BELL's NEW PANTHEON ; OR, HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF THE GODS, DEMI-GODS, HEROES, AND FABULOUS PERSONAGES OF ANTIQUITY : ALSO, OF THE IMAGES AND IDOLS ADORED IN THE PAGAN WORLD ; TOGETHER WITH THEIR TEMPLES, PRIESTS, ALTARS, ORACLES, FASTS, FESTIVALS, GAMES, &c. AS WELL AS DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR FIGURES, REPRESENTATIONS, AND SYMBOLS, ' COLLECTED FROM STATUES, PICTURES, COINS, AND OTHER REMAINS OF THE ANCIENTS. THE WHOLE DESIGNED TO FACILITATE THE STUDY OF MYTHOLOGY, HISTORY, POETRY, PAINTING, STATUARY, MEDALS, &c. &c. AND COMPILED FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES. RICHLY EMBELLISHED WITH CHARACTERISTIC PRINTS. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON: PRINTED BY AND FOR J. BELL, BOOKSELLER TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES, AT THE library, Strand, m.dcc.xc. PREFACE. ACCORDING to the original plan of publication these volumes -would have been considerably increased in bulb , and consequently in expence ; to remove therefore this objection, after some progress was made in the printing , so much of it as had passed under the press was cancelled for the sake of enlarging the page ; notwithstanding which , however, the same number of subjects have been engraved as would have suf- ficed for volumes of double the size . To accommodate the work to ordinary use , it is so contrived , that those who choose may bind the whole in one volume; while others who prefer a form less bulky are provided with titles to preserve it in two. To the Engravings a list of authorities is annexed, that their genuineness may be placed beyond the reach of a doubt. On an impartial review of the whole, the publisher flatters himself that Artists of every Profession, and Scholars of all Denominations, may hence derive an abundance of information from the best of sources. British Library Strand, JOHN BELL. 23 April, 1790 #•# A NEW PANTHEON OR, 9 HISTORICAL DICTIONARY , &c. ABA Aaede, one of the original three Muses : the other two were Melete and Mneme. AAIN-EL-GINUM, or the fountain of idols, was an ancient city of Africa, in the province of Chaus and kingdom of Fez. Tradition relates, that the Africans had in the precindts of it, near a fountain, a temple, where persons of both sexes celebrated, at particular seasons, nocturnal fe- stivals ; in which the women abandoned them- selves in the dark to such men as chance might present. The offspring of this intercourse were reputed sacred, and brought up by the priests of the temple. On this account those who had passed the night there, were secluded from their husbands for the space of a year. This temple was destroyed by the Mahometans. Ortelius calls the city Manlisnana. AB, the eleventh month of the civil year of the Hebrews, and the fifth of their ecclesiastical year, which begins with the month Nisan. The word Ab corresponds to the moon of July, that is, of a part of that month and the beginning of August. Its duration is thirty days. The Jews fasted upon the first day of this month on ac- count of the death of Aaron, and upon the ninth, to commemorate both the burning of Solomon’s temple by the Chaldeans, and also their second temple, by the Romans. The Jews supposed it to be on the same day that the spies, return- ing from Canaan, incited their nation to revolt. They fasted also on this day because of the pro- hibition of Adrian issued against their abode in Jerusalem, or even looking towards it at a di- stance to deplore its ruin. The eighteenth day of the same month they fasted, because on that night the lamps of the sandtuary went out in the time of Ahaz. Other calamities are represented Vol. 1. ABA as having befallen the Jews in this month, on account of which it may be termed their month of fasting. ABABIL, a strange, or rather fabulous bird men- tioned in the Koran, concerning the nature and qualities of w hich, the Mahometan doblors great- ly differ. ABADIR, a word compounded of tw o Phoenecian terms. It signifies magnificent father, a title which the Carthagenians gave to their gods of the first order. It is also applied to the stone which Ops or Rhea dressed up for Saturn to swallow, instead of Jupiter ; for the old god, afraid of be- ing dethroned by his sons, devoured them to secure himself. This stone was called by the Greeks |3 «»tuA©». The same title has been attri- buted, but by mistake, to the god Terminus. ABAE, a place of Lysia, where (as we learn from the Scholiast on the Oedipus Tyrannus) Apollo had a temple ; and whence he was stiled Abaeus. ABANTIAS, or ABANTIADES, a patronymic of Danae,Atalante,gnd the other grand-children of Abas. ABARBAREA, one of the Naiades, whom Buco- lion the eldest son of Laomedon marriech and by whom he had two sons, Aesepus and Peda- sus. ABARIS, was a Scythian, who, for having sung the expedition of Apollo to the Hyperboreans, was constituted his priest, and received from him the spirit of divination, together wfith an arrow, by means of which he could traverse the air. He is also said to have formed, from the bones of Pelops, the statue of Minerva, w hich the Trojans purchased of him, and on his word, believed to have descended from heaven. It w as this statue that was afterw ards celebrated B v: ABE PANTHEON. ABR under the name of the Palladium. There were two others named Abaris, one cf w'hich was killed by Perseus,, and the other by Euryalus. ABAS, the son of Hypothoon and Metanira, or, according to some, of Celeus and Meganira. Ceres changed him into a lizard, for mocking her and her sacrifices. ABAS, one of the Centaurs w ho opposed the La- pithes. ABAS, the son of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, and father of Acrisius and Proetus, was the eleventh king of the Argives. ABAS, son of Eurydamus, the soothsayer, and brother of Polydius. Both brothers w ere slain by Diomed in the T rojan war. Also one of the companions of Aeneas killed by Lausus, son of Mezentius. ABAS, a celebrated soothsayer, to whom a statue v'as eredted by the Lacedemonians in the tem- ple of Delphi, for having rendered signal ser- vices to Lysander. ABASTER, one of the three horses of Pluto, of a black colour. See Metheus and Nonius. ABATOS, an island in the palus of Memphis or lake Moeris, famous amongst other things for the tomb of Osiris, which was aftenvards carried to Abydos. This island hath been by some con- founded with a rock of the same name. ABUTTO, an idol or god of the Japanese, emi- nent for the cure of many distempers, and also for procuring fair winds and quick voyages. On the latter account, small pieces of coin tied to a stick are thrown by sailors into the sea, as an offering. These offerings his priests pretend are wafted to him. In still weather he is said to appear himself in a boat to demand this tribute. ABDERUS, a favourite of Hercules, who having carried off the mares of Diomedes which lived on human flesh, committed them to the care of Abderus, and proceeded against the Bistones. Having slain many of them, and Diomedes a- mongst the rest, Hercules returned from his ex- pedition, but finding that his favourite had been torn asunder by the mares, he built a city near his tomb in memorial of him, and gave it the name of Abdera. ABELLION, a divinity of the ancient Gauls.— Vossius supposes him to be the same with the Apollo of the Greeks, and the Belus of the Cretans. ABEONA and ADEONA, divinities that pre- sided over travellers, the one at their going out, and the other on their return. ABERIDES, the son of Coelus and Vesta ; -the same with Saturn. ABIA, the daughter of Hercules, w as sister and nurse to Hyllus. A celebrated temple was e- redted to her in Messenia. She withdrew to the city of Ira, which took its name from her, and was one of the seven which Agamemnon pro- mised Achilles. ABLEGMINA, those choice parts of the entrails of vidtims which w ere offered in sacrifice to the gods. In Festus we find the word Ablegamina, which Scaliger and others take for a corruption of the text. It is apparently derived from Ab- legere, to cull or separate, and formed in imi- tation of the Greek onroXtyw, which signifies the same. In this sense Ablegamina coincides with onrohtypoi ; unless, as others suggest, the word be of Latin origin, and derived from albeo, whence albegmina, on account of the w hiteness of these parts. The Ablegmina were otherwise called prosiciae, porriciar , prosed: a, and prosegmina : they seem to have differed from strebula , which were the like morsels of the fleshy parts, and from aug- mentum , which particularly denoted a lobe of the liver. Some authors make Ablegmina to include all those parts of the vidtims which were offered to the deities ; contrary to the authority of Festus, who restrains Ablegmina to the exta or entrails only. The exta being found good, were to be prosedted or parted ; i. e. the ex- tremes or prominent parts cut off as Ableg* mina, to be sprinkled with flour, and burnt by the priests on the altar, pouring w ine on them. Tertullian rallies the heathens for thus serving their gods with scraps and offals. ABLERUS, one of the Trojans, who w as killed by Archilochus. ARORIGENES, the first inhabitants of Italy, w ho were brought thither by Saturn from the east. Some suppose them to have come from Arcadia under the condudt of Oenotrus, and that Virgil therefore called them Oenotrians. Others derive their name from abbcrrenda gens , an abominable race ; others from aberrigenes, a nation of wan- derers, &c. ABRACADABRA, a magical term, to which, if repeated in a particular manner and a certain number of times, great effedts are attributed in ABS PANTHEON. AC A 3 the cure of fevers and the prevention of other maladies. Some write the word abrasadabra, mistaking the ftoman C, equivalent to K, for the Greek C or 2. To produce its magical ef- fect, the word should be thus written : ABRACADABRA ABRACADABR ABRACADAB ABRACADA A B R A C A D ABRitA A B R A C A B R A A B R A B A This formula is preserved by Serenus Samoni- cus, a phycian of the twelfth century. Scaliger, Salmasius and Kircher, have taken great pains to discover the sense of the word. Delrio speaks of it as a well known formula in magic, which was perhaps formed by Serenus, who followed the magical superstitions of Basilidas from A- brasax. A BRAS AX, a mystical term of the Basilidians, which, on the authority of Tertulian and Je- rom, is supposed to have been a name given by Basilidas to the supreme Being, as expressive of the 365 divine processions which that heretic in vented, A signifying 1 . (3, 2. p, 100. «, 1, icily, consecrated to the Palic brothers who were particularly ho- noured in that island. To this fountain was at- tributed the marvellous faculty of discovering the truth of oaths. The words being inscribed on tablets of wood and thr own into the water, would sink if the oath they contained were false, but swim if it were true. ACALET or PERDIX, nephew of Dedalus, in- vented both the saw and the compass. Dedalus through jealousy precipitated him from a lofty tower, but Minerva in compassion changed him to a partridge. ACALIS or AGASIS. See Acacalis. A CAM ARCHIS, a nymph, daughter of the Ocean. ACAMAS, son of Theseus, and brother of Demo- * phoon, followed the rest of the Grecian princes to the siege of Troy. Hho are in all twenty-six, and that of the priests of Carnaean Apollo, to the number of seventeen) lasted 893, or according to M. Fourmont, 992 years; so that the kingdom of Sicyon commen- ced 13J1 years before the first Olympiad, 927 be- fore the I rojan war, and about 2000 years be- fore the Christian era. The Sicyonians, ac- cording to Pausanias, gave the following account of their original : Aegealeus, say they, a native of their own country, was their first king, under whose reign that part of the Peloponneus, v hich is called at this day Egiate, received its present denomination. In that country he biyilt in the open field the city, Egialea, with a citadel which covered all the ground whereon the temple of Minerva now stands. Aegealeus was the father of Europs, of whom was born Teichis, whose son was Apis, &c. If it should be asked whence came this Aegealeus, w hose original is not given by Pausanias, we may answer, that he came from some foreign country ; from Phoenicia, as Inachus, or from Egypt as Danaus. AEGEON, a giant, son of Aether, Titan, or Coe- lus, and Terra. According to Homer, he w as called Aegeon on earth, and Briareus in heaven. Virgil represents him as having a hundred hands. fifty heads, and as many mouths breathing fire. Having formed a conspiracy with the other gi- ants against Jupiter, he was thrust beneath Aet- na, which, as often as he moved, threw forth fire. He is represented, however, as having been of signal service to Jupiter, w hen Juno, Pallas, Neptune, and the other deities attempted to dethrone him ; and, on this account, was not only forgiven his former offence, but, toge- ther w ith Gyges and Cottus, appointed a satel- lite to the god. Solinus relates, that divine ho- nours w ere paid him by the Carystes, under the name of Briareus, and by the Chalcidenses un- der that of Aegeon. AEGERIA. See Egeria. AEGEUS, the ninth king of Athens, son of Pan- dion, father of Theseus, and brother of Nisus, Pallas, and Lycus, was descended from Erec- theus or Erichthonius, one of the ancient kings of Athens. It is said that Aegeus, being desi- rous of children, and consulting the Delphic oracle, received that celebrated answ er, which forbade him the society of any woman before his return to Athens ; but the oracle being ob- scurely expressed, he went to Troezene, and communicated to the sage Pittheus, the wisest man then in Greece, the answer of the god.--- Pittheus, when he heard the oracle, introduced Aegeus to his daughter Aethra, and some au- thors say, he privately gave her in marriage to him. Aegeus, on his departure, left a sw ord and a pair of sandals, w ith the daughter of Pit- theus, hiding them under a great stone that had a hollow exactly fitting them, and, making her only privy to it, enjoined her that if she should have a son by him, w ho, when grow n up, could raise the stone, and take away w ; hat he had de- posited under it, she should send the young man to him with them, as secretly as possible ; ■for he w as much afraid some plot w ould be form- ed against him by the Pallantidae, or fifty sons of his brother Pallas, who despised Aegeus for his want of children. Aethra happened to be delivered of a boy, whom some report that she named Theseus, though others say, that he did not receive this name till he arrived at Athens, and was acknowledged by Aegeus for his son. The Athenians having basely killed Androgeos, son of Minos, king of Crete, in the reign of Ae- geus, for carrying away the prize in the games. AEG PANTHEON. AEG 19 Minos made war upon the Athenians, and being victorious, imposed this severe condition on Ae- geus, that he should annually send into Crete seven of the noblest youths of Athens, chosen by lot, to be devoured by the Minotaur. On the fourth year of this tribute, the choice fell on Theseus, or as others say, he himself entreat- ed to 1 e sent. The good king, at the departure of his son, gave orders, that as the ship which trans- ported the youths to Crete sailed under black sails, she should return with the same in case Theseus perished ; but, if he came back victo- rious, the sails were to be changed for white. The event was fortunate for Theseus (who slew the Minotaur, and escaped out of the inextrica- ble labyrinth in which that monster was con- fined, by the help of Ariadne) but proved the reverse to Aegeus ; for Theseus having neg- leCted his instructions, the old king, who im- patiently waiting his son’s return, went daily to the top of a high rock that overlooked the ocean, to observe the ships as they approached the shore, at last, on discovering the sable sails, threw himself into the sea, which from him was called the Aegean, The Athenians decreed Ae- geus divine honours, and sacrificed to him as a marine deity, the adopted son of Neptune. AEG1BOUUM, TAUROBOLIUM, CRIOBO- L1UM, were expiatory sacrifices, of which no mention occurs till the second century. The ceremonial of these expiations hath been trans- mitted by the poet Prudentius. He informs us, that the Pagan priests excavated a pit, into which the sovereign pontiff descended, invested with all the attributes of his function. The hole w^as then covered with planks, perforated in different places, so as that the blood of the goat, bull, or ram, which w'as sacrificed, might run through upon the pontiff' beneath ; w ho, after this aspersion, ascended reeking with the blood of the victim. Being thus sanctified, he preserved, as long as possible, these offensive vestments, to confirm the efficacy of the sacri- fice on himself, and afterw ards suspended them in the temple to communicate their virtue to all who might have the happiness to touch them. The privilege of offering this sacrifice was not peculiar to the sovereign pontiff’: all who presented themselves for initiation into the mysteries, might offer a goat, a bull, or a ram, and receive on their garments the drop- ping of their blood. But, whoever, by these expiations, was ambitious of obtaining a mys- tical regeneration, was compelled to undergo the most painful trials, and none but such as sustained them with firmness, were admitted into the mysteries. After initiation, they were obliged to maintain a conduct of the most un- relenting virtue, and to be above the allure- ments of sense. Their vestments, stained with the blood of the victim, excited the most pro- found veneration ; were accounted to increase in holiness in proportion as they became more ragged ; and, w'hen they would no longer hang together, were suspended on some column of the temple. These sacrifices were renewed every twenty years, when the penances of the noviciate were again repeated, and not fewer than eighty kinds w'ere gone through, before he could become an adept in the mysteries of the god Mitbra .--- When the Caesars, to render their authority more respedted, had taken the censor into their hands as well as the sceptre, they dis- dained the investiture of the bloody garments. To avoid, therefore, such disgusting ceremo- nies, they established subaltern pontiffs to cringe under the details of the ritual. The earliest Christian emperors despised not the pontifical robe. Gratian was the first who threw off' the badges of paganism ; for, though he retained the title of sovereign -pontiff, he performed no part of its functions. AEG IDES, a name of Theseus, son of Aegeus. AEGIMIUS, the name of a man who lived two centuries. AEGINA, daughter of Asopus king of Boeotia, w as beloved by Jupiter, v ho seduced her in the similitude of a lambent flame, and after she had been delivered of Aeacus and Rhadamanthus, carried her from Epidaurus to a desert island called Oenope, to which she gave her own name. To this may be added the fables im- porting that Jupiter, to save her from the ven- geance of her father, w ho made stridf search after her, transformed her into an island; which signifies, that he concealed her in an island of the Saronic gulf, now r Lepanta, and once called the island of Aegina. AEG IN AT ES, the inhabitants of the island Ae- gina, w ho were afterwards called the Myrmidons. D 2 20 AEG PANTHEON. AEG AEGIOCHUS, an appellation given by Homer and others to Jupiter, either because he was cherished by a goat, or because his buckler was covered with a goat’s skin. AEG I PAN, a denomination given to the god Pan, because he was represented with the horns, legs, feet, &c. of. a goat. The ancients also gave the same name to a sort of monsters men- tioned by Pliny-, Solinus, &c. Salmasius, in his notes on Solinus, takes Aegipan to have signi- fied the same in Libya with Salvanus among the Romans. Vossius rejects this opinion, and shews that these creatures had not faces like men, as the Sylvans had, but like goats. The monster represented on some medals of Au- gustus, by antiquaries, called Capricornus , and which has the fore part of a goat, and the hind part of a fish, appears to be the true Aegipan. AEG IRA, one of the Hamadryads. AEGIS, the shield or buckler of Jupiter. The goat Amalthea, which had suckled Jove, being dead, that god is said to have covered his buck- ler with the skin thereof, whence the appella- tion Aegis, from ai£, ou, a she-goat. Jupiter afterwards restoring the goat to life, covered it with a new skin, and placed it among the stars. This buckler, wdiich w^as the work of Vulcan, he gave to Minerva, who having killed the Gorgon Medusa, nailed her head to the middle of the Aegis, which henceforth possessed the faculty of converting into stone all who beheld it, as Medusa herself had while alive. Some take the Aegis not to have been a buckler, but a cuirass or breast-plate, and it is certain, that the Aegis of Minerva, described by Virgil, Aen. viii. v. 4 35 , must have been a cuirass, since the poet says expressly, that Me- dusa’s head was on the breast of the goddess ; but the Aegis of Jupiter, mentioned ver. 354, seems to have been a buckler, and not a cuirass. Servius makes the same distindtion on these two passages of Virgil, for he takes the Aegis in ver. 354 , for the buckler of Jupiter, covered with the skin of the goat Amalthea, and by the Aegis, in ver. 435 , lie understands that piece of armour, which, in speaking of men, is called the Cuirass, and speaking of the gods. Aegis. Though this word signifies a she-goat, and the Aegis is commonly thought to have been the skin ot that animal, yet some authors are per- suaded that it was the spoil of a monster named Aegis, which vomited fire, and after having made a vast havock in Phrygia, Phoenicia, Egypt, and Libya, was destroyed by Minerva, who invested her buckler with its skin. AEGISTHUS, w as son of Thyestes, by his own daughter Pelopeia, whom having found in a grove consecrated to Minerva, he violated with- out knowing. Servius upon the Aeneid, and Ladtantius upon the Thebaid, say he committed this crime wittingly, because an oracle had foretold him that he should have a son by her who would revenge his injuries. Aegisthus w as the fruit of this unnatural commerce, w hich to conceal, it is said she exposed her son in the woods, where some say he was found by a shepherd, w ho brought him up ; others, that he w as suckled by a goat, whence he obtained the name of Aegisthus. Some time after the death of Aerope, daughter of Eurystheus, king of Argos, and w ife of Abreus, Abreus married the same Pelopeia, who w r as his niece, and e- ducated the young Aegisthus, whom he had brought to his court, with Menelaus and Aga- memnon, as we learn from Pausanias and Hy. gin us. They, having found at Delphi their uncle Thyestes, introduced him to their father, who threw him into prison, and sent Aegisthus to kill him ; but Thyestes having spied in his hands the sword which Pelopeia had snatched from him when he was going out of the sacred grove, after the violence he had offered to her, found him to be his son. Plis daughter coming up, no sooner discovered the incest of her father, than she fell upon that same sword, and Aegis- thus carried it all bloody to Atreus, w ho, in the belief that he had gotten rid of his brother, w ent to offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving, dur- ing which Aegisthus slew him, and delivered his father Thyestes out of prison. Thus Thy- estes ascended the throne of Argos, and ba- nished his two nephews Agamemnon and Me- nelaus, sons of Atreus (at least his sons accord- ing to common opinion, for it must be noticed, that there are several authors, amongst whom are Eusebius and Scaliger, who believe, and that with apparent reason, that they w ere not the sons of that prince, but of Plisthenes his brother). These young princes having repair- ed to the court of Polyphides king of Sicyon, AEG PANTHEON. AEG 21 he sent them to Oeneus king of Oechalia, who generously married them to the two daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, Clytemnestra, and Helen. With the assistance of their father-in- law, Agamemnon recovered the throne of Ar- gos, banishing Thyestes to the island of Cythe- ra, and Menelaus succeeded Tyndarus on the throne of Sparta. About this time, Agamem- non being obliged to leave his court, and as- sume the command of the Grecian army against Troy, was heartily reconciled to his cousin Aegisthus, pardoned him for the death of his father, and eveil left him the care of Clytem- nestra his wife, and his three children, Orestes, Iphigenia, and Eledtra ; appointing only a cer- tain singer his sole confidant, to overlook their condu6t. Aegisthus, having seduced the affec- tions ofClytemnestra, took off the vigilant guar- dian. The intercourse of these guilty paramours became now so public, that Agamemnon hear- ing it as he lay before Troy, resolved to be re- venged at his return. But this his wife pre- vented, by killing him as soon as he arrived, together with Cassandra her rival, and the twin children of Agamemnon. The faithless Cly- temnestra now married Aegisthus, and set the crown of Mycenae upon his head, which he wore for seven years. In this sanguinary tra- gedy the young Orestes must have also fallen, had not his sister Ele<5tra secretly conveyed him to the court of his uncle Strophius, king of Pho- cis, who had married the sister of Agamemnon. Some years after, Orestes having formed the design of revenging his father’s death, left the court of Strophius in company with Pylades, son of that prince, his faithful friend and com- panion, entered secretly into Mycenae, and concealed himself at the house ofEledfra (called by Homer, Laodice), whom Aegisthus had mar- ried to a man of mean extract ion, that he might have nothing to fear from his resentment. Elec- tra first spread a report through Mycenae of Orestes’ death, at which Aegisthus and Clytem- nestra were so overjoyed, that they went direct- ly to the temple of Apollo, to give thanks to the gods for this agreeable news. Orestes fol- lowed them thither with his band of friends, and after ordering the guards to be seized, slew his unhappy mother and her guilty paramour with his own hands. They were interred with- out the city, not having been deemed worthy of a funeral, as Pausanias remarks, in the same place with Agamemnon, and those who had been slain with him. Homer does not expressly relate that Orestes killed Clytenmestra, but he implies as much, by saying that Orestes made a funeral feast for them both.--- Pompey used to call Julius Caesar Aegisthus, on account of his having corrupted his wife Mutia, whom he af- terwards put away, though she had three chil- dren by him. AEGLE, one of the three daughters of Plesperus, who went by the general name of Hesperides. Also the name of one of Aesculapius’ four daughters by Epione, whom some call Lam- petia. AEGOEOLIUM, from the copy of an ancient inscription in which were the words criobolium et aemobolium movit. Reinesius supposes aemo- bolium to have been a corruption of aegoboliam 3 and isfol owed by Van Dale ; but De Boze con- tends that aemobolium is the genuine reading, and means no more than an effusion of blood. See Aegibolium. AEGOBOLUS. Bacchus was worshipped by this name in Potnia, for the following reason : As the inhabitants w ere once celebrating the feasts of this god, in the heat of their orgies they quarrelled, and killed one of his priests ; upon which Bacchus sent a pestilence among them. The Potnians consulting the oracle, were ad- vised to sacrifice annually one of their hand- somest boys to the god, which having done for several years, Bacchus at length accepted a goat, as a substitute. AEGOCEROS, a monster into which Pan trans- formed himself, when w ith the rest of the gods he fled from Typhon. Jupiter for his subtilty placed him among the stars. AEGON, the name of a shepherd. AEGOPHAG A, or AEGOPHAGE, name of Ju- no among the Lacedemonians, from the goat which Hercules sacrificed to her. AEGOSPOTAMUS, a river in Thrace, where is shewn a large stone, which Anaxagoras fore- told would fall out of the sun. AEGYPIUS, an inhabitant of the remotest part of Thessaly, son of Antheus and Bulis, having prevailed upon Timandra, the most beautiful woman of her time, by dint of money, to visit 22 A EM PANTHEON. AEN him, her son Neophron, shocked at so flagitious a bargain, corrupted Bulis, and having learned the place of assignation, substituted the mother of Aegypius in the room of his own. Aegypius hastened to receive Timandra, but, contrary to expectation, was met by Bulis. Their horror was mutual, and would have occasioned their death, but Jupiter changed Aegypius and Neo- phron into vultures, Bulis into a didapper, and Timandra into a sparrow-hawk. AEGYPTIUS. A sage of Ithaca, father of Ero- nymus, Antiphus, &c. A surname also of Ju- piter among the Greeks, who sometimes con- founded him with Osiris. AEGYPTUS, authors differ widely in their ac- counts of the descent of this fabulous character. Some leave us in the dark as to his mother, but affirm him to have been the son of Vulcan, by some heroine or goddess ; w hom others name Aglaia, one of the Graces. But this genealogy is how r ever reprobated, and Aegyptus is gene- rally said to have been the son of Bel us, and brother of Danaus. Be that as it might, from this Aegyptus the kingdom of Egypt seems to have derived its name. Aegyptus had fifty sons, who were married to the fifty daughters of his brother Danaus. See Danaides, Danaus, Betides. AELLO, one of the Harpies. See Harpies. Also, one of ACtaeon’s dogs. AELURUS, the god- Cat, or deity worshipped by the ancient Egyptians, was represented some- times like a cat, and sometimes like a man with a cat's head. 1 hey had likewise their goddess Cat, represented under the figure of a woman with a cat’s head. The Egyptians regarded this animal in so superstitious a manner, that the killing it, w hether by accident or design, was punished with death. Diodorus relates, that a Roman having accidentally killed a cat, the po- pulace beset his house in great fury, and neither the authority of the king, who immediately sent his guards, nor respeCt to the Roman rank, could save him. He tells us likewise, that in time of extreme famine, they chose rather to eat one another than touch these sacred ani- mals. AEMOCHARES, from oafAoxoipng, an epithet of Mars, signifying rejoicing in blood. AEMON, youngest son of Creon, to whom An- tigone was betrothed, but never married, Ae- mon, according to Ovid, being slain by the Sphinx, while Antigone follow ed her father in exile. Propertius however says, that Aemon slew' himself at Antigone’s tomb. AEMON I A, Thessaly so called by the Poets, from Aemon one of its kings. It was a country fa- mous for magic, which Ovid stiles the Aemonian art , and the constellation Sagittarius he cha- racterises by the bow of the Aemonian , because Chiron lived in Thessaly. AEMONIDES, priest of Apollo and Diana. Vir- gil introduces him in the tenth Aeneid on the party of the Latins. He is slain in his pontifi- cals by Aeneas, in the same book. AEMON IUS juvenis , Jason, the son of Aeson, king of Thessaly. AEMUS, a king mentioned in the sixth book of Ovid’s Metamorphosis, was with his wife Rho- dope, transformed into a mountain, for assum- ing the names of Jupiter and Juno. AENEADA, the Trojans, thus called from Ae- neas, and sometimes the Romans, as descended from the Trojans. AENEADES, Julus or Ascanius the son of Ae- neas. AENEAS, a celebrated Trojan prince, son of An- chises and V enus. In the Trojan w ar he headed the Dardan forces, and, at the destruction of Troy, rescued his aged father, by carrying him aw ay on his shoulders. Through his solicitude, how ever, for his son Ascanius and his household gods, he lost his w ife Creusa, daughter of king Priam, getting on ship-board, with his adhe- rents whom he assembled on Mount Ida. He landed, after having been long tossed at sea, in Africa, where he was kindly received by queen Dido ; but forsaking her, he proceeded to Italy, married Lavinia daughter of king Latinus, and defeated T urn us, to whom that princess had been contracted. After the death of his father-in- law, Aeneas was made king of the Latins, over whom he reigned three years ; but joining with the Aborigines, he was slain, according to some authors, in a battle against the Tuscans. O- thers notwithstanding, relate his story thus:— Tros,king of Troy, had two sons, Ilus and Assa- racus, and the latter a son named Capis, who was father to Anchises, and grand-father to Ae- neas : thus he was of the blood royal by the fa- AEN PANTHEON. AEN ther’s side,, and in opinion of most of the ancients the goddess Venus was his mother. Anchises lived till the age of eighty. Virgil makes him to have died at Drephanum in Sicily, Pausanias in Arcadia, but Dion Halicarnassus and others bring him as far as Italy, where, according to them, he ended his days. Aeneas was educat- ed in the country till put under the direction of a governor, some years after which, king Priam gave him his daughter Creusa in marriage , by whom he had a son named lulus or Ascanius. Among the achievements of Achilles during the siege of T roy, as related by Homer, he is said to have fought with Aeneas, but that Neptune carried him off from the combat. Aeneas di- stinguished himself particularly in the night the city was taken ; he entered into Troy, and de- fended it to the last, but when he perceived the town was no longer tenable, he caused the in- habitants to abandon it ; and then issued forth himself with the garrison, fighting his way through the enemy till he came to Mount Ida, the place of rendezvous ; where he formed a little army of those who w ere able to bear arms ; but the Greeks, not daring to hazard a battle, entered into a treaty with the Trojans ; in vir- tue of which the latter were permitted to w ith- draw unmolested. Near the city of Antendras, at the foot of Mount Ida, Aeneas fitted out a fleet of twenty ships, in which having embarked, he first arrived in Thrace, where he founded the city Aeneia, and peopled it with such as he could easily spare. Sailing thence he made the island Delos, whence Anius the high-priest of Apollo gave him a favourable reception. --- After this, coasting along the island of Cythe- ra, he arrived at a cape of the Peloponessus, which he called Cynetium, from the name of one of his companions buried there ; and having entered Greece he quitted the fleet, in order to consult the oracle of Jupiter at Dodona. It was there he found his brother-in-law Helenus, who was reputed in that country a great prophet.--- He w ould have continued his course by the Faro of Messina, but was obliged to put into Sicily, where he assisted Elymus and Egesthes, who also came from Phrygia, in building two towns of their own name. At length, having depart- ed from that island, he happily arrived at Lau- rentum, upon the coast of Tyrrhenia, near the mouth of the Tyber, in the country of the Ab- origines. Their king Latinus having raised an army against that of Aeneas, he himself made up to Aeneas, gave him his hand in token of friendship, and the two armies united. The remembrance of an oracle, which had foretold to Latinus the arrival of some strangers whose leader w as to be his son-in-law, w as the princi- pal cause of the advances he made to Aeneas.--- Having conduced him to his palace in order to confirm, by the strictest ties, the alliance which he had made with him, and to unite the two na- tions for ever, he gave him in marriage his only daughter Lavinia, heiress of his crown. Aene- as with the assistance of his father-in-law and the Latins, built at that time a city which he called Lavinium, from the name of his wife.— In the mean time this connexion brought upon the Trojans and Aborigines a common enemy, in the person of Turn us king of the Rutilians, who had been contradted to Lavinia before Ae- neas arrived in that country. Turnus, nephew to queen Amata, the wife of Latinus, young, ambitious, and enraged that a stranger should be preferred to him, declared war against his rival. After a bloody battle the Rutili were routed, but Latinus, who commanded in person w ith his son-in-law, fell in the contest. Aeneas being now sole master of his father-in-law's do- minions, omitted nothing to disconcert the ef- forts of Turnus, who to repair his disgrace, had entered into an alliance with the Etrurians, a formidable people. Mezentius, their king, kept his court at Caere, or Core, a wealthy city, and one of the strongest in the country. Aeneas having united under him the Trojans and Abo- rigines, and the last being as firmly attached to him as the first, would not wait to receive the enemy in the city, but took the field, and the two armies speedily meeting, a furious bat- tle ensued, in which Aeneas lost his life. His body not being found, it was given out that Venus, having purified him in the w ater of the Numicus, near w hich the battle w as fought, had raised him to the rank of the gods. A monu- ment w as erecTed to him on the banks of the river, w hich w as subsisting in the time of Livy, and w here sacrifices were offered to him under the name of Jupiter Indiges. This hero died at the age of thirty-eight years, and reigned only 24 AEN PANTHEON. AEN three. He was succeeded by his son Ascanius, who built the famous city Alba, where his de- scendants reigned over the Latin territories until Numitor, grand-father of Romulus. Virgil makes Aeneas contemporary with Dido queen of Carthage, and his chronology is justified by Sir Isaac Newton ; while other great men main- tain, that Aeneas was never either in Carthage or Italy,andthathelivedabove three hundred years before Dido. On the subjeCt ol this article, as well as of many others of the fabulous age, authors vary materially. Some of them, in order to deprive the Romans of the glory of this illus- trious leader of the Trojans for their founder, contend, that Aeneas never came into Italy, but reigned in Troas, according to the predic- tion, which Homer mentions in ver. 307, Iliad 20. The passage is considerable, and of great weight to demolish the pretensions of the Romans, who piqued themselves on the conceit of being de- scended from Aeneas ; for unless we allow that Homer, who was an Ionian, put the prediction in this passage into Neptune’s mouth, for no other reason, but because he saw the posterity of Aeneas still in possession of the throne of the Trojans, would he ever have made Neptune, who was their declared enemy, say this ? 1 hus, all that the historians have written of Aeneas’ voyage to Italy, may be looked upon as romance, and having no other tendency but to overthrow historical truth ; since the most ancient of them is several ages later than Homer, who lived only about 260 years after the taking of T roy, and wrote in the neighbourhood of Phrygia, or at no great distance from it, Accordingly, some historical writers before Dionysius of Halicar- nassus, perceiving the force of this passage in Homer, have attempted to explain it consist- ently with this fable, by saying, that Aeneas, after having been in Italy returned to Troy, and there left his son Ascanius. Dionysius, not satisfied with this improbable solution, took another method to preserve to the Romans the glory of their descent from the son of Venus, interpreting the w ords, he shall reign over the Trojans , to signify, he shall reign over the Trojans whom he shall carry with him into Italy. Might not Aeneas, says he, have reign- ed over the Trojans, whom he carried into Italy, though settled elsewhere ? This historian. who wrote in Rome itself, and under the eye of Augustus, was w illing to pay his court to that prince by explaining this passage of Ho- mer, so as to favour the notion with which he was intoxicated. Strabo, however, meets the question more fairly ; and though he wrote his Geography about the beginning of the reign of Tiberius, yet firmly asserts the poet to have said, and would have us to understand, that Aeneas remained at Troy ; that he reigned there, all Priam’s race being extinCt, and that he left the crown to his children. He also subjoins a plea- sant correction, which some critics had made of Homer’s text, by reading ? ramyas pro- nounced, was called Areopagus , a name formed from that of Mars, called Ares, and the word Pagos, because the assembly was held upon an eminence called Apns 7 Txy<&, the Rock of Mars, which is the origin of the famous tribunal Are- opagus. As the transa<5tions of those times Vere seldom written without some embellish- ment, it was given out that Mars had been ab- solved by the judgment of the twelve great gods, because the judges on this trial were in number twelve. This event, so celebrated in Grecian story, happened, according to the chronicle of Paros, under the reign of Crana- >• nus, that is, 1560 years before Christ. See the article Alcippe. ALLOPROSALLOS, an epithet of Mars, who was the common god of opposite armies. ALLYATTES, or ALLYATTUS, king of Ly- dia, and father of Croesus, succeeded Sadiates. He prepared for carrying on a war against Cy- axares, king of the Medes ; but when the two armies were ready to engage, they were pre- vented by an eclipse of the sun, the cause of which being unknown to them both, they in- stantly concluded a peace. Allyattes is said to have excelled on musical instruments, and a monument was ere<5ted to him at Sardis, by the . Lydian maids, who raised' money for the pur- pose by prostitution. ALMA, a name of Ceres, from her nourishing and impregnating all seeds and vegetables, and being, as it were, the common mother of all things. 3 ALMON, god of a small river so called in the territory of Rome, and father of the nymph Lara. Of the same name likewise was the son , of Tyrrhus, who was of the party of Turnus and the Latins, and fell in the seventh Aeneid. ALMOPS, son of Neptune and Athamantis, one of the giants who made war upon Jupiter. ALMUS, or ALUMNUS, names of Jupiter be- cause he cherishes all things. ALO A, a Grecian feast in honour of Ceres and Bacchus, by whose blessings the husbandmen received the recompense of their labours, and therefore their oblations consisted of nothing but the fruits of the earth. Others say this fes- tival was instituted in commemoration of the primitive Greeks, w ho lived in corn-fields and vineyards. Authors are not agreed as to the time of celebrating the Aloa : Some suppose it ‘ to have been before the commencement of har- vest, w hilst others will have it a rejoicing af- ter harvest, not unlike our harvest home. The most probable opinion is that which fixes it in the month Possidion, answering to our Decem- ber, and derives its denomination from the threshing time, when the husbandmen lived much in their barns. ALOIDAE, ALOIDES ; names given to Oetus, or Othus, and Ephialtes, reputed sons of the giant Aloeus and Iphimedia ; others say that Neptune was their father, and that this riiarine deity made them grow every year a foot and a half in statue, and as much in compass. Aloeus being old, and incapable of attending in the war, they confederated with the giants, com- menced hostilities against Jupiter, and led Mars in irons, who was afterw ards delivered by Mer- cury. Nothing less would serve these brothers but marrying Juno and Diana ; Jupiter, how- ever, frustrated their ambition, and they were at last shot by the arrows of Apollo and his sis- ter. ALOPE, daughter of Cercyon, having received Neptune too favourably, and had a child by him, was put to death by her father, and chang- ed into a fountain. One of the Harpies also was called by this name. ALOTIA, in Grecian antiquity, a festival observ- ed to the honour of Minerva, by the Arcadians, in memory of a victory in which they took a great number of the Lacedemonians prisoners. ALT PANTHEON. ALPHEAEA, or ALPHEA, a name of Diana, from a temple consecrated to her on the banks of the Alpheus. ALPHEI AS, a name of Arethusa, from the river Alpheus. ALPHENOR, one of the sons of Niobe and Am- phion, killed by Apollo and Diana, as he was endeavouring to lift up his brothers, Phaedimus and Tantalus. See Niobe , Amphion. ALPHESIBOEA, daughter of Phlegeus, and wife of Alcmaeon. ALPHEUS : The river so called is fabled to have been a hunter, who having long pursued A- rethusa, a nymph in the train of Diana, was changed by this goddess into the stream which retained his name, whilst the nymph was con- verted to a fountain. Alpheus, however, in his new state, remained not unconscious of his passion, and therefore sought to gratify it, by blending Ms waters with those of the foun tain. ALRUNES : the Germans called their household gods by this title. ALTAR, an eminence on which sacrifices were anciently offered to some deity. The Pagans at first made their altars only of turf, but, in succeeding times, they were made of stone, wood, marble, and even of horn, as that of Apollo in the island of Delos. The figure of them, as well as the materials, was different , some were round, others square, others oval. They were always turned towards the east, and stood lower than the statues of the godg> which were placed upon bases above. The altar was generally adorned with leaves and flowers:— those of Apollo with laurel ; of Hercules with poplar; of Jupiter with oak: Venus had her myrtle, and Minerva her olive. The height of the altars differed according to the gods to whom they w ere consecrated ; which consecra- tion w'as performed by pouring oil upon them. The sacrifices to the infernal gods were made in holes in the earth ; to the terrestrial gods on altars almost level with the ground ; but those of the celestial gods w^ere higher ; that of Jupiter Olympus being, according to Pausa- nias, an elevation of almost twenty-two feet.— Before temples were in use, altars were erect- ed, sometimes in the highways, sometimes in groves, and sometimes on the tops of moun- Vol. I. ALT 49 tains. It was customary to engrave upon them the name, or proper ensign or character of the deity to whom they were dedicated. When any person fled to any one of these for refuge, it was not lawful to take him away by force; but sometimes they would light up a fire near the altar to drive him thence, and then it was sup- posed to be done by the intervention of Vul- can : but this was seldom suffered. Altars were of divers kinds, and sacred to gods, heroes, virtues, vices, diseases, &c. &c. Thus we read of the inner altar , or that built under the roof or cover of some temple or other building :— the outer altar , that sub clio y or in the open air ; the golden altar , that w'hich was covered or a- dorned with plates, &c. of gold : the brazen al- tar , one decorated or plated over with brass : the fixed or stationary altar , those built to re- main constantly in the same place : shnple altars, those without ornament or decoration : jftagni- ficent altars , those variously inriched with me- tals, precious stones, painting, sculpture, &c. Stoney altars , those made either of a simple stone, or heaps of stones, or of massive stones bound by masonry : earthy or turfy altars, those thrown up only of earth, or turf accumulated : extemporaneus altars, those made hastily and on some emergent occasion : sacrificing altars, those serving to hold vidfims and offerings presented to some deity : memorial altars, those erected to perpetuate the memory of some blessing or other extraordinary event which happened in the place : anointed or consecrated altars, those set apart or devoted to the deity, by a regular form or ceremony, whereof un<5tion made the chief part: votive altars, those vowed to some deity, in consideration of a benefit received : private or domestic altars, those ere<5ted by pri- vate persons in or about their own houses, for family purposes : public altars, those consecrated in a solemn manner, to the public use : funeral altars, those ere&ed at the tomb of persons de- ceased, inscribed to their names : eucharistic al- tars, those wherein the communion or Chris- tian sacrifice is offered ; low altars, those flat on the ground, or at most raised but little above the surface of it : high altars, those elevated a considerable height above the ground : subterra- neous altars, those let down some depth under ground: proper altars, those .which answer the H £0 ALT PANTHEON. ALT characters and use specified in the definition : | improper or figurative altars , those which only bear the denomination by way of resemblance or analogy ; viz. the astronomical and poetical altars : idolatrous altars , those ereCted to some idol or false god : principal altars , the chief al- tar of a place where there are several : horny altars , those formed only of horns : ashen or cinereous altars , those of ashes: wooden altars, those of timber : bloody altars, those whereon animals are offered : unbloody altars, those where- on plants, fruits, spices, or the like are offered. The altar of the Jews to Jehovah was but low, for they were forbidden to make any steps to go up to it y lest they should discover their na- kedness. At first they were to be made of earth, and afterwards of rough stone ; for if wrought with any tool, it was said to be pol- luted. The altar for the tabernacle ereCted by Moses in the wilderness, was made of Shittim w ood, being about two yards and an half square, and a yard and an half high. It was over-laid with brass, and at each corner was a horn, or projection of Shittim wood, to fasten the ani- mals that were to be sacrificed ; and this might be carried about on the shoulders of the priests. It was placed in the open air before the taber- nacle, and the burnt-offerings were to be, as the scripture expresses it, * f for a sweet savour “ to the Lord.” Among four-footed beasts, they only sacrificed bulls, goats, and rams.— The altar set up by Jacob, in Bethel, was no- thing but a stone, which served him for a pillow in the night ; and that of Gideon was a stone before his house. Besides the altar for burnt- offerings, they had an altar for incense, and another for the shew-bread, both which were made of Shittim wood, over-laid with gold.— After the return from captivity, their altar for burnt-offerings was a large pile, built with un- hewn stones, which they went up to, not by steps, but by a gentle ascent. Altars, besides the more direCt purpose of sacrificing on them to the gods, were ereCted for other reasons, viz. to render alliances more solemn, treaties of peace more firm, and oaths more sacred : thus, king Latinus, touching the altar, swore eter- nal peace with Aeneas, in presence of both ar- mies : it was before the Altars that alliances, reconciliations, and marriages were ratified ac- cording to Virgil ; and here they also held pub- lic entertainments, as may be seen from the same authority, supported by that of many o- ther authors. Altars are undoubtedly as an- cient as sacrifices themselves, consequently their origin is not much later than that of the world. Some attribute their institution to the Egyp- tians, others to the Jews, others to the Patri- archs before the flood ; and some carry them as far back as Adam, whose altar is much spoken of by Jewish and even by Christian writers. — Others are contented to make the patriarch E- noch the first who consecrated a public altar. Be this as it will, the earliest altars we find any express testimony of, are those which w ere erect- ed by the patriarch Abraham. The manner of consecrating altars and images was the same : a woman, dressed in a garment of divers colours, brought upon her head a pot of sodden pulse, as beans, peas, or the like, which they gratefully offered to the gods, in remembrance of their ancient diet, but those, like the other part of divine worship, were va- ried ; accordingly, Athenaeus tells us that the statue of Jupiter Ctesias w r as consecrated in this manner : they took a new vessel with two ears, upon the fore-part of which they bound a chaplet of white wool, and another of yellow, and covered the vessel, then they poured out before it a libation, called Ambrosia, which was a mixture of water, honey, and all sorts of fruits ; but the most usual sort of consecration was by putting a crown upon them, anointing them with oil, and then offering prayers and li- bations to them ; sometimes they would add an execration against all that should profane them, and inscribe upon them the name of the deity, and the cause of their dedication. ALTE. See Lycaon. ALTELLUS, that is, brought up on the ground : a surname of Romulus. ALTHAEA, or ALTHEA, daughter of Thes- tius, was wife of Oeneus king of Calydon, and mother of Meleager. Oeneus having negledted the sacrifices due to Diana, the goddess, to punish him, sent a wild boar to ravage his country, the prinGes of which waiting to destroy the savage, w ere joined by Atalanta, daughter to the king of Arcadia. This princess having first wounded the monster, his spoils were ALT PANTHEON. AM A 51 given to her by Meleager, whose maternal uncles, offended that a young female should enjoy the honour of the chace, took from her what Meleager had given. Provoked at this insult, Meleager, who loved Atalanta, slew his uncles ; and Althea, to revenge their death, threw into the fire that billet, on the preser- vation of w hich the life of her son depended. As the billet burned, Meleager consumed, and Althea, repenting too late, killed herself in de- spair. According to some authors, it was Me- leager, and not his father, who slighted the rites of Diana. ALTHEMENES, son of Catreus, king of Crete, being told by the oracle, that he should be the cause of death to his father, retired to Rhodes. Hither his father coming in search of him, fell unwittingly by his hands. There was ano- ther of this name mentioned by Strabo, the son of Cissus, w ho built Argos. ALTHEPUS, son of Neptune, and king of E- gypt- ALTIUS, a surname of Jupiter, from the wor- ship rendered to him in a sacred grove named Altis, near Olympia. ALTRIX NOSTRA, a name of Ceres, of the same import with her epithet Alma , w hich see. ALUMNA, or NURSE, a title of Ceres. AL-UZZA, an idol of the ancient Arabians be- fore the time of Mahomet, worshipped by the tribes of Coraish and Kenanah, and part of the tribe of Salim. Some say it was a tree called The Egyptian Thorn, or Acacia, worshipped by the tribe Ghatfan, first consecrated by one Dhalem, who built a chapel over it so con- trived, as to give a sound when any person entered. This idol was demolished by Maho- met in the eighth year of the Hegira. ALYATTES, or A LYATTEUS, father of Croe- sus king of Lydia. ALYCUS, son of Sciron, assisted Castor and Pollux in delivering their sister Helen from the Athenians. From him a place in Megaris, where he was buried, was denominated Alycus. Hereas writes, that Theseus himself, who car- ried off Helen, killed him ; but Plutarch ob- serves, it is totally improbable that Theseus himself was at Aphidnae, to which Helen had retired with Aethra mother of Theseus, w hen both the city and his own mother were taken. See Aethra. 4 ALYSIUS, a surname of Jupiter and Bacchus. ALYTARCHA, a priest of Antioch in Syria, who, in the games instituted in honour of the gods, presided over the officers, by whom rods were carried to clear away the crowd, and keep order. The officer who presided at the Olym- pic games was also denominated Alytarcha. Some suppose the Alytarcha to be the same with the Hellenodicus, of which opinion are Faber and Prideaux. Van Dale shew s them to be different offices ; not but that the Alytarchae might sometimes be substituted by the Helle- nodii, to perform some parts of their fundlion. The Alytarchae w ere the diredtors, or prefedti, of the Mastigophori, or Mastigonomi, officers with whips in their hands, who attended at the games or combats of the Aihletae, encouraged them to behave stoutly, and, on occasion, preserved good order, kept off' the crowd, and were the same with those called in some other places Alytae. A late writer (Walker on Coins) as- cribes we know not what extraordinary dig- nities and honours to the Alytarchae, whom he represents as the chief of all the officers who presided at the games ; that they w ere honoured as Jupiter himself, wore crowns set with jewels, ivory scepters, sandals, &c. AMAEA, a surname of Ceres. AMALTHEA, daughter of Melissus king of Crete, and nurse of Jupiter, whom she fed with goat’s milk and honey. According to some authors, Amalthea was a goat which Ju- piter translated into the heavens, with her two kids, giving one of her horns to the daughters of Melissus, as a reward for the pains they had taken in attending him. This horn had the peculiar property of furnishing them with what- ever they w ished for, and was thence called the Cornucopia, or horn of plenty. For Amalthea, the Cumaean Sibyl, see Sibylls . AMANUS, or HAM ANUS, an ancient deity of the Persians, mentioned by Strabo, w ho informs us, that in Persia there are large in- closures called ? ru/w0E*a, in the middle of which is an altar wherein the Magi keep up a per- petual fire, among a great quantity of ashes. They go every day into this place to say certain prayers, which last an hour : there they stand before the fire with a kind of fasces in their hands, and a mitre on their heads, the strings of which hang dow n behind and before. This, H 2 AM A AM A PANTHEON. o2 he adds, is what is done in the temples of Ana- ites and Amanus ; for these divinities have their temples ; and the statue of Amanus is carried about in great pomp. Amanus seems to take his name from Hammah, which signifies the Sun ; and the or fire-temples of this god agree exadtly with the Hammanim, or fire- temples of the Phoenician god Baal, whence it is natural to conclude they are one and the same deity, namely, the Sun. See Baal. AMARACUS, a youth, perfumer to Cinyras, king of Cyprus, who, by chance, having broke a box of ointment, and the perfume smelling more sweetly than usual, the best ointments were thence called Amaracina. On his death he w as changed into the herb sweet marjoram. AMARYNCEUS. See Diores. AMARYNTHIA, or AMARYSIA, a Grecian festival, celebrated with games in honour of Diana, surnamed Amaryntbia and Amarysia, from a town in Euboea. It was observed by the Euboeans, Eretrians, Carystians, and Ath- monians, who were inhabitants of a town in Attica. AMASIS, king of Egypt.— By his order a most extraordinary chapel was hewn out of a single stone, with the design to have it set up in the temple of Minerva at Sais in Egypt. See under Temple , or Chapel of Amasis. AMASTRUS, son of Hippotas, of the Trojan party, was slain by the heroine Camilla, ac- cording to the eleventh Aeneid. AMATA, wife of Latinus, king of the Latins, and mother of Lavinia; she hung herself in despair at being unable to prevent the marriage of Aeneas to her daughter. AMATHUS, son of Hercules, and father of the Propaetides, gave his name to a city in the island of Cyprus, consecrated to Venus, and in which was a splendid tern pie eredted to Adonis. AMATHUSIA, an epithet of Venus, from the city Amathus being consecrated to her. AMATHUS A, the mother of Cinyras. AMAZON I US, a surname of Apollo, from his terminating the war between the Amazons and Greeks. AMAZONS : a nation of female w arriors, whose history has been esteemed fabulous by Strabo, Arrian, Palephatus, and some moderns, not- withstanding the attestations of antiquity to the reality of their existence.. The Scythians had held a considerable part of Asia under their dominion, till they w ere sub- dued by Ninus, the founder of the Assyrian empire ; but, after the death of their conqueror, his wife and son, Ilinus and Scolopites, princes of the royal blood of Scythia, aspired to suc- ceed them. Their attempts, however, being rendered abortive by the success of their com- petitors, they withdrew' with their wives, chil- dren, and adherents into Asiatic Sarmatia, beyond Mount Caucasus, where they formed an establishment, and from thence made fre- w quent excursions for the supply of their exi- gencies, into the countries that bordered on the Euxine sea. The frequency of these in- roads having exasperated their neighbours, a conspiracy was formed against them, and their men being surprized, were overpowered and slain. The women, to revenge this slaughter of their husbands, and provide for their future safety, forthwith established a new mode of go- vernment. Having chosen a queen, and e- nadted laws, they resolved to defend themselves without men, and even in opposition to them. With this view they put to death the few that chance or flight had preserved, and for ever renounced the rites of marriage. But to per- petuate the duration of their new establishment, they annually resorted to the frontier of their kingdom, for the purpose of a casual inter- course with the other sex. None of them, how- ever, were allowed to increase the subjedts of the state, who had not previously killed three men. The female offspring of this commerce were educated by them ; but boys, according to Justin, were strangled at the birth ; or else, as Diodorus relates, they distorted their limbs so as to render them unfit for martial exploits: but Quintus Curtius and others affirm, that the less savage amongst them sent their males to be brought up by their fathers. As soon as the age of the girls permitted, they underwent the loss of their right breasts, that they might be able to draw the bow with more force. The common opinion is, that this operation was performed at the age of eight years, by an application of hot iron, which insensibly dried up the fibres and glands: but others presume, that less ceremony was used, the part, when formed, being removed by amputation ; whilst 3 AM A PANTHEON. AM A 53 some pretend, that the effe6t was produced by an early compression, which being continued without remission, suppressed the expansion of the one breast, and increased the proje&ion of the other. The Amazons were commonly clothed in the skins of beasts destroyed by them in the chase, which were tied over the left shoulder, and leaving the right side un- covered, fell down to their knees. In war, the queens, or other chiefs, wore a corselet formed of small plates of iron, in the manner of scales, fastened by a girdle, below which hung the coat to the knee. The head was protected by a helmet adorned w ith a plume. The rest of their arms were a bow and arrows, javelins, and battle-axe, said to have been invented by Penthesilea, one of their queens. They also bore a buckler in the form of a crescent, about a foot and a half in diameter, w ith the points upward. Thalestris appeared before Alexander with two javelins, though she only came to make a gallant request: those who accompa- nied her bore two battle-axes with double edges, the handles of which were as long as the shaft of a javelin. They are said to have made con- siderable conquests. The Crimea and Circassia were subject to them, and Iberia, Colchis, and Albania tributary. They retained their pow er for several centuries ; but an expedition into Greece and the island of Achilles, is reported to have ruined their empire. The Amazons of Africa were female warriors, who were obliged to continue virgins till a certain period, after which they were allowed to marry, simply for the purpose of continuing their numbers. The offices of state were filled by them, whilst the men performed the do- mestic services. Historians inform us, that they inhabited an island called Hesperia, as lying to the west of the lake Tritonis. These Amazons were celebrated for their struggles with the Gorgons, another race of females that inhabited likewise the borders of the same lake. The Amazons of South America, living on the banks of that great river which bears their name, make the greatest figure in modern story. They are said to have been governed and led to battle by their queen alone. No men were suffered to live amongst them, though upon certain occasions, some w r ere permitted to visit them. The females sprung from this intercourse were bred with the greatest care, but the males were sent to the country of their fathers. The Jesuit missionaries mention a similar republic of Amazons in one of the Phi- lippine islands, whose husbands visit them at a particular season of the year, and when they retire take with them the males that had been born since their last visit. ---The best troops in the armies of the emperor of Menomotapa are said to be women, who inhabit the neigh- bourhood of the Nile, converse at certain pe- riods with the men, and dispose of their chil- dren in the same manner as the other Amazons. Thevenot and others relate, that in Mingrelia, there is a people near Mount Caucasus, a- bounding in warlike women, who make fre- quent incursions into Muscovy, and engage the Calmuc Tartars.— Bremen sis, an ecclesi- astic, who lived about the year 1070, speaks of an Amazon nation near the Baltick ; and relates circumstances similar to those of the other Amazons, only with additional wonders, too ridiculous to be repeated. The Amazons were called by Plato Sauromatides ; and Herodotus mentions, that in the Scythian language, their denomination was Aeorpata , or man-killers, a word apparently compounded of the Celtic aeor a man , and pata to kill. Strabo’s obje&ion to the existence of the Amazons arises principally from the difficulty of conceiving s nation of women to exist, independent of men, and carry on the management of affairs both in peace and war. The disbelief of Palephatus was formed on the conceit, that whatever had existed might still exist, and must somewhere occur : and he further pretended, that Ama- zons were only men in the dress of women. — Petit argues, that the peculiarities of the Ama- zons resulted from the effe&s of climate. Others affirm, that the state of the Amazons was no- thing more than a community, in which the females had the upperhand ; and this opinion seems to be countenanced by what Pliny and Pomponius Mela have advanced, concerning a Scythian people, amongst whom the women enjoyed the supreme command ; and this they call the kingdom of the Amazons. ---Diodorus speaks of the tombs of the Amazons, the ruins A MB AMB PANTHEON. of which were extant in his time. These monu- ments are attributed to a queen of that coun- try, who had interred in them the heroines that fell in their conflicts with the Gorgons. Her- cules is reported to have conquered and exter- minated the Scythian Amazons,, whose queen Hippolyta, was bestowed by him upon Theseus, as the reward of his valour. In the conquest oj Hippolyta, Hercules is described as unlos- ing her zone ; which the Amazons wore, not like women, immediately beneath their breast, but like men, as a belt round their loins, and principally with a view to express their martial character : To gird one’s self \ signifying, in Ho- mer, to prepare for battle. Amongst the ideal figures of the ancients, the Amazons alone are represented with a protuberant breast. As they exhibit women, and not girls, the extremity of their bosom is always visible. The general conformation of these heroines is similar to that of the Gorgons and other inferior goddesses.— The hair of their heads appear to have all been modelled from the same example. They pre- sent a sedate countenance, somewhat expres- sive of pain ; for the peculiarity of the single breast occurs in all their statues. AMBARVALIA, feasts celebrated by the Roman husbandmen twice a year. The first, in the spring, was in order to render Ceres propitious, when each master of a family furnished a vi&im" with an oaken wreath round its neck, which he led thrice 1 ound his grounds, lustrating them with milk and wine, and followed by all his fa- mily, singing hymns and dancing in honour of the goddess. At the end of harvest there was a second festival, in which they presented to Ce- les the first-fruits of the season, and made an entertainment for their relations and neigh- bours. At these festivals they sacrificed to Ce- res a sow, a sheep, and a bull or heifer. The Ambervalia w as of tw o kinds, private and pub- lic. The public Ambervalia were those cele- brated in the boundaries of the city, and in which the twelve Fratres Arvales officiated pon- tifically, walking at the head of a procession of the citizens who had lands and vineyards in Rome. I he prayer or formula here used was Avertas morbum, mortem , tabem nebulam impetigi- nem, pesestatem. Some make a quinquennial, as well asjm annuabAmbarvalia, the one perfor- med once every lustrum , the other once a year, (for authors are not agreed that the Ambarva- lia were celebrated twice a year, although most are of this opinion). The former was called the greater Ambarvalia, as being performed ac- cording to a settled rite ; and it is to these the denomination Suovetaurilia seems alone to be- long. See Suovetaurilia. AMBASINEUS, one of the competitors in the games of the eighth Odyssey. AMBIEGNAE OVES, an appellation given to such ewes as, having brought forth twins, were sacrificed, together with their lambs, one on each side. They are mentioned among other sacrifices to Juno. AMBITION was a goddess of the ancients. AMBRACIUS, a judge, who, in the Metamor* phosis of Ovid, is mentioned as changed to a stone. AMBROSIA is commonly represented! as the so- lid food of the gods, in contradistinction to the liquid, which w'as called Nectar ; but those ap- pellations were sometimes inverted. Lucian, rallying the gods, tells us that Ambrosia and Nebtar were not so excellent as the poets de- scribe them, since they would leave them for blood and fat, which they came to suck from the altars, like flies. Ambrosia, in Grecian antiquity, a feast celebra- ted by the Aconians, in honour of Bacchus.— The Ambrosia were also denominated Choa and Lenaea , and were kept in the month Lena. Ambrosia, one of the seven daughters of Atlas, by his wife Aethra ‘ which daughters were called by one general name Hyades. AMBULUS . Jupiter w as so called ; Minerva Am- buUa, and Castor and Pollux Ambulii ; because those divinities had altars near a large portico where the Lacedemonians were accustomed to walk. • AMBURBIA, AMBURBIUM, in Roman anti- quity, a procession made round the walls of Rome, in which the people led a viaim, and afterwards sacrificed it, in order to avert some calamity with which the city was supposed to be threatened. Hence we have Amburbiales vibtimae , the viaims carried along in the pro- cession, and afterwards sacrificed. Scaliger, followed by many others, maintains the Am - burbia to be the same with Ambarvalia ; but PANTHEON. AMU , AMI Servius expressly distinguishes between the Amburbia and Ambarvalia, the first being per- formed in the city, or its environs, and the o- ther in the country. AMENTHES : Pluto was thus called from his having been deprived of the nymph Menthes, by Proserpine. AMICA, an epithet of Venus among the Athe- nians, because she joins lovers together, the Greek word Ereupot being used both in a good and bad sense, signifying as well a prostitute, as a mistress. AMI DAS, a Japanese idol : he is their sovereign lord and absolute ruler of Paradise ; the protec- tor of human souls, and the father and god of all those who are partakers of the delights of Pa- radise : he is, in short, the mediator and sa- viour of mankind ; for, by his intercession, souls obtain remission of sins, and are accoun- ted worthy of eternal life. Amidas has such influence over Jemma, the Japanese god of hell, and solicits that stern judge in such pre- vailing terms, that he not only mitigates the transgressor’s pains, but frequently discharges him, and sends him into the world again, be- fore the term allotted for his chastisement is fully expired. Amidas is revered after a very singular manner by some devotees, who vo- luntarily sacrifice their lives to him, and drown themselves in his presence. The vi6tim enter- ing into a little boat, gilt and adorned with silken streamers, ties a considerable quantity of stones to his neck, waist, and legs, after which he first dances to the sound of instrumental mu- sic, and then throws himself into the river.— On this occasion, being attended by a nume- rous train of relations, friends, and bonzes, they sometimes scuttle the boat, and so sink it to the bottom. Others of these enthusiastic Ja- panese, confine themselves within a narrow ca- vern, in form of a sepulchre, walled round a- bout, with only a little air-hole. In this grot, the devotee calls upon his god Amidas, without interruption, till the moment he expires. That Amidas is, in the opinion of the Japanese, the supreme being, is evident from the description his disciples give of him ; for, according to them, he is an invisible, incorporeal, immuta- ble substance, distindt from all the elements : he existed before nature ; is the fountain and foundation of all good ; without beginning and without end : he eredted the universe, and is infinite and immense. Amidas is represented on an altar, mounted on a horse with seven heads, which is an hieroglyphic of seven thou- sand years: he has a dog’s head, and holds in his hands a gold ring or circle, which he bites. This bears a very near affinity to the Egyptian circle, which was looked upon as an emblem of time, and it shews that this god is an hiero- glyphic of the revolution of ages, or rather, of eternity itself. He is dressed in a very rich robe, adorned with pearls and precious stones. AMISODAR, a king on the banks of the Xan- thus, whose principal force consisted in the Chimera which was killed by Bellerophon. AMITHAON, the father of Melampus, and bro- ther of Eson. AMMALO, a Grecian festival, of which nothing more is recorded than that it belonged to Jupi- ter. AMMON, or H AMMON, the name of the E- gyptian Jupiter, worshipped under the figure of a ram. Bacchus having subdued Asia, and passing with his army through the deserts of Africa, was in great want of water ; but Jupi- ter, his father, assuming the shape of a ram, led him to a fountain, where he refreshed him- self and his army ; in requital of which favour, Bacchus built there a temple to Jupiter, under the title of Ammon , from the Greek A^x, which signifies sand, alluding to the sandy desert where it was built. Such is the poetical account ; but it is more probable that the Egyptians worship- ped the Sun under this name, for Hamrna sig- nifies, in Hebrew, the Sun ; or, perhaps, they meant by it Ham, son of Noah, whose posteri- ty settled in Libya. The temple of Jupiter Hammon, in Libya, was famous for its oracle, which continued till the time of Theodosius : Lucan brings his hero, the great Cato, to con- sult it. The excessive vanity of Alexander the Great, put him upon bribing the priests of this god, to declare him the son of Jupiter Ammon. With this view he marched at the head of his army, through the sandy deserts of Libya, till he arrived at the temple, where the most an- cient of the priests declared him the son of Ju- piter, assuring him that his father had destined him for the empire of the world ; from which AMP AMP <56 PANTHEON. time, in all his letters and orders, he assumed the title of Alexander the king , son of Jupiter Am- mon. Jupiter Ammon was usually represented under the figure of a ram, though on some me- dals he appears of a human shape, having only two ram-horns growing out beneath his ears. Ammon, an Athenian festival, of which we are able to trace no particulars. AMMONIA, a name of Juno, from an altar ereCted to her honour in the sands of Libya. AMMOTHAEA, a nymph, the daughter of Ne- reus and Doris. AMMUDATES, one of the gods of the Romans. AMNISIADES, or AMNISIDES, nymphs so cal- led from Amnisus, a river of Crete. AMPELOS, the son of a satyr and nymph, was one of the adherents of Bacchus, who had also a priest of the name. This word, which signi- fies a vine, was the name also of a promontory of the isle of Samos ; of a city in Crete, and a- nother in Macedonia. AMPELUSIA, a promontory of Africa, in Mau- ritania, where was a cavern sacred to Hercu- les. AMPHIALUS, a competitor in the games of the eighth Odyssey. . AMPHIARAIDES: Alcmeon, son of Amphia- raus. AMPHIARIA, a Grecian festival at Oropus, in honour of Amphiaraus. AMPHIARAUS, one of the most celebrated prophets among the Pagans, was son of Oicleus, and great-grand-son of Melampus,who received part of the kingdom of Argos for a material piece of service rendered the women of that country ; which division of the kingdom occa- sioned the discords that prevailed during the reign of Adrastus, king of Argos, who, not being able to withstand the partizans of Am- phiaraus, was forced to abandon his kingdom ; for Amphiaraus had usurped the crown, after putting to death Talaus, the father of Adras- tus. However, the match afterwards conclud- ed between Amphiaraus and Eriphyle, sister of Adrastus, put an end to the quarrel, and restored Adrastus to his throne. Amphiaraus knowing, by the spirit of prophecy, that he should lose his life if he engaged in the Theban war, hid himself in order to avoid it ; but his wife Eriphyle being prevailed on by the present of a necklace from Polynices, discovered where he lay concealed, so that he was forced to ac- company Adrastus and the other princes on that expedition. Being exceedingly enraged at Eriphyle, he enjoined Alcmeon and his other children by her, to put her to death as soon as their age would allow, which order was afterwards executed by Alcmeon, but not before he had discovered his mother's perfidy to himself also. The war against Thebes prov- ed fatal to all the princes engaged in it, Ad- rastus excepted, who owed his safety and life to the celebrated horse Arion ; for the earth being split asunder by a thunderbolt, Amphi- araus and his chariot was swallowed up in the chasm, at least, according to common tradition ; though Strabo says he fell from his chariot in the battle, which was carried empty to another place. Those who relate that this happened the very day the army encamped before Thebes are mistaken, for he died the day of the re- treat, and the siege continued some time. Am- phiaraus was believed to excel chiefly in divin- ing by dreams ; but this was not all, for he w as the first that divined by fire. Great com- mendations have been bestowed on him, and amongst others this, that he was what he ap- peared to be, an honest man. Apollodorus is the only author who reckons him among the Argonauts, for he is not ranked among them either by Apollonius, Hyginus, or Valerius Flaccus. By his wife Eriphyle he had two sons, Alcmeon and Amphilocus, and three daughters, Eurydice, Demonassa, and Alcmene. Pliny adds a third son called Tiburtus, founder of the city Tibur ; but according to Solinus, Ti- burtus was not the son, but the grandson of Amphiaraus ; which opinion seems the better founded, since none of the Greek poets extant mention Tiburtus as a son of Amphiaraus, though they particularize his other children. The Pagans believed that Amphiaraus returned from hell, and even pointed out the place of his resurrection. Some authors aflfeCt to say only that he disappeared , among whom are Diodorus Siculus : Amphiaraus, when the earth opened, fell into the chasm, and was seen no more. Apollodorus gives the reason of his disappearing, which was, that Jupiter rendered him immortal : “ He and his chariot were seen AMP PANTHEON. AMP 67 no more, for Jupiter made him immortal.” Am- phiaraus was ranked among the gods ; temples were dedicated to him, and his oracle, as well as the sports instituted in honour of this new deity, were very famous. See Adrastus, Alc- meon, Amphilochus, Eriphyle. AMPHICLUS, a hero in the sixteenth Iliad, slain by Phylides. AMPHICTYON, son of Deucalion, and third king of Athens, instituted that celebrated council of the Greeks called AmphiByons ; though others, with less reason affirm, Acri- sius, king of the Argives, to have been the person who gave a form and laws to this body. The first assembly of the kind was held by diredtion of Amphidtyon, who proposed, by means of it, to bind the Greeks more firmly together, so as to render them formidable to the surrounding barbarous nations. These met twice a year at Thermopylae, in the tem- ple of Ceres, which was built on a large plain near the river Asopus, and; were called Am- pbiByons ; from the name of their founder. Authors give different accounts of the num- ber of Amphidtyons, as well as of the states entitled to have their representatives in this council: according to Strabo, Harprocration and Suidas, they were twelve at their first in- stitution, sent by the following cities and states : The Ionians, Dorians, Perhaebians, Boeotians, Magnesians, Achaeans, Phthians, Melians, Do- lopians, Aenianians, Delphians, and Phocaeans. Aeschines only reckons eleven ; instead of the Achaeans, Aenianians, Delphians, and Dolo- pians, he inserts the Thessalians, Oetaeans, and Locrians : lastly, the list of Pausanias con- tains only ten Amphi6tyons, viz. Ionians, Do- lopians, Thessalians, Aenianians, Magnesians, Melians, Phthians, Dorians, Phocaeans, and Locrians ; being silent as to the Eleans, Ar- gians, Achaians, and Messenians. In the time of Philip of Macedon, the Phocaeans were ex- cluded the alliance for having plundered the Delphian temple ; and the Lacedemonians were admitted in their place ; but the Pho- caeans, sixty years after, having behaved gal- lantly against Brennus and his Gauls, were re- stored to their seat in the Amphidtyonic coun- cil. Under Augustus, the city Nicopolis was admitted into this body, and to make room Vol I. for it the Magnesians, Melians, Phthians, and Aenianians, who, till then, had distin<5t voices, were ordered to be numbered with the Thes- salians, and to have only one common repre- sentative. Strabo speaks as if this council were extinft in the times of Augustus and Tiberius ; but Pausanias, who lived many years after, under Antoninus Pius, assures us it remained entire in his time, and that the number of Amphidtyons was then thirty. The members were of two kinds, each city sending two deputies under different denominations ; one called ‘hpo whose business seems to have been more immediately to inspect what related to sacrifices and ceremonies of religion ; the other rivA ayopas, charged with hearing and deciding causes and differences between pri- vate persons. Both had an equal right to de- liberate and vote in all that related to the common interests of Greece. The Hieromnemon was ele6ied by lot; the Pylagoras by plurality of voices. Though the Amphidtyons were in- stituted at Thermopylae, M. de Valois main- tains, that their first place of residence was at Delphos, where, for some ages, the tranquillity of the times found them no other employment than that of being, if one may so call it, church- wardens of the temple of Apollo : afterwards, the approach of armies frequently drove them to Thermopylae, where they took their station, that they might be nearer to oppose the pro- gress of the enemy, and order timely succour to the cities most in danger. Their ordinary residence however was at Delphos ; here they decided all public differences and disputes subsisting between any of the Grecian cities ; but before they proceeded to judgment, they jointly sacrificed an ox cut into small pieces, as a symbol of their union. Their determi- nations were received with the greatest vene- ration, and even held inviolable. The Am- phidtyons, at their admission, took a solemn oath never to divest any city of their right of deputation, never to avert its running waters, and, if any attempt of this kind were made by others, to wage mortal war against them ; more particularly, in case an attempt were made to rob the temple of any of its orna- ments, they were to employ hands, feet, ton- gue, their whole power in revenging such vio- I AMP PANTHEON. AMP lations. This oath was backed with terrible imprecations against such as broke it, e. gr. May they meet all the vengeance of Apollo, Minerva, Diana, &c. May their soil produce no fruit, their wives bring forth nothing but monsters! &c. The stated times of their meeting were the spring and the autumn. On extraordinary occasions, however, they met at any time of the year, or even conti- nued sitting all the year round. Philip of Macedon usurped the right of presiding in the assembly of the Amphibtyons, and of first consulting the oracle, which was called I IpOfACCl/lsHZ. AMPHIDAMAS,son of Busiris, tyrant of Thrace, was killed by Hercules. --There was another of this name, brother of Cepheus, and son of Aleus. According to Apollonius, both brothers ac- companied Jason in his expedition for the golden fleece. AMPHIDROMIA, in Grecian antiquity, a fes- tival celebrated the first day of the birth of a child. It was so called from running round , be- cause it was customary to run round the fire with the infant in their arms. AMPHIGUEEIS, a name of Vulcan, because he was lame in both feet, according to Hesiod, who gives him this epithet. AMPHILOCHUS, son of Amphiaraus, was a cele- brated diviner, and brother of Alcmeon, whom he accompanied in the second war of Thebes, and assisted, according to some authors, in dispatch- ing their mother Eriphyle, though most are of a contrary opinion. He was a king as well as a pro- phet, for he reigned at Argos. It is true he could not maintain himself in that kingdom, but re- tired in disgust, and built a city in the bay of Ambracia. Thucydides relates, that Amphi- lochus, son of Amphiaraus, returning home after the Trojan war, and not being pleased with the state of affairs at Argos, founded Ar- gos Amphilochium, and the towns of Amphilo- chia, in the bay of Ambracia, calling the city Argos, after the name of his own country. — This city was the most considerable of all Am- philochia, being possessed by the most pow- erful inhabitants. The altar that was conse- crated to Amphilochus at Athens, did not con- tribute so much to the glory of his name, as the oracle at Mallus in Cilicia, which city was founded conjointly by him and Mopsus after the Trojan war. Here Mopsus and Amphilo- chus quarrelling, the latter left that place and went to Argos, but not finding there what he expedted, he rejoined Mopsus, who would have no further concern with him, upon which, en- gaging in a duel, they killed each other. Their tombs, which were shown at Marga- sa near the river Pyramus, were so situated, that the one could not be seen from the other. Strabo says, that Amphilochus was killed by Apollo. There are authors who ascribe the building of Argos Amphilochium to Alcmeon, and not to Amphilochus. See Alcmeon. There was another Amphilochus, son of Alcmeon and Manto. See Callirhoe . AMPHIMACHUS : There were two of this name, the former son of Teatus, or Cleatus, (one of the Molionides) who carried ten vessels against Troy, and was killed by Hedtor : the latter of Caria, who, with his brother Naustes, headed the Carians in favour of Troy, and was killed by Achilles. AMPHIMARUS. See Linus. AMPHIMEDON, one of the Centaurs. Also, the son of Melantho, and one of the suitors of Pe- nelope, whom Telemachus slew, was of this name. AMPHINOME, one of the Nereids. Of this name also was the wife of Aeson, and mother of Ja- son, who killed herself for grief during her son’s absence on the Argonautic expedition. AMPHINOMUS, one of Penelope’s suitors: he reigned at Dulichium, and was put to death by Telemachus. AMPHION, king of Thebes, son of Jupiter and Antiope, daughter of Nicetus king of Boeotia, was instrudted in the use of the lyre by Mer- cury, and became so great a proficient, that he is reported to have built the walls of Thebes by the power of his harmony, which caused the listening stones to ascend voluntarily. He married Niobe daughter of Tantalus, whose insult to Diana occasioned the loss of their children by the arrows of Apollo and Diana. The unhappy father, filled with despair, at- tempting to revenge himself by the destruc- tion of the temple of Apollo, was punished with the loss of his sight and skill, and thrown into the infernal regions. See Niobe . PANTHEON AMP There was one of the Argonauts also named Am- phion, and likewise a king of Orchomenes, the son of Jasius, and father of Chloris. AMPHIPYROS, that is, holding in either hand a flame, was an epithet of Diana. AMPHIRROE, one of the Nymphs of the O- cean. AMPHITHEMIS. S eeAcacalis. AMPHITHOE, a sea nymph, the daughter of Nereus and Doris. AMPHITRITE, daughter of Nereus and Doris, was wife of Neptune. This god was long ena- moured of her, whilst she scornfully rejected his addresses ; till at length Neptune sent the Dolphin to intercede for him, as a fish the most a6tlve, most endowed with ingenuity and know- ledge, the greatest lover of mankind, and that makes his approaches to the Sun upon the sur- face of the waters, whereas the others are stu- pid, lie at the bottom of the ocean, and have little more to boast of than mere motion. The Dolphin, it is fabled, found her at the foot of Mount Atlas, and prevailed upon her to relent, which favour the deity requited by placing his messenger amongst the stars, and making him a constellation. The offspring of this union was Triton. The poets, says Mr. Spence, have scarce any personal descriptions of this goddess. All that I can colleCt of that kind is a passage of Ovid, in which it is doubtful whether he speaks personally of her, or literally of the ele- ment over which she presides. If there were anciently any figures of Amphitrite embracing a globe, it might relate to them ; though, to say the truth, if there a<5tually was any repre- sentation of this kind, it would apply with more propriety to a Tethys than to an Amphitrite. AMPHITRYON, son of Alcaeus and grand-son of Perseus, by some authors stiled king of The- bes, is less known by his own exploits, than by the adventure of his wife Alcmena, with Jupi- ter. The sons of Pterelaus made an irruption into the territories of this prince, which proved fatal to them ; for in destroying the brothers of Alcmena, they also lost their own lives. Elec- tryon, in preparing for the revenge of his chil- dren’s death, trusted Amphitryon with his king- dom, and his daughter Alcmena, obliginghim to take an oath that he would not enjoy her.— - Those who accompanied the sons of Pterelaus, 4 AMP 69 had driven along with them all the flocks of Elec- try on, into the country of Elis. T hese flocks were redeemed by Amphitryon, who, in delivering them to their lawful owner, was unfortunately the cause of that prince’s destruction : for, ac- cording to Apollodorus, Amphitryon struck one of the cows which had run away with a club, and it rebounding from her horns to EleCtryon’s head, was the occasion of his death. As this in- cident was eagerly laid hold on to drive him out of the country of the Argians, he fled with Alcmena to Creon king of Thebes, and received from him the ceremonies of expiation. After- wards he prepared for a war against the Tele- boes, a people who inhabited an island near A- carnania, with a design to revenge the death of Alcmena’s brother, she being determined to to marry none but the person who should un- dertake that war. In order to understand this, the reader must know that Mestor, son of Per- seus, had, by Lysidice, a daughter named Hip- pothoe, who was carried by Neptune into the islands Echinades, where she bore him a son, named Taphius. This Taphius settled a colony at Taphos, named the inhabitants Teleboae, and had a son named Pterelaus, who was father of six sons and one daughter. These six sons, going to Mycenae, demanded Mestor ’s kingdom, but being unable to succeed with EleCtryon, king of Mycenae, the son of Perseus, and bro- ther of Mestor, they plundered his country.— The sons of EleCtryon, endeavoured to repel force with force, but were all killed, as was their father, whilst preparing to revenge their death, as has been already related. Alcmena was obliged to retire to Thebes, but being unwil- ling to leave the death of her father and bro- thers unpunished, she promised to marry him who should avenge her. Amphitryon offered to do it, and having assembled all the forces he could colleCt, made a descent upon the country of the Teleboae ; but in order to engage Creon in the expedition, he was forced to deliver him from a fox which had occasioned a great deal of mischief. This he accomplished by means of Cephalus, who lent him the dog that Pro- cris had brought from the island of Crete. Am- phitryon ravaged some of their islands, but he could not take Taphos till Comaetho, who had fallen in love with him, had plucked off from I 2 60 AMU PANTHEON. AMY the head of her father Pterelaus, the golden hair which made him immortal. The unfortunate Pterelaus died on the spot, and Amphitryon possessing himself of all his dominions, putCo- maetho to death, and returned, loaded with spoils, to Thebes, where he was informed of the adventure of his wife with Jupiter, as rela- ted under the article Alcmena. AMPHITRYONIDES and AMPHITRYONIA- DES, a name of Hercules, considered as the son of Amphitryon. AMPHOTERUS, son of Callirhoe and Alcmeon. See Callirhoe. Also one of the Trojan party, slain by Patroclus. AMPHRISA, a river of Thessaly, on whose banks Apollo kept the flock of Admetus, flayed the satyr Marsyas, loved Evadne, Lycoris, and Hy- acinthus. From this river, as being inspired by Apollo, the Cumaean Sibyl was stiled Ampbrisia Vales. AMPICIDES, or AMPYCIDES ; Mopsus, the son of Ampix. AMPICUS, AMPIX, or AMPYX, was the son of Chloris, and father of Mopsus. One of the sons of Pelias was likewise so called. AMSANCTUS, a deep lake, surrounded by pre- cipices and forests, in the territory ofHirpi- nium. So dreadful a stench was exhaled by it, as caused it to be deemed an outlet from hell. AMULIUS was brother of Numitor, father of Rhaea Sylvia. The kings of Alba being lineal descendants from Aeneas, the succession de- volved upon these two brothers, who deeming the treasures brought from Troy equivalent to the kingdom, they divided the inheritance into two shares. Numitor chose the kingdom, but Amulius, by means of the money, being more powerful than Numitor, took his kingdom from him ; and, that his daughter might have no offspring, made her a priestess of Vesta. Not long after, however, she brought forth two boys of extraordinary figure and beauty ; whereupon Amulius, becoming yet more fearful, com- manded a servant to destroy them. The chil- dien, notwithstanding, who were no other than the celebrated twin brothers Romulus and Re- mus, escaped ; and afterwards attacking Amu- lius in one of his cities, took it, and put him to death. See Faustulus, Bhaea Sylvia , Romulus , and Remus. AMUN, the same with Ammon. AMYCLA, one of the daughters of Nicbe, whom, as well as her sister Meliboea, Latona exemp- ted from the general fate of their family. See Niobe. AMYCLAEUS: a surname of Apollo, from a very magnificent temple ere<5ted to him at A- mycla, a city of Laconia. The same surname was also given to Pollux. AMYCUS, son of the nymph Melia by Neptune, was king of the Bebryisans. It was his prac- tice to challenge strangers to fight, and having- circumvented them by stratagem, to kill them. Pollux, however, when engaged with him, ob- serving his design, called together some of his brother Argonauts, and, by their assistance, slew' him. See the A loa-^ovpoi of Theocritus. Of this name also were, one of the principal Cen- taurs, son of Ixion and Nubes ; a brother of Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons, whom Her- cules slew ; and the companion of Aeneas, who, with another so called, was slain by Tur- nus. AMYMONE, daughter of Danaus, king of the Argives, as she was shooting in the woods, hap- pened to wound a Satyr, who, in return, at- tempted to ravish her. Others say that Dana- us having sent his daughter to draw water for a sacrifice, a Satyr offered her violence. How- ever this might have been, the affixed Amy- mone, imploring aid of the gods, Neptune came to her assistance, saved her from the Satyr, but deflowered her himself. By him she had Nau- plius, the father of Palemedes. It is probable that this adventure, which happened near one of Neptune’s temples, in the neighbourhood of Argos, whither Danaus, who came from Egypt, was going to offer sacrifice, refers to some priest of that god. Amymone is said to have been changed into a fountain. AMYNTOR, king of the Dolopians, was killed by Hercules, for denying him a free passage through his dominions. There was another of the same name, whom his wife put to death on the night of their marri- age ; and a third the father of Phoenix. AMYTHAON, son of Cretheus and Tyro, and brother of Pheres and Aeson. Homer, in the eleventh Odyssey, represents him as panting af- ter military glory. ANA PANTHEON. ANA 61 ANACAEUS, son of Lycurgus, one of the Ar- gonauts. ANACALYPTERIA, a festival among the Greeks on the day the bride was permitted to lay aside her veil, and appear in public. It is derived from a Greek word signifying to uncover. ANACEIA, an Athenian festival in honour of the Dioscuri. It derived its name from those dei- ties, who were also called Amm, and honoured with a temple called Avxmov. The sacrifices were named Eivioy.oi (because these divinities were fam, or strangers) and consisted of three offerings, which were called Tpirxi. Athenaeus mentions plays adted in honour of these deities. See Dioscuri. ANACES : Castor and Pollux were so called, ei- ther from the cessasion of the war, xvoyy, which they had undertaken, to rescue their sister He- len, whom Theseus had carried off ; or from their singular care, when they had reduced the city of Aphidnae, that none should suffer any injury from the army within its walls : for the phrase a wxus sxw, signifies to keep ^ and take care of. Others say, that from the appearance of their star in the heavens they were thus called ; for, in the Attic diale<5t m&uk and cmxxQsi/ signify a- bove. See AnaStes. ANACHIS, one of the four Lares revered by the Egyptians: the other three were Dymon, Ty- chis, and Heros. ANACLETERIA, a solemn festival, celebrated by the ancients when their kings or princes came of age, and assumed the reigns of govern- ment. It was so called, because proclamation being made of this event to the people, they went to salute the prince during the Anacle- teria, and to congratulate him upon his new dig- nity. ANACLETHRA, was a stone on which Ceres was believed by the Greeks to have reposed, after her fatigue in the search of Proserpine.--- The women of Megara held this stone, which was kept at Athens, near the Prytanaeum, in great veneration. ANACROSIS, in antiquity, denotes that part of the Pythian song in which the combat of Apollo and Python is described. ANACTES : Cicero speaks of three races of A- nadtes ; the first, sons of an ancient Jupiter, king of Athens, and Proserpine, their names Tritopatreus, Eubuleus, and Dionysius: the second. Castor and Pollux, sons of the third Jupiter and Leda : the last were Aloe and Me- lampus. Some writers reckon a much greater number of them, since they confound them with the twelve great gods ; accordingly Pausanias tells us that Hercules, after avenging himself of Augeas, by pillaging Elis, set up six altars to the twelve great gods or Anadles, so that there were two of these gods for each altar. Authors are not agreed about the ety- mology of the names by which these deities were distinguished. Plutarch thinks they were given to the Tyndaridae, either upon account of their having procured peace, or because they had been placed among the stars. Castor and Pollux, however, were neither the only nor the most ancient deities of that name ; which was not known to the Greeks till the arrival of the Phoenicians. Anadtes was not a name given to all kings in general, although in the Greek language it signifies kings. Homer applies it to most of his gods and kings to denote the care which they took of their people : we also find it on medals : it comes from a Greek word impor- ting I reign. See Anaces , Castor and Pollux. AN ACTON, a Grecian festival at Amphissa, the capital city of Locris, in honour either of the Dioscuri, Curetes, or Cabiri ; for authors differ. ANADYOMENE, an epithet of the Marine Ve- nus, which imports emerging out of the waters ; hence came the custom, that those who had es- caped any danger by water, used to sacrifice to Venus Anadyomene. The most celebrated pic- ture of antiquity was that of this goddess, by Apelles, for which, according to some authors, Campaspe, his favourite mistress, who was gi- ven him so generously by Alexander, sate. ANAGOGIA: solemn sacrifices to Venus at E- ryx in Sicily, where she was honoured with a magnificent temple. The name of this solem- nity was derived airo t» cnxywSou, i- e. from re- turning ; because the goddess, who was said to leave Sicily and return to Africa, at that time, was solicited in them to come speedily back. ANAIDEIA, or IMPUDENCE, was a divinity amongst the Athenians. ANAITIS, an idol, or goddess, answering to Ve- nus, particularly worshipped by the Armeni- ans. The greatest men of the country dedica- ANA PANTHEON. ANA ted their daughters to her service, who thought it an honour to prostitute themselves to all who came to sacrifice to this deity ; after which they wereeagerly solicited in marriage, being thought to have acquired extraordinary sanctity by such an initiation. Upon the festival of this idol, the men and women gathered in crowds, and intoxicated themselves with wine. The origin of the festival was this : Cyrus having under- taken an expedition against the Sacae, was bea- ten, but afterwards encamping in the place where he had left his baggage, when his army was refreshed, he counterfeited a flight. The Sacae pursued, and finding the camp, though deserted, abounding with wine and provisions, they ate and drank to excess, when Cyrus, re- turning, slew them all, and consecrated that day to the goddess Anaitis. See Sacaea. Pliny says, that the statue of this goddess was the f'rst made of gold, and was destroyed in the war of Antony against the Parthians. ANAMALECH, an idol of the Sepharvaites, who are said, in scripture, to have burnt their chil- dren in honour of Adrammelech and Aname- lech. These idols probably signified the Sun and Moon. Some Rabbins represent A name- lech under the figure of a mule, others of a quail or pheasant. See Adrammelech . ANAPIS, or ANAPUS, the river to which the nymph Cyane joined herself when she became a lake. ANATHEMA, in Heathen antiquity, denotes a gift to some god, hung up in his temple ; in which sense the word is written A In reality, most Greeks writers distinguish Ana- thema written with an », from Anathema with an £ , though Beza and others reject this distinc- tion. Pollux, in his lexicon, observes that the word properly signifies^//’/ dedicated to the gods, which interpretation is confirmed by Hesychius, who explains Anathemata by ornaments. Mak- ing presents to the gods was a custom even from the earliest times, either to deprecate their wrath, obtain some benefit, or acknowledge some favour. These donatives consisted of gar- lands, garments, cups of gold, or whatever conduced to the decoration or splendor of their temples, and were commonly termed uv^n^arot,, and sometimes avews^tvet, from their being de- posited in the temple, where they sometimes were laid on the floor, sometimes hung upon the walls, doors, pillars, roof, or any other con- spicuous places. Sometimes the occasion of the dedication was inscribed, either upon the thing itself, or a tablet hung up with it. When any person left his employment or way of life, it was customary to dedicate the instruments be- longing to it as a grateful commemoration of the divine favour and protedtion. Thus, in an ancient Greek epigram, wefinda fisherman pre- senting his nets to the nymphs of the sea. Shepherds hung up their pipes to Pan, or some of the country deities ; and Lais, when decayed with age, dedicated her mirror to Venus. Pau- sanias has left a particular description of the Anathemata in the Delphian temple; the richest of any in Greece. Anathema is particularly applied to the victim devoted to the DU Inferni , or infernal gods. In allusion to the Heathen offerings, Socrates thinks the term Anathema was introduced for excommunication, because thereby a man’s condemnation was published and proclaimed, as if it were hung upon a pil- lar. Anathema, among the Jews, or in the Christian churches, signified something set a- part, separated, devoted ; as also one of the a6ls of excommunication, or cutting off ; in which lat- ter sense the pra6tice arrived at length to such a pitch, that in the council of Trent a whole body of divinity was put into canons, and an Anathema subjoined to every one of them. ANATPIRIPPE. See Chius. * ANATOLE, one of the Hours. Also the name of a mountain near the Ganges, on which the Sun is said to have met the nymph Anaxibia. ANAURUS, a river of the Troas, on whose banks Paris kept the sheep of Priam. ANAX, son of Coelus and Terra. This title sig- nifies supreme, sovereign, and was revered as of the highest dignity. When bestowed on he- roes and demi-gods, it was expressed in the plu- ral by Anaces, or Anaftes. ANAXARETE, dwelt in the island of Cyprus: she was of royal descent, and unrivalled beauty. I phis, of the same city, fell deeply in love with her, but not being able to obtain her, was so overwhelmed with grief, that one night he hang- ed himself before her door. As his funeral pro- ceeded along, attended by a numerous compa- ny, according to his quality, Anaxarete beheld ANC PANTHEON. ANC Hie procession from the top of her house, but without remorse, upon which Venus, for her cruelty, turned her to stone. ANAXANDRA, a heroine, whom the people of Laconia worshipped as a goddess. ANAXIBIA, a nymph who betook herself to the temple of Diana as an asylum against the at- tempts of Apollo ; but, being pursued thither, suddenly disappeared. She is said by some to have been the daughter of Bias, wife of Pelias king of Thessaly, and mother of Acastus. A- gamemnon had a sister of the same name. ANAXIRHOE, the daughter of Coronus, and wife of Epeus. ANAXIS, the son of Castor and Ilaira. ANAXITHEA, one of the Danaids, who bore Olenus to Jupiter. ANAXO, the daughter of Ancaeus, and accord- ing to some, mother of Alcmena. ANCAEUS, one of the Argonauts, was the son of Neptune by Astypalaea, and brother of Eu- phemius and Erginus, chiefs in the same ex- pedition. On the death of Tephys, pilot of the ship Argo, which conveyed the Greeks to and from Colchis, Ancaeus was appointed to suc- ceed him. One of his slaves is said to have one day told him, that he should never again taste the wine of his vineyard. He, however, to fal- sify the prediction, ordered a cup of it to be immediately brought him ; but whilst the slave, as he gave him the wine, was observing, that strange things sometimes happened between the cup and the lip, Ancaeus was informed, that the Calydonian boar had entered his vine- yard. In his haste he dropped the cup, and run against the animal, which rushed upon him and killed him. ANCHEMOLUS, son of Rhetus, an Italian king. Having offered violence to his step-mother, he fled to avoid his father’s resentment, and join- ed himself to Turnus. ANCHIALA, mother of Tytias and Cyllenus,two of the priests of Cybele, called Daftyli Idaei. ANCHIALE, daughter of Japetus, one of the giants who revolted against Jupiter. She was born before that war, and founded a city of her own name in Cilicia. ANCHIALUS, a Grecian, who, according to Homer, was killed by Hedtor. One of the competitors in the games of the 8th Odyssey, was of the same name. ANCHISES, a Trojan prince descended from Dardanus, and son of Capys, was so beloved of Venus, that she appeared to him in the form of a beautiful nymph, to make known her passion for him. The goddess told him she was constrained by her destiny to come and offer herself in marriage to him, assuring him he would find her a virgin, and conjuring him to present her to his relations, that the mar- riage might be speedily solemnized ; but An- chises being unwilling to wait for the cere- monial, Venus yielded to his importunity. Aware after the goddess had left him, that she was not a mortal, he was apprehensive, ac- cording to the belief of the times, that this ad- venture would shorten his days ; but Venus comforted him, told him she should bear him a son, who would be called Aeneas, and would cause Sylvan nymphs to breed up the child till he attained the age of five years, when she would put him into his hands. At the same time she warned Anchises not to boast of her favour, declaring, that should he fail in dis- cretion, he would be stricken bv the thunder •/ of Jupiter. Anchises, however, being unable to conceal his intrigue, the menace of Venus was realized ; but, though wounded by the bolt, its stroke was not mortal : some say, it occasioned only the loss of his sight, whilst others pretend, that the wound never closed. Anchises is said to have reached the age of eighty, and to have been buried in Mount Ida, where the shepherds paid honours to his mo- nument. This opinion differs widely from that of Virgil, according to whom Aeneas, the night on which Troy was taken, bore his father on his shoulders to a place of safety, and carried him with him to Sicily. Pausanias re- lates, that Anchises died at the foot of a moun- tain in Arcadia, and was there buried ; whence the mountain was called Anchisia. He adds, that the ruins of a temple of Venus were to be seen near this sepulchre. Stephanus of Byzantium, on the authority ofTheon, main- tains, that Anchises was buried in a city of Thrace, built by Aeneas : and Tzetzes is of opinion, that the city was in Macedonia. Ac- cording to Servius, the monument of Anchises AND 64 ANC PANTHEON. was on Mount Eryx near Drepanum. Virgil also makes Drepanum in Sicily the scene of his death. — Cato, Dionysius Halicarnassensis, and Strabo, place his death in Italy. The pie- ty of Aeneas for his father is much celebrated by the poets. They have said, that when he took the old man on his shoulders, the very flames showed him respedt ; and that, for fear of hurting such a son, they separated, to leave a space free for his escape with his venerable burthen. If what Apollodorus relates be true, that Venus brought Anchises a second son, her passion for him was not of the transitory kind. ANCHISIADES, Aeneas the son of Anchises. ANCHURUS, son of Midas king of Phrygia. Near Celaenon, a town in Phrygia, the earth opened, and swallowed up men, horses, &c. Midas consulting the oracle, was told, that the most precious thing they had must be cast into the gulf : accordingly, treasures of every sort were thrown into the chasm, but without effedt ; when Anchurus, thinking nothing more precious than man’s life, and himself, his fa- ther excepted, the best man in the kingdom, mounted his horse, and plunged into the abyss, which immediately closed. ANCILE, ANCILIA. In the eighth year of Nu- ma’s reign, a terrible pestilence spreading itself over Italy, miserably infested Rome. The ci- tizens, rendered almost desperate by this cala- mity, were suddenly comforted, at the report of a brazen target having fallen, into Numa’s hands, from heaven. The king, by the inter- course he maintained with the nymph Egeria and the Muses, was assured, that this target was sent from the gods for the cure and safety - of the city ; which was soon verified by the mi- raculous ceasing of the sickness : at the same time a voice was also heard declaring, that Rome should be mistress of the world so long as she preserved this sacred pledge. To se- cure so inestimable a treasure, Numa was ad- vised to make eleven other targets of the same dimensions and form, that in case there should be a design of stealing it away, as Ulysses stole the palladium, the true one might not be known. This difficult work was executed by Veturius Mamurius so successfully, that Numa himself could not discover the difference. For the keeping of these ancilia, Numa instituted an order of priests called Salii, or. Priests of Mars. Whoever had undertaken the condudt of any war, went into the vestry of the temple of Mars, and first shaking the ancilia, afterwards the spear of the image of the god, said. Mars , watch! for in his temple the ancilia were preserved. They were carried every year in the month of March in procession round the city of Rome, and, on the 30th of that month deposited again in their place of safety. No one could marry, or set about any business, during the ceremony of carrying the ancilia, which, some writers say, lasted thirteen days. There are authors who ascribed the ill success of the emperor Otlio against Vitellius, to his departure from Rome during that festival. See Salii. ANCULAE, ANCULI, according to Festus, the tutelar deities of servant maids ; whence, no doubt, their name Ancillae is derived. To these they addressed their prayers. ANDATE, or ANDRASTE, the goddess of vidtory among the ancient Britons, worshipped particularly by the Trinobantes, or people of Essex. They sacrificed captives to this deity, in a grove consecrated to her. Cambden con- jedfures, that possibly the true name of this goddess might be Anarhaith, an old British word signifying to overthrow. ANDIRINE, a surname of the mother of the gods, adopted from the city Andira, where they had a temple. ANDRAEMON, father of Thoas, a Grecian chief at the siege of Troy. Another of the same name was son-in-law of Oeneus. ANDRIA, public entertainments instituted in Crete by Minos, and, after his example, ap- pointed by Lycurgus at Sparta, of which a whole tribe or city partook. They were ma- naged with the greatest frugality ; and youth, in particular, were obliged to repair thither, as to schools of sobriety and temperance. ANDROCLEA, sister of Heraclea, daughters of Antipaenus. An oracle having pronounced that they should conquer their enemies, if the best person in the city killed himself, which Antipaenus, the greatest man in the place, being unwilling to do, the two sisters volun- tarily submitted to death, for the safety of their country. 3 AND PANTHEON. AND 65 ANDROGEA, daughter of Minos. ANDROGEONIA: annual games celebrated in the Ceramicus at Athens, by command of Minos king of Crete, in memory of his son Androgeus, called also Eurygyas, who was barbarously mur- dered by the Athenians and Megarensians. ANDROGEOS, a valiant Greek, killed by Coroe- bus and his party, at the sacking of Troy, ac- cording to the second Aeneid. ANDROGEUS, son of Minos, king of Crete, was murdered by the Athenian youth, and those of Megara, who envied his being always vicRor at the Attic games. To avenge this murder, Mi- nos distressed the Athenians by war ; and the gods also, according to Plutarch, laid waste their country, their rivers being, dried up, and the people themselves oppressed by famine and pestilence. Being told, on consulting the ora- cle, it they appeased Minos, the anger of the gods would cease, and themselves be relieved from the miseries under which they laboured ; they dispatched ambassadors to Minos, and obtained peace upon this condition, that every ninth year they should send into Crete a tribute of seven young men and as many virgins. Thus far writers in general are agreed; but the fabulous and tragical account of this story adds, that the Minotaur destroyed them in the Labyrinth, or that they were left to wan- der about in it, and finding no possible means of escaping, miserably ended their lives there, till Theseus delivered them. Some say, that Aigeus king of Athens, caused Androgeus to be murdered, because he was in the interest of the Pallantidae, and had promised to assist them : others, that he was slain by the bull of Marathon ; and that Minos unjustly accused the Athenians as the perpetrators of his death. However this might have been, the death of Androgeus seems to have given birth to the stories of the Labyrinth and the Minotaur, & c. See Labyrinth, Minotaur, Theseus. ANDROGYNES: creatures of whom, according to the fable, each individual possessed the pow- ers and chara<5ters of both sexes, having two heads, four arms, and two feet. The word it- self is compounded of two Greek radical words, ownp, in the genitive xvSpog, a male , and ywv, a female. Many of the Rabbinical writers pre- tend, that Adam was created double, one body Vol. I. being male, the other female, which, in their origin, not being essentially joined, God after- wards separated. The gods, says Plato in his Banquet, had formed the structure of man round, with two bodies and two sexes. This fan- tastical being possessing in itself the whole hu- man system, was endowed with a gigantic force which rendered it insolent, insomuch, that it resolved to make war against the gods. Jupiter exasperated, was about to destroy it, but sorry at the same time to annihilate the human race, he satisfied himself with debilitating this dou- ble being, by disjoining the male from the female, and leaving each half to subsist with its own powers alone. He assigned to Apollo the task of repolishing these two half bodies, and of extending their skins, so that their whole surface might be covered. Apollo obeyed, and fastened it at the umbilicus: if this half should still rebel, it was once more to be subdivided by another se<5tion, which would only leave it one of the parts of which it was then constituted, and even this fourth of a man was to be annihilated if it should persist in its obstinacy and mischief. The idea of these Androgynes might well be bor- rowed from a passage in Moses, where that historian, of the birth and infancy of nature, describes Adam as calling Eve, bone of his bone , and flesh of his flesh. The fable, however, of Plat^o, has been used with great ingenuity by a French poet, who has been rendered almost as conspicuous by his misfortunes as by his ver- ses. With the ancient philosopher, he attri- butes the propensity which attracts one of the sexes towards the other, to the natural ardour which each half of the Androgynes feels for a re-union; and their inconstancy to the diffi- culty which each of the separated parts en- counters in its efforts to recover its proper and original state. If a woman appear to us ami- able, we instantly imagine her to be that moi- ety with whom we should only have constituted one whole, had it not been for the insolence of our original double-sexed progenitor. ANDROMACHE, daughter of Eetion king of Thebes, wife of PIe6tor, and mother of Asty- anax. On the destruction of Troy she fell to the lot of Phyrrhus, who carried her to Epirus, and there married her. After his decease, she K 06 ANG PANTHEON. ANN became the wife of Helenus, son of Priam. Her affe&ion to Debtor, however, notwithstanding these engagements, still remained ; and, in spite of the jealousy it occasioned, she ere6ted a mag- nificent cenotaph to commemorate the husband of her heart. ANDROMEDA, daughter of Cepheus, or Cephus, king of Ethiopia and Cassiope, was bound to a rock to be devoured by a sea monster, because her mother proudly preferred her beauty to that of the Nereids. From this situation Per- seus delivered Andromeda, whom he after- wards married. At his death, this princess, with Cassiope, or Cassiopeia, her mother, was placed among the celestial constellations. See Perseus. ANDROPHONOS, or HOMICIDE, a name gi- ven to Venus, who, to avenge the death of Lais, killed by the Thessalians in her temple, destroyed numbers of them by a pestilence. ANDROSPHINGES. See Sphinx. ANDRUS, son of Anius, priest of Apollo, at Delphi, The deity endowed him with the gift of augury. This Andrus, leaving his native country, gave his name to the island of Andros. ANEMOTIS, that is, which lulls the wind, a sur- name of Pallas. ANGELIA, the daughter of Mercury, who him- self was named Angelus. Angelus, was also a son of Neptune. ANGERONA, the goddess of silence, supposed to have been the same with Volupia, the god- dess of pleasure. ANGERONALIA, feasts instituted among the Romans, in honour of the goddess Angerona. They were celebrated on the twenty-first of December. Some derive the name from Angi- na, the Squtnancy, and suppose the goddess thus denominated, because she presided over that disease ; others suppose it formed from angor, grief, pain ; to intimate she gave relief to those afflicted with it : others deduce it from angos, to press, or close, as being reputed the goddess of silence. See Angerona Divalia. ANGITIA, or ANGUITIA, the surname of Medea. ANGUIPEDES, monsters, whose progression re- sembled the crawling of serpents. Ovid be- stows this appellation on the giants that at- tempted to dethrone Jupiter. ANGUITIA, the daughter of Aeetes, and sister of Medea. ANGUIFER and ANGUITENENS. See Ophi- eus. ANGUIGENAE, the Thebans, so described by Ovid, because fable attributes to them the teeth of dragons. ANICETUS, the son of Hercules and Hebe. ANIENUS, the god of the river Anio. ANIGRIDES, nymphs of the river Aniger, who were supposed to possess the power of revers- ing the natural qualities of its water. ANIMALES, divinities so called from being the souls -of those who, after death, were received into the number of the gods. ANIPPE, the wife of Pierius. ANIUS, high priest of Apollo, at Delphi, or, ac- cording to some, king of Delos, had four daugh- ters, to whom Bacchus gave the power of chang- ing whatever they touched into corn, wine, and oil. Annon would have carried them into the Grecian army, that Agamemnon might main- tain his soldiers by this heavenly gift ; but they fled into the island of Andros ; where their brother Andrus had settled. To save them from being bound in chains, and forcibly car- ried away by Agamemnon, Bacchus, out of pity, transformed them into pigeons. Anius kindly entertained Aeneas in his retreat from Troy. ANN A, sister of Pygmalion and Dido, followed her sister into Africa. After the death of Dido, Pygmalion being desirous of carrying her off, she fled to Italy, and was protected by Aeneas ; but Lavinia becoming jealous, resolved to destroy her. Dido, in a dream, made known to her her danger, which to avoid, she fled by night, threw herself into the ri- ver Numicus, and became a nymph of the stream. ANNA PERENNA, whom the Romans deified, was daughter of Belus, and sister of Dido and Pygmalion king of Tyre. She fled to Battus, or Boll us, king of Malta, when Iarbus, king of the Getuli, attempted to take Carthage. — Not finding herself safe with Battus, on account of the threats of Iarbus, she fled into Italy, to Laurentum, where Aeneas was settled, who, walking one day along the bank of the river Numicus, met Anna, and conduced her to his ANN ANN PANTHEON. house. Lavinia, wife of Aeneas, becoming jea- lous of Anna, plotted her destru6tion ; but she being admonished of it in a dream, escaped to the river Numicus, and plunging into it, be- came one of the nymphs. Others think she was the moon itself that had taken the name of Anna, from the year ab anno , because the year, at that time, consisted of lunar months. But the most common opinion is, that she was an honest coun- trywoman, who supplied the Romans with cakes, when they had made the secession to the Aven- tine Mount, and that they in gratitude decreed her perpetual honours. She is reckoned among the rural deities, upon the authority of Varro, who places her in the same rank with Pales, Ceres, &c. The Romans instituted feasts, and sacrificed to her on the Ides of March. The celebration of the day consisted in drinking and feasting largely amongst friends. The com- mon people met for that purpose in the fields near the Tiber, and building themselves booths, spent the day in jollity, wishing one another to live as many years as they drunk cups. On this festival the young maids took very inde- cent liberties, and sung obscene songs, the rea- son of which is assigned by Ovid. ANNI. As the ancients personified almost every thing in nature, so they represented personally even the Anni, or years, to whom the poets as- cribe a certain silent and gliding motion. When their characters were introduced in the great processions, or on any other public occasion, the persons who aCted their parts probably en- deavoured to express this in their way of walk- ing. There are some expressions in the poets which countenance the conjecture, that Annus was sometimes represented with more dignity, and as moving along silently, though swiftly, in a chariot. Not only the year itself, but the four different seasons of it, were all represent- ed as persons by the ancients. The artists, as well as the poets, seem sometimes to have an eye to the four ages of life, in their representa- tions of the four seasons ; Ver is infantile and tender, Aestas young and sprightly, Autumnus mature and manly, and Hiems old and decripid. Ver, besides his youth, is marked out generally by the coronet of flowers on his head, or the bushel of them in his hand ; Aestas is crowned with corn, or holds a sickle ; Autumnus is usu- 3 67 ally distinguished by his garland of different fruits ; and Hiems by his wreath of reeds, by the birds he holds, or the beast at his feet, and by his being clothed, whilst the others are na- ked. Though the seasons appear so often on the remains of the ancients, we may learn se- veral manners of their representing them from the poets, different from those either on gems, paintings, or relievos. Autumnus, in parti- cular, was perhaps sometimes represented as pouring fruit out of his lap, and sometimes holding a vine- branch, loaded with grapes ; at other times he was painted as all stained and discoloured from the vintage, and with grey hairs intermixed with those of their natural co- lour. It is probable he was sometimes exhibit- ed with a wan, feeble look, which is but too just a characteristic of this season. Hiems, as old and decrepid, should be either quite bald, or only with a few grey hairs ; his look should be rough, melancholy, and severe ; he is slow in his motions, and shivers as he goes. Possibly they sometimes represent him with icicles on his garments, and hoarfrost upon his beard. His retreat during the warmer months, according to Statius, was towards the north pole ; and Virgil, perhaps from some picture or relievo, describes Sol as driving him out of the sight of men, into some deep, gloomy cave there. The year represents the ages of mankind ; for as there are four parts of the year, so, according to the opinion of Pythagoras, childhood con- tinues twenty years, youth twenty, manhood twenty, and old age twenty. Childhood re- sembles the spring, youth summer, manhood autumn, and old age winter. ANNONA, one of the goddesses of plenty. She differs from Abundantia as having a smaller di- strict, and as presiding over one season only ; for, as the word seems to signify, she was look- ed on as the giver of plenty of provision for the current year ; whereas Abundantia was the giver of other things as well as provision ; and at all times and in all places. Annona is re- presented with corn in her hand, and the beak of a ship by her, to shew some temporary sup- ply of corn, which was generally brought by sea to Rome, as may be seen from a figure of her on the reverse of a medal, in honour of the em- peror Antoninus Pius. See Abundantia, K 2 68 ANT PANTHEON. ANT ANOBRET, a Phoenician nymph, the wife of I- lus, or Saturn, and mother of Jeud, who was sacrificed on an altar which he himself had e- re&ed. A NOS I A : i. e. the unrelenting : an epithet of Ve- nus, given her for the same reason as Andro- pbonos ; which see. ANT ANDROS, a city of Phrygia, whence Ae- neas embarked. ANTAEUS, the giant, was king of Lydia and son of Neptune and Terra, or the Earth. He is said to have been sixty-four cubits high, and so inhuman that he first forced all strangers to wrestle with him, and then killed them. One of the most remarkable among the voluntary labours of Hercules, was his combat with him, whom, in travelling over the world to rid it of monsters, he found in Africa. Their method of fighting partook both of wrestling and box- ing ; such as was frequently used in the Circus at Rome. In this sort of combat Hercules foiled his antagonist several times, but, as often as he fell on his mother, the Earth, she constantly supplied him with fresh strength, and enabled him to renew the conflict with vigour. Her- cules, after fatiguing himself a long time in vain, having at length found out the mystery, instead of flinging him on the ground, as he had done, lifted him up from the earth, and pressed him to death against his bosom. There are no antiques representing the former part of this combat, but statues of the victory were common. It is also to be met with on gems and medals. There possibly may have been o- ther representations which agreed with Ovid’s account, who seems to make Hercules hold this mighty giant under his left arm, whilst with his right hand he throttles him. --Antaeus was the name also of a Latian chief. ANTELIUS, or ANTHELIUS, one of the Ante- liiDaemones , divinities worshipped at Athens. ANTELUDIA, a day of shew or parade preced- ing the Circenses, in which the preparations made for these solemnities were exposed in great form and pomp. ANTENOR, a Trojan prince, thought to have be- trayed his country, because he entertained the Grecian ambassadors, who were sent to demand Helen, and did not discover Ulysses when he knew him in his disguise : Aeneas and Antenor alone advised to restore Helen, and make peace, Antenor made his way through the midst of the Greeks, arrived safe to the territories of Ve- nice, and built a city called Antenorea, after- wards Patavium, from the river Padus, and now Padua. Tacitus informs us, that it was be- lieved in his time, that the games celebrated at Padua had been instituted by this Trojan ; and some authors maintain, that the bonnet of the Doges of Venice is made to resemble those of the ancient Phrygians. Antenor, to establish himself in these territories, formed an alliance with the Henetes, ancestors of the present Ve- netians, and, by their assistance, expelled the Euganians, and built the city already mention- ed, where it is said his tomb is still extant. — There are authors who rejedt that part of the account which makes Antenor the builder of Padua. Antenor was father of Iphidamas and Coon, by Theano, daughter of Cisseus. ANTENORIDAE, the descendants of Antenor. ANTEROS, son of Mars and Venus. Themis had told this goddess that her son Cupid, or Eros, would not grow up till she had another son, which accordingly she had by Mars, and called him Anteros, i. e. Anti-Cupid ; whence Venus is stiled by Ovid, the mother of two Loves or Cupids. The Athenians eretted an altar and a statue to Anteros, representing him naked, under the form of a beautiful youth, holding two cocks upon his breast, and endea- vouring to make them peck his head. It is thought that the two winged Cupids which draw the chariot of Venus, in a medal of the Julian family, are Eros and Anteros. This deity is generally taken for mutual and reciprocal love ; but Servius, upon Virgil, understands Anteros as the opposite, or a remedy against love. Others make Nox and Erebus, or Hell and Night, the parents of Cupid Anteros ; whom they stile a vulgar god, whose companions are Drunkenness, Sorrow, Contention, and the like. ANTEVORTA, and POSTVORTA, deities a- mong the Romans, so called because they were supposed to preside over events both past and future. These deities were regarded as the counsellors of Providence, and were particu- larly invoked by women in child-bed. Ante- vorta caused the child to present itself in a right position ; and Postvorta gave it birth ANT PANTHEON. ANT 69 when it came forth with its feet foremost. Post- vorta allayed the pains of child-bearing, and Antevorta restored the lying-in woman to health. These goddesses were also sometimes called Prosa, Prorsa , and Porrima. ANTHESPHORIA, a Sicilian festival instituted in honour of Proserpine. The word is derived from the Greek m&oi a flower, and t oupe&m?, from ■# 73 APH PAN' Kovpo;, a youth ; or x*pa, a shaving ; because the young men who till then remained unshaven,, had their hair cut off before they were presented to be registered. Their fathers at this time were obliged to swear that both themselves and the mothers of the young men were free-born Athenians. It was also usual to offer a sheep in sacrifice to Diana. This vidtim was to be of a certain weight, and because it once happened that the standers-by cried out in jest pmov, iov } as though it were too little, it was ever after cal- led M £iov, and the persons who offered it psiotyuyoi. To these Hesychius adds a fourth day, which he tells us was called vjn,%$ns. This name, however, is not peculiar to this festival, but was generally applied to any day celebrated after the end of another solemnity, being derived octto tou ett&m- vw> because it was a sort of appendage to the great festival. APAULIA, the third day of a marriage solem- nity. It was thus called because the bride, re- turning to her father’s house, lodged apart from the bridegroom. Some pretend the Apaulia to have been the second day of the marriage, or that on which the chief ceremony was per- formed, thus called in contradistinttion to the hist day, 01 TrpooLvXix. On the day called ccTrocuXtot, the bride presented her bridegroom with a gar- ment called UTroLvXriTripioi. APENE, a kind of chariot in which the images of the gods were carried on particular days in procession, attended with solemn pomp, songs, hymns, dances, &c. It was very rich, made sometimes of ivory or silver, and variously decorated. The Apene or sacred chariot of the Greeks, is called by Latin writers, Then- sa. APESANTIUS, or APHESANTIUS, an epi- thet given to Jupiter from Apes as, a mountain of Nemea, consecrated to him. APHACITIS, a title of Venus from Aphaca, a place in Syria situated between Heliopolis and Byblos, near Lebanon, where she had a temple. Near this place was a lake, round which fire usually burst forth, and its waters were so heavy, that bodies of considerable gravity floated on them. The temple was destroyed by Constantine, as being a school for inconti- nence. 1 he word Aphaca is of Syriac origin, .and signifies embraces. HEON. APH APHAEA, a surname of Diana. Under this title Britomarte was worshipped at Aegina. APPIAEUS, a surname of Mars. APHAREUS, or AMPHAREUS, son of Gorgo- phone and Perieres, and brother of Leucippus and Arene, daughter of Gorgophone by her second husband Oebalus. Aphareus married his sister Arene. See Gorgophone. There was another Aphareus one of the Argonauts, and father of Lynceus, whom Ovid stiles Apha- reia proles. Homer mentions a Greek also of this name, slain before Troy. APHARIUS, a Greek noticed in the 9th Iliad. APHETERII: Castor and Pollux were so named from a temple within the course where compe- titors contended in running, and from the ves- tibule of which they started. APHETOR, a surname of Apollo, from the ora- cles which he delivered at Delphi, and like- wise of the priest who promulged them. APHIDNUS, one of Aeneas’ leaders, killed by Turn us. APHNEUS, or APHNIUS, a surname of Mars. APiIKODISl A, festivals in honour of Venus, called Aphrodite or Aphrodites , several of which were observed in divers parts of Greece. The most remarkable of them was that at Cyprus, instituted by king Cinyras, out of whose family certain priests of Venus were ele&ed, and for that reason named K iwpotixi. At that solemnity several mysterious rites were practised : all ini- tiated into them offered a piece of money, and received, as a token of the goddesses favour, a measure of salt and a&AAof ; the former, because salt is a concretion of sea water, whence Venus was thought to have sprung ; the latter, because she was the goddess ol wantonness. At Ama- thus, a city of Cyprus, solemn sacrifices were offei ed to Venus, and called >ux,p 7 ru