astrological reports which were addressed by 
 astrologers from various cities in Assyria and Babylonia chiefly 
 to the king. Their contents refer to the appearance of the New 
 Moon and the length of the month, to lunar eclipses, to stars and 
 constellations, to the signs of the Zodiac, to the appearances of 
 clouds, and Lo rain, storms, etc. ; and the writers often add the 
 omens which they have deduced from the celestial phenomena 
 which they report. Nos. 1, 22, 29, 35, 37, and 38 are from Nabu- 
 akh^-irba ; No. 2 is from Akkullanu; Nos. 3 and 15 are from 
 Shumai ; Nos. 4, 5, 27, 36, 50, and 52 are from Ishtar-shum-erish ; 
 Nos. 6, 17, 23, 44, and 48 are from Irashi-ilu; Nos. 7 and 28 are 
 from Nabu-ikbi; No. 8 is from Bamai ; Nos. 9, 19, 21, 30, 33, 42, 
 and 46 are from Nergal-etir ; Nos. 10, 12, and 54 are from Balasi ; 
 Nos. 11, 14, 24, 26, 32, and 39 are from Nabu-mushesi ; Nos. 13, 
 43, and 47 are from Asharidu; Nos. 16 and 31 are from Apia; 
 No. 18 is from Bel-akhS-irba ; No. 20 is from Ashur-sharrani ; 
 Nos. 25 and 53 are from Nabu-shum-ishkun ; No. 34 is from 
 Kamman-shum-usur ; No. 40 is from Nabu-akhe'-iddina ; Nos. 41 
 and 45 are from Bullutu; Nos. 49 and 51 are from Munabitu : 
 and No. 55 is from Bel-shum-iskhun. 
 
ASTROLOGICAL REPORTS. 61 
 
 Nos. 56-64 and 64a. Official reports from Assyrian 
 astronomers addressed chiefly to the king. 
 
 No. 56. Report concerning the Vernal Equinox. [K. 709.] 
 
 No. 57. Eeport concerning the Vernal Equinox. The text reads : 
 " On the sixth day of the month Nisan the day and the night were 
 " equal. The day was six kasbu (i.e., 12 hours) and the night was 
 " six kasbu. May Nabu and Marduk be propitious unto the king 
 11 my lord." [K. 15.] 
 
 No. 58. Report concerning an observation of the moon. The 
 text reads : " We kept watch and on the 29th day we saw the 
 " moon. May Nabu and Marduk be propitious unto the king my 
 " lord. From Nabua of the city of Ashur." [K. 716.] 
 
 No. 59. Report from Nabua concerning an unsuccessful observa- 
 tion of the moon. [K. 720.] 
 
 No. 60. Report from Nabua concerning an observation of the 
 sun and moon. [K. 802.] 
 
 No. 61. Astronomical report from Nabua to the king's son. 
 
 [K. 184.] 
 
 No. 62. Report from Ishtar-nadin-apli concerning an unsuccess- 
 ful observation of the moon. [K. 78.] 
 
 No. 63. Report from Ishtar-nadin-apli concerning an unsuccess- 
 ful observation of the moon. The text reads : "To the king my 
 " lord, thy servant Ishtar-nadin-apli the chief of the astronomers of 
 " Arbela (saith). Greeting to the king my lord. May Nabu and 
 " Marduk and Ishtar of Arbela be propitious unto the king my 
 "lord. We kept watch on the twenty ninth day. The sky was 
 " cloudy and we did not see the moon. [Dated on] the first day of 
 " the month Sebat of the eponymy of Bel-kharran-shadua." 
 
 [K. 297.] 
 
 No. 64. Report from Nabu-shum-iddina, which reads : " To the 
 " Chief- gardener, my lord, thy servant Nabu-shum-iddina, the 
 " chief of the astronomers of Nineveh (saith). May Nabu and 
 " Marduk be propitious unto the Chief-gardener, my lord ! We 
 "kept watch for the moon on the 14th day; the moon was 
 " eclipsed." [K. 88.] 
 
 No. 64a. Report to the king from Mar-Ishtar, stating that an 
 expected eclipse of the sun had not taken place, and correcting a 
 former report of an observation of Jupiter. [K. 480.] 
 
 Nos. 65-103 are contract tablets recording sales of slaves, 
 
 houses, land, loans, etc. 
 
 No. 65. Sale of a female slave. [K. 331.] 
 
 No. 66. Sale of the slave Gula-rimat for ten and a-half manehs 
 
 of silver. [K. 320.] 
 
62 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE E 
 
 No. 67. Sale of seven slaves for three manehs of silver. B.C. 680. 
 
 [K. 76.] 
 
 No. 68. Record of a loan of eight manehs and three shekels of 
 silver. [K. 336.] 
 
 No. 69. Tablet and case recording a loan of ten shekels of silver, 
 the interest to be paid was at the rate of twenty-five per cent. 
 
 [K. 318.] 
 
 No. 70. Sale of a house in Nineveh for half a maneh of silver. 
 
 [K. 305.] 
 
 No. 71. Sale of a piece of land for one maneh of silver. 
 
 [K. 421.] 
 
 No. 72. Sale of a piece of land for eleven shekels of silver. 
 
 [Sm. 921.] 
 
 No. 73. Tablet recording the exchange of two slaves. 
 
 [K. 329.] 
 
 No. 74. Tablet recording the sale of the slave Arba'il-sharrat 
 to Kisir-Ashur by Bel-akheshu for a maneh and a-half of silver ; 
 on the edge, in Phoenician characters, is the docket " Sale of 
 Arba'il-sarra." This tablet is dated in the eponymy of Sin-shar- 
 usur, after B.C. 650. [K. 309.] 
 
 No. 75. Sale of a female slave for one maneh eight shekels of 
 silver. [K. 281.] 
 
 No. 76. Sale of certain house property in Nineveh for thirty 
 shekels of silver. B.C. 687. [K. 405.] 
 
 No. 77. Sale of three slaves for two manehs of silver. 
 
 [81-2-4, 152.] 
 
 No. 78. Tablet recording the letting of a field by Arad-Ishtar, 
 the son of Arad-Ashur, for two shekels of silver; dated in the 
 eponymy of Ramman-rimani after B.C. 650. [K. 313.] 
 
 No. 79. Sale of a certain field for half a maneh and four shekels 
 of silver. [K. 8528.] 
 
 No. 80. Fragment of a contract tablet inscribed with Aramean 
 characters. [Rm. 188.] 
 
 No. 81. Tablet recording the sale of a house by Sharru-ludari 
 for two manehs of silver ; dated in the eponymy of Sin-shar-usur, 
 after B.C. 650. [K. 311.'] 
 
 No. 82. Part of bilingual tablet in the Aramean and Assyrian 
 languages recording a loan of barley. [K. 3784.] 
 
 No. 83. Tablet inscribed in Aramean with a record of a loan of 
 barley. B.C. 674. [K. 3785.] 
 
 No. 84. Bilingual tablet in the Aramean and Assyrian languages 
 recording a loan of barley. B.C. 682. [81-2-4, 147.] 
 
BUSINESS TABLETS. 63 
 
 No. 85. Tablet recording in the Assyrian language a loan of 
 barley, with docket in Aramean. [Sm. 957.] 
 
 No. 86. Tablet recording the receipt of a pledge as security for 
 a loan ; written in the Aramean language. [81-2-4, 148.] 
 
 No. 87. Tablet inscribed in Assyrian with a record of a sale of 
 barley. [K. 340.] 
 
 No. 88. Contract tablet in the form of a heart. [K. 373.] 
 
 No. 89. Tablet recording a lease of certain property for six 
 years for twelve shekels of silver. [K. 330.] 
 
 No. 90. Tablet recording the sale of a house and estate for ten 
 shekels of silver. [K. 293.] 
 
 No. 91. Tablet recording the sale of a field for twelve shekels 
 of silver. [K. 299.] 
 
 No. 92. Tablet recording the sale of a female slave for half a 
 maneh of silver. B.C. 687. [D.T. 12.] 
 
 No. 93. Tablet recording the sale of the estate of Lulabbir- 
 sharrussu, the son of Marduk-shar-usur ; dated in the eponomy of 
 Sin-shar-usur, after B.C. 650. [K. 420.] 
 
 No. 94. Tablet recording the sale of a house in Nineveh for one 
 maueh of silver. B.C. 692. [K. 294.] 
 
 No. 95. Tablet recording a gift to the temple of Ninib at Calah 
 (Nimrud) by four inhabitants of that city ; dated in the eponymy 
 of Ashur-gimil-tirri, after B.C. 650. [K. 382.] 
 
 No. 96. Tablet recording the sale of certain property and slaves 
 for three manehs of silver. [K. 298.] 
 
 No. 97. Record of a loan of eight shekels of silver. 
 
 [K. 364.] 
 
 No. 98. Tablet and case recording a sale of land. B.C. 680. 
 
 [K. 3789.] 
 
 No. 99. Eecord of a loan of grain. [K. 291.] 
 
 No. 100. Tablet and case recording a loan of nine manehs and 
 fifteen shekels of silver at twenty-five per cent, interest. 
 
 [K. 342.] 
 
 No. 101. Tablet and case recording a loan of seventeen shekels 
 of silver at twenty-five per cent, interest. [K. 374.] 
 
 No. 102. Tablet recording a legal decision concerning the 
 ownership of a female slave. [K. 345.] 
 
 No. 103. Tablet recording a legal decision concerning the pay- 
 ment of a debt. [K. 362.] 
 
 No. 103a. Record of a loan of three manehs of silver, b.c. 686. 
 
 [K. 343.] 
 
 D 
 
64 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE E. 
 
 Nos. 104-195 are Assyrian letters and despatches, most of 
 them written to the king. They are written on small tablets 
 which could be easily carried by a messenger upon his person. 
 Like letters of the early Babylonian period (see p. 132 f.), each 
 was enclosed in an envelope of clay, on which was written the 
 name of the person for whom it was intended and sometimes 
 that of the writer. 
 
 No. 104. Letter from Sennacherib, king of Assyria, B.C. 
 705-681, referring to certain objects given by him to his son 
 Esarhaddon. This tablet was formerly known as the " Will of 
 Sennacherib." [K. 1620.] 
 
 No. 105. Letter from Sennacherib to his father, Sargon II., king 
 of Assyria, B.C. 722-705, containing extracts from despatches 
 which he has received concerning imperial affairs. [K. 5464.] 
 
 No. 106. Letter to Sagon II., king of Assyria, B.C. 722-705, 
 concerning the movements of Merodach-Baladan II., king of Baby- 
 lonia, B.C. 721-710. [K. 114.] 
 
 No. 107. Letter from Shamash-shum-ukin, king of Babylonia, 
 to his brother Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, about B.C. 668-626. 
 
 [80-7-19, 17.] 
 
 Nos. 108, 109. Letter to the king from Ashur-risua. Its enve- 
 lope bears the inscription " To the king, my lord, from Ashur 
 risua," and two impressions of the writer's seal. 
 
 [(108) 81-7-27, 199. (109) 81-7-27, 199a.] 
 
 No. 110. Letter to the king from Akkullanu, asking for a reward 
 for having recovered a golden tablet which had been stolen by a 
 mason from the temple of Ashur. [Km. 69.] 
 
 No. 111. Letter to the king from Ramman-shum-usur, return- 
 ing thanks for a mark of favour. [K. 618.] 
 
 No. 112. Letter to the king concerning the removal of a golden 
 canopy from the temple E-sagil, in Babylon. [Rm. 217.] 
 
 No. 113. Despatch to the king from Be'l-ikisha. 
 
 [Sm. 764 + Sm. 1650.] 
 
 No. 114. Letter to the king from Upakhkhir-Be4 on public affairs. 
 
 [Sm. 760.] 
 
 No. 115. Letter to the king from Ashur-bani concerning the 
 transport of certain colossi on boats. [Sm. 1031.] 
 
 No. 116. Report on certain legends and other literary composi- 
 tions to be inscribed on clay tablets for use in the Royal Library at 
 Nineveh. [K. 821.] 
 
 No. 117. Letter to the king from Nabu-ram-nisheshu and Sala- 
 manu concerning religious matters. [Sm. 268a.] 
 
LETTERS AND DESPATCHES. 65 
 
 No. 118. Letter to the king concerning Ikli and the inhabitants 
 of the land of 'Atai. [Sm. 456.] 
 
 No. 119. Letter to the king from Irashi-ilu reporting the com- 
 pletion of the images of the gods and the crown for the god 
 Anu, etc., ordered by the king. [K. 646.] 
 
 No. 120. Letter to the king from Ashur-risua on military affairs. 
 
 [K. 194.] 
 
 No. 121. Letter to the king from Nabu-balatsu-ikbi declaring 
 the innocence of the charges brought against him. [K. 31.] 
 
 No. 122. Letter to the king from Ramman-shum-usur on 
 religious affairs. Mention is made of Nabu-nadin-shum, the king's 
 brother. [Km. 76.] 
 
 No. 123. Letter to the king from Bel-likbi concerning public 
 affairs in the city of Khesa. [Rm. 77. J 
 
 No. 124. Part of a letter to the king from Ishtar-shum-erish 
 concerning astrological observations of certain stars. 
 
 [83-1-18, 10.] 
 
 No. 125. Letter to the king from Ishtar-shum-erish concerning 
 astrological matters. [83-1-18, 9.] 
 
 No. 126. Letter to the king from Balasi concerning certain 
 omens about which the king had inquired. [82-5-22, 169.] 
 
 No. 127. Letter to the king from Tem-Ashur. 
 
 [79-7-8, 138.] 
 
 No. 128. Letter to the king from Arad-Nabu on religious 
 matters. [80-7-19, 23.] 
 
 No. 129. Letter to the king from Nabu-nadin-shum on religious 
 matters. [81-2-4, 49.] 
 
 No. 130. Letter to the king from Nabu-bani-akhe. 
 
 [81-2-4, 50.] 
 
 No. 131. Letter to the king from Ishtar-shum-erish. 
 
 [81-7-27, 29.] 
 
 No. 132. Letter to the king from Marduk-shar-usur. 
 
 [81-2-4, 52.] 
 
 No. 133. Letter to the king from Ramman-shum-usur, inform- 
 ing him of the execution of his orders. [81-2-4, 53.] 
 
 No. 134. Letter to the king from Ashur-risua on public affairs. 
 
 [81-2-4, 55.] 
 
 No. 135. Letter to the king from Ramman-shum-usur and 
 Arad-Ea. [81-2-4, 58.] 
 
 No. 136. Letter to Bel-ibni from the king asking for a fuller 
 report concerning the people of Pekod. [K. 95.] 
 
 d 2 
 
66 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE E. 
 
 No. 137. Letter to the king from Balasi. [80-7-19, 21.] 
 
 No. 138. Letter to the king from Marduk-aplu-iddina on private 
 affairs. [Rm. 67.] 
 
 No. 139. Letter to the king from Nabu-shar-akheshu reporting 
 the successful suppression of a revolt. [Rm. 78.] 
 
 No. 140. Letter to the king from Ishtar-shum-erish concerning 
 certain lucky days. [Rm. 73.] 
 
 No. 141. Letter to the king from Kudurru on military affairs. 
 
 [K. 82.] 
 
 No. 142. Letter to the king from Ramman-ibni passing on a 
 Babylonian who has a message to deliver to the king in person. 
 The text reads : 
 
 "To the king, my lord (from) thy servant, Ramman-ibni. 
 " Greeting unto the king my lord. This Babylonian came to me 
 " and said, ' My message must be delivered by my own mouth. 
 " Let them bring me into the palace.' Now, therefore, I have 
 " caused them to bring him into the presence of the king my lord 
 "and let the king my lord ask him what his message is. I caused 
 11 them to take him unto the king my lord from the city of Saddu 
 " on the twenty-eighth day of the month." [K. 498.] 
 
 No. 143. Letter to the king from Nabu-shum-iddina announcing 
 the arrival of twenty-five mares from Calah (Nimrud), Nineveh, 
 and Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad). [K. 493.] 
 
 No. 144. Letter to a high official from Nabu-zer-lishir informing 
 him of the result of his observations of certain omens, and describ- 
 ing the ceremonies which he has performed. The letter concludes 
 with a reference to public affairs. [K. 112.] 
 
 No. 145. Letter to the king from Nabu-ushabshi concerning public 
 affairs. [K. 528.] 
 
 No. 146. Letter to the king from Nabu-shum-lishir announcing 
 the success of military operations against the Babylonians, and 
 regretting the loss of a golden ring which the king had given him. 
 
 [K. 509.] 
 
 No. 147. Letter to the king from Bel-iktsha. [K. 117.] 
 
 No. 148. Letter to the king from Na'id-ilu concerning the trans- 
 port of one hundred and twenty mares. [K. 146.] 
 
 No. 149. Letter to the king from Ramman-shum-usur congratu- 
 lating him upon his accession to the throne, and recommending 
 his son Arad-Gula for an appointment in the king's household. 
 
 [K. 183.] 
 
 No. 150. Letter to the king from Marduk-shum-usur. 
 
 [83-1-18, 6.] 
 
LETTERS AND DESPATCHES. 67 
 
 No. 151. Report from certain inhabitants of the city of Darata 
 on military affairs. [K. 186.] 
 
 No. 152. Letter to the king from Nergal-sharrani on religious 
 matters. [82-5-22, 96.] 
 
 No. 153. Letter to the king from Arad-Nana. [83-118-2.] 
 
 No. 154. Letter to the king from Ishtar-shum-erish, an astro- 
 loger, informing him that his magical books set no ban on the project 
 about which the king has consulted him. [K. 522.] 
 
 No. 155. Letter to Nabu-ushabshi from the king dated in the 
 eponymy of Bel-illatua. [82-5-22, 91.] 
 
 No. 156. Letter to the king from Kudurru thanking him for 
 having sent a physician by whom he has been cured of a sickness, 
 and explaining how he has been prevented from tendering his thanks 
 in person. 
 
 The text reads : 
 
 " To the king of the world, my lord (from), thy servant Kudurru. 
 " May the city of Erech and the temple E-anna be propitious unto the 
 " king of the world, my lord ! I pray daily unto Ishtar the goddess 
 " of Erech, and the goddess Nana for (the preservation of) the life 
 " of the king my lord. Ikisha-aplu, the physician, whom the king my 
 "lord sent to save my life, hath healed me. May the great gods 
 "of heaven and earth be propitious unto the king my lord, and may 
 " they stablish for ever the throne of the king my lord in the 
 " heavens ! For I was dead, and the king my lord hath made me to 
 " live, and the kindness of the king my lord toward me is exceeding 
 " great. I set out to see the king my lord, saying, ' I will go and 
 "behold the face of the king my lord; I will go down and I shall 
 " live indeed ! ' But as I was on the Erech road an officer turned 
 " me back, saying : ' A captain hath brought a sealed letter for thee 
 " from the palace, and thou must return with me to Erech.' He 
 " carried out the orders (of the king my lord) and brought me back 
 "to Erech. I would that the king my lord should know (this)." 
 
 [K. 81.] 
 
 No. 157. Letter concerning the transport of fifty-one horses, the 
 property of a prince. [Sm. 51.] 
 
 No. 158. Letter to the king from Ramman-shum-usur. 
 
 [81-2-4, 69.] 
 
 No. 159. Letter to the king from Nabu-shum-iddina concerning 
 the transport of horses. [82-5-22, 99.] 
 
 No. 160. Letter to the king from Marduk-shum-usur on private 
 affairs. '[Sm. 152.] 
 
 No. 161. Letter to the king from Ishtar-shum-erish an astrologer, 
 concerning a pledge or compact to be entered into by all classes of 
 soothsayers on the 16th of Nisan. [K. 572.] 
 
 D 3 
 
68 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE E. 
 
 No. 162. Letter to the king from Arad-Nana concerning the 
 treatment of a sick man. [Sm. 1064.] 
 
 No. 163. Letter to the king from Nadinu announcing the 
 arrival of one hundred and sixty horses in three companies. 
 
 [81-2-4, 57.] 
 
 No. 164. Letter to Bel ibni from the king. [82-5-22, 97.] 
 
 No. 164A. Letter to the king from a person unknown concerning 
 religious matters. [Bu. 89-4-26, 161.] 
 
 No. 165. Letter to Bel-ibni from the king concerning Mushezib- 
 Marduk, a high official. [67-4-2, 1.] 
 
 No. 166. Letter to the king from Nabu-nadin-shum acknow- 
 ledging the receipt of a letter and asking for further instructions. 
 
 [K. 483.] 
 
 No. 167. Letter to the queen-mother from Asharidu reporting 
 that he has taken over the duties of the watch. [K. 478.] 
 
 No. 168. Letter from Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, to Sin- 
 shar-usur, concerning Ummanigash, who afterwards became king 
 of Elam. [K. 824.] 
 
 No. 169. Letter to the queen- mother from Apia consoling her 
 with the assurance that the king, who is on a perilous expedition, 
 is under the special protection of the gods. 
 
 The text reads : 
 
 "To the mother of the king, my lady, (from) thy servant Apia. 
 " May Bel and Nabu unto the mother of the king, my lady, be 
 " propitious. Now I pray daily unto Nabu and Nana that health 
 " and length of days unto the king of the world, my lord, and 
 ' unto the mother of the king, my lady (^may be given). Let the 
 " mother of the king, my lady, be of good cheer, for a (heavenly) 
 "messenger of good luck from Bel and Nabu walketh beside the 
 " king of the world my lord." [K. 523.] 
 
 No. 170. Letter to the queen-mother from the king stating that 
 he has carried out her wishes in respect of the slave of Amushi. 
 
 [K. 486.] 
 
 No. 171. Letter to the king from Banl stating that his hope of 
 the recovery of Nabu-nadin-shum rests on his trust in Bel, Nabu, 
 and the other gods. [K. 512.] 
 
 No. 172. Despatch to Sargon II., king of Assyria, about B.C. 
 722-705, from Abia-ittia, concerning military affairs in the land 
 of Elam. [Km. 2 15. J 
 
 No. 173. Letter to the king from Balasi. [82-5-22, 94.] 
 
 No. 174. Letter to the king's daughter from Nabu-nadin-shum 
 praying for her favour and that of her father, [K. 476.] 
 
LETTERS AND DESPATCHES. 69 
 
 No. 175. Letter to the king from Nabu-shum-iddina concerning 
 horses. [83-7-19, 26.] 
 
 No. 176. Letter to the king from A.kkullanu, asking for an 
 answer to his former letter. 
 The text reads : 
 
 " To the king my lord (from) thy servant Akkullanu. Greeting 
 "unto the king my lord. May Nabu and Marduk be propitious 
 "unto the king my lord and (send) prosperity to the king my 
 " lord, both joy to his heart and health to his body. May the king 
 " my lord send an answer to my (former) letter." [K. 604.] 
 
 No. 177. Letter to the king from Nabu-shum-iddina concerning 
 the transport of eighteen horses. [82-5-22, 172.] 
 
 No. 178. Letter to the king from Nabu-nadin-shum concerning 
 magical signs and portents. [K. 21.] 
 
 No. 179. Letter to the king from Nergal etir concerning the 
 transport of horses. [K. 526] 
 
 No. 180. Letter to the king from Ramman-shum-usur. 
 
 [K. 167.] 
 
 No. 181. Letter to the king from Apil-Ishtar, reporting that the 
 king's orders have been executed. [82-5-22, 98.] 
 
 No. 182. Letter to the king from BSl-ikisha, reporting the 
 dilapidation of the Royal Palace and recommending orders for its 
 restoration. [Sm. 1034.] 
 
 No. 183. Part of a letter from a prince. [Rm. 72.] 
 
 No. 184. Letter to the king from Shamash-mita-muballit asking 
 for the services of a physician on behalf of a lady of the court. 
 The text reads : 
 
 " To the king my lord, from thy servant Shamash-nrita-muballit. 
 " Greeting unto the king my lord. May Nabu and Marduk be 
 " most gracious and propitious unto the king my lord. The lady 
 " Bau-gamillat is grievously sick and is unable to eat. Now let the 
 " king my lord give the order for a physician to come and see her." 
 
 [82-5-22, 174.] 
 
 No. 185. Letter to the Crown Prince from Nasiru on private 
 affairs. [Bu. 91-5-9, 148.] 
 
 No. 186. Letter to the king from Nadinu, concerning horses. 
 
 [80-7-19, 25.] 
 
 No. 187. Letter to the king from Nabu-akhe-irba, concerning an 
 eclipse of the moon and the direction in which the shadow 
 travelled. [83-1-18, 40.] 
 
 No. 188. Letter to the king from Ramman-shum-usur, concerning 
 forecasts. [83-1-18, 33.] 
 
 D 4 
 
70 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASES E AND F. 
 
 Xo. 189. Letter to the king from Balasi, concerning forecasts. 
 
 [83-1-18, 37.] 
 
 No. 190. Letter to the king from Sallai and another official on 
 public affairs. [Bu. 91-5-9, 157.] 
 
 No. 191. Letter to the king from Nabu ram-nishgshu on private 
 business. [Bu. 91-5-9, 105.] 
 
 No. 192. Letter to the king from Arad-Nabft, reporting that 
 certain sacrificial ceremonies have been performed. 
 
 [83-1-18, 35.] 
 
 No. 193. Letter to the king from Nabu-shar-usur concerning 
 religious matters. [Bu. 91-5-9, 12.] 
 
 No. 194. Letter to the king from Xergal-sharrani, concerning 
 forecasts. [83-1-18, 38.] 
 
 No. 195. Letter to the king from Ashur-risua. 
 
 [83-1-18, 13.] 
 
 Table-Case P. Here are exhibited series of tablets in- 
 scribed in Sumerian and Assyrian, with incantations and 
 directions for the performance of religious and magical rites 
 and ceremonies. 
 
 Xos. 1-12. A series of eight tablets inscribed with Assyrian 
 incantations addressed chiefly to the Fire-god by those who 
 believed themselves to be under the influence of spells and bewitch- 
 ments. To this series the Assyrians gave the name of Makln. i.e., 
 " Burning," because the recital of certain of the incantations was 
 accompanied by the burning of small figures made of various 
 substances. 
 
 Xo. 1. First tablet of the Series, containing an incantation to the 
 gods of the night, followed by a number of short formulas, which 
 were to be recited for the removal of the evil effects of magic and 
 sorcery. The tablet ends with an invocation to the Fire-god which 
 reads : 
 
 " O Xusku, thou mighty one, thou Offspring of Anu, thou Image 
 " of the Father, Firstborn of Enlil, Produce of the Ocean, Created 
 " One of Ea ! I have raised on high the torch, and I have given 
 " light unto thee. The magician hath enchanted me with the spell 
 " wherewith he hath bound me, bind thou him ! The witch hath 
 " enchanted me ; with the spell wherewith she hath bound me, bind 
 " thou her ! The sorcerer hath enchanted me ; with the spell 
 " wherewith he hath bound me, bind thou him ! The sorceress hath 
 " enchanted me ; with the spell wherewith she hath bound me, 
 " bind thou her ! The woman who worketh magic hath enchanteth 
 "me; with the spell wherewith she hath bound me, bind thou her ! 
 " And may the Fire-god, the mighty one, make of no effect the 
 
INCANTATION TABLETS. 71 
 
 " incantations, spells and charms of those who have made figures in 
 " my image, and drawn pictures of my form, who have caught my 
 " spittle, who have plucked out my hair, who have rent my 
 " garments and who have hindered my feet in passing through 
 " the dust ! " Whilst the suppliant was reciting the above he burnt 
 figures or pictures of the devils and fiends called utukku, shedu, 
 rabisu ekimmu, labartu, labisi, akhazu, lilu, lilitu (i.e., the Lilith of 
 Isaiah xxxiv., 14), etc. [K. 43 -H K. 142 + K. 2601.] 
 
 No. 2. Second Tablet of the Series, containing incantations to 
 the Fire-god, the recital of which was to be accompanied with the 
 burning of images of wax, bronze, honey, clay, bitumen, the flower 
 of sesame, seed, lime, wood, etc. As a specimen, the following may 
 be quoted : " 0, thou mighty Fire-god, First-born of Anu, thou 
 "shining and exalted Offspring of Shalash, thou great and radiant 
 " Being, thou Eternal Name of the gods, who givest offerings unto 
 " the gods and the Igigi (i.e., the Spirits of Heaven), who makest 
 " light for the Anunnaki (i.e., the Spirits of Earth), the great gods. 
 
 " As this image quivereth and dissolveth, and melteth 
 
 " away, even so may the sorcerer and sorceress quiver and dissolve 
 " and melt away ! " Whilst the priest was reciting these words 
 he burnt in the fire a bitumen figure of the evil spirit who was to 
 be exorcised. [K. 2455 + K. 3936.] 
 
 No. 3. Third Tablet of the Series, containing exorcisms of 
 witches, and charms against the spells which they cast upon men. 
 The following is an example of them : " witch, whosoever thou 
 " art, whose heart conceiveth my misfortune, whose tongue uttereth 
 " spells against me, whose lips poison me, and in whose footsteps 
 " death standeth, I ban thy mouth, I ban thy tongue, I ban thy 
 " glittering eyes, I ban thy swift feet, I ban thy toiling knees, I ban 
 " thy laden hands, I bind thy hands behind. And may the Moon-god 
 " (Sin) destroy thy body, and may he cat thee into the Lake of 
 " Water and of Fire ! " ' [K. 2728 + Sm. 1768 + Sm. 1776.] 
 
 Nos. 4-5. Fourth Tablet of the Series, containing incantations 
 against those who can inflict harm upon a man by means of 
 ceremonies performed and spells cast upon his image. 
 
 [K. 2454 + K. 2984 + K. 3178, K. 2956.] 
 
 No. 6. Fifth Tablet of the Series, containing incantations, some 
 of which were recited during the performance of magical ceremonies 
 Avherein plants played a prominent part. 
 
 [K. 2544 + K. 3470 + K. 5071. J 
 
 Nos. 7 and 8. Sixth Tablet of the Series, containing incantations 
 against witches and sorceresses. [KK. 2391, 2595 + 2978 + 2982.] 
 
 No. 9. Seventh Tablet of the Series, containing incantations of 
 a similar character. [KK. 2950 + 2966.] 
 
72 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE F. 
 
 Nos. 10 and 12. Eighth Tablet of the Series, containing a list 
 of all the incantations in the work. [KK. 2961, 8120, 8033.] 
 
 Nos. 1 3 and 1 4. Incantations to be recited by priests for the 
 benefit of the sick. [K 61 + K. 161 + K. 2476, 71b. + 238.] 
 
 Nos. 15-21. A series of nine tablets inscribed with Sumerian 
 and Assyrian incantations and magical formulae which were to be 
 addressed to various deities on behalf of the man upon whom a 
 ban has been laid for the committal of some sin. To this series 
 the Assyrians gave the name Shurpu, i.e., " Burning," because the 
 recital of certain of tbe magical formulae was accompanied by the 
 burning of various objects which were cast in the fire. The first 
 tablet of the series is wanting. 
 
 No. 15. Second Tablet of the Series, containing a list of sins, 
 the committal of any one of which would bring a ban upon a man, 
 and invocations to a number of gods. [K. 150.] 
 
 No. 16. Third Tablet of the Series, containing a list of the 
 various kinds of ban which could be put upon a man. and from which 
 the priest, by the help of Marduk, could free him. [KK. 2972 + 
 2959 + 13954 + Sm. 943 + Bu. 91-5-9, l.| 
 
 No. 17. Fourth Tablet of the Series, containing addresses to the 
 various gods on behalf of a man who had been bewitched. 
 
 [KK. 2333 + 6096 + 9515.] 
 
 No. 18. Sixth Tablet of the Series, containing an incantation 
 to Marduk on behalf of a man whom a demon has plagued with 
 sickness. When it had been recited the priest cast into the fire a 
 pod of garlic, a date, a palm frond, a sheep skin, a goat skin, a 
 piece of wool, certain seeds, and as these objects were consumed and 
 disappeared in the fire, so the ban was loosed from the offender. 
 
 [KK. 65 + 2397 + 10706.] 
 
 No. 19. Seventh Tablet of the Series, containing an incantation 
 in Sumerian and Assyrian intended to procure the help of Marduk 
 on behalf of a man who is bewitched. [K. 136.] 
 
 No. 20. Eighth Tablet of the Series, containing a series of 
 invocations to the gods and goddesses Nabu and Tashmetu, Anu 
 and Anatu, Bel and Belit, Ea, Sin, Shamash, Marduk, and other 
 gods ; and a list of the spells from which the suppliant prays to be 
 freed, etc. [K. 2866 + K. 8174.] 
 
 No. 21. Ninth Tablet of the Series, containing a series of short 
 incantations ; in the ceremonies which were to be performed during 
 their recital certain plants and sprigs of shrubs play an important 
 part. [K. 2427 + K. 2941 + K. 4265.] 
 
 Nos. 22-29. Tablets inscribed with Assyrian prayers which 
 belong to the class called by the Assyrians, " The Prayers of the 
 Lifting of the Hand." Many of the prayers were intended to 
 
INCANTATIONS, PRAYERS, AND HYMNS. 73 
 
 divert from the king and his palace and his land the evils which 
 were believed to follow in the train of an eclipse of the moon ; 
 others were used to secure to a suppliant a return of the favour of 
 his god or goddess ; others warded off sickness and disease, and 
 freed a man from spells and the influences of evil spirits. Many of 
 these prayers are accompanied by rubrical directions concerning the 
 seasons of prayer, and the making of offerings and instructions for 
 the performance of ceremonies. 
 
 No. 22. Prayers to be said to the god Ramman, and directions 
 for accompanying ceremonies. [K.2741 + K. 84^ + 
 
 K. 3208, etc.] 
 
 No. 23. Prayers to be recited and regulations for ceremonies to 
 be performed in honour of the god Merodach. [K. 163 + K. 218.] 
 
 No. 24. Prayers to the gods Ami, Nusku, Sin, Bau, and 
 Shamash. [K. 2106 + K. 6340 + K. 3393, etc.] 
 
 No. 25. Prayers to the god Nebo. [K. 140 + K. 3352 + 
 
 K. 8751 + K. 10265.] 
 
 No. 26. Prayers to the Moon-god and to the goddess Tashmetu. 
 
 [K. 155.] 
 
 No. 27. Assyrian prayer to the goddess Ishtar. 
 
 [K. 2396 + K. 3893.] 
 
 No. 28. A prayer of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, B.C. 668- 
 626. [K. 2836 + K. 6593.] 
 
 No. 29. A prayer of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, B.C. 668- 
 626, in which is contained the following interesting petition : 
 " O Ramman, the prince of heaven and earth, at whose command 
 " mankind was created, speak thou the word and let the gods take 
 " their stand by thee. Plead thou my cause and grant me a favour- 
 able judgment. For I, Ashur-bani-pal, am thy servant and the 
 " son of my god Ashur, and of my goddess Ashuritu. I make my 
 " petition unto thee and I ascribe praise unto thee, because the evil 
 " which followeth the eclipse of the moon and the hostility of the 
 " powers of heaven and evil portents are in my palace and in my 
 " land ; and because evil bewitchment and unclean disease, and 
 " transgression and iniquity and sin are in my body ; and because an 
 " evil spectre is bound unto me. Accept thou the lifting up of my 
 " hand, give heed unto my prayer, set me free from the spell which 
 " bindeth me, do away my sin, and let there be averted any evil 
 " whatsoever which threateneth my life. Let a good spirit be ever 
 " at my head ! May the god and goddess of mankind [i.e., Ashur 
 " and Ashuritu] be favourable unto me ! Let me live by thy 
 ' command ! Let me bow down and extol thy greatness ! " 
 
 [K. 2808 + K. 9490.] 
 
74 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASES F AND G. 
 
 No. 30. The fifth tablet of a numbered series inscribed in 
 Sumerian and Assyrian with incantations against evil spirits, 
 and invocations to the celestial and terrestrial powers who were 
 believed to produce and to remove sickness and disease. 
 
 [KK. 2507 + 3255, etc.] 
 
 Nos. 31 and 32. Copies of the sixteenth tablet of the same 
 series. [KK. 4870, 2968.] 
 
 Table-Case G. Assyrian Prayers, Hymns, Litanies, and 
 Incantations, and Bilingual Religious Texts in the Sumerian 
 and^Assyrian languages. 
 
 No. 1. Incantations, prayers, and directions for the performance 
 of certain ceremonies. [K. 2423 + K. 3362.] 
 
 No. 2. Incantations in Sumerian with Assyrian translations. 
 
 [K. 3586 + K. 5015 + K. 5154.] 
 
 No. 3. Sumerian hymn to the Moon-god with Assyrian transla- 
 tions. 
 
 The following extract will illustrate its contents : 
 
 " Who is supreme in heaven ? Thou alone art supreme. Who is 
 " supreme on earth 1 Thou alone art supreme. Thy will is made 
 " known in heaven and the spirits thereof bow low before thee. 
 " Thy will is made known upon earth and the spirits thereof kiss 
 "the ground before thee .... Thy mighty word createth right 
 " and ordaineth justice for mankind, and thy powerful ordinance 
 "reacheth unto the uttermost parts of heaven and earth. Who 
 " can know thy will and who can dispute it 1 Lord, thy 
 " sovereignty is in heaven and upon earth ! Among the gods thy 
 " brethren there is none who is like unto thee, 0, thou king of kings 
 " whose judgments are inscrutable and whose divinity is unsur- 
 " passed." [K. 2861 + K. 4999 + K. 5068 + K. 5297.] 
 
 No. 3a. Incantations to be recited for the benefit of sick people. 
 
 [K. 191.] 
 
 No. 4. Alliterative hymn in Assyrian in the form of an 
 acrostic. [D.T. 83.] 
 
 No. 5. Alliterative hymn in Assyrian in the form of an acrostic. 
 The initial and final syllables of the lines, read downwards, form 
 the same sentence. [K. 8304.] 
 
 No. 6. Prayer to the gods Ea, Shamash, and Marduk against 
 the evil effects caused by an eclipse of the moon. [K. 3859.] 
 
 Nos. 7, 8, and 9. A group of tablets of unusual size and form 
 inscribed in unusual Assyrian characters, with prayers and a number 
 of questions concerning current political events in Assyria addressed 
 to Shamash, the Sun-god. They date from the reign of Esar- 
 haddon, king of Assyria, from B.C. 681 to B.C. 668. 
 
 [KK. 195, 83-1-18, 697, and 82-5-22, 175.] 
 
PRAYERS AND HYMNS. 75 
 
 Nos. 10 and 11. Assyrian hymn to the god Nabu (Nebo). 
 
 [KK. 2361 + 3193 + Sm. 389.] 
 
 No. 12. Assyrian prayer to the Sun-god. 
 
 [Sm. 787 + Sm. 949.] 
 
 No. 13. Copy of a prayer addressed to the goddess Ishtar by 
 Ashur-nasir-pal, the son of Shamshi-Ramman, King of Assyria, 
 asking her forgiveness. This copy was made for the Royal 
 Library at Nineveh by the order of king Ashur-bani-pal. The 
 following extract will illustrate Assyrian royal prayers : " Unto 
 " the queen of the gods, into whose hands are committed the 
 " behests of the great gods, unto the Lady of Nineveh, the queen 
 " of the gods, the exalted one, unto the daughter of the Moon-god, 
 " the twin-sister of the Sun-god, unto her who ruleth all kingdoms, 
 " unto the Goddess of the world who determineth decrees, unto the 
 " Lady of heaven and earth who receiveth supplication, unto the 
 " merciful Goddess who hearkeneth unto entreaty, who receiveth 
 " prayer, who loveth righteousness, I make my prayer unto Ishtar 
 " to whom all confusion is a cause of grief. The sorrows which 
 " I see I lament before thee. Incline thine ear unto my words of 
 " lamentation and let thine heart be opened unto my sorrowful 
 " speech. Turn thy face unto me, Lady, so that by reason 
 " thereof the heart of thy servant made be made strong ! I, Ashur- 
 " nasir-pal, the sorrowful one, am thine humble servant ; I, who am 
 " beloved by thee, make offerings unto thee and adore thy 
 " divinity .... I was born in the mountains which no man 
 " knoweth ; I was without understanding and I prayed not to thy 
 " majesty. Moreover the people of Assyria did not recognize and 
 " did not accept thy divinity. But thou, Ishtar, thou mighty 
 " Queen of the gods, by the lifting up of thine eyes didst teach me, 
 " for thou didst desire my rule. Thou didst take me from the 
 " mountains, and didst make me the Door of the Peoples, . . and 
 
 " thou, Ishtar, didst make great my name ! As con- 
 
 " cerning that for which thou art wroth with me, grant me forgive- 
 " ness. Let thine anger be appeased, and let thine heart be 
 " mercifully inclined towards me." [81-2-4, 188.] 
 
 No. 14. Sumerian hymn to the goddess Ishtar with an Assyrian 
 translation. [Sm. 954.] 
 
 No. 15. Prayers addressed to the god Nebo by Ashur-bani-pal, 
 king of Assyria, B.C. 668-626, and the answers returned by the god 
 thereto. [K. 1285.] 
 
 No. 16. Inscription of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, B.C. 
 668-626, concerning offerings. [K. 891.] 
 
 No. 17. Assyrian copy of a Hemerology for the twelve months 
 of the year. The original document was preserved at Nippur. 
 
 [Bu. 88-5-12, 11.] 
 
76 , THE NINEVEH GALLEEY CASES G AND H. 
 
 Nos. 18 and 19. Tablets of the class described under No. 7. 
 
 [KK. 11440, 11477.] 
 
 No. 20. Tablet of a similar class to Nos. 7, 8, 9, etc., inscribed 
 during the reign of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, from B.C. 668 
 to b.c. 626. [K. 1288.] 
 
 No. 21. Addresses of encouragement to Esarhaddon, king of 
 Assyria, B.C. 681-668, from the goddess Ishtar. [K. 4310.] 
 
 No. 22. Assyrian hymn to the Sun-god. [K. 3182 + K. 3187 
 + K. 3312 + K. 5459 + K. 8232+ K. 9699 + K. 10587 + Sm. 311.] 
 
 No. 23. Sumerian incantations with Assyrian translations. 
 
 [K. 3169.] 
 
 No. 24. Incantations, prayers, and directions for ceremonies to 
 be performed for the benefit of sick boys. 
 
 [K. 3628 + K. 4009.] 
 
 No. 25. Part of a tablet inscribed with incantations. 
 
 [K. 138 + K. 3232.] 
 
 No. 26. Assyrian hymn to the Sun-god. 
 
 [K. 3474 + K. 8233 + Sm. 372.] 
 
 No. 27. Sumerian hymn with interlinear Assyrian translations, 
 copied from an old original. [K. 257 + K 2997.] 
 
 No. 28. Hymns to the Sun-god. [K. 256 + K. 3206.] 
 
 No. 29. Sumerian incantations with Assyrian translations. 
 
 [K. 2869 + K. 5025.] 
 
 No. 30. Copy of a collection of prayers made from an ancient 
 and partly effaced original. [K. 2529.] 
 
 No. 31. Incantations, prayers, and directions for ceremonies to 
 be performed for the benefit of sick people. [K. 4023.] 
 
 No. 32. Sumerian hymns and incantations to the Sun-god, with 
 Assyrian translations. [K. 4872 + Rm. 110.] 
 
 No. 33. Sumerian penitential psalm with an Assyrian transla- 
 tion. [K. 1296.] 
 
 No. 34. List of offerings to be made to certain gods on certain 
 days. [K. 1362 + K. 1923.] 
 
 No. 35. Sumerian litany with an Assyrian translation. 
 
 [K. 2811.] 
 
 No. 36. Sumerian hymn with an Assyrian translation. 
 
 [K. 2485 + K. 3898.] 
 
 No. 37. Portions of a hymn forming the eleventh tablet of 
 series of religious texts. [K. 2862 + K. 2868 + Rm. 111.] 
 
 No. 38. Incantations and directions for ceremonies. 
 
 [K. 2587.] 
 
INCANTATIONS, OMENS, AND FORECASTS. 77 
 
 No. 39. Assyrian prayers in the form of a litany. 
 
 [IC2789 + K. 4964 + K. 4966.] 
 
 No. 40. Incantations arranged for liturgical purposes. 
 
 [K. 132.] 
 
 Table-Case H. Here is exhibited a collection of Omen 
 Tablets belonging to different series, some of which contain 
 astrological forecasts. By means of Omen Tablets the 
 Babylonian and Assyrian priests from time immemorial 
 predicted events which they believed would happen in the 
 near or in the remote future. They deduced their omens from 
 the appearance of the entrails and particularly the liver of 
 sacrificial victims ; from dreams and visions of the night ; from 
 the appearance and condition of human and animal offspring 
 at birth ; from the state and condition of various members 
 of the human body : from the symptoms exhibited by sick men ; 
 from the various actions or events which took place in the 
 life of a king or of one of his subjects ; from the appearance 
 and actions of animals, birds, fish, and reptiles ; from the 
 form of a man's shadow ; from fire, flame, light, or smoke ; 
 from the state and condition of cities and their streets, and 
 of lands, fields, marshes, rivers when beheld in dreams, etc. 
 The events predicted by the Omen Tablets refer chiefly to 
 evils which may fall upon the king and his people and country, 
 such as sickness, death, pestilence and famine, drought, 
 inundation, etc. ; and to the chances of prosperity and well- 
 being of crops and farm-stock. Astrological Forecasts were 
 grouped in a similar manner to the Omen Tablets. They were 
 predicted from eclipses of the sun and moon, from the positions 
 of the planets and other stars, from observations of meteors 
 and shooting stars, from the direction of the wind, from storms, 
 and weather of all kinds, from the shape, form, colour, and 
 movements of clouds, and from thunder and lightning. The 
 events predicted were similar to the deductions made from 
 omens. It should be noted that many of the events referred 
 to on Omen Tablets are not occurrences of real life, but are 
 beheld only in dreams ; the scribe frequently omits to note 
 this fact, as he assumes a knowledge of it on the part of the 
 reader. 
 
 No. 1. Omens derived from the appearance of scorpions in a 
 house, etc. [K. 3974.] 
 
 No. 2. Omens derived from the observations of sacrificial 
 victims. [K. 4125.] 
 
78 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE H. 
 
 No. 3. Omens derived from the condition of the ears of a sick 
 man. [K. 4080 + Sm. 552.] 
 
 No. 4. Omens derived from the events which take place in a 
 city. [K. 3811 + K. 3833.] 
 
 No. 5. Omens derived from snakes. [K. 2128 + K. 4098.] 
 
 No. 6. Omens derived from the bites of horses, asses, etc. 
 
 [K. 3886 + K. 6819.] 
 
 No. 7. Omens derived from the actions of various animals. 
 
 [K. 4038.] 
 
 No. 8. Omens concerning palaces. [K, 4030.] 
 
 No. 9. Omens derived from the observation of the fire and 
 smoke which arises from a burnt offering. [K. 3821.] 
 
 No. 10. Omens derived from the condition of certain parts of 
 the human body. [K. 3826.] 
 
 No. 11. Omens derived from the births of lions and other animals. 
 
 [K. 3970 + Em. 233.] 
 
 Omens concerning public affairs. [K. 159.] 
 
 Omens concerning the chances of the lives of men. 
 
 [K. 3554.] 
 Omens derived from water. [K. 4094a.] 
 
 Omens derived from the state of the bodies of new-born 
 [K. 3985 + K. 6690 + K. 11202 + Sm. 241.] 
 
 No. 16. Omens and prescriptions to be used by a man when 
 stung by a scorpion. [Rm. II, 149.] 
 
 No. 17. Omens derived from the flutterings of a bird. 
 
 [K. 4001.] 
 
 No. 18. Omens derived from incidents that may happen to the 
 king whilst driving in his chariot. 
 
 [K. 3836 +K. 6479 + K. 7211 +Sm. 1116.] 
 
 No. 19. Omens derived from the birth of monstrosities. 
 
 [K. 3966.] 
 
 Omens derived from water. [K. 3980 + K. 6399.] 
 
 Omens derived from the length, colour, and condition of 
 
 [K. 3950.] 
 
 Omens derived from observations of the flight of a bird. 
 
 [K. 3892.] 
 
 Omens derived from the births of deformed children, 
 
 |K. 3688.] 
 
 No. 22b. Omens derived from the condition of the king's bow. 
 
 [K. 3880.] 
 
 No. 
 
 12. 
 
 No. 
 
 13. 
 
 No. 
 
 14. 
 
 No. 15. 
 children. 
 
 No. 
 
 20. 
 
 No. 
 
 21. 
 
 the hair. 
 
 No. 
 
 22, 
 
 No. 
 
 22A. 
 
 twins, 
 
 etc. 
 
OMENS AND FORECASTS. 79 
 
 No. 23. Omens derived from births. 
 
 The following extract will illustrate the contents of this tablet r 
 
 " When a woman beareth a child with an ear [like that] of a 
 "lion, there will be a mighty king in the land. 
 
 " When a woman beareth a child with its right ear wanting, the 
 " days of the prince shall be long. 
 
 "When a woman bpareth a child with both its ears wanting, 
 " there shall be destruction in the land and the country shall be 
 " diminished. 
 
 " When a woman beareth a child with a small right ear, the 
 " house (wherein the child is born) shall be destroyed. 
 
 " When a woman beareth a child whose ears are small, the house 
 " (wherein the child is born) shall fall into ruin. 
 
 " When a woman beareth a child which hath no mouth, the 
 " mistress of the house shall die. 
 
 " When a woman beareth a child which hath six fingers on its 
 " right hand, misfortune shall come upon the house. 
 
 " When a woman beareth a child which hath six tees on its right 
 " foot, destruction shall overtake the army." [K. 2007.] 
 
 No. 24. Forecasts derived from observations of the weather. 
 
 [K. 3919 + K. 4033.] 
 
 No. 25. Omens concerning fields and the incidents which might 
 take place therein. [K. 9284.] 
 
 No. 26. Omens derived from the shape and condition of the 
 mouth and nose. [K. 3961.] 
 
 No. 27. Omens and medical prescriptions. [K. 3962.] 
 
 No. 28. Omens derived from the actions of pigs. 
 
 [Bu. 91-5-9, 213.] 
 
 No. 29. Omens derived from incidents which may happen to the 
 king and his companions whilst driving. [K 3944.] 
 
 No. 30. Omens for the twelve months of the year. 
 
 [K. 32 + K. 277.] 
 
 No. 31. Omens derived from dreams. [K. 4017.] 
 
 No. 32. Omens concerning dogs. 
 
 The following is an extract from the text : 
 
 " When a yellow dog entereth a palace, there will be destruction 
 " in the gates thereof. 
 
 " When a piebald dog entereth a palace, that palace (i.e., the 
 "king) will make peace with its foes, 
 
80 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASES H AND I. 
 
 "When a dog entereth a palace and someone killeth it, that 
 " palace will enjoy an abundance of peace. 
 
 " When a dog entereth a palace and lieth upon a bed, that palace 
 " no man shall capture. 
 
 " When a dog entereth a palace and lieth upon a throne, that 
 " palace shall be in sore straits. 
 
 " When a dog entereth a temple, the gods shall show no mercy 
 " unto the land. 
 
 " When a white dog entereth a temple, the foundation of that 
 " temple shall be stablished. 
 
 " When a black dog entereth a temple, the foundation of that 
 " temple shall not be stablished." [K. 217 + K. 4046.] 
 
 No. 33. Omens derived from the condition of cities and from the 
 events which take place therein. [K. 1367.] 
 
 No. 34. Omens concerning sick people. [K. 261.] 
 
 Nos. 35-37. Specimens of a large series of tablets inscribed 
 with omens called by the Assyrians, " Enurna alu ina mill isakan." 
 The omens in this series are drawn chiefly from the state and condi- 
 tion of cities and their streets, from fields, lands, marshes, rivers, etc., 
 and from the events which take place in them as beheld in dreams. 
 This series contained at least one hundred and six numbered tablets. 
 No. 35 is the sixty-first tablet ; No. 36 is the fifth tablet ; and 
 No. 37 is the one hundred and fourth tablet of the series. [KK. 47 
 
 + 2237 + 3522 + 3573 + 4049 + 8164, 2307, and K. 1994.] 
 
 No. 38. Portion of a text containing forecasts. 
 
 [83-1-18, 410.] 
 Astrological forecasts for the twelve mouths of the 
 
 [K. 106.] 
 
 Tablet inscribed with a text containing forecasts. 
 
 [Rm II, 103.] 
 
 Astrological forecasts derived from observations of the 
 
 [K. 4024.] 
 Astrological forecasts. [K. 160.] 
 
 Forecasts forming the fourth tablet of a series. 
 
 [K. 7000.] 
 
 No. 44. Astrological forecasts taken from observations of the 
 planet Venus. [K. 137.] 
 
 No. 45. Astrological forecasts, being the twenty-second tablet of 
 a great astrological work. [K. 2048] 
 
 No. 46. Astrological forecasts taken from observations of various 
 stars. [K. 4292.] 
 
 No. 
 
 39. 
 
 year, i 
 
 3tC 
 
 No. 
 
 40. 
 
 No. 
 
 41. 
 
 moon. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 42. 
 
 No. 
 
 43. 
 
ASTROLOGICAL FORECASTS, LEGENDS, ETC. 81 
 
 No. 47. Astrological forecasts concerning public affairs. 
 
 [K. 270.] 
 
 No. 48. Astrological forecasts, etc. [K. 213.] 
 
 No. 49. Astrological forecasts derived from observations of a 
 planet. [K. 2246 + K. 2994 + K. 3578 + K. 3605 + K. 3614.] 
 
 No. 50. Astrological forecasts taken from observations of the 
 Sun, the clouds, eclipses, etc. [K. 3764.] 
 
 Table Case I. Here are exhibited an important collection 
 of tablets inscribed with mythological legends, texts which 
 were believed to possess magical powers, catalogues of 
 tablets, Assyrian labels for groups of tablets, and a series of 
 specimens chosen to illustrate the various sizes and classes of 
 tablets, and the styles of writing employed in the documents 
 which were found in the Eoyal Library at Nineveh. 
 
 No. 1. Assyrian astrolabe or instrument for making astrological 
 calculations and for casting nativities. [K. 8538.] 
 
 No. 2. Fragment of an Assyrian astrolabe. [Sm. 162.] 
 
 No. 3. Clay amulet in the form of a cylinder seal, which 
 belonged to a man called Shamash-killani, and is inscribed with an 
 incantation to the star Tartakhu. [85-4-8, 1.] 
 
 No. 4. List of names and titles of various gods. This is the 
 largest tablet in the Nineveh collection. [K. 4349.] 
 
 No. 5. Tablet inscribed with the name of the female slave Khipa, 
 and dated in the eleventh year of the reign of Marduk-aplu-iddina, 
 king of Babylon, B.C. 710. This tablet was worn by Khipa and was 
 intended for purposes of identification. [K. 3787.] 
 
 No. 6. Assyrian catalogue of Omen tablets, the first lines of 
 which are here given. [K. 2235 + K. 2958 + K. 4376.] 
 
 No. 7. Assyrian catalogue of Omen tablets, the first lines of 
 which are here given. [K. 1352.] 
 
 Nos. 8 and 9. Assyrian labels from the Nineveh library, in- 
 scribed with the titles of two series of Astrological and Omen 
 tablets. The tablets which formed the works described by them 
 were laid upon shelves, and these labels were placed in front of the 
 groups to which they referred. [(8), K. 1539, (9), K. 1400.] 
 
 Nos. 10 and 11 contain part of the Story of the Eagle, the 
 Serpent, and the Sun-god. The Eagle having destroyed the 
 Serpent's brood, the Serpent appealed to the Sun-god and asked 
 him to snare the Eagle in his net; the Sun-god in answer told him 
 how to catch the bird himself. Acting on his advice, the Serpent 
 hid in the carcase of an ox, and waited for the Eagle to come to 
 devour it. Contrary to the advice of one of his young, the Eagle 
 
82 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE I. 
 
 swooped down and stood on the ox, and as he was beginning to 
 rend the carcase, the Serpent caught him, and having torn off his 
 wings and feathers, cast him on the mountain to die of hunger and 
 thirst. [(10), K. 2527, (11), K. 1547).] 
 
 No. 12. Cast of a fragment of a tablet inscribed with part of the 
 text of the Etana Legend. (See Nos. 13-16.) The original was 
 obtained at M6sul (Nineveh) by Dr. W. T. Williams in 1846. 
 Presented by Talcott Williams, Esq., of Philadelphia, U.S.A., 
 1896. 
 
 Nos. 13-16 describe Etana's journey to heaven with the 
 Eagle. The hero Etana, clinging to the Eagle's neck, was carried 
 up to the heaven of the god Anu in three nights, each of which 
 lasted two hours. At the end of the first flight the earth appeared 
 like a mountain rising from the sea ; at the end of the second flight 
 the sea appeared to be as small as a girdle and to enclose the land ; 
 and at the end of the third flight the sea looked like a garden ditch. 
 After a period of rest Etana and the Eagle seek to fly up to the 
 dwelling of Ishtar, but the eagle becoming exhausted stops in his 
 flight and falls. The rest of the story is wanting. [(13), 
 79-7-8, 180 + Rm. 2, 454, (14), K. 8563, (15), Rm. 522, (16), 
 K. 3651.] 
 
 No. 17. Fragment of the Legend of the hero Etana. 
 
 [K. 8578.] 
 
 No. 18. Tablet inscribed with a text in praise of the glory and 
 power of the hero Etana. [K. 2606.] 
 
 No. 19. Fragment of the Legend of Etana. [79-7-8, 43.] 
 
 No. 20. The Legend of the god Zu. The god Zu coveted the 
 sovereignty of Enlil, and one morning at sun-rise, when Enlil was 
 taking his seat upon his throne and arranging his crown upon his 
 head, Zu seized the destiny- tablet of the gods and carried it off to 
 his mountain, where he hid himself. When the gods hear of the 
 theft they grieve greatly, and the god Anu appeals to them to find 
 a champion that will do battle with Zu on their behalf ; the god 
 Ramm&n is chosen, but he refuses to fight, and several other gods 
 do likewise. The rest of the story is wanting. 
 
 [K. 3454 + K. 3935.] 
 
 No. 21. Tablet inscribed in Assyrian with the legend of Ura, 
 the plague god. The text records that this god slew so many of 
 the inhabitants of the various cities of Babylonia, including Babylon 
 and Erech, that the wrath of Marduk was roused, and the goddess 
 Ishtar wept at their destruction, for Ura slew the just and the unjust 
 alike. [K. 2619.] 
 
 No. 22. Tablet inscribed in Assyrian with the text of the fifth 
 and last sections of the legend of Ura, the plague god. It contains 
 
LEGENDS AND AMULETS. 83 
 
 praises of the god which were addressed to him after his wrath had 
 been appeased, and concludes with the promise of the god to 
 preserve and favour those who devote themselves to do him honour. 
 
 [K 1282.] 
 
 Nos. 23-25. Portions of tablets inscribed in Assyrian with 
 legends relating to Ura, the plague god. 
 
 [(23) K. 3887, (24) K. 8571, (25) 79-7-8, 36.] 
 
 Nos. 26 and 27. Baked clay amulets inscribed with the text of 
 the fifth section of the legend of Ura, the plague god. These objects 
 were hung up in houses in Nineveh about B.C. 650, to ward off 
 attacks of the plague god. The text states that the plague god Ura 
 was angry and had decided to destroy the world, but he was turned 
 from his purpose and pacified by the god Ishum. Following this 
 we have the words which the god himself spake, and these may be 
 thus rendered : " Whosoever (among the gods) shall sing my praises, 
 shall find abundance in his shrine. Whosoever (among kings) shall 
 magnify my name shall rule the four quarters of the world. Who- 
 soever shall proclaim the glory of my might, shall be without a foe. 
 The singer who shall chant (this song), shall not die in the pestilence, 
 and his word shall gratify prince and noble. The scribe who shall 
 learn it, shall escape from his enemy, and I will open his ear (i.e., 
 give wisdom unto him) in the shrine of the peoples, wherein he shall 
 proclaim my name continually. The house wherein this tablet is 
 placed, even thotigh the god Ura be angry, and the god Sibi would 
 cause destruction, the stroke of the pestilence shall not draw nigh 
 unto it, and peace shall rest upon it." 
 
 [(26) Bu. 91-5-9,-186 + 206, (27) Bu. 91-5-9,-174.] 
 
 No. 28. Tablet inscribed in Assyrian with a legend concerning 
 Nebuchadnezzar, an ancient Babylonian king. [K. 3426.] 
 
 No. 29. Tablet inscribed in Assyrian with a mythological legend 
 concerning the gods Marduk, Zu, and Ashakku. [K. 3476.] 
 
 No. 30. Portion of a tablet inscribed in Assyrian with the legend 
 of the fox and the Sun-god. [K. 3641.] 
 
 No. 31. Piece of clay bearing impressions of five Sassanian seals. 
 
 [51-9-2, 84.] 
 
 No. 32. Clay seal impression bearing in hieroglyphics the name 
 and titles of Shabaka (Sabaco), king of Egypt about B.C. 700. The 
 
 cartouche, etc., read : ' I ( TTT ^^ U 1 ^37 <E>- neter 
 
 nefer Sha-ba-ka neb ari khet, " beautiful god, Shabaka, the Lord, the 
 maker of things." [51-9-2, 43.] 
 
 No. 33. Assyrian prayer and incantation. The writing on this 
 tablet is the largest found on documents from the Royal Library at 
 Nineveh. [K. 143.] 
 
84 THE NINEVEH GALLERY CASE I. 
 
 No. 34. Portion of a tablet containing grammatical paradigms 
 of a religious character. The writing on this tablet is the smallest 
 found on documents from the Royal Library at Nineveh. 
 
 [Rm. 612.] 
 
 No. 35. Incantation tablet. Sumerian prayer with an interlinear 
 Assyrian translation. [K. 44.] 
 
 No. 36. Tablet inscribed with a Sumerian hymn to the god 
 Ninib, with an interlinear Assyrian translation. [K. 133.] 
 
 No. 37. Tablet inscribed with an Assyrian penitential psalm. 
 
 [K. 254.] 
 
 No. 38. Assyrian prayer to the Sun-god on behalf of the Palace 
 and dominions of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, B.C. 668-626. 
 
 [K. 11478.] 
 
 No. 39. Tablet inscribed with an Assyrian hymn written in 
 Babylonian characters. [K. 128.] 
 
 No. 40. Incantation tablet. The text contains magical formulae 
 and prayers. [K. 72.] 
 
 No. 41. Tablet inscribed with an Assyrian prayer. [K. 66.] 
 
 No. 42. Clay model of a liver inscribed with omens. This 
 model was employed by Assyrian augurs when explaining to their 
 pupils the different parts of the liver and their significance in fore- 
 telling the future. [Rm. 620.] 
 
 No. 43. Part of an omen text illustrated with geometrical 
 figures. [K. 2087.] 
 
 No. 44. Baked clay amulet inscribed with an incantation to the 
 goddess Ishtar. [Rm. II, 263.] 
 
 No. 45. Assyrian catalogue of mythological legends and other 
 works. Among these are mentioned the " Story of Gilgamesh," 
 the "Story of Etana," and the "Story of the Fox." [K. 9717.] 
 
 No. 46. Assyrian catalogue of mythological legends and other 
 works. [Sm. 669.] 
 
 No. 47. Assyrian catalogue of various literary works. 
 
 [Rm. 150.] 
 
 Nos. 48 and 49. Rough drafts of the texts of the Epigraphs 
 inscribed upon the bas-reliefs (e.g., No. 90 in the Assyrian Saloon) 
 in the palace of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, about B.C. 668- 
 626. [(48) Sm. 1350, (49) K. 4453 + K. 4515.] 
 
 No. 50. Assyrian catalogue of mythological legends and other 
 works. [Rm. 618.] 
 
 No. 51. Assyrian incantations. [K. 2832 + K. 6680.] 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TABLETS. 85 
 
 No. 52. Historical tablet. The text relates to the restoration of 
 certain temples. [K. 221 +K. 2669.] 
 
 No. 53. Assyrian contract tablet written B.C. 694 ; the nail 
 marks of the witnesses here take the place of seal impressions. 
 
 [K. 346 + 83-1-18, 335.] 
 
 No. 54. Assyrian contract tablet written B.C. 674, bearing 
 impressions of a cylinder-seal. [K. 285.] 
 
 No. 55. Grammatical tablet. Paradigms and short sentences. 
 
 [K. 56 + K. 60 + K. 3195.] 
 
 No. 56. Grammatical tablet. List of words with explanations. 
 Glosses have been added by the Assyrian scribe. [K. 26.] 
 
 No. 57. Astrological report tablet. [Bu. 91-5-9,-14.] 
 
 No. 58. Assyrian contract tablet, written in the seventh century 
 B.C., bearing three impressions of an oval seal. [K. 301.] 
 
 No. 59. Assyrian letter written in the Babylonian character 
 addressed to the king by B61-ibni. [K. 10.] 
 
 No. 60. Assyrian letter addressed to the king by Mar-Ishtar. 
 
 [Bu. 91-5-9,-183.] 
 
 No. 61. List of the names of the owners of certain estates, and 
 of their households. [79-7-8, 309.] 
 
 No. 62. Omen tablet. [K. 149.] 
 
 No. 63. Tablet inscribed in Assyrian with a legal decision. 
 
 [K. 279.] 
 
 No. 64. Tablet inscribed with Omens taken from a larger work. 
 
 [K. 116.] 
 
 No. 65. Sumerian Mythological text with an Assyrian trans- 
 lation. [K. 2003.] 
 
 No. 66. Portion of a letter from Shuzubu. This tablet shows 
 the effect of the intense heat to which it was subjected at the 
 burning of Ashur-bani-pal's Library at Nineveh. 
 
 [K. 13071.] 
 
 [The visitor passes through the Northern doorway of the 
 Egyptian Gallery, and ascends tJie North-ivest Staircase. The 
 left-hand doorway on the top landing leads to the Egyptian 
 Booms, through which the Babylonian and Assyrian Boom is 
 reached.'] 
 
86 
 
 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN 
 ROOM. 
 
 In this room are arranged a large and important collection 
 of inscribed antiquities from Babylonia and the miscellaneous 
 smaller antiquities from Assyria (i.e., historical Assyrian 
 cylinders, etc.), including many objects of the later periods of 
 Persian, Greek, Parthian, Eoman, and Sassanian dominion. 
 
 After the overthrow of the later Babylonian Empire by 
 Cyrus, B.C. 538, the Persian power held possession of the 
 country until the conquest of Alexander, B.C. 330. Of the 
 Persian period the principal Babylonian remains among the 
 Museum collections are a great series of tablets inscribed 
 with trade contracts, deeds, and other legal documents. In 
 succession to the dominion of Alexander and the Macedonian 
 Dynasty of the Seleucidae, the Parthian Empire was established 
 by Mithradates, about B.C. 147. This empire was in its turn 
 overthrown by the Komans under Trajan and his successors, 
 and was finally destroyed by Ardashir, of the Sassanian, or 
 native Persian, Dynasty, about a.d. 226. 
 
 The arrangement of the antiquities is as far as possible 
 both national and chronological. On the left, or Northern 
 side of the room, in Wall-cases 1-22, is exhibited a fine series 
 of bricks, gate- sockets, boundary-stones, memorial tablets, 
 portions of sculpture, etc., inscribed in early and late Baby- 
 lonian, early and late Assyrian, Elamite, Vannic, old Persian, 
 and Susian cuneiform characters. They range from the earliest 
 period of Sumerian history to B.C. 340. On the right, or 
 Southern side of the room, in Wall-cases 23-44, will be 
 found a large and varied collection of Babylonian, Assyriaft, 
 Vannic, Greek, Parthian, and Boman objects and vessels, and 
 figures in bronze, alabaster, glass, terra-cotta, and other 
 materials, dating for the most part from about B.C. 1000 to 
 a.d. 400. In Table-cases A, B, C, E, G, and I are arranged 
 large series of Babylonian royal letters, lists of estates com- 
 piled for purposes of revenue, legal and commercial " case- 
 tablets," votive and historical inscriptions of kings of 
 Babylonia, tablets relating to history, chronology, religion and 
 magic, mythology, grammar, cartography and astronomy, from 
 the earliest periods to about B.C. 100. In Table-case F are 
 
PLATE XXI. 
 
 Inscribed brick or memorial tablet of Eannatum, king of Lagash, recording the 
 
 sinking of a well in the forecourt of Ningirsu's temple at Lagash. 
 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, Wall-Case 2, No. 7 ; No. 85,979.] (See p. 87.) 
 
87 BABYLONIAN GATE-SOCKETS, ETC. 
 
 the Tell el-Amarna Tablets, written about B.C. 1450 ; in 
 Table- cases D and H will be found the famous historical 
 cylinders of the Assyrian kings who ruled from about 
 B.C. 1100 to B.C. 625, and smaller miscellaneous Assyrian 
 antiquities ; a fine collection of examples of Babylonian, 
 Assyrian and Persian cylinder-seals is displayed in the lower 
 part of Table-case D ; and in Table-cases I and J is a large 
 series of miscellaneous Sassanian gems, some of which are 
 inscribed in the Pehlevi character, dating from about a.d. 300 
 to a.d. 1300. 
 
 Wall- Case 1. No. 1. Portion of a seated figure of an early 
 Babylonian king draped in a garment of goat's skin; early Sumerian 
 period. [No. 22,470.] 
 
 No. 2. Limestone slab with illegible inscription in exceedingly 
 early " line-Babylonian '"' characters ; this is probably one of the 
 oldest Babylonian objects in the collection ; early Sumerian period. 
 
 [No. 91,068.] 
 
 No. 3. Portion of a limestone stele inscribed with the name 
 and titles of Eannatum, king of Lagash (Tello), and containing 
 an account of his conquest of the neighbouring city of Umma. 
 Other fragments of the stele are preserved in the Museum of the 
 Louvre. When complete, the stele was sculptured with battle 
 scenes and figures of the king, and of his god Ningirsu, etc. It 
 has been called the " Stele of the Vultures," because of the 
 figures of vultures sculptured upon it which are seen carrying off 
 the heads and members of the slain. [No. 23,580.] 
 
 Wall Cases 2 and 3. Nos. 4-7. Baked clay bricks or 
 memorial tablets inscribed with the name and titles of Eannatum, 
 king of Lagash, and that of his father Akurgal, and recording 
 the sinking of wells in the fore-court of the temple of Ningirsu. 
 The character in which the inscription is written is semi-pictorial, 
 and forms a good example of " line-Babylonian " written upon clay. 
 (See Plate XXI.) [Nos. 85977-85980.] 
 
 No. 4.* Marble gate-socket with an inscription of Entemena, 
 the son of Eannatum, governor of Lagash, recording the erection of a 
 building in honour of Ningirsu. [No. 90,932.] 
 
 No. 8. Fragment of a black basalt mortar, dedicated by 
 Eannatum to the goddess Nina, " the lady of the holy mountain," 
 for ceremonial use in her temple at Lagash. [No. 90,832.] 
 
 No. 9. Black basalt gate-socket of Entemena, the son of 
 Eannatum, governor of Lagash, inscribed in " line-Babylonian ,; 
 with the king's name and titles, and with a list of the temples 
 which he built during his reign. [No. 86,900.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM WALL-CASES 2 TO 5. 88 
 
 No. 10. Ceremonial mace-head of limestone inscribed with the 
 name and titles of Lasirab, an early king of Guti, who dedicated 
 it in the temple of one of his gods. [No. 90,852.] 
 
 No. 1 1 . Portion of a seated figure of an early Babylonian king. 
 
 [No. 90,828.] 
 
 No. 12. Black basalt gate-socket, inscribed with the name and 
 titles of Ur-Engur, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, and 
 recording the building of a temple to the goddess Ninlil, in the city 
 of Nippur, about B.C. 2500. [No. 90,826.] 
 
 No. 13. Stone gate-socket inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Ur-Engur, king of Ur, about B.C. 2500. [No. 90,846.] 
 
 No. 14. Brick of Ur-Engur, king of Ur, recording the building 
 of a temple to " the king of the gods," about B.C. 2500. 
 
 [No. 90,296.] 
 
 Nos. 15-17. Bricks of Ur-Engur, king of Ur, recording the 
 building of a temple to the goddess Ninni, in the city of Erech 
 (Warka), about B.C. 2500. [Nos. 90,006, 90,007, 90,015.] 
 
 Nos. 18 and 19. Bricks of Ur-Engur, king of Ur, recording the 
 building of a temple to Babbar, the Sun-god, in the city of Larsa 
 (Senkereh), about B.C. 2500. [Nos. 90,001 and 90,016.] 
 
 Nos. 20-24. Bricks of Ur-Engur, king of Ur, recording the build- 
 ing of a temple to Nannar, the Moon-god, and the restoration of 
 the walls of the city of Ur (Mukeyyer), about B.C. 2500. 
 
 [Nos. 90,000, 90,003, 90,004, 90,009, and 90,011.] 
 
 No. 25. Brick of Gudea, governor of Lagash, recording the 
 building of a temple to the god Ningishzida, about B.C. 2500 
 (See Plate XXII). [No. 90,289.] 
 
 No. 26. Brick of Gudea, governor of Lagash, recording the 
 building of a temple to the goddess Ninni, about B.C. 2500. 
 
 [No. 90,288.] 
 
 No. 27. Brick of Gudea, governor of Lagash, recording the 
 building of a temple to the god Ningirsu, about B.C. 2500. 
 
 [No. 90,290.] 
 
 Wall-Cases 4 and 5. No. 28. Black basalt gate-socket in- 
 scribed with the name and titles of Gudea, governor of Lagash, and 
 recording the building of a temple to the goddess Nina, about 
 B.C. 2500. [No. 90,849.] 
 
 No. 29. Fragment of black basalt with inscription of Gudea, 
 governor of Lagash, about B.C. 2500. [No. 90,831.] 
 
PLATE XXII. 
 
 Brick of Gudea, governor of Lagasb about B.C. 2500. 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Boom, Wall-Case 4, No, 25 ; No. 90,289] 
 
 (See p. 88.) 
 
BABYLONIAN BRICKS, ETC. 89 
 
 Nos. 30-32. Bricks inscribed with the name and titles of Dungi, 
 king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, about B.C. 2500. 
 
 [Nos. 90,005, 90,017, and 90,276.] 
 
 Nos. 33 and 34. Bricks inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Dungi, king of Ur (Mukeyyer), and recording the building of the 
 temple of E-kharsag in that city, about B.C. 2500. 
 
 [Nos. 90,277, 90,278.] 
 
 No. 35. Stone gate-socket inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Ur-Ningirsu, the son and successor of Gudea, governor of Lagash, 
 and an account of the building of a temple to the god Ningirsu, 
 about B.C. 2500. [No. 90,845.] 
 
 No. 36. Stone ceremonial mace-head inscribed with the name 
 and titles of Ur-Ningursu, governor of Lagash, about B.C. 2500. 
 
 [No. 86,917.] 
 
 Nos. 37-40. Bricks recording the name and titles of Bur-Sin, 
 king of Ur (Mukeyyer), about B.C. 2450. 
 
 [Nos. 90,Q23, 90,037, 90,042, 90,043.] 
 
 Nos. 41-43. Bricks recording the name and titles of Bur-Sin, 
 king of Ur, and the making of a great vessel or laver which he 
 dedicated to the service of the god Enki. 
 
 [Nos. 90,027, 90,044, 90,279.] 
 
 Nos. 44 and 45. Bricks inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Bur-Sin, king of Ur, and recording the name given to a statue of 
 the king ; the text concludes with a prayer to Nannar, the Moon- 
 god, and to the goddess Ningal, " the mother of Ur," to destroy the 
 posterity of anyone who should remove the statue. 
 
 [Nos. 90,036, 90,039.] 
 
 Nos. 46-48. Bricks inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Enannatum, the high-priest of Nannar, the Moon-god, in the city 
 of Ur, about B.C. 2400. [Nos. 90,163, 90,164, 90,165.] 
 
 Nos. 49 and 50. Bricks inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Sin-gashid, king of Erech, and recording the building of his 
 palace in that city, about B.C. 2400. [Nos. 90,294, 90,268.] 
 
 No. 51. Brick of Sin-gashid, king of Erech, recording the build- 
 ing of the temple of E-anna in that city, about B.C. 2400. 
 
 [No. 90,267.] 
 
 Nos. 52-55. Bricks inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Ishme-Dagan, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, about 
 B.C 2400. [Nos. 90,173, 90,178, 90,201, 90,203.] 
 
 No. 56. Stone gate-socket with inscription of Gimil-Sin, king 
 Of Ur, about B.C. 2450. [No 90,843.] 
 
90 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN BOOM WALL-CASES 6 TO 8. 
 
 Wall-Cases 6 and 7. No. 57. Black basalt gate-socket re- 
 cording the name and titles of Gimil-Sin, king of Ur, and the build- 
 ing of a temple to the goddess Anunitum, about B.C. 2450. 
 
 [No. 90,844.] 
 
 No. 58. Brick inscribed with the name and titles of Ur-Ninib, 
 king of Isin, about B.C. 2400. [No. 90,814.] 
 
 Nos. 59-62. Bricks recording the name and titles of Arad-Sin, 
 king of Larsa, and his building operations in the city of Ur, and 
 the erection of a great wall or fortress dedicated to Nannar, the 
 Moon-god, about 2300. [Nos. 90,033, 90,053, 90,055, 90,059.] 
 
 Nos. 63-66. Bricks recording the name and titles of Kudur- 
 Mabuk, governor of Elam, and the building of the temple 
 " JE-nun-makh," in the city of Ur, and the dedication of the same 
 to Nannar the Moon-god, " on behalf of his own life and that of his 
 son Arad-Sin," about B.C. 2300. 
 
 [Nos. 90,032, 90,047, 90,054, 90,293.] 
 
 Nos. 67 and 68. Bricks enumerating the name and titles and 
 achievements of Sin-idinnam, king of Larsa, and recording the 
 restoration of a temple of Nannar, the Moon-god, in the city of Ur 
 about B.C. 2300. Among the achievements of the king referred to 
 are certain works of irrigation on the Tigris. 
 
 [Nos. 90,251, 90,031.] 
 
 Nos. 69-71. Bricks recording the name and titles of Kham- 
 murabi, king of Babylon, and the building of a temple to Shamash, 
 the Sun-god, in the city of Larsa, about B.C. 2200. 
 
 [Nos. 90,133, 90,134, 90,135.] 
 
 No. 72. Limestone slab with votive inscription and a bearded 
 figure, which is probably that of Khammurabi, king of Babylon, 
 sculptured in relief. It was dedicated to a goddess by a high 
 official on behalf of the life of the king, about B.C. 2200. 
 
 [No. 22,454.] 
 
 No. 73. Black stone with bilingual inscription in Sumerian and 
 Babylonian, describing the greatness and glory of Khammurabi, 
 king of Babylon. The writer addresses the king, and enumerates 
 the fine qualities with which the various gods have endowed him, 
 and proclaims the vast extent of his rule, his prowess in battle, and 
 his glorious victories over his enemies. The text is of a poetical 
 nature, and is of considerable interest. This stone probably 
 formed part of a statue of Khammurabi, about B.C. 2200. 
 
 [No. 90,842.] 
 
 Nos. 74 and 75. Bricks of Samsi-Ramman, governor of 
 Assyria, recording the name and titles of the king, and the building 
 of a temple to the god Ashur in the city of Ashur (Kalat Sherkat), 
 about B.C. 1700. [Nos. 90,106, 90,254.] 
 
BABYLONIAN BRICKS, ETC. 91 
 
 Nos. 76 and 77. Bricks of Burnaburiash, king of Babylon, 
 recording the name and titles of the king, and the restoration of 
 the temple of Shamash, the Sun god, in the city of Larsa, about 
 B.C. 1425. [No. 90,263, 90,264.] 
 
 No. 78. Brick of Kara-indash, king of Babylon, recording the 
 building of a temple to the goddess Ninni, about B.C. 1450. 
 
 [No. 90,287.] 
 
 No. 79-83. Bricks recording the name and titles of Kurigalzu, 
 king of Babylon, and the building of a temple to the god Enlil, " the 
 lord of lands," about B.C. 1400. 
 
 [Nos. 90,045, 90,052, 90,057, 90,295, 90,818.] 
 
 Wall-Case 8. Nos. 84 and 85. Bricks recording the name and 
 titles of Kurigalzu, king of Babylon, and the restoration of an 
 ancient temple of Nannar, the Moon-god, in the city of Ur, about 
 B.C. 1400. [Nos. 90,020, 90,060.] 
 
 No. 86. Brick recording the name and titles of Kurigalzu, king 
 of Babylon, and the restoration of " E-gal-makh," an ancient temple 
 in the City of Ur, about B.C. 1400. [No. 90,041.] 
 
 No. 87. Baked clay cone inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Kurigalzu, king of Babylon, about B.C. 1400. [No. 91,036.] 
 
 Nos. 88-90*. Corn-grinder and bricks recording the name and 
 titles of Ramman-nirari I., king of Assyria, B.C. 1325 and of his 
 father Arik-den-ilu, king of Assyria, about B.C. 1350. 
 
 [Nos. 90,253, 90,265, 90,812, K. 8554.] 
 
 No. 91. Stone memorial slab inscribed in archaic Assyrian 
 characters, with an account of the conquests of Ramman-nirari I., 
 " the illustrious prince, adorned by god, the ruler, the viceroy of 
 " the gods, the founder of cities, the destroyer of the mighty hosts 
 "...., who bringeth low all his foes, both in the upper and in the 
 "lower countries, who trampleth down their lands from Lupdu and 
 " Rapiku unto Elukhat, who hath made himself lord over the hosts 
 " of mankind, who hath enlarged the boundaries and the frontiers 
 " of his kingdom, the king beneath whose feet the gods Arm, and 
 " Asbur, and Shamash, and Ramman and Ishtar have forced all 
 "princes and rulers to bow down in submission." This king con- 
 siderably enlarged the empire of Assyria, and his sway reached as 
 far north as Lake Van. When he had conquered all the countries 
 round about, he devoted himself to the restoration of the famous 
 temple of Ashur, in the city of Ashur. The text states that he 
 repaired the gates and their foundations, that he repaired the plat- 
 form of the palace, and banked it up firmly with stone and earth, 
 and that he set up the tablet here exhibited to record his glory and 
 prowess, and the building operations which he had carried out in 
 his capital. He asks the god Ashur to bless and preserve the 
 
92 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM WALL-CASES 8 TO 9. 
 
 future prince who shall repair his building and his memorial 
 tablet, should they have fallen into decay. On the other hand he 
 invokes curses upon any of his successors who shall be careless in 
 this respect, in the following words : " Whosoever shall blot out 
 " the memorial of my name, and set his own in its place, or shall 
 "doom my memorial tablet to destruction, or shall cast it into the 
 " stream, or shall burn it in the fire, or shall cast it into the water, 
 " or shall bury it in the earth, or shall set it in a dark place where 
 " it cannot be seen, or through fear of these curses shall cause any 
 "other man, or a bitter foe, or a wicked enemy, or a calumniator, 
 " to seize it, may Ashur, the supreme god who dwelleth in 
 " E-kharsag-kurkura, and Anu and Enlil and Ea and Ishtar the great 
 " gods, and the Spirits of Heaven, and the Spirits of Earth, look 
 " upon him in wrath. May they curse him ; may they destroy his 
 "name, and his seed, and his relatives, and his family in the land; 
 " and by their august command may the ruin of his land and the 
 " destruction of his people and of his borders be decreed ; may the 
 "god Kamman (the Storm-god) overwhelm him with a deadly 
 " storm ; may flood and destructive winds, and rebellion, and 
 "hurricane, aud tempest, and want, and famine, and drought, and 
 " hunger, be ever in his land ; may he (i.e. Kamman) overwhelm his 
 " land like a flood ; may he turn it into heaps and ruins, and may he 
 "blast it with a bolt of destruction." About B.C. 1325. 
 
 [No. 90,978.] 
 
 Nos. 92 and 93. Bricks recording the name and titles of 
 Shalmaneser I., king of Assyria, about B.C. 1300, and those of his 
 father Ramman-nirari I., king of Assyria. [Nos 90,220, 90,231.] 
 
 No. 94. Boundary-stone recording the transfer of certain land. 
 
 [No. 90,833.] 
 
 Wall-Cases 9-12. The following group of boundary- 
 stones, or " land-marks," belongs to the period which lies 
 between B.C. 1200 and B.C. 850. They are inscribed in archaic 
 Babylonian and Assyrian characters with texts which record 
 the granting of lands, or renewal of grants, or transfers of 
 landed estates in Babylonia to certain officials and others. The 
 language is at times difficult to render into English, and the 
 numerous gaps which occur in the text of several of them add 
 to this difficulty. It will be noticed that on the upper parts, 
 or sides, of most of them a number of figures of animals, etc., 
 have been sculptured in low relief. These consist chiefly of 
 animals, birds, snakes, tortoises, scorpions, and composite 
 monsters, but included among them are a number of crescents 
 and disks which are clearly intended to represent celestial 
 bodies; all these are referred to in certain passages as the 
 
BABYLONIAN BOUNDARY STONES. 93 
 
 bas-reliefs or images of the gods. In some scenes a number of 
 curiously shaped houses, or shrines, will be observed, which 
 were known as the seats or shrines of the gods ; and upon other 
 stones certain objects, such as a spear, a wedge, a fork of 
 lightning, etc., occur, which were described by the Babylonians 
 as the weapons of the gods. There is no doubt that the three 
 classes of symbols refer to certain of the Babylonian deities, the 
 shrines generally acting as supports for the divine images and 
 weapons. But while it is certain that the symbols are divine 
 emblems, their exact significance upon the boundary- stones is 
 still a matter for conjecture. A theory has been put forward 
 that they are intended to represent the relative positions of the 
 principal celestial bodies and signs of the zodiac at the time 
 when these boundary-stones or land -marks were made. Another 
 theory would regard these animals and monsters as represen- 
 tations of the deities, whose help is invoked in the text to 
 punish any violation of the rights and privileges recorded 
 therein. On the majority of the stones the number of deities 
 invoked in the text is far smaller than the number of divine 
 symbols so that no close correspondence can be traced between 
 the two classes. It is not improbable, however, that the 
 sculptured emblems were intended to supplement the written 
 invocations, and that the object of both was the same, to safe- 
 guard the stone from injury and the rights it recorded from 
 violation. 
 
 No. 95. Boundary-stone inscribed with a judgment confirming 
 the right of a son to the paternal succession, to the exclusion of 
 other children whose claims are not recognised, by Meli-shipak, 
 king of Babylon, about B.C. 1200. This document states that the 
 lands mentioned in it had already formed the subject of appeal to 
 Meli-shipak's predecessors Ramman-shum-iddina and Ramman-nadin- 
 akhi. [No. 90,827.] 
 
 No. 96. Boundary-stone inscribed with texts concerning the 
 gift of certain corn-land which was situated on the bank of the 
 river Zirzirri in Bit-Ada, to Ramman-zer-ikisha in perpetuity, by 
 Marduk-nadin-akhe, king of Babylon, about B.C. 1100. The 
 surveyor of the property was called Bel-zer-keni, and the document 
 is dated from Dindu-bitu in the tenth year of the king mentioned 
 above, in the presence of sixteen witnesses, among whom was the 
 governor of Bit- Ada, the district in which the property was situated. 
 Almost two columns of this text are occupied with imprecations in 
 which the great gods Ann, Enlil, Yai, Marduk, Nabu, Ramman, Sin, 
 Shamash, Ishtar, Gula, Ninib, Nergal, Zamama, Papsukal, and 
 Ishkhara are invoked to curse him that shall remove or destroy this 
 
 E 
 
94 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYBIAN BOOM WALL-CASES 9 TO 11. 
 
 landmark, or raise any dispute concerning the property with its 
 rightful owner. Presented by Sir Arnold Kemball, K.O.B. 
 
 [No. 90,840.] 
 
 No. 97. Uninscribed boundary-stone with astronomical and 
 other emblems sculptured in relief. This stone probably formed 
 part of the stock-in-trade of a mason who prepared boundary- 
 stones for sale; if this be the case, the broken astronomical 
 emblems, which probably represented the Sun, Moon, Venus, etc., 
 can hardly mark an exact date. About B.C. 1100. [No. 90,836.] 
 
 No. 98. Fine limestone stele, resembling a boundary-stone, in- 
 scribed with a valuable text recording the restoration and confirma- 
 tion of certain rights and privileges to Ritti-Marduk, the warden of 
 Bit-Karziabku, a district which was apparently situated on the 
 confines of Elam, by Nebuchadnezzar I., king of Babylon, about 
 B.C. 1120. This remarkable monument is probably the finest 
 specimen of its class, and its contents are therefore described in 
 some detail. According to the inscription, the god Marduk, the 
 king of the gods, instructed Nebuchadnezzar, the ruler of kings, 
 the governor of Babylon, to muster his army, and to set out to 
 avenge Akkad. The king, " the bearer of the mighty bow, the 
 " one fearless in battle, who with his weapons had smitten the 
 " power of the country of Lulubi, and had subdued Phoenicia and 
 " spoiled the Kassites," set out from Der, the city of Anu, and 
 marched a distance of sixty hours across the desert. The month 
 was Tammuz, i.e., June, and all the wells and fountains and brooks 
 had dried up and no water of any sort was to be had. The desert 
 blazed like fire and the strength of the strongest horses and men 
 failed before it. The hostile forces which Nebuchadnezzar went 
 forth to meet included those of all the countries round about, and 
 their kings drew them up in battle array ; their number was so 
 great that " the face of the sun was darkened by the clouds of 
 " dust raised by them." The king engaged in battle with them, and 
 at the time when " the storm of their battle broke," Ritti-Marduk 
 bore down upon the foe with his troops and smote the enemies of 
 his lord with great slaughter, and vanquished the king of Elam, 
 and seized his country. Nebuchadnezzar then marched into Elam 
 and occupied and plundered it. When the king had returned to 
 Akkad in glory and with joy of heart, Ritti-Marduk was held in 
 high favour, and in reward for his bravery Nebuchadnezzar con- 
 firmed to bim certain ancient privileges which his family had 
 formerly enjoyed, but which had been curtailed through the enmity 
 of the king of Namar, a neighbouring state, and he added others 
 to them. These privileges were as follows : The king of Namar 
 was not to enter into Ritti-Marduk's country (without permission) ; 
 no tax was to be levied by him on stallions, mares, oxen, sheep, 
 and incense-trees ; no portion of a plantation or date-grove was 
 
PLATE XXIII. 
 
 Stele engraved with a charter of Nebuchadnezzar I., king of Babylon 
 
 about B.C. 1120. 
 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, Wall-Case 10, No. 98 ; No. 5)0,858.] (See p. 94 f .) 
 
 E 2 
 
95 BABYLONIAN BOUNDARY STONES. 
 
 to be cut down by him within Ritti-Marduk's district ; no road was 
 to be opened through his territory ; no bridges were to be built 
 in certain places ; no recruits for the Babylonian army were to be 
 drawn either from the city of Kitti-Marduk, or from the lands 
 round about it ; and he and his people were set free from military 
 service for ever. This grant of privileges was promulgated in the 
 presence of the chief men of Babylon and other cities, including 
 the governor of Babylon, the Secretary of State, the governor of 
 the Palace, the prefect of the city, the governor of Namar, the 
 prince of Namar, the high-priest of Enlil, and the governor of 
 Akkad. The name of the scribe who drafted the document was 
 Enlil-tabni-bullit. The text concludes with a series of imprecations 
 in which the gods Ninib, Gula, Ramman, Shumalia, Nergal, Nana, 
 Shir, Shubu, Sin, and other deities are invoked to curse in a far- 
 reaching manner any ruler or governor of Namar, or any person 
 whatsoever who shall attempt to annul or curtail the privileges of 
 Ritti-Marduk, or abolish his immunity from taxation and compulsory 
 military service, by the destruction of this stone by breakage or 
 fire, or by sinking it in the river, or by burying it in the depths of 
 the earth. Hunger and want shall fill the land of such a ruler, his 
 rivers and canals shall become silted up, his enemy shall harass him 
 day and night, the house which he has built another shall occupy, 
 and his posterity shall be cut off. The divine emblems sculptured 
 on this stone are fine examples of their class. (See Plate XXIII.) 
 
 [No. 90,858.] 
 
 No. 99. Boundary-stone inscribed with a deed recording the 
 sale of a piece of corn-land by Am&l-Enlil, the son of Khanbi, to 
 Marduk-nasir, a high official. The payment for the field consisted 
 of a chariot, six saddles, two asses, two asses' saddles, one ox, corn, 
 oil, clothing, etc., the total value of which was estimated at eight 
 hundred and sixteen shekels. The inscription concludes with the 
 usual series of curses on anyone who shall remove or injure this 
 land-mark, which is named Mukin-kudurri-ddrdti, i.e., " Establisher 
 of the boundary for ever." On the flat side of the stone is a male 
 figure wearing elaborately embroidered apparel and armed with a 
 bow and arrow ; it is probably that of the king, Marduk-nadin- 
 akh, in whose reign the stone seems to have been set up. 
 
 [No. 90,841.] 
 
 No. 100. Boundary-stone recording the grant of a piece of corn- 
 land which was situated in the district of Shaluluni on the banks of 
 the Nar-sharri, or "Royal Canal," to Khasardu by Meli-shipak, 
 king of Babylon, about B.C. 1200. The land was measured by the 
 governor of the city of Khani, the Royal Scribe, and another high 
 official. The text concludes with a series of curses similar to those 
 in the inscriptions upon the other stones of this class described 
 above. [No. 90,829.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM WALL-CASES 9 TO 14. 96 
 
 No. 101. Babylonian stele or boundary-stone, rounded at the 
 top, on which the standing figure of a king and certain divine 
 symbols have been sculptured in relief. On one edge are traces of 
 an inscription which seems to have been erased intentionally. 
 About B.c. 1000. [No. 90,837.] 
 
 No. 102. Boundary-stone inscribed with a series of texts 
 referring to the possession of a certain estate which changed hands 
 a number of times during the reigns of Ninib-kudur-usur and 
 Nabu-mukin-apli, kings of Babylon, about B.C. 1000. The 
 possession of this estate formed a subject of dispute for some years, 
 but owing to the broken state of the text it is not possible to 
 describe in detail the course of the litigation. The text contains a 
 series of curses on any who should destroy or remove the stone. 
 On the obverse are a number of divine emblems and on the side is 
 a standing figure of a king holding a sceptre. [No. 90,835.] 
 
 No. 103. Cylindrical stone object inscribed with the name and 
 titles of Ramman-nirari II., king of Assyria, B.C. 911-890, the 
 son of Ashur-dan, king of Assyria, the son of Tiglath-Pileser, 
 king of Assyria. [No. 90,853.] 
 
 No. 104. Stele of unusual shape, which was inscribed during 
 the reign of Marduk-balatsu-ikbi, king of Babylon about 
 B.C. 830. On the upper part are emblems of the gods Shamash, 
 Sin, and Nergal, and on the lower part are two human figures 
 sculptured in relief. The text records the dedication of the two 
 figures, probably portraits of Marduk-balatsu-ikbi and his eldest 
 son, by Ramman-etir, who hoped thereby to secure favour for 
 himself and for his posterity. [No. 90,834.] 
 
 No. 105. Cast of a boundary-stone inscribed with a deed record- 
 ing the gift of a dowry, consisting of certain property situated near 
 the city of Kar-Nabu, to Dur-Sharrukinaiti by her father Sir-usur, 
 about B.C. 1100. Presented by the Museum of the Louvre, 1858. 
 
 [No. 90,839.] 
 
 Nos. 10G-108. Bricks recording the name and titles of Merodach- 
 Baladan I., king of Babylon, and recording the rebuilding of the 
 temple E anna in the city of Erech. About B.C. 1150. 
 
 [Nos. 90,269, 90,270, 90,271.] 
 
 No. 109. Brick recording the name and titles of Tiglath-Pileser 
 I., king of Assyria, and the building of a temple to Ramman in the 
 city of Ashur, about B.C. 1100. [No. 90,252.] 
 
 No. 110. Brick recording the name and titles of Ramman-aplu- 
 iddina, king of Babylon, about B.C. 1080. [No. 90,286.] 
 
 Nos. 111-115. Bricks recording the name and titles and genealogy 
 of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria, B.C. 885-860. 
 
 [Nos. 90,255, 90,256, 90,259, 90,260, 90,810.] 
 
 E 3 
 
PLATE XXIV. 
 
 Brick of Shalmaneser II., king of Assyria from B.C. 860 to 825. 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, Wall-Case 10, No. 122 ; No. 90,224.] (See p. 97.) 
 
BOUNDARY STONES, BKICKS, ETC. 97 
 
 Nos. 116-119. Alabaster slabs recording the name, titles, and 
 genealogy of Ashur-nasipal, king of Assyria, B.C. 885-860. The 
 inscriptions describe briefly the principal conquests of this king 
 during his long reign, and enumerate the various countries round 
 about Assyria which acknowledged his sway. One of the slabs 
 (No. 90,868) is a foundation- inscription engraved by order of 
 the king on the occasion of his building the wall of the city of 
 Calah. [Nos. 90,830, 90,867, 90,868, 90,915.] 
 
 Nos. 120 and 121. Bricks recording the name, titles, and 
 genealogy of Shalmaneser II., king of Assyria, about B.C. 860- 
 825. [Nos. 90,222, 90,223.] 
 
 Nos. 122-124. Bricks recording the name and titles of 
 Shalmaneser II., and the building of a temple in the city of Calah 
 (Nimrud). (See Plate XXIV.) [Nos. 90,224, 90,225, 90,226.] 
 
 Nos. 125 and 126. Bricks recording the name and titles of 
 Sargon, king of Assyria, B.C. 722-705, and the founding of the 
 city of Dur-Sharrukin and the building of a royal palace therein. 
 
 [Nos. 90,236, 90,245.] 
 
 Nos. 127-129. Wall-Cases 13-15. Bricks of Sargon, king of 
 Assyria, recording the building of a temple to Nabu and Marduk. 
 
 [Nos. 90,244, 90,242, 90,243.] 
 
 No. 130. Brick recording the name and titles of Sargon, king 
 of Assyria. [No. 90,239.] 
 
 No. 131. Brick recording the name and titles of Sargon, king of 
 Assyria, and the founding of the city of Dur-Sharrukin and the 
 building of a royal palace therein. [No. 90,232.] 
 
 Nos. 132-135. Bricks recording the name and titles of Sen- 
 nacherib, king of Assyria, B.C. 705-681, and the building of his 
 palace in the city of Nineveh. 
 
 [Nos. 90,213, 90,214, 90,215,90,216.] 
 
 Nos. 136 and 137. Bricks recording the name and titles of 
 Sennacherib, king of Assyria. [Nos. 90,210, 90,820.] 
 
 Nos. 138-140. Bricks of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, recording 
 the building of a temple to the god Nergal in the city of Tarbis 
 (Sherif Khan). [Nos. 90,217, 90,218, 90,219.] 
 
 Nos. 141-143. Bronze pivots and basalt gate or door sockets 
 inscribed with the name and titles of Sennacherib, king of Assyria. 
 
 [Nos. 90,870, 90,871, 90,872.] 
 
 No. 144. Limestone slab recording the name, titles, and 
 genealogy of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, B.C. 681-668. 
 
 [No. 22,465.] 
 
 No. 145. Brick of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, recording the 
 building of his palace in the city of Tarbis. [No. 90,247.] 
 
 E 4 
 
98 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN BOOM WALL-CASES 15 TO 18. 
 
 No. 146. Brick recording the name, titles, and genealogy of 
 Esarhaddon, king of Assyria. [No. 90,248.] 
 
 No. 147. Stone stele with rounded top and sculptured in high 
 relief with a figure of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, B.C. 668- 
 626. The king is represented in his capacity of high priest and 
 bears in his two hands, which are raised above his head, a basket of 
 offerings, or possibly of earth for the building of his temples. 
 The stele is inscribed with a text recording the name and titles 
 and genealogy of this king, and describing his power and might, and 
 the great care which he devotes to the worship of the gods. 
 Ashur-bani-pal declares that he had appointed his twin-brother 
 Shamash-shum-ukin to the sovereignty over Babylon, so that " the 
 strong may not oppress the weak." He describes how he undertook 
 the rebuilding of E-sagil, the ancient temple of Marduk in Babylon, 
 with cypress, cedar, and other precious woods, and how he made 
 and set up new doors in it, and how he supplied it with vessels of 
 gold, silver, copper, iron, wood, and stone. He rebuilt the shrine 
 of Ea in the same temple, and in return for his pious deeds he 
 entreats Ea and the other gods to bestow upon him the blessings of 
 a long life and an abundant prosperity. The text concludes with 
 prayers to Ea that blessings may be bestowed upon the king who 
 shall pay honour to this image and inscription, and that curses may 
 fall upon the head of him who shall in any way injure or destroy it. 
 (See Plate XXV.) [No. 90,864.] 
 
 No. 148. Stone stele with rounded top and sculptured in high 
 relief with a figure of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria. The text 
 records the name, titles, and genealogy of this king and the re- 
 storation of E-zida, the shrine of the god Nabil (Nebo) in Babylon. 
 
 [No. 90,865.] 
 
 No. 149. Brick of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, recording 
 the rebuilding of the temple of the god Marduk. [No. 90,285.] 
 
 Nos. 150 and 151. Limestone slabs recording the name and 
 titles of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, and the restoration of 
 the temple of the goddess Belit in the city of Nineveh in com- 
 memoration of his victories over the Elamites. 
 
 [Nos. 23,577, 23,578.]. 
 
 No. 152. Limestone slab, recording the name and titles of 
 Ashur-bani-pal and the restoration of the temple of the god Nabu 
 in commemoration of his victories over the Elamites. 
 
 [No. 22,467.] 
 
 No. 153. Stone stele with rounded top sculptured in high relief 
 with a figure of Shamash-shum-ukin, viceroy of Babylon, the 
 twin brother of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, B.C. 668-626. 
 The king is represented in his character of high-priest, and like 
 Ashur-bani-pal (see Nos. 147 and 148) bears in his two hands, 
 
LATE XXV. 
 
 Stele with inscription and figure, sculptured in relief, of Aslmr-bani-pal, 
 
 king of Assyria from B.C. 668 to 626. 
 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, Wall-Case 15, No. 147 ; No. 00,864.] (See p. 98 ) 
 
99 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN STELAE, ETC. 
 
 which are raised above his head, a basket of offerings, or possibly 
 of earth for the building of E-zida. The stele is inscribed with a 
 text recording the name, titles, and genealogy of Shamash-shum- 
 ukin and the restoration of the ahrine of E-zida ; it concludes with 
 a prayer that Nabu may bless any of his successors who shall make 
 offerings before his image and shall anoint it with oil and shall 
 commemorate his name with that of himself. On the other hand 
 he asks Nabu to blot out the name and posterity of the man who 
 shall injure or destroy this image. From the annals of Ashur-bani- 
 pal we learn that his twin brother Shamash-shum-ukin, whom lie 
 had appointed viceroy over Babylon, watched his opportunity, 
 and joining his forces with those of the Elamites and other nations, 
 revolted against his brother's sovereignty. He was however 
 unsuccessful in obtaining his independence, and, being besieged in 
 Babylon, he put an end to his life by tire rather than surrender. 
 This happened about the year B.C. 650. It will be noticed that 
 the crown has been removed from the head of the figure on the 
 stele ; this was probably done, after his death, by the officers of 
 Ashur-bani-pal. [No. 90,866.] 
 
 No. 154. Brick recording the name and titles of Shamash-shum- 
 ukin, king of Babylon, and the restoration of the temple of Shamash, 
 the Sun-god, in the city of Sippar, during the reigns of himself and 
 his brother Ashur-bani-pal. [No. 90,281.] 
 
 Nos. 155 and 156. Bricks recording the name and titles of 
 Ashur-etil-ilani, king of Assyria, about B.C. 625, and the building 
 of a temple in the city of Calah. [Nos. 90,188, 90,195.] 
 
 No. 157. Piece of Assyrian sculpture from one of the series of 
 bas-reliefs, from the palace of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, repre- 
 senting men drawing a colossal bull to his palace at Nineveh. 
 Presented by F. E. Wheelan, Esq., 1894. [No. 93,019.] 
 
 No. 158. Fragment of an Assyrian bas-relief presented by Mrs. 
 Holmsby Drake, 1892. [No. 93,020.] 
 
 Nos. 159-169. Wall-Cases 16-19. An important series of 
 bricks from Babylon inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II., ->f ^ K JCfff Jgf 2] t^]] -TU 
 ^TTT^ "fl= DMf' Narbi-um-ku-du-ur-ri-iirsu-iir, king of Babylon, 
 B.C. 604-561, and recording his devotion to the service of the great 
 temples of the gods Marduk (Merodach) and Nabu (Nebo), E-sagil 
 and E-zida. On some of these, e.g., No. 165, are traces of the 
 bitumen in which they were laid in the wall. [Nos. 90,073, 
 
 90,081, 90,084, 90,092, 90,093, 90,120, 90,121, 90,137, 90,158, 
 
 90,822, 90,823.] 
 
 Nos. 170-173. A series of bricks from Senkereh, recording the 
 name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar II., and the restoration of the 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM WALL-CASES 16 TO 18. 100 
 
 tempie of Shamash, the Sun-god, in the city of Larsa. (See Plate 
 XXVII.) [Nos. 90,112, 90,114, 90,228, 90,280.] 
 
 Nos. 174-177. A series of bricks recording the names and titles 
 of Nebuchadnezzar II., and the restoration of the temple of 
 Shamash, the Sun-god, in the city of Sippar. It will be noticed 
 that the inscriptions are sometimes written on the edge of the 
 brick, and that the cuneiform characters are much smaller than 
 those made by the ordinary stamp. 
 
 [Nos. 90,272, 90,273, 90,274, 90,275.] 
 
 Nos. 178 and 179. Bricks recording the name and titles of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II., and the building of a temple to Sin, the Moon- 
 god, in the city of Ur. [Nos. 90,139, 90,140.] 
 
 No. 180. Bronze step from the lower part of the flight of steps 
 in the ancient temple of E-zida at Borsippa (Birs Nimrud) orna- 
 mented with rosettes, etc., and inscribed on the edge with the 
 name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar II. This object is of con- 
 siderable interest, and as the inscription upon it includes that 
 found upon the greater number of the bricks of this king ; it is 
 here given in full, with a transliteration into English characters 
 and a translation : 
 
 * Na - hi - urn - ku - du - ur - ri - u - su - ur 
 Nebuchadnezzar, 
 
 shar 
 king of 
 
 Babili 
 Babylon, 
 
 2.R 
 
 T7~> << 
 
 za - ni - in 
 patron of 
 
 E - sag - il 
 (the temple) E-sagil 
 
 u E - zi da 
 
 and (the temple) E-zida, 
 
 aplu asharidu sha * Nabu - apla - u - su 
 eldest son of Nabopolassar, 
 
 Hr-CJ 
 ur 
 
 * This sign is a determinative prefix, i.e., a sign which was not pronounced, 
 and onlv served to indicate the class of word to which it is attached. 
 
PLATE XXVI. 
 
 s s 
 
 p. 
 
 <B (^ 
 
 pq 
 
INSCRIPTIONS OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR II. 101 
 
 shar Bdbili a - na - ku a - na 
 
 king- of Babylon, am I. For 
 
 * JV - fo' - mm* &e - Zi 5 j - i - r 
 
 Nabu (Nebo), the exalted lord, 
 
 m - sha - ro - &m ?< - um ba - la - ti - ia 
 
 who hath lengthened the days of my life, 
 
 6 - !Pf TO E^"! pf s^r &= ~# + it 3= 4> 
 
 E - zi - da bit - su i - na Bar - si - pa f 
 
 (the temple) E-zida, his temple in Borsippa 
 
 < <h- *m m x>- ji 
 
 es - si -is e - pu - us 
 
 anew have I built. 
 
 (See Plate XXVI.) [No. 90,851.] 
 
 No. 181. Cast of an inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II. in archaic 
 Babylonian characters, recording at great length the building 
 operations which this king carried out on the great walls and 
 temples of Babylon. The original is preserved in the India Office. 
 
 [No. 90,847.] 
 
 No. 182. Black basalt fragment with inscription recording the 
 name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 90,848.] 
 
 No. 183. Brick recording the name and titles of Nabonidus, 
 king of Babylon, B.C. 555-538. [No. 90,144.] 
 
 Nos. 184-187. Bricks recording the name and titles of 
 Nabonidus, king of Babylon, and the building of a temple to Sin, 
 the Moon-god, in the city of Ur. 
 
 [Nos. 90,148, 90,150, 90,151, 90,152.] 
 
 * This sign is a determinative prefix, i.e., a sign which was not pronounced, 
 and only served to indicate the class of word to which it is attached. 
 
 t This sign is a determinative affix ; its use is similar to that of the 
 determinative prefix. 
 
102 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN BOOM WALL-CASES 19 TO 22. 
 
 No. 188. Brick recording the name and titles of Nabonidus, 
 with an impression of a human foot which was made upon it while 
 moist. [No. 90,284.] 
 
 Nos. 189 and 190. Babylonian bricks without inscriptions. The 
 hollows, or "frogs," were probably intended to afford a hold for 
 the bitumen, or mortar, used in building. [Nos. 90,282, 90,283.] 
 
 Nos. 191-195. A group of glazed bricks with raised patterns, 
 from Nimrud. Uncertain period. 
 
 [Nos. 90,856, 90,857, 90,860, 90,861, 92,983.] 
 
 Nos. 196-203. A group of bricks recording the names 
 and titles of a number of the Elamite kings who reigned at 
 Susa, the " Shushan, the palace " of Esther i., 2, and the 
 modern Shushter. At present it is impossible to assign exact 
 dates to the reigns of these kings, but it is probable that they 
 were contemporaries of the king of the last Assyrian Empire, 
 about B.C. 700. The texts upon the bricks, which are written 
 and not stamped, are in a modified form of the Babylonian 
 character. 
 
 Nos. 196 and 197. Bricks of Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, J Jf tj 
 
 ill :H^ $c ^TTTT,HKT IHffl Q>Tf Shu-ut-ru-uk-Nakh-khu- 
 un-te, the son of Khalludush-Inshushinak, king of Susa. 
 
 [Nos. 90,292, 90,404.] 
 
 Nos. 198 and 199. Bricks of Kutir-Nakhkhunte, j Jgf ifcgffl 
 $fc HeW HKT IHttT E3^T Ku-tir-Nakh-khu-un-te, king of Susa. 
 
 [Nos. 90,291, 90,523.] 
 Nos. 200 and 201. Bricks of Shilkhak-Inshushinak, f fv g< 
 
 ^li> ^c lll\P> JeT Kl*~ "^PT *"lp^> Shil-kha-ak-In-shu-shi-na-ak, 
 son of Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, king of Susa. [Nos. 90,503, 90,529.] 
 
 No. 202. Brick recording the name of Untash-gal ] %y*^] EH 
 ^jc ||J>~, Un-tash-gal, son of Khubanumena, king of Susa. 
 
 [No. 90,405.] 
 
 No. 203. Brick recording the name of Attarkitakh, f S^f ^ 
 4^f Z&ii, At-tar-ki-takh, king of Susa. [No. 90,528.] 
 
 No. 204. Circular stone vessel inscribed with the name of 
 Ispuinis, the son of Sardur, king of Van, about B.C. 820. From 
 Van. Presented by C. P. Devey, Esq., F.R.G.S., 1895. 
 
 [No. 90,869.] 
 
 No. 205. Stone slab of Minua, king of Van, with dedicatory 
 inscription to the god Khaldi, about B.C. 700. [No. 90,863.] ' 
 
 Wall-Cases 20-22. Here are exhibited a number of casts 
 taken from inscriptions cut in the Behistun Rock, and from 
 
PLATE XXVII. 
 
 Brick inscribed with the name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar II., king of Babylon 
 
 from B.C. (504 to 561. 
 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, Wall-Case 17, No. 172; No. 90,112.] (See p. 99f.) 
 
103 ELAMITE AND PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 palaces built by the Akhaemenian kings at Persepolis and other 
 cities. The inscriptions here represented are in the Persian, the 
 Susian or Elamite and the Babylonian languages, in which 
 the Persian kings were wont to inscribe their edicts and com- 
 memorative texts ; for they held sway over the countries of 
 Persia, Media, and Babylonia. (See Plate XXVIII.) 
 
 The Persian cuneiform inscriptions supplied the material 
 from which the early investigators of their contents obtained 
 the clue to the correct method of the interpretation of cunei- 
 form inscriptions in general. In 1802 Grotefend succeeded 
 in deciphering the names of Hystaspes, Darius and Xerxes, 
 but he was unable either to understand or to translate the 
 rest of the inscriptions in which these names occurred. 
 Following his method, Eask, St. Martin, Burnouf and Lassen 
 contributed to the confirmation of his results, but as recently 
 as 1837 the actual contents of the inscriptions remained 
 unknown. In this year, however, the late Sir Henry 
 Creswicke Kawlinson, Bart., G.C.B., succeeded in drawing 
 up a working alphabet of the Persian cuneiform characters, 
 and in making a correct analysis of the contents of certain 
 nscriptions, and accurate translations of the short texts to 
 which he had access. The process employed by him in his 
 first efforts at decipherment may be thus briefly described. 
 He selected two short inscriptions which he had copied at 
 Mount Elwend, near Hamadan, in 1835.* He noticed that the 
 inscription corresponded throughout with the exception of 
 two groups of signs in each. He assumed that these groups 
 of signs contained the names of the kings who set up the 
 inscriptions and possibly those of their fathers. But in these 
 two inscriptions the group of signs which occupied the 
 second place in one of them, and which from its position 
 seemed to represent the name of the father of the man who 
 set it up, occurred in the first place in the other. This will 
 be clear from the following transcriptions of these groups of 
 signs : 
 
 f i- TTf T y<~ "Et <Y << 
 
 D a r i; v u sh i.e., Darius. 
 
 Sh 
 
 30 
 
 2. &V <^W m T^2e<d( t <- 
 
 V i sh t as p h y i.e., Hystaspes. 
 * Copies of these are exhibited in Wall-case No. 22. 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM WALL-CASES 20 TO 22. 104 
 
 3 - TT t<- w IH! <<" TTT 
 Kh sh y a r sh a i.e., Xerxks. 
 
 4 - TTT H t<- "T < "<< 
 D a r y v u sh i.e., Darius. 
 
 o 
 
 _ 
 
 as 
 
 It will be seen that group No. 4, which occupies the 
 second place in No. II. inscription, is identical with group 
 No. 1, which occupies the first place in No. I. inscription. 
 Thus Eawlinson inferred that the father of the king who 
 set .up No. II. inscription was the king for whom No. I. 
 inscription was set up, and that groups Noa 2 1 and 3 
 gave the names of three Persian kings in consecutive 
 order. But what kings could these have been ? The most 
 famous kings of the Akhaemenian line were Hystaspes, the 
 founder of the dynasty, Darius his son, and Xerxes his grand- 
 son. On applying these names to groups Nos. 2, 1 and 3, he 
 found that they answered in all respects satisfactorily, and 
 were in fact the true identifications. 
 
 In 1837 Sir Henry Eawlinson went to Behistun and at 
 great personal risk succeeded in making copies and paper 
 impressions* of the Persian section of the great trilingual 
 inscription which had been engraved on the face of the rock 
 by the order of Darius the Great. This was no easy task, 
 for the inscription is considerably more than a hundred feet 
 above the ground. The scaling ladders which he had taken 
 with him proved to be too short to enable him to read the 
 Babylonian text, engraved upon a huge projecting piece of rock, 
 but eventually he succeeded in obtaining a "squeeze" of it. 
 When he first made his copy of the Persian text, he compared 
 the two first paragraphs of it with the inscriptions which 
 he had already copied at Elwend, and these supplied 
 him with the native forms of the names of Arsames, 
 Ariaramnes, Teispes, Akhaemenes, Persia, and the meanings 
 of a certain number of words. From the study of the old 
 Zend and Pehlevi, which were cognate to the language of 
 the Persian cuneiform inscriptions, he was enabled to con- 
 struct a skeleton of the grammar, and to identify the 
 meanings of a great many words. In 1847 he published 
 a complete translation of the Persian text of the great 
 Behistun inscription, with a full grammatical commentary 
 
 * Specimens of these are exhibited on the floor of Wall-ease No. 21. 
 
PLATE XXVIII. 
 
 n p ,* 
 
 a - 
 
 S.a * 
 
 8 a i 
 
 O <B -g 
 
 a 
 
 rC^S 
 
 'CeO 
 
 C 2 * 
 
 bD & O 
 
 2 i 3 d 
 -e s a 
 
 S a-c 
 
 <C r^= 
 
 a 
 a S g 
 
 2^ 
 
 -- _ 
 
 k -a as 
 *< 2 OS- 
 LO'S "a 
 a ^ 
 
 <D 
 
 03 00 
 
 o3 a 2 
 
 a 
 
 P- a . 
 
 a o 
 
 3.8 
 ffl o a 
 
 " 
 
BEHISTUN INSCRIPTIONS. 105 
 
 and alphabet, which have remained substantially unchanged. 
 The decipherment of the Susian and Babylonian versions of 
 the inscriptions next followed, and, conjointly with the 
 Rev. Edward Hi neks, Edwin Norris, and Prof. J. Oppert, 
 Sir Henry Eawlinson worked out the values of the Susian, 
 Babylonian, and Assyrian signs, and translated the inscrip- 
 tions.* For the determination of the Assyrian characters 
 these scholars derived great help from the ancient lists of 
 characters (see Nineveh Gallery, Table -Case B) which had 
 been excavated at Kouyunjik (Nineveh) and had been recently 
 brought to this country. The language of the Assyrian and 
 Babylonian inscriptions being Semitic, the early investigators 
 were much assisted by the close resemblance of many of its 
 roots to those found in Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee, and Arabic. 
 
 Nos. 206 and 207. Portions of a moulding from a column bearing 
 a trilingual inscription in the Persian, Susian, and Babylonian 
 languages of Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia from B.C. 405 
 to B.C. 362, in the palace of the Persian kings at Ecbatana. 
 
 [Nos. 90,894, 90,855.] 
 
 Nos. 208-212. Casts of inscriptions of Darius I., king of Persia 
 from B.C. 521 to B.C. 485, cut above the heads of the prisoners 
 sculptured on the face of the rock at Behistun. The prisoners, ten 
 in number, stand in the presence of the king, roped together by the 
 neck, with their hands tied behind their backs. (See Plate XXIX.) 
 
 No. 208. Cast of the Persian version of the inscription over the 
 head of Pravartish, who declared himself to be the king of the 
 Medians. [No. 22,471.] 
 
 No. 209. Cast of the Persian version of the inscription over the 
 head of Arakha, who declared himself to be Nebuchadnezzar, the 
 son of Nabonidus, and king of Babylon. [No. 22,472.] 
 
 No. 210. Cast of the Persian version of the inscription over the 
 head of Atrina, who declared himself to be the king of the Susians. 
 
 [No. 22,475.] 
 
 No. 211. Cast of the Susian version of the inscription over the 
 head of Vahyazdata, who declared himself to be Smerdis, the son of 
 Cyrus. [No. 22,473.] 
 
 No. 212. Cast of the Susian version of the inscription over the 
 head of Arakha, who declared himself to be Nebuchadnezzar, the 
 son of Nabonidus, and king of Babylon. [No. 22,474.] 
 
 * The complete texts of the Persian, Susian, and Babylonian inscriptions at 
 Behistun, based on a new collation of the originals on the Rock, are published 
 with English translations, introduction, reproductions of photographs, etc., by 
 the Trustees under the title " The Sculptures and Inscriptions of Darius 
 the Great on the Bock of Behistun in Persia,'' 1907, 8vo., 1. 
 
106 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYEIAN ROOM WALL-CASES 20 TO 27. 
 
 No. 213. Cast of part> of an inscription in the Babylonian 
 language recording the name and titles of Darius the Great. 
 
 [No. 22,477.] 
 
 No. 214. Cast of part of an inscription in the Babylonian 
 language of Xerxes I., king of Persia from B.C. 485 to 465. 
 
 [No. 22,478.] 
 
 No. 215. Cast of part of an inscription in the Babylonian 
 language recording the completion by Xerxes I. of the palace which 
 his father Darius began to build. [No. 22,476.] 
 
 No. 216. Cast of part of an inscription of Artaxerxes III. 
 (Ochus), king of Persia from B.C. 362 to 339. 
 
 [No. 91,236.] 
 
 No. 217. Cast of an inscription in the Persian language, record- 
 ing the titles and genealogy of Artaxerxes III., king of Persia, and 
 the completion of a palace at Persepolis. [No. 22,480.] 
 
 No. 218. Specimens of the paper " squeezes," or impressions 
 made by the late Sir H. C. Rawlinson, Bart., G.C.B., of the inscrip- 
 tions in the Persian, Susian, and Babylonian languages cut in the 
 rock at Behistun in Persia, to commemorate the wars and conquests 
 of Darius I., king of Persia, from B.C. 521 to B.C. 485. 
 
 Wall-Cases 23-27. Here is exhibited a large collection 
 of bronze objects, shields, portions of a throne, wine and 
 water vessels, helmets, fetters for prisoners, weapons, 
 agricultural and carpentering implements, tools, vases, lion- 
 weights, fittings of the ends of chariot-poles, etc. They 
 were found chiefly on the Assyrian sites Kouyunjik (Nineveh) 
 and Nimrud (Calah), but a considerable number of the tools 
 and small figures of animals and men were found in the 
 neighbourhood of Babylon and in Southern Babylonia. The 
 shields, figures of gryphons, and bronze plates with open 
 work were discovered at Van in Armenia. Few of these 
 objects can be dated with exactitude, but it is probable 
 that the greater number of them were made between about 
 B.C. 1000 and a.d. 400. A small number of the nondescript 
 figures, which are exhibited on the small shelf in Wall- 
 Case 25, may even belong to the period subsequent to the 
 Muhammadan conquest of Mesopotamia. The following are 
 of special interest : 
 
 Nos. 219-222. A group of bronze helmets belonging to various 
 periods; No. 219 is probably Assyrian and Nos. 220-222 are 
 probably the work of Sassanian smiths. [Nos. 22,495 22,498.] 
 
 No. 229. Bronze covering of a leather or wicker shield orna- 
 mented with figures of lions and bulls in relief. The groups of 
 
PLATE XXIX. 
 
107 
 
 BRONZES. 
 
 rivets in the upper part indicate the position of the handles by 
 which it was carried. On the outer flange are traces of a cunei- 
 form inscription. About B.C. 700. From Van. [No. 22,481.] 
 
 No. 239. Bronze framework for the side of a throne. The 
 upper bars terminate in bulls' heads and the legs in bulls' hoofs. 
 
 [No. 22,491.] 
 
 Bronze figure of a Babylonian god. 
 [Wall-Case 25, No. 592*.] 
 
 Bronze figure of a Babylonian demon. 
 [Wall-Case 25, No. 574.] 
 
 No. 242. Bronze handle of a large bucket or vessel made in the 
 form of a human-headed bird. [No. 22,494.] 
 
 No. 246. Portions of a rectangular bronze foundation slab, with 
 part of an inscription in cuneiform. [No. 91,157.] 
 
 No. 248. Portions of bronze lattice-work. From Van. 
 
 [No. 91,159.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM WALL-CASES 23 TO 29. 108 
 
 No. 260. Bronze slab which formed part of a model of a castle 
 or fortress, and showing the position of embrasures and battle- 
 ments. From Van. [No. 91,177.] 
 
 No. 292. Bronze plate with design in hollow work, and figure of 
 a bull in relief. From Van. Presented by Capt. E. Clayton, B.A. 
 
 [No. 21,209.] 
 
 Nos. 303-318. A series of weights in the form of lions, many 
 of which are inscribed in cuneiform with the names of the Assyrian 
 kings in whose reigns they were made, and with their weights in 
 Phoenician. On the left side of most of them is a symbol indicating 
 the weight ; thus the inscription on the edge of the base of No. 303 
 reads, " Fifteen manehs of the country," and on the left side of 
 
 Bronze lion-weighfc of two manehs with Babylonian and Phoenician inscriptions. 
 [Wall-Case 27, No. 305; No. 91,222.] 
 
 the lion are fifteen strokes. The castings were reduced to their 
 correct weights by chiselling pieces off the base, but in the case 
 of No. 306 the adjustment has been effected by filling the hollow 
 body of the lion with lead. It is probable that these weights were 
 made by Phoenician settlers in Assyria. From about B.C. 750 to 
 B.C. 700. From Nimrud. [Nos. 91,22091,235.] 
 
 Nos. 319-325. A series of hollow bronze heads of lions and 
 bulls which formed the fittings of the ends of chariot-poles. 
 
 [Nos. 24,961, 91,237-91,242.] 
 
 No. 326. Hollow bronze bull supporting a standing figure of a 
 king or god. The face of the bull, which was fitted on separately, 
 was probably made of gold or silver. [No. 91,243.] 
 
 No. 327. Bronze rhyton in the form of an oryx. The eyes 
 were inlaid with white stone. [No. 91,249.] 
 
109 BRONZES. 
 
 Nos. 328 and 329. Two winged and man-headed bulls ; the faces 
 were probably made of gold. No. 329 is furnished with human 
 arms and hands which are clasped together. From Van. 
 
 [No. 91,247, 91,248.] 
 No. 330. Bronze model of a castle or fortress. From Van. 
 
 [No. 91,250.] 
 Nos. 574 and 592*. Bronze figures of a Babylonian demon and 
 a Babylonian god. [No. 93,078, 91,149.] 
 
 Bronze head of a bull, which decorated the end of a chariot-pole. 
 [Wall-Case 27, No. 322; No. 91,240.] 
 
 Wall-Cases 28 and 29. A series of alabaster jars, vase", 
 figures, etc., and glass bowls, bottles, and phials of various 
 periods found at Kouyunjik, Nimriid, Babylon, and other 
 places in Mesopotamia. The following are interesting 
 examples :-- - 
 
 No. 625. Upper part of an alabaster figure of the god Nebo. 
 Early period. [No. 91,667.] 
 
 No. 615-621. Alabaster dolls and figures of Ishtar or Aphrodite. 
 
 [Nos. 91,668-91,677.] 
 
 Nos. 699, 701, 702, 704. Fragments of alabaster vases inscribed 
 with the name and titles of Xerxes, king of Persia and Babylon, 
 from B.C. 485 to B.C. 465. [No. 91,453-91,455, 91,459.] 
 
 Nos. 700 and 706. Fragments of alabaster jars inscribed with 
 the name of Ramman-nirari I., king of Assyria, about B.C. 1325. 
 
 [No. 90,956, 90,957.] 
 
 No. 705. Fragment of alabaster jar inscribed with the name of 
 Sargon, king of Assyria, B.C. 722 to B.C. 705. [No. 91,460.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM WALL-CASES 28 TO 30. 110 
 
 No. 709. Fragment of alabaster jar inscribed with the name of 
 Assurbanipal, king of Assyria, B.C. 668 to about B.C. 626. 
 
 [No. 91,588.] 
 
 Nos. 714 and 715. Fragments of a vase with figures of Assyrian 
 gods in relief, dedicated to the god Nergal of the city of Tarbis 
 (Sherif Khan). [Nos. 90,960, 91,583.] 
 
 No. 716. Fragment of a vase with a representation in relief of 
 a captured city, dedicated to the god Ninib. [No. 91,582.] 
 
 No. 717. Part of an Assyrian mace-head of lapis-lazuli with 
 votive inscription. [No. 91,452.] 
 
 Limestone model of a winged and human-headed cow, to form the base of 
 
 a column. 
 [Wall-Case 30, No. 723.] 
 
 No. 723. Limestone model of a winged cow with a woman's 
 head ; on the back rests the base of a column. [No. 90,954.] 
 
 No. 726. Opaque glass vase inscribed with the figure of 
 a lion and the words ^YTTT T*~ T (( ^T> ^' v/ ' SJiarrv-ukin, 
 " Palace of Sargon," i.e., Sargon, king of Assyria, B.C. 722 to 
 B.C. 705. [No. 90,952.] 
 
 Nos. 735, 759, 847. Specimens of ancient glass, showing the 
 iridescence caused by contact with damp earth. 
 
 [Nos. 91,577, 91,578, 91,579.] 
 
HI 
 
 SARGON S GLASS VESSEL. 
 
 No. 756. Oval crystal object ; use unknown. From Nimrud. 
 
 [No. 90,959.] 
 
 No. 760. Roman bottle of blue glass with body in shape of a 
 human head. [No. 91,528.] 
 
 Opaque glass va?e inscribed with the name of Sargon, king of Assyria, 
 B.C. 722705. 
 [Wall-Case 28, No. 726.] 
 
 Wall-Case 30. A series of fragments of painted baked clay 
 ceiling-ornaments with bosses ; many of them are inscribed with 
 the name and titles of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria from B.C. 
 885 to B.C. 860. From Nimrud (Calah). [Nos. 91,679-91,690.] 
 
 No. 866. Stone basket ornamented with rosettes and eyes, 
 which was fastened by bitumen to a wall sculpture, on which was 
 a figure of a king or mythological being in relief. [No. 91,700.] 
 
 Nos. 867-875. A series of baked clay fists which were used 
 either as votive offerings, or as architectural ornaments. A few of 
 them are inscribed with the name and titles of Ashur-nasir-pal, 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM WALL-CASES 30 TO 40. 112 
 
 king of Assyria. The fingers of No. 867 were originally covered 
 with blue glaze, and those of No. 875 with grey glaze. 
 
 [Nos. 90,964, 90,976, 90,977, 91,701-91,706.] 
 No. 876. Fine white limestone head of a lion. [No. 91,678.] 
 
 Fine white limestone head of a lion. 
 [Wall- Case 30, No. 876.] 
 
 Wall-Cases 31-40. On the five upper shelves of these cases 
 are exhibited a long and interesting series of baked clay vases and 
 vessels, both with and without handles ; a number of lamps made 
 in the forms of animals, birds, etc. ; late terra-cotta groups, such as 
 that of Europa and the bull [No. 743, p. 114]; a large number of 
 terra-cotta figures of gods and goddesses, foundation and votive 
 figures [cf. Nos. 996, 1005, 1025, p. 115 f.], animals, etc. In Wall- 
 Case No. 39 are a series of plaques with figures of dogs, lions, and 
 hunting scenes in relief [Nos. 1062-1067; cf. No. 1063, p. 117]; 
 three steatite moulds for casting ear-rings and other articles of 
 jewellery [Nos. 1069-1071 ; see p. 117]; a steatite kohl, or stibium, 
 pot with three tubes, and having upon the sides human figures and 
 a lion and a sphinx in relief [No. 1068]. In Wall-Case 40 (Shelf 4) 
 are seven stone and clay heads of the god of the south-west wind and 
 other Babylonian demons [Nos. 1047-1052 ; see p. 118 f.], and some 
 heads of animals, of which a carved ivory head of a bull may be 
 specially noted [No. 1061 ; see p. 119]. In Wall-Cases Nos. 31-40 is a 
 
113 
 
 BOWLS WITH MANDAITIC INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 valuable series of earthenware bowls of various depths and diameters, 
 which were employed for magical or medical purposes. The 
 inscription on the insides are written in the Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee 
 and Manda'itic languages, but many of them are mere collections of 
 letters jumbled together and are not intended to have any meaning. 
 In some of them, e.g., No. 934, the inscription was supposed to 
 confer upon him who drank from it blessing and health from 
 
 Terra-cotta bowl with Manda'itic inscription. 
 [Wall-Case 34, No. 895.] 
 
 heaven. In line 3 is a reference to the " sixty mighty men of 
 Israel who stood round about the couch of Solomon," and this 
 reference is followed by an extract from the priest's blessing 
 (Numbers vi., 24-26), " The Lord bless thee, and keep (thee) : the 
 " Lord make His face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee : 
 " the Lord lift up His countenance upon thee, and give thee peace. 
 " Amen. Amen. Selah." By the side of this inscription are three 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM WALL-CASES 27 TO 38. 114 
 
 trees, and the sacred letter H enclosed in a square. When used 
 for medical purposes a draught of water was brought to the sick 
 man in a bowl, and either he, or the physician, or both, recited the 
 text written round the inside of the bowl immediately before or 
 
 Terra-cotta group representing Europa and the bull. 
 [Wall-Case 33, No. 943.] 
 
 after drinking. These bowls are of different periods ; the oldest 
 belongs to the third or second century B.C., and the latest to the 
 third or fourth century A.D. Along the bottom of these cases 
 (Wall-Cases 27 ff.) are exhibited : 
 
115 
 
 TERRA-COTTAS AND FOUNDATION FIGURES. 
 
 Nos. 293-300. A series of bronze adze-heads. 
 
 Nos. 594-610. A series of stone and marble weights in the 
 form of ducks. The two largest are weights of 30 manas each ; 
 of these, one (No. 599) belongs to the reign of Nabu-shum-libur, the 
 other (No. 600) to that of Erba-Marduk. [Nos. 91,432-91,448.] 
 
 Terra-cotta foundation-figure of Terra-cotta foundat ion-figure of 
 
 a fish-god. a god. 
 
 [Wall-Case 37, No. 996.] [Wall-Case 38, No. 1005.] 
 
 No. 1583. Earthenware vessel containing portions of two 
 human skulls and other bones which were found at Nineveh. 
 
 [No. 91,448.] 
 
 No. 1597. Large earthenware vessel for holding grain. 
 
 [No. 91,961.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM WALL-CASES 32 TO 40. 116 
 
 No. 1604. Sepulchral vase containing burnt human remains. 
 From Susa [Shushan, the palace.] Presented by Colonel Eoss, 
 CLE., 1876. [No. 91,954.] 
 
 No. 1606. Vase similar to the above, containing burnt human 
 remains. [No. 91,952.] 
 
 No. 1609. Massive six-handled earthenware jar for holding 
 wine or water. Around the side in relief are figures of snakes 
 with feet, duck-headed and winged dragons, and figures of snake- 
 charmers (?). [No. 91,950.] 
 
 Terra-cotta votive figure of a woman suckling a child. 
 [Wall-Case 38, No. 1025.] 
 
 No. 1618. Earthenware vessel ornamented with a notched 
 border and two figures of a mythological being in relief. The 
 figures have human faces, the claws and wings of a bird and the 
 tail of a lion. [No. 91,941.] 
 
 Nos. 1623 and 1629. r^arthenware jars containing burnt human 
 remains over which layers of plaster have been laid for purposes of 
 preservation. [Nos. 91,936, 92,000.] 
 
117 
 
 VOTIVE FIGURES, PLAQUES, SARCOPHAGI, ETC. 
 
 No. 1631. Portion of a foot from a limestone statue of a king or 
 a high official. [No. 92,003.] 
 
 No. 1633. Calcareous stone sarcophagus, with alabaster lid, of 
 the Parthian period. From Susa. Presented by Col. Eoss, C.I.E., 
 1876. [No. 91,932.] 
 
 Terra-cotta plaque stamped with a scene representing a man leading a dog. 
 [Wall-Case 38, No. 1063.] 
 
 Steatite mould for casting small articles of jewellerv. 
 [Wall-Case 39, No. 1071.] 
 
 No. 1634. Stone sarcophagus containing burnt human remains. 
 From Samsabad, near Bushire. Parthian period. Presented by 
 C. J. Malcolm, Esq., 1838. [No. 91,933.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN BOOM WALL-CASES 40 TO 44. 118 
 
 Wall- Cases 41-44. A miscellaneous collection of architectural 
 ornaments, capitals of pillars, stone heads, baked-clay masks, etc., of 
 the late Assyrian and Parthian periods, followed by a series of 
 glazed vessels, bricks, and coffins of the Parthian, Graeco-Roman, 
 and Sassanian periods. Of special interest are : 
 
 No. 1580. Glazed brick on which is depicted the figure of an 
 Assyrian king accompanied by attendants bearing bow, arrows, 
 apear, etc. (See Plate XXX.) [No. 90,859.] 
 
 Tcrra-cotta figure of a Babylonian demon. 
 [Wall-Case 40, No. 1051.] 
 
 Nos. 1645-1647. Three massive, glazed, earthenware coffins 
 from Warka in Southern Babylonia, about B.C. 200. 
 
 [Nos. 92,004-92,006.] 
 No. 1786. Light glazed earthenware vessel with six divisions. 
 This is an interesting example of the silver-grey glaze which is said 
 to be especially characteristic of the late Parthian period. 
 
 [No. 92,097.] 
 
PLATE XXX. 
 
 Glazed brick on which is depicted the figure of an Assyrian king pouring out a 
 libation after hunting. He holds a bow and arrow, and behind him is an 
 attendant carrying his quiver. 
 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Boom, Wall-Case 41, No. 1580; No. 90,859.] 
 
 (See p. 118.) 
 
DEMONS, GLAZED BRICKS, COFFINS, ETC. 
 
 119 
 
 Nos. 1788 and 1791. Glazed earthenware baskets. 
 
 [Nos. 92,092, 92,094.] 
 
 Limestone head of a Babylonian demon. 
 [Wall-Case 40, No. 1052.] 
 
 Ivory head of a bull. 
 [Wall-Case 40, No. 1061.] 
 
 No. 1833. Green glazed earthenware rhyton in the form of an 
 animal. [No. 92,090.] 
 
 f 2 
 
120 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM WESTERN END. 
 
 On the right-hand side of the doorway at the western end of 
 the room stand : 
 
 1. Cast of a basalt stele inscribed in ancient Babylonian characters 
 with the text of the Code of Laws, which was drawn up by 
 Khammurabi, king of Babylon, about B.C. 2200. On the upper 
 part of the stele is carved a relief in which the king, standing in 
 the traditional attitude of worship with his right arm bared and 
 raised, is represented in the act of receiving the laws from Shamash, 
 the Sun-god. The god wears the horned headdress, symbolical of 
 divine power, and he holds in his right hand the ring and staff 
 emblematic of sovereignty and dominion ; and from his shoulders 
 rise flames of fire. The god is seated upon a mystic throne, repre- 
 sented in the form of a Babylonian shrine or temple, and his feet are 
 set upon the mountains. (See Plate XXXI.) On the lower part 
 of the stele are engraved twenty-eight columns of text, containing : 
 
 (i) An Introduction, in which Khammurabi enumerates the 
 
 benefits he has conferred upon the great temples and cities 
 
 of Babylonia and Assyria, 
 (ii) The text of the Laws, some two hundred and eighty-two in 
 
 number, by which the Babylonians were ordered to regulate 
 
 their affairs, 
 (iii) An Epilogue, calling down a blessing upon any man who 
 
 should observe the laws, and a series of curses upon any 
 
 king or governor w T ho should break, modify or abrogate any 
 
 of them. 
 
 The stele was set up in Esagila, the temple of Marduk in 
 Babylon, so that it might be consulted by any man who considered 
 himself wronged or oppressed. It was afterwards carried away by 
 an Elamite king to Susa, where four or five columns of the lower 
 part of the text were erased, probably to make room for an inscription 
 of the king who removed it ; but this second inscription has not 
 been engraved. Khammurabi's Code of Laws was not invented by 
 the king or his legal advisers, but was based upon a large number 
 of older laws and customs, which had been in use for many centuries 
 and had acquired the sanctity of long tradition What Khammurabi 
 did was to collect and codify the laws, and to enforce them rigidly. 
 The large number of contract-tablets of this period which have been 
 recovered (see Table-Case A) prove that the Code was no dead 
 letter, and the despatches of Khammurabi himself (see Table Case B) 
 illustrate the vigorous manner in which the king administered 
 justice to his subjects, and stamped out abuses in his empire. The 
 laws engraved upon the stele consist of an exhaustive set of 
 regulations dealing with all classes of the population and denning 
 the privileges and responsibilities of each. They thus throw con- 
 siderable light uprn the social conditions of Babylonia at this early 
 
PLATE XXXI. 
 
 Upper portion of the stele engraved with the text of Khammurabi's Code of 
 Laws. The scene represents the king receiving the laws from Shamash, 
 the Sun-god. 
 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, No. 98,493.] 
 
 (Seep. 120 f.) 
 F 3 
 
121 KHAMMURABl'S CODE OF LAWS. 
 
 time ; and they have acquired additional interest and importance 
 from the resemblance which many of them bear to similar enact- 
 ments included in the Mosaic legislation and other ancient legal 
 codes. [No. 98,493.] 
 
 2. Cast of a statue of Gudea, governor of Lagash in 
 Southern Babylonia about B.C. 2500. The figure of the king, who 
 is here represented as an architect, is covered with an inscription 
 in archaic cuneiform characters describing the construction and 
 dedication of the temple of the god Ningirsu at Lagash, wherein 
 the statue was set up. Presented by the Museum of the Louvre. 
 
 [No. 91,025.] 
 
 On the left-hand side of the doorway are : 
 
 1. Boundary-stone recording a grant of certain land near the 
 city of Diir-Zizi, on the banks of the river Tigris, by Merodach- 
 Baladan I., king of Babylonia about B.C. 1150, to Marduk-zakir- 
 shum, a governor of a district in Babylonia. Presented by the 
 Proprietors of the " Daily Telegraph " in 1873. [No. 90,850.] 
 
 2. Black basalt statue of Gudea, governor of Lagash in 
 Southern Babylonia about B.C. 2500. The inscriptions recorded 
 building operations carried out by this king. [No. 92,988.] 
 
 Table-Case A. Here is exhibited a large and important 
 series of " Case -tablets," that is to say, tablets with the clay 
 envelopes, or cases, within which they were preserved, arranged 
 side by side. They were found at Tell Sifr, and at other sites 
 of early cities both in northern and southern Babylonia. The 
 arrangement of the tablets from Tell Sifr, when discovered by 
 Loftus in 1854, is thus described by him in his Chaldaea ami 
 Susiana, p. 270 : 
 
 " Three mud bricks were laid down in the form of the capital 
 " letter U. The largest tablet, measuring six and a quarter inches 
 " long and three inches wide, was placed upon this foundation, and 
 " the two next in size at right angles to it. The rest were piled 
 " upon them and also upon the bricks the whole being surrounded 
 " by a reed matting, traces of which were still visibly adhering to 
 "many of the tablets. They were covered by three unbaked 
 "bricks, which accounts for the perfect preservation of so many. 
 "Several were found broken, but the fragments were carefullv 
 " collected." 
 
 At other places in Babylonia it was customary to keep such 
 tablets in a special chamber, either arranged upon shelves, or 
 packed in jars made of unbaked clay, on the outsides of which 
 were inscribed the names of certain of the contracting parties 
 mentioned on the tablets. The jars were made of that peculiar 
 Babylonian loamy earth which preserves its consistency only as 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE A. 122 
 
 long as it is comparatively fresh. After the lapse of years it 
 crumbles away when touched and falls down into dust. Hence 
 it is impossible to remove these jars, and there is no example in 
 this collection. 
 
 The tablets are written in the Babylonian language, but 
 they contain a number of words and phrases and formulae 
 belonging to the non-Semitic or Sumerian language, which 
 was formerly in use throughout the country. They were 
 written during the reigns of Sumu-la-ilu, Zabum, Apil-Sin, 
 Sin-muballit, Khammurabi, Samsu-iluna, and other early 
 kings of Babylon, and during the reign of Rim-Sin, King of 
 Larsa, from about B.C. 2300 to B.C. 2000. Their contents refer 
 to legal and commercial transactions, and include deeds 
 recording the buying and selling of houses and lands ; the 
 leasing of house-property, gardens, fields, plantations, etc. ; 
 the hiring of slaves and labourers ; the loau of money and 
 seed-corn ; the payment or repayment of monies received on 
 deposit ; the dissolution of partnerships ; the adoption of 
 children ; marriage-contracts ; bills of divorce, etc. Other 
 tablets of this series are inscribed with legal or judicial 
 decisions concerning the ownership of land, and the division of 
 property, etc. 
 
 When a contract was made in Babylonia the contracting 
 parties went to some priestly, or legal, official in the town or 
 city in which they lived, and had a statement of the terms of 
 agreement inscribed upon a clay tablet, a copy of which was 
 kept by one or both of the contracting parties, as a proof that 
 the contract was still in force. The original document was 
 placed for safety either in the temple or in the record chamber 
 of the city, and in order to preserve the text inscribed upon it, 
 it was enclosed in a clay envelope or " case," on which the 
 document was copied in duplicate. At the end of each 
 document were written the names of the witnesses, including 
 that of the scribe or official who drew up the contract and 
 sealed it. Usually the seal was impressed on the case only. 
 In general a tablet was sealed by rolling a cylinder-seal, made 
 of some hard stone (see Case D) over it, or by impressing a 
 seal upon it whilst the clay was moist. The early tablets show 
 that another method was also in use. One or more seal 
 impressions were made upon a three-sided clay cone, in the 
 apex of which a piece of reed was inserted. The other end of 
 the reed was attached to the tablet by a piece of moist clay, 
 and thus the cone hung down from the tablet much in the 
 same way that seals hang from ancient parchment chaiters. 
 
 F 4 
 
123 BABYLONIAN "CASE-TABLETS." 
 
 A number of such cones will be seen in the upper part of the 
 case, with fragments of reed still visible (Nos. 95-137). An 
 examination of the texts on the tablets and of the copies upon 
 the cases of those which were found broken shows that the 
 duplicate copy frequently contained variant readings, important 
 both linguistically and grammatically. Hence the cases of all 
 the tablets of this class have been carefully opened, the inner 
 tablet removed, and both tablets and. cases are here exhibited 
 side by side. 
 
 No. 1. Deed recording the division of certain houses and land 
 inherited by Belisunu and Khishshatum from their father. Reign 
 of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa. [No. 33,201.] 
 
 No. 2. Deed recording the sale of a house on the high way by 
 Sinatum and his two brothers to Gimillum for one-third of a maneh 
 and four and a half shekels of silver. Reign of Khammurabi, king 
 of Babylon. [No. 92,501.] 
 
 No. 3. Legal decision concerning the division of certain property 
 purchased by Sini-Ishtar and Ibku-Sin, and awarding two-thirds 
 of the property to the former and one-third to the latter. Reign of 
 Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 33,231.] 
 
 No. 4 Deed recording the sale of a house and land by Nannar- 
 iddina for two-thirds of a maneh and two shekels of silver. Reign 
 of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 92,584.] 
 
 No. 5. Deed recording the sale of a house by Kishnunu and his 
 wife to Ibi-Ninshakh, the son of Ilushu-bani. Reign of Apil-Sin, 
 king of Babylon. [No. 92,588.] 
 
 No. 6. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Manium 
 and Eribam to Nishi-inishu. Reign of Apil-Sin, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,593.] 
 
 No. 7. Deed recording the sale of a house by Ai-tallik and 
 Appan-ili to Iltani for five-sixths of a maneh and five shekels of 
 silver, of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. [No. 92,586.] 
 
 No. 8. Deed recording the sale of a house, the property of the 
 Sun-god and of the goddess Ai, to Amat-Shamash, the priestess of 
 the Sun god. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babvlon. 
 
 [No. 92,657.] 
 
 No. 9. Deed recording the share which Erishtum received in a 
 division of certain property between herself and her sister Amat- 
 Shamash. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. [No. 92,658.] 
 
 No. 10. Judgment against Khammurabi-ludari and Apil-ili in an 
 action brought by them to gain possession of a garden the property 
 of Idin-Sin. Reign of Samsu-iluna. [No. 33,235.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE A. 124 
 
 No. 11. Deed recalling the division of their father's property by 
 Idin-Shamash, Iribam-Sin, Ibi-Ninshakh, Shamshia, Ilu-nasir, and 
 Mar-irsitim. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 33,209.] 
 
 No. 12. Deed recording the transfer of a portion of the 
 property of Lamasn to three of her sons. Reign of Khammurabi, 
 king of Babylon. ' [No. 33,219.] 
 
 No. 13. Deed recording the sale of a house by Amel-Nannar 
 and Aplum to Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili for five and one-third of a 
 shekel of silver. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 33,223.] 
 
 No. 14. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Ana-Sin- 
 emid and Libit-Ishtar to Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili for two and a half 
 shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 33,239.] 
 
 No. 15. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Rish- 
 Shamash to Akhatani. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,638.] 
 
 No. 16. Receipt for ten shekels of silver paid to Sini-Shamash 
 by two brothers with whom the money had been deposited. Reign 
 of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 33,227.] 
 
 No. 17. Deed recording the dissolution of partnership between 
 Sini-Ishtar and Iribam-Sin, and the division of their common capital 
 and stock. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 33,230.] 
 
 No. 18. Deed recording the sale of a house by Lelleta and his 
 son to Imgur-Sin for one-third of a maneh six shekels of silver. 
 
 [No. 33,190.] 
 
 No. 19. Deed recording the sale of a house by Ibni-Ramman 
 to Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili for two and one-third shekels of silver. 
 Reign of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa. [No. 33,162.] 
 
 No. 20. Deed recording the sale of a house by Abi-khibum to 
 Igmil-Sin for four shekels of silver. [No. 33,182.] 
 
 No. 21. Deed recording the sale of a house and garden for three 
 and two-thirds of a shekel of silver. [No. 33,187.] 
 
 No. 22. Deed recording the sale of a house by Akhi-kilim to 
 Sini-Ishtar and his brother Apil-ili. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king 
 of Babylon. [No. 33,246.] 
 
 No. 23. Deed recording sale of a house and field by Minani to 
 Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili for four and a half shekels of silver. 
 
 I No. 33,228.] 
 
125 
 
 BABYLONIAN DEEDS OF SALE. 
 
 No. 24. Deed recording the sale of certain houses and land 
 by Ur-Nintura and Ramman-rabi to Ramman-nasir for five and 
 one-third shekels of silver. Reign of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa. 
 
 [No. 33,193.] 
 
 No. 25. Deed recording the sale of a house by Apil-Ramman 
 for six shekels of silver. Reign of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa. 
 
 [No. 33,197.] 
 
 No. 26. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land to Idin-Sin 
 for eight and two-thirds shekels, fifteen she of silver. Reign of 
 Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 33,238.] 
 
 Clay tablet recording a sale of land in the reign of Samsu-iluna, king of 
 Babylon ; for its case or envelope of clav, see p. 126. 
 [Table-Case A, No. 26.] 
 
 No. 27. Deed recording the sale of a house by Minani and Ili- 
 turam to Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili for three and a half shekels of 
 silver. Reign of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa. [No. 33,196.] 
 
 No. 28. Deed recording the sale of a house by Ana-Sin-emidand 
 Ikunka-Ishtar to Pirkhum for ten shekels of silver. Reign of Rim- 
 Sin, king of Larsa. [No. 33,163.] 
 
 No. 29. Deed recording the sale of a house by Sin-ublam to 
 Sin-uzelli for two and a quarter shekels of silver. Reign of Rim- 
 Sin, king of Larsa. [No. 33,194.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASK A. 
 
 126 
 
 No. 30. Deed recording the sale of a house to Sini-Ishtar and 
 his brother Apil-ili for one and two-thirds of a shekel of silver 
 Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 33,217.] 
 
 No. 31. Deed recording the sale of a house by Iluka-Ea to 
 Idin-Sin for five shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 33,245.] 
 
 Case or envelope of clay which enclosed the tablet No. 33,238 ; for the 
 tablet, see p. 125. 
 [Table-Case A, No. 26.] 
 
 No. 32. Deed recording the sale of a house by Shubula-nasir to 
 Idin-Sin for two and a half shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, 
 king of Babylon. [No. 33,252.] 
 
 No. 33. Deed recording the sale of a house to Sini-Ishtar and 
 Apil-ili for five and a half shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, 
 king of Babylon. [No. 33,242.] 
 
 No. 34. Deed recording the sale of a house to Sini-Ishtar and 
 his brother Apil-ili, for two shekels of silver. Reign of Kham- 
 murabi, king of Babylon. [No. 33,220.] 
 
127 DEEDS OF SALE, ADOPTION, ETC. 
 
 No. 35. Deed recording the sale of a house by Inbatum, Beli- 
 sunu, and Naramtani to Kuburtum. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king 
 of Babylon. [No. 92,582.] 
 
 No. 36. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Iltani to 
 Erishti-Shamash for half a maneh of silver. Reign of Khammurabi, 
 king of Babylon. [No. 92,650.] 
 
 No. 37. Deed recording the adoption of Ibni-Shamash by Arad- 
 Ishkhara. [No. 92,581.] 
 
 No. 38. Deed of sale of a house and land by Ibku-Sin and Arad- 
 Shamash his brother to Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili his brother' for five 
 shekels of silver. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 33,225.] 
 
 No. 39. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Mu- 
 khaddum to Ana-Sin-emid for three and one-third shekels of silver. 
 Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 33,221.] 
 
 No. 40. Affidavit made in the temple of the Sun-god by Sini- 
 lshtar, stating that the houses which he and his brother have 
 purchased from Sin-muballit have been bought with his mother's 
 money, and that Iribam-Sin and others have no legal claim on the 
 property. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 33,222.] 
 
 No. 41. Deed recording the lease of a house and land on the high 
 road by Sini-Ishtar from the sons of Pirkhum for ten years. 
 
 [No. 33,200.] 
 
 No. 42. Deed recording the loan of one shekel and twenty-five 
 she of silver. [No. 92,575.] 
 
 No. 43. Deed recording the sale of a house by Etelka-Bel to 
 Ibku-Sin for seven and a third shekels of silver. Reign of Kham- 
 murabi, king of Babylon. [No. 33,210.] 
 
 No. 44. Deed recording the transfer of certain property to Sini- 
 Ishtar and his brother Apil-ili. Reign of Khammurabi, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 33,226.] 
 
 No. 45. Legal decision in an action brought by Ilushu-abushu, 
 the son of Sin-nasir, against Arad-Bel and Mini-Ishtar. Reign of 
 Apil-Sin, king of Babylon. [No. 92,583.] 
 
 No. 46. Deed recording the share of houses, land and slaves, 
 received by Ibi-Sin in a division of certain property. Reign of Sin- 
 muballit, king of Babylon. [No. 92,585.] 
 
 No. 47. Deed recording the division of certain lands among 
 Minanum, Sini-Shamash and Apil-ili, and Idin-Shamash and his 
 brother. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 33,237.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYKIAN 1JOOM CASK A. 128 
 
 No. 48. Deed recording the sale of a house to Sini-Ishtar and 
 Apil-ili for three shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 33,244.] 
 
 No. 49. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Shamash- 
 in-matim to Beltani for one-third of a maneh, five shekels of silver. 
 Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 92,595.] 
 
 No. 50. Deed recording the receipt of half a maneh of silver by 
 Belti-Shamash from Amat-Beltim in payment for a piece of land. 
 Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 92,664.] 
 
 No. 51. Deed recording the share which Kishatum received in 
 a division of certain property between himself and his brother. 
 Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 92,580.] 
 
 No. 52. Deed recording the sale of a certain piece of land by 
 Ibi Sin and Naramtum to Belitum. Reign of Apil-Sin, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,602.] 
 
 No. 53. Deed recording the share received by Shamash-shuzi- 
 banni and Shamash-shatum in a division of certain property. Reign 
 of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 92,659.] 
 
 No. 54. Deed recording the sale of a house by Sin-nur-matum 
 and Shalurtum to Sin-rimini. Reign of Sumu-la-ilu, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,636.] 
 
 No. 55. Legal decision in an action brought by Belisunu, 
 Napsanum and Matatum against Kuiatum and his brother to gain 
 possession of certain land. Reign of Zabum, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,656.] 
 
 No. 56. Deed recording the sale of certain lands by Nur-Shamash 
 to Shat-Ai, the priestess of Shamash. [No. 92,651.] 
 
 No. 57. Judgment in an action brought by Nishi-inishu against 
 Erishti-Ai to gain possession of a house. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king 
 of Babylon. [No. 92,667.] 
 
 No. 58. Receipt for a loan of six measures of bricks, with 
 stipulation for repayment after eight months. [No. 92,592.] 
 
 No. 59. Deed recording a loan of fourteen shekels of silver to 
 Shamash-khazir, the son of Zariku. [No. 92,590.] 
 
 No. 60. Deed recording the hire of Nur-Martu from his father 
 by Apil-ili for one year at the rate of four and two-thirds of a shekel 
 of silver. A deposit of one shekel of silver was paid. 
 
 [No. 92,646.] 
 
 No. 61. Deed recording the sale of a house by Sini-Ishtar, 
 Iribam, Khamzirum, to Sin-azu, for ten and a half shekels of silver. 
 Reign of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa. [No. 33,198.] 
 
129 SALES, LOANS, LEGAL DECISIONS, ETC. 
 
 No. 62. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Sin-eribam 
 and his brother to Sin-ikisham. [No. 92,649.] 
 
 No. 63. Deed recording the sale of a house by Ana-Sin-emid and 
 Libit-Ishtar to Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili for five and a quarter shekels 
 of silver. Reign of Sarasu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 33,247.] 
 
 No. 64. Deed recording the sale of a house by Ili-turam to 
 Shamash-muballit for four shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu- 
 iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 33,249.] 
 
 No. 65. Deed recording the sale of a house by Sin-ishmeani and 
 Sin-ikisham to Iluka-Sin for five shekels of silver. Reign of Rim- 
 Sin, king of Larsa. [No. 33,202.] 
 
 No. 66. Deed recording the sale of a house by Ibni-Ramman 
 to Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 33,248.] 
 
 No. 67. Deed recording the sale of a house by Ibku-Sin to Sini- 
 Ishtar and Apil-ili for seven and a third skekela of silver. Reign 
 of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 33,232.] 
 
 No. 68. Deed recording the sale of a house by a man and his 
 wife to Shamash-gamil for five shekels of silver. [No. 33,189.] 
 
 No. 69. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Shamash- 
 ilu to Eristi-Ai, the priestess of Shamash. Reign of Sin-muballit, 
 king of Babylon. [No. 92,653.] ' 
 
 No. 70. Deed recording the sale of a female slave for one-third 
 of a maneh of silver. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,644.] 
 
 No. 71. Deed recording the loan of four manehs of silver by 
 Erishti-Shamash to Sin-rim-Uru, and the hire of two slaves by 
 him for one year at the rate of eight shekels of silver. 
 
 [No. 92,655.] 
 
 No. 72. Deed recording the sale of a house to Sini-Gula for 
 fourteen shekels of silver. [No. 33,158.] 
 
 No. 73. Deed recording the payment for certain dates and oil, 
 made by Nidin-Ishtar and Sini-Ishtar to Iribam-Sin and his 
 brethren. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 33,240.] 
 
 No. 74. Deed recording the sale of a house by Shamash-ite to 
 Lamazi. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. [No. 92,577.] 
 
 No. 75. Deed recording the sale of a slave named Wakar-abum 
 by Khushutum to Ai-zibat-matim. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,637.] 
 
 No. 76. Receipt for a sum of money paid to Zikrum and 
 Sabitum by Sini-Ishtar. [No. 33,211.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASES A AND B. 1 30 
 
 No. 77. Deed recording the hire of a house by Shamash-nasir 
 from Libit-Ishtar for one year at a rent of two thirds of a shekel 
 and fifteen she of silver. ' [No. 92,591.] 
 
 No. 78. Deed recording the sale of a house by Sin-imguranni 
 to Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili for two-thirds of a shekel of silver. 
 Keign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 33,236.] 
 
 No. 79. Deed recording the sale of a slave by Erishtum to 
 Aiatia, the wife of Sin-nasir. Eeign of Sin-muballit. 
 
 " [No. 92,654.] 
 
 No. 80. Deed recording the sale of a house by Mukhadum, 
 ili-idinnam, Sin-imguranni and Sin-ikisham, to Sini-Ishtar and Apil- 
 Ili, for two shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 33,250.] 
 
 No. 81. Deed recording the sale of a house by Ili-ippalzam to 
 Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili for two and a half shekels of silver. Reign 
 of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 33,243.] 
 
 No. 82. Deed recording the sale of a house by Mukhadum and 
 Ili-idinnam to Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili for three and a third shekels 
 of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 33,255.] 
 
 No. 83. Deed recording the lease of certain lands from Lamazi 
 by Shamash-ennam. Reign of Apil-Sin, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,660.] 
 
 No. 84. Deed recording a loan of corn by Lushtamar to Nidnat- 
 Sin, to be repaid after harvest. [No. 92,589.] 
 
 No. 85. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Shamash- 
 nasir to Amat-Shamash for one shekel of silver. Reign of Samsu- 
 iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 92,663.] 
 
 No. 86. Deed recording the division of certain property between 
 Busasu, la and Ludlul-Sin, and Abi-shebum. [No. 33,159.] 
 
 No. 87. Deed recording the sale of a house by Beltani for four 
 shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluni, king of Babylon, 
 
 [No. 92,662.] 
 
 No. 88. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Nutubtum 
 to Mukhaditum. Reign of Apil-Sin, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,57S.] 
 
 No. 89. Legal decision concerning the possession of a plantation 
 of date-palms. Reign of Sumu-la-ilu, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,640.] 
 
 No. 90. Deed recording the purchase of a piece of land from 
 Bela and two others by Shilamazi. [No. 92,576.] 
 
 No. 91. Deed recording the sale of a house by Rish-Shamash to 
 Ibi-Ninshakh for fiye shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king 
 of Babylon. [No. 92,579.] 
 
131 LEGAL DEEPS AND SURVEY TABLETS. 
 
 No. 92. Deed recording the lease of a house and field from Sin- 
 imguranni by Sini-Ishtar for eight years. Reign of Samsu-iluna, 
 king of Babylon. [No. 33,253.] 
 
 No. 93. Deed recording the sale of a house by Ana-Sin-emid 
 and his son to Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili for two and a third shekels of 
 silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 33,254.] 
 
 No. 94. Deed recording the hire of Ibi-Ningirsu from his father 
 Mar-Baia, and of Shamash-rimani from his mother, Lamazi, by 
 Nin-sagil and Sin-akham-idinnam for ten days during harvest. 
 
 [No. 92,594.] 
 
 Table-Case B. Here are exhibited two interesting series 
 of tablets which were inscribed during the rule of the kings 
 of the Dynasty of Ur (i.e., Mukeyyer) and during that of the 
 kings of the First Dynasty of Babylon ; they date from about 
 B.C. 2400 to about B.C. 2100. The first series (Nos. 1-35) 
 consists of a number of lists of fields or estates, with their 
 measurements and statistics. The measurements give the 
 length and breadth of each field or estate as well as the total 
 superficial area. The care with which these lists were drawn 
 up indicates that they form part of a large survey of the 
 cultivable districts near the rivers and canals and round about 
 the cities of Southern Babylonia, and there is little doubt that 
 they supplied the data upon which the system of taxation and 
 collection of revenue employed by the Babylonian kings and 
 priests was based. It is tolerably certain that the Babylonians, 
 like the Egyptians, had no deep theoretical knowledge of 
 arithmetic, geometry and mensuration, but the lists here 
 exhibited all show that they were very ready in making 
 practical calculations, and that in a rough and ready way they 
 were able to solve all the problems which dealt with the 
 amount of produce, chiefly grain, which could be grown upon a 
 piece of land, however irregular its shape might be. The 
 ability to work out such calculations was of great value in 
 a country like Babylonia, where the areas and boundaries of 
 fields or estates were constantly changing owing to the frequent 
 inundation of the Tigris and Euphrates. The principal land 
 measures were called gan, sab, and gin (1 gan = 1800 sar ; 
 1 sar = 60 gin) ; the principal corn measures were called GUR, 
 ka and gin (1 gur = 300 ka ; 1 ka = 60 gin). But, although 
 the relative values of these measures are known, it is not at 
 present possible to give their equivalents in modern English 
 measures. 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE B. 132 
 
 It will be noticed that the tablets of this series which, as 
 far as shape is concerned, are probably unique, are dated 
 according to the system employed by the non- Semitic Sumerian 
 inhabitants of Babylonia, that is to say by important events, 
 such as military expeditions, the destruction of cities, the 
 founding of temples, the restoration of shrines of certain gods ; 
 in fact almost every year was called after some important event 
 which had' taken place in it. This system was adopted by the 
 early Semitic kings of Babylon, and continued in use for a 
 considerable time ; as, however, it was found to be too cumbrous 
 and complicated, it became at length superseded by another 
 system in which the regnal years of the kings were used to 
 date all documents, legal or otherwise, and the latter system 
 continued in use until the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. 
 It would be impossible to identify the exact year in which a 
 certain document of the early period is dated, were it not for 
 the classified lists of events which have come down to us, and 
 of which examples may be seen in Table-Case E. The reason 
 why the tablets of this series are circular in shape is not 
 apparent, for, the texts being written in columns, much of the 
 superficial space is uninscribed ; and much room would be 
 required for their careful storage. 
 
 The second series of tablets (Nos. 36-105) forms a remarkable 
 collection of letters from Khammurabi, Samsu-iluna Abshu', 
 Ammi-ditana, and Ammi-zaduga, kings of Babylon, chiefly 
 addressed to high officials in the great cities of Larsa and 
 Sippar. Each tablet was enclosed in a clay envelope, inscribed 
 with the address of the official for whom it was intended. The 
 clay envelopes were thrown away after their recipients had 
 broken them open. In a few instances small portions of them 
 still adhere to the letters. In the upper portion of the table- 
 case will be seen an example of a private letter by the side of 
 its envelope ; as the envelope was unbroken, it is probable that 
 it was not despatched. (See Nos. 93,018, 93,018a.) Both 
 envelope and tablet were baked, and the former was prevented 
 from adhering to the latter by powdering the tablet with dry 
 clay. 
 
 The writing on these letters is of a cursive character, and, 
 though many of the signs still retain the complicated forms 
 met with in the earlier periods, it is evident from many 
 peculiarities that they were very quickly written. They 
 represent a period of transition in writing which lies between 
 that found on the tablets of the earliest periods (see Nos. 
 1-35 and Table-Case C, Nos. 105-159), and that employed by 
 
133 EARLY BABYLONIAN LETTEKS. 
 
 the writers of the series of letters and despatches which were 
 found at Tell el-Aniarna (see Table Case F.) 
 
 The contents of this group of tablets are of a very inter- 
 esting character, for they afford some insight into the 
 administration of the Babylonian empire under Khammurabi 
 and his immediate successors. We learn that the governors 
 of the great cities received their instructions directly from 
 the king, and that every subject had the right of appeal in 
 any serious dispute to the king's supreme court at Babylon. 
 The orders issued in these tablets refer to the cleaning and 
 repair of canals; the transport of oil, wearing apparel, corn, 
 dates, sesame-seed and other produce to Babylon ; the providing 
 of crews for barges for transport; the supply of wood for 
 various purposes ; the preservation of fishing rights ; the 
 shearing of sheep ; the restoration of lands to their rightful 
 owners; the restoration of officials and others to their posts; 
 the arrest of insubordinate officials and their despatch to 
 Babylon ; the transfer of legal and other cases to Babylon for 
 hearing ; the collection of revenue ; the audit of accounts, etc. 
 No. 51 is of peculiar interest and relates that the king sent 
 two officers to inquire into a charge of bribery which had been 
 made against officials of the town Dur-gurgurri, and the 
 money and all other things which formed part of the bribe 
 were to be confiscated and sent to the king at Babylon. This 
 group of tablets comprises the oldest Babylonian letters 
 known. The style is terse but generally clear, serving as a 
 model for later scribes in drafting their despatches; it is in 
 striking contrast to the verbose composition of the Tell 
 el-Amarna tablets. 
 
 No. 1. List of seven fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated " in the year 
 " after that in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." 
 
 [No. 19,030.] 
 
 No. 2. List of eleven fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated "in the year 
 " after that in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." 
 
 [No. 12,910.] 
 
 No. 3. List of eleven fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated "in the year 
 " after that in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." (See 
 Plate XXXII.) [No. 18,039.] 
 
 No. 4. List of fourteen fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated " in the year 
 " after that in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." 
 
 [No. 18,040.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASK B. 134 
 
 No. 5. List of six fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Undated.] [No. 18,049.] 
 
 No. 6. List of thirteen fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated " in the year 
 " after that in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." 
 
 [No. 24,959.] 
 
 No. 7. List of nine fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Undated.] [No. 18,053.] 
 
 No. 8. List of six fields and estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Undated.] [No. 18,057.] 
 
 No. 9. List of three fields and estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated " in the year 
 "in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." 
 
 [No. 18,054.] 
 
 No. 10. Part of a list of fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [The date is wanting.] [No. 29,370.] 
 
 No. 11. List of six fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated " in the year 
 " after that in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." 
 
 [No. 18,047.] 
 
 No. 12. List of four fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. Dated " in the year after that in which the city of 
 " Kimash was destroyed." [No. 12,911.] 
 
 No. 13. List of fifteen fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated " in the year 
 " after that in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." 
 
 [No. 18,041.] 
 
 No. 14. List of five fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated "in the year 
 "after that in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." 
 
 [No. 24,964.] 
 
 No. 15. List of six fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated " in the year 
 " after that in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." 
 
 [No. 18,052.] 
 
 No. 16. List of nine fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Undated.] [No. 18,056.] 
 
 No. 17. List of six fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated "in the year 
 "after that in which the land of Khukhnuri \v;is laid waste." 
 
 [No. 15,275.] 
 
 No. 18. Part of a list of fields or estates with measurements 
 and statistics. [Undated.] [No. 12,389.] 
 
PLATE XXXII. 
 
 
 List of eleven fields or estates with measurements and statistics. Reign of 
 Bur-Siu, king of Ur about B.C. 2400. 
 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, Table-Case B, No. 3 ; No. 18,039.] (See p. 133.) 
 
SURVEY TABLETS. 135 
 
 No. 19. List of six fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Undated.] [No. 18,080.] 
 
 No. 20. Description of two fields or estates with measurements 
 and statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated "in the 
 " year in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." 
 
 [No. 18,055.] 
 
 No. 21. Part of a list of fields or estates with measurements 
 and statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated "in the 
 " year after that in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." 
 
 [No. 19,586.] 
 
 No. 22. List of four fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated " in the year in 
 " which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." [No. 18,051.] 
 
 No. 23. Part of a description of an estate with measurements 
 and statistics. Dated " in the year after that in which the lands of 
 " Simuru and Lulubu were laid waste for the ninth time." 
 
 [No. 15,277.] 
 
 No. 24. List of four fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated " in the year in 
 " which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." [No. 18,050.] 
 
 No. 25. List of thirteen fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] Dated "in the year 
 " in which the land of Khukhnuri was laid waste." [No. 18,046.] 
 
 No. 26. List of eighteen fields or estates with measurements 
 and statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] [No. 18,042.] 
 
 No. 27. List of thirteen fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] [No. 19,042.] 
 
 No. 28. Part of a list of fields or estates with measurements 
 and statistics. [The date is wanting.] [No. 18,062.] 
 
 No. 29. List of four fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. [Undated.] [No. 18,063.] 
 
 No. 30. List of seven fields or estates with measurements and 
 
 statistics. [Undated.] [No. 18,048.] 
 
 No. 31. List of eight fields or estates with measurements and 
 
 statistics. [Undated.] [No. 18,079. J 
 
 No. 32. Part of a list of fields or estates with measurements 
 and statistics. Dated " in the year after that in which the lands of 
 " Simuru and Lulubu were laid waste for the ninth time." 
 
 [No. 15,278.] 
 
 No. 33. Part of a list of fields or estttes with measurements and 
 statistics. Dated " in the first year of the reign of Ibi-Sin, king of 
 " Ur." [No. 25,037.] 
 
136 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN BOOM CASK B. 
 
 No. 34. List of three fields or estates with measurements and 
 statistics. Dated " in the year after that in which the city of 
 " Kimash was destroyed." [No. 21,350.] 
 
 No. 35. Document recording the receipt of various amounts of 
 corn. [Eeign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur.] [No. 18,096.] 
 
 The following tablets are royal despatches of the period of 
 the First Dynasty of Babylon ; most of them were sent by 
 Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, Governor of Larsa, his vassal : 
 
 No. 36. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to send certain wearing apparel and oil to Babylon. [No. 23,337.] 
 
 No. 37. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to cut down a certain quantity of abba-trees for use by smelters of 
 metal. Only well grown and vigorous trees are to be felled, and 
 the lengths into which they are to be cut are specified. 
 
 [No. 26,234.] 
 
 No. 38. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to call out the dwellers on the Damanum canal to clean and clear it 
 out within the current month. [No. 25,071.] 
 
 No. 39. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, with instruc- 
 tions for providing crews of barges for transport. 
 
 [No. 27,288.] 
 
 No. 40. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering that, 
 as the claim of Ea-lu-bani to certain lands has been proved from an 
 ancient deed to be just, they be restored to him. [No. 27,773.] 
 
 No. 41. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering the 
 restoration of Sin-ilu to his former position in the service of Tari- 
 batum. [No. 23,159.] 
 
 No. 42. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to arrest eight officials who have refused to proceed to their 
 duties, and to despatch them to him at Babylon. [No. 23,154.] 
 
 No. 43. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to investigate the affairs of certain palace officials, and to set them 
 free from the obligations which they have incurred. 
 
 [No. 86,284.] 
 
 No. 44. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to investigate the charge of theft of corn brought against Apil-ili 
 by Amolu-tummumu. [No. 12,830.] 
 
 No. 45. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, announcing 
 the despatch to him of Sin-putram with instructions to arrest eight 
 men, and send them under guard into his presence. [No. 12,832.] 
 
DESPATCHES OF KHAMMURABI, ETC. 137 
 
 No. 46. Letter from Khaniniurabi to Sin-idinnam, decreeing 
 that an intercalary month (second Elul) be inserted in the calendar. 
 
 [No. 12,835.] 
 
 No. 47. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, announcing 
 the despatch of certain officials to inspect the sheep and cattle in 
 the district of Larsa, which are the property of the king. 
 
 [No. 12,837.] 
 
 No. 48. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to despatch forty-seven shepherds to Babylon, that they may give 
 an account to the king of the flocks under their charge. 
 
 [No. 23,122.] 
 
 No. 49. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, commanding 
 him to send a certain man from Larsa to Babylon. 
 
 [No. 23,127.] 
 
 No. 50. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, giving in- 
 structions with regard to certain workmen and sailors. 
 
 [No. 12,826.] 
 
 No. 51. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, announcing 
 the despatch of Shumma-la-ilu with two officers to inquire into a 
 charge of bribery made against certain officials of the city of Dur- 
 gurgurri. The king orders that the money given as the bribe is to 
 be confiscated and sent to him. [No. 12,829.] 
 
 No. 52. Letter from Samsu-iluna to Sin-ilu and others, with 
 instructions concerning the supply of corn for the temple of 
 Shamash at Larsa. [No. 13,936.] 
 
 No. 53. Letter from Samsu-iluna to Sin-idinnam and the judges 
 of Sippar, with directions concerning the collection of certain taxes. 
 
 [No. 27,268.] 
 
 No. 54. Letter from Samsu-iluna to Sin-idinnam and the judges 
 of Sippar, with instructions to prevent certain fishermen from 
 fishing in forbidden waters. [No. 27,269.] 
 
 No. 55. Letter from Ammi-zaduga to Ibni-Sin, with instructions 
 to attend a sheep-shearing, which is to take place in the house of 
 the Feast of the New Year. [No. 92,677.] 
 
 No. 56. Letter from Ammi-zaduga ro Ibni-Sin, with instructions 
 to attend a sheep-shearing which is to take place in the house of 
 the Feast of the New Year. [No. 17,298.] 
 
 No. 57. Letter from Ammi-zaduga to Ibni-Sin, with instructions 
 to attend a sheep-shearing which is to take place in the house of 
 the Feast of the New Year. [No. 17,334.] 
 
 No. 58. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, with orders 
 for him to send to Babylon a number of men, who are to be 
 despatched one at a time/ [No. 23,153.] 
 
138 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE B. 
 
 No. 59. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, containing 
 orders that certain captains of ships may be despatched from 
 Larsa, so that they reach Babylon on the thirtieth day of the 
 month Adar. [No. 23,152.] 
 
 No. 60. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering the 
 despatch of certain officials to Babylon, that they may render their 
 accounts to him. [No. 23,148.] 
 
 No. 61. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, with direc- 
 tions for the transfer of an official. [No. 23,147.] 
 
 No. 62. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to send the corn, which had been intended for the use of certain 
 cattle, to Babylon. [No. 23,145.] 
 
 No. 63. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, -with instruc- 
 tions to transfer ninety men of the guard of the city of Ur to a 
 certain ship. [No. 23,144.] 
 
 No. 64. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to despatch a subordinate officer of Apil-Shamash to Babylon. 
 
 [No. 23,136.] 
 
 No. 65. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, rebuking him 
 for not despatching Enubi-Marduk to Babylon, and ordering him 
 to send him thither, with instructions to travel day and night. 
 
 [No. 26,250.] 
 
 No. 66. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to despatch Sheb-Sin to Babylon with certain monies. 
 
 [No. 12,838.] 
 
 No. 67. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to arrest three officials, and to despatch them to Babylon. 
 
 [No. 12,840.] 
 
 No. 68. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, concerning a 
 dispute between a landlord and tenant about the payment of 
 rent for land. [No. 23,120.] 
 
 No. 69. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to annul a contract between Lalum and Ani-ellati, who had unjustly 
 laid claim to certain corn-lands, the property of Lalum, and taken 
 possession of the crop. [No. 12,821.] 
 
 No. 70. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, concerning the 
 revenues which Sheb-Sin had been obliged to pay in to the royal 
 treasury, although Enubi-Marduk and Gimil-Marduk had not placed 
 the monies due to him into his hands. [No. 23,123.] 
 
 No. 71. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, instructing 
 him to clear out a canal in the city of Erech in the course of three 
 days. [No. 12,818.] 
 
DESPATCHES OF KHAMMURABI, ETC. 139 
 
 No. 72. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, reporting that 
 certain men have cancelled their deed of mortgage, and ordering 
 him to despatch Enubi-Marduk, who took their lands on mortgage, 
 to Babylon. [No. 12,841.] 
 
 No. 73. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, asking why 
 certain men of the guardians of the city of Erech have been sent to 
 the king in Babylon. [No. 12,828.] 
 
 No. 74. Letter from Abeshu' to Marduk-nasir and others, with 
 instructions for the reaping of a certain field of corn. 
 
 [No. 26,960.] 
 
 No. 75. Letter from Abeshu' to the merchants of Sippar, with 
 orders for the payment of certain taxes. [No. 26,962.] 
 
 No. 76. Letter from Abeshu' to Sin-idinnam and the judges of 
 Sippar, with instructions for carrying out certain works made 
 necessary by the flooding of the Irnina canal. [No. 26,970.] 
 
 No. 77. Letter from Abeshu' to Sin-idinnam and the judges of 
 Sippar, with instructions to send a case to Babylon for trial. 
 
 [No. 27,266.] 
 
 No. 78. Letter from Abeshu' to Marduk-nasir and others, with 
 orders for the payment of tribute which is overdue. 
 
 [No. 27,745.] 
 
 No. 79. Letter from Ammi-ditana to Marduk-mushalim and 
 others, with directions for the supply of corn to the district of 
 Shagga. [No. 92,626.] 
 
 No. 80. Letter from Ammi-ditana to the scribe of the merchants 
 of Sippar-iakhrurum, with orders to pay certain tribute. 
 
 [No. 92,678.] 
 
 No. 81. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, containing 
 instructions concerning the transport of certain goddesses and 
 their women attendants from Elam to Babylon. [No. 23,131.] 
 
 No. 82. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to send to Babylon two revenue-receiving officers with sesame- 
 seed, which was due before harvest, under the escort of a trust- 
 worthy officer. [No. 23,130.] 
 
 No. 83. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, with instruc- 
 tions for the restoration of certain men to their former positions. 
 
 [No. 15,348.] 
 
 No. 84. Part of a letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, 
 ordering him to make arrangements that a number of slaves shall 
 arrive at a certain place on the first day of the month Sivan. 
 
 [No. 15,862.] 
 
140 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYEIAN ROOM CASK B. 
 
 No. 85. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, instructing 
 him to appoint additional sheep-shearers, so that the work may be 
 completed quickly. [No. 15,329.] 
 
 No. 86. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to compel Sin-magir, the governor, to repay with interest a loan of 
 thirty measures of corn which he had borrowed from Uushu-ibi, a 
 merchant, three years before. [No. 12,864.] 
 
 No. 87. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to despatch Shamash-magir to Babylon without delay. 
 
 [No. 23,129.] 
 
 No. 88. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to despatch the two hundred and forty men who are under the 
 command of Nannar-iddina from Assyria and Shitullum to join the 
 forces of Ibni-Martu. [No. 12,863.] 
 
 No. 89. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, with instruc- 
 tions for the repair of the banks of the river Euphrates 
 
 between the cities of Larsa and Erech, etc. [No. 12,817.] 
 
 No. 90. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, with instruc- 
 tions for the restoration of certain men to their former positions. 
 
 [No. 12,816.] 
 
 No. 91. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, with orders to 
 send to Babylon the defendant in an action at law together with all 
 the witnesses of the plaintiff. [No. 12,815.] 
 
 No. 92. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, with direc- 
 tions for the restoration of a baker to his former position. 
 
 [No. 12,812.] 
 
 No. 93. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, instructing 
 him to put in the charge of Gimillum and a fellow overseer 
 workmen in the city of Larsa, that under their direction they may 
 carry out certain works. [No. 12,825.] 
 
 No. 94. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, ordering him 
 to investigate the appeal of an official of the city of Medem and, 
 when he has heard the case of the defendant, to give judgment. 
 
 [No. 12,846.] 
 
 No. 95. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, concerning 
 the case which Ili-ippalzam has brought against Sin-gimlanni and 
 Libit-Ishtar. The king decrees that inasmuch as the presence of 
 Ili-ippalzam is necessary in the city of Ur during the celebration of 
 a festival, the trial shall be postponed. [No. 1 2,827.] 
 
 No. 96. Part of a letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, 
 arranging for the hire of certain workmen. [No. 12,849.] 
 
 No. 97. Letter from Khammurabi to Sin-idinnam, announcing 
 the despatch of Shunurkhali, who is to bring back to Babylon dates 
 
DESPATCHES OF KHAMMUKANT, ETC. 
 
 141 
 
 and sesame-seed which Sin-idinnam is to have packed and made 
 ready for transport. [No. 12,855.] 
 
 No. 98. Letter from Abeshu' to Marduk-nasir and the judges of 
 Sippar, with instructions for the despatch of a priest with certain 
 men to Babylon. [No. 27,251.] 
 
 No. 99. Letter from Abeshu' with orders for the despatch of a 
 ship to bring corn for the palace. [No. 26,969.] 
 
 No. 100. Letter from Abeshu' to Sin-idinnam, with orders for 
 the bringing of tribute to the palace. [No. 26,251.] 
 
 No. 101. Letter from AbSshu' to Apil-Nabium and Taribatum 
 and others, with orders for the payment of tribute which is overdue. 
 
 [No. 27,249.] 
 
 Letter from Khammurabi 
 [Table-Case B, No. 94-.] 
 
 King of Babylon, to Sin-idinnam. 
 
 No. 102. Letter from Abeshu' to Sin-idinnam and the judges of 
 Sippar, with instructions for the bringing back of a female slave 
 to Babylon. [No. 27,248.] 
 
 No. 103. Letter from Samsu-iluna, with instructions to an 
 official to arrange for the transport of an image of the goddess 
 Anunitum to Sippar-edina. [No. 92,679.] 
 
 No. 104. Letter from Sin-idinnam to a legal official, with 
 instructions to summon a certain man to attend at court. 
 
 [No. 12,868.] 
 
 No. 105. Letter from two men presenting ;t petition to 
 Akhatim the wife of Sin-idinnam. [No. 92,652.] 
 
142 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYKIAN ROOM CASE C. 
 
 Table-Case C. In the upper part of this case are exhibited 
 a large and interesting series of memorial tablets, bronze 
 figures, clay cones, fragments of stone and alabaster vases, 
 inscribed in the early Babylonian character with votive and 
 other texts, dating from the earliest period of Sumerian history 
 to about B.C. 626. In the lower portion is a series of very fine 
 examples of large tablets inscribed with accounts, lists of grain 
 and produce, and lists of provisions for workmen and slaves, 
 and inventories of cattle and sheep, etc., drawn up in con- 
 nection with the administration of the government property 
 and that of the great temples in Southern Babylonia about 
 B.C. 2400. Most of the inscriptions in this case are written in 
 the Sumerian language, which was in common use among the 
 non-Semitic inhabitants of the country from very early times. 
 
 No. 1. Portion of a limestone slab, inscribed in archaic "line- 
 Babylonian" characters, which are semi-pictorial. The text be- 
 longs to an exceedingly early period, but as no king's name is 
 mentioned, it is impossible at present to assign to the object an 
 exact date. [No. 22,506.] 
 
 No. 2. Limestone mace-head inscribed in archaic Babylonian 
 characters with a record of its dedication to Ningirsu on behalf 
 of Enannatum, governor of Lagash. Around the object in relief 
 are sculptured rude figures of an eagle, lions, etc. The eagle and 
 the lions constituted the emblem of the city of Lagash. 
 
 [No. 23,287.] 
 
 No. 3. Fragment of an alabaster vessel with inscription of 
 Urukagina, king of Lagash. [No. 90,902.] 
 
 No. 4. Fragment of an alabaster vessel with inscription of 
 Urumush, an early king of Kish in Northern Babylonia, record- 
 ing the dedication of the vessel to a god, and stating that it formed 
 part of spoil from Elam. [No. 91,020.] 
 
 No. 5. Fragment of an alabaster vessel inscribed with the name 
 and title of Urumush, king of Kish. [No. 91,019.] 
 
 No. 6. Stone mace-head with inscription in archaic Babylonian 
 characters, dedicated to the Sun-god at Sippar by Sargon, king of 
 Agade, who, according to the statement of Nabonidus, reigned 
 about B.C. 3800. The king is referred to on a cylinder of 
 Nabonidus (No. 91,109, see Case G, No. 65), which states that in 
 the course of certain work which he was undertaking in connection 
 with the re-building of the Temple of the Sun-god at Sippar, 
 he found an inscription of Naram-Sin, the son of Sargon, the 
 original founder of the temple, "which had not been seen for 
 " three thousand two hundred years." Now, Nabonidus reigned from 
 B.C. 555 to B.C. 538, and, on the assumption that the year of the 
 
PLATE XXXIII. 
 
 Figure of an early Sumerian royal personage or priestly official. 
 [Babylonian and Assyriaii Room, Table-Case C, No. 59 ; No. 90,929.] 
 
 (See p. 144.) 
 
143 EARLY BABYLONIAN MACE-HEADS, STONE TABLETS, ETC. 
 
 restoration of the temple was B.C. 550 by adding 550 to 3200, a 
 date of B.C. 3750 has been obtained for the reign of Naram-Sin. 
 And Naram-Sin was the son of Sargon, to whom therefore the date 
 of B.C. 3800 has been assigned ; but see above, p. 3. [No. 91,146.] 
 
 No. 7. Lapis-lazuli tablet, dedicated to the god Anu and the 
 goddess Ninni by Lugal-tarsi, an early king of Kish. 
 
 [No. 90,013.] 
 
 No. 8. Marble mace-head, with inscription of Manishtusu, an 
 early king of Kish. [No. 90,018.] 
 
 No. 9. Mace-head dedicated to a god by Ninkagina, daughter 
 of Ka-azag, on behalf of himself and Nammakhni, viceroy of 
 Lagash, about B.C. 2500. [No. 22,445.] 
 
 Stone mace-heart of Sargon, an earlv king of Agade, in Northern Babylonia 
 [Table-Case C, No. 6.] 
 
 No. 10. Grey-stone cross-shaped object with inscription in 
 archaic Babylonian characters, about B.C. 2500. [No. 91,022.] 
 
 No. 11. Stone head-dress for a statue inscribed with a dedica- 
 tion to a goddess by Bau-ninan on behalf of Dungi, king of 
 Ur, about B.C. 2500. [No. 91,075.] 
 
 No. 12. Tablet inscribed with the name and titles of Dungi, 
 king of Ur, about B.C. 2500. [No. 90,897.] 
 
 No. 13. Copy of an inscription of Dungi, king of Ur, about 
 B.C. 2500, recording the building of a temple in Cutha. 
 
 [No. 35,389.] 
 
 No. 14. Stone object dedicated to the god Meslamtaea, on 
 behalf of Dungi, king of Ur, about B.C. 2500. 
 
 [No. 91,074.] 
 
 No. 15. Limestone tablet, inscribed in archaic characters with a 
 record of the dedication of a temple to the god Ningirsu by Gudea, 
 viceroy of Lagash, B.C. 2500. [No. 91,007.] 
 
 No. 16. Limestone tablet bearing an inscription of Gudea, viceroy 
 of Lagash, about B.C. 2500, dedicated to Ningirsu, god of that city ; 
 and recording the rebuilding of the temple E-ninnu. [No. 9 1 ,060.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE C. 144 
 
 No. 17. Limestone tablet inscribed in archaic characters with a 
 record of the dedication of a temple to the godNingirsu by Gudea, 
 viceroy of Lagash, B.C. 2500. [No. 91,008.] 
 
 Nos. 18-20*. Bronze figures of a god holding a cone, inscribed 
 with the name and title of Gudea, viceroy of Lagash, about 
 B.C. 2500. Presented by J. Fremlyn Streatfeild, Esq. 
 
 [Nos. 91,058, 91,057, 91,056, 102,613.] 
 
 Nos. 21-41. Baked clay cones, of a votive and commemorative 
 character, inscribed with the name and titles of Gudea, viceroy of 
 Lagash, about B.C. 2500. [Nos. 90,874, 91,037-91,055, 91,067.] 
 
 Nos. 42-47. Baked clay cones, inscribed with the nairte and titles 
 of Ur-Bau, viceroy of Lagash, about B.C. 2500. (See Plate 
 XXXIV.) [Nos. 91,061-91,066.] 
 
 Nos. 48-50. Baked clay cones, inscribed with the name and 
 title of Galu-Babbar, an early viceroy of the city of Umma, recording 
 the dedication of a temple to the goddess Ninkharsag. 
 
 [Nos. 15,781-15,783.] 
 
 Nos. 51-54. Fragments of stone and alabaster vases, bearing 
 portions of inscriptions of early Babylonian rulers. 
 
 [Nos. 12,033, 22,451, 22,452, 90,903.] 
 
 No. 55. Part of an inscription of an early Babylonian ruler. 
 
 [No. 33,429.] 
 
 No. 56. Tablet of Bur-Sin, a king of the dynasty of Ur, about 
 B.c. 2450, with inscription recording the dedication of a temple 
 to a goddess. [No. 91,014.] 
 
 No. 57. Bronze figure of Gimil-Sin, king of Ur, about 
 B.C. 2400, in the character of the priestly official who carried the 
 basket of offerings in the presence of the god, or perhaps of earth 
 for the building of his temple. [No. 9 1 , 1 7 . ] 
 
 Nos. 58 and 58*. Bearded bronze figures of early Babylonian 
 kings with hands clasped together in an attitude of devotion. 
 Figures somewhat resembling these, which taper to a point at the 
 feet, were sometimes employed as supports for votive inscriptions 
 placed within the temples. [Nos. 91,016, 102,599.] 
 
 No. 59. Limestone figure of a royal personage or official who 
 belonged to one of the families of Sumerian, or non-Semitic origin, 
 which reigned at Lagash in southern Babylonia, about B.C. 2500. 
 (See Plate XXXIII.) [No. 90,929.] 
 
 Nos. 60-60*. Terra-cotta cones inscribed with the name of Sin- 
 gashid, king of Erech, about B.C. 2400. The text commemorates 
 the dedication of a temple to the god Lugal-banda and the goddess 
 Ninsun, and records the price of grain, wool, copper, and oil during 
 Singashid's reign. [Nos. 91,150,91,150*.] 
 
PLATE XXXIV. 
 
 >-h CO 
 
 ft -T 
 
 OS 
 m 
 Q) o 
 
 1* 
 
 CO 
 
 J s 
 
 ' E a" 
 
 <*> 2 
 O C 
 
CLAY CONES, BRONZE FIGURES, ETC. 
 
 145 
 
 No. 61. Neo-Baby Ionian copy on a clay tablet of the cone- 
 inscription (see No. 60) of Sin-gashid, king of Erech, about B.C. 
 2400. [No. 91,081.] 
 
 Bronze figure of a god holding a cone 
 on which is a short inscription of 
 Grudea, viceroy of La gash. 
 [Table-Case C, No. 20.] 
 
 Bronze bearded figure of an early 
 Babylonian king. 
 [Table-Case C, No. 58.] 
 
 <; 
 
146 
 
 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN KOOM CASE C. 
 
 No. 62. Bronze cone with inscription in archaic characters. It 
 
 was probably dedicated to a 
 god by an early Babylonian 
 king before B.C. 2500. 
 
 [No. 90,951.] 
 
 No. 63. Terra-cotta cone 
 inscribed with the name of 
 Kudur-Mabug, governor of 
 Elam, about B.C. 2300. 
 
 [No. 91,149.] 
 
 No. 64. Bronze figure of 
 Arad-Sin, son of Kudur- 
 Mabug, king of Larsa, about 
 B.C. 2300. The text records 
 the dedication of a temple to 
 the goddess Ninni of the city 
 of Khallab. [No. 91,144.] 
 
 Nos. 65-68. Stone tablets 
 inscribed with a dedication to a 
 goddess on behalf of Arad-Sin 
 and of Kudur-Mabug (his 
 father), about B.C. 2300. 
 
 [Nos. 21,890-21,893.] 
 
 No. 69. Limestone cylinder 
 of Arad-Sin, king of Larsa, 
 about B.C. 2300, recording the 
 building and dedication of a 
 temple to the goddess Ninni of 
 the city of Khallab, on behalf 
 of himself and his father, 
 Kudur-Mabug. 
 
 [No. 91,085.] 
 
 No. 70. Tablet inscribed 
 with the name and titles of 
 Rim-Sin, king of Larsa, about 
 B.C. 2300. [No. 90,898.] 
 
 No. 71. Tablet with inscrip- 
 tion recording the foundation 
 and endowment of a temple to 
 the goddess Ninigal, by the 
 wife of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa, 
 about B.C. 2300. 
 
 [No. 90,899.] 
 
 Bronze figure of Arad-Sin, an early king 
 of Larsa. 
 [Table-Case C, No. 64.] 
 
PLATE XXXV. 
 
 Inscription of Khammurabi, king of Babylon about B.C. 2200. 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, Table-Case C, No. 78 ; No. 90,939.] 
 
 (See p. 147.) 
 O 2 
 
147 BRONZE FIGURES, STONE TABLETS, ETC. 
 
 No. 72. Terra-cotta cone inscribed with the name of Sin- 
 idinnam, king of Larsa, about B.C. 2300, and recording the 
 dedication of a temple to the Sun-god. [No. 91,152.] 
 
 No. 73. Terra-cotta cone inscription of an early Babylonian king. 
 
 [No. 91,153.] 
 
 No. 74. Tablet recording the dedication of a temple to the god 
 Nergal on behalf of Sin-gamil, king of Erech. [No. 91,082.] 
 
 No. 75. Bronze figure of a king of Babylonia. [No. 91,145.] 
 
 Nos. 76 and 77. Bronze ornaments inscribed with the name of 
 Khammurabi, king of Babylon, about B.C. 2200. 
 
 [Nos. 22,455, 22,456.] 
 
 No. 78. Limestone tablet of Khammurabi, king of Babylonia, 
 about B.C. 2200, with inscription recording the building of a temple 
 to the goddess Ninni in the city of Khallab, near Sippar. (See 
 Plate XXXV.) [No. 90,939.] 
 
 No. 79. Limestone tablet of Khammurabi, king of Babylonia, 
 about B.C. 2200, recording the building of the temple of the Sun-god 
 in Larsa. [No. 91,076.] 
 
 Nos. 80-83. Baked clay cones inscribed in the Sumerian language 
 with an account of the building operations carried out at Sippar by 
 Khammurabi, king of Babylonia. 
 
 [Nos. 91,069, 91,070, 91,079, 91,154.] 
 
 Nos. 84-89. Baked clay cones inscribed in the Babylonian 
 language, with an account of the building operations carried out at 
 Sippar by Khammurabi, king of Babylonia. 
 
 [Nos. 91,071-91,073, 91,077, 91,078, 91,080.] 
 
 No. 90. Baked clay cylinder inscribed in the Sumerian language, 
 with an account of the building operations carried out by Samsu- 
 iluna, king of Baby Ionia, about B.C. 2145. [No. 22,507.] 
 
 No. 91. Limestone tablet, inscribed in the Sumerian language, 
 with an account of the building operations carried out by Samsu- 
 iluna, king of Babylon, about B.C. 2145. [No. 91,083.] 
 
 No. 92. Oval stone object, inscribed with the name, titles, and 
 conquests of Anu-mutabil, an early governor of Der, a Babylonian 
 city near the Elamite frontier, about B.C. 2000. [No. 91,084.] 
 
 No. 93. Copy of an inscription of Kurigalzu, king of Babylonia, 
 about B.C. 1400, recording the building of a temple to the goddess 
 Ninni. [No. 22,463.] 
 
 No. 94. Tablet sculptured with a scene representing the 
 worship of the Sun-god in the Temple of Sippar, and inscribed 
 with a record of the restoration of the temple by Nabu-aplu- 
 iddina, king of Babylonia, about B.C. 870. In the upper part 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN BOOM CASE C. 
 
 148 
 
 of the tablet the Sun-god is seen seated within a shrine upon 
 a throne, the sides of which are sculptured with figures of 
 mythical beings in relief ; in his right hand he holds a disk and 
 bar, which may be symbolic of the sun's orbit, or eternity. Above 
 his head are the three symbols of the Moon and the Sun and the 
 planet Venus. The roof of the shrine is supported by a column 
 in the form of a palm-trunk. Before the shrine upon an altar 
 or table stands the disk of the Sun, which is held in position by 
 means of ropes tightly drawn in the hands of two divine beings 
 who form part of the celestial canopy. Approaching the disk are 
 three figures ; the first of these is the high priest of the Sun- 
 god, who is leading the king by the hand to do worship to the 
 
 Covering of clay made for the sculptured scene upon the " Sun-god Tablet 
 by Nabopolassar, king of Babylon. [No. 91,002.] 
 [Table-Case C, No. 94.] 
 
 symbol of the solar deity, and the last figure is an attendant 
 goddess. The shrine of the god stands upon the Celestial Ocean, 
 and the four small disks upon which it rests seem to indicate 
 the four cardinal points. The text describes the restoration of 
 the Temple of the Sun-god by two kings called Simmash- 
 shipak (about B.C. 1050) and Eulmash-shakin-shum (about 
 B.C. 1020). It then goes on to say that Nabu-aplu-iddina, king 
 of Babylonia, found and restored the ancient image of the Sun- 
 god and the sculptures of the temple, which had been over- 
 thrown by the enemies of the country. The shrine of the god 
 had been stripped of its beautiful ornaments and its ancient 
 endowments had been appropriated for profane uses. But when 
 
 fj 3 
 
149 THE SUN-GOD TABLET. 
 
 Nabu-aplu-iddina became king, he determined to take vengeance 
 upon the enemy who had carried out such sacrilegious work, to 
 re-found and re-endow the shrines of the gods and to establish 
 regular festivals and offerings. He also beautified the ancient 
 figure of the Sun-god with gold and lapis-lazuli. The text 
 concludes with a list of the offerings which the king dedicated 
 to the temple, and enumerates at length the various garments 
 and apparel which the priests were to wear on holy days and 
 festivals. This tablet was made by Nabu-aplu-iddina in the 
 ninth century before Christ, but he probably copied the 
 sculptured scene at the top from a relief of a very much older 
 period. Two protecting coverings of clay, which have received 
 
 Inscription of Nabopolassar on the back of the clay covering No. 91,002. 
 [Table-Case C, No. 94.] 
 
 impressions of this scene, were found wich the tablet ; the 
 broken covering was probably made by Nabu-aplu-iddina, and 
 the unbroken one by Nabopolassar. About two hundred and 
 fifty years after the restoration of the temple by Nabu- 
 aplu-iddina, Nabopolassar, king of Babylon from B.C. 625 to 604, 
 the father of Nebuchadnezzar II., again restored the temple, and 
 in the course of his work must have found this tablet. He 
 provided the sculptured scene with a new clay covering 
 (No. 91,002), and according to his inscription on the back of it 
 (see the plaster cast, No. 91,003), he dedicated a number of 
 offerings and garments to the shrine of the Sun-god at Sippar. 
 It is probable that the baked clay box in which it was found 
 (see No. 91,004) dates from the reign of this king. (See Plate 
 XXXVI.) [No. 91,000.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE C. 150 
 
 No. 95. Deed recording a grant of land by Nebuchadnezzar I., 
 king of Babylonia about B.C. 1120, to Shamua and Shamai his son. 
 These men were priests of Eria, an Elamite god, and for some 
 reason they came to Babylon and appealed to Nebuchadnezzar to 
 help them against the rulers of their country. Nebuchadnezzar 
 espoused their cause, and having invaded Elam, he wasted and 
 ravaged the whole country. When this had been done, he took the 
 two priests Shamua and Shamai and their god Eria back to 
 Babylonia, and set apart the revenues of certain lands for the 
 maintenance of the worship of this Elamite god. [No. 92,987.] 
 
 No. 96. Black stone tablet inscribed with the text of a title-deed, 
 dated at Babylon in the first year of Marduk-nadin-akhe. king 
 of Babylon, about B.C. 1100. According to the text Aradsu grants 
 in perpetuity to certain persons independence and exemption from 
 forced labour. [No. 90,938.] 
 
 No. 97. Black stone tablet inscribed with the text of a title-deed 
 dated in the 12th year of the reign of Simmash-shipak, king of 
 Babylonia, about B.C. 1050. [No. 90,937.] 
 
 No. 98. Cylinder made for Nabft-shum-usur, during the reign of 
 Nabu-shum-ishkuii, king of Babylonia, about B.C. 900. 
 
 [No. 33,428.] 
 
 No. 99. Black basalt tablet with inscription recording the limits 
 of a certain estate granted to Nabft-aplu-iddina, the son of Atnai, 
 by Napu-aplu-iddina, king of Babylon, about B.C. 870. 
 
 [No. 90,922.] 
 
 Nos. 100 and 101. Tablets with inscriptions referring to grants 
 of land. [Nos. 90,936, 91,015.] 
 
 No. 102. Limestone amulet inscribed with a figure of a goddess 
 and an invocation to her, about B.C. 650. [No. 22,464.] 
 
 No. 103. Fragment of white marble engraved with a palm tree 
 and gazelles, and the name of the owner, Marduk-nasir. 
 
 [No. 91,006.] 
 
 No. 104. Four-sided block of clay inscribed with lists of the 
 names of stones, plants, fish, birds, garments, etc. These lists were 
 compiled in Babylon about B.C. 2100. [No. 92,611.] 
 
 No. 104*. Early Babylonian funerary cone. [No. 102,586.] 
 
 No. 105. Tablet of accounts concerning grain. The date is 
 wanting. Of the period of the Dynasty of Ur. [No. 21,897.] 
 
 No. 106. Tablet of accounts concerning the distribution of 
 grain ; dated in the year in which Kimash was destroyed. Reign 
 of Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 23,581.] 
 
 No. 107. Tablet of accounts concerning grain in Lagash and 
 Nina. Dated in the year in which Simurum and Lulubu were 
 laid waste for the ninth time. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 18,343.] 
 G 4 
 
PLATE XXXVI. 
 
 The " Sun-god Tablet," engraved with a scene representing Nabu-aplu-iddina, 
 ting of Babylon about B.C. 870, worshipping in the shrine of the Sun-god 
 in the city of Sippar. 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, Table-Case C, No. 94; No. 91,000.] 
 
 (See pp. 147 ff.) 
 
TITLE DEEDS AND TABLETS OF ACCOUNTS. 151 
 
 No. 108. Tablet of accounts concerning grain for the temples, etc., 
 in Lagash, Nina, and other places. Dated in the year after that in 
 which Kimash was destroyed. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 21,896.] 
 
 No. 109. Tablets of accounts ; dated in the year after that in 
 which Kimash was destroyed. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 19,023.] 
 
 No. 110. Inventory of sheep and lambs. This tablet was drawn 
 up for purposes of revenue. The text giving date is broken. Of 
 the period of the Dynasty of Ur. [No. 28,410.] 
 
 No. 111. Tablet of accounts; dated in the year after that in 
 which Kimash was destroyed. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 28,365.] 
 
 No. 112. List of gangs of labourers consisting of men, women, 
 and children, with the amounts of grain paid to them as wages. 
 Dated in the year in which the city of Kharshi was destroyed. 
 Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 18,344.] 
 
 No. 113. Portion of a tablet of accounts. The date is wanting. 
 Of the period of the Dynasty of Ur. [No. 19,719.] 
 
 No. 114. Tablet of accounts concerning grain. Of the period of 
 the Dynasty of Ur. [No. 23,623.] 
 
 No. 115. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the year 
 in which the great throne of the god Enlil was made. Reign of 
 Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 23,635.] 
 
 No. 116. Tablet of accounts concerning grain, referring to the 
 year after that in which Kimash was destroyed, and to the follow- 
 ing year. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 17,751.] 
 
 No. 117. Tablet of accounts concerning wool from different 
 places. Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur. [No. 12,915.] 
 
 No. 118. Tablet of accounts recording the receipt of various 
 amounts of silver. Dated in the year after that in which Kimash 
 was destroyed. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 19,031.] 
 
 No. 119. Inventory of cattle, dated in the year in which Bad- 
 mada was built. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 19,733.] 
 
 No. 120. Tablets of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the 
 year in which Kimash was destroyed. Reign of Dungi, king of 
 Ur. [No. 18,957.] 
 
 No. 121. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the 
 accession year of Bur-Sin, king of Ur. [No. 23,647.] 
 
 No. 122. Tablet of accounts concerning grain; dated in the 
 year in which Kharshi and Khumurti were destroved. Reign of 
 Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 12,912.] 
 
152 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE C. 
 
 No. 123. Tablet of accounts concerning grain. The date is 
 wanting. [No. 22,450.] 
 
 No. 124. Inventory of sheep and lambs. This tablet was drawn 
 up for purposes of revenue. Dated in the year after that in which 
 Kimash was destroyed. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 23,626.] 
 
 No. 125. Tablet of accounts concerning grain. Reign of Bur- 
 Sin, king of Ur. [No. 24,960.] 
 
 No. 126. Tablet of accounts, dated in the year in which 
 Kharshi and Khumurti were laid waste. Reign of Dungi, king 
 of Ur. [No. 14,308.] 
 
 No. 127. Tablet of accounts concerning grain; dated in the 
 year in which Simurum and Lulubum were laid waste for the 
 ninth time. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 23,627.] 
 
 No. 128. Tablet of accounts; dated in the year in which 
 Khukhnuri was laid waste. Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 23,632.] 
 
 No. 1 29. Tablet of accounts ; dated in the year in which Kimash 
 and Khumurti were laid waste. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 18,346.] 
 
 No. 130. Inventory of asses, cattle, etc. This tablet was drawn 
 up for purposes of revenue. The date is broken. Reign of Dungi, 
 king of Ur. [No. 12,913.] 
 
 No. 131. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the year 
 in which Kimash was destroyed. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 24,953.] 
 
 No. 132. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the year 
 in which Kharshi and Khumurti were laid waste. Reign of Dungi, 
 king of Ur. [No. 21,338.] 
 
 No. 133. Tablet of accounts recording the receipt of various 
 amounts of wool of different qualities. Dated in the year after 
 Anshan was destroyed. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 17,747.] 
 
 No. 134. Tablet of accounts concerning grain; dated in the 
 year the temple of Dagan was built. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 13,657.] 
 
 No. 135. Tablet of accounts concerning grain; dated in the 
 year Anshan was destroyed. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 15,322.] 
 
 No. 136. Tablet of accounts concerning grain in Girsu. Dated 
 in the year in which Bur-Sin destroyed Urbillum. Reign of Bur- 
 Sin, king of Ur. [No. 12,926.] 
 
TABLETS OF ACCOUNTS AND INVENTORIES. 153 
 
 No. 137. Tablet of accounts concerning grain in Girsu. Dated 
 in the accession year of Bur-Sin, king of Ur. [No. 15,296.] 
 
 No. 138. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the 
 year in which Kimash and Khumurti were destroyed. Reign of 
 Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 21,340.] 
 
 No. 139. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the year 
 in which Kharshi and Khumurti were laid waste. Reign of Dungi, 
 king of Ur. [No. 21,336.] 
 
 No. 140. Tablet of accounts concerning the distribution of 
 grain. Reign of Bur-Sin, king of Ur. [No. 12,921.] 
 
 No. 141. Inventory of asses and cattle; this tablet was drawn 
 up for purposes of revenue. Dated in the year in which Simurum 
 and Lulubum were laid waste for the ninth time. Reign of Dungi, 
 king of Ur. [No. 24,990.] 
 
 No. 142. Tablet of accounts concerning grain; dated in the 
 accession year of Bur-Sin, king of Ur. [No. 24,966.] 
 
 No. 143. Tablet of accounts concerning grain. Reign of Dungi, 
 king of Ur. [No. 23,630.] 
 
 No. 144. Tablet of accounts concerning wool. Reign of Bur 
 Sin, king of Ur. [No. 12,914.] 
 
 No. 145. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the year 
 in which Bad-mada was built. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 17,743.] 
 
 No. 1 46. Inventory of cattle and asses ; this tablet was drawn 
 up for purposes of revenue. Dated in the year after that in which 
 Simurum and Lulubum were laid waste for the ninth time. Reign 
 of Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 13,646.] 
 
 No. 147. Inventory of sheep and lambs in Girsu, Nina, and other 
 places. This tablet was drawn up for purposes of revenue. Reign 
 of Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 12,231.] 
 
 No. 1 48. Inventory of cattle and asses ; this tablet was drawn 
 up for purposes of revenue. Dated in the year after that in which 
 Simurum and Lulubum were laid waste for the ninth time. Reign 
 of Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 19,024.] 
 
 No. 149. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the 
 year in which Kharshi and Khumurti were laid waste. Reign of 
 Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 19,027.] 
 
 No. 150. Tablet of accounts concerning grain; dated in the year 
 in which Simurum and Lulubum were destroyed for the ninth time. 
 Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. [No. 21,337.] 
 
154 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASES C AND D. 
 
 No. 151. Portion of an inventory of sheep and lambs; this 
 tablet was drawn up for purposes of revenue. The text containing 
 the date is wanting. Of the period of the Dynasty of Ur. 
 
 [No. 21,226.] 
 
 No. 152. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the year 
 in which Bad-mada was built. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 23,634.] 
 
 No. 153. Tablet of accounts concerning grain received as 
 revenue during a period of five years. Reign of Dungi, king of 
 Ur. [No. 18,358.] 
 
 No. 154. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; the date is 
 wanting. Of the period of the Dynasty of Ur. [No. 23,625.] 
 
 No. 155. Tablet of accounts concerning grain. Dated in the 
 accession year of Bur-Sin, king of Ur. [No. 21,341.] 
 
 No. 156. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the 
 year in which Kharshi was destroyed. Reign of Dungi, king of 
 Ur. [No. 19,742.] 
 
 No. 157. Tablet of accounts concerning grain ; dated in the 
 year after that in which Anshan was destroyed. Reign of Dungi, 
 king of Ur. [No. 17,744.] 
 
 No. 158. Inventory of cattle and asses. This tablet was 
 drawn up for purposes of revenue. Reign of Dungi, king of Ur. 
 
 [No. 18,933.] 
 
 No. 159. Portion of a tablet of accounts concerning grain. 
 The text containing the date is wanting. Of the period of the 
 Dynasty of Ur. [No. 23,619.] 
 
 Table-Case D. In the upper portion of this case is 
 exhibited a series of inscribed stone slabs and other objects 
 and baked clay cylinders recording the history of Assyria 
 from about B.C. 2000 to B.C. 705 ; in the lower portion is 
 placed a large and very fine collection of engraved Sumerian, 
 Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, and -Egyptian seal-cylinders, 
 all of which probably belong to the period which lies between 
 B.C. 2500 and B.C. 300. 
 
 No. 1. Brick of Irishum, king of Assyria, about B.C. 2000. 
 
 [No. 91,130.] 
 
 No. 2. Stone object inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Arik-den-ilu, king of Assyria, B.C. 1350. [No. 91,059.] 
 
 Nos. 3-5. Eight-sided baked clay cylinders inscribed with an 
 account of the campaigns and building operations of Tiglath- 
 Pileser I., king of Assyria, about B.C. 1100. The text describes an 
 expedition against the lands of Mushku and Kummukh to the 
 
HISTORICAL CYLINDERS AND RECORDS. 155 
 
 north-west of Assyria ; an expedition against the land of Shubari 
 and defeat of 4,000 warriors of the Khatti ; the second expedition 
 against Kummukh ; the conquest of the countries of Murattash, 
 and Saradaush to the south of Assyria ; an expedition against 
 the countries to the north of Assyria, wherefrom Tiglath-Pileser 
 brought back much spoil, along with twenty-five images of gods ; the 
 conquest of Nairi, and the countries to the north of Assyria ; the 
 conquest of Karkemish ; the final conquest of Nairi ; Tiglath- 
 Pileser's hunting expeditions ; the restoration of the temples and 
 palaces in Ashur and other cities ; and the general prosperity of 
 Assyria. The text concludes with an account of the rebuilding of 
 the temple of Ami and Ramman which was founded by Shamshi- 
 Karaman, king of Assyria, about B.C. 1820. Six hundred and forty- 
 one years later it was pulled down by Ashur-dan, and it was not 
 rebuilt until the reign of Tiglath-Pileser, about sixty years later. 
 
 This cylinder is dated in the eponymy of Ina-ilia-allak. From 
 Kal'at Sherkat, the site of the city of Ashur. 
 
 [Nob. 91,033-91,035.] 
 
 Nos. 6 and 7. Alabaster slabs inscribed with the name and titles 
 and genealogy, and with a summary of the conquests and building 
 operations of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria from about B.C. 885 
 to B.C. 860. These slabs were found in an inscribed alabaster coffer 
 at Balawat near Nineveh. See No. 73, Nimroud Gallery. 
 
 [Nos. 90,980, 90,981.] 
 
 Nos. 8-11. Alabaster slabs inscribed with the name and titles 
 and genealogy, and with a summary of the conquests and building 
 operations of Ashur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria from about B.C. 885 
 to B.C. 860. [Nos. 90,979, 90,984, 92,985, 92,986.] 
 
 No. 12. Cylinder inscribed with a chronicle of the expeditions of 
 Sargon, king of Assyria, B.C. 721-705. [No. 22,505.] 
 
 No. 13. Eight-sided baked clay cylinder inscribed with an 
 account of the campaigns and building operations of Sennacherib, 
 king of Assyria from B.C. 705-681. [No. 22,508.] 
 
 No. 14*. Limestone memorial tablet inscribed in the Assyrian 
 language with a text of Tukulti-Ninib I., king of Assyria, about 
 B.C. 1275. The tablet was engraved to commemorate the completion 
 of the city wall of Kar-Tukulti-Ninib, the town which Tukulti- 
 Ninib had built not far from Ashur, his capital, and it was probably 
 buried by the king in the foundation of the wall. In addition to 
 giving an account of the building of Kar-Tukulti-Ninib, the 
 dedication of its temples to the gods, and the cutting of a canal for 
 supplying it with water from the Tigris, the text gives a very 
 valuable account of the king's military expeditions. We learn 
 that his first campaign was against the Kuti and the inhabitants of 
 four other districts to the east of Assyria ; this was followed by the 
 
156 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE D. 
 
 conquest of Shubari and ten other districts to the north-west of 
 Assyria, and by the subjugation of forty kings of the lands of 
 Na'iri. The most interesting record on the stone is that which 
 relates how Tukulti-Ninib defeated Bitiliashu, or Kashtiliashu, 
 the Kassite king of Babylon, and brought the whole of Sumer and 
 Akkad into subjection to Assyria. Tukulti-Ninib also records how 
 he carried Bitiliashu away to Assyria and led him a prisoner and in 
 chains before Ashur, the national god. The text concludes with an 
 appeal to future rulers to keep the city-wall in repair and the 
 tablet in its place ; it blesses all who carry out these instructions 
 and calls down curses on anyone who shall destroy the wall, or 
 remove the tablet, or deface the king's name, or neglect or destroy 
 the city itself which Tukulti-Ninib had built. [No. 98,494.] 
 
 Nos. 14-23. A group of modern imitations (or " forgeries ") 
 of inscribed Babylonian antiquities of various periods, which 
 have been made in the East during the last twenty-five years. 
 
 Nos. 14 and 15 are engraved with figures of Babylonian heroes, etc., 
 which seem to have been copied from the sculptures found at Lagash. 
 The forger apparently derived parts of his inscription from a 
 votive offering inscribed with a dedication to the god Ningirsu, 
 parts of whose name occur in more than one place on these objects. 
 Presented by Mr. W. Talbot Beady, 1899. [Nos. 86,260, 86,261.] 
 
 No. 16. Modern stone plaque with forged inscription of Gimil- 
 Sin, king of Babylonia, about B.C. 2400. For tablets similar to 
 that from which this forgery was copied, see Table-Case C. (upper 
 portion). [No. 25,011.] 
 
 Nos. 17-21. Modern baked clay rectangular and circular tablets 
 with forged inscriptions of the period of the Dynasty of Ur. For 
 tablets similar to those from which these forgeries were copied, see 
 Table-Cases B and C (lower portion). 
 
 [Nos. 16,363, 23,650-23,652, 23,665.] 
 
 Nos. 22 and 23. Modern baked clay cylinders made from 
 moulds taken from genuine cylinders of Nebuchadnezzar II. king 
 of Babylon from B.C. 604 to B.C. 561. For cylinders similar to 
 those from which these casts were made, see Table-Case G (upper 
 portion). [Nos. 93,012, 93,013.] 
 
 No. 23*. Modern copy of an early Babylonian funerary cone ; 
 a genuine cone with a similar text is exhibited in Case C, No. 104*. 
 
 [No. 102,611.] 
 
 Nos. 24-500. In the lower portion of the case is a series of the 
 hard stone Cylinder-seals used by the Babylonians for sealing 
 legal and commercial documents. Thus, to ratify a contract the 
 cylinder bearing the name of the witness or contracting party was 
 rolled over the moist clay of the contract tablet in the space provided 
 for it. Tablets thus impressed are to be seen in Table-Case A. 
 
CYLINDER-SEALS. 157 
 
 Marble, jasper, rock-crystal, emerald, amethyst, topaz, chalcedony, 
 onyx, agate, lapis-lazuli, haematite, steatite, and occasionally jade 
 were employed in the manufacture of seals. The outline of the 
 design was cut with a graver made of metal or some very hard 
 stone, and the deeper parts were hollowed out by means of a drill. 
 The hole pierced through the length of the seal would enable the 
 owner to secure it by a string ; and it might also be worn as an 
 ornament, or amulet, or talisman. The engraving on the cylinder 
 in its simplest form consisted of a figure of the owner, and his name, 
 and perhaps the name of his father. An early development intro- 
 duced the figure of the god whom he worshipped and the 
 name of that god. In process of time the whole field of the 
 cylinder became filled up with figures and emblems of gods and 
 mythical animals, etc. Very commonly the whole of the surface is 
 occupied with a scene from an ancient legend, a representation of 
 an act of worship of one of the gods, or some incident of a successful 
 war or fight; scenes of the conflict of the mythical heroes 
 Gilgamesh and Eabani with lions and bulls are of frequent occur- 
 rence. Specimens of cylinder-seals have been found which belong 
 to the earliest historical periods ; and it is known from the examples 
 preserved in London and Paris that the art of engraving was carried 
 on long after the time of the Persian conquest of Babylon by Cyrus, 
 about B.C. 538. The oldest examples are found in Southern 
 Babylonia, and of these the most important is that of Sargon I. 
 of Agade, who, according to the statement on the cylinder of 
 Nabonidus, king of Babylon, about B.C. 555 (see Table-Case G), 
 reigned about 3800 B.C. This seal is in the collection of M. de Clercq, 
 at Paris. The use of cylinder and other seals was apparently 
 borrowed from the Assyrians by the Phoenicians in about the eighth 
 century B.C. A number of typical examples of the most interesting 
 classes of cylinder seals have been grouped at the beginning of the 
 collection. 
 
 No. 24. Cylinder-seal inscribed with the name of Khashkhamer, 
 viceroy of the city of Ishkun-Sin, and an address to Ur-Engur, 
 king of Ur about B.C. 2500. The scene represents Ur-Engur or 
 Khashkhamer being led into the presence of Sin, the Moon-god. 
 
 [No. 89,126.] 
 
 No. 25. Cylinder-seal dedicated to Meslamtaea by Kilulla on 
 behalf of the life of Dungi, king of Ur about B.C. 2500. The 
 scene represents the king or Kilulla being led into the presence of 
 the god. [No. 89,131.] 
 
 No. 26. Cylinder-seal inscribed with the name and titles of 
 Gimil-Sin, king of Ur about B.C. 2400. Presented by the late 
 Sir H. C. Rawlinson, Bart., G.C.B., 1895. [No. 12,165.] 
 
 No. 27. Cylinder-seal engraved with a scene representing a 
 priest or official standing in adoration before a bas-relief of an 
 
158 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE D. 
 
 Assyrian king which has been set up near a sacred tree. Above 
 the tree is the visible emblem of Ashur, the national god. 
 
 [No. 89,502.] 
 
 Cylinder-seal of the reign of Ur-Engur, about B.C. 2500. 
 [Table-Case 1), No. 24 ; No. 89,126.] 
 
 No. 28. Persian cylinder-seal engraved with the^ figure of 
 Darius* in his chariot hunting lions in a palm-plantation ; above is 
 the emblem of Ahuramazda, the national god of ancient Persia. 
 The inscription gives his name and titles in the Persian, Susian, 
 and Babylonian languages. [No. 89,132.] 
 
 Cylinder-seal inscribed with the name of Darius in the Persian, Susian, and 
 
 Babylonian languages. 
 [Table-Case D, No. 28 ; No. 89,132.] 
 
 No. 29. Cylinder-seal engraved with a scene representing a male 
 and female figure seated at the side of a tree" bearing fruit ; behind 
 the woman is a serpent. This scene has been identified by some 
 
 * Probably Darius the Great, king of Persia from B.C. 521 to B.C. 485. 
 
CYLTNDEK-SEALS. 159 
 
 writers as the Babylonian equivalent of the temptation of Eve 
 recorded in the Book of Genesis. [No. 89,326.] 
 
 No. 30. Cylinder-seal engraved with a scene in which Sit- 
 napishtim, the Babylonian equivalent of Noah in the Book of 
 Genesis, is being steered in an ark, or vessel, over the water of the 
 Flood (see Nineveh Gallery, Table-case A). [No. 89,349.] 
 
 No. 31. Cylinder-seal engraved with a scene in which the 
 Babylonian hero Slt-napishtim is conventionally represented 
 standing in the ark. On each side of the waters of the Flood is a 
 mythical being holding a rudder or steering-pole. [No. 89,771.] 
 
 No. 32. Cylinder-seal engraved with a representation of the 
 Babylonian hero Sit-napishtim. The style of the engraving on 
 this seal is most unusual, for the figure runs round the seal and not 
 across it. [No. 89,463.] 
 
 No. 33. Cylinder-seal on which is engraved a scene depicting 
 the slaughter of the monster Tiamat by the god. Marduk 
 (Merodach), who is armed with a thunder-bolt and other weapons. 
 This scene is described on the Fourth Tablet of the Creation Series 
 (see Nineveh Gallery, Table-Case A). [No. 89,589.] 
 
 Nos. 34-61. A group of cylinder-seals, belonging to various 
 periods between B.C. 2500 and B.C. 500, engraved with scenes in 
 which the mythical heroes Gilgamesh and Ea-bani are depicted 
 in conflict with lions, bulls, and oryxes. Gilgamesh is represented 
 as a mighty man of the chase, and Ea-bani as a half-human monster 
 with a bull's horns, legs, and tail. For an account of the legend of 
 the deeds of Gilgamesh and Ea-bani, see p. 45 ff. [Nos. 12,285, 
 
 & 22,427, 22,961, 22,964, 89,008, 89,046, 89,047, 89,057, 89,078, 
 
 89,079, 89,111, 89,118, 89,140, 89,147, 89,171, 89,219, 89,221, 
 
 89,226, 89,249, 89,272, 89,283, 89,308, 89,316, 89,348, 89,538, 
 
 89,692, 89,750, 89,751.] 
 
 No. 62. Cylinder-seal engraved with scenes in which Gilgamesh 
 and Ea-bani are in conflict with a lion, and Gilgamesh and 
 Arad-Ea are crossing the Ocean and the Waters of Death 
 (see p. 46.) [No. 89,588.] 
 
 No. 63. Cylinder-seal engraved with a mythological scene in 
 which a god or hero is mounting upwards on the back of an eagle ; 
 this scene has been connected with the legend of Etana (see p. 82). 
 
 [No. 89,767.] 
 
 No. 64. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of human-headed 
 bulls lying in a pasture, and bulls, and other animals, birds, etc. 
 This cylinder belongs to an extremely early period, and the material 
 is a fine example of the lapis-lazuli, which is supposed to have 
 come from the neighbourhood of Elam. [No. 22,962.] 
 
160 
 
 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE D. 
 
 Nos. 65-67. Three cylinder-seals engraved with a scene repre- 
 senting the Sunrise, in which Shamash the Sun-god issues from 
 the portals of heaven, which are opened for him by attendant 
 deities. [Nos. 89,110, 89,531, 89,548.] 
 
 No. 68. Cylinder-seal engraved with a scene representing the 
 worship of Shamash, the Snn-god, who is seated upon a throne. 
 
 [No. 89,257.] 
 
 Nos. 69-71. Three important cylinder-seals engraved with 
 mythological scenes, in which a River-god and a number of other 
 deities are depicted. No. 69 is a particularly interesting example 
 of early lapidary work ; the inscription shows that it belonged to 
 Adda, the scribe. [Nos. 89,096, 89,115, 89,250.] 
 
 Cylinder-seal of Adda, the scribe, engraved with a mythological scene, 
 about B.C. 2500. 
 [Table-Case D, No. 70 ; No. 89,115.] 
 
 Nos. 72 and 73. Two cylinder-seals engraved with mythological 
 scenes in which certain gods are depicted in conflict. 
 
 [Nos. 89,119, 89,224.] 
 
 No. 74. Cylinder-seal with a bronze mount, showing that the 
 object was worn as an ornament ; it could be rolled over wet clay 
 when required. [No. 89,319.] 
 
 Nos. 75-77. Three cylinder-seals engraved with various scenes 
 and inscriptions dedicating them to the Sun-god Shamash and his 
 wife Ai. [Nos. 86,266, 89,268, 89,284.] 
 
 No. 78. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of the god Ishum 
 and his wife Ninmug. [No. 89,017.] 
 
 No. 79. Cylinder-seal engraved with a scene representing the 
 worship of a deity, and inscribed with the names of the god Eamman 
 and his wife Shala. [No. 89,251.] 
 
 No. 80. Cylinder-seal engraved with a scene representing a 
 suppliant worshipping the god B#l and his wife the goddess Belit. 
 
 [No. 89,263.] 
 
CYLINDER-SEALS. 161 
 
 No. 81. Cylinder-seal engraved with a religious scene and the 
 following prayer written in the Sumerian language : " Marduk, 
 " thou [great] Lord, thou Euler of the Judgments of Heaven and 
 " of Earth, unto Shuanikusia, thy servant who feareth thee, may thy 
 "countenance be favourable." [No. 89,001.] 
 
 No. 82. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of the god Martu 
 and a worshipper. Inscription : " Servant of Martu." 
 
 [No. 89,007.] 
 
 No. 83. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of the god Martu 
 and a worshipper, etc. Inscription : " Ibni-Martu, son of Ilima- 
 " akhi, the servant of Martu." [No. 89,002.] 
 
 No. 84. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of the god Nabu 
 (Nebo) and a worshipper. Inscription : " Nabti-nasir, the scribe, 
 " the son of Taribatum, the servant of Nabu." [No. 89,197.] 
 
 No. 85. Cylinder-seal engraved with the figure of a worshipper. 
 Inscription : " Ibni-Eamman, the son of Ili-turam, the servant of 
 " Eamman." [No. 89,266.] 
 
 No. 86. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of the god Nabfl 
 and a worshipper. Inscription : " Sin-eribam, the son of Sin- 
 " rimeni, the servant of Nabu." [No. 89,039.] 
 
 No. 87. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of the god 
 Eamman and a priest and a worshipper. Inscription : " Ili-turam, 
 " the son of Ibku-Eamman, the servant of Eamman." 
 
 [No. 89,228.] 
 
 No. 88. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of the god Martu 
 and a worshipper, etc. Inscription : " Sin-taiar, the son of Sin- 
 " imguranni, the servant of the god Martu." [No. 21,123.] 
 
 No. 89. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of the god Martu 
 and a worshipper. Inscription : " Lushtapa, the son of Zabil- 
 " Zamama, the servant of Martu " [No. 89,230.] 
 
 No. 90. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of the god Nabft 
 and a worshipper. Inscription : " Shamash-mushezib, the son of 
 " Shamash-sharrum, the servant of Nabu\." [No. 89,077.] 
 
 No. 91. Cylinder-seal engraved with the figure of a worshipper. 
 Inscription : " Ili-usati, the son of Mannum-kima-Eamman." 
 
 [No. 89,098.] 
 
 No. 92. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of the god Shamash 
 and a worshipper. Inscription : " Sin-rabi, the son of Shamash- 
 "abi, the servant of Shamash." [No. 89,083.] 
 
 No. 93. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of a god and a 
 worshipper. Inscription : " Marduk-mushteshir, the servant of the 
 "gods Sin and Martu." [No. 89,242.] 
 
162 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASES D AND E. 
 
 No. 94. Cylinder-seal engraved with figures of the god Sin, 
 and a priest, and a worshipper. Inscription : " Iamanum, the son 
 " of Iashubum, the servant of Sin." [No. 89,265.] 
 
 Nos. 113, 144, 169, 379, 380, 413, 423, 457, 474, 475, and 496. 
 A group of uninscribed cylinder-seals. The scenes engraved upon 
 them represent worshippers in the presence of their gods ; figures of 
 gods and goddesses, mythological scenes, etc., are of common 
 occurrence. The chief characteristic of the work of this period is 
 the manner in which the engraver fills up the whole field of the 
 seal with emblems of gods, animals, patterns, etc. About B.C. 
 900-600. [Nos. 89,313-89,315, 
 
 89,325, 89,336, 89,340, 89,357, 89,364, 89,423, 89,535, 89,745.] 
 
 No. 501. Pierced fragment of agate inscribed with the name of 
 Kurigalzu, king of Babylon, about B.C. 1400. [No. 89,877.] 
 
 No. 503. Agate eye of a statue inscribed with the name of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II., king of Babylon, from B.C. 604 to B.C. 561. 
 
 [No. 89,878.] 
 
 No. 506. Chalcedony amulet inscribed with Assyrian incan- 
 tation. [No. 89,904.] 
 
 Nos. 511 and 512. Broken agate cylinders inscribed with the 
 name and titles of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, B.C. 705 to B.C 
 681. [Nos. 89,159, 89,910.] 
 
 Table-Case E. Here is exhibited a group of one 
 hundred and nineteen deeds and commercial documents be- 
 longing to the reigns of Sumula-ilu, Zabum, Apil-Sin, 
 Sin-muballit, Khammurabi, Samsu-iluna, Abeshu', Ammi- 
 ditana, and Ammizaduga, kings of Babylon, from about B.C. 
 2300 to B.C. 2050. They refer to the sale of houses and land, 
 the renting of houses and land, the exchange of houses and 
 land, the sale of slaves, deeds of gift, marriage-contracts, 
 dissolution of partnerships, judicial decisions, etc. Gram- 
 matically and palaeographically the tablets are of the greatest 
 importance, and the fact that the text on each tablet is com- 
 plete considerably enhances their value. Incidentally they 
 throw much light upon the development and application of 
 Babylonian law, and afford much information concerning the 
 tenure of land and house property, and the social condition 
 of the well-to-do classes in Babylonia during the latter part 
 of the period in which the Semites finally established their 
 supremacy in that country. In this case also are exhibited 
 the principal documents referring to the history and 
 chronology of Babylonia; specimens of the magical and 
 incantation tablets written during the early periods of 
 
CYLINDER-SEALS AND DEEDS OF SALE. 163 
 
 Semitic civilization in Babylonia ; a clay model of a liver, 
 which was probably used by the magicians and soothsayers 
 for purposes of augury ; two beautifully written complete 
 tablets inscribed with forecasts derived from oil and water ; two 
 fragments relating to Babylonian legend and mythology ; a clay 
 map of the world, showing the position of Babylon and 
 Assyria, and the all-embracing Ocean ; and a valuable series 
 of grammatical and lexicographical tablets belonging to 
 various periods. 
 
 No. 1. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Amat- 
 Shamash to Lamazi for one-third of a maneh of silver. Reign of 
 Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 92,631.] 
 
 No. 2. Deed recording the sale of a house for four shekels of 
 silver. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. [No. 92,559.] 
 
 No. 3. Deed recording the hire of a field from Arad-Ulmash- 
 shitum for one year. Reign of Ammiditana, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,563.] 
 No. 4. Deed recording the sale of the slave Gamunu for six 
 shekels of silver. Reign of Abeshu', king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,554.] 
 No. 5. Deed recording the sale of the slave Ea-tappi for ten 
 shekels of silver. Reign of Rim-Sin. [No. 33,208.] 
 
 No. 6. Deed recording the sale of the female slave Narubtum 
 for four and a-half shekels of silver. Reign of Ammizaduga, king 
 of Babylon. [No. 92,551.] 
 
 No. 7. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land. Reign of 
 Zabum, king of Babylon. [No. 92,600.] 
 
 No. 8. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Lamazi to 
 Amel-Mirra. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,566.] 
 No. 9. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Ai-belitni 
 to Iltani. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,528.] 
 
 No. 10; Deed recording the sale of a house on the high road by 
 the priestess Erishti-Ai to the priestess Eli-erishu for one-third of a 
 maneh and five shekels of silver. Reign of Khammurabi. 
 
 [No. 92,536.] 
 
 No. 11. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Ibkusha to 
 Beltani for fifteen shekels of silver. Reign of Khammurabi, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,533.] 
 
 No. 12. Deed recording the sale of a house by Naramtani to 
 Erishti-Shamash for five-sixths of a maneh and two shekels of silver. 
 Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 92,523.] 
 
164 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE E. 
 
 No. 13. Deed recording the sale of a house by Nakarum and 
 Marat-Ishtar, and another, to Iltani for six and a half shekels of 
 silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 92,527.] 
 
 No. 14. Marriage-contract between Bashtum, the daughter of 
 the priestess Belizunu, and Rimum, the son of Shamkhatum. Reign 
 of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 92,526.] 
 
 No. 15. Deed recording the share received by Nannar-iddina in 
 a division of certain land between himself and Ilisu. Reign of 
 Apil-Sin, king of Babylon. [No. 92,540.] 
 
 No. 16. Deed recording the sale of a house by Lamazi to 
 Salatum. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. [No. 92,552.] 
 
 No. 17. Deed recording the sale of a house by Eli-erisa for seven 
 and a half shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,553.] 
 
 No. 18. Deed recording the amount of property, consisting of a 
 house, slaves, money, and furniture, received by Mukhadum, in a 
 division of certain property. Reign of Khammurabi, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,621.] 
 
 No. 19. Deed recording the sale of a garden by Khaliku to 
 Shakun-matum and Rabatum. Reign of Sumu-la-ilu, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,615.] 
 
 No. 20. Deed recording the lease of certain lands from Lama- 
 sani and Taribatum by Marduk-mushalim for one year. Reign of 
 Ammizaduga, king of Babylon. [No. 92,535.] 
 
 No. 21. Marriage-contract between Iltani, the daughter of 
 Shamash-shatum, and Arad-Shamash, the son of Ili-ennam. 
 
 [No. 92,507.] 
 
 No. 22. Judgment in favour of Iashukhatum in an action 
 brought against her by her three sons to gain possession of their 
 father's house and goods. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,510.] 
 
 No. 23. Deed recording the gift of a house and other property 
 to Erishtum by her mother Khushutum. Reign of Apil-Sin, king 
 of Babylon. [No. 92,610.] 
 
 No. 24. Inventory of certain property consisting of lands, slaves, 
 cattle, and sheep. [No. 92,672.] 
 
 No. 25. Deed recording the purchase of several pieces of land 
 by Khusalatum, Belti-Shamash, and others. [No. 92,609.] 
 
 No. 26. Deed recording the division of certain property among 
 three men. Reign of Ammizaduga, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,506.] 
 
MARRIAGE- CONTRACTS, SALES, ETC. 165 
 
 No. 27. Judgment in favour of Ilu-bani in an action brought 
 against him by Sin-muballit, who claimed possession of a garden, 
 which Ilu-bani, the adopted son of Sin-magir, had obtained in a 
 previous action from Mar-Martu. Reign of Khammurabi, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 33,214.] 
 
 No. 28. Deed recording the share received by Sin-ikisham in a 
 division of certain house property among Ibni-Shamash and Ura- 
 nasir and himself. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,509.] 
 
 No. 29. Deed recording the share received by Ibni-Shamash in 
 a division of certain house property among Sin-ikisham and Ura- 
 nasir and himself. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,513.] 
 
 No. 30. Deed recording the sale of a house by Apil-Ramman 
 to Sini-Ishtar and Apil-ili for four shekels of silver. Reign of 
 Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 33,212.] 
 
 No. 31. Deed recording the lease of certain lands for three 
 years. Reign of Ammiditana, king of Babylon. [No. 92,516.] 
 
 No. 32. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Munamer- 
 tum to Akhatum. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,603.] 
 
 No. 33. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Sin- 
 idinnam and his mother Khishatum to Amel-Ninshakh. Reign of 
 Zabum, king of Babylon. [No. 92,60-1.] 
 
 No. 34. Deed recording the lease of a piece of land for one 
 year. [No. 92,558.] 
 
 No. 35. Deed recording the sale of a house by Shamash-litul 
 and others to Agshaia. Reign of Zabum, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,544.] 
 
 No. 36. Deed recording the lease of certain lands from Tari- 
 batum by Labishtum for two years. A deposit of two-thirds of 
 a shekel of silver was paid. Reign of Ammizaduga, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,537.] 
 
 No. 37. Deed recording the sale of a house by Shamash-be4-ili 
 to Ishabaia for six shekels of silver. Reign of Khammurabi, king 
 of Babylon. [No. 92,630.] 
 
 No. 38. Deed recording the lease of a piece of land by Sin- 
 rimini. [No. 92,625.] 
 
 No. 39. Deed recording the lease of a house in the city of 
 Ishkun-Sin from Sulatum, by Ardia, for one year, at a rent of one 
 shekel of silver. A deposit of one-third of a shekel of silver was 
 paid. Reign of Ammiditana, king of Babylon. [No. 92,557.] 
 
166 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE E. 
 
 No. 40. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Sin- 
 rimini to Nur-Nergal and another. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,599.] 
 
 No. 41. Deed recording the sale of a house on the high way by 
 Kishtum and Erishtum to Elali. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,560.] 
 
 No. 42. Deed recording the share received by Ilu[shu]-bani in 
 a division of certain lands between himself, and Amat-Shamash, and 
 others. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 92,596.] 
 
 No. 43. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Sin-sheme 
 to Ibni-Martu. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,623.] 
 
 No. 44. Deed recording the adoption of Ubar-Shamash into the 
 family of a certain man and his wife Taram-ulmash. Reign of 
 Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 92,542.] 
 
 No. 45. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Bl-abu 
 and Iltani to Tabbum. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,545.] 
 
 No. 46. Deed of gift from Ashkudum and Taram-sagila to their 
 daughter Duluktum. [No. 92,550.] 
 
 No. 47. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Salatum 
 to Tabbum. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,548.] 
 
 No. 48. Deed recording the exchange of a certain piece of land 
 on the river Lam, for an equal amount of land in the city of Bura, 
 on the road to Khuba. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,534.] 
 
 No. 49. Deed recording the lease of a piece of land by Ibkn- 
 Nabium. Reign of Ammizaduga, king of Babylon. [No. 92,628.] 
 
 No. 50. Legal decision in a case brought by Pala-Shamash 
 against Apil-ilishu, concerning the division of certain property. 
 Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. [No. 92,524.] 
 
 No. 51. List of the names of twenty-six labourers, and of the 
 amounts of their wages, received from Arad-ilishu, the shepherd, 
 for work during harvest. [No. 92,531.] 
 
 No. 52. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Inalu- 
 irshid to Sherikti-Ai for half a maneh of silver. Reign of Samsu- 
 iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 92,597.] 
 
 No. 53. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Zuzanum, 
 Abuwam, Taribum, Shumi-irsitim and Naramtum, to Beltani, for ten 
 shekels of silver. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,601.] 
 
SALES OF LANDS, HOUSES, SLAVES, ETC. 167 
 
 No. 54. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land, the property 
 of Amat-Shamash. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,617.] 
 
 No. 55. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land on the river 
 Zabum by Makhnubi-ili to Mannasha. Reign of Apil-Sin, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,512.] 
 
 No. 56. Deed recording the sale of a house and a cellar in the 
 basement of a neighbouring inn by Sin-abushu to Ibik-Ishtar. 
 
 [No. 92,521.] 
 
 No. 57. Marriage contract between Arad-Shamash and his two 
 wives Taram-sagila and Iltani. [No. 92,639.] 
 
 No. 58. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land in the city of 
 Sippar by Manium to Nutubtum his wife's sister. Reign of Zabum, 
 king of Babylon. [No. 92,5 1 1 .] 
 
 No. 59. Deed recording the sale of a house by Kurdi-Ishtar and 
 Lunad-Ishtar to Mukhaditum. [No. 92,517.] 
 
 No. 60. Deed recording the division of their father's property 
 among Arad-Marduk, Ibni-Marduk and Passalum. Reign of Ammi- 
 zaduga, king of Babylon. [No. 92,520.] 
 
 No. 61. Deed recording the share received by Ura-nasir in a 
 division of certain property between himself and Sin-ikisham and 
 Ibni-Shamash. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,522.] 
 
 No. 62. Deed recording the sale of the female slave, Khuma- 
 zirum, who was sold for ten shekels of silver. Reign of Kham- 
 murabi, king of Babylon. [No. 92,616.] 
 
 No. 63. Judgment in favour of Arad-Sin in an action brought by 
 him against Ibni-Ramman, the merchant, to recover possession of 
 certain lands which had once belonged to his father. Reign of 
 Ammizaduga, king of Babylon. [No. 92,514.] 
 
 No. 64. Deed recording the sale of a house by Kuna to 
 Shilamazi. Reign of Zabum, king of Babylon. [No. 92,614.] 
 
 No. 65. Deed recording the dissolution of partnership between 
 ?]rib-Sin and Nur-Shamash, and of the division of their common 
 capital and stock. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,618.] 
 
 No. 66. Deed recording the exchange of certain houses between 
 Ibku-Sin and Sini-Ishtar. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 33,213.] 
 
 No. 67. Deed recording the gift of a piece of land, etc., to 
 Lamazatum from her mother. Reign of Apil-Sin, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,612.] 
 
168 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE E. 
 
 No. 68. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Iabishum 
 to Shat-Ai. Eeign of Zabum, king of Babylon. [No. 92,574.] 
 
 No. 69. Judgment in an action brought by Shamash-b61-ili to 
 regain a piece of land which he had sold. Keign of Khammurabi, 
 king of Babylon. [No. 92,661.] 
 
 No. 70. Deed recording the lease of a piece of land, by Beli- 
 udari. Eeign of Ammiditana, king of Babylon. [No. 92,565.] 
 
 No. 71. Deed recording the lease of a house in the city of 
 Ishkun-Sin from Belisunu and her brother Arad-Ishtar by Arad- 
 Marduk for one year, at a rent of two shekels of silver. A deposit 
 of half a shekel of silver was paid. Eeign of Ammiditana, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,562.] 
 
 No. 72. Deed recording the division of certain houses between 
 Apil-ilishu and Pala-Shamash. [No. 92,543.] 
 
 No. 73. Deed recording the lease of a piece of land for two 
 years. Eeign of Ammizaduga, king of Babylon. [No. 92,546.] 
 
 No. 74. Judgment in an action brought by Sin-idinnam against 
 Amel-Ninshakh to gain possession of a piece of land. Eeign of 
 Zabum, king of Babylon. [No. 92,605.] 
 
 No. 75. Deed recording the sale of a female slave. Eeign of 
 Ammizaduga, king of Babylon. [No. 92,606.] 
 
 No. 76. Deed recording the division of certain lands between 
 two brothers. Eeign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,549.] 
 
 No. 77. Deed recording the sale of a house by Mar-irsitim for 
 six shekels of silver. Eeign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,613.] 
 
 No. 78. Inventory of certain property consisting of slaves, 
 garments, furniture, etc. [No. 92,673.] 
 
 No. 79. Deed recording a gift of land by Akhatum to Beltani. 
 Eeign of Apil-Sin, king of Babylon. [No. 92,619.] 
 
 No. 80. Deed recording the lease of a piece of land for one year 
 by Arad-Ulmashshitum, and others, from Ibgatum. Eeign of Am- 
 mizaduga, king of Babylon. [No. 92,674.] 
 
 No. 81. Deed recording the purchase of a piece of land by 
 Beiisunu. Eeign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,676.] 
 
 No. 82. Deed recording the hire of a piece of land by Kuiatum 
 from Ilushu-ibishu. Eeign of Sumu-la-ilu, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,622.] 
 
DEEDS OF SALE AND BARTER. 169 
 
 No. 83. Judgment against Sin-eribam in an action brought by 
 him to gain possession of a house the property of Sumura'. Reign 
 of Zabum, king of Babylon. [No. 92,624.] 
 
 No. 84. Deed recording the sale of a house by Bila'-Ramman to 
 Ribatum. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,675.] 
 No. 85. Deed recording the sale of a house by Betetum to 
 Belisunu. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,561.] 
 No. 86. Deed recording the sale of a house by Idin-Sin to Ili- 
 idinnam for five shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,556.] 
 
 No. 87. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Etilka- 
 Shamash and others to Kalushatum for seven and one-third shekels 
 of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. [No. 92,538.] 
 
 No. 88. Deed recording the sale of a house. Reign of Sumu-la- 
 ilu, king of Babylon. [No. 92,539.] 
 
 No. 89. Deed recording the sale of certain land by Ramman- 
 nasir to Tillanum for seventeen shekels of silver. [No. 92,607.] 
 
 No. 90. Deed recording the sale of a house by Naga-ilishu to 
 Lamazi. Reign of Apil-Sin, king of Babylon. [No. 92,627.] 
 
 No. 91. Judgment in an action brought by Shilamazi to gain 
 possession of a piece of land. [No. 92,643.] 
 
 No. 92. Tablet recording the barter of a house, the property of 
 Amat-Mamu, for three smaller houses and one maneh ten shekels 
 of silver, the property of Mar-Ali. Reign of Khammurabi, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,532.] 
 
 No. 93. Deed recording a sale of certain land. Reign of Am- 
 miditana, king of Babylon. [No. 92,541.] 
 
 No. 94. Deed recording the barter of oil, valued at one maneh 
 and two-thirds of a shekel of silver, for a number of slaves. Reign 
 of Ammizaduga, king of Babylon. [No. 92,547.] 
 
 No. 95. Deed recording the sale of a house by Iltani to Lamazi 
 for five shekels of silver. Reign of Khammurabi, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,642.] 
 No. 96. Deed recording the sale of a house by Innabatum and 
 Khushutum to Kamazi. Reign of Apil-Sin, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,641.] 
 No. 97. Deed recording the adoption of Mar-Ishtar by Nidnat- 
 Sin and his wife Iltani. [No. 92,519.] 
 
 No. 98. Deed recording the lease of certain land by Iadi-usutu 
 from Ibgatum. Reign of Ammizaduga, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,530.] 
 
170 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE E. 
 
 No. 99. Deed recording the sale of a female slave by Sin- 
 mushalim to Ribam-ili for one maneh four shekels of silver. Reign 
 of Ammiditana, king of Babylon. [No. 92,620.] 
 
 No. 100. Deed recording the sale of a piece of land by Naramtum 
 for one-third of a maneh of silver. Reign of Khammurabi, king 
 of Babylon. [No. 92,525.] 
 
 No. 101. Deed recording the lease of certain lands for two years 
 by Labishtum from Taribatum. Reign of Ammizaduga, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,598.] 
 
 No. 102. Deed recording the lease of a piece of land by Ili- 
 ikisham for one year. A deposit of two shekels of silver was paid. 
 Reign of Ammizaduga, king of Babylon. [No. 92,555.] 
 
 No. 103. Deed recording the divorce of Naramtu by Shamash- 
 rabi her husband. Reign of Sin-muballit, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,529.] 
 
 No. 104. Deed recording the lease of a piece of land from 
 Khusalalum by Mar-irsitim. " [No. 92,647.] 
 
 No. 105. Deed recording a loan of corn by Nannar-shidu to 
 Shamash-apilshunu, to be repaid after the harvest. Reign of Apil- 
 Sin, king of Babylon. [No. 92,645.] 
 
 No. 106. Deed recording a loan of half a maneh of silver to 
 Sin-idinnam, the son of Sin-rimini. [No. 92,587.] 
 
 No. 107. Deed recording the lease of a piece of land by Taribum 
 from Ruttum. [No. 92,648.] 
 
 No. 108. Deed recording the loan of one shekel of silver to 
 Beltani by Tubgatu ; the loan, together with the interest, was to be 
 paid after the harvest. [No. 92,573.] 
 
 No. 109. Receipt for a loan of grain borrowed by Amel-Mirra, 
 with stipulation for repayment after harvest. Reign of Ammiditana, 
 king of Babylon. [No. 92,564.] 
 
 No. 110. Deed recording the hire of the services of Arad-Sin by 
 Shaddinam for one year. [No. 92,634.] 
 
 No. 111. Receipt for a loan of grain borrowed by Amel-Mirra 
 from the temple treasury. [No. 92,570.] 
 
 No. 112. Receipt for a loan of grain, with stipulation for repay- 
 ment after two months. [No. 92,572.] 
 
 No. 113. Receipt for fifteen shekels of silver, the rent of a 
 garden. [No. 33,234.] 
 
PLATE XXXVII. 
 
 Babylonian Chronicle, recording the principal events which took place in Babylonia, 
 Assyria, and Elam from B.C. 744 to 668. 
 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Koom, Table-Case E, Xo. 120; No. 92,502.] (See p. 171.) 
 
171 LEASES, LOANS, AND CHRONOLOGICAL RECORDS. 
 
 No. 114. Receipt for a loan of half a maneh of silver at twenty 
 per cent, interest. [No. 92,567.] 
 
 No. 115. Deed recording the lease of a piece of land by Mar- 
 irsitim from Lamazi. [No. 92,635.] 
 
 No. 116. Deed recording the hire of Shamash-be'l-ili from 
 Akhatani by Asir-Ramman for one year, for three and a-half 
 shekels of silver. Reign of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,633.] 
 
 No. 117. Receipt for a loan of one and one-third shekels of 
 silver borrowed by Arad-Shamash. Reign of Ammizaduga, king of 
 Babylon. [No. 92,571.] 
 
 No. 118. Deed recording the loan of sixteen shekels of silver by 
 Arad-Sin to Sin-kalama-idi and Apil-ilishn. [No. 92,568.] 
 
 No. 119. Deed of gift of an annual payment of one shekel of 
 silver from Akham-silim to his brother. [No. 92,569.] 
 
 No. 120. Clay tablet inscribed in the Babylonian character with 
 a Chronicle, or list of the principal events which took place in 
 Babylonia and Assyria between the third year of the reign of Nabu- 
 nasir (Nabonassar), king of Babylon, B.C. 744, and the first year of 
 the reign of Shamash-shum-ukln (Saosduchinos), king of Babylon, 
 B.C. 668. In column III., lines 34 and 35, mention is made that 
 Sennacherib, king of Assyria, was killed by his son on the 20th day 
 of the month Tebet in the 23rd year of his reign. (See Plate 
 XXXVII.) [No. 92,502.] 
 
 No. 121. Clay tablet inscribed in the Babylonian character with 
 an account of certain events which took place in Babylonia and 
 Assyria during the reigns of kings of the Kassite Dynasty, from 
 about B.C. 1400 to B.C. 1300. The text is somewhat similar to that 
 of the so-called "Synchronous History" (see Nineveh Gallery, 
 Table-Case D). [No. 92,701.] 
 
 No. 122. Portion of a clay tablet inscribed with the annals of 
 the reign of Nabu-na'id (Nabonidus), king of Babylon, recording 
 the defeat of Astyages by Cyrus, and the capture and spoiling of 
 Ecbatana, his capital city, and the taking of Babylon and the 
 downfall and death of Nabonidus, king of Babylon, B.C. 556 to B.C. 
 538. [No. 35,382.] 
 
 No. 123. Clay tablet inscribed with a list of the events by which 
 the early Babylonians reckoned their years during the reigns of 
 Sumu-abu, Sumu-la-ilu, Zabum, Apil-Sin, Sin-muballit, 
 Khammurabi, and Samsu-iluna, kings of Babylon from about 
 B.c. 2300 to b.c. 2110. [No. 92,702.] 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE E. 172 
 
 No. 124. Portion of a clay tablet inscribed with a list of the 
 events by which the early Babylonians reckoned their years during 
 the reigns of Khammurabi, Samsu-iluna, Abeshu', Ammi- 
 ditana, and Ammi-zaduga, from about b.c. 2200 to B.C. 2050. 
 
 [No. 16,924.] 
 
 No. 125. Portion of a clay tablet inscribed in the Babylonian 
 character with the names of the kings of the Babylonian 
 dynasties from about B.C. 2300 to B.C. 625. This tablet is known 
 as the principal List of Kings. [No. 33,332.] 
 
 No. 126. Clay tablet inscribed in the Babylonian character with 
 the names of the kings of the first two Babylonian Dynasties. 
 
 [No. 38,122.] 
 
 No. 127. Part of a tablet inscribed with a mythological legend. 
 About b.c. 2100. [No. 92,608.] 
 
 No. 128. Babylonian syllabary inscribed with the pronuncia- 
 tions and meanings of a number of cuneiform characters. 
 
 [No. 92,691.] 
 
 No. 129. Babylonian syllabary inscribed with the names, pro- 
 nunciations, and meanings of a number of cuneiform characters. 
 Dated in the tenth year of the reign of Artaxerxes, B.C. 442. (See 
 Plate XXXVIII.) [No. 92,693.] 
 
 No. 130. Babylonian syllabary inscribed with the pronunciations 
 and meanings of a number of cuneiform characters. Dated in the 
 tenth year of the reign of Artaxerxes, B.C. 442. [No. 92,692.] 
 
 No. 131. Tablet inscribed in the Babylonian character with part 
 of a list of ideographs and words drawn up in twelve columns. 
 
 [No. 92,695.] 
 
 No. 132. Tablet inscribed in the Babylonian character with part 
 of a list of words and ideograms drawn up in nine columns. 
 
 [No. 92,696.] 
 
 No. 133. Tablet inscribed in the Babylonian character with part 
 of a list of words and ideograms drawn up in nine columns. 
 
 [No. 92,697.] 
 
 No. 134. Tablet inscribed in the Babylonian character with 
 explanations of words, etc. Presented by the Proprietors of the 
 " Daily Telegraph." [No. 92,683.] 
 
 No. 135. Tablet inscribed in the Babylonian character with 
 explanations of words, etc. Presented bv the Proprietors of the 
 " Daily Telegraph." [No. 92,700.] 
 
PLATE XXXVI IT. 
 
 Babylonian syllabary, or spelling book, written B.C. 4i2. 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, Table-Case E, No. 129 j No. 92,693.] 
 
 (See p. 
 
 172.) 
 
SYLLABARIES, INCANTATIONS, ETC. 173 
 
 No. 136. Copy of an inscription which was engraved by the 
 order of Gimil-Marduk, the Judge, the son of Mini-Shamash, in 
 honour of Shamash, the Sun-god, and was deposited in the temple 
 for the preservation of the life of Ammizaduga, king of Babylon. 
 
 [No. 92,515.] 
 
 No. 137. Tablet inscribed with a bilingual incantation in the 
 Sumerian and Babylonian languages ; the text was to be recited for 
 the benefit of a sick man, about B.C. 2100. [No. 92,518.] 
 
 No. 138. Tablet inscribed with two incantations in the 
 Sumerian language, about B.C. 2100. [No. 92,504.] 
 
 No. 139. Tablet inscribed with two incantations in the Sumerian 
 language, about B.C. 2100. [No. 92,505.] 
 
 No. 140. Tablet inscribed with two incantations in the Sumerian 
 language, about B.C. 2100. [No. 92,508.] 
 
 No. 141. Tablet inscribed with an incantation in the Sumerian 
 language, about B.C. 2100. [No. 92,503.] 
 
 No. 142. Tablet inscribed with an incantation in the Sumerian 
 language; on the reverse, below the text, in rough outline, is a 
 human figure, about B.C. 2100. [No. 92,670.] 
 
 No. 143. Tablet inscribed with an incantation in the Sumerian 
 language ; on the reverse, below the text, in rough outline, is a 
 human figure, about B.C. 2100. [No. 92,669.] 
 
 No. 144. Tablet inscribed with incantation in the Sumerian 
 language, about B.C. 2100. [No. 92,671.] 
 
 No. 145. Tablet inscribed w T ith forecasts concerning the chances 
 of a sick man's death or recovery, the probabilities of the success or 
 defeat of a military expedition, etc., derived from the forms, etc., 
 assumed by oil when thrown upon water, and vice versa. 
 
 [No. 22,446.] 
 
 No. 146. Tablet inscribed with forecasts derived from oil and 
 water, similar to No. 145, concerning the chances of a sick man's 
 death or recovery, the probabilities of the success or defeat of a 
 military expedition, etc. [No. 22,447.] 
 
 No. 147. Portion of a tablet inscribed in the Babylonian character, 
 with a part of the Babylonian account of the Deluge. (For the 
 Assyrian tablets describing the Creation and the Deluge, see Nineveh 
 Gallery, Table-case A.) [No. 35,380.] 
 
 No. 148. Clay object, resembling a liver, inscribed with magical 
 formulae, etc. This object was probably used for purposes of 
 
 H 
 
174 
 
 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE E. 
 
 divination, and was employed by the priests of Babylon in their 
 ceremonies. About B.C. 2100. [No. 92,668.] 
 
 Clay model of a liver inscribed with omens and magical formiilse. 
 [Table-Case E, No. 148 ; No. 92,668.] 
 
 No. 149. Babylonian map of the world, showing the ocean 
 surrounding the world, and marking the position of Babylon on the 
 Euphrates, the mountains at the source of the river, the country of 
 Assyria, the district of Blt-Iakinu in Southern Babylonia, and the 
 swamps at the mouth of the Euphrates. [No. 92,687.] 
 
 No. 150. Portion of a clay tablet inscribed with a map of part 
 of the city of Babylon, and marking the position of the " Great gate 
 " of the Sun-god." On the obverse is part of a text relating to the 
 same. [No. 35,385.] 
 
 No. 151. Tablet inscribed with the plan 
 description of the boundaries of the same. 
 
 of an estate and a 
 
 [No. 31,483.] 
 
MAPS AND CHRONICLES. 
 
 175 
 
 No. 152. Tablet inscribed with a list of Kassite words, to 
 
 which are added their Babylonian equivalents. The list is arranged 
 in double columns, the Kassite words on the left and their Baby- 
 lonian equivalents on the right. [No. 93,005.] 
 
 No. 153. Tablet giving a list of the names of the plants in the 
 gardens of Merodach-Baladan II., king of Babylon, B.C. 721-710 
 and B.C. 703-702. This tablet was copied from an older original. 
 
 [No. 46,226.] 
 
 Babylonian map of the world. 
 [Table-Case E, No. 149 ; No. 92,687.] 
 
 No. 154. A tablet inscribed with a Chronicle concerning early 
 Babylonian kings. The text begins with a record of the principal 
 achievements of Sargon, king of Agade, and his son, Naram-Sin, 
 and restores a portion of the document from which the historical 
 extracts, occurring in the " Omens of Sargon and Naram-Sin " (see 
 Nos. 158 and 159), were taken. The chronicle includes traditions 
 concerning Dungi, king of Ur, and other early rulers ; and the 
 "catch-line," which gave the opening line of the next tablet in the 
 series, refer to a war between Ilu-shuma, an early king of 
 
176 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASES E AND F. 
 
 Assyria, and Su-abu, the founder of the First dynasty of Babylon. 
 One section of the text describes how an early king named Ura-imitti 
 was succeeded upon the throne by his gardener, a story that is 
 referred to in the history of Agathias. [No. 26,472.] 
 
 No. 155. Part of a tablet inscribed with a Chronicle concerning 
 early Babylonian kings, giving a series of records in continuation of 
 the text upon No. 154. The chronicle records the war waged by 
 Khammurabi, king of Babylon, against Rim-Sin, king of Ur 
 and Larsa, and a later series of wars between Bab\lon and the 
 Country of the Sea on the shore of the Persian Gulf. This 
 document supplies data for establishing the true chronological 
 order of the first three dynasties of the List of Kings (see No. 125), 
 and records an early invasion of Northern Babylonia by the 
 Hittites (Khatti) in the reign of Samsu-ditana, the last king of the 
 First Dynasty of Babylon. [No. 96,152.] 
 
 No. 156. Date-List of the period of the First Dynasty of 
 Babylon, similar to Nos. 123 and 124. [JNo, 80,037.] 
 
 No. 157. Tablet inscribed with the Assyrian version of the 
 " Omens of Sargon and Naram-Sin." In the text the military 
 expeditions of these two early kings, and other episodes in their 
 history, are associated with omens derived from the appearance of 
 the livers of sheep, slain as sacrificial victims. [K. 2130.] 
 
 No. 158. Portion of a tablet inscribed with the Neo-Babylonian 
 version of the " Omens of Sargon and Naram-Sin." See 
 No. 157. [No. 67,404.] 
 
 No. 159. A Babylonian Chronicle, inscribed with a series of 
 extracts from a longer text, recording events which took place in 
 Babylonia and Assyria from the eleventh to the seventh century, B.C. 
 
 [No. 27,859.] 
 
 No. 160. A Babylonian religious chronicle and register of 
 portents, which took place at or near the city of Babylon during 
 the eleventh century, B.C. One of the portents, which describes the 
 turning of day into night, may have been derived from a solar 
 eclipse. [No. 35,968.] 
 
 No. 161. Fragment of a list of the Babylonian dynasties. 
 
 [K. 14839.] 
 
 No. 162. Fragment of a Babylonian Chronicle, recording an 
 expedition against Egypt, undertaken by Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 in the thirty-seventh year of his reign. [No. 33,041.] 
 
 No. 163. Neo-Babylonian copy of an inscription of Gaddash, a 
 Kassite king of Babylon, about B.C. 1750. [No. 77,438.] 
 
CHRONICLES AND LETTERS. 177 
 
 Table-Case F. The collection of cuneiform tablets here 
 exhibited forms part of a large " find " of about three hundred 
 and twenty letters, or portions of letteis, which were addressed 
 chiefly to Amenophis III. and his son Amenophis IV., kings 
 of Egypt, about B.C. 1450-1420 ; they were discovered at Tell 
 el-Amarna in 1887. Tell el-Amarna is the modern Arabic 
 name given to the village near the ruins of the town, temple 
 and palace, which were built on the right or east bank of the 
 Nile, about one hundred and eighty miles south of Memphis, 
 by Khu-en-Aten, or Amenophis IV., king of Egypt, about 
 B c. 1420. With the tablets were found a clay seal having two 
 impressions of the prenomen of Amenophis IV. ; five alabaster 
 plaque3 inlaid in blue porcelain with the name of Amenophis 
 III. ; a blue-glazed porcelain plaque inscribed with the names 
 of Amenophis III. and his wife Thi ; and the cover of a vase or 
 jar, carved to represent a lion and a bull fighting. The style 
 of the last named object seems to indicate foreign workman- 
 ship. 
 
 These tablets differ in shape from any other documents 
 inscribed in cuneiform known to us, and the nature of the 
 clay of which they are made varies with the countries from 
 which they come. Thus No. 1, a draft of a letter from 
 Amenophis III., is made of finely-kneaded Nile mud ; Nos. 
 8-11, etc., are made of Syrian clay; five of Kib-Adda's letters 
 (Nos. 13, 18, 19, 20, and 24) are written upon the yellow clay 
 which is so common near the Syrian coast. On Nos. 10 and 11 
 are dockets written in Egyptian hieratic which record the dates 
 of their arrival in Egypt ; No. 4 bears an impression of an 
 Egyptian scarab on the reverse ; and No. 58 bears on the 
 reverse an impression of a Babylonian cylinder-seal. The 
 writing on these tablets is a modification of the cursive 
 cuneiform character used throughout Babylonia for despatches 
 and epistolatory compositions as early as B.C. 2300. 
 
 The tablets are of the greatest importance paheographically. 
 because they exhibit the varieties and peculiarities of the work 
 of the scribes in many different countries and cities of Western 
 Asia, which are not known from any other source. Compared 
 with the neat, careful hand employed in the official documents 
 drawn up for the kings of Assyria, the writing is somewhat 
 coarse and careless, and in some cases the writers were evidently 
 unskilled. One and the same hand, however, appears in tablets 
 which come from the same person and the same place. On 
 No. 82, which is a mythological legend, a number of red dots 
 may be noted ; these probably indicate an attempt to mark 
 
 H 3 
 
178 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN KOOM -CASE F. 
 
 punctuation. The language in which the letters are written is 
 Babylonian, and in many important details closely related to 
 the Hebrew of the Old Testament. A peculiar feature in these 
 tablets is the frequent use of glosses, which explain certain 
 Sumerian ideographs both by Babylonian and by Palestinian 
 words. In some cases Babylonian words are explained by their 
 Palestinian equivalents. 
 
 The documents from Tell el-Ainarna, which were probably 
 written between B.C. 1450 and 1400, afford us an insight into 
 the nature of the political relations which existed between the 
 kings of Western Asia and the kings of Egypt, and prove that 
 an important trade between the two countries was carried on 
 from very early times. They also supply information con- 
 cerning offensive and defensive alliances between the kings of 
 Egypt and other countries, marriage customs, religious cere- 
 monies, intrigues, etc., and they give us for the first time the 
 names of Artatama, Artashumara, and Tushratta, kings of 
 Mitani. From the Egyptian annals we learn that the Egyptians 
 first obtained power in Syria under Amasis I., about B.C. 1600. 
 This vigorous king established himself at Sharhan (a city which 
 lies to the south of Gaza, and is mentioned in Joshua xix., 6) in 
 the fifth year of his reign ; but he was not strong enough to 
 advance further into Syria. Thothmes I. established his 
 authority as far north as Euthen, and the people of that place 
 continued to pay tribute to Egypt during the reigns of 
 Thothmes II. and Hatshepset. In the reign of Thothmes III. 
 a revolt broke out over the whole of northern and eastern 
 Syria, but it was quelled by the king, who marched from Sinai 
 to Megiddo in a little over twenty days. When the Egyptian 
 rule had been re-established, the worship of the gods Amen and 
 Harmachis was introduced into the city of Tunip ; and soon 
 after the powerful league of the kings of Kadesh on the 
 Orontes, Tunip, Arantu, Karkemish, and the Kheta submitted 
 to Thothmes III., and paid tribute to him. About fifty years 
 later Amenophis II. marched into Northern Syria, and having 
 slain seven kings who had rebelled there, he took their bodies 
 back to Egypt, where they were hung up for the public to see. 
 Amenophis III., about B.C. 1450, still further consolidated the 
 Egyptian power in Syria and north-western Mesopotamia. The 
 latter country he visited frequently to hunt lions ; it is recorded 
 that during the first ten years of his reign he slew one hundred 
 and two lions with his own hand. 
 
 Amenophis III. married a sister of Karlashman-Bnlil (or 
 Kadashman-Bel), king of Karaduniash ; and a sister (Gilu- 
 
TELL EL-AMARNA LETTERS. 179 
 
 khipa) and a daughter (Tatumkhipa) of Tushratta, king of 
 Mitani ; and Thi,* the daughter of Iuaa and Thuaa, who 
 hecame the mother of Amenophis IV. He also made proposals 
 to Kadashman-Enlil for the marriage of one of his daughters, 
 but her father replied that she was not beautiful, and went on 
 to say that he was not prepared to send her to Egypt until he 
 was well assured that her aunt, his own sister, was alive and 
 was being treated in a manner befitting the wife of the king of 
 Egypt. Kadashman-Enlil further stated, that, as no one had 
 seen his sister, he did not know whether she was alive or dead. 
 When he sent this letter to the king of Egypt, he sent certain 
 high officials with it to bring back news of his sister. On 
 their arrival in Egypt, Amenophis caused all his wives to be 
 assembled before them, that they might see and judge for 
 themselves of the honour and esteem in which the Mesopo- 
 tamian lady was held. The envoys, however, were unable to 
 identify the sister of their king, and Amenophis subsequently 
 explained this to Kadashman-Enlil, by saying that none of the 
 members of the embassy was personally acquainted with his 
 sister, as they were not old enough to remember her marriage, 
 which had taken place during the life-time of Kadashman- 
 Enlil's father (see letter No. 1). Subsequently Kadashman- 
 Enlil proposed that as Amenophis wanted a Mesopotamian 
 princess to wife he (i.e., Kadashman-Enlil) should have an 
 Egyptian princess to wife ; but the Egyptian king excused 
 himself, saying that he was unable to give a princess in 
 marriage to him. 
 
 In reply Kadashman-Enlil says: 
 
 " Why not ? Thou art king, and can do us thou pleasest ; and 
 " if thou shalt give her unto me, who shall say a word against it ? 
 " Surely there be beautiful women in Egypt, and if thou knowest 
 " any such, send her to me ; for who could say here that she is not 
 " a princess 1 But if thou wilt not send such an one, then thou 
 " dost not act as a friend and brother should. . . . Why has my 
 " brother not sent me a wife 1 Inasmuch as thou hast not sent me 
 " a wife, in like manner will I act towards thee, and I will prevent 
 " any Mesopotamian lady from going down into Egypt." 
 
 Later, however, Kadashman-Enlil appears to have sent his 
 daughter to Amenophis III., and to have received a daughter 
 of the king of Egypt in return. 
 
 Under the rule of Amenophis IV. the Egyptian power 
 
 * I.e., Mi.- Egyptian f ) \\ ^ J Tin. 
 
 H 4 
 
180 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE F. 
 
 over Syria and Western Asia declined rapidly, and the Tell 
 el-Amarna tablets supply most graphic details of the dis- 
 organized condition of the Egyptian dependencies which lay 
 on the coast-line of Phoenicia and northern Palestine. The 
 kings of Syria were not slow to perceive that the struggle 
 which Amenophis IV. was carrying on against the ancient 
 priesthood of Egypt would benefit thein, and they were waiting 
 the opportunity to throw off the Egyptian yoke. Burra- 
 buriash, king of Karaduniash, was considered sufficiently 
 important to be allowed to marry an Egyptian princess, and it 
 is probable that this was permitted with the view of strengthen- 
 ing the fast weakening hold of Egypt upon his country. Rib- 
 Adda of By bios reports the revolt of almost the whole district 
 under his command, and Abi-milki of Tyre informs the king 
 that several of the cities in his vicinity had fallen into the 
 hands of the leaders of |the faction opposed to the Egyptian 
 rule. Finally the whole of the littoral between Sidon and 
 Aradus passed into their hands. Corruption and disloyalty 
 seemed to exist eveiy where, and when it became apparent that 
 the weak king of Egypt would not, or could not, send troops to 
 support the Egyptian officials in protecting his interest, the 
 disaffected banded themselves together and made themselves 
 masters, not only of the country but also of the profitable 
 mercantile traffic which was carried on between Tyre and 
 Sidon and the great cities on the coasts of the Mediterranean. 
 
 The following specimens of translations will illustrate the 
 style and contents of the letters from Tell el-Amarna : 
 
 I. Unto Nimmuria* (i.e., Amenophis III.), king of Egypt, 
 my brother, my son-in-law, whom I love, who loveth me, sayt : 
 " Thus saith Tushratta, king of Mitani, thy father-in-law, who 
 " loveth thee. It is well with me, with thee also may it be well ; 
 " and may it be well with thy house, and with Tatumkhipa, my 
 " daughter, and with thy wife whom thou lovest, and with thy 
 " wives, and with thy sons, and with thy nobles, and with thy 
 " chariots, and with thy horses, and with thy troops, and with thy 
 " land, and with everything that is thine ! Ishtar, the goddess of 
 " Nineveh, the lady of all lands, spake, saying : ' Unto Egypt, the 
 " land which I love, I would go, and would journey thither straight- 
 " way ; ' I have therefore sent her unto thee and she hath departed. 
 " Now in the time of my father the lady Ishtar went down into 
 " that land, and, as in days of old, she dwelt there and the people 
 
 * I.e., the Egyptian I O \ / yj j Neb-Maat-Ra. 
 
 t I.e., the writer of the letter intends the tablet to speak. 
 
TELL EL-AMAUNA LETTERS. 181 
 
 " paid honour unto her, even so now let my brother pay honour 
 " unto her more than was formerly paid, yea ten times more honour, 
 " and may my brother worship her joyfully, and may he allow her 
 " to return. And I pray that Ishtar, the Lady of Heaven, may 
 " protect both my brother and myself for a hundred thousand 
 " years, and may the Lady of Fire grant great joy unto us, and 
 " thus shall we be able to do that which is good (in her sight) 
 " " [No. 10.] 
 
 II. Unto Nipkhuriria* (i.e., Amenophis IV.), king of Egypt, 
 say : " Thus saith Burraburiash, king of Karaduniash, thy 
 " brother. With me it is well, and with thee and thy house and 
 " thy wives and thy sons, and thy land and thy nobles, and thy 
 " horses and thy chariots may it be exceeding well. From the 
 " time when my father and thy father established friendship with 
 " each other, they sent rich gifts one to the other and neither 
 " refused the other whatsoever his heart desired, however precious 
 " it might be. Now my brother hath sent unto me as a gift two 
 " manehs of gold ; I would that thou shouldst send me as much 
 " gold as thy father sent, and if it must be less than that which he 
 " sent, send thou unto me the half of what he sent. Why hast 
 " thou sent unto me two manehs of gold only 1 Now the work in 
 " the temple is great ; I have undertaken it with vigour and I shall 
 " perform it thoroughly. Therefore send me much gold, and what- 
 " soever thou desirest in my land send (thy messengers) and let 
 " them take it back to thee. In the time of Kurigalzu, my father, 
 " all the peoples of the Canaanites sent unto him, saying : ' Let us 
 " go down to the border of the land (of Egypt) and let us invade 
 " it, and we will form an alliance with thee.' To these words my 
 " father made answer, saying : ' Cease your words in respect of an 
 " alliance. If you are hostile to the king of Egypt, my brother, 
 " then make alliances among yourselves, but, as far as I am con- 
 " cerned, since the king of Egypt is my ally, why should I not 
 " come and plunder you 1 ' Now it was for thy father's sake that 
 " my father did not hearken unto them, and in the matter of certain 
 " Assyrians who are my subjects, have not I sent word unto thee 
 " concerning them ? Why have they entered thy land 1 As thou 
 " West me, thou shalt not let them accomplish aught with thee, 
 " and thou shalt make their efforts to be without avail. As a gift 
 " unto thee I send three manehs of lapis-lazuli, and ten horses for 
 " five chariots of wood." [No. 2.] 
 
 III. Unto my lord the king, my gods, my sun, the sun in heaven, 
 say : " Thus saith Yapakhi of Gezer, thy servant, the dust of thy 
 
 * I.e., the Egyptian xj I Hrrf I Nefek-khbpebu-Ra ; the cuneiform scribe 
 omits the second half of the prenotnen | ca-b>'-R.\. 
 
 /wvw\ 
 
182 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE F. 
 
 " feet, and the servant of thy horses (i.e., thy groom). At the feet 
 " of my lord the king, my gods, my sun, the sun in heaven, seven 
 " time and seven times I prostrate myself upon my breast and 
 " back. I have hearkened intently unto the words of the messenger 
 " of my lord the king. Let my lord the king, the sun in heaven, 
 " take heed unto his land, for the Khabiri are mighty against us ; 
 " and let the king, my lord, stretch out his hand unto me and let 
 " him deliver me from their hands, so that they may not make an 
 " end of us." [No. 49.] 
 
 The description of the tablets is as follows : 
 
 No. 1. Letter from Amenophis III., king of Egypt, to 
 Kadashman-Enlil, king of Karaduniash. After salutations, 
 Amenophis refers to the refusal of Kadashman-Enlil to give him 
 his daughter in marriage on the grounds that no one knew what 
 had become of his sister who had married Amenophis, or whether 
 she was alive or dead ; and he invites him to send a wise man to see 
 her and to report upon her health, the comfort in which she lives, 
 and the honour in which she is held. If Kadashman-Enlil will give 
 Amenophis a daughter to wife, he will send him richer gifts 
 than any prince of Karaduniash could afford to give to him. 
 Finally Amenophis expresses a wish that friendship may continue 
 to exist between himself and Kadashman-Enlil, and begs him not to 
 believe the words of the Mesopotamian envoys, who have declared 
 that they received no gifts from the king of Egypt, and in the 
 matter of the chariots and horses which Kadashman-Enlil has asked 
 to be returned to him, he declares that his envoys are also unreliable. 
 
 [No. 29,784.] 
 
 No. 2. Letter from Burraburiash, king of Karaduniash, to 
 Amenophis IV., king of Egypt, complaining that he does not send 
 such valuable gifts to him as he sent to his father Kurigalzu. He 
 refers to the friendly relations which existed from days of old 
 between the royal houses of Egypt and Karaduniash, and reminds 
 Amenophis how Kurigalzu refused to join the Canaanites in an 
 alliance against the king of Egypt. Finally he announces the 
 despatch of gifts of lapis-lazuli and horses. (See the translation on 
 p. 181.) [No. 29,785.] 
 
 No. 3. Letter from Burraburiash, king of Karaduniash, to 
 Amenophis IV., king of Egypt, complaining that the messengers 
 of the king of Egypt never bring him gifts, although friendship had 
 existed between their two lands from the time of Kara-indash. He 
 complains that twenty manehs of gold which Amenophis had sent 
 were not full weight when put in the furnace, and proposes to 
 exchange certain objects which he is sending to the king of Egypt 
 for chariots, which his envoy Shindishugab will bring back. He 
 
PLATE XXXIX. 
 
 Letter from Tumratta, king of Mitani, to Amenophis III., king of Egypt 
 about B.C. 1450. 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, TaMe-Caso F, No. 8; Xo. 20,701.] 
 
 (See p. 183.) 
 
183 TELL EL-AMAKNA LETTERS. 
 
 also sends various gifts for a daughter of Amenophis who married 
 a prince of Karaduniash. [No. 29,786.] 
 
 No. 4. Letter from Burraburiash, king of Karaduniash, to 
 Amenophis IV., king of Egypt, announcing the despatch of gifts 
 consisting of thrones made of ushu-wood and gold and couches of 
 ushu-wood, gold and ivory, and a number of valuable objects which 
 were probably intended to form part of a dowry. [No. 29,787.] 
 
 No. 5. Letter from the king of Alashia to the king of Egypt 
 announcing the despatch of five hundred talents of copper as a gift, 
 and asking for a large amount of silver in return. The king of 
 Alashia asks Amenophis to have the goods and property of an 
 Alashian, who died in Egypt, collected and sent back to him : and 
 he begs the king of Egypt not to make any treaty or league with 
 the kings of Khatti and Shankhar. [No. 29,788.] 
 
 No. 6. Letter from the king of Alashia to the king of Egypt, 
 announcing the despatch of a hundred talents of copper as a gift, 
 and complaining that, while he sends presents to the king of Egypt 
 frequently, Amenophis sends nothing to him in return. He gives 
 a list of furniture and garments which he would like sent as a 
 present. [No. 29,789.] 
 
 No. 7. Letter from the king of Alashia to the king of Egypt, 
 announcing the despatch of gifts of bronze and horses, and asking 
 Amenophis to send back silver by the hand of the Alashian 
 messenger without delay. [No. 29,790.] 
 
 No. 8. Letter from Tushratta, king of iMitani, to Amenophis 
 III., king of Egypt, acknowledging the receipt of despatches, and 
 referring to the friendship which existed from ancient times 
 between the royal houses of Mitani and Egypt. Tushratta 
 announces the despatch of a number of valuable gifts to Amenophis 
 by the hands of his envoy Gilia, and begs Amenophis to send him 
 a large quantity of gold, which is to be regarded as payment for 
 expenses incurred by his grandfather in sending gifts to the king 
 of Egypt, and also as a gift in return for his daughter, a princess 
 of Mitani, whom Amenophis had married. (See Plate XXXIX.) 
 
 [No. 29,791.] 
 
 No. 9. Letter from Tushratta, king of Mitani, to Amenophis 
 III., reporting that he has defeated the army of the Khatti, and 
 announcing the despatch of a gift to the king consisting of horse3 
 and chariots, etc., and of a gift to his sister Gilukhipa,* a wife of 
 Amenophis, of gold bracelets, earrings, a toilet bowl, and a measure 
 of choice oil. [No. 29,792 ] 
 
 I.e., the Egyptian ^ \\ft&> rtT Kibhpa. 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE F. 184 
 
 No. 10. Letter from Tushratta, king of Mitani, to Amenophis 
 III., king of Egypt, containing greetings to various members of 
 the royal house, and informing him that, with the consent of the 
 goddess Ishtar, he has sent a statue of her to Egypt. He hopes 
 that the goddess will be held in great honour in Egypt, and that 
 the statue may be sent back safely to Mitani (see the translation on 
 p. 180 f.). [No. 29,793.] 
 
 No. 11. Letter from Tushratta, king of Mitani, to Thi, the 
 queen of Egypt, containing greetings to various members of the 
 royal house of Egypt, and asking that certain presents may be sent 
 from them to his wife Yuni, and stating that he is sending as a gift 
 vessels filled with precious unguents. [No. 29,794.] 
 
 No. 12. Letter from Rib- Adda, governor of Byblos, to the 
 king of Egypt, reporting the disaffection of certain people of Byblos, 
 that Abd-Ashirta has captured the city of Shigata and has tried to 
 undermine the loyalty of the people of Ammia; and entreating 
 the king to send him help, for he will be shut up in Byblos " like a 
 bird that is caught in a net." [No. 29,795.] 
 
 No. 13. Letter from Rib- Adda, governor of Byblos, to the king 
 of Egypt, reporting that the ships of Sumuru and Berut and Sidon 
 were blockading the coast of Amurru, and that his own ship was 
 attacked and captured by the fleet of Yapa-Addi and Aziru. He 
 repudiates the charges of disloyalty which have been brought 
 against him. [No. 29,796.] 
 
 No. 14. Letter from Rib- Adda, governor of Byblos, to the king 
 of Egypt, reporting that the cities of Sumuru and Bit-arkha have 
 fallen into the hands of Yankhamu, and declaring that, unless the 
 king sends help to the city, he and his people will abandon it and 
 cease to be subjects of the king of Egypt. [No. 29,797.] 
 
 No. 15. Letter from Rib-Adda, governor of Byblos, to 
 Amanappa, an official of the king of Egypt, asking for the 
 despatch of troops, and reporting that Abd-ashirta has incited the 
 people of Ammia to rebel. [No. 29,798.] 
 
 No. 16. Letter from Rib- Adda, governor of Byblos, to the 
 king of Egypt, reporting that Ammunira, governor of Berut, had 
 refused to help him, and that he is still faithful to the king, and in 
 urgent need of help. [No. 29,799.] 
 
 No. 17. Letter from Rib- Adda, governor of Byblos, to the king 
 of Egypt, reporting that Abd-Ashirta has captured Berut, and that 
 in a very short time the city of Byblos will be besieged by him. 
 
 [No. 29,800.] 
 
 No. 18. Letter from Rib-Adda, governor of Byblos, to the king 
 of Egypt, reporting that the city of Sumuru has been sin rendered 
 by Khaib, its governor, and that the Egyptian resident official has 
 
185 TELL EL-AMARNA LETTERS. 
 
 been killed ; that the rebel Aziru is plotting the downfall of Byblos, 
 and that, unless soldiers are sent to protect this city and Kumidi, 
 they will certainly fall. [No. 29,801.] 
 
 No. 19. Letter from Rib -Adda, governor of Byblos, to the king 
 of Egypt, reporting that Aziru has defeated him, and has carried off 
 all the oxen and corn which were in the city ; that the soldiers have 
 departed to other places where corn is to be had ; and that Aziru 
 and Abd-Ashirta, the rebels, are too strong for him to resist. 
 
 [No. 29,802.] 
 
 No. 20. Letter from Rib-Adda, governor of Byblos, to the king 
 of Egypt, complaining that Bikhura has employed certain nomads 
 for deeds of violence within the territory of Byblos, and asking for 
 the return of three of his enemies whom Bikhura has sent to Egypt. 
 
 [No. 29,803.] 
 
 No. 21. Letter from Rib- Adda, governor of Byblos, to Aman- 
 appa, an official of the king of Egypt, reporting that the enemy's 
 attack is becoming fiercer; that provisions have been scarce for 
 three years past ; and concluding with the request that troops may 
 be sent. [No. 29,805.] 
 
 No. 22. Letter from Rib-Adda, governor of Byblos, to Aman- 
 appa, an official of the king of Egypt, complaining that the carrying 
 out of his instructions had been attended with disastrous results. 
 
 [No. 22,804.] 
 
 No. 23. Letter from Rib Adda, governor of Byblos, to Aman- 
 appa, an official of the king of Egypt, reporting that the city of 
 Ambi has rebelled against him, and that he cannot fight successfully 
 and is stricken with fear. [No. 29,800.] 
 
 No. 24. Letter from Rib-Adda, governor of Byblos, to the king 
 of Egypt, reporting that the city of Sumuru has been captured by 
 the enemy ; that Biwari, the Egyptian official, has been slain, and 
 that Pakhamnata, the Egyptian general, did not listen to his advice. 
 He entreats the king to send troops, and not to be deterred by reports 
 of the scarcitv of corn, which can be procured from all the cities. 
 
 [No. 29,807.] 
 
 No. 25. Letter from Rib-Adda, governor of Byblos, to the king 
 of Egypt, asking for troops to defend the city. [No. 29,808.] 
 
 No. 26. Letter from Ammunira, governor of Berut, to the king 
 of Egypt, acknowledging the receipt of the king's despatch, and 
 declaring that he is ready to send soldiers and chariots and horses 
 to join the king's army. " [No. 29,809.] 
 
 No. 27. Letter from Ammunira, governor of Berut, to the king 
 of Egypt, acknowledging the receipt of the king's despatch, and 
 declaring that he is guarding Berut until the arrival of the king's 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE F. 186 
 
 troops. He reports that Rib-Adda is with him, but that Rib- Adda's 
 brother has delivered over the former's sons to the enemy. 
 
 [No. 29,810.] 
 
 No. 28. Letter from Abi-milki, governor of Tyre, to the king 
 of Egypt, reporting that Zimrida had captured the city of Uzu, 
 situated on the mainland opposite Tyre, and had cut off his supplies 
 of wood and water ; that, in league with Aziru and the people of 
 Arvad, he had attacked Tyre, but had been defeated ; and that the 
 city of Sumuru had fallen. Abi-milki states that since the enemy has 
 attacked him he has had no water and no wood, and he prays that 
 the king will take heed for him and his city. [No. 29,811.] 
 
 No. 29. Letter from Abi-milki, governor of Tyre, to the king 
 of Egypt, making elaborate protestations of loyalty, and stating 
 that he is guarding Tyre until the strong hand of the king shall 
 bring him water to drink, and Avood to make fires wherewith to 
 warm himself. [No. 29,812.] 
 
 No. 30. Letter from Abi-milki, governor of Tyre, to the king 
 of Egypt, stating that he is awaiting an answer with regard to the 
 necessity of his journeying to Egypt to have an audience of the 
 king ; he also reports that the king of Danuna is dead ; that one 
 half of the city Ugarit has been destroyed by fire ; and that the 
 soldiers of Khatti have departed ; he states that he is without wood 
 and water and demands help to defend the city against Zimrida, the 
 governor of Sidon and Lachish. [No. 29,813.] 
 
 No. 31. Letter of Abi-milki, governor of Tyre, to the king of 
 Egypt, reporting that his city is without grain and water, and giving 
 news of naval operations. [No. 29,814 ] 
 
 No. 32. Letter from Zitatna, governor of the city of Akko, 
 conveying salutations to the king of Egypt. [No. 29,815.] 
 
 No. 33. Letter from Abd-Ashirta, the governor of the country 
 of Amurru, to the king of Egypt, expressing profound loyalty to the 
 king, and asking for the help of an Egyptian general. He acknow- 
 ledges the receipt of the king's despatch, and in accordance with his 
 wishes, sends him ten women. [No. 29,816.] 
 
 No. 34. Letter from Abd-Asht[ar]ti to the king of Egypt 
 acknowledging the receipt of the king's despatch, and expressing 
 his intention of carrving out the orders it contains. 
 
 [No. 29,817.] 
 
 No. 35. Letter from Aziru, the governor of the land of Amurru, 
 the son of Abd-Ashirta, to the king of Egypt, explaining that he was 
 absent from his city when Khani the royal messenger arrived, and 
 stating that, as soon as he had any knowledge of the coming of the 
 royal envoy, he started after him but did not overtake him ; mean- 
 while, during his stay, he had been well looked after, and supplied 
 
187 TELL EL-AMARNA LETTERS. 
 
 with cattle, sheep, and birds ; and, when Khani was returning to 
 Egypt, he was furnished with horses and mules for his journey. 
 Aziru further reports that one, Khatib, has plundered all the gold 
 and silver which the king had sent him, and has also carried off one 
 half of the goods that were in his charge ; finally he makes excuses 
 for having received the envoy of the king of Khatti, who had 
 rebelled. [No. 29,818.] 
 
 No. 36. Letter from Akizzi, governor of the city of Katna, to 
 Amenophis III., king of Egypt about B.C. 1450, reporting that the 
 rebel Aziru has carried away into captivity certain people of the 
 city of Katna ; that the king of Khatti has rebelled and wasted 
 with fire the cities under the protection of Egypt, and that he has 
 also seized the gods of Egypt and carried away the statue of the 
 Sun-god from the city of Katna. Akizzi calls to mind their common 
 worship of the Sun, and concludes by begging the king to send him 
 enough gold to redeem the captured inhabitants of Katna, and to 
 embellish the image of the Sun-god if he succeeds in recovering it 
 from the king of Khatti ; he also asks for soldiers to protect the king's 
 interests in the country. [No. 29,819.] 
 
 No. 37. Letter from Akizzi, governor of the city of Katna, to 
 Amenophis III., king of Egypt about B.C. 1500, reporting that 
 Teuwatti, governor of Lapana, and Arzawia, governor of the city 
 of Rukhizi, have entered into a league with Aitugama, and have 
 wasted the countries of Ubi (Hobah). He refers to a dispute 
 between himself and the king of Khatti, and begs the king to send 
 troops to help him. [No. 29,820.] 
 
 No. 38. Letter from Shubandi, the governor of a city, to the 
 king of Egypt, reporting that he has received the royal commands 
 and is diligently guarding the city under his charge. 
 
 [No. 29,821.] 
 
 No. 39. Letter from Shubandi, the governor of a city, to the 
 king of Egypt, reporting that he has received the royal commands 
 and is diligently guarding the city under his charge. 
 
 [No. 29,822.] 
 
 No. 40. Letter from Shubandi, the governor of a city, to the 
 king of Egypt, reporting that owing to his illness he has been 
 obliged to depute the carrying out of the king's orders to an 
 official who was with him, whom he now sent to attend upon the 
 king. [No. 29,823.] 
 
 No. 41. Letter to the king of Egypt from the inhabitants of 
 Tunip, a city which lay south of Aleppo and near Damascus on the 
 borders of Mesopotamia. After greetings to the king, the writers 
 refer to their ancient allegiance to him, and remind him that the 
 gods of their city are the same as those of Egypt. They report 
 that they have sent twenty letters to the king, but fear that a 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE F. 188 
 
 number of them must have been intercepted by Aziru the rebel in 
 the country of Khatat. They are afraid that Aziru will come and 
 destroy them and their city, as he destroyed Ni and ita inhabitants. 
 They therefore beg the king to send them help. [No. 29,824.] 
 
 No. 42. Letter from the people of the city of Irkata to the king 
 of Egypt, reporting that they are protecting the city for him, and 
 protesting their loyalty in spite of the machinations of their enemies. 
 They beg the king to send them a gift in order that their enemies 
 " may see it and bite the dust." [No. 29,825.] 
 
 No. 43. Letter from Namiawiza, governor of the city of 
 Kumidi, to the king of Egypt, reporting that the rebels have 
 captured a city and carried off the horses and chariots therein. 
 The rebel Biridashwi has made a league with Buzruna and the 
 governor of Khalunni, and stirred up rebellion in Yinuamma, and 
 carried off chariots from the city of Ashtarti and given them to the 
 rebels. Itakkama has wasted the country of Gizza, and Arzawia 
 has ravaged the country of Abitu ; having been attacked by the 
 latter, the writer of this letter fled to Damascus and declared 
 himself the servant of the king of Egypt. [No. 29,826.] 
 
 No. 44. Portion of a letter from an unknown writer, to the king 
 of Egypt, reporting that the ships which Kbaya had promised to 
 send have not arrived, and that they have been prevented from 
 coming through the hostility of the rebel Abd-Ashirta. 
 
 [No. 29,827.] 
 
 No. 45. Letter from Rabimur, governor of the city of Gebal 
 (Byblos), to the king of Egypt, reporting that Aziru, the rebel, had 
 killed the king of Ammia. and the king of Ardata, and the king of 
 Ni, and asking for reinforcements to be sent to Gebal. 
 
 [No. 29,828.] 
 
 No. 46. Letter from the governor of the city of Khazi to the 
 king of Egypt, reporting that the people of Kinza have made a 
 league with the Khatti and have attacked certain cities under the 
 rule of the king of Egypt in the country of Amki. [No. 29,829.] 
 
 No. 47. Letter from Abd-Tirshi, governor of the city of 
 Khasur [Hazor], to the king of Egypt, reporting his^ intention to 
 guard the king s cities diligently. [No. 29,830.] 
 
 No. 48. Letter from Abd-Tirshi, governor of the city of 
 Khasur [Hazor], to the king of Egypt, reporting his own fidelity 
 and asking for instructions concerning measures to be taken for the 
 protection of the city. [No. 29,831.] 
 
 No. 49. Letter from Yapakhi, governor of the city of Gezer, to 
 the king of Egypt, acknowledging the receipt of royal commands, 
 and asking for measures to be taken for the protection of the city. 
 
 [No. 29,832.] 
 
189 TELL EL-AMARNA LETTERS. 
 
 No. 50. Letter from Yapakhi, governor of the city of Gezer, 
 to the king of Egypt, reporting that his brother has revolted, and 
 joined his forces to those of the enemy, and asking for instructions. 
 
 [No. 29,833.] 
 
 No. 51. Letter from Yapakhi, governor of the eity of Gezer, 
 to the king of Egypt, informing him that he has suffered from 
 neighbouring enemies, and acknowledging the receipt of a royal 
 despatch. [No. 29,834.] 
 
 No. 52. Letter from Widia, governor of the city of Askelon 
 to the king of Egypt, informing him that he has sent meat and 
 drink, etc., for the troops. [No. 29,835.] 
 
 No. 53. Letter from Widia, governor of the city of Askelon 
 to the king of Egypt, informing him that he is guarding the city 
 vigilantly. [No. 29,836.] 
 
 No. 54. Letter from Widia, governor of the city of Askelon 
 to the king of Egypt, informing him that he has supplied the 
 Egyptian troops with meat, drink, etc. [No. 29,837.] 
 
 No. 55. Letter from Pu-Adda, governor of Urza, to the king 
 of Egypt, assuring him of his fidelity ; as a proof of his devotion 
 he sends to the king an extract from a letter which he had written 
 to the governor of a neighbouring city, warning him not to help 
 certain men who were enemies of the king. [No. 29,838.] 
 
 No. 56. Letter from Pu-Adda, governor of the city of Urza, to 
 the king of Egypt, reporting that he will carry out the instructions 
 of the Egyptian governor Eianapa. [No. 29,839.] 
 
 No. 57. Letter from Yabitiri, governor of Gaza and Joppa, 
 to the king of Egypt, assuring him of his loyalty and recalling the 
 fact that he spent his youth at the Egyptian court. He is now 
 faithfully guarding Gaza and Joppa. [No. 29,840.] 
 
 No. 58. Letter addressed to the kings of Canaan by one of the 
 kings of Western Asia claiming protection for his messenger Akia 
 and a safe conduct as far as the city of Sukhli in Egypt. The letter 
 is a passport which Akia carried with him on the road. 
 
 [No. 29,841.] 
 
 No. 59. Letter from Yashdata, reporting that the goods which 
 were consigned to his keeping have been destroyed by enemies ; that 
 his cattle have been carried off; and that he is with Biridiwi of 
 Megiddo. [No. 29,842.] 
 
 No. 60. Letter from Baiawi to the king of Egypt, reporting 
 that if Yankhamu fails to come the enemy will seize all the country. 
 On the obverse are traces of an Egyptian seal-impression. 
 
 [No. 29,843.] 
 
 No. 61. Letter from the governor Labaya to the king of Egypt, 
 reporting that the soldiers who were sent to help him have behaved 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE F. 190 
 
 as if they were enemies, and he defends himself from slanders that 
 have been repeated to the king. [No. 29,844.] 
 
 No. 62. Letter from Milkili to the king of Egypt, reporting 
 that Yankhamu, a high Egyptian official, has robbed him of a con- 
 siderable sum of money and threatens to slay his wife and children ; 
 he asks the king to send chariots to bring them safely to Egypt. 
 
 [No. 29,845.] 
 
 No. 63. Letter from Milkili to the king of Egypt, acknow- 
 ledging the receipt of a despatch, and asking that troops may be 
 sent to guard the town. [No. 29,846.] 
 
 No. 64. Letter from Mut-Adda to Yankhamu, a high Egyptian 
 official, reporting that the king of the city of Bikhishi has fled, and 
 that the cities of Udumu, Aduri, Araru, Mishtu, Magdalim, etc., have 
 been captured. [No. 29,847.] 
 
 No. 65. Letter from Shibti-Adda, an officer, to the king of 
 Egypt, in answer to inquiries concerning the fidelity of the Egyptian 
 official, Yankhamu, stating that he is a faithful servant of the king, 
 and is the dust of the king's feet. [No. 29,848.] 
 
 No. 66. Letter from the governor Shum-Adda to the king of 
 Egypt, acknowledging the receipt of a despatch, and justifying 
 himself for not supplying grain for the king. [No. 29,849.] 
 
 No. 67. Letter from the governor Shuwardata to the king of 
 Egypt, repeating his expressions of loyalty, and announcing the 
 despatch of certain gifts. [No. 29,850.] 
 
 No. 68. Letter from the governor Shuwardata to the king of 
 Egypt, reporting that his city is defenceless ; he entreats the king 
 to send a strong body of troops to rescue him. [No. 29,85].] 
 
 No. 69. Letter from the governor Shuwardata to the king 
 of Egypt, reporting that he will carry out the king's orders with 
 diligence. [No. 29,852.] 
 
 ^No. 70. Letter from Tagi, the father-in-law of Milkili, to the 
 king of Egypt, assuring him of his fidelity, and stating that he is 
 endeavouring to forward his caravans to the king. [No. 29,853.] 
 
 No. 71. Letter from an officer to the king of Egypt, reporting 
 that the rebel Biya had captured those whom he had sent to Joppa 
 to defend the city. [No. 29,854.] 
 
 No. 72. Letter from an official to the king of Egypt, excusing 
 himself for the escape of a prisoner and accusing Surata of having 
 accepted money for his ransom. [No. 29,855.] 
 
 No. 73. Letter from the governor of a city to the king of Egypt, 
 reporting that an insurrection has broken out in the cities in his 
 territorv, and that his city is attacked by day and by night. 
 
 [No. 29,856.] 
 
191 TELL EL-AMARNA LETTERS. 
 
 No. 74. Letter from Dagan-takala to the king of Egypt, en- 
 treating him to deliver him out of the hands of his foes. 
 
 [No. 29,857.] 
 
 No. 75. Letter from Dashru to the king of Egypt, reporting 
 the receipt of the king's despatch. [No. 29,858.] 
 
 No. 76. Letter from Zidriyara to the king of Egypt, reporting 
 that he has received the king's despatch, and that he has carried out 
 the orders contained therein with diligence. [No. 29,859.] 
 
 No. 77. Letter from Shatiya, the governor of a city, to the 
 king of Egypt, reporting that he is diligently guarding the city, 
 and that he has sent his daughter to join the king's household. 
 
 [No. 29,860.] 
 
 No. 78. Letter from an officer of the city of Gubbu to the king 
 of Egypt, reporting that he has despatched his soldiers to join the 
 king's army and to march with it wherever it may go. 
 
 [No. 29,861.] 
 No. 79. An appeal from an unknown person to a high official, 
 asking that the accusation brought against him may be referred to 
 the king of Egypt, whose decision he will accept as final. 
 
 [No. 29,862.] 
 
 No. 80. Letter from an officer in Western Asia to the king of 
 Egypt, reporting that in consequence of the inaction of the 
 Egyptian troops, the whole country has become disaffected, and 
 asking that other troops be sent to him. [No. 29,863.] 
 
 No. 81. Letter from an officer in Western Asia to the king of 
 Egypt, acknowledging the receipt of instructions and announcing 
 that he will cany them out. [No. 29,864.] 
 
 No. 82. Letter from Tushratta, king of Mitani, to 
 Amenophis IV., king of Egypt. Tushratta sends greetings to the 
 Queen-Mother Thi, and to Tatumkhipa, his daughter, who is the 
 royal consort. He complains of the detention in Egypt of his 
 envoys, who should have returned with messages (and have brought 
 presents) in answer to those which he has sent. He appeals to the 
 Egyptian king to continue his father's policy of friendship towards 
 Mitani, recommending him to ask the advice of his mother Thi, who 
 has knowledge of these matters. [No. 37,645.] 
 
 No. 83. Letter from Addu-daian to the king of Egypt, 
 acknowledging the receipt of the king's orders to keep watch and 
 ward over his chief and over the city of his lord, the king, and 
 reporting that the city of Tumurka has revolted and that trouble 
 has occurred in other places. He writes " I look here and I look 
 " there, and there is no light ; but I look towards my lord, the king, 
 " and behold there is light. And though bricks may be shaken 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM GASES F AND G. 192 
 
 " from the wall in which they are set, yet will I never be shaken 
 " from beneath the feet of my lord, the king." [No. 37,647.] 
 
 No. 84. Letter from Rib-Adda to Amanappa, begging that he 
 will come to his aid and deliver him from Abd-Ashirta without 
 delay. Kib-Adda declares that, if the help is not forthcoming, he 
 must evacuate his city to save his life. [No. 37,648.] 
 
 No. 85. Letter from Yama to the king, assuring him of his 
 fidelity. He suggests that, if any doubt should arise in the king's 
 mind concerning his good faith, the king should send his officer and 
 enquire in the cities under his charge whether they be well guarded 
 or not. [No. 37,646.] 
 
 No. 86. Cast of a letter, written by a governor or official to a 
 high military officer, giving him news concerning the intentions of 
 Shibti-Adda and Zimrida. This letter was found at Lachish, and is 
 of the same period as those from Tell el-Amarna. [No. 93,087.] 
 
 No. 87. Mythological text relating how the god Nergal 
 married Ereshkigal, the goddess of the Lower World. Having, 
 at the invitation of the gods, sent Namtar her messenger to heaven, 
 she was angered at Nergal's treatment of him, and sent back her 
 messenger with the demand that he should bring Nergal to her 
 that she might slay him. Nergal thereupon forced his way through 
 the fourteen gates of the Lower World into the presence of Ereshkigal, 
 whom he seized by the hair with the intention of beheading her. 
 At her earnest entreaty, however, he dropped his hand and spared 
 her life, consenting to become her husband and to rule conjointly 
 with her over the Lower World. [No. 29,865.] 
 
 No. 88. Parts of a mould or covering of a tablet. 
 
 [No. 24,631.] 
 
 Table-Case G. In the upper portion of this case are 
 exhibited records of the great building operations carried on 
 in Babylon and other cities by kings of the last Babylonian 
 Empire. The earliest is the cone of Nabopolassar, in which 
 he recounts the restoration of the temple of Merodach at 
 Babylon. The latest is the cylinder of Antiochus Soter, 
 recording the restoration of the ancient temples of Babylon 
 and Borsippa (see p. 18 f. and Plates VII. and VIII.). In the 
 lower portion of the case is arranged a comprehensive selection 
 of legal and commercial tablets, among which are included 
 a number of interesting documents relating to temple- 
 revenues, etc. These are arranged in chronological order, 
 and the period covered by them extends from the reign of 
 Esarhaddon to the Seleucid and Arsacid eras, i.e., from 
 B.C. 677 to B.C. 94. Many of the tablets are known as 
 " Egibi tablets " from the fact that they record business transac- 
 
193 
 
 LETTERS, INSCRIBED CONES, ETC. 
 
 tions carried out by members of the great mercantile house, 
 or family, founded at Babylon by the wealthy merchant named 
 Egibi, or Sin-muballit. Among the most active members of the 
 family were Nabu-akhe-iddina, his son Itti-Marduk-balatu, and 
 his grandson Marduk-nasir-aplu. For a representative selection 
 of such documents, cf. Nos. 83, 124 f., 127, 182-185, 216. 239, 
 251, 271-274, 276-278, 311, 318, etc, 
 
 No. 1. Baked clay cone of Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, 
 from B.C. 625 to B.C. 604, inscribed with a text recording the 
 restoration of the temple of Marduk at Babylon. [No. 91,090.] 
 
 No. 2. Earthen core from the inside of the above cone. 
 
 [No. 91,089.] 
 
 Nos. 3 and 4. Two baked clay solid cones of Nabopolassar, 
 recording the cutting of a canal from the river Euphrates to the 
 city of Sippar. The sides of the canal were made of bricks set in 
 bitumen, and it is probable that it followed the course of the old 
 canal which Khammurabi cut about fifteen hundred years before. 
 
 [Nos. 91,104, 91, lOH.] 
 
 Example of a one-maneh weight of Nebuchadnezzar IT., king of Babylon. 
 [Table-Case G, No. 5 ; No. 91,005.] 
 
 No. 5. One maneh weight with an inscription in the 
 Babylonian character, stating that it is an exact copy of a weight 
 made by Nebuchadnezzar II., king of Babylon, from B.C. 604 to 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE G. 194 
 
 B.c. 561, after the standard fixed by Dungi, king of Ur about B.c. 
 2500. The text states that this weight was in the private possession 
 of Marduk-shar-ilani. Presented by the late Rev. Greville J. Chester, 
 B.A., 1892. [No. 91,005.] 
 
 Nos. 6-51. A series of barrel-shaped cylinders inscribed with 
 a record of the building operations of Nebuchadnezzar II. in 
 Babylon and other great cities of his empire. These documents, 
 together with the famous East India House Inscription, a cast of 
 which is exhibited in Wall-Case 18, No. 181, supply abundant 
 details of the building of temples, the restoration of shrines, and 
 the repairing and reconstruction of the great walls of the city of 
 Babylon, but they contain no mention whatever of the wars and 
 conquests undertaken by this king during his reign. The texts set 
 out at great length the piety of the king, and several paragraphs 
 in each are devoted to a description of the honour in which he held 
 the great gods. Stated briefly the principal building operations 
 of Nebuchadnezzar may be thus summarized : The restoration of 
 the Temple of Merodach at Babylon, and the rebuilding of the 
 shrines of the gods connected therewith ; the repair, or rebuilding, 
 of the great city walls of Babylon called Imgur-Bel and Nimitti-Bel ; 
 the building of the Temple of the goddess Nin-Karrak at Sippar ; 
 the building of the Temple of the Sun-god at Larsa ; the building of 
 the Temple of the Sun-god at Sippar ; the building of the Lugal- 
 Marada Temple ; the building of the Temple of the goddess Ninmakh 
 in Babylon ; and the clearing out of the Eastern Canal of Babylon 
 and the strengthening of its banks. Apart from these works 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. devoted great attention to the repair and com- 
 pletion of the very ancient shrine of the god Nebo at Borsippa, the 
 modern Birs Nimrftd, which has been identified with the Tower of 
 Babel. Nebuchadnezzar tells us that a king of olden 'time had 
 built this famous tower to a height of forty-two cubits, but 
 that the upper portion of it had never been finished, and that 
 heavy rains and storms had broken down the walls and had 
 stripped off their facings, and that the inner chambers were in ruins. 
 This temple was rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar in seven stages, each of 
 which was faced with glazed tiles of a different colour (see Wall- 
 Cases 42-14), and it was called E-ur-imin-an-ki, i.e., " The Temple of 
 the seven divisions of the Heavens and the Earth." [Nos. 32,935, 
 32,936, 33,074, 33,088, 33,097, 46,535, 46,536, 85,975, 90,908, 
 90,986, 91,091-91,103, 91,106, 91,108, 91,111, 91,113, 91,114, 
 91,116, 91,118-91,123, 91,129, 91,131-91,138, 91,141, 91,142.] 
 
 No. 52. Baked clay cylinder of Neriglissar, king of Babylonia, 
 about B.C. 559-556, inscribed with an account of his building 
 operations in Babylon. [No. 90,913.] 
 
 Nos. 53-56. Four cylinders which were found at the corners of 
 the temple of the Moon-god at Mukeyyer. They are inscribed with 
 
PLATE XL. 
 
 .2 2 
 '5 
 
 io 3 
 
 SI* 
 rt 1 * 
 
 >l Hi 
 
 X> 03 O 
 
 is 
 ^ 9 
 
 bus 9 
 
 SI O 
 
 Hi 
 
 ill 
 
 C3 P5 
 
 fc is 
 
 
 
 
NEO-BABYLONIAN BUILDIXG-INSCRIPTIONS. 195 
 
 the account of the rebuilding by Nabonidus of the temple of the 
 Moon-god in Ur [Mukeyyer] on the site of the older temple 
 which was founded by the ancient Babylonian kings Ur-Engur and 
 Dungi, his son, about B.C. 2500. The text concludes with a prayer 
 to the Moon-god on behalf of Nabonidus and of his eldest son 
 Bel-shar-usur [Belshazzar], which reads as follows : 
 
 " Sin (i.e., the Moon-god), thou Lord of the gods, thou king of 
 " the gods of Heaven and of earth, and of the gods of the gods, 
 " who dwellest in Heaven, when thou enterest with joy into this 
 " temple may the good fortune of the temples E-sagil, E-zida, and 
 " E-gish-shir-gal, the temples of thine exalted godhead, be 
 " established at thy word. And set thou the fear of thine exalted 
 " godhead in the hearts of my people, that they sin not against 
 " thine exalted godhead, and let them stand fast like the heavens. 
 "And as for me, Nabonidus, the king of Babylon, protect thou me 
 " from sinning against thine exalted godhead, and grant thou me 
 " graciously a long life ; and in the heart of Belshazzar, my first- 
 " born son, the off-spring of my loins, set the fear of thine exalted 
 " godhead, so that he may commit no sin and that he may be satis- 
 " fied with the fulness of life ! " (See Plate XL.) 
 
 [Nos. 91,125-91,128.] 
 
 Nos. 57-60, 62, 63. Baked clay cylinders of Nabonidus, king 
 of Babylon, from B.C. 555 to b.c. 538, inscribed with a record of his 
 building operations. [Nos. 42,267, 42,269, 91,087, 91,088, 91,110, 
 
 91,140.] 
 
 Nos. 61 and 64. Baked clay cylinder of Nabonidus, king of 
 Babylonia, B.C. 555-538, inscribed with an account of his building 
 operations. He records the restoration of the temple of Shamash 
 at Larsa, which had been wrecked in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II., 
 and describes the discovery of the monuments of Burnaburiash, 
 king of Babylonia, about B.c. 1425, and of Khammurabi, king of 
 Babylonia, about B.C. 2200. At Agade, an ancient city of Northern 
 Babylonia, he found in the foundations of the temple of E-ulmash an 
 inscription of Sargon I. [see above, p. 3] and Naram-Sin, his son, 
 which had been sought for in vain by Kurigalzu, king of 
 Babylonia, about B.C. 1400; by Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, about 
 B.c. 681-668; and by Nebuchadnezzar II., king of Babylonia, about 
 B.C. 604-561. Nabonidus also refers to the discovery of a founda- 
 tion-stone which Shagaraktiburiash, a former king of Babylon, had 
 placed in the temple of E-ulmash in Sippar. 
 
 [Nos. 91,124, 91,143.] 
 
 No. 65. Baked clay cylinder of Nabonidus, inscribed with an 
 account of his building operations and of the chief events of his 
 reign. In the text the king describes himself as " the great king, 
 " the mighty king, the king of the world, the king of Babylon, the 
 " king of the four quarters (of heaven and earth), the patron of E-sagil 
 
196 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN BOOM CASE G. 
 
 " and E-zida," and he states that before his birth the gods Sin and 
 Nergal had assigned to him a royal destiny. The text goes on to 
 say that the god Sin in times past was wroth with his people, and 
 that he brought the Scythians into the city of Harran, where they 
 destroyed the temple called E-khul-khul. In the beginning of his 
 reign Nabonidus had a dream in which " Marduk the great Lord, 
 " and Sin, the Light of Heaven and Earth, stood one on each side of 
 " me, and the god Marduk spake unto me, saying : ' Nabonidus, 
 " thou king of Babylon, with the horses of thy chariot bring thou 
 " bricks, and build the shrine of E-khul-khul, and make thou Sin, 
 " the great Lord, to dwell in his habitation.' And I said unto 
 " Marduk, the Lord of the gods, ' The Scythian hath possession of 
 " the temple, which thou commandest me to build, and his strength 
 "is mighty.' Then Marduk spake unto me, saying: 'The 
 " Scythian of whom thou speakest, himself, and his land, and the 
 " kings who are his allies, have come to an end.' " And in accord- 
 ance with the words of the god, Cyrus, king of Anzan, attacked the 
 hordes of the Scythians and captured their king Astyages, and 
 carried him captive to his own land. As a thank offering for his 
 deliverance from the Scythians Nabonidus rebuilt the temple of 
 Sin, the Moon-god. He also describes how he rebuilt the temple of 
 the Sun-god at Sippar, which had been restored by Nebuchad- 
 nezzar II. forty-five years before, and in the course of the work he 
 found an inscription of Naram-Sin, the son of Sargon I., the original 
 founder of the temple, which for 3200 years had not been seen. 
 From this statement, the date of the reign of Naram-Sin has been 
 set at about B.C. 3750 (but see above, p. 3). Nabonidus also rebuilt 
 the temple of the goddess Anunitum at Sippar, where he discovered 
 the inscription of Shagaraktiburiash, who, according to the state- 
 ment in the text, restored the temple 800 years before. The text 
 concludes with a prayer to the goddess Anunitum. (See 
 Plate XLI.) [No. 91,109.] 
 
 No. GG. Basalt weight for two-thirds of a maneh and one 
 shekel ; the trilingual inscription in Persian, Susian, and Babylonian, 
 records the name of Darius, the son of Hystaspes, the 
 Akhaemenian, who reigned from about B.C. 520 to B.c. 485. 
 
 [No. 91,117.] 
 
 No. 67. Portion of a baked clay cylinder of Cyrus, king of 
 Babylonia, about B.c. 538-529, inscribed in the Babylonian character 
 with an account of his conquest of Babylonia, and of the chief 
 events of his reign in that country. The following is a rendering of 
 the most important part of the inscription, in which he says : " He 
 " (i.e., Marduk) sought out a righteous prince, a man after his own 
 " heart, whom he might take by the hand ; and he called his name 
 " Cyrus, king of Anshan, and he proclaimed his name for sovereignty 
 " over the whole world. The hordes of the land of Kutu he forced 
 
PLATE XLI. 
 
 -g r- 
 
 3 a 
 
 2 *S 
 o.5 .- 
 
 s as 
 
 P3 rO 
 
 d o o 
 3 b 
 
 a S e 
 
 pq 
 
197 CYLINDER OF CYRUS, ETC. 
 
 "into submission at his feet, and the men whom (the god) had 
 " delivered into his hands he justly and righteously cared for. And 
 " Marduk, the great Lord, the protector of his people, beheld his 
 " good deeds and his righteous heart with joy. He commanded him 
 " to go to Babylon, and he caused him to set out on the road to that 
 " city and like a friend and ally he marched by his side ; and his 
 " troops, with their weapons girt about them, marched with him, in 
 " countless numbers like the waters of a flood. Without battle and 
 " without fighting Marduk made him enter into his city of Babylon ; 
 " he spared Babylon tribulation, and Nabonidus, the king who feared 
 " him not, he delivered into his hand." The text goes on to state 
 that the inhabitants paid homage to him, and the peoples round 
 about brought him tribute. With a view of centralising their 
 worship, the former king Nabonidus had gathered together into 
 Babylon the images of the gods from the local temples, but this act 
 provoked Merodach to wrath, and the god decreed his destruction. 
 After the occupation of the city by the Persians, Cyrus conciliated 
 the Babylonians by restoring the images to their original shrines. 
 (See Plate XLII.) [No. 90,920.] 
 
 No. 68. Baked clay cylinder of Antiochus Soter, king of 
 Babylonia, about B.C. 280-260, inscribed in archaic Babylonian 
 characters with an account of his restoration of the temples of 
 E-sagil and E-zida in Babylon and Borsippa in the year B.C. 270. 
 The text concludes with a prayer to the god Nebo on behalf of 
 Antiochus, and of his son Seleucus, and of his wife Stratonice. 
 
 [No. 36,277.] 
 
 No. 69. Part of a deed recording the sale of a piece of land in 
 Babylon. Dated at Babylon. Fourth year of Esarhaddon, king 
 of Babylon, B.C. 681-669. Presented by the Proprietors of the 
 " Daily Telegraph." [No. 92,712.] 
 
 Nos. 70 and 71. Tablets inscribed during the reign of 
 Shamash-shum-ukin, the brother of Ashur-bani-pal, king of 
 Assyria, who appointed him viceroy of Babylon, B.C. 668. His 
 reign ended B.C. 6-48. 
 
 No. 70. Deed recording a sale of certain land in Babylon by 
 Kuna to Ubaru for half a maneh of silver. Tenth year of Shamash- 
 shum-ukin. [No. 33,537.] 
 
 No. 71. Legal decision in a suit brought by Sha-Nabu-shu 
 against Munnabitti concerning the ownership of certain land. 
 Dated at Babylon. Fourteenth year of Shamash-shum-ukin. 
 
 [No. 92,999.] 
 
 Nos. 72-76. Tablets inscribed during the reign of Ashur- 
 bani-pal, king of Assyria, from B.C. 668 to B.C. 626. He also 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN BOOM CASE G. 198 
 
 reigned over Babylon, after deposing his brother, from 
 B.C. 648 to B.C. 626, during which period he assumed the name 
 of Kandalanu. 
 
 No. 72. Deed recording the sale of a house in the city of Erech 
 by Ina-eshi etir to Erishi for one maneh and fifteen shekels of silver. 
 Dated at Erech. Twentieth year of Ashur-bani-pal. 
 
 [No. 92,706.] 
 
 No. 73. Part of a deed of barter. Seventh year of Kandalanu. 
 
 [No. 93,001.] 
 
 No. 74. Receipt for ten vessels of oil. Fourteenth year of 
 Kandalanu. [No. 93,006.] 
 
 No. 75. Deed recording the sale of four slaves for one maneh 
 and one-third of a shekel of silver. Fifteenth year of Kandalanu. 
 
 [No. 92,997.] 
 
 No. 76. Receipt for fifty -seven and a half manehs of iron. 
 Twentieth year of Kandalanu. [No. 92,720.] 
 
 Nos. 77 and 78. Tablets inscribed during the reign of 
 Sin-shar-ishkun, king of Assyria, about B.C. 615. 
 
 No. 77. Deed recording a loan by the treasury of the Temple 
 of the Sun-god in Sippar to Shamash-epush and others. Dated 
 at Sippar. Second year of Sin-shar-ishkun. [No. 92,718.] 
 
 No. 78. Deed recording a loan of half a maneh of silver by 
 Nabu-zer-ushabshi to the two sons of Shuma on the security of all 
 their possessions, interest to be paid at the rate of twenty per cent. 
 Dated at Erech. Seventh year of Sin-shar-ishkum. [No. 93,000.] 
 
 Nos. 79-82. Tablets inscribed during the reign of Nabopo- 
 lassar, king of Babylon, from B.C. 625 to B.C. 604, father of 
 Nebuchadnezzar the Great. 
 
 No. 79. Deed recording the sale of certain land near Babylon. 
 Seventh year of Nabopolassar. [No. 92,996.] 
 
 No. 80. Extract from a deed, giving a list of the names of the 
 witnesses and the date of the document. Tenth year of Nabo- 
 polassar. [No. 92,728.] 
 
 No. 81. Deed recording a loan of silver by Ikisha-Marduk to 
 Nabu-etir on the security of certain land ; interest to be paid at 
 the rate of eleven and two-thirds per cent. Fourteenth year of 
 Nabopolassar. [No. 30,335.] 
 
 No. 82. Deed recording a loan of one-third of a maneh and four 
 shekels of silver by Marduk-zer-ibni to Ibna, ; interest to be paid at 
 the rate of twentv per cent. Sixteenth year of Nabopolassar. 
 
 [No. 30,311.] 
 
PLATE XLII. 
 
 
 m cF. 
 B p, 
 
 ASF 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 d * 
 
 Si 
 
 dH 
 
 s 
 
 3 >> 
 
 d eJ 
 
 ^O 
 
LATE BABYLONIAN DEEDS AND CONTRACTS. 199 
 
 Nos. 83-156. An important series of commercial, legal, 
 and other documents in which are recorded transactions for 
 every year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II., king of 
 Babylon, from B.C. 604 to B.C. 561. 
 
 No. 83. Deed recording the sale of a house in Babylon 
 by Umaria to Itti-Marduk-balatu. Accession year of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar II. [No. 31,508.] 
 
 No. 84. Tablet of accounts concerning dates received as revenue 
 into the "Storehouse of the King" in the city of Sippar. First 
 year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,786.] 
 
 No. 85. List of accounts concerning silver, grain, bitumen, etc., 
 the property of the temple of the Sun-god, from the twenty -first 
 year of Nabopolassar to the first year of Nebuchadnezzar II. First 
 year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,742.] 
 
 No. 86. Deed recording a loan of fifteen and two-thirds of a 
 maneh and nine shekels of silver by Nabu-nasir-aplu to Nabu-ailu ; 
 interest to be paid at the rate of twenty per cent. First year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,489.] 
 
 No. 87. Deed recording a loan of dates. Second year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 32,916.] 
 
 Nos. 88 and 89. Two copies of a deed recording a loan of 
 thirteen shekels of silver by Kudurru to Bel-ushezib ; interest to be 
 paid at the rate of twenty per cent. Third year of Nebuchadnez- 
 zar II. [Nos. 31,141, 92,710.] 
 
 Nos. 90 and 91. Two copies of a deed recording a loan of silver 
 by Kudurru to Shula ; interest to be paid at the rate of twenty per 
 cent. Fourth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [Nos. 30,636, 92,711.] 
 
 No. 92. Deed recording a loan of one talent of silver by 
 Marduk-zSr-ibni to Belishunu and Marduk-shapik-zeri. This loan 
 is to be repaid within two months: at the expiration of this period 
 ten per cent, interest will be charged. Fifth year of Nebuchadnez- 
 zar II. [No. 92,788.] 
 
 No. 93. Deed recording a loan of one maneh of silver by Daianu- 
 Marduk to Kudurru on the security of all his property ; interest to 
 be paid at the rate of thirteen and one-third per cent. Sixth year 
 of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,572.] 
 
 No. 94. Deed recording a loan of fifteen shekels of silver by 
 Kudurru to Bu'iti ; interest to be paid at the rate of twenty per 
 cent. Seventh year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,429.] 
 
 No. 95. Deed recording the sale of a male slave by Kiba' to 
 Shula for one maneh and eight shekels of silver. Seventh year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 31,905.] 
 
200 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE G. 
 
 No. 96. Deed of partnership between Mushezib-B61 and 
 Kudurru ; their joint capital amounted to four manehs of silver. 
 Seventh year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 31,098.] 
 
 Nos. 97 and 98. Two copies of a deed recording the sale of their 
 son by Adi'-ilu and his wife to Shula\ Eighth year of Nebuchadnez- 
 zar II. [Nos. 31,007, 31,042.] 
 
 No. 99. Deed recording a loan of silver by Marduk-shapik-zeri 
 to Ibna. Dated at Babylon. Eighth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [No. 30,677.] 
 
 No. 100. Deed recording the sale of a female slave and her 
 baby by Shamash-uballit and Ubartum to Kasir and Iddin-Marduk 
 for nineteen shekels of silver. Eighth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [No. 32,919.] 
 
 No. 101. Deed recording a guarantee by Akkia for Nabu-usur 
 and Nergal-shar-usur. If these men disappear Akkia is to pay six 
 manehs of silver. Ninth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [No. 31,191.] 
 
 No. 102. Deed of partnership between Nabu-akhe'-ukin and 
 Kudurru; their joint capital amounted to four shekels of silver. 
 Tenth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,321.] 
 
 No. 103. Receipt given by Shamash-mudammik. to Ibna for 
 certain pitch and bitumen. Tenth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [No. 92,789.] 
 
 No. 104. Deed recording a debt of four manehs of silver owed 
 by Apia to his daughter Khamma as part of her dowry. Apia 
 makes all his possessions security for the debt. Eleventh year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 32,852.] 
 
 No. 105. Deed recording the sale of a male slave by Kudurru to 
 Shula for five-sixths of a maneh and eight shekels of silver. 
 Twelfth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 31,819.] 
 
 No. 106. Marriage-contract between Dagil-ilani and Latuba- 
 shinni the daughter of Khamma. In return for his wife Dagil-ilani 
 gives his mother-in-law a male slave and one and a half manehs of 
 silver. Thirteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,571.] 
 
 No. 107. Deed concerning the payment of a price of a slave 
 to Shul& by Nabu-nipshari and another ; if payment be not made 
 within a given time, the slave is to be returned and payment made 
 for his services. Fourteenth vear of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [No. 31,140.] 
 
 No. 108. Deed recording an agreement between Nabu-salim and 
 Arad-B^l concerning the settlement of accounts. Fifteenth year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,940.] 
 
LATE BABYLONIAN DEEDS AND CONTRACTS. 201 
 
 No. 109. Deed recording a loan of silver by Shum-uktn to Nabu 
 aplu-iddina ; interest is to paid at the rate of twenty per cent. 
 Sixteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,447.] 
 
 No. 110. List of the judges in an action brought by Shapik-zeri 
 against Balatu to recover certain land which had belonged to his 
 father. Seventeenth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 41,395.] 
 
 No. 111. Deed recording an arrangement made between Shula 
 and Khakhkhuru with regard to the possession of certain land. 
 Eighteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 41,394.] 
 
 No. 112. Deed recording a loan of grain. Nineteenth year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 31,031.] 
 
 Nos. 113 and 114. Two copies of a deed recording the sale of a 
 slave. Nineteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [Nos. 31,865, 33,102.] 
 
 No. 115. Deed recording an agreement between Bl-zer-ibni 
 and Shula concerning the settlement of accounts. Twentieth year 
 of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 31,135.] 
 
 No. 116. Deed recording a loan of one maneh of silver by Nabu- 
 bani-akhi to Babia and Sha-Nana-shi. Twenty-first year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,707.] 
 
 No. 117. Part of a tablet of accounts. Twenty-second year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,992.] 
 
 No. 118. Deed recording the sale of certain land near Babylon. 
 Twenty-second year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 33,907.] 
 
 No. 119. Receipt given by Nergal-ushezib for one maneh of 
 silver. Twenty-third year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,993.] 
 
 No. 120. Deed lecording the sale of an ox by Shamash-mudam- 
 mik, a priest of Agade, to the temple of the Sun-god at Sippar for 
 thirteen shekels of silver. Twenty-fourth year of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar II. [No. 92,745.] 
 
 No. 121. Tablet of accounts. Twentv-fifth year of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar II. [No. 92,779.] 
 
 No. 122. Deed recording a loan of corn by Shullumu to Nabu- 
 akhe-iddina. Twenty-fifth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [No. 30,404.] 
 
 No. 123. Tablet of accounts concerning the supply of dates for 
 E-babbara, the temple of the Sun-god in Sippar. Twenty-sixth 
 year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,727.] 
 
 No. 124. Deed recording the sale of a house in Babylon by 
 Marduk-tabik-zeri to Nabu-akhe-iddina. Twentv-sixth year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. " [No. 32,870.] 
 
202 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE G. 
 
 No. 125. Deed recording the sale of a female slave by Nabu- 
 mushetik-urra and his wife to Nabu-akhe-iddina. Twenty-sixth 
 year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,301.] 
 
 No. 126. Deed recording the sale of a female slave for one-third 
 of a shekel of silver. Twenty-seventh year of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [No. 92,754.] 
 
 No. 127. Receipt given by Rimut to Nabu-akh6-iddina for 
 certain grain in part payment of a debt. Twenty-eighth year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,569.] 
 
 No. 128. Deed recording an agreement between Ubar and Ina- 
 Esagil-shum-ibni, by which the former will pay twelve ka of corn 
 daily in return for the services of a male slave. Twenty -eighth year 
 of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,342.] 
 
 No. 129. Guarantee given by Guzummu with regard to two 
 slaves which she had sold to Nabu-etir-napshati. Twenty-ninth 
 year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 31,004.] 
 
 Nos. 130 and 131. Two copies of a deed recording the sale of a 
 male slave by Bel-ukln to Bel-uballit for fifty-one shekels of silver. 
 Twenty-ninth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [Nos. 30,598, 31,877.] 
 
 No. 132. Deed recording the gift of a female slave by her 
 mother to Ramua as her dowry. Twenty-ninth year of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar II. [No. 30,329.] 
 
 No. 133. Tablet of accounts concerning oxen for the service of 
 the gods. Thirtieth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,781.] 
 
 No. 134. Deed recording the sale of a male slave for two-thirds 
 of a maneh and two shekels of silver. Thirtieth year of Nebu- 
 chadnezzar II. [No. 92,765.] 
 
 No. 135. Receipt given by Nabu-etir for certain silver which 
 had been paid him by Nabu-akhe'-iddina. Thirtieth year of Nebu- 
 chadnezzar II. [No. 92,713.] 
 
 No. 136. Two copies of a receipt given by Rimut to Nabu- 
 akhe-iddina for certain grain in part payment of a debt. Thirtieth 
 year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [Nos. 30,325, 41,591.] 
 
 No. 137. Tablet of accounts concerning the supply of dates for 
 E-babbara, the temple of the Sun-god in Sippar. Thirty-first year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,762.] 
 
 No. 138. Deed recording a loan of silver. Thirty -second year 
 of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 41,393.] 
 
 No. 139. Portion of a tablet of accounts. Thirty -second year 
 of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,784.] 
 
 No. 140. Receipt for one maneh of silver. Thirty -third year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,764.] 
 
LATE BABYLONIAN DEEDS AND CONTRACTS. 203 
 
 No. 141. Deed recording a loan of grain. Thirty-fourth year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,790.] 
 
 No. 142. Deed recording the sale of a date-plantation. Thirty- 
 fifth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,994.] 
 
 No. 143. Deed recording the gift of her property by Silim-Ishtar 
 to her daughter Gula-ka'ishat. Thirty-fifth year of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar II. [No. 33,070.] 
 
 No. 144. Receipt for four and a half shekels of silver paid as the 
 hire of a boat for the carriage of wool. Thirty-sixth year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,758.] 
 
 No. 145. Deed of partnership between Nabfi-akhe-iddina and 
 Belishunu. Thirty-sixth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [No. 49,397.] 
 
 No. 146. Deed recording a loan of eleven empty wine-jars by 
 Lusu-ana-nuri to Nabu-akhe-iddina. The borrower undertakes to 
 make good any that are broken or lost. Thirty-seventh year of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 33,062.] 
 
 No. 147. Memorandum of the receipt of various quantities of 
 bricks. Thirty-seventh year of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [No. 92,749.] 
 
 No. 148. Part of a deed recording the sale of a house. Thirty- 
 seventh year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 32,653.] 
 
 No. 149. Deed recording the receipt of certain silver, corn, and 
 dates, by Namirtum and her daughter from Shula her brother-in- 
 law. The property had been left to Namirtum by her husband. 
 Thirty-eighth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 32,869.] 
 
 No. 150. Deed recording the sale of a male slave by Pir'u, Gaga, 
 and Zeria to Nabft-zer-ukln. Thirty-ninth year of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar II. [No. 31,153.] 
 
 No. 151. Deed recording the date and place for the hearing of a 
 suit brought by Sharru-ukln against Idikhi-ilu to recover damages 
 for the death of a slave. In the event of his claim being sub- 
 stantiated, the value of the slave shall be assessed at one maneh of 
 silver. Fortieth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,346.] 
 
 No. 152. Deed recording a gift of two slaves by Etillitum to her 
 grand-daughter Belitsunu. Fortieth year of Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 [No. 30,461.] 
 
 No. 153. Part of a tablet of accounts concerning sheep. Forty- 
 first year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 92,735.] 
 
 No. 154. Deed recording the sale of a female slave by Rimat to 
 Nabu-etir. Forty-first year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 31,094.] 
 
 I 2 
 
204 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN BOOM CASE G. 
 
 No. 155. Deed recording the gift of all his possessions by Shula 
 to his daughter, who undertakes to support him during the rest of 
 his life. Forty-second year of Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 30,567.] 
 
 No. 156. Deed of partnership between Kudurru and another; 
 their joint capital amounted to four shekels of silver. Eeign of 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. [No. 31,488.] 
 
 Nos. 157-162. Tablets inscribed during the reign of Evil- 
 Merodach (Amel-Marduk), king of Babylon, from B.C. 561 to 
 B.C. 559. 
 
 No. 157. Deed recording the settlement of a dispute concerning 
 the possession of a house and slave. Accession year of Evil- 
 Merodach. [No. 30,845.] 
 
 No. 158. Deed recording a loan of half a maneh and three 
 shekels of silver by Iddin-Marduk to Nabu-aplu-iddina. First 
 year of Evil-Merodach. [No. 30,330.] 
 
 No. 159. Deed recording the sale of a house in Babylon. First 
 year of Evil-Merodach. [No. 41,398.] 
 
 No. 160. Deed recalling a loan of silver and sesame-seed. First 
 year of Evil-Merodach. [No. 31,100.] 
 
 No. 161. Deed recording a loan of ten shekels of silver. First 
 year of Evil-Merodach. [No. 31,101.] 
 
 No. 162. Deed recording a loan of four manehs of silver by 
 Nadin-akhi to Tabik-zeri, on the security of his house. Second 
 year of Evil-Merodach. [No. 31,245.] 
 
 Nos. 163-171. Tablets inscribed during the reign of 
 Neriglissar (Nergal-shar-vsur), king of Babylon, from B.C. 559 
 to B.C. 556. 
 
 No. 163. Deed recording the sale of three slaves for two-thirds 
 of a maneh and five shekels of silver. Accession year of Neriglissar. 
 
 [No. 92,791.] 
 
 No. 164. Deed recording the sale of a date-plantation by the 
 four sons of Marduk-etir to Nabu-akhe-iddina for twenty-two and 
 one-third manehs of silver. Accession year of Neriglissar. 
 
 [No. 41,399.] 
 
 No. 165. Deed recording a gift of five manehs of silver, thirty 
 sheep, two oxen, together with slaves and household furniture by 
 Marduk-shar-usur to Nabu-bani-zeri, as the dowry of his daughter. 
 First year of Neriglissar. [No. 30,525.] 
 
LATE BABYLONIAN DEEDS AND CONTRACTS. 205 
 
 No. 166. Part of a deed relating to a proposal of marriage made 
 to the princess Gigitum, through her father Neriglissar the king, by 
 Nabu-shum-ukin, a high official. First year of Neriglissar. 
 
 [No. 47,517.] 
 
 No. 167. Deed recording the sale of a male slave for half a 
 maneh and five shekels of silver. First year of Neriglissar. 
 
 [No. 30,574.] 
 
 No. 168. Tablet of accounts concerning the revenue of the 
 Temple of the Sun-god in Sippar. First year of Neriglissar. 
 
 [No. 92,746.] 
 
 No. 169. Deed recording a loan of twelve manehs of silver. 
 Second year of Neriglissar. [No. 30,443.] 
 
 No. 170. Eeceipt for the rent of a house for one year. Third 
 year of Neriglissar. [No. 31,209.] 
 
 No. 171. Deed recording a loan of twelve hundred measures of 
 onions by Daianu-shum-iddina to Nabu-bani-akhi. Fourth year of 
 Neriglissar. [No. 41,401.] 
 
 Nos. 172 and 173. Tablets inscribed during the reign of 
 Labashi-Marduk, king of Babylon, from B.C. 556 to B.C. 555. 
 
 No. 172. Tablets of accounts extending over three years. 
 Accession year of Labashi-Marduk. [No. 92,721.] 
 
 No. 173. Deed recording the part payment of a debt. Accession 
 year of Labashi-Marduk. [No. 92,747.] 
 
 Nos. 174-235. An important series of commercial, legal 
 and other documents, in which are recorded transactions for 
 every year of the reign of Nabonidus, king of Babylon from 
 B.C. 555 to B.C. 538. It will be noticed that among this group 
 are included a number of large and fine documents which 
 relate chiefly to the sale and transfer of land. 
 
 No. 174. Legal decision in a case brought before the judges in 
 Babylon by Dillilitum against Nabu-akhe-iddina concerning the 
 payment for a slave, sold to him by Dillilitum in the first year of 
 Neriglissar, king of Babylon. Accession year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 1402.] 
 
 No. 175. Deed recording the lease of a house for six years, the 
 rent to be paid half-yearly. First year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 92,769.] 
 
 No. 176. Deed recording the gift of certain monies, which are 
 out on deposit or loan, and certain land, which formed her dowry, 
 by Gugua to her son Ea-zer-ibni, who undertakes to support her for 
 the rest of her life. Second year of Nabonidus. [No. 33,063.] 
 
 I 3 
 
206 RABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE G. 
 
 No. 177. Deed concerning the purchase of a house in Borsippa 
 in which it is stated that the agent who arranged the purchase has 
 no claim to the property. Second year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 32,871.] 
 
 No. 178. Deed recording a loan of one-third of a maneh of 
 silver by Gugua to Nabu-akh6-erba at twenty per cent, interest on 
 the security of his house. Second year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 30,308.] 
 
 No. 179. Deed recording an allowance of food, drink, sesame- 
 seed, salt, etc., to be paid by Na'id-Marduk to his wife and son. 
 Third year of Nabonidus. [No. 92,782.] 
 
 Nos. 180 and 181. Two copies of a deed recording the sale of 
 some land near Babylon by Nabu-shum-usur to Kabti-ilani-Marduk 
 for twenty and a half manehs seven and two-thirds shekels of silver. 
 Third year of Nabonidus. [Nos. 30,338, 32,849.] 
 
 Nos. 182 and 183. Two copies of a deed recording the sale of a 
 date-plantation by Marduk-shum-iddina and his sister and his son- 
 in-law, to Nabu-akh6-iddina, for one and two-thirds of a maneh two 
 and a half shekels of silver. Fourth year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [Nos. 33,089, 41,406.] 
 
 Nos. 184 and 185. Two copies of a deed of partnership between 
 Itti-Marduk-balatu and Tabik-zeri; their capital amounted to one 
 maneh of silver. Fifth year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [Nos. 30,354, 30,765.] 
 
 No. 186. Tablet of accounts concerning revenue. Fifth year of 
 Nabonidus. [No. 92,724.] 
 
 No. 187. Deed recording the sale of a date-plantation by Nabu- 
 manziru to Nabu-akh^-iddina for two-thirds of a maneh eight 
 shekels of silver. Fifth year of Nabonidus. [No. 33,064.] 
 
 No. 188. Deed recording the sale of a date-plantation by Nabu- 
 ballit to Nabu-akhe-iddina for half a maneh three shekels of silver. 
 Fifth year of Nabonidus. [No. 33,912.] 
 
 No. 189. Marriage contract between Uballitsu-Gula, the son of 
 Nabu-nadin-akhi, and Ina-Esagil-banat, the daughter of Shum-ukin. 
 Sixth year of Nabonidus. [No. 30,958.] 
 
 No. 190. Deed recording the gift of a dowry to his sister by 
 Mushallim-Marduk, the son of Nabu-shum-ishkun. Seventh year of 
 Nabonidus. [No. 30,705.] 
 
 No. 191. Deed recording the sale of three female slaves for 
 three manehs of silver. Seventh year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 30,580.] 
 
LATE BABYLONIAN DEEDS AND CONTRACTS. 207 
 
 No. 192. Deed recording the sale of five slaves by Shula to 
 Nabu-akh6-iddina for two and a half manehs five shekels of silver. 
 Seventh year of Nabonidus. [No. 30,950.] 
 
 No. 193. Part of a deed recording the sale of certain land which 
 was thinly planted with date-palms. Eighth year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 41,407.] 
 
 No. 194. List of the tenants of Abbatum who have paid him 
 rent for houses which they occupy. Abbatum's name is added in 
 Aramean characters. Eighth year of Nabonidus. [No. 92,723.] 
 
 No. 195. Part of a tablet of accounts concerning the revenue of 
 the temple of the Sun-god in Sippar. Eighth year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 92,732.] 
 
 No. 196. Deed recording the sale of a female slave by Nabu- 
 iddina to Tabik-zeri for fourteen shekels of silver. Ninth year of 
 Nabonidus. [No. 34,532.] 
 
 No. 197. Deed recording the sale of a slave who was by trade 
 a baker, for fifty-five shekels of silver. Ninth year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 30,606.] 
 
 No. 198. Part of a tablet of accounts concerning the revenue of 
 the temple of the Sun-god in Sippar. Ninth year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 92,783.] 
 
 No. 199. Tablet of accounts relating to weavers and their work. 
 Ninth year of Nabonidus. [No. 92,776.] 
 
 Nos. 200 and 201. Two copies of a deed recording a decision in 
 favour of Bunanitum in a suit brought by her against Akabi-ilu, her 
 brother-in-law, to gain the possession of the property bequeathed to 
 her by her husband. Ninth year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [Nos. 33,945, 41,459.] 
 
 No. 202. Tablet of accounts concerning dates. Ninth year of 
 Nabonidus. [No. 92,780.] 
 
 No. 203. Deed recording the sale of three slaves for two manehs 
 of silver. Tenth year of Nabonidus. [No. 30,260.] 
 
 No. 204. Deed recording the sale of a male slave for fifty shekels 
 of silver. Tenth year of Nabonidus. [No. 30,375.] 
 
 No. 205. Deed recording the sale of certain land, planted with 
 date-trees, in the district of Babylon, by Bel-ushallim to Nabu-akhS- 
 iddina for one maneh eleven shekels of silver. Tenth year of 
 Nabonidus. [No. 33,136.] 
 
 No. 206. Tablet of accounts of the " Great Store-house " in the 
 city of Sippar. Tenth year of Nabonidus. [No. 92,741.] 
 
 No. 207. List of certain monies received as revenue for the 
 Temple of Shamash during a period of two years. Tenth year of 
 Nabonidus. [No. 92,750.] 
 
 I 4 
 
208 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE G. 
 
 No. 208. Tablet of accounts concerning grain received as revenue. 
 Tenth year of Nabonidus. [No. 92,719.] 
 
 No. 209. Deed recording a loan of one maneh of silver by Itti- 
 Marduk-balatu to Bel-iddina on the security of certain land ; interest 
 to be paid at the rate of twenty per cent. Eleventh year of 
 Nabonidus. [No. 30,510.] 
 
 No. 210. Tablet of accounts concerning revenue. Eleventh 
 year of Nabonidus. [No. 92,759.] 
 
 No. 211. Tablet of accounts concerning dates received as revenue 
 into the " Store-house of the king " in the citv of Sippar. Eleventh 
 year of Nabonidus. [No. 92,763.] 
 
 No. 212. Tablet of accounts concerning the revenue of the 
 " Store-house of the king" in the city of Sippar. Eleventh year of 
 Nabonidus. [No. 92,753.] 
 
 No. 213. Tablet of accounts concerning the revenue of the 
 Temple of the Sun-god in Sippar. Eleventh year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 92,771.] 
 
 No. 214. Deed of partnership between Itti-Marduk-balatu and 
 Marduk-tabik-ze'ri. Eleventh year of Nabonidus. [No. 41,409.] 
 
 No. 215. Deed recording a division of property between Marduk- 
 shum-iddina and Iddin-Nabu, the sons of Nabu-bani-zeri. Dated 
 at Babylon. Twelfth year of Nabonidus. [No. 92,792.] 
 
 No. 216. Deed recording the sale of a date-plantation by Bel- 
 iddina to Itti-Marduk-balatu for three and two-thirds manehs eight 
 shekels of silver. Twelfth year of Nabonidus. [No. 33,090.] 
 
 No. 217. Tablet of accounts concerning dates received as revenue 
 into the " Store-house of the king " in the city of Sippar. Twelfth 
 year of Nabonidus. [No. 92,730.] 
 
 No. 218. Deed of partnership between Shula and the slave of 
 Nabu-aplu-iddina. Their joint capital amounted to three manehs of 
 silver. Twelfth year of Nabonidus. [No. 32,101.] 
 
 No. 219. Deed recording a loan of dates. Dated at Babylon. 
 Thirteenth year of Nabonidus. [No. 30,725.] 
 
 No. 220. Receipt given by Sukai and Rimut, two blacksmiths, 
 for half a talent and one maneh of iron. Thirteenth year of 
 Nabonidus. [No. 92,767.] 
 
 No. 221. Tablet of accounts concerning oxen intended for 
 sacrifice before Shamash, Ai, Bunene, Anunitum, Gula, Ramman, 
 and other deities in the city of Sippar. Thirteenth year of 
 Nabonidus. [No. 92,739.] 
 
LATE BABYLONIAN DEEDS AND CONTRACTS. 209 
 
 No. 222. Tablet of accounts concerning dates received as revenue 
 into the " Storehouse of the king " in the city of Sippar. Thirteenth 
 year of Nabonidus. [No. 92,736.] 
 
 No. 223. Tablet of accounts concerning dates. Fourteenth year 
 of Nabonidus. [No. 92,726.] 
 
 No. 224. Deed recording the division of his property by Nabu- 
 balatsu-ikbi among the members of his family. Dated at Babylon. 
 Fourteenth year of Nabonidus. [No. 92,793.] 
 
 No. 225. Deed recording a loan of silver and sesame-seed by 
 Nubta to Itti-Marduk-balatu. Dated at Babylon. Fourteenth year 
 of Nabonidus. [No. 30,956.] 
 
 No. 226. Deed recording a loan of silver by Nergal-bl-usur to 
 Sira. Fourteenth year of Nabonidus. [No. 30,953.] 
 
 No. 227. Tablet of accounts concerning the revenue of the 
 temple of the Sun-god in Sippar. Fourteenth year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 92,770.] 
 
 No. 228. Tablet of accounts concerning the revenue of the 
 temple of the Sun-god in Sippar. Fifteenth year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 92,725.] 
 
 No. 229. Deed recording the sale of a female slave by Marduk- 
 shum-ibni to Itti-Marduk-balatu for two-thirds of a maneh of silver. 
 Fifteenth year of Nabonidus. [No. 30,911.] 
 
 No. 230. Tablet of accounts concerning amounts of grain and 
 dates supplies for workmen. Sixteenth year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 92,737.] 
 
 No. 231. Deed recording the marriage of Sira, the sister of 
 Marduk-shim-iddina and Iddin-Nabu, to Nabu-nadin-shum, the son 
 of Mushezib-Marduk. Sixteenth year of Nabonidus. 
 
 [No. 92,794.] 
 
 No. 232. Deed recording the sale of a male slave by Nabu- 
 ushallim to Itti-Marduk-balatu for two-thirds of a maneh and eight 
 shekels of silver. Seventeenth year of Nabonidus. [No. 30,511.] 
 
 No. 233. Deed recording the sale of a slave by Labashi-Marduk 
 to Nabu-akhe-iddina for fifty-two shekels of silver. Reign of 
 Nabonidus. [No. 33,916.] 
 
 No. 234. Legal decision concerning the ownership of a slave. 
 Reign of Nabonidus. [No. 33,084.] 
 
 No. 235. List of shepherds, husbandmen, and gardeners. Reign 
 of Nabonidus. [No. 92,744.] 
 
210 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE G. 
 
 Nos. 236-278. An important series of commercial, legal 
 and other documents, in which are recorded transactions for 
 every year of the reign of Cyrus, king of Babylon from 
 B.C. 538 to b.c. 529. 
 
 No. 236. Eeceipt for fifteen shekels of silver. Accession year 
 of Cyrus. [No. 31,180.] 
 
 No. 237. Tablet of accounts concerning garments and furniture 
 for the service of Shamash, Ai, Bunene, and other deities. Accession 
 year of Cyrus. [No. 92,772.] 
 
 No. 238. Deed recording a loan of three thousand bundles of 
 onions by Nergal-risua to Nabu-shum-ukin. Dated in Babylon. 
 First year of Cyrus.' [No. 30,873.] 
 
 No. 239. Deed recording a loan of one maneh of silver by Kalba 
 to Itti-Marduk-balatu, without interest. Dated in the city of 
 Urazumetanu. Second year of Cyrus. [No. 31,181.] 
 
 No. 240. Deed recording the apprenticeship of the slave Atkal- 
 ana-Marduk by his mistress Nubta to Bel-etir for five years to be 
 taught the art of weaving. Second year of Cyrus. [No. 30,251.] 
 
 No. 241. Deed recording the payment of five shekels of silver 
 to Bani-zeri. Second year of Cyrus. [No. 30,584.] 
 
 No. 242. Tablet of accounts concerning the supply of sheep for 
 the temple of the Sun-god in the city of Sippar. Second year of 
 Cyrus. [No. 92,778.] 
 
 No. 243. Table of accounts concerning dates supplied to work- 
 men from the " Storehouse of the king," in the city of Sippar. 
 Second year of Cyrus. [No. 92,751.] 
 
 No. 244. Tablet of accounts concerning revenue for the " Great 
 Storehouse " in the city of Sippar. Second year of Cyrus. 
 
 [No. 92,752.] 
 
 No. 245. Tablet of accounts concerning revenue for the " Great 
 Storehouse " in the city of Sippar. Second year of Cyrus. 
 
 [No. 92,773.] 
 
 No. 246. Deed recording a debt of forty-six gur of dates, due to 
 Kudashu from Sukai. Dated in Naru-eshshu. Third year of 
 Cyrus. [No. 30,610.] 
 
 No. 247. Tablet of accounts concerning sheep. Third year of 
 Cyrus. [No. 92,740.] 
 
 No. 248. Tablet of accounts concerning oxen. Third year of 
 Cyrus. [No. 92,761.] 
 
 No. 249. Tablet of accounts concerning grain. Third year of 
 Cyrus. [No. 92,777.] 
 
LATE BABYLONIAN DEEDS AND CONTRACTS. 211 
 
 No. 250. Deed recording the payment of ten manehs of silver, 
 and five slaves, and household-furniture, by Itti-Marduk-balatu to 
 Itti-Nabu-balatu, as the dowry of his daughter Tashmetum-tabni. 
 Third year of Cyrus. [No. 30,585.] 
 
 No. 251. Deed recording the payment of twenty-four manehs of 
 silver by Iddin-Marduk to Nabu-akhe-iddina, the father of Itti- 
 Marduk-balatu, the husband of Nubta, as her dowry. Third year 
 of Cyrus. [No. 32,905.] 
 
 No. 252. Part of a deed recording the sale of certain lands, 
 houses and slaves. Dated in Babylon. Fourth year of Cyrus. 
 
 [No. -38,1 11.] 
 
 No. 253. Tablet of accounts concerning dates, the property of 
 the Temple of the Sun-god in the city of Sippar. Fourth year of 
 Cyrus. ' [No. 92,755.] 
 
 No. 254. Deed recording the loan of one and one-third manehs 
 of silver by Cambyses, the crown prince, to Iddin-Nabu on the 
 security of a house. His agent Gabbi-ilani-shar-usur transacted the 
 loan on behalf of Cambyses. Dated in Babylon. Fourth year of 
 Cyrus. [No. 32,882.] 
 
 No. 255. Deed recording the sale of an estate by Nabu-akhe- 
 iddina to Nabu-kasir for one and two-thirds of a maneh of silver. 
 Fifth year of Cyrus. [No. 92,998.] 
 
 No. 256. Tablet of accounts relating to the expenditure of 
 temple revenues in the city of Sippar. Fifth vear of Cyrus. 
 
 [No. 92,775.] 
 
 No. 257. Deed recording the sale of a house and land in 
 Babylon, by Shuzubu to Itti-Marduk-balatu for eight manehs 
 fifty -seven shekels of silver. Sixth year of Cyrus. [No. 32,892.] 
 
 No. 258. Tablet of accounts concerning grain, the property of 
 the Temple of the Sun-god in the city of Sippar. Sixth year of 
 Cyrus. [No. 92,760.] 
 
 No. 259. Deed recording the receipt of two and one-third 
 manehs four shekels of silver by Itti-Marduk-balatu from Apia and 
 Ardia in part payment of a debt. Sixth year of Cvrus. 
 
 "[No. 31,178.] 
 
 No. 260. Tablet of accounts concerning dates and sesame seed. 
 Sixth year of Cyrus. [No. 92,743.] 
 
 No. 261. Tablet of accounts relating to garments woven for use 
 in the service of Shamash, Ai, Anunitum and other deities. Sixth 
 } r ear of Cyrus. [No. 92,787.] 
 
 No. 262. Deed recording a loan of silver by Iddin-Marduk to 
 Bclishunu. Dated in the city of Shakhrin. Sixth vear of Cyrus. 
 
 [No. 30,588.] 
 
212 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE G. 
 
 No. 263. List of robes, etc., employed in the service of Shamash, 
 Ai, Bunene, Gula, Ramman, Shala, and other deities, which were 
 given into the charge of Shamash-shum-iddina. Sixth year of 
 Cyrus. [No. 92,768.] 
 
 No. 264. Deed recording the transfer of an estate and a house 
 and slaves by Nabu-aplu-iddina to his father Shamash-aplu-usur. 
 Seventh year of Cyrus. [No. 30,007.'] 
 
 No. 265. Deed recording a loan of one maneh ten shekels of 
 silver by Itti-Marduk-balatu to Ikisha-aplu on the security of a 
 female slave and her daughter. Dated in Babylon. Seventh year 
 of Cyrus. [No. 30,903.] 
 
 No. 266. Tablet of accounts concerning the distribution of grain 
 from the " Great Storehouse " in the city of Sippar. Seventh year 
 of Cyrus. [No. 92,785.] 
 
 No. 267. Deed recording the receipt of two manehs of silver by 
 Itti-Marduk-balatu from Rimut-Bel and Bel-iddina, in payment of a 
 debt. Seventh year of Cyrus. [No. 32,862.] 
 
 No. 268. Deed recording a loan of one maneh of silver by Itti 
 Marduk-balatu to Rimut-Nana, at twenty per cent, interest, on the 
 security of a male slave. Dated in Babylon. Seventh year of 
 Cyrus. [No. 30,963.] 
 
 Nos. 269 and 270. Two copies of a deed recording a loan of eight 
 shekels of silver by Ina-Esagil-ramat to Nabu-ikisha at twenty per 
 cent, interest, on the security of a house and female slave. Dated 
 in Babylon. Eighth year of Cyrus. [Nos. 30,906, 31,310.] 
 
 Nos. 271 and 272. Two copies of a deed recording a debt of two 
 manehs of silver, due to Shamash-aplu-usur from Itti-Marduk- 
 balatu, the remainder of the price of a field near the gate of the old 
 Cutha canal. Dated in Babylon. Eighth year of Cyrus. 
 
 [Nos. 30,887, 30,983.] 
 
 Nos. 273 and 274. Two copies of a deed recording a payment of 
 half a maneh of silver by Itti-Marduk-balatu to Shamash-pir'a-nsnr, 
 as part of the price of a field near the gate of the old Cutha canal. 
 Dated in Babylon. Eighth year of Cyrus. 
 
 [Nos. 30,532, 30,625.] 
 
 No. 275. Deed lecording a loan of two shekels of silver by 
 Ina-Esagil-ramat to Nabfi-ikisha at twenty per cent, interest. Dated 
 in Babylon. Eighth year of Cyrus. [No. 30,883.] 
 
 No. 276. Deed recording the apprenticeship of the slave Guzu- 
 na-Be"l-asbat by his master Itti-Marduk-balatu to Kudda to be 
 taught the trade of a stonecutter. Eighth year of Cyrus. 
 
 [No. 30,9 76.] 
 
LATE BABYLONIAN DEEDS AND CONTRACTS. 213 
 
 No. 277. Deed recording the receipt of certain monies by 
 Shamash-aplu-usur from Itti-Marduk-balatu as interest on a loan. 
 Dated in Babylon. Ninth year of Cyrus. ' [No. 30,934.] 
 
 No. 278. Deed recording the surrender of her claims by Esagil- 
 belit to a field held in mortgage by Itti-Marduk-balatu in return for 
 ten shekels of silver. Ninth year of Cyrus. [No. 31,110.] 
 
 Nos. 279-305. An important series of commercial, legal, 
 and other documents in which are recorded transactions for 
 every year of the reign of Cambyses, king of Babylon, from 
 B.C. 529 to B.C. 521. 
 
 No. 279. Deed recording a loan of dates. Accession year of 
 Cambyses. [No. 31,051.] 
 
 No. 280. Tablet of accounts relating to property of the Temple 
 of the Sun-god in Sippar. First year of Cambyses. 
 
 [No. 92,738.] 
 
 No. 281. Tablet of accounts concerning the distribution of dates 
 from the " Great Storehouse " in the city of Sippar. First year of 
 Cambyses. [No. 92,731.] 
 
 No. 282. Deed recording the lease of a house by Nabu-nasir- 
 aplu from Itti-Marduk-balatu for five shekels of silver a year, the 
 rent to be paid half-yearly. First year of Cambyses. 
 
 [No. 30,650.] 
 
 No. 283. Deed recording a loan of two manehs four shekels of 
 silver by Iddin-Marduk to Shamash-kasir. Dated in Babylon. 
 First year of Cambyses. [No. 30,920.] 
 
 No. 284. Deed recording a loan of twelve and a half manehs of 
 silver by Iddin-Marduk to Kidin-Marduk and Nabu-mushetik-urra 
 at twenty per cent, interest on the security of all their property. 
 First year of Cambyses. [No. 31,179.] 
 
 No. 285. Deed recording the receipt of various amounts of 
 fragrant woods for burning in braziers in the Temple of the Sun- 
 god. Second year of Cambyses. [No. 92,757.] 
 
 No. 286. Deed recording a loan of one maneh of silver by 
 Iddin-Marduk to Belishunu at twenty per cent interest. Dated in 
 Babylon. Third year of Cambyses. [No. 30,803.] 
 
 No. 287. Deed recording the lease of a house for three years 
 by Bel-uballit from Itti-Marduk-balatu for seven and a half shekels 
 of silver a year, the rent to be paid half-yearly. Third year of 
 Cambyses. ' [No. 30,482.] 
 
 No. 288. Tablet of accounts concerning the distribution of dates 
 from the "Great Storehouse" in the city of Sippar. Third year of 
 Cambyses. [No. 92,766.] 
 
214 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE G. 
 
 No. 289. Deed recording the gift of ten manehs of silver and 
 four female slaves and household furniture by Itti-Marduk-balatu to 
 Marduk-shum-ibni as the dowry of his daughter Amat-Nana. Third 
 year of Cambyses. [No. 92,795.] 
 
 No. 290. Deed recording a loan of. two-thirds of a maneh of 
 silver by Itti-Marduk-balatu to the son of Tabik-z^ri at twenty per 
 cent, interest on the security of his house. Third year of Cambyses. 
 
 [No. 30,989.] 
 
 No. 291. Deed recording a loan of two-thirds of a maneh and 
 seven shekels of silver on the security of a female slave named 
 Kunnai. The amount of the loan and the name of the slave are 
 added in Aramean on the edge of the tablet. Fourth year of 
 Cambyses. [No. 33,091.] 
 
 No. 292. Deed recording a loan of dates. Fourth year of 
 Cambyses. [No. 30,693.] 
 
 No. 293. Part of a deed recording the sale of a house. Dated 
 in Borsippa. Fourth year of Cambyses. [No. 33,922.] 
 
 No. 294. Deed recording the sale of a female slave by Inniba to 
 Kalba for two manehs five shekels of silver. Fifth year of 
 Cambyses. [No. 31,269.] 
 
 No. 295. Deed recording the sale of two slaves by Tabannu to 
 Itti-Marduk-balatu for three manehs of silver. Fifth year of 
 Cambyses. [No. 33,948.] 
 
 No. 296. Tablet of accounts concerning the distribution of dates 
 from the " Storehouse of the king " in the city of Sippar. Fifth 
 year of Cambyses. [No. 92,774.] 
 
 No. 297. Deed recording a loan of one and one-third manehs of 
 silver by Ili-iddin to Ikisha and his wife on the security of a 
 female slave, whose services are to be given in place of interest on 
 the money. Sixth year of Cambyses. [No. 30,279.] 
 
 No. 298. Deed recording a loan of two-thirds of a maneh of 
 silver by Itti-Marduk-balatu to Esagil-shadunu at twenty per cent, 
 interest. Dated in Babylon. Sixth year of Cambyses. 
 
 [No. 31,008.] 
 
 No. 299. Deed recording the barter of certain lands by Itti- 
 Marduk-balatu and Nadinu and his wife. Dated in Babylon. 
 Sixth year of Cambyses. [No. 33,973.] 
 
 No. 300. Part of a deed recording the sale of a house in the 
 city of Cutha. Seventh year of Cambyses. [No. 92,921.] 
 
 No. 301. Beceipt given by Belit-ka'ishati to Itti-Marduk-balatu 
 for two -thirds of a maneh of silver which she had deposited with 
 him, Seventh year of Cambyses. [No. 30,987.] 
 
LATE BABYLONIAN DEEDS AND CONTRACTS. 215 
 
 No. 302. Deed recording the barter of certain lands by Itti- 
 Marduk-balatu and Munakhtu-Marduk. Dated in Babylon. 
 Seventh year of Cambyses. [No. 41,425.] 
 
 No. 303. Deed recording a loan of grain and twelve shekels 
 of silver by Daianu-bel-usur to Iddinunu and Nabu-nasir. Dated in 
 the city of Shakhrin. Eighth year of Cambyses. [No. 31,029.] 
 
 No. 304. Deed recording payments of grain and dates to 
 officials and others from the royal storehouse. Eighth year of 
 Cambyses. [No. 92.756.] 
 
 No. 305. Part of a deed recording the sale of a house in 
 Babylon. Reign of Cambyses. [No. 32,198.] 
 
 Nos. 306-308. Tablets dated in the reign of Smerdis, who 
 usurped the Babylonian throne B.C. 521. 
 
 No. 306. Deed recording a loan of half a maneh and eight 
 shekels of silver by Nabu-shum-usur to Nabu-nadin-akhi at twenty 
 per cent, interest. Accession year of Barzia (Smerdis). 
 
 [No. 34,536.] 
 
 No. 307. Deed recording a loan of dates by Itti-Marduk-balatu 
 to Nabu-binanni. First year of Barzia (Smerdis). [No. 30,53 L] 
 
 No. 308. Deed recording an undertaking for the repayment of a 
 debt within a given time. First year of Barzia (Smerdis). 
 
 [No. 92,729.] 
 
 Nos. 309-331. A selection of the commercial, legal, and 
 other documents which were inscribed during the reign of 
 Darius the Great, king of Babylon from B.C. 521 to B.C. 485. 
 
 No. 309. Deed recording the sale of certain land by Kalba to 
 Marduk-nasir-aplu for nine and a half manehs of silver. First year 
 of Darius. ' [No. 33,095.] 
 
 No. 310. Deed recording the sale of a house near Babylon by 
 Bel-akhe erba, Iklsha-Marduk and Bel-etir to Iddin-Nabd for one 
 maneh and ten shekels of silver. Second year of Darius. 
 
 [No. 92,796.] 
 
 No. 311. Deed recording the division of certain property near 
 Babylon between Marduk-nasir-aplu and his brethren, and his uncle. 
 Third year of Darius. [No. 30,365.] 
 
 No. 312. Deed recording a loan of silver by Nidintnm-Bel to 
 Marduk-rimanni. On the edge in Aramean characters is an abbre- 
 viation of the borrower's name. Third year of Darius. 
 
 [No. 92,734.] 
 
216 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE G. 
 
 No. 313. Part of a deed recording the sale of certain land with 
 a date-plantation near Babylon. Fourth year of Darius. 
 
 [No. 32,895.] 
 
 No. 314. Deed recording the sale of certain land with a date- 
 plantation by Inba to KalM for two manehs and one shekel of 
 silver. Fifth year of Darius. [No. 32,899.] 
 
 No. 315. Deed recording the sale of certain land with a date- 
 plantation near Babylon, by Nabu-etir to Marduk-nasir-aplu. 
 Seventh year of Darius. [No. 30,685.] 
 
 No. 316. Deed recording the sale of a house for three and five- 
 sixths of a maneh of silver. Eighth year of Darius. 
 
 [No. 31,298.] 
 No. 317. Deed recording a loan of two- thirds of a maneh of 
 silver, on the security of a female slave. Ninth year of Darius. 
 
 [No. 92,995.] 
 
 No. 318. Deed recording the barter of certain lands by Marduk- 
 nasir-aplu, and Sukaiti, the son and daughter of Itti-Marduk- 
 balatu. Tenth year of Darius. [No. 31,521.] 
 
 No. 319. Deed recording the sale of certain land with a date- 
 plantation, by Iddin-Bel to Marduk-nasir-aplu for half a talent and 
 two manehs of silver. Twelfth year of Darius. [No. 32,872.] 
 
 No. 320. Deed recording the sale of a house in the city of 
 Shakhrin for five manehs of silver. Twelfth year of Darius. 
 
 [No. 32,910.] 
 
 No. 321. Deed recording the sale of a house in the city of 
 Shakhrin by Nabu-bel-kalamu and Inba his mother to Marduk- 
 nasir-aplu. Twelfth year of Darius. [No. 30,690.] 
 
 No. 322. Deed recording the sale of certain house-property in 
 Borsippa, by Nabu-akhe-iddina to Nabu-akhe-bullit. Thirteenth year 
 of Darius. [No. 33,924.] 
 
 No. 323. Deed recording the division of certain property among 
 the sons of Itti-Marduk-bal&tu. Dated in Babylon. Fourteenth 
 year of Darius. N [No. 30,337.] 
 
 No. 324. Deed recording the security given by Dumuk. to 
 Ki-Shamash for the rent of his house. A note of the contents of 
 the tablet is added in Aramean on the edge. Seventeenth year of 
 Darius. [No. 92,722.] 
 
 No. 325. Receipt given by Shum-ukin for six manehs and forty- 
 two shekels of silver. A note of the contents of the tablet is 
 added in Aramean. Eighteenth year of Darius. [No. 92,733.] 
 
 No. 326. Deed recording the sale of a male slave by Shum- 
 iddina to Iddin-Nabu for one and twc-thirds of a maneh of silver. 
 Twentieth year of Darius. [No. 92,797.] 
 

 LATE BABYLONIAN DEEDS AND CONTRACTS. 217 
 
 No. 327. Deed recording the sale of a date-plantation. Twenty- 
 fifth year of Darius. [No. 40,471.] 
 
 No. 328. Deed recording a sale of certain lands. Twenty- 
 ninth year of Darius. [No. 92,798.] 
 
 No. 329. Deed recording a sale of certain lands. Thirty-third 
 year of Darius. [No. 92,799.] 
 
 No. 330. Deed recording the sale of a house. Thirty-third year 
 of Darius. [No. 92,717.] 
 
 No. 331. Deed recording the letting of a house at a rent of 
 thirteen shekels of silver. Thirty-sixth year of Darius. 
 
 [No. 33,966.] 
 
 No. 332. Deed of partnership between Bel-etir and Ribata ; 
 their joint capital amounted to three manehs of silver. Second 
 year of Xerxes, king of Babylon from B.C. 485 to B.C. 455. 
 
 [No. 92,748.] 
 
 Nos. 333-335. Tablets dated daring the reign of Arta- 
 xerxes, king of Babylon from B.C. 465 to B.C. 424. 
 
 No. 333. Deed recording the sale of a house in the city of 
 Cutha. Reign of Artaxerxes. [No. 92,715.] 
 
 No. 334. Deed recording the sale of certain house property in 
 the city of Cutha. Sixth year of Artaxerxes. [No. 92,716.] 
 
 No. 335. Deed recording the sale of certain house property in 
 the city of Cutha. Thirtieth year of Artaxerxes. [No. 92,714.] 
 
 No. 336. Deed recording a loan of dates to Nabu-nasir from the 
 store-house of the temple of Nabu at Borsippa. Third year of 
 Philip III., b.c. 320. [No. 47,311.] 
 
 No. 337. Receipt given by Nabu-belshunu and Marduk-erba for 
 certain grain. Sixth year of Alexander IV., B.C. 317. 
 
 [No. 40,463.] 
 
 No. 338. Deed recording the mortgaging of certain temple- 
 revenues. Sixty-eighth year of the Seleucid Era, B.C. 244. 
 
 [No. 93,022.] 
 
 No. 339. Deed recording the mortgaging of certain temple- 
 revenues in the city of Erech. Seventy-eighth year of the Seleucid 
 Era, B.C. 234. [No. 93,003.] 
 
 No. 340. Deed recording a loan of silver. Reign of Antiochus 
 III., B.C. 223-187. [No. 41,454.] 
 
 No. 341. Deed recording the sale of certain revenues from the 
 temples in the city of Erech. Reign of Demetrius I., B.C. 162-150. 
 
 [No. 93,004.] 
 
218 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASES G AND H. 
 
 No. 342. Tablets recording the receipt of various amounts of 
 dates. Two hundred and ninth year (of the Seleucid Era), B.C. 103. 
 
 [No. 33,017.] 
 
 No. 343. Tablet recording the receipt of various amounts of 
 silver. One hundred and fifty-fourth year of the Arsacid Era, and 
 the two hundred and eighteenth year of the Seleucid Era, B.C. 94. 
 
 [No. 33,009.] 
 
 Table-Case H. In the upper portion of this case are 
 exhibited a most important collection of historical Assyrian 
 cylinders, etc., which record the history of Assyria from B.C. 
 705 to about B.C. 625. These documents are in every respect 
 unique specimens of their class. In the lower portion of the 
 case are a series of gold ornaments, necklaces, beads, and a 
 miscellaneous collection of small objects which were found 
 during the excavations undertaken for the Trustees of the 
 British Museum in Assyria and Babylonia daring the last 
 fifty-five years. 
 
 Nos. 1-4. Baked clay cylinders inscribed with an account of the 
 first three campaigns of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, from about 
 B.C. 705-681. The text records the defeat of Merodach-Baladan, 
 king of Babylon; the subjugation of the Kassites, the Medes, and 
 other nations on the Eastern frontier of Assyria ; the invasion of 
 Palestine, the siege of Jerusalem, and the payment of tribute to 
 Assyria by Hezekiah, king of Judah. 
 
 [Nos. 22,500, 22,501, 22,503, 22,504.] 
 
 No. 5. Baked clay cylinder inscribed with an account of the 
 first and second campaigns of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, from 
 about B.C. 705-681, against Merodach-Baladan, king of Babylon, 
 and against the Kassites, the Medes, and other nations on the 
 eastern frontier of Assyria. The text concludes with a description 
 of Sennacherib's building operations at Nineveh. The above 
 cylinders are dated in the eponymv of Mitunu, about B.C. 700, and 
 in the eponymy of Nabu-li'u, about B.C. 702. [No. 22,502.] 
 
 No. 6. Six-sided baked clay cylinder inscribed with an account 
 of eight campaigns of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, from about 
 B.C. 705 to 681. The text records the defeat of Merodach- 
 Baladan, king of Babylon, and the sack of his city, the subjugation 
 of the Kassites, the Medes, and the other nations on the eastern 
 frontier of Assyria, the invasion of Palestine, and the siege of 
 Jerusalem; the deposition of Merodach-Baladan in favour of 
 Ashur-nadin-shum, the son of Sennacherib ; the conquest of the 
 mountain tribes on the north-west frontier of Assyria; Senna- 
 cherib's naval expedition across the head of the Persian Gulf in 
 
PLATK XLII1. 
 
 Baked clay cylinder of Sennacherib, king of Assj ria from h.c. 705 to 681, inscribed 
 with an account of ln's invasion of Palestine and the siege of Jerusalem in the 
 reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah. 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Room, Table-Case II, No. 6; No. 91,032.] 
 
 (Seep. 218 ff.) 
 
219 CYLINDERS OF SENNACHERIB. 
 
 pursuit of the Babylonian rebels ; the restoration of territory in 
 Elam to Assyria ; and the subsequent defeat and final subjugation 
 of the Elamites and the Babylonians. The text concludes with the 
 description of the new palace which Sennacherib built at Nineveh. 
 According to this inscription the siege of Jerusalem by Sennacherib 
 took place in his third campaign. Having received the submission 
 of the kings of Phoenicia and Palestine, and having defeated the 
 Egyptians at Altaku, he marched against Hezekiah, king of 
 Judah. The following is the Assyrian official account of the 
 siege of Jerusalem : " I drew nigh to Ekron and I slew the 
 "governors and princes who had transgressed, and I hung upon 
 " poles round about the city their dead bodies ; the people of the 
 " city who had done wickedly and had committed offences I counted 
 " as spoil, but those who had not done these things and who were 
 " not taken in iniquity I pardoned. I brought their king Padi 
 " forth from Jerusalem and I stablished him upon the throne of 
 " dominion over them, and I laid tribute upon him. I then besieged 
 
 ! W Vy m !? *=n7* V &tt *W= m TH? 
 
 Kha - za - ki - a - u la - u - da - ai 
 
 Hezekiah of Judah 
 
 " who had not submitted to my yoke, and I captured forty-six of 
 " his strong cities and fortresses and innumerable small cities which 
 " were round about them, with the battering of rams and the assault 
 " of engines, and the attack of foot soldiers, and by mines and 
 "breaches (made in the walls). I brought out therefrom two 
 " hundred thousand and one hundred and fifty people, both small 
 " and great, male and female, and horses, and mules, and asses, 
 " and camels, and oxen, and innumerable sheep I counted as 
 "spoil. (Hezekiah) himself, like a caged bird, 1 shut up within 
 
 Ur - sa - li - im - mu ali sharru - ti -shu 
 Jerusalem his royal city. 
 
 ' I threw up mounds against him, and I took vengeance upon any 
 ' man who came forth from his city. His cities which I had 
 ' captured I took from him and gave to Mitinti, king of Ashdod, 
 ' and Padi, king of Ekron, and Silli-Bel, king of Gaza, and I 
 ' reduced his land. I added to their former yearly tribute, and 
 ' increased the gifts which they paid unto me. The fear of the 
 'majesty of my sovereignty overwhelmed Hezekiah, and the Urbi 
 ' and his trusty warriors, whom he had brought into his royal city 
 ' of Jerusalem to protect it, deserted. And he despatched after 
 ' me his messenger to my royal city Nineveh to pay tribute and to 
 ' make submission with thirty talents of gold, eight hundred 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE H. 220 
 
 " talents of silver, precious stones, eye-paint, . . . ivory couches 
 " and thrones, hides and tusks, precious woods, and divers objects, 
 " a heavy treasure, together with his daughters, and the women of 
 " his palace, and male and female musicians." 
 
 This cylinder is dated in the eponymy of Bel-imurani, about 
 B.c. 691. (See Plate XLIII.) [No. 91,032.1 
 
 No. 7. Portion of a baked clay six-sided cylinder, inscribed 
 with the annals of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, from about B.C. 
 681 to 688. The text describes the conquest of the country round 
 about Sidon ; the subjugation of the nations on the north-west 
 frontier of Assyria ; the payment of tribute by Arabia ; the con- 
 quest of Media ; and the building of Esarhaddon's palace at 
 Nineveh. [No. 91,029.] 
 
 No. 8. Portion of a baked clay six-sided cylinder, inscribed 
 with the annals of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, from about B.C. 
 681 to 668. After referring to the special protection of the gods 
 enjoyed by Esarhaddon, the text describes his protectorate over 
 Babylon ; the expedition against Sidon ; the conquest of the 
 countries on the north-west frontier of Assyria ; the restoration of 
 territory to Babylonia ; and the subjugation of the tribes of Media 
 and Arabia. The inscription concludes with an account of the 
 building of a new palace by Esarhaddon at Nineveh. This 
 cylinder is dated in the eponymy of Atar-ilu, about B.C. 673. 
 
 [No. 91,030.] 
 
 No. 9. Six-sided baked clay cylinder, inscribed with a summary 
 of the conquests of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, about B.C. 
 681-688, and of his building operations at Nineveh. The text 
 records the siege and capture of Sidon, and the Assyrian occupa- 
 tion of the country round about, the conquest of the mountainous 
 lands to the north-west of Assyria ; the restoration to Babylon of 
 certain territories from the king of Bit-dakkuri ; the reception of 
 the tribute of Arabia; the conquest of the land of Bazu ; the 
 submission of the tribes in the marshes of Southern Babylonia ; and 
 the conquest of Media. The inscription concludes with an account 
 of the building of a new palace by Esarhaddon at Nineveh. 
 (See Plate XLIV.) [No. 91,028.] 
 
 No. 10. Black basalt memorial-stone inscribed in the archaic 
 Babylonian character with an account of the restoration of the 
 walls and temples of Babylon, by Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, 
 about B.C. 681-668. The text records that the Babylonians, by an 
 act of sacrilege committed during the reign of a former king, had 
 incurred the wrath of Merodach, who laid waste the city and 
 destroyed the inhabitants with rains and Hoods ; the gods forsook 
 their shrines, and the people were carried away captive. Subse- 
 quently, however, Merodach had pity on the Babylonians, and 
 
PLATE A'LIV. 
 
 Baked clay cylinder inscribed with the annals of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria 
 from B.C. 681 to 668. 
 [Babylonian and Assyrian Boom, Table-Case H/No. 9; No. 91,028.] 
 
 (See p. 220.) 
 
RECORDS OF ESARHADDON. 221 
 
 ordered Esarhaddon, whom he had called to the throne of Assyria, 
 to rebuild Babylon. The Assyrian king straightway collected 
 materials and workmen and rebuilt the temple E-sagil, and the two 
 great walls of the city ; he also furnished the shrines of the gods 
 with new images and led back the people from captivity. On the 
 top of the stone are sculptured a sacred tree, the horned head-dress 
 resting upon a shrine, and other symbols. Presented by the Earl of 
 Aberdeen, 1860. [No. 91,027.] 
 
 Symbols sculptured on the top of the black basalt memorial stone of 
 Esarhaddon. 
 [Table- Case H, No. 10 ; No. 91,027.] 
 
 No. 11. Baked clay cylinder inscribed in the Babylonian 
 character with a dedication to the goddess Ishtar, and the genealogy 
 and titles of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, from about B.C. 681- 
 668. [No. 45,793.] 
 
 No. 12. Ten-sided cylinder of Ashur-bani -pal, king of 
 Assyria, about B.C. 668-626, inscribed with an account of the 
 principal events of the early years of his reign. After a brief 
 reference to his birth and education, and to the great prosperity of 
 Assyria after his accession to the throne, the text gives a detailed 
 narrative of the first and second expeditions to Egypt, the defeat of 
 Tirhakah, the sack of Thebes, and the conquest of the country ; 
 the capture of Tyre, followed by the embassy of Gyges, king of 
 Lydia ; the campaign against Te-umman, king of Elam ; the 
 
222 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASE H. 
 
 treachery and revolt of Shamash-shum-ukin, king of Babylon, 
 followed by the siege and capture of Babylon, Borsippa, Cutha, and 
 Sippar, and the defeat of his allies ; the first and second wars against 
 Ummanaldasla, king of Elam, the conquest of Arabia ; and the final 
 triumph of the Assyrians over Elam.. The text concludes with an 
 account of Ashur-bani-pal's building operations. This cylinder 
 was found among the ruins of Ashur-bani-pal's palace at Nineveh. 
 (See Plate XLV.) [No. 91,026.] 
 
 Nos. 13-16. A group of small baked clay cylinders inscribed 
 with accounts of the building operations carried on by Ashur-bani- 
 pal, king of Assyria, at Babylon and Sippar, and records of some of 
 the military expeditions of this king. 
 
 [Nos. 86,918, 90,935, 91,107, 91,115.] 
 
 Nos. 17-21. Groups of fragments of large baked clay cylinders 
 inscribed with a chronicle of the military expeditions of Ashur-bani- 
 pal, king of Assyria, [Nos. 91,086, 93,007-93,010.] 
 
 No. 22. Model of a bas-relief in clay of Ashur-bani-pal, king 
 of Assyria, spearing a lion. [No. 93,011.] 
 
 No. 23. Terra-cotta barrel-cylinder referring to the restoration 
 of the temple of the Sun-god at Sippar [Sepharvaim] by Shamash- 
 shum-ukin [Saosduchinos], king of Babylonia B.C. 668. 
 
 [No. 91,112.] 
 
 Nos. 24-125. A miscellaneous collection of gold ear-rings, finger- 
 rings, coins, " ghost-money," tongue-plates and masks for the dead, 
 beads, bangles, etc., of the Assyrian, Greek, Parthian, Roman, and 
 Sassanian period, from Kouyunjik and Warka. 
 
 No. 126. A group of flint knives from Nineveh. 
 
 Nos. 127-129. Fragments of bowls and plaques, scorpion, comb, 
 etc., in lapis-lazuli, glass, and blue paste. 
 
 No. 130. Blue paste tube for eye-paint. 
 
 Nos. 135-156. Fragments of a crystal throne of Sennacherib, 
 king of Assyria, vessel of Sargon, etc. 
 
 Nos. 160-170. Stone celts and fragments of flint saws. 
 
 Nos. 172-174. Eyes with sockets from statues. 
 
 No. 182. Ivory head of a Sumerian official. 
 
 No. 183. Fragment of bone with inscription in Pehlevi. 
 
 Nos. 184-187. Shells engraved with Assyrian patterns and 
 devices. 
 
 Nos. 189-211. Objects in ivory and bone: Figure of a woman 
 (189); a palm-tree (194); head of a lion (195); spoon (199); inlaid 
 head of a mace, dedicated to Nergal of Tarbis by Shalmaneser, 
 king of Assyria (200) ; hair-pins (202204) ; etc. 
 
PLATE XLV. 
 
 Baked clay cylinder inscribed, with the annals'of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assvria 
 from B.C. 668 to 626. 
 [Babylonion and Assyrian Room, Table-Oase H, No. 12; No. 91,026.] 
 
 (See p. 221 f.) 
 
223 
 
 CYLINDERS OF ASHUK-BANI-PAL, ETC. 
 
 No. 212. Stone axe-head from Mukeyyer. 
 
 Nos. 213-218. Earthenware models of tools and weapons from 
 Parthian tombs. 
 
 No. 219. Bronze model of a man making an offering. 
 
 Nos. 220 and 221. Sassanian inlaid silver bracelets from Kou- 
 yunjik. 
 
 No. 222. Green-stone object with eight sides, which was 
 dedicated as a votive offering in the temple of the Sun-god in the 
 city of Sippar. One end is rounded and the other is fixed into a 
 bronze socket made in the shape of the head of a ram, the nose of 
 which terminates in a ring. The eyes were inlaid with precious 
 stones. The inscription upon it states that it was dedicated to 
 Shamash, the Sun-god, by Tukulti-Mer, king of Khan a. The date 
 of this king is unknown. 
 
 No. 223. Fragments of ivory figures of an Assyrian king. 
 
 Nos. 224 and 225. Silver coins of Lycia, Samos, Cyprus, Athens, 
 Aegina, Tyre and Sidon, and portions of silver objects which formed 
 the stock in trade of a silversmith at Babylon. 
 
 No. 226. Bronze mould for casting arrow-heads, found near 
 Mosul. 
 
 No. 231. Bronze pendant with a figure of a Babylonian demon 
 in relief ; it was probably employed in incantations for the benefit 
 of the sick. 
 
 Nos. 233 and 234. Bronze weights inlaid in gold with 
 figures of a beetle ; the smaller weighs 5 oz. 296 gr. and the larger 
 8 oz. 263 gr. They were found at Nimrud, whither they were 
 probably taken from Egypt. 
 
 Bronze weights inlaid in gold with figures of a beetle. From Nimrud. 
 [Table-Case H, Nos. 233, 234.] 
 
 Nos. 254-288. A miscellaneous collection of necklaces made of 
 agate, onyx, chalcedony, carnelian, jasper, crystal, sard, garnet, 
 glass, porcelain, paste and stone beads, from various sites in Assyria 
 and Babylonia ; (many of them exhibit traces of Egyptian influence. 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN ROOM CASES I AND J. 224 
 
 Table-cases I and J. Here are exhibited : I. A large 
 and very important collection of precious stones cut into 
 seals and finger-rings, rectangular plaques, etc., many of 
 which date from the Sassanian period* and are inscribed in 
 the Pehlevi character, and a number of bezels of rings, the 
 designs on which were copied during the centuries im- 
 mediately following the Arabic conquest by seal engravers 
 living in Armenia and Persia (Nos. 1-775). II. A collection 
 of scarabs, scaraboids, and plaques made in Egypt and 
 Syria, but found chiefly in Mesopotamia (Nos. 776-883). 
 III. A series of fine chalcedony cones inscribed with religious 
 and other scenes, and belonging to the Assyrian, Parthian, 
 and Sassanian periods (Nos. 814-1018). IV. A few modern 
 imitations of the same (Nos. 1030-1034). V. Some in- 
 teresting haematite seals inscribed in the so called Hittite 
 character (Nos. 1025, 1027-1029). All the above, with the 
 exception of the modern imitations, were made between about 
 B.C. 1350 and a.d. 1300, and they were found in Western 
 Asia. The rings and other objects in Pehlevi are for the 
 most part made of agate, chalcedony, sard, sardonyx, onyx, 
 carnelian, jasper, garnet, haematite and niccolo, these being 
 very favourite stones among the Persians and cognate 
 peoples. The Pehlevi inscriptions are written in a script 
 which is thought to have been derived from a Semitic 
 alphabet, probably Syriac. The objects portrayed on the gems 
 are lions, bulls, winged horses, stags, apes, goats, birds, reptiles 
 such as scorpions and snakes, palm-branches, hands holding 
 flowers, and a number of mystic symbols, many of which seem 
 to have been derived from foreign sources. A large number of 
 the rings and bezels are engraved with the heads of royal 
 personages, noblemen and the like, and the finest of them 
 are accompanied by proper names. 
 
 On the west side of Table-case I. are exhibited some in- 
 teresting examples of hymns written in the Sumerian and 
 Babylonian languages, a number of tablets relating to 
 religious ceremonies, omens and forecasts, selestions from a 
 series of tablets inscribed with mathematical calculations, and 
 astronomical and tabulated observations. The astronomical 
 tablets are of considerable interest, for they have enabled 
 recent investigators to ascertain to what extent the lunar and 
 stellar tables of the Babylonians have scientific accuracy. 
 The astronomical knowledge possessed by the priests of 
 
 * The first of the Sassanian kings was Ardashir, who began to reign a.d. 226, 
 and the last was YazJegerd, who began to reign a.d. 632. 
 
225 GEMS AND LATE BABYLONIAN TABLETS. 
 
 the later periods of Babylonian history enabled them to 
 form a comparatively accurate calendar, but in the 
 earliest times it seems to have been chiefly applied to 
 deducing astrological omens and forecasts. The year con- 
 tained twelve months, some having twenty-nine and some 
 thirty days, the difference between the lunar and solar years 
 being adjusted by the insertion of intercalary months a 
 second Elul and a second Adar. The Assyrians made use of a 
 second Adar only. The Babylonians were star-gazers from a 
 very early period, and according to one tradition they were said 
 to possess calculations which extended over a period of seven 
 hundred and twenty thousand years ! The tablets exhibited 
 in this Case belong to the period of the rule of the Seleucidse 
 and Arsacidae,* and at this time the astronomers devoted 
 themselves to observing and calculating the time of new and 
 full moon, the periodical occurrence of lunar and solar 
 eclipses, and in tabulating the positions of the planets and 
 some of the fixed stars. Along the top of the case are arranged 
 a selection of letters of the late Babylonian period. 
 
 Nos. 1 and 2. Two copies of a hymn to the Sun-god, written 
 in the Sumerian language, and accompanied by a translation in 
 Babylonian. [Nos. 33,328, 36,041.] 
 
 No. 3. Part of a tablet containing prayers and directions for 
 ceremonies. Presented by the Proprietors of the " Daily Tele- 
 graph." [No. 92,708.] 
 
 No. 4. Part of a tablet inscribed with prayers in the Sumerian 
 and Babylonian languages, and with directions for the performance 
 of ceremonies. [No. 92,686.] 
 
 No. 5. Tablet inscribed with a series of omens which formed 
 the fortieth section of a larger work. It was made from a tablet in 
 Borsippa by Marduk-nasir, who dedicated it as a votive offering in 
 the temple E-zida. [No. 92,690.] 
 
 No. 6. Tablet inscribed with a series of omens which formed 
 the thirty-sixth section of a larger work. This copy was made 
 from an older tablet in the city of Borsippa. [No. 92,694.] 
 
 No. 7. Tablet inscribed with a series of omens which formed 
 the seventh section of a larger work. This copy was made from 
 an older tablet in Borsippa. [No. 38,587.] 
 
 No. 8. Tablet containing astrological forecasts derived from 
 observations of various stars, etc. Presented by the Proprietors of 
 the " Daily Telegraph." [No. 92,705.] 
 
 * The Seleucid era began B.C. 312, and the Arsacid era B.C. 248. 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN BOOM CASE I. 226 
 
 No. 9. Part of an astrological text in the Sumerian and 
 Babylonian languages, which formed the twenty-second tablet of a 
 series. Presented by the Proprietors of the " Daily Telegraph." 
 
 [No. 92,704.] 
 
 No. 10. Part of a tablet containing astrological forecasts. 
 Presented by the Proprietors of the " Daily Telegraph." 
 
 [No. 92,685.] 
 
 No. 11. Part of a tablet containing astrological forecasts. 
 Presented by the Proprietors of the " Daily Telegraph." 
 
 [No. 92,684.] 
 
 No. 12. Part of a tablet inscribed with a series of omens 
 derived from eclipses of the sun and moon. [No. 92,709.] 
 
 No. 13. Tablet inscribed with a list of the names of stars with 
 explanatory remarks. It was written by Nabu-iddin-akhi, and 
 deposited as a votive offering in the temple E-zida at Babylon. 
 
 [No. 42,262.] 
 
 No. 14. Tablet inscribed with a calendar in which the lucky 
 and unlucky days of the year are distinguished. [No. 32,641.] 
 
 No. 15. Tablet inscribed with a series of numbers from one to 
 fifty, and the amounts obtained by multiplying them by forty -five. 
 This multiplication table was probably employed in making 
 astronomical calculations. [No. 92,703.] 
 
 No. 16. Part of a tablet inscribed with a list of numbers from 
 one to sixty, and their squares. [No. 92,680.] 
 
 No. 17. Tablet inscribed with lists of numbers, and their squares 
 and cubes, etc. [No. 92,698.] 
 
 No. 18. Astronomical tablets containing observations and 
 calculations of the New Moon for three consecutive years, i.e., from 
 23rd March, B.C. 103, to 18th April, B.C. 100. This tablet was 
 compiled in the city of Sippar. [No. 34,580.] 
 
 No. 19. Part of an astronomical tablet containing observations 
 of the New and Full Moon for one year, compiled by Iddin-Bel, the 
 son of Bel-akh<i:-usur. [No. 45,69+.] 
 
 No. 20. Part of an astronomical tablet containing observations 
 of the New and Full Moon for one year. [No. 34,047.] 
 
 No. 21. Part of an astronomical tablet containing observations 
 of the New and Full Moon. [No. 34,575.] 
 
 No. 22. Part of an astronomical tablet with observations of the 
 New and Full Moon. [No. 35,048.] 
 
 No. 23. Part of an astronomical tablet containing observations 
 of the New and Full Moon for one year. [No. 34,088.] 
 
227 ASTRONOMICAL TABLETS AND LETTERS. 
 
 No. 24. Part of an astronomical tablet containing observations 
 of the New and Full Moon for one year. [No. 34,066.] 
 
 No. 25. Astronomical tablet inscribed with a series of lunar 
 observations extending over a period of more than twenty-three 
 years, i.e., from B.C. 174 to B.C. 151. [No. 45,688.] 
 
 No. 26. Astronomical tablet with observations of the Moon and 
 planets for parts of the year B.C. 232 and B.C. 231. Notes are added 
 concerning the current prices of grain and dates, the height of water 
 in the Euphrates, etc. [No. 33,837.] 
 
 No. 27. Part of an astronomical tablet with observations of the 
 Moon and planets for parts of the years B.C. 273 and B.C. 272. Notes 
 are added concerning the current price of grain, dates, etc., the 
 movements of the king and of governors of cities, the prevalence of 
 sickness, etc. [No. 92,688.] 
 
 No. 28. Astronomical tablet with observations of the Moon and 
 of the planets Venus, Mercury, Saturn, and Mars. [No. 32,222.] 
 
 No. 29. Astronomical tablet containing observations of the 
 planets Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Saturn, and Mars. 
 
 [No. 92,682.] 
 
 No. 30. Part of a Babylonian treatise on astronomy, con- 
 taining rules for making calculations, etc. This tablet served as a 
 reading-book for students of astronomy. [No. 32,651.] 
 
 No. 31. Copy of part of a Babylonian treatise on astronomy and 
 astrology which served as a reading-book for students in the city of 
 Borsippa. This copy was made in Borsippa by Bel-akhe-iddina in 
 the year B.C. 138. [No. 34,035.] 
 
 Nos. 32-50. A selection of letters of the late Babylonian 
 Period. Unlike the letters of the early Babylonian and 
 Assyrian Periods (see pp. 64 ff., 132 f., 136 if., 177 ff.), tablets 
 of this class afford little information of an historical character ; 
 they are mainly of interest for the light they throw on the 
 social and commercial condition of the country, and on the 
 common forms of expression and grammatical idioms in use at 
 the time. Nos. 32-35 are of greater interest than the majority 
 of letters of this class, and they may be referred to the end 
 of the seventh century B.C. The bulk of the letters of this 
 class that have as yet been recovered are later, dating from 
 the latter part of the period of the Second Babylonian Empire 
 and the beginning of that of the Persian Empire in Babylon. 
 It will be seen that they are written on exceedingly small 
 tablets, which a messenger could easily carry and conceal upon 
 his person. 
 
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYItlAN ROOM CASE I. 228 
 
 Nos. 32 and 33. Two copies of a letter from the king to 
 Shadunu ordering him to have copies made of a number of magical 
 texts. The "king" here mentioned may well have been Ashur- 
 bani-pal, king of Assyria B.C. 668-625 ; and, if this be so, the 
 copies of the magical texts were ppobably required for the Royal 
 Library at Nineveh (see p. 40 f.). [Nos. 25,676, 25,678.] 
 
 Nos. 34 and 35. Portions of letters written by military officers 
 to the king. They refer to military operations, and probably 
 describe events which immediately preceded the fall of Assyria 
 and the capture and destruction of Nineveh (see p. 10 f.). 
 
 [Nos. 38,493 + 38,852, 51,082.] 
 
 Nos. 36-44. Examples of private dated letters. The majority 
 of the letters bear no dates, but a few are dated of which the 
 following are a selection : Nos. 36-38 are dated in the eleventh, 
 fifteenth, and sixteenth years of Nabonidus ; Nos. 39-41 are 
 dated in the fifth, seventh, and eighth years of Cyrus ; Nos. 42 and 
 43 are dated in the second and sixth years of Cambyses ; and 
 No. 44 is dated in the fifth year of Darius. [Nos. 74,350, 75,734, 
 60,502, 74,378, 60,078, 60,582, 60,732, 75,492, 76,701.] 
 
 No. 45. Letter from Iddina-aplu, who is on a journey, to his 
 kinswoman Kudashu, complaining that she has not written to 
 him, and sending greetings to members of his family. 
 
 [No. 31,121.] 
 
 No. 46. Letter from Nabu-ze'r-ushabshi to Zikku, his wife, 
 stating that he has ordered her a supply of corn, and commending 
 her to be diligent in her household duties and to pray to the gods 
 on his behalf. [No. 31,290.] 
 
 No. 47. Letter from Nergal-ushallim to Iddina-aplu, asking 
 him to recover and send back to him his female slave who has 
 run away. [No. 85,500.] 
 
 No. 48. Letter from Balatsu to the Priest of Sippar, forward- 
 ing an inventory of sheep belonging to the Chief Priest of Ai and 
 others. [No. 50,524.] 
 
 Nos. 49 and 50. Letter from Nabu-aplu-iddina to Muranu, 
 enquiring why he has not sent the supply of dates for the month 
 Nisan, and instructing him to send four lambs to him at Babylon. 
 Beside the tablet is the clay envelope within which it was 
 enclosed ; it is impressed with Nabu-aplu-iddina's seal, and is 
 inscribed with the address. For some reason the letter was not 
 delivered, and was thus recovered with the envelope unbroken. 
 
 [Nos. 78,100, 78,100a.] 
 
229 
 
 LIST OF KINGS AND INDICES. 
 
 A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BABYLONIAN, ASSYRIAN, 
 AND PERSIAN KINGS. 
 
 I. Kings of Early Babylonian States, from the Earliest Period to 
 
 about B.C. 2200. 
 
 A. Kings of Kish. 
 
 Mesilim, king of Kish f- <^s^ 
 
 Lugal-tarsi, t h^ ^yy 
 
 Urzage, IH 9H *T ^f 
 
 Urumush, ^ff -^ ^Sf 
 
 Manishtusu, f f <]] -fcEf -ff 
 
 B. Kings and Rulers of Lagash. 
 
 Lugal-shag-engur, patesi of Lagash fc^ ^yfl ]~J 
 
 Ur-Nina, king of Lagash Jjy -f- sQTTy 
 
 Akurgal, JJ V ^ 
 
 Eannatum, tfyyy > f- ^ ] 
 
 Enannatum I., patesi of Lagash -L ^*^r -*! >^1 
 
 Entemena, -^ ^y J- ^ 
 
 Enannatum II., -T^ ->f- _^f J^5y 
 
 Urukagina, king of Lagash >-^yy -tJ ^yy^ ^[ 
 
A LIST OF THE PKlNCIfAL KINGS. 230 
 
 C. Kings of Sumer. 
 
 Lugal-zaggisi, king of Sumer l>m { jffl "TT^ "^TT 
 
 Lugal-kigubnidudu, gj;^ <Jgf 2] ^ <tf^ <t|^ 
 
 Enshagkushanna, -^ ^ff t-TM 1 -+ -4 
 
 D. Kings of Agade. 
 
 Sargon, king of Agade jUJHf tfflf* S^: %%. +(\ 
 
 Naram-Sin, >*] &fl ^ f -XL ^TT 
 
 E. Later Rulers of La gash. 
 
 Ur-Bau, patesi of Lagash Jjy >->f *~&] t^ft 
 
 Nammakhni, "U^ ^sSOL ^W 
 
 Gudea, *sfcj EOH? Tr 
 
 Ur-Ningirsu, JfcJ ~f ! ^TTT >iTT 
 
 P. Kings of Ur. 
 Ur-Engur, king of Ur JjWf -f- ]EJ 
 
 Bur-Sin I, f <~ HP" -H ^H 
 
 Gimil-Sin ->f j=y ->f ^ -^Jf 
 
 ibi-sin, ^ & s^cy -4- -H --TT 
 
 G. Kings of Isin. 
 
 Ishbi-Ura, king of Isin Jr<yy tZ -Hf- -S^T E-ff 
 
 Gimil-ilishu, |1^^ J=T 
 
 Ishme-Dagan, ->f <]] f- f- Kfy t 
 
 Libit-ishtar, -4- *^yy ^ B^y <m^t 
 
 Ur-Ninib, Hf- 1H ^4. ^y tJ[ 
 
231 A LIST OF THE PKINCIPAL BABYLONIAN, 
 
 Bur-Sin II., king of Isin ->f <^ ^fH "&]] 
 
 Sin-magir, "^ -*fl g[ g 
 
 Damik-ilishu, ^ff <CC -TJ* Sjf Sff: Jf 
 
 H. Kings of Larsa. 
 
 Gungunum, king of Larsa * tf^ * *f- fcCTTI 
 
 Nur-Ramman, f- *f- Zz]l f ^*ff 
 
 Sin-idinnam, .., -Hf- -XI. ^f s <K ^ ^ 
 
 Arad-Sin, ^ Hf- -I ^TT 
 
 Rim-Sin, f HfTl <*flP "f ^ **fl 
 
 I. Kings of Erech. 
 
 Sin-gashid, king of Erech f -^ -^ff tfTf* <f- &tf 
 
 Sin-gamil, f ^ ^=TT S=TTT* <~ ^TT 
 
 II. Kings of the First Babylonian Empire. 
 
 About b.c. 
 
 2300. Sumu-abu J fl ^ ft ^ 
 
 2290. Sumu-la-ilu f ^ff ^ >-J -Hh 
 
 2255. Zabum f ^ J &Cffl[ 
 
 2240. Apil-Sin f J} J^cf Hh < 
 
 2220. Sin-muballit f ->f < >^ *J ^ ^f 
 
 2200. Khammurabi f JJ< J^& >^ ^ff ^ 
 
 2145. Samsu-iluna | ^ J^ -fy t IgJ ^ 
 
 2110. Abshu' | yj ^ s^Ty T 4^*f 
 
 2085. Amnrlditana f ^ < <fs: j^fff ^ 
 
 2060. Ammizaduga J ^ <C^ JJ J^f t^* 
 
 2040. Samsuditana f ^ J^& ^flf <ft^ j^fff >. 4 
 
 1700. Agum f |J ^ sr^TTT 
 
ASSYKIAN, AND PERSIAN KINGS. 
 
 232 
 
 About B.C. 
 
 1450. Kara-indash 
 
 1425. Burnaburiash 
 
 1400. Kurigalzu 
 
 1330. Nazimaraddash 
 
 1150. Merodach-Baladan I. 
 
 1120. Nebuchadnezzar I. 
 
 1100. Marduk-nadin-akhe* 
 
 1100. Marduk-shapik-zrim 
 
 1080. Ramman-aplu-iddina 
 
 900. Nabu-shum-ishkun 
 
 870. Nabii-aplu-iddina 
 
 830. Marduk-balatsu-ikbi 
 
 B.C. 
 
 747-733. Nabonassar 
 
 733-731. Nabu-nadin-zr 
 731. Nabu-shum-ukin 
 
 731-729. Ukin-zr 
 
 729-727. Pulu (i.e., Tiglath- 
 Pileser III.) 
 Ululai 
 
 Merodach-Baladan II. 
 Marduk-zakir-shum 
 Merodach-Baladan II. 
 Bel-ibni 
 
 Ashur-nadin-shum 
 Nergal-ushezib 
 Mushezib-Marduk 
 Shamash-shum-ukin 
 Kandalanu 
 
 - 
 
 ev ^ tv tm - 
 
 HF- C*T -^T & 
 -HF- ^ jgf jgy ^ 
 
 hf- ?= ^ v *m 
 
 hf- ^ *S5s<T ^ 
 
 -HF- -0 ^ 
 -HF- -0 ^ -<* 
 -HF- -SF ^ fcSf 
 
 -HF-U Y r>^ 
 HF- IB *<* 
 
 hf-jlw-* 
 
 ^R HI iw 
 4 4^^ 
 -HF- <-TT *1ff 
 ^TT? -HF- I 
 -HF- fcT -<^ >^ 
 
 -!T4 .4 
 
 K 2 
 
233 
 
 A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BABYLONIAN, 
 
 III. Kings of Assyria. 
 
 About B.C. 
 
 2000. Irishum 
 
 1840. Ishme-Dagan 
 
 1820. Shamshi-Ramman 
 
 1700. Samsi Ramman 
 
 1450. Ashur-bl-nisheshu 
 
 1425. Puzur-Ashur 
 
 1400. Ashur-uballit 
 
 1400. Bel-nirari 
 
 1350. Arik-den-ilu 
 
 1325. Ramman-nirari I. 
 
 1300. Shalmaneser I. 
 
 1275. Tukulti-Ninib I. 
 
 1210. Bel-kudur-uSur 
 
 1200. Ashur-dan 
 
 1150. Mutakkil-Nusku 
 
 1140. Ashur-rsh-ishi 
 
 1100. Tiglath-Pileser I. 
 
 1080. Shamshi-Ramman I. 
 
 1080. Ashur-bl-kala 
 
 950. Tiglath-Pileser II. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 930-911. Ashur-dan II. 
 
 911-890. Ramman-nirari II. 
 
 890-885. Tukulti-Ninib II. 
 
 885-860. Ashur-nasir-pal 
 
 860-825. Shalmaneser II. 
 
 825-812. Shamshi-Ramman II. 
 
 ^th-hf- ~h*e 
 
 T -TIT- <T- HF- 4HFf 
 
 ^ z& *=n -+ 4# 
 r *~ c: -v 
 
 y -V t yyy t ^< ^ 
 
 T -HF- 4Hff *?** 
 T -HF- <T? T *- + 
 
 <hcttt hf- 
 r -hf- * m m \ 
 r Hf- w -v ^rr n h- 
 
 t ^ ^f d -hf- shit 
 
 y ~v *TW= ^ <T- 
 
 T -W <T- -HF- ^HFf 
 y ~v ^ ^y ^y 
 
 T Hf H< W -TTTT 4 CT 
 
 y .4. ^ *^ 
 
 y m ^y< ^ + 
 
 T -HF- <T4= T y- >f 
 T -HP 4 <T- -HF- -*# 
 
ASSYRIAN, AND PERSIAN KINGS. 
 
 234 
 
 B.C. 
 
 
 
 812-783. 
 
 Ramman-nirari III. 
 
 T -HF- 4M ^ 
 
 783-773. 
 
 Shalmaneser III. 
 
 y ^ <y^ ^y ^ HF- 
 
 773-754. 
 
 Ashur-dan III. 
 
 y _ V t y f r ^ 
 
 754-745. 
 
 Ashur-nirari 
 
 y ~V *^ 
 
 745-727. 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser III. 
 
 y m -<i< rc -tw ^ ^n 
 
 727-722. 
 
 Shalmaneser IV. 
 
 T <W= 1 *- hf- 
 
 722-705. 
 
 Sargon 
 
 T fcgft -TT4 -4 
 
 705-681. 
 
 Sennacherib 
 
 T Hf- < A: T -,TT 
 
 681-668. 
 
 Esarhaddon 
 
 y -v ks tg .4 
 
 668-626. 
 
 Ashur-bani-pal 
 
 y -HF- 4 5= R 
 
 About b.c 
 
 
 
 625. 
 
 Ashur-etil-ilani 
 
 y * y^ >-< hf- y>*->*- 
 
 615. 
 
 Sin-shar-ishkun 
 
 y -4- < iSs v tm 
 
 IV. Kings of the Second Babylonian Empire. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 
 
 625-604. 
 
 Nabopolassar 
 
 T -*=TSF *%m E3& 
 
 604-561. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. 
 
 r*=rs v ^r kss 
 
 561-559. 
 
 Evil-Merodach 
 
 nn- mi -hf- <~*t 
 
 559-556. 
 
 Neriglissar 
 
 i -HF- <-ry ^ a. 
 
 556-555. 
 
 Labashi-Marduk 
 
 T -! ?? -*T <T- -HF- <~*T 
 
 555-538. 
 
 Nabonidus 
 
 y "8=10 .4 4-4 su 
 
 
 V. Persian 
 
 Kings of Babylon. 
 
 538-529. 
 
 Cyrus 
 
 r m ^tt ^ 
 
 529-521. 
 
 Cambyses 
 
 y t ^- -yy^ ^y? 
 
 521-485. 
 
 Darius the Great 
 
 TCTflHTOLsSfl W *Hfff< 
 
 485-465. 
 
 Xerxes 
 
 y ^ <y- 4-4 <MTl <T* 
 
 465-424. 
 
 Artaxerxes 
 
 K 3 
 
235 
 
 II. 
 
 INDEX TO REGISTRATION NUMBERS* OF EXHIBITED 
 TABLETS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 B.E. = Babylonian Room. 
 
 N.G-. = Nineveh Gallery. 
 
 The letters and figures which follow the above abbreviations refer to Table-Cases 
 
 and Wall- Cases respectively. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 K. 10 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 59 
 
 K. 135 
 
 N.G., 
 
 B, No. 7 
 
 X. 15 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, Nc, 57 
 
 K. 136 
 
 N.G., 
 
 F, No. 19 
 
 K. 21 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 178 
 
 K. 137 
 
 N.G, 
 
 H, No. 144 
 
 K. 26 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 56 
 
 K. 138 
 
 N.G., 
 
 G, No. 25 
 
 K. 31 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 121 
 
 K. 140 
 
 N.G., 
 
 F, No. 25 
 
 K. 32 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 30 
 
 K. 143 
 
 N.G., 
 
 I, No. 33 
 
 K. 39 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 B, No. 37 
 
 K. 146 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E, No. 148 
 
 K. 48 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 F, No. 1 
 
 K. 149 
 
 N.G., 
 
 I, No. 62 
 
 K. 44 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 I, No. 35 
 
 K. 150 
 
 N.G., 
 
 F, No. 15 
 
 K. 47 
 
 ... 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 35 
 
 K. 155 
 
 N.G., 
 
 F, No. 26 
 
 X. 51 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 D, No. 4 
 
 K. 156 
 
 N.G., 
 
 B, No. 29 
 
 K. 52 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 B, No. 22 
 
 K. 159 
 
 N.G., 
 
 H, No. 12 
 
 K. 56 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 55 
 
 K. 160 
 
 N.G., 
 
 H, No. 42 
 
 K. 61 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 F, No. 13 
 
 K. 162 
 
 N.G., 
 
 A, No. 22 
 
 K. 62 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 B, No. 9 
 
 K. 163 
 
 N.G., 
 
 F, No. 23 
 
 K. 65 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 F, No. 18 
 
 K. 167 
 
 N.G, 
 
 E, No. 180 
 
 K. 66 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 41 
 
 K. 171 
 
 N.G., 
 
 C, No. 30 
 
 K. 71 . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 C, No. 40 
 
 K. 183 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E, No. 149 
 
 K. 7l . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 F, No. 14 
 
 K. 184 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E, No. 61 
 
 K. 72 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 40 
 
 K. 186 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E, No. 151 
 
 K. 76 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 67 
 
 K. 191 
 
 N.Gk, 
 
 a, No. 41 
 
 K. 78 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 62 
 
 K. 194 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 120 
 
 K. 81 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 156 
 
 K. 195 
 
 N.G. 
 
 a, No. 7 
 
 K. 82 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 141 
 
 K. 197 
 
 NG. 
 
 B, No. 36 
 
 K. 88 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 64 
 
 K. 207 
 
 N.G., 
 
 B, No 34 
 
 K. 95 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 136 
 
 K. 208 
 
 N.G., 
 
 C, No. 42 
 
 K. 104 . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 C, No. 32 
 
 K. 213 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 48 
 
 K. 106 . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 39 
 
 K. 217 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 32 
 
 K. 110 . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 B, No. 13 
 
 K. 221 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 52 
 
 K. 112 . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 144 
 
 K. 228 
 
 N.G. 
 
 D, No. 49 
 
 K. 114 . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 106 
 
 K. 231 
 
 N.G. 
 
 A, No. 39 
 
 K. 116 . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 64 
 
 K. 244 
 
 N.G. 
 
 B, No. 32 
 
 K. 117 . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 147 
 
 K. 246 
 
 N.G. 
 
 B, No. 29 
 
 K. 128 . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 39 
 
 K. 247 
 
 N.G. 
 
 B, No. 31 
 
 K. 132 . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 Q-, No. 40 
 
 K. 250 
 
 N.G. 
 
 C, No. 33 
 
 K. 133 . 
 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 36 
 
 K. 251 
 
 N.G. 
 
 B, No. 26 
 
 * When two or more fragments of a single tablet have been " rejoined," the 
 tablet should bo sought under the lowest of its registration numbers. 
 
INDEX TO REGISTRATION NUMBERS. 
 
 236 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 K. 253 
 
 N.G., B, No. 30 
 
 K. 
 
 523 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 169 
 
 K. 254 
 
 N.G., I, No. 37 
 
 K. 
 
 526 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 179 
 
 K. 256 
 
 N.G., G, No. 28 
 
 X. 
 
 528 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 145 
 
 X. 257 
 
 N.G., G, No. 27 
 
 K. 
 
 572 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 161 
 
 X. 261 
 
 N.G., H, No. 34 
 
 K. 
 
 604 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 176 
 
 X. 262 
 
 N.G., B, No. 10 
 
 X. 
 
 618 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. Ill 
 
 X. 264 
 
 N.GK, B, No. 38 
 
 X. 
 
 646 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 119 
 
 X. 269 
 
 N.Gh, B, No. 3 
 
 X. 
 
 692 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 1 
 
 X. 270 
 
 N.G., H, No. 47 
 
 K. 
 
 694 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 2 
 
 X. 279 
 
 N.G., I, No. 63 
 
 X. 
 
 695 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 3 
 
 X. 281 
 
 N.G., E, No. 75 
 
 K. 
 
 696 
 
 N.G, 
 
 E 
 
 No. 4 
 
 K. 285 
 
 N.G., I, No. 54 
 
 E. 
 
 697 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 5 
 
 K. 291 
 
 N.G., E, No. 99 
 
 X. 
 
 698 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 6 
 
 K. 292 
 
 N.G., A, No. 5* 
 
 X. 
 
 699 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 7 
 
 X. 293 
 
 N.G., E, No. 90 
 
 E. 
 
 700 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 55 
 
 K. 294 
 
 N.G., E, No. 94 
 
 E. 
 
 701 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 9 
 
 X. 297 
 
 N.G., E, No. 63 
 
 E. 
 
 703 
 
 NG. 
 
 E 
 
 , No. 10 
 
 X. 298 
 
 N.G., E, No. 96 
 
 E. 
 
 704 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 11 
 
 X. 299 
 
 N.G., E, No. 91 
 
 E. 
 
 705 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 29 
 
 X. 301 
 
 N.G., I, No. 58 
 
 E. 
 
 706 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 12 
 
 K. 305 
 
 N.G., E, No. 70 
 
 E. 
 
 709 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 56 
 
 K. 309 
 
 N.G., E, No. 74 
 
 E. 
 
 710 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 24 
 
 X. 311 
 
 N.G., E, No. 81 
 
 E. 
 
 712 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 54 
 
 K. 313 
 
 N.G., E, No. 78 
 
 E. 
 
 713 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 15 
 
 X. 318 
 
 N.G., E, No. 69 
 
 E. 
 
 714 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 16 
 
 K. 320 
 
 N.G., E, No. 66 
 
 E. 
 
 716 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 58 
 
 K. 329 ... 
 
 N.G., E, No. 73 
 
 E. 
 
 718 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No 8 
 
 X. 330 
 
 N G., E, No. 89 
 
 E. 
 
 719 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 26 
 
 X. 331 
 
 N.G., E, No. 65 
 
 E. 
 
 720 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 59 
 
 X. 336 
 
 N.G., E, No. 68 
 
 E. 
 
 721 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 17 
 
 K. 340 
 
 N.G., E, No. 87 
 
 E. 
 
 722 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 19 
 
 K. 342 
 
 N.G., E, No. 100 
 
 E. 
 
 723 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 31 
 
 X. 345 
 
 N.G., E, No. 102 
 
 E. 
 
 725 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 32 
 
 K. 346 
 
 N.G., I, No. 53 
 
 E. 
 
 728 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 27 
 
 K. 362 
 
 N.G., E, No. 103 
 
 E. 
 
 729 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 33 
 
 K. 364 
 
 N.G., E, No. 97 
 
 E. 
 
 730 
 
 N.Gk, 
 
 E 
 
 No. 34 
 
 K. 373 
 
 N.G., E, No. 88 
 
 E. 
 
 731 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 36 
 
 K. 374 
 
 N.G., E, No. 101 
 
 E. 
 
 736 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 37 
 
 K. 382 
 
 N.G., E, No. 95 
 
 E. 
 
 740 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 38 
 
 X. 405 
 
 N.Gh, E, No. 76 
 
 E. 
 
 741 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 30 
 
 K. 420 
 
 N.G., E, No. 93 
 
 E. 
 
 742 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 41 
 
 K. 421 
 
 N.G., E, No. 71 
 
 E. 
 
 745 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 28 
 
 K. 433 
 
 B.R., a, No. 72 
 
 E. 
 
 747 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 43 
 
 
 [See No. 92706] 
 
 E. 
 
 748 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 35 
 
 X. 476 
 
 N.G., E, No. 174 
 
 E. 
 
 752 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 44 
 
 X. 478 
 
 N.G., E, No. 167 
 
 E. 
 
 768 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 42 
 
 K. 483 
 
 N.G., E, No. 166 
 
 E. 
 
 765 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 50 
 
 K. 486 
 
 N.G., E, No. 170 
 
 E. 
 
 767 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 39 
 
 K. 493 
 
 N.G., E, No. 143 
 
 E. 
 
 769 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E. 
 
 No. 51 
 
 X. 498 
 
 N.G., E, No. 142 
 
 E. 
 
 775 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 20 
 
 K. 509 
 
 N.G., E, No. 146 
 
 E. 
 
 783 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 21 
 
 K. 512 
 
 N.G., E, No. 171 
 
 E. 
 
 791 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E, 
 
 No. 25 
 
 X. 522 
 
 N.G., E, No. 154 
 
 E. 
 
 794 
 
 N.G., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 40 
 
 K 4 
 
237 
 
 INDEX TO REGISTRATION NUMBERS OF 
 
 Keg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 X. 799 
 
 N.Gk, E, No. 46 
 
 X. 1683 
 
 B.R., G, No. 22 
 
 X. 802 
 
 N.G., E, No. 60 
 
 
 [See No. 91119] 
 
 K 803 
 
 N.G., E, No. 53 
 
 X. 1684 
 
 B.R., G, No. 34 
 
 X. 805 
 
 N.Gk, E, No. 48 
 
 
 [See No. 9112)] 
 
 X. 806 
 
 N.Gk, E, No. 47 
 
 X. 1685 
 
 B.R., G, No. 30 
 
 K. 809 
 
 N.G., E, No. 23 
 
 
 |See No. 91121] 
 
 X. 812 
 
 N.G., E, No. 49 
 
 X. 1686 
 
 B.R., G, No. 12 
 
 X. 821 
 
 N.G., E, No. 116 
 
 
 [See No. 91122] 
 
 K. 824 
 
 N.GK, E, No. 168 
 
 X. 1687 
 
 B.R., G, No. 38 
 
 X. 864 
 
 N.Gk, E, No. 22 
 
 
 [See No. 91123] 
 
 X. 866 ... 
 
 N.Gk, E, No. 14 
 
 X. 1688 
 
 B.R., G, No. 64 
 
 X. 874 
 
 N.Gk, E, No. 13 
 
 
 [See No. 91124] 
 
 X. 891 
 
 N.Gk, G, No. 16 
 
 X. 1689 
 
 B.R., G, No. 53 
 
 X. 902 
 
 N.G., E, No. 18 
 
 
 TSee No. 91125] 
 
 K. 1282 ... 
 
 N.Gk, I, No. 22 
 
 X. 1690 
 
 B^., G, No. 54 
 
 X. 1285 
 
 N.Gk, G, No. 15 
 
 
 [See No. 91126] 
 
 X. 1288 
 
 N.Gk, G, No. 20 
 
 X. 1691 
 
 B.K., G, No. 56 
 
 X. 1296 
 
 N.G., G, No. 33 
 
 
 [See No. 91127] 
 
 K. 1297 
 
 B.R., G, No. 116 
 
 X. 1892 
 
 B.R., G, No. 55 
 
 
 [See No. 92707] 
 
 
 [See No. 91128] 
 
 K. 1352 
 
 N.Gk, I, No. 7 
 
 X. 1693a 
 
 B.R., G, No. 16 
 
 K. 1362 
 
 N.Gk, G, No. 34 
 
 
 [See No. 91129] 
 
 K. 1367 
 
 N.Gk, H, No. 33 
 
 X. 1697 
 
 B.R., H, No. 21 
 
 X. 1400 
 
 N.Gk, I, No. 9 
 
 
 [See No. 93010] 
 
 X. 1520 
 
 N.Gk, I, No. 67 
 
 X. 1698 
 
 B.K., H, No. 20 
 
 K. 1539 
 
 N.Gk, I, No. 8 
 
 
 TSee No. 93009] 
 
 X. 1547 
 
 N.Gk, I, No. 11 
 
 X. 1794 
 
 B.R., H, No. 18 
 
 X. 1619a 
 
 B.R., D, No. 4 
 
 
 [See No. 93007] 
 
 
 [See No. 91034] 
 
 X. 1832 
 
 N.G., C, No. 24 
 
 X. 1620a 
 
 B.B., D, No. 5 
 
 X. 1994 
 
 N.Gk, H, No. 37 
 
 
 [See No. 910351 
 
 X. 2003 
 
 N.Gk, I, No. 65 
 
 X. 16206 
 
 N.Gk, E, No. 104 
 
 X 2007 
 
 N.G., H, No. 23 
 
 K. 1621a 
 
 B.R., D, No. 3 
 
 X. 2021a 
 
 N.G., C, No. 20 
 
 
 [See No. 91033] 
 
 X. 2035a 
 
 N.G., C, No. 37 
 
 X. 1663 
 
 N.Gk, C, No. 15 
 
 X. 2048 
 
 N.G ., H, No. 45 
 
 K. 1664 
 
 N.G., C, No. 12 
 
 X. 2058 
 
 N.Gk, B, No. 39 
 
 K. 1668a 
 
 N.G., C, No. 10 
 
 X.2087 
 
 N.G., I, No. 43 
 
 K. 16686 
 
 N.G., C, No. 1 
 
 X.2106 
 
 N.G., F, No. 24 
 
 X. 1669 
 
 N.Gk, C, No. 2 
 
 X.2128 
 
 N.G., H, No. 5 
 
 X. 1671 
 
 N.Gk, C, No. 10 
 
 X. 2130 
 
 B.R. E, No. 157 
 
 X. 1672 
 
 N.G., C, No. 8 
 
 X. 2235 
 
 N.G., I, No. 6 
 
 X. 1673 
 
 N.Gk, C, No. 11 
 
 X. 2246 
 
 N.Gk, H, No. 49 
 
 X 1674 
 
 B.R., D, No. 13 
 
 X. 2252 
 
 N.Gk, A, No. 50 
 
 
 [See No. 22508] 
 
 X. 2307 
 
 N.G., H, No. 36 
 
 X. 1679 
 
 B.R., H, No. 7 
 
 X. 2333 
 
 N.G., F, No. 17 
 
 
 [See No. 91029J 
 
 X. 2360 
 
 X. 2361 
 
 N.G., A, No. 41 
 N.G., G, No. 10 
 
 X. 1680 
 
 B.R., H, No. 5 
 
 X. 2391 
 
 N.G., F, No. 7 
 
 
 [See No. 22502 J 
 
 X. 2396 
 
 N.Gk, F, No. 27 
 
 X. 1681 
 
 B.R., D, No. 12 
 
 X.2423 
 
 N.G., G, No. 1 
 
 
 [See No. 22505] 
 
 X. 2472 
 
 N.G., F, No. 21 
 
 X. 1682 
 
 B.R., G, No. 31 
 
 X.2454 
 
 N.G., F, No. 4 
 
 
 [See No. 91118] 
 
 X. 2455 
 
 N.G., F, No. 2 
 
EXHIBITED TABLETS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 238 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 K. 2485.. 
 K. 2507.. 
 K. 2518 .. 
 K. 2527.. 
 K. 2529.. 
 K. 2544.. 
 K. 2587.. 
 K. 2595.. 
 K. 2601 .. 
 K. 2606.. 
 K. 2619 .. 
 K. 2631 .. 
 K. 2654... 
 K. 2664... 
 K. 2669 . 
 K. 2673 . 
 K. 2675 . 
 K. 2694 . 
 K. 2728 . 
 K. 2732 . 
 
 K. 2741 ... 
 K. 2756a 
 K. 2756* 
 K. 2756c 
 K. 2756d 
 K. 2756e 
 K. 2756/ 
 K. 2774.. 
 K. 2789.. 
 K. 2801 .. 
 K. 2802 . . 
 K. 2804.. 
 K. 2805 . . 
 K. 2806.. 
 K. 2807.. 
 K. 2808.. 
 K. 2811 .. 
 K. 2832.. 
 K. 2836.. 
 K. 2839.. 
 K. 2854 . . 
 K. 2855 .. 
 K. 2861.. 
 K. 2862.. 
 K. 2866.. 
 K. 2868.. 
 K. 2869.. 
 K. 2950 . . 
 K. 2956.. 
 K. 2959.. 
 K. 2961 .. 
 K. 2966.. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 N.G., G, No. 36 
 N.G., F, No. 30 
 N.G., C, No. 27 
 N.G., I, No. 10 
 N.G., G, No. 30 
 N.G., F, No. 6 
 N.G., G, No. 38 
 N.G., F, No. 8 
 N.G., F, No. 1 
 N.G., I, No. 18 
 N.G., I, No. 21 
 N.G., D, No. 45 
 N.G., D, No. 47 
 N.G., D, No. 48 
 N.G., I, No. 52 
 N.G., D, No. 16 
 N.G., D, No. 50 
 N.G., D, No. 43 
 N.G., F, No. 3 
 B.R., H, No. 19 
 [See No. 93008] 
 N.G., F, No. 22 
 N.G., A, No. 24 
 N.G., A, No. 31 
 N.G., A, No. 27 
 N.G., A, No. 25 
 N.G., A, No. 26 
 N.G., A, No. 29 
 N.G., A, No. 54 
 N.G., C, No. 39 
 N.G., D, No. 42 
 N.G., D, No. 44 
 N.G., D, No. 38 
 N.G., D, No. 39 
 N.G., D, No. 37 
 N.G., D, No. 40 
 N.G., F, No. 29 
 N.G., G, No. 35 
 N.G., I, No. 51 
 N.G., F, No. 28 
 N.G., B, No. 8 
 N.G., A, No. 16 
 N.G., D, No. 45 
 N.G., G, No. 3 
 N.G., G, No. 37 
 N.G., F, No. 20 
 N.G., G, No. 37 
 N.G., G, No. 29 
 N.G., F, No. 9 
 N.G., F, No. 5 
 N.G., F, No. 16 
 N.G., F, No. 10 
 N.G., F, No. 9 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 K. 2968 
 
 N.G. 
 
 F, No. 32 
 
 K. 3050 
 
 N.G. 
 
 D, No. 43 
 
 K. 3101a 
 
 N.G. 
 
 , D, No. 46 
 
 K. 3168 
 
 B.R., 
 
 I, No. 17 
 
 
 [Se 
 
 e No. 92680] 
 
 K. 3169 
 
 N.G. 
 
 G, No. 23 
 
 K. 3180 
 
 N.G. 
 
 F, No. 22 
 
 K. 3182 
 
 N.G. 
 
 a, No. 22 
 
 K. 3202 
 
 N.G. 
 
 D, No. 3 
 
 K. 3232 
 
 N.G. 
 
 G, No. 25 
 
 K. 3252 
 
 N.G. 
 
 A, No. 32 
 
 K. 3364 
 
 N.G. 
 
 A, No. 20 
 
 K. 3375 
 
 N.G. 
 
 A, No. 49 
 
 K. 3382 
 
 N.G. 
 
 A, No. 43 
 
 K. 3397 
 
 N.G. 
 
 C, No. 28 
 
 K. 3401 
 
 N.G. 
 
 A, No. 23 
 
 K. 3403 
 
 N.G. 
 
 D, No. 2 
 
 K. 3426 
 
 N.G. 
 
 , I, No. 28 
 
 K. 3436 
 
 N.G. 
 
 C, No. 38 
 
 K. 3437 
 
 N.G. 
 
 A, No. 12 
 
 K. 3454 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No 20 
 
 K. 3456 
 
 N.G. 
 
 C, No. 23 
 
 K. 3466 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No 65 
 
 K. 3470 
 
 N.G. 
 
 F, No. 6 
 
 K. 3473 
 
 N.G. 
 
 A, No. 6 
 
 K. 3474 
 
 N.G. 
 
 a, No. 26 
 
 K. 3475 
 
 N.G. 
 
 A, No. 56 
 
 K. 3476 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 29 
 
 K. 3554 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 13 
 
 K. 3567 
 
 N.G. 
 
 A, No. 14 
 
 K. 3586 
 
 N.G. 
 
 G, No. 2 
 
 K. 3628 
 
 N.G. 
 
 G, No. 24 
 
 K. 3641 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 30 
 
 K. 3651 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 16 
 
 K. 3657 
 
 N.G. 
 
 A, No. 21 
 
 K. 3688 
 
 N.G. 
 
 , H, No. 51 
 
 K. 3751 
 
 N.G. 
 
 , D, No. 41 
 
 K. 3764 
 
 N.G. 
 
 , H, No. 50 
 
 K. 3784 
 
 N.G. 
 
 , E, No. 82 
 
 K. 3785 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 83 
 
 K. 3787 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 5 
 
 K. 3789... 
 
 N.G. 
 
 E, No. 98 
 
 K. 3811 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 4 
 
 K. 3821 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 9 
 
 K. 3826 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No 10 
 
 K. 3836 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 18 
 
 K. 3859 
 
 N.G. 
 
 G, No. 6 
 
 K. 3860 
 
 N.G. 
 
 , H, No. 21 
 
 K. 3880 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 22 
 
 K. 3886 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 6 
 
 X. 3887 
 
 N.G. 
 
 I, No. 23 
 
 K. 3892 
 
 N.G. 
 
 H, No. 22 
 
 K. 3893 
 
 N.G. 
 
 F, No. 27 
 
239 
 
 INDEX TO REGISTRATION NUMBERS OF 
 
 Keg. No. 
 
 K. 3919 .. 
 K. 3938.. 
 K. 3941.. 
 E. 3961 .. 
 E. 3962.. 
 E. 3966.. 
 E. 3970.. 
 E. 8974.. 
 K. 3980.. 
 E. 3985.. 
 E. 3990.. 
 K. 4001.. 
 E. 4017 .. 
 K. 4023.. 
 E. 4024.. 
 E. 4030.. 
 K. 4038.. 
 K. 4046... 
 K. 4080.. 
 K. 4094a 
 K. 4125 .. 
 K. 4146 
 K. 4149 
 K. 4155 
 E. 4174 ... 
 E. 4203... 
 E. 4216 .. 
 K. 4221 .. 
 E. 4223.. 
 E. 4228.. 
 K. 4230.. 
 E. 4232.. 
 E. 4239... 
 E. 4243. 
 E. 4250... 
 E. 4257 
 E. 4292 
 K. 4310 
 K. 4312 
 E. 4318... 
 K. 4319 ... 
 E. 4323.. 
 K. 4325.. 
 K. 4329.. 
 E. 4329? 
 K. 4829* 
 E. 4331 ... 
 E. 4332... 
 E. 4387... 
 E. 4388i 
 K. 4343... 
 E. 4344... 
 E. 4847... 
 
 Case No. 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 A, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 A, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 Or, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 , H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 B, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 I>, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 B, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 I>, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 B, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 B, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 B, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 .. N.G. 
 
 B, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 o, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 H, 
 
 .. N.G. 
 
 &> 
 
 .. N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 .. N.G., 
 
 c, 
 
 .. N.G., 
 
 B, 
 
 .. N.G., 
 
 B, 
 
 .. N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 .. N.G. 
 
 D, 
 
 .. N.G. 
 
 D, 
 
 .. N.G. 
 
 I>, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 o, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 ... N.G. 
 
 c, 
 
 ..J N.G. 
 
 B. 
 
 , No. 24 
 , No. 3 
 , No. 29 
 , No. 26 
 , No. 27 
 , No. 19 
 , No. 11 
 , No. 1 
 , No. 20 
 , No. 15 
 , No. 35 
 , No. 17 
 , No. 31 
 , No. 31 
 , No. 41 
 , No. 8 
 , No. 7 
 , No. 32 
 , No. 3 
 , No. 14 
 , No. 2 
 , No. 17 
 , No. 17 
 , No. 5 
 , No. 18 
 , No. 17 
 , No. 43 
 , No. 20 
 , No. 24 
 , No. 6 
 , No. 19 
 , No. 44 
 , No. 46 
 , No. 35 
 , No. 19 
 , No. 49 
 , No. 46 
 , No. 21 
 , No. 35 
 , No. 39 
 , No. 21 
 , No. 33 
 , No. 41 
 , No. 11 
 , No. 9 
 , No. 10 
 , No. 50 
 , No. 31 
 , No. 37 
 , No. 51 
 , No. 25 
 , No. 36 
 , No. 28 
 
 Case No. 
 
 K. 4349 . 
 K. 4355 . 
 K. 4360 . 
 K. 4372 . 
 K. 4375 . 
 K. 4386 . 
 K. 4383. 
 K. 4390. 
 K. 4392 . 
 K. 4401a 
 K. 44016 
 K. 4410. 
 K. 4426. 
 K. 4446. 
 K. 4453. 
 K.4465 . 
 K. 4515 .. 
 K. 4547.. 
 K. 4549. 
 K. 4579.. 
 K. 4579a 
 K. 4818.. 
 K. 4870.. 
 K. 4872.. 
 K. 5335 .. 
 K. 5419c 
 K. 5420c 
 K. 5459 .. 
 K. 5464.. 
 K. 6016.. 
 K. 7000.. 
 K. 7622.. 
 K. 7683.. 
 K. 7752 .. 
 K. 7848.. 
 K. 8033.. 
 K. 8120.. 
 K. 8204.. 
 K. 8225.. 
 K. 8226.. 
 K. 8517 .. 
 K. 8518 .. 
 K. 8520.. 
 K. 8521 .. 
 E. 8522.. 
 E. 8524.. 
 K. 8527.. 
 
 E. 8528.. 
 K. 8532.. 
 K. 8536.. 
 X. 8537.. 
 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 B.R., 
 
 [See 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 N.G., 
 B.R., 
 
 [See 
 
 I, No. 4 
 
 B, No. 27 
 
 C, No. 43 
 B, No. 4 
 B, No. 23 
 
 B, No. 41 
 
 D, No. 6 
 D, No. 8 
 
 C, No. 49 
 
 D, No. 12 
 D, No. 13 
 
 B, No. 19 
 
 C, No. 34 
 
 D, No. 1 
 I, No. 49 
 
 A, No. 28 
 I, No. 49 
 C, No. 48 
 
 B, No. 40 
 A, No. 37 
 A, No. 34 
 
 C, No. 5 
 
 F, No. 31 
 G-, No. 32 
 A, No. 36 
 A, No. 1 
 
 A, No. 10 
 
 G, No. 22 
 
 E, No. 105 
 
 B, No. 14 
 H, No. 43 
 B, No. 11 
 B, No. 15 
 A, No. 51 
 G, No. 23 
 
 F, No. 12 
 
 F, No. 11 
 
 G, No. 5 
 A, No. 58 
 A, No. 57 
 A, No. 48 
 
 A, No. 48 
 
 B, No. 1 
 
 B, No. 26 
 A, No. 16* 
 A, No 9* 
 I, No. 15 
 No. 92703] 
 E, No. 79 
 
 D, No. 15 
 
 C, No. 6 
 H, No. 17 
 No. 91086] 
 
EXHIBITED TABLETS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 240 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 K. 8538 
 
 N.G, I, No. 1 
 
 S. 2021 
 
 N.G., C, No. 3 
 
 K. 8540 
 
 N.G, C, No. 16 
 
 S. 2022 
 
 N.G., C, No. 4 
 
 K. 8541 
 
 N.G., C, No. 14 
 
 S. 2050 
 
 N.G, C, No. 9 
 
 K. 8552 
 
 B.R, 41, No. 1552 
 
 S. 2106 
 
 N.G., D, No. 14 
 
 
 [See No. 91914] 
 
 S. 2118 
 
 N.G, A, No. 23 
 
 X. 8558 
 
 B.R, D, No. 1 
 
 [See No. 91130] 
 
 S. 2196 
 
 N.G., A, No. 62 
 
 K. 8554 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 90* 
 
 D.T. 1 
 
 N.G., C, No. 29 
 
 K. 8555 
 
 B.R, 29, No. 711 
 
 D.T. 2 
 
 N.G., A, No. 87 
 
 
 [See No. 91590] 
 
 D.T. 5 
 
 N.G., C, No. 24 
 
 K. 8563 
 
 N.G, I, No. 14 
 
 D.T. 6 
 
 N.G., C, No. 1 
 
 K. 8564 
 
 NGt, A, No. 47 
 
 D.T. 9 
 
 N.G., C, No. 19 
 
 K. 8565 
 
 N.G., A, No. 45 
 
 D.T. 12 
 
 N.G., E, No. 92 
 
 K. 8571 
 
 N.G., I, No. 24 
 
 D.T. 14 
 
 N.G., C, No. 20 
 
 K. 8575 
 
 N.G, A, No. 8 
 
 D.T. 15 
 
 B.R, I, No. 9 
 
 K. 8578 
 
 N G, I, No. 17 
 
 
 [See No. 92704] 
 
 K. 8579 
 
 N.G, A, No. 44 
 
 D.T. 34 
 
 B.R., G, No. 69 
 
 K. 8584 
 
 N.G, A, No. 30 
 
 
 [See No. 92712] 
 
 K. 8589 
 
 N.G, A, No. 46 
 
 D.T. 35 
 
 B.R., I, No. 8 
 
 K. 8591 
 
 N.G., A, No. 33 
 
 
 [See No. 92705] 
 
 K. 8593 
 
 N.G, A, No. 60 
 
 D.T. 36 
 
 B.R,, E, No. 135 
 
 K. 8594 
 
 N.G., A, No. 59 
 
 
 [See No. 92700] 
 
 K. 8595 
 
 N.G., A, No. 61 
 
 D.T. 37 
 
 B.R., E, No. 134 
 
 K. 8676 
 
 N.G., C, No. 45 
 
 
 [See No. 92683] 
 
 K. 9284 
 
 N.G., H, No. 25 
 
 D.T. 40 
 
 N.G., B, No. 16 
 
 K. 9717 
 
 N.G., I, No. 45 
 
 D.T. 41 
 
 N.G., A, No. 19 
 
 X. 11440 
 
 N.G., G, No. 19 
 
 D.T. 42 
 
 N.G, A, No. 64 
 
 K. 11477 
 
 N.G., G, No. 18 
 
 D.T. 43 ... 
 
 N.G., C, No. 23 
 
 K. 11478 
 
 N.G., I, No. 38 
 
 D.T. 44 
 
 N.G., C, No. 21 
 
 K. 13071 
 
 N.G., I, No. 65 
 
 D.T. 52 
 
 N.G., C, No. 26 
 
 K. 14839 
 
 B.R, E, No. 161 
 
 D.T. 58 
 
 N.G, C, No. 22 
 
 
 
 D.T. 64 
 
 N.G, C, No. 13 
 
 S. 13 
 
 N.G., C, No. 47 
 
 D.T. 72 
 
 B.R, I, No. 11 
 
 S. 23 
 
 N.G., B, No. 12 
 
 
 [See No. 92684] 
 
 S. f 1 
 
 N.G., E, No. 157 
 
 D.T. 78 
 
 B.R, I, No. 10 
 
 S. 152 
 
 N.G., E, No. ]60 
 
 
 [See No. 92685] 
 
 S. 162 
 
 N.G., I, No. 2 
 
 D.T. 83 
 
 N.G, G, No. 4 
 
 S. 268a 
 
 N.G., E, No. 117 
 
 D.T. 109 
 
 B.R, I, No. 3 
 
 S. 401 
 
 N.G., A, No. 40 
 
 
 [See No. 92708] 
 
 S. 456 
 
 N.G., E, No. 118 
 
 D.T. 114 
 
 B.R, I, No. 4 
 
 S. 669 
 
 N.G., I, No. 46 
 
 
 [See No. 92686] 
 
 S. 760 
 
 N.G., E, No. 114 
 
 D.T. 122 
 
 N.G, C, No. 28 
 
 S. 764 
 
 N.G., E, No. 113 
 
 D.T. 128 
 
 N.G, B, No. 35 
 
 S. 787 
 
 N.G., G, No. 12 
 
 D.T. 383 
 
 B.R, Western end 
 
 S. 921 
 
 N.G., E, No. 72 
 
 
 [See No. 90850] 
 
 S. 949 
 
 N.G., G, No. 12 
 
 
 
 S. 954 
 
 N.G., G, No. 14 
 
 R. 1 
 
 B.R, H, No. 12 
 
 S. 957 
 
 N G., E, No. 85 
 
 
 [See No. 91026] 
 
 S. 1031 
 
 N.G., E, No. 115 
 
 R. 67 
 
 N.G, E, No. 138 
 
 S. 1034 
 
 N.G., E, No. 182 
 
 R. 69 
 
 N.G, E, No. 110 
 
 S. 1064 
 
 N.G., E, No. 162 
 
 R. 72 
 
 N.G, E, No. 183 
 
 S. 1116 
 
 N.G., H, No. 18 
 
 R. 73 
 
 N.G, E, No. 140 
 
 S. 1350 
 
 N.G., I, No. 48 
 
 R. 76 
 
 N.G, E, No. 122 
 
241 
 
 INDEX TO REGISTRATION NUMBERS OF 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 B. 77 
 B. 78 
 B. 110 
 B. HI 
 B. 160 
 B. 188 
 B. 215 
 B. 217 
 B,. 282 
 R. 622 
 B. 578 
 B. 580 
 B. 612 
 B. 615 
 B. 616 
 B. 617 
 B. 618 
 B. 620 
 B. 621 
 B. 641 
 B. 678 
 
 B. 856 
 
 B. 2, 97.. 
 B. 2, 103 
 B. 2, 149 
 B. 2, 197 
 B. 2, 263 
 B. 2, 383 
 B. 2, 390 
 B. 2, 454 
 
 51-9 2, 43 
 51-9-2, 84 
 
 56-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 56 9-9, 
 66-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 66-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 56-9-9, 
 
 136 
 138 
 142 
 147 
 156 
 167 
 171 
 172 
 175 
 178 
 179 
 182 
 183 
 185 
 188 
 189 
 
 N.G., E, No. 123 
 N.G., E, No. 139 
 N.G., O, No. 32 
 N.G., G, No. 37 
 N.G-., I, No. 47 
 N.G., E, No. 80 
 N.G., E, No. 172 
 N.G., E, No. 112 
 N.G.. A, No. 17 
 N.G., I, No. 15 
 N.G., A, No. 38 
 N.G., D, No. 7 
 N.G., I, No. 34 
 N.G., A, No. 6 
 N.G., A, No. 63 
 N.G., C, No. 34 
 N.G., I, No. 50 
 N.G., I, No. 42 
 N.G., A, No. 43 
 N.G., A, No. 12 
 B.R.. I, No. 29 
 
 [See No. 92682] 
 B.R., D, No. 8 
 
 [See No. 92986] 
 
 N.G., D, No. 5 
 N.G., H, No. 40 
 N.G., H, No. 16 
 N.G., A, No. 55 
 N.G., I, No. 44 
 N.G., A, No. 52 
 N.G., A, No. 53 
 N.G., I, No. 13 
 
 N.G., I, No. 32 
 N.G., I, No. 31 
 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G, D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 N.G., D, 
 
 No. 26 
 No. 35 
 No. 32 
 No. 36 
 No. 28 
 No. 18 
 No. 24 
 No. 21 
 No. 84 
 No. 31 
 No. 19 
 No. 33 
 No. 30 
 No. 27 
 No. 20 
 No. 22 
 
 56-9-9, 194 
 56-9-9, 198 
 
 67-4-2, 1 
 
 76-4-13, 1 
 
 79-7-8, 14 
 79-7-8, 36 
 79-7-8, 43 
 79-7-8, 138 
 79-7-8, 251 
 79-7-8, 309 
 
 80-7-19, 1 
 
 80-7-19, 2 
 
 80-7-19, 17 
 80-7-19, 21 
 60-7-19, 23 
 80 7-19, 25 
 80-7-19, 26 
 80-7-19, 305 
 
 81-2-4, 42 
 
 81-2 
 81-2 
 81-2 
 81-2- 
 81-2 
 81-2 
 81-2 
 81-2- 
 81-2 
 81-2 
 81-2 
 81-2 
 81-2 
 
 4, 49 
 4, 50 
 4, 52 
 4, 53 
 4, 55 
 4, 57 
 4, 58 
 4, 69 
 4, 147 
 4, 148 
 4, 152 
 4, 182 
 4, 188 
 
 81-7-27, 8 
 81-7-27, 19 
 81-7 27, 29 
 81-7-27, 49 
 81-7 27, 80 
 81 7-27, 199 
 81-7-27, 199a 
 
 82-5-22, 28 
 82-5-22, 91 
 82-5-22, 94 
 82-5-22, 96 
 
 N.G., D, No. 25 
 N.G., D, No. 23 
 
 N.G., E, No. 165 
 
 N.G., B, No. 18 
 
 N.G., C, No. 7 
 N.G., I, No. 25 
 N.G, I, No. 19 
 N.G., E, No. 127 
 N.G., A, No. 11 
 N.G., I, No. 61 
 
 B.R., H, No. 4 
 
 [See No. 22503] 
 B.R., H, No. 2 
 
 [See No. 22504] 
 N.G., E, No. 107 
 N.G., E, No. 137 
 N.G., E, No. 128 
 N.G., E, No. 186 
 N.G., E, No. 175 
 N.G., A, No. 42 
 
 B.R., H, No. 1 
 
 [See No. 22500] 
 N.G., E, No. 129 
 N.G., E, No. 130 
 N.G., E, No. 132 
 N.G., E, No. 133 
 N.G., E, No. 134 
 N.G., E, No. 163 
 N.G., E, N . 135 
 N.G., E, No. 158 
 N.G., E, No. 84 
 N.G., E, No. 86 
 N.G., E, No. 77 
 N.G., D, No. 29 
 N.G., a, No. 13 
 
 N.G., C, No. 17 
 N.G., E, No. 52 
 N.G., F, No. 131 
 N.G., B, No. 2 
 N.G., A No. 2 
 N.G., E, No. 108 
 N.G., E, No. 109 
 
 N.G., C, No. 16 
 N.G., E, No. 155 
 N.G., E, No. 173 
 N.G., E, No. 152 
 
EXHIBITED TABLETS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 242 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 82-5-22, 97 ... 
 
 N.G., E, No. 164 
 
 12815 
 
 B.R., B, No. 91 
 
 82-5-22, 98 ... 
 
 N.G., E, No. 181 
 
 12816 
 
 B.R., B, No. 90 
 
 82-5-22, 99 ... 
 
 N.G., E, No. 159 
 
 12817 
 
 B.R., B, No. 89 
 
 82-6-22,169 ... 
 
 N.G., E, No. 126 
 
 12818 
 
 B.R., B, No. 71 
 
 82-5-22, 172 ... 
 
 N.G., E, No. 177 
 
 12821 
 
 B.R., B, No. 69 
 
 82-5-22,174 ... 
 
 N.G., E, No. 184 
 
 12825 
 
 B.R., B, No. 93 
 
 82-5-22, 175 ... 
 
 N.G., G, No. 9 
 
 12826 
 
 B R., B, No. 50 
 
 82-5-22,526 ... 
 
 N.G., D, No. 51 
 
 12827 
 
 B.R., B, No. 95 
 
 82-5-22, 678 ... 
 
 B.R., 41, No. 1507 
 
 12828 
 
 B.R., B, No. 73 
 
 
 [See No. 93021] 
 
 12829 
 
 B.R., B, No. 51 
 
 82-5-22, 591 ... 
 
 B.R., 41, No. 1511 
 
 12830 
 
 B.R., B, No. 44 
 
 
 [See No. 93022] 
 
 12832 
 
 B.R., B, No. 45 
 
 82-5-22, 594 ... 
 
 B.R., 41, No. 1510 
 
 12835 
 
 B.R., B, No. 46 
 
 
 [See No. 93023] 
 
 12837 
 
 B.R., B, No. 47 
 
 82-5-22, 604 ... 
 
 B.R., G, No. 63 
 
 12838 
 
 B.R., B, No. 66 
 
 
 [See No. 91087] 
 
 12840 
 
 B.R., B, No. 67 
 
 82-5-22, 847 ... 
 
 B.R., G, No. 59 
 
 12841 
 
 B.R., B, No. 72 
 
 
 [See No. 91088] 
 
 12846 
 
 B.R., B, No. 94 
 
 82-5-22, 1028 ... 
 
 B.R., G, No. 335 
 
 12849 
 
 B.R., B, No. 96 
 
 
 [See No. 92714] 
 
 12865 
 
 B.R., B, No. 97 
 
 82-5-22, 1048... 
 
 N.G., A, No. 19 
 
 12863 
 
 B.R., B, No. 88 
 
 
 [See No. 93014] 
 
 12864 
 
 B.R., B, No. 86 
 
 
 
 12868 
 
 B.R., B, No. 104 
 
 83-1-18, 2 
 
 N.G., E, No. 163 
 
 12910 
 
 B.R., B, No. 2 
 
 83-1-18, 6 
 
 N.G., E, No. 160 
 
 12911 
 
 B.R., B, No. 12 
 
 83-1-18, 9 
 
 N.G., E, No. 125 
 
 12912 
 
 B.R., C, No. 122 
 
 83-1-18, 10 
 
 N.G., E, No. 124 
 
 12913 
 
 B.R., C, No. 130 
 
 88-1-15, 13 
 
 N.G., E, No. 195 
 
 12914 
 
 B.R., C, No. 144 
 
 82-1-18, 33 
 
 N.G., E, No. 188 
 
 12915 
 
 B.R., C, No. 117 
 
 83-1-18,35 
 
 N.G., E, No. 192 
 
 12921 
 
 B.R., C, No. 140 
 
 83-1-18, 37 ... 
 
 N.G , E, No. 189 
 
 12926 
 
 B.R., C, No. 136 
 
 81-1-18,38 
 
 N.G., E, No. 194 
 
 1S646 
 
 B.R., C, No. 146 
 
 88-1-18, 40 ... 
 
 N.G., E, No. 187 
 
 13657 
 
 B.R., C, No. 134 
 
 83-118,184 ... 
 
 N.G., E, No. 45 
 
 13936 
 
 B.R., B, No. 52 
 
 92-1-18,410 ... 
 
 N.G., H, No. 38 
 
 14308 
 
 B.R., C, No. 126 
 
 83-1-18, 697 ... 
 
 N.G., G, No. 8 
 
 15275 
 
 B.R., B, No. 17 
 
 
 
 15277 
 
 B.R., B, No. 23 
 
 Bu. 91-6-9, 12... 
 
 N.G., E, No. 193 
 
 15278 
 
 B.R., B, No. 32 
 
 Bu. 91-5-9, 14... 
 
 N.G., I, No. 57 
 
 15296 
 
 B.R., C, No. 137 
 
 Bu. 91-5-9, 105 
 
 N.G., E, No. 191 
 
 15322 
 
 B.R., C, No. 135 
 
 Bu. 91-5-9, 148 
 
 N.G., E, No. 185 
 
 16829 
 
 B.R., B, No. 85 
 
 Bu. 91-5-9, 157 
 
 N.G., E, No. 190 
 
 15348 
 
 B.R., B, No. 83 
 
 Bu. 91-5-9, 174 
 
 N.G., I, No 27 
 
 15781 
 
 B.R., C, No. 48 
 
 Bu. 91-6-9, 183 
 
 N.G., I, No. 60 
 
 15782 
 
 B.R., C, No. 49 
 
 Bu. 91-5-9, 186 
 
 N.G., I, No. 26 
 
 15783 '' 
 
 B.R., C, No. 50 
 
 Bu. 91-6-9, 213 
 
 N.G., H, No. 28 
 
 15862 ... . ! 
 
 B.R., B, No. 84 
 
 
 
 16363 ! 
 
 B.R., D, No. 17 
 
 95-4-6, 4 
 
 N.G., D, No. 2 
 
 16924 
 
 B.R., E, No. 124 
 
 
 
 17298 
 
 I5.T? . B, No. 56 
 
 12083 
 
 B.R., C, No. 61 
 
 17334 
 
 B.R., B, No. 57 
 
 12231 
 
 B.R., C, No. 147 
 
 17743 ! 
 
 B.R., C, No. 145 
 
 12889 
 
 B.R., B, No. 18 
 
 17744 
 
 B.R., C, No. 157 
 
 12812 
 
 B.R., P, No. 92 
 
 17747 
 
 B.R., C, No. 133 
 
243 
 
 INDEX TO REGISTRATION NUMBERS OF 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 17751 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 116 
 
 22447 
 
 B.R, E, No. 146 
 
 18039 ' 
 
 B.R., 
 
 B, No. 3 
 
 22450 
 
 B.R, C, No. 123 
 
 18040 
 
 B.R, 
 
 B, No. 4 
 
 22451 
 
 B.R, C, No. 52 
 
 18041 
 
 B.R, 
 
 B, No. 13 
 
 22452 
 
 B.R, C, No. 53 
 
 18042 
 
 B.R, 
 
 B, No. 26 
 
 22453 
 
 B.R, C, No. 94 
 
 18046 
 
 B.R, 
 
 B, No. 25 
 
 22454 
 
 B.R, 7, No. 72 
 
 18047 
 
 B.R. 
 
 B, No. 11 
 
 22455 
 
 B.R, C, No. 76 
 
 18048 
 
 B.R. 
 
 B, No. 30 
 
 22456 
 
 B.R, C, No. 77 
 
 18049 
 
 B.R. 
 
 B, No. 5 
 
 22457 
 
 B.R, C, No. 90 
 
 18050 
 
 B.R. 
 
 B, No. 24 
 
 22458 
 
 B.R, 40, No. 1051 
 
 18051 
 
 B.R. 
 
 B, No. 22 
 
 22459 
 
 B.R, 40, No. 1052 
 
 18052 
 
 B.R. 
 
 B, No. 15 
 
 22462 
 
 B.R, C, No. 91* 
 
 18053 
 
 B.R. 
 
 B, No. 7 
 
 22463 
 
 B.R, C, No. 93 
 
 18054 
 
 B.R. 
 
 B, No. 9 
 
 22464 
 
 B.R, C, No. 102 
 
 18055 
 
 B.R. 
 
 B, No. 20 
 
 22465 
 
 B.R, 14, No. 144 
 
 18056 
 
 B.R, 
 
 B, No. 16 
 
 22467 
 
 B.R, 15, No. 152 
 
 18057 ... 
 
 B.R., 
 
 B, No. 8 
 
 22470 
 
 B.R, I, No. 1 
 
 18062 
 
 B.R, 
 
 B, No. 28 
 
 22471 
 
 B.R, 20, No. 208 
 
 18063 
 
 B.R., 
 
 B, No. 29 
 
 22472 
 
 B.R, 20, No. 209 
 
 18079 
 
 B.R., 
 
 B, No. 31 
 
 22473 
 
 B.R, 20, No. 211 
 
 18080 
 
 B.R, 
 
 B, No. 19 
 
 22474 
 
 B.R, 20, No. 212 
 
 18096 
 
 B.R, 
 
 B, No. 35 
 
 22475 
 
 B.R, 20, No. 210 
 
 18343 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 107 
 
 22476 
 
 B.R, 20, No. 215 
 
 18344 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 112 
 
 22477 
 
 B.R, 20, No. 213 
 
 18346 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 129 
 
 22478 
 
 B.R, 20, No. 214 
 
 18358 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 153 
 
 22480 
 
 B.R, 21, No. 217 
 
 18933 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 158 
 
 22500 
 
 B.R, H, No. 1 
 
 18957 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 120 
 
 22501 
 
 B.R, H, No. 3 
 
 19023 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 109 
 
 22502 
 
 B.R, H, No. 5 
 
 19024 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 148 
 
 22503 
 
 B.R, H, No. 4 
 
 19027 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 149 
 
 22504 
 
 B.R, H, No. 2 
 
 19030 
 
 B.R, 
 
 B, No. 1 
 
 22505 
 
 B.R, D, No. 12 
 
 19031 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 118 
 
 22506 
 
 B.R, C, No. 1 
 
 19042 
 
 B.R., 
 
 B, No. 27 
 
 22507 
 
 B.R, C, No. 90 
 
 19586 
 
 B.R., 
 
 B, No. 21 
 
 22508 
 
 B.R, D, No. 13| 
 
 19719 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 113 
 
 23120 
 
 B.R, B, No. 68 
 
 19733 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 119 
 
 23122 
 
 B.R, B, No. 48 
 
 19742 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 156 
 
 23123 
 
 B.R, B, No. 70 
 
 21226 
 
 B.R. 
 
 C, No. 151 
 
 23127 
 
 B.R, B, No. 49 
 
 21336 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 139 
 
 23129 
 
 B.R, B, No. 87 
 
 21337 
 
 B.R. 
 
 C, No. 150 
 
 23130 
 
 B.R, B, No. 82 
 
 21338 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 132 
 
 23131 
 
 R.R, B, No. 81 
 
 21340 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 138 
 
 23136 
 
 B.R, B, No. 64 
 
 21341 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 155 
 
 23144 
 
 B.R, B, No. 63 
 
 21350 
 
 B.R, 
 
 B, No. 34 
 
 28145 
 
 B.R, B, No. 62 
 
 21890 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 65 
 
 23147 
 
 B.R, B, No. 61 
 
 21891 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 66 
 
 23148 
 
 B.R, B, No. 60 
 
 21892 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 67 
 
 23152 
 
 B.R, B, No. 59 
 
 21893 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 68 
 
 23153 
 
 B.R, B, No. 68 
 
 21896 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 108 
 
 23154 
 
 B.R, B, No. 42 
 
 21897 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 105 
 
 23159 
 
 B.R, B, No. 41 
 
 22445 
 
 B.R, 
 
 C, No. 9 
 
 232S7 
 
 B.R, C, No. 2 
 
 22446 
 
 B.R, 
 
 E, No. 145 
 
 23387 
 
 B.R, B, No. 36 
 
EXHIBITED TABLETS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 244 
 
 Keg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 23577 
 
 . B.R., 15, No. 150 
 
 29865 
 
 . B.R., F, No. 87 
 
 23578 
 
 B.R., 16, No. 151 
 
 30007 
 
 .| B.R., G, No. 264 
 
 23580 
 
 B.R., 1, No. 3 
 
 30251 
 
 .1 B.R., G, No. 240 
 
 23581 
 
 B.R., C, No. 106 
 
 30260 
 
 . B.R., G, No. 203 
 
 23619 
 
 B.R., C, No. 159 
 
 30279 
 
 B.R., G, No. 297 
 
 23623 
 
 B.R., C, No. 114 
 
 30301 
 
 B.R., G, No. 125 
 
 23625 
 
 B.R., C, No. 154 
 
 30308 
 
 B.R., G, No. 178 
 
 23626 
 
 B.R., C, No. 124 
 
 30311 
 
 B.R., G, No. 82 
 
 23627 ... 
 
 B.R., C, No. 127 
 
 30321 
 
 B.R., G, No. 102 
 
 23630 
 
 B.R., C, No. 143 
 
 30325 
 
 B.R., G, No. 136 
 
 23632 ... 
 
 B.R., C, No. 128 
 
 30329 
 
 B.R., G, No. 132 
 
 23634 ... 
 
 B.R., C, No. 152 
 
 30330 
 
 B.R., G, No. 158 
 
 23635 ... 
 
 B.R., C, No. 115 
 
 30835 
 
 B.R., G, No. 81 
 
 23647 
 
 1 B.R., C, No. 121 
 
 30337 
 
 B.R., G, No. 323 
 
 23650 
 
 1 B.R., D, No. 19 
 
 30338 
 
 B.R., G, No. 180 
 
 23651 
 
 l B.R., D, No. 18 
 
 30342 
 
 B.R., G, No. 128 
 
 23652 
 
 B.R., D, No. 20 
 
 30346 
 
 B.R., G, No. 151 
 
 23665 
 
 B.R., D, No. 21 
 
 30354 
 
 B.R., G, No. 184 
 
 23581 
 
 B.R., C, No. 106 
 
 30365 
 
 B.R., G, No. 311 
 
 24631 
 
 B.R., F, No. 88 
 
 30375 
 
 B.R., G, No. 204 
 
 24953 
 
 B.R., C, No. 131 
 
 30404 
 
 B.R., G, No. 122 
 
 24959 ... 
 
 B.R., B, No. 6 
 
 30429 
 
 B.R., G, No. 94 
 
 24960 
 
 B.R., C, No. 125 
 
 30443 
 
 B.R., G, No. 169 
 
 24964 
 
 B.R., B, No. 14 
 
 30447 
 
 B.R., G, No. 109 
 
 24966 
 
 B.R., C, No. 142 
 
 30461 
 
 B.R., G, No. 152 
 
 24990 
 
 B.R., C, No. 141 
 
 30482 
 
 B.R., G, No. 287 
 
 25001 
 
 B.R., D, No. 16 
 
 30489 
 
 B.R., G, No. 86 
 
 25037 
 
 B.R., B, No. 33 
 
 30510 
 
 B.R., G, No. 209 
 
 25071 
 
 B.R., B, No. 38 
 
 30511 
 
 B.R., G, No. 232 
 
 25676 
 
 B.R., I, No. 32 
 
 30525 
 
 B.R., G, No. 165 
 
 25678 
 
 B.R., I, No. 33 
 
 30532 
 
 B.R., G, No. 273 
 
 26234 
 
 B.R., B, No. 37 
 
 30534 
 
 B.R., G, No. 307 
 
 26250 
 
 B.R., B, No. 65 
 
 30567 
 
 B.R., G, No. 155 
 
 26251 1 
 
 B.R., B, No. 100 
 
 30569 
 
 BR,, G, No. 127 
 
 26472 j 
 
 B.R., E, No. 154 
 
 30571 1 
 
 B.R., G, No. 106 
 
 26960 ' 
 
 B.R., B, No. 74 
 
 30572 1 
 
 B.R., G, No. 93 
 
 26962 
 
 B.R., B, No. 75 
 
 30574 i 
 
 B.R., G, No. 167 
 
 26969 ... 
 
 B.R., B, No. 99 
 
 30580 i 
 
 B.R., G, No. 191 
 
 26970 
 
 B.R., B, No. 76 
 
 30584 1 
 
 B.R., G, No. 241 
 
 27248 
 
 B.R., B, No. 102 
 
 30585 
 
 B.R., G, No. 250 
 
 27249 
 
 B.R., B, No. 101 
 
 30588 
 
 B.R., G, No. 262 
 
 27254 
 
 B.R., B, No. 98 
 
 30598 
 
 B.R., G, No. 130 
 
 27266 
 
 B.R., B, No. 77 
 
 30606 
 
 R.R., G, No. 197 
 
 27268 
 
 B.R., B, No. 53 
 
 30610 
 
 B.R., G, No. 246 
 
 27269 
 
 B.R., B, No. 54 
 
 30625 
 
 B.R., G, No. 274 
 
 27288 
 
 B.R., B, No. 39 
 
 30636 
 
 B.R., G, No. 90 
 
 27745 
 
 B.R., B, No. 78 
 
 30650 
 
 B.R., G, No. 282 
 
 27773 
 
 B.R., B, No. 40 
 
 30677 
 
 B.R., G, No. 99 
 
 27859 
 
 B.R., E, No. 159 
 
 30685 
 
 B.R., G, No. 315 
 
 28365 
 
 B.R., C, No. Ill 
 
 30690 
 
 B.R., G, No. 321 
 
 28410 
 
 B.R., C, No. 110 
 
 30693 
 
 B.R., G, No. 292 
 
 29370 
 
 B.R., B, No. 10 
 
 30705 
 
 B K., G, No. 190 
 
 29784-29864 ... 
 
 B.R., F, Nos. 1-81 
 
 30725 
 
 B.R., G, No. 219 
 
245 
 
 INDEX TO REGISTRATION NUMBERS OF 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 
 Case No. 
 
 30765 
 
 B.R., Q, No. 185 
 
 31819 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 105 
 
 30803 
 
 B.R., a, No. 286 
 
 31865 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 113 
 
 30845 
 
 B.R., , No. 157 
 
 31877 
 
 B.R., 
 
 , No. 131 
 
 30873 
 
 B.R., G, No. 238 
 
 31905 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 95 
 
 30883 
 
 B.R., G, No. 275 
 
 32101 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 218 
 
 30887 
 
 B.R., a, No. 271 
 
 32198 
 
 B.R., 
 
 G, No. 305 
 
 30903 
 
 B.R., a, No. 265 
 
 32222 
 
 B.R., 
 
 I, No. 28 
 
 30906 
 
 B.R., a, No. 269 
 
 32641 
 
 B.K., 
 
 I, No. 14 
 
 30911 
 
 B.R., a, No. 229 
 
 32651 
 
 B.R., 
 
 I, No. 30 
 
 30920 
 
 B.R., a, No. 283 
 
 32653 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 148 
 
 30934 
 
 B.R., a, No. 277 
 
 32849 
 
 B.R,, 
 
 G, No. 181 
 
 30940 
 
 B.R., G, No. 108 
 
 32852 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 104 
 
 30950 
 
 B.R., G, No. 192 
 
 32862 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 267 
 
 30953 
 
 B.R., G, No. 226 
 
 32869 
 
 B.R., 
 
 G, No. 149 
 
 30956 
 
 B.R., G, No. 225 
 
 32870 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 124 
 
 30958 
 
 B.R., a, No. 189 
 
 32871 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 177 
 
 30963 
 
 B.R., a, No. 268 
 
 32872 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 319 
 
 30976 
 
 B.R., Q, No. 276 
 
 32882 
 
 B.R., 
 
 G, No. 254 
 
 30983 
 
 B.R., G, No. 272 
 
 32892 
 
 B.R., 
 
 O, No. 257 
 
 30987 
 
 B.R., G, No. 301 
 
 32895 
 
 B.R., 
 
 G, No. 313 
 
 30989 
 
 B.R., a, No. 290 
 
 32899 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 314 
 
 31004 
 
 B.R., G, No. 129 
 
 32905 
 
 B.R., 
 
 &, No. 251 
 
 31007 
 
 B.R., a, No. 97 
 
 32910 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 320 
 
 31008 
 
 B.R., G, No. 298 
 
 32916 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 87 
 
 31029 
 
 B.R., a, No. 303 
 
 32919 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. ioo 
 
 31031 
 
 B.R., a, No. 112 
 
 32935 
 
 B.R., 
 
 O, No. 29 
 
 31042 
 
 B.R., a, No. 98 
 
 32936 
 
 B.R., 
 
 a, No. 37 
 
 31051 
 
 B.R., Q-, No. 279 
 
 33007 
 
 B.R., 
 
 Q, No. 264 
 
 31094 
 
 B.R., Q-, No. 154 
 
 33009 
 
 B.R. 
 
 a, No. 343 
 
 31098 
 
 B.R., a, No. 96 
 
 33017 
 
 B.R., 
 
 G, No. 342 
 
 31100 
 
 B.R., Q, No. 160 
 
 33041 
 
 B.R. 
 
 E, No. 162 
 
 31101 
 
 B.R., a, No. 161 
 
 33062 
 
 B.R. 
 
 a, No. 146 
 
 31110 
 
 B.R., a, No. 278 
 
 33063 
 
 B.R. 
 
 O, No. 176 
 
 31121 
 
 B.R., I, No. 45 
 
 33064 
 
 B.R. 
 
 Q, No. 187 
 
 31135 
 
 B.R., G, No. 115 
 
 33070 
 
 B.R. 
 
 a, No. 143 
 
 31140 
 
 B.R., G-, No. 107 
 
 33074 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 20 
 
 31141 
 
 B.R., G, No. 88 
 
 33084 
 
 B.R. 
 
 a, No. 234 
 
 31153 
 
 B.R., a, No. 150 
 
 33088 
 
 B.R. 
 
 a, No. 35 
 
 31178 
 
 B.R., G, No. 259 
 
 33089 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 182 
 
 31179 
 
 B.R., G, No. 284 
 
 33090 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 216 
 
 31180 ... 
 
 B.R., a, No. 236 
 
 33091 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 291 
 
 31181 
 
 B.R., G, No. 239 
 
 33095 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 309 
 
 31191 
 
 B.R., a, No. 101 
 
 33097 
 
 B.R. 
 
 a, No. 25 
 
 31209 ... 
 
 B.R., &, No. 170 
 
 33102 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G-, No. 114 
 
 31246 
 
 B.R., Q, No. 162 
 
 33136 
 
 B.R. 
 
 a, No. 205 
 
 31269 
 
 B.R., a, No. 294 
 
 33158 
 
 B.R. 
 
 A, No. 72 
 
 31290 
 
 B.R., I, No. 46 
 
 33159 
 
 B.R. 
 
 A, No. 86 
 
 31298 
 
 B.R., G, No. 316 
 
 33162 
 
 B.R, 
 
 A, No. 19 
 
 31310 
 
 B.R., a, No. 270 
 
 33163 
 
 B.R, 
 
 A, No. 28 
 
 31483 
 
 B.R., E, No. 151 
 
 33182 
 
 B.R. 
 
 A, No. 20 
 
 31488 
 
 B.R., G, No. 156 
 
 33187 
 
 B.R. 
 
 A, No. 21 
 
 31508 
 
 B.R., a, No. 83 
 
 33189 
 
 B.R. 
 
 A, No. 68 
 
 31521 
 
 B.R., a, No, 318 
 
 33190 
 
 B.R. 
 
 A, No. 18 
 
EXHIBITED TABLETS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 246 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 \ 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 33193 
 
 B.R., A, No. 24 
 
 33537 
 
 B.R., a, No. 70 
 
 33194 
 
 B.R., A, No. 29 
 
 33837 
 
 B.R., I, No. 26 
 
 33196 
 
 B.R., A, No. 27 
 
 33907 
 
 B.R., G>, No. 118 
 
 33197 
 
 B.R., A, No. 25 
 
 33912 
 
 B.R., a, No. 188 
 
 33198 
 
 B.R., A, No. 61 
 
 33916 ... 
 
 B.R., a, No. 233 
 
 33200 
 
 B.R., A, No. 41 
 
 33922 
 
 B.R., a, No. 293 
 
 33201 
 
 B.R., A, No. 1 
 
 33924 
 
 B.R., G>, No. 322 
 
 33202 
 
 B.R., A, No. 65 
 
 33945 
 
 B.R., a, No. 200 
 
 33208 
 
 B.R., E, No. 5 
 
 33948 
 
 B.R., G, No. 295 
 
 33209 
 
 B.R., E, No. 11 
 
 33966 
 
 B.R., a, No. 331 
 
 33210 
 
 B.R., A, No. 43 
 
 33973 
 
 B.R., Q, No. 299 
 
 33211 
 
 B.R., A, No. 76 
 
 34035 
 
 B.R., I, No. 31 
 
 33212 
 
 B.R., E, No. 30 
 
 34047 
 
 B.R., I, No. 20 
 
 33213 
 
 B.R., E, No. 66 
 
 34066 
 
 B.R., I, No. 24 
 
 33214 
 
 B.R., E, No. 27 
 
 34088 
 
 B.R., I, No. 23 
 
 33217 
 
 B.R., A, No. 30 
 
 34532 
 
 B.R., a, No. 196 
 
 33219 
 
 B.R., A, No. 12 
 
 34536 
 
 B.R., a, No. 306 
 
 33220 
 
 B.R., A, No. 34 
 
 34575 
 
 B.R., I, No. 21 
 
 33221 
 
 B.R., A, No. 39 
 
 34580 
 
 B.R., I, No. 18 
 
 33222 
 
 B.R., A, No. 40 
 
 35048 
 
 B.R., I, No. 22 
 
 33223 
 
 B.R., A, No. 13 
 
 35380 
 
 B.R., E, No. 147 
 
 33225 
 
 B.R., A, No. 38 
 
 35382 
 
 B.R., E, No. 122 
 
 33226 
 
 B.R., A, No. 44 
 
 35385 
 
 B.R., E, No. 150 
 
 33227 
 
 B.R., A, No. 16 
 
 35389 
 
 B.R., C, No. 13 
 
 33228 
 
 B.R., A, No. 23 
 
 35968 
 
 B.R., E, No. 160 
 
 33230 
 
 B.R., A, No. 17 
 
 36041 
 
 B.R., I, No. 2 
 
 33231 
 
 B.R., A, No. 3 
 
 36277 
 
 B.R., G, No. 68 
 
 33232 
 
 B.R., A, No. 67 
 
 37645 
 
 B.R., F, No. 82 
 
 33233 
 
 B.R., A, No. 13 
 
 37646 
 
 B.R., F, No. 85 
 
 33234 
 
 B.R., E, No. 113 
 
 37647 
 
 B.R., F, No. 83 
 
 33235 
 
 B.R., A, No. 10 
 
 37648 
 
 B.R., F, No. 84 
 
 33236 
 
 B.R., A, No. 78 
 
 38111 
 
 B.R., a, No. 252 
 
 33237 
 
 B.R., A, No. 47 
 
 38122 
 
 B.R., E, No. 126 
 
 33238 
 
 B.R., A, No. 26 
 
 38493 
 
 B.R., I, No. 34 
 
 33239 
 
 B.R., A, No. 14 
 
 38587 
 
 B.R., I, No. 7 
 
 33240 
 
 B.R., A, No. 73 
 
 40463 
 
 B.R., a, No. 337 
 
 33242 
 
 B.R., A, No. 33 
 
 40471 
 
 B.R., G, No. 327 
 
 33243 
 
 B.R., A, No. 81 
 
 40559 
 
 N.G., A, No. 5 
 
 33244 
 
 B.R., A, No. 48 
 
 41393 
 
 B.R., G, No. 138 
 
 33245 
 
 B.R., A, No. 31 
 
 41394 
 
 B.R., a, No. Ill 
 
 33246 
 
 B.R., A, No. 22 
 
 41395 
 
 B.R., G, No. 110 
 
 33247 
 
 B.R., A, No. 63 
 
 41397 
 
 B.R., G>, No. 145 
 
 33248 
 
 B.R., A, No. 66 
 
 41398 
 
 B.R., G>, No. 159 
 
 33249 
 
 B.R., A, No. 64 
 
 41399 
 
 B.R., G, No. 164 
 
 33250 
 
 B.R., A, No. 80 
 
 41401 
 
 B.R., G>, No. 171 
 
 33252 
 
 B.R., A, No. 32 
 
 41402 
 
 B.R., G>, No. 174 
 
 33253 
 
 B.R., A, No. 92 
 
 41406 
 
 B.R., Q, No. 183 
 
 33254 
 
 B.R., A, No. 93 
 
 41407 
 
 B.R., a, No. 193 
 
 33255 
 
 B.R., A, No. 82 
 
 41409 
 
 B.R., G, No. 214 
 
 33328 
 
 B.R., I, No. 1 
 
 41425 
 
 B.R., G>, No. 302 
 
 33332 
 
 B.R., E, No. 125 
 
 41454 
 
 B.R., G>, No. 340 
 
 33428 
 
 B.R., C, No. 98 
 
 41459 
 
 B.R., G>, No. 201 
 
 33429 
 
 B.R., C, No. 55 
 
 41591 
 
 B.R., G>, No. 136 
 
247 
 
 INDEX TO KEGISTKATION NUMBERS OF 
 
 Keg. No 
 
 43262 
 
 B.R., I, No. 13 
 
 42267 
 
 B.R., a, No. 58 
 
 42269 
 
 B.R., a, No. 57 
 
 42285 
 
 N.G., A, No. 9 
 
 45688 
 
 ! B.R., I, No. 25 
 
 45694 
 
 ! B.R., I, No. 19 
 
 45793 
 
 B.R., H, No. 11 
 
 46226 
 
 B.R., E, No. 153 
 
 46535 
 
 B.R., a, No. 42 
 
 46536 
 
 B.R., G, No. 41 
 
 47311 
 
 B.R., G, No. 336 
 
 47517 
 
 B.R., Q-, No. 166 
 
 50524 
 
 B.R., I, No. 48 
 
 51082 
 
 B.R., I, No. 35 
 
 60078 
 
 B.R., I, No. 40 
 
 60502 
 
 B.R., I, No. 38 
 
 60582 
 
 B.R., I, No. 41 
 
 60732 
 
 B.R., I, No. 42 
 
 67404 
 
 B.R., E, No. 158 
 
 74350 
 
 B.R., I, No. 36 
 
 74378 
 
 B.R., I, No. 39 
 
 75492 
 
 B.R, I, No. 43 
 
 75734 
 
 B.R., I, No. 37 
 
 76701 
 
 B.R., I, No. 44 
 
 77438 
 
 B.R., E, No. 163 
 
 78100 
 
 B.R., I, No. 49 
 
 78100a 
 
 B.R., I, No. 50 
 
 79416-21 
 
 B.R., A, Nos. 95- 
 
 
 100 
 
 79424 
 
 B.R., A, No. 101 
 
 79425 
 
 B.R., A, No. 102 
 
 80037 
 
 B.R., E, No. 156 
 
 81847 
 
 B.R., A, No. 103 
 
 81849-53 
 
 B.R,, A, Nos. 104- 
 
 
 108 
 
 81858-67 
 
 B.R., A, Nos. 109- 
 
 
 118 
 
 81869 
 
 B.R., A, No. 119 
 
 81870 
 
 B.R., A, No. 120 
 
 81873-75 
 
 B.R., A, Nos. 121- 
 
 
 123 
 
 81879-81 
 
 B.R., A, Nos. 124- 
 
 
 126 
 
 81885-87 
 
 B.R., A., Nos. 127- 
 
 
 129 
 
 81997-99 
 
 B.R., A, Nos. 130- 
 
 
 132 
 
 82006-10 
 
 B.R., A, Nos. 133- 
 
 
 137 
 
 85500 
 
 B.R., I, No. 47 
 
 85975 
 
 B.R., a, No. 10 
 
 85977 
 
 B.R., 2, No. 6 
 
 85978 
 
 B.R., 2, No. 6 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 85979 
 
 ! B.R. 
 
 , 2, No. 7 
 
 85980 
 
 B.R. 
 
 , 2, No. 4 
 
 86260 
 
 B.R. 
 
 , D, No. 14 
 
 86261 
 
 1 B.R. 
 
 , D, No. 15 
 
 86284 
 
 B.R. 
 
 , B, No. 43 
 
 86900 
 
 B.R. 
 
 , 1, No. 9 
 
 86917 
 
 B.R. 
 
 5, No. 36 
 
 86918 
 
 B.R. 
 
 , H, No. 15 
 
 89904 
 
 BR. 
 
 D, No. 506 
 
 90000 
 
 ; B.R. 
 
 3, No. 20 
 
 90001 
 
 1 B.R, 
 
 3, No. 18 
 
 90003 
 
 i B.R. 
 
 , 2, No. 21 
 
 90004 
 
 1 B.R. 
 
 3, No. 23 
 
 90005 
 
 B.R, 
 
 3, No. 31 
 
 90006 
 
 B.R. 
 
 3, No 17 
 
 90007 
 
 B.R. 
 
 2, No. 16 
 
 90009 
 
 1 B.R, 
 
 2, No. 22 
 
 90011 
 
 1 B.R. 
 
 3, No. 24 
 
 90015 
 
 B.R. 
 
 2, No. 15 
 
 90016 
 
 B.R, 
 
 3, No. 19 
 
 90017 
 
 B.R. 
 
 3, No. 30 
 
 90023 
 
 B.R., 
 
 4, No. 39 
 
 90029 
 
 B.R, 
 
 8, No. 84 
 
 90031 
 
 B.R., 
 
 7, No. 68 
 
 90032 
 
 B.R., 
 
 6, No. 65 
 
 90033 
 
 B.R., 
 
 6, No. 60 
 
 90036 
 
 B.R., 
 
 4, No. 44 
 
 90037 
 
 B.R,, 
 
 4, No. 37 
 
 90039 
 
 B.R., 
 
 4, No. 45 
 
 90041 
 
 B.R., 
 
 8, No. 86 
 
 90042 
 
 B.R., 
 
 4, No. 38 
 
 90043 
 
 B.R., 
 
 4, No. 40 
 
 90045 
 
 B.R., 
 
 8, No. 80 
 
 90047 
 
 B.R., 
 
 6, No. 66 
 
 90052 
 
 B.R., 
 
 7, No. 79 
 
 90053 
 
 B.R., 
 
 6, No. 62 
 
 90054 
 
 B.R., 
 
 6, No. 64 
 
 90055 
 
 B.R., 
 
 6, No. 61 
 
 90057 
 
 B.R., 
 
 8, No. 81 
 
 90059 
 
 B.R, 
 
 6, No. 59 
 
 90060 
 
 B.R., 
 
 8, No. 85 
 
 90073 
 
 B.R., 
 
 17, No. 164 
 
 90081 
 
 B.R,, 
 
 17, No. 162 
 
 90084 
 
 B.R., 
 
 16, No. 168 
 
 90092 
 
 B.R., 
 
 18, No. 166 
 
 90093 
 
 B.R., 
 
 18, No. 165 
 
 90106 
 
 B.R., 
 
 7, No. 74 
 
 90112 
 
 B.R., 
 
 17, No. 172 
 
 90114 
 
 B.R., 
 
 17, No. 171 
 
 90120 
 
 B.R., 
 
 15, No. 159 
 
 90121 
 
 B.R,, 
 
 16, No. 167 
 
 90133 
 
 B.R., 
 
 7, No. 71 
 
 90134 1 
 
 B.R., 
 
 7, No. 70 
 
EXHIBITED TABLETS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 248 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 90135 
 
 B.R., 7, No. 69 
 
 90267 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 61 
 
 90137 
 
 B.R., 17, No. 163 
 
 90268 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 50 
 
 90144 
 
 B.R., 18, No. 188 
 
 90269 
 
 B.R., 9, No. 108 
 
 90148 
 
 B.R., 18, No. 187 
 
 90270 
 
 B.R., 9, No. 106 
 
 90150 
 
 B.R., 18, No. 185 
 
 90271 
 
 B.R., 9, No. 107 
 
 90151 
 
 B.R., 18, No. 186 
 
 90272 
 
 B.R., 16, No. 174 
 
 90152 
 
 B.R., 18, No. 184 
 
 90273 
 
 B.R., 16, No. 175 
 
 90158 
 
 B.R., 16, No. 169 
 
 90274 
 
 B.R., 16, No. 176 
 
 90163 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 47 
 
 90275 
 
 B.R., 17, No. 177 
 
 90164 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 48 
 
 90276 
 
 B.R., 4, No. 32 
 
 90165 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 46 
 
 90277 
 
 B.R., 4, No. 33 
 
 90173 
 
 B.R., 4, No. 53 
 
 90278 
 
 B.R., 4, No. 34 
 
 90178 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 54 
 
 90280 
 
 B.R., 17, No. 170 
 
 90188 
 
 B.R., 15, No. 155 
 
 90281 
 
 B.R., 15, No. 154 
 
 90195 
 
 B.R., 15, No. 156 
 
 90282 
 
 B.R., 18, No. 189 
 
 90201 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 55 
 
 90283 
 
 B.R., 18, No. 190 
 
 90203 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 52 
 
 90284 
 
 B.R., 18, No. 188 
 
 90210 
 
 B.R., 14, No. 137 
 
 90285 
 
 B.R., 14, No. 149 
 
 90213 
 
 B.R., 14, No. 134 
 
 90286 
 
 B.R., 9, No. 110 
 
 90214 
 
 B.R., 14, No. 135 
 
 90287 
 
 B.R., 7, No. 78 
 
 90215 
 
 B.R., 13, No. 132 
 
 90288 
 
 B.R., 3, No. 26 
 
 90216 
 
 B.R., 13, No. 133 
 
 90289 
 
 B.R., 3, No. 25 
 
 90217 
 
 B.R., 14, No. 139 
 
 90290 
 
 B.R., 3, No. 27 
 
 90218 
 
 B.R., 14, No. 140 
 
 90291 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 199 
 
 90219 
 
 B.R., 13, No. 138 
 
 90292 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 197 
 
 90220 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 93 
 
 90293 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 63 
 
 90222 
 
 B.R., 11, No. 121 
 
 90294 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 49 
 
 90223 
 
 B.R., 10, No. 120 
 
 90295 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 83 
 
 90224 
 
 B.R., 10, No. 122 
 
 90296 
 
 B.R., 2, No. 14 
 
 90225 
 
 B.R., 11, No. 123 
 
 90404 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 196 
 
 90226 
 
 B.R., 11, No. 124 
 
 90405 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 202 
 
 90228 
 
 B.R., 16, No 173 
 
 90503 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 200 
 
 90231 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 92 
 
 90523 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 198 
 
 90232 
 
 B.R., 13, No. 131 
 
 90528 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 203 
 
 90236 
 
 B.R., 12, No. 125 
 
 90529 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 201 
 
 90239 
 
 B.R., 13, No. 130 
 
 90810 
 
 B.R., 12, No. 114 
 
 90242 
 
 B.R., 13, No. 127 
 
 90812 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 90 
 
 90243 
 
 B.R., 13, No. 128 
 
 90814 
 
 B.R., 6, No. 58 
 
 90244 
 
 B.R., 13, No. 129 
 
 90818 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 82 
 
 90245 
 
 B.R., 12, No. 126 
 
 90820 
 
 B.R., 14, No. 136 
 
 90247 
 
 B.R., 14, No 145 
 
 90822 
 
 B.R., 16, No. 160 
 
 90248 
 
 B.R., 15, No. 146 
 
 90823 
 
 B.R., 16, No. 161 
 
 90251 
 
 B.R., 7, No. 67 
 
 90826 
 
 B.R., 3, No. 12 
 
 90252 
 
 B.R., 9, No. 109 
 
 90827 
 
 B.R., 9, No. 95 
 
 90263 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 89 
 
 90828 
 
 B.R., 3, No. 11 
 
 90254 
 
 B.R., 7, No. 75 
 
 90829 
 
 B.R., 11, No. 100 
 
 90255 
 
 B.R., 10, No. Ill 
 
 90830 
 
 B.R., 11, No. 119 
 
 90256 
 
 B.R., 10, No. 112 
 
 90831 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 29 
 
 90259 
 
 B.R., 12, No. 115 
 
 90832 
 
 B.R., 2, No. 8 
 
 90260 
 
 B.R., 11, No. 113 
 
 90833 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 94 
 
 90263 
 
 B.R., 7, No. 77 
 
 90834 
 
 B.R., 12, No. 104 
 
 90264 
 
 B.R., 7, No. 76 
 
 90835 
 
 B.R., 11, No. 102 
 
 90265 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 88 
 
 90836 
 
 B.R., 9, No. 97 
 
249 
 
 INDEX TO REGISTRATION NUMBERS OF 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 90837 
 
 B.R., 11, No. 101 
 
 90960 
 
 B.R., 29, No. 714 
 
 90839 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 105 
 
 90978 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 91 
 
 90840 
 
 B.R., 9, No. 96 
 
 90979 
 
 B.R., D, No 10 
 
 90841 
 
 B.R., 10, No. 99 
 
 90980 
 
 B.R., D, No. 6 
 
 90842 
 
 B.R., 6, No. 73 
 
 90981 
 
 B.R., D, No. 7 
 
 90843 
 
 B.R., 5, No. 56 
 
 90984 
 
 B.R., D, No. 11 
 
 90844 ... 
 
 B.R., 6, No. 57 
 
 90986 
 
 B.R., G, No. 43 
 
 90846 
 
 B.R., 4, No. 35 
 
 91000 
 
 B.R., C, No. 94 
 
 90846 
 
 B.R., 3, No. 13 
 
 91001-4 
 
 B.R., C, No. 94 
 
 90847 
 
 B.R., 18, No. 181 
 
 91005 
 
 B.R., G, No. 5 
 
 90848 
 
 B.R., 18, No. 182 
 
 91006 
 
 B.R., C, No. 103 
 
 90849 
 
 B.R., 4, No. 28 
 
 91007 
 
 B.R., C, No. 15 
 
 90850 
 
 B.R., Western End 
 
 91008 
 
 B.R., C, No. 17 
 
 90851 
 
 B.R., 17, No. 180 
 
 91013 
 
 B.R., C, No. 7 
 
 90852 
 
 B.R., 2, No. 10 
 
 91014 
 
 B.R., C, No. 56 
 
 90853 
 
 B.R., 12, No. 103 
 
 91015 
 
 B.R., C, No. 101 
 
 90854 
 
 B.R., 20, No. 206 
 
 91016 
 
 B.R., C, No. 58 
 
 90855 
 
 B.R., 20, No. 207 
 
 91017 
 
 B.R., C, No. 57 
 
 90856 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 193 
 
 91018 
 
 B.R., C, No. 8 
 
 90857 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 194 
 
 91019 
 
 B.R., C, No. 6 
 
 90858 
 
 B.R., 10, No. 98 
 
 91020 
 
 B.R., C, No. 4 
 
 90860 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 191 
 
 91021 
 
 B.R., 0, No. 92* 
 
 90861 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 195 
 
 91022 
 
 B.R., C, No. 10 
 
 90863 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 205 
 
 91026 
 
 B.R., H, No. 12 
 
 90864 
 
 B.R., 15, No. 147 
 
 91027 
 
 B.R., H, No. 10 
 
 90866 
 
 B.R., 15, No. 153 
 
 91028 
 
 B.R., H, No. 9 
 
 90867 
 
 B.R., 11, No. 116 
 
 91029 
 
 B.R., H, No. 7 
 
 90868 
 
 B.R., 12, No. 117 
 
 91030 
 
 B.R., H, No. 8 
 
 90869 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 204 
 
 91032 
 
 B.R., H, No. 6 
 
 90870 
 
 B.R., 14, No. 141 
 
 91033 
 
 B.R., D, No. 3 
 
 90871 
 
 B.R., 13, No. 142 
 
 91034 
 
 B.R., D, No. 4 
 
 90872 
 
 B.R., 14, No. 143 
 
 91035 
 
 B.R., D, No. 5 
 
 90874 
 
 B.R., C, No. 21 
 
 91036 
 
 B.R., 8, No. 87 
 
 90897 
 
 B.R., C, No. 12 
 
 91037-56 
 
 B.R.,0, Nos. 22-40 
 
 90898 
 
 B.R., C, No. 70 
 
 91056 
 
 B.R., C, No. 20 
 
 90899 
 
 B.R., C, No. 71 
 
 91057 
 
 B.R., C, No. 19 
 
 90902 
 
 B.R., C, No. 3 
 
 91058 
 
 B.R., C, No. 18 
 
 90903 
 
 B.R., C, No. 54 
 
 91059 
 
 B.R., D, No. 2 
 
 90908 
 
 B.R., G, No. 17 
 
 91060 
 
 B.R., C, No. 16 
 
 90913 
 
 B.R., G, No. 52 
 
 91061-66 
 
 B.R., C, Nos. 42-47 
 
 90916 
 
 B.R., 11, No. 118 
 
 91067 
 
 B.R., C, No. 41 
 
 90920 
 
 B.R., G, No. 67 
 
 91068 
 
 B.R., 1, No. 2 
 
 90922 
 
 B.R., C, No. 99 
 
 91069 
 
 B.R., C, No. 80 
 
 90929 
 
 R.R., C, No. 59 
 
 91070 
 
 B.R., C, No. 81 
 
 90932 
 
 B.R., 2, No. 4* 
 
 91071 
 
 B.R., C, No. 84 
 
 90935 
 
 B.R., H No. 14 
 
 91072 
 
 B.R., C, No. 89 
 
 90936 
 
 B.R., C, No. 100 
 
 91073 
 
 B.R., C, No. 85 
 
 90937 
 
 B.R., C, No. 97 
 
 91074 
 
 B.R., C, No. 14 
 
 90938 
 
 B.R., C, No. 96 
 
 91075 
 
 B.R., C, No. 11 
 
 90939 
 
 B.R., C, No. 78 
 
 91076 
 
 B.R., C, No. 79 
 
 90951 
 
 B.R., C, No. 62 
 
 91077 
 
 B.R., C, No. 86 
 
 90956 
 
 B.R., 29, No. 700 
 
 91078 
 
 B.R., C, No. 87 
 
 90967 
 
 B.R., 29, No. 706 
 
 91079 
 
 B.R., C, No. 82 
 
EXHIBITED TABLETS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 250 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 91080 
 
 . B.E. 
 
 C, No. 88 
 
 91133 
 
 B.R., 
 
 G, No. 33 
 
 91081 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 C, No. 61 
 
 91134 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 39 
 
 91082 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 C, No. 74 
 
 91135 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 32 
 
 91083 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 C, No. 91 
 
 91136 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 40 
 
 91084 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 C, No. 92 
 
 91137 
 
 B.R. 
 
 g, No. 9 
 
 91085 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 C, No. 69 
 
 91138 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 49 
 
 91086 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 H, No. 17 
 
 91140 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 62 
 
 91087 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 63 
 
 91141 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 46 
 
 91088 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 59 
 
 91142 
 
 B.R. 
 
 Or, No. 7 
 
 91089 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 2 
 
 91143 
 
 B.R. 
 
 g, No. 61 
 
 91090 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 g, No. 1 
 
 91144 
 
 B.R. 
 
 C, No. 64 
 
 91091 .. 
 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 19 
 
 91145 
 
 B.R. 
 
 C, No. 75 
 
 91092 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 Q-, No. 45 
 
 91146 
 
 B.R. 
 
 C, No. 6 
 
 91093 .. 
 
 
 B.R. 
 
 G, No. 48 
 
 91149 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 63 
 
 91094 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 47 
 
 91150 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 60 
 
 91095 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 27 
 
 91151 
 
 B.R., 
 
 0, No. 60* 
 
 91096 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 a, No. 44 
 
 91152 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 72 
 
 91097 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 g, No. 51 
 
 91153 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 73 
 
 91098 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 26 
 
 91154 
 
 B.R., 
 
 C, No. 83 
 
 91099 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 11 
 
 91220-35 
 
 B.R., 
 
 27, Nos. 303- 
 
 91100 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 18 
 
 
 318 
 
 91101 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 a, No. 15 
 
 
 [L 
 
 Ion-weights] 
 
 91102 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 a, No. 21 
 
 91236 
 
 B.R., 
 
 20, No. 216 
 
 91103 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 g, No. 14 
 
 91249 
 
 B.R., 
 
 26, No. 327 
 
 91104 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 a, No. 3 
 
 91432-18 
 
 B.R., 
 
 27, Nos. 594- 
 
 91105 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 a, No. 4 
 
 
 610 
 
 91106 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 24 
 
 
 [Duck-weights] 
 
 91107 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 H, No. 16 
 
 91452 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, No. 717 
 
 91108 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 g, No. 50 
 
 91453 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, No. 699 
 
 91109 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 65 
 
 91454-6 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, Nos. 701- 
 
 91110 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 60 
 
 
 703 
 
 91111 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 28 
 
 91458 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, No. 712 
 
 91112 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 H, No. 23 
 
 91459 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, No. 704 
 
 91113 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 23 
 
 91460 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, No. 705 
 
 91114 .. 
 
 
 J B.R. 
 
 G, No. 6 
 
 91529 
 
 B.R., 
 
 H, No. 220 
 
 91115 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 H, No. 13 
 
 91682 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, No. 716 
 
 91116 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 13 
 
 91583 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, No. 716 
 
 91117 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 66 
 
 91584 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, No. 708 
 
 91118 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 a, No. 31 
 
 91588 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, No. 719 
 
 91119 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 22 
 
 91589 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, No. 710 
 
 91120 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 34 
 
 91590 
 
 B.R., 
 
 29, No. 711 
 
 91121 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 30 
 
 91748 
 
 B.R., 
 
 37, No. 916 
 
 91122 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 12 
 
 91774 
 
 B.R., 
 
 33, No. 1642 
 
 91123 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 38 
 
 91899 
 
 B.R., 
 
 40, No. 1074 
 
 91124 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 Q-, No. 64 
 
 91914 
 
 B.R., 
 
 41, No. 1662 
 
 91125 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 53 
 
 91923 
 
 B.R., 
 
 40, No. 1559 
 
 91126 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 54 
 
 92501 
 
 B.R., 
 
 A, No. 2 
 
 91127 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 56 
 
 92502 
 
 B.R., 
 
 E, No. 120 
 
 91128 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 55 
 
 92503 
 
 B.R., 
 
 E, No. 141 
 
 91129 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 g, No. 16 
 
 92504 
 
 B.R., 
 
 E, No. 138 
 
 91130 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 D, No. 1 
 
 92505 
 
 B.R. 
 
 E, No. 139 
 
 91131 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G, No. 8 
 
 92506 
 
 B.R. 
 
 E, No. 26 
 
 91132 .. 
 
 
 . B.R. 
 
 G>, No. 36 
 
 92507 
 
 B.R. 
 
 E, No. 21 
 
251 
 
 INDEX TO KEGISTKATION NUMBERS OF 
 
 Keg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Eeg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 92508 
 
 B,E., 
 
 E, No. 140 
 
 92561 
 
 B.E., E, 
 
 No. 85 
 
 92509 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 28 
 
 92562 .. 
 
 
 B.E., E, 
 
 No. 71 
 
 92510 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 22 
 
 92563 .. 
 
 
 B.E., E, 
 
 No. 3 
 
 92511 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 58 
 
 92564 .. 
 
 
 B.E., E, 
 
 No. 109 
 
 92512 
 
 B.K., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 55 
 
 92565 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 70 
 
 92513 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 29 
 
 92566 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 8 
 
 92514 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 63 
 
 92567 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 114 
 
 92515 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 136 
 
 92568 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 118 
 
 92516 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 31 
 
 92569 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 119 
 
 92517 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 59 
 
 92570 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. Ill 
 
 92518 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 137 
 
 92571 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 117, 
 
 92519 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 97 
 
 92572 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 112 
 
 92520 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 60 
 
 92573 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 108 
 
 92521 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 56 
 
 92574 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 68 
 
 92522 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 61 
 
 92575 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 42 
 
 92523 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 12 
 
 92576 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 90 
 
 92524 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 50 
 
 92577 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 74 
 
 92525 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 100 
 
 92578 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 88 
 
 92526 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 14 
 
 92579 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 91 
 
 92527 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E, 
 
 No. 13 
 
 92580 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 51 
 
 92528 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E, 
 
 No. 9 
 
 92581 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 37 
 
 92529 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 103 
 
 92582 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 35 
 
 92530 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 98 
 
 92583 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 45 
 
 92531 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 51 
 
 92584 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 4 
 
 92532 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 92 
 
 92585 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 46 
 
 92533 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 11 
 
 92586 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 7 
 
 92534 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 48 
 
 92587 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 106 
 
 92535 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 20 
 
 92588 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 5 
 
 92536 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 10 
 
 92589 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 84 
 
 92537 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 36 
 
 92590 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 59 
 
 92538 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 87 
 
 92591 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 77 
 
 92539 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 88 
 
 92592 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 58 
 
 92540 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 15 
 
 92593 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 6 
 
 92541 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 93 
 
 92594 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 94 
 
 92542 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 44 
 
 92595 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 49 
 
 92543 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 72 
 
 92596 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 42 
 
 92544 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 35 
 
 92597 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 52 
 
 92545 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 45 
 
 92598 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 101 
 
 92546 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 73 
 
 92599 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 40 
 
 92547 
 
 B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 94 
 
 92600 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 7 
 
 92548 
 
 . B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 47 
 
 92601 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 53 
 
 92549 
 
 . B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 76 
 
 92602 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., A, 
 
 No. 52 
 
 92550 
 
 . B.E., 
 
 E 
 
 No. 46 
 
 92603 .. 
 
 
 .! B.E., E, 
 
 No. 32 
 
 92551 
 
 . B.E. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 6 
 
 92604 .. 
 
 
 .! B.E., E, 
 
 No. 33 
 
 92552 
 
 . B.E. 
 
 E 
 
 No. 16 
 
 92605 .. 
 
 
 .! B.E., E, 
 
 No. 74 
 
 92553 
 
 . B.E. 
 
 E 
 
 , No. 17 
 
 92606 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 75 
 
 92554 
 
 . B.E. 
 
 E 
 
 , No. 4 
 
 92607 .. 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 89 
 
 92555 
 
 . B.E. 
 
 E 
 
 , No. 102 
 
 92608 .. 
 
 
 J B.E., E, 
 
 No. 127 
 
 92556 ... 
 
 . B.E. 
 
 E 
 
 , No. 86 
 
 92609 . 
 
 
 .1 B.E., E, 
 
 No. 25 
 
 92557 
 
 . B.E. 
 
 E 
 
 , No. 39 
 
 92610 . 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 23 
 
 92558 
 
 . B.E. 
 
 E 
 
 , No. 34 
 
 92611 . 
 
 
 . B.E., C, 
 
 No. 104 
 
 92559 
 
 . B.E. 
 
 E 
 
 , No. 2 
 
 92612 . 
 
 
 . B.E., E, 
 
 No. 67 
 
 92660 
 
 . B.E. 
 
 E 
 
 , No. 41 
 
 82613 . 
 
 
 .1 B.E., E, 
 
 No. 77 
 
EXHIBITED TABLETS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 252 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 92614 
 
 B.R., B, No. 64 
 
 92670 
 
 B.R., E, No. 142 
 
 92615 
 
 B.R., E, No. 19 
 
 92671 
 
 B.R., E, No. 144 
 
 92616 
 
 B.R., E, No. 62 
 
 92672 
 
 B.R., E, No. 24 
 
 92617 
 
 B.R., E, No. 54 
 
 92673 
 
 B.R., E, No. 78 
 
 92618 
 
 B.R., E, No. 65 
 
 92674 
 
 B.R., E, No. 80 
 
 92619 
 
 B.R., E, No. 79 
 
 92675 
 
 B.R., E, No. 84 
 
 92620 
 
 B.R., E, No. 99 
 
 92676 
 
 B.R., E, No. 81 
 
 92621 
 
 B.R., E, No. 18 
 
 92677 
 
 B.R., B, No. 55 
 
 92622 
 
 B.R., E, No. 82 
 
 92678 
 
 B.R., B, No. 80 
 
 92623 
 
 B.R., E, No. 43 
 
 92679 
 
 B.R., B, No. 103 
 
 92624 
 
 B.R., E, No. 83 
 
 92680 
 
 B.R., I, No. 16 
 
 92625 
 
 B.R., E, No. 38 
 
 92682 
 
 B.R., I, No. 29 
 
 92626 
 
 B.R., B, No. 79 
 
 92683 
 
 B.R., E, No. 134 
 
 92627 
 
 B.R., E, No. 90 
 
 92684 
 
 B.R., I, No. 11 
 
 92628 
 
 B.R., E, No. 49 
 
 92685 
 
 B.R., I, No. 10 
 
 92629 
 
 N.G., A, No. 15 
 
 92686 
 
 B.R., I, No. 4 
 
 92630 
 
 B.R., E, No. 37 
 
 92687 
 
 B.R., E, No. J49 
 
 92631 
 
 B.R., E, No. 1 
 
 92688 
 
 B.R., I, No. 27 
 
 92633 
 
 B.R., E, No. 116 
 
 92690 
 
 B.R., I, No. 5 
 
 92634 
 
 B.R., E, No. 110 
 
 92691 
 
 B.R., E, No. 128 
 
 92635 
 
 B.R., E, No. 115 
 
 92692 
 
 B.R., E, No. 130 
 
 92636 
 
 B.R., A, No. 54 
 
 92693 
 
 B.R., E, No. 129 
 
 92637 
 
 B.R., A, No. 75 
 
 92694 
 
 B.R., I, No. 6 
 
 92638 
 
 B.R., A, No. 15 
 
 92695 
 
 B.R., E, No. 131 
 
 92639 
 
 B.R., E, No. 57 
 
 92696 
 
 B.R., E, No. J32 
 
 92640 
 
 B.R., A, No. 89 
 
 92697 
 
 B.R., E, No. 133 
 
 92641 
 
 B.R., E, No. 96 
 
 92698 
 
 B.R., I, No. 17 
 
 92642 
 
 B.R., E, No. 95 
 
 92700 
 
 B.R., E, No. 135 
 
 92643 
 
 B.R., E, No. 91 
 
 92701 
 
 B.R., E, No. 121 
 
 92644 
 
 B.R., A, No. 70 
 
 92702 
 
 B.R., E, No. 123 
 
 92645 
 
 B.R., E, No. 105 
 
 92703 
 
 B.R., I, No. 15 
 
 92646 
 
 B.R., A, No. 60 
 
 92704 
 
 B.R., I, No. 9 
 
 92647 
 
 B.R., E, No. 104 
 
 92705 
 
 B.R., I, No. 8 
 
 92648 
 
 B.R., E, No. 107 
 
 92706 
 
 B.R., a, No. 72 
 
 92649 
 
 B.R., A, No. 62 
 
 92707 
 
 B.R., G, No. 116 
 
 92650 
 
 B.R., A, No. 36 
 
 92708 
 
 B.R., I, No. 3 
 
 92651 
 
 B.R., A, No. 56 
 
 92709 
 
 B.R., I, No. 12 
 
 92652 
 
 B.R., B, No. 105 
 
 92710 
 
 B.R., G, No. 89 
 
 92653 
 
 B.R., A, No. 69 
 
 92711 
 
 B.R., G, No. 91 
 
 92654 
 
 B.R., A, No. 79 
 
 92712 
 
 B.R., a, No. 69 
 
 92655 
 
 B.R., A, No. 71 
 
 92713 
 
 B.R., a, No. 135 
 
 92656 
 
 B.R., A, No. 55 
 
 92714 
 
 B.R., G, No. 335 
 
 92657 
 
 B.R., A, No. 8 
 
 92715 
 
 B.R., G, No. 333 
 
 92658 
 
 B.R., A, No. 9 
 
 92716 
 
 B.R., a, No. 334 
 
 92659 
 
 B.R., A, No. 53 
 
 92717 
 
 B.R., O, No. 330 
 
 92660 
 
 B.R., A, No. 83 
 
 92718 
 
 B.R., a, No. 77 
 
 92661 
 
 B.R., E, No. 69 
 
 92719 
 
 B.R., a, No. 208 
 
 92662 
 
 B.R., A, No. 87 
 
 92720 
 
 BR,, a, No. 76 
 
 92663 
 
 B.R., A, No. 85 
 
 92721 
 
 B.R., Q, No. 172 
 
 92664 
 
 B.R., A, No. 50 
 
 92722 
 
 B.R., Q, No. 324 
 
 92667 
 
 B.R., A, No. 57 
 
 92723 ! 
 
 B.R., O, No. 194 
 
 92668 
 
 B.R., E, No. 148 
 
 92724 
 
 B.R., a, No. 186 
 
 92669 
 
 B.R., E, No. 143 
 
 92725 1 
 
 B.R., a, No. 228 
 
253 
 
 INDEX TO REGISTRATION NUMBERS OF 
 
 Eeg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 92726 
 
 B.E., a, No. 223 
 
 92779 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 121 
 
 92727 
 
 B.E., Or, No. 123 
 
 92780 
 
 B.R., O, No. 202 
 
 92728 
 
 B.R., G, No. 80 
 
 92781 
 
 B.R., G, No. 133 
 
 92729 
 
 B.R., G, No. 308 
 
 92782 
 
 B.R., G, No. 179 
 
 92730 
 
 B.R., G, No. 217 
 
 92783 
 
 B.R., G, No. 198 
 
 92731 
 
 B.R., G, No. 281 
 
 92784 
 
 B.R., Q-, No. 139 
 
 92732 
 
 B.R., G, No. 195 
 
 92785 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 266 
 
 92733 
 
 B.R., G, No. 325 
 
 92786 
 
 B.R., Gr, No. 84 
 
 92734 
 
 B.R., G, No. 312 
 
 92787 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 261 
 
 92735 
 
 B.R., G, No. 153 
 
 92788 
 
 B.R., G, No. 92 
 
 92736 
 
 B.R., G, No. 222 
 
 92789 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 103 
 
 92737 
 
 B.R., G, No. 230 
 
 92790 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 141 
 
 92738 
 
 B.R., G, No. 280 
 
 92791 
 
 B.R., G, No. 163 
 
 92739 
 
 B.R., G, No. 221 
 
 92792 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 215 
 
 92740 
 
 B.R., G, No. 247 
 
 92793 
 
 B.R., O, No. 224 
 
 92741 
 
 B.R., G, No. 206 
 
 92794 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 231 
 
 92742 
 
 B.R., G, No. 85 
 
 92795 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 289 
 
 92743 
 
 B.R., G, No. 260 
 
 92796 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 310 
 
 92744 
 
 B.R., G, No. 235 
 
 92797 
 
 B.R., G, No. 326 
 
 92745 
 
 B.R., G, No. 120 
 
 92798 
 
 B.R., O, No. 328 
 
 92746 
 
 B.R., G, No. 168 
 
 92799 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 329 
 
 92747 
 
 B.R., G, No. 173 
 
 92983 
 
 B.R., 19, No. 192 
 
 92748 
 
 B.R., G, No. 332 
 
 92985 
 
 B.R., D, No. 9 
 
 92749 
 
 B.R., G, No. 147 
 
 92986 
 
 B.R., D, No. 8 
 
 92750 
 
 B.R., G, No. 207 
 
 92987 
 
 B.R., C, No. 95 
 
 92751 
 
 B.R., G, No. 243 
 
 92991 
 
 B.R., Q, No. 300 
 
 92752 ... 
 
 B.R., G, No. 244 
 
 92992 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 117 
 
 92753 
 
 B.R., G, No. 212 
 
 92993 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 119 
 
 92754 ... 
 
 B.R., G, No. 126 
 
 92994 
 
 B.R., a, No. 142 
 
 92755 
 
 B.R., G, No. 253 
 
 92995 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 317 
 
 92756 
 
 B.R., G, No. 304 
 
 92996 
 
 B.R., G, No. 79 
 
 92757 
 
 B.R., G, No. 285 
 
 92997 
 
 B.R., G, No. 75 
 
 92758 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 144 
 
 92998 
 
 B.R., Q-, No. 255 
 
 92759 ... 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 210 
 
 92999 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 71 
 
 92760 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 258 
 
 93000 
 
 B.R., G, No. 78 
 
 92761 
 
 B.R., G, No. 248 
 
 93001 
 
 B.R., Q-, No. 73 
 
 92762 
 
 B.R., G, No. 137 
 
 93002 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 338 
 
 82763 
 
 B.R., a, No. 211 
 
 93003 
 
 B.R., O, No. 339 
 
 92764 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 140 
 
 93004 
 
 B.R., G, No. 341 
 
 92765 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 134 
 
 93005 
 
 B.R., E, No. 152 
 
 92766 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 288 
 
 93006 
 
 B.R., G, No. 74 
 
 92767 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 220 
 
 93007-11 
 
 B.R., H, Nos. 18- 
 
 92768 
 
 B.R., G, No. 263 
 
 
 22 
 
 92769 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 175 
 
 93012 
 
 B.R., D, No. 22 
 
 92770 
 
 B.R., G, No. 227 
 
 93013 
 
 B.R., D, No. 23 
 
 92771 
 
 B.R., G, No. 213 
 
 93014 
 
 N.G., A, No. 18 
 
 92772 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 237 
 
 93015 
 
 N.G., A, No. 4 
 
 92773 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 245 
 
 93016 
 
 N.Gk, A, No. 13 
 
 92774 
 
 B.R., G, No. 296 
 
 93017 
 
 N.G., A, No. 7 
 
 92775 
 
 B.R., G, No. 256 
 
 93018 
 
 B.R., B, No. 106 
 
 92776 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 199 
 
 93019 
 
 B.R., 15, No. 157 
 
 92777 
 
 B.R., Or, No. 249 
 
 93020 
 
 B.R., 15, No. 158 
 
 92778 ... 
 
 B,R., G, No. 242 
 
 93021 
 
 B.R., 41, No. 1507 
 
EXHIBITED TABLETS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 254 
 
 Eeg. No. 
 
 Case No. 
 
 Reg. No. 
 
 
 Case No. 
 
 1 
 93022 1 B.R. 
 
 41, No. 1511 
 
 98493 
 
 B.R. 
 
 Western End 
 
 93023 
 
 
 
 B.R, 
 
 41, No. 1510 
 
 98494 
 
 B.R. 
 
 D, No. 2* 
 
 93076 
 
 
 
 B.R. 
 
 17, No. 178* 
 
 99438 
 
 B.R. 
 
 9, No. 94* 
 
 93077 
 
 
 .. 
 
 B.R. 
 
 H, No. 222 
 
 100672 
 
 B.R. 
 
 16, No. 152* 
 
 93087 
 
 
 
 B.R. 
 
 F, No. 86 
 
 102586 
 
 B.R. 
 
 C, No. 104* 
 
 93088 
 
 
 
 B.R. 
 
 29, No. 648* 
 
 102599 
 
 B.R. 
 
 C, No. 58* 
 
 95477 
 
 
 ..! B.R. 
 
 2, No. 3* 
 
 102611 
 
 B.R. 
 
 D, No. 23* 
 
 96152 
 
 
 .. B.R. 
 
 E, No. 155 
 
 102613 
 
 B.R. 
 
 C, No. 20* 
 
 96945 
 
 
 ..! B.R. 
 
 4, No. 29* 
 
 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abbatum, 207. 
 
 Abd-Ashirta, 184 ff., 188, 192; letters 
 
 from, 186. 
 Abd-Asbtarti, 186; see also Abd- 
 Asbirta. 
 Abd-Tirshi, letters from, 188. 
 Aberdeen, Earl of, 221. 
 Abeshu', 4, 172, 231 ; letters from, 139, 
 
 141 ; tablets of tbe reign of, 163. 
 Abi-khibum, 124. 
 Abi-milki, of Tyre, 180 ; letters from, 
 
 186. 
 Abi-sbebum, 130. 
 Abia-ittia, letter from, 68. 
 Abitu, 188. 
 Abraham, a Jew, 37. 
 Abu Habbab, 2, 18 ; bowl from, 32 ; 
 
 see also Sippar. 
 Abuwam, 166. 
 Accad, 2. 
 Accounts, tablets of, 150 ff., 199, 201 ff., 
 
 207 ff . ; settlements of, 200 f . 
 Acrostic, hymn in the form of an, 74. 
 Ada, 35. 
 
 Adad, reading of the name of, 12. 
 Adadi-nirari, 12. 
 Adar, 13 ff., 21, 24, 27, 31 ; see also 
 
 Ninib. 
 Adda, 160. 
 
 Addu-diiian, letter from, 191. 
 Aden, 37. 
 Adi'-ilu, 200. 
 Adini, 35. 
 
 Adoption, 127, 166, 169. 
 Aduri, 190. 
 
 Aegina, coins from, 223. 
 Affidavit, 127. 
 
 Agade, 3f., 45, 142, 175, 195, 201, 230. 
 Agate, 157, 162, 223 f . 
 Agathias, 176. 
 Agsbaia, 165. 
 Agum, 58, 231. 
 Ahab, 30. 
 Ahaz, 7, 59. 
 Ahuramazda, 158. 
 Ai, 123, 160, 208, 210 ff., 228. 
 Ai-bAlitni, 163. 
 
 Ai-tallik, 123. 
 
 Ai-zibat-matim, 129. 
 
 Aiatia, wife of Sin-nasir, 130. 
 
 Aitugama, 187. 
 
 Akabi-ilu, suit against, 207. 
 
 Akhaemenes, 104. 
 
 Akhaemenian kings, inscriptions of, 
 
 103 ff. 
 Akham-silim, 171. 
 Akbatani, 124, 171. 
 Akhatim, 141. 
 Akhatum, 165, 168. 
 Akhazu, a fiend, 71. 
 Akhi-kilim, 124. 
 Akbimiti, of Ashdod, 54. 
 Akhuni, 36. 
 Akia, 189. 
 
 Akizzi, of Katna, letters from, 187. 
 Akkad, 4, 29, 88 f., 94 f., 156. 
 Akkadians, 2 f . 
 Akki, the Irrigator, 45. 
 Akkia, 200. 
 Akko, 10, 186. 
 Akkullanu, letters from, 64, 69 ; reports 
 
 from, 60. 
 Akurgal, 3, 87, 229. 
 Alabaster, vessels, vases, and figures of, 
 
 109 f ., 142, 144 ; inscribed slabs of, 
 
 155. 
 Alashia, letters from the king of, 183. 
 Aleppo, 187. 
 
 Alexander the Great, 11, 86. 
 Alexander IV., tablet of tbe reign of, 
 
 217. 
 Allatu, 44. 
 
 Alliterative hymns, 74. 
 Altaku, 8, 219. 
 Altar, from temple of Ninib, 21 ; 
 
 dedicated to Bel, 27. 
 Alu, the bull, 46. 
 Amanappa, 184 f ., 192. 
 Amasis I., 178. 
 Amasis II., 11. 
 Amat-Beltim, 128. 
 Amat-Mamu, 169. 
 Amat-Nana, 214. 
 Amat-Shamasb, 123, 130, 163, 166 f. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 256 
 
 imbi, 185. 
 
 Amel-Enlil, 95. 
 
 Amel-Marduk, tablets of the reign of, 
 
 204 ; see also Evil-Merodach. 
 AmeM-Mirra, 163, 170. 
 Amel-Nannar, 124. 
 AmM-Ninshakh, 165, 168. 
 Amelu-tummumu, 136. 
 Amen, i78. 
 Amenophis II., 178. 
 Amenophis III., 5 ; letter from, 182 ; 
 
 letters to, 177 ff., 183 f., 187. 
 Amenophis IV., 5 ; letters to, 177, 
 
 181 ff., 191. 
 Amethyst, 157. 
 Amki, 188. 
 Ammastoreth, 36. 
 Ammia, 184, 188. 
 Ammi-ditana, 4, 172, 231 ; letters from, 
 
 139; tablets of the reign of, 163, 
 
 165, 168 ff. 
 Ammi-zaduga, 4f., 172 f., 231; letters 
 
 from, 137 ; tablets of the reign of, 
 
 163 ff. 
 Ammunira, 184 ; letters from, 185. 
 Amulets, 81, 84, 150, 162 ; against 
 
 plague, 83. 
 Amurru, 184, 186. 
 Amushi, 68. 
 
 Ana-Sin-emid, 124 f., 127, 129, 131. 
 Anatu, 72. 
 Ani-ellati, 138. 
 Animals, lists of, 56. 
 Anshan, 152, 154, 196. 
 Anshar, 42. 
 Antiochus I. (Soter I.), 192; cylinder 
 
 of, 197. 
 Antiochus III., tablet of the reign of, 217. 
 Anu, 12, 42, 46, 65, 70 ff., 82, 91 ff., 143, 
 
 155 ; prayer to, 73. 
 Anu-mutabil, inscription of, 147. 
 Anunitum, 90, 141, 196, 208, 210. 
 Anunnaki, 71 ; see also Spirits. 
 Anzan, 196. 
 
 Apes, 23, 29, PI. IT. ; on seals, 224. 
 Aphrodite, 12, 109. 
 Apil-ili, 123 ff, 136, 165. 
 Apil-ilishu, 166, 168, 171. 
 Apil-Ishtar, letter from, 69. 
 Apil-Nabium, 141. 
 Apil-Ramman, 125, 165. 
 Apil-Shamash, 138. 
 Apil-Sin, 171, 231 ; tablets of the reign 
 
 of, 122 f., 127 f., 130, 164, 167 ff. 
 Apia, letter from, 68; reports from, 
 
 200; 211. 
 Aplum, 124. 
 Appan-ili, 123. 
 
 Apprenticeship, 210, 212. 
 
 Apsu, 42. 
 
 Arabia, 60, 220, 222. 
 
 Arabs, 9 ff., 34. 
 
 Arad-Ashur, 62. 
 
 Arad-B61, 127 ; 200. 
 
 Arad-Ea, the sailor, 46 ; on cylinder- 
 seal, 159. 
 
 Arad-Ea, letter from, 65. 
 
 Arad-Gula, 66. 
 
 Arad-ilishu, 166. 
 
 Arad-Ishkhara, 127. 
 
 Arad-Ishtar, 62 ; 168. 
 
 Arad-Marduk, 167 f. 
 
 Arad-Nabu, letters from, 65, 70. 
 
 Arad-Nana, letters from, 67 f. 
 
 Arad-Shamash, 127, 164, 167, 171. 
 
 Arad-Sin. king of Larsa, 4, 231 ; bricks 
 of, 90 ; inscriptions of, 146 ; bronze 
 figure of, 146. 
 
 Arad-Sin, 167, 171 ; hire of, 170. 
 
 Arad-TJlmashshitum, 163, 168. 
 
 Aradsu, 150. 
 
 Aradus, 180. 
 
 Arakha, 105. 
 
 Arame, king of Ararat, 35. 
 
 Aramean, 62 f., 207, 214 ff. 
 
 Arantu, 178. 
 
 Ararat, 35 f. 
 
 Araru, 190. 
 
 Arba'il-sharrat, 62. 
 
 Arbela, 2, 39, 61. 
 
 Architectural ornaments, 118. 
 
 Ardashir I., 86, 224. 
 
 Ardata, 188. 
 
 Ardia, 165; 211. 
 
 Ariaramnes, 104. 
 
 Arik-den-ilu, 18, 91, 233 ; inscription of, 
 154. 
 
 Ark, 159. 
 
 Armenia, 36, 39, 106, 224. 
 
 Armushiyyeh, 16. 
 
 Arne, 35. 
 
 Arrow-heads, 25 ; mould for, 223. 
 
 Arsacid Era, tablets of the, 218, 225 ff. 
 
 Arsames, 104. 
 
 Artashumara, 178. 
 
 Artatama, 178. 
 
 Artaxerxes I., 234 ; tablets of reign of, 
 172, 217. 
 
 Artaxerxes II. (Mnemon), inscription of, 
 105. 
 
 Artaxerxes III. (Ochus), casts of inscrip- 
 tions of, 106. 
 
 Artaxerxes, founder of the Sassanian 
 Dynasty ; see Ardashir. 
 
 Aruru, 45. 
 
 Arvad, 186. 
 
257 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Arzawia, of Rukhizi, 187 f. 
 
 Ashakku, 83. 
 
 Asharidu, reports from, 60 ; letter from, 
 68. 
 
 Ashdod, 54, 219. 
 
 Ashkudum, 166. 
 
 Ashtamaku, 36. 
 
 Ashtarti, city, 188. 
 
 Ashtoreth, 36 f. 
 
 Ashur, city, 2, 6, 18, 29, 90 f., 96, 
 155. 
 
 Ashur, god, 41, 64, 73, 90 ff., 156; 
 representation of, 22, PL X. ; emblem 
 of, 31, 158. 
 
 Ashur-bani, letter from, 64. 
 
 Ashur-bani-pal, 9f., 12, 17, 57, 59, 64, 
 75 f., 84, 98 f., 222,228, 234; figures 
 of, 98, Pll. XVI., XXV. ; with his 
 queen, 34 ; sculptures of, 32 f., 38 f. ; 
 cylinders of, 221 f . ; library of, 14, 
 40 ff., 228 ; inscriptions of, 60, 75, 98 ; 
 brick of, 98 ; letter from, 68 ; prayers 
 of, 73, 75 ; tablets of the reign of, 
 197 f. ; alabaster jar of, 110. 
 
 Ashur-bel-kala, 233 ; inscription of, 31. 
 
 Ashur-bM-nisheshu, 57, 233. 
 
 Ashur-dan I., 155, 233. 
 
 Ashur-dan II., 96, 233. 
 
 Ashur-dan III., 234. 
 
 Ashur-danin-apli, 30. 
 
 Ashur-etil-ilani, 234 ; bricks of, 99. 
 
 Ashur-gimil-tirri, 63. 
 
 Ashur-nadin-shum, 218, 232. 
 
 Ashur-nasir-pal, 6, 12, 14 f., 34, 111, 
 233; monuments of, 20 ff., 34 ff. ; 
 stelae of, 21, 28 ; statue of, 27, 
 PI. XIII.; figures of, Pll. VI., X.; 
 bowls of, 59 ; bricks of, 96 ; inscrip- 
 tions of, 97, 155. 
 
 Ashur-nasir-pal, son of Shamshi- 
 Ramman, prayer of, 75. 
 
 Ashur-nirari, 234. 
 
 Ashur-r&sh-ishi, 233 ; inscribed bowls 
 of, 58 f . 
 
 Ashur-risua, text of, 26; letters from, 
 64 f ., 7*0. 
 
 Ashur-sharrani, report from, 60. 
 
 Ashur-uballit, 48, 233. 
 
 Ashuritu, 73. 
 
 Asir-Ramman, 171. 
 
 Askelon, 8, 189. 
 
 Asses, inventories of, 152 ff. 
 
 Asshur, 14, 16. 
 
 Assyria, history of, 1, 5 ff. ; " Annals of 
 the Kings of," 5. 
 
 Assyrian language, 13. 
 
 Assyrian Saloon, 32 ff . 
 
 Assyrian Transept, 20 f . 
 
 Assyrians, characteristics of, 11 ; in 
 
 letter of Burraburiash, 181. 
 Astarte, 37. 
 Astarte-shem-Baal, 37. 
 Astrolabes, 81. 
 Astrologers, 60 f . 
 
 Astrological forecasts, 77, 80 f., 225 f. 
 Astrological reports, 60 f ., 85. 
 Astronomers, 61. 
 Astronomical emblems, 92 ff. 
 Astronomical reports, 60 f . 
 Astronomical tablets, 226 f . 
 Astronomy, treatises on, 227; Babylonian 
 
 knowledge of, 12. 
 Astyages, 171, 196. 
 'Atai, 65. 
 Atar-ilu, 220. 
 Athens, coins from, 223. 
 Atkal-ana-Marduk, 210. 
 Atnai, 150. 
 Atrina, 105. 
 
 Attarkitakh, brick of, 102. 
 Axe-heads, 25 f. 223. 
 Aziru, 184, 185, 187 f.; letter from, 
 
 186 f. 
 Azkuttu, 31. 
 Azuri, king of Ashdod, 54. 
 
 Baal, of Sidon, 37. 
 
 Babbar, 88 ; see also Sun-god. 
 
 Babel, 2 ; Tower of, 18, 44, 194. 
 
 Babia, 201. 
 
 Babil, 18 f., PI. VII. 
 
 Baby, sale of a, 200. 
 
 Babylon, 2, 5, 9, 11, 18, 42 f., 55, 58, 64, 
 82, 90 f., 93 ff., 98 ff., 106,109, 131 ff., 
 171, 174, 192 ff., 197 ff., 218 ff., 226, 
 
 228 ; map of, 19. 
 
 Babylonia, history of, 1 ff. ; kings of, 
 
 229 ff. 
 
 Babylonians, characteristics of, 11. 
 
 Bad-mada, 151, 153 f. 
 
 Baghdad, 2, 16, 18. 
 
 Baiawi, letter from, 189. 
 
 Bakers, 140, 207. 
 
 Balada, 40. 
 
 Balasl, reports from, 60 ; letters from, 
 
 65 f ., 68, 70. 
 Balatsu, letter from, 228. 
 Balatu, 201. 
 
 Balawat, 155 ; see also Tell Balawat. 
 Batnai, report from, 60. 
 Bangles, 222. 
 Bani, letter from, 68. 
 Bani-zeri, 210. 
 Bans, 71 f . ; kinds of, 72. 
 Barges, crews for, 136. 
 Barley, loans of, 62 f. ; sale of, 63. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 258 
 
 Barter, deeds of, 169, 198, 216 ; see also 
 Exchange. 
 
 Barzia, tablets of the reign of, 215 ; 
 see also Smerdis. 
 
 Bas-relief, clay model of, 222 ; see also 
 Reliefs. 
 
 Bashan, 32. 
 
 Bash turn, 164. 
 
 Baskets, 111, 119. 
 
 Basra, 2. 
 
 Bau, prayer to, 73. 
 
 Bau-gamillat, 69. 
 
 Bau-ninan, inscription of, 143. 
 
 Bazu, 220. 
 
 Beads, 222 f. 
 
 Beetles, inlaid figures of, 223. 
 
 Behistun, 102, 104 f. ; casts of inscrip- 
 tions from, 102. 
 
 Bel, 24, 68, 72, 160; altar dedicated to, 
 27 ; see also Enlil. 
 
 Bel-abu, 166. 
 
 B6l-akhe-erba, 215. 
 
 Bel-akhe-iddina, 227. 
 
 Bel-akbe-irba, reports from, 60. 
 
 Bei-akhe-usur, 226. 
 
 Bel-akheshu, 62. 
 
 Bel-etir, 210, 215, 217. 
 
 Bel-ibni, king of Babylon, 232. 
 
 Bel-ibni, Assyrian general, letters from, 
 65, 68, 85. 
 
 Bel-iddina, 208, 212. 
 
 Bel-iklsha, letters from, 64, 66, 69. 
 
 Bel-imurani, 220. 
 
 Bel-kharran-shudua, 61. 
 
 Bel-kudur-usur, 233. 
 
 Bel-likbi, letter from, 65. 
 
 Bel-nirari, 233. 
 
 Bel-shar-usur, 195 ; see also Belshazzar. 
 
 Bel-shum-isbkun, report from, 60. 
 
 Bel-tarsi-iluma, 31. 
 
 Bel-uballit, 202, 213. 
 
 Bel-ukin, 202. 
 
 Bel-ushallim, 207. 
 
 Bel-ushezib, 199. 
 
 Bel-zer-ibni, 201. 
 
 Bel-zer-keni, 93. 
 
 Bela, 130. 
 
 Beli-ludari, 168. 
 
 Belishunu, 199, 203 ; 211, 213. 
 
 Belisunu, 123, 127 f ., 168 f . 
 
 Belit, 41, 72, 98, 160 ; see also Ninlil. 
 
 Belit-ka'ishati, 214. 
 
 Belitsunu, 203. 
 
 Belitum, 128. 
 
 Belizunu, 164. 
 
 Bells, Assyrian, 25. 
 
 Belshazzar, 11, 195. 
 
 Bcltani, 128, 130, 163, 166, 168, 170. 
 
 Belti-Shamash, 128, 164. 
 
 Berut, 37, 184 f. 
 
 Betetum, 169. 
 
 Bezels, of rings, 224. 
 
 Bikhishi, 190. 
 
 Bikhura, 185. 
 
 Bila'-Ramman, 169. 
 
 Birds, lists of, 56, 150 ; on seals, 224. 
 
 Biridashwi, 188. 
 
 Biridiwi, 189. 
 
 Birs Nimrud, 2, 18 f., 100, 194, 
 
 PI. VIII. ; see also Borsippa. 
 Bisutun, 2 ; see also Behistun. 
 Bit- Ada, 93. 
 Bit-arkha, 184. 
 Bit-dakkuri, 220. 
 Bit-Iakinu, 174. 
 Bit-Karziabku, 94. 
 Bitiliashu, or Kashtiliashu, 156. 
 Bitumen, 111 ; on bricks, 99. 
 Biwari, 185. 
 Biya, 190. 
 
 Black Obelisk, the, 29 f., PI. XIV. 
 Blacksmiths, 208. 
 
 Bone, objects of, 222 ; inscribed, 222. 
 Bones, bowl containing, 26 ; vessel 
 
 containing, 115. 
 Borsippa, 2, 18 f., 100 f., 192, 194, 197, 
 
 206, 214, 216 f ., 222, 225, 227 ; map 
 
 of, 19. 
 Botta, 14, 16. 
 Bottles, of glass, 109. 
 Boundary-stones, 92 ff., 121. 
 Bowls, 222 ; of bronze, from Nimrud, 
 
 12, 26 f . ; inscribed terra-cotta, 58 f. ; 
 
 with Mandaitic inscriptions, 113 f . 
 Box, of clay, 149. 
 Bracelets, 223. 
 Bricks, early Babylonian, 87 ff. ; 
 
 Assyrian, 96 ff . ; late Babylonian, 
 
 99 ff . ; Elamite, 102. 
 Bronze, objects, etc., of, 25 f., 106 ff., 
 
 147, 160 ; bands from gates, 35 ; 
 
 bowls of, 26 f. ; weights of, 108 ; 
 
 votive figures of, 144 ff.; cones of, 
 
 144 ff. 
 Buckle, 26. 
 
 Budge, Dr. E. A. W., v., 19. 
 Buffaloes, 29. 
 Bu'iti, 199. 
 Bulls, colossal human headed, 12 ; of 
 
 Sargon, 20, Pll. V., IX.; of Senna- 
 cherib, 20 ; of Ashur-nasir-pal, 29 ; 
 
 head of, 31 : transport of, 40, 99 ; 
 
 small bronze heads of, 108 f. ; small 
 
 bronze human headed, 109 ; ivory 
 
 head of, 119 ; on seals, 159, 224. 
 Bullutu, reports from, 60. 
 
259 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bunanitum, 207. 
 
 Bunene, 208, 210, 212. 
 
 Bur-Sin I., king of Ur, 4, 230 ; bricks 
 
 of, 89 ; inscription of, 144 ; tablets 
 
 dated in reign of, 133 ff., 151 ff. 
 Bur-Sin II., king of Isin, 4, 231. 
 Bura, city, 166. 
 Burnaburiash, 58, 195, 232 ; bricks of, 
 
 91 ; see also Burraburiasb. 
 Burning, of small images, etc., 70 ff.; 
 
 of Ashur-bani-pal's library, 85. 
 Burnouf, 103. 
 Burraburiasb, 5, 180; letters from, 
 
 181 ff. : see also Burnaburiash. 
 Busasu, 130. 
 Bushire, 117. 
 Buzruna, 188. 
 B. bios, 180, 184 f . ; see also Gebal. 
 
 Calah, 2, 6, 8 f., 14 f., 63, 66, 97, 99, 
 
 106 ; see also Nimrud. 
 Calendar, 137, 226. 
 Calneh, 2. 
 Cambysps, 234 ; tablets of the reign of, 
 
 213ff.,228; as crown prince, 211. 
 Canain, 189. 
 Canaanites, 181 f. 
 Canals, lists of, 56. 
 Capitals, of pillars, 118. 
 Captains, of ships, 133. 
 Carnelian, 223 f. 
 Cartouches, 28, 83. 
 Case-tablets, 121 ff. 
 Castles, in bronze, 108 f . 
 Casts, 32, 37, 82, 96, 192 ; of bas-relief 
 
 at the Nahr el-Kelb, 37 f. ; of Persian 
 
 reliefs, 21 ; of Persian inscriptions, 
 
 105 f. 
 Catalogues, of Omen-tablets, 81 ; of 
 
 legends, etc., 84. 
 Cattle, inventories of, 151, 153 f., 164; 
 
 see also Accounts. 
 Ceiling-ornaments, 111. 
 Celts, 222. 
 
 Ceremonies, directions for, 70 ff . 
 Chalcedony, 157, 162, 223 f. 
 Chariot-poles, fitt ; ngs for, 108 f. 
 Charms, against spells, 71. 
 Chester, Rev. Q-reville J., 194. 
 Chosroes, 14. 
 
 Chronicles, Babylonian, 58, 171, 175 f. 
 Chronicles, Books of, 7, 59. 
 Cilicia, 9. 
 Cities, list of, 56. 
 Clay cylinders, 54, 154 ff., 192, 194 ff., 
 
 218 ff . ; as foundation-records, 14. 
 Clay tablets ; see Tablets. 
 Clayton, Capt. E., 108. 
 
 Clothing, lists of, 56. 
 
 Code of laws, of Khammurabi, 120 f. 
 
 Coffer, 27, 155. 
 
 Coffins, glazed, 118. 
 
 Coins, 222 f . 
 
 Colossi, transport of, 40, 64, 99 ; see 
 
 also Bulls, Lions. 
 Column, moulding from a, 105 ; base 
 
 of a, 110. 
 Comb, 222. 
 Cones, votive, of bronze, 144 ff. ; of 
 
 clay, 144. 146 f., 193; funerary. 150; 
 
 small, with seal imprrssions, 122 f. 
 Contract tablets, Assyrian, 60 ff., 85; 
 
 early Babylonian, 122 ff., 162 ff. ; 
 
 late Babylonian, 197 ff . 
 Corn-god, 45 
 
 Country of the Sea, 5, 176. 
 Countries, list of, 56. 
 Cow, model of, winged and human- 
 headed, 110. 
 Creation, the Seven Tablets of, 42 f. ; 
 
 other accounts of, 43 f . 
 Crystal, 222 f . ; oval object of, 111. 
 Cubes, tables of, 226. 
 Cuneiform signs, lists of, 48 f. 
 Cuneiform writing, 3, 13. 
 Curses, 92 ff ., 156. 
 Cush, 2. 
 Cutha, 2, 18, 143, 217, 222 ; Cutha 
 
 canal, 212. 
 Cyaxares, 10. 
 
 Cylinder- seals, 12, 122, 156 ff. ; impres- 
 sions of, 64, 83, 85, 177 ; bronze 
 
 mount for, 160. 
 Cyprus, coins from, 223. 
 Cyrus, 11, 86, 105, 157, 171, 196, 234 ; 
 
 cvlinder of, 196 f . ; tablets of the 
 
 reign of, 210 ff ., 228. 
 
 Dabigi, 36. 
 
 Dagan, 152. 
 
 Dagan-takala, letter from, 191. 
 
 Dagger, 26. 
 
 Dagil-ilani, 200. 
 
 Daianu-bel-usur, 215. 
 
 Daianu-Marduk, 199. 
 
 Daianu-shum-iddina, 205. 
 
 " Daily Telegraph," Proprietors of the, 
 
 19,54, 121, 172, 197, 225 f. 
 Dakuri, 35. 
 Damanum canal, 136. 
 Damascus, 7, 30, 32, 187 f. 
 Damik-ilishu, 231. 
 Dan, 8. 
 Danuna, 186. 
 Dar, 37. 
 Darata, 67. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 260 
 
 Darius the Great, 103 ff., 234; casts of 
 inscriptions of, 105 f . ; " the Sculp- 
 tures and Inscription of," 105 ; 
 cylinder-seal of, 158 ; weight of, 196 ; 
 tablets of the reign of, 215 ff., 228. 
 
 Dashru, letter from, 191. 
 
 Date-lists, 171 f., 176. 
 
 Date-palm, fertilization of the, 21, 24, 
 34 ff. 
 
 Date-plantations, sales of, 203 f., 206, 
 208, 216 f . 
 
 Dates, see Accounts. 
 
 David, a Kabbi, 37. 
 
 De Clercq, 157. 
 
 Dead, abode of the, 48 ; god of the, 48 ; 
 see also Nergal. 
 
 Death-masks, 222 ; see also Masks. 
 
 Death, Waters of, 46, 159. 
 
 Decipherment of the cuneiform inscrip- 
 tions, 103 ff . 
 
 Deeds, 123 ff., 163 ff., 197 ff. 
 
 Deluge, Babylonian account of the, 
 46 f., 173. 
 
 Demetrius I., tablet of the reign of, 
 217. 
 
 Demons, heads of, 25, 112, 1181; 
 bronze figures of, 107, 223 ; names 
 of, 71. 
 
 Der, 94, 147. 
 
 Despatches, see Letters. 
 
 Devey, C. P., 102. 
 
 Devils, names of, 71. 
 
 Diarbekr, 30. 
 
 Dillilitum, 205. 
 
 Dindu-bitu, 93. 
 
 Divisions of property, 123 f., 127 f., 130, 
 164 ff., 208 f., 215 f. 
 
 Divorce, 170. 
 
 Diyala, river, 2. 
 
 Dogs, models of, 48 ; on plaques, 112. 
 
 Door-sockets, 97 ; see also Gate-sockets. 
 
 Dove, 47. 
 
 Dowries, 96, 183, 200, 202, 204, 206, 
 211, 214. 
 
 Dragon-myth, 43. 
 
 Dragons, 116 ; see also Tiamat. 
 
 Drake, Mrs. Holmsby, 99. 
 
 Dreams, omens from, 77 ff . 
 
 Dromedaries, 29. 
 
 Duck-weights, 115. 
 
 Duluktum, 166. 
 
 Dumuk, 216. 
 
 Dumuzi, 44 ; see also Tammuz. 
 
 Dungi, 4, 143, 194 f., 230; bricks of, 
 89 ; inscriptions of, 143 ; tablets of 
 the reign of, 150 ff . ; on cylinder seal, 
 157 ; chronicle of, 175. 
 Dur-gurgurri, 133, 137. 
 
 Dur-Sharrukin, 2, 20, 66, 97. 
 Dur-Sharrukinaiti, 96. 
 Dur-Zizi, 121. 
 Dynastic Chronicle, 58. 
 
 Ea, 12, 42 ff., 55, 70, 72, 92 f., 93; 
 
 prayer to, 74. 
 Ea-bani, in Epic of Gilgamesh, 45 f ., 48 ; 
 
 spirit of, 48 ; on stone bowl, 30 ; on 
 
 cylinder-seals, 157, 159. 
 Ea-lu-bani, 136. 
 Ea-tappi, 163. 
 Ea-z6r-ibni, 205. 
 Eagle-headed figures, 21, 24 f., 34 ff., 
 
 PI. XII. 
 Eagle, legend of the, 81 f. ; and Etana, 
 
 82. 
 Eanna, 67, 89, 96. 
 Eannatum, 3 f., 87, 229 ; portion of 
 
 etele of, 87 ; bricks of, 87 ; mortar of, 
 
 87. 
 Ear-rings, 222. 
 
 East India House Inscription, 101, 194. 
 Ebabbara, 201 f . 
 Ecbatana, 2, 105, 171. 
 Eclipses, lunar, 60 f ., 69 ; prayers against 
 
 the evil of, 73 f. ; omens from, 226 ; 
 
 solar, 57, 176. 
 Edom, 9, 54. 
 Egalmakh, 91. 
 
 Egibi, 193 ; " Egibi tablets," 192, 199 ff. 
 Egishshirgal, 195. 
 Egypt, 9f., 54, 60, 176, 177 ff., 221, 
 
 223 f. 
 Egyptian designs, 27 f . 
 Egyptians, 7, 34, 219. 
 Ekharsag, 89. 
 Ekharsag-kurkura, 92. 
 Ekhulkhul, 196. 
 Ekimmu, a fiend, 71. 
 Ekron, 8, 219. 
 El-Kasr, 18 f. 
 Elali, 166. 
 Elam, 7, 10, 34, 38 f., 60, 68, 90, 94, 
 
 139, 142, 146, 150, 159, 219, 221 f. 
 Elamite bricks, 102; inscriptions, 103, 
 
 105. 
 Elamites, 34, 39, 98 f. 
 Elephants, representations of, 29. 
 Eli-erisa, 164. 
 Eli-erishu, 163. 
 Elukhat, 91. 
 El wend, Mount, 103 f. 
 Emblems, on boundary stones, 92 ff., 
 PI. XXIII. ; on stela?, etc., 21, 28, 30, 
 37 f . ; on cylinder-seals, 162; of 
 Lagash, 142. 
 Enamel, 25. 
 
261 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Enannatum I., patesi of Lagash, 3, 142, 
 
 229. 
 Enannatum II., patesi of Lagash, 3, 
 
 229. 
 Enannatum, high priest at Ur, bricks 
 
 of, 89. 
 Eninnu, 143. 
 Enki, 89 ; see also Ea. 
 Enlil, 12, 42, 47, 70, 82, 91 ff., 151 ; see 
 
 also Bel. 
 Enlil-tabni-bullit, 95. 
 Enshagkushanna, 230. 
 Entemena, 3 ; gate-sockets of, 87. 
 Enubi-Marduk, 138 f. 
 " Enuma elish," tablets of the series, 
 
 42 f. 
 Enunmakh, 90. 
 
 Envelopes of letters, 64, 132, 228. 
 Enzudi, 35. 
 Epigraphs, 84. 
 Eponym Canon, 57. 
 Eponyms, 56 f. ; lists of, 57. 
 Equinox, Vernal, 61. 
 Erba-Marduk, weight of, 115. 
 Erech, 1, 2, 3, 18, 43, 45, 48, 67, 82, 
 
 88 f., 96, 138 ff., 144 f., 147, 198, 217, 
 
 231. 
 Ereshkigal, 192. 
 Eria, Elamite deity, 150. 
 Erib-Sin, 167. 
 Eribam, 123. 
 Eridu, 1. 
 Erishi, 198. 
 Erishti-Ai, 128 f ., 163. 
 Erishti-Shamash, 127, 129, 163. 
 Erishtum, 123, 130, 164, 166. 
 Erskine, Miss Hay, 16. 
 Esagil, 58, 64, 98 ff., 120, 195, 197, 
 
 221. 
 Esagil-belit, 213. 
 Esagil-shadunu, 214. 
 Esarhaddon, 9, 14 f., 17, 31, 40, 64, 74, 
 
 76, 192, 195, 234 ; cylinders of, 220 f . ; 
 
 memorial stone of, 220 f . ; clay tablet 
 
 of, 59 ; inscription of, 97 ; bricks of, 
 
 97 f.; tablet of the reign of, 197; 
 
 cast of his bas-relief at the Nahr el- 
 
 Kelb, 37 f . 
 Eshmun, 37. 
 Eshmunazar I., 37. 
 Eshmunazar II., 36 f . 
 Estates, lists of, 131. 
 Esther, Book of, 102. 
 Etana, legend of, 82 ; on cylinder-seal, 
 
 159. 
 Etelka-BM, 127. 
 Etilka-Shamash, 169. 
 Etillitum, 203. 
 
 Eulaeus, river, 39. 
 
 Eulmash, 195. 
 
 Eulmash-shakin-shum, king of Babylon, 
 
 148. 
 Euphrates, 2, 35, 45, 140, 174, 193, 227. 
 Euriminanki, 194. 
 Europa, 112, 114. 
 Eve, temptation of, 159. 
 Evil spirits, incantations against, 74. 
 Evil-Merodach, 234; tablets of the 
 
 reign of, 204. 
 Excavations by the British Museum, 
 
 14 ff. 
 Exchange, deeds of, 62, 166 f . 
 Exorcisms, of witches, 71. 
 Explanatory lists, 48, 53 ff., 172. 
 Eye-paint, tube for, 222. 
 Eyes, of statues, 162, 222. 
 Ezekiel, Book of, 44. 
 Ezida, 98 ff., 195 ff., 225 f. 
 
 Faber, Pastor W., 36. 
 
 Eiends, names of, 71. 
 
 Figures of bronze, 107, 109, 144 ff. ; of 
 stone, 144; of terra-cot ta, 112, 114f. ; 
 early Babylonian seated, 87 f . ; burn- 
 ing of small, 70f . 
 
 Finger-rings, 222, 224. 
 
 Fire-god, incantations to the, 70 f . 
 
 Fire, Lake of, 71. 
 
 Fish deities, 24 : foundation-figures of, 
 115. 
 
 Fish, list of, 150. 
 
 Fishermen, 137. 
 
 Fists of baked clay, 111. 
 
 Flint knives, 222 ; saws, 222. 
 
 Flood, 159 ; see also Deluge. 
 
 Foot, impression of, on brick, 102 ; of 
 limestone statue, 117. 
 
 Forecasts, astrological, 77, 80 f., 225 f.; 
 from oil and water, 173. 
 
 Forgeries, 156. 
 
 Fork, 26. 
 
 Fora esses, in bronze, 108 f. 
 
 Foundation-figures, 112, 115. 
 
 Foundation-inscriptions, 97, 107, 155 f . 
 
 Fountain, healing, 47. 
 
 Fox, legend of the, 83. 
 
 Fravartish, 105. 
 
 Frogs, in bricks, 102. 
 
 Full moon, observations of the, 226 f . 
 
 Funerary cone, 150 ; copy of, 156. 
 
 Funnel, 26. 
 
 Gabbi-ilani-shar-usur, 211. 
 
 Gad, tribe of, 7. 
 
 Gaddash, copy of inscription of, 176. 
 
 Gaga, 203. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 262 
 
 Galley, Assyrian, 38. 
 
 Galu-Babbar, cones of, 144. 
 
 Gamanu, 163. 
 
 Gardeners, 209. 
 
 Garments, list of, 150. 
 
 Garnet, 223 f . 
 
 Garparunda, of Patin, 30. 
 
 Gate-sockets, 87 ff ., 97. 
 
 Gates, bronze bands from, 35 f ., PH. III., 
 
 XVII. 
 Gaza, 178, 189, 219. 
 Gebal, 188 ; see also By bios. 
 Gebel Hauran, 32. 
 Genesis, Book of, 2, 14, 16, 42, 159. 
 Geographical lists, 56. 
 Gezer, 181, 188 f. 
 Ghost-money, 222. 
 Gift, deeds of, 164, 166 ff., 203, 205, 
 
 214. 
 Gigitum, 205. 
 Gilgamesh, on cylinder-seals, 157, 159 ; 
 
 on stone bowl, 30 ; Epic of, 45 ff . 
 Gilia, 183. 
 
 Gilukhipa, 178 f., 183. 
 Gilzani, 29. 
 Gimil-ilishu, 230. 
 Gimil-Marduk, in letter of Khammu- 
 
 rabi, 138 ; judge under Ammi-zaduga, 
 
 173. 
 Gimil-Sin, 4, 156, 230; inscriptions of, 
 
 89 f . ; figure of, 144 ; cylinder-seal of, 
 
 157. 
 Gimillum, 123, 140. 
 Girsu, 152 f. 
 Gizza, 188. 
 Glass, 110 f., 222 f.; Sargon's vase of, 
 
 110 f. 
 Glaze, 112, 118; glazed bricks, 102, 
 
 118 ; glazed vessels, 118 f. 
 Glosses, 54 ff., 85, 178. 
 Goats, on seals, 224. 
 Goddesses, transport of, 139, 180, 184; 
 
 figures of, 112 ; on cylinder- seals, 
 
 160, 162. 
 Gods, lists of, 55 f ., 81 ; figures of, 107, 
 
 110, 112, 144 f. ; on reliefs, 32; on 
 
 cylinder seals, 157 ff. 
 Gold, ivory inlaid with, 28 ; jewellery, 
 
 coins, and objects of, 222 ; bronze 
 
 inlaid with, 223. 
 Grain, vessel for holding, 115 ; accounts 
 
 concerning, 150ff. ; see also Accounts, 
 
 Loans. 
 Grammatical tablets, 48, 53, 84 f . 
 Grants, of land, 93 ff., 121, 150; of 
 
 privileges, 94 f., 150. 
 Greeks, 9, 11. 
 Grotefend, 103. 
 
 Guarantees, 200, 202. 
 
 Gubbu, 191. 
 
 Gudea, 4, 89, 230 ; inscriptions of, 88, 
 
 143 f . ; statue of, 121 ; cones of, 144 ; 
 
 as architect, 121. 
 Gugua, 205 f . 
 Gula, 93, 95, 208, 212. 
 Gula-ka'ishat, 203. 
 Gula-rimat, 61. 
 
 Gungunum, king of Larsa, 231. 
 Guti, 88. 
 
 Guzu-ina-Bel-asbat, 212. 
 Guzummu, 202. 
 Gyges, 10, 60, 221. 
 
 Hades, 44 ; see also Lower World. 
 
 Hsematite, 157, 224. 
 
 Hair-pins, 222. 
 
 Hamadan, 2, 103. 
 
 Hamath, 30, 34, 36. 
 
 Handles of vessels, 26, 107. 
 
 Hands on seals, 224. 
 
 Harmachis, 178. 
 
 Harpocrates, figure of, 28. 
 
 Harran, 196. 
 
 Hatshepset, 178. 
 
 Hazael, 30. 
 
 Hazor, 188. 
 
 Head-dress for figure, 143. 
 
 Heaven, portals of, 160; see also 
 
 Spirits. 
 Hebrew inscriptions, 37. 
 Helmets, of bronze, 106. 
 Hemerology, 75. 
 Hezekiab, 8, 218 f. 
 Hieratic, dockets in, 177. 
 Hillah, 18 f. 
 Hincks, Rev. Edward, 105. 
 Hire, of slaves, 129, 202; of labour. 
 
 128, 131, 140, I70f. ; of a boat, 203; 
 
 of laud, 163 ; of house, 130 ; see also 
 
 Leases. 
 " Hittite " inscriptions, 32 ; " Hittite " 
 
 seals, 224. 
 Hittites, 5, 58, 176 ; see also Khatti. 
 Hobah, 187. 
 Holmes, Miss, 16. 
 Horses, led by grooms, 38 ; winged, on 
 
 seals, 224 ; see also Reliefs. 
 Hoshea, 7. 
 Houses, sales of, 61 ff., 123 ff., 163 ff., 
 
 198 f., 201, 203 f., 211, 214 ff. 
 Howard, J., 36. 
 Human remains, burnt, 116 f. 
 Hunting scenes, 33, 112. 
 Husbandmen, 209. 
 Hymns, 55, 74 ff., 225. 
 Hystaspes, 103 f., 196. 
 
263 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 la, 130. 
 
 Iabishum, 168. 
 
 Iadi-usutti, 169. 
 
 Iamanum, cylinder -seal of, 162. 
 
 Iashabum, 162. 
 
 Iashukhatum, 164. 
 
 Iaua, 29 ; see Jehu. 
 
 Ibex, PI. XI. 
 
 Ibgatum, 168 f . 
 
 Ibku-Nabium, 166. 
 
 Ibi-Ningirsu, 131. 
 
 Ibi-Ninshakh, 123 f., 130. 
 
 Ibi-Sin, king of Ur, 4, 230 ; tablet dated 
 
 in the reign of, 135. 
 Ibi-Sin, 127 f . 
 Ibik-Ishtar, 167. 
 Ibku-Kamman, 161. 
 Ibku-Sin, 123, 127, 129, 167. 
 Ibkusha, 163. 
 Ibna, 198, 200. 
 Ibni-Marduk, 167. 
 Ibni-Martu, 140, 166 ; cylinder-seal of, 
 
 161. 
 Ibni-Kamman, 124, 129, 167 ; cylinder- 
 seal of, 161. 
 Ibni-Shamash, 127, 165, 167. 
 lbni-Sin, 137. 
 Iddin-Bel, 216, 226. 
 Iddin-Marduk, 200, 204 ; 211, 213. 
 Iddin-Napu, 208 f., 211, 215, 216. 
 Iddina-aplu, 228 ; letter from, 228. 
 Iddinunu, 215. 
 Idikhi-ilu, 203. 
 Idin-Shamash, 124, 127. 
 Idin-Sin, 123, 125 f., 169. 
 Igigi, 71 ; see also Spirits. 
 Igmil-Sin, 124. 
 Ikisha, 214. 
 Iklsha-aplu, 67 ; 212. 
 Iklsha-Marduk, 198 ; 215. 
 Ikll, 65. 
 
 Ikunka-Isbtar, 125. 
 Ili-ennam, 164. 
 IH-iddin, 214. 
 Ih-idinnam, 130, 169. 
 Ili-ikisham, 170. 
 Ili-ippalzam, 130, 140. 
 Ili-turam, 125; 129; 161; cylinder-seal 
 
 of, 161. 
 Ili-usati, cylinder-seal of, 161. 
 Ilima-akhi, 161. 
 Ilisu, 164. 
 
 Iltani, 123, 127, 163 ff . 
 Ilu-bani, 165. 
 Ilu-kliiti, 35. 
 Ilu-naeir, 124. 
 
 Ilu-shuma, king of Assyria, 175 f . 
 Iluka-Ea, 126. 
 
 Iluka-Sin, 129. 
 Ilushu-abushu, 127. 
 Ilushu-bani, 123 ; 166. 
 Ilushu-ibi, 140. 
 Ilushu-ibishu, 168. 
 Images, burning of, 71. 
 Imgur-Bel, wall of Babylon, 194. 
 Imgur-Sin, 124. 
 Imitations of antiquities, 156. 
 Imprecations, 95 ; see also Curses. 
 Ina-Esagil-banat, 206. 
 Ina-Esagil-ramat, 212. 
 Ino-Esagil-shum-ibni, 202. 
 Ina-esbi-etir, 198. 
 Ina-ilia-allak, 155. 
 Inalu-irshid, 166. 
 Inba, 216. 
 Inbatum, 127. 
 
 Incantations, 70 ff., 83 f., 173. 
 India Office, 101. 
 Innabatum, 169. 
 Inniba, 214. 
 
 Intercalary months, 137, 225. 
 Interest, at 10 %, 199; at llf %, 198 ; 
 at 13 %, 199; at 20 %, 171, 198 f., 
 201, 206, 208, 212 ff. ; at 25 %, 62, f. ; 
 loan without, 210. 
 
 Inventories, 151 ff., 164, 168. 
 
 Irashi-ilu, letter from, 65 ; reports from, 
 60. 
 
 Iribam, 128. 
 
 Iribam-Sin, 124,127, 129. 
 
 Irishum, 233 ; brick of, 154. 
 
 Irkata, 188. 
 
 Irkhuleni, king of Hamath, 30, 36. 
 
 Irnina canal, 139. 
 
 Iron, objects of, 25 f. 
 
 Isaiah, Book of, 7, 9, 18, 54, 71. 
 
 Ishabaia, 165. 
 
 Ishbi-Ura, 4, 230. 
 
 Ishkun-Sin, city, 157, 165, 168. 
 
 Ishme-Dagan, king of Isin, 4, ' 230 ; 
 bricks of, 89. 
 
 Ishme-Dagan, king of Assyria, 233. 
 
 Ishtar, 12, 45 f., 82, 91 ff., 109, 221; 
 prayers to, 73, 75 ; hymn to, 75 ; 
 addresses from, 76 ; the Descent of, 
 44 f. ; of Nineveh, 24, 180 f., 184 ; of 
 Arbela, 61 ; of Erech, 67. 
 
 Ishtar-nadin-apli, reports from, 61. 
 
 Ishtar-shum-erish, letters from, 65 ff . ; 
 reports from, 60. 
 
 Ishum, 83, 160. 
 
 Isin, 4, 89 f ., 230. 
 
 Isis, figure of, 28. 
 
 Iskhara, 93. 
 
 Ispuinis, inscription of, 102. 
 
 Israel, 30. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 264 
 
 Israelites, 7. 
 
 Itakkama, 188. 
 
 Itti-Marduk-balatu, 199, 206, 208 ff. 
 
 Itti-Nabu-balatu,' 211 . 
 
 Iuaa, 179. 
 
 Ivories, 22 ff., 27 f., 112, 119, 222 f. 
 
 Jade, 157. 
 
 Jasper, 157, 223 . 
 
 Jehoiakhim, 11. 
 
 Jehu, 7, 30 ; portrait of, PI. XIV., 29. 
 
 Jerabis, inscriptions from, 31 f. 
 
 Jerusalem, 9, 11, 38 ; Sennacherib's 
 
 siege of, 8, 218 f. 
 Jewellery, moulds for, 112, 117. 
 Jews, 11. 
 Jonah, 16. 
 Joppa, 37, 189 f . 
 Jordan, river, 7, 32. 
 Joshua, Book of, 178. 
 Judaea, 8, 20. 
 
 Judah, 11, 34, 54, 59, 218 f. 
 Judgments, 93, 123, 128, 164 f., 167 ff. ; 
 
 see also Legal Decisions. 
 Jupiter, the planet, 61, 227. 
 
 Ka-azag, 143. 
 Kabti-ilani-Marduk, 206. 
 Kadashman-Bel, 178 ; see Kadashman- 
 
 Enlil. 
 Kadashman-Enlil, 178 f.; letter from, 
 
 179 ; letter to, 182. 
 Kadesh, 178. 
 
 Kalat Sherkat, 2, 17 f., 29, 90, 155. 
 Kalba, 210, 214, 215 f. 
 Kaldu, 29. 
 Kalushatum, 169. 
 Kamazi, 169. 
 Kandalanu, 198, 232. 
 Kar-Nabu, 96. 
 Kar-Tukulti-Ninib, 155. 
 Kara-indash, 5, 57, 182, 232 ; brick of, 
 
 91. 
 Karakhardasb, 58. 
 
 Karduniash, Karaduniash, 57, 178, 180 ff . 
 Karkara, 35. 
 
 Karkeniish, 11, 31, 35, 155, 178. 
 Karun, river, 2. 
 
 Kashtiliashu, 156; see Bitiliashu. 
 Kasir, 200. 
 
 Kassite words, list of, 175. 
 Kassites, 5, 94, 218. 
 Katna, 187. 
 
 Kemball, Sir Arnold, 94. 
 Khabiri, 182. 
 Khaib, 184. 
 Khakhkhuru, 201. 
 Khaldi, god, 102. 
 
 Khaliku, 164. 
 
 Khallab, 146 f. 
 
 Khalludush-Inshushinak, 102. 
 
 Khalunni, 188. 
 
 Khamanu, 34. 
 
 Khamma, 200. 
 
 Khammurabi, 4f., 53, 171 f., 176, 193, 
 195, 231 ; figures of, 90, PI. XXXI., 
 inscriptions of, 90, 147 ; letters of, 
 136 ff.; Code of, 120 f . ; cones of, 
 147 ; tablets of the reign of, 122 ff., 
 163 ff. 
 
 Khammurabi-ludari, 123. 
 
 Khamzirum, 128. 
 
 Khana, 223. 
 
 Khanbi, 95. 
 
 Khani, Babylonian " Boyal Scribe," 95. 
 
 Khani, Egyptian messenger, 186 f . 
 
 Khani, in Northern Syria, 58. 
 
 Kharshi, 151ff. 
 
 Khasardu, 95. 
 
 Khashkhamer, cylinder-seal of, 157. 
 
 Khasur, Hazor, 188. 
 
 Khatat, 188. 
 
 Khatib, 187. 
 
 Khatti, 155, 183, 186 ff. ; see also 
 Hittites. 
 
 Khaya, 188. 
 
 Khazazi, 35. 
 
 Khazi, 188. 
 
 Khipa, slave-tablet worn by, 81. 
 
 Khishshatum, 123, 165. 
 
 Khepera, 28. 
 
 Khesa, 65. 
 
 Kheta, 178; see also Hittites, Ehatti. 
 
 Khorsabad, 2, 8, 14, 20. 
 
 Khorsabad Compartment, 20. 
 
 Khosr, river, 16 f. 
 
 Khu-en-Aten, 177 ; see also Arnen- 
 opliis IV. 
 
 Khuba, 166. 
 
 Khubanumena, 102. 
 
 Khukhnuri, 133 f., 152. 
 
 Khumazirum, 167. 
 
 Khumbaba, 45. 
 
 Khumri, Omri, 29. 
 
 Khumurti, 151 ff. 
 
 Khusalalum, 170. 
 
 Khusalatum, 164. 
 
 Khushutum, 129, 164, 169. 
 
 Ki-Shamash, 216. 
 
 Kiba', 199. 
 
 Kidin-Marduk, 213. 
 
 Kilisi, 35. 
 
 Kilulla, cvlinder-seal of, 157. 
 
 Kimash, i34, 136, 150 ff. 
 
 King, His Majesty the, 34f. 
 
 King, L. W., v., 19. 
 
 L 2 
 
265 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Kings, Books of, 7 f ., 12, 18, 30, 59. 
 
 Kings, Lists of, 56, 172. 
 
 Kingu, 42. 
 
 Kinza, 188. 
 
 Kirkipa, 183 ; see also G-ilukhipa. 
 
 Kish, 2, 142 f. ; kings of, 229. 
 
 Kishar, 42. 
 
 Kishatum, 128. 
 
 Kishnunu, 123. 
 
 Kishtum, 166. 
 
 Kisir-Ashur, 62. 
 
 Knives of flint, 222. 
 
 Kohl pot, 112. 
 
 Kouyunjik, 2, 14, 16 ff., 105 f., 109, 
 222 f . ; tablets from, 41 ff . ; inscrip- 
 tions on bulls from, 20 ; obelisks 
 from, 21, 31 ; female statue from, 
 31; bas-reliefs from, 32 ff., 37 ff. 
 
 Ktesiphon, 2. 
 
 Kuburtum, 127. 
 
 Kudashu, 210, 228. 
 
 Kudda, 212. 
 
 Kudur-Mabug, 4, 90, 146. 
 
 Kudur-Nankhundi, 60. 
 
 Kudurru, letters from, 66 f . ; 199 f ., 
 204. 
 
 Kuiatum, 128, 168. 
 
 Kumidi, 185, 188. 
 
 Kummukh, 154 f . 
 
 Kun&, 167; 197. 
 
 Kunnai, 214. 
 
 Kurdi-Ishtar, 167. 
 
 Kurigalzu, 5, 181 f ., 195, 232 ; bricks of, 
 91 ; inscriptions of, 91, 147, 162. 
 
 Kurkh, stelae from, 28, 30. 
 
 Kuti, 155. 
 
 Kutir-Nakhkhunte, bricks of, 102. 
 
 Kutu, 196. 
 
 Labartu, a fiend, 71. 
 
 Labashi-Marduk, king of Babylon, 234 ; 
 
 tablets of the reign of, 205. 
 Labashi-Marduk, sale of slave by, 209. 
 Labaya, letter from, 189. 
 Labels from Ashur-bani-pal's Library, 
 
 81. 
 Labishtum, 165, 170. 
 Labisi, a fiend, 71. 
 
 Labour, hire of, 128, 131, 140, 170 f. 
 Labourers, lists of, 151 ; wages of, 166. 
 Lachish, 8, 33, 186, 192. 
 Ladles, 26. 
 Lagash, 1, 2, 87 f., 121, 142 ff, 150 f., 
 
 156 ; kings and rulers of, 3 f ., 229 f . ; 
 
 emblem of, 142. 
 Lake of Water and Fire, 71. 
 Lakhamu, 42. 
 
 Lakhmu, 42. 
 
 Lalum, 138. 
 
 Lam, river, 166. 
 
 Lamasani, 164. 
 
 Lamasu, 124. 
 
 Lamazatum, 167. 
 
 Lamazi, 129 ff., 163 f ., 169, 171. 
 
 Lambs, inventories of, 151 ff. 
 
 Lamps, 26, 112. 
 
 Land, sales of, 61 ff., 95, 123 ff., 163 ff., 
 
 197 f ., 201, 206 f ., 211, 215 ff . ; grants 
 
 of, 93 ff., 121, 150. 
 Landmarks, 92 ff. 
 Lapana, 187. 
 Lapis-lazuli, 222 ; tablet of, 143 ; 
 
 cylinder-seals of, 157, 159 ; mace- 
 head of, 110 ; ivory inlaid with, 28. 
 Larsa, 1 ff., 18, 88, 90 f., 100, 122, 132, 
 
 137 f ., 140, 146 f., 176, 194 f., 231. 
 Lasirab, mace-head of, 88. 
 Lassen, 103. 
 
 Lattice-work, of bronze, 107. 
 Latubashinni, 200. 
 Laws, Khammurabi's Code of, 120 f . ; 
 
 abstracts from, 53. 
 Lajard, Sir Henry, 14, 16, 20, 23 f ., 37. 
 Lead, 108. 
 Leases, 63, 127, 130, 164 ff., 205, 213, 
 
 217. 
 Legal decisions, 63, 85, 123, 127 f ., 166 
 
 197, 205, 207, 209. 
 Legends, 42 ff., 55, 81 f., 172 f., 177, 
 
 192. 
 Lelleta, 124. 
 Letters, Assyrian, 60, 64 ff., 85 ; early 
 
 Babylonian, 132 f ., 136 ff . ; from Tell 
 
 el-Amarna, 177 ff . ; late Babylonian, 
 
 227 f. 
 Letting, of a field, 62 ; see also Hire, 
 
 Leases. 
 Libit-Ishtar, in contract-tablets, 124, 
 
 129, 130 ; in letter of Khammurabi, 
 
 140. 
 Libit-Ishtar, king of Tsin, 4, 230. 
 Library of Ashur-bani-pal, 14, 40 ff., 
 
 64, 228 ; burning of, 85. 
 Life, Water of, 44. 
 
 Lifting of the Hand, Prayers of the, 72 f. 
 Lilith, 71. 
 Lilitu, Lilith, 71. 
 Lilu, a fiend, 71. 
 
 Lion-hunts, representations of, 33. 
 Lion-weights, 108. 
 Lions, colossal, 11 f., 21, 29, 31, PH. I., 
 
 IV. ; bronze heads of, 108; figures of, 
 
 112 ; limestone head of a, 112 ; on 
 
 seals, 224. 
 Liquids, lists of, 56. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 266 
 
 Lists, explanatory, 48, 52 ff., 150, 172, 
 
 175 ; of kings, 56> 172 ; of fields and 
 
 estates, 131 ff. 
 Litanies, 74, 76 f . 
 Liver, in augury, 77 ; clay models of, 
 
 84, 173 f. 
 Loans, 61 ff., 127 ff., 170 f.. 198 ff. 
 Lock -plate, 25. 
 Locusts, 38. 
 Loftus, 22, 16, 18, 121. 
 London, Corporation of the City of, 36. 
 Lotus, 22, 25, 28. 
 Louvre, Museum of the, 20, 36, 87, 96, 
 
 121. 
 Lower World, 192. 
 Ludlul-Sin, 130. 
 Lugal-banda, 144. 
 
 Lugal-kigubnidudu, king of Sumer, 230. 
 Lugal-Marada, 194. 
 Lugal-shae-engur, 229. 
 Lugal-tarsi, 229 ; inscription of, 143. 
 Lugal-zaggisi, 3, 230. 
 Luiabbir-sharrussu, 63. 
 Lulubi, Lulubu, 94, 135, 150 ff. 
 Lunad-Ishtar, 167. 
 Lupdu, 91. 
 Lushtamar, 130. 
 Lushtapa, cylinder-seal of, 161. 
 Lusu-ana-nuri, 203. 
 Lycia, coins from, 223. 
 Lydia, 10, 60, 221. 
 
 Maat, feathers of, 28. 
 
 Mace-heads, 88 f., 110, 142 f., 222. 
 
 Madmiyah, 37. 
 
 Magdalim, 190. 
 
 Magical rites, 70 ff., food, 47. 
 
 Magician, 70. 
 
 Makhnubi-ili, 167. 
 
 Maklu Series, tablets of the, 70 f . 
 
 Malcolm, C. J., 117. 
 
 Man, creation of, 43. 
 
 Manasseh, tribe of, 7. 
 
 Manasseh, king of Judah, 9. 
 
 Manishtusu, 229 ; mace-head of, 143. 
 
 Manium, 123, 167. 
 
 Mannasha, 167. 
 
 Mannum-kima-Eamman, 161. 
 
 Map of the world, 174 f. ; of Babylon, 
 
 174. 
 Mar-Ali, 169. 
 Mar-Baia, 131. 
 Mar-irsitim, 124, 168, 170 f. 
 Mar-Ishtar, report from, 61 ; letter 
 
 from, 85 ; adoption of, 169. 
 Mar-Martu, 165. 
 Marash, 32. 
 Marat-Ishtar, 16*. 
 
 Marduk, 5, 12, 42 f ., 55, 61, 69, 72, 82 f ., 
 93 f., 97 ff., 193, 196 f.; sculptured 
 representation of, 24 ; on cylinder- 
 seal, 159 ; prayers to, 74, 161. 
 
 Marduk-aplu-iddina, king of Babylon, 
 81 ; see also Merodach-Baladan II. 
 
 Marduk-aplu-iddina, Assyrian letter 
 from, 66. 
 
 Marduk-aplu-usur, 29. 
 
 Marduk-balatsu-ikbi, 96, 232. 
 
 Marduk-erba, 217. 
 
 Marduk-etir, 204. 
 
 Marduk-mushalim, 164 ; letter to, 139. 
 
 Marduk-mushteshir, cylinder-seal of, 
 161. 
 
 Marduk-nadin-akhe, 95, 232 ; gift by, 
 93 ; title-deed of reign of, 150. 
 
 Marduk-nasir, letters from Abeshu' to, 
 139, 141 ; boundary -stone of, 95 ; 
 engraved object of, 150; late votive 
 tablet of, 225. 
 
 Marduk-nasir-aplu, 215 f. 
 
 Marduk-rimanni, 215. 
 
 Marduk-shapik-zeri, loan to, 199 ; loan 
 by, 200. 
 
 Marduk-shapik-zerim, king of Babylon, 
 232. 
 
 Marduk-shar-ilani, weight of, 194. 
 
 Marduk-shar-usur, letters from, 65 ff.; 
 father of Lulabbir-sharrussu, 63 ; 
 Babylonian, under Jferiglissar, 204. 
 
 Marduk-shum-ibni, 209, 214. 
 
 Marduk-shum-iddina, 206, 209. 
 
 Marduk-tabik-zeri, 201, 208. 
 
 Marduk-zakir-shum, king of Babylon, 
 232. 
 
 Marduk-zakir-shum, Babylonian gover- 
 nor, 121. 
 
 Marduk-zer-ibni, 198 f . 
 
 Marriage-contracts, 164, 167, 200, 206, 
 209. 
 
 Marriage, proposal of, 205. 
 
 Mars, the planet, 227. 
 
 Martu, on cylinder-seals, 161. 
 
 Masks, of clay, 118 ; of gold, 222. 
 
 Matatum, 128. 
 
 Mathematics, Babylonian knowledge of, 
 12. 
 
 Mayer, W., 52. 
 
 Measures, 131. 
 
 Medem, 140. 
 
 Media, 103, 220. 
 
 Medians, Medes, 9 ff., 37, 105, 218. 
 
 Medical bowls, 113 f. 
 
 Megiddo, 178, 189. 
 
 Meli-sbipak, judgment by, 93 ; grant of 
 land by, 95. 
 
 Memphis, 9, 177. 
 
267 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mercury, the planet, 227. 
 
 Merodach, 24, 42 f., 58, 192, 194, 220 ; 
 
 prayers to, 73 ; see also Marduk. 
 Merodach-Baladan I., 232 ; bricks of, 
 
 96 ; grant of land by, 121. 
 Merodach-Baladan II., 8, 64, 218, 232 ; 
 
 list of plants in garden of, 175. 
 Mesilim, 229. 
 Meslamtaea, 143, 157. 
 Mesopotamia, 178. 
 Metre, in Babylonian poetry, 44 f . 
 Metrological texts, 12. 
 Milkili, 190; letters from, 190. 
 Minani, 124 f . 
 Minanum, 127. 
 Mini-Ishtar, 127. 
 Mini-Shamash, 173. 
 Minua, inscription of, 102. 
 Mirrors, 26. 
 Mishtu, 190. 
 Mitani, 178 ff., 191. 
 Mithradates, 86. 
 Mitinti, king of Ashdod, 219. 
 Mitunu, 218. 
 Moab, 54. 
 Mocatta, F. D., 32. 
 Models, of tools, etc., 223; see also 
 
 Bas-relief. 
 Months, list of, 56 ; intercalary, 137, 
 
 225. 
 Moon, observations of the, 61, 226 f. ; 
 
 symbol of the, 148. 
 Moon-god, 46, 75, 194 ff. ; prayers to, 
 
 73, 195 ; hymn to, 74 ; see also Sin, 
 
 Nannar. 
 Moral precepts, 44, 55. 
 Mosaic legislation, 121. 
 Mosul, 2, 14, 16 f., 82, 223. 
 Moulds, for jewellery, 112, 117 ; for 
 
 arrow-heads, 223. 
 Mountain of the Sunset, 46. 
 Muballitat-Sheiua, 58. 
 Mukeyyer, 2, 18, 88 f., 194 f , 223. 
 Mukhaddum, 127, 130. 
 Mukhaditum, 130, 167. 
 Mukhadum, 164. 
 Mukin-kudurri-darati, 95. 
 Multiplication table, 226. 
 Mummu, 42. 
 
 Munabitu, report from, 60. 
 Munakhtu- Marduk, 215. 
 Munamertum, 165. 
 Munnabitti, 197. 
 Muranu, 228. 
 Murattash, 155. 
 Mushallim-Marduk, 206. 
 Mushezib-Bel, 200. 
 Mushezib-Marduk, king of Babylon, 232. 
 
 Mushezib-Marduk, Assyrian official, 68 ; 
 
 a Babylonian, father of Nabu-nadin- 
 
 shum, 209. 
 Mushku, 154. 
 Musicians, 33 f. 
 Musri, tribute from, 29. 
 Mut-Adda, letter from, 190. 
 Mutakkil-Nusku, 233. 
 
 Nabonassar, 171, 232. 
 
 Nabonidus, 3, 11, 105, 142, 157, 171, 
 
 197, 234 ; bricks of, 101 f . ; chronicle 
 
 of, 171; cvlinders of, 194 ff.; tablets 
 
 of the reign of, 205 ff., 228. 
 Nabopolassar, 10 f ., 100, 149, 192, 199, 
 
 234 ; inscribed cones of, 193 ; tablets 
 
 of the reign of, 198. 
 Nabu, 12 f., 41, 61, 68 f., 72, 93, 97 ff., 
 
 217 ; on cylinder-seals, 161 ; hymn 
 
 to, 75 ; see also Nebo. 
 Nabu-ailu, 199. 
 Nabu-akhe-bullit, 216. 
 Nabu-akhe-erba, 206. 
 Nabu-akhe-iddina, report from, 60 ; in 
 
 late Babylonian contracts, 201 ff. 
 Nabu-akhe-irba, reports from, 60 ; 
 
 letter from, 69. 
 Nabu-akhe-ukin, 200. 
 Nabu-aplu-iddina, king of Babylon, 
 
 232 ; tablet of, 147 ff. ; grant of land 
 
 by, 150. 
 Nabu-aplu-iddina, son of Atnai, 150 ; 
 
 in Neo-Baby Ionian contracts, 201, 
 
 204, 208, 212; letter from, 228. 
 Nabu-bani-akhe, letter from, 65. 
 Nabu-bani-akhi, 201, 205. 
 Nabu-bani-zeri, 204, 208. 
 Nabu-balatsu-ikbi, an Assyrian, letter 
 
 from, 65 ; a Babylonian, 209. 
 Nabu-bel-kalamu, 216. 
 Nabu-belshunu, 217. 
 Nabu-biuanni, 215. 
 Nabu-etir, 198, 202 f., 216. 
 Nabu-etir-napshati, 202. 
 Nabu-iddin-akhi, 226. 
 Nabu-iddina, 207. 
 Nabu-ikbi, reports from, 60. 
 Nabu-ikisha, 212. 
 Nabu-kasir, 211. 
 Nabu-li'u", 218. 
 Nabu-manziru, 206. 
 Nabu-mukin-apli, 96. 
 Nabu-mushesi, reports from, 60. 
 Nabu-mushetik-urra, 202, 213. 
 Nabu-nadin-akhi, 206, 215. 
 Nabu-nadin-shum, Assyrian prince, 65, 
 68 ; letters from, 65, 68 f. ; a Babylo- 
 nian, marriage of, 209. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 268 
 
 Nabu-nadin-zer, 232. 
 
 Nabu-na'id, 171 ; see also Nabonidus. 
 
 Nabu-nasir, king of Babylon, 171 ; see 
 
 also Nabonassar. 
 Nabu-nasir, the scribe, cylinder-seal of, 
 
 161 ; in late Babylonian contracts, 
 
 215, 217. 
 Nabu-nasir-aplu, loan by, 199 ; lease by, 
 
 213. 
 Nabu-nipshari, 200. 
 Nabu-ram-nisheshu, letters from, 64, 
 
 70. 
 Nabu-salim, 200. 
 
 Nabu-shar-akheshu, letter from, 66. 
 Nabu-shar-usur, letter from, 70. 
 Nabu-shum-iddina, report from, 61 ; 
 
 letters from, 66 f., 69. 
 Nabu-shum-ishkun, kiDg of Babylon, 
 
 150, 232. 
 Nabu-shum-ishkun, reports from, 60 ; 
 
 father of Mushallim-Marduk, 206. 
 Nabu-shuni-libur, weight of, 115. 
 Nabu-shum-lishir, letter from, 66. 
 Nabu-shuni-ukin, king of Babylon, 232. 
 Nabu-shum-ukin, in late Babylonian 
 
 contracts, 205, 210. 
 Nabu-shum-usur, cylinder of, 150 ; sale 
 
 by, 206 ; loan by, 215. 
 Nabu-uballit, 206. 
 Nabu-ushabshi, letters from, 66 f . 
 Nabu-ushallim, 209. 
 Nabu-usur, 200. 
 Nabu-zer-lishir, letter from, 66. 
 Nabu-zer-ukin, 203. 
 Nabu-zer-ushabshi, loan by, 198 ; letter 
 
 from, 228. 
 Nabua, reports from, 61. 
 Nadin-akhi, 204. 
 Nadinu, Assyrian letters from, 68 f. ; in 
 
 deed of barter, 214. 
 Naga-ilishu, 169. 
 Nahr el-Kelb, 37. 
 Na'id-ilu, letter from, 66. 
 Na'id-Marduk, 206. 
 Nail marks of witnesses, 85. 
 Nairi, 6, 35, 155 f . 
 Nakarum, 164. 
 Namar, 94 f . 
 
 Namiawiza, letter from, 188. 
 Namirtum, 203. 
 Nammakhni, 143, 230. 
 Namtar, 192. 
 Nana, 60, 67 f ., 95. 
 Nannar, 88 ff . 
 
 Nannar-iddina, 123, 140, 164. 
 Nannar-shidu, 170. 
 Napsanum, 128. 
 Nar-sharri, canal, 95. 
 
 Narftm-Sin, 3, 142 f., 195 f., 230; 
 
 Chronicle of, 175 ; Omens of, 176. 
 Naramtani, 127, 163. 
 Naramtu, Naramtum, 128, 166, 170. 
 Naru-eshshu, 210. 
 Narubtum, 163. 
 Nasiru, letter from, 69. 
 Nazibugash, 58. 
 
 Nazimaraddash, 232. 
 Neb-Maat-Ra, 180 ; see also Amenophis 
 III. 
 
 Nebi Yunus, 9, 16 f. 
 
 Nebo, 56, 194; statues of, 31, 14 f . ; 
 alabaster figure of, 109 ; dedicatory 
 text to, 26 ; prayers to, 73, 75, 197 ; 
 hymn to, 75 ; see also Nabu. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar I., 232 ; grant of pri- 
 vileges by, 94 f . ; grant of land by, 
 150 ; legend concerning, 83. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar II., 11, 18, 149, 156, 
 176, 192, 195 f ., 234 ; bricks of, 99 f . ; 
 bronze step of, 100 f . ; inscriptions 
 of, 101, 162; copy of weight of, 
 193 f . ; cylinders of, 194 ; tablets of 
 the reign of, 199 ff . 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabonidus, 
 105. 
 
 Necho, 11. 
 
 Necklaces, 223. 
 
 Nefer-kheperu-Ra, 181 ; see also 
 Amenophis IV. 
 
 Nergal, 13, 48, 93, 95, 97, 110, 147, 
 192, 196, 222 ; emblem of, 96. 
 
 Nergal-bel-usur, 209. 
 
 Nergal-etir, reports from, 60; letter 
 from, 69. 
 
 Nergal-risua, 210. 
 
 Nergal-shar-usur, king of Babylon, 
 tablets of the reign of, 204 f. ; see 
 also Neriglissar. 
 
 Nergal-shar-usur, guarantee for, 200. 
 
 Nergal-sharrani, letters from, 67, 70. 
 
 Nergal-ushallim, letter from, 228. 
 
 Nergal-ushezib, king of Babylon, 232. 
 
 Nergal-ushezib, in late Babylonian con- 
 tract, 201. 
 
 Neriglissar, 205, 234 ; cylinder of, 194 ; 
 tablets of the reign of, 204 f . 
 
 New Moon, reports concerning the, 60 f . ; 
 observations of the, 226 f . 
 
 New Year, Feast of the, 137. 
 
 Newman, Thomas Holdsworth, 37. 
 
 Ni, 188. 
 
 Niccolo, 224. 
 
 Nidin-Ishtar, 129. 
 
 Nidintum-Bel, 215. 
 
 Nidnat-Sin, 130, 169. 
 
 Niffer, 2, 18; see also Nippur. 
 
269 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Night, gods of the, 70. 
 
 Nile, 177. 
 
 Nimitti-Bel, wall of Babylon, 194. 
 
 Nimmuria, 180 ; see also Ameno- 
 phis III. 
 
 Nimrod, 2, 14, 45. 
 
 Nimroud Central Saloon, 29 ff. 
 
 Nimroud Gallery, 21 ff . 
 
 Nimrud, 2, 6, 9, 14 f., 63, 102, 106, 
 108 ff.; plan of the palace mound at, 
 15; sculptures from, 21 ff., 32 ff.; 
 objects of iron and bronze from, 25 f., 
 223 ; bronze bowls from, 26 f . ; ivories 
 from, 22 ff., 27 f.; see also Calah. 
 
 Nin-Karrak, 194. 
 
 Nin-sagil, 131. 
 
 Nina, city, 150 f., 153. 
 
 Nina, goddess, 88. 
 
 Nineveh, 2, 8 f ., 10 f ., 14, 16 ff ., 57, 61 ff ., 
 66, 75, 82 f., 97 ff., 105 f., 155, 180, 
 218ff., 228; sculptures from, 32 ff., 
 37 ff . ; tablets from, 40 ff . 
 
 Ningal, 89. 
 
 Ningirsu, 87 ff., 121, 142 ff., 156. 
 
 Ningishzida, 88. 
 
 Ninib, 13 ff ., 63, 93, 95, 110 ; see also 
 Adar. 
 
 Ninib-kudur-usur, 96. 
 
 Ninigal, 146. 
 
 Ninkagina, inscription of, 143. 
 
 Ninkharsag, 144. 
 
 Ninlil, 88 ; see also Belit. 
 
 Ninmakh, 194. 
 
 Ninmug, 160. 
 
 Ninni, 88, 91, 143, 146, 147. 
 
 Ninsun, 144. 
 
 Ninua, 16 j see also Nineveh. 
 
 Nipkhuriria, 181 ; see also Ameno- 
 phis IV. 
 
 Nippur, 1, 2, 3, 18, 43, 55, 75, 88. 
 
 Nishi-inishu, 123, 128. 
 
 Nisir, mountain, 47. 
 
 Noah, 159. 
 
 Norris, Edwin, 105. 
 
 Nubta, 209 ff. 
 
 Numbers, Book of, 113. 
 
 Nur-Martu, 128. 
 
 Nur-Nergal, 166. 
 
 Nur-Ramman, king of Larsa, 231. 
 
 Nur-Shamash, 128, 167. 
 
 Nusku, 13; incantations to, 70 f. ; 
 prayers to, 73. 
 
 Nutubtum, 130, 167. 
 
 Obelisks, of Ashur-nasir-pal, 21, 25 ; 
 
 of Shalmaneser II., 29 f. ; of Tiglath- 
 
 Pileser I., 31. 
 Oil, forecasts from water and, 173. 
 
 Omen-tablets, 77 ff., 85, 225 ; catalogues 
 of, 81. 
 
 Omens, observations of, 66 ; of Sargon 
 and Naram-Sin, 176; see also Fore- 
 casts. 
 
 Omri, 29 f . 
 
 Onyx, 157, 223 f. 
 
 Opis, 2. 
 
 Oppert, Prof. J., 105. 
 
 Orpntes, 178. 
 
 Oryx, rhyfcon in form of, 108. 
 
 Padi, king of Ekron, 219. 
 
 Pakhamuata, 185. 
 
 Pala-Shamash, 166, 168. 
 
 Palestine, 180, 218 f . 
 
 Palestine Exploration Fund, 32. 
 
 Palestinian word3, 178. 
 
 Palm-branches, on seals, 224. 
 
 Papsukal, 44, 93. 
 
 Paradigms, grammatical, 53, 84 f. 
 
 Parga, 35. 
 
 Paris, 14, 20, 157. 
 
 Parthians, coffins, vessels, etc., of, 117 f . ; 
 
 objects from Parthian tombs, 223. 
 Partnership, deeds of, 200, 203 f., 206, 
 
 208, 217 ; dissolutions of, 124, 167. 
 Passalum, 167. 
 Passport, for Canaan, 189. 
 Paste, 222 f . 
 Patin, 30. 
 Pavement from palace of Ashur-bani- 
 
 pal, 36. 
 Pehlevi, 104, 222, 224. 
 Pekah, 7. 
 Pekod, 65. 
 Pelusium, 8. 
 
 Pen-Ptah, sarcophagus of, 37. 
 Pendant, of bronze, 223. 
 Penitential psalms, 76, 84. 
 Persepolis, 103 ; casts of reliefs at, 21 ; 
 
 casts of inscriptions at, 106. 
 Persia, 103 ff ., 158, 224. 
 Persian cuneiform inscriptions, 103 ff., 
 
 158, 196. 
 Persian sculptures, 21. 
 Persians, 11, 197, 224. 
 Petition, 141. 
 Phials, 109. 
 
 Philip III., tablet of the reign of, 217. 
 Philistia, 54. 
 Philistines, 7. 
 Phoenicia, 9, 94, 180, 219. 
 Phoenician artists, work of, 26 ff . 
 Phoenician inscriptions, 27, 36 f., 62, 
 
 108. 
 Phoenicians, 157. 
 Physician, 67. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 270 
 
 Picture characters, 49. 
 
 Pirkhum, 125, 127. 
 
 Pir'u, 203. 
 
 Pivots, of gate, 97. 
 
 Plague-demon, 44 ; see also Namtar. 
 
 Plague-god, Ura, 82 f . 
 
 Plague-tablets, 83. 
 
 Plan, of an estate, 174. 
 
 Planets, observations of the, 227. 
 
 Plants, lists of, 56, 150. 
 
 Plaques, 112, 117, 222, 224. 
 
 Pledge, as security, 63. 
 
 Portals of heaven, 160. 
 
 Prayers, 72 ff., 225. 
 
 Precious stones, 223 f . 
 
 Priestesses, or votaries, 128, 163. 
 
 Priests, 141, 150, 162. 
 
 Privileges, grants of, 94 f ., 150. 
 
 Proverbs, 53. 
 
 Pu-Adda, letters from, 189. 
 
 Pul, Pulu, 7, 30, 59, 232 ; see also 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser III. 
 Pur-Sagali, 57. 
 Puzur-Amurru, 47. 
 Puzur-Ashur, 58, 233. 
 
 Queen, of Ashur-bani-pal, 34. 
 
 Rabatum, 164. 
 
 Rabimur, letter from, 188. 
 
 Rabisu, a fiend, 71. 
 
 Rachel, a Jewess of Aden, 37. 
 
 Rameses II., 38. 
 
 Ramman, 12, 82, 91 ff., 96, 155, 160 f., 
 208, 212 ; prayers to, 73 ; on cylinder- 
 seals, 161 ; reading of the name, 12. 
 
 Ramman-aplu-iddina, 232 ; brick of, 96. 
 
 Ramman-etir, 96. 
 
 Ramman-ibni, letter from, 66. 
 
 Ramman-nadin-akhi, 93. 
 
 Ramman-nasir, 125, 169. 
 
 Ramman-nirari I., 18, 92, 233 ; bricks 
 of, 91 ; memorial slab of, 91 f. ; 
 alabaster jars of, 109. 
 
 Ramman-nirari II., 57, 233; inscription 
 of, 96. 
 
 Ramman-nirari III., 14 f., 31, 234; 
 inscription of, 34. 
 
 Ramman-rabi, 125. 
 
 Ramman-rimani, 62. 
 
 Ramman-shum-iddina, 93. 
 
 Ramman-shum-usur, report from, 60; 
 letters from, 64 f., 66 f., 69. 
 
 Ramman-zer-ikisha, 93. 
 
 Ramua, 202. 
 
 Raphia, battle of, 7. 
 
 Rapiku, 91. 
 
 Rask, 103. 
 
 Rassam, H., 16, 18, 31, 35. 
 
 Raven, 47. 
 
 Rawlinson, Sir H. C, 14, 16, 18, 20, 57, 
 
 157, 103 ff. 
 Ready, W. Talbot, 156. 
 Reaping hooks, 25. 
 Receipts, 124, 128 f., 151 f., 166, 170 f., 
 
 198, 200 ff. 
 Registration-numbers, list of, 235 ff. 
 Rehoboth, 14. 
 Reliefs, sculptured, 12, 20 ff., 31 ff., 
 
 37 ff. 
 Religion, Babylonian and Assyrian, 
 
 12 f. 
 Religious texts, 74. 
 Rent, 207 ; receipts for, 205. 
 Reports, astrological and astronomical,. 
 
 60 f., 85. 
 Reuben, tribe of, 7. 
 
 Revenue, see Accounts, Temple-accounts. 
 Rezin, 7. 
 
 Rhytons, 108, 119. 
 Rianapa, 189. 
 Rib-Adda, 180, 186; letters from, 
 
 184 f., 192. 
 Ribam-ili, 170. 
 Ribata, 217. 
 Ribatum, 169. 
 Rich, J., 16. 
 Rich, Mrs., 16. 
 Rim-Sin, 4, 146, 176, 231 ; inscriptions 
 
 of, 146 ; tablets of the reign of,. 
 
 122 ff., 128 f., 163. 
 Rimat, 203. 
 Rimmon, 12. 
 Rimum, 164. 
 Rimut, 202. 208. 
 Rimut-Bel, 212. 
 Rimut-Nana, 212. 
 Rings, 25. 
 
 Rish-Shamash, 124, 130. 
 Rites, directions for magical, 70 ff. 
 Ritti-Marduk, charter of, 94 f. 
 River-god, 160. 
 Rivers, lists of, 56. 
 Rizua, 35. 
 
 Rock-crystal, 157 ; see also Crystal. 
 Ross, Colonel, 116 f. 
 Royal Canal, 95. 
 Royal Library at Nineveh, 64 ; see also- 
 
 Library. 
 Rukhizi, 187. 
 Ruri, 35. 
 Ruthen, 178. 
 Ruttum, 170. 
 
 Sa'adyah, 37. 
 
 Sabaco, seal-impression of, 83. 
 
271 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sabitu, the goddess Siduri, 46. 
 
 Sabitum, 129. 
 
 Sacred tree, 25, 158, PL X. ; see also 
 Date-palm. 
 
 Saddu, 66. 
 
 Saidu, the hunter, 45. 
 
 Sailors, 137. 
 
 St. Martin, 103. 
 
 Salamanu, letter from, 64. 
 
 Salatum, 164, 166. 
 
 Sales, of houses, 62, 123 ff., 163 ff., 
 198 f., 201, 2031, 2061, 211, 214 ff. ; 
 of land, 62, 123 ff., 163 ff., 1971, 
 201, 211, 215 ff. ; of date-plantations, 
 2031, 206, 208, 2161; of slaves, 
 61 1, 1291, 163, 1671, 170, 198 ff. 
 
 Sallai, letter from, 70. 
 
 Samaria, 7. 
 
 Sammuramat, 31. 
 
 Samos, coins from, 223. 
 
 Samsabad, 117. 
 
 Samsi-Ramman, bricks of, 90, 233. 
 
 Samsu-ditana, 5, 58, 176, 231. 
 
 Samsu-iluna, 4 1, 171 f ., 231 ; inscrip- 
 tions of, 147 ; letters from, 137, 141 ; 
 tablets of the reign of, 122 ff., 163 f., 
 166, 168 1, 171. 
 
 Sangara, 35. 
 
 Saosduchinos, 171, 222 ; see also Sha- 
 mash-shum-ukin. 
 
 Sarab, 36. 
 
 Saradaush, 155. 
 
 Sarcophagi, 36 f., 117. 
 
 Sard, 223 f. 
 
 Sardonyx, 224. 
 
 Sardur III., 12. 
 
 Sargon I., king of Agade, 3, 142 1, 157, 
 1951, 230; mace-head of, 1421; 
 legend concerning, 45 ; Chronicle of, 
 175 ; Omens of, 176 ; date of, 3. 
 
 Sargon II., king of Assyria, 7, 14, 40, 
 64, 68, 234 ; portrait of, 20 ; monu- 
 ments of, 20 ; cylinders of, 54, 155 ; 
 bricks of, 97 ; inscription of, 34 ; 
 bowls of, 59 ; glass vase of, 110 f. ; 
 alabaster jar of, 109 ; vessel of, 222. 
 
 .Sarpanitum, 58. 
 
 Sassanian seals, 224 ; impressions of, 83. 
 
 Saturn, the planet, 227. 
 
 Saws, of flint, 222. 
 
 Scaraboids, 224. 
 
 Scarabs, 224 ; impressions of a, 177. 
 
 Sceptre, head of, 26. 
 
 Scorpion, 222. 
 
 Scorpion-man, 46. 
 
 Scorpions on seals, 224. 
 
 Sculpture, characteristics of Assyrian, 
 111 
 
 Scythians, 10, 196. 
 
 Seal-impressions, 64, 83, 85, 177, 189. 
 
 Seals, 156 ff., 224. 
 
 Seleucid Era, tablets of the, 217 1, 
 225 ff. 
 
 Seleucidae, 86. 
 
 Seleucus, son of Antiochus Soter, 197. 
 
 Semiramis, 31. 
 
 Senkereh, 2, 18, 88, 99. 
 
 Sennacherib, 8, 16 1, 40, 171, 234; 
 figure of, PI. XV. ; cylinders of, 155, 
 218 ff . ; inscriptions of, 58, 97, 162 ; 
 letters from, 64 ; slabs from colossal 
 bulls of, 20 ; sculptures from palace 
 of, 32 f ., 37 f ., 40, 99 ; bowls of, 59 ; 
 bricks of, 97 ; crystal throne of, 222. 
 
 Sepharvaim, 18, 222 ; Bee also Sippar. 
 
 Sepulchral tablets, 37. 
 
 Sepulchral vases, 116. 
 
 Serpent, 158 ; legend of the, 81 f . 
 
 Sha-Nabu-shu, 197. 
 
 Sha-Nana-shi, 201. 
 
 Shabaka, seal impression of, 83. 
 
 Shaddinam, 170. 
 
 Shadunu, 228. 
 
 Shagaraktiburiash, 195 f. 
 
 Shagaraktishuriash, 58. 
 
 Shagga, 139. 
 
 Shakhrin, 211, 2151 
 
 Shakun-matum, 164. 
 
 Shala, 160, 212. 
 
 Shalash, 71. 
 
 Shalmaneser I., 6, 14 1, 18, 34, 233; 
 bricks of, 92. 
 
 Shalmaneser II., 61, 14 1, 30, 34, 233 ; 
 seated figure of, 29 ; obelisk of, 29 f . ; 
 stele of, 30; bronze bands from gates 
 of, 35 f . ; bowl of, 59 ; bricks of, 97. 
 
 Shalmaneser III., 234. 
 
 Shalmaneser IV., 7, 234; mace-head 
 dedicated to Nergal by Shalmaneser 
 (prob. IV.), 222. 
 
 Shaluluni, 95. 
 
 Shalurtum, 128. 
 
 Shamai, 150. 
 
 Shamash, 12, 44, 72, 90 ff., 991, 123, 
 1281, 137, 173, 195, 2071, 210 ff., 
 223 ; prayers to, 73 1 ; prayers and 
 questions to, 74, 76 ; emblem of, 96 ; 
 figures of, 120 ; on cylinder- seals, 
 160 f . ; see also Sun-god. 
 
 Shamash-abi, 161. 
 
 Shamash-apilshunu, 170. 
 
 Shamash-aplu-usur, 212 f. 
 
 Shamash-bel-ili,"l65, 168, 171. 
 
 Shamash-ennam, 130. 
 
 Shamash-epush, 198. 
 
 Shamash-gainil, 129. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 272 
 
 Shamash-ilu, 129. 
 
 Shamash-in-matiin, 128. 
 
 Shamash-ite, 129. 
 
 Shamash-kaeir, 213. 
 
 Shamash-khazir, 128. 
 
 Shamash-killani, 81. 
 
 Shamash litul, 165. 
 
 Shainash-magir, 140. 
 
 Shamash -mita-muballit, letter from, 69. 
 
 Shaniash-muballit, 129. 
 
 Shamash-mudammik, priest of Agade, 
 
 201 ; receipt by, 200. 
 Shamash -mushezib, cjlinder-seal of, 
 
 161. 
 Shamash-nasir, 130. 
 Shamash-pir'a-usnr, 212. 
 Shamash -rabi, 170. 
 Shamash-rimani, 131. 
 Shamash-sharruin, 161. 
 Shamash-shatum, 128, 164. 
 Shamash-shuni-iddina, 212. 
 Shamash-shmn-ukin, 10, 34, 60, 98, 171, 
 
 222, 232; cylinder of, 222; letter 
 
 from, 64; stele with figure of, 98 f. ; 
 
 brick of, 99 ; tablets of the reign of, 
 
 197. 
 Shamash-shuzibanni, 128. 
 Shamash- uballit, 200. 
 Shamkhatum, 164. 
 
 an early patesi of 
 
 233. 
 
 I., 233 ; inscribed 
 
 II., 14, 34, 233; 
 
 Shamslii-Ramman, 
 
 Assyria, 18, 155, 
 Shamslii-Ramman 
 
 bowls of, 58 f. 
 Shamshi-Ramman 
 
 stele with figure of, 30 f. 
 Shamshia, 124. 
 Shaniua, priest of Eria, 150. 
 Shankhar, 183. 
 Shapik-zeri, 201. 
 Sharan, 37. 
 Sharhan, 178. 
 Sharru-ludari, 62. 
 Sharru-ukin, law suit of, 203. 
 Shat-Ai, 128, 168. 
 Shatiya, 191. 
 Sheb-sin, 138. 
 Shedu, a fiend, 71. 
 Sheep, inventories of, 151 ff., 164; see 
 
 also Accounts. 
 Sheep-shearing, 137. 
 Shells, engraved, 222. 
 Shepherds, 137, 209. 
 Sherif Khan, 2, 17 f. 
 
 Tarbis. 
 Sherikti-Ai, 166. 
 
 Shibti-Adda, 192 ; letter from, 190. 
 Shields, bronze, 12, 229 f. 
 Shigata, 184. 
 
 97, 110 ; see also 
 
 Shilamazi, 130, 167, 169. 
 
 Shilkhak-Inshushinak, bricks of, 102. 
 
 Shinar, 2. 
 
 Shindishugab, 182. 
 
 Ships, of Tyre and Sidon, 35 ; lists of, 56. 
 
 Shir, 95. 
 
 Shitullum, 140. 
 
 Shuanikusia, cylinder-seal of, 161. 
 
 Shubandi, letters from, 187. 
 
 Shubari, 155 f . 
 
 Shubu, 95. 
 
 Shubula-nasir, 126. 
 
 Shula, 199 ff. 
 
 Shullumu, 201 . 
 
 Shuma, 198. 
 
 Shum-Adda, letter from, 190. 
 
 Shum-iddina, 216, 
 
 Shum-ukin, 200, 206 ; 216. 
 
 Shumai, reports from, 60. 
 
 Shumalia, 95. 
 
 Shumi-irsitim, 166. 
 
 Shumma-la-ilu, 137. 
 
 Shunurkliali, 140. 
 
 Shurippak, 47. 
 
 Shurpu Series, tablets of the, 72 f. 
 
 Shushan, 39, 102, 116. 
 
 Shushter, 102. 
 
 Shutruk-Xakhkhunte, 102; bricks of, 
 
 102. 
 Shuuardata, letters from, 190. 
 Slmzubu, 85, 211. 
 Sibi, 83. 
 Sick, drinking-bowls for the, 113 f . ; 
 
 incantations for the, 72, 74, 76, 173. 
 Sickle, 26. 
 Sidon, 8, 36 f., 180, 184, 186, 220; 
 
 coins from, 223. 
 Siduri, see Sabitu. 
 Silim-Ishtar, 203. 
 Silli-Bel, 219. 
 Silver, 108, 123 ff., 163 ff., 197 ff. ; 
 
 coins and objects of, 223; bracelets 
 
 of, 223 ; see also Loans, Receipts. 
 Silversmith, stock of a, 223. 
 Simmash-shipak, king of Babvlon, 14S, 
 
 150. 
 Simuru, Simurum, 135, 150 If. 
 Sin, 12, 72, 93, 95, 100 f. ; 195 f.; 
 
 prayers to, 73 ; emblem of, 96 ; on 
 
 cylinder-seals, 157, 161 f. 
 Sin-abushu, 167. 
 Sin-akham-idinnam, 131. 
 Sin-azu, 128. 
 Sin-eribam, cylinder seal of, 161 ; in 
 
 early Babylonian contracts, 129, 169. 
 Sin-gam il, 147, 231. 
 Sin-gashid, 231; bricks of, 89; cones 
 
 of, 144 ; inscription of, 145. 
 
273 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sin-gimlanni, 140. 
 
 Sin-idinnam, king of Larsa, 231 ; bricks 
 of, 90 ; cone of, 147. 
 
 Sin-idinnam, governor of Larsa, letters 
 to, 136 ff. 
 
 Sin-idinnam, of Sippar, 139 ; son of 
 Kishatum, 165 ; son of Sin-rimini, 
 170 ; action by, 168. 
 
 Sin-ikisham, 129 f., 165, 167. 
 
 Sin-ilu, 136 f. 
 
 Sin-imguranni, 130 f., 161. 
 
 Sin-ishmeani, 129. 
 
 Sin-kalama-idi, 171. 
 
 Sin-magir, king of Isin, 230. 
 
 Sin-magir, a local governor, 140 ; father 
 (by adoption) of Ilu-bani, 165. 
 
 Sin-muballit, king of Babylon, 171, 
 231 ; tablets of the reign 'of, 122 f., 
 127, 129, 163 ff. 
 
 Sin-muballit, in early Babylonian con- 
 tracts, 127, 165 ; Egibi, 193. 
 
 Sin-mushalim, 170. 
 
 Sin-nasir, 127, 130. 
 
 Sin-nur-matum, 128. 
 
 Sin-putram, 136. 
 
 Sin-rabi, 161. 
 
 Sin-rim-Uru, 129. 
 
 Sin-rimeni, 161. 
 
 Siu-rimini, 128, 165 f. 
 
 Sin-shar-ishkun, 234 ; cylinders of, 54 ; 
 tablets of the reign of, 198. 
 
 Sin-shar-usur, the eponym, 62 f. ; letter 
 from Ashur-bani-pal to, 68. 
 
 Sin-sheme, 166. 
 
 Sin-taiar, cylinder-seal of, 161. 
 
 Sin-ublam, 125. 
 
 Sin-uzelli, 125. 
 
 Sinai, 178. 
 
 Sinatum, 123. 
 
 Sini-Gula, 129. 
 
 Sini-Ishtar, 123 ff., 165, 167. 
 
 Sini-Shamash, 124. 
 
 Sins, list of, 72. 
 
 Sippar, 2, 55, 99 f., 132, 137, 139, 141 f., 
 147, 149, 167, 193 ff., 198 f., 201 f., 
 205, 207 ff., 222 f., 226, 228. 
 
 Sippar-edina, 141. 
 
 Sippar-iakhrurum, 139. 
 
 Sira, 209. 
 
 Sir-usur, 96. 
 
 Sit-napishtim, 46 f., 159. 
 
 Skulls, 115. 
 
 Slaves, 81, 127, 141, 164, 168, 200, 
 202 ff., 228; snles of, 61, 63, 129 f., 
 163, 167 f., 170, 198 ff. ; hire of, 
 128 f., 202. 
 
 Smelters, of metal, 136; see also Black- 
 smiths. 
 
 Smerdis, 105 ; tablets of the reign of, 
 
 215. 
 Smith, George, 19. 
 Snakes, on seals, 224. 
 Solomon, 113. 
 Sorcerer, 70. 
 Sorceress, 70. 
 
 South-west wind, demon of the, 25, 112. 
 Spear-heads, 25 f. 
 Spells, 70 f. 
 
 Sphinxes, 21, 27 f., 112. 
 Spirits, of heaven, 71, 92 ; of earth, 71, 
 
 92; evil, 71; incantations against 
 
 evil, 74. 
 Spoon, 222. 
 
 Squares, tables of, 226. 
 Squeezes, 106. 
 
 Stags, on seals, 224 ; in ivory, 28. 
 " Standard Inscription," of Ashur-nasir- 
 
 pal, 21. 
 Stars, list of, 56. 
 Statues, Assyrian, 27, 31. 
 Steatite, 157. 
 Stelae, of Ashur-nasir-pal, 21, 28 ; of 
 
 Shalmaneser II., 30 ; of Shamshi- 
 
 Bamman, 30 f. 
 Stibium, 112. 
 Stonecutter, 212. 
 Stones, lists of, 56, 150. 
 Store-house, of the King in Sippar, 199, 
 
 208 ff., 214 f. ; the Great, at Sippar, 
 
 210, 212 f. ; of Nabu at Borsippa, 
 
 217. 
 Storm-god, 92 ; see also Bamman. 
 Stratford de Bedcliffc, Viscount, 16. 
 Stratonice, 197. 
 Streatfeild, J. Fremlyn, 144. 
 Su-abu, 176; see also Sumu-abu. 
 Sua, of Gilzani, 29. 
 Suash-Bulak, 36. 
 Suguni, city, 35. 
 Sukai, 208; 210. 
 Sukaiti, 216. 
 Sukhli, 189. 
 Sukhu, 29 f. 
 Sulatum, 165. 
 Sumer, 4, 88 f., 156, 230. 
 Sumerian compositions, incantations, 
 
 etc., 72 ff., 173, 225 f. ; inscriptions, 
 
 87 ff., 142 ff. 
 Sumerian language, 3, 49. 
 Sumerian words, lists of, 52. 
 Sumerians, 1 ff. ; figures of, 144, 
 
 PI. XXXIII. ; ivory head of, 222. 
 Sumu-abu, 171,231. 
 Sumu-la-ilu, 171, 231 ; tablets of the 
 
 reign of, 122, 128, 130, 164, 168 f. 
 Sumura', 169. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 274 
 
 Sumuru, 184 ff. 
 
 Sun-god, 46, 75, 81, 83, 90, 127, 142, 
 147 ff., 174, 194, 196, 198 f., 201 f., 
 205, 207 ff., 222 f. ; prayers and 
 hymns to the, 75 f ., 84, 225 ; figure 
 of, 148 ; symbol of, 148 ; of Katna, 
 187 ; see also Shamash, Babbar. 
 
 Sun-god Tablet, 147 ff., PL XXXVI. 
 
 Sunset, Mountain of the, 46. 
 
 Surata, 190. 
 
 Susa, 2, 10, 53, 102, 116, 120. 
 
 Susian inscriptions, 103, 105 f., 158, 
 196. 
 
 Susiana, 8 f . 
 
 Susians, 105. 
 
 Swallow, 47. 
 
 Sword sheath, 26. 
 
 Syllabaries, of the First Class, 50 ; of 
 the Second Class, 50 f., 172; of the 
 Third Class, 51 f ., 55, 172. 
 
 Symbols, 148, 221, 224; on boundarv- 
 stones, 92 ff . 
 
 Synchronous History, 57 f . 
 
 Synonyms, lists of, 53. 
 
 Syria, 6 ff., 37, 58, 178, 180, 224. 
 
 Syrians, 7. 
 
 Tabannu, 214. 
 
 Tabbum, 166. 
 
 Tabik-zeri, 204, 206 f ., 214. 
 
 Tablets, of clay, characteristics of, 41 f. ; 
 preservation of, 121 f . ; early Baby- 
 lonian, 121 ff., 162 ff.; Assyrian, 
 42 ff. ; late Babylonian, 197 ff ., 225 ff. 
 
 Tabnith, 36 f . 
 
 Tagi, letter from, 190. 
 
 Tammuz, 44. 
 
 Tamritu, 39. 
 
 Taram-sagila, 166 f. 
 
 Taram-ulmash, 166. 
 
 Tarbis (Tarbisi), 2, 18, 97, 110, 222. 
 
 Taribatum, 136, 141, 161, 164 f., 170. 
 
 Taribum, 166, 170. 
 
 Tarsus, 9. 
 
 Tartakhu, star, 81. 
 
 Tashmetu, 41, 72 ; prayer to, 73. 
 
 Tashmetum-tabni, 211. 
 
 Tatumkhipa, 179 f., 191. 
 
 Te-umman, 10, 34, 39, 221. 
 
 Teispes, 104. 
 
 Tell Amran ibn 'Ali, 19. 
 
 Tell Balawat, 2, 12, 19, 35. 
 
 Tell el-Amama, letters from, 5, 177 ff. 
 
 Tell Ibrahim, 2, 18. 
 
 Tell Loh, Tello ; see Lagash. 
 
 Tell Salahiyyeh, 32. 
 
 Tell Sifr, 121. 
 
 T&m-Ashur, letter from, 65. 
 
 Temple at Jerusalem, 8. 
 
 Temple-accounts, 142, 150 ff., 201 ff., 
 205, 207 ff . 
 
 Temples, lists of, 56. 
 
 Teuwatti, 187. 
 
 Thebes, 9, 221. 
 
 Thi, 177, 179, 191 ; letter to, 184. 
 
 Thompson, R. C, 19. 
 
 Thothmes I., 178. 
 
 Thothmes II., 178. 
 
 Thothmes III., 178. 
 
 Thrones, feet of, 25 ; bronze side of a, 
 107 ; fragments of a crystal, 222. 
 
 Thuaa, 179. 
 
 Tiamat, 42 f. ; sculptured representa- 
 tion of, 24 ; on cylinder-seal, 159. 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser I., 6, 18, 233; obelisk 
 of, 31 ; cylinders of, 154 f. ; clay 
 tablets of, 59 ; brick of, 96. 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser II., 96, 233. 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser III., 7, 232, 234; in- 
 scribed slabs of, 30, 32 ; wall sculp, 
 tures of, 31, 32 f. ; clay tablet of, 59. 
 
 Tigris, 2, 35, 90, 121, 155. 
 
 Til-Barsip, 36. 
 
 Tillanum, 169. 
 
 Tirhakah, 9, 221. 
 
 Title-deeds, 150. 
 
 Toilet-boxes, sides of, 28. 
 
 Tongue-plates, 222. 
 
 Tools, models of, 223. 
 
 Tortures, 39. 
 
 Tower of Babel, 18. 
 
 Trajan, 86. 
 
 Transfers of property, 124, 127, 212. 
 
 Tube for eye-paint, 222. 
 
 Tubgatu, 170. 
 
 Tukulti-Mer, votive offering of, 223. 
 
 Tukulti-Ninib I., 6, 34, 58, 233; me- 
 morial tablet of, 155 f . 
 
 Tukulti-Ninib II., 6, 233. 
 
 Tumurka, 191. 
 
 Tunip, 178, 187. 
 
 Tushratta, 178 f. ; letters from, 180 f 
 183 f., 191. 
 
 Tyre, 180, 186, 221 ; coins from, 223. 
 
 Uballitsu-Gula, 206. 
 Ubar, 202. 
 Ubar-Shamash, 166. 
 Ubartum, 200. 
 Ubaru, 197. 
 Ubi, Hobah, 187. 
 Uddushu-namir, 44. 
 Udumu, 190. 
 Ugarit, city, 186. 
 
275 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ukhafc, 45. 
 
 Ukin-zer, 232. 
 
 Ululai, 232. 
 
 Umaria, 199. 
 
 Umma, 1, 3, 87, 144. 
 
 Ummanaldasta, 39 f., 222. 
 
 Ummanigash, 39, 68. 
 
 Under World, 44 j see also Lower 
 
 "World. 
 Untash-gal, brick of, 102. 
 Upakhkhir-Bel, letter from, 64. 
 Upshukkinaku, 42 f. 
 Ur, 1, 2, 3, 4, 18, 88 ff, 100 f., 131, 
 
 133 ff., 138, 140, 143 f., 150 ff., 156 f., 
 
 175 f., 194 f., 230. 
 Ur-Bau, 4, 230 ; cones of, 144. 
 Ur-Engur, 4, 195, 230 ; inscriptions of, 
 
 88 ; on cylinder-seal, 157 f . 
 Ur-Nina, 3, 229. 
 Ur-Ningirsu, 4, 230 ; inscriptions of, 
 
 89. 
 Ur-Ninib, 4, 230 ; brick of, 90. 
 Ur-Jfintura, 125. 
 Ura, Legend of, 82 f . 
 Ura-imitti, 176. 
 Ura-nasir, 165, 167. 
 Urazumetanu, 210. 
 Urbi, 219. 
 Urbillum, 152. 
 Urmi, 36 ; Lake, 34. 
 Ursalimmu, 219 ; see also Jerusalem. 
 Urtaku, 10, 39. 
 Urukagina, 3, 229 ; inscription of, 
 
 142. 
 Urumush, 229 ; inscriptions of, 142. 
 Urza, 189. 
 
 Urzage, king of Kish, 229. 
 Ushu, 10. 
 
 Utukku, a fiend, 71. 
 Uzu, city, 186. 
 Uzziah, 59. 
 
 Vahyazdata, 105. 
 
 Van, 12, 102, 106 ; bronzes from, 
 
 106 ff.; Lake, 6, 34, 91. 
 Vannic inscriptions, 36, 102. 
 Venus, the planet, 94, 227 ; symbol of, 
 
 148. 
 Vernal Equinox, 61. 
 Vessels, of clay, 112 ff. ; glazed, 118 f . ; 
 
 lists of, 56. 
 Victims, omens from, 77. 
 Votaries, see Priestesses. 
 Votive cones, 144 ff . 
 Votive figures, 112, 116. 
 Vultures, stele of, 87. 
 
 Wakar-abum, 129. 
 
 Warka, 2, 18, 88, 118, 222. 
 
 Water, forecasts from oil and, 173 ; of 
 Life, 44 ; Lake of Fire and, 71. 
 
 Waters, of Death, 46, 159. 
 
 Weapons, models of, 223. 
 
 "Weavers, 207. 
 
 Weight, of Nebuchadnezzar II., copy 
 of, 193 f. ; of Darius, 196 ; of bronze 
 inlaid with go!d, 223 ; see also Duck- 
 weights, Lion- weights. 
 
 Wheelan, F. E.. 99. 
 
 White, H. Hopley, 37. 
 
 Widia, of Askelon, letters from, 189. 
 
 Williams, Talcott, 82. 
 
 Williams, Dr. W. T., 82. 
 
 Wine-strainer, 26. 
 
 Witches, 70 f . 
 
 Woods, lists of, 56. 
 
 Wool, 203 ; accounts concerning, 151 ff. 
 
 Xerxes, 103 f., 234 ; casts of inscriptions 
 of, 106 ; alabaster vases of, 109 ; 
 tablet of the reign of, 217. 
 
 Yabitiri, letter from, 189. 
 
 Yama, letter from, 192. 
 
 Yamani, 54. 
 
 Yankhamu, 184, 189 f . 
 
 Yapa-Addi, 184. 
 
 Yapakhi, letters from, 181 f., 188 f. 
 
 Yashdata, letter from, 189. 
 
 Yazdegerd, 224. 
 
 Yinuamma, 188. 
 
 Yuni, 184. 
 
 Zabil-Zamama, 161. 
 
 Zabum, king of Babvlon, 171, 231 ; 
 
 tablets of the reign of, 122, 128, 163, 
 
 165, 167 ff. 
 Zabum, river Zab, 167. 
 Zamama, 93. 
 Zariku, 128. 
 
 Zechariah, son of K. David, 37. 
 Zedekiah, king of Judah, 11. 
 Zend, 104. 
 Zeria, 203. 
 
 Zidriyara, letter from, 191. 
 Zikku, 228. 
 Zikrum, 129. 
 Zimrida, 186, 192. 
 Zirzirri, 93. 
 
 Zitatna, of .lkko, letter from, 186. 
 Zodiac,' 60, 93. 
 Zu, 83 ; legend of, 82. 
 Zuzanum, 166. 
 
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