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CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 
 
JAMAICA 
 
 AT THE 
 
 Coiotvml anir |ttot (fe|iM;ta, 
 
 XjOhshdoin", isss. 
 
 " Jamaica's beauteous isle and genial clime 
 I sing. Attend, ye Britons ! nor disdain 
 Th' adventurous muse to verdant vales that soars, 
 And radiant realms, beyond th' Atlantic wave; 
 Ardent to gather for her Albion's brow 
 A tropic icrealli, green with immortal spring. 1 ' 
 
 Bryan Edwards. 
 
 Honorary Commissioner in London: 
 C. WASHINGTON EVES, Esq. 
 
 Commission at Jamaica: 
 Eev. Dr. Robb, D.D., Chairman, 
 Dr. J. C. Phillippo. Hon. H. J. Kemble. 
 
 Hon. C. B. Mosse, C.B. &c. B. H. B. Hotchkin, Esq., M.A. 
 
 The Rev. John Badcliefe. 
 
 H. Priest, Secretary. 
 
rUINTKD DT 
 
 BPOTTIBWOODB A.NLI CO., NEW-STUEET SQUAJtK 
 
 LONDON 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 When practical arrangements for the representation of the Colonies 
 at the Exhibition were being made, the West Indian industries were 
 in a state of considerable depression, and it was doubtful whether any 
 such appearance could be made as would be entirely satisfactory in 
 itself or pleasurable to remember. But the encouragement given by 
 His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, who is ever ready to view 
 with kindly consideration all the efforts towards progress made in 
 any portion of the outlying dominions of his mother, the Queen- 
 Empress, induced the West India Colonies to come to the front, and 
 to avail themselves of that which might be truly called the opportunity 
 of a century. The visit of the Royal Princes, sons of the Prince of 
 Wales, also tended to strengthen the wish to be well represented in 
 the old country ; and when the record of that visit gave prominence 
 to the feelings of pride in the victories of Rodney and other gallant 
 sailors and soldiers who fought for England at a time when the West 
 Indian seas were the arena of the great nations of Europe, the 
 desire of being recognised as having an important share in the 
 glorious past of England became more intensified. At the same time, 
 more practical considerations conduced to the same end. These 
 colonies produce articles of food and luxury which the world consumes 
 without thinking of the places of production, the people engaged in 
 tropical industries, and the peculiar conditions under which these 
 
IV 
 
 industries exist. To bring producer and consumer, therefore, together, 
 to make them, if only for a time, sympathise with and understand 
 each other, to get them to discuss their mutual obligations, and to 
 forget the blunders and prejudices of byegone years, would lead, not 
 only to more cordial sentiments, but to what is perhaps more im- 
 portant, increased and more prosperous trade. From the time that 
 Pitt awed a tumultuous House of Commons by crying, in stentorian 
 tones, " Sugar ! Sugar ! Sugar ! " down to the much changed condi- 
 tions of the present time, the fortunes of the West Indies have been 
 largely concerned with the position in the markets of the world of 
 that article which a recent Chancellor of the Exchequer described as 
 " the delight of youth and the solace of age." The tropical planter 
 wishes to convince his sugar-eating brother at home that the produce 
 of the cane is infinitely superior in sweetness and nutritive qualities 
 to the sickly stuff obtained from bounty-feed beet on the Continent of 
 Europe. This understanding is likely to come about. There are 
 other products in the West Indies besides sugar, as we shall see 
 later on. And the mere fact of becoming acquainted, through 
 pictures, photographs, and natural objects, with the beautiful scenery 
 and interesting curiosities, appealing to the imagination of the general 
 observer, the scientific thought of the ethnological student, and the 
 large-heartedness of the philanthropist, cannot fail to widen the 
 horizon of the insular English mind, and perhaps impress it with 
 new suggestions of duty. Trade and commerce are, after all, the 
 practical results of sentiment, and it is into the aspect of buyer and 
 seller, of giving employment to English ships and English labour, and 
 of affording outlets to English capital, that the whole question finally 
 resolves itself. 
 
 In this scene of Imperial fraternisation, Jamaica plays an important 
 part. This Colony has always had a peculiar interest for the people 
 of England. Its acquisition by Cromwell, the influence upon it of the 
 naval and military operations of the succeeding 150 years, the rise of 
 
its prosperity, the slave trade and slavery, the effect of that social 
 revolution known as emancipation, and the hopes entertained of the 
 upward progress of the negro race — the peculiar exclusiveness of the 
 old protective or " Colonial " system, the abandonment of this and the 
 havoc caused by the admission into Great Britain on equal terms of 
 foreign slave-grown sugar, the decline of the sugar industry, the 
 forming of provision grounds, and the attention paid to the cultivation 
 of other products — the long reign of the House of Assembly, until the 
 riots of 1865 led to the abolition of Representative Government — the 
 18 years of Crown Government, and the new elective constitution 
 under which the Colony is now placed as the result of Lord Derby's 
 " new departure" — all these points constitute an historical record of 
 no mean interest ; they explain the concern felt for the Colony by 
 Englishmen in the past, and they afford a ground for a new and 
 larger sympathy in the future. Nor, in forecasting what is to come, 
 must we forget the likelihood of its again becoming a great entrepot of 
 commerce when the Panama Canal, which is to unite two oceans and 
 divert a large part of the sea traffic of the world, is an accomplished 
 fact. Its perennial beauty and varied climate must make it in time a 
 health resort for Europe and America, and the Laureate might have 
 had some picture of the Jamaica hills in his mind when he wrote the 
 following lines, which, although they may not be entirely accurate in 
 detail, and although they miss some of the most delightful character- 
 istics of the island, namely, its rivers, its picturesque ravines, and its 
 many streams, may stand as a suggestion in outline of a tropical 
 scene : — 
 
 " The mountain wooded to the peak ; the lawns 
 And winding glades high up like ways to heaven ; 
 The slender coco's drooping crown of plumes ; 
 The lightning flash of insect and of bird ; 
 The lustre of the long convolvuluses 
 That coiled around the stately stems and ran 
 Even to the limit of the land ; the glows 
 And glories of the broad belt of the world." 
 
VI 
 
 Turning from these general considerations to a few words of 
 practical explanation, it is necessary to state how the Jamaica people 
 carried out their wish to be represented at the Exhibition. The Legis- 
 lature necessarily had to vote a certain sum of money. The exhibits 
 were collected in the island and forwarded by " The Institute of 
 Jamaica," an admirable and well-managed Society, established bylaw, 
 and one of whose duties it is " to provide for the holding of exhibitions 
 illustrative of the Industries of Jamaica." It has charge of the museum, 
 and indeed carries out the functions of the former " Royal Society of 
 Arts and Agriculture,'' which exercised much influence in its time. 
 Cordial assistance was also given in the collection of exhibits by Mr. D. 
 Morris, himself a Governor of the Institute, as well as the head of the 
 Botanic Gardens. This gentleman is now the Assistant-Director of 
 Kew Gardens, and, since his recent arrival in England, has taken much 
 interest in the Court. On April 10, 1886, I was appointed by His 
 Excellency Sir Henry Norman, the Governor of the Colony, with the 
 concurrence of the Jamaica Institute, to the important office of 
 Honorary Commissioner for Jamaica at the Colonial and Indian 
 Exhibition. I have gladly devoted much time to the arrangement of 
 the exhibits sent from the Colony and others collected by me in England, 
 and, when not present myself, have always had a representative in the 
 Court, to give explanations to visitors. On May 1, the Prince of 
 Wales paid an official visit to the Exhibition, and in examining the 
 Jamaica Court, His Royal Highness expressed himself as highly satis- 
 fied with its appearance. The Queen, upon her visit on May 21, 
 was also graciously pleased to express her interest and approbation. 
 
 Subsequent to the arrival of the exhibits from the Colony, there 
 came a large number of copies of the " Handbook compiled for the 
 Governors of the Jamaica Institute, by Laurence R. Fyfe and A. C. 
 Sinclair, compilers of the Official Handbook of Jamaica." Accompany- 
 ing these were copies of a detailed catalogue of all the articles sent for 
 exhibition. These papers, so full of valuable information in regard to 
 
Vll 
 
 the history, condition and products of the Colony, were distributed and 
 the copies soon exhausted. It was therefore thought desirable by me 
 to. reprint them, and place them together in one volume, with such 
 particulars regarding the Court itself as might serve as a kind of 
 general guide to visitors. I therefore hope that this book, which will 
 be distributed gratuitously, will meet with the approval of His 
 Excellency the Governor and the Governors of the Jamaica Institute, 
 and will not only serve a temporary purpose but will constitute a 
 permanent record of the Jamaica Court, such as may be referred to 
 with pleasure by all who are interested in Jamaica, and keep alive for 
 many years to come, so far as this island is concerned, the memory of 
 the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886. 
 
 The front view of the Court, as well as that looking towards the 
 south, photographs of which are here reproduced, will give a general 
 idea of its appearance. But the real usefulness of the Exhibition can 
 only be understood after a detailed inspection. Philosophers tell us 
 that the two great powers of the human mind are observation and 
 reflection, and that, the mental powers being limited, these two 
 operations cannot take place at the same time. The advantage, 
 therefore, of a written record is, that it assists the memory, stored 
 by observation, and gives fulness to a permanent impression, the 
 completeness of which would v not be " edged off" by time. The list 
 of exhibits from the Colony, and the supplementary list of articles, 
 will be useful to the planter and merchant, to the shipper of English 
 goods, who wishes to know what he can get in exchange, and to the 
 colonial exporter who has the varied products of the island to draw 
 upon for English and European consumption. As an economic and 
 commercial study, therefore, as well as an attempted blending of form 
 and colour to constitute a picture, the Court may be regarded. Of 
 course, one may see orange trees in public gardens and in many other 
 places in England, but the orange tree at the right entrance of 
 the Jamaica Court represents what will be an important Jamaica 
 
Vlll 
 
 industry. The visitor to the United States will probably find on 
 his breakfast and dinner tables the oranges from Florida, but the 
 crop there is subject to a touch of frost which cannot be experienced 
 in Jamaica, and a large trade is possible from the Colony in this 
 fruit. Oranges and other West Indian fruit can be had in England, 
 thanks to the admirable arrangements for conveyance made by 
 that enterprising firm, Scrutton, Sons & Co., whose recent importation 
 of these products, under conditions of special advantage in their 
 steamers, was a great success, and holds out much promise for the 
 future. The Jamaica orange should be well known in England, if 
 more extensive cultivation of it be entered upon. The aloe on the 
 left hand of the Court, the palms and ferns distributed throughout, 
 refresh the eye and fill the mind with pictures of tropical vegetation. 
 Art is interspersed with nature. On the left are to be seen large oil 
 paintings of Jamaica scenes. The first is the principal street in 
 Kingston as it appeared at the beginning of this century. The 
 military uniforms, the planter's dress, the general appearance of the 
 street, are all characteristic of the time and place. Next hangs a 
 portrait of the present Governor, General Sir Henry Norman, which 
 will be recognised at once by those who know His Excellency. Then 
 another large oil painting arrests attention, with its view of Montego 
 Bay, and its effects of sky and sea. 
 
 A splendid turtle back, surmounted by the arms of the colony, 
 which are set off with grass plumes and fan decoration, remind the 
 visitor in what part of the Empire he now stands. The pictures on 
 this wall close with another large oil painting, representing a general 
 view of Kingston and Port Eoyal, and the long stretch of sand known 
 as the Palisades. Turning round from this picture, another oil 
 painting on the opposite side, recalling one of the most beautiful 
 scenes in Jamaica, Bog Walk, will be noticed, and, looking up, 
 surmounting the centre arches of the Court on the inside, two more 
 oil paintings of scenery are visible, the one to the left being Stewart 
 
Bluff, on the north side of Jamaica, and the other being the Coast of 
 Green Island. 
 
 In the open arches at the back of the Court two other large oil 
 paintings are placed, one representing Holland Estate, St. Thomas, 
 and the other Port Maria. These paintings are of quite modern 
 execution, but they are faithful representations of the scenes they 
 purport to reproduce. In the front of the arch hangs the portrait of 
 the Earl of Balcarres, who was Governor of Jamaica from 1795 to 
 1801, lent by the present head of the family. Numerous photographs, 
 old Jamaica newspapers riddled with worm holes and yellow with their 
 eighty years of age, and the specimens of lace bark with which the 
 lower parts of the stands are decorated, may be noticed in passing ; 
 but, turning to natural products, a prominent trophy in the front 
 centre of the Court is the Rum for which Jamaica is so famous. In 
 handsome glass jars, this spirit, which has been designated " liquid 
 sunshine," from the fact that it is the immediate and natural pro- 
 duct of the cane, is shown from the uncoloured white to the deepest 
 shades. All the well-known marks are here represented, as well as 
 the crops of different years. The row of sugars contains some fine 
 specimens, although from many causes Jamaica is not now the great 
 sugar colony that it was, say, in Monk Lewis's time, 100 years ago. 
 Besides producing sugar and rum, Jamaica is a large fruit-growing 
 country, as suggested above, a ready market being found in the 
 United States, and probably also in England, for oranges, shaddocks, 
 and bananas. A number of other important industries are also 
 represented in this Court. The display of coffee is especially fine, 
 occupying a large space on the centre stand facing the entrance. 
 The cocoa, pimento, pepper, annatto are all suggestive of Nature's 
 bounty, in providing useful things to make human life more 
 pleasant ; and not the least important of these means of ameliora- 
 tion is to be found in the cinchona bark, of which quinine is made, so 
 largely shown in this Court. Standing in front of the Court, and 
 
 b 
 
looking at it as a whole, the effect is very pleasing. The suspended 
 alligator at the back, the case of humming birds, the shark with his 
 attendant small fish, the two piles of rum casks reaching high up, the 
 stands of sugar canes, the variegated woods, the hammocks overhead, 
 the dried turtle case, and the boxes of Jamaica cigars, the barrels of 
 Turk's Island salt, the hats with their broad brims shading from the 
 tropical sun, the pressed leaves of ferns, the case of bonnets, baskets 
 and fancy work shown by the Women's Self-Help Society of Kingston, 
 the general arrangement of palms, mahogany plants, ferns, grasses, 
 and other foliage, make up a picture which, studied generally or in 
 detail, cannot fail to be regarded with interest by Englishmen, whether 
 resident at home or on a visit from the island. The secret of any 
 success obtained is, of course, to be found in the intrinsic interest of 
 the exhibits and their adaptability for effective grouping. 
 
 The visitor should also see the admirable collection of Jamaica 
 coffees, forwarded by Messrs. Brancker, Boxwell and Co., of Liver- 
 pool. This collection is part of the economic food display on the left 
 hand side of the Indian Court, starting from the Jungle end. 
 
 Upon the whole, a very complete exposition is given of the produce 
 of Jamaica. But this suggests what a large increase of cultivation is 
 possible. The planting of cacao is practically beginning. The 
 cinchona plants present a good appearance, but the industry is yet in 
 its infancy. Bananas, the principal fruit industry of the island, are 
 exported to the value of £200,000. These are largely consumed and 
 much appreciated in the United States. The pine-apple, too, is 
 capable of a much larger export. Jamaica tea, of good flavour, would 
 find a ready market in London. There is, indeed, no early limit to 
 the production of these articles. But the great requisite is colonists. 
 Young men with a small capital, and sufficient resources to enable 
 them to wait until the trees bear (which may be from four to six 
 years), would find a competence in this colony in the cultivation of 
 cinchona or coffee. A Jamaica Governor, some six or seven years ago, 
 
XI 
 
 invested in a coffee plantation, and it is understood that he is 
 beginning to receive the reward of his enterprise. A special feature 
 of Jamaica, too, is the pens. These are extensive sweeps of land for 
 growing grass for the rearing of cattle. The large population of 
 Jamaica ought to eat more beef. An old Jamaica colonist used to say 
 that if the population would eat more animal food, civilisation would 
 make greater strides. However this may be, pen-keeping has not been 
 unprofitable, and has been engaged in by young Englishmen who are 
 fond of an open air life, who are accustomed to horsemanship, and 
 who at the same time like to put money in then pockets. Of course, the 
 sale of cattle depends upon the demand arising from the sugar estates 
 for draught purposes as well as for food. The sugar cultivation has 
 been stationary, at a comparatively low figure, for many years, but with 
 a turn in the market and perhaps a countervailing duty on bounty 
 fed beet sugar imported into Great Britain (which is certainly 
 more within the bounds of possibility than many people imagine) 
 there would be reason to hope for an extension of cultivation. The 
 German bounties will certainly be reduced by a kind of sliding scale 
 during the next two years. It may be interesting to place on 
 record the recent German legislation on this important subject : — 
 " New German Law. — Tax on roots, 1 mark, 70 pf. Drawback 
 from August 1st, 1886, to 30th September, 1887, m. 18. From October 
 1887, m. 17.25. For loaf sugar, m. 22.20 to October 31st, 1887 ; and 
 after, m. 21.56. This law continues the principle of the tax on roots, 
 and it shows a desire to export white sugars for direct consumption. 
 At the usual computation of 1,000 kilos, per ton, and 20 marks to the 
 £, the bounty will be reduced from 36s. as at present, after October 
 1886, to 27s., and after October 1887 to 19s. U., at 9 tons beet to 1 
 sugar ; and from 20s. to 2s. 6d. at 10 tons. It takes on the average 
 9-^ tons roots to make 1 ton sugar in Germany." A new law has also 
 been passed in France increasing the fiscal advantage enjoyed by 
 French colonial sugar on its importation into France, but otherwise 
 
Xll 
 
 continuing the law of 1884, which provides for the next three years a 
 gradually increasing yield of sugar from the weight of beet roots worked 
 in the factories. Upon the whole there is movement in this Bounty 
 question, and it may be hoped that within a reasonable time the 
 system may be discontinued either by the voluntary action of foreign 
 Governments, or by practical measures on the part of the English 
 Government to remove the bounty, for the benefit of the English 
 revenue, upon the entrance of such sugar into English ports. It 
 should be added that negotiations have recently taken place between 
 Jamaica and Canada, and also with the United States, for a reciprocal 
 trade arrangement, but these have not yet produced any result, 
 although such result is certainly within the range of "practical 
 politics." 
 
 Jamaica, as a field for agricultural enterprise by Englishmen, is 
 open to many settlers. The Government will, no doubt, give all infor- 
 mation as to the acquisition of suitable land. For labourers, whose 
 services are necessary in all agricultural undertakings, it offers oppor- 
 tunities. The East Indian coolie is there earning his shilling a day 
 instead of his two annas in India. The saving Chinaman adapts 
 himself first to labour in the fields or factories, and afterwards makes 
 money as a pedlar or petty tradesman ; the indigenous black man 
 (for so he may now be called) is cultivating his provision ground and 
 keeping his family together by the sale of the produce, or he is off to 
 take part in the work of the Panama Canal — a proceeding not always 
 to his own health or advantage. In point of fact there is room for 
 enterprising small capitalists from Europe; and although labour may 
 be somewhat shifting and uncertain in different parts, such difficulties 
 could be overcome, and in course of time it may be hoped that this 
 island will be recognised as an attractive centre of agricultural and 
 commercial enterprise, and its past difficulties be forgotten in the dawn 
 of that brighter era for which its capabilities are so eminently adapted. 
 
 1 Fen Court, 
 
 London : July 1886. C. WASHINGTON EYES. 
 
CATALOGUE OF ARTICLES FORWARDED 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 ISLAND OF JAMAICA. 
 
 Jamaica is the largest and most valuable of the West India Islands 
 belonging to Great Britain, and it has been termed " one of the 
 brightest jewels in the British Crown." Its greatest length is 144 
 miles, and it contains 4,200 square miles. The value of the exports 
 during the year 1885 was £1,408,848; of the imports, £1,487,833; 
 and the revenue, £545,000. 
 
 The chief exports in order of importance are — Sugar, £307,826 ; 
 Bum, £234,053 ; Tropical Fruits, £181,501 ; Coffee, £157,281 ; Dye 
 Woods, £155,526; Pimento, £53,867; Ginger, £20,168; Beeswax and 
 Honey, £7,775 ; Cacao, £6,359 ; Lance Wood Spars, £2,005, &c, &c. 
 
 As regards distribution of trade, the produce of the island shipped 
 in 1885 was as follows — United Kingdom, 37*2 per cent. ; United 
 States of America, 42*2 per cent. ; Dominion of Canada, 5 - 4 per cent. ; 
 all other countries, 15*2 per cent. 
 
 The surface of the island is greatly diversified, and hence it affords 
 means for the cultivation of most economic tropical plants from sea- 
 level to an elevation of 7,000 feet. Cattle and horse-raising are 
 important industries on the northern slopes of the island where the 
 nutritious Guinea grass affords excellent pasture all the year round. 
 
 The climate of Jamaica is superior to that of any of the West 
 India Islands, and in the hills especially, at moderate elevation, it is 
 recommended as eminently suitable to northern people obliged to seek 
 a mild health resort during the winter months. 
 
 The population of Jamaica by last census was 580,000, being an 
 increase of 73,650 during the previous ten years. Of these there 
 are — whites, 14,432; coloured, 109,946; black, 444,186; the remainder 
 being Coolies and Chinese. 
 
 The Government is administered by a Governor appointed by the 
 Crown, assisted by a Legislative Council composed of nominated and 
 elected members, the latter having the majority. 
 
 Fuller information respecting Jamaica may be obtained from " The 
 Handbook of Jamaica," an octavo volume of some 500 pages, published 
 
 A 
 
annually under the auspices of government, and which is a most 
 complete repository for everything connected with the island. The 
 volume for 1885-86 is published by Edward Stanford, 53 Charing 
 Cross, London. 
 
 I.— SUGAR. 
 
 The export of sugar from Jamaica in 1885 was 24,985 tons, of the 
 value of £'307,826. This, combined with rum, renders the produce 
 of the sugar-cane the staple industry of the island. The general 
 depression in the price of sugar is felt in Jamaica as in all sugar- 
 producing countries. 
 
 1. Vacuum pan sugar (white), Bushy Park, Louis Verlcy. 
 
 2. Vacuum pan sugar (yellow), Bushy Park, Louis Verley. 
 
 3. Vacuum pan sugar, Bushy Park, Louis Verley. 
 
 4. Vacuum pan sugar (white), Ewing's Caymanas, J. Crum-Ewing. 
 ;">. Vacuum pan sugar (yellow), Ewing's Caymanas, J. Crum-Ewing. 
 
 6. Centrifugal sugar, Greenwich Estate, C. J. Ward. 
 
 7. Centrifugal sugar, Moneymusk Estate, C. J. Wail. 
 
 8. Centrifugal sugar, Seven Plantations, J. Grenan. 
 
 •.». Centrifugal sugar, Vale-Eoyal, Hon. Henry Sewell. 
 
 10. Centrifugal sugar, Arcadia, Hon. Henry Sewell. 
 
 11. Muscovado sugar, Savoy Estate, J. W. Kemp. 
 
 12. Muscovado sugar, Whitney Estate, E. C. Elliott. 
 
 13. Muscovado sugar, Mona Estate, Louis Verley. 
 
 14. Muscovado sugar, Y. S., C. W. Treleaven. 
 
 15. Muscovado sugar, Lloyds, George Stiebel. 
 
 16. Muscovado sugar, Worthy Park, J. Gray. 
 
 17. Muscovado sugar, Hyde Hall, L. C. Shirley. 
 
 18. Muscovado sugar, Etingdon, L. C. Shirley. 
 
 19. Muscovado sugar (Banger cured), Bogue, C. W. Treleaven. 
 
 20. Muscovado sugar, George Solomon & Co. 
 
 II.— RUM. 
 
 During the year 1885, Jamaica rum was exported to the extent of 
 2,080,471 gallons, of the value of £234,053. This industry occupies 
 so prominent a position, and is so widely known, that it isjneedless to 
 enlarge upon it. The exhibits include the finest and best brands 
 produced in the island, and embrace estates and merchants' rums of 
 acknowledged excellence. 
 
 (A.)— Estates Rum. 
 
 21. Crop, 1885, Lancaster Estate 
 
 22. Crop, 1885, Hyde Estate 
 
 23. Crop, 1885, Steelfield Estate. 
 
 24. Crop, 1885, Vale Boyal Estate 
 
 25. Crop, 1885, Lottery Est ate . 
 
 C. H. W. Gordon. 
 Hon. Henry Sewell. 
 Hon. Henry Sewell. 
 Hon. Henry Sewell. 
 Hon. Henry Sewell. 
 
26. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 27. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 28. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 29. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 30. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 31. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 32. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 33. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 34. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 35. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 36. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 37. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 38. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 39. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 40. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 41. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 42. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 43. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 44. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 45. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 46. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 47. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 48. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 49. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 50. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 51. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 52. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 53. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 54. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 55. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 56. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 57. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 58. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 59. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 60. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 61. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 62. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 63. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 64. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 65. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 66. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 67. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 68. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 69. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 70. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 71. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 72. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 73. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 74. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 75. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 76. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 77. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 78. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 79. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 80. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 81. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 82. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1885, Oxford Estate . 
 1885, Braco Estate 
 1885, Cambridge Estate 
 1885 (white), Lodge Estate 
 1885 (white), Lodge Estate 
 1885, Lodge Estate 
 1885, Chester Estate . 
 1885, Fontabelle Estate 
 1885, Brampton Bryan Estate 
 1885, Georgia Estate . 
 1885, Bryan Castle Estate 
 1885, Lloyds' Estate . 
 
 1885, Content Estate . 
 
 1886, Savoy Estate 
 1882, Spring Estate . 
 1885, Spring Estate 
 1885, Hopewell Estate 
 
 1885 (white), Hopewell Estate 
 1885, Hordley Estate . 
 
 1885, Amity Hall Estate 
 1864, Hordley Estate . 
 
 1886, Tulloch Estate . 
 
 1886 (white), Tulloch Estate 
 
 1885, Knollis Estate . 
 
 1886, Y. S. Estate 
 1886, Ipswich Estate . 
 1886, Bogue Estate 
 1863, Friendship Estate 
 1867 (white), Friendship Estate 
 1868, Friendship Estate 
 1870, Friendship Estate 
 1872, Friendship Estate 
 1874, Friendship Estate 
 1876, Friendship Estate 
 1878, Friendship Estate 
 1880, Friendship Estate 
 
 1882, Friendship Estate 
 1882 (white), Friendship Estate 
 
 1883, Friendship Estate 
 
 1885, Friendship Estate 
 
 1886, Friendship Estate 
 1886, Cornwall Estate 
 1886, Blackheath Estate 
 1886, Blue Castle Estate 
 1886, Golden Grove Estate 
 1886, Halse Hall Estate 
 1885, Moneymusk Estate 
 
 1885, Greenwich Estate 
 
 1886, Worthy Park Estate 
 1886, Park Hall Estate 
 1885, Mona Estate 
 1885 (white), Mona Estate 
 
 1885, Bushy Park Estate 
 1885 (white), Bushy Park Estate 
 
 1886, Etingdon Estate 
 1886, Hyde Hall Estate 
 1886, Kent Estate 
 
 C. J. M. Barrett. 
 C. H. W. Gordon. 
 Mrs. E. Thompson . 
 H. J. Ronaldson. 
 H. J. Ronaldson. 
 H. J. Ronaldson. 
 A. B. Gentles. 
 C. H. Stewart. 
 Dr. Proctor. 
 J. W. Gordon. 
 Dr. Proctor. 
 George Stiebeh 
 C. N. Sterling. 
 J. W. Kemp. 
 Walter Ogilvy. 
 Walter Ogilvy. 
 Walter Ogilvy. 
 Walter Ogilvy. 
 J. Harrison. 
 J. Harrison. 
 J. Harrison. 
 J. McPhail. 
 J. McPhail. 
 J. McPhail. 
 C. W. Treleaven. 
 C. W. Treleaven. 
 C. W. Treleaven. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 C. W. Eves & Co. 
 Col. F. Lushington. 
 Eustace Grieg. 
 Eustace Grieg. 
 De B. S. Heaven. 
 J. J. Ronaldson. 
 C. J. Ward. 
 C. J. Ward. 
 Col. Talbot. 
 H. T. Ronaldson. 
 Louis Verley. 
 Louis Verley. 
 Louis Verley. 
 Louis Verley. 
 L. C. Shirley. 
 L. C. Shirloy. 
 Hon. W. Kerr. 
 
 a 2 
 
83. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1886, Gales Valle 
 
 y Estate . 
 
 
 
 
 Hon.'W. Kerr. 
 
 84. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1886, Telston Estate .... 
 
 Hon. W. Kerr. 
 
 85. 
 
 Crop. 
 
 1886, Golden Grove Estate 
 
 Hon. W. Kerr. 
 
 86. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1886, Wiltshire Estate .... 
 
 Hon. W. Kerr. 
 
 87. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1876 (10 years old), Orange Valley Estate 
 
 Hon. W. Kerr. 
 
 88. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1886, Orange Valley Estate 
 
 Hon. W. Kerr. 
 
 89. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1886, Catherine Hall Estate 
 
 
 Hon. W. Kerr. 
 
 90. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1886, Guilsbro' Estate 
 
 
 Hon. W. Kerr. 
 
 91. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1886, Round Hill Estate . 
 
 
 Hon. W. Kerr. 
 
 92. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1886, Dundee Estate 
 
 
 Hon. W. Kerr. 
 
 93. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1886, Cherry Garden Estate 
 
 
 C. A. Robinson. 
 
 94. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1886 (white), Cherry Garden Estate 
 
 
 C. A. Robinson. 
 
 
 
 (B.)— Merchants' Rum. 
 
 95. 
 
 Table 
 
 rum, Crop, 1885 J. M. Farquharson 
 
 96. 
 
 Table 
 
 rum, Crop, 1875 
 
 
 
 
 
 J. M. Farquharson 
 
 97. 
 
 Rum, 
 
 1 year old 
 
 
 
 
 
 D. Finzi & Co. 
 
 98. 
 
 Rum, 
 
 5 years old 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D. Finzi & Co. 
 
 99. 
 
 Rum, 
 
 10 years old 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D. Finzi & Co. 
 
 100. 
 
 Rum, 
 
 15 years old 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D. Finzi & Co. 
 
 101. 
 
 Rum, 
 
 20 years old 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D. Finzi & Co. 
 
 102. 
 
 Rum, 
 
 31 years old 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D. Finzi & Co. 
 
 103. 
 
 Rum, 
 
 10 years old 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wray & Nephew. 
 
 104. 
 
 Rum, 
 
 15 years old 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wray & Nephew. 
 
 105. 
 
 Rum, 
 
 25 years old 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wray & Nephew. 
 
 10(1. 
 
 Rum, 
 
 (old) . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Simon & Le Ray. 
 
 107. 
 
 Rum 
 
 (white) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Simon & Le Ray. 
 
 108. 
 
 Rum 
 
 (very old) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P. Desnoes & Son. 
 
 109. 
 
 Rum 
 
 (white) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P. Desnoes & Son. 
 
 III.— LIQUEURS, CORDIALS, &c 
 
 S. T. Scharschmidt, Mandeville. 
 S. T. Scharschmidt, Mandeville. 
 S. T. Scharschmidt, Mandeville. 
 Wray & Nephew, Kingston. 
 Wray & Nephew, Kingston. 
 Wray & Nephew, Kingston. 
 Wray & Nephew, Kingston. 
 Wray & Nephew, Kingston. 
 Wray & Nephew, Kingston. 
 Wray & Nephew, Kingston. 
 Wray & Nephew, Kingston. 
 Delgado Brothers, Falmouth. 
 Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 110. 
 
 Sweet orange spirit . 
 
 
 
 
 111. 
 
 Seville orange spirit . 
 
 
 
 
 112. 
 
 Sweet orange wine 
 
 
 
 
 113. 
 
 Orange wine 
 
 
 
 
 114. 
 
 Orange wine (white) . 
 
 
 
 
 115. 
 
 Ginger wine 
 
 
 
 
 116. 
 
 Ginger wine (white) . 
 
 
 
 
 117. 
 
 Pimento Dram . 
 
 
 
 
 118. 
 
 Prune Dram 
 
 
 
 
 119. 
 
 Bitters 
 
 
 
 
 120. 
 
 Creme de Noyau 
 
 
 
 
 121. 
 
 Quinine bitters . 
 
 
 
 
 122. 
 
 Rum shrub 
 
 
 
 
 123. 
 
 Cashew wine 
 
 
 
 
 124. 
 
 Pimento cordial 
 
 
 
 
 125. 
 
 White ginger wine 
 
 
 
 
 126. 
 
 White ginger cordial. 
 
 
 
 
 127. 
 
 White orange wine 
 
 
 
 
 128. 
 
 Pure orange cordial 
 
 
 
 
 129. 
 
 Pure orange wine 
 
 
 
 
 130. 
 
 Liqueur d'Or 
 
 
 
 
 131. 
 
 Rosolio 
 
 
 
 
132. Stomachic bitters .... Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 133. Bitters ...... Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 134. White peppermint wine , . . Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 136. Prune bark cordial .... Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 137. Bitterine Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 138. Creme de Noyau (pink) . . . Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 139. Creme de Noyau (white) . . . Simon & Le Ray, Kingston. 
 
 140. White ginger wine .... P. Desnoes & Son, Kingston. 
 
 141. Ginger wine P. Desnoes & Son, Kingston, 
 
 142. Orange wine ..... P. Desnoes & Son, Kingston. 
 
 143. Bitters P. Desnoes & Son, Kingston, 
 
 144. Peppermint cordial .... P. Desnoes & Son, Kingston. 
 
 145. Pimento Dram P. Desnoes & Son, Kingston, 
 
 146. Noyau P. Desnoes & Son, Kingston. 
 
 147. Parfait Amour P. Desnoes & Son, Kingston 
 
 148. Rosolio P. Desnoes & Son, Kingston. 
 
 149. Fullermum P. Desnoes & Son, Kingston. 
 
 150. Aniseed P. Desnoes & Son Kingston. 
 
 151. Anisado P. Desnoes & Son Kingston. 
 
 152. Orange juice P. Desnoes & Son, Kingston. 
 
 IV.— TROPICAL, FRUITS. 
 
 Next to sugar and rum the chief industrial interest in Jamaica, at 
 present, is connected with the raising and shipping of tropical fruits 
 to the United States of America. During the year 1885 fruit to the 
 value of £181,501 was thus exported. Most of this fruit is shipped 
 to the Northern ports of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore ; but 
 now that the strict quarantine restrictions between Jamaica and New 
 Orleans have been removed, it is hoped that soon a large trade will 
 be established between that port and this island. Up to the present 
 time sufficient attention has not been paid to the packing of fruit — 
 more especially pine-apples and oranges — despatched from Jamaica ; 
 and hence the low prices in several cases realised. It is evident, taking 
 into consideration the quality of the fruit which leaves this island, 
 that higher prices could and would be obtained if more care were 
 bestowed upon the wrapping. Oranges, pine-apples, and other fruit 
 have been exported in small quantities to the United Kingdom ; but 
 no trade of this nature has been hitherto established. 
 
 153. Caramba (Averrhoa Cararnbola), Governor's Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 154. Mango (Mangifera indica var.), „ 
 
 155. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), „ 
 
 156. Star-apple (Chrysophyllum Cainito), ,, 
 
 157. Jimbling (Cicca disticha), ,, 
 
 158. Tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea), „ 
 
 159. Nutmegs (Myristica fragrans), „ 
 
 160. Cocoa-plum (Chrysobalanus Icaco), „ 
 
 161. Ginep (Melicocca bijuga), „ 
 
 162. Walnut (Aleurites triloba), ,, 
 
163. Jew plum (Spondias dulcis), Governor's Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 164. Ylang-Ylang (Artobotrys odoratissima), „ „ 
 
 165. Mangoes, No. 11 (Mangifera indica var.), „ 
 
 166. Alligator pear (Persea gratissiinai. ., „ 
 
 167. Alligator pear (purple) (Persea gratissima) ,, 
 
 168. Chocho (Sechium edule), „ „ 
 
 169. Akee (Blighia sapida), „ „ 
 
 170. Jamaica peppers (10 varieties), W. M. Bailey, Kingston. 
 
 171. Blimbi (Averrhoa Bilimbi), J. J. Bowrey, Kingston. 
 
 172. Guava (Psidium Guaiava), J. J. Bowrey, Kingston. 
 
 V.— ECONOMIC PRODUCTS of the COCOANUT PALM. 
 
 (Cocos nucifera.) 
 
 173. Ripe nuts. 
 
 174. Pipe nuts, dissected to show nut in husk. 
 
 175. Ripe nuts, cleared of husk and polished. 
 
 176. Small nuts, immature forms. 
 
 177. Young plants. 
 
 178. Nuts half-husked. 
 
 179. Varnished nuts. 
 
 180. Unvarnished nuts. 
 
 181. Growing nuts. 
 
 182. Bunches of ripe nuts. 
 
 183. Stems of the cocoanut palm. 
 
 (B.) — Exhibited by the General Penitentiary. 
 
 184. Doormat of cocoanut hbre. 
 
 185. Whitewash brush of cocoanut fibre. 
 
 186. Horsebrush of cocoanut fibre. 
 
 187. Shoebrushes of cocoanut fibre. 
 
 188. Cocoanut fibre. 
 
 189. Coatbrush of cocoanut fibre. 
 
 VI.— COFFEE. 
 
 In Jamaica two very distinct classes of coffee are produced. The 
 total export is about 84,000 cwt. per annum. Of this about 10,000 
 cwt. is " Blue Mountain Coffee " of the finest quality, consigned almost 
 entirely to the Liverpool market, where it sells from 100, to 142/ per 
 cwt. The remaining portion of Jamaica coffee is grown chiefly by negro 
 settlers, is badly cured, and hence fetches comparatively low prices. 
 
 190. Coffee, Clydesdale Estate Mrs. MacLaverty. 
 
 191. Coffee (in parchment), Clydesdale Estate . 
 
 192. Coffee, Sherwood Forest Estate . 
 
 193. Coffee (in husk), Sherwood Forest Estate . 
 
 194. Coffee (in parchment), Sherwood Forest Estate 
 
 195. Coffee (green), Sherwood Forest Estate 
 
 196. Coffee (peaberry), Sherwood Forest Estate . 
 
 197. Coffee, Portland Gap Estate, Gosset . 
 
 198. Coffee, Arntully Estate .... 
 
 199. Coffee (in parchment), Arntully Estate 
 
 Mrs. MacLaverty. 
 John Davidson. 
 John Davidson. 
 John Davidson. 
 John Davidson. 
 John Davidson. 
 Treleaven & Co. 
 W. A. Sabonadiere. 
 W. A. Sabonadiere. 
 
200. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 201. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 202. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 203. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 204. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 205. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 206. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 207. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 208. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 208^ 
 
 Coffee 
 
 209. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 210. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 211. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 212. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 213. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 214. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 215. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 216. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 217. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 218. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 218a 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 219. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 220. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 221. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 222. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 223. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 224. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 225. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 226. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 227. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 228. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 229. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 230. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 231. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 232. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 233. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 234. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 235. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 236. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 237. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 238. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 239. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 240. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 241. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 242. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 243. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 244. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 245. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 246. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 247. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 248. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 249. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 250. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 251. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 252. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 253. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 254. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 (dried in cherry), Arntully Estate 
 Tweedside Estate 
 (in parchment), Tweedside Estate 
 Langley Estate .... 
 (in parchment), Langley Estate 
 (in berry), Langley Estate 
 Eadnor Estate .... 
 Whitfield Hall Estate 
 Clifton Mount Estate 
 (peaberry), Clifton Mount Estate 
 Petersfield Estate 
 (peaberry), Abbey Green Estate 
 Abbey Green Estate . 
 (peaberry), Abbey Green Estate 
 Newton Estate .... 
 Spring Hill Estate . 
 (No. 1), Spring Hill Estate 
 (in parchment), Spring Hill Estate 
 (peaberry), Spring Hill Estate . 
 E wings Caymanas Estate . 
 The Cottage Estate . 
 Windsor Forest Estate 
 (peaberry), Windsor Forest Estate 
 Brokenhurst Estate . 
 (peaberry), Brokenhurst Estate . 
 (parchment), Brokenhurst Estate 
 (peaberry), Brokenhurst Estate 
 (Groves Estate) .... 
 (parchment), Groves Estate 
 (in cherry), Groves Estate . 
 (No. 1), Bose Hill Estate . 
 (No. 2), Bose Hill Estate . 
 (No. 3), Bose Hill Estate . 
 (peaberry), Bose Hill Estate 
 (in cherry), Bose Hill Estate 
 (in parchment), Bose Hill Estate 
 (No. 1), Prospect Estate . 
 (No. 2), Prospect Estate . 
 (No. 3), Prospect Estate . 
 (No. 1 of 1884-85 crop), Prospect Estate 
 (peaberry), Prospect Estate 
 (in cherry), Prospect Estate 
 Mount Cressy Estate 
 Park Hall Estate . 
 (peaberry), Park Hall Estate 
 Sherwood Forest Estate . 
 Sherwood Forest Estate . 
 (peaberry), Sherwood Forest Estate 
 (Mocha), Bose Hill Estate. 
 (Liberian), Hordley Estate 
 (settlers), Golden Spring Estate 
 (settlers), Whitney Estate, 
 (settlers), Whitney Estate, 
 (settlers), Langley Estate . 
 (settlers in parchment), Langley Estate 
 
 (settlers) 
 
 (settlers) 
 
 W. A. Sabonadiere. 
 Capt. Baker. 
 Capt. Baker. 
 W. E. Sant. 
 W. E. Sant. 
 W. E. Sant. 
 J. A. Stephens. 
 De B. S. Heaven. 
 John McLean. 
 John McLean. 
 C. J. Ward. 
 C. J. Ward. 
 C. J. Ward. 
 C. J. Ward. 
 John Hollingsworth. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 J. Crum-Ewing. 
 
 A. W. Kemble. 
 S. H. Watson. 
 S. H. Watson. 
 Walter H. Wynne. 
 Walter H. Wynne. 
 Walter H. Wynne. 
 Walter H. Wynne. 
 C. R. Taylor. 
 
 C. B. Taylor. 
 C. B. Taylor. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Rev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 P. Desnoes & Son. 
 H. J. Eonaldson. 
 H. J. Eonaldson. 
 E. A. Stewart. 
 E. A. Stewart. 
 
 B. A. Stewart. 
 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 J. Harrison. 
 W. C. Logan. 
 George Wilson. 
 George Wilson. 
 W. E. Sant. 
 W. E. Sant. 
 Walter Logan. 
 Walter Logan. 
 
8 
 
 255. Coffee (settlers) George & Branday. 
 
 256. Coffee (settlers) George & Branday. 
 
 257. Coffee (cherries in solution) Botanical Department. 
 
 258. Coffee (Liberian) Botanical Department. 
 
 VII.— PIMENTO. 
 
 Jamaica pepper or allspice, the dried and cured berries of a native 
 tree (Pimenta vulgaris), was exported to the value of £53,867 in 
 1885. Jamaica supplies the world with this article, which is exported 
 in large quantities from no other country. The pimento tree, which 
 is allied to the myrtle family, grows abundantly on warm limestone 
 hills at elevations of from 1,500 to 2,500 feet. Beneath the trees cattle 
 and horses are pastured, feeding on the nutritious " pimento grass." 
 
 259. Pimento, Bamboo Penn, Beresford Estate . . S. Gossett. 
 
 260. Pimento, Southfield Estate Bichard Moss. 
 
 261. Pimento, Lillyfield Estate Bichard Moss. 
 
 262. Pimento, Belle Vue Estate John Davidson. 
 
 263. Pimento, Liberty Hill Estate .... Miss Stennett. 
 
 264. Pimento, Whitney Estate E. C. Elliott. 
 
 265. Pimento, Seville Estate J. E. P. Thompson. 
 
 266. Pimento, Oldsbury Estate W. Pierce. 
 
 267. Pimento, Middleton Estate George Massey. 
 
 268. Pimento CM. Calder. 
 
 269. Pimento J. P. Baillie. 
 
 270. Pimento E. S. Falden. 
 
 271. Pimento George & Branday. 
 
 272. Pimento George & Branday. 
 
 273. Pimento T. G. Anthony. 
 
 VIII. -CACAO. 
 
 Cacao, or chocolate, is made from the cured beans or seeds of a 
 tree (Theobroma Cacao). In connection with the development of the 
 fruit trade in Jamaica, cacao is receiving great attention, and plan- 
 tations are being established under the shade of the banana trees. To 
 yield fine cacao, the beans require to be fermented and carefully cured. 
 On the manner with which these processes are performed depend 
 entirely the quality of the cacao. During the last three years, owing 
 to better preparation, the price of Jamaica cacao has risen about 10 
 per cent. ; and, if systematic attention is paid to the curing of this 
 article, planters may expect a considerable increase on the present 
 market value. Many years ago Long, the historian, made the following- 
 remarks with regard to cacao: " This tree once grew so plentifully in 
 Jamaica that the inhabitants flattered themselves it would become the 
 source of inexhaustible wealth to them; in 1671 there were forty-five 
 
walks in bearing, and many new ones in cultivation, but some years 
 afterwards they were all destroyed at once, as it is said, by a blast 
 which pervaded the whole island ; so that they were never afterwards 
 recovered, and at present there are but few." The number of cacao 
 plantations at present is about ten, but several smaller ones are being 
 established, and it is hoped shortly to find Jamaica cacao in the London 
 market in large quantities. 
 
 274. Cacao, Belle Vue Estate John Davidson. 
 
 275. Cacao, Alpha Cottage Estate . . . . W. S. Taylor. 
 
 276. Cacao (washed and clayed), Golden Spring Estate W. Logan. 
 
 277. Cacao (fermented and washed), Golden Spring 
 
 Estate W. Logan. 
 
 278. Cacao (fermented and washed), Langley Estate . W. E. Sant. 
 
 279. Cacao, Cambrian Plantation Estate ... J. Cohen. 
 
 280. Cacao (No. 1), Spring Hill Estate . . . Rev. J. Seed Roberts. 
 280a. Cacao (No. 2), Spring Hill Estate . . . Rev. J. Seed Roberts. 
 
 281. Cacao (No. 3), Spring Hill Estate . . . Rev. J. Seed Roberts. 
 
 282. Cacao, Spring Hill Estate Rev. J. Seed Roberts. 
 
 283. Cacao, Spring Hill Estate Rev. J. Seed Roberts. 
 
 284. Cacao, Spring Hill Estate Rev. J. Seed Roberts. 
 
 285. Cacao George & Branday. 
 
 286. Cacao (settlers), St. Thomas-in-the-Vale Estate . W. Logan. 
 
 287. Cacao (pods in spirit) Rev. J. Seed Roberts. 
 
 288. Cacao (leaves) Rev. J. Seed Roberts. 
 
 289. Cacao (butter) G. Eustace Burke. 
 
 H. Priest. 
 
 A. S. Lazarus & Co. 
 P. Desnoes & Son. 
 J. P. Baillie. 
 
 IX.— ANNATTO. 
 
 Annatto is derived from the seeds of Bixa Orellana, a low shrubby 
 tree, native of the West Indies. The seeds are prepared by drying in 
 the sun, and when cured present a waxy, reddish colour. They are 
 much used for colouring purposes. 
 
 290. Annatto, The Cottage Estate . . . . A. W. Kemble. 
 
 291. Annatto, Kingston Estate . 
 
 292. Annatto, Kingston Estate . 
 
 293. Annatto, Kingston Estate . 
 
 294. Annatto 
 
 295. Annatto, precipitate from seeds without aid of 
 
 chemicals, Union Hill Estate . . . . F. B. Sturridge. 
 
 296. Annatto, cleaned seeds, Union Hill Estate . . F. B. Sturridge. 
 
 297. Annatto, seeds in natural state, Union Hill Estate F. B. Sturridge. 
 
 298. Annatto and lard, free from foreign substance, 
 
 slightly salted, Union Hill Estate . . . F. B. Sturridge. 
 
 299. Annatto, washings, after principal colouring 
 
 matter has been extracted — showing colouring 
 portion of seeds which is soluble in water, 
 Union Hill Estate F. B. Sturridge. 
 
 300. Annatto seed and olive oil, free from foreign 
 
 substance, Union Hill Estate . . . . F. B. Sturridge. 
 
 301. Annatto and petroleum, fancy mixture, showing 
 
 amalgamation of colouring matter with any 
 
 oleaginous substances, Union Hill . . . F. B. Sturridge. 
 
10 
 
 302. Aunatto, Worthy Park Estate .... J. Gray. 
 
 303. Colours from annatto precipitate, painted on paper. 
 
 Union Hill Estate F. B. Sturridge. 
 
 304. Plate painted with annatto and paint oil, Union 
 
 Hill Estate F. B. Sturridge. 
 
 305. Plate painted with annatto and olive oil. Union 
 
 Hill Estate F. B. Sturridge. 
 
 X.-FASTCY AND FURNITURE WOODS. 
 
 It may be mentioned that there are no large forests in Jamaica 
 from whence quantities of cheap building timber can be obtained. 
 There are, however, choice cabinet and fancy woods which might be 
 obtained in appreciable quantities, and the immense variety of articles 
 such as knife-handles, knobs, buttons, etc., which are now manufactured 
 from choice grained woods, opens a ready market to some of the best 
 and most costly of Jamaica woods. Many of these woods, as may be 
 seen at the Indian and Colonial Exhibition, are of surpassing excellence. 
 Full particulars respecting the quantity obtainable, and the prices, 
 may be had on application to the private exhibitors mentioned below. 
 
 (A.)— Woods in Polished Sections with Natural Bark. 
 
 306. Lignum vita?, Guaiacum officinale 
 
 307. Candle wood, Cassia emarginata 
 
 308. Yellow sanders (two), Bucida capita ta 
 
 309. Log wood (two), Hs-matoxylon campechianum 
 
 310. Log wood, Hamatoxylon campechianuni . 
 
 311. Fustic, Muclura tinctoria .... 
 
 312. Bitter wood, Picravna exeelsa . 
 
 313. Cam wood, Baphia nitida .... 
 
 314. Prickly yellow, Xanthoxylon clava-Hereulis 
 
 315. Calabash, Crescentia Cujete 
 
 316. Cocoanut, Cocos nucifera .... 
 
 317. Camphor wood (two), Cinnamomum camphora 
 
 318. Cork wood (three), Anona palustris . 
 
 319. Ebony. Brya Ebenus .... 
 
 320. Wild Cinnamon, CaneUa alba . 
 
 321. Scarlet Cordia, Cordia Sebestena 
 Hog gum (two), Moronobea coccinea 
 Quassia wood, Quassia amara . 
 
 j. Exostemma caribbaa . 
 
 . " Bed bull heart 
 
 326. Guava, Sidium Guava .... 
 Fiddle wood, Catharexylum surrectum 
 Cashaw, Prosopis julirlora 
 Yoke, Catalpa longisiliqua 
 
 330. Ginep, Melicocca bijuga 
 
 331. Iron wood 
 
 332. Bed musk wood 
 
 333. Pimento ....... 
 
 334. Lignum vita 
 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 Botanical Department. 
 S. T. Scharschmidt. 
 ge A Bran day. j 
 George & Branday. 
 
:: 
 
 Exhibited by C W. TreJexvea, Bogoe Estate, SL EBahrtn. 
 
 :■:•: -:-.■-. :.-L~:i.r\ rj'.l; 
 
 :■:•. 
 
 --Th-M V.K.L 
 
 •:•:••. ?-_:-l: 
 
 :. r l 
 
 _,.•; v.,;,i. 
 
 337. Xaaetoany fanly tree. 
 
 :•'- 
 
 T:.-:v ;:i^_ : v .,.,; 
 
 :■:•- -i. ._t.-_:.l. 
 
 :- r - 
 
 Z„_r.-. T — : ;,..-. t 
 
 •:-: ;- ""_ : ;i^_i_— : 
 
 :.;-. 
 
 j: : — j r,:-.T 
 
 :-i, lo-v;.;,! 
 
 :.?•: 
 
 _: ~" -■- . ; ~ tj':*t 
 
 i-il }.;kc vxd 
 
 >:•• 
 
 J ■■ .''"'i^j. 
 
 
 :." " 
 
 
 :.'- 
 
 QB0B ML 
 
 344. Yellow sanders. 
 
 :•:.- 
 
 ~_:; .__. v:,;.i 
 
 313. Wild oxastge. 
 
 :■:>. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 346. Bedwood. 
 
 :•:! 
 
 2 _r:_:-l :■:_; r- 
 
 347- Will maSimsmj. 
 
 - 
 
 :-;=,.: -_-- 
 
 :■-• r'^z-.Z'i-:. 
 
 363. 
 
 .".•- v..;.i 
 
 349. Rddlewooi. 
 
 
 
 r x:\.:.:r_ :v 7 — :_ 
 
 . :. ::..;;:: 
 
 
 361. Maho@any. 
 
 -. 
 
 T.J- 
 
 365. TiecL 
 
 "- 
 
 lam fceafc 
 
 Viii:.r 
 
 37S. 
 
 :■:■■ v;.;,: 
 
 367. Satin wood. 
 
 " 
 
 i ."-.:.. : ". .*. 
 
 -•■- .7-t ,-:,:, 
 
 1 
 
 Makagnnj net 
 
 •:••-/. 11 i_ i - Z " . "" 
 
 B 
 
 C,z_z_:- :■,._• 
 
 T :.;-..-.:r: : • .-. A 
 
 :--■;;-. 1.... 
 
 Mtawa 
 
 376. Mahogany. 
 
 .- 
 
 7.:.: v.-..-.: 
 
 -"". !:•. :-.;■-. 
 
 -■-■• 
 
 C.:c :-; ■ :•- 
 
 378. Mahogany root. 
 
 :■> 
 
 Melanpn not, 
 
 -:.-. t,:>i - .-.;.: 
 
 :■-■ 
 
 Whni Mft nnd. 
 
 :-■>.. l, ■ .,.- ::-; -....•: 
 
 ■ ' 
 
 I._: I..,..,: 
 
 - 
 
 ■v 
 
 Beaeh 
 
 383. Fustic 
 
 M 
 
 v.t:'":2 imt, 
 
 -r.- r::,:-;- 
 
 
 
 39L 
 
 S35. 
 S96. 
 
 Exhibited by Alfred Pawsey, Kingston, 
 
 Mooirtam Gr. 
 Prickly yellow. 
 
 tJOQOSt 
 
 White log wood. 
 
 V. "...: :-, .■.;..-..• 
 
 Prune, 
 
 i.-: 
 
 Brand leaf. 
 
 i:-;±L z_. 
 
 Exhibit c b Boys' Reformatory, Stony BID. 
 
 403. Fiddle wood. 410. Wild orange. 
 
 411. Spanish eta. 
 
 104. Mahogany. 
 
 105. MUna. 
 
 406. Black heart ebony. 
 
 407. Yaeca. 
 
 :.- r..... . ... . 
 
 MKk Qoooannj 
 
 411. Satin woo*. 
 
 413. Calabash. 
 
 414. Juniper cedar. 
 
 416. Yellow saaders. 
 
12 
 
 (D.)— Woods in Small Polished Slabs, from the Parish 
 
 of Clarendon. 
 
 Exhibited by Ernest C. Elliott, Vere. 
 
 417. 
 
 Ants wood. 
 
 418. 
 
 Beef apple. 
 
 419. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 420. 
 
 Braziletto, m. 
 
 421. 
 
 Black bully tree. 
 
 422. 
 
 Broad leaf. 
 
 423. 
 
 Naseberry bully tree. 
 
 424. 
 
 Bullet tree, 1. 
 
 425. 
 
 Wild bitter wood. 
 
 426. 
 
 Barbary bully tree. 
 
 427. 
 
 Break axe, m. 
 
 428. 
 
 Bread nut, m. 
 
 429. 
 
 Bread nut, 1. 
 
 430. 
 
 Bitter wood. 
 
 431. 
 
 Blood wood. 
 
 432. 
 
 Braziletto, m. 
 
 433. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 434. 
 
 Black ashes. 
 
 435. 
 
 Braziletto, 1. 
 
 436. 
 
 Box wood, 1. 
 
 437. 
 
 Big family, 1. 
 
 438. 
 
 Cog wood. 
 
 439. 
 
 Cedar. 
 
 440. 
 
 Bastard cedar. 
 
 441. 
 
 Calabash, m. 
 
 442. 
 
 Calabash, 1. 
 
 443. 
 
 Bed candle wood. 
 
 444. 
 
 Wild candle wood. 
 
 445. 
 
 White candle wood. 
 
 446. 
 
 Cherry tree. 
 
 447. 
 
 White cog wood. 
 
 448. 
 
 Dan-ant cedar. 
 
 449. 
 
 Cubla nancy. 
 
 450. 
 
 Wild cinnamon. 
 
 451. 
 
 Candle wood, 1. 
 
 452. 
 
 Cashaw, 1. 
 
 453. 
 
 Chink wood. 
 
 454. 
 
 Damson. 
 
 455. 
 
 Dog wood, m. 
 
 456. 
 
 Dago. 
 
 457. 
 
 Dog wood, 1. 
 
 458. 
 
 Black ebony, 1. 
 
 459. 
 
 Green-heart ebony, 1 
 
 160. 
 
 Wild fiddle wood. 
 
 461. 
 
 Wild fustic. 
 
 462. 
 
 Fiddle wood. 
 
 463. 
 
 Fustic. 
 
 464. 
 
 Black fig. 
 
 465. 
 
 Galimenta. 
 
 466. 
 
 Gutter wood. 
 
 467. 
 
 Wild guava. 
 
 468. 
 
 Grand gini. 
 
 469. 
 
 Wild ginep. 
 
 470. 
 
 Grape, m. 
 
 471. 
 
 Guava, 1. 
 
 472. 
 
 Guava, m. 
 
 473. 
 
 Gum wood. 
 
 474. 
 
 Tame guava. 
 
 475. 
 
 Small-leaf grape. 
 
 476. 
 
 Broad-leaf grape. 
 
 477. 
 
 Green heart, 1. 
 
 478. 
 
 Mountain guava. 
 
 479. 
 
 Hog doctor. 
 
 480. 
 
 Wild hog doctor. 
 
 481. 
 
 Iron wood, 1. 
 
 482. 
 
 White iron wood. 
 
 483. 
 
 Jack fruit, 1. 
 
 484. 
 
 Jointer. 
 
 485. 
 
 Lablab. 
 
 486. 
 
 Lance wood. 
 
 487. 
 
 Log wood, m. 
 
 488. 
 
 Log wood, 1. 
 
 489. 
 
 Log wood root, 1. 
 
 490. 
 
 White lance wood. 
 
 491. 
 
 Wild locust. 
 
 492. 
 
 Bastard lignum vitfe. 
 
 493. 
 
 Bastard lignum vita?, 1 
 
 494. 
 
 Mahogany. 
 
 495. 
 
 Mountain ebony. 
 
 496. 
 
 Milk wood. 
 
 497. 
 
 Wild mahoe. 
 
 498. 
 
 White mahogany. 
 
 499. 
 
 Maiden plum. 
 
 500. 
 
 Mango. 
 
 501. 
 
 Marnmee. 
 
 502. 
 
 Mammee, sapote. 
 
 503. 
 
 Wild mahogany. 
 
 504. 
 
 Maroon lance. 
 
 505. 
 
 Muskmelon. 
 
 506. 
 
 Mast wood. 
 
 507. 
 
 Mountain mahoe. 
 
 508. 
 
 Wild orange. 
 
 509. 
 
 Seville orange. 
 
 510. 
 
 Wild olive, 1. 
 
 511. 
 
 Wild pomegranate. 
 
 512. 
 
 Prune. 
 
 513. 
 
 Prickly yellow. 
 
 513| 
 
 . Parrot wood. 
 
 514. 
 
 Pasture wood. 
 
 515. 
 
 Pimento wood. 
 
 516. 
 
 Pear tree. 
 
 517. 
 
 Pepper wood. 
 
 518. 
 
 Wild pear tree. 
 
 519. 
 
 Prickly yellow, 1. 
 
13 
 
 520. 
 
 Prickly yellow root, 1. 
 
 537. 
 
 Salt wood. 
 
 521. 
 
 Red rod wood. 
 
 538. 
 
 Satin wood. 
 
 522. 
 
 White rod wood. 
 
 539. 
 
 Wild Spanish olive. 
 
 523. 
 
 Eose wood. 
 
 540. 
 
 Stock fish, 1. 
 
 524. 
 
 Eose apple. 
 
 541. 
 
 Small leaf, 1. 
 
 525. 
 
 Eosin. 
 
 542. 
 
 White tamarind. 
 
 526. 
 
 Wild sour sop. 
 
 543. 
 
 Eed tamarind. 
 
 527. 
 
 Spanish elm. 
 
 544. 
 
 Bastard tamarind. 
 
 528. 
 
 Wild Spanish elm. 
 
 545. 
 
 Turkey berry. 
 
 529. 
 
 Pepper sweet wood. 
 
 546. 
 
 Thatch wood. 
 
 530. 
 
 Belly sweet wood. 
 
 547. 
 
 Vanilla. 
 
 531. 
 
 Timber sweet wood. 
 
 548. 
 
 Wattle wood. 
 
 532. 
 
 Long-leaved sweet wood. 
 
 549. 
 
 Yellow sanders, 1. 
 
 533. 
 
 Savannah barlary. 
 
 550. 
 
 Yellow sanders, m. 
 
 534. 
 
 Slug wood. 
 
 551. 
 
 Yoke wood. 
 
 535. 
 
 Slug sweet wood. 
 
 552. 
 
 Yacca. 
 
 536. 
 
 Silver wood. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 " signifies woods indigenous to the lowlands, " m " to the mountains. 
 
 XI.— SPICES, CONDIMENTS, &c. 
 
 Next to the development of the fruit interest, the cultivation of 
 spices and spice plants would appear to offer great inducements in 
 Jamaica. Pimento, which is the largest spice industry in the world, 
 stands essentially a Jamaican product. Jamaica ginger is exported to 
 the value of £20,000 per annum. Cayenne pepper, turmeric root, 
 nutmeg, cinnamon, cardamom clove, vanilla, and black pepper are also 
 established in the island, and afford abundant means for the prosecution 
 of the minor industries. All the above-mentioned plants are chiefly 
 cultivated in the low country. 
 
 559. Cayenne pepper , 
 
 560. Cayenne pepper . 
 
 561. Cayenne pepper , 
 
 562. Cayenne pepper . 
 
 563. Ginger 
 
 564. Ginger 
 
 565. Ginger 
 
 566. Nutmegs, Bath 
 
 567. Nutmegs, with mace, Bath 
 
 568. Nutmegs, in shell, Bath 
 
 569. Nutmegs, out of shell, Bath 
 
 570. Nutmegs (in solution) 
 
 571. Turmeric powder 
 
 572. Cinnamon .... 
 
 573. Cinnamomum Cassia . 
 
 574. Wild cinnamon (Canella alba) 
 
 575. Cardamoms, Langley . 
 
 576. Jamaica pickles, Kingston . 
 
 Governors of Jamaica Institute. 
 
 B. Fisher. 
 
 B. Fisher. 
 
 Mrs. J. Bruce. 
 
 George & Branday. 
 
 P. Desnoes & Son. 
 
 George & Branday. 
 
 Dr. Major. 
 
 Dr. Major. 
 
 Dr. Major. 
 
 Dr. Major. 
 
 Botanical Department. 
 
 Botanical Department. 
 
 Botanical Department. 
 
 Botanical Department. 
 
 Botanical Department. 
 
 W. E. Sant. 
 
 Levien & Sherlock. 
 
14 
 
 XIL-MEALS, STARCHES. 
 
 Plants for the production of meals and starches are abundant in 
 Jamaica, and they are capable of being produced in large quantities. 
 
 577. Affoo Yam Meal, Whitney Estate 
 
 578. Cocoa Meal, Whitney Estate 
 
 579. Breadfruit meal, Whitney Estate 
 
 580. Pumpkin meal, Whitney Estate 
 
 581. Sweet potato starch, Gordon Town 
 
 582. Arrowroot starch, Worthy Park 
 
 583. Indian arrowroot starch, Worthy Park 
 
 584. Negro Yam starch, Whitney Estate 
 
 585. Arrowroot starch, Plantain Garden Eiver 
 
 586. Cassava starch, Whitney Estate 
 
 587. Starch, Whitney Estate 
 
 588. Arrowroot starch 
 
 589. Curcuma starch . 
 
 590. Tous les mois, Worthy Park 
 
 591. Sugar bean 
 
 592. White pea . 
 
 593. No eye pea .... 
 
 594. Bed pea .... 
 
 595. Cuckhold's Increase . 
 
 596. Crab eye . 
 
 E. C. Elliott. 
 
 E. C. Elliott. 
 
 E. C. Elliott. 
 
 E. C. Elliott. 
 
 J. Hart. 
 
 J. Gray. 
 
 J. Gray. 
 
 E. C. Elliott. 
 
 Robert Kirkland. 
 
 E. C. Elliott. 
 
 E. C. Elliott. 
 
 Governor's Jamaica Institute. 
 
 Botanical Department. 
 
 J. Gray. 
 
 Governor's Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 Governor's Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 Govrenor's Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 Governor's Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 Governor's Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 Governor's Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 XIII.-DYEWOODS. 
 
 Dyewoods, such as log wood, fustic and sappan wood, are exported 
 from Jamaica to the value of about £100,000 annually. Log wood 
 was introduced from British Honduras in 1715, and since that time 
 has spread spontaneously over the lowlands, especially in the neighbour- 
 hood of sugar estates, so that now the exports of log wood from Jamaica 
 exceed those of British Honduras. 
 
 597. Logwood, Elim Estate J. M. Farquharson. 
 
 598. Fustic, Elim Estate J. M. Farquharson. 
 
 599. Sappan, Elim Estate J. M. Farquharson. 
 
 XIV.— FIBRES AND FIBROUS MATERIALS. 
 
 Numerous plants are found in Jamaica capable of yielding valuable 
 fibre, and considerable interest is being taken in the result of systematic 
 trials undertaken by a committee appointed by government, to test the 
 capabilities of certain machines driven by steam power in the prepara- 
 tion of fibres on a commercial scale. Experiments have been carried 
 on during the last few years, beginning with a machine invented 
 by a local engineer, Mr. James Kennedy, called the " Eureka " 
 machine, and continued with a machine known as " Smith's Patent," 
 
15 
 
 manufactured by Death and Ellwood, Leicester, England, now the pro- 
 perty of the Universal Fibre Company, London. The result of these 
 trials have been published in the Jamaica Gazette, and, although not 
 quite so satisfactory as was expected, still point to the fact that a fibre 
 industry in Jamaica carried on in a systematic manner must prove 
 highly remunerative. 
 
 Should a fibre industry be established in Jamaica, it will be necessary 
 to cultivate the plants on a large scale. Many of these plants, such as 
 the silk grass or henequen (Furcrcea cubensis), the bowstring hemps 
 (Sansevieria) , and the China grass or Eamie (Boehmeria nivea), are 
 sufficiently abundant to supply plants to establish large areas at once. 
 
 (A.)— Specimens of Fibre Exhibited by Mr. James Kennedy, 
 Kingston, Prepared by the " Eureka " Fibre Machine. 
 
 600. One bundle of fibres of pine-apple, Eamie, Pita. 
 
 601. Furcrcea and Sansevieria zeylanica. 
 
 602. Bowstring hemp (Sansevieria zeylanica). 
 
 603. African bowstring hemp (Sansevieria guineensis). 
 
 604. Ramie (Boehmeria nivea). 
 
 605. Plantain (Musa paradisiaca). 
 
 606. Dagger (Yucca aloifolia). 
 
 607. Pinguin (Bromelia pinguin). 
 
 608. Flag or rush (Cladium occidentale). 
 
 609. Pine-apple (Ananas sativa). 
 
 610. Keratto (Agave keratto). 
 
 611. Bromelia Karatas. 
 
 (B.)— Exhibited by the Governor's Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 612. Silk grass (Furcrcea cubensis). 
 
 613. Pinguin (Bromelia pinguin). 
 
 614. Keratto cleaned and extracted (Agave keratto). 
 
 615. Pine-apple (Ananas sativa). 
 
 616. Bowstring hemp (Sansevieria zeylanica). 
 
 617. African bowstring hemp (Sansevieria guineensis). 
 
 618. Dagger, cleaned (Yucca aloifolia). 
 
 619. Eamie (Boehmeria nivea). 
 
 XV.-OILS, ESSENTIAL OIL, PERFUMES, &c. 
 
 Plants yielding oils and perfumes are abundant in Jamaica, and 
 exhibits enumerated below indicate a wide field for the operations of the 
 chemist and the cultivator of flowers for their perfumes. Many of the 
 plants are very abundant and obtainable in large quantities ; others, 
 like the tube rose and jasmine, require to be cultivated. The first 
 attempt to establish a flower-farm and extract perfume in the island 
 is being made by Col. Talbot, on Worthy Park Estate, St. Catherine 
 (under the superintendence of Mr. J. Gray). 
 
16 
 (A.)— Exhibited by S. T. Scharschmidt, Mandeville. 
 
 620. Tuberose pomade (Polianthes tuberosa). 
 
 621. Jasmine pomade (Jasminum sp.). 
 
 622. Extracts of Bonplondia. 
 
 623. Extract of wild cinnamon (Canella alba). 
 
 624. Extract of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia). 
 
 625. Extract of jasmine and Lily. 
 
 626. Extract of jasmine (Jasminum sp.). 
 
 627. Extract of red muskwood. 
 
 628. Extract of rosewood. 
 
 629. Extract of Tangierine orange (Citrus Aurantium var.). 
 
 630. Extract of verbena. 
 
 631. Essential oil of lemon (Citrus medica var. Limonum). 
 
 632. Essential oil of sweet orange (Citrus Aurantium). 
 
 633. Essential oil of Seville orange (Citrus Aurantium). 
 
 634. Essential oil of pimento berries (Pimenta vulgaris). 
 
 635. Essential oil of pimento leaf (Pimenta vulgaris). 
 
 636. Fixed oil of Ben nut. 
 
 637. Fixed oil of pear (Persea gratissima). 
 
 638. Fixed oil of walnut (Aleurites triloba). 
 
 (B.) 
 
 639. Walnut oil (Aleurites triloba), Ocbo Kios, A. J. Eodgers. 
 
 640. Essential oil, Seville orange (Citrus Aurantium var.), Worthy Park, J. Gray. 
 
 641. Essential oil, sweet orange (Citrus Aurantium), Worthy Park, J. Gray. 
 
 642. Essential oil of citron lime, Worthy Park, J. Gray. 
 
 (C.)— Exhibited by J. J. Bowrey, F.O.S., F.I.C., 
 Government Analytical Chemist. 
 
 643. Essential oil, Mountain cigar bush (Hedyosmum nutans). 
 
 644. Essential oil, Blue gum (Eucalyptus Globulus). 
 
 645. Essential oil, Seville orange seed (Citrus Aurantium var.). 
 
 646. Essential oil, Cigar bush (Critonia Dalea). 
 
 647. Essential oil, Lemon grass (Andropogon citratus). 
 
 648. Essential oil. Junker cedar (Juniperus bermudiana). 
 
 649. Essential oil, Mountain thyme (Micromeria obovata). 
 
 650. Essential oil, Pimento leaves (Pimenta vulgaris). 
 
 651. Essential oil of Ben (Moringa pterygosperma). 
 
 652. Essential oil of Cocoanut (Cocos nucifera). 
 
 653. Essential oil, Spanish walnut (Aleurites triloba). 
 
 654. Essential oil, Sand box (Hura crepitans). 
 
 655. Essential oil, Santa Maria (Calophyllum calaba). 
 
 656. Essential oil, matter of Annotta (Bixa orellana). 
 
 657. Fat of Antidote Cacoon (Fevillea cordifolia). 
 
 XVI.— MEDICINAL AND ECONOMIC SUBSTANCES. 
 
 Plants of a medicinal nature are a marked feature in the indigenous 
 Flora of Jamaica, and in works published from 1735 to the present time 
 numerous references are made to the valuable properties possessed by 
 Jamaica plants. Cinchona (150 acres) and Tea (2 acres) are cultivated 
 
17 
 
 experimentally by Government. The following exhibit contains a 
 fairly representative collection of the medicinal plants (both indigenous 
 and introduced) of the island. The reference in brackets indicates the 
 portion of the plant used in medicine : — 
 
 (A.) — Exhibits by the Botanical Department, Jamaica. 
 
 658. Nickar seeds, Guilandina Bonclueella. 
 
 659. Nickar seeds, Guilandina Bonduc. 
 
 660. Nickar seeds, Guilandina Bonduc. var. 
 
 661. Horse-eye beans, Mucuna urens. 
 
 662. Horse beans. 
 
 663. Wild worm wood (leaves), Parthenium hysterophorus. 
 
 664. Pepper rod (leaves), Croton humilis. 
 
 665. Guinea hen weed (whole plant), Petiveria alliacea. 
 
 666. Sand box seeds, Hura crepitans. 
 
 667. Castor oil seed, Bicinus communis. 
 
 668. Guaco (root and leaves), Mikania guaco. 
 
 669. Bottle-cod root, Capparis cyanophallophora. 
 
 670. Adrue (tubers), Cyperus articulatus. 
 
 671. Pomegranate (rind of fruit), Punica granatum. 
 
 672. Dog wood (bark), Piscida erythrina. 
 
 673. Locust tree bark, Hymena?a courbaril. 
 
 674. Bastard cabbage bark, Andira inermis. 
 
 675. Balsam tree bark, Amyris balsamifera. 
 
 676. China root, Smilax China. 
 
 677. Fitweed root, Eryngium fcetidum. 
 
 678. False ipecacuanha, Asclepias curassavica. 
 
 679. Cow-itch (pods), Mucuna urens. 
 
 680. Divi-divi pods, Caesalpinia coriaria. 
 
 681. Surge weed, Euphorbia pilulifera. 
 
 682. Horse cassia, Cassia fistula. 
 
 683. Mexican thistle seed, Argemone mexicana. 
 
 684. Cascarilla bark, Croton cascarilla. 
 
 685. Locust tree gum, Hymenaea courbaril. 
 
 686. Gum guaiacum, Guaiaeum officinale. 
 
 687. Log wood gum, Hwmatoxylon campechinum. 
 
 688. Horse cassia, Cassia grandis. 
 
 689. Purging cassia, Cassia fistula. 
 
 690. Crabs-eye or jequetery seeds, Abrus precatorius. 
 
 691. Circassian beads, Adenanthera pavonina. 
 
 692. Soap berry, Sapindus inaequalis. 
 
 693. Job's tears, Coix lachryma. 
 
 694. Maiden plum bark, Comocladia integrifolia 
 
 695. Wild cinnamon bark, Canella alba. 
 
 696. John Crow bush (roots), Bocconia frutescens. 
 
 697. Prune bark, Prunus occidentalis. 
 
 698. Mountain Cigar bush (leaves), Hedyosmum nutans, 
 
 699. Bitter Dan bark, Simaruba glauca. 
 
 700. Blue gum trees (leaves), Eucalyptus globulus. 
 
 701. Lemon-scented gum tree, Eucalyptus citriodora. 
 
 702. Antidote cacoon, Fevillea cordifolia. 
 
 703. French Cotton, Calotropis procera. 
 
 704. Cacoon seeds, Entada scandens. 
 
 705. Hog gum. Moronobea coccinea. 
 
18 
 
 706. Mate or Paraquay Tea, Ilex paraguayensis. 
 
 707. African oil palm seeds, Ehvis guineensis. 
 
 708. Ceara rubber seed, Manihot glaziovi. 
 
 709. Jamaica walnut, Aleurites triloba. 
 
 710. Para rubber seeds, Hevea braziliensis. 
 
 711. Betel nut seeds, Areca catechu. 
 
 712. Kus-kus grass (root), Andropogon muricatus. 
 
 713. Chcwstick (branches), Gouania domingensis. 
 
 714. Cotton. 
 
 715. Sarsaparilla (roots), Smilax officinalis. 
 
 716. Mahogany seed, Swietenia mahagoni. 
 
 717. Breadfruit tree (leaves), Artocarpus incisa. 
 
 718. African sweet reed (5 vars.), Sorghum spp. 
 710. Aloes (inspissated juice), Aloe vulgaris. 
 
 (B.)— Contributed by Private 
 
 720. Jamaica walnut (Aleurites triloba) . 
 
 721. Kola nut (Cola acuminata) 
 
 722. Locust tree gum (Hymenasa courbaril) . 
 
 723. Cashew gum (Anacardium occidentale) . 
 
 724. Hog gum (Moronobea coccinea) 
 
 725. Kola nut (Cola acuminata) 
 
 726. Kus-kus grass (root), (Andropogon muricatus) 
 
 727. Coca leaves, No. 1 (Erythroxylon coca) . 
 
 728. Coca leaves, No. 2 (Erythroxylon coca) . 
 
 729. Liquorice seed 
 
 730. Divi-divi pods (Caesalpinia coriaria) 
 
 731. Cashaw gum (Prosopis juliflora) 
 
 732. Cashaw gum (Anacardium occidentale) . 
 
 733. Log wood gum (Hamiatoxylon campechianum) 
 
 734. Locust tree gum (Hymenal courbaril) . 
 
 735. Cascarilla bark (Croton cascarilla) . 
 
 736. Wild cinnamon bark (Canella alba) 
 
 737. Sarsaparilla (Smilax officinalis) 
 
 738. Soap berries (Sapindus inaequalis) . 
 
 739. St. Vincent seeds 
 
 740. Bice (grown in Clarendon) 
 
 741. Syrup made from horehound, liquorice, &c. 
 
 Parties. 
 
 Dr. Major. 
 Dr. Major. 
 Mrs. T. Hendrick. 
 Mrs. T. Hendrick. 
 Bev. J. Seed Bobert 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 J. Gray. 
 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Bev. J. Seed Boberts. 
 Miss L. Gordon. 
 John Thompson. 
 S. T. Scharschmidt. 
 S. T. Scharschmidt. 
 S. T. Scharschmidt. 
 S. T. Scharschmidt. 
 S. T. Scharschmidt. 
 S. T. Scharschmidt. 
 A. Berry. 
 Bev. E. Palmer. 
 Bev. E. Palmer. 
 Bev. E. Palmer. 
 Miss Bebecca Martin. 
 
 (C.)— Prepared by J. J. Bowrey, F.I.C., F.O.S., Govern- 
 ment Analytical Chemist. 
 
 742. Cinchona febrifuge, prepared from Jamaica-grown bark of Cinchona 
 succirubra. 
 
 XVII.— MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 (A.) 
 
 743. Honey, Kingston P. Desnoes & Son. 
 
 744. Honey, St. Catherine Matthew Bussell. 
 
 745. Honey, Kingston J. H. Aikman. 
 
 746. Honey, St. Catherine Charles Gordon. 
 
 747. Beeswax (bleached), St. Catherine .... Matthew Bussell. 
 
19 
 
 748. Beeswax, Kingston A. Berry. 
 
 749. Beeswax, St. Catherine Charles Gordon. 
 
 750. Beeswax, Kingston George & Branday. 
 
 751. Lime juice, Black Biver George E. Levy. 
 
 752. Lime juice, Lillyfield Bichard Moss. 
 
 753. Preserved Ginger ....... Arthur Linton. 
 
 754. Lime juice, Southfield Bichard Moss. 
 
 755. Vinegar James Verley. 
 
 756. Citrate of lime, Mandeville S. T. Scharschmidt. 
 
 757. Buckets of common bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) . Botanical Department. 
 
 758. Yams Governor's Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 759. African yam D. Morris. 
 
 760. Arracacha (Arracacha esculenta) .... Botanical Department 
 
 761. Old man's beard (Tillandsia usneoides) . . Botanical Department. 
 
 762. Assam tea, prepared from plants growing on the 
 
 Government Cinchona Plantation, Jamaica . J. Hart. 
 
 (B.)— Exhibited by Levien & Sherlock, Kingston. 
 
 763. A turtle back. 
 
 764. Turtle tablets for epicures. 
 
 765. Turtle tablets for invalids. 
 
 766. Turtle fat. 
 
 767. Eggs from interior of a turtle. 
 
 768. Turtle eggs found in the sand. 
 
 769. Turtle diamonds. 
 
 770. Turtle oil. 
 
 771. Dry turtle. 
 
 772. Preserves in bottles, of ginger, limes, orange, cherimoya, melon, cashaw, 
 
 pine-apple, No. 11 mango, green tamarinds, crystallised ginger, guava 
 jelly, mangolima. 
 
 773. Preserves of Jamaica fruits in tins. 
 
 (O.)— Exhibited by the General Penitentiary. 
 
 774. 
 
 Tubs. 
 
 775. 
 
 Piggins. 
 
 776. 
 
 A chess table of Jamaica woods. 
 
 777. 
 
 A pair of boots. 
 
 778. 
 
 A staff. 
 
 779. 
 
 Bulers. 
 
 780. 
 
 A what-not. 
 
 781. 
 
 Hats. 
 
 XVIII.— BOOKS, REPORTS, &c. 
 
 782. Set of volumes of the "Handbook of Jamaica" for the years 1882, 1883, 
 
 1884-85, 1885-86, compiled by A. C. Sinclair and L. B. Fyfe. 
 
 783. Set of volumes of the "Handbook of Jamaica" for the years 1882, 1833, 
 
 1884-85, 1885-86, exhibited by the Governors of the Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 784. Studies on the Flora of Jamaica, Mrs. T. Hendrick. 
 
 785. Map of the Island of Jamaica by Governor's Institute of Jamaica. 
 
 786. Departmental Beports for the year 1883-84. 
 
 787. Jamaica Blue-Book for the year 1884. 
 
 h 2 
 
20 
 
 XIX.— VIEWS, PHOTOGRAPHS, PLANS, AND 
 BOTANICAL SPECIMENS, MOUNTED IN FRAMES. 
 
 (A.)— Contributed by the Governors of the Institute 
 
 of Jamaica. 
 
 788. Craigton Church, Port Koyal Mountains. 
 
 789. Irish Town, Port Royal Mountains. 
 
 790. Port Royal, Naval Station. 
 
 791. The Bog Walk, on Road to St. Ann's. 
 
 792. A view of the Town of Mandeville. 
 
 793. A view of the Town of Lucea. 
 
 794. Roaring River Bridge, St. Ann's. 
 
 795. The Cotton Tree, Up-Park Camp. 
 
 796. Old Queen's House, Spanish Town. 
 
 797. River Head. 
 
 798. View of a Village, Stewart Town. 
 
 799. A view of the Fern Walk. 
 
 800. Port Maria, North Coast. 
 
 801. A view of Harbour Street, Kingston. 
 
 802. Y. S. Falls. 
 
 803. Barracks of the 2nd West India Regiment, Up-Park Camp. 
 
 804. A view of Duke Street, Kingston. 
 
 805. Strawberry Hill, Mountain Residence. 
 
 806. Newcastle, Hill Station for White Troops. 
 
 807. Metcalf's Statue, Kingston. 
 
 808. A view of Newcastle. 
 
 809. Brooks's Hotel, Mandeville. 
 
 810. The Bog Walk. 
 
 811. View on the Road to Newcastle. 
 
 812. King's House, Governor's Residence, near Kingston. 
 
 813. A view on the Bog Walk. 
 
 814. Part of the Bog Walk. 
 
 815. Montego Bay. 
 
 816. Court House, Black River. 
 
 817. The Cocoanut Grove at the Lunatic Asylum, Kingston. 
 
 818. Cascade, Roaring River. 
 
 819. Viaduct on the Ewarton Extension Line. 
 
 820. The Bog Walk. 
 
 821. Cascade of the Roaring River. 
 
 822. Dam Head, Irrigation Works. 
 
 823. Hamstead Estate, Trelawny. 
 
 824. The Rio Cobre, Spanish Town. 
 
 825. Llandovery Falls, St. Ann's. 
 
 826. Band of the 1st West India Regiment. 
 
 827. The Dining Hall of the Lunatic Asylum, Kingston. 
 
 828. Male Recreation Court, Lunatic Asylum, Kingston. 
 
 829. Male and Female Dormitories, Lunatic Asylum, Kingston. 
 
 830. Male Infirmary, Lunatic Asylum, Kingston. 
 
 831. Gate Lodge, Hospital, &0., Lepers' Home, Spanish Town. 
 
 k:v2. Ward and Recreation Shed, Male, Lepers' Home, Spanish Town. 
 
 833. Male Ward, Front View, Public Hospital, Kingston. 
 
 834. Male Ward, Side View, Public Hospital, Kingston. 
 
 835. Operation Theatre and Wards. Public Hospital, Kingston. 
 
21 
 (B.)— Exhibited by the Rev. Barton Tucker, Port Royal. 
 
 836. View from a West India Verandah. 
 
 837. A Banana Tree. 
 
 838. Fort Augusta, &c. 
 
 839. Corner of a Provision Ground. 
 
 840. Garrison and Point, Port Royal. 
 
 841. Near Kingston, from Port Royal. 
 
 842. View in the Public Gardens. 
 
 843. View of the Interior of May Perm. 
 
 844. Up in the Hills. 
 
 845. Group of Bamboos, Chapelton. 
 
 846. Tavernor, Chapelton. 
 
 847. Cabbage Palm, &c. 
 
 848. Date Palm, &c. 
 
 849. Cocoanut Palm and Mangroves. 
 
 850. Up in the Hills. 
 
 851. St. Catherine's Peak. 
 
 852. Red Hills Village, under Bull Head. 
 
 853. In the Palisadoes. 
 
 854. In the Grounds, King's House. 
 
 855. Port Royal, from Craighton. 
 
 856. Kingston from the Palisadoes (framed oil painting). 
 
 857. " In the Isle of Springs " (framed oil painting). 
 
 (C) 
 
 858. Newcastle, from Flamstead Road (oil painting), Col. Morley, Up-Park Camp. 
 
 859. Sunset at Harbour Head, Jamaica (oil painting), Mrs. Morley, Up-Park Camp. 
 
 860. Up-Park Camp (oil painting), Mrs. Morley, Up-Park Camp. 
 
 861. Up-Park Camp, showing Messhouse, Mrs. Morley, Up-Park Camp. 
 
 862. Photographs of the Parish Church, Kingston, Miss Downer. 
 
 863. A complete set of the postage stamps (from half-penny to five shillings) and 
 
 of island and foreign post cards in use in Jamaica since 1860, contributed 
 by the Postmaster for Jamaica. 
 
 864. A complete set of the telegraph stamps (three-pence and one shilling) and of 
 
 the embossed stamps for general and Government use, issued in Jamaica, 
 October 1879. Contributed by the Postmaster for Jamaica. 
 
 865. A set of revenue stamps and embossed stamps. Contributed by the Commis- 
 
 sioner of Stamps, Jamaica. 
 
 866. Mounted specimen cards of Cinchona, Ferns, and Lichens, exhibited by the 
 
 Botanical Department. 
 
 XX. -FANCY ARTICLES AND ORNAMENTAL WORK. 
 (A.) — From the Women's Self-Help Society, Kingston. 
 
 867. Two fire screens made from French cotton. 
 
 868. Two fire screens made from lace bark. 
 
 869. A birthday card. 
 
 870. A lamp shade. 
 
 871. A fan made from lace bark and ferns. 
 
 872. One set of d'oyleys. 
 
 873. A photograph screen made from dagger plant. 
 
 874. A letter rack made from dagger plant. 
 
 875. Necklaces made from " gold " shells. 
 
22 
 
 876. Chains made of " Job's tears " 
 
 877. Chains made of " soap berries." 
 
 878. Chain made of shells. 
 
 879. Necklace made from liquorice seeds. 
 
 880. Watch pocket made from the " strainer " vine. 
 
 881. An etching on bamboo. 
 
 882. An etching on small bamboo. 
 
 883. A " Yabba." 
 
 884. A cocoanut, polished. 
 
 885. A small cocoanut, polished. 
 
 886. Handkerchief case made from banana bark. 
 
 887. Cigar case made from banana bark. 
 
 888. A pair of bracelets made from the horse-eye bean. 
 
 889. Napkin rings made from bamboo. 
 
 890. A basket made from leaves of the palmetto palm. 
 
 891. A hat made from leaves of the palmetto palm. 
 
 892. A " Tarantula " spider's nest. 
 
 893. Hat made of Jippijappa leaves. 
 
 894. Lace bark whip. 
 
 895. Specimen of lace bark. 
 
 896. Kings made from "gru-gru" nuts. 
 
 897. Scarf ring made from "gru-gru " nut. 
 
 898. Chains made from Circassian seeds. 
 
 899. Zulu hat basket covered with moss. 
 
 900. A pair of tortoise shell bracelets. 
 
 901. A pair of tortoise shell hair pins. 
 
 902. A set of tortoise shell studs, &c. 
 
 903. A pair of tortoise shell hair pins. 
 
 904. A picture made of lace bark, French cotton, &c. 
 
 905. Sticks from ebony and " gru-gru " palm. 
 
 (B.)— From Mrs. Hendrick, Richmond Park. 
 
 906. Water monkey of Jamaica pottery, with convolvulus, ferns, &c, painted 
 
 in oils. 
 
 907. Flower pot, with flowering plantain painted in oils. 
 
 908. Flower pot, with Iris lily and coleus. 
 
 909. Two calabashes, with Jamaica flowers painted on them. 
 
 910. Two calabashes painted in blue. 
 
 911. One set of d'oyleys made from lace bark and Jamaica ferns. 
 
 (C.)— From Mrs. Morley, Up-Park Camp. 
 
 912. Twelve d'oyleys painted in oils. 
 
 913. Six d'oyleys painted in oils. 
 
 914. Twelve d'oyleys. 
 
 915. Cards ornamented with Jamaica ferns. 
 
 916. Bread-fruit blossoms. 
 
 (D.)— From Miss Downer, Kingston. 
 
 917. One set of d'oyleys made from lace bark and Jamaica ferns. 
 
 918. One lamp shade. 
 
 919. One set of candle shades. 
 
 (E.)— Exhibited by the Governors of the Institute 
 of Jamaica. 
 
 920. Back combs made from tortoise shell. 
 
 921. Combs made from tortoise shell. 
 
23 
 
 922. Dressing case comb from tortoise shell. 
 
 923. A pair of cuff bracelets of „ ,, 
 
 924. A pair of band bracelets of ,, ,, 
 
 925. An amber bracelet of „ ,, 
 
 926. A chain made of ,, „ 
 
 927. A pocket comb of „ ,, 
 
 928. Paper knife of 
 
 929. Brooch of 
 
 930. Pair of ball amber earrings of ,, „ 
 
 931. Amber studs, &c, of ,, „ 
 
 932. Pins of 
 
 933. Amber cross of „ „ 
 
 934. Salt spoons of „ „ 
 
 (F.) 
 
 935. Wall baskets of " Jippijappa," A. C. Bancroft, Buff Bay. 
 
 936. Fancy baskets, Miss M. B. Martin, Kingston. 
 
 937. Souvenir of Jamaica (in ferns), Mrs. Major, Bath. 
 
 938. Carved calabashes, Samuel Stephen. 
 
 939. Lamp shades, Miss Kilburn, Kingston. 
 
 940. A set of d'oyleys, Mrs. Hitchins, Kingston. 
 
 941. A dagger plant hat, Miss Egbertha Harrison, Ocho Bios. 
 
 942. Watch pockets from dagger plant, Miss Egbertha Harrison, Ocho Bios. 
 
 943. Pincushion from dagger plant, Miss Egbertha Harrison, Ocho Bios. 
 
 944. Fern albums, Miss Egbertha Harrison, Ocho Bios. 
 
 945. Hat made from wire grass, T. E. Thompson. 
 
 946. Ladies' basket made of wire grass, T. E. Thompson. 
 
 947. Dish-mats made of wire grass, T. E. Thompson. 
 
 XXT.-EXHIBITS of SALT from the TURKS and OAICOS 
 ISLANDS, DEPENDENCIES OF JAMAICA, W. I. 
 
 948. Five barrels, J. W. Beynolds, Turks Island. 
 
 949. One box, Frith & Murphy, Turks Island. 
 
 XXII.-CINCHONA BARK. 
 
 FROM TREES GROWN IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS 
 
 OF JAMAICA. 
 
 (A.)— Exhibited by De B. S. Heaven, Whitfield Hall. 
 
 950. Trunk bark, Cinchona officinalis. 
 
 951. Twig bark, Cinchona officinalis. 
 
 952. Boot bark, Cinchona officinalis. 
 
 953. Trunk bark, Cinchona succirubra. 
 
 '.(54. Branch and twig bark, Cinchona succirubra. 
 955. Boot bark, Cinchona succirubra. 
 
24 
 
 (B.)— Exhibited by the Botanical Department. 
 
 956. Cinchona calisaya. 
 
 957. Cinchona hybrid. 
 
 958. Cinchona officinalis. 
 
 959. Cinchona Ledgeriana. 
 
 960. Cinchona succirubra. 
 
 961. Cinchona Ledgeriana (Howard's). 
 
 XXIII.— BAMBOOS, WALKING STICKS, &c 
 
 The bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) is generally distributed in Jamaica. 
 In a crushed state it is exported for fibre and paper-making. Material 
 for walking sticks is abundant. The wild cane (Arundo occidentalis) 
 possesses roots of very grotesque shapes and forms which might be 
 utilised for umbrella and sunshade handles. Of these roots large 
 quantities are easily obtainable at a moderate cost. 
 
 Exhibited by the Botanical Department. 
 
 962. Stems of common bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris). 
 
 963. Stems of China bamboo (Bambusa nana). 
 
 964. Stems of solid bamboo (Bambusa sp.). 
 
 965. Stems of wild cane (Arundo occidentalis). 
 
 966. Stems of wild cane (Arundo saccharoides). 
 
 967. Stems of Indian cane (Beesha travancoriensis). 
 
 968. Stems of ground rattan (Khaphis flabelliformis). 
 
 969. Walking Sticks, exhibited by the Governors of the Institute of Jamaica. 
 
25 
 
 gixzl of Jlrtictes collected in §nglctn6 
 
 (in addition to the Exhibits from the Colony). 
 
 DYE WOODS. 
 
 Exhibited by Major J. Simpson- Carson. 
 
 Log wood in natural state. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS.— BOTANICAL SPECIMENS, &c. 
 (A.)— Exhibited by Mrs. SIMPSON- CARSON. 
 
 Jamaica pressed ferns. 
 
 (B.)— Exhibited by Christy & Co. 
 
 Eemijia Purdieana. 
 Mock pepper. 
 Papaw leaves. 
 Papaw dry juice. 
 Sarsaparilla. 
 Nutmeg and its fat. 
 Copalchi bark. 
 Blue Mountain coffee. 
 Black pepper seed. 
 
 Annatto seed (husk). 
 Jatropha Curcus. 
 Colubrina reclinata. 
 Euphorbia piluligera. 
 Capsicums. 
 Jamaica Chew-Stick. 
 Lucuma mammosa. 
 Guaiacum officinale. 
 Kola leaf. 
 
 Gum Guaiacum. 
 Cassia Sophera. 
 Parthenium hysteropho - 
 
 rum. 
 Leucama glauea. 
 Nutmegs. 
 Feuilla cordifolia. 
 Mucuna urens. 
 
 (C.)— Exhibited by C. Washington Eves. 
 
 Mahogany tree. 
 
 Dracaena. 
 
 Clusia. 
 
 India-rubber. 
 
 Cypress. 
 
 Musacoccinea. 
 
 Croupaum. 
 
 Lomaria gibba. 
 
 GROWING PLANTS, VIZ. 
 Aloe, variegated. 
 Coffea Arabica. 
 Lemon tree. 
 
 Alocasia edibilla (cocoa). 
 Orange tree. 
 Jamaica myrtle. 
 Blue gum. 
 Laurus canella. 
 
 Myristiea fragrans. 
 Palm Latonia. 
 Musa. 
 Plantain. 
 Date palm. 
 Pandanus Vitchi. 
 
 Chains made of " Job's tears." 
 „ „ liquorice seeds. 
 
 „ „ St. Vincent seeds 
 
 FANCY ARTICLES. 
 (A.)— Exhibited by Miss Sewell. 
 
 Chains made of soap-berries. 
 „ „ nickle seeds. 
 
 (B.)— Exhibited by Hon. Henry Sewell. 
 
 Lamp-shades made from lace bark. 
 Lace bark whip. 
 D'oyleys made of lace bark. 
 Lace bark and Jamaica fans. 
 Seeds strung in necklaces. 
 
 Large alligator hide. 
 
 Large mounted alligator's head. 
 
 Specimen lace bark. 
 
 Sticks. 
 
 Kemble. 
 
 Exhibited by Hon. H. J. 
 
 Oil of Ben. 
 
 Exhibited by Col. A. W. Chambers. 
 
 Fan and d'Oyleys made of lace bark and ferns. 
 
2G 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHS. 
 (A.)— Exhibited by Hon. R. H. JACKSON. 
 
 Pumbpoint Lighthouse, Port Eoyal, Jamaica. 
 
 Residence near Half-way Tree, St. Andrew's, Jamaica. 
 
 Arch erected at Half-way Tree, to welcome Sir Henry and Lady Norman on their 
 
 return to Jamaica. 
 Half-way Tree Court House, Parish of St. Andrew's, Jamaica. 
 New Castle Station of English Troops in Jamaica. 
 
 Opening of Railroad from Kingston to the Moneague, by Sir Henry Norman. 
 Parish Church, Kingston, Jamaica. 
 Interior of Half-way Tree Court House, in the Parish of St. Andrew's, on the 
 
 occasion of presentation of address to Sir Henry and Lady Norman. 
 Arrival of Sir Henry and Lady Norman on Royal Mail Steamer, at Kingston, Jamaica. 
 Public Gardens on the Parade, Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 Arch of Welcome by the Kingston Volunteers to Sir Henry and Lady Norman. 
 Arch erected in Kingston to Welcome Sir Henry and Lady Norman on their 
 
 return from England. 
 
 (B.)— Exhibited by Miss Norman. 
 
 Photograph of General Sir Henry Norman, K.C.B., &c, &c, Governor of Jamaica. 
 
 (C.)— Exhibited by C. Washington Eves. 
 
 Photograph of General Sir Henry Norman, K.C.B., &c, &c, Governor of Jamaica. 
 „ „ 1st West India Band, taken by the Stereoscopic Company, London. 
 
 LARGE OIL-PAINTINGS REPRESENTING JAMAICA 
 
 SCENERY. 
 
 Exhibited by C. "Washington Eves. 
 
 (Painted by H. P. Dollman and C. Washington Eves.) 
 
 Harbour Street, Kingston, 1825. 
 Montego Bay, 1810. 
 Kingston and Port Royal, 1805. 
 Bog Walk, 1820. 
 Port Maria. 
 
 Holland Estate, St. Thomas. 
 Steward's Bluff (sea view). 
 Green Island (sea view). 
 Coat-of-Arms (Jamaica). 
 
 SUNDRIES FROM JAMAICA. 
 Exhibited by C. Washington Eves. 
 
 Large alligator. 
 Small alligator. 
 Shark and flying-fish. 
 Six hammocks. 
 
 Two piles of rum casks, representing puncheons, hogsheads, barrels, quarter- 
 casks, and octaves. 
 Case of humming-birds. 
 Two turtle-backs. 
 Carib implements. 
 Palm fans. 
 Pampas grass for decorative purposes. 
 
 SUGAR. 
 
 970. Exhibited by Major J. Simpson- Carson. 
 
 Albion vacuum pan (yellow) 
 
 971. Exhibited by C. Washington Eves. 
 
 Friendship Centrifugal (yellow). 
 
 972. Exhibited by Hawthorn, Shedden, & Co. 
 
 Y. S. Estate Muscovado crop, 1886. 
 
27 
 
 Exhibited by C. W. EVES & CO. 
 RUM. 
 
 973. 
 
 Carson 
 
 BH 
 A 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1885. 
 
 974. 
 
 „ 
 
 AC 
 
 „ 
 
 1886. 
 
 975. 
 
 Hummers' 
 
 FoG 
 
 Crop 
 
 1863. 
 
 976. 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 1864. 
 
 977. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 1865. 
 
 978. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1866. 
 
 979. 
 
 »> 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 1867. 
 
 980. 
 
 „ 
 
 .. 
 
 „ 
 
 1868. 
 
 981. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 1869. 
 
 982. 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 1870. 
 
 983. 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 1871. 
 
 984. 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 1872. 
 
 985. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1873. 
 
 986. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1874. 
 
 987. 
 
 )» 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 1875. 
 
 988. 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 1876. 
 
 989. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 1877. 
 
 990. 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1878. 
 
 991. 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 1879. 
 
 992. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1880. 
 
 993. 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 1881. 
 
 994. 
 
 >. 
 
 •i 
 
 » 
 
 1882. 
 
 995. 
 
 p 
 
 Wedderburn's j ^y 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1882. 
 
 996. 
 
 » 
 
 n 
 
 .. 
 
 1885. 
 
 997. 
 
 Wedderbui 
 
 , B 
 ns IW 
 
 Crop, 
 
 1863. 
 
 998. 
 
 
 
 
 1864. 
 
 999. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1865. 
 
 1000. 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 „ 
 
 1866. 
 
 1001. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1867. 
 
 1002. 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1868. 
 
 1003. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1869. 
 
 1004. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1870. 
 
 1005. 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 1871. 
 
 1006. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1872. 
 
 1007. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1873. 
 
 1008. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 1874. 
 
 1009. 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 1875. 
 
 1010. 
 
 ,, 
 
 »i 
 
 ,, 
 
 1876. 
 
 1011. 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 1877. 
 
 1012. 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 1878. 
 
 1013. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 1879. 
 
 1014. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 1880. 
 
 1015. 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 1881. 
 
 1016. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1882. 
 
 1017. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1883. 
 
 1018. 
 
 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1884. 
 
 1019. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1885. 
 
 1020. 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 1886. 
 
 1021. Mark R g 
 
 Crop, 1885. 
 
 1022. 
 
 B C 
 
 AD 
 
 „ 1879. 
 
 1023. 
 
 BB 
 
 AD 
 
 „ 1879. 
 
 1024. 
 
 (?G 
 
 „ 1876. 
 
 1025. 
 
 C^E 
 
 „ 1879. 
 
 1026. 
 
 c 
 
 w a 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 1027. 
 
 D 
 
 IN 
 
 „ 1874. 
 
 1028. 
 
 E 
 HS 
 
 „ 1872. 
 
 1029. 
 
 F 
 
 w 
 
 „ 1875. 
 
 1030. 
 
 G 
 t a 
 
 „ 1870. 
 
 1031. 
 
 1032. 
 
 1037. 
 
 1038. 
 
 1039. 
 
 1040. 
 
 1041. 
 1042. 
 1043. 
 
 1044. 
 
 A 
 
 GP 
 W 
 
 GV 
 
 „ 1867. 
 „ 1874. 
 
 1033. 
 
 GG 
 If 
 
 „ 1872 
 
 1034. 
 
 H 
 
 FC 
 
 „ 1878 
 
 1035. 
 
 ffl 
 HS 
 
 „ 1872 
 
 1036. 
 
 ST 
 
 „ 1882 
 
 H 
 
 i<>c 
 
 D 
 Hi 
 
 H 
 W G 
 
 K 
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 W V 
 LH 
 
 LP 
 
 L 
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 A 
 
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 „ 1879. 
 
 „ 1879. 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 „ 1872. 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 „ 1881. 
 
 „ 1878. 
 
 „ 1882. 
 
28 
 
 1045. Mark E Crop, 1883. 
 
 1046. „ 
 
 V 
 HN 
 
 , 1883. 
 
 1047. 
 
 C 
 
 „ 1878. 
 
 1048. 
 
 C 
 GRC 
 
 , 1879. 
 
 1049. 
 
 S 
 ST 
 
 , 1880. 
 
 1050. 
 
 S 
 
 EM 
 
 , 1876. 
 
 1051. 
 
 T 
 I I 
 
 , 1874. 
 
 1052. 
 
 VR 
 
 „ 1885. 
 
 1053. 
 
 G 
 
 AA 
 
 , 1879. 
 
 1054. 
 
 DE 
 
 , 1879. 
 
 1055. 
 
 A 
 TC 
 
 , 1878. 
 
 1056. 
 
 H 
 
 , 1876. 
 
 1057. „ 
 
 G<>P 
 
 , 1875. 
 
 1058. 
 
 E 
 LH 
 
 , 1875. 
 
 1059. 
 
 R 
 IS 
 
 , 1875. 
 
 1060. 
 
 L 
 CL 
 
 , 1875. 
 
 1061. 
 
 HE 
 
 , 1875. 
 
 1062. 
 
 S 
 IE 
 
 , 1877. 
 
 1063. 
 
 C 
 
 CL 
 
 , 1877. 
 
 1064. 
 
 E 
 SG 
 
 , 1876. 
 
 1065. 
 
 LL 
 AD 
 
 , 1878. 
 
 1066. 
 
 G 
 IE 
 
 , 1878. 
 
 1067. 
 
 I T 
 NR 
 
 , 1875. 
 
 1068. 
 
 T 
 
 , 1874. 
 
 1069. „ 
 
 W 
 
 IAN 
 
 V 
 
 , 1879. 
 
 1070. 
 
 R 
 C W 
 
 , 1878. 
 
 1071. „ 
 
 DH 
 
 , 1871. 
 
 1072. „ 
 
 S 
 E T 
 
 , 1878. 
 
 1073. 
 
 R 
 N W 
 
 , 1874. 
 
 1074. Mark 
 
 1075. 
 
 1076. 
 
 1077. 
 
 1078. 
 
 1079. 
 
 1080. 
 1081. 
 1082. 
 1083. 
 1084. 
 1085. 
 1086. 
 1087. 
 1088. 
 1089. 
 
 1090. 
 
 1091. 
 1092. 
 1093. 
 
 1094. 
 1095. 
 1096. 
 1097. 
 1098. 
 1099. 
 1100. 
 
 L 
 
 WW 
 
 V 
 IB 
 
 HI 
 TB 
 
 D 
 
 B<>« 
 
 M 
 IM 
 
 R 
 
 IC 
 
 Y 
 
 D 
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 PH 
 
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 SC 
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 GP 
 
 Q 
 
 c 
 
 ws 
 
 p 
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 E 
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 P 
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 A 
 
 Al 
 
 TE 
 
 P 
 RH 
 
 R 
 CH 
 
 S 
 GRH 
 
 B 
 W 
 
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 11 
 
 L 
 
 AE 
 
 G 
 II 
 
 Crop, 1874. 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 „ 1881. 
 
 „ 1879. 
 
 „ 1879. 
 
 „ 1875. 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 „ 1869. 
 
 „ 1877. 
 
 „ 1877. 
 
 „ 1875. 
 
 „ 1875. 
 
 „ 1883. 
 
 „ 1885. 
 
 „ 1885. 
 
 „ 1885. 
 
 „ 1882. 
 
 „ 1878. 
 
 „ 1878. 
 
 „ 1878. 
 
 „ 1872. 
 
 „ 1872. 
 
 „ 1870. 
 
 „ 1870. 
 
 „ 1885. 
 
 „ 1865. 
 
 „ 1875. 
 
29 
 
 1101. Mark 
 
 1102. 
 1103. 
 1104. 
 
 1105. 
 
 1106. 
 1107. 
 1108. 
 
 1109. 
 1110. 
 1111. 
 1112. 
 
 1113. 
 
 1114. 
 1115. 
 1116. 
 
 1117. 
 1118. 
 1119. 
 1120. 
 
 1121. 
 1122. 
 1123. 
 1124. 
 
 1125. 
 1126. „ 
 
 G 
 II 
 
 L 
 WM 
 
 LHK 
 
 \/R 
 
 C 
 
 JWP 
 
 M 
 
 CH 
 II 
 
 UH 
 
 W 
 K 
 
 A 
 
 JSW 
 
 H 
 
 C 
 WC 
 
 GG 
 
 <S> 
 
 W&N 
 
 H 
 CC 
 
 FR 
 
 r<> 
 <?> 
 
 HC 
 ST 
 
 F 
 WHK 
 
 A 
 
 OC 
 M 
 
 SV 
 
 P 
 IW 
 
 P<>HI 
 
 Crop, 1880. 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 „ 1866. 
 
 „ 1881. 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 „ 1879. 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 „ 1878. 
 
 „ 1884. 
 
 „ 1883. 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 „ 1876. 
 
 „ 1879. 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 „ 1878. 
 
 „ 1875. 
 
 „ 1882. 
 
 „ 1877. 
 
 „ 1884. 
 
 „ 1878. 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 „ 1878. 
 
 1867. 
 
 1880. 
 1878. 
 
 1127. Mark 
 
 S Q? 
 
 Crop, 1872. 
 
 1128. 
 
 IWO 
 
 „ 1876. 
 
 1129. 
 
 w 
 
 B 
 
 „ 1876. 
 
 1130. 
 
 iO w 
 
 „ 1879. 
 
 1131. 
 
 LC 
 
 „ 1873. 
 
 1132. 
 
 MGM 
 
 „ 1873. 
 
 1133. 
 
 S<^)F 
 
 „ 1873. 
 
 1134. 
 
 I 
 
 „ 1873. 
 
 1135. 
 
 S ^ F 
 
 „ 1873. 
 
 1136. 
 
 GV 
 
 „ 1872. 
 
 1137. „ 
 
 M 
 
 „ 1873. 
 
 1138. 
 
 MS 
 
 „ 1873. 
 
 1139. 
 
 M 
 
 IW 
 
 „ 1873. 
 
 1140. 
 
 M <°> 
 
 „ 1874. 
 
 1141. 
 
 F 
 I<>B 
 
 „ 1873. 
 
 1142. 
 
 NH 
 
 „ 1865. 
 
 1143. 
 
 R 
 IGC 
 
 „ 1885. 
 
 1144. 
 
 RR 
 
 „ 1867. 
 
 1145. „ 
 
 R^>S 
 
 „ 1870. 
 
 1146. „ 
 
 F 
 W 
 
 „ 1874. 
 
 1147. „ 
 
 YS 
 IM 
 
 „ 1879. 
 
 1148. 
 
 IP 
 IM 
 
 „ 1879. 
 
 1149. 
 
 D 
 
 „ 1883. 
 
 1150. „ 
 
 MG 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 1151. 
 
 JM 
 BV 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
 1152. 
 
 C 
 
 JMG 
 
 „ 1884. 
 
 1153. 
 
 KO 
 CH 
 
 „ 1884. 
 
 1154. 
 
 DR 
 IR 
 
 „ 1880. 
 
BO 
 
 w v 
 
 1155. Mark L H Crop, 1881. 
 
 White 
 
 1156. 
 
 1157. 
 
 1158. 
 
 P 
 NH 
 
 White 
 
 A 
 
 HS 
 White 
 
 B 
 W 
 
 White 
 
 1886. 
 
 1882. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1159. Mark S T Crop, 1885. 
 
 White 
 
 1160. 
 
 1161. 
 
 1162. 
 
 CQ?G 
 
 White 
 
 f O g 
 
 White 
 
 L 
 CG 
 
 White 
 
 1885. 
 
 1884. 
 
 iHS-i. 
 
THE 
 
 JAMAICA COURT 
 
 AT THE 
 
 gndtan and §oloniaf Qzfyibitioxx. 
 
 1886. 
 
 HANDBOOK 
 
 COMPILED FOR 
 
 THE GOVERNORS OF THE JAMAICA INSTITUTE 
 
 LAURENCE E. FYFE 
 
 AND 
 
 A. C. SINCLAIE, 
 
 COMPUTERS OF THE OFFICIAL " HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAftE 
 
 Situation, Area and General Description ... ... ... ... 35 
 
 Population ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 40 
 
 History ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 
 
 Constitution and Government ... ... ... ... ... 46 
 
 Law and Police ... ... ... ... ... ... 48 
 
 Taxation ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49 
 
 Religion and Education ... ... ... ... ... 49 
 
 Public Health ... ... ... ... ... ... 52 
 
 Trade ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 53 
 
 Productions ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57 
 
 Public Gardens and Plantations ... ... ... ... G2 
 
 Lands ... ... ... ... ... ... ... G3 
 
 Postal and Telegraphic Communications ... ... ... ... 64 
 
 Means of Communication ... ... ... ... ... 65 
 
 Points of Topographical Interest ... ... ... ... 60 
 
 Provident and other Societies ... ... ... ... ... 70 
 
 Natural History ... ... ... ... ... ... 71 
 
 The Chmate of Jamaica, by Dr. Phillippo ... ... ... 79 
 
 Jamaica, as a Winter Residence for Northern People, by Consul 
 
 Hoskinson ... ... ... ... ... ... 88 
 
 Jamaica, as a Health Resort and as a Place to settle in, by Rev. Dr. 
 
 Robb ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 92 
 
 Chmate of the Santa Cruz Mountains, by Dr. Clark ... ... 97 
 
 The Climate of the Hills of Manchester, by Rev. H. Walder ... 100 
 
'•Boarfc of ^oucrnors. 
 
 The Rev. Alexander Robb, 
 M.A., D.D., Chairman. 
 
 J. C. Phillippo, Esq., M.D. 
 
 The Hon. Surgeon-General 
 C.B. Mosse, C.B. 
 
 The Hon. H. J. Kemble. 
 The Rev. John Radcliffe, 
 D. Morris, Esq., M.A. 
 R. B. Hotchkin, Esq., M.A. 
 
^y-^^^t- 1 ■ 
 
 GENERAL SIR HENRY WYLIE NORMAN. 
 
 K.C.B., C.I.E., 
 GOVERNOR OF JAMAICA. 
 
THE ISLAND OF JAMAICA, 
 
 Jamaica, the aboriginal name of which was Xaymaca, implies the 
 land of streams. Bridges, the historian, is of opinion that the word 
 is derived from two Indian words, " Chabauan," signifying water, and 
 "Makia," wood. The compound word would approach to " Chab- 
 rnakia," and harmonised to the Spanish ear would be " Cha-makia," 
 thence corrupted to " Jamaica " — " denoting a land covered with wood, 
 and therefore watered by shaded rivulets, or, in other words, fertile." 
 
 I. — Situation, Area, General Description, and Population. 
 
 The Island of Jamaica, which is one of the four islands which 
 constitute what are known as the " Greater Antilles," is situated 
 between 17° 43' and 18° 32' N. lat. and 76° 11' and 78° 20' 50" W. 
 long. It is on all sides bounded by the Caribbean Sea, the waters of 
 which mingle with those of the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 5,000 
 miles from England, 100 miles from Hayti, 90 miles from the south 
 of Cuba, and about 540 miles from Colon on the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Jamaica is 4,193 square miles in extent, having an extreme length 
 of 144 miles and an extreme width of 49 miles ; its least width is 
 21^ miles. The island is divided into three countries and fourteen 
 parishes, namely :— 
 
 Parish 
 
 Square 
 Miles 
 
 Parish 
 
 Square 
 Miles 
 
 Parish 
 
 Square 
 Miles 
 
 Kingston \ °o ^ 
 St. Andrew £> £ 
 St. Thomas f g 3 
 Portland 1 ° m 
 
 74 
 
 '3 
 
 169£ 
 
 280 
 
 310$ 
 
 St. Catherine > «g m 
 St. Mary _^ | 
 Clarendon I "S 73 
 St. Ann § S 
 Manchester J ° S 
 
 450 
 229 
 467 
 464 
 310 
 
 St. Elizabeth •, «« ,_, 
 Trelawny ^g 
 St. James ha 3 
 Hanover § 
 Westmoreland^ 
 
 471 
 332 [ 
 227? 
 166 
 3081 
 
 Total . 
 
 767£ 
 
 Total . 
 
 1,920 
 
 Total . 
 
 1,505^ 
 
 The foundation or basis of the island is composed of igneous 
 rocks, overlaying which are several distinct formations. 
 
 The coast formation of the parishes forming the county of Surrey 
 is of white and yellow limestone ; the interior consists chiefly of the 
 
 c 2 
 
36 
 
 metamorphosed and trappean series, with carbonaceous shales and 
 conglomerate. The greater part of this country is very mountainous ; 
 the only fiats are the plain of Liguanea (north of Kingston) and the 
 valleys of the Morant and Plantain Garden rivers, and smaller flats 
 at and near the mouths of the other chief rivers. Mineral deposits 
 are numerous hi the mountain districts. Iron, copper, lead, man- 
 ganese, and cobalt have been found and worked to some extent, but 
 no profitable industry has been the result. Marble of good quality 
 has also been found at the head of the Blue Mountain valley. 
 
 In the county of Middlesex the parish of St. Mary exhibits a great 
 diversity of formation, consisting of white and yellow limestone, 
 carbonaceous shales, metamorphosed, porphyritic, granite, and 
 conglomerate rocks, with many mineral-bearing rocks. The district 
 of St. Thomas-in-the-Vale is of granitic formation, overlaid con- 
 siderably by cretaceous and white limestone and marl beds. St. 
 Catherine possesses an extensive alluvial flat, stretching from 
 Kingston harbour to the boundary of Clarendon ; the rest of the 
 parish is of white limestone. In Upper Clarendon the metamor- 
 phosed trappean and conglomerate series prevail ; the central districts 
 are of white limestone, and the southern part, with the district of 
 Vere, is alluvium, and embraces an area of about 132 square miles, 
 which is the largest continuous flat in the island. The mineral 
 deposits of Upper Clarendon are considerable, and it is believed offer 
 a fair field for mining enterprise. The parishes of Manchester and 
 St. Ann consist almost entirely of white limestone. 
 
 The parish of St. Elizabeth, in the county of Cornwall, has an 
 extensive area of alluvium from the boundary of Manchester to the 
 boundary of Westmoreland, narrowing so considerably at Lacovia 
 that the north and south limestones nearly meet ; much of this flat 
 is covered by swamp. In the north-east of the parish there is also 
 an extensive flat called the Nassau Valley. The rest of the parish is 
 white limestone, with some patches of yellow limestone. The parish 
 of Westmoreland also presents extensive alluvial deposits and marl 
 beds. The north-western part of the parish furnishes trappean rocks 
 with yellow and cretaceous limestone. The eastern Jpart is chiefly 
 white limestone, with some trap formations at the head of the Great 
 River. In Trelawny the district called the "Black Grounds" con- 
 sists of trap formation. The rest of the parish is of white lime- 
 stone, with some alluvial valleys; that called the " Queen of Spain's 
 Valley," on the borders of St. James, is remarkable for its picturesque 
 beauty and great fertility. The interior of St. James presents a 
 trappean formation, with some over-laying yellow and cretaceous 
 limestones. The rest is of white limestone, with some alluvial 
 
B7 
 
 deposits round the coast. The eastern part of Hanover is chiefly 
 white limestone, and the western part black shale, with some 
 metamorphosed rocks and yellow limestone. 
 
 The surface of the island is extremely mountainous, and attains 
 considerable altitudes. A great diversity of climate is, therefore, 
 obtainable. From a tropical temperature of 80° to 86° at the sea- 
 coast, the thermometer falls to 45° and 50° on the top of the highest 
 mountains, and with a dryness of atmosphere that renders the 
 climate of the mountains of Jamaica particularly delightful and 
 suitable to the most delicate constitutions. Ice has been quite 
 recently found on the top of the Blue Mountains.* 
 
 The mountains in the midland part of the island are the highest. 
 Through the county of Surrey and partly through Middlesex there 
 runs the great central chain which trends generally in an east and 
 west direction, the highest part of which is the Blue Mountain Peak, 
 attaining an elevation of 7,360 feet. 
 
 The following are the elevations above the sea of the principal 
 mountains and passes ; — 
 
 Names 
 
 Elevation in 
 feet 
 
 Names 
 
 Elevation in 
 feel 
 
 John Crow Range, average 
 
 2,100 
 
 Silver Hill Gap . 
 
 3,513 
 
 Cuna-Cuna Pass 
 
 2,(398 
 
 Catherine's Peak . 
 
 5,036 
 
 Blue Mountain, Western Peak 
 
 7,300 
 
 Cold Spring Gap . 
 
 4,523 
 
 Portland Gap . 
 
 5,649 
 
 Hardware Gap 
 
 4,079 
 
 Sir John's Peak (highest point 
 
 [• 6,100 
 
 Pox's Gap .... 
 
 3,967 
 
 of Cinchona Plantation) 
 
 Stony Hill (where main road { 
 
 1,360 
 
 Belle Vue, Cinchona Plantatioi 
 
 l 5,017 
 
 crosses it) J 
 
 Arntully Gap . 
 
 2,754 
 
 Guy's Hill .... 
 
 2,100 
 
 Hagley Gap 
 
 1,959 
 
 Mount Diablo, highest point 
 
 2,300 
 
 Morce's Gap . 
 
 4,945 
 
 „ „ where road crosses 
 
 1,800 
 
 Content Gap . 
 
 3,251 
 
 Bull Head . 
 
 2,885 
 
 Newcastle Hospital 
 
 3,800 
 
 Mandeville .... 
 
 2,131 
 
 Flamstead 
 
 3,663 
 
 Accompong Town . 
 
 1,409 
 
 Belle Vue (Dr. Stephens') 
 
 3,784 
 
 Dolphin Head 
 
 1,816 
 
 The numerous rivers and springs which abound along the coast in 
 most parts of the island to a considerable extent justify the name of 
 " the Land of Springs," although there are extensive districts in the 
 midland and western parts of the island singularly barren of water. 
 
 * As affording the most reliable information as to the climate of Jamaica, papers are 
 annexed to this Handbook, forming Appendices A, B, C, D, and E, entitled " The Climate 
 of Jamaica," by Dr. Phillippo, a Physician of great experience, resident in Kingston ; 
 " Jamaica as a winter residence for Northern People," by Mr. E. Hoskinson, for many 
 years Consul at Kingston for the United States of America; "Jamaica as a Health 
 Resort," by the Rev. Dr. Robb, Principal of the Presbyterian Training College, Kingston ; 
 " The Climate of the Santa Cruz Mountains," by Dr. J. H. Clark, the District Medical 
 Ollicer for that District, and the " Climate of the Manchester Mountains," by the Rev. 
 H. Walder, Moravian Missionary. 
 
88 
 
 In consequence of the great elevations from which most of the 
 rivers flow, they are very rapid in their descent, and in times of flood 
 become formidable torrents, sweeping everything before them, and 
 operating as dangerous obstructions to the traveller. 
 
 The chief rivers are the Agua Alta or Wag Water, running through 
 the parishes of St. Andrew and St. Mary ; the Hope River, in the 
 parish of St. Andrew ; the Rio Cobre, running through the parish of 
 St. Catherine ; the Plantain Garden, Morant and Yallahs, rivers in the 
 parish of St. Thomas ; the Rio Grande, the Swift, the Spanish and 
 Buff Bay rivers, in the parish of Portland ; the Cave River, forming 
 the boundary between the parishes of St. Ann and Clarendon ; the 
 Hector's River, dividing the parish of Trelawny from Manchester 
 the Rio Minho, or Dry River, and the Milk River, in the parish of 
 Clarendon ; the Black River, in the parish of St. Elizabeth ; the 
 Martha Bra3 River, in the parish of Trelawny ; the Cabaritta River, in 
 the parish of Westmoreland ; and the Great River, dividing the 
 parishes of St. James and Hanover. The Black River, in the parish 
 of St. Elizabeth, is navigable for thirty miles of its course. The water 
 is fresh from three to five miles up the river according to the season 
 of the year. None of the other rivers of the island are navigable even 
 to the extent stated above. 
 
 The principal ports are Kingston and Port Royal, in the parish of 
 Kingston ; Old Harbour Bay, in St. Catherine ; Salt River and Carlisle 
 Bay, in Clarendon ; Alligator Pond, in Manchester ; Black River, in St. 
 Elizabeth ; Savanna-la-Mar, in Westmoreland ; Lucea, in Hanover ; 
 Montego Bay, in St. James ; Falmouth and Rio Bueno, in Trelawny ; 
 Dry Harbour and St. Ann's Bay, in St. Ann ; Port Maria and Annotto 
 Bay, in St. Mary ; Port Antonio, Buff Bay, and Manchioneal, in Port- 
 land ; Port Morant and Morant Bay, in St. Thomas. 
 
 The chief bays are Morant Bay, Old Harbour Bay, Carlisle Bay, 
 Alligator Pond Bay, Black River Bay, Negril Bay, Montego Bay, St. 
 Ann's Bay, Ocho Rios Bay, Annotto Bay, Buff Bay, Hope Bay, and 
 Plantain Garden River Bay. 
 
 The principal capes or promontories are Morant Point, in the 
 parish of St. Thomas ; Portland Point, in Clarendon ; Great Pedro 
 Bluff and Parotte Point, in St. Elizabeth ; Negril Point, in West- 
 moreland ; Montego Bay Point, in St. James, and Galina Point, in 
 St. Mary. 
 
 There are many mineral springs in the island possessing valuable 
 qualities for the cure of various diseases. The spring at Bath, in the 
 parish of St. Thomas, is the hottest in the island ; the temperature at 
 tin fountain head is 120° to 128° ¥., but the water loses about 9° 
 
39 
 
 of heat in its transit to the baths. These waters are sulphuric and 
 contain a large proportion of hydro-sulphate of lime ; they are not 
 purgative, and are beneficial in gout, rheumatism, gravelly complaints, 
 cutaneous affections, and fevers. A cold spring flows from the same 
 hillside, near the hot spring, so that cold and hot water are delivered 
 alongside of each other at the bath. 
 
 The bath at Milk Eiver, in the district of Vere, is one of the most 
 remarkable in the world. It is a warm, saline, purgative bath ; the 
 temperature is 92° F. It is particularly efficacious in the cure of 
 gout, rheumatism, paralysis, and neuralgia ; also in cases of disordered 
 liver and spleen. Some wonderful results are on record, and it is 
 believed that if the beneficial effects of these waters were more gener- 
 ally known in Europe and America a large number of sufferers would 
 be attracted to them. 
 
 The waters of the Spa Spring, or Jamaica Spa as it is called, at 
 Silver Hill, in St. Andrew, are chalybeate, aerated, cold, and tonic, 
 and are beneficial in most cases of debility, particularly after fever, 
 dropsy and in stomach complaints. 
 
 There is also a remarkable spring at Moffat, on the White River, a 
 tributary of the Negro Eiver in the Blue Mountain Valley. These 
 waters are sulphuric, cold, and purgative, useful in itch and all 
 cutaneous diseases. A similar spring exists near the source of the 
 Cabaritta Eiver, in Hanover. 
 
 The chief towns of Jamaica are Kingston, which is the largest and 
 most important commercial town in the British West Indies, and 
 forms the capital of the parish known by that name ; Spanish Town, 
 in the parish of St. Catherine ; Chapelton, in the parish of Clarendon ; 
 Mandeville, in the parish of Manchester ; Black Eiver, in the parish 
 of St. Elizabeth ; Savanna-la-Mar, in the parish of Westmoreland ; 
 Lucea, in the parish of Hanover ; Montego Bay, in the parish of St. 
 James ; Falmouth, in the parish of Trelawny ; St. Ann's Bay, in the 
 parish of St. Ann ; Port Maria, in the parish of St. Mary ; Port 
 Antonio, in the parish of Portland ; and Morant Bay, in the parish of 
 St. Thomas. 
 
 Kingston, which was built after the destruction of Port Eoyal by 
 the earthquake of 1692, is now the seat of Government. It is lighted 
 with gas, and has a constant and abundant supply of wholesome 
 water ; it is the head station of the Jamaica Eailway, and has very 
 excellent lines of tram cars traversing the principal streets. It is 
 the centre of the telegraphic lines of the West India and Panama 
 Telegraph Company and of the Government Inland System, and is 
 the chief seaport of the island. It contains fourteen churches, a 
 
40 
 
 number of schools, a town hall, a theatre, two court houses, a number 
 of well-kept hotels and lodging-houses, and the colonial secretariat 
 and other public offices. In the suburbs are the lunatic asylum, the 
 public hospital, and the general penitentiary. A remarkably hand- 
 some and very commodious market adorns the lower end of King 
 Street. Near the pier, which forms part of the market buildings, is 
 a well-executed marble statue of Admiral Lord Rodney, who defeated 
 Count de Grasse in his descent on the British West Indies in April 
 1782. In the upper part of the same street, and on the east and 
 north sides of the public garden, are statues respectively of Sir 
 Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, a former Governor of the island, the 
 Honourable Edward Jordon, C.B., one of Jamaica's most distinguished 
 sons, and Dr. Lewis Quier Bowerbank, an eminent physician and a 
 great sanitary reformer. Around the city proper have grown up a 
 large number of tasteful and commodious villas, ornamented with 
 shrubberies and gardens. The rent of good and commodious houses 
 in Kingston is from £50 to £100 a year; the direct taxes amount to 
 3s. lOd. per head of the population. Five daily newspapers are pub- 
 lished in Kingston. 
 
 The population of Jamaica in the years 1861, 1871, and 1881, 
 as ascertained by the census taken in each of those years, was 
 441,264, 506,154, and 580,804 respectively; showing an increase of 
 64,890 between 1861 and 1871, and an increase of 74,650 between 
 1871 and 1881 ; the increase for the 20 years between 1861 and 1881 
 having been 139,540. 
 
 The population in 1881 was thus classified in the census returns: — 
 
 Males 282,957 
 
 Females 297,874 
 
 White ... 
 Coloured 
 Black 
 Coolie 
 Chinese ... 
 Not stated 
 
 580,804 
 
 14,432 
 
 109,946 
 
 444,186 
 
 11,016 
 
 99 
 
 1,125 
 
 580,804 
 
 The estimated population in the years subsequent to 1881 is as 
 follows : — 
 
 1882 588,718 | 1884 591,819 
 
 1883 594,023 1885 590,383 
 
 The natural increase of population for the whole island during 
 tin year 1885 over 1884 was 15*5 per 1,000 persons living. 
 
 The following is the population of the chief towns as shown by 
 
41 
 
 the census returns of 1881. Since then the population of the island 
 has considerably increased, as indicated above, so that the population 
 of the towns, as given below, must be regarded as merely approximate 
 as regards the present time : — 
 
 Kingston 
 
 
 
 36,522 
 
 Lucea 
 
 1,702 
 
 Spanish Town 
 
 
 
 5,689 
 
 Montego Bay 
 
 4,651 
 
 Chapelton 
 
 ... 
 
 
 654 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 3,029 
 
 Mandeville ... 
 
 
 
 218 
 
 St. Ann's Bay 
 
 1,565 
 
 Black River . . . 
 
 
 
 1,279 
 
 Port Maria 
 
 6,741 
 
 Savanna-la-Mar 
 
 
 
 2,498 
 
 Port Antonio ... 
 
 1,305 
 
 
 Morant 
 
 Bay 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 II. — History. 
 
 Jamaica was discovered by Christopher Columbus on May 3, 
 1494, and remained in Spanish possession until May 11, 1655, 
 when it capitulated to an English expedition commanded by Admiral 
 Perm and General Venables. The island was placed under military 
 jurisdiction and continued so until May 1661, when a commission was 
 received from Charles II. appointing General D'Oyley Governor, and 
 authorising him to govern by means of an elected Council. Courts of 
 Law were established, and the members of Council were declared 
 Justices of the Peace and empowered to appoint Constables for their 
 respective districts. In December of the same year the King, by a 
 Pioyal Proclamation, declared that " children born in Jamaica of Her 
 Majesty's natural born subjects of England shall be free denizens of 
 England." In August 1662, Lord "Windsor arrived as the successor 
 of D'Oyley and brought with him additional instructions as to the 
 government of the country. The army was disbanded and a militia 
 established and ordinances were passed for the encouragement of 
 religious liberty and toleration. In January 1663, the first General 
 Assembly was held, and a body of laws was passed which was declared 
 by a contemporary historian to be " as good as could be expected from 
 such young statesmen." 
 
 Sir Thomas Modyford arrived as Governor in June 1664, and 
 settled the seat of Government at Spanish Town. He brought with 
 him a thousand persons, to whom he granted lands in the interior ; and, 
 as they were possessed of means, they soon began planting to the great 
 benefit of the colony. He had acquired a large fortune by planting 
 operations in Barbados, and he now freely expended his wealth in the 
 same direction in Jamaica. He instructed the inhabitants " in the 
 manner of making sugar, of planting cacao groves, of managing 
 pimento walks, and of erecting salt works."* The result was the 
 
 * "History of Barbados," by Power. 
 
42 
 
 increased value of the products and the extension of cultivation. 
 Cacao was then considered " the best commodity in the island. A 
 planter obtained from 20 acres of cacao plants 12 cwts. of nuts, which 
 he sold in England for £8. 12s. per cwt." The best sugar works made 
 at that time 20,000 to 30,000 lbs. of sugar a week, which were sold for 
 50 per cent, beyond Barbados sugar.* 
 
 Sir Thomas Modyford, in his first report to the King, stated that 
 " sugar, ginger, indigo, cotton, tobacco, dyeing woods, and cacao were 
 produced in Jamaica as well as elsewhere, but there were numerous 
 other commodities ; the best building timber and stone in the whole 
 world, plenty of corn, potatoes, yams, cattle, horses, fowl, sheep, fruit, 
 and pasturage. In short, nothing was then wanting but more hands 
 and cows."f The former were secured by the Eoyal African Company 
 being required at a moderate rate to supply the island with slaves from 
 the Coast of Africa, and by the King ordering that all felons convicted 
 in the Circuit Courts and at the Old Bailey, whose sentences might be 
 commuted to transportation, being sent to Jamaica. The King also 
 engaged to pay from the Imperial Exchequer for one year the cost of 
 emigration from Barbados and the Leeward Islands. The required 
 cattle were obtained from the Cape de Verde Islands, Hispanniola, and 
 Cuba. The price paid for the supply from the two last-named places 
 was 4s. per head. 
 
 With the view of encouraging immigration to the colony, the King 
 ordered Sir Thomas Modyford to be prodigal in the granting of lands 
 allowing 30 acres per head to men, women, and children, white and 
 black. All patentees were, however, required to begin cultivation 
 within three years, and to pay a fine of Is. per acre on all lands 
 left implanted after that period. 
 
 Privateers at that time swarmed the Caribbean Sea, and Sir Thomas 
 Modyford legalised then actions and utilised their services by commis- 
 sioning them to act on behalf of the King of England " against Spain 
 and all nationalities." The privateers thereupon seized Tobago and 
 other places in the Atlantic, and eventually captured and pillaged 
 Panama, in the Pacific. On intelligence of these proceedings reaching 
 England, Sir Thomas Modyford was ordered to be sent " under a strong 
 and safe guard " to England to answer for his assumption of power, and 
 his commissions to the privateers were annulled. The colony, however, 
 continued to grow rich, and in 1675 it exported " vast quantities of 
 sugar, superior to that of the other islands." The population had by 
 this time greatly increased, as it numbered 7, 7G8 free people and !),504 
 sla\< 3. 
 
 * " Calendar of State Papers," vol. ii. t Ibid. 
 
43 
 
 The political dissensions between the Governor and the Assembly, 
 which began during the administration of Sir Thomas Modyford, now 
 produced a political dead-lock, and left the colony without a revenue. 
 To prevent a continuation of these legislative conflicts the Earl of 
 Carlisle (who assumed the government in June 1678) was directed to 
 introduce into the island the Irish mode of legislation as laid down in 
 Poynings' Act ; but so persistent and determined was the opposition 
 of the Assembly that the King had to restore the old form of govern- 
 ment and to recall the Earl of Carlisle. 
 
 On June 7, 1692, the great earthquake occurred by which almost 
 the whole of Port Eoyal was destroyed. " Whole streets, with their 
 inhabitants, were swallowed up by the opening of the earth, which 
 as it closed again squeezed the people to death, and in that manner 
 several were left with their heads above ground."* Of the 3,000 
 houses, which the town possessed, only about 200, with Fort Charles, 
 remained uninjured. 
 
 Two years later a French fleet, commanded by Admiral Du Casse 
 (acting in the interest of the fugitive King), landed in the eastern 
 and southern parts of the island, and by horrid atrocities secured a 
 large amount of money. They took several merchant ships, destroyed 
 50 plantations, and carried off 1,300 slaves. They were encountered 
 at Salt Piiver by the Colonial Militia, and driven back to their ships with 
 the loss of 700 men. This was the only battle fought on Jamaica 
 ground with a foreign enemy after the expulsion of the Spaniards. 
 
 In 1760 a premeditated rebellion occurred among the slaves in 
 St. Mary. The insurgents seized the fort at Port Maria, and possessed 
 themselves of arms, ammunition, and other stores. The white 
 inhabitants of the neighbouring properties were all butchered, and 
 the rebels retired to Ballard's Valley, where they gave battle to a 
 body of volunteers. They fought with desperate fury, but they were 
 surrounded and overpowered. More than 400 were killed in the 
 field, and about 600 were transported to the Bay of Honduras. This 
 was the most formidable slave insurrection in the history of the 
 colony. 
 
 In 1795 the Trelawny Town Maroons expelled their European 
 Superintendent, and threatened to march upon Montego Bay and 
 commit reprisals for the flogging by order of the Magistrates of two 
 of their people. A detachment of 400 soldiers was despatched to 
 subdue the insurgents, but they were met by volley after volley from 
 unseen hands. Fresh detachments were despatched, but they met 
 
 * Bridge's " Annals of Jamaica." 
 
44 
 
 with no better success ; they, too, fell into ambuscade, and were almost 
 exterminated. The conflict continued for months, and was only 
 brought to a close by the introduction of Spanish blood-hounds to 
 trace out and destroy the insurgents in the forests. The Maroons 
 capitulated, and were transported to Sierra Leone, where they formed 
 the nucleus of that thriving colony. 
 
 In the year 1807 the African slave trade was abolished ; and in 
 the following year the government of the Duke of Manchester (which 
 lasted for 19 years) began. During the administration of the Duke 
 of Manchester, the Assembly was called upon by the Imperial Govern- 
 ment to enact laws for the amelioration of the condition of the slaves. 
 This was regarded by the House as an interference with their con- 
 stitutional rights, and they rejected every suggestion made to them. 
 The result was a conflict between the Imperial Government and the 
 House of Assembly, during which " the slave-owners threatened to 
 transfer their allegiance to the United States, or to assert their 
 independence after the manner of their continental neighbours." The 
 excitement which these proceedings produced extended itself to the 
 slave population, and resulted in an outbreak on December 28, 
 1831. A number of the insurgents were killed in the field; several 
 of the ringleaders were captured, tried, and executed; and the 
 remainder returned to the estates. Property of the value of £666,977 
 sterling was destroyed by the insurgents ; and the Imperial Govern- 
 ment, in commiseration of the deplorable state to which the proprietors 
 were reduced, extended to them a loan of £'200,000 to replenish their 
 plantations. This rebellion culminated in the entire abolition of 
 slavery in the British Possessions. The Jamaica slave-owners received 
 £5,853,975 sterling as compensation for the 255,290 able-bodied 
 negroes who were emancipated. 
 
 In the year 1838 (the year of emancipation) the value of the 
 sugar, rum, and coffee exported was £1,455,185. From that time 
 the exports of the staples continued to decline; but in 1812 the Earl 
 of Elgin arrived as Governor, and he distinguished his government 
 by his efforts to improve the social condition of the colony, and to 
 develop its varied industrial resources. A Royal Agricultural Society, 
 and several parochial associations of a similar kind, were established 
 under his presidency ; and a variety of improvements in modes of 
 cultivation, machinery, &c, were introduced through his instru- 
 mentality. Immigration from India was authorised by the Imperial 
 Government, and the first batch of Coolies arrived in 1815. Attention 
 was also directed to the cultivation of the minor products; but the 
 beneficial effects of these important improvements were soon to be 
 displaced by despondency and retrogression. In August 1816 the 
 
Imperial Parliament passed an Act for the gradual equalisation of the 
 sugar duties on British and Foreign productions, and the Assembly, 
 in the succeeding November, declared that "they were, in consequence, 
 unable to continue the institutions of the colony on their present 
 scale, or to defray the future expense of Coolie immigration." The 
 result was the immediate cessation of immigration, and a struggle 
 between the Assembly and the Council for a general reduction of 
 the salaries of all public officers, which continued for 13 years, and 
 which ended in the loss of £130,000 of revenue, and a change in the 
 form of government. 
 
 The new government was inaugurated by Governor Sir Henry 
 Barkly in October 1853, and the Legislature passed laws for effecting 
 financial reforms and restoring public credit. But this desirable 
 state of accord did not long continue, as Sir Charles Darling's inter- 
 pretation of the Act for the better government of the island introduced 
 ministerial responsibility, and with this a constant struggle for place 
 and power. These political dissensions continued during the govern- 
 ment of Mr. Edward John Eyre, who succeeded Sir Charles Darling, 
 until everybody's attention was directed to more serious events. An 
 outbreak occurred at Morant Bay on October 11, 1865, during 
 which the Custos of the parish and several Magistrates, a number of 
 the officers and men of the Volunteers, and the Curate of Bath, were 
 killed. The immediate despatch of a military force to the scene of 
 disturbance, and the loyalty of the greater part of the prsedial classes, 
 secured the early restoration of order. Martial law was, however, 
 continued for a month, during which Mr. George William Gordon, 
 one of the representatives in the House of Assembly for St. Thomas- 
 in-the-East, and a number of the ringleaders of the outbreak, were 
 tried by Court-Martial and executed ; others were flogged, and a 
 number were sentenced to penal servitude. A Boyal Commission of 
 Inquiry, which was subsequently sent to the island, reported that the 
 disturbances had their immediate origin in a planned resistance to 
 lawful authority; but that the punishments were excessive, and, in 
 some cases, positively barbarous. Governor Eyre was recalled, and 
 Sir John Peter Grant (formerly Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal) was 
 commissioned as Governor. During his administration the provisions 
 of the law which was passed by the Legislature (after the disturbance 
 above briefly recorded) for abolishing representative government in 
 the colony were brought into effect, and Jamaica was declared 
 a Crown colony. After a lapse of 18 years, this form of govern- 
 ment was modified by the introduction of the elective element into 
 the Legislative Council. This change was effected on the assumption 
 of the government by Governor Sir Henry Wylie Norman, who con- 
 
4G 
 
 tinues to administer the government, enjoying the confidence and 
 esteem of all classes of the community. 
 
 III. — Constitution and Government. 
 
 The Local Legislature of Jamaica passed two laws in the month 
 of December 1865, by which the then Legislative Council and House 
 of Assembly were abolished and the Queen was empowered " to create 
 and constitute a Government for this island, in such form and with 
 such powers as to Her Majesty might seem fitting, and from time to 
 time to alter or amend such Government." In pursuance of these 
 enactments a single Chamber was established under the designation of 
 " the Legislative Council of Jamaica." The Council thus created 
 consisted of the Senior Military Officer for the time being in command 
 of the regular troops in the island, the Colonial Secretary and the 
 Attorney-General, by virtue of their offices, and such other officers and 
 persons as Her Majesty might think fit to appoint as official and 
 unofficial members of the Board. 
 
 The entire body of unofficial members resigned their seats in 
 November 1882, in consequence of the passing of a resolution by the 
 votes of the official members directing the payment from colonial funds 
 of one-half of the damages and costs in the suit for the seizure of the 
 schooner " Florence," by order of the Governor. (There was then one 
 vacancy in the number of unofficial members, and two were absent 
 from the island.) Petitions were forwarded from the inhabitants of 
 the principal towns to the Imperial Government in support of the 
 action taken by the unofficial members, and praying for the remodelling 
 of the Political Constitution of the colony. The consequence was the 
 passing of an Order by the Queen in Council, dated May 19, 1884, 
 in which it was declared that a new Legislative Council should be 
 constituted, which should consist of the Governor, the Senior Military 
 Officer for the time being in command of Her Majesty's regular troops 
 in Jamaica, the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, and the 
 Director of Public Works ; not more than five members nominated by 
 the Crown, and nine members elected by taxpayers of 20s. and 
 upwards. The island was by the said Order in Council divided into 
 nine electoral districts, and a member apportioned to each. 
 
 With the view of granting to the elected members substantial 
 power and responsibility in legislation, it was provided in the Order in 
 Council that where six elected members were agreed on a question 
 affecting finances the cx-ojjkio and nominated members should not be 
 required to vote ; and where the nine elected members were agreed on 
 any other question the same rule should be observed with regard to 
 the votes of the cx-officio and nominated members. As a further 
 
47 
 
 concession to the elective element on the inauguration of the new 
 system of government, only two nominated members were appointed — 
 namely, the Superintending Medical Officer and the Inspector of 
 Schools — -thus practically giving a majority of three elected members 
 in the Legislative Council. 
 
 The Governor of the island is President of the Legislative Council, 
 and six members and the President constitute a quorum for the 
 dispatch of business. Any member may propose any question for 
 debate unless it involves the raising or expending of revenue — this 
 latter power being vested in the Governor alone. 
 
 There is also a Privy Council consisting of the Senior Military 
 Officer, the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney- General, and such other 
 persons, not exceeding eight in number, as may be appointed by the 
 Queen. The only appointed member at present is Major-General 
 Mann, Director of Public Works. " The Governor is to consult in all 
 cases with the Privy Councillors, excepting only when the matter to be 
 decided would in his judgment sustain material prejudice by consulta- 
 tion or be too unimportant to require their advice." 
 
 The following is a list of the Legislative Council as at present 
 constituted : — 
 
 Ex-Officio and Nominated Members. 
 
 His Excellency Sir Henry Wylie Norman, K.C.B., CLE., Governor, 
 President. 
 
 The Hon. Major-General Somerset Molyneux Wiseman-Clarke, 
 Commander of the Forces. 
 
 Hon. E. N. Walker, C.M.G., Colonial Secretary. 
 
 Hon. Henry H. Hocking, Attorney-General. 
 
 Hon. Major-General J. R. Mann, R.E., C.M.G., Director of Public 
 Works. 
 
 Hon. Deputy Surgeon-General C. B. Mosse, C.B., Superintending 
 Medical Officer. 
 
 Hon. Thos. Capper, Inspector of Schools. 
 
 Elected Members. 
 Hon. Charles Salmon Farquharson, for Westmoreland and 
 
 Hanover. 
 Hon. James Miller Farquharson, for St. Elizabeth. 
 Hon. George Henderson, for Portland and St. Thomas. 
 Hon. Robert Craig, for Clarendon. 
 Hon. Emanuel George Levy, for St. Catherine. 
 Hon. William Malabre, for Kingston and St. Andrew. 
 Hon. John Thomson Palache, for Manchester. 
 Hon. Michael Solomon, for St. Ann and St. Mary. 
 Hon. Wellesley Bourke, for St. James and Trelawny. 
 
48 
 
 Previous to the admission of the elective element into the 
 Legislative Council, the Municipal Boards and the Boad Boards were 
 annually appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the 
 Custodes of parishes. These Boards discharged the parochial duties 
 performed by the elected Vestries and the old Commissioners of 
 Highways and Bridges previous to the abolition, in 1865, of the then 
 Constitution. 
 
 Since the recent change in the constitution of the Legislative 
 Council the Municipal Boards and the Boad Boards have been 
 abolished, and a Parochial Board has been established in each parish, 
 consisting of the person representing the electoral district in the 
 Legislative Council, the Custos of the parish, and from 13 to 18 
 persons elected by the taxpayers who are qualified to vote at elections 
 for the Legislative Council. In Kingston the Chairman of the Board 
 is styled Mayor, and the members are styled Councillors. The 
 Parochial Boards manage all the local affairs that have hitherto been 
 discharged by the Municipal and Boad Boards. 
 
 The estimates of the parochial expenditure are prepared by the 
 Parochial Boards under sanction of the Governor. These, with the 
 estimates of public expenditure, which are prepared by the Colonial 
 Secretary, under the instructions of the Governor, are annually 
 presented to the Legislative Council in the form of a Minute from 
 the Governor. After all the items are considered by the Council, they 
 are incorporated in an Appropriation Law, the schedule of which 
 becomes the Civil List of the year. 
 
 IV. — Law and Police. 
 
 The Judicial Establishment consists of a Supreme Court of 
 Judicature, an Admiralty Court, District Courts, and Courts of Petty 
 Sessions. 
 
 The Supreme Court has incorporated with it the High Court of 
 Chancery, the Incumbered Estates Court, the Court of Ordinary, 
 the Court of Divorce and Matrimonial Causes, the Chief Court of 
 Bankruptcy, and the Circuit Courts. The several divisions of the 
 Supreme Court, except the Circuit Courts, sit in Kingston at times 
 appointed by the Judges. For the purpose of the sitting of the 
 Circuit Courts the island is divided into parochial districts. There 
 are a Chief Justice and two Assistant-Judges, who divide the duties 
 of the Supreme Court by arrangements among themselves. 
 
 The Court of Admiralty has an organisation of its own. It is a 
 branch of the Admiralty Court of England. The matters in respect 
 
49 
 
 to which this Court exercises jurisdiction particularly relate to 
 seamen, pilotage, salvage, damages by ships, &c. It sits whenever 
 there is business to be disposed of. 
 
 For the purposes of the District Courts the island is divided into 
 six districts, consisting of adjacent localities. There are five District 
 Court Judges — the Junior Assistant-Judge of the Supreme Court 
 presiding in the Civil Division of the City of Kingston District Court. 
 A District Court Judge presides in each of the other District Courts. 
 
 Courts of Petty Sessions are held in the several parishes, and are 
 presided over by Stipendiary or Local Magistrates. 
 
 The Attorney-General and two Assistants act as Public Prose- 
 cutors. 
 
 Barristers, Advocates, and Solicitors practise in the several 
 Courts of the island. 
 
 The Police Force consists of 18 Inspectors and Sub-Inspectors, 
 and 673 Sub-Officers and Constables; 19 Water Policemen, and 1,080 
 Rural Policemen. They are under the command of an Inspector- 
 General of Police. 
 
 There are a General Penitentiary, two Gaols, and six other 
 Prisons in different parts of the island. A Government Reformatory 
 for boys is maintained at Stony Hill and one for girls at Admirals' 
 Pen, in St. Andrew. 
 
 V. — Taxation. 
 
 The principal heads of general revenue are import duties, excise, 
 and stamps. Taxes on houses, wheels, and horsekind are imposed for 
 parochial purposes. The revenue received for public or general pur- 
 poses during the financial year ending September 30, 1885, amounted 
 to £504,718, and for local or parochial purposes to £90,437 ; total, 
 £595,155. The expenditure during the same period was, for general 
 purposes, £470,353, and for local purposes, £92,348 ; total, £562,701. 
 
 The rate of taxation -was 16s. lid. per head of the population for 
 general purposes and 3s. per head for local purposes, making a total 
 of 19s. lid. per head. 
 
 VI. — Religion and Education. 
 
 There is no Ecclesiastical Establishment in the island, the Church 
 of England in Jamaica having been disestablished in 1869. 
 
 D 
 
50 
 
 The Church of England, or Episcopal Church in Jamaica, now 
 numbers 1 Bishop, GO Rectors, and 22 Curates — total, 83. These 
 Clergymen, assisted by Catechists and Lay Readers, officiate at 101 
 churches and chapels. The last returns showed a total of 29,080 
 registered members. The total revenue of the Church for the year 
 1884 was £27,484. The capital funds amounted in the year 1884 to 
 £55,725. There were 228 Elementary Schools in connection with 
 the Episcopal Church in Jamaica. 
 
 The Established Church of Scotland in Jamaica has 3 Clergymen, 
 who are stationed in Kingston, St. Elizabeth, and Manchester, and 
 about 1,500 communicants. There are 9 Elementary Schools in 
 connection with this Church. 
 
 The Roman Catholics have 29 stations and an accredited member- 
 ship of 9,292. These stations include the Convent of the Immaculate 
 Conception in Kingston, to which twelve Sisters of the Order of St. 
 Francis are attached. A Boarding School, a Middle-Class Day 
 School, and an Elementary Day School are kept by the Ladies of the 
 Convent. There are 11 other Elementary Schools attached to the 
 Roman Catholic Church, besides St. George's College, in North 
 Street, Kingston, for the higher education of Catholic boys. The 
 Vicar Apostolic and 11 other priests form the Clergy of the Roman 
 Catholic community in Jamaica ; they are all of the Society of Jesus. 
 
 The Wesleyans have 192 Chapels and other preaching places, 31 
 Ministers, 19,264 members, and 1,084 probationers. Their organi- 
 sation is now stjied " The Western Annual Conference." Their Day 
 Schools number 101, and their Sabbath Schools 103. The former 
 include the Colleges for bo}*s at York Castle, in St. Ann, and for girls 
 at Barbican, in St. Andrew. 
 
 The Baptist Missionary Society has 130 Churches and 5G Ministers. 
 The total number of communicants is 30,000, and the number of 
 inquirers 4,4G7. There are 92 Sunday Schools, with a roll of 1,407 
 teachers and 15,407 scholars. The Day Schools number 137, with an 
 average attendance of 5,918 pupils. Calabar College, for the education 
 and training of Ministers attached to this Mission, is situated in East 
 Queen Street, Kingston. 
 
 The United Presbyterian Church in Jamaica numbers 43 regular 
 Churches and 27 out-stations; these are scattered over 10 of the 
 parishes of the island. Thirty-one Missionaries, 8,577 communicants, 
 and 1,435 candidates for Church Communion are attached to this 
 body. They have 628 Sunday- School Classes, with GG2 teachers and 
 6,462 scholars. The Presbyterians have a Theological College in 
 
51 
 
 Kingston, where the candidates for their Ministry are educated and 
 trained ; and they have 75 Elementary Schools in different localities, 
 the larger number being in the parishes of St. Mary and Manchester. 
 
 The United Methodists' Free Churches have 34 stations and 9 
 Ministers. The membership numbers 3,081 communicants and 251 
 probationers. They have 32 Elementary Schools in connection with 
 then- Society. 
 
 The London Missionary Society has 15 Churches and a number of 
 out- stations and cottage meeting-houses ; 8 Pastors and 9 Catechists. 
 There are 2,927 accredited Church members and 761 candidates and 
 inquirers, with an attendance of about 1,669 pupils at the Sunday 
 Schools. The Elementary Day Schools number 22, and are principally 
 in Clarendon. 
 
 The Christian Church, or "The Disciples of Christ," have 15 
 Churches, with a membership of about 1,500. These Churches are 
 served by 7 Ministers. They have 8 Elementary Schools under 
 Government inspection. 
 
 The Moravian Church has 14 principal stations and 5 out- 
 stations ; they are all at the western end of the island, principally in 
 Manchester, St. Elizabeth, and "Westmoreland. The number of 
 communicants at the close of 1884 was 5,603, with 15,765 persons 
 in Church connection. There were 64 Schools, with 4,886 children 
 attending them. There is a Training School for Male Teachers at 
 Fairfield, in Manchester, and a similar Institution for Female 
 Teachers at Bethabara, in the same parish. At the close of 1884 there 
 were 12 ordained Missionaries in the Moravian Church in Jamaica in 
 charge of congregations. 
 
 There is a Government Training College in Spanish Town which 
 sends out an average of 8 trained Masters annually ; the number 
 of Students now in residence is 31. 
 
 There is also a Government Training College at Camperdown Pen, 
 in St. Andrew, for Female Teachers ; there are 21 Lady Students. 
 There is likewise a Training College for 30 Male Students at the Mico, 
 in Kingston. These institutions are strictly undenominational. 
 
 There are several Endowed Schools in the island where higher 
 and middle-class education may be had either free of all charges or 
 at nominal rates. There are the Jamaica High School, in St. Andrew, 
 the Mico and "Wolmer's, in Kingston, Titchfield and Merrick's, in 
 Portland, Munro and Dickenson's, in St. Elizabeth, Eusea's, in 
 Hanover, the Yere and Manchester Free- Schools, in Clarendon and 
 
 D 2 
 
Manchester, Smith and Beckford's, in St. Catherine, and Manning's, 
 
 in Westmoreland. 
 
 There are also a number of Private Schools where a superior 
 education may be obtained. The Church of England and Collegiate 
 High School and the Mary Villa College, in Kingston, are among the 
 leading schools of this class for boys ; the same remark applying to 
 the Wesleyan High School at York Castle, in St. Ann's, for boys, and 
 to the Wesleyan High School for girls at Barbican, in St. Andrew. 
 
 A Government scholarship is annually granted in Jamaica ; it is 
 confined to boys born in Jamaica, or of parents domiciled in Jamaica, 
 and resident there for five years preceding the day of examination. 
 This scholarship is of the value of £200 per annum for three years, 
 and enables the successful competitor to obtain a University education 
 in Great Britain. 
 
 In furtherance of education there is a public library in Kingston, 
 consisting of scientific, historical, and general literature. A large 
 collection of school books is included in these volumes. A museum is 
 attached to the institute, and lectures are periodically delivered by the 
 members and others on subjects bearing on the material interests of 
 the country. 
 
 YII. — The Public Health. 
 
 The Medical Department consists of a staff of medical officers at 
 the public hospital of Kingston and in the several parishes, all of 
 whom are under the direction of the Superintending Medical Officer. 
 
 The public hospital of Kingston is situated in North Street and 
 contains 200 beds. There are 18 public general hospitals situated 
 in convenient localities throughout the island, in which the labourers 
 employed on estates and the indigent poor are treated. These 
 hospitals contain a total of 1,090 beds. 
 
 Government dispensaries are established in remote districts, at 
 which the District Medical Officers attend on fixed days to give advice 
 and to dispense medicines at a moderate rate of fees. A poor person, 
 although not a pauper, who may be unable to attend at a hospital, 
 dispensary, or at the residence of a District Medical Officer, by reason 
 of serious illness or infirmity, is attended at his residence by the 
 District Medical Officer of his district, under certain regulations. 
 
 The lunatic asylum is at Piae Town, in the parish of Kingston ; 
 it is the finest building of the sort in the British West Indies; it has 
 accommodation for over 370 patients. 
 
53 
 
 Quarantine regulations are strictly maintained at the several 
 ports. There is a Lazaretto for the port of Kingston at Green Bay, 
 opposite Port Eoyal ; it stands on a projecting cliff overlooking the 
 harbour, and is some 50 to 60 feet above sea-level. The buildings are 
 capable of accommodating 68 persons. 
 
 The sanitary affairs of the island are directed and supervised by 
 a Central Board of Health which sits in Kingston. The Parochial 
 Boards, as the Local Boards of Health, carry out the recommendations 
 of the Central Board. The officers and sub-officers of the Con- 
 stabulary are Inspectors of Nuisances. There is a Commissioner of 
 Health for Kingston. 
 
 YHL— Trade. 
 
 The value of the merchandise and other articles imported during 
 the financial year 1885, - od thus : Value of imports from the United 
 Kingdom. -701.157 : from the Dominion of Canada. -177.172 ; from 
 the United States, £464,282; from other countries SS 762 
 of imports. £1,456,373. The following represents the value of the 
 principal articles imported : Foodstuffs, ^642. 500 ; clothing. * 424.900; 
 building materials 0; household necessaries. £54,500; furni- 
 
 ture, £18, 800 ; railway an - supplies, ^.31,000; t £29,500; 
 
 books, £ 9,800; Bp I oOO. 
 
 The export trade of the island stood thus in 1885 : Value of 
 exports to the United Kingdom. £532,971 : to the Dominion of 
 Canada, £65,775 ; to the United Btal - BE - bo other countries, 
 £214,865; total. £1,41 - - 
 
 The value of the total exports for the year 1885 were below those 
 of 1884 by £75,141. This is attributable to two cans 
 and lengthened drought which existed almost during the entirt 
 1885, inducing low production and the generally depn - 
 trade inducing low pr: - . 
 
 Sugar and rum (the principal - of the country) stood at the 
 
 head of the list of exports and in the following proportion to the total 
 of exports: Sugar, 22 per cent.; rum. 17 per cent. The other 
 products came in the following order : Coffee, 11 per cent. : fruit, 
 11 per cent.; dye woods. 11 per cent. : pimento, 4 per cent. 
 
 The subjoined return shows the quantity and value of the exports 
 during the year ended September "30. 1885. The articles were 
 exported in the following proportions to the countries named : United 
 
Kingdom, 37'2 ; United States, 42*2 J Dominion of Canada, 5*4; 
 other countries, 15*2 : — 
 
 Article 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Annotto 
 
 288,187 lbs. 
 
 
 £ 
 3,602 
 
 s. 
 
 ('» 
 
 d. 
 9 
 
 Arrowroot 
 
 9 c. q. 22 
 
 lbs. 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 Beeswax 
 
 1,107 c. 2 q. 9 
 
 lbs. 
 
 6,202 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Cattle, neat 
 
 109 no. 
 
 
 1,078 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cacoa 
 
 3,028 c. 1 q. 14 
 
 lbs. 
 
 6,359 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 Cocoanuts 
 
 5,115,872 no. 
 
 
 17,905 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Coffee 
 
 80,657 c. q. 22 
 
 lbs. 
 
 157,281 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 Fruit: Bananas 
 
 1,417,282 bunches 
 
 
 129,918 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 „ Limes ... 
 
 809^ barrels 
 
 
 323 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 „ Mangoes 
 
 166,705 no. 
 
 
 161 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 „ Oranges 
 
 22,614,390 no. 
 
 
 31,660 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 „ Pine-apples 
 
 8,883 dozs. 
 
 
 1,443 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 „ Shaddocks 
 
 15 barrels 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Ginger 
 
 12,313 c. q. 15 lbs. 
 
 20,168 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 Hides ... ... 
 
 376,327 lbs. 
 
 
 9,408 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 Honey 
 
 1,311 c. q. 26 lbs. 
 
 1,573 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 Horses and Mules 
 
 98 no. 
 
 
 2,039 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lance Wood Spars 
 
 6,685 no. 
 
 
 2,005 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Limejuice 
 
 54,934 galls. 
 
 
 2,060 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Pimento 
 
 87,447 c. q. 14 
 
 lbs. 
 
 53,867 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 Rum ... ... 
 
 2,080,471 galls. 
 
 
 234,052 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 Sheep's Wool 
 
 23,677 lbs. 
 
 
 493 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Sticks, walking 
 
 3,230 bundles 
 
 
 3,790 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Succades 
 
 45 c. 1 q. 5 lbs. 
 
 81 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 Sugar ... 
 
 499,717 c. 2 q. 15 
 
 lbs. 
 
 307,826 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Tamarinds 
 
 4,597 lbs. 
 
 
 84 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 Tobacco, Cigars 
 
 4,689* lbs. 
 
 
 1,993 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 „ Manufactured 
 
 2,019 lbs. 
 
 
 155 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 Tortoiseshell 
 
 3,311i lbs. 
 
 
 1,572 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 Turtle 
 
 1,487 no. 
 
 
 2,323 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 prepared and diied ... 
 
 4,788§ lbs. 
 
 
 696 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 Wood, Bitter 
 
 314 17-20 tons 
 
 
 496 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 „ Ebony 
 
 546 14-20 tons 
 
 
 1,640 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 „ Fustic 
 
 927 15-20 tons 
 
 
 2,690 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 „ Lignum vitee 
 
 520 19-20 tons 
 
 
 1,302 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 „ Log wood 
 
 56,605 15-20 tons 
 
 
 152,835 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 „ Mahogany 
 
 2,740 feet 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 Yam 
 
 24,021 c. q. 10 lbs. 
 
 10,809 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
The following figures, showing the quantities and values of the 
 principal items of produce of Jamaica exported in the years 1854, 
 1874, 1884, and 1885, will be interesting: — 
 
 K 
 
 - 
 
 X x -■£ c» 
 . - o a -: 
 z r* — t~ m 
 3 do to -' r-' 
 
 B 
 
 — 
 
 z 
 z 
 
 at 
 
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 -. 
 
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 -: g £ '- - 
 
 1 g - - = :~ 
 
 9 ~ -= — 
 
 zr — 
 
 
 a. t- eo x aa 
 
 ■ — c r s 
 z - - x - -: 
 
 ! ^ "" g 3 - 
 
 -" 
 
 : 
 
 
 i 
 ■- 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 > • s a 
 
 i 
 
 
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 ■o «t> e» a 
 
 - — 01 — - 
 
 — X" "T M" 
 
 >> 
 
 c a 
 
 | z 
 
 f- 
 
 © © e c 
 t; x a DB 
 
 0» b; "O DO 
 
 — .:" t" — " 
 
 — CD DO — 
 O t-; BD — _ 
 ,-* — — 
 
 — ?» 
 
 
 - 
 
 a 
 ■- 
 
 
 _ - - 
 
 X ~J t~ 
 
 _ t= S T 
 
 5 ~ ~z. ■■£ — ~. 
 i > £ 1 
 
 S 5 ?* = OB ?« 
 
 = : ■- — t- SB 
 
 3 - oi - 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 x Ok «0 --: 
 o r? t^ — cs 
 
 - _ s^ t~^ — _ x_ 
 
 ~i" ?*" x" t-^ 
 
 - — - - = 
 — — — r: 
 
 & ■ 
 
 - 
 - 
 
 !• S 
 
 c- DO X 
 
 r- OS 
 
 S — M t-^ 
 ^- X — — 
 
 X — 
 
 — — 
 
 < 
 
 - 
 x 
 
 m 
 
 | 
 
 - 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 DO O «-• CO 
 
 — t» a 
 t- -^ as 
 oa e> t-^ 
 
 - — 
 
 5 
 
 x ?j — t~ 
 ~ x n — 
 — . •-*_ «o *; 
 
 e> — x" ~ 
 
 — 
 — -. s — 
 
 >* 
 
 i : 
 i 
 
 a 
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 ^ o c ?» 
 
 - DO t- 
 
 ij x c~ x 
 Ob x" i£ 
 
 — 
 ~. — _ — 
 h iq ie 
 
 ■ 
 
 9t (> t> O 
 
 t^ ^ — 
 
 — r dd -r 
 c-^ o" c — 
 
 — S r 
 
 — M N CJ 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 O 
 
 ■ 
 
 > 
 
 © X ?1 M 
 ?» O T X 
 
 l= Ok X CM 
 
 © «©" x" l» 
 
 S • OJ> «c 
 
 DO — 
 
 s 
 - 
 
 > 
 
 U ■«- © — 
 >> — — DO r- 
 3 A *S - ~ ~ 
 
 8 3 a do dq x 
 a © © © e 
 
 >» 0t» «0 fc- fc» 
 
 2 * = = » • 
 
 3 - dc bi r o 
 r - - Oh ■* X 
 
 =: 
 < 
 
 > 
 
 
 — _ - _ ,«, _ _ _ i~ 
 ot-xx tt t» X X 
 xxxx xxxx 
 
56 
 
 The following table shows the imports and exports of the colony 
 for the years 1865, 1874, and 1880, and for each year thereafter : — 
 
 Year 
 
 Imports 
 
 Exports 
 
 1865 year 
 
 ended December 31 
 
 £1,050,984 
 
 £ 912,004 
 
 1874 
 
 „ September 30 
 
 1,762,817 
 
 1,442,080 
 
 1880 
 
 ii ii 
 
 1,475,197 
 
 1,512,979 
 
 1881 
 
 ii ii 
 
 1,392,669 
 
 1,178,593 
 
 1882 
 
 ii n 
 
 1,321,962 
 
 1,549,058 
 
 1883 
 
 „ „ 
 
 1,591,962 
 
 1,469,447 
 
 1884 
 
 ,, ii 
 
 1,548,707 
 
 1,483,989 
 
 1885 
 
 
 
 1,456,373 
 
 1,408,848 
 
 The shipping employed in the export trade of the island during 
 the year 1885, was as follows : — 
 
 
 Number 
 
 Tons 
 
 Crew 
 
 Steam Vessels ... 
 
 Sailing Vessels 
 
 370 
 
 333 
 
 320,371 
 75,806 
 
 13,360 
 2,813 
 
 
 703 
 
 396,177 
 
 16,173 
 
 The above tonnage, &c, includes the steam vessels of thirteen 
 lines of steamers that trade with Jamaica. By nearly all of these 
 steamships, mails are made up for all parts of the world. 
 
 The money of account in Jamaica is pounds, shillings, and pence 
 sterling. By the present law all silver coins under the value of 
 6d. current in Great Britain are a legal tender in the island to 
 the extent of 40s. in one payment, but to no greater extent (7 Vic, 
 chap. 51) ; and all copper coins current in Great Britain are a legal 
 tender to the extent of lid. in one payment, but to no greater extent 
 (6 Vic, chap. 40) ; but there is now no copper coinage current in 
 Great Britain, and the bronze coinage which has superseded it has 
 not been made current in Jamaica by proclamation. The other coins 
 current in the island are Spanish and Mexican doubloons of full 
 weight at £3. 4s. ; (Columbian and other Spanish and Mexican 
 doubloons are seldom worth more than £3 each) ; all American gold 
 coins of $5 and upwards at the rate of £1. Os. 6<7. for #5 (one-dollar 
 gold pieces are only current at 4s. Id.) ; gold coins current in Great 
 Britain and Ireland, and British silver crowns, half-crowns, florins, 
 shillings, and sixpences, all of which are a legal tender to any extent. 
 
 By Law 49 of 1869 the issue of a nickel currency of pennies and 
 half-pennies is authorised, and these coins are a legal tender to the 
 
57 
 
 extent of one shilling and of one sixpence respectively. Law 13 of 
 1880 authorises the issue of nickel farthings, which are a legal tender 
 to the extent of 3d. in one payment. 
 
 The coins in circulation are the following : — 
 
 British coins, gold and silver, of all denominations. 
 Gold doubloons (seldom seen). 
 
 Old Mexican, average 
 
 Columbian 
 
 Aliquot parts in proportion. 
 American (United States) gold (seldom seen). 
 
 Double eagle 
 
 Single 
 
 Half 
 
 Quarter ........ 
 
 Dollar 
 
 Jamaica — nickel coin : penny, halfpenny, farthing. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 IX. — Productions. 
 
 The total acreage of the island is 2,683,520 acres. Of this 
 270,000 acres are valueless, being in ponds, morass, rivers, rocks, and 
 cock-pits. Of the remainder (2,413,520 acres) 596,703 acres were 
 under cultivation and care during the year 1885, leaving 1,816,817 
 acres available for agricultural and pastoral purposes. 
 
 Coffee, pimento (or all-spice), ginger, and cinchona are the 
 principal productions of the higher elevations, whilst sugar, Liberian 
 coffee, cacao, spices, fruit, tobacco, nutmeg, cocoanuts, pine-apples, 
 and fibre-yielding plants are grown in the lower elevations and plains. 
 Interspersed with these are fields of guinea grass which afford 
 abundant nutritious food for cattle and horsekind. 
 
 Sugar. — In the early days of sugar manufacture in the island the 
 mills used for the expression of the cane were almost entirely worked 
 by horse-power, but there are only four or five estates on which this 
 mode of working mills still prevails, steam and water power having 
 almost entirely superseded it. The mills on 120 estates are supplied 
 with motive power by steam ; 40 by water ; 18 by steam and water ; 
 and one by wind. The separation of molasses from sugar is now 
 almost entirely effected by means of the centrifugal machine, although 
 the old method of standing casks of sugar in tiers and allowing the 
 molasses to gradually drain out through perforations in the casks is 
 still followed in a few instances. 
 
 The manufacture of sugar is the principal industry of the island, 
 but, owing to the beet-root competition, it is much reduced in price. 
 The quantity produced during 1885 was considerably less than that 
 produced in the previous year, owing to the cause just stated and to 
 
5a 
 
 the drought which prevailed in almost all parts of the island during 
 the entire year. The quantity exported was 499,717 cwt. of the 
 value of £307,826. 
 
 In addition to the sugar exported, a large quantity (estimated at over 
 10,000 hhds. a year) is consumed hi the island ; this is principally 
 produced by small settlers, who grow the cane on then small holdings, 
 and extract the saccharine matter by means of a rude construction 
 designated a " small sugar mill." 
 
 Rum. — The Jamaica Rum is the finest in the world, holding the 
 first place in all markets for quality and merit, and commanding a 
 higher price than the rum of any other country. The quantity ex- 
 ported hi 1885 was 2,080,471 gallons of the value of £234,053. In 
 addition to the rum exported about 4,000 puncheons are annually 
 made by the large proprietors for home consumption. The small 
 settlers do not manufacture rum from the sugar produced by them, as 
 the working of stills of a smaller capacity than 300 gallons is under 
 such legal restrictions as almost to be prohibited. 
 
 Coffee. — In the higher mountain districts coffee is grown which can 
 compete successfully with that grown in any other country. The 
 character of this coffee is indeed so well established, that notwith- 
 standing the fluctuations in price in the plantations at lower altitudes 
 the coffee from the higher and well-known localities (especially from 
 the Blue Mountains) for the most part remains at the same rates, 
 ranging from 120s. to 140s. per cwt. The exports during the year 
 1885 were 80,657 cwt. of the value of £157,282. 
 
 The coffee above referred to is the Arabian coffee ; but Liberian 
 coffee is being generally planted, and will soon occupy a prominent 
 position in the produce market. The Liberian coffee is successfully 
 grown in the plains, where labour is cheaper and more abundant than 
 in the high mountains, and where there are no difficulties and expense 
 in connection with transport. In addition to the coffee exported, a very 
 large quantity is annually consumed in the island, all classes of the 
 inhabitants being coffee-drinkers. This coffee is principally grown and 
 cured by the small settlers, especially those living in the parish of 
 Manchester. 
 
 Pimento. — The pimento, which is indigenous to the island, is not 
 only a very graceful tree, but a very remunerative plant in favourable 
 years. It grows without cultivation of any sort in ordinary pasture 
 land, especially in the high elevations. Ever since the Crimean war 
 of 1854 the demand for pimento in the European markets has been 
 considerably reduced, especially in Russia, where a large quantity of 
 this spico had been previously consumed, but under no circumstance 
 
59 
 
 can a pimento property become valueless to the owner. The plant 
 grows on land left to nature, and when it comes to maturity, on the 
 mere clearing of the ground of the bush the best of all natural grasses 
 in the island springs up spontaneously around the pimento trees, and 
 the pasturage, which was fruitless before, becomes of great value. The 
 value of the pimento exported in 1885 was £38,929 less than that of the 
 pimento exported in 1884, but this very large falling off was principally 
 due to the total failure of the pimento crop in the parish of St. Ann 
 owing to the drought and strong breezes. 
 
 Cinchona. — The lands on the Blue Mountain range, where the 
 quinine-yielding trees are being cultivated, enjoy a temperature 
 resembling that of an English May, and are, therefore, very suitable 
 for the successful growth of the plant. This department of cultivation 
 has not been twenty years in existence hi Jamaica. It was first 
 established under the direction of Sir J. P. Grant, and has since been 
 developed by Mr. D. Morris, the late Director of Public Gardens and 
 Plantations. Mr. Morris, in a recent paper, says : " Assuming that the 
 proper elevation has been selected and that the proper kind is culti- 
 vated, the result or the profit would be that at the expense of £100 there 
 could be put into the market 1,815 lbs. of bark, realising £363. This 
 is the expense which would be spread over the seven years from the 
 time of planting the tree to the removal of the bark. After the 
 establishment of the trees — about 1,210 to the acre — the expense be- 
 comes trifling and the return annual." 
 
 There are about 5,000 acres of land now in cinchona. Of these 
 143 acres constitute the Government Cinchona Plantation at Belle 
 Vue, and 2,688 acres are lands lately patented by the Government to 
 private individuals at nominal rates for the purpose of encouraging 
 the enterprise. The remaining acreage consists of private property, 
 situated principally in the parishes of St. Andrew, St. Thomas, Portland, 
 and Manchester. 
 
 Mr. Morris, in his last official report, stated that " most species of 
 cinchona, when established in suitable soils, appear to do well in 
 Jamaica, but evidently the most hardy and generally the most suitable 
 for the circumstances of the ordinary planter is cinchona officinalis, which 
 at elevations above 5,000 feet grows and thrives in a thoroughly 
 satisfactory manner. 
 
 Tea. — The cultivation of this plant is now being established on 
 some of the higher lands purchased from the Government for the pur- 
 pose of cinchona planting. The results of cultivation by the Govern* 
 ment so far have been most encouraging. A sample of camellia thca, 
 recently sent to England from the Government Botanic Gardens was 
 
60 
 
 pronounced by a firm of brokers (Messrs. George White & Company) 
 " to be of good flavour, and to combine to a great extent the peculiar 
 characteristics of a fine China black leaf and a Ceylon Pekoe 
 Souchong." 
 
 Bananas. — This is the most extensive and the most valuable fruit 
 interest in the island. The exports in 1875 were of the value of 
 £5,590 ; in 1880, £88,556 ; in 1884, £191,972, and in 1885, £129,917. 
 The temporary falling off in the latter year was attributable to the 
 prolonged drought and the general depression of trade. The Director 
 of Public Gardens, in reporting to the Government in 1884, stated that 
 " the development of the banana industry has brought into cultivation 
 large tracts of lands formerly lying useless or in ruinate, and it has also 
 been the means of circulating nearly £200,000 per annum in ready 
 money amongst all classes of the community." With ordinary care 
 and in favourable soil the net profit of banana cultivation is stated to 
 be about £15 per acre planted. 
 
 Oranges. — The export of oranges is increasing by rapid strides. 
 Several well-kept plantations are springing up, which will no doubt in 
 time yield fruit superior to any now exported ; but the trees yielding 
 the bulk of the present export of oranges from Jamaica are self-sown 
 seedlings, growing in cattle pastures or in the neighbourhood of coffee 
 and provision fields, and they receive little or no cultivation. The 
 value of the oranges exported amounts to over £30,000 per annum. 
 
 Pine-apples. — The cultivation of this valuable and luscious fruit is 
 greatly extending. During the year 1884 a fine selection of the best 
 English pines from Windsor Castle and Lord Carrington's nurseries 
 was introduced into Jamaica by the Government, and the plants are 
 now doing well. The smooth cayenne species is being introduced by 
 the Horticultural Society. In 1880 the value of the pine-apples 
 exported was £522 ; in 1885 it had reached £1,443. 
 
 Gocoanuts. — In a tropical country and along the sea-coast there is 
 no tree which is at once so picturesque and so useful for shade and 
 shelter and so valuable as a source of food for man and beast as the 
 cocoanut. If carefully planted in favourable situations the plant will 
 take care of itself and will cause no expense for management. An 
 acre of land will produce 60 plants, and these will yield nuts that will 
 realise about £10 per annum. Thus the cocoanut industry is capable 
 of being made most lucrative. Already it has an export value of 
 about £20,000, and a home consumption of about £10,000, so that 
 the cocoanut industry in Jamaica is at present of an annual value of 
 about £30,000. The thousands of acres of land bordering the sea- 
 coast of the island are capable of immense development in thin 
 direction. 
 
Gl 
 
 Other delicious fruits, such as the mango, the cherimoyer, the 
 naseberry, and the sweet sop grow in great profusion without any care 
 or cultivation ; some of these might, with care in packing, &c, become 
 articles of export, especially to the United States, which are within a 
 week's journey from Jamaica. The development of the fruit trade has 
 been very rapid. In 1867 the value of the fruits exported was £728. 
 Two years later an agency was established at Port Antonio (which was 
 then a decaying port) for certain fruit-houses in the United States, and 
 seven schooners were loaded with bananas. In the following year 
 cocoanuts and oranges were added, and since then the trade has gone 
 on progressively, and has extended itself throughout the island. 
 Several steamers are now engaged in this profitable business, the 
 greater part of the fruit being conveyed to New York, Philadelphia, 
 Baltimore, and New Orleans. The following table shows the progress 
 made in the fruit trade during the last ten years : — 
 
 
 Quantity 
 
 
 Value 
 
 Aeticle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 1885 
 
 1875 
 
 1885 
 
 Cocoanuts, no. ... 
 
 2,007,893 
 
 5,115,872 
 
 £5,599 7 
 
 3 
 
 £17,905 11 
 
 Bananas, bnchs 
 
 58,411 
 
 1,417,282 
 
 5,590 
 
 
 
 129,917 10 4 
 
 Limes, brls. 
 
 635 
 
 809* 
 
 254 
 
 
 
 323 14 
 
 Mangoes, no. 
 
 57,820 
 
 106,705 
 
 43 7 
 
 4 
 
 161 5 
 
 Oranges, no. 
 
 4,673,820 
 
 22,614,390 
 
 3,271 13 
 
 5 
 
 31,660 2 11 
 
 Pine-apples, doz. 
 
 389^ 
 
 8,883 
 
 116 16 
 
 
 
 1,443 9 9 
 
 Shaddocks, brls. 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 5 6 
 
 Tamarinds, lbs 
 
 4,082 
 
 4,597 
 
 204 2 
 
 
 
 84 16 
 
 
 
 
 £15,080 3 
 
 6 
 
 £181,501 15 
 
 Cacao was an important industry in Jamaica about a hundred and 
 fifty years ago, but it had so declined that twenty years ago the only 
 trees in the island were a few inferior kinds scattered here and there 
 in settlers' gardens. In 1867 the quantity exported was 133 cwt., 
 but 10 years after it had reached 375 cwt. of the value of £1,051. 
 Now the quantity exported is 3,028 cwt. and the value £6,360. 
 Messrs. Lewis & Peat (English brokers), in recently reporting on 
 samples sent them, stated that " before they named where the cacao 
 came from it was classified as ' high class Trinidad.' " 
 
 Fibre-yielding Plants. — Increased attention is being devoted to the 
 utilisation of the many native plants capable of yielding fibre. The 
 most promising plants appear to be the various species of agave 
 furcrcea, sansevieria, and the China grass or ramie (bcehmeria nivea). 
 Furcrcea cubensis is widely distributed in the island and especially in 
 the parish of Westmoreland, where it is known as " silk grass." The 
 common keratto yields a good soap as well as a fair fibre. The 
 
B2 
 
 bamboo is utilised also for fibre purposes, being exported in a crushed 
 state and packed by hydraulic pressure in convenient bales. The New 
 Zealand flax (phormium tenax) has been introduced, and is now 
 established at the Cinchona Plantation. 
 
 Woods. — A large business was done in Jamaica woods to the year 
 1875, when the quantity exported was 85,204 tons, of the value of 
 £265,211. Since then both the price and the quantity required 
 have considerably fallen. During the year 1885 the quantity exported 
 was 58,598 tons, of the value of £158,500 ; but this was larger than the 
 exports of the previous year, which were 47,080 tons, of £140,447 value. 
 The most valuable of the Jamaica woods are the yacca, the bullet tree, 
 (hard almost as a bone), the mahoe, juniper cedar, Santa Maria, 
 Spanish elm, the common cedar (from which cigar boxes and furniture 
 are largely made), lignum vitae, ebony, fiddle wood, yoke, prickly 
 yellow, broad-leaf, guango, soap wood, calabash and cashaw. 
 
 Medicinal Plants. — Plants of a medicinal nature are a marked 
 feature in the indigenous flora of Jamaica, and in works published from 
 1735 to the present time numerous references are made to the valuable 
 properties possessed by Jamaica plants. Eighty-seven samples were 
 exhibited at the New Orleans Exposition, among which was the semper 
 vivum (aloe vulgaris), which grows commonly throughout the island 
 and in the driest districts. Samples of the inspissated juice, prepared 
 by the officers of the Botanical Department, have lately been declared 
 in London and New York of good quality and of value as an article of 
 commerce. Sarsaparilla is also successfully grown in the parish of St. 
 Elizabeth and elsewhere. At the present price of sarsaparilla the 
 gross return is estimated at 30s. per plant, or at the rate of £50 per 
 acre. The quinine-yielding cinchona has already been noticed. 
 
 X. — Public Gardens and Plantations. 
 The Public Gardens and Plantations consist of the following : — 
 
 1. The Botanic Gardens at Castleton. — 600 feet above sea-level, in 
 the parish of St. Mary, 19 miles from Kingston, containing collections 
 of tropical plants, a palmetum, experimental grounds for economic 
 plants, and large nurseries for their successful propagation and 
 distribution. 
 
 2. Cinchona Plantations. — 4,500 to 6,300 feet above sea-level, on 
 the southern slopes of the Blue Mountains, in the parish of St. Andrew, 
 23 miles from Kingston. About 143 acres under cinchona cultivation 
 and 7 acres in jalap, tea, &c. Contain also nurseries for the propa- 
 gation and distribution of cinchona plants and timber and shade trees 
 for higher elevations. 
 
m 
 
 3. Hope Plantations. — 400 feet above sea-level, near the foot of the 
 hills in Liguanea Plains, 5 miles from Kingston, containing about 150 
 acres, of which 15 acres are under cultivation for propagating and 
 distributing new varieties of sugar cane ; nurseries for valuable timber 
 and shade trees ; also for fruit trees, pine-apples, and plants of Liberian 
 coffee and Trinidad cacao. 
 
 4. Palisacloes Plantation. — Occupying the long, narrow strip of land 
 enclosing the Kingston Harbour, about 5 miles long; extensively 
 planted with cocoanut palms. 
 
 5. Kingston Parade Garden. — A pleasure-garden and central park 
 in Kingston ; kept up with shade and ornamental trees, flowering 
 plants, tanks, and fountains. 
 
 6. Botanic Garden at Bath. — The old Botanic Garden of the 
 colony, established in 1774 ; still maintained as a station for the 
 distribution of seeds and plants in the eastern portion of the island. 
 
 7. King's House Gardens and Grounds. — Containing about 177 
 acres, of which about 20 acres are kept up as an ornamental garden. 
 Many valuable economic plants and fruit trees are also under cultivation, 
 as well as the rarer tropical palms. 
 
 These gardens and plantations form a department of the public 
 service and are maintained at the public cost. They are under the 
 control of a director, who is assisted by two superintendents and four 
 gardeners. 
 
 Plants are sold at the gardens and plantations at moderate prices. 
 For public institutions and for persons endeavouring to promote the 
 development of industrial products in the island, a number of valuable 
 introduced plants are available for experimental purposes at nominal 
 rates or free of cost. On special application to the director, plants 
 valuable in medicine or arts, and specimens required for artistic, 
 educational, or benevolent purposes, may be gratuitously supplied. 
 
 XI.— Lands. 
 
 Under two local laws all lands in the possession of squatters are 
 aken over by the Government, and all lands on which quit rents have 
 not been paid for five years and more are forfeited to the Crown. The 
 operations of these laws have placed the Crown in possession of over 
 80,000 acres of land, a large portion of which extends over the 
 northern part of the parish of St. Thomas and the southern part of 
 Portland. All this region consists of virgin lands, and is well-watered 
 with numerous springs and rivers. It possesses a most salubrious 
 climate, and ranges from 2,000 to G,000 feet in height, and it embraces 
 
64 
 
 some of the finest coffee land in the island. The geological formation 
 is chiefly of trappean and metamorphosed series, and it is of the same 
 character as the fertile coffee lands of the parishes of St. Andrew and 
 St. Thomas. It is rich in minerals ; copper, cobalt, and lead having 
 already been discovered in several places. The climate in the higher 
 parts is extremely cool, and is suited to the labour of white men in the 
 open air. European fruits have been cultivated in some of these 
 localities, and the Government Cinchona Plantations are situated on 
 portions of this land, which have already proved that cinchona bark 
 can be successfully produced in Jamaica. 
 
 The lands are offered for lease and sale by the Government at 
 the rate of 2s. an acre on the condition that " the grantee will 
 immediately upon entering into possession commence to establish the 
 cultivation of cinchona." If at the end of five years the grantee shall 
 have cleared and planted efficiently with cinchona a total extent of not 
 less than one-sixth of the land, the whole will be conveyed to him in 
 fee-simple without further charge. A number of enterprising planters 
 have availed themselves of these conditions, and have entered on the 
 cultivation of cinchona, with coffee, tea, and other products suitable to 
 the localities. 
 
 XII. — Postal and Telegraphic Communications. 
 
 The Post- Office Department includes the Inland Telegraph and the 
 Foreign Money-Order Branches ; the whole is under the management 
 of the Postmaster of Jamaica, who is assisted by 17 clerks. 
 
 There are 93 District Post-Offices. The postal rates are based on 
 a prepaid system ; they are uniform throughout the island. Twopence 
 is charged for a letter of a half-ounce ; 4d. for a letter of an ounce, 
 and 4d. for every additional ounce or fraction of an ounce. Letters 
 for office or town delivery, or for Spanish Town, Old Harbour, 
 Gordon Town, Cold Spring, Port Royal, Halfway-Tree, Up-Park 
 Camp, Linstead, Ewarton, May Pen, Four Paths, and Porus are 
 charged Id. for the half-ounce, and 2d. for every additional ounce or 
 fraction thereof. A post card for town or office delivery is charged l^d., 
 and for any distance inland Id. Newspapers pass within the island 
 ^d. each. 
 
 Letters for Great Britain, the Canadian Provinces, the British 
 'West India Islands, the United States of America, and all other 
 countries that are within the Postal Union are conveyed by steamer at 
 a uniform rate of 4d. for every half-ounce. Newspapers not exceeding 
 4 ounces are carried at Id., and every additional 4 ounces or fraction 
 
65 
 
 of an ounce is charged Id. additional. Post cards are permitted 
 transmission at ljd. per card. 
 
 There are daily mails between Kingston and Spanish Town, Old 
 Harbour, Halfway-Tree, Gordon Town, Cold Spring, Port Eoyal, Up- 
 Park Camp, Linstead, Ewarton, May Pen, Four Paths, and Porus, 
 and tri- weekly posts between the other parts of the island. 
 
 There are 40 Telegraph Sub- Stations. The charge for telegrams 
 throughout the island is Is. for the first 20 words, and M. for every 
 additional 5 words. 
 
 Money-orders are issued from the General Post- Office for the 
 United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, British 
 Guiana, Barbados, and Turks Islands. Money-orders for British 
 India, Australia, South Africa, and the other principal British Colonies 
 are paid through the General Post-Office in London. (Inland Money- 
 orders are issued through the Public Treasury.) The Parcels-Post 
 system is now in operation between Jamaica and Great Britain, and 
 parcels up to 7 lbs. in weight can be sent at a postage charge of 9d. 
 per lb. 
 
 XIII. — Means of Communication. 
 
 I. In Jamaica. — (1) By railway. — A Government railway runs 
 from Kingston to Spanish Town, a distance of 13 miles, whence one 
 branch goes as far as Porus, in the parish of Manchester, distant 50i 
 miles from Kingston, and a second branch runs to Ewarton, in St. 
 Catherine, at the foot of Mount Diablo, distant 30£ miles from 
 Kingston. (2) By carriage or on horseback. — There are livery stables 
 in Kingston and most of the large towns. (3) By mail coach. — Various 
 lines of road are now traversed by mail coaches. (4) Tramcars. — 
 These are confined to Kingston and the immediate neighbourhood. 
 (5) Coastal steamer. — A steamer leaves Kingston every ten days on a 
 trip round the island, going eastward and westward alternately, and 
 calling at the principal ports. 
 
 II. To ok from Jamaica. — (1) Eoyal Mail Steam Packet Company. — 
 The vessels leaving Southampton (England) every alternate Thursday 
 reach Kingston on every alternate Sunday, and vessels which leave 
 Kingston every alternate Wednesday reach Southampton in about 
 17 days. (2) West India and Pacific Steamship Company. — Steamer 
 leaves Liverpool for Kingston once a month on a day fixed by 
 advertisement, calling at St. Thomas and Port-au-Prince. (3) French 
 Line. — Steamers arrive at Kingston on the 13th of each month, after 
 touching at St. Thomas, Ponce, Port-au-Prince, and Santiago de Cuba ; 
 
 E 
 
GO 
 
 they leave Kingston on the 16th of each month. (4) Canard Steam- 
 ship Company. — The steamers sail monthly from Halifax, Nova Scotia; 
 Bermuda, Turks Islands, and Jamaica, returning by the same route a 
 few days after their arrival in Jamaica. (5) Atlas Steam Company. — 
 The steamers sail from Kingston to New York and back every fortnight ; 
 the voyage takes 6 to 8 days. 
 
 XIV. — Points of Topogkaphical Interest m Jamaica. 
 
 A stranger arriving at Kingston, Jamaica, and desirous of seeing 
 something of the island, is often in a difficulty to find suitable 
 information to enable him to visit points of interest without loss of 
 time. If the visitor has only a short time at his disposal, he would be 
 compelled to confine himself to points of interest within easy access of 
 Kingston, and in such case could not do better than visit one or more 
 of the following places : — 
 
 The Cantonment of Newcastle, at an elevation of from 3,800 to 
 4,500 feet above the sea, is about 14 miles from Kingston, of which 
 9 miles consist of a good carriage road to the village of Gordon Town, 
 where ponies can be hired to ride up the beautiful valley of the Hope 
 Paver. From Cold Spring Gap, above Newcastle, a view of the north- 
 side of the island may be obtained if the fog will permit. 
 
 The next point of interest is the Bog "Walk Valley, through which 
 the Rio Cobre flows, and up which the railway to Ewarton passes. 
 To see this valley properly, the journey should be made by the 
 carriage road. The usual course is by rail to Spanish Town, where 
 a carriage may be hired to proceed up the Bog Walk, at the lower 
 entrance of which is the dam or head works of the Rio Cobre Irrigation 
 Canal, and at the upper end is the Gibraltar Rock, through which 
 the Ewarton Railway passes by a tunnel half-a-mile long. While 
 passing through Spanish Town, a visit might be paid to the public 
 buildings, including the old "King's House," the old Legislative 
 Council Chambers, the Cathedral, &c. 
 
 Another delightful drive is over Stony Hill, down the valley of the 
 Wag Water River, along the carriage road known as the "Annotto 
 Bay Junction Road," to the Castleton Botanical Garden. This garden, 
 maintained by the Government, is -well worth seeing, and the scenery 
 along the road is very beautiful. The trip to Castleton and back to 
 Kingston is easily accomplished hi one day. 
 
 If the visitor is interested in the growth of cinchona, a great 
 portion of the mountains and much beautiful scenery may be seen 
 
67 
 
 by a trip to the Government Cinchona Plantation, which is on the 
 Blue Mountain Range, about 5 miles in a straight line east of Newcastle. 
 
 A very pretty waterfall and precipitous gorge may be seen on the 
 Cane River, 2 miles north of the little village on the Windward 
 Road, 7 miles from Kingston. 
 
 Should the visitor have time at his disposal, and desire to take a 
 trip round the island, we would suggest his " doing " the eastern 
 side of the island first. 
 
 Starting from Kingston, the road is most uninteresting until you 
 arrive near Morant Bay, in the parish of St. Thomas ; from this 
 point the country is mostly cultivated, and the scenery picturesque, 
 with the great Blue Mountain Peak to the northward until arrival at 
 Bath, an inland village. Here the most important object of interest 
 is the warm bath of St. Thomas the Apostle, of which an account is 
 given in another part of this Handbook. 
 
 An excursion into the mountains from Bath, over the bridle road 
 known as the Cuna-Cuna Road, is most interesting. This road passes 
 over a wild and very mountainous district, and, crossing the main 
 ridge, enters the valley of the Rio Grande, which discharges on the 
 north side of the island. This district will be found replete with 
 objects of interest for the naturalist, the geologist, and the botanist. 
 
 Continuing the journey eastward from Bath for about 7^ miles, 
 the top of Quaw Hill is reached. From this point a lovely view 
 may be obtained of the sugar estates in the Plantain Garden River 
 district, and the east end of the island with the lighthouse. The 
 road hence to Port Antonio passes more or less within view of the 
 sea, and is one of the most lovely drives in the island. Port Antonio 
 is a pretty and thriving town, and has a fine harbour. 
 
 The road from Port Antonio to Annotto Bay crosses the beautiful 
 Rio Grande, one of the finest rivers in the island, and passes through 
 the villages of Hope Bay and Buff Bay, and mostly skirts the sea. 
 There is some pretty scenery along this road, but the distant mountain 
 scenery is particularly beautiful. 
 
 The eastern end of the island is extremely mountainous, and 
 there are some lovely spots to be seen up the ravines and gorges of 
 these mountains. 
 
 Should the visitor care to take a ride into the interior, we would 
 suggest one up the Rio Grande to the Maroon village called Moore 
 Town ; and, should he care to see some of the mountain fastnesses, 
 a walk up the Stony River to the site of old Nanny Town, although 
 a work of great labour, will amply repay the trouble. 
 
 K 2 
 
G8 
 
 From Annotto Bay the main road turns inland until, at a distance 
 of about 12 miles, the thriving seaport town of Port Maria is reached. 
 From Port Maria the road continues through the parish of St. Mary 
 to the "White River, which is the boundary of that parish and of the 
 adjacent parish of St. Ann. The White River Falls are very beautiful 
 and well worth the attention of the visitor ; those at Prospect are 
 about 2 miles off the main road, and the great cascade at Cascade 
 Pen is about 5 miles from the main road. 
 
 The main road continues through the parish of St. Ann, along the 
 seaside to the village of Ocho Rios, which is a very pretty place. 
 Much lovely scenery will be seen through the parish of St. Ann, and 
 the Roaring River Falls, near the main road, 4 miles east of St. Ann's 
 Bay, are a grand sight which no visitor to Jamaica should miss. 
 
 The town of St. Ann's Bay is prettily situated on rising ground, 
 and is growing in importance. A trip through the parish of St. Ann 
 will be found extremely enjoyable. We therefore suggest that the 
 tourist should take the road from St. Ann's Bay or Ocho Rios to 
 Moneague, where he should sleep, and starting at four o'clock on the 
 following morning be at the top of Mount Diablo at daybreak, so as 
 to witness one of the most extraordinary sights in Jamaica — namely, 
 the conversion of the district of St. Thomas-in-the-Vale, which lies at 
 the foot of the hill on the other side, into a lake of fog, which any 
 stranger might take for water. From this spot the Ewarton Railway 
 Station is only 5 miles distant, so the tourist may either return by 
 rail, or, what would be better, retrace his steps to Moneague and 
 thence follow the great interior road through St. Ann's to Brown's 
 Town, a very pretty and thriving interior village, whence the road 
 passes to Stewart Town, on the boundary line of the parish of 
 Trelawny. Below Stewart Town the Rio Bueno rises — an immense 
 body of water bursts forth in a deep pool from under a precipitous 
 rock ; this is quite a curious place, and well worth the time it will 
 take to visit it. 
 
 The seaside road from St. Ann's Bay towards the west passes 
 through the villages of Runaway Bay and Dry Harbour, and crosses 
 the Rio Bueno by a fine bridge at the village of that name. Two 
 miles to the eastward of Dry Harbour a very remarkable cave is 
 situated near the southern side of the road. This cave is very 
 extensive and beautiful, and the several passages underground may 
 be traversed for a long distance; of course, a guide and candles would 
 be necessary. 
 
 The road from Rio Bueno continues westward, through some fine 
 BUgar estates, to the village of Duncans, and thence reaches the town 
 of Falmouth, which is a large and regularly built seaport town. The 
 
69 
 
 court house here is considered the finest in the island. Falmouth 
 was once a very flourishing town, but Montego Bay, in the adjoining 
 parish of St. James, is now its successful rival in trade. 
 
 The western districts of Trelawny, and the northern and central 
 parts of St. James, are well cultivated, and the visitor will see some 
 fine sugar estates. Montego Bay, the chief town of St. James, is very 
 prettily situated, and the harbour has been much improved of late 
 years ; this place does a considerable trade. The road from Montego 
 Bay follows the seacoast to Luc-ca, one of the prettiest little towns in 
 Jamaica ; the harbour is small but perfectly land-locked. 
 
 From Montego Bay the main road across the island leads to 
 Montpelier and the " Great River," which is the boundary of St. 
 James and Hanover. Here is a very fine bridge, after crossing which 
 there are two roads, one going to Savanna-la-Mar, and the other to 
 Black River. We would suggest the traveller taking the road to 
 Savanna-la-Mar ; it passes through a beautiful and well-cultivated 
 country, and there are some very fine residences along this road. 
 The other road to Black River also passes through some very pretty 
 country. The chief object in taking the Savanna-la-Mar road is to 
 see that town, and also to have an opportunity of visiting some of the 
 fine sugar estates of Westmoreland, which is perhaps the most 
 prolific sugar district of the island. Savanna-la-Mar is the shipping 
 port, and a considerable amount of business is done here. 
 
 The road from Savanna-la-Mar to Black River furnishes some fine 
 views, particularly about Bluefields. The western end of the island is 
 rich in cultivated scenery, while that of the eastern end is wild and 
 mountainous. At the town of Black Paver, the river of that name 
 debouches, and there is a fine bridge over it near its mouth. A row up 
 this large river to and beyond the " broad water " is worthy the 
 attention of the tourist, particularly to one unaccustomed to the wild 
 and tangled vegetation of its banks. The Black River is the finest 
 river in the island ; it has a tortuous course of over 40 miles, of which 
 about 30 are navigable for good-sized boats. 
 
 From Black River the main road, which (like all the other main 
 roads in the island) is extremely good, passes northward through 
 Lacovia ; but we would suggest the tourist taking the road through 
 Fuller's Wood, Clareinont and Pedro Plains for the purpose of visiting 
 the "Lover's Leap," a sloping precipice 6,160 feet high, the base of 
 which is washed by the sea. This spot is situated on the beautiful 
 property of " Yardley Chase," where a well-conducted sanitarium is 
 maintained. The roads from " Yardley Chase " through the Santa 
 Cruz Mountains are good, and there is much lovely scenery. We 
 
70 
 
 ■would suggest the road past Potsdam School and northwards to the 
 village of Santa Cruz ; here the main road is again entered ; this will 
 lead through the beautiful pastures of Gilnock, Goshen, and Pepper 
 to the foot of Spur Tree Hill, at the boundary of the parish of Man- 
 chester. This is, perhaps, the most trying piece of road that the 
 visitor will have experienced in his travels, as in a distance of about 
 2i miles an elevation of about 1,300 feet has to be overcome. The 
 road, however, is a good one. 
 
 Once at the top of Spur Tree Hill, the tourist is fairly in the 
 parish of Manchester, and, following a good road for 8i miles farther, 
 the picturesque village of Mandeville (so named after the son of the 
 Duke of Manchester) is reached. This place is 2,130 feet above the 
 sea. Here the visitor will find good accommodation, and enjoy a 
 delicious climate, and, as the surrounding country is very beautiful, 
 he might spend two or more days here with advantage. 
 
 From Mandeville a fine road leads to Porus at the eastern foot of 
 the Manchester mountains. Porus is the western terminus of the 
 railway from Kingston, w T hence Kingston can be reached in tw 7 o and a 
 half hours. We would, however, suggest that the visitor continue in his 
 buggy southward to the Milk River Bath, of w r hich an account is given 
 elsewhere in this Handbook ; this is a most remarkable mineral 
 spring, and the Government maintains here an establishment for the 
 benefit of those persons needing the use of these waters. 
 
 From Milk River Bath a visit in the sugar districts of Vere will 
 be most interesting. If the visitor is fond of adventure, a visit to the 
 Portland Cave will amply repay him. This cave is situated at the 
 foot of the Portland Ridge at the south-eastern extremity of the 
 district of Yere, and is quite a curiosity ; it has many passages and 
 may be traversed for long distances, the stalactites and stalagmites 
 are extremely beautiful. From Vere a splendid road passing the two 
 curious rivers called Salt River and Cockpit River leads to Old 
 Harbour, whence there is a line of railway to Kingston, and this will 
 complete the tour of the island to Kingston. 
 
 XV. — Provident and other Societies. 
 
 There are associations throughout the island for the aid of widows 
 and orphans ; the granting of medical and pecuniary assistance to the 
 respectable poor, and the relief of distress, generally. Among these 
 may be named the Women's Self-Help Society, the Kingston Dis- 
 pensary, the Charity Organisation Society, and the Jamaica Masonic 
 Benevolence. 
 
71 
 
 There are also a number of mutual aid societies in Jamaica. 
 Among these are a Life Assurance Society, a Fire Insurance Society, 
 seven Building Societies, a Marine Insurance Company, and a People's 
 Discount and Deposit Company. In addition to these several institu- 
 tions there are 11 branches of Foreign Life Assurance and 18 branches 
 of Foreign Fire Insurance Societies doing business in the island. 
 
 A Government Savings Bank exists in Kingston, with branches 
 in the several parishes. There were on September 30, 1885 — 15,511 
 individual depositors, besides the charitable societies, clubs, and 
 public functionaries investing in their official capacities ; the amount 
 deposited during the financial year was €223,135. The assets of 
 the Bank on the date named amounted to £360,190. Penny Banks 
 are also in operation in the several districts ; these are principally 
 held at schools, and are under the management of ministers of religion 
 and other influential gentlemen. On September 30, 1885, there were 
 59 Penny Banks in operation, with 13,922 depositors. 
 
 XYI. — Natural History of Jamaica. 
 
 1. Birds. — The number of species of birds found in the island is 
 189. Of this number 43 are presumed to be peculiar to Jamaica, as 
 they are not known to have been found elsewhere. It is quite impos- 
 sible to give the list of these birds in this small publication, but it may 
 be found in the " Handbook of Jamaica *' for 1881, pp. 103 to 117. 
 
 Space affords opportunity only of giving the common names of 
 those birds, which, as the late Dr. Ghamberlaine, by whom the list was 
 compiled, says, " are most commonly followed by sportsmen." They 
 are the following — the wild Guinea bird, the quail, the white-belly 
 dove, the baldpate pigeon, the peadove, the ground dove, the mountain 
 witch, the ring-tail pigeon (" the most luscious dainty of his class or 
 of any other ") the blue pigeon, the white-wing pigeon, the mountain 
 partridge, the two-penny chick, the coot, the Jamaica heron, rails, 
 plovers, snipe, ducks of ruany kinds, the butter bird, sand-pipers, the 
 pecheere, and parrots. 
 
 Gosse in his work, "A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica," pays 
 tribute to the singing birds of the island in the following graceful 
 words: — " The groves and fields of this sunny isle ring with the 
 melody of birds to a degree fully equal, in my judgment, to that of 
 Europe. In the lone forests the ' glass-eye merle * pours forth a rich 
 and continued song ; and that mysterious harmonist, the 'solitaire,' 
 utters his sweet but solemn trills, long drawn and slow, like broken 
 
72 
 
 notes of a psalm, so perfectly in keeping with the deep solitude. In 
 the woods that cover, as with an ever- verdant crown, the lower hills, 
 the ' black strike ' and the ' cotton tree sparrow ' enunciate their clear 
 musical calls so much alike as scarcely to be distinguished, four or 
 five notes running up the scale so rapidly as to be fused as it were 
 together, and suddenly falling at the end. Here too sits the ' hopping 
 dick ' and whistles by the hour together a rich and mellow succession 
 of wild notes, clear and flute-like, like his European cousin the black- 
 bird. . . . But there is one master-musician, whose varied notes 
 leave the efforts of his rivals at an immeasurable distance behind him. 
 It is he that makes our sunny glades and shady groves eminently 
 melodious by night and day, sustaining almost the whole burden 
 himself. He is the nightingale of the western world, the many-voiced 
 mocking bird. . . If all the birds of Jamaica were voiceless, except 
 the mocking bird, the woods and groves and gardens would still be 
 everywhere vocal with his profuse and rapturous songs." 
 
 There is a Birds' and Fish Protection Law in force in Jamaica, 
 under which the killing of certain birds is prohibited, and a close 
 season is prescribed for others. The sporting birds, enumerated above, 
 are in the second class. 
 
 2. Fishes. — Almost all writers on Jamaica have united in praising 
 the variety, abundance, and superior quality of our sea and river fish. 
 
 In " The Present State of Jamaica," by a Thomas Malthus, pub- 
 lished in London in 1683, the following extract occurs : " There is 
 store of fish both in the sea and divers rivers, not much common to 
 England, but a kind of lobster, crawfish, eels, mullets, and Spanish 
 mackarel, with abundance of all sorts of admirable fish proper to 
 those seas. Tortoise are taken much on this coast but chiefly at the 
 Island Caj-manas, 30 leagues to the west of this island, whither the 
 vessels go May, June, and July to load of their fish that they pickle 
 in bulk, and take them in that season when they come on shore to 
 lay then eggs, which they do, and cover them with sand that hatches 
 them, and then by instinct they crawl to the sea, where they live and 
 feed on weeds that grow to the bottom or float." 
 
 Sloane writing as quaintly says: "I knew not, neither have I 
 heard, of any place where there are greater plenty of freshwater or 
 seawater fishes than in the island and on the coast of Jamaica, which 
 is a great providence and contrivance for the support of the inhabi- 
 tants, the temperature of the climate and air hindering the salting, 
 preserving, or drying provisions as in other countries." 
 
 Saltwater fish.— The Calipeva, or "Jamaica salmon," as it has 
 
73 
 
 been called from its appearance, is classed among the mullets and 
 generally held the finest fish of the island. It ranks among three 
 special Jamaican dainties, the other two being the ring-tail pigeon 
 and the mountain or black crab. 
 
 June fish attain the largest size of any kind usually brought to 
 market. The Hon. Mr. Ccke mentions one captured off Long Acre, 
 in St. Elizabeth's parish, which weighed 314 lbs. gross, and they 
 have been harpooned off Port Royal measuring 6 feet in length. It 
 is regarded as excellent for the table when weighing from 10 to 20 lbs. 
 
 Grunts appear to be more common in the local market than 
 other kinds of fish. With them are associated the croakers and 
 drummers, all deriving their names from the singular sounds they 
 produce. 
 
 Snappers also furnish a constant supply at all seasons, and are in 
 good request for the table. Mutton, black, grey, and pot snappers are 
 among the favourite varieties. 
 
 Silts constitute a very important proportion of the fisherman's 
 harvest all round the island. 
 
 The kingfish is one of the handsomest and richest taken in these 
 waters. 
 
 The barracouta in its prime is by many considered equal in merit 
 to the kingfish. It is taken at all seasons and on all parts of the 
 coast. The name "is spelt in various ways, but the form above is 
 adopted from that published in the Royal Navy List as the title 
 borne by one of Her Majesty's vessels, and most likely to be correct 
 according to the derivation. 
 
 Freshwater fish. — The freshwater fish proper exhibit but little 
 variety compared with those of the streams and rivers of other regions, 
 nor are the few indigenous kinds especially abundant. The reasons 
 probably are the precipitous and broken nature of most of the water- 
 courses in the island, as well as the constant alterations and dis- 
 turbances taking place in the channels from bad slides and floods. 
 
 Foremost amongst the freshwater fish are the two kinds of mullets — 
 the " momitain mullet" and the " hog-nose mullet." The mountain 
 mullet is a very delicate fish ; the flesh is remarkably sweet and white, 
 and the roe is a most recherche morsel. In general it is found nearly 
 as large as the fish itself. The mountain mullet seldom exceeds 10 
 inches in length, and weighs half a pound, and in some instances 
 above a pound. 
 
 The hog-nose mullet of the Rio Grande, the Swift, and Spanish 
 Rivers, are certainly the largest and perhaps the sweetest. The head 
 
74 
 
 and neck are a mass of rich, sweet, gelatinous substance. The flesh 
 has always been esteemed a dainty of no ordinary kind, and so it is. 
 The length of the hog-nose mullet taken out of the Swift River, 
 below the " Fish Done," will often measure 23 inches and usually 
 weighs from 2 to 4 lbs. It is designated by this name on account 
 of the elongation or projection of the cartilage of the upper mandible 
 considerably over the lower, ending in a blunt point, with which 
 contrivance it turns up mud, or the fallen leaves frequently found 
 in conglomerated heaps, &c., in search of its ordinary food. The 
 mandibles are supplied with strong, short teeth of a conical shape, 
 irregularly set. 
 
 3. Insects. — Jamaica is singular for the great number of its insect 
 forms and the fewness of the individual members of each species ordi- 
 narily seen. Occasionally a species will occur in great force but very 
 locally, however, and for only a short time. It is practically almost 
 useless to chase insects here ; the nature of the country, the thickness 
 of the vegetation, and the heat are such as to forbid it. A collector 
 has, therefore, to keep a sharp look-out, and seize any opportunity of 
 securing an insect which may present itself. 
 
 Beside coleoptera, lepidoptera, and hyruenoptera the island is rich 
 in species of the other orders of insects. The number of spiders is 
 considerable, and includes some very pretty and curious examples, but, 
 as far as is known, no attempt has been made to work them out. 
 
 It may be of interest to state that the larvae of Protoparce 
 jamaicensis is very destructive of the tobacco plant here; the larvae of 
 Eutliisanotia tim<tis not unfrequently destroy all the lilies in a garden 
 in a few days; that of HybUxa puera is common on the yoke or oak 
 tree (Catcdpa longisiUqua), sometimes denuding large trees of their 
 leaves ; the larva? of PhaktUwra hyaiinata attack cucumbers, often 
 completely destroying the vines, and the larvae of Hymenia per' 
 spcctalis are destructive of edible calalu. 
 
 4. Shells. — No part of the world possesses richer conchological 
 treasures than Jamaica, or offers more tempting prospects to the 
 explorer for shells. The land shells are unsurpassed anywhere else 
 for beauty and variety, and comprise no less than 221 inoperculates 
 and 240 operculates (exclusive of numerous recognised varieties) 
 discovered up to the present time. Not more, on the average, than 
 one-third of the area of the shell-bearing districts has been explored as 
 yet, and the remainder constitutes untrodden ground where splendid 
 rewards await the collector. Several generic forms are peculiar 
 to the island, whilst the specific forms, with the exception of about a 
 dozen small ones, are to be found nowhere else. Stoostoma (except 
 
75 
 
 4 species in Haiti and Porto Eico, and 1 of the subgenus Electrina 
 far away in the Philippines), Sagda (except the subgenus Odontosagda 
 in Haiti, more properly coming under Zonites), Geomclania (except 1 
 species of the subgenus Blandiella in Demerara), Sucidclla, and Jamaicia 
 belong to Jamaica exclusively. It is the metropolis of the beautiful 
 C3 7 clostomas with a decollated spire and delicately frilled lip, known as 
 Clioanopoma, and of Alcadia among the Helicinidae, with its curious 
 slit or notched lip, and sickle-shaped or toothed columella. There is a 
 superb collection of the land shells of Jamaica hi the British Museum, 
 presented by the late lamented Mr. Chitty, formerly one of the Judges 
 of the island ; and a complete catalogue of the species up to this time 
 found, arranged, however, according to the classification in the mono- 
 graphs of Pfeiffer, appears in the " Handbook of Jamaica " for 1883. 
 
 In these days of rapid locomotion but a few months would be taken 
 up in a trip from Europe to Jamaica, and in going back laden with an 
 ample collection of these lovely objects. Land shells occur in amazing 
 numbers in the limestone districts, which constitute the greater part of 
 the island. After becoming acquainted with their habitats, the 
 collector may easily obtain a rich harvest of many genera and species 
 in a single day ; while his work will be done amidst the magnificent 
 scenery of our favoured island, and he will be securing a fresh lease of 
 life by inhaling its refreshing and invigorating mountain breezes. If 
 desirous of collecting the sea-shells, the collector will have but a few 
 hours' travel to undergo in transferring himself from the interior to the 
 seashores, which present every variety of station suited to marine 
 species, of which nearly all those of the entire Caribbean Province are 
 easily to be collected in Jamaica, from the littoral to no very great 
 depths. They are of transcendent beauty, and many of them are still 
 rare in cabinets. 
 
 It may be added that Ehizopoda, Polycystina, Spongidae, and 
 indeed nearly all the groups of the sub-kingdom Protozoa, are repre- 
 sented in great profusion in Jamaica — a single haul of the net or bag 
 rarely fails to bring up very many new forms. Legions of the more 
 splendid members of the Ccelenterata offer themselves to the hand of 
 the collector. If time is left, it may be profitably employed hi exploring 
 the Bowden and Clarendon beds, which, especially the former, abound 
 in marine Tertiary fossils still as perfect as on the day of their 
 entombment. 
 
 5. Jamaica stock. — The breeding of cattle and horses has had 
 
 great attention from penkeepers, and the breed has been greatly 
 
 mproved from time to time by the introduction of superior stock from 
 
 England and America. At the present time our neat cattle and 
 
76 
 
 thorough-bred horses will compare favourably with those of most 
 countries, whilst they undoubtedly surpass the stock in the rest of the 
 West Indies. 
 
 The best cattle are reared in the parishes of St. Ann, Manchester, 
 and St. Elizabeth, the Guinea grass in those parishes being very fine 
 and the climate well suited to the growth and development of fine 
 stock. The fattening capabilities of the parish of St. Catherine, 
 particularly in the Salt Pond and St. Dorothy districts, are well known. 
 The markets of Kingston and Spanish Town are supplied with beef 
 chiefly from cattle brought from St. Ann, Manchester, and St. 
 Elizabeth, and fattened in St. Catherine. There are other districts in 
 the island in which on a more limited scale neat cattle are reared, 
 notably in St. Mary, Trelawny, Westmoreland, and Hanover, the herd 
 of pure-bred Herefords at Knockalva in the last-named parish being 
 the finest in the island, the six-year-old steers weighing from 1,500 to 
 2,000 lbs. 
 
 The horsekind in Jamaica is the finest in the West Indies. As in 
 the case of cattle, so in that of horses, the parishes of St. Ann, Man- 
 chester, and St. Elizabeth have been found to produce the best stock. 
 The racing stock come almost entirely from these three parishes ; and 
 the horses of Hanover and Westmoreland are excellent and hardy 
 stock for general use. Some of the best Jamaica racing- stock have 
 been exported to Demerara, Barbados, Trinidad, &c, where they have 
 always distinguished themselves. Three Jamaica race-horses have 
 lately been exported to Mexico, 
 
 Mules are bred all over the island, but on a more extensive scale 
 at the regular grazing farms. The mules of St. Elizabeth and 
 Manchester are in great demand, because they are as a rule good- 
 tempered, hardy, and cheap ; whilst the mules of Hanover, and 
 notably those bred at Knockalva, on the borders of Westmoreland, are 
 generally considered to be the finest in the island. 
 
 The following table shows the number of horsekind and horned 
 cattle in Jamaica on which poll-tax was paid in the several years from 
 1880 to 1885, both inclusive :— 
 
 Year ending September 30, 1880 135,353 
 
 1881 138,244 
 
 1882 145,714 
 
 1883 140,901 
 
 1884 138,450 
 
 1885 140,923 
 
 This return does not include cattle and horsekind used on estates 
 in the island, nor animals under one year of age, as these are not 
 subject to taxation. 
 
77 
 
 6. Wild animals. — The only wild animals found on the island at 
 its conquest by the British troops were cattle, horses, hogs, and Indian 
 conies. Of these only hogs and Indian conies remain in a wild state. 
 Wild hogs abound in the upper parts of the parishes of Portland and 
 St. Thomas, and are also to be found in the backwoods of St. Ann, 
 Trelawny, and St. Elizabeth, where they often do great damage to the 
 provision grounds of the peasantry. Some of them grow a great size ; 
 indeed there is evidence that they have attained the height of 3 
 feet. The Indian cony, which is good eating, is found in rocky 
 localities, chiefly in limestone districts. They abound in the lowlands 
 of St. Catherine, in the St. John's mountains, in Upper Clarendon, 
 Portland, St. Ann, and Trelawny. 
 
 In dealing with wild animals, perhaps mention should be made of 
 the iguana and the mungoose. The iguana, which is a large lizard 
 from 2 to 4 feet long, and much esteemed for the delicacy of its 
 flesh, is found only on the Healthshire Hills of St. Catherine. The 
 mungoose was introduced from India at a comparatively recent date 
 for the purpose of destroying rats on sugar estates, and has spread all 
 over the island. 
 
 
Appendix. 
 
 A.-THE CLIMATE OF JAMAICA. 
 
 By DR. J. C. PHILLIPPO. 
 
 ** Jamaica," says Scoresby Jackson, a well-known English physician, 
 " offers a great variety of climate, and is therefore one of the best of the West 
 India Islands for invalids to reside at who can afford to move from place to 
 place in order to put themselves in the most advantageous positions as 
 regards their temperament and diseases. Scrofulous children and persons 
 threatened with consumption but in whom there is no active disease might 
 well be sent there. Persons suffering from bronchial affections, as well as 
 persons in whom the constitution is not materially implicated, might derive 
 benefit from a sojourn in Jamaica." 
 
 A residence of thirty years in the lowlands enables the writer to cor- 
 roborate every word just quoted, and to state in addition that he has seen 
 many in whom there were symptoms of active tubercular mischief who have 
 been alleviated and even cured when due attention has been paid to the 
 necessary hygienic laws. 
 
 Within a radius of a few miles we can obtain dry mountain situations 
 with cheerful aspects, extensive views of tropical scenery, an invigorating 
 stimulating atmosphere suitable to the hypochondriac and dyspeptic, and 
 moist mountain situations for the nervous and those who suffer from a dry 
 and irritable condition of the air-passages ; dry inland and seaside situations 
 for the luco-phlegmatic and those who suffer from copious bronchial dis- 
 charges, saline and sulphurous baths in the lowlands for the rheumatic and 
 gouty, and chalybeate waters in the mountains for the anaemic. 
 
 Open-air life. — Over and beyond these advantages Jamaica permits at 
 all times an open-air life, for in the mountains as well as in the plains, all 
 the windows and doors are kept open during the day with free ventilation 
 during the night. There are few days in the year in which open-air exercise 
 cannot be taken in some way or other, and while we should hardly advise 
 Europeans and Americans to sleep in the open air, our soldiers both native 
 and European have often been placed under tents, in seasons of epidemics, 
 with advantage. 
 
 It is the open-air life that really cures so many invalids who go to the 
 various watering-places and summer resorts in Europe and America ; it is 
 the open-air life that renders England's summers so beneficial to the invalid 
 who has been shut up during the cold and dreary whiter months, and we 
 venture to affirm that an open-air life in Jamaica, with the pure and rare 
 
80 
 
 atmosphere of its mountains, will do far more for the invalid than a resi- 
 dence in Egypt, Syria, Mentone, Nice, or Spain for the European, or 
 Minnesota, Nassau, or even Florida for the American. 
 
 Sea-breezes. — Jamaica heing an island in the tropics is of course warm, 
 but the hottest days and nights in the lowlands, except during the rainy 
 seasons of April and May, September and October, are tempered by the sea 
 and land-breezes, the former of which sets in from 10 to 11 a.m. and lasts 
 generally until 5 to 6 p.m., and sometimes even all night, whilst the latter 
 commences at about 8 p.m. and lasts until 6 or 7 in the morning. 
 
 Professor Parkes, in his excellent work on Hygiene, states as the result of 
 his examination as head of the Army Medical Department of Great Britain, 
 that for several years there were but 15| perfectly calm days at Up-Park 
 Camp, the Military Station near Kingston, whilst the velocity of the sea- 
 breeze according to Mr. Maxwell Hall, the Government Meteorologist of the 
 Island, is generally from 2 to 4 miles per hour during the winter months 
 and from 5 to 6 in June and July. 
 
 Temperature. — Throughout the whole island the temperature is generally 
 equable all the year round, the mean maximum in the lowlands being from 
 83° to 86° during the day and the mean minimum from 08° to 70° during 
 the night. Of course there are hours when the maximum will be much 
 higher and the minimum much lower, but rarely does the thermometer go 
 above 90° during the winter months, and then but for a very short time, the 
 average maximum being about 80°. The diurnal range in the lowlands is 
 considerable, being from 15° to 16°, but as the lowest temperature is generally 
 at about two or three in the morning, when most people are in bed, the fall 
 is not much felt. 
 
 In the mountains the temperature varies according to altitude and 
 exposure to the north winds, which come down pretty severely in January, 
 February, and sometimes in December and March, but the diurnal change 
 is by no means so great as in the lowlands. Thus at the Government 
 Cinchona Plantation, at Bellevue, at an altitude of 4,850 feet at a distance of 
 about 20 miles from Kingston, the daily range is not more than about 
 11° on an average. During the winter months, for 3 years, the mean 
 maximum during the day was from 64° to 08° and the mean minimum at 
 night from 53° to 57°. 
 
 Humidity. — The humidity of the atmosphere is always a matter of great 
 importance, and in this too we can show an immense advantage over the 
 more northern sanitary resorts, for of course the higher the temperature the 
 less is the humidity felt. In Kingston, Professor Parkes gives the mean 
 degree of humidity as 65° in the years 1870-73, and in 1883 it was about 77°, 
 whilst at Boston, U.S., with a temperature of 20° it is not uncommon for 
 the humidity to stand at 77°. 
 
 Humidity is scarcely felt in the lowlands, and fogs are never seen along 
 the southern coast. 
 
 In the mountains the amount of humidity is very much influenced by 
 
81 
 
 their position, exposure, and the presence or absence of rivercourses, 
 ravines, and ranges, particularly the latter, for while some mountain ranges 
 attract the clouds which roll along them, as does the central range which 
 forms the backbone of the island, there are small and lower parallel and 
 cross ranges which do not. Some of these ranges may be very near the 
 central or main range and yet not being directly of it, they do not attract 
 anything like the same amount of cloud, moisture, and rain. 
 
 Bainfall.—Mr. Maxwell Hall, M.A., F.B.A.S., the Government Meteor- 
 ologist, who has carefully compiled all the meteorological reports of the 
 island for the last four years, and has had access to nearly all the meteor- 
 ological reports kept by private individuals for many years before, divides 
 the island for the registration of rainfall into four districts, stating that this 
 distribution was observed and described by Sir Hans Sloane 200 years 
 ago. 
 
 From Mr. Hall's observations I conclude that whilst in the southern 
 division the rainfall during the six winter months averages somewhat above 
 2 mches per month, that for the west central is somewhat above 3 inches, 
 for the northern nearly 5 inches, and for the north-eastern over 8 inches per 
 month. The southern division is thus undoubtedly the driest, and its 
 mountain ranges most delightful as to temperature, especially the St. 
 Catherine, Clarendon, Manchester, and St. Elizabeth ranges. 
 
 Health resorts. — In the latter, a cross range, called the Santa Cruz 
 Mountains, is to be found one of the driest climates in the world, at an 
 altitude of 2,500 feet, a mean annual maximum temperature of 75'3 , and a 
 mean annual minimum of 6G-8°, with but 38*25 inches of rain for the whole 
 year. In this district and in a similar district in the northern division called 
 the Dry Harbour Mountains of St. Ann, the soil is dry, with a porous lime- 
 stone beneath, through which the rainfall quickly percolates ; the air is simply 
 delicious, and the driving roads are excellent. 
 
 According to Dr. Clark, of Santa Cruz, the climate is very similar to that 
 of Algiers plus the altitude. Earely do Europeans suffer from disease of 
 any kind in our mountains; they are a perfect Paradise for children, and 
 frequently do those who live in the lowlands regain in them the strength, 
 elasticity, and tone of which a long residence m the invariable, rather than 
 the excessive, heat of the plains has deprived them. Dr. Eobb, the Prin- 
 cipal of the Presbyterian College in Kingston, in an article on the Climate of 
 Jamaica in the Handbook for 1883, gives, as an instance of European 
 longevity, the fact that on one day, in the mountains of St. Ann, eight men 
 met, most of whom were English and Scotch, of whom none had been a 
 shorter time in the island than 43 years, most of them 50, and whose 
 united ages amounted to 579 years ; and Dr. Clarke, of St. Elizabeth, in 
 an article on the same subject in the Handbook for 1884, says that during 
 a residence of 14 years in the Santa Cruz Mountains no death from fever had 
 occurred in his practice, and that on one occasion he had on his visiting list 
 7 Europeans and 2 natives whose ages added together amounted to 751 years. 
 
 F 
 
82 
 
 Instances of tins kind can be multiplied indefinitely, and are known to almost 
 everyone who lias lived for any time in the country as occurring not only in 
 the mountains but also in the lowlands. Here old age finds a kindly equable 
 clhnate and flourishes accordingly, and, strange to say, it forms one of the 
 largest items in our bills of mortality. 
 
 Bate of mortality in Jamaica, — A general registration has only been 
 kept for the last 5 years, and we cannot therefore give any longer record, 
 but the following results as published by the Eegistrar- General gives a pretty 
 fair idea of the normal state, the years 1879-80 and 1880-81 being whooping- 
 cough years — seasons of epidemic : — 
 
 1878-79 mortality per 1,000 23*9 
 
 1879-80 „ „ 27-0 
 
 1880-81 „ „ 26-0 
 
 1881-82 „ „ 20-0 
 
 1882-83 „ „ 23-0 
 
 giving an average of 23"9 per 1,000 of population. 
 
 Of course some places are more healthy than others, and, strange to say, 
 the much-maligned Port Eoyal shows, according to Dr. Scott, late Officer of 
 Health of the parish, a mortality from all diseases in the whole town, leaving 
 out those who came from abroad ill with fever and died in the Naval 
 Hospital in — 
 
 1881 per 1,000 of population 15-1 
 
 1882 „ „ 16-3 
 
 1883 „ „ 19-1 
 
 an average of 16*8, by no means large compared with many of the seaports 
 in more northern countries. 
 
 Invalids and others who seek Jamaica in order to escape the ills of 
 winter, are often doubtful whether in attempting to escape Scylla, they may 
 not fall into Charybdis ; whether in point of fact the diseases indigenous to 
 the climate may not prove more fatal than those which they desire to avoid, 
 alleviate, or cure. Precautions are necessary in every climate, and if those 
 which are taken elsewhere by those whose vital powers are below par are 
 taken in Jamaica, there is no fear that they will get those fevers which have 
 been so fatal in past times, in the West Indian tropics, and which still 
 occasionally crop up, though no longer in the severe epidemic form which 
 characterised them then, and which they still exhibit in other countries. 
 
 It cannot be denied that fevers do arise spontaneously in certain localities 
 amongst unacclimatiscd Europeans who have most probably exposed them- 
 selves to several and generally to the whole of the following conditions — viz. 
 exposure to the midday heat, wet clothes, wet feet, fatigue, exposure at night 
 to the chills and malaria arising from lagoons and swamps after sunset, and, 
 above all, intemperance in drink. Let him avoid these conditions, and the 
 European will avoid fatal fevers. 
 
 In Jamaica there are no large cities with large immigrant populations 
 crowded together in lodging-houses, lanes, courts, and alleys, as in Buenos 
 Ayres, Rio de Janeiro, Peru, Cuba, and other states and cities of America ; 
 
83 
 
 and our soldiers are no longer crowded together in ill-ventilated barracks 
 as in former days, so that disease does not get infective strength from 
 condensation. 
 
 Numbers of travellers have been through the length and breadth of the 
 island, who, by a simple obedience to the advice of old residents and atten- 
 tion to those hygienic rules which they would follow as travellers in other 
 lands, have not only been free from illness of any kind, but have returned 
 to their homes strengthened and improved in health ; in spite of all the 
 inconveniences that have to be borne in a country where travellers are few 
 comparatively, the population scarce, scattered, and poor, and travelling 
 accommodation in consequence comparatively destitute of those conveniences 
 and luxuries which travellers consider necessary in these days. 
 
 Next in importance to the presence or absence of fevers fatal to Europeans 
 in the island, comes the question as to the presence or absence of the disease 
 which in Europe and America is even more fatal and more widespread than 
 these — namely, tubercular diseases and more particularly phthisis or con- 
 sumption. This disease is here, as elsewhere, one of the most fatal and 
 most common. People born in the most favoured climates are not exempt 
 from it. " Even the inhabitants of Nice," says Jourdannet, himself a 
 Frenchman, " are not free from pulmonary tubercle. Phthisis is not rare 
 on the shores of the Mediterranean, but let an individual come to these 
 favoured spots, from the rigorous climate endured for a long time, and he 
 will find all his functions at ease in the midst of a milder temperature." 
 
 Jamaica as a resort for invalids. — Instances aboimd in this country of 
 persons who have come from Europe and America, who have found relief and 
 health even in the lowlands, and to a greater extent in the mountains ; and 
 the development of the disease has been arrested in the persons of their 
 children and their children's children. 
 
 Owing to the fact that there is but about one qualified medical man out 
 of Kingston to 10,000 or 11,000 of the population, and that the people are 
 scattered throughout the island, far away from medical men, and as a body 
 unable to avail themselves of their services, from 80 to 86 per cent, of the 
 registered deaths are not authoritatively certified, and the registers are 
 therefore doubtless very erroneous as to the real causes of death when the 
 diseases are complicated or unknown to the informants. 
 
 Consumption, however, is by no means unknown to the unscientific, and 
 less error is likely to be made about it than other diseases. 
 
 All diseases, however, of the respiratory organs of a chronic character are 
 generally called consumption or decline, and chronic diarrhoea from whatever 
 cause is associated with it as " downward decline." 
 
 We may therefore conclude that the Eegistrar's entry of phthisis or 
 consumption rather errs on the side of excess than otherwise. 
 
 For the last 5 years the number of deaths from this disease has 
 amounted to between 1,000 and 1,100 in a population of 000,000 averaging 
 about 1*59 deaths per 1,000, whilst the average of 10 years in Ireland was 
 
 F 2 
 
84 
 
 1-8, in England 22, and in Scotland, 2*8. The average to the total number 
 of deaths being 7 per cent, in Jamaica, 10'2 per cent, in England, 11-1 per 
 cent, in Ireland, 12-2 in Scotland, and 10 to 11 per cent, in Canada. 
 
 The mortality from phthisis varies in various districts in this as in other 
 countries. 
 
 Thus in the last-named country the average to the total mortality is 3'7 
 per cent, as the lowest and 17 per cent, as the highest. 
 
 Here in the parish of St. Elizabeth, which comprises a large area of 
 lowland and swamp, as well as the far-famed Santa Cruz Mountains, it 
 amounts to - 8G per 1,000 per annum, and on its mountains about nil, whilst 
 in the parishes, all of them partly lowland and partly mountain, it rises until 
 it reaches to 3*9 per 1,000 in Kingston. This, however, is partly due to the 
 fact that, being the chief city as well as parish, it is resorted to by many who 
 seek for domestic service, because they are unfit for field labour, and are 
 suffering from the disease in its incipient stages or are in search of cure. 
 That this disease is not increasing is shown by the fact that the Eegistrar's 
 returns show a steady proportion of 1*9 per 1,000 of the population during 
 the last 5 years, and that according to the observations of Dr. Lampriere, 
 of the Army Medical Staff, who resided in Spanish Town, in the plains of 
 St. Catherine in 1795 and 1796, it amounted to 2*33 and 2-73 per 1,000, 
 whilst during the last 5 years it has been on an average 2 - l in the same 
 district. 
 
 These statistics show no immunity from phthisis amongst our population ; 
 but when it is remembered that there are but about 14,000 of unmixed 
 European descent, and that these are for the most part in comfortable cir- 
 cumstances so far as food, raiment, and lodging are concerned, whilst the 
 native negro population generally live under less fortunate circumstances, it 
 can be readily understood in which class- the mortality from phthisis is 
 greatest, and how small the percentage must be amongst those from more 
 northern climes who have made this island their home. The mortality 
 among the black troops is about 3 to 1 of the white. Whilst we can thus 
 hold out inducements to persons suffering from bronchial and incipient 
 tubercular diseases to make our island a temporary and even a permanent 
 place of residence, we by no means lack inducements for those who suffer 
 from gout and rheumatism. The mere fact of the equability of our tempera- 
 ture is sufficient to show how desirable a climate it is for those who are 
 compelled during the long winter months to be shut up in close and heated 
 rooms. Gout and rheumatism are by no means rare even here amongst our 
 natives, but, as it has been said before, with regard to other diseases, the 
 change from a more rigorous climate has a wonderful effect on the stranger. 
 Here, at all events, the gouty and rheumatic can enjoy the fresh air, and we 
 can offer him, in addition, medicinal baths which have, even on our seasoned 
 natives, and still more on visitors from Europe, the West India Islands, 
 Honduras, and all the Central American States, a most beneficial effect. 
 
 Many who have visited us as cripples have left us cured, at all events for 
 
85 
 
 a time, of their infirmities, and most grateful to our little island for the 
 benefits derived from her medicinal springs. 
 
 Jamaica is famed for its springs. Its very name is derived from the old 
 Indian word for " the Land of Springs" and not a few of them are more or 
 less medicinal. 
 
 Of these, however, but a few are in any request ; the principal being a 
 sulphurous sodic-calcic thermal, at the Village of Bath ; a saline calcic 
 thermal, at Milk Eiver, in Vere ; a cold saline calcic, at Port Henderson, 
 near Kingston ; a strong chloro-calcic, in St. Ann's ; and an acidulous 
 ferro- aluminous, hi the mountains of St. Andrew. 
 
 The mineral springs of Jamaica. — 1. The Bath of St. Thomas the 
 Apostle is situated near the village of Bath, in the parish of St. Thomas 
 some 20 miles from Kingston by a good driving road, but reached more 
 easily by the coasting steamer, which lands passengers some 8 or 10 
 miles from it. There is no hotel in the village, but board and lodgings are 
 to be obtained at a small cost in clean and comfortable cottages. It is rather 
 a pretty West Indian village, the cottages being all of two storeys, on one side 
 of the main road, which is bordered on each side by an avenue of Otaheite- 
 apple, breadfruit, and mountain cabbage trees. Though not more than 
 170 feet above the level of the sea, the air is pure and pleasant hi certain 
 seasons of the year, but, as the district lies below the Blue Mountains, it is 
 more than usually humid and rainy. It should therefore be visited by 
 invalids only during the months of February, March, April, June, and August, 
 as then there is no chance of getting a wetting in going to and from the 
 springs. They are also in these months hotter, and contain a larger amount 
 of their mineral constituents. 
 
 The bath-house is about 1^ mile from the village, and is reached by 
 a pretty-good driving road, which passes through a narrow gorge to a deep 
 ravine in which the springs rise. 
 
 These, some cold and some steaming, run across the road beyond the 
 bath into the Sulphur Eiver below. The house is in good order, having two 
 large sitting-rooms, plainly furnished, in the upper storey, for the accommo- 
 dation of visitors, and five bath-rooms on the ground floor, each containing 
 a plunge bath, two of marble for ladies, and three for gentlemen. 
 
 Into these baths the water from the hot springs is led by means of a 
 stone gutter, the hottest water coming from the kettle at a temperature of 
 132° Fahr. The kettle is so called because it is covered in by stonework, 
 and has an iron lid at its apex, which when lifted gives exit to a considerable 
 volume of steam. 
 
 The springs may be ranked among the hot sulphuro-sodic-calcic waters, 
 and in some respects resemble those of Bath in England, and the Salt Lake 
 springs in Utah, but are more closely allied to the Eaux Bonnes and Eaux 
 Chaudes in the Pyrenees, of which Pidoux, the eminent physician and 
 balneologist, states in his work on phthisis "that by the rare combination 
 in them of the sulphites of lime and soda they furnish the most beautiful 
 problem in therapeutics, the most powerful remedy hi phthisis." 
 
8G 
 
 Be this as it may, there can be no doubt of the value of this class of 
 waters in various diseases, and these, according to Dr. Sibly, for many years 
 physician to the bath, " are almost magical." They are stimulant and highly 
 beneficial in many chronic complaints, and a great variety of skin diseases, 
 chronic rheumatism and gout, amenorrhea, and chlorosis, syphilitic diseases 
 of all kinds, and diseases of the spleen and liver caused by malaria. Long, 
 who wrote a history of the island in 1774, describes it as " sending a 
 thrilling glow through the whole body," and states that " its continued use 
 enlivens the spirits, and sometimes produces almost the same joyous effects 
 as inebriation, on which account some notorious topers have quitted their 
 claret for a while, and come to the springs merely for the sake of a little 
 variety in their practice of debauch, and enjoy the singular felicity of getting 
 drunk with water." 
 
 Bath was the resort of the gay and wealthy in those days, who had neither 
 the desire nor opportunity of reaching Europe by the slow trading ships, but 
 is now only visited by those who require its healing waters or desire to see 
 it from curiosity. According to Professor Turner, who analysed this water 
 many years ago under considerable disadvantages, as it was sent him in a 
 bottle closed by an ordinary cork, one pint contains — 
 
 Carbonate of soda ... ... ... '21 gr. 
 
 Chloride of sodium ... ... ... 1*48 
 
 Chloride of potassium ... ... ... "04 
 
 Sulphate of soda ... ... ... *79 
 
 Sulphate of calcium ... ... ... *62 
 
 Silicate of soda ... ... ... '45 
 
 Organic matter, baregine and glairine, undetermined, sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen undetermined, and almost identical results were arrived at by the island 
 Chemist, Mr. Bowrey, a year or two ago. 
 
 2. Milk River Bath is situated in the parish of Clarendon, near the sea- 
 coast and on the banks of the Milk Biver, which is navigable by small vessels 
 only. It can be reached by the coastmg steamer from Kingston which makes 
 the trip in a few hours, or by a land journey of 30 miles by rail and 7 by 
 
 driving road. 
 
 There is no hotel at the bath, but there are several houses near the springs, 
 which are kept in good order and tolerably well furnished and provided with 
 beds, clean bed and table linen, cook and butlers, by the Government under 
 an old arrangement with the donor of the spring, at the small charge to 
 visitors of Is. Qd. per diem each, leaving them to provide for themselves or 
 to make arrangements with the matron, who will supply breakfast, dinner, 
 and tea for $1 to £H per diem. 
 
 The invalid should avoid the rainy months of October, November, and 
 December, and the mosquito months of May, June, and July ; and would do 
 well to provide himself with a hired vehicle so as to move about at his will, 
 and obtain such extra supplies as he may require from the neighbouring 
 village, where there is a Post-Office and Telegraph Station. 
 
87 
 
 The mineral spring at Milk Eiver Bath is a saline calcic thermal with 
 a temperature of 92°, and is very similar in its constituents and its effects to 
 the warm springs of Madison County, North Carolina, and is stronger and 
 hotter than the Lebanon springs of New York and the healing springs of 
 Bath County, Virginia, all of which are highly esteemed in the United States. 
 
 Instances are innumerable of the cures effected by it of sufferers froni 
 gout and rheumatism from all parts of the island, as well as from England, 
 the United States, and Canada, the neighbouring islands, and the Spanish 
 Main. Many who have been carried into it have after three or four baths 
 been able to walk about by themselves, and others have left their crutches 
 behind them for the benefit of new comers. 
 
 Some of these have gone so far as to rank it superior to the thermal 
 saline waters of Hamburg, Wiesbaden, Kissingen, and Bourbonne from their 
 own practical experience so far as gout is concerned ; and there is no doubt 
 but that some alteration in the structure of the bath and evaporation of the 
 water would even give it some of the valuable action of the Kreuznach 
 Waters so much recommended by Scanzoni for scrofula, glandular 
 disorders, and uterine tumours. The analysis published by the Directors as 
 furnished them lately by Savory and Moore, of London, gives the following 
 mineral constituents in one pint of water : — 
 
 Chloride of potassium ... ... ... 1*44 
 
 Chloride of magnesium 
 Chloride of sodium 
 Chloride of calcium 
 Sulphate of soda 
 
 37-08 
 
 186-93 
 
 13-50 
 
 27-80 
 
 besides traces of lithia, bromine, and silica ; an amount of mineral con- 
 stituents far superior to the waters of Schlangenbad, in Nassau, and the King's 
 Bath of Bath, in England. 
 
 3. The Jamaica Spa, consisting of two accidulo ferro-aluminous springs, 
 is situated in the mountains some 4 hours by driving and riding roads 
 from Kingston at an altitude of about 3,000 feet. The springs belong to 
 Government, and were many years ago in great request ; but the buildings 
 have been allowed to decay, and lodgings are scarce, so that they are very 
 little known though they are of great value and interest. 
 
 Unlike the chalybeate springs of Europe, they contain a great deal of 
 alum, in which peculiar property they resemble the alum springs of Virginia, 
 while they contain a much larger amount of iron than most of them. 
 
 One pint of this water contains four times as much iron as St. Moritz, in 
 the Engadine and Schwalbach, more than twice as much as any of the 
 springs of the Spa in Belgium, as much Epsom salts as Pyrmont, and 
 300 times as much alum as Pyrmont and St. Moritz ; Spa and Schwalbach 
 having none. 
 
 It is cool and colourless, but leaves a red deposit on standing for a time 
 in the glass ; is not at all disagreeable, being rather sharp, giving an astringent 
 sensation to the gums, the iron and saline constituents being distinguished 
 
after taking the glass from the lips rather than during the process of 
 drinking. 
 
 The following analysis, made by Professor Turner many years ago, gives 
 
 the mineral constituents in one pint of water : — 
 
 Carbonate of lime ... ... ... -868 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia ... ... ... 2*831 
 
 Sulphate of iron ... ... ... 2*21 
 
 Sulphate of alum ... ... ... 4-168 
 
 Organic matter ... ... ... Undetermined 
 
 a combination of qualities which render it invaluable in anemia chlorosis, 
 
 amenorrhoea glandular diseases, and all the diseases caused by malaria and 
 
 exhaustion. 
 
 B.-JAMAICA AS A WINTER RESIDENCE FOR NORTHERN 
 
 PEOPLE. 
 
 By G. E. HOSXINSON, Esq., late Consul foe tue United States of America. 
 
 So many letters are received at the Consulate from people in the United 
 States making inquiries as to the climate, character, and cost of living in 
 Jamaica, that I very willingly take the opportunity offered me by the com- 
 pilers of this Handbook to briefly outline some of the points which would 
 be likely to interest those seeking a refuge from the wintry blasts of the 
 North. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is mild in the winter months — soft, relaxing, and 
 perhaps enervating to people directly from the North. The tourist coming 
 to this beautiful island with his mind attuned to meet nature in her kindliest 
 mood falls under the spell ; he loses interest in those things which seemed 
 of absorbing importance at home, and is content to drink in the sunshine, and 
 inhale the soft, balmy breezes of the tradewinds with hardly a thought of 
 the flight of time. Days, weeks, months flee away — 'tis the land of Circe — 
 nothing changes — life flows on like a gentle stream — and surrounded by a 
 generous and hospitable people, the stranger soon comes to lose the feeling 
 of strangeness, and becomes as one to the manner born. One day is as like 
 to another as it well can be. The range of the thermometer in January is 
 from 71° Fahr. to 85°, the mean being 75° : February 70° to 86°, mean 
 75° ; March 71° to 84°, mean 75° ; the mean of December is about the 
 same ; of November about 76°. In January the thermometer usually ranges 
 as follows : 7 a.m., 71-3°; at 3 p.m., 82-8° ; at 11 p.m., 72-8° ; at 4 a.m. 
 69-8°. During these months a strong sea-breeze, the regular trades, sets hi 
 about 8 a.m. and continues steadily from the south-east until nearly sunset. 
 It tempers the heat very considerably, and is gratefully termed by the in- 
 habitants " The Doctor." The nights are rendered pleasant and agreeable 
 by the land-breeze from the opposite direction. The wet season usually 
 begins in May and c-ontinues throughout that month and June and along into 
 July. Then we have frequent showers until the month of October, when the 
 ason begins again, and continues until about the middle of December. 
 
89 
 
 Then we have very dry weather until May. I am speaking now of Kingston. 
 There are no malignant or contagious fevers or epidemics of any sort here, the 
 popular idea that this is a " fever stricken hole " being entirely erroneous. 
 For people of temperate habits Jamaica is as healthy a place for residence as 
 any in the United States, and in this, I think, the records of the Medical 
 Bureau will bear me out. 
 
 The Cost of Living. 
 
 Generally speaking I do not think it more expensive than in New York. 
 At the well-known hotel where I am staying, Parke Lodge, the charge for 
 board of transient guests is 10s. 6d. or $2*50 per day. This includes every- 
 thing, early coffee at 7 a.m., breakfast at 9.30, luncheon at 2 p.m., tea at 
 5 p.m., and dinner at 7 p.m. ; clean, airy, and well-furnished rooms, lights, 
 baths, attendance, boots, &c. Permanent boarders pay $10*50 per week. 
 Myrtle Bank is a very pleasantly situated seaside hotel, admirably equipped, 
 and is also a very popular resort. Same charges as Parke Lodge. There 
 are also many excellent lodging-houses where small parties could make 
 themselves comfortable at rather less rates than those named above. 
 
 House Bent. 
 A furnished cottage, containing three bedrooms, small drawing-room, 
 piazza, dinmg-room, and the necessary servants' out-rooms, could be rented 
 at from £8 to £9. 10s. per month, free of all taxes. An unfurnished cottage, 
 in a pleasant neighbourhood, might be obtained at about £5 per month. A 
 small "pen," in the neighbourhood of Half-way Tree, say of 5 or 6 acres of 
 ground, with a good residence, embowered amidst trees and shrubbery, might 
 be rented at about £10 per month. Inquiries for houses should be made in 
 advance, either through the Consulate, or of some of the house agents in the 
 city, of whom I may mention, as thoroughly responsible, Messrs. Turnbull, 
 Mudon, & Co. ; Messrs. Alexander Berry & Son ; Mr. Jos. Stines. 
 
 Servants' Wages. 
 Servants' wages are moderate enough, but more servants are required to 
 do household work than in the Northern States. The chief personage in the 
 manage, the cook, receives 8s. per week, and is supposed, a popular fiction, I 
 am afraid, to provide her own food ; the butler receives 6s. to 8s. ; the house- 
 cleaner, 6s. ; laundress, 6s. ; boy, 4s. to 6s. ; and the coachman, if you keep 
 a " trap," 6s. to 8s. The food supplies are purchased from day to day, as 
 they are wanted — the cook going to the market every morning. The boy 
 goes for the ice and the morning newspapers. Servants sleep away from the 
 premises where they are employed, as a rule, and find their own food out of 
 their wages. At least, they are supposed to do so, but I fancy they manage 
 somehow to exist without spending much money on food supplies. 
 
 The Markets. 
 
 Kingston has an excellent market, which is always abundantly supplied. 
 
 The slaughterhouse, where all the animals for the market are killed, is 
 
 under strict Government supervision, and the quality of the meats exposed 
 
 for sale is good. Beef, roasts and steaks, Qd. to l\d. (12 to 15 cents) per 
 
90 
 
 pound ; mutton, Is. per pound (25 cents) ; fowls, 2s. to 2s. Gd. each 
 (50 to 75 cents) according to weight; fresh fish, Gd. per pound (12 cents). 
 Vegetables are cheap and plentiful. Fruits are offered in profusion, and are 
 always cheap. I think every species of tropical fruit is grown here. Bread 
 is delivered every morning at the door, in bakers' carts, and is of excellent 
 quality, and, considering the heavy duty on flour, surprisingly cheap. The 
 threepenny loaf is about the same size and weight as the five cent loaf at 
 home. The grocers' shops are well supplied with every description of canned 
 goods at reasonable prices. Wines and spirits are of good quality, and 
 cheaper in price than in New York. A good table claret costs about 2s. the 
 quart ; sherry, 3s. ; port, 4s. to 5s, ; champagne, Gs. to 8s., the latter for 
 " Monopole." Three star brandy, 6s. ; best Scotch or Irish whiskey, 4s. 
 Fuel is supplied in small bundles of sticks from the woodcutters' carts. 
 Charcoal is very generally employed in cooking. They are, either of them, 
 cheap enough, and very little of either is required. It is surprising what a 
 good old cook will effect with a Dutch stove and a handful of coal, and what 
 marvel of the culinary art will emerge from their smoky dens, where you can 
 see nothing but what looks like a blacksmith's shop — a high brick bench 
 and a huge chimney. 
 
 HOW TO REACH JAMAICA. 
 
 At present there is but one line of passenger ships running between 
 New York and Jamaica — the Atlas Steamship Company. The office of the 
 Company in New York is at 21 and 22 State Street. The ships of this line 
 are staunch and seaworthy, the passenger accommodations are good, the 
 attendance good, and the table abundantly supplied. The commanders are 
 thorough seamen, and, without exception, are respected and esteemed by all 
 who sail with them. No lady need hesitate to entrust herself and her 
 children to their care. The voyage usually occupies six to six and a half 
 days. The fare is $50 either way. 
 
 The Best Time to come to Jamaica. 
 
 It has been asked if the latter part of November is too early in the 
 season for Northern people to arrive in Jamaica. I think not. There will 
 be more or less rain in November, but it does not interfere with freedom of 
 movement. Sudden and heavy showers will fall — of brief duration, how- 
 ever — then the skies will as suddenly brighten again, and in half-an-hour's 
 time there will be no trace of the late rain. The town is built upon ground 
 rising up gradually from the sea, and the water soon runs off. Street-cars 
 traverse the main streets, so that getting about is easy at all times. In 
 addition, there are always light-running buggies on the street, called 
 " busses," which carry the single passenger to any point within the city 
 limits for Gd. 
 
 For Consumptives. 
 
 I do not know of any place in the world where weak lungs stand so good 
 a chance of improving as in Kingston. The climate is so dry that damp 
 clothing— hung up in a room — soon throws off all moisture, and the range 
 of the thermometer so even that one, practically, may live in the open air 
 
91 
 
 throwing open doors and windows and permitting a free movement of air day 
 and night. Perhaps these lines may meet the eye of someone in the early 
 stages of phthisis ; if so, I earnestly recommend the sufferer, if possible, to 
 arrange for a few months' life in Kingston. On arrival do not be persuaded 
 to try " the hills," as being cooler ; this dry, even climate is what is needed 
 to effect an improvement in health. 
 
 The Sceneby of Jamaica. 
 
 Having thus briefly sketched some of the practical incidents of a winter 
 residence in Jamaica, I might well pause here, and leave to other hands the 
 pleasing labour of dwelling upon the scenery of Jamaica and the character 
 of the Jamaica people. Yet, having said so much, I feel that something is 
 also due from me to the people of Jamaica, who, for over 10 years, have 
 been uniformly kind and courteous to me and mine. 
 
 Almost any climate, or any moderate degree of temperature, may be 
 obtained here by advancing from the seacoast up into the mountains. Within 
 9 miles of Kingston you can reach, with a carriage, in little over an 
 hour's drive, the pretty little mountain village, Gordon Town, about 1,000 
 feet above the sea. Here the days are bright and warm, the air fresh and 
 invigorating, and the nights cool and sleep-invoking. The Santa Cruz 
 Mountains are highly recommended for those who need a dry, crisp, and 
 exhilarating climate. The main drawback is the fatigue of reaching these 
 desirable situations in the mountains, though the facilities for travel have 
 been greatly increased of late years. 
 
 There is a coasting steamer making the circuit of the island every ten 
 days, the time being taken up in coming to anchor every night and stopping 
 to land and receive passengers and cargo at every port. The Government 
 Eailway extends from Kingston to Porus, distant 50 miles. Mail coaches 
 connect with the railway at Porus for Mandeville, 10 miles. You take the 
 8.10 a.m. train at Kingston for Porus, there at 10.30 a.m. you take the coach 
 for Mandeville, which place you reach, after a toilsome ascent of 2,200 feet, 
 about noon, and with an appetite sharpened by the journey and the 
 mountain air, will be prepared to do ample justice to the capital luncheon 
 set out for you by mine hostess of the Brooks' Hotel. 
 
 Again, you take the 8.10 a.m. train for Spanish Town, and at 9 a.m.* an 
 easy coach, with three mules abreast, receives you and whisks you through 
 the solemn and almost deserted old town, a mournful spectacle of untimely 
 decayed greatness ; through the Bog Walk (corruption for Bocco del Aqua), 
 a picturesque gorge in the St. Catherine Mountains, through which the Rio 
 Cobre makes its turbulent way to the sea, across the plain, or valley rather, 
 of St. Thomas-ye-Vale ; over Mount Diablo, a passage never to be forgotten 
 for the grandeur of its scenery ; across the rolling table-lands of the district 
 of St. Ann's, whose green pastures and herds of fat cattle grazing upon a 
 thousand hills will form a picture of rural peace, of charming, pastoral, out- 
 door life that will haunt the memory of the sightseer for many a future day, 
 
 * Since the above was written, and just before the publication of the Handbook, the 
 Railway Extension to Ewarton, at the foot of Monte Diablo, was opened. 
 
92 
 
 and in the cool of the evening you will be set down in old St. Ann's Bay, 
 where Columbus once spent a weary six months in pain and suffering and 
 hope deferred, and, if you are as fortunate as I have been, some hospitable 
 friend, all smiles and cordiality, will be waiting to receive you, and tender 
 you a true Jamaican welcome. 
 
 For beauty and variety of scenery nothing more lovely, or grand, or 
 magnificent could be desired than Jamaica affords. Nature here is in her 
 holiday attire the year round ; the hills are clothed with verdure to their 
 summits, and sparkling streams make their brawling way down the 
 mountain sides in every direction to the sea. The people are kindly and 
 hospitable to a degree, and they have so fine a courtesy in extending their 
 hospitality that it almost deludes the stranger into the belief— a belief they 
 endeavour to impress — that he is really doing them a favour in accepting it. 
 A letter of introduction to one family in Jamaica will be a passport to several 
 others. And this is of the greatest consequence in a social way. I have 
 known some very pleasant people who have come out here from the United 
 States to spend the winter who have confessed to me that they had lost a 
 great share of the pleasure they might otherwise have enjoyed had they 
 taken the pains to supply themselves with a few letters of introduction. 
 Finally, a contented and philosophic spirit is a large ingredient in the 
 enjoyment of a winter in the tropics. Americans are very like the English : 
 whatever is different from that they are accustomed to is quite likely to be, 
 in their opinion, mean and inferior. This does not always follow, but the 
 constant expression of the sentiment is certain to breed a corresponding 
 feeling toward the stranger. 
 
 C.-JAMAICA AS A HEALTH RESORT, AND AS A PLACE 
 
 TO SETTLE IN. 
 
 By the Rev. ALEXANDER ROBB, M.A., D.D., Principal of the Presbyterian 
 College, Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 I. — Jamaica as a Health Resort. 
 
 There lies before the writer a list of 8 men, who met one day in St. 
 Ann's in 1855. One of them wrote it on the spot, and handed it the writer 
 of this the same day, with the heading : " Who says that Jamaica is 
 unhealthy ? " Three of them were white Creoles, aged 86, 79, 71. The 
 were English and Scotch, and only 2 of them were under 70. None 
 of them had been a shorter time in the island than 43 years ; most of them 
 had been 50. Their united ages amounted to 579 years. Before they died 
 the amount would have exceeded 600. 
 
 The climate of Jamaica, which favours in men of sobriety a longevity 
 so marked, undoubtedly offers to persons suffering from certain maladies, 
 common in colder regions, unique advantages in stemming their ravages and 
 prolonging life. 
 
 Rising to 7,000 feet above the sea, and lying between 17° and 19° 
 of north latitude, Jamaica has a considerable range of temperature. Being 
 
93 
 
 only 160 miles long, and 40 broad, and situated in the track of the trade- 
 winds, a most healthful sea-breeze blows over its length and breadth, during 
 the day, with great constancy, the greater part of the year. At night a cool 
 and gentle land wind breathes down from the mountains. 
 
 At 225 feet above the sea, near Kingston, the mean yearly temperature is 
 78° ; and at 3,800 it is but 60°. All these circumstances secure a peculiarly 
 favourable climate. Moderated by the sea-breeze the heat is endurable even 
 at the sea-level, while at the higher levels the cold is not too great for even 
 the tenderest throats and chests. La his valuable treatise on the climate of 
 Jamaica,* Dr. Phillippo emphasises this fact, that even delicate invalids can 
 live virtually in the open air ; for, provided they are protected from direct 
 currents, doors and windows may be left open day and night without the 
 slightest danger. And this life in the free, open, pure air is one of the best 
 means of preserving health, and of restoring it when it is impaired. 
 
 Unhealthy spots are chiefly those near lagoons, but they are of very 
 limited extent, and cannot lessen the general salubrity. 
 
 A priori, therefore, it might be expected that for persons suffering from 
 weak or affected lungs, with a tendency to bronchial and tubercular disease, 
 there is in Jamaica the most favourable climate possible. And this, d priori 
 is established as fact beyond question by the extensive experience of people 
 of all classes. There are few of us but can tell of those we have known, 
 seriously threatened and in danger, taking refuge here, with speedy and with 
 much advantage. Persons who could scarcely have hoped to live through a 
 northern winter, by coming hither have been so far restored as to live for 
 years, and accomplish much important work. A near relative of the writer 
 was sent here from Dublin to escape the winter of 1866. He had a 
 threatening bronchial affection, the result of a neglected cold, and his 
 medical adviser considered this the only probable way to prolong his life. 
 After some months' residence in this island, he was able to undertake the 
 inspectorship of the foreign risks of a large British insurance company ; and 
 in the discharge of his duties he visited the chief ports of South America on the 
 Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the chief of the West India Islands, the chief 
 ports of India, China, and Japan, besides other places, chiefly in the tropics, 
 surveying, preparing, and transmitting elaborate reports during a period of 
 6 years. Some, of course, we know to have come in vain, having died 
 here, or on the way home, or after their arrival there. Others, after residing 
 here for a longer or a shorter period, have returned to Europe and lived and 
 laboured for many years. 
 
 In fact, the experience is so extensive, and its testimony so assurhig, that 
 we may hold it settled, that persons of the class mentioned who can come to 
 Jamaica may do so with the best of hopes. 
 
 And these results of general experience are corroborated by the unani- 
 mous testimony of medical men. Jamaica meets the beau ideal of Sir John 
 Eichardson, the eminent physician, who wrote, as quoted by Dr. Phillippo, 
 
 * " The Climate of Jamaica," by James Cecil Phillippo, M.D., L.E.C.S. (Edin.) &c, 
 London, T. and A. Churchill, 1876. A new edition is in preparation. 
 
94 
 
 in the fifth chapter of the above work, which supplies most important infor- 
 mation on this subject: "A hypothetical consumptive Atlantis should be 
 near the seacoast ; sheltered from north winds ; with a dry soil, and pure 
 drinking water ; and a mean temperature of GO , with an average of not 
 more than 10° or 15° on either side." Such an Atlantis can be found at 
 more than one place in this island. 
 
 The late L. Q. Bowerbank, M.D., F.K.C.P. (Edin.), than whom there is 
 no more honest or competent witness, wrote : " There can be no doubt that 
 where a predisposition to tubercular or scrofulous disease exists, a residence 
 in Jamaica will completely check its further development ; and even during 
 the earlier stages of tubercular consumption, if its progress be not arrested, 
 life is often prolonged, and the disease divested of much of its suffering." 
 This is quoted from a Paper by Logan D. H. Eussell, M.D., &c, published 
 by Unwin Brothers, London, 1879, which Paper is partly also the produc- 
 tion of Kobert Eussell, B.L. (Jamaica), &c, and contains much information, 
 interesting and valuable to those who may be looking out for a place of 
 settlement abroad. Dr. Eussell (p. 5) makes a statement which, if proved 
 correct, is of special value to those in whom tubercular disease is more 
 advanced, and who have less to hope from a residence in Kingston or near 
 the sea-level. It is that residence at the higher altitudes, as, for instance, 
 at Newcastle, 4,000 feet above the sea, will probably confer special advan- 
 tages, and give fair hopes of recovery, even " though softening and disin- 
 tegration of the pulmonary tissue be in progress." A buoyancy of spirit, 
 elasticity of frame, a perceptible diminution of expectoration, and an early 
 cessation of cough, with entire absence of night perspirations, appear to be 
 the advantages obtainable by those suffering from phthisis who will for a 
 residence seek altitude. 
 
 The very great advantages offered by Jamaica to such sufferers are thus 
 manifest. Within a comparatively small compass any variety of temperature 
 and of elevation that may be best for the invalid can be obtained. 
 
 A second class of invalids to whom Jamaica offers special advantages is 
 that of those who suffer from gout, rheumatism, and calcareous affections 
 (Dr. Eussell, ib., and Dr. Phillippo, "Climate of Jamaica," p. 79.) The 
 warmth of the atmosphere offers of itself a very manifest advantage. The 
 patients need not be shut up from cold, but can have all the benefit of life 
 in the open air. Kingston is so dry and mild, and withal so healthy, that 
 an aged friend, who has suffered much from rheumatism elsewhere, has not 
 had a touch of it during a residence of 9 years in that city. 
 
 In addition to this climate, Jamaica possesses several most valuable 
 medicinal springs. We merely name these — (1) The Bath of St. Thomas, a 
 sulphurous, sodic, calcic spring, with a temperature of 130° ; (2) The Milk 
 River bath in Vere, a saline spring of 92° ; (3) The Jamaica Spa, a chaly- 
 beate (acidulous ferro-aluminous) spring, amid the finest mountain scenery ? 
 3,000 feet up, 15 miles from Kingston, possesses almost the same qualities as 
 the chalybeates of Spain, Belgium, which attract 10,000 visitors annually, 
 and from which the Belgian Government derives a yearly revenue of more 
 than £20,000. 
 
95 
 
 Regarding these and other medicinal waters of Jamaica, we earnestly 
 commend to the reader Dr. Phillippo's lecture of May 3, 1881, published 
 by Messrs. Geo. Henderson & Co., Kingston, Jamaica, considering that it 
 would be presumptuous to do anything else, as this is the newest and 
 the fullest statement on this important subject, by one altogether com- 
 petent to handle it. 
 
 Most confidently, therefore, and honestly does Jamaica invite to her 
 shores those who suffer from forms of disease that are so difficult to deal 
 with in the climates of the north. 
 
 II. — Jamaica as a Place to Settle in. 
 
 While Jamaica has not vacant areas of vast extent to offer to settlers, 
 and while it is only in favourable circumstances that Europeans can labour 
 under a vertical sun, yet Jamaica has tracts where not a few of such settlers 
 could make for themselves a home, and the acquisition of them would be 
 a real gain to the island. Men such as I have seen, with the spade, turn a 
 bleak Scottish moorland into a cornfield, are gold to any land. Their in- 
 dustry and intelligence, their frugality, and home and social virtues could 
 thrive here and surround them with comfort. Elevation about the sea-level 
 secures the degree of coolness in which Europeans, beginning early and rest- 
 ing at noon, can do a fair day's work. Suppose medical help attainable at 
 very moderate charge, and the means of moral and intellectual culture— the 
 Church and School — easily accessible, and fair protection against plunderers 
 afforded, in a good location, with good roads, securing access to a market for 
 their produce, healthy European settlers could do fairly well for themselves 
 and their offspring. But they must be of superior calibre, sober, intelligent, 
 industrious, thrifty, and capable of more than one kind of industry. A man 
 that settles on virgin land should know how to provide himself with a variety 
 of things which, in other circumstances, he could purchase. The intervals 
 of labour, when he should avoid exposure to the sun, would afford an 
 ingenious man the time to produce things he needs, and even could sell. 
 This is the kind of settler — of those dependent on their hands' work — who 
 would most benefit Jamaica — such men as Samuel Laing describes in his 
 " Journal of a residence in Norway in 1834-36 " — the proprietor-peasantry 
 of that country who " build their own houses, make their own chairs, tables, 
 ploughs, carts, harness, iron-work, basket-work, and wood-work ; in short, 
 except window-glass, cast-iron ware, and pottery, everything about their 
 houses and furniture is of their own fabrication " (c. ix.). And that such 
 can do well and live in fair comfort, and even accumulate savings, is proved 
 by the experience of those Germans and others who are settled in the higher 
 parts of the parishes of Clarendon, St. Ann, and Manchester. Jamaica 
 should try to attract such well-selected immigrants, and do all that can be 
 done to give them a fair start. 
 
 Another class to whom Jamaica offers a fair field are men with some 
 capital, who could hire and manage the labour of others ; men with the taste, 
 habits, and intelligence for the cultivation and preparation of our marketable 
 
96 
 
 produce. Beyond question much of the produce of this island is ahsolutely 
 wasted through sheer ignorance, as to the proper mode of curing and preparing 
 it for the markets of the world, on the part of many ; and on the part of 
 many others, not so ignorant, through an utter lack of amhition, so they can 
 get quit of their produce in any condition for a little ready money, to place it 
 in the market in the finest condition possible. Jamaica has suffered, is 
 suffering, and will suffer still more in all her industries from this soulless and 
 unprincipled Africanism, every kind of antidote to which should earnestly be 
 sought. 
 
 One great difficulty in the way of this second class of settlers, we shall 
 be told, is that labour is not to be had. In old days new lands were brought 
 under culture by means of slave labour. But is not our native population 
 bound to increase, and would it not grow faster under better social and moral 
 conditions ? A foul moral atmosphere, vicious living, and the lack of 
 amenities and helps tend greatly to prevent the increase of populati n. An 
 immoral community never was, never can be, genuinely prolific, because, 
 among such, those virtues are blasted that are necessary for the care and 
 nurture of a healthy offspring. These can be secured for that weakest of 
 terrestrial creatures — the human infant — only by virtuous family life. Existing 
 and future proprietors and cultivators must seek to draw around them the 
 best of the labouring class, and settle them on their properties in fair comfort, 
 securing them a living, and thus also commanding their services at all 
 times. A property cultivated by such hands is a far finer thing, is more 
 natural and more satisfactory, than one that depends on gangs of foreign 
 heathens. Beyond all question this island has within its borders, in soil, 
 chmate, and capacity, hi the abundance of its harbours, in its nearness to the 
 best markets of the world, and also, and not least, in the abundance of its 
 native bone and smew — men and women whose home and destiny are the 
 torrid zone, the elements of all the social comforts and all the moderate 
 prosperity that man needs hi any part of the world. If we had men of a high 
 tone determined, by God's help, to grasp and mould the advantages we possess, 
 this island would hi all important matters be the sunny land it is in climate 
 and in beauty. 
 
 There are two classes whose settlement here would be a benefit to 
 themselves and to this island : — 
 
 1. Sober, industrious, frugal, and intelligent workmen, skilled in earth- 
 culture and in the various handicrafts, and such should be located on the 
 most liberal terms and hi the most favourable circumstances. 
 
 2. Men of some capital, who should make it their business to rear and 
 cure the various marketable products of the island. 
 
 And now with regard to the lands which we hope to offer such settlers. 
 In the Jamaica Blue-Book for 1877, it is stated that there are in the hands 
 of the Government 90,000 acres, a large part of which lies hi the Northern 
 district of St. Thomas, and in the Southern parts of Portland — virgin land, 
 well-watered, 2,000 to G.000 feet above the sea, with a healthy climate, 
 
97 
 
 where Europeans can labour in the open air, and which are the finest areas 
 for coffee and cinchona. There are also fine tracts in other parts of the 
 island. 
 
 Besides these virgin lands, there are other lands in the possession of the 
 Government for sale or lease, and also many properties in various parts of 
 the island that may be obtained on favourable terms. 
 
 Means should be taken to furnish reliable information in Britain and 
 America regarding the lands in Jamaica that await the settler — information 
 so full, so accurate, and so true, that none shall be misled, but that the right 
 class of men may have their attention arrested, and be enabled to form a 
 correct judgment. And efforts should be made to place settlers of the 
 first class in larger or smaller groups in the same neighbourhood, for mutual 
 help and encouragement, and so that the means of preserving their intel- 
 lectual and moral life, on which all depends for real and permanent 
 success, may the more easily be maintained in their midst. 
 
 D.-CLIMATE OF THE SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS. 
 
 By JAMES HENRY CLARK, M.R.C.P., &c. &c. 
 
 A momentary enthusiasm often leads one to undertake duties the real 
 difficulties of which are only discovered when the time approaches, and the 
 hour has actually arrived for the fulfilment of our undertaking. 
 
 As a busy practitioner beset with many difficulties, in a large country 
 district, I find the preparation of a Paper on the climate of the Santa Cruz 
 Mountains no easy task ; but I owe a debt of gratitude to the climate myself, 
 and, after 14 years' practice in this island, invalids are entitled to my 
 experience ; accept, therefore, the tribute, such as it is, not for the deed, but 
 for the will. 
 
 The Santa Cruz Mountains, situated in the parish of St. Elizabeth, 
 " extend from Yardley Chase on the seacoast, to Lacovia Bridge. The crest 
 of the ridge runs from Corby Castle, through Potsdam, Torrington, and 
 Malvern, to Stanmore Hill ; from the latter place, it decreases gradually in 
 height until it finally terminates abruptly at an altitude less than one-half 
 the greatest elevation," which is at Potsdam Endowed School, 2,500 feet. 
 
 The geological formation is chiefly " white limestone, with a thick 
 coating of red ferruginous earth." 
 
 The red soil above the white limestone is extremely productive, and it is 
 upon this that coffee is grown. 
 
 Change of air and scene, especially pure air and exercise, are beneficial 
 not only to the invalid — affording pleasurable excitement of mind, with- 
 drawing the attention from bodily ailments, and dissipating gloomy fore- 
 bodings — but to those tourists who, having means, are in search of a health 
 climate for a home ; where, without exposure to malarious influences, a life 
 of comfort and leisure may be led. For all such the climate in these mountains 
 will be found perfect. 
 
 To any anxious to avoid a winter, or who, suffering from a tendency to 
 
 G 
 
98 
 
 bronchitis, inflammation of the lungs, pleurisy, rheumatism, or dyspepsia, 
 must in a variable and chilly climate, though not labouring under advanced 
 disease, be confined to the house during a large portion of the year, to avoid 
 the almost certainty of " taking cold." To all such persons I do most con- 
 scientiously recommend this climate. Here the invalid can get out every 
 day to enjoy those most powerful of all tonics— fresh air and exercise ; and 
 thus, by promoting appetite and digestion, impart vigour and tone to the 
 general system. 
 
 This could not possibly be done " at home." 
 
 " A Hypothetical Consumptive Atlantis," says Eichardson, "should be 
 near the seacoast and sheltered from north winds. The soil should be dry, 
 the drinking-water pure, the temperature about 60°, with an average of not 
 more than 10° to 15° on either side." 
 
 All authorities agree that mountain air is of great importance in treating 
 diseases of the chest, and that the best climates for the majority of consump- 
 tive invalids are those which are warm, dry, and equable. 
 
 From observations very kindly recorded for me at the Potsdam Endowed 
 Schools, I find that — 
 
 The average annual maximum temperature was . 75 -3° 
 ,, ,, ,, minimum ,, ,, . 66*8° 
 
 ,, ,, ,, mean ,, ,, . 71*1° 
 
 That the rainfall for the year 1883 was 38*25 inches — rainy days, 91. 
 
 This temperature and rainfall correspond very closely with Algiers, in 
 the northern part of Africa, much resorted to by invalids. 
 
 In Algiers the rainfall is 36 inches. The number of rainy days, 96. 
 
 The mean annual temperature .... 66*50° 
 
 ,, ,, temperature for Spring . . . 68*60° 
 
 „ Summer . . . 77*73° 
 
 ,, Autumn . . . 63*80° 
 
 The climate of Algiers, and, as I believe, of the Santa Cruz Mountains 
 also, may be said to be opposed to the generation, as well as to the evolu- 
 tion of tubercle in the lungs. Europeans who do not bring the germ of the 
 disease to Algiers almost never become phthisical. Those who do bring 
 not only a predisposition, but actually crude tubercle, in greater or less 
 quantity in the lung are often cured ; or, in the worst cases, the progress of 
 the disease is extremely slow. 
 
 I am acquainted with a gentleman whose mother suffered from lung 
 disease and died ; he spat blood on two occasions before leaving Europe in 
 1844 for the West Indies ; he is still living, and attributes this to climate 
 and care. 
 
 Many cases have come under my observation, where persons having a 
 tendency to consumption, or after inflammation of the lungs, left England 
 for this country, and by prolonged residence have been practically cured. 
 
 During the 14 years I have been in practice no death from fever 
 has occurred. Yellow fever is unknown, and only 1 case of typhoid — 
 
99 
 
 ending in recovery — has been treated. This fever has not its origin here, 
 but was brought from a seaport town. 
 
 One year I had on my visiting list 7 Europeans and 2 natives, whose 
 ages added together amounted to 751 years. 
 
 But, it will be asked, " How can we get to this mountain ? Where can 
 we lodge ? What can we see ? " Tourists and invalids from Kingston can 
 travel either by rail and coach to Mandeville, hiring a conveyance thence to 
 the Santa Cruz Mountains, or by coasting steamer to Black River, and 
 hiring a conveyance at this seaport, after a pleasant drive of two or three 
 hours, be located in very comfortable lodgings on the mountain top. 
 
 It would be advisable always to engage rooms before coming, and I 
 should recommend intending visitors to communicate by letter, stating full 
 particulars, addressed to " The Postmistress at Malvern P. 0." This lady 
 will, I am sure, supply information as to rooms, residences, charges. 
 
 The roads are in excellent order, so that carriage drives may be enjoyed. 
 
 There is a large market at Malvern twice a week, where the delicious 
 fruits of this country, and occasionally grapes, can be procured, with vege- 
 tables, beef, and mutton ; fresh fish can be obtained three times a week. 
 
 The Post-Office is accessible, mails arrive and are despatched three times 
 a week, and a Telegraph Office is within 8 miles. 
 
 Two churches and a Moravian chapel are open on Sundays for Divine 
 Service. 
 
 Parents or guardians of delicate children, or persons who are in search 
 of a good climate for some member of the family, will be within easy reach 
 of the Potsdam Endowed School for Boys, the head-master of which is a 
 Cambridge M.A. (classical honours). There is also an Endowed School for 
 Girls, which will soon be presided over by a lady from England. 
 
 It will thus be seen that ample and unusual educational advantages are 
 to be found in addition to climate. 
 
 But the invalids ask : " What can I see ? " There are few spots on earth 
 where natural beauties so combine with those of man's creation to please 
 and interest him. The beauties of nature abound on every side, and to 
 persons who sketch, or paint, there is plenty to amuse and edify ; but in- 
 valids must not be encouraged to undergo fatigue and exposure in " sight 
 seeing " ; crowded and heated rooms, late hours, all operate injuriously, and 
 destroy entirely the beneficial influences of climate. 
 
 It is absolutely necessary for invalids to bear in mind that the climate 
 must be regarded merely as the change placing them in the most favourable 
 position for the removal of disease ; that advice should be taken and followed 
 as to diet and exercise ; and " that," in the words of Sir James Clarke on 
 climate, "if in some points greater latitude may be allowed, others will 
 demand even a more rigid attention ; and that it is only by a due regard to 
 all these circumstances, that the powers of the constitution can be enabled 
 to throw off or even materially mitigate, in the best climate, a disease of 
 long standing." 
 
100 
 
 E.-THE CLIMATE OF THE HILLS OF THE PARISH OF 
 
 MANCHESTER. 
 By the Eev. H. WALDER, Moravian Missionary. 
 
 I ani convinced the Manchester hills here may be ranked alongside the 
 healthiest places in England or on the Continent of Europe. My parents, 
 who lived all their lives in Switzerland (Canton Zurich), came here about 
 eight years ago, and have ever since enjoyed better health than in 
 their native country. My father, who is of a very delicate constitution, is 
 now, in his seventy-sixth year, all the day on his legs in the open air. 
 
 The climate at Mizpah, where we reside, is all that can be desired. 
 
 Mizpah is about 2,400 feet above the sea, nearly 1,300 feet above 
 Shooter's Hill P. 0., and within half a mile of Spitzbergen, which Sawkins 
 gives at 2,514 feet. We have neither the summer heat of Europe, of 
 America, nor their winter's cold. The thermometer ranges between 
 64° to 80° in the shade. Easterly winds are prevalent and very fre- 
 quent. On the west we have the Mile Gully Mountain Range ; on the east 
 the Clarendon Mountains ; to the south we see Carlisle Bay in clear 
 weather. 
 
 We have passing fogs after heavy showers in the lowlands to the south, 
 and the atmosphere is rather damp, especially in the rainy season, but, for all 
 that, the climate is most salubrious, as proved by the following statistics 
 collected from the church books of the small Mizpah congregation (average 
 473 souls) during the years 1870-81 inclusive. During these twelve (llf) 
 years, we have had 60 deaths, and, during the same period, 241 baptisms, 
 which prove the death-rate in this congregation to have been only about 
 one-fourth of the birth-rate during the period in question. 
 
 Of the 60 persons who died, 1 is entered at about 100 years old, 
 7 are entered as between 80 and 90 years old, 17 had reached man's 
 allotted term of threescore years and ten ; of 6 the age is given as 60, 
 4 died from accidents, 10 died as infants ; of 4 fever is entered as the cause 
 of death. 
 
 Some fall victims to diarrhoea every year, but, when considering the 
 impure water which many people have to drink, especially during seasons of 
 drought, which occur in this parish almost every year, and how many 
 people, in times of scarcity, have to subsist on unripe yams and fruit, the 
 wonder is that so comparatively few succumb to bowel complaints. 
 
 Taking furthermore into consideration the innumerable wettings which 
 the generality of the people are exposed to, without even being able to put 
 on a dry suit, and, in addition, the very great defects in the homes of the 
 peasantry, in a sanitary point of view, it cannot be denied that the above 
 facts speak loudly in praise of the climate in these districts. 
 
 I may add that I am able to state from personal observation that the 
 ordinary diseases of children appear here in a much milder form than is the 
 case of Europe. 
 
101 
 
 COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION. 
 
 THE WEST INDIES. 
 
 Extracted from tlie Times of Friday, August 20, 1886. 
 
 Coming to the West Indies proper, one naturally turns to Jamaica as 
 the largest and most important of our colonies in this group. Its area, 
 4,200 square miles, is about one-third, and its population, 580,000, is some- 
 what less than one-half of the area and population of the whole group. It 
 has been in our possession for 230 years. This island (to which Turks and 
 Caicos islands, 170 square miles, are attached), like Trinidad and Barbados, 
 forms an independent colony. All the other islands are grouped under two 
 governments or collective colonies — (1) Leeward Islands, including Antigua, 
 Montserrat, St. Kitts, Nevis, Dominica, and the Virgin Islands ; (2) 
 Windward Islands, including Grenada, St. Vincent, Tobago, St. Lucia ; 
 while the Bahamas form a multitudinous and complicated group of reefs by 
 themselves away on the western verge of the Atlantic. 
 
 Jamaica, lying in the bosom of the Caribbean Sea, sheltered north and 
 east by Cuba and Hayti, may be taken in its history as a typical West 
 India island. Although comparatively early in its career it was granted a 
 certain amount of self-government, still, like most of the other islands and 
 our old colonies elsewhere, it was regarded until well on into the last 
 century as existing solely for the benefit of the mother country. Still, in 
 spite of vexatious ordinances and taxation, it prospered, and many a fortune 
 was made out of it. For nearly two centuries its prosperity was founded on 
 slavery, and when 53 years ago that institution was abolished throughout 
 the British dominions, social and industrial disorganization was the result ; 
 estates ran to waste, the black population became demoralised, industry 
 lapsed, and commerce declined. This was to be expected, but it was a state 
 of things that time would remedy, and time has done so to a great extent. 
 So helpless had the whites become that they prayed the home Government 
 to withdraw their Constitution and treat the island as a Crown colony. It 
 is a hopeful sign that a year or two ago the old Constitution was to a 
 considerable extent restored. Education has done its work, and in Jamaica, 
 as in other West India islands, there are coloured and black subjects of Her 
 Majesty as prosperous as any white colonist, and whose manners cannot be 
 distinguished from those of an English gentleman. It is now thought by 
 many who abhor slavery that its sudden abolition was an ill-considered 
 step ; but that is ground which we need not go into here. We are well rid 
 of it, even at the price it has cost us. All would have been going well had 
 it not been for the check to the sugar industry, to which we have already 
 referred. Still, that the island has not recovered from the results of 
 slavery is seen in the fact that in the year 1833 (the year of emancipation ) 
 the value of the sugar, rum, and coffee exported was £1,500,000 ; in 1885 
 it was only £900,000. This, however, is partly due to the decline in price 
 of all these articles. In 1874, for example, we find that 92,000 cwt. of coffee 
 brought £337,000, while in 1885 80,650 cwt. brought only £157,000. In 
 
102 
 
 1874 1,935,000 gallons of rum brought £290,000, whereas in 1885 2,000,000 
 gallons realised only £234,000. In 1874 for 511,000 cwt. of sugar £483,000 
 were paid ; in 1885 500,000 cwt. realised only £307,800. But Jamaica is 
 not in nearly so bad case as other West India islands ; for though sugar is 
 important, there are other staples not far behind it, and new cultures are 
 rapidly obtaining an important place in the exports. Though sugar has 
 declined, Jamaica rum still holds its old high place among all the rums of 
 the world. In 1885, while sugar formed 22 per cent, of the exports, rum 
 counted 17 per cent., coffee, fruits, and dyewood 11 per cent. each. Fruit 
 especially is rapidly rising in importance — bananas, oranges, pine-apples, 
 especially, and also limes and mangoes. Bananas alone were exported in 
 1884 to the value of £192,000 ; in 1874 only £6,350 worth were exported. 
 Oranges grew from £3,386 in 1874 to £58,295 in 1884 ; 1885 was a bad 
 year for everything. While Jamaica takes about half her imports from the 
 United Kingdom, she sends her only about one-third of her exports, her 
 principal customer being the United States. Among other articles which 
 figure for substantial sums in the exports of Jamaica are cocoa-nuts, 
 beeswax, ginger, hides, pimento, yams, and walking-sticks. So that after 
 all, if sugar should fail her, she has plenty of other resources to fall back 
 upon. Still, for ten years there has been no increase hi either exports or 
 imports, and but little for the last 20 years. And yet there is ample room 
 for enterprise in the island. Less than one-fourth of the total area is under 
 cultivation ; there are upwards of 1,800,000 acres available for agricultural 
 and pastoral purposes. Of the total population only 14,400 are whites ; 
 110,000 are " coloured " (i.e., mixed), while 444,000 are blacks. But it is 
 difficult to induce these blacks to work as they ought, and there has been a 
 large coolie immigration. There are 11,000 coolies hi the island. Here, as 
 in most of the other islands, both labour and capital are wanted ; for the 
 latter there is ample scope, and no white man need be afraid of the climate. 
 But capital without labour is useless, and for the labour difficulty it is not 
 easy to suggest a solution. The growth of steady, industrious habits on the 
 part of the negroes is essential to the prosperity of Jamaica, and it is in 
 this view that the cultivation of fruit and preserves should be strongly 
 encouraged. Still for the cane fields a good Chinese labourer is the best 
 that can be obtained. 
 
 In the Jamaica Court all the products are well represented, thanks 
 mainly to the liberality and energy of Mr. Washington Eves, the Honorary 
 Commissioner. There are 20 samples of sugar of various kinds — vacuum 
 pan, centrifugal, and Muscovado. But rum entirely eclipses sugar so far as 
 the number of samples is concerned. There are about 90 samples, mostly 
 of crops 1885 and 1886, though some specimens of merchants' rum are from 
 ten to thirty years old. There are also many samples of liqueurs and 
 cordials, such as rum shrub, orange spirit, pimento dram, cashew wine, 
 bitters, noyeau, &c. The fruits of the island do not seem to be so well 
 represented as they might have been, which may arise from the fact that 
 much has yet to be learnt as to methods of packing. There are no pine- 
 
103 
 
 apples, for example, though we have mangoes, cashews, alligator pears, 
 nutmegs, and a few other things. The cocoa-nut palm is fairly represented 
 in fruit and manufactured products. There is a very large show of coffee, 
 about 70 samples, including a specimen or two of Liberia coffee, which 
 seems to be still in the experimental stage. This coffee is well suited for 
 the low country, requiring both less attention and labour than Arabian 
 coffee. The Arabian coffee is largely cultivated in the mountain districts, 
 especially the Blue Mountains, and for gentlemen with moderate capital and 
 a taste for colonial life this is an industry which deserves consideration. 
 We find about a dozen specimens of pimento (Jamaica pepper or allspice), 
 the dried and cured berries of Pimento, vulgaris, a product of which 
 Jamaica has almost the monopoly. There is considerable fluctuation in the 
 export of this article ; its value in 1854 was £83,000, in 1884 £92,800, and 
 in 1885 £53,860. The plant is highly remunerative in favourable years ; it 
 grows without cultivation of any sort in ordinary pasture lands. 
 
 We find a good many samples of cacao in various stages, and this is a 
 product which at one time promised to become the staple culture of Jamaica. 
 Its culture is reviving, the number of plantations is on the increase, and 
 if proper care is taken in the preparation of the article it ought to figure 
 largely in future years among the exports. Annatto seeds, used for colour- 
 ing purposes, and yielding a fair return, are well represented. Cinchona is 
 still in the experimental stage, though Mr. Morris, now of Kew, has done 
 much to foster its cultivation in the higher lands. There is a fair number 
 of specimens in the Exhibition which look satisfactory. For settlers who 
 can afford to await the growth of the trees for interest on their capital, 
 Jamaica presents many advantages for cinchona culture. At the same time it 
 must be remembered that the cultivation of cinchona has so largely increased 
 in tropical countries, and especially in India, that the high value once 
 realised by this article can no longer be obtained. While on this subject 
 we may express our surprise that no Government botanist has been 
 appointed to succeed Mr. D. Morris ; surely this is a penny- wise and pound- 
 foolish policy. The court contains exhibits of many other medicinal and 
 economic substances, essential oils, perfumes, and odds and ends like 
 beeswax (an important export), honey, meals, starches, &c, all of which 
 deserve attention, and are capable of developments as colonial resources. 
 Of tobacco there are a few samples hi the shape of cigars, and a few years 
 ago Jamaica cigars found a place in the London market ; but they do not 
 seem to have taken. Perhaps their sale at the stalls in the Exhibition may 
 increase the demand. We have a sample or two of tea, a culture only in 
 the experimental stage ; but with the sample of Ceylon's success before it, 
 and with the great variety of chmate in the colony, it is quite worth carry- 
 ing out a thorough series of experiments. If tea could become fairly 
 established as a Jamaica industry, the future of the colony would be made. 
 
 There are about twenty exhibits of fibres in this court, but although 
 Jamaica possesses many fibre-yielding plants, it is not yet clear whether any 
 can be turned to economical use. Experiments with machinery of various 
 
104 
 
 kinds have been conducted for some time, and it is to be hoped that the 
 general result will be favourable. Silk grass, bowstring hemps, and China 
 grass are among the most abundant of these fibres. Some 250 samples of 
 wood are exhibited ; including a few specimens of logwood, by far the most 
 important timber of the colony commercially. Ebony, fustic, and lignum vitas 
 are the only other wood exports of any extent, the fact being that Jamaica 
 has no large forests. Still, as the specimens shown in the Exhibition 
 prove, there are some extremely beautiful cabinet and furniture woods in the 
 colony of which surely something could be made under competent 
 guidance. 
 
 The court contains a very great variety of fancy articles, interesting as 
 showing in what directions the smaller industries may be developed among 
 the people. A good many of these are exhibited by the Jamaica Women's 
 Self-help Society and the Governors of the Jamaica Institution. These 
 find favour with visitors, and a considerable business has been done in them. 
 Many of them exhibit great taste and ingenuity. Nor must we forget the 
 collection of walking-sticks, an export of some importance, and the bamboos 
 so abundant in Jamaica. The oil-paintings showing Jamaica in past times 
 are extremely interesting, and the larger and finer collection of photographs 
 deserves particular mention. There is no educational exhibit hi this court, 
 partly, no doubt, because there is no Government system of education, the 
 various denominations doing pretty well all that is wanted. There are, how- 
 ever, three Government training colleges. Altogether, the Jamaica Court 
 presents a very fair picture of the varied industries and interests of the 
 colony, and it may be hoped that a proper development of its resources will 
 make the present depression in no long time a matter of history. All the 
 necessary information on points of interest to intending settlers can be 
 obtained from the Jamaica Government direct, or from the Honorary 
 Commissioner in the court, Mr. C. Washington Eves. 
 
 Spottisuoode d. Co. Prinurs, .Wtc-street Sguart, London. 
 
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