Gift of the Society for International Numismatics Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnumi00frey_0 CONTENTS A Dictionary of Numismatic Names, tiieir Official and Popular Designations. By Albert R. Frey Introduction .............. v Bibliography .............. vii Abbreviations used in Numismatic Works ....... x Dictionary .............. 1 Geographical Index ......... . . 267 Paper Money Index ........ .311 INTRODUCTION The purport of the present book is a twofold one. The beginner will find in it definitions of such terms as he will encounter during his perusal of numismatic works in both English and foreign languages. The advanced student and collector will have his labors facilitated by the large number of citations of authorities which have been consulted in the preparation of this volume. The author has frequently had the experience of discovering that the same coin is alluded to by one or more writers under entirely different names, and what is still more per- plexing is the fact that these designations naturally fall far apart in any alphabetical arrangement. Notable examples are Cuarto and Quarto, Double and Moneta Duplex, Levant Dollar, Maria Theresa Thaler and Tallero del Levante, Glass Coins and Monnaies de Verre, Black Far- thing and Denier Noir, etc. To obviate these duplications extensive cross references have been introduced. The divisions and multiples of a standard are usually to be found under the name of the particular coin which constitutes the monetary unit; the only exceptions to this rule are where the larger or smaller denomination has so incorporated itself into numismatic history as to merit a separate description. Thus the terms Quarter Dollar, Medio Real, etc., are to be found under the substantive and not the adjective, whereas in the case of Tetradrachm, Quadrupla, etc., the opposite rule has been adopted, and these names are retained. This is not a work on the metrology of coins, and weights are only introduced where they affect the name of a denomination due to its en - larged or reduced size. Many of the Oriental monetary systems are based on the weights and quantities of certain seeds, and to cite these moneys of account would exceed the scope of the present volume. The ancient Indian weights for gold and silver are described in detail by Prinsep, in his Useful Tables (i, 212) ; R. C. Temple has enumerated the Malayan weights in the Indian Antiquary (April, 1913) ; the Chinese metrology is treated by J. A. Decourdemanche, in the Traite des Mon- naies, Mesures et. Poids anciens et modernes de l’lnde et de la Chine, Paris, 1913 ; and the Greek and Roman standards comprise pages 222 to 225 inclusive of G. F. Hill’s Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. VI Introduction The popular slang names, as well as the unusual substances em- ployed in coinage have been enumerated; these features, will be of special interest to the beginner. Special obligations are due to the officers of The American Numis- matic Society for their assistance and counsel. Mr. Edward T. Newell the President, Mr. Howland Wood the Curator, Mr. John Reilly, Jr., the Treasurer, and Mr. Sydney P. Noe the Secretary and Librarian, have all made valuable suggestions, corrections, and additions. Among other contributors should be mentioned Mrs. Agnes Bald- win Brett who has supplied notes on the ancient coins ; Mr. J. de Lagerberg who has revised the Scandinavian nomenclature ; and Mr. Dennis Mclnerney who has kindly made the Gaelic translations. Credit must also be given for assistance in general to Messrs. William F. Beller, Bernard J. Nangle, A. D. Savage, Elliott Smith, and Moritz Wormser. The difficulties attending the execution of a work of this magnitude are enormous, hence, its imperfections will not, it is to be hoped, be judged too severely. A French author has said: “ La numismatique est. line maitresse dangereuse pour l’amateur, et toujours adoree, bien que cruelle, pour ses fervents disciples; ” and if the present volume will make the numismatic paths more accessible, and the stepping- stones somewhat easier, the writer will feel that his labor has not been in vain. A. R. F. LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CITED Akerman, Tradesmen’s Tokens. 1849. Appel’s Repertorium. 1820-29. Atkins, Coins and Tokens of the Possessions and Colonies of the British Empire. 1889. Atkins, Tradesmen’s Tokens of the Eighteenth Century. 1892. Babelon, Les origines de la monnaie. Babelon, Traite des monnaies grecques et romaines. 1901-04. Bahrfeld, Das Munzwesen der Mark Brandenburg. 1895. Batty, Copper Coinage of Great Britain. 1868-98. Betts, American Colonial History Illustrated by Medals. 1894. Blanchet, Nouveau manuel de numismatique. 1890. Bohl, Die Trierischen Munzen. 1823-57. Breton, Coins and Tokens Relating to Canada. 1894. British Museum Catalogues. 1873-1903. Campos, Numismatica Indo-Portuguesa. 1901. Cappe, Beschreibung der Mainzer Munzen. 1856. Cappe, Die Mittelalter-Munzen von Munster, etc. 1850. Cappe, Die Munzen der deutschen Kaiser, etc. 1848-57. Cappe, Beschreibung der Colnischen Munzen. 1853. Chalmers, History of Currency in the British Colonies. 1893. Chaudoir, Apergu sur les monnaies russes. 1836. Chestret, Numismatique de la Principaute de Liege. 1890-1900. Chijs, van der, Les monnaies des Pays-Bas. 1851-66. Cinagli, Le Moneta dei Papi. 1848. Codrington, Manual of Musalman Numismatics. 1904. Cohen, Description des monnaies romaines. 1859-68. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, Attica. Crosby, Early Coins of America. 1875. Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India. 1891. Dannenberg, Munzgeschichte Pommerns im Mittelalter. 1893-98. Davids, On the Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon. 1877. De la Torre, Description des monnaies espagnoles. 1852. Du Cange, Glossarium. 1875. Elliot, Coins of Southern India. 1886. Engel et Serrure, Traite de numismatique du moyen age. 1897-99. Principal Authorities Cited viii ■ Fernandes, Memoria das moedas correntes em Portugal. 1856. Florez, Medallas de . . . . Espana. 1757-73. Fonrobert, Die Jules Fonrobert’sche Sammlung iiberseeischer Miinzen. 1878. Frey, The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501. 1914. Friedensburg und Seger, Schlesiens Miinzen und Medaillen der neueren Zeit. 1901. Friedlander, Die Miinzen der Ostgoten und Vandalen. 1844-49. Gaedecbens, Hamburger Miinzen und Medaillen. 1843-74. Gaillard, Recherches sur les monnaies des comtes de Flandre. 1857. 'Haller, Schweizerisches Miinz- und Medaillenkabinet. 1780, ’81. ■ Head, Historia Nuinorum. 1911. Heiss, Monedas Hispano-Cristianos. 1865-69. Hill, Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. 1899. Hoffmann, Les monnaies royales de France. 1878. Hultscb, Metrologicorum Scriptorum Reliquiae. 1864-66. Inn und Knyphausen, Miinzen und Medaillen Kabinet. 1872-77. Joseph, Goldmiinzen des XIV. und XV. Jahrhunderts. 1882. Joseph und Fellner, Die Miinzen von Frankfurt a M. 1896. Jungk, Die Bremischen Miinzen. 1875. Kelly, Le Cambiste Universel. The Universal Cambist. 1823-35. Kohler, Vollstandiges Ducaten-Cabinet. 1759, ’60. Lacroix, Numismatique annamite. 1900. Lampridius, Alexander Severus. Lane-Poole, The Coins of the Moghul Emperors of Hindustan. 1892. Langlois, Numismatique de l’Armenie. 1855. Langlois, Essai de classification des suites monetaires de la Georgie. 1860. Lelewel, Numismatique du moyen age. 1835. Lenormant, La monnaie dans l’antiquite. 1878, ’79. Lockhart, A Guide to the Inscriptions on the Coins of the Farther East. 1898. Lockhart, The Stewart Lockhart Collection of Chinese Copper Coins. 1915. Loon, Beschryving der nederlandsche Historipenningen. 1723-35. Madai, Vollstandiges Thaler-Cabinet. 1765-74. Madden, History of the Jewish Coinage. 1864. Mailliet, Monnaies obsidionales. 1870. Marsden, Numismata Orientalia Illustrata. 1823-25. Mateer, Coinage of Travancore. In the Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 1894. Meili, Das brasilianische Geldwesen. 1875-1905. Meili, Portugiesische Miinzen. 1890. Millies, Recherches sur les monnaies des indigenes de 1‘Archipel Indien et de la Pen- insule Malaie. 1871. ■ Millingen, Considerations sur la numismatique de l’ancienne Italie. 1841-44. .Mommsen, Histoire de la monnaie romaine. 1865-75. Principal Authorities Cited ]X 'Munro, Coins of Japan. 1904. Nahuys, Histoire numismatique du royaume de Hollande. 1858. Netscher en Van der Chijs, De Munten van Nederlandsch-Indie. 1863. Neumann, Beschreibung der bekanntesten Kupfermunzen. 1858-72. ■Noback, Mtinz, Mass, und Gewichts-verhaltnisse. 1850. ‘Papadopoli, Le monete di Venezia. 1893-1912. ■ Pichler, Repertorium der steierischen Miinzkunde. 1865-67. Poey d’Avant, Monnaies feudales de France. 1860. Pollux, Onomasticon. Prinsep, Useful Tables. 1858. Promis, Le monete dei reali di Savoia. 1841. Promis, Monete del Piemonte. 1852-70. •Raczinski, Le medaillier de Pologne. 1838-45. • Ramsden, Chinese Early Barter and Uninscribed Money. 1912. ■ Reinach, Les monnaies juives. 1888. • Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of Britain. 1840. • Sabatier, Description generate des monnaies byzantines. • Sambon, Les monnaies antiques de l’ltalie. 1903. ' Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre Sainte. 1847. Saulcy, Numismatiques des croisades. 1847. Saurmasche Munzsammlung deutscher, schweizerischer und polnischer Gepriige von etwa dem Beginn der Groschenzeit bis zur Kipperperiode. 1892. ■ Schlumberger, Numismatique de l’Orient latin. 1878. Schroeder, Annam, Etudes numismatiques. 1905. ■ Schubert, Collection de monnaies et medailles russes. 1843-57. Schulthess-Rechberg, Thaler Cabinet. 1840-67. Spink, Numismatic Circular. Stevenson, A Dictionary of Roman Coins. 1889. Teixeira de Aragao, Descrippao das moedas de Portugal. 1875-80. Terrien de Lacouperie, Catalogue of Chinese Coins. 1892. Thomas, Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Dehli. 1871. ' Thomas, Essays on Indian Antiquities. 1858. Thurston, History of the Coinage of the Territories of the East India Company. 1890. • Valentine, Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States. 1911. -Verkade, Muntboek. 1848. Wood, The Coinage of the West Indies, and the Sou Marque. 1914. Zanetti, Monete d’ltalia. 1786. • Zay, Histoire monetaire des colonies franpaises. 1892. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NUMISMATIC WORKS a. b. c. Fair condition (French, assez bien conservd). a. d. To the right (French, a droite; Italian, a destra). Adv. Obverse (Latin, adverso). AE. Copper or bronze (Latin, aes, cop- per). a. g. To the left (French, a gauche). AR. Silver (Latin, argentum), a. s. To the left (Italian, a sinistra). AV. Gold (Latin, auruin). B. In good condition (French, belle; Italian, buono). Br. Bronze; brass. C 1 . In good condition. C 2 . In medium condition. C 8 . In poor condition. C. S. Counterstamped. D. Obverse (Italian, dritto). D. Baler. d. Pence (Latin, denarius), desgl. The same; ditto (German, des- gleichen). E. F. Extremely fine. El. Eleetrum. Es. Specimen (Italian, esemplare). F. In fine condition. FDC. In mint state (French, tieur de coin). four. Plated (French, fourrde). fr. In poor condition (French, fruste). G. In good condition. G. B. Large bronze (Italian, gran bronzo). g. e. In good condition (German, gut erhalten). geh. With a ring attached (German, gehenkelt). gel. Perforated; with a hole (German, gelocht). Gj. Ingood condition (Swedish, Gjuten). Gr. Grammes. IIs. Obverse (German, Hauptseite). Ins. Inscription. L. Left. Lait. Tin (French, Laiton). Lb. Small bronze (Swedish, Liten brons). Leg. Legend. M. In medium condition. M. Billon (Italian, mistura). M. B. Medium bronze. Med. Medal. MM. Mint mark; marque monetaire. m. m. Millimeters. Mon. Monogram. Mzz. Mint mark (German, Munzzeichen). n. 1. To the left (German, nacli links). No. Number. n. r. To the right (German, nacli reehts). 0. Gold (Italian, oro). Obv. Obverse. P. Lead (Latin, plumbum). P. B. Small bronze (Italian, piccolo (bronzo). Pee. Piece. Perf. Perforated; with a hole. Pfg. Pfennig. PI. Lead (Latin, plumbum). R, Right. R. Reverse. R. Rare. Rev. Reverse. Rgsdlr. Rigsdaler. R . R. Very rare. R. R. R. Exceedingly rare. Rs. Reverse (German, Ruckseite). S. Scarce. scbl. erh. In poor condition (German, schlecht erhalten). sell. Fine (German, schon). In very good condition (German, s. g. e. sehr gut erhalten). Sli. Shilling. Stb. Large bronze (Swedish, Stor brons). Stg. Standing. St.-gl. In proof condition (German, Stem- pelglanz). T. B. Very good (French, trfes belle). Thlr. Thaler. Tr. Perforated; with a hole (French, troude). U. Unique (Italian, unico). Unc. Uncirculated. Yal. V alue. Y ar. Variety; variant. V. F. Very line. vorz. erh. Extremely fine (German, vorziiglich erhalten). Wt. Weight. z. g. e. In medium condition (German, ziemlich gut erhalten). Abacis Abu-Cinco A Abacis. A silver coin mentioned by Teixeira de Aragao (iii) and claimed to have been formerly in use both in Portu- guese India and in the Portuguese posses- sions in East Africa. Abanque. See Abenge. Abassi. See Abbasi. Abaze. See Abbasi. Abbasi. A Persian silver coin which takes its name from Shah Abbas I (A. II. 996-1038=1587-1629). It was divided into two Mahmudis, or four Shahis, or ten Bisti. In the Georgian series the Abbasi was introduced in the reign of Theimouraz II (1744—1762), and had a value of ten Bisti. The half Abbasi, called Chaouri or Scliauri, Langlois (No. 67), Fonrobert (4288, 4303) appeared in 1779 under Erecle (Hercules) II. With the Russian occupation of Georgia under Alexander I, beginning in 1801, this coin received the name of Abaze or Rial, and the currency was made to harmonize with that of Russia, as follows : 1 Abaze= 200 Thetri=10 Kopecks. The Kopeck was again divided into tenths, one of which Avas called Phoul or Pul ; plural Plnili. The modern Persian coinage retains this piece under the name of Abassi, and the half is called Senar. In the Afghan coin- age the Abaze is computed at one-third of the Rial. Abbey-Pieces. A name given to both coins and tokens that were issued by the great monastic establishments. Some of these pieces Avere not coins in the modern sense, but were intended as Tesserae Sacrae for use of pilgrims and monks who travelled from one religious house to an- other. Others, however, were legitimate coins, and the issues of the abbatial mint of St. Martin at Tours Avere noted during the Middle Ages. Abbesses as well as abbots enjoyed the privilege of striking coins. The most no- table are those of the Frauenmiinster in Zurich, and the abbeys of Quedlinburg, Herford, Essen, and Thorn in Brabant. Abendmahl Pfennige. See Communion Tokens. Abenge. Du Cange mentions this as being a small coin, the name of which is found in an agreement dated 1320 between Philip Y of France and the Bishop of Tournay. An ordinance of 1330 mentions “deux soulz uz deniers et une abanque Parisis, ” which is probably the same coin. Abidi. A name given to the half Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after the fourth Imam, Zainul-abidin, or Abid Bimar. Aboudjidid. The name given to certain cotton fabrics used for currency in Abys- sinia ; in some localities it is luioAvn as Stamma. Abraemos. A gold coin said to have been struck by the Portuguese for then- possessions in India. See Teixeira de Aragao (iii). Abschlag. A term used by German numismatists to indicate a restrike from an original die. The later impression fre- quently occurs in an entirely different metal, e.g., Dukaten-Abschlage in silver, etc. Absolutionsthaler. The name given to a medallic Thaler struck by Henry IV of France in 1595, after his reconciliation with the Pope. On the obverse of this coin is a portrait of Clement VIII, and on the reverse his own bust. Abu-Cinco. An Egyptian denomination to indicate the silver piece of five Francs. [ 1 ] Abukash Adha-ani Abukash, or Abukesh. Zanetti (i. 450) states that this was the name given to the Thaler of the Low Countries in the Levant during the seventeenth century. A simi- lar designation, Aslani, meaning a lion, was used in the Ottoman Empire to desig- nate this coin, the allusion being, of course, to the prominent figure of a lion on the obverse. Abu-Mafta. The last word in Egyptian means a cannon, and this name was applied to the Spanish Piastre in Egypt, because the Pillars of Hercules on the reverse were mistaken for cannon. Abuqueip, or Griscio. According to Kelly, this was a current silver coin of Egypt of the value of twenty Medini. Abu-tera. The name given in Egypt to the Levant Dollar ( q.v .). It appears to be an abbreviation of Theresa. Accolated or Accolled. See Jugate. Achaean League Coinage. About B.C. 370 several cities on the southern side of the Corinthian Gulf banded together as a means of defence against Macedonian ag- gression, and the coins issued by them are usually referred to by the above name. The monogram of the League was AX, which is frequently found on the coins. The League increased in power circa B.C. 280, and eventually included all of the Peloponnesian cities, some of which, how- ever, also struck independently. It ceased B.C. 146 with the constitution of the Ro- man province. Achesoun or Atkinson. The name some- times given to the Plack of the first coinage of James VI of Scotland. It was so called on account of Thomas Atkinson, who was master of the Edinburgh mint from 1581 to 1611. Achtbruderthaler. The name given to a series of Thaler struck in Sachsen- Weimar circa 1605-1620, with eight busts of the princes, four on each side. They were all sons of Duke Johann Ernst. Conf. Madai (1478, 1479), who cites a variety with all the eight portraits on one side. Achtehalber, means actually “eight halves’’ or four, but popularly “eight less one half,” or seven and a half. The term was used in Prussia for the piece of two and a half Silbergroschen which was equal to seven and a half Schillinge. Achtelthaler. The name given to a piece of three Groschen or the one-eighth of the Ortsthaler. It was common to Sax- ony, Brunswick, and other German States in the seventeenth century. See Ort. Acht en Twintig. See Guilder. Achter. A name given to the Marien- groschen formerly issued in Brunswick, Hanover, Westphalia, etc., because they were equal to eight Pfennige instead of the customary twelve Pfennige. Achterwiel. A popular Dutch name for the current silver coin of two and one-half Gulden. Achtzehner. See Ort. Achtzehngroscher. See Tympf. Ackey. An English colonial silver coin issued by the African Company on the Gold Coast in 1796 and 1818. There is a corresponding half Ackey. The name is a native term, used as a monetary standard, denoting twenty grains of gold dust. See Takoe. Acrimontana. A general name for coins struck at the mint of Agramont. These pieces were current in Catalonia under James I, king of Aragon (1213-1276), and in France under Louis XIV. See Blanchet (i, 165). Adarkonim. Another name for the Daric (q.v.). Adelheidsdenare. A name given to a variety of Deniers which have been found in great quantities in Saxony, though the exact localities where they were struck have never been determined. These coins have on one side a cross and the name otto, and on the reverse a figure of a church and the inscription ateahlht, or similar, whence the designation. Some authorities attribute these to Otto I, king of Germany (936-962) and his queen, Ade- laide or Adelheid, while others ascribe them to Otto III during his minority. Adha. A name given to the half Moliur of Nepal, struck by the Malla Rajas in the seventeenth century. See Fonrobert (2324 et seq.). See Suka. Adha-ani. The one-sixteenth silver Mo- hur introduced by the Gorkhas in the coin- age of Nepal ; it must not be confused with [ 2 ] Adhada Affonso de Ouro the Adhani, i.e., the one thirty-second of the gold Mohur. See Suka. Adhada. A money of account of Cutch and Kathiawar, and equal to the one ninety-sixth part of the Kori (q.v.). Adheeda. Another name for the silver eight-anna piece of Nepal. See Mehnder- Mulie, Adhelah. A copper coin of Hindustan and equal to one-half of the Dam (q.v.). Adlea or Adli. A billon coin, plated with gold, issued by Yussuf Pascha in Tripoli in 1827. It was forced upon the people as the equivalent of a Spanish Dol- lar, but only a few days after its introduc- tion the value of this coin depreciated over ninety per cent, and it was one of the factors that led to the revolution of 1832, which resulted in Yussuf ’s abdication. Adler-pfennig, Schilling, etc. The popu- lar name for any coin having the figure of a double eagle prominently displayed; e. g., the numerous issues for Aix-la-Clia- pelle, the Thaler, Groschen, and Schillinge of Bentheim, etc. Adli. A silver coin of Dehli introduced by Muhammad III Ibn Tughlag, A.H. 725 (A.D. 1324). Its weight was 140 grains, and it was a substitute for the old Tankahor Rupee of his predecessors which weighed 175 grains. It was discontinued about A.H. 730 and the old standard re- stored. See Thomas (Nos. 180, 181). Also a piece of fifty Tankahs used in Hindustan. See Tankah. Adi Gutkah. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor of Hindustan, and valued at nine Rupees. See Sihansah. Adolfsd’or. The name given to the gold coin of ten Thaler issued by Adolf Fredrik, King of Sweden (1751-1771). Aerosi Nummi. The name given by the Romans to billon coins (q.v.). Aes, or more properly As. A Latin word of probably Arian origin, meaning both pure copper and a mixture of tin and cop- per. The term served afterwards in Rome as a generic word for every variety of money. The earliest types of the Aes are called the Aes Rude or Aes Infectum, i.e., un- wrought copper. There was no monetary unit and the weight formed the basis of all exchanges. Aes Grave (heavy bronze) ; also called the Aes Libralis (i.e., pound of bronze), was the first Roman monetary unit. The basis was the As, which in its earliest form weighed an Oscan — Latin pound of twelve ounces, derived from a standard originally brought to Italy by the Phocaeans. It is of a lenticular shape and the obverse bears the portrait of Janus bifrons and the figure 1 as an indication of the value. The re- verse has the prow of a galley, probably indicative of the maritime power of Rome, which had been greatly developed by the Decemviri (B.C. 452-450), to which period these coins are usually assigned. The best and latest authorities, however, place them a century later. The divisions of the As are the Deunx or Iabus, 11 ounces Dextans or Decunx, 10 “ Dodrans or Dodras, 9 “ lies or Bessis, 8 “ Septunx, 7 “ Semis, Semissis, or Sexcunx, 0 “ Quincunx, Quicunx, or Cingus, 5 “ Triens, Triente, or Trias, 4 “ Quadrans, Quadrant, or Teruncia, 3 “ Sextans, Sextante, or Sextas, 2 “ Sescunx, 1 % “ Uncia, 1 “ Semuncia % “ The multiples are the Dupondius, Tri- pondius, and Decussis ; all of these are de- scribed under their respective names. The As was reduced in weight as follows : Primitive Libral, B.C. 450 Twelve ounces Semilibral, B.C. 3.38 Six ounces Sextantal, B.C. 268 Two ounces Uncial, B.C. 217 One ounce Semi-Uncial, B.C. 89 Half of an ounce Aes Rude. The name given to the prim- itive and shapeless pieces of bronze used by the Romans as money previous to the Aes Signatum (q.v.). Aes Signatum. The second type of the Aes, so called because rude stamps or marks are to be found on it, signifying the weight and an approximate value. These are of oblong, square, and oval shapes. They are generally supposed to have originated in the reign of Servius Tullius (B.C. 578- 535), but are more likely of the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. Aetolian League. See League Coinage. Affonsim. See Grosso Affonsim. Affonso de Ouro. Another name for the earliest type of Cruzado (q.v.), issued by Alfonso V of Portugal (1438-1481), and so called in honor of the ruler. [ 3 ] Afrikanische Pfennige Albertin Afrikanische Pfennige. See Schiffs Du- katen. Aftaby. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor of Hindustan, of the value of ten Rupees. See Sihansah. Aggio or Agio. A term used more in banking than in numismatics to indicate the fluctuations of exchange rates, i. e., the actual value of a coin as compared with its current exchange value. Agnel (plural Agneaux). A French gold coin first issued under Philip IV in January, 1310. It is the French form of the Agnus Dei (q.v.), with similar designs and inscriptions. The Agnel was struck in France until the period of Charles VI (1380-1422). See Denier d’Or, Gouden Lam, and Mouton. Agnus Dei. A silver coin of Castile issued by John I (1379-1390) and struck at Toledo, Burgos, and Seville. The obverse shows the Paschal Lamb, and on the reverse is a large crown. The inscription reads : “Agnus Dei Qui Tolis Pecate Mundi Misere Nobis,” referring to the words in the Gospel of St. John (i: 29). See Agnel. Agod. The name given to the half Talari piece of Abyssinia. See Ber. Agontano. See Anconitano. Agostaro. See Augustalis. Aguglino. The popular name for the Aquilino (q.v.). Aguila de Oro. The name given to a variety of the Dobla de los Excelentes, or double Excelente, issued in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (1474-1516). It lias on the reverse the armorial shields of Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Sicily sup- ported by an eagle with wings extended. Ahmadi or Ahmedi. The name given to the gold Mohur of Mysore, by Tipu Sul- tan, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, dating from the birth of the Prophet. Airgead. A Gaelic word meaning sil- ver; but Simon, in his Essay on the Coins of Ireland, doubts that it was ever ap- plied to coins of this metal. Bonn Airgead, or Airgid, means a silver medal. See Bonn. Akahi Dala. The name of the silver coins issued for the Hawaiian Islands under Kalakaua I. They are all dated 1883 and represent the value of a silver dollar of the United States. Akcheh, or Othmany. A small Turkish silver coin, the only piece issued by Ur- khan, the son of Othman I, when he in- augurated the Ottoman coinage, A.H. 729. When the Ghrush was introduced, A.H. 1099, it was divided into fifty Akchehs, but the relation of the two coins constantly altered. Lane-Poole states, Num. Chroni- cle, 3d Series (ii : 175-176), that “at first 50 Akchehs went to the Ghrush, then 40, sometimes as many as 80, and finally, in A.H. 1138, as many as 120 Akchehs went to the new Turkish unit. This last figure, however, is perhaps explained by the fact that another small silver coin, the Para, had come into existence . . . and eventu- ally usurped the place of the Akcheh.” See Para. In the Tunis currency this coin had the same value as the Asper, i.e., the fourth part of the Kharub. Akhtar. A name given to the copper five-cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1792, after the adoption of his new system of reckoning. This system was be- gun in 1786, and was based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The name is the Arabic designation of the word “Star.” Alamgiri. A small copper coin for- merly current in the Deccan principality, it was valued at one sixty-fourth of the Chandor Rupee. Albansgulden. A name given to the gold coins issued by the Knights of St. Alban at Mainz, who received the privi- lege of striking coins from the Emperor Maximilian I in 1518. The number was limited and they were distributed to the members of the Order on St. Martin’s Day (November 11), and are consequently sometimes referred to as Martinsgulden. They bear on one side a figure of St. Alban holding his head in his hand. Alberetto, or Albero, meaning a tree, was the popular name for the copper Baiocco struck by the Roman Republic in 1797. The obverse has the lictor’s fasces surmounted by a Phrygian cap, which bear a fanciful resemblance to a tree. Albertin. A gold coin issued for Bra- bant, Tournay, Flanders, etc., which ob- [ 1 ] Albertusthaler Alicorno tains its name from Albert, Archduke of Austria (1598-1621), who was governor of the Netherlands. The obverse bears his bust, together with that of his consort Elizabeth, and on the reverse is the cross of Burgundy, in the angles of which are dis- posed the figures of the date. Albertusthaler. A silver coin struck for the Low Countries by Albert, Archduke of Austria, and of the same design as the Albertin ( q.v .). From the Burgundy cross on the reverse these pieces are also called Kreuzthaler and Burgunderthaler. Their value was three Gulden or fifty Patards. The coin was copied in Holstein, Bruns- wick, Brandenburg, etc. Those of Freder- ick II bear the inscription nach dem pvs der albertvs thaler, and those of Fred- erick William II, struck in 1797, read, ad normam talerorum alberti. Correspond- ing smaller silver coins of the same design as the Albertusthaler were called respect- ively Albertusgulden and Albertusgros- clien. Albulo, or Albulo del San Pietro. A base silver coin of Lucca issued during the Republican rule (1369-1805). It has, on the reverse, a figure of St. Peter holding the keys. The name is the Italian equiva- lent for the Albus. Albus. A billon coin current in Ger- many and the Low Countries in the four- teenth and fifteenth centuries. It was com- mon in Cologne, Trier, Mainz, Hessen, and the Palatinate, and gradually replaced the older Turnosgroschen. The name Grossus Albus, or Weiss- groschen was given to these coins on ac- count of their white appearance, due to the silver of which they were composed, and which compared favorably with other coins of the same era. An even earlier coin was the Denarius Albus, or Weisspfennig. It is frequently mentioned in records of the Middle Ages, and owes its name to its white, shiny ap- pearance. Both of these coins are more or less synonymous with the French Blanc, the Spanish Blanco, the Italian Bianco, and the Witten Pennine of the Low Coun- tries. The later issues of the Albus, however, hardly deserved the name, as gradually more and more copper was added to their material, and their color naturally became darker. See Raderalbus, and Reichsalbus. Alderman. An English slang term for a half crown. An alderman as chief mag- istrate is half a king in his own ward, and the half crown is a sort of half king. Ale-silver. Blount, in his Law Diction- ary, 1691, states that this is the name of “a Rent or Tribute yearly paid to the Lord Maior of London, by those that sell Ale within the City.” Alexander. A gold coin of ten Lei, issued for Bulgaria under King Alexander I. Alexanders. A general name in modern parlance for the coins of Alexander the Great and those bearing the type of this monarch’s coinage. The designation for these pieces in ancient times was Alexan- dreioi. See Babelon, Traite (i, 482). Alexandreion. A silver coin of four Draehmai struck circa B.C. 315-310 by Ptolemy I, king of Egypt. Alexandrian Coinage. The coinage struck under the Roman emperors at Alex- andria in Egypt. Alexandrine Coinage. The coinage bearing the types of Alexander the Great. Struck at many mints in European Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Babylonia, and North Africa from B.C. 336 down to the Roman occupation. This coinage, while invariably using the types of Alexander the Great, sometimes substituted for his name the name of a ruling king, such as Philip III, Lysimachus, Seleucus, Antiochus, and others. Alfonsino. A silver coin of the Carlino type issued by Alfonso I of Aragon, while ruler of Naples and Sicily (1442-1468). The Alfonsino d’Oro of the same king was a large gold coin, also known by the name of Ducatone d’Oro. Alfonso. A term used to indicate the Spanish gold coin of twenty-five Pesetas, it having been originally issued under Alfonso XII, and the portrait of this mon- arch is on the obverse. Alicorno. A silver coin of Ferrara, issued by Duke Hercules I (1471-1505), which receives this name from the figure of a unicorn on one side. Its value is de- termined in an ordinance of 1492 as being equal to twelve Quattrini. [ 5 ] Alliance Coins Alliance Coins. A name given to cer- tain coins of Greece and Asia Minor, which were issued by a joint agreement between two or more cities. See Head (Introduc. § 17). Among the earliest types of Alliance pieces are those of the federal coinage of Rhodes, Cnidus, Samos, and Ephesus, B.C. 394-387. Each bore the type of its city on the reverse ; and on the obverse a figure of the infant Heracles strangling the snakes, and the legend STN (for o-ugga/cxov). Almonds used as money. See Badam. Alms Money. See Peter’s Pence. Aloethaler. In 1701 an aloe, which had been introduced to Germany a few years previously, blossomed for the first time, and in commemoration thereof the Dukes Rudolph August and Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel struck a Tha- ler. This coin has on one side a figure of the plant in bloom, with an appropriate description. Alpaka. An alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel, and used in the composition of the twenty Heller piece of Austria of 1916. Altilik. A base silver coin of Turkey in the series of Metalliks; its value is five Piastres. Altininck. See Altyn. Altmishlik, or Double Zolota. A silver coin of the Ottoman Empire of the value of one and one-half Piastres, or sixty Paras. Its weight varies from 300 to 420 grains. The name is derived from Altmish, i.e., sixty. See Utuzlik. Altun. This word in Turkish signifies gold, and after the conquest of Constanti- nople, Muhammad II, in A.H. 833, issued a gold coin named Sultany Altun, which, for brevity’s sake, was called Altun. It was patterned after the Sequin, and, according to Lane-Poole, Num. Chronicle, 3d Series (ii. 167-168), “was known by various other names, according to the pre- dominant foreign commercial influence; — under western influence it was called Flury (florin) ; under Persian, Sliahy; and after the Conquest of Egypt, the name Ashrafy, or Sherify, which had been given to the improved coinage of El-Ashraf Bar- sabay, was transferred to the issues of the Constantinopolitan mint. ” [ Amoles Altyn, sometimes called Altininck, was a base silver coin of Russia of the value of three Kopecks or six Dengi, first issued in 1704. The date on the reverse is in Slav- onic characters, and three dots or bosses are usually found upon this side of the coin, indicative of the value. The coinage of these pieces was discontinued in 1736. Aluminium, or Aluminum. A grayish- white metal resembling silver in color but of much lighter specific gravity. It is used extensively for tokens and medals, but the employment of it for actual coins has proved rather unsatisfactory. For British East Africa and Uganda aluminium Cents and half Cents have been issued, and a one-tenth Penny was struck for Nigeria in 1907 in the same metal. It has also been employed as a money of necessity by Germany in 1916-1917. Ambrosino. A name given to both a gold and a silver coin of Milan, struck under the first Republic (1250-1310), 'and retained by the Sforzas to the end of the fifteenth century. They obtain their name from St. Am- brosius, the patron saint of the city, who is generally represented standing, but sometimes on horseback, with a whip in his hand, which is supposed to have refer- ence to Christ’s driving the money- changers out of the temple. See Cahier, Characteristiques des Saints dans l’ Art Populaire (ii. 429), and Jameson, Sacred and Legendary Art (i. 395). Amedeo d’Oro. The popular name for the gold Lira, of the value of ten Seudi, issued by Victor Amedeus I of Savoy at the Turin mint in 1633. See Beato Amedeo. Amoles. A name given to the salt money of Abyssinia which was used as a circu- lating medium for smaller monetary trans- actions to the west of Gondar. This currency appears to have been in the form of blocks of rock-salt, about eight inches long by one and one-half inches in breadth, and of a value of from two to three pence each. It is described by Foville, Les Mon- naies de I’Ethiopie, and is mentioned as early as 1625 in the works of Don Alonzo Mendez, patriarch of Abyssinia, who trav- ersed the country, and says: “The boun- dary between the kingdoms of Daucali and Tygre is a plain, four days’ journey in length and one in breadth, which they call ] Amulets Angel the country of salt, for there is found all that they use in Ethiopia, instead of money; being bricks almost a span long and four fingers thick and broad, and won- derfully white, fine and hard, and there is never any miss of it, though they carry away never so much ; and this quantity is so great that we met a caravan of it, wherein we believed there could be no less than 600 beasts of burden, camels, mules, and asses, of which the camels carry 600 of those bricks, and the asses 140 or 150, and these continually going and coming.” For the purchasing powers of the Arnole, or Emol, as it is sometimes called, see an interesting contribution by A. Thomson D’Abbadie to the Numismatic Chronicle (Vol. II. 1839-1840). See also Wakea and Salt, infra. Amulets. The name given to certain coins or medals that are supposed to have talismanic qualities attached to them, such as warding off evil, disease, accidents, etc. There are a large number of Chinese and Korean pieces known as Amulet coins. Ana, Ani. See Anna. Ana Ichi Sen. See Kagami Ya Sen. Anandaramen. A gold coin of Travan- eore of double the weight of the Fanam. This coin appears to have been struck un- der Rama Raja (1758-1798). See Elliot (pp. 138-139). Anchor Pieces. The name given to a series of silver coins struck in 1822 under George IV of England for general use in the AVest Indies, Canada, and Mauritius. The issue consisted of a half, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth of a dollar ; on the reverse is an anchor, crowned, between the figures of value and the inscription : coloniar britan monet. See Breton (857- 860). Anchors. Hesychius states that the Cypriotes called their Triobols “anchors.” As no ancient money of Cyprus bears the type of an anchor, Six has believed that we should conclude that the coins called Anchors were something very different from ordinary money ; Babelon, on the other hand, thinks there were very ancient pieces of a primitive epoch, and of small size, which were anchor-shaped, having flukes or recurving arms; for it is impos- sible that the anchor of any vessel, how- ever small, should have had only the value of a triobol, as Hesychius tells us. Anconitano, or Agontano. The name frequently used to describe a variety of Grosso struck at Ancona in the thirteenth century, and of the value of twelve De- narii. In 1476 Sixtus IV reduced the value of this coin from ten to eight Quat- trini, and in 1498 Pope Alexander VI issued an ordinance making the Anconi- tano one-third of the Carlino in weight and equal to two and one-half Bolognini in value. Andreas Ducat. A gold coin of Russia, of the value of two gold Rubles, struck under a ukase of February 14, 1718, and continued until 1730. These coins bear the figure of the Saint on a cross, copied from the design on the Order of St. An- drew, which was instituted by Peter I in 1698. Andreas Thaler. A silver coin issued by Ernst V of Hohnstein (1508-1552), which receives its name from the figure of the Saint on the reverse, and the inscription SANTVS ANDREAS. The coins of the Dukes of Brunswick- Liinebnrg, which are also called Andreas Thaler, take this name from the mines at Andreasberg in the Harz Mountains from which the silver was obtained for coining them. See also under St. Andrew and St. An dries, infra. Smaller coins of similar design are known as Andreas Gulden, Andreas Pfen- nige, etc. Anepigrafa. An Italian term for a coin which has no legend, as, e.g., certain types of the half Bezzo, which have only figures and no inscription whatever. Anepigraphic Coins. A general term for coins without inscriptions. See Mon- naies Muettes. Ange d’Or. A large French gold coin first struck under Philip VI of Valois (1328-1350). It receives its name from the crowned angel on the obverse, who is rep- resented seated under a canopy, his feet over a dragon, holding in one hand a long cross and in the other a shield with the fleurs de lis. Angel. An English gold coin, first struck by Edward IV in 1470. It received [7] Angelet Ani its name from the design on the obverse, which represents the archangel Michael, standing with his left foot upon a dragon, and piercing him through the mouth witli a spear. On the reverse is a ship, and the original inscription reads, per crucem tuam salva nos christe redemptor (“By thy cross save us O Christ, our Redeemer”). The Angel succeeded the Noble {q.v.), and was not coined after 1634. This coin was the one used for “touch- ing for the King’s Evil,” probably on ac- count of its religious inscriptions. See Touchpiece. Tyler, in his History of Scot- land, 1864 (ii, 390), cites an Inventory of Jewels of the year 1488 in which are men- tioned “Twa hundredth four score and V angelis, ” and Shakespeare, in The Merry Wives of Windsor (i, 3), speaks of “a legion of angels.” Angelet. A half- Angel. It was of simi- lar type as the preceding and the original reverse inscription was o crux ave sees unica (“Hail, 0 Cross, our only hope”). In the time of Elizabeth the motto had been changed to an abbreviated form of a DOMINO FACTUM EST ISTUD ET EST MIRA- bile in oculis nostris (“This is the Lord’s doing and it is marvellous in our eyes”). The Angelet was discontinued in 1619. Angelot. A gold coin of the Anglo- Gallic series corresponding to the Angelet ( q.v .), and as the latter constituted half of an Angel, so the Angelot was valued at fifteen Sols or about two-thirds of a Salute {q.v.). It was first struck by Henry A I of Eng- land about 1427, with the usual obverse of St. Michael slaying the dragon. The type is found on coins of Thorn in Brabant, issued by the Abbess Margaret of Breder- ode (1531-1577) and also occurs on speci- mens issued by Henri II of Brederode (1556-1568), struck at Vianen in Luxem- burg. Under Louis XI of France (1461-1485) a series of Angelots were issued to com- memorate the foundation of the Order of St. Michael. See Hoffmann (7-10). Angevin. See Monnaies Angevines. Anglo-American Money. The general name given to the coins of the American settlements struck by English rulers from the time of Elizabeth until 1776. Anglo- Gallic Coins are such as were issued bv the English rulers and princes in their French territories. The earliest specimens are the Deniers of Henry II, which must have been struck previous to 1168, in which year Aquitaine was given by Henry to his son, Richard I. The last of the series of Anglo-Gallic coins are the Tournay Groats of Henry VIII, issued in 1513. Angroigne. A billon coin of Burgundy issued by Philip the Good (1419-1467) and struck at the mint at Auxonne. It has on the reverse a cross with lions and fleurs de lis in the opposite angles, and the inscrip- tion : anserna de avxone. See Blanchet (i, 394). Angster. A small base silver coin struck in various Cantons of Switzerland, but specially in Luzerne, Schwyz, Appenzell, Zug, Zurich, Scliaffhausen, and St. Gallen. They are mentioned as early as 1424, and in a Munzbuck, printed at Nuremburg by Georg AVachter in 1530, the value of the Angster is stated to be one-fourth of the Kreuzer. They occur in the coinage as late as the middle of the nineteenth cen- tury, and retained this value. The etymology of the name is dubious. Du Cange (i) states that it is a corrup- tion of Angesicht, i.e., face or visage. An- other authority derives the name from an individual named Angst, the master of a mint in Switzerland. Ang-tuk. A silver piece struck in Nepal for currency in Tibet, by the Newar King -Taya Bhupatindra Malla Deva in the year 816 of the Newar Era, corresponding to A.D. 1696. The name Ang-tuk means “number six,” and it is given to the coin on account of the last figure in the date. The Tibetans call it Pa-nying Tang-ka, or “old Nepalese” coinage. It is also known as the Dung-tang, i.e., “Spear Tang-ka,” or Dung-tse, i.e., “Spear-point,” from the trident emblem of the Newar kings, which is minted on the reverse. It is called a Mohar in Nepal. See Tang-ka, and Conf. AValsh, Coinage of Tibet, in Memoirs Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1907 (ii), and AVood, in American Journal of Numis- matics, 1912. Ani. A gold coin of Nepal of the value of one-sixteenth of a Mohur. See Suka, and Anna. [M Animals Aplus Animals, especially sheep ancl cattle, were used as basis of exchange in ancient times. In Homer oxen are frequently mentioned as the commodity by which other things were valued. The armor of Diomedes was said to be worth nine oxen, while that of Glaucus was valued at a hundred. Iliad (vi). In the same work it is stated that the first prize given to the wrestlers at the Grecian games was worth twelve oxen. See Kugildi. Anna. A copper coin of India, the six- teenth part of a Rupee. It is subdivided into four Pice or twelve Pies. It is referred to early in the eighteenth century by A. Hamilton, in A New Ac- count of the East Indies, 1727 (ii, App. 8), who states that “in Bengal their accounts are kept in Pice, twelve to an Annoe, six- teen Annoes to a Rupee.” Annapolis Coinage. See Chalmers. Annengroschen. The name given to a series of silver coins issued in Brunswick, Hanover, and Hildesheim at the begin- ning of the sixteenth century. They have a figure of St. Anne standing, who is hold- ing the Christ child on one arm and the infant Mary on the other. Annenpfennig. A copper token struck at Annaberg, Saxony, with the inscrip- tion HILF HEILIGE ANNA. Annoe. An old form of writing Anna ( q-v •)• Annulet Coinage. A name given to certain issues in gold and silver of the period of Henry V and Henry VI of Eng- land, on account of the annulet which was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the money of these reigns. Annunciata. The popular name for a coin of the Gonzaga family, princes of Guastalla, which bears on the obverse the annunciation to the Virgin. It was equal to fourteen Soldi and was issued to the end of the sixteenth century. The type was copied in 1745 on the Quadruplo d’Oro of Charles Emanuel III, king of Sardinia. Anselmino. A name given to the double Giulio issued in Mantua under Vincenzo I. Gonzaga (1587-1613). It was a silver coin of the value of twenty Soldi and re- [ • ceived this name from the figure of St. Anselm on the obverse. See Selmino. Antoninianus, also called Argenteus An- tonin ianus, and Aurelianus, is a Roman double Denarius which takes its name from M. Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla (211- 217), who introduced it. This coin was distinguished from the Denarius by the fact that the Emperor’s head bore a radiated crown, and there is a crescent under the head of the Empress. It was originally of moderately good silver, but gradually depreciated until at the time of Gallienus it was barely more than a sil- vered copper coin. It was abolished about the period of Constantine the Great. The original weight of this coin was 5.45 grammes, or about eighty grains. Ant’s Nose Coins. A name given to certain small copper pellet-like shaped money of China, convex on one side and fiat, op the other. They are generally con- ceded to have been in use about B.C. 650- GOO, and the designation “Ant’s Nose Money” is due, perhaps, to the ancient practice of burying “valuable ants” with the dead. ‘ ‘ Ghost ’s Face or Head Money ’ ’ is also an appellation given to them, no doubt on account of their likeness to the features of a spectre of the nether world. Their latest cognomen is that of “Metallic Cowries” in imitation of cowry shells, whose shape they are supposed to follow and which were known to be used as a currency medium in ancient China. The most common variety is that sup- posed to be inscribed with the weight value Pan Liang, or half Tael. For a detailed account see Ramsden, Numismatic and Philatelic Journal of Japan, 1914 (iii, 4, 5), and Spink (xxiii, p. 564). Anvoire. Du Cange states that this was a kind of tribute of twenty-eight Deniers to be used for the church which the Bishop of Beauvais exacted from newly married couples. Aparas. According to Teixeira de A.ragao (iii) this was a Portuguese silver coin struck for their possessions in India. The word means to cut off, or to divide, and the coins consisted of pieces cut from the Piastre and counterstamped. Aplus. The Assyrian equivalent for the Greek Obol (q.v.). ] Apollina Arenkopf Apollina. The popular name used in Sicily for the gold coins of Syracuse of the period of Agathocles (B.C. 317-310), which bore on the obverse the head of Apollo. Apostel Thaler. A silver medallic Tha- ler of the Holy Roman Empire, bearing no date but issued under Rudolf II (1576- 1612). It is from designs by Christian Maler, and obtains its name from the figure of the Savior surrounded by the symbols of the twelve apostles. Appelgulden. A nickname given to the gold Gulden of the city of Cologne, issued in the latter part of the fifteenth century Cappe (No. 1244), on account of the im- perial globe on the reverse, which was fre- quently mistaken for an apple. The name was adopted throughout the Rhine Provinces and was used in the con- temporary archives. Conf. Paul Joseph ( passim ) . Appoints. See Assignat. Apuliense. The name given to a small silver coin struck by William II (1166- 1189) for Brindisi, Palermo, etc. The re- verse has usually a palm-tree and the in- scription apvliensis. Some varieties are concave. The value was equal to a Ducato d’Argento, and divisions of three, six, and twelve were issued called respectively Tercia or Terzo, Sesto, and Dodicesimo. Aqdscheh. A silver coin of Egypt, in- troduced by Ahmed III (A.H. 1115-1143), and corresponding to the Asper, or one- third of the Para. Aquilino. A silver coin, which, as its name indicates, hears a large eagle on the obverse, and is common to a number of Italian States. It was issued at Padua during the Re- publican period (1200-1318), and from its size was generally known as the Grosso Aquilino. At Treviso it was struck by Enrico II di Gorizia (1319-1323) ; at Man- tua by the Gonzaga family in the latter part of the fourteenth century ; and at Aquila under Joanna II of Durazzo (1414- 1435) and her successors. The last-named coin was also called Celia or Trentino and had a value of half a Paolo. It bore an eagle with outstretched wings, which re- ceived the popular name of Uccello, i.e., a bird, and this in turn was corrupted to Celia. Arbaa. A name given to certain base gold coins of Egypt of the value of four Piastres or one-half of the Kairie. Arbol de Valencia. The billon Deniers issued by John I of Aragon (1387-1395), for Valencia, are so called. See Engel and Serrure (iii. 1346). Arcadian League. See League Coinage. Archaic Coinage. A general name for the earliest types of the Greek coins struck from circa B.C. 700 to B.C. 480. In this period “there is a gradual development from extreme rudeness of execution to more clearly defined forms characterised by stiffness and angularity of style.” This is the first of the art periods according to Head’s classification, and the figures on the coins usually consist of animals, heads of animals, and human heads in profile. Archer. A name sometimes given to both the Persian gold Daric and the silver Siglos, as these coins bear the figure of a bowman on the obverse. The term xo^oxat from an archer, is also used to define these coins, and they were known by this latter name. Ardha. An Indian word meaning half, and used in conjunction with denomina- tions such as Kakini, Pana, etc. See Pana. Ardit. A corruption of Ilardi or Hardit ( q-v .). Ardite. A small copper coin of Barce- lona struck by Philip III (1598-1621) and by his successors until the middle of the eighteenth century. It probably obtained its name from the fact that on the earliest types the portrait of the king separated the two letters A.R. (Aragoniae Rex). Ardpanchio. A silver coin of Cuteh and Kathiawar of the value of two and a half Koris. See Panchia. Arends-Rijksdaalder. A silver Thaler issued by the United Provinces, Friesland, etc., in the latter part of the sixteenth cen- tury. The name is obtained from the em- blem of the two eagles upon the obverse. The smaller denominations, the Arends- Groot and the Arends-Schelling have the same design. The Thaler was equal to sixty Groten. Arenkopf, or Amekopf. A name given to the half Pfennig of Goslar, on account of the eagle’s head appearing on the same. [ 10 ] Argenteolus Arsura These diminutive base silver coins were issued originally in the fifteenth century ; they are also alluded to by the names of Scherf ( q.v .) and Goslar. Argenteolus. See Argenteus. Argenteus. Another name for the De- narius, revived by Diocletian and struck 96 to the pound of silver. It was also called Argenteus minutulus or Argenteo- lus, and continued to be struck until the time of Julian II the Apostate. Argenteus. See Talari. Argenteus Antoninianus. See Antoni- nianus. Argenteus Aurelianus. See Antonini- anus. Argenteus Minutulus. So called in con- tradistinction to the larger Argenteus An- toninianus. See Argenteus. Argentino. A gold coin of the Argen- tine Republic, introduced in 1880, and of the value of five Pesos. Argent le Roy, i.e., the King’s silver. When this term was used in connection with coins issued in Prance during the Middle Ages it implied that the metal was 23 karats fine. In a document of 1378 the Grosso of Charles Y of Prance is called Argento le Roy, probably on account of the purity of the metal. Argento. In the fifteenth century this name was applied to silver coins struck by the Popes at Avignon and Carpentrasso. Argenton, or Maillechort. The name given to a mixture of nickel, copper, and zinc which constituted the basis of the Swiss coins of 1850. See Nickel. Argentum Dei. See Earnest. Argentum Oscense. See Denarius Os- censis. Argentum Nigrum. See Billon. Argurion. A Greek word meaning “a piece of silver,” and so used in the Gospel of St. Matthew (xvii: 27, xxvi : 15). See Pieces of Silver. Arlabaso. See Rollbatzen. Armellino. A silver coin of the value of half a Carlino, issued by Ferdinand I of Aragon, as king of Naples and Sicily (1458- 1494). It obtains its name from the figure of an ermine on the reverse. The type was copied by his successors, Alfonso II and Ferdinand II, and also by Francesco Maria I, Duke of Urbino ( 1508 - 1513). The ermine being mistaken for a fox ( volpe ), the coin received the nick- name of Volpetta. Arnaldes, or Arnaudin. The name given to a small base silver coin struck at Agen in Aquitaine, and supposed to obtain its name from Arnaldo I of Bonneville, who was bishop of Agen in the eleventh cen- tury. Poey d’Avant (ii, 143) ascribes its origin to Arnaldo de Rovinhan, bishop of Agen and the first to coin money there in 1217. The same authority (p. 145) cites an account of the year 1252 in which Ar- naldeses are mentioned as being of slightly less weight than the Italian coins of the same period. Amekopf. See Arenkopf. Arnoldus. The ducat of Arnould, Count of Egmont and Duke of Gueldres (1423- 1472) is so called. Arrhes. A French expression meaning money given for the binding of a bargain and corresponding to Earnest (q.v.). In the American Journal of Numismat- ics (xli. 31), there is an extensive descrip- tion of the Arrhae, or “tokens of spous- age,” called by the French Denier s pour epouser. Arrow Head Money. Arrow heads of stone or metal have been used by various primitive people as objects of barter. Al- though they may be considered as prim- itive money they cannot be classed as coins. The American Indians and the Jap- anese used stone arrow heads for purposes of exchange and the Chinese used bronze arrow points. Chinese numismatists have sometimes included these in their works. See Ramsden. There is, however, a specific instance of an inscribed bronze arrow point in the Korean series known as Chun Pei (q.v.). Arsum. A name applied to any coinage of base metal resembling billon. Du Cange states that the etymology is from an old French word, ards, meaning black. Arsura. The trial of money by fire, after it was coined. — Blount, Law Dictionary, 1670. [ 11 ] Artesienne Asper Artesienne. A general name for the coins, especially Mai lies, struck at Artois, toward the latter part of the eleventh cen- tury. The type was copied in Lille, Ant- werp, Brussels, etc. See Blanch et (i, 444, 449), who refers to them by the names of Artescense and Atrebatensis. Artig, plural Artiger. A small silver coin, the fractional part of a Schilling, issued by the bishops of Dorpat and the archbishops of Riga early in the sixteenth century. They also belong to the currency of the Order of Livonia. Artilucco, or Artiluk. A silver coin of the Republic of Ragusa issued from 1627 to 1701. It had a value of three Grossetti, and was copied from the Polish Drei- groscher (q.v.). The name appears to be taken from the Turkish word altilulc, i.e., six-fold, because its equivalent in the Ottoman Empire was six Para. For a detailed account of this coinage see Resetar, in the Monatsblatt der Niim. Gesell. in Wien (viii, 18-21). Aruzzeh, or Taiminah, is a quarter of a Habbeh or one-fortieth of a Danik, or one forty-eighth of a Danik (q.v.) of Khwarizm. Aryandic Coinage. The name given to a series of silver coins struck by Aryandes, a satrap of Egypt, in imitation of the royal Persian coinage. Darius, from the ac- count by Herodotus (iv, 165-167), would appear to have been angry with Aryandes for issuing silver of excessive purity. No coins are extant which can be attributed to this satrap, and Hill suggests that “lie coined sigli with the royal types which should only have been issued by the royal mint, and that this was the real reason of his fall.” See Head (p. 845). As. See Aes Grave. Asadi Ghrush. The name given by the Turks to the Austrian Thaler, and the Rix Daler of the Low Countries, which were the principal large silver coins current in the Ottoman Empire prior to the reign of Soleiman 1 1, who introduced the Ghrush, or Piastre, in imitation of these coins. Marsden, however (i. 373), quotes Me- ninski, that the Utuzlik, or Zolota, a smaller coin, was “Thalerus Hollandicus Horeno Rhenensi aequivalens. ” The confusion is probably due to the fact that the Piastre and the Utuzlik are of nearly the same size. Ascanische Pfennige. A variety of bracteates issued by the Dukes of Anhalt, who established a mint at Ascania, or As- caria, now Aschersleben, in the eleventh century. They are very difficult to class- ify, being without inscriptions and corre- sponding to the Monnaies Muettes (q.v.). Aschera. The name given to the quarter Piastre in the Egyptian series. It is a base silver coin of the value of ten Paras. The name for the half Piastre of the same issue is Aschreneah. Both coins were introduced ATI. 1255 or A.D. 1839. As’ek. According to R. C. Temple, in the Indian Antiquary, 1898 (p. 14), this name is given to a rough silver casting, used by the Lao tribes in the northern part of Siam. It is valued at three Rupees, though it contains only about one Rupee’s worth of silver. Ashrafi, or Sherify. A Persian word meaning “noble,” and applied to a gold coin issued by the Sufi, or Safi, dynasty. It corresponds in approximate size and weight to the Dinar and Sequin. The triple Ashrafi, occasionally struck, received the name of Muhr- Ashrafi. See Altun. Ashrafi. A small silver coin struck by the Emirs of El Harrar, a province of Abyssinia. About twenty-two of these were computed to a Dollar, though the value fluctuated under the different emirs, ft was formerly a gold coin. In the modern Abyssian coinage it is a money of account, three being equal to a Talari. Asht. A silver coin of India and equal to one-eighth of a Rupee. See Sihansah. Aslani. See Abukash. Asmani, or Usmani. A name given to the copper forty-cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1789, after the adoption of his new system of reckoning. This sys- tem was begun in 1786, and based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after ’Usman-ibn- ’Affan, the third khalifa. See Mushtari. Asper, or Aspre. A billon coin of the value of one-third of a Para formerly cur- [ 12 ] Asprione Augustalis rent in Turkey and Asia Minor. It weighs from two to three grains. The name appears to he derived from the atrapo?, of the modern Greeks, being “white” money, as distinguished from the copper. In the Tunis currency the Asper is divi- ded into twelve Bourbes. The name is also given to a silver coin current in Rhodes in the fourteenth cen- tury and later. It was issued by the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and is the same as the Denier of "Western Europe. There is a series of them struck at Tre- bizond, under the Commenes, from Manuel I (1238-1263) to Alexis IV (1417-1447), and they were copied in Georgia under Georgi VIII (1452-1469). In 1492 it was computed in Venice at 20 Tornesi, and in 1677 it was coined in the Republic of Genoa for the Levantine trade. Asprione. Du Cange cites ordinances which indicate that this was a name given to the Soldo d’Oro struck at the mint of Ravenna. Assarion. The Greek diminutive form of the Latin word As ( q.v .). Assarius. The fourth part of the Foil is (q.v.). It was introduced by Diocletian, and corresponds to the Dekanummion of the Byzantine Empire. Assignat. The name given to a species of paper money first issued in France pur- suant to an order of the National Assem- bly of April 19, 1790. The Republic issued them in denominations from 10,000 Livres to 5 Livres, as well as a smaller currency called Appoints as low as ten Sous. As there was an inadequate gold or sil- ver redemption fund their value soon de- preciated to one-sixth of their original worth. By an order of the Directorate of February 19, 1795, they were abolished, and the holders were permitted to exchange them for a new variety of paper money called the Mandat. This also became worthless in a short time. Essays of Assignats for 100, 50, 25, and 5 Livres struck in white metal and copper were issued in 1791. Assis. The Roman As (q.v.). Assis, plural Asses. A base silver coin of the value of six Kreuzer issued in Basle, Strasburg, and Luxemburg during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the Luxemburg coinage it represents a Sol or Sou, and a necessity piece of 72 Asses was issued during the siege of Lux- emburg by the French, in 1795. See Mail- liet (73, i). Alia. A copper coin struck for the Por- tuguese Indies at Diu, with a correspond- ing half. The issue appears to have been begun under Joseph 1 about 1750 and was continued until 1851. The reverses usually exhibit a cross with the four figures of the date in the angles. The value of the Atia was fifteen Reis or twenty Bazaruccos. Atkinson. See Achesoun. Atmah. A gold coin of Akbar, Em- peror of Hindustan, equal to one-fourth of the Sihansah (q.v.). Atrebatensis. See Artesienne. Atribuo. See Judenpfennige. Atsida, plural Atsidor or Atsidorna. An expression used by Swedish numismatists to signify the obverse of a coin or medal. It is a compound word meaning “the side toward the person.” See Fransida. Alt. A Siamese copper coin, the sixty- fourth part of the Tical (q.v.). In the former Cambodian coinage the Att repre- sented the one four-hundredth of the Tical. Attesaal. In the constitution of Erik VII of Denmark, 1269, this monetary de- nomination is mentioned, and Du Cange states that it was current for a Tremissis, or third part of a Solidus. Aubonne. The name given to a variety of Ecu struck for Lorraine and Bar, by Monsieur d ’Aubonne, the director of the mint from 1724 to 1728. See De Saulcy, (PI. xxxii). Auferstehungstbaler, i.e., Resurrection Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer Bundes- thaler. Augslups Polleten. See Polleten. Augustalis. A gold coin issued by the Emperor Frederick II as king of the Two Sicilies. They were struck at Brindisi from 1197 to 1220, and were valued at one and a quarter gold Gulden. The design on these pieces is copied from the Roman [ 13 ] August d’Or Aurei ; the Emperor ’s head is laureated, and he is clothed in Roman costume, from which fact they derive their name. Italian numismatists refer to this coin by the name of Agostaro. August d’Or. A gold coin of Saxony, struck originally by the electors and later by the king. It was a variety of the Pis- tole or five-Thaler gold piece. The Ephraim d’Or, a type issued by Frederick the Great, at Leipzig, from 1756 to 1758 was greatly inferior and contained only about one-third the quantity of gold of the regular Pistoles. . See Ephraimiten. Augustas, or Augustari. A name given to such coins as bear the figure of the bishops of Augsburg, i.e., Augusta Vin- delicorun. These ecclesiastics struck coins after 1402. See Blanchet (ii, 92). Aur. The Icelandic equivalent for the Scandinavian Ore ( q.v .). Aurelianus. See Antoninianus. Aureola, plural Aurelii. An ordinance of the mint of Venice of 1178 reads fu stampata moneta d’argento nominata Aurelii. The value of these coins was com- puted at two Soldi, but no specimens are known to exist. Aureus. The best known of the Roman gold coins. It succeeded the Scripulum, and appeared toward the end of the Re- public, when Sulla in B.C. 87, Pompey in B.C. 81, and Julius Ceesar in B.C. 46, issued a military gold coinage. This series forms part of the Nummi Castrenses (q.v.). The regular coinage of the Aurei began under Julius Caesar, and their value was twenty-five Denarii. The weight of the Aureus gradually declined, and it was finally abolished when Constantine the Great established the Solidus. Under Augustus quadruple Aurei called Quaterniones were issued. Originally the Aureus was struck at the proportion of 42 to the Roman pound (327.45 grammes) but its weight gradu- ally tended to diminish, the reduction being approximately as follows : In the time of Augustus the Aureus was one forty-second of a pound, i.e., 120.3 grains ; in the time of Nero, one forty-fifth of a pound, i.e., 113.5 grains; in the time of Caracalla, one-fiftieth of a pound, i.e., 101.05 grains; in the time of Gallienus, Axe Money one sixtieth to one-seventieth of a pound, i.e., 84 to 72 grains. Aureus Regalis. See Royal d’Or. Aurum. The Latin generic term for money. Aurum ad Obrussam. See Obryzum. Aurum Excoctum. See Excoctum and Obryzum. Ausbeutemiinzen. The name given to both gold and silver coins and implying the product of a local mine. The earliest speci- men is probably the Saxon Ausbeutethaler of St. Katharinenberg, dated 1505. The various Dukes of Brunswick resorted to this practice extensively, and it was common in other German states as well as in France, Scandinavia, etc. The Ausbeutethaler frequently bear views of the mines or allusions to the place of striking. In many cases they have dis- tinctive mottoes, e.g., das land die fruchte bringt., etc. The Isargold Dukaten and the Rheingold Dukaten struck from the product of washings in these rivers are also classed with the Ausbeutemiinzen. A third variety are such pieces as bear a motto invoking a blessing on the mining operations. These are known as Bergse- gensthaler and occur for Mansfeld, the Harz Mountains, etc. Auswurf Miinzen. See Maundy Money. Autonomous Coins. A name given to coins struck by such cities and territories as required no external authority to issue them. They are common in the Greek series and to some extent in the Roman ; but the provinces of the latter empire were usually restricted to the extent that they were permitted to strike only in cop- per. Avers, from the Latin adversus, i.e., facing. The same as obverse {q.v.). The term is used as early as the year 1715 in the catalogue of an auction sale of coins held at Gotha in Saxony. See Berliner Munzbldtter (No. 141). Awpenny. See Half-Penny. Axe Money. The common name for a rude copper currency used by the Mexican Indians. The native name is Sicca, or Sic- capili {q.v.). The shape of these pieces resembles an axe, about twenty by forty millimetres. [ 14 ] Aydans Azzalino Aydans. A variety of base silver de- niers issued in Flanders during the fif- teenth century. Du Cange cites an ordi- nance of 1450 shewing that they were struck at Liege and that twenty were com- puted to the Florin. Azzalino. The name given to a Testone issued by the Paleologi at Casale durin the fourteenth century. The word is corruption of acciarino, meaning a steel for striking fire, this device occurring on the coin. For a similar emblem, see Bri- quet. [ 15 ] p CfQ Bacca di Allemagna Bahram B Bacca di Allemagna. According to Pro- mis (ii. 66), this term was used in Pied- mont for a com of two Soldi. In 1548 a Scudo of Savoy was equal to 22) / 2 Bacca. Bacchanalian Coins. A name given to the issues of Jahangir, Emperor of Hin- dustan, which bear on one side the ruler seated with a goblet of wine before him. These pieces appeared in 1612 and later. Bacquette. Another name for Baquette (q.v.). Badam, or Padens. The name given to the almond of Persia which was used as money in some parts of India and on the Malabar Coast. Stavorninus, in his Voy- ages to the East Indies, 1798 (iii. 8), in writing of the coinage current at Surat, says: “In the same way as cowries are made use of in Bengal, as the lowest me- dium of exchange, almonds, which are called badams, are employed for that pur- pose here; the comparative value whereof is, as may easily be conceived, more liable to variation than any other respective me- dium.” J. A. de Mandelslo, who was in Gujarat about 1638, published an account of his voyages in 1669, and says of the natives that “they also make use of almonds where- of thirty-six make a Peyse” (? Paisa). Bar Pfennige. A nickname given to the small silver and billon coins of the Swiss Cantons of Berne and St. Gallen, which have a figure of a bear. This privilege was granted them by Frederick III in 1475. See Blanchet (ii. 263). Baetzner. A base silver coin of Stras- burg current in the sixteenth century and later. It was equivalent to eight Deniers, or the sixth part of a Dick-Pfennig, and multiples called Dreibaetzner, or one half of the Dick-Pfennig were also issued. In the Luzerne coinage the Baetzner was equal to four Kreuzer, and silver denomi- nations of Zehnbaetzner were struck from about 1750 to 1812. [ 1 Bagarone, or Bagaroto. The popular name for a variety of the mezzo Bolog- nino, issued in Bologna, Ferrara, and Mo- dena, during the fifteenth century and later. In 1507 it was current in Parma at one fourth of the Quattrino. Bagattino, from bagata, a trifle. A small copper and billon coin of Venice, which appeared originally about the reign of the Doge Francesco Foscari (1423-1457), and was in use for about two centuries. It was also extensively employed at Friuli, Sebenico, Spalato, Zara, Rovigo and other Venetian colonies. At Verona it ap- pears with a date as early as 1516. The Bagattino was the Venetian unit in copper, and it was usually computed at one half of the Soldo. Baggiane, or Bagiane. A coin issued by the mint of Mirandola early in the seven- teenth century and of the value of four Soldi. An ordinance of 1693 mentions Baggiane of Modena. Bagni ( ?plural of Bagno). There is a reference in Promis (i. 316) to an order of the year 1717 which prohibits the cir- culation of coins called Bagni in the Duchy of Savoy. Bahar. According to Noback (p. 82), a money of account was formerly used at Bantam, on the island of Java, which is based on a decimal system, as follows : 1 Bahar = 10 Utas = 100 Catties = 1000 Laxsans = 10000 Peecoes The smallest of these, the Peccoe, was computed at 30 to the Spanish Dollar, though the value fluctuated. Bahloli. See Buhloli. Bahram, or Behram. A name given to the copper five cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1790, after the adoption of his new system of reckoning. This sys- tem was begun in 1786, and was based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The name of the coin is the Persian designation of the planet Mars. 1 ] Baiarda Bamboo Money Baiarda. A coin of the value of two Bolognini struck in Modena from 1551 to 1553. It was a variety of the Murajola (q.v.). Baiocco, or Bajocco. A coin formerly in use in the Papal States. It was orig- inally struck in base silver and later in copper, and it obtains its name from its brown color, the Italian for a bay or brown tint being bajo. But Cinagli states that the name is probably derived from Bayeux, a town of France (old name, Bajocae), where there was at one time a mint. The Baiocco was the tenth part of the Paolo, and the one hundredth part of a Scudo, and it was subdivided into five Quattrini. In 1712 Pope Clement XI issued a sil- ver coin of 80 Baiocci, and in 1796 Pius VI struck a 60 Baiocci piece at Bologna in copper. Among the obsidional pieces Mail- liet cites copper coins of two and one half and five Baiocci struck during the French occupation of Civita-Vecchia, 1796-1797; five, two and one half, and one half Baiocci for San-Severino, 1797 ; and five Baiocci for Tivoli in 1797. See Ducato. The Baiocco is mentioned by Andrew Boorde, in his Introduction to Knowledge, 1547 (179), who says, “In, bras they liaue Kateryns and byokes and denares. ” Baioccone. The name given to a cop- per coin of the value of five Baiocci struck for the Papal States during the pontifi- cate of Pius IX. Baiochella. A billon coin issued by Six- tus V (1585-1590), for Rome, Fano, Mont- alto, Ancona, etc., and in use during the early part of the seventeenth century. The name is a diminutive of Baiocco. Baiochetto. A small silver coin issued by the Farnesi Family for Castro, Piacenza, etc., during the sixteenth century. Those of Pietro Luigi Farnese (1545-1547) are quite common and usually bear the figure of Saint Savinus on the reverse. Baiotta. Promis (ii. 174) states that pursuant to an order of February 17, 1717, a tax was levied in Piedmont consisting of a Baiotta, i.e., five Soldi. This would make it a variety of the Ducatone, but no such coin is known at the present time. Baisa. In a report of the United States Consulate at Maskat, Oman, dated March 23, 1911, it is stated that the only Oman coin is the copper Baisa or ‘ ‘ Maskat Pice. ’ ’ “It is used in retail transactions and can usually be exchanged in small quantities at the rate of twelve Baisas for one Anna of Indian currency.” Bajoire. A name given to coins on which occur two or more profile portraits, one superimposed and more or less obscur- ing the one underneath. Notable examples are the English Crown of William and Mary; the Lafayette Dollar, etc. See Ju- gate. Bakiri, or Bakhri. A name given to the quarter Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after Muhammad Bakir, the fifth Imam. Bakla Asarfi. A gold coin of Nepal of the value of two Mohurs. See Suka. Balance Half Merk. See Merk. Balastraca. A name given to the Span- ish Peseta stamped with the figure 400 in a rectangle to indicate its altered value in- to Reis. There are corresponding halves and quarters, stamped respectively 200 and 100. This practice was extensively carried on by private persons in the province of Rio Grande do Sul. See Meili (ii. 355). Balboa. The unit of the gold standard of Panama, divided into one hundred Centesimos and of the same value as the money of the United States. It is named after the explorer, but up to the present time has not been struck, the largest coin of Panama being the Peso, or half Balboa. Baldacchino. An Italian word meaning a canopy, and sometimes used to describe the Pavilion d’Or (q.v.). Baliardus. Du Cange cites a manuscript of the thirteenth century of the Diocese of Bourges which reads, “Henricus de Soliaco cantor Bituricensis qui dedit de- cern libras Baliardorum ad emendos reddi- tus.” It is probably the same as the Baviardus (q.v.). Balssonaya. See Bossonaya. Bamboo Money. An elongated, nar- row, tablet-like shaped money supposed to [ D] Banco Barbarian Coins have been derived from ancient metal checks said to have been current in the city of Tsi-an fu, the capital of Shantung, as far back as A.D. 1275, hut as time went on, its circulation was not limited to this locality. They are now found in nearly all parts of China, although they appear to be most popular in the Yang-tse regions. This subsidiary money was issued by small banks, exchange houses, contractors of la- bor, etc., to serve as a medium of small exchange according to the values indicated on them. Besides the value, the names of the issuers, as well as the address of their business place, is found on a great many of them. Their field of circulation was, as a rule, purely local, although no few extended over the limits to which they were first intended. Some, on the other hand, served as checks, to be redeemed for cash on pre- sentation. Others were intended to be used as tallies for calculating the amount of a journey, a day’s work, or some other such purpose. The values inscribed on them are stated, in the majority of cases, in cash, and range from 1 Kwan (1000- cash) down to 1 cash denomination. Their sizes also vary, from six inches down to a little over one inch. The inscription is usually in relief, burnt with a stamping iron, and countermarks are sometimes added afterwards to prevent fraud. See Wooden Money. Banco. The system of banco currency was instituted in the sixteenth century in Italy, when the banks sought relief from failure by application to the government for authority to reduce the weight of the Ducat, Zecchino, etc. The practice of a government to profit by the variation of weight and fineness of metal is of frequent occurrence. The Mark Banco was a money of ac- count introduced by the Bank of Ham- burg which insisted on payments by its depositors of bars of fine silver, but liquid- ated its transactions with so-called Banco Thaler, i.e,, with silver coins containing more or less alloy. Frederick the Great issued a silver Banco Thaler in 1765 upon the institution of the Royal Bank. At the present day the terms Banco Thaler, Banco Daler, etc., are usually applied to paper money issued by a national government. The Skilling Banco was a copper coin introduced in Sweden in 1819 for Avesta and in 1832 for Stockholm. It was last struck in 1855. Banderuola. Another name for the Du- catone struck by Odoardo Farnese (1622- 1646) at Piacenza. It has on one side the figure of St. Anthony holding a banner. Bankje. A Dutch term popularly used for paper money in general. Bank Note. A term used to describe a promissory note issued by a bank, and made payable in coin to the bearer on de- mand. It is a circulating medium author- ized by law. Formerly bank notes, or bank bills, as they were sometimes called, were made payable to a particular individual and the date was limited. Bank of England Dollar. See Dollar. Bank of Ireland Dollar. See Dollar. Bankportugaloser. See Portugaloser. Bankschelling, also known as Escalin au Lion. A silver coin of West Friesland is- sued in 1676 and later. It bears the in- scription VI STVIVERS BANKGELT. Banngeld. The popular name for fines paid to the local exchequer or court during the Middle Ages in many parts of Ger- many. Ban Sen. The Japanese for numbered sen. The pieces have numbers on the back and are found in the Eiraku, Genwa and Kwanei series. Banu. A copper coin of Roumania adopted in 1867 when this country based its monetary system on the Latin Union. One hundred Bani are equal to one Leu, and ten Lei are equal to one Alexander. Baptismal Thaler. See Tauf Thaler. Baquette. The name given to a Liard struck by Louis XIII for Bearn in 1642 and later. It is a small copper coin on the obverse side of which the field is di- vided into four compartments with crowned Ls and cows in the opposite corners. See Yacquette. Barbarian Coins. A general designa- tion for pieces struck from circa B.C. 400 to A.D. 300 in imitation of Greek and Ro- [ 18 ] Barbarin Bar Money m an types. To this class may be assigned the imitations of Athenian coins towards the end of the fifth century B.C. ; the imi- tations of the coins of Philip II, of Mace- donia, the Gaulish coinage, the imitations of the latter for Britain, and finally imita- tions of Roman Imperial Issues. See Hill (pp. 9-10). Barbarin. A base silver coin of the Abbey of Saint Martial in Bretagne, is- sued at the beginning of the twelfth cen- tury. It obtains its name from the bearded face of the saint on the obverse. See Le- mocia. Barbarina. The name given to a silver coin of Mantua of the value of ten Soldi, which bears the figure of St. Barbara, the patron of the city. It was originally struck by Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga (1550- 1587) and was copied in Guastalla. A variety of this coin, but smaller, was issued at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and was computed at one Grosso. It was known as the Barbarina Nuova, or Barbarina col Girasole, from the sun-flower in the design. Barbary Ducat. The popular name for the Zecchino in some of the West Indian Islands where it was introduced in the latter part of the seventeenth century. See Chalmers (p. 397). Wavell Smith, the Secretary of the Lee- ward Islands, in a pamphlet entitled Two Letters to Mr. Wood, 1740, states that these coins were “dipt of five grains of their weight” and adds the following note: “When I first discovered the introduc- tion of these Barbary ducats in my office at St. Kitt’s, I soon put a stop to their currency by refusing them in my office ; and afterwards talking with some gentle- men, they were desirous to give them a common name. Upon which I reply ’d: — ‘Christen them as sons after their fathers’ name : so let them be called Toby ’s and Jerry’s,’ for they were introduced by a rich man at Nevis, Tobias Wall, and Jere- miah Brown, another very rich man at St. Christopher. ’ ’ Barberine. A general name for the piece of five Soldi struck at Avignon in 1637 by Pope Urban VIII, whose family name was Barberini. Barbonaccio. The name given to the Barbone of Lucca after its value had been reduced from twelve to nine Soldi. Barbone. A silver coin of the Republic of Lucca issued in the second half of the fifteenth century and continued to the middle of the eighteenth. The name is derived from the bearded face of Christ on the obverse, which is usually accom- panied by the inscription sanctvs wltvs. Its value was twelve Soldi. Barbuda. A billon coin of Portugal is- sued in the reign of Fernando (1367-1383) and struck at Lisbon, Porto, Miranda, and Tuy. There is a corresponding half. On both types the ruler is depicted as crowned with a vizor over his face, and on the re- verse is a cross surcharged with a shield. The Barbuda had a value of three Din- heiros. Bar Cent. The name given to a United States copper trial or experimental piece supposed to have been struck about 1776, according to a proposed, plan for a decimal coinage. It takes its name from the thirteen lat- eral bars which cover one entire side of the coin. Bareheaded Noble. See Noble. Bargellino. This word means “pertain- ing to a sheriff,” and the name was be- stowed on a piece of six Denarii issued in 1316 by Lando di Agubbio, the Sheriff (Bargello) of Florence. Bari-firi. The unit of weight in the Soudan, and corresponding to 18 grammes. It is worth 14 Miscals, and each Miscal is divided into 27 Banans, the latter being a native seed. See Spink (ii. 841). Barile. A silver coin of Florence struck early in the sixteenth century and adopted by Alessandro Medici (1533-1536), the first Duke. It has a figure of St. John the Baptist on one side and a lily on the re- verse. The original value was twelve Sols and six Deniers. It was copied in the Duchy of Urbino. The name is said to have been bestowed on this coin because its value represented the duty or tax on a barrel of wine. Bar Money. A name generally applied to bars of metal which are stamped with [ 10 ] Barrinha Bauri some value, and were formerly used as currency. See Bonk, and Tang. Caesar, De Bello Gallico (v. 12) uses the phrase “utuntur aut aere aut taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo, i.e., “They (the Britons), use either cop- per or iron rods (that have been) weighed by a fixed weight, for coined money.” Barrinha. A gold coin of bar form struck under Maria II of Portugal for Mozambique. Its value was two and one half Maticaes or sixty-six Cruzados. There was a corresponding half for one and one quarter Maticaes. Bartgroschen. See Judenkopfgroschen. Basel. Holinshed, Chronicles, 1577 (ii. 67), states that in “the same yeare [i.e., in 1158], also the King altered his coine, abrogating certeine peeces called basels. ” See Ending (i. 170). Bassanaya. See Bossonaya. Bastardo. A tin coin introduced by Albuquerque, Governor General of Mal- acca in 1510. See Caixa. Bastiao. The colloquial name for a variety of the silver Xeraphin struck at Goa in 1659. It received this designation from the figure of St. Sebastian on the obverse. Its value was three hundred Eeis or five Tailgas. Bat. The Siamese name for the Tical {q.v.). Bath Metal. According to Ure, Dic- tionary of Chemistry, this is an alloy con- sisting of three or four ounces of zinc to one pound of copper. It is said to have been used in the manufacture of the Rosa Americana coins. Battezone. A broad silver Grosso of Florence, issued in 1503-4. It is of the type of the Carl i no (q.v.) and the baptism of Christ by St. John is represented on the obverse. The name of the coin is from the Italian battezzare, to baptize. Batzen, or more properly in the singu- lar, Batz or Batze, was the name origin- ally given to a silver coin of the size of the Groschen, which was introduced in Berne, early in the sixteenth century, when the Plappart was abolished. It was copied in the other Swiss cantons, as well as in Bavaria, Isny, Strasburg, Nordlingen, Augsburg, etc. According to the best au- thorities the name seems to be derived from the figure of the bear, the armorial device of the canton of Berne. The old German name for this animal was Betz, later Batz. The etymology from the Ital- ian pezza, a piece, is erroneous, as these coins never originated in Italy, but were copied in that country. See Rollbatzen. The original value of the Batzen was four Kreuzer, therefore 18 Batzen made the Thaler of 72 Kreuzer. It appears to have retained this ratio for a long time, because in Adam Berg’s Miinzbuch, pub- lished in 1597, as low as 17 Batzen are given as the equivalent of a Thaler. In the modern Swiss coinage prior to the introduction of the Latin Union sys- tem, the Batzen was one tenth of the Franc, and equal to ten Rappen. Baubee. See Bawbee. Baudequin. A French word meaning a tent or canopy, and sometimes applied to the Pavilion d’Or (q.v.). Bauerngroschen, i.e., Peasant’s Gros- chen. A name given to the silver Groschen of Goslar on account of their poor execu- tion. These coins bore the figures of Judas with a staff and Simon holding a saw, and they were supposed to bear a resemblance to two peasants. The Bauerngroschen were originally struck about the middle of the fifteenth century, and were of the value of twelve Pfennig. Bauern Thaler. The common designa- tion for a small brass token bearing the inscription wer mich last stehen dem wirds vbel gehen, and on the reverse, BEHALT MIR NICH DAS RATE ICH DICH. The object of these pieces was the fol- lowing : whenever it was necessary to con- voke an important convention of peasants living at some distance apart, the head of the community despatched a message to the nearest farmer with this token and a summons. The latter in his turn was ex- pected to notify his nearest neighbor, and each recipient pursued the same course until all had been informed. These tokens were common in Westpha- lia during the eighteenth century. Bauri. Another name for the Burrie (q.v.). Baviardus Beichtthaler Baviardus, or Bauviardus. A coin of the thirteenth century cited by Du Cange. It is a term relating to payments probably made in Berri in 1203 and 1227, and may be the same as the Baliardus {q.v.). Bawbee. A Scotch billon coin first struck in the reign of James Y and dis- continued under William III. The early varieties, issued at the Edin- burgh or Stirling mints, were of the value of one and one half pence, but in the reign of Charles II the value was raised to sixpence. The name by some is derived from bas piece or bas billon; others think it takes its name from Alexander Orrok, Lord of Sillebawbye, who is said to have been the first to strike these coins. Marston in The Malcontent, 1604 (In- duction), speaks of a wager “that was not worth five ban-bees,” and the coin is also mentioned by Beaumont and Fletcher, in Wit at S ever all Weapons, 1647 (v. 2). Bay Shillings. See Pine Tree Coins. Bazarucco. A coin struck by the Portu- guese in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and current in their possessions at Chaul, Goa, Bassein, Diu, and in the vicinity of Bombay. Specimens occur in copper, lead, and billon. In the early Goa coinage of about 1510, the Bazarucco, also called Leal, was equal to two Reis. Later it became the fifteenth part of a Vintem; but the value fluctuated. Multiples exist as high as twenty. The coin bears on one side the armorial shield of Portugal, which is sometimes found with the letters D and B to the left and right, to indicate the mints at Diu and Bassein. The reverse designs vary ; some specimens have a St. Andrew’s cross with a central horizontal bar, others a sphere, and others again a cross with the four figures of the date in the angles. See Roda. Jacob Canter Vissclier, in his Letters from Malabar, Madras, 1862 (p. 82), de- scribes a base coin struck at Cochin which he calls Boeserokken, consisting of an alloy of lead and tin, with the arms of the Dutch East India Company on one side. Sixty of them are equal to a Cochin Fanam. The name of this coin is frequently cor- rupted to Buzerook, and the nickname Tinney is also given to it, in allusion to its composition. Beads used as money. See Borjookes, and Kharf. Bean. An English slang term for a Sovereign or Guinea, and for money when used in the plural. William Harrison Ainsworth, in Lis novel, Rookwood, 1834 (iii. 9) has the fol- lowing passage : ‘ ‘ Zoroaster took long odds that the match was off ; offering a bean to half a quid (in other words, a guinea to a half guinea), that Sybil would be the bride. ’ ’ Bean Money. See Clio Gin. Beard Money. See Borodovaya. Beato Amedeo, i.e., .Blessed Amedeus. A name given to a silver coin of the value of nine Fiorini struck at the mints of Turin and Vercelli in 1616 by Duke Charles Emanuel I. It bears a bust of the Duke in armor and a figure of St. Ame- deus. Beato Luigi. A silver coin of Mantua issued by Vincenzo II. Gonzaga (1626- 1627) in honor of Luigi Gonzaga. Its value was half a Scudo. Beaver Skins. See Hudson Bay Tokens. Bees. See Bezzo. Bedidlik. A gold coin of the modern Egyptian series of the value of one hun- dred Piastres. It was introduced A. II. 1255 or A.D. 1839. Beghina. Du Cange cites this as being a small coin mentioned in the Facto Ton- grensi of 1403. Begrabniss Thaler. See Mortuary Pieces. Beguinette. A name given to a variety of the Maille Blanche {q.v.) struck by Guillaume de Nancy, a moneyer of Robert, Count of Bar, from 1370-1374. See Blan- chet (i. 475). Behram. See Bahrain. Beichlingscher Thaler. A Thaler of Po- land, issued under August IT in 1702. The obverse bears the cross of the Danebrog surrounded by four crowned monograms. Beichtthaler, meaning “Confession Tha- ler, ’ ’ was the name bestowed on a medallic Thaler issued by Johann Georg II of Sax- [21 ] Bekah Bertha Thaler ony in 1663. The obverse represents the Elector standing at a table, and the coin received its name from the fact that he is supposed to have handed one of these pieces to the church every time that he went to confession. Bekah. An early Jewish weight stand- ard ; it was equal to one half of the Shekel. See Exodus (xxxviii. 26). Bell Dollar. See Glockenthaler. Bell Money. The name given to a vari- ety of early Chinese metallic currency on account of its resemblance to a bell. These coins average from 50 to 100 millimetres in height. They are described in detail by Ramsden (pp. 13-15). Bender. A slang name for the English sixpence ; it probably owes its origin to the fact that it is easily bent. Dickens in Sketches by Boz says “Niver mind the loss of two bob and a bender;” and Thackeray in The Newcomes (xi) has “By cock and pye it is not worth a bender.” Benduqi. A gold coin of Morocco which appears to have been originally issued in the reign of Muley Soleiman (A.H. 1207- 1238). Benediktspfennige, or Benediktuspfen- nige. A series of religious medalets the origin of which can probably be traced to masses said in cloisters. See Kohler, Miinz- belustigungen (vi. 105). Bener Dener. This term occurs in the laws of William I as given by Ingulphus, and according to Turner, History of the Anglo Saxons (ii. 135), it signifies “better pennies.” Ruding (i. 110) observes that the word bener is omitted in all the later editions of these laws, and adds that “pos- sibly the word may be nothing more than the following one, dener, mis-spelled.” Benggolo. A leaden coin of Celebes, supposed to have been issued by the ruler Abdoullah de Tallo. See Millies (p. 178), Fonrobert (No. 904). Ber. The Amharic word for the Abys- sinian Talari (q.v.), of Menelik. The word primarily means silver, and thence silver money. The value expressed on the Talari is Amd Ber, i.e., one Ber. The half has Yaber Agod, i.e., half Ber; the quarter Yaber Roob or Rub, i.e., quarter Ber; and the eighth Yaber Tenan, Temun, or Tou- mon. Berenicii. See Ptolomaici. Bergsegensthaler. See Ausbeutemiinzen. Berling. A small base silver coin of Goslar of the value of one quarter Pfennig or one half Arenkopf {q.v.). Berlinga. A silver coin of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (1412-1447). The obverse bears an equestrian figure of the Duke and the reverse has St. Ambrosius on a throne. It is a variety of the Grosso. Bemardin. A name given to the Denier issued at the mint of Anduse during the thirteenth century. These coins are char- acterized by a large letter B on the ob- verse which is supposed to stand for Ber- nard, a local ruler, although this name was borne by the Seigneurs of Anduse from 1024 until 1243. See Blanchet (i. 19). Berner or Perner, were diminutive base silver coins current in Tyrol from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. They were copied from the Deniers of Verona, called in German, Bern, which must not be confused with the Swiss town Berne or Bern. Four Berner were equal to one Vierer, and twenty Berner were equal to one Kreuzer, or Zwainziger. See Frey (No. 72). Bernhardsgroschen. A silver coin of Hildesheim which appeared in 1490 and which has on the reverse a half length figure of St. Bernard with a cross and mitre and the inscription sac berwardv p. See Frey (No. 345). The concluding letter of the inscription is taken to be the abbreviation of Patronus. Cappe, in his introduction shows that the choice of this saint was an error, and that the blunder occurred in the year 1298, when a new seal was ordered for the city. The patron saint of the city is Godehard, and he appears with his bishop’s title S’. God : Episc. in the earliest seal and arch- ives. He further states that the last ap- pearance of St. Bernard on the Hildesheim coins occurs in the year 1552. Bertha Thaler. A broad medallic Thaler of the Canton of Solothurn which shows [ 22 ] Bes on the obverse St. Ursus, the martyr, re- ceiving' a model of the cathedral from the kneeling queen Bertha of Burgundy. The date, A.D. 932, when this is supposed to have happened, is added. Bes, or Bessis. The two-thirds of the As of a weight of eight ounces. See Aes Grave. Besa. A copper coin issued for Italian Somaliland; it represents the value of the one hundredth part of a silver Rupee, and there are multiples of two Bese and four Bese. These pieces were first struck at Rome, from Giorgi’s models, and they were au- thorized by a royal decree of January 28, 1909. In the Abyssinian coinage the one fifth of the Gersh, or one hundredth part of the Talari, is a copper coin called Besa. Besante. A Venetian copper coin struck by the Doges Girolamo Priuli (1559-1567) and Pietro Loredano (1567-1570), for Ni- cosia, in Cyprus. See Solidus. Besh. A copper coin of modern Turkey of the value of eight Paras or one fifth of the Piastre. Beshlik. Originally this was a silver coin of the Ottoman Empire of the value of five Paras, and weighing from 20 to 40 grains. In the modern silver currency of Turkey the Beshlik represents four and three quar- ter Piastres, and in the series of Metalliks, two and one half Piastres. The Beshlik of Egypt was originally a copper coin of the value of five Aspers or Medins; under Mahmud II (A.II. 1223- 1255) it was made of billon. The issues for Tunis and Tripoli are billon and worth five Paras. Besorg. Mandelslo in his Voyage and Travels to the East Indies, 1669 (p. 8), under date of 1638 states that at Gombroon the native currency is a copper coin called the Besorg, ‘ ‘ whereof six make a Peys, and ten Peys make a Shahi, which is worth about fivepence English.” This is prob- ably the same as the Bazarucco ( q.v .). Betpfennige. See Weihemiinzen. Bettlerthaler, or Martinsthaler. A gen- eral name used to describe such coins as bear a figure of St. Martin and the beggar. [ ^ Bianchetto They occur in the series of Mainz, Erfurt, Magdeburg, Schwarzburg, etc., and in the coinage of Lucca where they receive the name of San Martino (q.v.). Beutel, meaning a purse, was a former Turkish money of account. The Keser, or Beutel of silver, was computed at 500 Ghrush or Piastres. The Kitze or Cliise, i.e., the Beutel of gold, was valued at 30,000 Piastres. The corresponding French equivalents are Bourse d ’argent and Bourse d’or. In Egypt the Beutel was equal to 25,000 Medini, or 75,000 Aspers. Beutgroschen, meaning Groschen made of booty, was a name given to certain vari- eties of silver coins struck in 1542 by the Elector Johann Frederick of Sachsen and the Landgrave Philip of Hessen. They were minted from captured silverware and bore the portraits of the two rulers with the inscription bevt. g. v. wolfbvt. Bezant. See Solidus. Bezemstuiver. The name given to a small silver coin issued in Friesland, Over- ysel, Utrecht, etc., from about 1620 to 1770. It had on the obverse a figure re- sembling the fasces, to indicate the union of the Provinces, and hence the French equivalent, Soil au Faisceau. Bezzo. A small Venetian silver coin in- troduced about the period of the Doge Andrea Gritti (1523-1538), and continued until the beginning of the seventeenth cen- tury. The type usually represents a flori- ated cross on one side and the lion of St. Mark on the other. The name is supposed to be derived from the Illyrian word bees, meaning a small piece of money. Bezzone. A copper coin of the value of six Bagattini struck in Venice by the Doge Marino Grimani in 1604. Bia. A former money of account in Siam, based on the cowrie shells of which it was equal to 200. The copper Pai (q.v.) was computed at 200 Bia. Bianchetto. A billon coin of Casale in the Marquisate of Monteferrato, of the value of one twelfth of a Grosso. It was introduced by Teodoro II, Palaeologo (1381-1418), and continued in use for 3] Bianco Bissolo about a century. See Maglia. The type was imitated at many mints in Savoy and Piedmont. Bianco. An Italian coin of base silver corresponding to the German Albus and the French Blanc. It appeared probably before the fifteenth century and was issued at Bologna, Venice, the Duchy of Mantua, etc. For an extended account see Papod- opoli, Del Piccolo e del Bianco, 1887. Biancone. A base silver coin originally issued at Monteferrato in 1528 of the value of ten Soldi. It was copied in Modena, Bologna, and Reggio, and in 1558 it was computed at 13y 2 Baiocchi in Perugia. Biche. A copper coin struck by the French at Pondichery for Mahe on the Malabar Coast. It corresponds to the Pice and is the fifteenth part of a Fanam ( q.v .). There are divisions of halves and quarters. See Zay (p. 289). Bigati. A name given to certain issues of the Roman Denarius on account of the figures of Diana, Victory, etc., in a biga (i.e., a two-horse chariot) which appear on the reverse. They are referred to by Pliny, Historia Nat. (lxxxiii. c. 12). See Quadrigati. Biglione. The Italian name for Billon (q.v.). Bilibres Formae were extraordinarily large gold medallions of two pounds weight, said by Lampridius (Sev. Alex., 39) to have been struck by Elagabalus. Another name for these medallions is For- mae Centenariae, as two pounds exactly equal one hundred Aurei. No specimens have survived. Bi-lingual Coins are common to all peri- ods. When Rome controlled portions of Asia Minor the pro-consuls issued coins with both Latin and Greek inscriptions. In the Baetrian and Indo-Scythian series occur Greek and native Indian characters ; on the Sicilian coins of the Middle Ages are Latin and Arabic legends, etc. In a number of modern coinages it is now common to find inscriptions in more than one language ; these are coins for over-sea Colonial possessions, e.g., China, India, etc. The coinage of the Manchu dynasty of China is bi-lingual. Bilie. A slang French term for copper coins in general ; it is probably from Billon (q.v.). Billon. A base metal usually obtained by mixing silver and copper. The designation is now generally applied to any coin ostensibly called silver, but containing in reality more than fifty per cent of copper. If the proportion of cop- per is more than seventy-five per cent, the composition is called black billon, argen- tum nigrum, or moneta argentosa. Lastly, if the coin is of copper, and is only thinly washed with silver, as in the case of some of the Scheidemiinzen (q.v.) it is called Weisskupfer, i.e., white copper. See Potin. The Encyclopaedia Britannica in an early edition of 1797 states that gold under twelve carats fine is called billon of gold. Ruding (i. 210) mentions the Turonenses nigri, that is, the black money of Tours, which was brought to England in the four- teenth century and prohibited. Billon Groat. See Blanc. Binauriae Formae were gold medallions, equal in weight to two Aurei, said by Lam- pridius (Sev. Alex., 39) to have been is- sued by Elagabalus. None have come down to us. Biniones, or medallions of the weight of two Aurei, struck by Gallienus. Binsat. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor of Hindustan, equal to one fifth of the Siliansah (q.v.). Bir-ghrush. See Piastre. Birthday Thaler. See Geburtstagstlia- ler. Bishop’s Money. See Salding. Bissolo. A base silver coin of the Duchy of Milan issued by Giovanni Maria Vis- conti (1402-1412), and retained in the coinage of Estore and Giancarlo Visconti. It had a value of one eighteenth of the Soldo. The obverse of this piece usually bears a floriated cross or a bust of St. Ambrosius ; the reverse has a crowned serpent or viper ( biscia ), the arms of the Visconti family, from which design the coin obtains its name. [ 24 ] Bissona Black Farthing Bissona. A silver coin struck by Louis XII of Prance for Milan (1500-1512), with a value of three Soldi. It has on the ob- verse the arms of France between two crowned vipers or serpents. See Bissolo. Bisti. A Persian copper coin of the Sufi or Safi Dynasty which appeared about the reign of Shall Abbas I (A.H. 996-1038= 1587-1629). It bore a proportion of two and one-half to the Shahi, or five Bisti equal to two Shahi, and was also equal to four Kashbegis. In the Georgian series this coin can be traced to the reign of Queen Rusudan (A.D. 1227-1247), and there is a corre- sponding half, called Nim-Bisti. See Lang- lois and Fonrobert (4249 et seq.). Bit. The central portion of the Spanish Peso or Colonato, which was cut out and counterstamped for use in British Guiana and a number of the West Indian islands. The word is also sometimes written Bitt, and is generally used as an equiva- lent for the Spanish silver Real. The value of the Bit itself was generally un- altered, but their number as an equivalent for the Spanish Dollar was increased or lowered. For details as to these fluctua- tions, see Caldecott in British Numismatic Journal (i. 294), and Wood in American Journal of Numismatics (xlviii. 89). The name was used in an abbreviated form on a brass token issued by Herman Gossling in 1771, for the island of St. Eustatius. There are two varieties, marked 1 Bt. and y 2 Bt. The Bit, when used in computation in the Danish West Indies, is reckoned at the one-fifth of the copper cent of that country. The last coinage of the islands before their purchase by the United States had their values expressed thus: 50 bit - 10 cents on the dime-size silver, 25 bit on the nickel, and 10, 5, and 2 y 2 bit on the bronze. See Daler. Bit. A popular name in many of the western parts of the United States to in- dicate the value of twelve and one-half cents. As, however, no coin of this de- nomination was ever struck, the expression “two bits,” i.e., the quarter dollar, was much more common. In Cressy (Chap. 1) one of Bret Harte’s Californian tales, a boy is paid “two bits” for giving some lessons. In some parts of California the Dime or ten-cent piece is called a “short bit.” Bit and Bung are slang terms used by thieves in referring respectively to money and a purse. The old English dramatists, Thomas Dekker and Robert Greene, refer to these terms. Dekker in his Jests to make Merie, 1607 (repr. Grosart, ii. 328), says, “If they . . . once knew where the bung and the bit is . . . your purse and the money;” and in the same writer’s Belman of London, 1608 (repr. iii. 122), we find a passage, “To learne . . . what store of Bit he hath in his bag.” Greene in A Defense of Conny -catching, 1592 (Works, xi. 44) states, “Some . . . would venter all the byte in their boung at dice. ’ ’ Bita Sen. The Japanese name for bad or counterfeit coins. See Shima Sen. Bitt. See Bit. Bizante. See Solidus. Bizzichini. Promis (ii. 180) quotes a document of the district of Cortona, dated August 17, 1727, in which are mentioned coins called Bizzichini, which are valued at a trifle over seven Soldi. Black Billon. See Billon. Black Dogs. A cant name in Queen Anne’s time for bad shillings or other base silver coin. Ashton, in The Reign of Queen Anne (ii. 225) mentions “The Art of making Black Dogs, which are Shillings or other pieces of Money, made only of Pewter double Wash’d.” See also Swift, Drapier’s Letters (iii.) ; and Crosby (p. 203). Black Dogs. This name was given to the Cayenne Sous when introduced in the English islands in the West Indies. Black Farthing. A name given to the Scotch Farthing issued in the reign of James III (1460-1488). There appear to be two varieties. One has on Ohv. i. rex scotorvm, with Rev. villa edinbvrg and a saltire cross in a circle. The other variety has the crowned initials I. R. on the ob- verse, and a crowned saltire cross on the reverse. [ 25 ] Black Mail Blanc Black Mail. Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, states that this is “a certain rent of money, coin, or other thing, anciently paid to persons upon or near the borders, who were men of influence, and allied with cer- tain robbers and brigands for protection from the devastations of the latter; ren- dered illegal by 43 Eliz. c. 13. Also rent paid in cattle, otherwise called neat-gild.” Black Money. A general term for coins ostensibly issued for silver, but which actu- ally contain a large proportion of base metal alloy, the latter soon giving them a dark appearance. See Billon and Korten. The principal coins thus debased were the silver pennies, and from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries there is fre- quent mention of the Denier Noir of France, the Schwarze Pfennige of the Ger- man States, and the Swarte or Zwarte Pen- ninge which originated in Brabant and the Low Countries. They are also found in the coinage of Denmark, Ireland, Scotland, and in the Anglo-Gallic series. In the reign of Richard II Ruding (i. 457) states that “among other expedients to procure money, a writ was issued for the discovering of black money, and other subterraneous treasure hidden of old in the county of Southampton, in whosesoever hands it might be, and to seize it to the King’s use. He afterwards claimed black money to the amount of 150 pounds of full weight, which had been found in that county, as belonging to him in right of his crown.” As early as 1331 an ordinance was passed “that all manner of black money which had been commonly current in the King’s realm, should be utterly excluded.” Blacksmith Half Crown. A name given to a rudely struck half-crown of Charles I, which was issued at Kilkenny in 1642. Coins to the amount of £4000 were struck under an ordinance of “The Confederated Catholics. ’ ’ Blacksmith Half Groat. A variety of half groat issued in the reign of Charles I, which received its name from the barbarous workmanship. Hawkins states that the Blacksmith Half Crowns of the same pe- riod, also very rude in design, “are now generally considered to be Irish.” See British Numismatic Journal (xi. 317). Blacksmith Tokens. A series of tokens of copper and brass issued about 1820 and usually classified with the Canadian “doubtful” series. The majority of them are said to have been made in Montreal by a blacksmith, from which fact the series has received its name. For a detailed ac- count see Wood, Canadian Blacksmith Cop- pers, 1910. Black Tang-Ka. See Tang-ka. Blaffert, or Plappart, is a base silver coin of the value of three Kreuzer or six Rappen, introduced in Switzerland in the fifteenth century, and a variety of St. Gal- len dated 1424 (Frey No. 21), is the earliest coin known bearing Arabic numer- als with a Christian era. The type was soon copied in Germany. The Hohlblaffert of Liibeck bears an eagle, that of Mecklenburg a bull’s head, that of Liineburg a lion, etc. All of the preced- ing were valued at two Pfennige. In the Rhine Provinces the Blaffert was variously computed at three Stuber or four Albus. It was gradually abolished in the sixteenth century, the Batzen taking its place. An amusing story occurs in Calm’s Miinz und Geldgeschichte der im Grossherzogtum Baden Vereinigten Gebiete, 1911 (p. 274), relating to a quarrel between the munici- palities of Constance and Berne because a nobleman of the former town ridiculed these coins by the name of Kuhplapperte, i.e., “cow plapparts. ” Blamiiser. A silver coin of Munster, Cleve, Liege, Dortmund, etc. It is re- ferred to in an ordinance of Bishop Chris- topher Bernhard of Munster dated May 4, 1658, as a Schilling of Brabant or Blau- miiser “to be current at three Schillinge and five Pfennige.” In Liege it was com- puted at two Groschen and in Cleve at three Groschen. The name in Southern Germany was variously written Blomuser and Blomeiser, and it is mentioned by Grimmelshausen, in Simplicius Simplicissimus, 1669. Blanc, or Blanque, also called Gros Blanc, is the name of a silver coin which was struck in France in the fourteenth century, contemporaneously with the Gros Tournois. Originally it was of very pure silver from which circumstance it probably [ 26 ] Blanca Blanquillo received its name, but the later issues de- teriorated in fineness. It was divided into Deniers, the quantity of the latter, how- ever, varied. The general type was that - of the Gros, the long cross being a con- spicuous feature, and the inscription ben- edictum sit nomen domini, etc., was re- tained for a long period. The later issues were characterized by various symbols, such as a sun, star, lily, etc., giving rise to distinctive titles, all of which will he found under the word Gros, infra. The Blanque appears in the Anglo-Gallic coinage issued by Henry VI of England. It was a billon groat, silvered over to hide the baseness of the metal. There existed large and small varieties, known respec- tively as the Grand Blanque or Gros Blanque and the Petit Blanque. The Blanque was struck in France as late as 1791, in which year the Caisse-de Bonne Foi at Paris issued a piece of six Blancs in copper. Blanca, or Blanco. A Spanish coin of inferior silver issued from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. It receives its name from its white, shiny appearance, and corresponds to the German Albus and the French Blanc. The Blanca Agnus Dei appeared origin- ally in the reign of Juan I (1379-1390), and obtains its designation from the Pas- chal Lamb on the obverse. It was struck at Toledo, Burgos, etc. See De La Torre (No. 6430). Blanc a la Couronne. A French silver coin of the value of twelve Deniers Parisis issued by John II (1350-1364). It re- ceives this name from the large crown which is a conspicuous feature, and is also known as the Gros Blanque a la Couronne. Blanc a la Patte d’Oie. A nickname given to a variety of Blanc issued in France in 1357. It had a poorly executed figure of the fleurs de lis, which was sup- posed to bear some resemblance to the foot of a goose. Blanc a la Queue. This was struck by John II of France in 1355 to take the place of the Blanc a la Couronne ( q.v .). Blanc a l’Ecu. A silver coin of Charles VII of France. It was of large size and bore a shield of fleurs de lis. Blanc a 1’Etoile. A variety of the Blanc with a star in the centre. See Gros Blanque a 1’Etoile. Blanc aux Trois Fleurs. A variety of Denier coined in France in 1359, but only in use for a short period. Blanc de Donne. A type of silver Gros struck by Charles V of France. It bore a letter K crowned, and was intended, as its name implies, for presentation purposes on special occasions. Blanc Guenar. See Guenar. Blancha. Du Cange cites an edition of Giacomo d’Aragona (1213-1276) which mentions solidos de blancha moneta; and lie quotes from an ordinance of 1381 the term “Blanchees, ” being the quantity of any article that could be purchased for a Blanco. Blanco. The Spanish equivalent of the Blanc or Blanque. The Blancos Burgales were pieces of two Deniers struck about 1258 by Alfonso X of Castile and Leon, and ninety were equal to a gold Maravedi. Bland Dollar. The popular name for the silver dollar issued in the United States from 1878 to 1904 inclusive. It owes its origin to the Bland-Allison Act of Feb- ruary 28, 1878, which provided for a mini- mum monthly silver coinage of two mil- lion dollars, and established this coin of 412% grains troy as legal tender. The Act takes its name from Congress- man Richard Bland of Missouri, and Sen- ator William B. Allison of Iowa. Blank. A coin of the Netherlands, of inferior silver, issued during the sixteenth century. It was originally of the value of half a Stuiver, but its value fluctuated greatly. The name was probably derived from its white, shiny appearance when newly struck. Blank. See Planchet. Blankeel. See Blanquillo. Blanque. See Blanc. Blanquillo, or Muzuna, sometimes in- correctly referred to as Blankeel. A for- mer base silver coin of Morocco, the name of which is a diminutive of blanca, given to it on account of its white, shiny appear- ance. It was divided into twenty-four Falus. The issue terminated in the latter part of the eighteenth century. See Mu- zuna. [ 27 ] Blaumiiser Bolette Blaumiiser. See Blamiiser. Blech, meaning “tin,” is a German slang term for money in general. Blechmiinzen, i.e., tin coins, is a com- mon German name for the Braeteates (q.v.). Blesensis, or Blesianis. A general name for the Deniers struck by the Counts of Blois, beginning with those of Thibaud IV, called the Impostor (922-978). They gen- erally bear the head of a wolf, which in Celtic is called blez. Blob. A popular name for the copper coin of five cents struck for Ceylon in 1909 and 1910. See Spink (xviii. 12602). Blomiiser. See Blamiiser. Bluebacks. A nickname for certain is- sues of the paper money of the Confeder- ate States, in contradistinction to the Greenbacks of the North. Blue William. Another nickname for the preceding and used in various parts of the Southern States of the United States at the time. The name is a play upon the words bill and Bill, the latter being a familiar term for the name William. Blunt. An English slang term for money available at once. It was in use at the be- ginning of the nineteenth century. Dick- ens, in Oliver Twist, says, “I must have some blunt from you to-night. ’ ’ Blutpfennig. The popular name for a new or red Pfennig in allusion to its ruddy color. Berthold Auerbach, in his Dichtungen (i. 14) has the line: “Ich habe keinen Blutpfennig.” Bluzger, or Blutzger. A base silver coin issued in the Bishopric of Chur in the Can- ton of Graubiinden from the middle of the sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth cen- tury, and also at Haldenstein during the same period. The early types have a fig- ure of the cross and Madonna, and the later issues have armorial bearings. Constantin von Buttlar, Abbot of Fulda (1714-1726) copied them. They are computed at seventy to the Gulden. Blyen. See Bolette. Bo. A square coin of Annam usually assigned to circa B.C. 475-221. See Schroe- der (p. 46), and Lacroix, Numismatique Annamite, 1900 (p. 52). Boars’ Feet. See Hams. Bob. The common nickname for an English Shilling. J. II. Vaux, in his Flash Dictionary, 1812, has “Bob or Bobstick, a Shilling,” and Dickens uses the term in the Pickwick Papers. In the Athenaeum, 1864 (558), is a state- ment to the effect that the nickname is sup- posed to have originated in Sir Robert Walpole’s time. See Magpie. Bocksthaler. The name given to a var- iety of silver coins struck in the bishopric of Chur, which have as a device a stand- ing ram (Bock), the armorial shield of this district. The name, Bockspfennige, or Bockler, is similarly applied to coins of Schaffhausen, which have a running ram as a design. Boddiferus. Du Cange gives citations showing that this name was given to some early base silver coins of Liege, of which 36 were equal to a Florin. Bodle. A Scotch copper coin, some- times known as the half-plack or two pence Scotch. It appeared in the latter part of the sixteenth century, and was last coined in 1697. The name is said to be a corruption of Bothwell, a mintmaster, but no documen- tary evidence to this effect is cited. Its value in England was considerably lower, as is indicated by R. Holme, in his Armoury, 1688 (iii. 2), who says, “A Bodle, three of them make a half-penny English.” Bockler. See Bocksthaler. Bohmen. The name given to the popu- lar Groschen of Prague by the natives of Silesia. It is probably due to the figure of the lion of Bohemia and the inscription, DEI GRATIA REX BOEMIE, found Oil these coins. Boeki. See Trade Dollar. Boeotian League. See League Coinage. Boeserokken. See Bazarucco. Bolette. A leaden token issued at Frank- fort a. M. as early as 1497 and in use until the beginning of the seventeenth century. Joseph and Fellner, in their work on the coinage of that city (1896, pp. 39-40), state that the Boleton, or Blyen (i.e., Blei-lead) were of two sizes : the larger were re- [ 28 ] Bolivar Borbi deemed for twelve Heller and the smaller for six Heller. Bolivar. A silver coin of Venezuela, of the same value as the Franc, and named after Simon Bolivar, the liberator. It is divided into one hundred Centimos, or Cen- tavos. For the different systems of mone- tary standards in use in Venezuela, see the Annual Report of the Director of the JJ. S. Mint, 1912, and for the Peso system, still in use to some extent, see Peso. The Boli- var is sometimes called Venezolano. Boliviano. The unit of the silver stan- dard of Bolivia, and divided into one hun- dred Centavos. The former gold Boliviano, of the same country, introduced in 1868, was equal to half an Escudo. Bolognino. Originally a silver coin of Bologna issued during the Republican pe- riod (1191-1337), and of the value of half a Grosso. It also occurs in the coinage of Modena as a Republic (1226-1293) ; was copied for Aquila, under Ludovico II (1382-1384), and is found as a billon coin in Ferrara in the thirteenth century. The half of the same coin was known as the Ferrarino. In the sixteenth century, when Bologna was under Papal rule, a Bolognino was struck in copper. Copper Bolognini were also issued for Modena under Rinaldo (1694-1737), and for Lucca early in the eighteenth century. Bone. A slang term, which appears to be confined to the United States, and which was originally applied to a silver dollar, but was afterwards used for a dollar whether of paper or metal. The name probably originated from the bone or ivory counters or chips used in the game of poker. Bon Gros. The French equivalent for Gute Groschen ( q.v .). Bonk. A name given to the rectangular copper coins struck in Java from 1796 to 1818. See Netscher and van der Chijs (passim), where Bonks, varying from one half Stuiver to eight Stuivers, are de- scribed. A similar coin, known as the Tang (q.v.), was issued by the Dutch East India Com- pany for Ceylon. Bonn. Dinneen, Irish-English Diction- ary, 1904, has: “Bonn, a piece of money, a groat, a medal ; bonn airgid, a silver medal ; bonn or, a gold medal; bonn buidhe, a yel- low medal ; bonn ruadh, a copper or brass medal ; bonn ban, a shilling. ’ ’ O’Reilly, Irish-English Dictionary, has Bonn sian, a half-penny. There is a Gaelic proverb, “Is fearr caraid sa cuairt, na bonn sa sparan, ” i.e., ‘ ‘ A friend at court is better than a groat in the purse.” Bonnet Piece. A gold coin of James V of Scotland, issued only in 1539 and 1540, and remarkable as being the earliest dated Scottish coin. It is so called from the king’s head being decorated with a bonnet, or square cap, in- stead of a crown. Its weight is 88^ grains, and there are one third and two third pieces of similar type. This coin is sometimes referred to as a Ducat, but this designation belongs more properly to the gold coin struck by Mary Stuart in 1558. Bonnet Type. A designation employed to classify English silver coins. Thus on some of the pennies of William I the term is used where the full-face bust, and large crown with long pendent lappets occur. Bononenus. The name given to the mezzo Grosso struck at Bologna by Pope Eugenius IV from 1431 to 1438. It has on the reverse the figure of St. Petronius seat- ed, holding in his hand the cathedral of the city. The inscription reads s. petroniv. de BONONIA. Booby Head. The popular name for one of the varieties of the cents of the United States issued in 1839. It has a large, stupid-looking head of Liberty on the obverse. Borage Groat. Jamieson, Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, states that this was a four-penny piece formerly current in Scotland, and that it, may have received this name from the use of borax as an alloy in its composition. Borbi. Kelly (p. 4) states that this was an Egyptian copper coin at, the beginning of the nineteenth century, and that 320 of them were equal to the Piastre. Conf. Boui’be. [ 29 ] Bord Boulton’s Twopence Bord. A slang name for a Shilling. See Hog. Bordata. An Italian term applied to coins that are not perfectly round. Bord Halfpenny. Wharton, Law Lex- icon, 1864, states that this is “a customary small toll paid to the lord of a town for setting up boards, tables, booths, etc., in fairs or markets.” Borgesi Neri, i.e., black Bourgeois. Ac- cording to Promis (ii. 12), this was a var- iety of base silver Denier struck in the borough of Bressa, and by an ordinance of Turin of December 15, 1335, it was valued at one eighth of the Grosso. Borjookes. The name given by the Abyssinians to glass beads of different col- ors which were formerly current as money, and which were computed at the rate of thirty to the Para. See Wakea, and Kharf. Borodovaya, or Beard Money. Among Peter the Great’s measures to bring Rus- sia up to the level of European civiliza- tion was his decree that beards should not be worn. To encourage shaving he im- posed a tax, varying in amount, according to the social standing, the mercantile class paying the highest tax for the privi- lege of retaining their beards. When the tax was paid a token was given as a re- ceipt. Chaudoir cites a piece in silver, dated 1705, of the size of the twenty Kopeck sil- ver coin. Schubert (p. 103) states that the specimens in silver are modern, and did not exist in the time of Peter I. Of those in copper there were two varieties. One is like the silver piece and the other has the size and weight of a Ruble, and is square. They are dated 1699, 1705, and 1725. Boss. The native name for the African cowries formerly used as a money of ac- count on the Gold Coast. Noback (p. 311), gives' the following table of equivalents : 2ii Cowries=l Talm. 40 Cowries=l Damba. 1000 Cowries=l Boss Dollar. 1000 Cowries = 1 Cabes (small). 2000 Cowries=l Cabes (large). When converted into an actual monetary unit 1600 Cowries are equal to one six- teenth of an ounce of gold dust. Bossonaya. A Spanish billon coin struck by the Counts of Barcelona during the thirteenth century, to distinguish the type from the contemporary issues of the Kings of Aragon. See Blanchet (i. 312). The name is also written Bassanaya and Balssonaya, and Du Cange quotes docu- ments of 1209 and 1343, the former of which states that “fuit aspera moneta de Bassanaya quae duravit tres annos.” Boston Money. In the Colonial Rec- ords of Pennsylvania, 1683 (i. 85), there is a passage reading, “their Abuse to ye Governnd, in Quining of Spanish Bitts and Boston money.” The latter expression probably refers to the Pine Tree Coins (q.v.) Botdrager. The popular name for the double Gros which was struck in Brabant and Flanders early in the fifteenth cen- tury. The name signifies “pot carrier,” the allusion being to the helmet on the lion’s head which looks like an inverted pot or kettle. See van der Chijs (p. 123- 125). The type was copied in the various prov- inces of the Low Countries, and the coin is also referred to as the Brabandsche Leeuw and the Gehelmde Leeuw. See Heaume. Botinat. A silver coin of Georgia which appeared in the reign of Queen Rusudan (A.D. 1227-1247), and which received its name from the fact that it was a close copy of the coins struck by Niceplioras Boto- niates of the Byzantine Empire. See Lang- lois (p. 73) ; and Fonrobert (No. 4253). Boudjou. See Budschu. Bouhamstash. A billon coin of Tripoli, introduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835. and of the value of fifteen Paras. Boulton’s Twopence. A very large and beautiful copper coin, issued in 1797 at the Soho mint, Birmingham, which owes its existence to Matthew Boulton (b. 1728). Its weight was exactly two ounces, and the corresponding penny was one oiince ; yet this weight rendered them unwieldy and they were only issued in the year above mentioned. See Montagu, and Spink (ix. 4519). They were long used as weights by shopkeepers, and from their size obtained the nickname of “Cartwheels.” This is the first and last twopenny piece that was ever coined by authority in cop- per. [30 1 Bouquet Series Bracteates Bouquet Series. See Sou Tokens. Bourbe, also called Burbe. A copper coin of Tunis, introduced at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and of the value of one twelfth of an Asper. Bourbonnais. The name given to a var- iety of Denier and Obole struck originally by Louis VII of France (1137-1180), which have on the reverse a cross and the inscription, borbonensis. They should not be confused with the issues for Bourges by the same ruler, which have on the reverse, vrbs bitvrica. See Blanchet (i. 149). Bourdelois. See Denier Bourdelois. Bourgeois. This term was applied to various varieties of the billon Deniers is- sued in France and Lorraine during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. As the name implies, it was used to designate coins of the baser sort from those of pure metal. The Bourgeois Fort, i.e., the heavy Bour- geois, bore the inscription, bvrgensis for- tis, and the Bourgeois Simple was in- scribed bvrgensis nows. See Borgesi Neri. Bourse. See Beutel. Bousebbatash. A billon coin of Tripoli, introduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835, and of the value of seven and a half Paras. Bout de L’Isle Tokens. The name given to a series of twelve tokens which were struck at Birmingham and imported to Canada to be used as tickets or passes over three different bridges which were built to unite the Island of Montreal with the mainland. They are described in detail in Breton (p. 43), and see Repentigny (in- fra). Boutleteen. A billon coin of Tripoli, in- troduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835, and of the value of thirty Paras. Bowed Money. A term used to indi- cate coins which were purposely bent and then given as pledges of love or friend- ship. Thomas Greene, in The Art of Con- ny-Catching, 1592, has as follows: “Taking forth a bowed groat and an old penny bowed he gave it [sic] her.” A passage in the will of Sir Edward Howard, 1512, copied in Archaeologia (xxxviii. 370), reads, “I bequeathe him my rope of bowed nobles. ’ ’ Box Thaler. The same as Schraubthaler (q.v.). Brabandsche Leeuw. See Botdrager. Brabandsche Mijt. See Myte. Brabandsch Schild. A gold coin intro- duced pursuant to the Ordonnantie of May 10, 1430. It was struck by Philip I, Con- stable of France and Duke of Ligny and St. Pol. It has on the obverse the full- length figure of the Duke holding an ar- morial shield. See v.d. Chijs, De Munten . . . Braband en Limburg, 1851 (p. 141), and conf. Schild, infra. Brabant. A base silver coin which cir- culated in England toward the close of the thirteenth century. For a short time they were allowed to pass at the rate of two for a penny, but were prohibited in 1310. The name was probably given to them from the fact that they originated in Flanders, Bra- bant, or the Low Countries. Ruding (i. 201) states that “these coins were distinguished by the names of pol- lards, crocards, scaldings, brabants, eagles, leonines, sleepings, etc.” Holinshed, in his Chronicle, 1577- ’87 (iii. 309), adds that “all these were white monies, artificially made of siluer, copper, and sulphur.” Brabant Thaler. A variety of the Al- bertusthaler (q.v.) issued for the Low Countries. They have the Burgundy cross, in the angles of which are crowns and the order of the Golden Fleece. Brabeon. A name employed in Switzer- land to designate a certain class of medals which were distributed as awards for pro- ficiency to scholars in colleges, schools, etc. The custom appears to have originated at Basle in the latter part of the sixteenth century. They are also known as Schul- pfennige. Bracata. A Polish term signifying money that lias the stamp of the Braca- tori, or mint master. Du Cange (i.) cites an ordinance of 1467 reading minuta pe- cunia bracata, etc. Bracteates. From the Latin bractea, a thin piece of metal, is a name Usually given to pieces of thin silver, impressed with a die, on which the device is cut in relief. Consequently the lines and figures de- pressed on the one side appear raised on the other, and the obverse of the coin pre- [ 31 ] Bragone Brassage sents the same features as the surface of the die. They are supposed to have originated at the beginning of the twelfth century in Thuringia, and they were copied in other German provinces as well as in Switzer- land, Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and Scandinavia. They were in use until the latter part of the fourteenth century, at which time the many types of Groschen gradually supplanted them. The majority are of silver, but gold ones have been found ; some of them, struck in copper and very base silver, probably served the same purpose as the tokens of succeeding periods. The name, Bracteate, however, was not applied to these coins until the eighteenth century. Their contemporary designa- tions were Pfennige, or Denarii, and that they took the place of the latter pieces and passed as current money is attested by the words numus, rnoneta, denarius, etc., which are occasionally found in their inscriptions. To these varieties the name Schrift Brac- teat.en is usually applied. Bragone. The popular name in Italy for the Hungarian Ducat extensively struck during the sixteenth century. The word is a corruption of brache, i.e., trou- sers, and these coins exhibit the standing figure of the ruler, with large, expansive breeches. Braise, i.e., glowing coals. A slang French expression for money, i.e., an allu- sion to “coal to keep the pot boiling.” Branca Moeda. A term used by Portu- guese numismatists, and corresponding to the French Blanc or Blanque. Brandthaler. The name given to a Po- lish Thaler, issued at Thorn, in 1629, to commemorate the gallant defence of that city against the Swedes under General Wrangel. There are a number of minor varieties, all exhibiting a view of the city in flames, and the inscription fides et con- stants PER IGNEM PROBATA. Brasangium. See Brassage. Brasher Doubloon. A gold coin, struck in the city of New York in 1787. It ob- tains its name from its originator, Ephraim Brasher, a goldsmith, whose place of busi- ness was at number one, Cherry Street. Brasher made application to the Legisla- ture of the State of New York for permis- sion to strike copper coins. His petition was not granted, and in consequence only the gold Doubloons are known. Braspenning. A base silver coin of Bra- bant, Friesland, and the Low Countries, in general use during the fifteenth century and later. It appears to have been orig- inally of the value of two St.uivers, but later was equal to only one St.uiver and eight Pfenninge. Some authorities refer to it as the Dubbele Jager. See Blanchet (i. 462). Brass. The terms first, second, and third brass (or bronze), applied to Roman coins according to their sizes, is convenient but unscientific. The first brass, or Great Brass, is in reality the Sestertius; the Sec- ond Brass, or Middle Brass, is the Dupon- dius and As ; and the Third Brass, or Small Brass, is the Semis and other small coins. It should further be remembered that the latter class is of copper; the larger coins are neither brass nor bronze, but composed of orichalcum, a mixture of cop- per and zinc. Brass. An English colloquial term for a copper coin, but chiefly vised for the plural. The expression can be traced to the fourteenth century. Langland, in Piers Ploughman, circa 1362 (iii. 189), has “Beere heor bras on thi Bac.” In his translation of the New Testament in 1526, Tindale renders Matthew (x. 9) thus: “Posses not gold, nor silver, nor brasse. ” At a later period the word was slang or dialect for money in general, as the following quotations indicate : “Shame that the muses should be bought and sold For every peasant’s brass.” — Bishop Hall, Satires, 151)7. “Thou damned and luxurious mountain goat, Offer’st me brass?” — Shakespeare, King Henry the Fifth (iv. 4). "Who ne’er despises books that bring him brass.” Byron, Hints from Horace (548). Brassage. A French term used to in- dicate the variation between the actual value of the metal, and the denomination stamped on the coin. This difference in former years constituted the payment which the official who struck the coins re- ceived. See Slegelpenninge. Du Cange (i.) states that as early as the thirteenth century the name Brasangium was given to the official whose duty it was [ 32 ] Bravuda Briquet to determine the above-named variations. See Seignorage. Bravuda. A monetary denomination: mentioned in ordinances of the reign of Duarte I, King of Portugal (1433-1438), and computed at three Dinheiros. Bread Tokens. The name given to a series of tokens extensively issued in Nu- remberg, Paderborn, and other German towns during the sixteenth century and later, which on presentation could be re- deemed for a loaf of bread. They are of various shapes and metals, and some , of them bear the inscription prot or brod. A Brodmarke was struck by the Kornverein of Elberfeld in 1817. Breeches Money. A nickname given to the coins of the English Commonwealth (1648-1660) on account of the elongated shields on the obverse which bear a fanci- ful resemblance to a pair of trousers. Breite Groschen, also called Breitgro- schen, or Grossi Lati, was a name applied in the fourteenth century and later to cer- tain types of Bohemian Groschen of large module, to distinguish them from smaller pieces of the same denomination, Grossi Praecisi, which were struck contempora- neously. It should be remembered, however, that the adjective breit is employed in a gen- ral way to define the broad type, as distin- guished from the dick, or thick specimens. This accounts for such names as the Breit- pfennig of Augsburg; the Breiter Thaler, etc. See Dickthaler. Brenrasenthaler. A name given to a Tha- ler of Liibeck, struck in 1537, so called be- cause a fly (Bremse) appears in the field on the obverse. The “Bremse” was the coat of arms of Nicholas von Brombsen, the Burgomaster. Brenagium. According to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, this was “a payment in bran, which tenants anciently made to feed their lords’ hounds.” Brick Tea is a recognized unit of value in some parts of Burma and Tibet; the different qualities each bear a distinctive mark and pass at different prices. Clement Williams, in Through Burma to Western China, 1864 (p. 34), has a note which seems to refer to a currency consist- ing of cakes of tea. He says : ‘ ‘ The only kinds apparently known in the market at Bamo are the flat discs of China tea and the balls of Shan tea. The discs weigh twenty Tickals each; seven piled together make a packet which used to sell at one and one-half Tickals and two Ticks” [sic]. See also Terrien de la Couperie (xx) and the Am. Journal of Numismatics (xli. 79). Bridge Money. The name given to a variety of Chinese metallic currency on ac- count of their bridgelike appearance. Ramsden, who describes these pieces in de- tail (pp. 29-32), adds, “1 would suggest the name of Tingle Dangle as more appro- priate, since they will probably result to lie miniature token representatives of the larger musical instruments which are still to be seen in certain parts of China.” The Chinese name for Bridge Money is Kiao Pi, and for Tingle Dangle money is King Shih Pi. Brillen Dukat. A gold coin of Denmark struck by Christian IV in 1647. The reverse exhibits a pair of spectacles (“Brille”), with the motto vide mira domi. There is a corresponding half. Brillenthaler. The name given to a variety of Thaler issued by Duke Julius of Brunswick-Luneburg at Goslar from 1586 to 1589. They are i( of the so-called “Wild Man” type, and from the arm of this fig- ure there hangs a skull, an hour-glass, and a pair of spectacles (“Brille”). See Louis aux Lunettes. Briot’s Crown. The name given to a variety of Crown executed about 1633 by Nicholas Briot, who had been appointed at the Tower mint by Charles I in 1628. This piece, though not of very spirited work- manship, is neat and well formed, and was struck by the independent apparatus which Briot owned. There is a half crown of the same type. Briot’s coins can be distin- guished by the initial B. Briquet. A silver coin of the fifteenth century issued in Brabant, Burgundy, and the Low Countries. It has on the obverse the figure of a lion holding a fire-steel in his claw. There are corresponding doubles, halves, and quarters. The word means a steel for striking fire, and the chain attached to the Order of the Golden Fleece instituted in 1429 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was decor- [ 33 ] Britain Crown Bruneti ated with sparkling precious stones, and golden fire-steels. The Dutch equivalent is Vuurijzer, and by this name these coins are known in Hol- land, Gueldres, etc. See Azzalino and Fewreysen. Britain Crown. An English gold coin, struck in the reign of James I pursuant to a proclamation of October 20, 1604. Its original value was five shillings, which was raised to five shillings and sixpence in 1611. The union of the kingdoms is re- ferred to in the legend Henricus rosas reg- na Jacobus, i.e., “Henry unites the roses, James unites the Kingdoms. ” This coin was discontinued in 1661- ’62. See Crown. Britannia Groat. A name given to the English silver fourpence which was re- vived for general circulation in 1836 and discontinued in 1856. The following cu- rious note concerning these coins appears in Hawkins: “These pieces are said to have owed their existence to the pressing instance of Mr. Joseph Hume, from whence they, for some time, bore the nickname of Joeys. As they were very convenient to pay short cab fares, the Hon. Member of Parliament was extremely unpopular with the drivers, who frequently received only a groat where otherwise they would have received a six- pence without any demand for change.” British Dollar. See Dollar. Broad. Another name for the Unite ( q.v .), a gold coin issued by James I of England. In the reign of Charles II the term was used to distinguish the hammered twenty- shilling pieces from the new coins of the same value then introduced called Guineas (q.v.) . The Broads were called in and declared to be no longer current in 1732-33, the majority of them having become much dim- inished in value and size by wear and clip- ping. Broad Thaler. See Breite Groschen. Brockage. A faulty piece in coining; a damaged coin. In a report of the mint- masters under Elizabeth, temp. 1572, men- tion is made of “brocage” in the making of six-pences. See Num. Chron. (Ser. iv. Vol. 16, p. 75). Brod. See Bread Tokens. Broke Money. A term used to indi- cate the cut Bracteates, Deniers, and es- pecially Pennies of the Middle Ages. The process of quartering or halving appears to be adapted to the Anglo-Saxon coinage, e.g„ to the Pennies of Althelred II (978- 1016), on which the shears or chisel is guided by the cross on the reverse. The practice of cutting coins was sanc- tioned by Philip VI of France by an ordi- nance of May 29, 1347. See Blanchet, Les Monnaies Coupees in the Revue Numis- matique (iv. 1). In the Bury Wills , 1463 (repr. 1850, 41), there is a reference to “broke silvir. ” Bronze. An alloy made of ninety-five parts of copper, four parts of tin, and one part of zinc, which has been found more serviceable for coining purposes than pure copper. A somewhat similar mixture was employed by the Greeks and Romans, but among modern nations it was not used un- til 1850, when the Swiss Government be- gan to issue coins of this metal. France adopted it in 1852, Sweden in 1855, En- gland in 1860, and Belgium in 1861. See Brass. Bronzo. The name given to a small cop- per coin which appears at Messina, Raven- na, etc., before the tenth century. The Bronzi are generally of very rude work- manship, and a number of types have both Latin and Cufic inscriptions. Brown. An English slang term for a copper coin, especially a halfpenny, in allu- sion to its color. Brown Money. A dialect word used both in Ireland and in Devonshire for copper coins. Briickenpfennige. See Landsberger Pfen- nige. Brule. A copper coin struck in the Bishopric of Liege from about 1513 to the end of the century. It was valued at four Stuivers. See de Chestret (passim). Brummer. A base silver coin of Poland, struck by Sigismund III at the beginning of the seventeenth century. It is a variety of the Dreipolker (q.v.), and receives its name from Bromberg, where it was coined. Bruneti, or Bruni. A term used by Italian numismatists to indicate coins that have become greatly oxidized, and to such [ 34 ] Brusselaar Bullion pieces that are subject to oxidation on ac- count of the impurity of the metal. Brusselaar. A variety of the double Briquet issued by Maximilian in 1488 dur- ing the minority of Philip the Good. It has on the reverse an ornamented cross, with the letter B in the centre, from which circumstance it is assumed that it was struck at Brussels. See Frey (No. 298). Bryan Dollars. The name given to a series of satirical pieces issued in 1896 and 1900 during the first and second “free sil- ver” campaign of William J. Bryan. They occur in silver and other metals and are of various shapes, sizes, and designs. Brymann. A billon coin of Brabant, struck in 1381 and later. The type pre- sents two shields placed side by side, with small lions over each. For a detailed ac- count of these pieces see van der Chijs (p. 96). Their value is mentioned as being- equal to four Grooten of Vilvorde. Bu. A small, rectangular Japanese gold coin, first issued in 1599. It was the fourth part of a Ryo, and bears the inscription, Ichi Bu, meaning one Bu. The Bu was also divided into four parts, each one being called Shu. The silver Bu was introduced in 1830, and continued in use until the introduction of the Meiji currency in 1870. Buaya. A copper coin of the Malay Peninsula. See Pitje. The word means a crocodile, and is probably derived from the old tin ingot money cast in this shape and minted at Selangor, etc. Buck. A slang term used in some parts of the United States for a dollar. The word is of comparatively recent origin and the etymology is unknown. Buckscha. See Kabir. Budata. A coin of Palermo issued in 1686 and prohibited and retired from cir- culation in 1698. Della Rovere, Memorie Storiche . . . sopra le Monete hasse, 1814 (129), gives an account of this debased currency and asserts that it was composed of a mixture of copper and chalk or plas- ter. Budgrook. A coin of Bombay, first is- sued under the charter of 1677, granted to the East India Company. The name is probably a variation or corruption of the Portuguese Bazarucco ( q.v .). It was struck in copper, tin, and lead, and was usually computed at one forty-eighth of a Fanam. Budschu, or Boudjou. A former silver coin of Algiers, introduced at the begin- ning of the nineteenth century and divided into twenty-four Muzunas. The multiples and divisions of this coin all have their particular names, as follows: 2 Budschu, called Zudi, or Soudi Budschu ; 1 Budschu, called Rial Budschu ; ^ Bud- schu, called Rebja, or Rebia Budschu; y 8 Budschu, called Temin Budschu. Biiggeli. A Swiss nickname for a coin of more or less concave form. “Biickel” means a bent back or hunch back. Bugne. A base silver coin struck in Metz and current in Lorraine during the fifteenth century and later. It is men- tioned in an ordinance of 1511 as having a value of ten Deniers. There are both municipal and episcopal types, and the usual devices bear a figure of St. Stephen, with the inscription s’. STEP-H. PROTHO’. It is sometimes called Tiereelle. See Blanchet (486). Bugslaver, probably a corruption of Bogislauer. The popular name for the small silver coins issued in Pommerania under Bogeslaus X (1471-1523) and his successors. Buhloli, or Bahloli. A coin of mixed metal, weighing about 145 grains, intro- duced by Balilol Lodi, the Afghan ruler of Dehli, A.H. 855-894 (A.D. 1450-1488). It was the standard coin for about seventy years. See Thomas (No. 311). Bull. A slang expression for an English Crown piece. J. H. Yaux, in his Flash Dictionary , 1812, says: “Bull, a Crown or five Shillings.” Bullet Money. See Tical. Bullion. The original meaning of the word appears to have been a mint or assay office, but the writers of the sixteenth cen- tury sometimes refer to it as a place of exchange. The Termes de la Ley, 1641 (p. 43), states that “Bullion . . . is the place where gold is tryed, ” and Blount, in Lis Laic Dictionarie, 1679, has: “Bullion . . . signifies sometimes the Kings Exchange, or C 35] Bundesthaler Butaca place whither such Gold in the lump is brought to be tryed or exchanged.” The definition in use at the present time, i.e., gold or silver in the lump, as distin- guished from coin or manufactured arti- cles, can be traced to the latter part of the sixteenth century. Thomas North, in his translation of Plutarch’s Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, 1580 (p. 865), says: “Bringing with him all his plate, both Gold and Silver, unto the Mint-master, he gave it him to put into bullion, and so to be converted into currant [sic] coin.” Bundesthaler. The name is usually given to any silver coin of Convention Money ( q.v .). The Schweizer Bundes- thaler is in reality a medal designed by Jakob Stampfer (obit. 1579) to commem- orate the foundation of Swiss Independ- ence. See Schmalkaldischer Bundesthaler. Bung. A slang term used by thieves in referring to a purse. See Bit. Bungtowns. A name given to clumsy imitations of the English half pennies which circulated extensively in Pennsyl- vania and the other states in the latter part of the eighteenth century. The name is probably derived from the slang term, “to bung,” meaning to cheat or deceive. There is an extensive list of them in At- kins. See also Amer. Journal of Numis- matics (xxxiii. 67, xxxvi. 94). Bun Sen. A Kwanei sen (q.v.) having the character Bun (learning) on the re- verse. The coin was made in 1668 from the fragments of the Daibutsu, or great image of Buddha, at Nara. The last pieces to be made from the Daibutsu statue are called “Tori Sumi” Sen (gathered end- ings), which have this inscription as well on the reverse. Burbe. See Bourbe. Burgales. See Blancos Burgales. Burgunderthaler. See Albertusthaler. Burigozzo. A heavy silver Testone of the value of 32 Soldi, struck by the Em- peror Charles V for the Duchy of Milan (1535-1556). It has a bust of the Em- peror on oue side and a standing figure of St. Ambrosius on the reverse. Burrie, or Bauri. A money of account in the Maidive Islands, and equal to twenty Cowries (q.v.). Bursarienzeichen. A series of copper tokens struck by the bursar of the guild or chapter at Munster and Paderborn from 1543 to 1633. They are of the denomina- tions of three Schillinge, 12, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 Pfennig, and one Heller. The value is on one side and a figure of St. Paul on the reverse. Many are countermarked with the arms or name of the bursar. Busch (plural Buschen). In 1493 Her- mann IV, Archbishop of Cologne, the duke of Julich and Berg, and the municipal authorities of the city of Cologne, held a conference to adjust the irregular mone- tary system then prevalent, and agreed upon the following values : Weisspfennige, 24 to a Gulden ; Blanken, 12 to a Gulden ; Double Buyschen, 18 to a Gulden; Simple Buyschen, 36 to a Gulden ; Half Buyschen, 72 to a Gulden; Old Morchen (Moergyhe), 8 to a Weisspfennig ; Neu Morchen: 12 to a Weisspfennig. The above appears to be an early refer- ence to a small copper coin which derived its name from a bouquet or bunch of flow- ers and leaves which appeared on one side. These coins were later identified with the city of Aachen, or Aix-la-Chapelle. The obsidional pieces of six and twelve sols issued in 1597 are sometimes called Bu- schen, and in the seventeenth and eigh- teenth centuries the twelve and four Hel- ler pieces had a respective value of three and one Buschen. They were struck as late as 1790 or 1792 and were abolished by the Prussian coinage system of 1821. Bussignarfi. According to Caucich, Bol- lettino di Numismatica Italiana (iii. 34), this was a name used in Ancona to desig- nate either the mezzi Ducati, or the mezzi Scudi d’oro of twenty Bolognini. Bussola, or Bussolotto. A popular name for the Grosso issued at Mantua from the period of Ludovico III. Gonzaga (1444- 1478) to Carlo II (1637-1647). The word means a pyx, and these coins have on the obverse the figure of a pyx, used for hold- ing the host. Bussolotto Papale. This was another name for the Giulio struck in Parma by Pope Clement VII, the type being copied from the preceding coin. Butaca, or Butki. A former gold coin of Morocco, the name of which is probably [ 36 ] Butchers’ Half-pence Byzant a corruption of the Pataca ( q.v .). Its value was two Rials or twenty-seven Ukkias. Butchers’ Half-pence. This term is used by Dean Swift in his Drapiers ’ Letters, 1724 (iii), and implies counterfeit or very base silver coins. Butgen. A silver coin issued at Campen, Groningen, Deventer, Zwolle, etc., during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It appears to have been of the value of two Plakken, and is sometimes referred to as the half Groot. See Frey (No. 459). Butki. See Butaca. Buttala. The popular name for a coin of Piacenza issued during the seventeenth century and originally of a value of ten Soldi. Its value, however, fluctuated con- siderably, as in a monetary ordinance of Sabbioneta of 1648, the Buttala is men- tioned as ecpial to 14 Soldi, having been changed from 12 Soldi. Buzerook. See Bazarucco. Buzzard. A slang term formerly ap- plied to the silver dollar of the United States on account of the bnzzard-like eagle on the reverse. Byoke. An obsolete form of writing Baiocco (q.v.). Byte. An old English form of Bit (q.v.). Byzant. See Solidus. [ 37 ] Cabes Cambist C Cabes. An African money of account. See Boss. Cache. A copper coin issued by France from 1720 to 1837 for its possessions in Pondichery and Karikal on the Coroman- del Coast. Conf. Kas. There are a large number of varieties, for a detailed account of which, see Zay (pp. 273-285). Cadiere. A billon coin of France issued for Dauphiny by Charles V (1364-1380), and retained by his successor Charles VI. See Hoffmann (ii. 43). Anne, Queen of France and Duchess of Bretagne, struck a gold type, the Cadiere d’Oro, circa 1498. Conf. Engel and Ser- rure (iii. 972). Caduceati. See Nnmmi Caduceati. Cagliaresco, or Callaresifos. A small copper coin of Cagliari which must not be confused with the Cagliarese. It was orig- inally struck by Charles II (1665-1700), of the value of one sixth of the Soldo, or one three-hundredth of the Scudo. In 1711 it was reduced to one half of its original weight. Cagliarese. A copper coin of Cagliari, 7 in the island of Sardinia. It was first struck by the Kings of Spain as rulers of Sar- dinia in the sixteenth century, and the coinage extends to the beginning of the nineteenth century under the House of Savoy. Multiples of three Cagliaresi were issued as late as the reign of Victor Eman- uel I (1814-1821). It is usually computed at two Denari. Cagnolo. The popular name for a bil- lon coin issued at Mantua by Giovanni Francesco, a leader of the people. It had oji the obverse the figure of a dog, and on the reverse a cross with the inscription : PER SIGNUM LIBERA NOS. Cagnone, meaning “money of the stran- gers,’’ is, according to the Bivista Italiana cli N umismatica (ix. 86), a coin mentioned in a proclamation issued at Milan in 1520; its nominal value was three Soldi. Caime. An inconvertible paper cur- rency used in Turkey and Cyprus and abol- ished in 1879. The word Kaim, plural Ka'ime, in Turk- ish, means ‘ ‘ upright, ’ ’ and comes to be used for a bond, hence for the Treasury note. Caixa, or Caxa. A copper coin former- ly used in the Malay Peninsula ; the name is a Portuguese word derived from the Hindu Ivasu, or Kas. The common word cash ( q.v .) comes from this root. A Dutch writer in the latter part of the sixteenth century refers to it as being of the size of the Duit, but with a hole in the centre. He adds that two hundred Caixas are equal to one Sata, and five Satas have the value of a Carolus Gulden or a Portu- guese Cruzado. Houtman, in his Journaal (June 11, 1596), kept in the Straits of Sunda, states that one hundred and sixteen Caxas are equal to one Spanish Real. Conf. Netscher and v.d. Chijs (p. 152). Birch, in his Commentaries, Hakluyt Soc’y (ii. 128 ff), states that Albuquerque, the Governor General, ordered a coinage for Malacca in 1510, as follows: Pieces of r 2 Caixas (tin) =1 Dinheiro; 10 Dinheiros (tin) =1 Soldo; 10 Soldos (tin) = 1 Bas- tardo; 5 Bastardos (tin) = 1 Malaque (silver), or 1 Catholico (gold). Calculus. The Latin name for a counter (q.v.). Calderilla. A Spanish copper coin struck by Philip IV, circa 1636 to 1654. Its value fluctuated, for while originally equal to eight Maravedis, specimens occur coun- terstamped for twelve Maravedis. Callaresifos. See Cagliaresco. Cambist. A banker. Cambistry. The science of exchange. From the Italian cambista, from cambio, meaning exchange. Ruding (ii. 138) states that “in the year 1270, the keeper of the cambium was ap- pointed to assay the coins throughout the whole Kingdom.” [ 38 ] Camera Carapace Money Camera. An Italian term, meaning money of exchequer, and usually found in conjunction with the name of a coin, e.g., Fiorini di Camera, Ducati di Camera, etc. Camillino. A silver coin of Correggio which bears on the obverse a bust of Camil- lo of Austria, Count of Correggio (1597- 1606). Its value was two Soldi. Cammacks. Ruding (ii. 102) states that at the close of the eighteenth century “the copper coinage of Ireland was in an infinitely better state compared with the silver coinage of England. The greater part of it, however, was not mint coin, but what was called Cammac’s, being half pence made by a person of that name, a proprietor of copper mines, with a device upon it, not the King’s face.” Campulus. A coin mentioned in con- junction with the rentals of the Roman Catholic Church. Du Cange (ii. 67) thinks that it probably signifies the revenue at- tached to a small field. Canaries. Francis Grose, in his Diction- ary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785, states that this is a slang name for Guineas ; the reference is of course to the yellow color. Candareen. The name given by for- eigners in the Far East to the Chinese Fen or Fun, the one hundredth part of the Liang, or Tael (q.v.), and the tenth part of the Mace ( q.v .). Pieces are struck in the following denominations: 7.2 Candareens, equal to one tenth of a Dollar, and 3.6 Candareens, equal to one twentieth of a Dollar; also known as five cents. As a money of account it is worth about 1.4 cents. See Ch’ien and Fen. Candle Thaler. A popular name for the Licht Thaler (q.v.). Canella, or On?a. A denomination is- sued in 1843 and 1845 under Maria II of Portugal for Mozambique. It consisted of an oblong bar of silver, bearing on one side an M,and on the reverse onash him to pieces ! Counterfeit. This term is used in nu- mismatics both to indicate fraudulent is- sues of rare coins prepared to deceive col- lectors, and to debased current coins struck to be circulated among the general public. The limits of the present work prevent a detailed description ; the reader should consult the exhaustive treatise in Luschin von Ebengreuth, Allgemeine Munzkunde and Geldgeschichte (pp. 122-132). [ 55 ] Countermark Crocard Countermark, also called Counterstamp. A device or lettering, generally made with a punch, on the face of a regular issue, either to give it a new valuation or to indicate its acceptance as a coin of a dif- ferent country or locality from the one that struck the original piece. Coupure. This word, meaning a “cut- ting,” was originally applied to the French twenty franc paper notes. It is now, however, identified with bank notes of smaller denomination, and beginning in 1914 necessity paper money called cou- pures ranging as low as a few centimes, were issued in many of the French cities. Courant. This term is generally em- ployed to distinguish the internal currency from that used in commerce and abroad, or from paper money. The Courant Thaler of Poland was is- sued under Stanislaus Augustus in 1794 and 1795. It had a value of six Zloty, and the reverse reads 14 1 / 12 ex marca pur COLONIENS. Courie. See Cowries. Couronne d’Or. A French gold coin, introduced by Louis IX (1226-1270), and continued almost uninterruptedly to the end of the reign of Philip VI of Valois (1328-1350). It receives its name from the large crown on one side ; the reverse lias an ornamental cross with fleurs des lis in the angles, and the inscription: -|-XPC :VINCIT :XPC :REGNAT :XPC :IMPERAT. Couronne du Soleii. A French gold coin of the sixteenth century. It was of the same weight and quality as the Eng- lish Crown of the Rose issued in the reign of Henry VIII. Couronnelle. See Ecu a la Couronne. Courte Noire. See Korten. Couter, or Cooter. A slang expression for a Sovereign. It may lie derived from the Danubian-Gipsy word cuta, meaning ai gold coin. Cow Money. See Kugildi. Cow Plappert. See Blaffert. Cowries. A general term for the shells of the Cypraa Moneta. The word comes from the Hindustani Kauri. The shells are abundant in the Indian Ocean and are collected especially in the Maidive and Laccadive Islands, and have been used in China as a medium of exchange from prim- itive times. They have been used in most parts of Asia and Africa up to very recent times. In Siam 6400 cowries are equal to about Is. 6d. English money. The Chinese name is Pei. In the Bengal Gazette for 1780, refer- ring to the introduction of a copper coin- age, the editor states that “it will be of the greatest use to the public, and will totally abolish the trade of cowries, which for a long time has formed so extensive a field for deception and fraud.” See Allan, Numismatic Chronicle (Ser. iv. xii. 313), and Elliot (p. 59). Bowrey, in his Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, published by the Hakluyt Society in 1905, states (p. 218) that there is a money of account in the Maldives, based on the Cowries, as follows : 1 Gunda = 4 Cowries. 5 Guiidas = 1 Burrie, or 20 Cowries. 4 Burries = 1 Pone or Poou, or 80 Cowries. 16 Pone = 1 Cawne, or 1280 Cowries. 2 % Cawne = 1 Rupee, or 3200 Cowries. Crabbelaer. See Krabbelaar. Crazia. See Grazia. Cremonese. The popular name for the Grosso issued at Cremona during the Re- publican rule, i.e., from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. Creutz, or Criutz. A copper coin of Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden struck in 1632 has the value as 1 Creutz or Criutz. It is the size of the y 2 Ore piece. Creutzer. An obsolete spelling of the Kreuzer ( q.v .). Adam Berg, in his New Miinzbuch, 1597, invariably uses the form Creutzer. Crimbal. In 1731 and 1732 the French Government issued silver coins of six and twelve Sols for the Isles du Vent, or Wind- ward Islands. An Englishman named Crimbal introduced them at Barbadoes and in that island they received the name of Crimbals. See Wood (p. 2). Criutz. See Creutz. Croat. The Spanish equivalent of the Gros. The name is usually applied to a series of silver coins issued by the Counts of Barcelona during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Crocard, or Crokard. A base coin which circulated extensively in England [ 56 ] Croce o Testa Crown of the Rose toward tlie close of the thirteenth century. For a short time they were allowed to pass at the rate of two for a penny, but were prohibited in 1310. They were decried in Ireland by a proclamation of Edward I, and an ordinance of this ruler (Act 27, 1300) refers to mauveises monees que sunt appellez Pollards et crokardz. See Bra- bant. Croce o Testa. An Italian term mean- ing “cross or head” and corresponding to the English “Heads or Tails” ( q.v .). Crocherd. Probably an obsolete spelling of Crocard. See Halard. Crocione. A silver coin of Milan intro- duced under Joseph II (1780-1790). It is the Italian name for the Austrian Kron- enthaler {q.v.). Cronichte Groschen. See Kronigte. Croeseids. See Kroiseioi. Crokard. See Crocard. Cromstaert. See Kromstaart. Crookie. An obsolete Scotch term for a sixpence, and formerly common to Lanark- shire. The name is probably due to the fact that it was easily “crooked” or bent. Croondaalder. The Dutch and Flem- ish equivalent of the Kronenthaler {q.v.). Crore. A money of account used in India and equal to. one hundred Lacs. Crosatus, or Crozat. Du Cange cites documents of the fourteenth century in- dicating that this name was generally used to describe a coin with a cross upon it. Crosazzo. A silver coin of Genoa cur- rent from the beginning to the middle of the seventeenth century. The obverse bears a crown beneath which is the Castell cli Genova, and on the reverse is an in- scription surrounding a cross with a star in each angle. Cross Dollar. The popular name for the Spanish silver coin of eight Reales with the Burgundian cross on the reverse. In the London Gazette, 1689 (No. 2444) mention is made of “about 40 1. in Spanish Money and Cross Dollars.” Cross-type. See Monnaies a la Croix. Crown. An English gold coin first is- sued in the reign of Henry VIII pursuant to a proclamation dated November 5, 1526, and originally called a Crown of the Double Rose. It was current for five shil- lings and was made of 22 carat gold only, this being the earliest example of a gold coin of less than standard fineness in England. This alloy was henceforth known as Crown gold, and it has been the standard for all English gold coins since 1634. In the time of Elizabeth this coin reached the low value of three shillings and four pence, and it was entirely discontinued in 1601, being superseded in 1604 by the Britain Crown and the Thistle Crown {q.v.). Crown. The English silver coin of this denomination was first issued in 1551, and formed a part of the third coinage of Edward VI. Those struck at Southwark under the direction of Sir John Yorke have a letter Y for a mint mark, and those is- sued at the Tower under Throgmorton have a figure of a ton. The double crown of the value of ten shillings first appeared in the second coin- age of James I. Crown. See Coroa, Korona, and Krone. Crown of the Rose. By a proclama- was ordered to be struck. This coin was an imitation of the French Couronne du Soled, and it was made current for four shillings and sixpence, to which value the French coin was also raised. As the ex- portation of gold to France and Flanders did not cease, it was thought that this could be stopped by an increase in the nominal value of this and other gold coins, and consequently on November 5, 1526, an- other proclamation was issued, by which another crown, called the Crown of the Double Rose, was to be made, and which should be current for five shillings. The latter coin is the regular issue of the gold Crown {q.v.). As the existence of such a coin as the Crown of the Rose was questioned for a long time a detailed description of this great rarity follows : Obv. A shield crowned bearing the arms of England and France quarterly, all with- in two inner circles, the innermost one linear, the outer dotted, both pierced above by the ball and cross on top of the crown, mm. a rose, legend henric’ -8 : dei : gra’ : REX : agl ’ :Z :fra’; Rev. A full-blown single rose of five petals, surrounding it four fleurs de lis arranged crossways, be- [ 57 ] Crozat tion of August 22, 1526, a new English gold coin, called the Crown of the Rose, tween these a lion passant guardant and the letter H crowned, placed alternately, all within inner circles as on the obverse, mm. a rose, legend henric’ : rvtilans : rosa : sine : spina, the letters on both sides in Roman characters, except the letter H, the numeral Arabic. See American Jour- nal of Numismatics (xliv, 22). Crozat. See Crosatus. Cruciatus, Crucifer, Cruciger. See Kreuzer. Cruickston Dollars. A name sometimes given to the Scottish crowns of Mary and Darnley of the second issue of 1565, be- cause the yew tree on the reverse is sup- posed to represent a noted yew at Cruick- ston, Lord Darnley ’s residence near Glas- gow. Cruitzer. An obsolete spelling of Kreu- zer discontinued at the end of the eigh- teenth century. See Poy. Crusade. See Cruzado. Cruzadinho. A small Portuguese gold coin issued under John V (1706-1750), and struck at Lisbon ; it was copied for the colonial possessions and specimens occur with the Rio and Minas mint marks. Its value was the same as the later Cru- zado, i.e., four hundred Reis. Cruzado, also called Crusado and Cru- sade, a gold coin of Portugal, originally issued by Alfonso V (1438-1181). It ob- tains its name from the cross on the re- verse which was placed there to commem- orate the participation of this King in the crusade against the Turks. The value of the Cruzado was originally 390 Reis, and in 1517 it was fixed at four Tostoes, or four hundred Reis, i.e., the tenth part of the Moidore. Under Manoel I (1495-1521) it was called Manoel, out of compliment to that ruler. The silver Cruzado appears under the restoration of the House of Braganza, in the reign of John 1Y (1640-1656). Its value was the same as the gold, but many specimens occur counterstamped 500, indi- cating that it possessed a higher value on special occasions. It was extensively struck at the mints in Lisbon, Porto, and Evora. Pedro II, in 1688, issued a Cruzado Nuevo, also called Pinto, of the value of (Y Cut Dollar 480 Reis, but his successor, John V, re- turned to the old standard. Cruzado Calvario. A gold coin of Por- tugal first issued in the reign of John III (1521-1557). It obtains its name from the elongated cross on the reverse, which re- sembles the cross of Calvary, and succeeds the square type of cross previously em- ployed. Cuarenta. The name given to the Cuban silver coin of forty Centavos introduced in 1915. Cuartilla. A Mexican copper coin and the same as the Cuartino ( q.v .). The designation is used for issues of Alvarado, Chihuahua, Durango, Hermosillo, Guan- axuato, Sinaloa, etc. Cuartillo. The same as Cuartino (q.v.). Cuartino. A silver coin of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, the Argentine Republic, etc., of the value of one quarter Real. See Quartinho. Cuarto. See Quarto. Cufic Coins. See Kufic. Cunagium. According to Du Cange this implies tributum pro impressione typi ex- solvendum. Raiding (ii. 256) states that in 1422, Henry Somer, the keeper of the dies in the Tower of London, was com- manded by writ to deliver cunagia for the mints in this town. He adds: “This, I presume, had been paid to the warden of the mint in the Tower, and was therefore to be returned by him to the treasurer of the mint, to which it properly belonged.’’ Cuneator. A former officer in the mint who was responsible for the accuracy of the dies; he received the old and broken dies as his fee. See Ruding (i. 41). Cunnetti Type. The name given to a series of Anglo-Saxon Pennies principally struck at York under Guthred ( circa 877- 894) which bear on the reverse the inscrip- tion CVN. NET. TI. Cupang. This coin mentioned by Chal- mers in Colonial Currency, 1893 (p. 383) is the same as the Kepeng (q.v.). Currency. By this is meant coin or bank notes, or other paper money issued by au- thority, and which are continually passing as and for coin. Cut Dollar. The name given to the Spanish Peso or Colonato when cut into S] Cypraea Moneta Czvorak four, eight, or twelve segments, each of which passed for the corresponding value of the fractional part. See Bit. Cypraea Moneta. See Cowries. Cyrillus Thaler. A silver coin of 01- miitz struck by Wolfgang, Earl of Schrat- tenbach in 1730. It bears on one side a seated figure of St. Cyril the Apostle of the Slavs. Cyzicenes (Greek: Kufywfjvoi). A name given by the Greeks to the eleetrum Staters of Cyzicus in Mysia. Czvorak. The name given to the Polish silver coin of four Grossi. See Szelong. [ 59 ] Daalder Danegelt D Daalder, or Daelder. The equivalent in Brabant and the various provinces of the Low Countries for the Thaler. This coin varied in value, in some parts of the Netherlands it was the same as two Gul- den and five Stuivers, while in others it was equal to thirty-two Patards. See Dollar. Dabou. See Dub. Daelder. See Daalder. Dagger Money. A sum of money for- merly paid to the justices of assize on the northern circuit in England to provide against marauders. Dahab. An Abyssinian money of ac- count. See Wakea. Daidong Chun. The Korean name for silver coins with ' porcelain centres on reverse minted in 1882 but never put into circulation. They come in three denomina- tions, one, two and three Chun. See Um- pyo. Daing. The name given to the cast sil- ver ingots of Burmali. They are the earli- est types of money of this country. Data. See Akahi Dala. Dalar. The Polish equivalent of Thaler and like the German type divided into thirty Groszy corresponding to Groschen. It was originally struck by Sigismund III (1587-1632). Daler. See Plate Money, De Gortz Daler, Rigsdaler, and Species. Daler. A coin of the Danish West In- dies introduced in 1904 and equal to five Francs or five hundred Bits. It is issued in gold in four and ten Daler denomina- tions. Dam. A copper coin of Hindustan, and of about the same value as the Paisa, i.e., the fortieth part of the Rupee. Of the Moghul emperors, the Dams of Akbar (1556-1605) were minted at Lahore, Delhi, Mai pur, etc. The Bahmanis of Kolbarga also employed this currency. The Phoka Dam is a Nepalese copper coin belonging to the reign of Surendra Vikrama (1847). See Thomas (p. 439 et seq.), and Sihansah and Suka (infra). Damareteion. See Demareteion. Damba. An African money of account. See Boss. Dampang. See Tampang. Damri. A copper coin of Hindustan and equal to one eighth of the Dam (q.v.). Danake. The Aavaxv] of the Greeks. At first it designated a small silver coin in the East, but later came to be applied to a copper coin. In the Persian Empire it corresponded to the Greek Obol. It was also popularly applied to Charon’s Obol (q.v.) according to Suidas and other an- cient authors. The word persisted until the Middle Ages as the Arabic claneq, the Persian dangh and the neo-Sanscrit tanka. Danaretto. See Denaretto. Danaro. The Italian equivalent of the Denier, which can be traced in Beneven- tum to the reign of Grimaldo (793-806) and was current in nearly all the Italian states, provinces, and cities. It is frequently written Denaro, and a smaller coin which was issued by the Doges of Venice from circa 1170 to 1250 is called the Danaretto, or Denaretto. There are also multiples, and under Antonio I (1701-1731) and Onorato III (1731-1793) of Monaco, pieces of eight Danari in copper were struck. Dandiprat, also but rarely written Dan- dyprat. The colloquial name for a small silver coin which was current in England at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It was probably the half Groat of Henry VII (1485-1509). Camden, in his Bemaines, 1605 (188), refers to it thus: “K. Henry the 7th stamped a small coine called dandyprats. ” Danegelt. An annual tax formerly laid on the English nation for maintaining forces to oppose the Danes, or to furnish tribute to procure peace. It was at first one shilling, afterward two, and at last seven, for every hide of land except such as belonged to the church. At a subsequent period, when the Danes became masters, the Danegelt was a tax [ 60 ] Daneq Decaen Piastre levied by the Danish princes on every hide of land owned by the Anglo-Saxons. Daneq. See Danake. Dangh. A small Persian silver coin cur- rent in the seventeenth century. The Dangh was primarily a weight, hence its equivalents, in silver, came to represent the fractions of the coin. See Larin and Danake. Danielsthaler. The name given to a Thaler struck in 1561 by the Princess Maria of the House of Jever. It has on the re- verse a figure of the prophet Daniel sur- rounded by four lions* See Madai (1734). Danik. The sixth of the Dinar and of the Dirhem : therefore of variable weight in reference to one or the other, and in respect of the varying weights of either. As one sixth of a dinar, it is equal to 12, or to 10, or to 8 habbehs, according to the number of habbehs to the dinar. Hence we find the following relations recorded : = 2 kirats (of silver, i.e., 2 >/ 3 , as there are 14 kirats or 6 daniks to the dirhem) ; or = 3/3 kirats (i.e., in relation to the dinar of 20 kirats) or = 10 habbehs or 40 aruzzehs, i.e., in reference to the dinar of 60 habbehs ; or = 12 grains, i.e., in ref- erence to the dinar of 72 habbehs. Five daniks of gold = 11 17 / 18 dirhems at Bag- dad, where the dinar was worth 14 Vi. The danik was the quarter of a dirhem in Khwarizm, afterward 4 14 . Danim. See Mahmudi. Darb. A silver coin of India and equiv- alent to the half Rupee. See Sihansah. Darby. An obsolete English slang word meaning “ready money.” Hickeringill, in his Works, 1682 (ii. 20), says, “down with the dust and ready Darby,” and Shadwell, in his play The Squire of Al- satia, 1688 (i. 1), uses the expression, “the ready, the Darby.” Dardenne. A copper coin of France struck in 1711 and 1712 for Provence. Its value was six Deniers, indicated by six crowned figures L placed opposite the sides of an equilateral triangle with the figure & in the centre. Daric. A Persian gold coin which is supposed to have obtained its name from the figure on the obverse of the Persian King Darius. They appear to have been originally issued by Darius I, the son of Hystaspes (B.C. 521-485). See Herodotus, Historia (iv. 166). The King is generally represented as a kneeling bowman, and con- sequently these coins are sometimes re- ferred to as Archers ( q.v .). The reverse bears an incuse punch-mark. These coins are the Aapetx,ot of the Greeks, and in those parts of the Scriptures written after the Babylonish captivity, they are called Adarkonim. Ezra (viii. 26, 27), I Citron, (xxix. 7), and by the Talmudists, Darkonoth; Nehemiah (vii. 70-72). Conf. Hill, Historical Greek Coins (p. 27). Darkonoth. The Talmudic name for the Daric (q.v.). Dasa. A silver coin of India and equal to one tenth of a Rupee. See Sihansah. Dauphin. A billon coin of France which receives its name on account of being spe- cially struck for Dauphiny. The Petit Dauphin was issued by Charles Y (1364- 1380), and the Grand Dauphin by Charles VII (1422-1461). Davidsthaler. The name given to a sil- ver coin of David, Count of Mansfeld, is- sued from about 1605 to 1628. Davidstuiver. The name given to the double Gros of Utrecht issued in 1477 by David de Bourgogne, Bishop of Utrecht. See Frey (No. 182). A gold Florin issued by the same ruler with a figure of David and his harp, is commonly known as the Davidsharp, or Ilarpe d’or. Debased Coin is money that is lowered 'in character or quality. Macaulay, in his History of England (v. 3), uses the term “a debased currency.” See Embase and Imbasing. Decachalk. This multiple, 10 Chalkoi, seems to have been coined only under the Ptolemaic sovereigns of Egypt. Decadrachm, or Dekadrachmon, repre- sented the multiple of ten Drachms (q.v.). Next to the Dodecadrachm it is the largest of all the silver coins struck by the Greeks, and was issued principally in the Sicilian cities. Decaen Piastre. A silver coin of the value of ten Livres, issued in the Isle of France in 1810. The coins were struck from metal captured in the ship Oviedor, and obtained their name from Decaen, the [61 ] Decalitron Demand Notes captain general. For a detailed account, see Spink (ix. 4415), and Zay (p. 265). Decalitron. The Corinthian Stater, we know from Pollux, was so called in Sicily because it equalled exactly 10 litrae of the native standard. Coins of this standard bearing Corinthian types were frequently struck in Sicily. Decanumimion. See Nummus and Fol- ds. Decargyrus. A Roman silver coin first issued by Honorius, and of one half the value of the Siliqua. See Babelon, Traite (i. 581). Decenario. The name given to a vari- ety of mezzo Grosso struck by the Counts of Tyrol at Merano. Its value was ten Piccoli. See Bivista Italiana di Numis- matica (xx. 430). Decime. A copper coin of the first French Revolution, issued in 1794, from dies by Charles Wielandy, a medallist and engraver of Geneva. When the Franc system was introduced in 1803, the Decime was made the one tenth of the Franc, a position which it nominally still holds, though no longer struck. The Decime was issued in 1838 for Mon- aco, and in 1840 for France, as a pattern for a proposed new copper coinage. Mail- liet (cii. ciii. 3-6) cites Decimes struck in 1814 and 1815 for Strasburg when block- aded by the allies. A east Decime was issued for Santo Domingo in 1801. It is of very rude workmanship and bears the reverse inscription in three lines: un decime lan 8, all of the letters N on both sides being reversed. Decimo. A silver coin of the Central American States of the value of ten Cen- tavos, or the tenth part of a Peso. For Buenos Aires there was struck in 1822 and later a copper Decimo equal to the tenth part of the copper Real of the same city ; the Real, in fact, is stamped 10 DECIM BUENOS AYRES. Declaration Type. See Oxford Unite. Decobol. Mentioned in inscriptions (C. I. G. Attic t. II, No. 387) was never struck, being solely a money of account. Deconcion, or Aenwy^tov, or Deunx ( q.v .) was ten twelfths of the litra (or As of twelve ounces). Bronze coins of this de- nomination were struck at Centuripae in Sicily. Decunx. One of the divisions of the As, of the weight of ten ounces. It is sometimes called the Dextans. See Aes Grave. Decus. A nickname for the silver Crown of James II of England, the first issues of which had an edge inscription reading decvs et tvtamen, i.e., “an orna- ment and a safeguard. ’ ’ Thomas Shadwell, in his play, The Squire of Alsatia, 1688, has the phrase, “To equip you with some Meggs, Smelts, Decus ’s and Georges;” Sir Walter Scott mentions the term in his novel The For- tunes of Nigel (xxiii.) thus: “noble Mas- ter Grahame . . . has got the decuses and the smelts. ” See Megg. Decussis. A multiple of the Roman As after the first reduction. It bears on the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma and on the reverse the prow of a galley and the mark X, i.e., ten Asses. De Gortz Daler, or Notdaler. The name given to a series of eleven copper coins struck in Sweden from 1715 to 1719, which are so called from Baron George Henry de Gortz, a nobleman who obtained the sanction of Charles XII to issue them. They were intended to pass for four times the value which they would have possessed if composed of an equal weight of fine silver. The death of the King in 1718, and the execution of de Gortz in the following year, put an end to the exaggerated valua- tion of these coins, and they were reduced to something like their actual worth, that is, about two Pfennige. Dehliwala. A base silver coin of the Pathan Sultans of Hindustan. They were imitated and adopted, with altered legends, by Altamsh, and his feudatories, until about A.H. 630 (A.D. 1232). See Thomas (P- 14). Dekadrachmon. See Decadrachm. Dekanummion. A name given to the quarter Foil is, consist ing of ten Nummi. See Follis. Demand Notes. The name given to a variety of paper money issued by the United States in 1861, of values from five dollars to twenty dollars. See Greenbacks. [ 62 ] Demareteion Denarius Oscensis Demareteion, or Damareteion. The name given to a variety of Decadrachm struck at Syracuse circa B.C. 480. They were issued in celebration of the victory of Gelon over the Carthaginians at Himera and were named from Demarete, the wife of Gelon. These coins were each worth ten Attic Drachms ; the Sicilians called them Pente- contalitra on account of their weight. Conf. Hill, Coins of Ancient Sicily (p. 56). Demy. A Scotch gold coin issued by James I. It has on the obverse the arms of Scotland in a lozenge shape, and on the reverse a St. Andrew ’s cross in tressure. Its weight was usually from fifty to fifty-three grains and the half in propor- tion. Dena. A silver coin of Tuscany of the value of ten Lira struck by the Queen Maria Louisa pursuant to an ordinance of July 21, 1803. Denar. The German equivalent of both the Denarius and Denier. Denaretto. A name given to such vari- eties of the Denaro as are of small fabric. They are common to the Venetian series from the twelfth to the fourteenth cen- tury. See Danaro. Denarii Augmentabiles. See Okelpen- ning. Denarii Corvorum, or Rabenpfennige, was the name given to small silver coins struck at, Freiburg in Breisgau in the fourteenth century, on account of the head of a raven on the obverse, which was copied from the arms of the city. Raben was later corrupted into Rappen ( q.v .). Denarino. A base silver coin of Mo- dena issued during the sixteenth century. It was equal to the half Soldo. Denarius. A Roman silver coin first issued B.C. 268 with the Quinarius and Sestertius as its divisions. At that time the Aes Libralis had been reduced to two ounces in weight and the Denarius was equivalent to ten of them. The original type bears on the obverse the head of Minerva and the numeral X, and on the reverse the Dioscuri on horse- back and the legend roma in the exergue. There is a tradition that the Romans won the battle of Lake Regilius, circa B.C. 496, by the aid of Castor and Pollux who ap- peared on the battlefield as youths riding white horses. These early types of De- narii are consequently also known as Cas- toriati. In B.C. 217 the value of the Denarius was changed to sixteen Asses, and the numeral XVI substituted, the latter being generally abbreviated by the sign ^ . The Denarius, in A.D. 296, was suc- ceeded by the Centenionalis as a silver coin, and the name Denarius was applied to a copper coin, commonly known as the “third bronze.” See Follis. The gold Denarius, of the same weight as the silver one and of the value of ten, was the same as the half Aureus or Quin- arius. It occurs both in the Roman Con- sular and Imperial series. The following table shows how exten- sively the silver Denarii were debased, and their corresponding values : Percentage of copper alloy Under Augustus the Denarius was one eighty-fourth of a pound, copper 60 grains 5 Under Nero the Denarius was oue nine- tieth of a pound. copper 55 grains 5 to 10 Under Trajan the Denarius was one ninety-ninth of a pound, copper 51 grains 15 to 18 Under Hadrian the Denarius was one ninety-ninth of i Ji pound, copper 51 grains CO to 20 Under M. Aurelius the Denarius was one ninety-ninth of a pound, copper 51 grains 20 to 25 Under Commodus the Denarius was one one hundred and a third of a pound, copper 49 grains 25 to 30 Under Sept. Severus the Denarius was one one hundred and a fifth of a pound. copper 48 grains 30 to 55 Denarius Aereus. From the time of Gallienus the Denarius became so debased that it was little more than copper and was henceforth called D. Aereus (Vopiscus Aurelian, 9). Denarius Albus. See Albus. Denarius Communis. See Follis. Denarius Dentatus. See Serrated Coins. Denarius Novus Argenteus. This in- scription occurs on a large silver coin struck for Riga in 1574. It had a value of eighteen Ferding. Denarius Oscensis. A coin of the weight of a Roman Denarius but bearing as types : obverse, a youthful or bearded male head ; reverse, a horseman, was issued in the second and first centuries B.C. from vari- [ 63 ] Denaro Mancuso Desjat Deneg ous mints in Spain to facilitate exchange between the local population and the Ro- mans. This coin is spoken of as Argentum Oscense and Oscenses by Livy (xxxiv, 10; 46; xl, 43). The name is derived from the city of Osca (the modern Huesca) in Tar- raconensis which was the capital of Ser- torius and, owing to the proximity of large silver mines, was the principal place of issue of this coinage. Denaro Mancuso. See Mancoso. Denaro Provisino. See Provisino. Denga. Also called Tenga and Den- uschka. A Russian word meaning money in general. The term was first applied to silver coins struck by the Dukes of Mos- kow and Kiev, as early as the second half of the fourteenth century, and subse- quently by the free cities of Novgorod and Pskof. The Dengi were intended for cir- culation among the Tartars, and the style and denomination of the Tartar money was naturally adopted. Their form is gen- erally oblong and irregular, but nearly circular specimens have been found. In numerous instances they bear a portrait of the ruler or the same personage on horse- back. They were divided into half Denga pieces and Poluschkas ( q.v .). The later issues are of billon and copper and the value of the Denga degenerated to that of half a Kopeck. These were is- sued as late as the first half of the eigh- teenth century. A copper Para or three Dengi piece was struck by Catherine II of Russia in 1771 and 1772 for circulation in Moldavia and Wallachia. Denier. A silver and billon coin, corre- sponding to the Penny, and current throughout Western Europe from the time of the Merovingian Dynasty. The name is derived from the Denarius, which it resembled in size and fabric ; and the Danaro, Dinero, Dinar, and Dinheiro, are modifications of the same coin, em- ployed according to the country or terri- tory where this type was in circulation. Its value fluctuated ; under Charle- magne ’s reforms of the monetary system 240 Deniers were ordered to be struck from one pound of fine silver, and the Denier was valued at- one twelfth of the Solidus. When the Gros Tournois and later the Gros Parisis appeared, the same ratio of twelve to one was retained for the Denier, and it was styled Denier Tournois or Denier Parisis according to the place of mintage. In the reign of Louis XVI the base silver Denier was worth only one eighth or one tenth as much as the fine silver one of Charlemagne. Last of all the Denier was struck in cop- per and its value diminished still more. Frederick the Great issued it in this metal for Upper Silesia in 1746 ; the copper Denier of France was equal to four Liards, or the twelfth part of the Sol or Sou. Denier a la Reine. See Reine. Denier Bourdelois. A variety of the Denier struck by Louis XI of France and retained by his successors Charles VIII and Francis I. All the early types ap- pear to have a small shell as a mint-mark. Denier d’Qr. A gold coin of Western Europe which appeared about the time of the Carlovingian Dynasty. It was exten- sively issued at Melle and occurs in the Anglo-Gallic series, where it corresponds to the Salute and was valued at 25 Sols. Denier d’Or. Another name for the Mouton (q.v.) and generally applied to such types as were struck by the Counts of Bar and throughout Flanders. Louis of Malle, Count of Flanders, by a com- mission dated April 13, 1357, ordered his moneyer, Andrieu du Porche, to strike Deniers d’or au Mouton for the Seignory of Rethel, with the inscription Ludovicus Comes Regitestensis. Denier Faible. See Lausannais. Denier Noir. See Black Farthing and Zwarte Penning. Denier Palatin. The name given to a silver coin of the Carolingian series issued by Louis I (816-840) with the inscription palatina moneta. Conf. also Moneta Pal- atina, infra. Denier Parisis. A billon coin belonging to the Anglo-Gallic series, and struck by Henry VI pursuant to an ordinance of May 31, 1424. Deniers pour Epouser. See Arrhes. Denkmiinze. A commemorative coin or medal. See Jubileums Thaler. Denuschka. See Denga. Desjat Deneg. The name given to the Russian base silver coin of five Kopecks, [ 64 ] Deuce Didrachm which was first struck at the beginning of the eighteenth century under Peter I. Deuce, also written Duce. An English dialect term for two pence. See Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, 1851 (i. 256). Deunx, or Iabus. A division of the As and equal to eleven ounces. See Aes Grave and Deconcia. Deventergans. A nickname given to the Grosso issued in Deventer by Frederick von Blankenheim, Bishop of Utrecht (1393- 1423). This coin bore a poorly executed figure of an eagle which was mistaken for a goose. Device. This term is used by numis- matists to describe the emblem or armorial design on a coin in conjunction with a national motto. Thus the United States uses a figure of Liberty and the words “ In God we trust.” Great Britain has “Dieu et mon droit,” etc. Devil’s Bit. An English dialect term current in Lincolnshire and meaning a threepenny piece. It is so called because proud people will not give copper at collections in church, and therefore provide themselves with the smallest silver coin. Dextans. See Decunx. Dhabbu, or Dhabu. A copper coin for- merly current in the Deccan principality ; it was valued at two of the Alamgiri Pice or one thirty-second of a Chandor Rupee. See Kori and Pice. Dharana. A silver coin of ancient In- dia, the same as the Purana (q.v.). The name is from dhri, “to hold,” and probably means, according to Cunning- ham, “a handful of sixteen copper Panas. ” See Pana. Dhebua. A rough unstamped lump of copper used in the mirrency system of Nepal. It was computed at four Dams. See Suka. Dhingalo, or Dhinglo. A copper coin of Cuteh and Kathiawar, of the value of one sixteenth of a Kori (q.v.). Codring- ton states that “Dhingo” is a Cuteh term meaning “fat,” and “lo” is a masculine suffix, and he adds, “so Dingalo means something fat, hence the fattest coin. Though at present it is used for a pice and a half, I think it was originally three pice or tambios. ” Diamante. A silver coin of Ferrara, corresponding to the Grosso, first struck by Borso (1450-1471) and imitated by several of his successors. It receives its name from a figure resembling a diamond on the obverse. A smaller coin of similar type is known as the Diamantino. Dibs, or Dibbs. A slang term for money and possibly a corruption of “tips,” i.e., gifts for service rendered. Horace and James Smith in their Rejected Addresses, 1812, George Barnwell use the phrase “make nunky surrender his dibs,” and Smyth, in The Sailor’s Word-book, 1867, has, “Dibbs, a galley term for ready money. ’ ’ Dicciottino, or Diciottino. This word means eighteen and it was used in Parma, Milan, etc., during the fifteenth century to indicate the pieces of 18 Danari struck in Savoy. Dichalkon. A Greek copper chin of the value of double the Chalcus or one fourth of the Obol (q.v.). Dicken, Dickpfennige. A popular name to distinguish coins of thick fabric, and usually applied to the silver issues of Switzerland of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. These pieces were patterned after the Italian Testones but did not have the light weight. The Dicken of Berne, dated 1492 (Frey, No. 369), is a good ex- ample. Dick Thaler, Dick Groschen. A name, like Dicken, employed to designate the thick characteristics of a coin, to distin- guish it from the broad type. See Breite Groschen, and Gros. The term Dick Groschen, or Nummi Grossi, was originally applied in the four- teenth century in France, Bohemia, Ger- many, etc., to coins of the Gros Tournois variety but struck on much thicker planch- ets. The Dick Thaler of Tyrol, dated 1484 (Frey No. 260), is one of the earliest of these, and its small and thick fabric was imitated in a number of the German states, as well as in Denmark. Didrachm, or Didrachmon. A Greek sil- ver coin of the value of two Drachms (q.v.). It was copied from the silver [ 65 ] Die Dirhem Stater of the Persians, and is consequently frequently referred to by this name, though as a monetary unit it was soon re- placed by the Drachm. The Didraclim was extensively struck in Corinth and its colonies ( see Stater, Poloi) and also in the cities of Sicily and lower Italy. Die. The stamp used in coining. An early reference to it is found in M. Smith’s Memoirs of the Secret Service," 1699 (App. 19), viz., “to bring or send to him some Deys . . . to coin some mill’d Money.” Digenois. See Divionensis. Dikollybon. A Greek copper coin of the value of half of the Chalcus ( q.v .). Conf. Collybos (supra). Dilitron. Silver coins of two Litra in value were struck at Rhegium in Italy. See Litra. Dime. A silver coin of the United States, the tenth part of a Dollar. This coin, and its corresponding half, were au- thorized by Act of Congress, April 2, 1792. The half Dime was first coined in 1794 and discontinued in 1873. The Dime was struck in 1796 and is still coined. See Disme. The name is probably derived from the French, dixihne. Dinar. A Muhammadan gold coin, first issued in the latter part of the seventh century. The name is derived from the Roman Denarius. The weight of the early Dinars was about sixty-six grains, but at later periods the same term was used for gold coins of greater or less weight and size. The quality of the metal was almost al- ways fine gold, the chief exceptions being the coins struck in Turkey and Morocco, some of which contain a large amount of alloy. Dinar. A money of account used in modern Persia, and computed as follows : 1000 Dinar 1 Kran silver 100 Dinar ~ 1 Senar silver 50 Dinar - 1 Shahi copper 25 Dinar = 1 Pul copper Dinar. A silver coin of Servia adopted in 1867 when that country followed the Latin Union in its monetary system. It is of the same value as the Franc, Lira, etc., and is subdivided into one hundred Paras. There are pieces of ten and twenty Dinara in gold. Dinders, also written Dynders. Phil- lips, in his History of Shrewshiiry (pp. 199, 200), in referring to Wroxeter, has the following note: “The Roman coins found here are a proof of the antiquity of the place ; the inhabitants call them din- ders, a corruption of the Roman denarius. ’ ’ Dinerillo, or Dineruelo. A small cop- per coin struck by Philip III and Philip IV of Spain during the seventeenth cen- tury for Valencia and Barcelona. The name is a diminutive of Dinero. Dinero. The Spanish equivalent of the Denier. It appears to have been intro- duced about the reign of Fernando III of Castile (1230-1252), and is mentioned as late as the French occupation of Navarre under Henri II d’ Albret (1516-1551). The half is called Malla. Dinero. A silver coin of Peru of the value of one half the Peseta or ten Cen- tavos. Dinga. A Burmese word signifying a coin. It is probably a corruption of Tanga (q.v.). See also the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 235-245). Dinheiro. The Portuguese equivalent of the Denier. The coinage of these pieces begins under Alfonso I (1128-1185) and extends to the latter part of the fourteenth century. See Caixa. Dinomos. The ancient name for the sil- ver piece of the value of two Nomoi struck at times in South Italy, notably at Thu- rium and Metapontum. See Mommsen- Blacas, Monnaies Romaines (i. 155). They are known to modern numismatists as Te- tradrachms or Distaters. Diobolon. A piece of two Oboli. See Obol. Dirhem. A Muhammadan silver coin, first issued in the latter part of the seventh century. The name is a modification of the Greek Drachma. The weight of the Dirhem originally was forty-six grains, but both the weight and size have under- gone many variations. Originally the Dirhem was one tenth of the Dinar, but this relation was not kept up. The legal Dirhem is a money of account ; the actual Dirhem of currency varied greatly in weight, e.g., in 710 the Egyptian Dirhem weighed 64 Habbehs, at other [ 66 ] Disk Dobler times 48. The divisions of the Dirhem are into 6 Daniks, or 14 Kirats, or 70 Barley- corns. Disk. An English dialect term for a half Crown. Boswell, Poetical Works, 1811, has the lines “I ask but half-a-crown a line The song be your’s, the disk be mine.” Disme. A pattern or experimental coin of the United States issued in 1792, with a corresponding half. See Dime. Di-Stater. The double of the gold Stater ( q.v .). It occurs in the coins struck by Alexander the Great. This name also designated a silver coin equal to two silver Staters. Ditto Bolo. An obsolete copper coin of the Ionian Islands. The name is probably a corruption of di oboli. Divini, or Diwani. The Abyssinian name and equivalent of the Para. See Wakea. Fonrobert (Nos. 4989-5003) enumerates silver coins of San ’a, in Arabia, called Diwani, forty of which were equal to one Ghrush. Divionensis, Digenois, or Dijonnois. The name usually applied to the money struck at Dijon, the capital of the ancient Duchy of Burgundy. Silver issues date from the eleventh century. See Blanchet (i. 395) and Poey d’Avant (iii. 192). Dixain. A French billon coin which, as its name indicates, was the tenth part of the silver Franc and later of the Ecu. In the reign of Louis XII (1498-1515) were issued the Dixain a, Couronne and the Dixain clu Dauphine, both of a similar type to the Douzain (q.v.). Under Fran- cis I (1515-1547) it received the name Franciscus, probably from the large letter F with the crown above, which is a promi- nent feature. In 1791 an essay was struck in bell- metal of a coin to equal one tenth of the Livre, and the prototype of the Decime (q.v.). It bears on one side the date in a wreath and on the reverse the word dixain surrounded by the inscription METAL DE CLOCHE. Djampel, or Jampal. A silver coin of the Malay Peninsula of the value of one half the Real. See Pitje. The name is also given to the Krishnala (q.v.). Do-am. In the Nepalese system this is half of the Suka (q.v.). Dobla. A gold coin of Spain, intro- duced about the time of Peter I (1350- 1368) and struck at Seville, Toledo, etc. The original type bore on one side a three- t-urreted castle, but this was followed by the portrait variety under Ferdinand and Isabella (1474-1516). The earlier variety is frequently known as the Dobla Castel- lana and the other as the Dobla a la Cabeza. The value of the Dobla, also called Dob- Ion, was two Escudos or one eighth of the Onza. There were multiples, called Doblon de a Cuatro and Doblon de a Ocho, the latter was of course the same as the Onza ; it was struck principally for Mexico and other Spanish colonies, and is com- monly known as the Doubloon. Another variety, the Dublone, was is- sued by Charles V during the Spanish occupation of the Low Countries. By a royal decree of 1849 the metric system was introduced in Spain, and the money of account was made as follows : One Doblon de Isabel was equal to ten Escudos, or one hundred Reales, or five gold Piastres. In the Italian coinage the term Dobla is generally applied to the double Ducato di Oro, such as was struck by the Emperor Charles V for Naples and Sicily, etc. See Chalmers (p. 395). Dobla de la Banda. A gold coin of Castile struck by Juan I (1379-1390). It receives its name from the band crossing the shield, which was a feature of the Ordre de la Vanda (Band), an Order of Knighthood instituted by Alfonso XI. Conf. De La Torre (No. 6427). Dobla de los Excelentes. See Aguila de Oro. Doblado. Another name for the Dobla, but usually applied to the gold coin of two Escudos struck in Ecuador in 1835 and later. See Fonrobert (8298). Doblengo, or Duplo. A denomination struck by Berenger Ramon IV, Count of Barcelona (1131-1162), and later adopted by the Kings of Aragon. It probably rep- resented a piece of two Deniers in value. Dobler. A name given to the billon double Gros of the Island of Majorca. It [ 67 ] Doblon Dog Dollars was issued as early as the thirteenth cen- tury and continued in use until the time of 'Philip Y (1700-1746). The genera! type has on one side a crowned bust be- tween two roses, and on the reverse a cross or armorial shield. The later issues were struck in copper and reduced to the value of two Dineros. Doblon. A Mexican gold coin, the Onza of eight Escudos. See Dobla. The name is still employed in Chile and Uruguay for the piece of ten Pesos. Doblone. The name given to a gold coin struck in Bologna in 1529 by the Dominicans at the time of a famine; its value was four Scudi d’ Oro. The Papal mint at Rome used the same name for the Doppia da due, also valued at four Scudi d’Oro, which was issued as. early as the reign of Innocent X (1644-1655). In Modena the Doblone was a gold coin of the value of eight Scudi struck by Francis I (1629-1637). Doblon Sencillo. This was not an ac- tual coin but a money of account in the old Spanish system representing a value of sixty Reales. Dobra. A gold coin of Portugal which was first issued in the reign of Pedro I (1357-1367) and equal to 82 Soldi. At the beginning of the reign of John V (1706-1750) appeared the Dobra de oito Escudos, and the Dobra de quatro Escudos, valued respectively at eight and four Escudos, or 12,800 and 6400 Reis. The former coin ivas commonly known as the Joannes, and in the British West In- dies, where they circulated extensively, this was abbreviated into Joe, the latter coin being called the half Joe. The striking of these coins ceased by virtue of a Portu- guese proclamation of November 29, 1732. They gradually disappeared from circula- tion, and in time the half Dobras were im- properly alluded to in some places as Joes instead of half Joes. It should be added that in 1731 a Dobra of twenty-four and another of sixteen Es- cudos were struck. These large gold coins are illustrated by Aragao (pi. xli. 23, 24) and described by Meili. In 1750, the Dobra, now reduced to four Escudos, or 6400 Reis, received the name of Peca, and this designation continued until its abolition early in the nineteenth century. Dobra Gentil, also known as Gentil, a Portuguese gold coin issued in the reign of Fernando I (1367-1383). Like the Chaise d’Or it represents the King seated on a throne under a canopy, and on the reverse a cross formed of five shields with- in an outer circle composed of eight castles. Doddane. Lewis Rice, in the Mysore Gazetteer, 1877 (p. 8), states that a silver coin of this name and of the value of two Annas was in circulation in the above- mentioned year. Dodecadrachm. A Greek silver coin of the value of twelve Drachms (q.v.). See Hexastater. Dodicesimo. The name given to the one twelfth of the Apuliense (q.v.). Dodkin. A diminutive of Doit (q.v.), and usually applied to inferior coins brought into England by foreign traders. Dodrans. One of the divisions of the As, of the weight of nine ounces. The reverse of this very rare coin bears an S, as in the Semis, and three bosses in addition. See Aes Grave. Dolpelthaler. A name used in Adam Berg’s Milnzbuch, 1597, to describe the issues of Philip II of Spain for Burgundy and the Spanish Netherlands. The word means “clumsy” and the nickname is ap- plied on account of their coarse and thick fabric. Doewi. The Malay equivalent of the word Duit. It occurs on the copper coin of Celebes dated A.H. 1250, i.e., 1834- ’35. Dog. See Black Dogs. Dog Dollar, or Lion Dollar. The Leeuwendaalder of the United Provinces (q. v.). Dog Dollars. In an act of the Assem- bly of West Jersey, dated October 3-18, 1693, it is stated that “Dog Dollars not dipt,” are worth six Shillings each, being of the same value as Mexican “pieces of eight” of twelve pennyweight. The Assembly of the Province of Mary- land in 1708 passed a law fixing the rates of exchange, and this act mentions Dog Dollars as being the money which was most plentiful in the Province, and with [ 68 ] Dogganey Doppia which the inhabitants were best ac- quainted ; upon them the value of four shillings and sixpence was placed. In the laws of Pennsylvania, these coins are fre- quently mentioned as the Lion or Dog Dollars, and are rated in 1723 at five Shil- lings. Dogganey. See Duggani. Doit, or Doyt. The English equivalent for the Duit {q.v.). The name is evi- dently a corruption of the French d’huit, an eighth, this being their value as com- pared to the Stuiver. Doits were current in Scotland during the reign of the Stuarts, but their im- portation was prohibited in 1685. See Ruding (ii. 22). Dokani. See Nasfi. Dokdo, or Dokro. A copper coin of Dutch and Kathiawar, of the value of one twenty-fourth of a Kori {q.v.). Codring- ton states that it is from the Prakrit Duk- kado, or the Sanscrit Dvikrita, meaning “twice done,” i.e., twice a Tambio. He adds that “though now used to mean one pice, it must originally have been two pice.” Dolche, i.e., daggers. A name given to the ducal Groschen of Lorraine struck during the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- turies. The obverse of these coins bore the figure of an arm holding a short sword which was easily mistaken for a dagger or poniard. Dollar. The derivation is generally sup- posed to come from the German word Thaler {q.v.), and this in its turn takes its name from the silver coins struck about 1525 in the mining region of Joachimsthal in Bohemia. It is the unit of value of the United States and is worth ten dimes or one hun- dred cents. The silver dollar was author- ized to be coined by an Act of Congress dated April 2, 1792, and the first coins were issued in 1794. They were originally of 416 grains; reduced in 1837 to 412.5 grains. The coinage of the silver dollar ceased in 1904. The gold dollar was authorized by an Act of March 8, 1849, and abolished in 1890. It is of the weight of 25.8 grains, and was designed by James B. Longacre, the chief engraver of the mint. Many of the British Colonies now use a silver dollar, called the British Dollar, and based on a metric system. This piece was authorized in 1895 and first struck for circulation in 1896, being intended prin- cipally for Hong Kong and the Straits Settlements. It was originally 416 grains fine. The Bank of England dollar of the value of five shillings, and the Bank of Ireland dollar of the value of six shillings were both issued in 1804. Dollar. A silver coin struck by Charles II for Scotland from 1676 to 1682, and constituting his second coinage. It is of the weight of 429 grains, the same as the Four Merk piece of the preceding issue. There are divisions to one sixteenth of a Dollar. Donario, or Donativ. This, as the name indicates, is a coin or medal issued to com- memorate some event and not sold, but distributed on an anniversary. One of Carl Gustav of Sweden struck for Riga prior to his accession in 1645, reads: ex AVREO SOLIDO CIVITATIS RIGENSIS ME FIERI FECIT. Pietro Virgilio on his accession to the Bishopric of Trent in 1776 coined the Donario in both gold and silver for pres- entation purposes. Donativ. See Donario. Dong. Another name for the Sapeque {q.v.). A piece of 100 Dong of the Em- peror Hien-Tong of Annam (1740-1785) is described by Lavoix (xxv. 389). Dong and Dong-thien is the Annamese equiva- lent for the Chinese Cash. Doppel in German, and Doppio in Ital- ian, means double, and is generally used in conjunction with Thaler, Grosso, etc. Doppia, from doppio, double, is the name of a former gold coin of a number of the Italian States, and the double of some recognized unit. It appears in Milan in the' fifteenth cen- tury under the Sforza dynasty as a piece of two Zecchini, and it bore the same value in Malta. As a coin of two Scudi it occurs in the coinage of Genoa, Venice, Mantua, the Papal series both at Rome and Bologna, etc. [ 69 ] Doppia da Due Drachm The name is variously written as Dop- pione and Doppietta, the latter form usu- ally for Sardinia. Doppia da Due. See Quadrupla. Doppietta and Doppione. See Doppia. Doppler, like Doppia, is a general term used to express the double of any recog- nized standard, e.g., pieces of two Kreuzer, two Thaler, etc. Dorea, or Durih. A money of account of Bombay, etc., computed at six Reis. See Mohur. Dos. A Siamese gold coin of the value of ten Ticals issued pursuant to an order of King Chulalongkorn, dated November 11, 1908. The reverse has the figure of Gam- da, with a shield bearing the “Chakra” and trident. Legend, one dos siama rath (in Siamese), and the date of mintage. Do Sen. The name given by the Jap- anese to their coins with central holes that were issued from A.D. 708 to 1868, when the modern coinage began. Double. The abbreviated name for the French piece of two Deniers. In the Anglo-Gallic series the same term was ap- plied to the double Gros, and in the Irish series under Edward IV to the double Groat, which was current for eight pence. See Ruding (i. 284). The earliest varieties of this coin bear the inscription moneta dvplex and they are found in Brabant under Jean III (1312-1355). Double. A copper coin of the Island of Guernsey, introduced in 1830, and of the value of one eighth of the English penny. There are multiples of four and eight Doubles. Bronze replaced the copper in 1861. Double Key. A corruption of Dub- beltje ( q.v .). Chalmers (p. 382) men- tions Double Keys, or Kupangs, as being the Dutch coin of two Stuivers. See also the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 335). Double Lorrain. A variety of the Double Tournois struck by Louis XIII of France in 1635 and 3636. It has on the reverse three lilies and the words dovble lorrain with the date. See Hoffmann (134, 135). Double Merk. See Thistle Dollar. [7 Doublon. The French equivalent for Doblon and Doubloon. The name is used on a series of silver tokens ranging from one eighth to one Doublon struck in Paris in 1825 for Guadeloupe. See Zay (p. 203). Doubloon. See Dobla. Doudou. See Duddu. Dough. A slang term for money. Douzain. A billon French coin, which, as its name indicates, was the douzieme or twelfth part of the silver Franc and later the twelfth part of the Ecu. It appears to have been introduced in the reign of Charles VIII (1483-1498), and the gen- eral type represents on one side a crowned shield with three fleurs-de-lis, and on the reverse a cross with crowns and fleurs-de- lis in the angles. The issues for Perpig- nan have a P over the cross, and the Dou- zain pour le Dauphine has dolphins in the angles. Among the numerous other varie- ties are the Douzain de Bretagne with the letters R or N on the cross to represent Rennes or Nantes ; the Douzain a la Cour- onne, and the Douzain au pore-epic, the latter with a porcupine under the shield, both of which appeared under Louis XII (1498-1515) ; the Douzain a la Salamandre issued in the time of Francis 1 (1515- 1547) on which the shield has two crowned Salamanders as supporters; the Douzain a la Croisette of the same monarch, on which the cross appears in a quadrilobe ; the Douzain aux Croissants of Henri II (1547-1559), having two interwoven cross- es on the reverse ; and besides all these there are special issues for Bearn, Navarre, etc. Under Louis XIII specimens occur countermarked with a lis or lily, pursuant to the ordinance of June, 1640. There is an obsidional Douzain struck for the Low Countries during the French occupation in 1672. See Mailliet (lii. 9). Doyt. See Doit. Dozzeno. The double of the Sesino (q.v.), and consequently the third part of the Grosso. It exists as a coin of Frinco in the latter part of the sixteenth century. Drachm, or Drachmon. The unit of the silver coinage of Greece, the normal weight of which in the Attic standard was 4.367 grammes, or 67.28 grains. T) ] Drachma Dripmy Bit The name is derived from the Greek verb SpaxTO[jL«i, i.e., to grasp, to hold, liter- ally a handful, or as much as can be con- veniently held in the hand to be put in the scales for weighing. The multiples of the Drachm are : Dodecadrachm = 12 Drachms Decadrachm Octodrachm I-Iexadraehm Pentadrachm Tetradrachm Didrachm, or Stater = 10 Drachms = 8 Drachms — 6 Drachms = 5 Drachms — 4 Drachms = 2 Drachms But no single monetary system possesses all of these types. The Drachm was equal to six Obols or Oboli (q.v.). The first coined piece known to the He- brews was the Persian Daric (q.v.). This is rendered as Dram in the authorized ver- sion. See I Chronicles (xxix. 7), Ezra (ii. 69), and Nehemiah (vii. 70-72). Drachma. (Plural Drachmai.) The unit and basis of the coinage of modern Greece since 1833, and also adopted by Crete in 1901. It is a silver coin of the same value as the Franc, Lira, and other coins of the Latin Union, and is divided into one hundred Lepta. Drakani, or Drahkani. Brosset, in his Hisloire cle la Georgie (pp. 159, 169), states that this name is given to a gold coin, the same as the Armenian Tahegan (q.v.). Drake. A popular name for the silver milled Shilling of Elizabeth, with a mart- let, commonly called a drake, as a mint mark. They were usually struck at the York mint. See Murdoch Catalogue (No. 646). Dram. See Drachm. Dramma. A name given to the large gold coins of the mediaeval dynasties of Central India, notably the Chandellas (A.D. 1015-1150). Detailed descriptions will be found in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1897 (lxvi. p. 306). Cunningham (p. 3) cites an inscription from Jaunpur of A.D. 1216, where it is referred to as equal to six Vodris, and adds that this “certainly refers to the Greek Drachm of six Oboli.” Dreibaetzner. See Baetzner. Dreier. A common name for the base silver piece of three Pfennige or three Kreuzer which was struck in a number of the German States since the sixteenth cen- tury. See Sechser. Dreigroscher. A popular name for the triple Groschen which were struck in Poland, Lithuania, and some portions of Prussia in the sixteenth century. At a later period the Electors of Brandenburg issued Dreigroscher of the value of three Prussian Groschen plus four Pfennige, with corresponding larger coins called Sechs- groscher and Zwolfgroscher. All of the above named were of base silver. Dreikaiserthaler. A name given to a variety of Thaler struck by the Emperor Ferdinand I (1556-1564) which bear the triple crowned profile busts of himself, the Emperor Maximilian I, and Charles V. They are without date. Dreilander. A name given to the double Gros when the same type was adopted by three districts or territories. Thus Jean IV of Brabant (1415-1427) struck a Dreilan- der current in Brabant, Hennegau, and Holland. The name is also written Drie- lander. Dreiling. A term formerly employed in the North German States, e.g., Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg, etc., to indicate the triple of the lowest existing denomination in use at the time, or the one fourth of some standard like the Groschen. During the French occupation of Ham- burg in 1809 a billon piece was issued with the inscription i. dreiling. An essay of this coin struck in gold appeared in 1807. Dreipolker. The half of the Dreigros- cher, i.e., a piece of one and one half Groschen. It was common in Prussia dur- ing the seventeenth century. See Poltora. Dreissiger. A general term for a coin of thirty Kreuzer. See Sechser, Zwanziger, etc. Dreizehner. The popular name for the silver coins of Dortmund, issued during the seventeenth century. They had a figure 13 stamped on them to indicate that their value was one thirteenth of the Thaler. Drie Duitstuk. See Duit. Drielander. See Dreilander. Dripmy Bit. A corruption of three penny piece ; it is an English dialect word used in Devonshire. [71 ] Driittainer Ducato d’Argento Driittainer, or Dritteiner. The name used in Munster to designate the Prussian coin of five Silbergroschen. See Kasten- mannchen. Dschingara. A pale gold coin with Ara- bic inscriptions issued for Gowa in Celebes, A. II. 1078, and later. It was valued at four Koupas. Conf. Millies (p. 177), and Fonrobert (Nos. 899, 901). Duarius. The common name for the base silver two Kreuzer piece struck for Hun- gary and Transylvania during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Dub. A Persian word meaning thick, and applied to various Indian coins of the Fels type having a thick or heavy module. The French equivalent is Dabou, and Zay (p. 287) states that at Yanaon hi the French Indies forty-six to forty-eight Da- bous are equal to one Rupee. The Dub with multiples was also issued by the Madras East India Company in 1807 and later. See Neumann (19906), and Faluce, infra. Dubbeltje, or Dubeltje, meaning twice, or double, is the popular name for the former Dutch coin of two Stuivers. In the currency of the Malay Peninsula it is equal to two and one half Duits, and is called by the natives Wang Baharu, mean- ing “small change.” Conf. Pitje. The word is still retained in Holland to designate the silver coin of ten Cents. Dublone. See Dobla. Ducat. Also called Ducato and Dukat. The best known of all gold coins. It is generally supposed to have been first issued by Roger II, King of Sicily, about 1150. This coin bore the figure of Christ, and the inscription sit tibi xre dat q tv regis iste dvcat, i.e., Sit tibi Christe datus, quern tu regis iste ducatus — “To thee, O Christ, be dedicated this duchy which thou rulest. ” From the last word of the inscription the coin received its name. The Ducat was extensively copied by the chief rulers of Europe, and has almost uni- versally retained its fineness. The last country to issue this denomination was Austria. There are divisions as low as one thirty- second, and multiples as high as pieces of over one hundred ducats. It also occurs in square and hexagonal shapes. See Zec- ehino. Ducat. A gold coin of Scotland, struck in 1558 after the marriage of Mary Stuart to Francis, the Dauphin of France. Its weight is 118 grains. See Bonnet Piece. Ducat. A money of account in the Vene- tian Republic during the fifteenth century. Coryat, in his Crudities, 1611 (286), has the following: “Now whereas the Venetian duckat, is much spoken of, you must con- sider that this word duckat doth not sig- nifie any one certaine eoyne. But many severall pieces do concurre to make one duckat, namely six livers ( ? livres] and two gazets, ” i.e., Gazzetti. Ducatello. A silver coin of the Republic of Venice, which appeared under the Doge Marco Foscarini (1762-1763). It was evi- dently intended for foreign trade, and as late as 1823 the Ducatello is referred to in Alexandrian coinage as equal to ten Medini, or one fourth of the Piastre. Ducato. A coin struck in both gold and silver for several parts of Italy but espe- cially for Naples and the two Sicilies. In order to indicate the complicated relation- ship of these coins to their multiples and divisions the following table is appended: Ducato d’Oro = 10 Neapolitan Carlini ; Ducato d’Argento = 100 Grani; the half of the silver Ducato, of the value of 50 Grani, being also known as the Pataca. Following the ordinance of April 20, 1818, there were issued the Oncetta, a gold coin of three Ducati, with double, quintu- ple, and ten Oncetta pieces, and the Ducato d’Argento, of ten Carlini or 100 Grani. In Sicily the divisions of the Ducato, prior to 1818, has only half the value of those in Naples, i.e . — O a o Q Naples 1 Sicily 1 especially Palermo cS -t-j pH K cj ci fc H U 2 5 10 10 20 c T- o 3 40 100 200 called Baiocci w O' o 200 3 .% cl O' ft o 300 600 1200 1200 The silver Ducato of Ragusa, struck only in the years 1722 and 1723, had a value of forty Grossetti. See Vislino. Ducato d’Argento. A silver coin of the Danaro size, issued for Naples and Sicily, [ 72 ] Ducato di Banco Duit Apulia, etc., as early as the twelfth cen- tury. Roger II (Ruggiero), Duke of Na- ples (1105-1130), and King (1130-1154) struck it in concave form in imitation of the Byzantine types, with the reverse in- scription dh IC XC RE IN AETERN, i.C., JeSUS Christus regnat in aeternum. It was issued in Venice under the Doge Girolamo Priuli (1559-1567), with a value of 124 Soldi. In Savoy, Duke Philibert II (1497-1504) struck pieces of the same name, and it is to be found in the currency of other Italian states. It must, however, be remembered that these latter Ducats in silver were ap- proximately of the size of a Thaler or Crown. See Romesine. Ducato di Banco. A money of account instituted by Cardinal Paletti in 1581 by which he decreed that ten Ducati di Banco were the equivalent of twelve ordinary cur- rent Ducati. As it was simply a scheme for local profit it never went into effect. Ducato di Camera. Another name for the Zecehino of the Papal States, which later became a money of account. Ducaton, also called Dueatone. A silver coin of crown size first struck in 1598 by the Spaniards during their occupation of the Low Countries. The original types had on one side the busts of the Archduke Al- bert and his wife Elizabeth, but the name had been previously employed to designate the Philippus Daalder ( q.v .). It was usu- ally computed at thirty Stuivers. The Ducaton was extensively copied in Savoy, Milan, Parma, etc., and an issue for the Dutch Colonies bears the special colo- nial mark. An obsidional Ducaton was issued for Amsterdam in the war against France, 1672-1673. See Mailliet (Suppl. iii. 4-6). Ducats, always used in the plural, is a slang or colloquial term for money. "Whyte Melville, in Digby Grand (vi.), has the following : “From spendthrift King John downwards, the Christian has ever pocketed the ducats, and abused the do- nor. ’ ’ Duce. See Deuce. Duddu, also variously written Dudu, Doudou, and Tuttu. A copper coin of Southern India, the value of which varied according to the locality. In the Travan- core State there are varieties marked Ara Chakram, meaning half a Chakram. See Elliot (p. 139), who describes two varieties of the value of four and eight Cash re- spectively. In the Madras Presidency these coins were issued early in the eighteenth cen- tury, and in Bengal they were computed as equal to the half Paisa. When the French operated their mints at Pondichery and Karikal, they struck the Doudou, as they called it, with a rude fleur de lis on one side, and a Tamil inscription on the reverse. There is a dated variety of 1836, with the Gallic cock on the obverse. These coins were also valued at four Cash. See Zay (pp. 278, 285). Diitchen. The name given in the prov- inces of East and West Prussia to the for- mer Silbergroschen equal to one sixteenth of the Thaler. It is very extensively found in the coinages of Bremen, IIolstein-Got- torp, Stralsund, etc., at the beginning of the seventeenth century. See a curious treatise on the etymology of the name by Schroder, in the Nieder- deutsches Jahrbuch, 1907 (xxxiii.). Duetto. A copper coin of Florence, Lucca, etc., of the value of two Quattrini. It was issued throughout the eighteenth century and was gradually abolished from the coinage before 1850. Duffer. An English slang term for a counterfeit coin or noil-negotiable money. AV. S. Jevons, in his work on Money, the Mechanism of Exchange, 1875 (xxi. 289), has the following : ‘ ‘ The cheques, bills, [etc.] are regarded by thieves as ‘duffer,’ with which they dare not meddle.” Duggani. Lewis Rice, in the Mysore Gazetteer, 1877 (p. 8), states that a copper coin of this name, and of the value of half the Duddu, was in circulation in the above- mentioned year. The Duganih, or Dogganey, probably a variant of the above, was a name some- times given to the Pice of Bombay, etc., when used as a money of account. See Moliur. Duit, also variously written Duyt,, Dute, and Doit {q.v.), is a copper coin of the value of one eighth of a Stuiver, issued in the various provinces of the Low Countries [ 73 ] Duitole Asarfi Dynders from about 1580 to the beginning of the nineteenth century. According to the Munt Ordonnantie of 1586 it was equal to two Penninge. The Dutch Government also issued Duits in copper and lead for their possessions in Ceylon from 1782 to 1792, and for Java from 1764 to the early part of the nine- teenth century. See Oord, and Pitje. The name is retained in the Dutch In- dies as a popular appellation for the cur- rent one cent copper coin of Holland, and the two and one half cent piece is usually referred to as a Drie Duitstuk. Duitole Asarfi. A gold coin of Nepal of the value of four Moliurs. See Suka. Duk. The name given to a silver amulet resembling a coin, and current in Annam. It usually bears an inscription on one side, and a figure (rose, swastika, vase, etc.) on the reverse. See Fonrobert (2125, 2136). Dukat. The German equivalent of Du- cat ( q.v .). Dumare. According to Kelly (p. 232), this was a former money of account used on the Malabar coast and equal to four cowrie shells. Twelve Dumares were equal to one copper Pice. Dump. A name generally applied to any small coin of unusual thickness, irrespec- tive of the metal or value. Well known examples are the early coins of Ceylon with elephants on the obverse ; the thick small half penny of George I of England, issued in 1718; the Bit {q.v.) cut out of the Span- ish Pesos ; and the centre piece of the Holey Dollar {q.v.). Dung-tang, and Dung-tse, are names given to the Pa-nying Tang-ka by the Ti- betans. See Ang-tuk. Duodeciaere. Another name for the Dodrans, which see. Duplo. See Doblengo. Duplone. A gold coin of a number of the cantons of Switzerland and adopted by the Helvetian Republic in 1800. It repre- sented in value a double Ducat or sixteen Francs, some of the issues reading 16 SCHWEiZER franken. Quadruples and quintuples were occasionally struck. Dupondius. A multiple of the Roman As after the first reduction. Tt bears on the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma, and on the reverse the prow of a galley and the mark ii, i.e., two Asses. The Dupondius continued to he coined under the Roman Emperors hut in brass (in contradistinction to the As, which con- sisted of more or less pure copper). Be- cause in size it was about equal to the As it was distinguished from the latter by placing a -radiate crown upon the Em- peror’s portrait on the obverse. It was discontinued under Trajan Decius and Tre- bonianus. Durantingi, or Durantini. A mediaeval money of Clermont-Ferrand, in Auvergne. Du Cange cites an order of the eleventh century showing that these coins were then in common use. They were probably some variety of Denier or Maille. Duriglio. The name given to the gold Pezzetta of Philip V of Spain and his suc- cessors to the end of the eighteenth cen- tury. Durih. See Dorea. Duro. The same as the Peso {q.v.). But the name Duro was used as a designa- tion on an obsidional silver piece struck for Gerona by Ferdinand VII in 1808 (Mailliet xlii. 10). In the Morocco coinage the gold piece of twenty Rials is called a Duro. Duro de Plata. See Vellon. Duro de Vellon. See Vellon. Duro Resellado. See Resellado. Dust. A colloquial term for gold dust, lienee money. Wilkins, in his play The Miseries of Enforced Marriage, 1607 (iv.), has the phrase “come, down with your dust,” and Smollett, in Ferdinand Count Fathom, 1753 (i. 122), says, “I have more dust in my fob.” John G. Saxe in his poem Jupiter and Danae has the line, “open your purse, and come down with the dust.” See Darby. Dvoiak. The name given to the Polish silver coin of two Grossi. See Szelong. Dvougrivenik. See Grivna. Dwi. A word meaning ‘ ‘ two, ’ ’ and used in conjunction with the Pana {q.v.). Dyak. A silver coin introduced by the Gorldias into Nepal and equal to two Paisa. See Suka. Dynders. See Dinders. [ 74 ] Eagle Ecu E Eagle. A base silver coin current in Ireland in the latter part of the thirteenth century. For a time they were accepted in England at the rate of two for a penny, but were prohibited in 1310. W. Hemin- burgh, in his Chronicon, circa, 1350 (repr. ii. 187), says Monet as . . . pessimi metalli, pollardorum, crocardorum, . . . aquilarum. See Brabant. Eagle. The standard gold coin of the United Sates of the value of ten dollars. They were authorized to be coined by an Act of Congress dated April 2, 1792, and were to have a fineness of .916 2 / 3 and a weight of 270 grains. They were issued from 1795 to 1801 with the exception of 1802. In 1838 a new design appeared, en- graved by William Ivneass, and of a fine- ness of .900, as provided by an Act of Congress dated January 18, 1837. This issue continued until the year 1907 when it was succeeded by the new design of Augustus St. Gaudens. There are also double, half, and quarter Eagles. Eagle Cent. The popular name for the cent of small size issued in the United States from 1856 to 1858. It has the figure of a flying eagle on the obverse. Earnest. Money or goods given to bind an agreement; specifically in law, the pay- ment of part of the price by the buyer of a commodity as a guarantee that he will uphold the bargain. “If any part of the price is paid down, if it be but a penny, or any portion of the goods delivered by way of earnest (which the. civil law calls arrha and interprets to be emptionis venditionis contractae argu- ment urn), the property of the goods is abso- lutely bound by it.” — Blackstone, Com- mentaries (ii. 30). “To constitute earnest the thing must be given as a token of ratification of the contract, and it should be expressly stated so by the giver.” Chitty, Common Law Practice (iii. 289). “Argentum Dei, God’s money, i.e., money given in earnest upon the making of any bargain. ’ ’ Blount, Law Dictionary , 1670.' Easterling. See Esterlin. Ebenezer. A variety of the double Krone or piece of eight Marks struck by Frederick III of Denmark is so called. It was issued to commemorate the unsuccess- ful attempt of the Swedes to take Copen- hagen on February 11, 1659. The obverse has the King’s initials crowned, with the inscriptions dominvs providebit and ebenezer, the latter word referring to the memorial stone mentioned in I Samuel (iv. 1 and vii. 12). On the reverse is a hand grasping at a crown which is being severed from the arm by a sword. The motto reads soli deo gloria. Ebraer, or Hebraer. The name given to certain gold and silver coins of Denmark issued by Christian IV from 1644 to 1648 to commemorate the expulsion of the Swedes. The reverse of these coins bears the inscription iustus iiidex, and between these words occurs the name Jehovah in Hebrew script. Ecclesiastical Coins. A name given in general to such pieces as were issued by archbishops, bishops, and abbots, to dis- tinguish them from those struck by sov- ereigns and rulers. In England ecclesiastical coins were not issued after the reign of Henry VIII. Eckige Pfennige. A common designa- tion for the mediaeval German issues which were not struck on circular planchets. The word means “having corners.” Ecu, corresponding to the Italian scudo, meant originally a shield, from the device on the coin. Similarly the Dutch employ the term S child, the Spaniards Escudo , etc. The silver Ecu, or Ecu Blanc, as it is frequently called, appeared under Louis XIII in 1641, and had a value of sixty [ 75 ] Ecu a la Couronne Ecu du Parlement Sols. There were also struck a number of sub-divisions. See Hoffmann (passim). Under Louis XV the value of the Ecu varied at three, five, and six Livres, and under Louis XVI it was made equal to the latter figure. Ecu a la Couronne, also called Couron- nelle. A large French gold coin first is- sued by Charles VII (1422-1461). It ob- tains its name from the crowned shield, the principal design on the obverse. It was struck at Paris, Rouen, and Tournay. Ecu a la Croisette. A variety of the Ecu an Soled issued by Francis I of France in Lis second coinage (1540-1547). It lias a small equilateral cross on the reverse and was struck at Montpellier, Saint Andre, Lyons, Paris, and Marseilles. The type was retained by his successor, Henri II. Ecu a la Croix de Bourgogne. See Kruisdaalder. Ecu a l’Aigle. A silver coin, the one third of the Arends-Rijksdaalder ( q.v .), and having a value of twenty Groten. Ecu a la Perruque. A name given to a variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV struck in 1686 and later, on account of the elaborate head-dress on the bust portrait. Ecu a la Salamandre. A variety of the gold Ecu issued by Francis 1 in his second coinage (1540-1547). It receives its name from the obverse design, two salamanders supporting the armorial shield of France. Ecu au Bandeau. The name given to a variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XV is- sued in 1740 and later, on account of the broad baud or ribbon which is a prominent feature in the head-dress. Ecu au Briquet. A variety of the Ecu a la Couronne, having on the reverse alter- nate lozenges and fieurs de lis in the angles of the cross. Ecu au Lion. See Leeuwendaalder. Ecu au Porc-epic. A name given to the Ecu d’or of Louis XII of France, on ac- count of the porcupines on the reverse, in the angles of the cross. In 1522, in consequence of the lack of English coins, several foreign coins of both gold and silver were proclaimed current in England; among these were “crowns named Porpynes, at four shillings and four pence Sterling.” Possibly this reference is to a silver coin with a porcupine on it, as Louis introduced a Gros au Porc-epic into his Franco-Italian series, which was issued at Milan. Ecu au St. Victor. See St. Victor Daal- der. Ecu au Soleil. The name given to the variety of Ecu struck by Louis XI (1461- 1483) which bears the figure of a small sun over the crowned shield of France. It was also copied by Charles VII l, Louis XII, and Francis I. Ecu aux Colliers. A name given to a variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV struck in 1684 and 1685, on account of the chains or ribbons of the Order encircling the shield. Ecu aux Lauriers. The name given to a variety of the silver Ecu struck by Louis XV in 1737 and later, on account of the reverse design which represented a crowned shield between two branches of laurels. There are divisions of one half, one fifth, one tenth, and one twentieth. Ecu aux Lunettes. See Louis aux Lu- nettes. Ecu Blanc. See Ecu. Ecu de Six Livres. See Laubthaler. Ecu d’Or. A gold coin of France in- troduced by Philip VI (1328-1350). The earliest types have a figure of the King- seated, holding a shield in his hand, and this was imitated by Edward III in the Anglo-Gallic series. Under Charles VI (1380-1422) the new type, with the large shield on the obverse, was struck. This variety was copied in Gueldres by Maria of Brabant (1361-1399). A Scottish gold coin issued in 1525 and again in 1543 has received the same name. See also Chaise. Ecu du Dauphine. A gold coin issued by Francis I of France (1515-1547) for Daupliiny, and struck at Grenoble, Cre- mieu, etc. It differs from the Ecu au Soleil in having the quartered arms of France- Dauphiny on the obverse. Ecu du Parlement. A variety of the sil- ver Ecu of Louis XIV struck in 1680 and later. It has a bust in armor with peruke and embroidered cravat, and on the re- verse a crowned shield. [ 76 ] Ecu Heaume Engel Ecu Heaume. The name given to any variety of the Ecu on which a helmet ap- pears above the shield. See Heaume. Ecu Pistolet. A gold coin of Geneva is- sued from about 1562 to 1585. It has on the reverse a radiating sun with the motto post tenebras lvx. A larger gold coin of the same type but struck in the following century is known as the Quadruple. Edelrost, i.e., “noble rust.” An ex- pression used by German numismatic writ- ers for patina. Egisthaler. A name formerly used in Hungary for the Convention Thaler. Eight Brothers’ Thaler. See Aclitbrii- derthaler. Eintrachtsthaler. A name given to such coins as were struck jointly by two or more rulers ostensibly from pure motives of friendship, but frequently a political pur- pose of unity is also to be served. The following are the principal ones : for Baden, struck by the Margraves Bernhard and Ernst in 1533; for Saxony, struck by the Dukes Kasimir of Gotha and Johann Ernst of Eisenach in 1598; for Brunswick, struck by Julius Ernst and August in 1599 and 16i7; and for Stolberg, struck by Christian Friedrich and Jost Christian in 1704. All of these have the busts facing or the names of the contracting rulers and fre- quently a device of clasped hands, etc. Eiraku Sen. Originally a Chinese cop- per coin introduced into Japan in the fif- teenth century and made the sole lawful currency of Japan in 1573. The piece was coined by the Ming Emperor Cheng Tsu in 1403-1425 and has the inscription yung no tung-pao. Eiraku Tsuho is the Japan- ese pronunciation. Ekaba. A name given to a variety of glass beads used as money by the Ga ll a tribes of Abyssinia. Those most esteemed are red with an equatorial zone of white enamel. See A. Thomson D’Abbadie, in the Numismatic Chronicle (ii. 1839- ’40). Ek-ani. The one eighth Mohur intro- duced by the Gorkhas in the coinage of Nepal. See Suka. Ekilik. See Tkilik. Electro. An abbreviation of electrotype and used in numismatics to indicate a copy of an original coin or medal by the elec- trotype process. Electron, or Electrum. A natural alloy of gold and silver employed by the Ionian Greeks at an early period for money. The name seems to be derived from the Greek, Y^Xey.Tpov, i.e., amber, the color of the al- loy resembling this product. It was found in considerable quantities in the river Pactolus in Lydia, and is mentioned by Pliny and Sophocles. The electrum of Asia Minor contained approximately twen- ty-seven per cent of silver, but coins of Africa and Sicilian coins of Agathocles in this metal contain a larger percentage. The pale gold coins of the Merovingians and the Postulatsgulden of Liege, issued about A.D. 1500 and containing about fifty per cent of silver, are not natural electrum, but a mixture purposely effected. Eleemosyna Aratri. A tribute or tax mentioned in the Leges Afhclstan apud Lombard, and consisting of “a penny which King Ethelred ordered to be paid for every plough in England towards the sup- port of the poor.” It is also known by the name of Carucage. Ellilik. A gold coin of the modern Turk- ish series of the value of fifty Piastres. Elm Seed Money. See Yu Cilia Chien. Embase. To depreciate coins in price or value. ITolinshed, in his Chronicles, 1577 (iii. 1192), states that “the teston coined for twelue pence and in the reigne of King Edward embased by proclamation to six pence.” See Debased and Imbasing. Emol. The salt money of Abyssinia. See Amole. Encased Stamps. See Postal Currency. Enest. A word meaning “female” and used in Abyssinia to designate the Maria Theresa Thaler. See Wand. Engel. The name frequently applied to any coin with the device of an angel. In Brabant the Brusselaar ( q.v .) receives this name from the figure of the archangel Mi- chael on the same. An ordinance of 1404 in the archives of Frankfort a M. orders the striking of En- gels, these coins to he valued at one third of the Turnose. Cf. Paul Joseph (p. 223). [ 77 ] Engelsgroschen Escalin Engelsgroschen. In the year 1490 rich silver deposits were discovered in the Schreckenberge in Saxony, and two years later mining operations were instituted. From the product of these mines the Elec- tor Frederick 111 (1486-1525), in conjunc- tion with Dukes Albrecht and Johann, or- dered a new variety of Groschen to be struck in 1498. These coins had on the obverse the figure of an angel standing and holding a shield, and received the name of Engelsgroschen or Schreckenherger. Their actual value was four Groschen and twelve Kreuzer, and they were issued for a long period by both the Albertinian and the Ernestinian Lines. Engelsk. A Danish coin corresponding to the Esterlin. It was current in the latter part of the fourteenth century. See Blan- cliet (ii. 314). Engelthaler. A silver coin of the same type as the Engelsgroschen but of a larger size and of the value of forty Groschen. It was struck for Juliers, Cleve, and Berg at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Engenhoso. A gold coin of Portugal of the value of five hundred Reis, first issued by Sebastian in 1562. It differed from the older Cruzado in having the date and the words in hoc signo vinces in the four an- gles of the cross. The letters G.A., the initials of the engraver Guimarens, are at the side of the shield. The name of the coin means artistic or novel. Engi Tsuho. See Jin Ni Zene. Engrailed, when applied to coins, means having an edge or border formed by a ring of dots or curvilinear indentations. Engroigne. See Angroigne. Enneobol (svvso^o Xov) is a sum of nine Obols or 1 1/ 2 Drachms. A money of ac- count mentioned in inscriptions. Enrici, or Enriciani. The name given to Deniers struck in Lucca, with the name of Henry 11 (1004-1024), but also used in the early coinage of Milan where there were several rulers named Henry prior to the first Republic (1250-1310). Enrique. A Spanish gold coin which takes its name from Henry IV (1454-1474) in whose reign it was struck at Madrid, Toledo, and Villalon. It has on one side the King seated on a throne and on the reverse the quartered arms of Castile, etc. There is a half or Medio Enrique of sim- ilar type. Conf. Henri d’Or. Ephraimiten. A nickname given to a series of coins of debased silver and gold issued by Frederick the Great in Saxony from 1753 to 1756, during the Seven Years’ AVar. The King appointed a merchant named Itzig Ephraim as mint-master and he caused these coins to he struck from dies of the year 1753 found in Leipzig. They consisted principally of the August d’Or ( q.v .) and pieces of eight and four Gros- chen in silver, and they were so debased that they contained two thirds or more of base metal alloy. They were gradually withdrawn from circulation after the peace of 1763. Equipaga. A Portuguese copper coin struck for Angola and other African pos- sessions. It is the fourth of the Macuta (q.v.). A corresponding half was called Pano. Ernestus. A silver coin of the Denier type issued by Ernest of Bavaria as Bishop of Liege (1581-1612). See de Chestret (533, etc.). Ernst d’Or. The name given to the gold Pistole or piece of five Thaler struck by Ernst August, Duke of Hanover (1837- 1851). Escalin. A silver coin current in the various provinces of the Low Countries since the latter part of the sixteenth cen- tury. It is the same as the Schelling (q.v.), but the term Escalin was generally applied to such coins as were employed in the trade outside of the Netherlands proper. Thus the issues of the Compagnie van Verre of Amsterdam struck for Java in 1601 were called Escalins or Reals, and had a value of 48 Dutes. See Netcher and v.d. Chijs (i. 4). Verkade (199. 4). Mailliet (cxxxi.) cites an obsidional Esca- lin struck for Zeeland in 1672. Escalin. A silver coin issued for Santo- Domingo and Guadeloupe. The type for the former province was struck by order of General Leclerc about 1801. The pieces for Guadeloupe issued during the English occu- pation of 1810 and 1813 are countermarked [ 78 ] Escalin a la Rose Esterlin with a letter G crowned, and those under French rule have the initials R. F. for Re- publique Francaise. See Zay (pp. 227, 230). The Escalin of Curacao was com- puted at three Sous. Escalin a la Rose. See Roosschelling. Escalin au Cavalier. See Snaphaan. Escalin au Lion. See Bankschelling. Escalin au Navire. See Scheepjeschel- ling. Escoufle. The nickname given to a coin of Flanders of the fourteenth century, of the value of twelve Deniers Parisis. Du Cange, who cites several ordinances show- ing its value, thinks that it is from the old French word escouble, meaning a kite, the eagle on this coin being mistaken for this bird. Escudillo d’Oro. A gold coin of Spain struck by Charles III about 1770 and con- tinued by his successor, Charles IV. It was valued at ten Reales. Escudo, meaning a shield, is the Spanish equivalent for the French Ecu, and the Italian Scudo. The term Escudo de Oro is generally applied to t he gold Ducat type issued in the beginning of the sixteenth cen- tury, and the value appears to have been one eighth of the Doubloon. In the silver series there is an obsidional Escudo of five Pesetas issued for Tarra- gona in 1809, and another for Lerida of the same date. The silver Escudo was also extensively struck during the Spanish occu- pation of the Low Countries. Under a law of 1864 the Escudo was made the Span- ish monetary basis with a value of ten Reales. It has now disappeared as a monetary unit in Europe, and the only country where it is still in use is Chile, where the Escudo is a gold coin of the value of five Pesos. Escudo. A gold coin of Portugal origin- ally issued about 1720 with a value of 1600 Reis, and which receives its name from the large shield on the reverse. It was imme- diately adopted by the colonial possessions and struck at Rio and Minas. When the new monetary system went into effect, on May 22, 1911, the unit fixed for the entire territory of the Republic, except the possessions in India, was the [I gold Escudo, which contains the same amount of gold as the Milreis, and is di- vided into one hundred equal parts called Centavos, so that one Centavo is equal to ten Reis of the old system. There are mul- tiples of two, five, and ten gold Escudos, and a silver Escudo was struck, bearing the date October 5, 1910, to commemorate the proclamation of the new Republic. E Sen, or Picture Sen. Japanese tokens or charms ; they are either made at govern- ment mints or privately, and for the most part have pictures on them rather than inscriptions. They are about the size of the old Japanese copper coins and often- times passed as money. Espadim. A gold coin of Portugal is- sued by Joannes II (1481-1495), and the half of the Justo ( q.v .). It obtains its name from the device of a hand holding a sword ( espada ). A silver coin of the same type was issued by Alfonso V (1438-1481). See Spadin. Esphera. The name given to a gold semi- Cruzado, issued under Manuel I (1495- 1521 ), and struck at Goa under the govern- ment of Alfonso de Albuquerque (1509- 1515). The obverse has the word mea (half) under a large crown, and the re- verse shows a large sphere from which the coin derives its name. See Teixeira de Aragao (i. 1). A copper coin of the same name was struck under Antonio (1580) for the Por- tuguese colonies in India. Essays, called in French Monnaies d’- essai, and in German Probemunzen, are trial pieces, the object of which is to test the die and note the details of the design. They are frequently made of a different thickness and in other metals than the coins subsequently to be struck from the same die. See Piefort. Esterlin. A small silver coin current in the thirteenth century and later. The name is also found written as Easterling, Sterling, and in a mint ordinance issued at Antwerp in 1525 there is a reference to Estrelin. Their characteristic is a bust or head of the ruler or mint master on the obverse, and a cross with pellets in the angles on the reverse. 9 ] Estevenante The Esterlins were originally introduced into England and were copied in Brabant, Flanders, various parts of France and in Germany. See Sterling. Estevenante, or Stephanensis. The name given to money struck in Besangon, the original issues bearing a figure of St. Ste- phen. The town had a mint as early as the ninth century. The type was imitated in other places, especially in Burgundy, and by the Princes of Orange. Etampe. See Tampe. Etschkreuzer. See Kreuzer. Etschvierer. See Yierer. Euboean League. See League Coinage. Eulendukaten. A name given to certain gold coins struck by the Emperor Charles VI from 1712 to 1715 from metal obtained from the Eule mine near Prague. A figure of an owl which they bear refers to this incident. Ewiger Pfennig. The name given to a variety of Bracteate issued by Henry II of Klingenberg, Bishop of Constance (1293- 1306). The word means eternal, and was applied to the coin because the type was retained for many years. E Yien Ch’ien Exagium. A piece of circular or rectan- gular bronze which was employed to deter- mine the standard weight of the Solidus. Excelente. A Spanish gold coin first issued in the reign of Ferdinand and Isa- bella. It is of the size of a Ducat and its value was eleven Reals and one Maravedi or 375 Maravedis. There are quadruples, doubles, and halves of corresponding val- ues. See Aquila de Oro. Excoctum. Aurum excoctum is a Latin term for pure gold. See also Obryzum. Exergue. The lower segment usually on the reverse of a coin and separated by a horizontal bar. It frequently contains the date, initials of the designer, and in some instances the place of minting. Exurgat Money. A name applied to the Oxford Crowns issued in the reign of Charles 1, derived from the inscription on these pieces which reads: Exurgat Deus dissipentur inimici, from the Book of Psalms (lxviii. 1). See Oxford Unite. E Yen Ch’ien. See Goose Eye Coins. [ 80 ] Face Farthing F Face. The two faces of a coin are the Obverse and Reverse ( q.v .). Face. The French term for obverse. Face. A French slang expression for any coin having a portrait stamped upon it. Fadge is cited by J. H. Vaux, in his Flash Dictionary, 1812, as a slang term for a Farthing. Falconer’s Half Crown. A name given to a variety of half Crown of Charles I, issued by the Scottish mint, and bearing the letter F under the horses’ feet. This type was executed by John Falconer, the son-in-law of Nicholas Briot and the war- den of the Edinburgh mint. Falkendukat. The name given to a variety of the gold Ducat issued by the Margrave Karl Wilhelm Friedrich, of Brandenburg- Anspach (1729-1757). It bears on the obverse a hooded falcon, and on the reverse a falconer on horseback. A corresponding silver coin is known as the Falkenthaler. Falken Schild. The Chaise d’Or struck at Antwerp during the fourteenth century is so called, from Falco of Pistoia, the mint master. Fals. See Fels. Falsche Miinzen. The German equiva- lent for counterfeit coins. Faluce, or Falus. A copper coin of Madras and vicinity, issued early in the eighteenth century, and of a value of twenty Cash, or Kas. On a Madras copper of 1801 the obverse has an Arabic inscription indicating its value to be two Falus, and the reverse in- scription is partly in English and partly in Telugu, stating a value of two Dubs. The Dub and the Falus may therefore be considered as synonymous. In 1794 a one forty-eighth copper Rupee was struck by the United East India Com- pany for the Circars, a large district on the coast of the Bay of Bengal to the north of the Carnatic country. In this coin an attempt was made to assimilate the Mu- hammadan with the Hindu monetary sys- tem, as the forty-eighth part of a Rupee is just equal to the piece of twenty Kas. Falus. The plural of Fels (q.v.). Family Coins. See Consular Coins. Fanam. A word probably corrupted from Panam by Europeans. A name given to both gold and silver coins which are common in the southern part of India. The gold Fanam is a minute coin circu- lating in Travancore and on the Malabar Coast. The silver Fanam probably originated at the Bombay mint in the middle of the seventeenth century. The earliest types have on the obverse two C ’s interlinked, and on the reverse the figure of a deity, Vishnu or Swami. In Travancore the silver Fanam has a value of four Chakrams; in Madras it is equal to four Falus. A silver piece of five Fanams was issued by Denmark, in 1683, for its possessions in Tranquebar. France struck Fanams from the time of Louis XIV to the year 1837 for its possessions in Pondichery, Chandernagor, etc. There are many varie- ties, for detailed account of which see Zay (p. 295 et seq.) . The Fanam struck by the French at Pondichery for use at Make on the Mal- abar Coast is the fifth part of a Rupee and is divided into fifteen Biclies, i.e., Pice. Conf. also Elliot (part IV). In the coinage of early India the Fanam was a gold coin weighing somewhat over five grains and equal to the tenth part of the Pagoda. See Pana and Panam. Fanon. The French name for the Fa- nam (q.v.). Farthing. This word was originally feorthing, and the term “fourthling” oc- curs in the Anglo-Saxon version of the Gospels (Matthew v. 26, and Luke xxi. 2). [61 ] Farthing Fels At first the Farthing was the fourth part of a silver penny, and it no doubt received its name from the practice of cutting pen- nies into quarters ; specimens of these have been found dating back to the time of Ed- ward the Confessor. Farthings of silver were first struck un- der Edward I for England, although John had coined them as Lord of Ireland in 1210. Gold farthings are mentioned in an Act of the ninth year of Henry V, i.e., 1421 ; and a project for coining farthings in tin was brought up about 1679, and this metal was used for them to a small extent in the latter part of the reign of Charles II. James I, in 1613, granted a patent to Lord Harington, of Exton, in the county of Rutland, to strike Royal Tokens, each of the nominal value of one farthing. These pieces were nicknamed Haringtons. The silver farthings were last coined in the reign of Edward VI, and in 1561 a three-farthing piece was ordered to be struck. This was discontinued in 1582. The copper farthing was originally struck in the reign of James I. In 1635, a farthing token, called the Rose Farthing, or Royal Farthing, was issued ; it was coined in copper, but was sometimes com- posed of two metals to make counterfeiting more difficult. It obtained its name from the rose surmounted by a crown on the re- verse. The proclamation of Charles II, dated August 16, 1672, made the farthing a legal tender only for sums less than sixpence. In the reign of James II the farthings were made of tin, with a square plug of copper in the centre. During the reign of Queen Anne no cop- per money was struck for currency, but patterns for farthings were minted. One of these, executed shortly before the Queen’s death, gave rise to the vulgar error that only three farthings were issued in this reign. This variety was put in cir- culation and is not rare. Half Farthings were struck in 1828 and later, for nse in Ceylon; one third Farth- ings appeared in 1827 to supersede the Grani of Malta ; quarter Farthings have also been issued for colonial use. Farthing. The translators of the New Testament nse this word several times, and in each instance the original text indi- cates a different coin. In the Gospel of St. Matthew (x. 29) the Greek text reads asaaptov; in St. Luke (xii. 6) the Vulgate has dupondius; finally in St. Matthew (v. 26) and St. Mark (xii. 42), the Greek word is xo$pavxT]<;. Faruki. The name given to the gold Pagoda of Mysore by Tipu Sultan in the year A.M. 1216, i.e., 1787, that is the year following his new system of dates based on the Muludi, the year of the birth of the Prophet. The name is derived from Omar Faruk, the second Khalifa. Federal Coinage. See League Coinage. Fedem Thaler. A popular name for a Thaler which was supposed to be worth one Groschen more than the ordinary issues. Berthold Auerbach refers to them in his novel Barfiissele (p. 245), but does not specify what district they belong to. Fedgat. A name given to pieces of coarse cotton cloth, about nine inches in width, and eighteen or twenty feet in length, which circulated as money in Ethio- pia and other parts of Africa. One piece of this cloth is of the value of sixty pieces of the iron “Hashshah” (q.v.). Fehrbelliner Sieges Thaler. See Sieges Thaler. Fei. The native name for the Stone Money (q.v.) used on the Island of Yap. Feingoldgulden. The name given by German numismatists to the Fiorino d’Oro. Feinsilberthaler. A denomination struck by William IV of Hanover in 1835 and 1836 and copied by Ernst August in 1838. See Schwalbach (88, 92). Feldthaler, Feldklippe. The general name for a coin struck during the course of a campaign. See Mailliet (passim). The Dutch have a similar term, Velddaalder, which includes obsidional coins. Felipo. See Filippo. Fels, plural Fains. The general Arabic name for a copper coin ; the name denotes any piece of money accepted by weight, though it is commonly used to indicate a particular copper issue. Possibly the name was derived from the Roman Follis. See Pagoda. [ 82 ] Felus Fewreysen The coin is very common in Morocco, where multiples of two and four Falus occur as early as the reign of Muley Solei- man (A.H. 1207-1238). Its characteristic design consists of two equilateral triangles so overlaid as to form a six-pointed star. The type was copied in other Muhamma- dan countries. Felus. See Kasbegi. Femtia. The popular name for the Swedish bank-note of fifty Krona. Fen, or Fun. The Chinese name for what foreigners call the Candareen. The modern Chinese silver coins are found with the following values inscribed on them : 7 Muce, 2 Camlareens = one Yuan, or Dollar 3 Mace, 6 Canclareens = one half Yuan, or Dollar 1 Mace, 4.4 Camlareens = one fifth Yuan, or Dollar 7.2 Canclareens = one tenth Yuan, or Dollar 3.6 Canclareens = one twentieth Yuan, or Dollar The Fen is used in some instances as the equivalent of the Cent. In the Sino-Tibetan coinage a Tael of silver is computed at eighteen Fen. The latter coin is valued at one tenth of the Chien ( q.v .). Pieces of five Fen issued for Kashgar have a square hole in the centre and Chinese characters. The Chinese rebel ruler, Wu-san-Kwei, of the Tschao-wu epoch (1673-1679), issued the Fen extensively. Fenice. See Phoenix. Feorlainn. The Gaelic name for a Farthing. Feorthing. See Farthing. Ferding. A silver coin issued by the Bishops of Dorpat as early as 1528, and by Erik XIV of Sweden, for Reval, in 1561 and later. It also belongs to the currency of the Order of Livonia. The name means one fourth, and four were originally com- puted to the Mark, but the later issues became so depreciated that they were only worth one half the original amount. See Mite. Ferling Noble. A name given to the quarter Noble, first issued by Edward III. See Noble. Ruding (i. 222) states that in 1346 Per- cival de Porche, master of the mint, “cov- enanted to make Mailles and Ferlinges of the alloy of old sterling. The Mailles to be of the weight of the standard of the Tower of London, and 23 shillings and three pence in number to the pound.” Fernandino, or Ferrandino. The popu- lar designation for the Neapolitan Ducati struck by Ferdinand I of Aragon (1458- 1494). Ferrarino. A billon coin of Ferrara. See Bolognino. Fert. A gold coin of Savoy struck by Duke Lodovico (1439-1465). It is sup- posed to have received its name from the initial letters of the motto Fortitude) Eius Rhodurn Tenuit, which was used by the family since the thirteenth century. Mrs. Bury Palisser, in Historic Devices , 1870 (p. 230), demolishes the story of the de- fense of Rhodes by Amedeus IV (1232- 1253). On a ten Scudi d’Oro of Victor Amedeus I (1630-1637) the legend reads Foedere et Religione Tenemur. Both the Scudo d’Oro and the Testone of Carlo II (1504-1553), struck at Nizza, Aosta, etc., have on the reverse a shield dividing the letters fe-rt. Conf. also Forte. Ferto. The one fourth of the Mark (q.v.). Festing Penny. According to Wharton, Law Lexicon , 1864, this was “earnest given to servants when hired or retained in ser- vice.” It was called the God Penny. See Earnest. Fettmannchen. The popular name for the billon pieces of eight and six Heller which appeared from the latter part of the sixteenth to the middle of the seventeenth centuries at Cologne, Trier, .Tuliers, Cleve, etc. The name is said to be derived from the short, stout figure of some saint or ecclesiastic on the obverse. Under the Abbesses of Essen (1646- 1688) their value was fixed at one one hundred and twentieth Thaler. Feuchtwanger Metal. A composition resembling nickel, which receives its name from Dr. Lewis Feuchtwanger, who en- deavored to induce the United States Con- gress in 1837 to adopt it for the manufac- ture of the minor coins. Fewreysen, or Vureysen. This is men- tioned by Budelius, De Monetis , 1591 (pp. 250, 253), as a silver coin worth nine and one half Pfennige. It is no doubt a cor- ruption of the German word Feuer-eisen , i.e., a steel for striking fire, and the coin [ 83 ] Fiat Money Fiver referred to is probably the Briquet (q.v.). See also Azzalino. Fiat Money. The name given to a paper currency issued by a government but which is not redeemable in coin or bullion. Fiddle. A slang English stock-exchange term and used for transactions involving the one sixteenth part of a Pound ster- ling. Fiddler. An English slang expression meaning a six pence. Grose, in A Diction- ary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785, has, “Fiddlers’ Money, all sixpences.’’ The term may have originated from the old custom of each couple at a dance paying the fiddler sixpence. Field. The blank space on either side of a coin not occupied by the head, in- scriptions, etc. Fierer. See Yierer. Filiberto. The popular name for a gold coin, issued by Emanuel Filibert of Savoy (1553-1559), of the value of three Scudi d’Oro. The silver coin of the same was equal to one twelfth of the silver Scudo. Filippo, or Felipo. A name given to the silver Scudo struck by Philip II of Spain and his successors for the Duchy of Milan. There are dated specimens as early as 1598, and halves, quarters, and eighths exist. The Scudo di Oro of Milan is also occa- sionally referred to by this name. Filippone. A base silver coin of Filippo of Savoy, Prince of Achaia (1297-1334) ; it was valued at one twenty-fourth of the Grosso Tornese. Filipsdaalder. See Philippus Daalder. Filips Gulden. The name given to a variety of the gold Florin issued by Philip, Archduke of Austria, for Brabant, in the latter part of the fifteenth century. There is a dated specimen with St. Philip with a sceptre and book on the obverse, and the inscription : sancte phe intercede pro nobis. 1499. The reverse has an ornamented cross, and PHS DEI GRA ARCHIDVX AVST DX BVR BRA. There is a half of the same type. See Philippus. Filler. A copper denomination of Hun- gary introduced in 1892. It represents the one hundredth part of the Korona. Fillet Head. The name given to a vari- ety of the United States Cents and half Cents issued from 1796 to 1807 on which the hair of the head of Liberty is tied with a ribbon. Filthy Lucre. See Lucre. Finances. The revenue of a sovereign or state, or the money raised by loans, taxes, etc., for the public service. Find. A term applied to a discovery of coins, and corresponding to the French trouvaille. Finif. A Yiddish term for the five-dol- lar bill of the United States; the word is, no doubt, a corruption of the German “fiinf, ” meaning five. Finkenauge. See Vinkenauge. Fiordaliso d’Oro. See Lis d’Or. Fior di Conio. See Fleur de Coin. Fiorino. See Florin. Fip. A corruption of “fipny bit,” i.e., a “five-penny bit.” It was used in the Eastern Middle States for the Spanish Medio or half Real. Firdung. The one fourth of the Mark (q.v.). Firleyoe Mont. A Danish term mean- ing “four mints,” and applied to coins which were current in the four Hanseatic cities : Liibeck, Rostock, Wismar, and Stralsund. Fisca. A former silver denomination of the Canary Islands and equal to one six- teenth of the Spanish Piastre. Fish-Hook Money. See Larin. Fish Money. A name given to a variety of copper coins issued at Olbia, in Sar- matia, which resemble a fish in shape. Au- thorities differ, however, whether these “fishes,” as they are called were true coins or only commercial tokens used in the fish trade, for which Olbia was famous. Conf. Babelon (pp. 8 and 83), and von Sallet, in Zeitschrift fur Numismatik, 1883 (x. 144). Fitpence. A corruption of fivepence. It is an English dialect term, and is used in Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, and Devon- shire. Fiver. A popular name for the five- pound note of the Bank of England. [ 84 ] Flabbe Florin Whyte Melville, in Digby Grand, 1853 (i.), says: “Spooner . . . loses a five-pound note, or, as he calls it, a fiver ’ ’ ; and Doyle, in Sherlock Holmes, has, “I’ll lay you a fiver . . . that you will never hear from him again.” Flabbe. A billon coin struck in Gron- ingen from the middle of the fifteenth cen- tury, and copied at Deventer Zwolle, and other towns. It had a value of four Stui- vers. See Langrok. Flag. An obsolete English slang ex- pression for a Groat or fourpence. Thomas Harman, in A Caveat or Warening for Vagabones, 1567 (85), says: “A flagge, a wyn, and a make (a grot, a penny, and a halfe penny).” Flan. The blank piece of metal which is to receive the impression for the coin. In old French the word is written flaon, and it is derived from flatum. The verb flare is employed to designate the casting of metal into a mold, and the Roman mint- masters were officially termed III viri A.A.A.F.F., i.e., Triumviri auro, argento, aeri, flando, feriundo. See Planchet. Flan Bruni. An expression used by French numismatists to indicate a coin or medal struck from a polished die and corresponding to our proof. Fledermaus, meaning a bat, was the nickname given to the Groschel of Silesia, and the base silver Kreuzer of Prussia struck at the beginning of the nineteenth century, on account of the supposed re- semblance of the eagle on these coins to a bat. Fleur de Coin. A French term which, when applied to describe a coin, signifies in mint condition. The Italian equivalent is fior di conio. Fleur de Lis. An early French gold coin. See Franc a Pied. Flicca, or Flica. A popular name used in Fiume and other parts of Northern Italy for a piece of ten Soldi. Flimsy. An English slang expression for a bank-note or paper money in gen- eral, which name is probably due to the frail nature of paper as compared with metallic currency. Barham uses the term in the Ingoldsby Legends. Flinderke. A money of account used in Bremen and computed at four Groten. Jungk (p. 100) quotes a system of reck- oning based on Peter Roster’s work, Neue Wohlgegriindete Bremer Miinze, 1664, as follows : 1 Reichsthaler = 2 Gulden G Kopfstiicke 10 Diiteken 18 Flinderkerj 72 Groten 360 Schwaren 720 Pfennige Flindrich. A silver coin of East Fries- land, Oldenburg, etc., issued during the fifteenth century. It was valued at three Stuber. Flitter. A very small base silver coin of thin workmanship and resembling the Bracteates. They appeared in Goslar as early as 1620, and later in Hameln, Lippe, Northeim, etc. Florette. A variety of the Gros struck by Charles VI of France (1380-1422) and which had a value of twenty Deniers Tour- nois, or sixteen Deniers Parisis. It ob- tained its name from the three large fleurs de lis on the obverse. See Hoffmann (17- 21, etc.). The type was copied in the Anglo-Gallic series by Henry V (1415-1422). Florin. The gold Florin, according to Villari, was first coined in the Republic of Florence, in the year 1252. The ob- verse bore a full-length figure of St. John the Baptist, with the legend s. ioannes. b., i.e., Sanctus Johannes Baptista. On the reverse was a lily, the arms of the city of Florence, and the inscription florentia, usually preceded by a small cross. The excellence of the gold made the fiorino d’oro, as it was commonly called, speedily current throughout Europe, and the type was adopted by all the principal powers, as well as by other potentates who possessed the right to strike money. In England the gold Florin was first issued by Edward III in 1343, for Aqui- taine. The indenture made states that it was “to be equal in weight to two petit florins of Florence of good weight,” i.e., 108 grains, and of the same fineness, name- ly, 23 carats and 3 y 2 grains pure gold to half a grain of alloy; and the half and quarter Florin in the same proportion. By the proclamation of January 27, 1343, these [ ] Florin Follis coins were described as “one coin with two leopards, each piece to be current for six shilling’s, another piece of one leopard, and another piece of one helm, being re- spectively the half and quarter of the larger coin,” and they were ordered to be accepted by all persons. It was, however, soon discovered that the coins were valued too high, and they were consequently gen- erally refused ; this led to their being dis- continued in the following year. The half Florins were commonly called Leopards ( q-v .). In France, King Charles V issued a gold coin called the Florin d’Or, which was cop- ied after the Florentine type ; it was, how- ever, not very long in use, as, according to Leblanc, it was considered “derogatory to the dignity of the crown, being bor- rowed. ’ ’ The gold Florin was also extensively copied in other parts of Italy, as well as in Spain, the Low Countries, and especially in Hungary and Germany. These imita- tions usually retained the obverse inscrip- tions of the Florentine type, but to the same were added small marks, letters, fig- ures, crowns, and similar devices; while on the reverse the name of the mint appears in some cases, and the armorial shield of the locality or the mintmaster is frequently substituted for the lily. Prior to the introduction of the Florin the coinage of the German States consisted chiefly of silver of the denarius and pfen- nig types, all of which were more or less base. The new coin was, therefore, called the Gulden Penning, or gold Pfennig, a designation which was gradually abbrevi- ated into Gulden (q.v.). Florin. The silver Florin, or fiorino d’argento, of Florence was introduced about the same time as the gold coin of the same name, its value being one tenth of the latter. It bore the rhyming Latin verse : Det tibi florere Ohristus, Florentia, vere. The Florins of Germany and Austria are multiples of 100 Kreuzer, and those of the Netherlands of 28 Stuivers. All these coins are of the same value as the silver Gulden Silver Florins, or two shilling pieces, were issued in England in 1849 with the The English Florin circulated extensive- ly in Cyprus, but was replaced by a silver coin of 18 Piastres in 1901. In 1910 and after, a silver coin inscribed one florin-two shillings was coined for Australia. Florin-Georges. A gold coin of France issued by Philip VI of Valois (1328-1350). The obverse has a figure of St. George on horseback slaying a dragon with a spear. The inscription reads : philippvs dei gra fracor rex. These Florins were struck at Languedoc, pursuant to an ordinance of April 27, 1346. Flury. A Florin. See Altun. Flusch. See Mahmudi. Flying Money. One of the names given by the Chinese to their early paper money. Foghetti. The name given to half Grossi struck in Parma by Pope Adrian VI (1522- 1523). They are also known as Pelegrini, from the figure of Saint Thomas in a pil- grim’s habit. Follaro. A copper coin common to a large number of the Italian states, of which the Follis (q.v.) was the prototype. They were issued in Naples before the ninth century, those of Stefanio (821-832) having a figure of St. Januarius. Capua and Salerno struck them about the same time. At Gaeta and Mileto they appear in the eleventh century, and at Messina, Brin- disi, and Cattaro before the termination of the twelfth. Those of the last-named town bear the figure of St. Trifon, the patron saint. Ragusa and Scutari issued them be- fore the fourteenth century, but after this period they were gradually superseded by other coins. Follis. The original meaning of this word was a purse, or a bag containing money Juven. (xiv. 281). After the mon- etary reform of Constantine the Great this term was employed alongside of the older sesterces (which soon disappeared) in ac- counts, i.e., so many bags of gold ( follis auri), of silver ( follis argentei), or of cop- per (follis ad denarismum, follis denarior- um, or follis aeris). The use of this term was commonest for sums in bronze, and soon the name follis was transferred to the actual coin once contained in the follis or purse. Certain decrees of Constantine Follis ad Denarismum view to establishing a decimal system in the coinage. The piece was greatly objected to, on account of the omission of the let- ters d. G., or Dei Gratia, in the legend, and it received the name of the Godless, or graceless, Florin. Three quarters of a million were struck, all dated 1849. The next issue, in which the omission was rem- edied, appeared in 1851, and is a broader and thinner coin. The Florin of Edward VII, issued in 1902, shows the figure of Britannia standing on the prow of a ves- sel, her right hand holding a trident and her left resting on a shield. ... _ •the"Great and his immediate successors al- ready use follis as the name of a bronze coin — the nummus centenionalis. In the Byzantine Empire, from the time of Anastasius, the name follis seems to have been applied to the large copper pieces of forty nummi first issued by that Emperor. Its divisions were indicated by Greek letters, as follows : M =: 1 Follis, or 40 Nummi A = %, Follis, or 30 Nummi K = Vo Follis, or 20 Nummi I — Follis, or 10 Nummi (also called Dekauummion) E = % Follis, or 5 Nummi (also called Pentanummion) Later, the name came to be used for a copper coin in general and was adopted by the Arabs as Fels, pi. Fains. See Babe- Ion, Traite (i. 761-771). Follis ad Denarismum. A purse or sum of two hundred and fifty Denarii of bronze. See Hultsch, Script, (vol. I, p. 308). Follis Aeris. See Follis. Follis Argentei. A purse or sum of one hundred and twenty-five Arguria. From ancient sources we learn that in the Con- stantin ian period a Follis Argentei was val- ued at one hundred and twenty-five Mil,- larenses, or two hundred and eighteen Sili- quae plus eight Nummi of bronze. It was equal to one eighth of the Follis Auri, or nine gold Solidi. Babelon, Traite (i. 764, 765) and Hultsch, Script, (vol. I, p. 308). Follis Auri. A purse or sum of seventy- two gold Solidi, equal in weight to a gold Pound (libra). The term was also used for its equivalent in silver (one thousand silver Millarenses), or in bronze (six thou- sand bronze Denarii). Follis Denariorum. See Follis ad De- Fractional Currency Fond. A variety of the “cut money” and equal to three Mocos or two Shillings and six Pence sterling. It was established in the Windward Islands in 1840. See Chalmers (p. 91). Fondug. See Funduk. Forint. The Hungarian word for Flor- in. It occurs usually in the abbreviated form Frnt on the Austrian silver issues special ly struck for Hungary. Forli. A former money of account used in Egypt and computed at one sixth of the Medino. Fort. A rare gold coin struck at Bor- deaux by Charles of France, as Duke of Aquitaine (1469-1474). It has on the ob- verse a lion, two leopards, and two fleurs de lis, and on the reverse the quartered arms of France and England. See Blan- cliet (i. 298). It is sometimes called the Samson d’Or. Forte. This term, like the Italian titolo, is used to indicate the fineness rather than the value, and in this sense it is applied to Portuguese silver coins issued under Fernando I ; to those struck in Savoy dur- ing the fourteenth century under Amedeo VI, to the issues of the Fieschi Family for Messerano, etc. See Fert. Fortuna Thaler, or Glucksthaler. A general term for any Thaler with the fig- ure of Fortuna, such as those struck in Brunswick- Wolf enbiittel, Mecklenburg, etc. In 1623 and 1624 Christian IV of Den- mark issued Thaler for Gluckstadt, which bore the figure of Fortuna, the armorial bearings of the city. These receive the same name. Fouage. See Smoke Farthings. Fouang. See Fuang. Fourre. See Plated Coins. Fourthling. See Farthing. Fractional Currency. This term is usu- ally applied to an issue of paper money of the United States of America which ap- peared from 1862 to 1876 inclusive. The values ranged from three to fifty Cents. There are five general issues, as follows : First issue, August 21, 1862, to May 27, 1863. Second issue, October 10, 1863, to February 23, 1867. Third issue, December 5, 1864, to August 16, 1869. Fourth issue, July 14, 1869, to February 16, 1875. Fifth issue, February 26, 1875, to February 15, 1876. [ 87 ] nansmum. Franc Frelucques Franc. Originally a French silver coin of nearly the size of the Ecu or Crown, the latter coin superseding it in 1642. The Franc was created under Henri III by a decree dated March 31, 1575, which estab- lished its value at twenty Sols. The first Revolution created a new silver coin on which the name Franc was bestowed. By an ordinance of March 28, 1803 (7 Ger- minal, an. xi), it was decreed that the Franc was to be nine hundred one thou- sandths of pure silver, and that gold pieces of twenty and forty Francs were to be struck. At the same time the ratio of silver and gold was made at fifteen and one half to one, and the decimal system was introduced. The Franc, divided into one hundred Centimes, has been adopted by the French Colonies, Belgium (see Frank), Luxem- burg, Monaco, Switzerland, etc. The term also occurs on the gold issues for Sweden in 1868 and on the Austrian gold coins for Hungary in 1880. In both instances an attempt was made to har- monize with the French decimal system but was abandoned. Beginning in 1904 the monetary system of the Danish West Indies was changed and fifty Franc or ten Daler pieces and twenty Franc or four Daler pieces in gold were issued, as well as two and one Francs or forty and twenty Cents in silver. Franc a Cheval. The name given to an early French gold coinage dating from John II (1350-1364). The coins received this name from the figure of the King on horseback, the type of the Gouden Rijder. They were copied in the Low Countries, and in Brabant, under Joanna (1355- 1405). Franc a Pied. An early French gold coin which receives its name from the prominent figure of the ruler standing on foot under a canopy. It was also called the Fleur-de-Lis from the large number of these devices which are found on it. It was introduced by Charles V (1364-1380), and was copied in Ligny, Provence, and the Low Countries in general. Francescone. The name given to the Scudo struck by Francis III of Lorraine (1737-1765) for Florence, Pisa, and other cities of Etruria. Its value was ten Paoli and the designation was retained in the coinage until the provisional government of 1859. Franchi. The plural of Franc in the Italian language. The word occurs on the modern series of paper money issued for Switzerland. Conf. also Frank. Franciscus. See Dixain. Franco. A silver coin of . the Dominican Republic of the value of one hundred Cen- tesimos. It was introduced in 1891. Francois d’Or. The name given to the gold double Ducat issued by Francois III, Duke of Lorraine (1726-1737). See De Saulcy (xxxiv. 5). Frank. A silver coin of Switzerland, struck in Luzerne, Schwyz, and other can- tons, and the counterpart of the French Franc. Its usual divisions were one hun- dred Rappen. In the recent Belgium coinage those pieces that have Flemish legends have the spelling Frank instead of Franc. In the Napoleonic kingdom of Westpha- lia gold coins of five, ten, twenty, and forty Franken were issued from 1809 to 1813. This spelling occurs on the recent issues of paper money for Switzerland as well as the word Franc, the French equivalent. The note in question bears the triple in- scription, CINQ FRANCS, FUNF FRANKEN, CINQUE FRANCHI. Franklin Cent. See Fugio Cent. Fransida, plural Fransidor or Fransi- dorna. An expression used by Swedish numismatists to signify the reverse of a coin or medal. It is a compound word meaning “the side away from the person.’’ See Atsida. Franzi. The name formerly used for the Levant Dollar in Arabia, and prob- ably derived from the portrait of the Em- peror Francis on the obverse. See Noback (p. 679). Frazione. A copper coin of Cagliari is- sued by the Kings of Spain as rulers of Sardinia in the seventeenth century. Fredericks d’Or. A gold coin of Den- mark struck by Frederick VI pursuant to an ordinance of February 3, 1827. Frelucques. Minor coins of the Dukes of Burgundy frequently referred to as be- [ 88 ] Fretin Fun ing in use during the fifteenth century. Du Cange thinks they were of small value, their name meaning a trifle. Fretin, or Fretone. A former base sil- ver coin of France. It is cited in a mon- etary ordinance issued by Charles VI in 1357 while Dauphin, and another ordin- ance of 1371 mentions “huit pieces d’ ar- gent autrement Fretin.” Friedrichsdor. A former Prussian gold coin. Although originally issued by Fred- erick William I, it receives it name from Frederick II, who struck it in large quan- tities. It was abolished when the Mark system went into effect. Frignacco, Frisaco, or Frisacense. The name given to the Denari struck by the Patriarchs of Aquileja early in the thir- teenth century and copied by the Bishops of Salzburg. Du Cange cites a document of 1278 in which their value is given as equal to thirteen Piccoli of Verona. Fruste (Latin frustum). A term used by French numismatic writers to indicate a coin or medal that has been badly worn from usage. Fu. The Chinese name for a species of water-beetle. The word lias been applied to the copper Cash from very early times. Fuage. See Smoke Farthings. Fuang, or Fouang. A Siamese silver coin, the eighth part of the Tical ( q.v .). It is equal to two Song Pais (song mean- ing two or double). The Fuang was ex- tensively copied in Cambodia. Fuchs. A German slang or popular name for a red copper coin, and formerly frequently applied to the Pfennig. The word means a fox, and the allusion is of course to the color. Gold Fuchs is used for a Ducat. Thus Langbein, Gedichte (ii. 137), has the lines: “Statt rler gehofftpn goldenen Fiichse, Fancl man nur Iiupfer in tier Biichse.” Fuddea, or Fuddih. Another name for the double Pice of Bombay, etc., when used as a money of account. See Molnir. Fuerte. See Peso. Fiinfer. A billon coin of Freiburg, Lausanne, and other Swiss cantons, issued originally in the sixteenth century with a value of five Heller, and later five Kreuzer. The name is also applied to the five Kreuzer pieces of Bamberg, Salzburg, Henneberg, etc., and to the five Ferding pieces of Riga. Funfzehner. A silver coin of Austria, Tyrol, etc., which receives its name from its value, i.e., fifteen Kreuzer. There is a reference to this coin in the Chronica of Melchior Balthasar Kupferschmit, 1668, where he states (p. 882) that attempts were made to introduce counterfeit pieces of this denomination from Turkey into Austria. Furstengroschen. A silver coin of the Margraves of Meissen first struck by Bal- thaser at the close of the fourteenth cen- tury. They resembled the Breitgroschen but were somewhat less in value and size. They were extensively copied in other localities, notably in Hessen, and there is a series of them for Magdeburg from 1570 and later, their value there being twelve Pfennige. Fugio Cent, sometimes called the Frank- lin Cent, on account of the motto, “Mind your Business,’’ which was one of the say- ings of Benjamin Franklin, was the earli- est type of Cent issued by the Government of the United States. It bears the date 1787, and there are a number of varieties. The obverse shows a sundial with the words fugio 1787 and the above-men- tioned motto in the exergue. The sundial and motto are copied from the similar de- sign on the so-called Continental pewter dollar struck in 1776. The latter has the initials eg fecit, hence it is assumed that Edward Getz prepared the dies. The reverse of the Fugio Cent bears an outer circle of thirteen links in a chain, indicative of the thirteen original states. An inner circle is inscribed united states, and this again encloses the motto we are one in three lines. Fuju Jimpo. See Jiu Ni Zene. Fumage. See Smoke Farthings. Fun. The denomination of certain of the modern struck coins of Korea. These were first issued about 1886. There are one Fun pieces in brass, five Funs in cop- per, and quarter Yangs in nickel with the value expressed by 2 Chun 5 Fun. See Fen and Candareen. [ 89 ] Funduk Fyrk Funduk, also called Fonduq. A gold coin of the Ottoman Empire, issued early in the sixteenth century, and used not only in Turkey but also in Egypt, Algiers and Tripoli. It corresponds to the Sequin, and originally weighed fifty-four grains, but at later periods has been under fifty. Under Ahmed III (A.H. 1115-1143) ap- peared the Toghralu-Funduk on which the toghra or royal cipher was introduced. See Fonrobert (No. 5039). Funeral Pieces. See Mortuary Pieces. Fusil. A silver coin of the Bishopric of Liege issued by Louis de Bourbon (1456- 1482). There are corresponding halves and doubles. See de Chestret (passim). Fyrk. A copper coin of Sweden which originally appeared under Gustavus Wasa about 1522, and was continued until the beginning of the seventeenth century. Un- der Gustavus Adolfus it was struck for Arboga, Safer, and Nykoping. [ 90 ] Gabella Gehelmdeschelling G Gabella. A silver coin of Bologna, is- sued in the sixteenth century under Popes Julius III and Marcellus II. It appears to have been a variety of the Carlino. There is a double and a triple, the latter also known as Gabellone. Gabulus Denariorum. According to Selden, History of Tithes (321), this was the legal term for rent paid in money. Ga-den Pho-dang Tang-ka. See Tang- ka. Galeazzo. A silver coin of Venice struck by the Doge Alvise Pisani (1735- 1741) for Dalmatia and Albania. It had a value of three Lira, and halves and quar- ters were also issued. Gall. A former small silver coin of Cambodia. See Kelly (p. 216). Galley Halfpence. A name given to half pennies of base metal and somewhat thinner though larger than the regal issues. The name is said to be derived from the fact that they were brought from Genoa by the galleymen who traded in London, and a spot known as the Galley Key ( ? quay) , in Lower Thames Street, near Tower Hill, was the locality from which they were circulated. They were declared fraudulent by Acts of Henry IV and Henry V, but continued to be brought into England until their circulation was finally prohibited by stat- ute in 1519. Gallus Pfennig. A billon coin of the canton of St. Gallon, Switzerland, struck by the abbots and by the civic authorities during the fourteenth century. It resem- bles the Bracteates in fabric and bears the figure of a saint. See Blanchet (ii. 264). Ganza. A former base metal coin of Burma, consisting of copper and tin. It is mentioned by a number of writers early in the nineteenth century as being equal to two or three French Sous. It was abol- ished about 1840 and the Kabean ( q.v .) succeeded it. Gass. A denomination of Maskat, the four hundredth part of the Piastre. See Mahmudi. Gastmael-Penning. See Labay. Gazzetta. A copper coin of Venice which was originally struck for the Colon- ies and later adopted by the city. Pieces of one and two Gazzette were issued for Candia about 1632, and Mailliet mentions a piece of ten Gazzette struck during the war against the Turks (1646-1650). For Zante it was struck with the inscrip- tion corfv. cefal. zante ; and for Zara the pieces of two Gazzette have isole et ar- MATA, or ARMATA ET MOREA. It is claimed that the first newspaper ever published, which was issued at Venice, obtained its name from this coin, which was the price of a copy, and from which the English word “gazette” is derived. The Gazzetta was issued for the Ionian Islands as recently as 1801, when those ter- ritories were under Russian protection. Geburtstagsthaler, i.e., Birthday Thaler, is the name given to a large silver coin struck in 1666 to commemorate the eighty- eighth birthday of August, Duke of Bruns- wick- Wolf enbiittel. The obverse shows a bust of the Duke in a wreath of laurel and the inscription favstum. ivstitae. et. pa- cts. CONSORTIVM. Gedachtnismiinzen. See Jubileums Tha- ler. Geeltje. A Dutch popular name for a gold coin and derived from “geel,” i.e., yellow. See Gelbvogel. In some parts of Holland the term Geel- vink, i.e., “yellow-finch,” is used for a Ducat or any gold piece. Gefutterte Munzen. See Plated Coins. Gehelmde Leeuw. See Botdrager. Gehelmdeschelling. A variety of the Schell ing struck for the Low Countries at the beginning of the seventeenth century, which receives its name from the device of [ 91 ] Gelbvogel Geusenpfennige a helmet on the obverse. It was issued chiefly in Deventer and Zwolle. See I lean me. Gelbvogel. The popular name in South- ern Germany for a gold coin. The word means “yellow bird.” See Geelt.je. Geld, the German equivalent for money in general. Gelegenheitsmiinzen. A term used both for coins issued occasionally, and to com- memorate some special event. Gelso, possibly a corruption of Guelfo ( q.v .). A term used in Verona to describe coins of live Soldi issued from circa 1349 to 1428. Genevoise. The name given to the Re- publican Thaler of Geneva issued in 1794. Its value was twelve Florins, but upon the adoption of a decimal system it was ex- changeable at ten Decimes. Genovino. A gold coin of Genoa in- troduced in the twelfth century. The type usually exhibits a gateway on the obverse, and a cross on the reverse, with the in- scription conradvx rex romano. There exist halves, thirds (Terzaroli), and quar- ters, the latter receiving the name of Quar- tarola. The Genovino di Oro remained as the current gold coin in Genoa until the termination of the Sforza dynasty. The Genovino di Argento dates from the sixteenth century and was of the same value approximately as the Scudo. Gerstil. See Dobra Gentil. Genuini. See Januini. Geordie. See White Geordie and Yel- low Geordie. George. An English slang term for a coin bearing the image of St. George. Grose, in his Dictionary of- the Vulgar Tongue, 1785, has, “George, a half-crown piece.” See Decus (supra). The English Guinea was popularly known as a “Yellow George.” Robert Burns, in his Epistle to Rankine, 1784 (xii.), says, “An ’baith a yellow George to claim.” George. The name given to the five- dollar gold piece issued in Canada in 1912, from the fact that it bears the head of George V, King of England. George Noble. A rare gold coin of England which appeared only in the sec- ond coinage of Henry VIII, i.e., from 1526 when they were authorized, to 1533 when the divorce of Katharine of Aragon oc- curred, the latter date being fixed by the letters H and K on the obverse. It was current for six shillings and eight pence, and the half George Noble (of which only one specimen is known) in proportion. About four varieties of the Noble exist, all having the rose mint mark. The reverse legend is a quotation from a hymn by Pru- dentius, written in the latter half of the fourth century. Georgius Triumpho. A copper coin, of the half-penny size struck in England in 1783, for circulation in the Colonies of North America. The reverse bears a figure of Liberty with the legend voce populi (q.v.). Georgsthaler. The name applied in gen- eral to any coin of Thaler size on which there is a figure of St. George slaying the dragon. There is an extensive series of them for Mansfeld during the sixteenth century and later, and they were also issued in Hungary and in Hanover. See Florin- Georges. Gerah. An early Jewish weight stand- ard and equal to one twentieth of a Shekel. See Exodus (xxx. 13), Leviticus (xxvii. 25), Numbers (iii. 47), Ezekiel (xlv. 12). Gerefa. Among the Anglo-Saxons this was the chief officer of the mint. See Ruding (i. 15, 137). Gerlacus. The name given to the gold Gulden struck by Gerlach, Archbishop of Mainz (1346-1371). An ordinance of circa 1400 states that this piece was of light weight compared with the Ducat. See Paul Joseph (p. 214). Gersh. See Ghrush and Guerche. Gessnerthaler. A very rare silver coin of Zurich, issued in 1773, and after thirty- six specimens were struck the dies broke. It was designed by the painter and poet Salomon Gessner, and the dies were cut by Balthaser Vorster. Gettone. The Italian equivalent of Je- ton (q.v.). Geusenpfennige are not coins but small medalets bearings the figure of Philip II of Spain. After the compromise of Breda [ 92 ] Gewere Giustina in 1566 certain of the nobles of the Low Countries were contemptuously referred to as gueux, i.e., beggars. They adopted this nickname and issued tokens with the in- scription en tout fiddles au roy. The re- verses bore clasped hands and a beggar’s bag with jusques a porter la besace. Gewere. Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1291 reading sub annuo censu . . . denariorum Flandrinsium monetae quae dicitur gewere; but no such coin can be identified. Ghost’s Face Money, or Ghost’s Head Money. See Ant’s Nose Coins. Ghrush. A silver coin of the Ottoman Empire, originally issued under Soleiman II (A.H. 1099). The name recalls the Gros, Groschen, and Groat, and by travellers it was termed Piastre, which however must not be confused with the modern coin of the same name. The name of the coin is variously written Grush, Gurush, Gersch, etc. The later is- sues are of billon. See Asadi Ghrush and Guerche. Its value was forty Paras, and the issues for Egypt in billon were equal to forty Medins. The modern Egyptian nickel coin of five Milliemes is known as a Guersh. Gianuino. The name given to a variety of the silver Luigino (q.v.) of Genoa is- sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has on the obverse a crowned shield supported by two griffins, and on the reverse a Janus head with male and female faces. Gigliato. An Italian word meaning strewn or decorated with lilies. The name was originally applied to a variety of the Carlino (q.v.) issued by Charles II of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily (1285- 1309). The reverse of this silver coin bears a short cross surrounded with lilies. The type was copied in Piedmont, Durazzo, by the Grand Masters of the Order of Malta, etc. The Fiorini d’Oro of Florence bearing the figure of a lily are also called by the same name. Gigliato d’Oro. See Lis d’Or. Gigot. A copper coin of the value of half a Liard struck at Antwerp, Mons, Reckheim, Bois-le-Duc, and other places in Brabant during the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries. Gildepenningen. The common name for the tokens formerly issued by the numer- ous guilds in Holland. Gin Kwan. Early Japanese silver ring money (q.v.). The word “Gin” in Jap- anese means silver. Ginocchiello, meaning a “Knee-piece, ” was the common name used in Venice in the fourteenth century for a variety of the Soldino which bore a figure of the Doge in a kneeling position. See Papado- poli (i. ix. 14). Giorgino. A billon coin of Modena is- sued by Cesare d’Este (1597-1628) and continued until the middle of the eigh- teenth century. It has a portrait of St. Geminian on the reverse. See Luigino. Girasoli. A nickname or popular name for the silver coin of 160 Sols struck at Mantua when that city was besieged by the Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629-30. The name means a sunflower and both of these objects are depicted on the coin. See Mail 1 iet (lxxviii. '2) . Giulio. A Papal silver coin, which un- der the name of Grosso Largo was intro- duced in the thirteenth century, and re- ceived its more common designation from Pope Julius II (1503-1513). In a tract entitled A Mittimus to the Jubilee at Rome, 1625, it is said to be worth eight Soldi. It was copied at Guastalla under Cesare Gonzaga (1570-1575) ; at Avignon under Gregory XIII and his successors ; at Cam- erino, Mantua, etc. Giustina. The name given to a Vene- tian silver coin originally issued under the Doge Alvise I Mocenigo (1570-1577) and continued by his successors until the latter part of the seventeenth century. The name is derived from the figure of St,. Giustina on the coin, on whose name day, October 7, 1571, the battle of Lepanto was fought and the Venetians gained an im- portant naval victory over the Turks. The coin is consequently what may be called a Victory Thaler, which is confirmed by the view of ships on the open sea, and the inscription memor. ero. tvi. ivstina. VIRGO. [ 93 ] Giustino Go There are two varieties : the Giustina Maggiore, of a value of 160 Soldi, with divisions of one half, one quarter, one eighth, and one thirty-second, and a smaller type, the Giustina minore, of 124 Soldi, with similar divisions. The latter coin was imitated by Cesare d’Este, Duke of Modena (1597-1628), with a value of twenty Bolognini. Giustino. The name given to a variety of the silver Luigino (q.v.) of Genoa is- sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has on the obverse a crowned shield supported by two griffins, and on the reverse a figure of Justice seated. Glass Beads. See Borjookes. Glass Coins. The Nummi Vitrei, or Monnaies de Verre, originated under the Roman Emperors in Egypt, continued through the Byzantine period, and were then adopted by the Arab invaders. Those resembling Arabic coins in size, weight, and inscriptions are nothing else but standard weights issued mainly for the purpose of testing the accuracy of current coins. They were issued by the governors under the Amawee and Abbasee Khaleefehs, but were commonest under the Fatimide rulers and lasted until the Turkish conquest. Conf. Lane-Poole, Catalogue of Arabic Glass Weights in the British Museum, 1891. Glaubensthaler. See Catechismusthaler. Glaukes. D.au7.e<;, or “Owls,” the pop- ular name in ancient times for the famous Tetradrachms of Athens which always bore an owl, the emblem of Athene, for their reverse type. Globe Dollar. The name given to a silver coin introduced by Charles III of Spain (1759-1788) which bears on the ob- verse the two hemispheres. It was contin- ued to the brief reign of Joseph Napoleon. Globular Coins. A term generally ap- plied to any coins more or less spherical in shape. The best examples are certain Byzantine coins of a considerable thick- ness and small diameter, and the so-called “Bullet” money of Siam. Glockenthaler. A series of seven Tha- ler, all dated 1643, and struck by Duke August the Younger of Brunswick Liine- burg to commemorate the evacuation of the fortress and city of Wolfenbiittel. These coins have their divisions of halves and quarters, and with one exception they all bear the picture of a large bell. The first three varieties have the bell without a clapper; the fourth shows only a clap- per; the fifth and sixth liave the complete bell with the clapper, and the last variety has a view of the city, above which are three hands ringing the bell. For a detailed account of the inscrip- tions, circumstances of their issue, etc., see Blatter fiir Miinzfreunde (No. 5, 1908). Gloriam Regni. The name given to sil- ver coins of fifteen Sols and five Sols struck in Paris in 1670 for use in the French col- onies in America. The reverse inscription reads gloriam. regni. tvi. dicent., which is taken from Psalms (cxlv. 11). See Zay (p. 45). Glove Money. It was formerly the cus- tom in England for clients to send a pair of gloves to the counsel who undertook their causes, and even to the judges who were to try them. These presents usually partook of the nature of a bribe, and it is recorded that a Mrs. Croaker presented Sir Thomas More, the Lord Chancellor, with a pair of gloves lined with angels, which he returned. A bribe given under these circumstances continued to be called “glove money” long after the gloves had ceased to be a feature in the transaction. Gluckhennen Thaler. The nickname given to a silver coin of Basle, issued with- out. date but struck in the latter part of the seventeenth century from designs by Friedrich Fechter. It lias on the reverse the figure of a hen with a brood of young chickens. Gliicksthaler. See Fortuna Thaler. Gnadenpfennig is not a coin but a medal usually of oval form with a ring or similar attachment for suspension. They were chiefly issued for weddings of princes and the nobility, and are common to Bam- berg, Paderborn, various parts of Pom- merania, Courland, etc. Go. A Japanese word meaning five. A Gin Go Monnne, i.e., “silver five momme, ” was issued as early as 1767. See Fon- robert (No. 1034). [ 94 ] Gobbi Gosseler Gobbi, or Gobi. A popular name used in Bologna to describe the Papal Baiocci, many of which were said to have been struck at the Gubbio mint. Gobog. A species of copper temple money issued in the island of Java. Mil- lies (p. 23) calls these pieces medals and compares them with the Chinese temple money. Netcher (p. 141), however, gives a table of equivalents, as follows: 1 Gobog = 5 K&t&ng 400 Gobog = 1 silver Dirhem 4000 Gobog = 1 gold Dirhem ( ? Dinar) See Kangtang. Gobrecht Dollars. The name given to a series of United States pattern coins struck in 1836, 1838, and 1839, and of which there are twenty varieties. They receive their name from Christian Gobrecht, who was assistant engraver at the mint in Philadelphia, and whose name appears on some of the specimens. Godless Florin. See Florin. God Penny. See Festing Penny. Gosgen, or Gosken. A copper coinage of the city of Hameln issued from about 1580 to 1628. See Neumann (8198, etc.). Gold. The accepted standard of value. It was first coined by the Lydians, in Asia Minor, in the sixth century before our era, and has been adopted in the monetary sys- tem of nearly every country. Gold Fuchs. A gold coin. See Fuchs. Gold Thaler. A former money of ac- count in Bremen, the one four hundred and twentieth part of a pound of fine gold. It was equal to seventy-two Groten, and in 1871 silver coins were issued bearing the inscription bin thaler gold, based on the above standard. Goldy. An English dialect term for a Sovereign. It is common to a large num- ber of counties. Gontzen Pfenning. Johann Stumpf, in his Schweizer Chronik, 1606 (393a), states that “Herzog Gontzen von Schwaben . . . schlug ein Muntz mit einem Lowen, die wurde lang hernach genennt Gontzenpfen- ning.” > Good Fors. The name given to a paper currency circulated at the Cape of Good Hope by private individuals “to the great prejudice of trade and public credit.” They were prohibited in 1822. See Chal- mers (p. 233). Good Samaritan Shilling. A silver piece dated 1652, which was never intended for a coin although it is an imitation of the New England and Pine Tree issues. In the American Journal of Numismatics (vii. 40) Dr. Green states that the original was “undoubtedly the work of some Eng- lish apothecary, who, without any special object in view, stamped the piece with his trade-mark. It is figured in Felt’s Ac- count of ‘Massachusetts Currency ’ (plate, p. 38).” The Good Samaritan Shilling attracted attention as early as 1767, when Thomas Hollis wrote about it to the Rev. Andrew Eliot, D.D., of Boston, and in his letter said: “Shilling, No. 10, Masathvsets in Pourtraiture of the good Samaritan. Over it Fac Simile No Reverse. , . . If the shilling, No. 10 . . . can be procured for T.H. in fair, unrubbed, uncleaned con- dition, he will be glad of them at any price.” To this Dr. Eliot replied: “The portraiture of the good Samaritan no one among us ever heard of. I am persuaded that it was not a current coin ; but a medal struck on some particular occasion.” It will be noted that the piece Hollis asked for, nearly a century before Wyatt, had “no reverse,” and was a fac simile copy of an earlier issue. Goose Eye Coins. The name given to certain debased coins of China struck in the Yung Kuang period A.D. 465. The Chinese name is E Yen Cli’ien. Gorgoneion, or Gorgona. A general term for Greek coins of Olbia, Populonia, etc., which bear a representation of the Gorgon’s head. Gormo, meaning “round coin,” is a name given to the Indian Rupee in Tibet ; they are valued at three Tang-Kas. Goslar. See Arenkopf. Gossarius. Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1192 in which duos gossarios auri are mentioned, but we can only conjecture what gold coins are referred to in this passage. Gosseler. A small base silver coin is- sued in various parts of the Low Countries during the sixteenth century. It was cur- rent for the fortieth part of a Daalder. [ 95 ] Gothic Crown Grano There are numerous varieties. Some of those struck at Zwolle have an effigy of Saint Michael ; others struck at Deventer (1534) bear the figure of Saint Lievin, etc. Gothic Crown. A pattern by Wyon, struck only in the years 1846, 1847 and 1853, and occurring with both plain and lettered edges. It was never popular on account of the mediaeval character of the lettering. Gottesfreund Thaler. See Pfaffenfeind Thaler. Gouden Kroon. A gold coin of Bra- bant, struck by Jean IV (1417-1427), and copied in the Low Countries. The obverse shows the quartered armorial shield of Brabant and Burgundy, above which is a large crown, from which circumstance the coin receives its name. Gouden Lam, also called Gulden Lam, and frequently abbreviated Lain, was the name given to a gold coin of the type of the Agnel (q.v.) struck by the Dukes of Holland, Brabant, Gueldres, etc. The larger coin or Mouton received the name of Groot Lain. The Gouden Lam is mentioned in the. monetary records of Vilvoorden, as early as 1330. See Van der Chijs (p. 71). Gouden Leeuw. See Lion d’Or, and Leeuw. Gouden Nobel. See Rozenobel. Gouden Peter. See Peter. Gouden Reaal. See Reaal. Gouden Rijder. See Rijder. Gouden Schild. See Schild. Gouden Torens. See Torentje. Gouden Vlies. See Vlies. Gourde. A French colonial term, and equivalent to the Spanish gordo, i.e., thick. Zay (pp. 203-205) describes jetons rang- ing from one quarter Gourde to sixteen Gourdes struck in 1825 for Guadeloupe. The silver coin of this name is now the standard of value in Haiti, and is divided into one hundred Centimes. See Piastre Gourda. The piece of twenty-five Cen- times is known as the Gourdin. Go Yo Sen. (Lit. Honorable use, mean- ing here “for service of the government”.) A Japanese Kwanei Sen (q.v.) made to pay the workmen engaged in repairing the great temples at Nikko. Goz. See Mahmudi. Graceless Florin. See Florin. Graici. In the Rivistn Italiana di Nu- mismatica (x. 476) mention is made of a tax in Bologna in which Graici boni are quoted as equal to eight Danari. Grain. The popular name for the Grano or one third Farthing of Malta. See Chal- mers (p. 324). Gralosken. The name given to Hun- garian silver coins of the sixteenth cen- tury, which bore on one side tlie armorial shield and on the reverse the seated Ma- donna with the infant Savior on her arm. According to Adam Berg, New Miinzbuch , 1597, one hundred Gralosken were equal to a Thaler. Gramo. The inscription tin gramo oc- curs on a private gold coin struck in 1889 by Julius Popper at Paramo in the archi- pelago of Tierra del Fuego. It is prob- ably intended for the weight of the coin and not for the denomination, as the piece is usually called a Peso. A larger gold coin of the same type is inscribed 5 gramos and is known as five Pesos. Granas, or Granatas. Evidently the name of certain gold coins struck in Cra- cow during the fourteenth century. Du Cange quotes an inventory of 1366 in which they are mentioned. Granby Coppers. See Higley Coppers. Grand Blanque. See Blanc. Grand Bronze. The popular name for the Roman Sestertius of Imperial times. Grand Dauphin. See Dauphin. Grand Ecu. See Laubthaler. Grande Plaque. See Gros Blanque au Lis. Grano. A small copper coin which ap- pears to have been originally issued by Ferdinand I of Aragon, as King of Naples and Sicily (1458 to 1494). Its value was the one hundredth part of the Ducato (q.v.) and multiples of two, three, five, and ten Grani were struck at later periods. The silver Grano, also called Obolo, was struck by Philip II of Spain, while ruler of Naples and Sicily (1554-1598), and mul- tiples as high as twenty-six Grani appeared in 1686. [ 96 ] Grave Grivna In Malta the Grano was struck in cop- per as early as the middle of the sixteenth century, but its value was much lower than the Sicilian type. In 1825 when the various British silver and copper coins were proclaimed as current in Malta, the Penny was made the equivalent of twelve Grani, and it was recommended that in addition to halfpence and farthings, a coin of the value of one third of a farthing, or a Grano, should be issued, “as many arti- cles of primary necessity are often sold here to the value of one grano.” The recommendation was carried out in 1827, when 1 ‘ British grain ’ ’ were first intro- duced. Grave. See Aes. Grave. A billon Portuguese coin issued in the reign of Fernando (1367-1383) and struck at Lisbon and Porto. The obverse has the letter F in a crowned compart- ment, and the reverse a shield between four castles. Gray. A slang term for a halfpenny with both sides alike, and used by sharp- ers. Mayhew, in his book London Labour and London Poor , 1851 (i. 199), has the following passage: “I don’t like tossing the coster lads ; they ’re the wide-awakes that way. The thieves use ‘ grays. ’ They’re ha’pennies, either both sides heads or tails. ’ ’ Gray Groat. A Scotch nickname for a Groat or fourpenny piece. There is a Scotch phrase or proverb, “Not worth a gray groat, ’ ’ which is used to imply worth- lessness. Grazia, or Crazia. A base silver coin common to several Italian states and which probably originated in Florence under Cosmo I (1536-1574). The Medici Family also issued it for Siena and Pisa, and it occurs in the coinage of Lucca and Piom- bino to the end of the seventeenth century. The name may have been derived from the inscription dei gratia usually found upon it, an early copper issue for Lodi, however, has the words i grazia in two lines. Greenbacks. The name given to certain legal-tender, non-interest-bearing notes of the United States, because the reverses were printed in green ink. Green Silver. According to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, this was “a feudal cus- tom in the manor of Writtel in Essex, where every tenant whose front door opens to Greenbury shall pay a halfpenny, year- ly, to the lord, by the name of green sil- ver or rent.” Gregorina. A gold coin of Pope Greg- ory XVI (1821-1846) struck in Rome, and of the value of five Scudi. Those dated 1834 are of the greatest rarity as only eleven were made. Gregorio. A silver coin of Pope Greg- ory XIII struck at the mint of Bologna, pursuant to an order of December 14, 1574. Its value was one Paolo, and it bears the figure of St. Petronius. A double and half were also issued. Grenadine. A silver coin of eight Reales, a variety of the Peso, issued at Santa Fe de Bogota from 1847 to about 1850. See Fonrobert (8102). Greschel. See Groschel. Grif. See Grivna. Griffon. A base silver coin struck in Brabant early in the fifteenth century, and corresponding to the Stuiver of the Low Countries. See van der Chijs (passim). It receives its name from the figure on the obverse of a griffin holding in its claw a short sword or briquet. The inscription usually reads: denaris simplex nomina- TVS GR1FONVS. There are corresponding doubles and halves. Grimellin. A former money of account of Tripoli. The Piastre was computed at thirteen Grimellini. Gringalet. The popular name for a coin of three Denari struck in Geneva in the sixteenth century by Johann Gringalet, Griscio. See Abuquelp. Grivna. (Plural Grivenki.) A Russian base silver coin of the value of ten Ko- pecks, or the tenth part of a Ruble. They were struck at Novgorod, Pskof, Kiev, Novotorjok and other mints, the later is- sues being in copper. They were originally of an oblong or bar form, and about 1701 the circular shape was adopted. The ma- jority of these coins have ten dots or glob- ules on the reverse, indicative of their value. [ 97 ] Groat Gros The Grif, referred to by Adam Olearius in Travels of the Ambassadors, etc., 1636 (p. 97), is the same coin. For an extensive account of the etymol- ogy of the name see Chaudoir (p. 17 et j If). The corresponding double, i.e., the piece of twenty Kopecks, is called Dvou- grivenik. Groat. This word, and its equivalents in German, Grosehen or Grosch, in Dutch and Low German, Groot and Grote, and in Polish, Grosz, is derived from the Latin adjective grossus, i.e., thick ; these coins being of a thicker and heavier fabric than the fragile Bracteates that preceded them. The English silver coin of this denomina- tion and of the value of four Pence is first referred to in Grafton’s Chronicle, who states that about the year 1227 a parlia- ment was held in London, which ordained that a Groat should be coined, having on one side the King’s effigy, and on the other a cross reaching to the edge, “to avoyd clippyng. ” No specimens, however, are known prior to the reign of Edward III, who, by virtue of the indenture of 1351, coined “grosses” to the value of four ster- lings, and “half gros,” to equal two ster- lings. These coins were copied from the Gros Tournois, or four Denier piece of Tours made by Louis IX of France. The Groat is continuous in English coinage until the reign of Charles 1 1 when the introduction of milled coins led to its abolishment except for the Maundy issues. A double Groat was struck by Edward IV for Ireland. The Scottish Groats, in- troduced by David II, originally bore a profile instead of a full face of the ruler. In the reign of James V a one-third Groat was issued. In 1888 a Groat was issued for British Guiana and it is now current throughout the British West Indies. See Gros, Gros- chen, Britannia Groat. Grocery. An obsolete English slang term for money of small denominations such as would be likely to lie paid at the grocery for purchases. Bailey, in his English Dictionary, 1721, has : ‘ 1 Grocery, . . . small Money as Farth- ings and Half-Pence.” J. IT. Vaux, in the Flash Dictionary , 1812, has: “Grocery, half-pence, or copper coin, in a collective sense.” Groschel, or Greschel, a diminutive of Grosehen, is the designation for the small silver coins issued for Silesia during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These consisted of one quarter Grosehen of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the Ger- man riders continued the practice and struck coins at one quarter and one half of the Kaisergroschen of the respective values of one Groschel and two Groschel. A copper coin with the inscription ein greschl was issued in 1763-65 by Maria Theresa for Transylvania. See Pataz. Grolla. A billon coin of Turin, issued by Count Edoardo (1323-1329) and men- tioned in an ordinance of December 5, 1335. It was valued at one sixteenth of the Grosso. See Promis (ii. 12). Groot. (Plural Grooten.) The Dutch equivalent of the Grosehen. At the begin- ning of the seventeenth century a Daalder was usually computed at sixty Grooten. Grootken. A small Groot. A billon coin of Utrecht and Brabant of the six- teenth century and later. By an ordinance published at the Hague in 1617, its value was established at sixteen Mites. Groot Lam. See Gouden Lam. Gros. In Bohemia under King Wen- ceslaus II (1278-1305) large Denarii were struck to take the place of the Bracteates and similar small coins in use all over Europe, which were insufficient to meet the demands of increasing trade. These new coins received the name of Nummi Grossi, i.e., “thick coins,” a term later ab- breviated into Grosz, plural Groszi (q.v.). They were rapidly copied by other nation- alities, and the German Grosehen, the Eng- lish Groat, the Russian and Polish Grusch, and the Grote of the Low Countries, are practically synonymous terms. Their value in Deniers varied, averaging from four to ten, and sometimes even more. The Gros Tournois (q.v.) was the most popular of these, and the Gros Blanque and half Blanque of the Anglo-Gallic coin- age were copied after them. The name was frequently abbreviated into Blanque or Blanc (q.v.), probably on account of then- light color. The double Gros occasionally received the name Drylander and Vierlander (q.v.). [ 98 ] Gros a l’Aigle Grossetto Gros a l’Aigle. A name given to such varieties of the Gros Blanque as have a large eagle on the obverse. Specimens ex- ist for Dinant, a mint of the Counts of Namur. Gros a la Madone. See Mariengros- chen. Gros a la Marie. A variety of the Blanque issued by Mary of Burgundy (1476-1482), so called from the letter M on the obverse. Gros a Sainte Anne. See Annengros- clien. Gros au Cavalier. See Cavalier. Gros au Chatel. The name given to varieties of silver coins issued by Jean II of Brabant (1294-1312) and his successor Jean III (1312-1355). They have on the obverse a well executed castle. Gros au Lion. A variety of the pre- ceding, struck by Jean III, with the figure of a lion. Gros au Porc-Epic. See Ecu au Porc- Epic. Gros Blanque. See Blanc. Gros Blanque a la Couronne. A vari- ety of the Blanque distinguished by the prominent crown on the field. See Blanc a la Couronne. Gros Blanque a la Croisette. This vari- ety of the Gros receives its name from a small ornamented cross which is used in- stead of a cross pattee. Gros Blanque a la Salamandre. A name given to a variety of the Gros which bears two small salamanders on the field. Gros Blanque a l’Etoile. A variety of the Gros, so called from a star in the centre of the field. Gros Blanque au Lis, also called the Grande Plaque, is the name given to a variety of the Blanque, issued by Charles VII of France. It has three lilies on one side, and on the reverse the letters frac in the angles of the cross. This coin was struck at Tournay. See Hoffmann (12). Gros Blanque au Soleil. A variety of the Blanque so called from a small figure of the sun on the field. Groschen. Originally this was the Ger- man form of the Gros Tournois ( q.v .) which it resembled ; even the name Turnos- groschen was retained and later abbrevi- ated into Turnose and finally into Grosch- en. These coins appeared first in the Rhine Provinces and Saxony, but they were rap- idly introduced throughout all Germany. The divisions in the northern part con- sisted of Pfennige and in south Germany of Kreuzer of which usually twelve, but in some instances, eight or sixteen were con- sidered an equivalent. Their composition, while originally of very good silver, be- came debased and their corresponding value reached as low as from two to four Pfennige. In the German money of account the term Schockgroschen frequently occurs. Schock is an old German word, meaning sixty, and it is commonly used in conjunc- tion with small portable articles, such as fruit, eggs, etc. It was applied to these coins on account of the quantity that were an equivalent of the Mark, as a weight ; and the term was dropped when the Gul- dengroschen or Thaler was introduced. Gros de Nesle. A billon coin of France first struck by Henri II (1547-1559), with an approximate value of fifteen Deniers. It derives its name from Nesle in the De- partment of Somme, where a regal mint ex- isted since the twelfth century. The name of the coin was frequently abbreviated to Nesle, to distinguish it from other types of the same value. Gros du Roi. A name given to the Gros Blanque of Charles VII of France which bears three lilies surmounted by a crown. Gros Heaume. See Heaume. Gros Parisis. A variety of the Gros Tournois which was made one fourth heavier. It was extensively struck by Philip VI (1328-1350) and bears fleurs de lis in the angles of the cross. Grossello. A silver coin current in Ber- gamo in 1361 and of the value of half a Soldo. See Bivista Italiana di Numismat- ica (i. 313). Grossetto. The diminutive of Grosso, a base silver coin struck in Venice in the latter part of the fourteenth century, and which replaced the Matapan (q.v.), a larger and thicker coin. Its value was four Soldi. The later Grossetti of Dalmatia, [ 99 ] Grossi Lati Grote Illyria, etc., were worth only about two thirds of the Venetian. Grossi Lati. See Breite Groschen. Grossi Praecisi. See Breite Groschen. Grosso. An Italian silver coin, the name of which is an equivalent of the Gros, Groschen, and Groat ; in fact the term Gros Tournois becomes the. Italian Grosso Tornese. It appeared in the fourteenth century and some varieties were current until the eighteenth. The value varied, the Grossi of Milan being worth from five to eight Soldi at different periods. There are mul- tiples as high as eight Grossi, and the divi- sions were the Mezzanine or one half, the Quattrino or one quarter, and the Sesino or one sixth. See Matapan. Grosso Affonsim. A Portuguese silver coin struck in the reign of Alfonso V (1438-1481), and of the value of eleven Dinheiros. For convenience the name is frequently abbreviated into Affonsim. Grosso Aquilino. See Aquilino. Grosso Clementino. See Clementi. Grosso Guelfo. See Guelfo. Grosso Largo. See Giulio. Grossone. An Italian silver coin issued by the Republic of Pisa both with Imperial and autonomous legends. It is also found in Mantua under Louis III (1444-1478), in the two Sicilies under Ferdinand and Isabella, and occurs in the Venetian coin- age of the fifteenth century. The latter variety had a value of eight Soldi, and the Florentine type was equal to seven Soldi. Grosso Romanino, also called simply Roman ino. A Roman Senatorial silver coin struck by the Senator Brancaleone d'Andalo (1252-1255) and continued until about the year 1417. It has on the ob- verse an emblematic seated female figure representing Rome, with a globe in one hand and a palm leaf in the other. Grosso Tirolino. See Tirolino. Grosso Veneto. See Matapan. Grossus Albus. See Albus. Gros Tournois. A billon French coin of the value of four Deniers, originally issued by Louis IX about the middle of the fourteenth century, and extensively copied by other nations. It receives its name from the city of Tours, at which place it was first struck. The general type has on one side a chapel or city gate and the inscription tvronis civis surrounded by a wreath of lilies, and on the I'everse a cross pattee enclosed by legends in two circles, the inner circle bearing the name of the ruler and the outer one the words bndictv. sit. nome. dni. nri. ihv. xpi., an abbreviation of benedictum sit nomen domini nostri Jesu Christi. In the latter part of the fourteenth cen- tury the type was imitated in the Rhine Provinces where it received the name of Turnosgroschen, later abbreviated into Turnose. The coin enjoyed such a popularity that the term Turnois distinguished money based on the standard of Tours down to the time of Louis XIV. For an interesting treatise showing that the Gros Tournois is not an imitation of the Dinar issued at Saint Jean d’Acre in the year 1251, see Mons. Adrien Blan- chet’s communication to the Comptes ren- dus de I’Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1901. See Groat. The Tournay Groat was the last of the Anglo-Gallic series issued by Henry VIII in 1513. The Denier, also struck at Tours, and of the same design was generally known as the Petit Tournois. Grosz. (Plural Groszy or Grosze.) The Polish name for the Gros (q.v.). The earliest issues under King Wenceslaus II (1278-1305) were of silver and read grossi: pragenses ; their popular name being Pra- ger Groschen. Later the Groszy were made of copper and thirty were equal to a Gulden. By an imperial ukase of 1841 the coinage ceased and the Russian Kopecks took their place. Grote. (Plural Gro ten.) The Low Ger- man equivalent of the Groschen, and the seventy-second part of the Thaler. It oc- curs in base silver and copper in the coin- age of Bremen, Oldenburg, Jever, etc. There are multiples of from three to forty- eight Groten. The issue of Groten in Bre- men can be traced to the period of Arch- [ 100 ] Grouch Guillot bishop Baldwin (1435-1442). In the year 1800, 360 Groten were equal to one Pistole. Grouch. See Ghrusli. Grueso. The Spanish equivalent of the Gros. There is a series of these for Na- varre and Aragon, beginning with the reign of Juan II (1441-1479). Grusch. See Ghrusli. Gubber. This is conjectured by Yule to come from the Persian Dinar-i-gabr, i.e., “money of the infidel.” The name was formerly applied in India to the gold coins of Europe. C. Lockyer, in Trade of India, 1711 (vii. 201), says, “they have Venetians, Gubbers, Muggerbees, and Pagodas,” and in the same work (viii. 242), “When a parcel of Venetian Dncats are mixt with others, the whole goes by the Name of Chequeens at Surat, but when they are separated, one sort is called Venetians, and all the others Gubbers indifferently.” Giildener. See Guldengroschen. Gulden Lam. See Gouden Lam. Guelfo, or Grosso Guelfo. A silver coin of Florence of the value of four Soldi or double the Popolino ( q.v .). It was struck about the middle of the fourteenth century and continued in use until the period of the Medici Family. It is char- acterized by the representation of the ar- morial bearings of a large number of the Florentine nobility, e.g., the Houses of the Acciaioli, Capponi, Guicciardini, Lanfre- dini, Pandolfi, Strozzi, Venturi, etc. Guenar, also called Blanc Guenar. A variety of the Blanc, struck by Charles VI of France (1380-1422). Its value was ten Deniers, and the obverse showed the ar- morial shield of France, while the reverse had a cross pattee with lilies and crowns alternately in the angles. The Guenar Delphinal of the same tj^pe was issued for Dauphiny, and there is a corresponding demi-Guenar in both series. It was copied in the Anglo-Gallic series by Henry V (1415-1422). See Hoffmann (22-29, etc.). Guerche, or Gersh. A silver coin of Abyssinia, the one twentieth part of the Talari (q.v.). Under the reign of Menelik, however, a decree was passed abolishing the decimal system, and making the Guerche the one sixteenth of the Talari. The name is synonymous to Ghrusli (q.v.), or Piastre. Copper Guerches and their subdivisions were issued by Menelik pre- vious to the silver pieces. Guilder. The equivalent of the Gulden in the Low Countries. Two and one half Guilders were equal to one Rijksdaaler, and the Guilder is divided into 100 cents. It weighs 154.32 grains. Of the Dutch gold coins the largest is the piece of ten Guilders, sometimes called the Florin, which weighs 103.7 grains. These values also apply to the Dutch possessions in the East and West Indies. The colony of British Guiana, formerly a part of Esse- quibo and Demerara, used silver three Guilders and smaller denominations struck by George III in 1816, and by William IV in 1832. The Guilder or Florin of the United Provinces was a silver coin originally struck by Friesland about 1600 and con- tinued in use until the close of the seven- teenth century. This is the piece men- tioned by Shakespeare in The Comedy of Errors (i. 1), and by other contemporary writers. It had a value of twenty-eight Stuivers, and on the obverse is the bust of a warrior who holds a sword in his right hand. This figure divides the denomination : 28 | st. From its value the coin was ordinarily called Acht en twintig ; the half was known as Veertienstuiver, and the quarter was called Zevenstuiver. Guillaume d’Or. See Wilhelm d’Or. Guillemin. The name given to a variety of Denier issued by Guillaume I (1094- 1129) and Guillaume II (1150-1220), Counts of Forcalquier in Provence. The term was also used in Brabant, Gueldres, etc., to indicate coins struck by any one of the numerous rulers named Wil- lem, Wilhelm, or Guillaume. Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1449 reading, “Deux pieces d’or c’est assavoir ung Guillelmins de vint solz parisis.” Guillot. An ordinance of the Parlia- ment of Paris dated in July, 1378, men- tions this coin as being one sixth of the Gros Tournois. Another monetary regula- tion for Le Mans, in the Department of Maine, dated 1466, reads “quod dicti abi- t antes Cenomanenses . . . guillot os ant semi [ 101 ] Guinea Gunda guillotos, receptione indignos quorum sex unum turonum valebant tradebant.” Guinea. A gold coin of England origin- ally of the value of twenty shillings, and made current by a proclamation of March 27, 1663. It received its name from the gold of which it was made, and which was brought from Guinea by the “Company of Royal Adventurers of England trading into Africa.” As an encouragement to bring over gold to be coined, they were permitted by their charter to have their stamp on the coins. This device was originally an elephant, and after 1675 an elephant with a castle on its back ; the stamp was discontinued in the reign of Queen Anne. Rottier made the dies, and the original issue consisted of five and two Guinea pieces, both of which were discontinued in 1753, and Guineas and half Guineas dis- continued in 1813. The Guinea of the latter date is sometimes known as the Mil- itary Guinea, as it was struck for the use of the troops then embarking for France. Quarter Guineas were issued only with the dates 1718 and 1762, and one third Guineas, or seven shilling pieces appeared from 1797 to 1813 inclusive. In the reign of William III, the Guinea was at first current for £1 8s., but was reduced to £1 6s., then to £1 2s., and finally in 1698 to £1 Is. 6d., at which rate they were received by the officers of the revenue. On December 22, 1717, the Guinea was reduced to 21s., which value it retained until abolished. See Spade Guinea. Guinnois. An Anglo-Gallic gold coin, first issued by Edward III, and which is supposed to have received its name from the territory in which it was struck. These coins have on the obverse the King walking through a Gothic portico and at his feet two recumbent lions. The re- verse has the motto Gloria in Excelsis, etc. A silver and billon coinage of similar type has received the same name. Gulden. The gold Gulden was a name given in Germany to the Florin ( q.v .). These coins gradually deteriorated in fine- ness, whereas those of Hungary and Aus- tria retained their original value and purity and were distinguished by the name of Ducats. The Ducat gradually sup- planted the gold Gulden and by the end of the seventeenth century the coinage of the latter was practically obsolete. Austria and Hungary issued gold coins of eight Gulden (twenty Francs) and four Gulden (ten Francs) in recent years. Gulden. This silver coin was originally of the same weight and valne as the Thaler (q.v.). However, in the latter part of the seventeenth century it was reduced in size and made of the valne of two thirds of a Thaler or half of a Speciesthaler, which standard it retained with slight modifica- tions until 1871, when the Mark was in- troduced in Germany. r l he terms Gulden and Florin were fre- quently used synonymously. See Florin and Guilder. Gulden, also called Florin. A silver coin of Austria of the value of sixty Kreu- zer until January 1, 1859, and after that it was made one hundred Kreuzer for both Austria and Hungary. lor Lombardy- Venice and the Austrian offices abroad it was divided into one hun- dred Soldi, and for Bosnia and Montene- gro into one hundred Novica. All of the above coins were superseded in 1892 when the Krone (q.v.) went into effect, which cut the previous monetary system into one half. Guldengroschen. The earliest type is described under Thaler (q.v.). The name was applied to the new coin on account of its value being equal to that of the gold Gulden, and because up to the time of its appearance no silver coins were in circu- lation of a larger size than the Groschen. In Latin documents of the sixteenth cen- tury they are generally referred to as Uneiales, from their weight, which was one ounce. The name Guldengroschen was soon ab- breviated into Giildener ; the coins were popular for a time but were eventually superseded by the Thaler. See Florin. Gulden Penning. See Florin. Gunda. A money of account in the Maidive Islands, and equal to four Cow- ries (q.v.). The name is probably derived from the ganda or rati berry. [ 102 ] Gun Money Gun Money. A debased coinage issued by James II in Ireland, from June, 1689, to .Tune, 1690. The series consisted of crowns, half-crowns, shillings, and six- pences. The last two denominations are dated with the month as well as the year. These coins derive their name from the circumstance that they were principally struck from metal, the product of old can- non. The reverses all bear two sceptres in saltire, through a crown, between the letters I and R. See an extended description of these coins contributed by Philip Nelson to the British Numismatic Journal (i. 187). Gute Groschen. The name given to cer- tain silver coins current in Hanover, Brunswick, Prussia, etc., during the eighteenth century. The Gute Groschen was computed at one twenty-fourth of a Thaler and must not be confused with the Gyllen Mariengroschen ( q.v .), which was valued at one thirty-sixth of a Thaler. Gutfreitagsgroschel. A base silver coin of Silesia, a variety of the Dreier {q.v.). It was struck by the Princes of Liegnitz, and distributed as alms to the poor on Good Friday. Musaus refers to it in one of his legends of Riibezahl. Gygeades, or ruyaSat. A name sup- posed by some modern writers to have been given to money perhaps issued by Gyges King of Lydia. The passage in Herodotus (i. 14) from which this infer- ence is made is now interpreted differently. See Babelon, Traite (i. 468). Gyllen. The Swedish equivalent of Gulden. The Silfvergyllen was originally struck in 1528 and the Ungersk Gyllen, or Ducat, in 1568. In the following year ap- peared the Krongyllen, a gold coin so called from the crowned shield. [ 103 ] Habbeh Halb H Habbeh. A grain, i.e., a Barleycorn is equal to four Aruzzehs, one third Kirat, one eighth Danik ; or two Barleycorns are equal to one third Tassuj or one sixtieth Dinar. See Danik. Habitant Tokens. In 1837, through an ordinance passed by the special Council, the four banks doing business in Lower Canada were authorized to issue regular bank tokens. As these bore the figure of a Freneh-Canadian farmer on the obverse, they are known as the “Habitant” tokens. They came to be recognized and accepted as a regular provincial coinage. See Pap- ineau. Hacienda Tokens were formerly re- deemable at a known value, on presenta- tion to the proprietor who had issued them. They are of various shapes and usually bear devices suggestive of a trade- mark, from which their place of issue can be determined. Hacksilber means cut or chopped sil- ver and is a term used by German numis- matic writers to indicate the cut and frag- mentary coins which constitute a part of a “find.” The buried treasure dating from the tenth to the twelfth centuries frequently consists of silver in bars or cakes with a mixture of both cut and per- fect coins. Halbling, or Helbling. This word means a half, and as the Pfennig was the German equivalent for the Denarius, so the Halb- ling was originally used to designate the half of this coin, i.e., the Obolus. It occurs among the Bracteates and was the prede- cessor in Southern Germany and Austria of the Heller, and in more northern Ger- many of the Scherf. Haller, or Haller. The Swiss equiva- lent of the Heller ( q.v .). It was issued in the Cantons of St. Gallen, Zug, etc., and 480 were computed to the Gulden. Handelheller. The name given to small thin silver coins which were originally struck about the beginning of the four- teenth century at Hall in Wiirttemberg. They are without any inscription and have on one side a cross and on the other a hand, from which the name is derived. They are mentioned in an ordinance of the Emperor Wenceslaus of the year 1385, in which it stated that the cities of Augs- burg, Nuremberg, Him, and Hall, are the only localities in which these coins are to be struck. Haha Sen, or “Mother Sen.” The Jap- anese name for the first impressions made from the Hori Tane Sen (q.v.) or original hand cut Sen, and from which the Tane Sen (q.v.) are made. These are naturally very rare and much prized as most of them are cast in pewter. See Mu Cli’ien, the Chinese equivalent. Hahnrei Thaler. The word means a cuckold and it is usually applied to a class of medallic Thaler which have obscene in- scriptions. It is also used to designate a Thaler struck by Philip Reinhard I, Earl of Solms, in 1627 from silver found in the fortress of Wolfenbiittel, and dedicated to Christian IV of Denmark. Haidari, or Heideri. A name given to the double Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sul- tan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called from Haidar, a sur- name of the first Imam. Haies d’Or. The common designation for a gold coin of William IV, Count of Hainaut, in Flanders (1404-1417), which was copied from the Ange d’Or, of Philip VI of France. Halard. A coin cited by Andrew Boorde, in his Introduction to Knowledge, 1547 (xiv. 161), who says.: “They haue Norkyns, Halardes, Phenyngs, Crocherds, Stiuers. ’ ’ Halb. The German equivalent for one half and generally used in connection with Thaler, Groschen, etc. [ 104 ] Halbag Hard Head Halbag. See Judenpfennige. Halber. An abbreviated form of the half of some unit of value, and extensively used in Southern Germany for half a Kreuzer, half a Pfennig, etc. Halbskoter. See Skoter. Halfje. The popular i\ame for the cur- rent copper half Cent of the Netherlands. Halfling. The half of a Silverling or old silver Penny. Sir Walter Scott in Ivanhoe has the sentence, “ ‘Not a shekel, not a silver penny, not a halfling’ . . . said the Jew.” Half Penny. Probably no other Eng- lish coin has so many dialect forms. In Yorkshire it is called Awpenny; in West- ern Yorkshire Awpney and Haupenny; in Devonshire Ilapmy; in Cornwall Hap- peny; in Lancashire Iiawpny; and in Cum- berland Ho ’penny. Half Shiner. A coin mentioned in the monetary ordinances of Gibraltar and in 1762 fixed at a value of eleven Dollars and two Reales. From this value it must have been the Johannes, which was half the Dobra. See Chalmers (p. 298). Hammered Coins date from a very early period and an interesting account of their manufacture is to be found in the Kosmo- graphie of Sebastian Munster, which was printed early in the sixteenth century. The hammered coinage was superseded by the use of the mill and screw. The Eng- lish hammered silver money was called in during the reign of William III, and the hammered gold coins were declared to be no longer current in 1732-1733. See Milled Money. Hams, also known as Boars’ Feet, is the common name for a variety of copper coins, struck by the Gallic city of Nemau- sus. They are of the shape of a ham, and their exact use lias not been determined. Conf. the exhaustive treatise on this sub- ject, bv Goudard, Notice sur les Medailles elites Piecls de Sanglier, Toulouse, 1880- 1893. Han. A Japanese word meaning “one half” and used as a prefix on coins, e.g., Han Shu on the coins of the Lu Chu Is- lands. Hana Furi Kin, or “Raining Flowers Gold Coin.” Certain thin small oval Jap- anese gold pieces were called by this name, and were said to have been issued by Hi- deyoshi for the invasion of Korea in 1592. To this day the word liana is used for a reward. Handsel. Earnest money on a contract ; a corruption of “hand sale.” See Earnest. “Anciently, among all the Northern na- tions, shaking of hands was held necessary to bind the bargain; a custom which we still retain in many verbal contracts. A sale thus made was called hand sale, ven- ditio per mutuam manuum complexionem ; till in process of time the same word was used to signify the price, or earnest, which was given immediately after the shaking of hands, or instead thereof.” Blaekstone, Commentaries (ii. 30). Hanover Sovereign. A name given to a brass medalet, dated 1837, with a gallop- ing rider on the reverse, and the inscrip- tion to hanover above. The mounted figure is intended for the Duke of Cumber- land, who was very unpopular in England, and the motto signifies that his return to Hanover would be desirable. Hansatsu. Early Japanese paper cur- rency. See Kinsatsu. Hantpennige. See Pfennig. Hao. The Chinese name for the silver ten-cent piece introduced at Hong Kong under British rule, and later used on the Kwang Tung silver coins. See Chiao. Hape. A Scotch nickname for a half- penny and common to Lanarkshire. Nicholson, in his Idylls, 1870 (106), has: “Dae ye want the Citeez [Citizen]? Evenin’ or Weekly? It’s only a hape.” Hapmy. See Half Penny. Happeny. See Half Penny. Hard Head. A name given to a Scotch billon coin first issued in the third coinage of Mary (1555-1558). The term is a cor- ruption of the French Hardit. Some authorities refer to this piece un- der the name of a Lion, from the lion rampant, crowned, which it bears. These coins, originally of the value of one and one half Pence, were struck to afford relief to the poor, who suffered much loss on account of the lack of small change. [ 105 ] Hardi Hat Piece Under James VI the value was raised to two Pence, and indicated by two pellets. The Hard Head was discontinued in the reign of Charles I. Hardi, or Hardit. An Anglo-Gallic silver and billon coin issued by Edward III, King of England, and copied by the French Kings as Dukes of Aquitaine. It bears on the obverse a half-length figure holding a sword. The Hardi d'Or is a similar coin of gold. Edward the Black Prince had them struck at Bordeaux, and Charles de France, the brother of King Louis XI, issued them for Aquitaine from 1469 to 1474. The name is probably derived from a small copper coin issued by Philip le Ilardi, King of France, and later repre- sented by the Liard. Some authorities claim that as its original value was one fourth of the Sol, the name is a corrup- tion of the English word Farthing, corre- sponding to the one fourth of the Penny. Hard Times Tokens. A popular name for a series of copper tokens struck from 1834 to 1841, and bearing inscriptions re- ferring to the movement for and against the Bank of the United States. Harf. An Abyssinian money of ac- count. See Wakea and Kharf. Harington. The popular name for the copper Farthing issued in the reign of James I. The term is derived from the patentee, John, Lord Harington, of Exton. He died in 1614, but the tokens continued in circulation long afterward. See Farth- ing. Harp. The colloquial name for the Groat and half Groat struck in 1536 and later, by Henry VIII for Ireland, on ac- count of the figure of the harp on the re- verse. In contemporary documents there is mention of ‘red harpes, ” being worth three Smulkyns (q.v.). See also Numismatic Chronicle (4th Series, xv. 192-229). Harpe d’Or. See Davidstuiver. Harps. The name given to a series of copper tokens issued in Canada in 1820, and later. They bear on the obverse a bust of George IV, and on the reverse a large harp, and the date. They were so popular as currency that large numbers of brass counterfeits were made. Harry Groat. A popular name for the Groat of Henry VIII of England (1509- 1547). Shackerly Marmion in his play The Antiquary, 1633 ( ii. ) , lias the lines: “A piece of antiquity; sir, ’tis English coin; and if you will needs know, ’tis an old Harry groat.” Harry Sovereign. The designation some- times applied to the Sovereign of Henry VII of England who first struck this coin in 1489. J. Stephens, in his Satyrical Es- sayes, 1615 (371), writes: “She hath old harry soveraignes ... to give away on her death bed.” Harzgold Dukat. A gold coin of Bruns- wick and Luneburg struck by the electors in the eighteenth century and which re- ceives its name from the fact that the metal was obtained from mines in the Harz Mountains. See Ausbeutemunzen. Hashshah. Semicircular pieces of iron, somewhat resembling the knives used by leather-cutters, are current as money in Kordofan and other African localities. Hashtkani. See Nasfi. Hassa. See Toweelah. Hat Money. According to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, this was “a small duty paid to the captain and mariners of a ship, also called primage.” The custom appears to have been in force in the seventeenth century, for C. Molloy, in a work De Jure Maritimo, 1676 (ii. 9, §6), says: “Petty Averidge is another small Duty which Merchants pay to the Master. . . . The French Ships commonly term the Gratuity Hat-money.” Hat Money. See Tampang. Hatome Sen, or “Pigeon Eye” Sen. A very small thin coin used at one time in the Lu Chu Islands. A hundred were strung together and a string was worth about ten Japanese Mon (q.v.). Hat Piece. A Scottish gold coin issued in 1591 to 1593, upon which the King, James VI, is represented wearing a high crowned hat. On the reverse is a lion sejant, holding a sceptre in his paw, above which, in a cloud, are the Hebrew letters for Jehovah. The legend is te. bolvm. vereor., i.e., “Thee only do I fear.” The weight is seventy grains. [ 106 ] Haupenny Heller It is claimed that this coin was issued “for the purpose of harmonizing the Scot- tish currency with the English, and to lessen the inconvenience caused by their disagreement. ’ ’ It must have been counterfeited at a very early period, as Pitcairn, in his Crim- inal Trials of Scotland, 1599 (ii. 99), men- tions “False hat-peiceis, pistulettis, and crownis. ’ ’ Haupenny. See Half Penny. Hausgroschen. A base silver coin struck by Frederick the Great. In course of time it deteriorated in purity to such an extent that instead of the original value, one twenty-fourth of a Thaler, it was finally worth only one forty-second of a Thaler. It was succeeded by the Silbergroschen in 1821. Hawpny. See Half Penny. Hayaki. Japanese paper currency of the value of one half or one quarter Koban. See Kinsatsu. Hazardinar. A gold coin of Persia which the English called Mildinar, and the Russians Rouble. It was introduced in the second year of the reign of Nadir, i.e., 1738, and had a value of one thousand Dinars. Head Silver. Wharton, in his Law Lex- icon, 1864, states that this was the name given to “dues paid to lords of leets; also a fine of £40 which the sheriff of Northum- berland heretofore exacted of the inhab- itants twice in seven years.’’ It was abol- ished by a statute of 23 Henry VII c. 7. Heads or Tails. A phrase used to de- cide any proposition by tossing a coin in the air; the “head” representing the ob- verse, and the “tail” corresponding to the reverse. The custom dates back to ancient times, the Romans using the term “heads or ships.” Macrobius, a Latin grammarian of the fifth century, in his Saturnalia (i. 7), has : Cum pueri denarios in sublime jac- tantes, “ capita aut navia,” lusu teste ve- t us tat is exclamant. In Ireland the expression “heads or harps” was formerly common, the allusion being to the harp on the reverse of the half Pennies of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The phrase is common in many modern languages. The French say a pile ou face; the Germans, Kopf oder Flack ; the Scan- dinavians, Krona eller Klafve; the Span- ish, Cara o Sella; the Italians, Croce o Testa, etc. Hearth Money. See Chimney Money. Heaume, i.e., a helmet. A name ap- plied to any coin on which the helmet is a prominent feature. A silver Gros Heaume was issued bj r Charles VI of France (1380-1422), and Jean de Horn (1485-1505) copied the type for Liege. Louis de Male (1346-1384), Count of Flan- ders, struck the Heaume d’Or, the obverse of which shows two lions supporting a hel- meted shield under a Gothic dais. See Botdrager. The Helmpfennige of the city of Hanover issued in the seventeenth cen- tury have similar designs. Hebraer. See Ebraer. Heckmiinzen, Heckpfennige, are terms used by German numismatists to indicate coins that are below the regular standard as to size and fineness. Hecte. A Greek coin, the one sixth of the Stater ( q.v .). It was struck both in gold and electrum. The electrnm Hectes of Phocaea and Mytilene are the common- est and enjoyed a wide vogue in ancient times, being known as exTai Heideri. The double Rupee of Mysore. See Haidari. Heilandsmiinzen. The popular name for any coins bearing the figure of the Savior. See Salvator. Heitje. A slang term for the current silver coin of twenty-five Cents issued by the Netherlands. Helbling. See Halbling. Heliens. The name given to Deniers of Perigord which bear the name of Count Elie II (1006-1017). See Blanchet (i. 22). Heller. Originally a small silver coin which takes its name from Hall, in Wiirt- temberg, where it was originally issued in the early part of the thirteenth century. Conf. Handelheller. In the fifteenth century it degenerated to a base silver, and later to a billon coin, and was not only common throughout southern Germany, but was used extensive- ly in Silesia, Pommerania, etc. At a some- [ 107 ] Hellier Hexadrachm what later period, the Heller became a cop- per coin altogether. Its value varied ac- cording to the locality. Eight Heller were generally equal to a Kreuzer or two Heller to a Pfennig. It is still retained in Austria and in Ger- man East Africa, being the one hundredth part of the Krone and the Rupie respec- tively. Hellier. An obsolete form of writing Heller. See Poy. Helmarc. A corruption of Halb Mark. Du Cange cites it as a denomination used as early as 1080. Helmpfennig. See Heaume. Helsing is defined by Wharton, in his Law Lexicon , 1864, as “a Saxon brass coin, of the value of a half penny,” but it is doubtful what particular coin can be intended. Hemiassarion. The Greek name for the half As. Polybius, Ilistoria (ii. 15). Hemichalk. The half Chalcus ( q.v .). Hemichrysos is mentioned by Pollux. It is the half Stater of gold and was most commonly struck at Cyrene. Hemidanake, the half of the Danake (q.v.)- The Y]j j.i$avay.Y) or Y)g.i8avavuov is mentioned by Hesychius and was a Persian coin. Hemidaric, or half Darie, principally a money of account and so used in the well- known passage in the Anabasis of Xeno- phon (i. 3, 21), where he speaks of the Y)[/.t8apetxa. Hemidrachm. The half of the Drachm (q.v.), and spoken of as the Triobol. It was extensively coined in ancient times. Hemihecte. The half of the Hecte (q.v.) and equal to the Obol of gold, or one twelfth of the Stater. In gold it was coined principally at Cyrene; in electrum it appeared at many mints in Asia Minor. Hemilitrion. The half of the Litra (q.v.) of silver and frequently coined at Leontini, Entella, and Syracuse. Later the Hemilitrion in bronze (commonly known by its Latin name of Semis) appeared at many mints in southern Italy and Sicily. Hemiobol. The half of the Obol (q.v.) and the one twelfth of the Drachm. The commonest examples are those of Athens. Hemisium is quoted by Du Cange as an old form of the half As. Hemistater. The half of the Stater (q.v.) or the Hemi-chrysos (q.v.). The T)giuTaTY)pov is mentioned by Pollux and Hesychius. Hemitartemorion is the one eighth of the Obol or the one forty-eighth of the Drachm. Specimens in silver were struck at Athens, other places coined their equiv- alents in bronze. Hemitetarte. The one eighth of the gold Stater (q.v.). A very rare denomina- tion. Henri d’Or. A French gold coin struck by Henri II in 1549, it being the first coin of France with a date. The reverse lias the inscription dvm totvm compleat orbem. Conf. Enrique. Heptadrachm. The multiple of seven Drachms (q.v.). Actual specimens are not known. Heptobol. The multiple of seven Obols (q.v.). This term was often used in Egypt in monetary accounts. Heregeld. This word occurs as early as the year 1018 in a charter of King Canute. Cowel, in The Interpreter, 1607, states that, it “is a Tribute or Tax levyed for the Maintenance of an Army.” Conf. German Ileer Geld. Herescarius. A small coin mentioned in a codex of Folquino. Herrengroschen. The name usually given to silver coins of the sixteenth cen- tury bearing a figure of the Savior. The word means “Groschen of the Master.” Herring Silver. An old English term implying a payment in money for the custom of supplying herrings for the pro- vision of a religious institution. Herzogsgroschen. The name applied in general to any type of the Gros or double Gros on which the principal feature is the ducal figure. Examples exist for Diiren, struck by William I de Juliers (1357- 1361), and reading wilhelm dux-ivlia- cesis and moneta durensi. Hexadrachm. A Greek silver coin of the value of six Drachms (q.v.). It was rarely struck, though specimens from the Carthaginian mint are known. [ 108 ] Hexas Hock Tuesday Money Hexas. The one sixth of the Litra (q.v.). Coins of this denomination were struck in southern Italy and Sicily both in silver and bronze. In bronze it corre- sponds to the Roman Sextans. Hexastater. The denomination of six Staters, better known as the Dodekadrachm (q.V.). Hexobol. A multiple of the Obol (q.v.) struck in bronze in Egypt under the Ptole- mies. Heymannchen. A nickname given to certain Prussian Mariengroschen struck in Aurich in 1761. They were a temporary money of necessity and were put forth by a mint-warden named ITeymann. Hibernias. A name given to the brass half Pence struck at Limerick during the siege of 1691. These pieces were generally re-struck on Gun-money Shillings and have on the reverse a seated figure of Hibernia holding a harp. Hieronymus d’Or. A gold coin of Westphalia of the value of five Thaler; it obtains its name from Jerome Napoleon. Higley Coppers. The name given to a variety of threepence struck by John Hig- ley of Granby,- Connecticut, from which circumstance these pieces are also referred to as Granby Coppers. Higley was born in 1673, and the coins are dated 1737 and 1739. There are a number of varieties, one of which was discovered as recently as 1913 with a wheel on the reverse. For de- tails as to this private coinage, see Crosby, and Woodford, Currency and Banking in Connecticut. Hip. A slang name for the current sil- ver coin of fifty cents issued for the Netherlands. Hirschgulden. A name given to the Gulden or two thirds Thaler of Wiirttem- berg which has a stag supporting the ar- morial bearings. The large silver coins of Stolberg which bear a stag standing against a pillar are known as Hirschthaler. Hirtenpfennig. A nickname given to a uniface copper coin of Buchhorn. The ar- morial bearings of this city are a beech tree and a horn, and from the latter figure, resembling a shepherd’s horn, the name was probably coined. Histiai'ka. A name given in ancient times (Tcm cdy.a or Taxtat’y.ov apyuptov) to the well-known Tetrobols of Histiaea in Eu- boea. See Homolle, Bull. corr. hell. (vol. vi. 1882, p. 133). Hitarc Pfennige. The name given to a type of small silver coins struck in the Archbishopric of Cologne during the twelfth century. They were principally issued under Arnold II von Wied (1151- 1156), and Reinald von Dassel (1159- 1167). All of the coins have a church with three spires on the reverse. Ho. A Japanese word meaning treas- ure. The term is used in conjunction with Tsu, i.e., currency, on coins, forming two of the usual four characters on the obverse. See Pao and Tsu and conf. Munro (pp. 251, 264). Hobby Horse, also known as Stecken- reiter. The name given to both a gold and silver square coin which the Imperial Ambassador in N uremburg ordered to be struck in the year 1650, on the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia. He was ten- dered an ovation by the youths of the city, who appeared in front of his residence riding on hobby-horses This incident is depicted on one side of the coin and the reverse bears the inscription vivat ferdi- NANDVS III. ROM. IMP. Hochmuths Thaler, also called Waser Thaler. A silver coin of Zurich struck in 1660. Hock Money. An obsolete English term for the money collected by various persons at Hoektide. In the Churchwar- dens’ Accounts of St. Dunstan’s Church in Canterbury, under the date 1484-1485, occurs the following entry: “Ress. by vs the seyde Wardeynes of Ilockemoneye at Ester ix. s. xd.” In other old records the word is vari- ously written Hok Money, Hoke Money, and Oke Money. Hock Tuesday Money. Cowel, in The Interpreter, 1607, states that this was “a duty given to the landlord, that his tenants and bondmen might solemnize the day on which the English conquered the Danes, being the second Tuesday after Easter week. ’ ’ [ 199 ] Hoedjesschelling Ho’penny Hoedjesschelling. A variety of the Schelling which receives its name from the figure of a hood on a staff, the latter being held in the claws of a lion rampant. It was issued only for the Province of Zee- land, and the coinage originated in 1672 and extends to about 1720. Ho Ei Sen. A large round Japanese bronze coin made in 1707 at the value of ten ordinary Sen and withdrawn two years later despite the fact that the reverse in- scription reads “For the Everlasting Use of the World.” Hog. The slang name for a Shilling. R. Head, in his Canting Academy, 1673, lias “Shilling, Bord, or Hog”; Cruikshank in Three Courses and Dessert (412), re- marks, “What’s half a crown and a shil- ling? A bull and a hog.” Hog Money. The popular name for a series of coins issued for the Bermuda Islands early in the seventeenth century. It is stated that in 1515 a Spanish vessel commanded by Juan Bermudez, and con- taining a cargo of hogs, was wrecked on one of these islands, while on its way to Cuba. In 1609 George Somers was ap- pointed Governor of the Colony of Vir- ginia, and on his voyage from England he was cast away on the Bermudas, where he found a large number of wild hogs. He victualled a vessel with them, proceeding later to Virginia. In the same year, 1609, a charter was granted to the Bermuda Company by James 1, and it is assumed that from about 1616 to 1624 the first coins consisting of copper shillings, six- pences, three-pences, and two-pences were struck. These pieces have on one side the figure of a hog, with the inscription sommer islands, and on the reverse a galleon. See Numismatic Chronicle, 1883 (p. 117), and Crosby (pp. 17, 18). Hohlblaffert. See Blaffert. Hohlpfennige. A name given to certain uniface coins resembling the Bracteates but containing a smaller percentage of silver. They were originally issued in the northern portions of Germany, Pommerania, Bran- denburg, Mecklenburg, etc., and were cop- ied in the Rhine Provinces in the fifteenth century and received the name of Liibische Pfennige. The latter are usually found with a raised edge, by which they can easily be distinguished from the Hohlpfen- nige. Hohlringheller. A minute base silver uniface coin of Aix-la-Chapelle, Aremberg, etc., current in the latter part of the six- teenth century. It bears a resemblance to the Hohlpfennige ( q.v .) but is of much smaller module. Hok Money, or Hoke Money. See Hock Money. Holey Dollar, also called Ring Dollar. In the year 1813 Governor Macquarie of New South Wales procured some £10,000 worth of Spanish Dollars from the centres of which he had circular discs cut. Around the edges of the perforation, which is milled, the words new south wales, 1813, were stamped, and on the reverse five shil- lings, 1813. This coin received the name of the Holey Dollar. The circular central piece was known as a Dump ; it was countermarked with a crown and the value, fifteen pence. The Holey Dollar was current until 1829. See Numismatic Chron- icle (Series iii. 3, pp. 119-120). Homage Coins are such as indicate by their inscriptions that homage or respect is tendered to some ruler. They occur ex- tensively in the German series and are known as Huldigungs Miinzen. Homereus, or 'Op.rjpstov. This name, as we learn from Strabo (xiv. 1, 37), was given to certain bronze coins struck at Smyrna which bear the type of Homer seated. Illustrations of these coins will be found in the British Museum catalogue, Ionia (Plate xxv. Nos. 15-17). Hongre. An obsolete form of the On- garo or Ungaro. Richard Hayes, in The Negociators ’ Magazine, 1740, mentions “a Hongre at 15% Livres, ” current at Ber- gamo; “an Hongre, or Hungarian Sequin, of about 240 or 250 Aspers,” used in Con- stantinople; and “a Gold Hongre at 8% Livres,” current at Bologna. Hook Money. See Larin. Ho’penny. See Half Penny. [ 110 ] Hoppers’ Money Hybrid Coins Hoppers’ Money. A variety of tokens or tallies, made of lead, and paid to pick- ers of hops in lieu of money. They repre- sented the amount of bushels picked and were redeemed when the work was fin- ished. See Spink (xx. 13872). Ho Pu. The Chinese name for certain copper coins issued by Wang Mang, 7-11 A.D., and meaning exchangeable cloth money. Hori Tane Sen. The Japanese name for the original hand cut model for a coin, from which carefully made impressions are made for other Sen. They are generally cut in copper, silver or ivory. See Haha Sen and Tane Sen. Horngroschen. The name given to a series of silver coins issued by the Elector Ernst of Saxony, jointly with his brother Albrecht and his uncle Wilhelm (1464- 1486). There are numerous varieties of mint-marks for Leipzig, Colditz, Freiberg, Zwickau, etc. Dated specimens exist as early as 1465. See Frey (No. 109). There are also Hornpfennige of the same design for various parts of Thuringia including the city of Erfurt. All of these coins ob- tain their names from the shield on the reverse which is surmounted by a helmet with ox horns. Horse and Jockey. A nickname for the Sovereign of George ill of England, which has on the reverse St. George on horse- back in combat wittu the Dragon. Hosenband Thaler. A silver coin struck in Dresden in 1678 to commemorate the conferring of the Order of the Garter on the Elector Johann George 1 1 of Saxony. Hsien. A Chinese word used on the Cantonese and Ilong Kong coinage of the one Cent denomination. The word is a phoneticism for the sound Cent. Hsing Yeh. See Lai Tsu. Hua. The Chinese for “exchange.” The character is found on some of the an- cient coins and the word is used in the sense of exchange for money. Huan. A Chinese weight of six ounces in which fines were paid. The word also means a ring, and also a round coin in which the field and the central hole is equal. See Pi and Yuan. Huang Kai Tsu. See Kua Teng Ch’ien. Hubertusthaler. A silver coin of the Palatinate issued during the eighteenth century, which bears a figure of St. Hubert, the patron saint of huntsmen. He is gen- erally represented as kneeling before a stag. Duke Gerhard VI of J illicit founded the Order of St. Hubertus, and it was reor- ganized by the Elector Palatine Johann Wilhelm in 1709. A smaller coin, called the Hubertusgroschen, was struck at Miihl- heim in 1482. See Frey (No. 233). Hudson’s Bay Tokens. A name given to four varieties of brass tokens which were issued about the year 1857 and used by the Hudson’s Bay Company in its trad- ings with the Indians. The largest of these tokens is of the value of one beaver skin, and the others are fractions of one half, one quarter, and one eighth. See Breton (926-929). Huitain. A name given to the one eighth Thaler of Geneva issued in 1624 and later. Huitieme d’Ecu. See Quart d’Ecu. Huldigungs Miinzen. See Homage Coins. Hun. The Hindustani name for the Pagoda (q.v.). Hunting Dollar. See Jagdthaler. Huo. A Chinese term for money. It is composed of the characters Hua “ex- change” and Pei “Cowries” ( q.v .). Hussthaler. A general name for all coins of Thaler size which bear a portrait of Johann Huss. They are of a medallic nature and are supposed to have been struck in 1515, a century after the Re- former met his death, but were actually made at a later period. Hvid. A silver coin current in Den- mark. Oldenburg, East Friesland, etc., early in the sixteenth century. Its value was four silver Pfennige. The name may be a contraction of Korsvide (q.v.). Hybrid Coins. A name given to such coins as have an obverse belonging to one type and a reverse belonging to another. See Mule. [ ID ] Iabus Inchquin Money I Iabus. Another name for the Deunx (q.v.). Ibramee. A money of account of Cutch and Kathiawar, and computed at eighteen Koris {q.v.). Ichi Bu. See Bu. Icossadrachmon. The common name for the gold coin of twenty Drachmai struck in Greece in 1843 by Otto I, and continued by his successor George I. Idra, meaning a hydra, was the name given to the Testone of Hercules I, Duke of Ferrara (1471-1505), which bears the figure of this fabled monster on the re- verse. Iesimok. In 1798 there was a project in Russia to make Ecus, i.e., Iesimki, of 54% Stuivers, to be used for foreign trade. Only a few essays, however, were struck, and the Iesimok, as this silver piece is called, is very rare. See Chaudoir (i. 173). Ikilik, or Ekilik. A silver coin of the Ottoman Empire of the value of two Pias- tres or eighty Paras. Its weight varies from 390 to 480 grains. The name is derived from iki, i.e., two. The issues for Tunis, which appeared under Mahmud I (A. II. 1143-1168), are of billon, and valued at, only two Paras. See Fonrobert (5316). Ilahi. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor of Hindustan, of the value of twelve Ru- pees. See Sihansah. Imami. A name given to the silver Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reck- oning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The name was given in honor of the twelve Imams. Imbasing of Money. Hale, in Pleas of the Crown (i. 102), states that this con- sists of “mixing the species with an alloy below the standard of sterling.” Sir Thomas More in his Utopia, 1551, uses the phrase “Enhauncynge and imbas- yng of coyne.” See Debased and Embase. Imbiamcate. An Italian expression usu- ally applied to such of the Roman bronze coins of the later Empire as were coated with tin to give them the appearance of silver. Immune Columbia. A copper experi- mental issue belonging to the colonial series of the United States. They are dated 1785 and 1786, and some varieties have the re- verse of the Nova Constellatio {q.v.). Imperial. A Russian gold coin, first struck under Elizabeth in 1745, of the value of ten Rubles. Since 1817 only half Imperials are coined but they retain the name of Imperial. These are worth five Rubles in gold or five Rubles and 15 Ko- pecks in silver. Imperial Ducat. A former gold coin of Russia of the value of three and one tenth Rubles. These Russian Ducats appear in the coinage early in the seventeenth cen- tury and their issue ends in the reign of Paul (1796-1801). Imperiale. Frederick II, Viscount of Milan, struck a silver coin of this name in 1225 on the occasion of the marriage of his son Henry. The Danaro of Azzone Visconti (1329-1339) is also so called; it has the inscription mediolanvm in three lines. Barnabo Visconti (1354-1385) struck the Imperiale Nuovo with imperialis. The value of these coins gradually de- clined owing to the impurity of the metal and in 1410 the pieces were only worth one half of the early issues. Impression. The entire design on both the obverse and reverse of a coin. The word is also used to denote a reproduction of a coin in paper, wax, plaster, etc. Inchquin Money. A series of necessity money issued in 1642 by Lord Inchquin, Vice-president of Munster. They consist of the Pistole and double- Pistole in gold, and Crowns, half-Crowns, Shillings, nine Pence, six Pence, Groats, and three Pence in silver. See British Numismatic Journal (ii. 333-341). [ 112 ] Incuse Coins Irmilik Incuse Coins. A name given to such coins as present their obverse or reverse types in intaglio. On early Greek coins the design often appears raised on one side, while on the other side it is sunk, or its place taken by a more or less crude punch. The early incuse coins of Magna Graecia usually present the obverse type in intaglio on the reverse. The same is the case with certain mis-strikes of a later period where a similar effect has been produced, because the coin, in the hurry of striking, has remained in the die and has then left its own impress on the succeeding blank or flan. Indian Head Cent. The popular name for the small cent introduced in the United States coinage in 1858 and struck until 1909. The earlier issues were in nickel, and in 1863 bronze Avas substituted. Indio. A silver Portuguese coin of the value of thirty-three Reis, issued in the latter part of the fifteenth century. See Fernandes (p. 116). Infortiati. A term meaning ‘ ‘ to strength- en, ” and applied in a general Avay to coins of a thick and heavy fabric to dis- tinguish them from those of a lighter and thinner type. It is used specially for the Denaro of Lucca, current in the twelfth century, to avoid the confusing of this coin with the Denaro Nuovo of the same period. The latter was of thinner fabric and was also known as the Lucchese Nuovo. Ingot. An amorphous mass of gold, sil- ver, or other metal cast in a mold and stamped with some device to pass for cur- rency. Silver ingots are knoAvn of the Greek period and both gold and silver of the Roman Empire. Copper ingots occur in the money of Java, silver ones in Japan, etc. The name has been recognized since the sixteenth century, for Stanyhurst, in his translation of Virgil’s EEneid, 1583 (i.), says, “he poincted, where the vnknowne ingots of gould and siluer abounded.” Ingot Money. See Yuan Pan, Shoe and Sycee. Inpierans Golt is gold with a consider- able amount of alloy. It is referred to in archives of Frankfort a.M. of 1430. See Paul Joseph (p. 172). Inscription. The letters or words Avrit- ten across the field of a coin, or upon any figure in the device. See Legend. Inspection Note. A peculiar currency of paper, founded upon tobacco valua- tions. It was introduced in the Province of Maryland in 1763, and still existed to a limited extent at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The system was akin to and based upon that which had existed for some years previously in Virginia, Avhere it bore the name, yet more expres- sive, of Tobacco Notes. The staple was placed by the producer or owner in the public warehouses for his county, was duly inspected and branded by the proper offi- cer, who gave for it a receipt, specifying the quality and quantity of the deposit ; this receipt, or, as it was called, Inspection Note, was a legal tender for all purposes in the county wherein it Avas issued, and the holders possessed the right of obtaining at any time from the storehouses the amount of tobacco which the face of the note called for. This currency superseded that of the staple, which was then declared no longer to be a legal tender. Interimsthaler. The name given to a satirical silver coin struck at Magdeburg in 1550 and 1551, during the temporary declarations of peace between the contest- ing Protestant and Roman Catholic fac- tions. It has on one side the baptism of the Savior, and on the reverse the figures of Christ and a triple-headed monster. One bead is that of an angel, the second bears the Papal tiara, and the third a fool’s cap. Ionian League. See League Coinage. Iriden. See Regenbogenschussel. Irlandes d’Argent. Ruding (i. 278) states that at the Parliament at Drogheda in 1460 it was enacted that “a proper coin separate from the coin of England, Avas with more convenience agreed to be had in Ireland,” and among the proposed coins Avas one “of half quarter of an ounce troy weight, on which shall be imprinted on one side a lion, and on the other side a crown, called an Irlandes d’Argent, to pass for the value of one penny sterling.” Irmilik. See Medjidie. [ 113 ] Iron Coins Itzi Bu Iron Coins. There is a tradition that Lycurgus banished gold and silver from Sparta, and compelled the Lacedaemonians to use small iron bars as money, and pro- claimed it to be the only legal tender. These bars or spits received the name of o(JeX(a*oi. At Tegea, Argos, and perhaps Heraea, iron was used in the fourth century B.C., and their types are similar to those of the silver coins of the same localities. Iron money was employed in China during the Liang dynasty, A.D. 502-556, but was discarded in the latter year when the Tch’en dynasty came into power. An iron four Mon piece was issued in Japan in 1863, and iron coins were also struck by the feudal lords (Dai'mios) of Japan for exclusive use in their own dominions. According to Schroeder (p. 47) iron coins were issued for Annam as early as A.D. 401. The most recent coinages in iron are the German five and ten Pfennig pieces issued in 1915 on account of the scarcity of cop- per. See Kriegsfiinfer. Isabelina. The name given to the gold coins of Isabella 1 1 of Spain. Isabella. The popular name for the gold coin of 100 Reales struck by Queen Isabella II of Spain pursuant to an act of June 26, 1864. Isabella Quarter. The popular name for a quarter Dollar of the United States, is- sued only in 1893. It bears on the obverse a bust of Isabella, Queen of Spain, who gave assistance to Columbus. Isargold Dukat. A gold coin of Bavaria issued in 1830 and which receives its name from the fact that the metal was obtained from washings in the river Isar. See Aus- beutemiinzen. Itzi Bu. See Bu. [ H4] Jack Jane J Jack. Evidently the name of an early Irish coin, as at a Parliament held at Drogheda, 1460, for the reformation of the Irish coinage, it was decreed among other measures that “the coin called the Jack be hereafter of no value and void.” See Ending (i. 278). Jack. A slang name for the English Farthing. The use of this term can be traced to the beginning of the eighteenth century ; later the name was applied to card counters, resembling in size and ap- pearance Sovereigns and half Sovereigns. Jacobsthaler. See Jakobsthaler. Jacobus. The popular but not official name for the Unite of James I ( q.v .). It was retained as late as the nineteenth cen- tury, as Macaulay uses it in his History of England, 1855 (iii. 585). Jacquesa. See Jaquesa. Jafari, or Jafri. A name given to the eighth Rupee or silver Fanam of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after Jafar Sadik, the sixth Imam. Jafimske. A Russian silver coin men- tioned by Adam Olearius, in his Travels of the Ambassadors, 1636 (p. 97). He states that the Russians apply this name to the Rixdollar, and assumes it to be a corruption of Joachimsthaler. Jagdthaler. A silver coin of Bohemia struck by the Emperor Ferdinand II in 1626, from designs by Hans Rieger, of Breslau. It has on the reverse a city view and the Emperor on horseback riding to the chase, accompanied by a huntsman and two dogs. Jager. A base silver coin issued in many parts of the Low Countries, but especially Groningen, in the latter part of the fif- teenth century. It is sometimes known as the Halve Braspenning. See van der Chijs (passim), and for the early dated specimens, Frey. Jakobsthaler. The name given to cer- tain silver coins struck in 1633 and 163*1 by Duke Frederick Ulrich of Brunswick Wolfenbiittel from metal obtained from the St. Jakob mine at Lautenthal. They bear a figure of Jacob, the patron saint, in pilgrim’s costume, and a view of the town of Lautenthal. The pieces were struck not only as simple Thaler, but also as doubles and sextuples. Jaku. Ending (i. 187) states that in the Gentleman’s Magazine for 1812 (p. 331) there is a communication from Dr. Pegge, who imagined that he had discovered the gold Penny of Henry III in a Jewish doc- ument under the name of Jaku. This he considers as equivalent to pure or sterling. The Jews, he says, “used Denarim and Jaku, just in the same manner as the Chris- tians applied their words Denarius and Sterlingus. ’ ’ Jalalah. Another name for the square Rupee struck by Akbar, Emperor of Hin- dustan and his successors. See Sihansah. Jamis Kori. See Kori. Jamodi. See Pice. Jampal. See Djampel. Janauschek Thaler. The name given to the silver Thaler and double with the head of Frankofurtia, designed by A. von Nord- heim, and struck for the city of Frankfort a.M. in 1857 and later. Joseph and Fellner in their work on the coins of this city (No. 1265) state that Fanny Janauschek, the actress, is said to have served as the model, and they add that at one time this Thaler and double Thaler were sold in the United States at high prices under the name of Rothschild Love Dollars, and the public were in- formed that the figure represented a mis- tress of Rothschild. Jane. This word is probably a corrup- tion of Genoese, and it was applied to a coin of very inferior metal brought to Eng- land by traders from Genoa. Spenser, Faerie Queene (iii. 7. 58), says: “Because I would not give her many a Jane.” [ H-5] Januini Joe Januini, or Genuini. The name given to Denarii struck in Genoa. Du Cange cites ordinances showing that the term was used in 1240 and 1278. Jaquesa, or Jacquesa. A copper coin of Spain which probably received its name from Jacca or Xaca, the old capital of Aragon. It is referred to in ordinances of the fourteenth century, but Engel and Serrure (ii. 824) state that it was origin- ally struck by Sanzio Ramirez I (1063- 1094). The Lira Jaquesa or Lira Aragonese was a money of account used in Spain at the beginning of the nineteenth century and was computed at ten Reales. Jarimlik. See Yigirmlik. Jaunet. A French nickname for any gold coin in allusion to its color. Jeneuoser, or Jenuersch, are gold coins referred to in ordinances of Frankfort a.M. during the years 1409 and 1430. The coin is probably the Genovino. See Paul Joseph (pp. 130, 172). Jermelik. See Yigirmlik. Jesus Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer Bundesthaler. Jeton. A counter which can be traced in France to the thirteenth century. Some of the earliest types bear the inscription “de la chambre des comptes,” and later issues have portraits, lieurs de lis, the makers’ names, etc. The name is derived from the verb “jeter” to throw, to cast. The pieces orig- inally served the same purpose as the Rechenpfennige ( q.v .). They were first struck in copper, brass, and other base metals, but at a later period when they were intended as gifts, they were fre- quently made of silver and gold. Tournay was one of the chief manufac- turing places of Jetons during the fif- teenth and sixteenth centuries. Jettal, or Settle. A money of account formerly used in lvanara and other parts of Madras, and computed at 48 to the Pagoda. See Noback (p. 193). Jetton. See Jeton. Jihadiyeh Beshlik. A silver necessity coin of the Ottoman Empire issued under Mahmud II. Lane-Poole states (N^lmis- matic Chronicle, 3d Series, ii. 182) that the “Beshlik here means five Ghrush, and not five Para, and the coin was issued at the low weight of 410 instead of 1000 grains. ’ ’ Jilaleh. A silver coin of a square form and equal to the Rupee in value. Its first appearance is in the reign of Akbar (A.I4. 963-1014), one of the Moghul emperors of Hindustan. Jingle Boy. An English slang term for a gold or silver coin, and specifically for a Guinea. Thomas Day, in his play, The Beggar of Bednall Green, 1600 (v.), has: “Come, old fellow, bring thy white Bears to the Stake, and thy yellow gingle boys to the Bull- ring. ’ ’ Jingo Kaiho. See Jiu Ni Zene. Jitney. Originally a token or counter of about the size of the current nickel five Cent piece of the United States, and later the name was applied to the coin itself. The term is now generally used in con- nection with the normal fare for trans- portation within town limits. Jiu Ni Zene. The twelve ancient Sen of Japan. They are as follows 1. Wado Kaiho Issued in 708 A.D 2. Mannen Tsuho “ “ 760 “ 3. Jingo Kaiho “ “ 705 “ 4. Ryuhei Eiho “ “ 796 “ 5. Fuju Jimpo “ “ 818 “ 6. Showa Shoho “ “ 835 “ 7. Chonen Taiho “ “ 848 “ 8. Nyuoki Jimpo 859 “ 'J. Jogwan Eiho “ “ 870 “ 10. Kampei Taiho 890 “ 11. Engi Tsuho “ “ 907 “ 12. Kengen Taiho “ “ 958 “ Joachimsthaler. See Thaler. Joannes. A gold coin of Portugal, first issued in 1722 under John V from which ruler it obtains it name. Conf. Dobra; and for an account of its underrating see Chalmers (pp. 82, 396). Joanninus. This term was originally applied to the money issued at Rhodes by the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and later to the Grossi struck by Pope John XXII (1410-1415). Jodocus Thaler. A silver coin of Jever struck by the Duchess Maria (1517-1575). It takes its name from Jodocus, the patron saint, who is figured in armor and holding a flag in his right hand. See Madai (1738). Joe. The common designation for the gold Joannes of Portugal (q.v.). [llfi] Joe Jux Joe. A paper currency issued about 1809 for Essequibo and Demerara. The Joe was equivalent to twenty-two British Guilders. Joey. A nickname given to the English silver four Pence. See Britannia Groat. Jogwan Eiho. See Jiu Ni Zene. Jora. See Zahrah. Jubilee Money. An issue in both gold and silver struck in England in 1887 to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Queen Victoria’s reign. These coins bear an effigy of the Queen modelled from life by Sir Edgar Boehm. The gold pieces consist of the five Pound piece, double Sovereign, Sovereign, and half Sovereign. The largest of the silver coins was the Crown. Jubileums Thaler. A commemorative coin, struck, as the name indicates, for a jubilee, anniversary, etc. They are also known as Denkmunzen or Gedachtnis- miinzen. There are a number issued on the cen- tennials of the Augsburg Confession, 1530, 1630, 1730, and 1830 ; and in 1755 Fred- erick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotlia, struck a Thaler on the peace of the religions. See Madai (4013). In Holland similar pieces have been issued known as Gedenkpennige. Judenkopfgroschen, or Judenkopfe. A nickname given to certain Groschen struck by Frederick II and William III of Meis- sen in the latter part of the fifteenth cen- tury. The bearded head with the peculiar pointed bat on the reverse of these coins, which constitutes one of the ornaments in the Meissen armorial bearings, was taken by the populace as resembling a Jew’s por- trait. Other nicknames for the same pieces are Bartgroschen and Judenhiite. Judenmedaillen. This term is applied to a class of gold and silver medals which were the product of Jewish goldsmiths of Prague in the early part of the seventeenth century. They are east and then re- engraved to give them the appearance of having been made about two hundred years earlier. The obverses bear portraits of Charles VI of France, the Emperor Maximilian I, etc. Judenpfennige. The name given to a series of counterfeit copper coins which originated in Frankfort a.M. in 1703, and were continued until 1822. Joseph and Fellner in their history, of the coinage of this city give a list of these unauthorized pieces (Nos. 1990-2004). The issues from 1703 to 1807 are stamped 1 Theler; in 1809 appeared the 1 Atribuo, and in 1818 the one quarter Ilalbag. These are all rated at the value of one Pfennig. See also Spink (xi. 128) for an ex- haustive treatise on the subject. Jugate. Placed side by side ; i.e., ac- colated or accolled. See Bajoire. Juik, Juk, or Jux. A former Turkish money of account computed at 100,000 As- pers, and in some localities at twelve Beu- tel ( q.v .). Julier. The Swiss popular name for the Giulio {q.v.). Juliuslbser. See Loserthaler. Jun Pei. See Chun Pei. Justo. A gold coin of Portugal issued by Joannes II (1481-1495) which had a value of about six hundred Reis. The de- vice on one side is the armorial shield, and on the other the King seated on a throne or standing before it, with the motto ivstvs vt palma florebit, from which inscription the coin obtained its name. There is a cor- responding half, known as Espadim {q.v.). Jux. See Juik. [ 117 ] Kabean Kanna Drick K Kabean. The name given to a form of money used in Tenasserim, a former prov- ince of Siam and later of Burma. The coins consist of a mixture of lead and tin. R. C. Temple, in the Indian Antiquary, 1902 (p. 51), states that 40 Kabean are equal to one Madras Rupee, and 88 are equal to a Spanish Dollar. See Ganza. Kabir, also variously known as Caveer, Kabukt, and Buckscha. An Arabian money of account computed at one eighti- eth of the Piastre. It was formerly ex- tensively employed at Mocha. See Noback (pp. 678-679). Kaczen Gulden. See Katzen Gulden. Kasperlein. See Kasperle. Kagami Sen, or “Mirror” Sen. The Japanese name for a form of counter re- sembling the old round Sen, but heavier and flat on one side. The designs on these are largely floral. Another name was Ana I chi Sen. Kahan. See Cawne. Kahapana. See Pana. Kaird Turner. An obsolete Scotch term for a small base coin made by tinkers. Caird or Kaird means a tinker, and the name is common to Aberdeenshire. Spalding, History of Scotland, 1792 (i. 197), says: “The Kaird turners [were] . . . discharged, as false euinzes. ” Kairien. A name given to certain base gold coins of Egypt. The Kairie Bashireh was valued at ten Piastres and the Kairie Haslireen at twenty Piastres. They were introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D. 1839.' Kaisar. A proclamation of Elizabeth, of October 9, 1560, states “that the crowns named Burgundians, Kaisars, or French Crowns, then current at six shillings and four pence, should go for six shillings and no more.” See Ruding (i. 338). The ref- erence is probably to the Brabantine Zon- nekroon, struck in 1544 (q.v.). Kaisergroschen. A common name for the silver pieces of three Kreuzer, struck in Austria, Silesia, etc. They bore on the obverse the bust of the Emperor and were computed at thirty to the Reichsthaler, or twenty to the Gulden. Kaiserthaler. See Dreikaiserthaler. Kakini. Another name for the Vodri (q.v.). Kala. A silver coin of India and equal to one sixteenth of a Rupee. See Sihansah. Kalenderthaler. A silver Scudo issued by Pope Gregory XIII to commemorate the improvement in the calendar. It bears the inscription anno restitvto mdlxxxii. Kaltis. An early Indian coin mentioned by the Greeks. Cunningham (p. 2) says, “the Kaltis I take to be a gold Hun of the weight of a Kalutti seed, about fifty grains. ’ ’ Kammerherrenthaler. This word signi- fies a Chamberlain, and the name is given to the Prussian Thaler of Frederick Wil- liam III, struck in 1816, on which the in- scription reads k. v. preuss. instead of koenig von preussen. A Chamberlain named von Preuss was at the royal court in that year. Kampei Taiho. See Jin Ni Zene. Kamsa. An early Ceylon copper coin which is frequently referred to by Sinha- lese writers. See Davids (sec. 12). Kangtang. The name given to a variety of the Chinese temple money, struck about the sixteenth century. Millies (p. 38) states that this money was copied in Java and received the name of Keteng, and Netcher gives it a valua- tion of one fifth of the Gobog (q.v.). Kani. See Tankali. Kanna Drick. A token struck both oval and octagonal and issued for the miners of Trollhattan (i.e., the “Cap of the Witch”) in West Gothland. The Kanna is a Swedish liquid measure and the token was presumably exchangeable for a quan- tity of some beverage. [ H8] Kantem Katzen Gulden Kantem. A copper coin of Bulgaria. See Stotinka. Kapang. See Kepeng. Karkadona, Greek, Kap/,a3ova. Accord- ing to Suidas, this was another name for the Danake or Charon’s Obol ( q.v .). Karl d’Or. See Carl d’Or. KarKno. See Carlino. Kar-ma-nga. A Tibetan coin of the value of two Annas. See Tang-ka. Karolin. A gold coin somewhat larger than the Ducat, introduced in 1732 by Karl Philip, Elector of the Palatinate, and copied in Bavaria, Whrttemberg, Baden, Hessen, etc. See Carol in. Karolus Gulden. See Carolus. Karsha, or Karshapana. The name of both a silver and a copper denomination in the coinage of ancient India. See Pana. Kas. A copper coin issued by Denmark from the reign of Christian Y (1670-1699) to 1845, for Tranquehar. It was similar to the Cache (q.v.), issued by France for its colonial possessions. There are multiples of two, four, and ten Kas pieces, and many minor varieties, for a full account of which see Bergsoe, Trankebar-M outer, 1895 (passim). Kas, or Kash. A small copper coin of Southern India, corresponding to the Cache and the Kasu (q.v.). The Dutch and Danes struck it in multiples as high as fifty Kashas for their possessions. See Faluce. Kasbegi, also named Pul, and Qaz. A copper coin of Persia of the Sufi or Safi dynasty, and valued at one fourth of a Bisti. The name Kasbegi is not inscribed on these coins, but instead of this occurs the Arabic word Falus, the plural of Fels, which is supposed to he a corruption of the Latin Follis, just as the Persian de- nomination of Pul, applied to the same spe- cies of coin, seems to be derived from Obolus. Under Nasir al din (A.H. 1264-1314) the Kasbegi was made the one tenth of the Shahi, and equal to the Turkish Para. See Fonrobert (4305 et seq.). Kasperle. An Austrian nickname for the one fourth Brabanter Thaler or Kro- nen Thaler, because it represented the price of admission to the Kasperle Theater, a kind of “Punch and Judy’’ show, popular in Vienna. The Swiss use Chasperli as an equivalent. Hebei, in his Alemannische Oedichte (iii. 142, 149, etc.), mentions “Ein Kasper- lein.” Kassenmannchen. A nickname used in Westphalia and the Rhine Provinces for the Prussian piece of two and one half Silbergroschen. The small bust would account for the derivation of “Mannchen, ” and the first part of the name is probably due to the fact that the majority of the coins were used to liquidate small payments in the state treasury. See Driittainer. Kassenthaler. See Cassa Thaler. Kasu. A Kanarese word called by Eu- ropeans “cash.” This denomination is ap- plied to the small copper issues of Travan- core, sixteen of them being equal to a Chuckram. On the modern coinage the word is written in English ‘ ‘ Cash. ’ ’ In the Mysore coinage under Krishna Raja Udaiyar (1799-1868) the word Kasu followed by a numeral is frequently met with ; similarly, in the coinage of Madras, the Fels is divided into twenty Kas, the latter word being another form of Kasu. See Pagoda, and eonf. Elliot (p. 59). Kateryn. An obsolete form of writing Quattriuo (q.v.). Katharinengroschen. The name given to certain silver coins issued by Katharina, the widow of Frederick, Margrave of Meis- sen (deceased 1428), as guardian and trustee for her sons Frederick II and Wil- liam III. They have in the inscription the three initials, K.F.W. Katib. See Kutb. Kattersinken. A name which occurs in Adam Berg’s New Miinzbuch , 1597, to des- ignate small base silver Bohemian coins of the sixteenth century. He states that six were equal to a Kreuzer hut does not give the etymology of the term. Katzen Gulden. A gold coin referred to in archives of Frankfort a.M. of 1430, hut which has not, been identified. It is sometimes written Ivaezen Gulden. See Paul Joseph (pp. 91, 172). [ IW ] Katzengulden Kharf Katzengulden. A nickname given to the early silver coins of Ueberlingen in the Duchy of Suabia. The armorial bearings consist of a silver lion on a red field, and this design when figured on the coinage resembled a cat. A mint was established here during the thirteenth century. Kazmi. A name given to the one six- teenth Rupee or silver half Fanam of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muhidi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after Musa Kazim, the seventh Imam. Kebar. Abyssinian beads used for money. See Kliarf. Kedjer. A Javanese money of account of the value of one sixteenth Real. See Pitje. Kehlpfennig, or Kelpenning, are terms frequently found in the numismatic ar- chives of Brandenburg during the Middle Ages. It has not been determined what varieties of coins are referred to by this name, but it is assumed that they are Brac- teates or Hohlpfennige (q.v.). Conf. also Okelpenning and see Zeitschrift fur Nu- mismatik, 1908 (196). Keiat. The name given to the silver Rupee with the figure of a peacock, struck for Burma in 1852. There are divisions of halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths. Keizerskroon. See Zonnekroon. Kelchthaler. A silver coin of Zurich, struck in 1526. The name means “Chalice Thaler,” and it is bestowed on this piece because the metal used in its composition was furnished by the churches. Kelpenning. See Kehlpfennig. Kenderi. The Dutch equivalent of Can- dareen {q.v.). The Kenderi Perak is a sil- ver coin of the Malay Peninsula. See Pitje. Kengen Taiho. See Jiu Ni Zene. Kentel. Another name for the Gobog (q.v.), a variety of the temple money of J ava. Kentucky Cent. This coin is so called because the letter K is on the uppermost of the pryamid of stars. The token was probably struck in England after June 1, 1792, the date of this State’s admission to the Union. Kepeng, Keping, Kapang, or Kupang. The name of a copper coin used through- out the Malay States, and reckoned at the four hundredth part of a Spanish Dollar. The word is of Malay origin and means a bit or piece. See Netscher and v.d. Chijs ( passim ) and Pitje {infra). Keration. Another name for the Siliqua, which see. Kerma, Greek, Ivspga, dimin. Kep[j.axtov, was used to designate any monetary frac- tion, a very small coin. Kersa. A name (Kepua, Kepcaiov, Kopacov) found in Hesychius to designate an Asiatic coin. Keser. A Turkish money of account. See Beutel. Kesitah. A Hebrew word meaning a lamb; it is translated as “a piece of money,” due probably to the fact that the weight was made in that form. See Job (xlii. 11), Genesis (xxxiii. 19), and Joshua (xxiv. 32). Kesme. The name formerly given to the Spanish Dollar or Piastre at Nubia, Kordo- fan, etc. The money of account is based on the ounce of gold which was valued at sixteen Spanish Dollars, called Puma or Wokye. Half that amount was Nosf- Wokye, and the quarter, or four Dollars, was known as a Miscal {q.v.). The names were retained in accounts, although the actual value of an ounce of gold frequently exceeded sixteen Piastres. See Noback (p. 761). Keteng. See Kangtang and Gobog. Ketip. The Malay and Javanese name for the current silver ten Cent piece of the Netherlands. Kha-Kang. A Tibetan coin of the value of one Anna. See Tang-ka. Khap-chhe. A Tibetan coin of the value of half an Anna. See Tang-ka. Kharf. A string of beads, used as money in some parts of Abyssinia. This currency is described in detail by A. Thomson D’ Abbadie, in the Numismatic Chronicle (vol. ii. 1839-1840). He states that the string consists of 120 beads, called Kharaz; three of the beads form a Kebar, and forty Kebar a Kharf. The Kharaz are carried in bags, or tied up in the corner of a cloth. They are marked by a little dark brown [ 120 ] Kharrubeh Kinsatsu ring and vary in thickness from four to seven millimetres. Kharrubeh. The grain of the kharrub tree equals one twenty-fourth Mithkal, or one eighteenth Dirhem (or one sixteenth) equals 3 grains of corn [namely, as the Dinar is to the Dirhem, i.e., 10 : 7 : : 24 : 16 4 / 5 ]. As a coin, a subdivision of the Bezant of Cyprus ; and a small gold coin struck on Lentil (Holy) Thursday equal to one twentieth Dinar. Kharub, or Caroub. Originally a billon coin of Tunis of the value of half an Asper. Under Abd-el-Medschid, i.e., after 1839, it was struck in copper, but retained the same value. Khizri, or Kizri. A name given to the one thirty-second Rupee, or silver half Anna of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reck- oning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after Khwaja Khizr, a prophet. Khodabandi. See Mahmudi. Khori. A billon coin of Armenia. It is evidently a variety of the Tram ( q.v .), but struck in baser silver. See Langlois (p. 13). Kiao Pi. See Bridge Money. Kiao-tze. The early Chinese name f-or paper money issued by private concerns. It means “Changelings.” At a later date these notes were called Chih-tsi or “Evi- dences. ’ ’ Kia-tseh-ma. A Chinese word for the so called weight money of peculiar shape used in China from the seventh to the fourth centuries B.C. Its literal transla- tion is “slip weight money.” Kibear, or Kebar. An Abyssinian money of account, consisting of beads, and representing one tenth of the Para. See Wakea and Kharf. Kiennes. See Chienes. Kikkabos. Another popular name in ancient times for Charon’s Obol {q.v.). Eight Kt'y.y.apot were supposed to equal the T'toOta {q.v.), and were therefore the smallest of the so-called Charon’s Obols. Kikkar. The Semitic name for the Tal- ent {q.v.). Kilkenny Crown. See Rebel Money. Kimmeridge Coal Money. See Coal. Kin. A Chinese weight, the pound, which is applied to a cube of gold, each side of which was about an inch square. It is recorded to have been used during the Tchou dynasty, about B.C. 1100. The Emperor Wang-Mang (A.D. 9-23) re-established it, with a value of ten thou- sand Chien. See Chin. King George. An English dialect term for a half Penny of the eighteenth century. It is common to Cumberlandshire. Ralph, Miscellaneous Poems, 1747 (96), has the following lines : “A fortune-teller leately com about, And my twea guid King Gweorges I powt out.” King Shih Pi. See Bridge Money. King’s Picture, The. An obsolete Eng- lish dialect term for money in general. It is mentioned by W. Carr in The Dialect of Craven, in the West Riding of the County of Yorkshire, 1828. King’s Silver. According to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, this was “the money which was paid to the King, in the Court of Common Pleas, for a license granted to a man to levy a fine of lands, tenements, or hereditaments, to another person ; and this must have been compounded, according to the value of the land, in the alienation office, before the fine would have passed.” Kin Kwan. Early Japanese gold ring money {q.v.). Kinsatsu. A name given to Japanese paper currency, or “money cards,” issued May 15, 1868. For centuries before, every great daimio had issued paper money cur- rent, only in his han. When the Mikado was restored to power and the government reorganized, it followed the example of the daimios and issued scrip in various de- nominations. The cards were oblong in shape, but varied in size; two thirds of the length bore an ornamental frame con- taining the value, and the remaining third resembled a coupon, being the two rampant dragons with tails crossed and enclosing an inscription denoting the issuing office. The previous paper currency consisted of Hansatsu, of which there are a number of varieties since 1694 and which were re- deemed for the Kinsatsu, at the rate of one Yen for one Rio; those having a value of one half or one quarter Koban were called Hayaki ; and those valued at forty- eight copper Mon were named Zeni. [121 ] Kippermiinzen Knife Money Kippermiinzen. A name given to clipped coins which circulated extensively in many parts of Germany at the beginning of the seventeenth century; and the same term was applied to the debased currency issued from 1621 to 1623. Thus Kipperzwolfer exist for Corvey, Mansfeld, etc. ; Kipper-21-er for Lippe ; Kipper-24-er for Brandenburg, Reuss, etc. Kirat. The one twentieth of the legal Dinar and the one fourteenth of the legal Dirhem, but in practice its relation varies greatly, i.e., it equals one twenty-fourth, and one twentieth Dinar, and one six- teenth, one twelfth, one quarter, and under the Fatimis, one half Dirhem; but this was a gold coin Kirat which is properly equal to one half Dirhem. In 599, under El’- Adil, eleven emiry Kirats were equal to one Dinar. The Kirat is equal to five Habbehs, fifteen Kirats to the Buweryhy Dirhem, and twenty to the Imamy. The Kirat was the smallest of all the former copper coins of Morocco, being equal in value to one fourth of the Fels. Kirchenpfennige. See Church Tokens. Kiri Kodama. A word meaning cut crystal jewels or gems, and applied to a variety of beads, supposed to have been used as a primitive money in Japan. See Munro (p. 5). Kistophoros (pi. Ktaxo^opot). See Cis- tophorus. Kite. A term used in commerce to des- ignate any negotiable paper issued to raise money or to obtain credit. Maria Edge- worth, in her novel, Love and Law, 1817 (i. 1), has the phrase, “Here’s bills . . . but even the Kites, which I can fly as well as any man, won’t raise the wind for me.” Kitharephoroi (Gr. KiOapxjcpopot) . See Citharephori. Kit-tao. A variety of the Knife money ( q.v .) of the Emperor Wang Mang, and valued at 500 Chien. Kitze. A Turkish money of account. See Beutel. Kiu-Ma. A Chinese word for weight money used in China from the seventh to the fourth centuries B.C. The word is translated saddle money. Kizri. See Khizri. [ Klappmiitzenthaler. A name given to a variety of the Guldengroschen which was issued by the Elector Frederick III of Saxony in conjunction with the Dukes John and Albrecht pursuant to the mint regula- tions of May 9, 1500. A later issue bears the name of Duke George in place of Al- brecht. The name is derived from the peculiar head-dress worn by the Dukes, after the fashion of that period. Kleutergeld. See Klotergeld. Klinkhaert. See Clinckaert. Klippe. A general name for coins struck on a square, rectangular, or lozenge-shaped planchet. They occur in various metals and in many instances are money of neces- sity. The etymology is probably from the Swedish Klip pa, to clip, or to cut with a shears. Some of the early bracteates pre- sent the appearance of having been cut with a pair of scissors, and Christian II of Den- mark resorted to the practice early in the sixteenth century to such an extent that he received the nickname Kong Klipping. Klotergeld. J. ten Doornkaat Koolman, in his Worterbuch der Ostfriesischen Sprache, 1882, defines this as small jing- ling money. The words “Kloter” and “Kleuter” mean to jingle or to ring, and the Dutch have a similar name, viz., Kleu- tergeld. Klomp. A popular Dutch name for an ingot of gold. The word means a lump, and is analogous to the German Klumpen. Klopschelling. See Statenschelling. Knaak. A slang term for the current silver coin of two and one half Gulden of the Netherlands. Knackkuchen, and Knapkoeken. See Cnapcoek. Knife Money, or Tao, owes its origin to the practice of using metal knives for purposes of exchange. Its introduction in China cannot readily be determined, but it was during the period of H’wan, about B.C. 650, that the first metal token representing a knife or sword is supposed to have been made. This money could be exchanged for an actual weapon. For a detailed descrip- tion of these coins the works of Lacouperie and Ramsden should be consulted; the fol- 122 ] Knopfzwanziger Koggerdaalder lowing are, however, the principal varie- ties : 1. The flat Knife coins of Kan Tan, the capital of the ancient state of Tchao, before B.C. 400, and situated in what is now the province of Tchihli. These are very thin and brittle, with an elongated oval at the end of the handle. 2. The An- Yang issue of large three and four character Knife coins issued for the state of Tsi, between the seventh and third centuries B.C. 3. The Ming series issued by the city of Ming in the state of Tchao during the civil wars in the third century B.C. The handle of these terminates in a ring. 4. The Tsi Moh issue of the third cen- tury B.C. These can be grouped into the large and small sizes. The former con- stitute about thirty varieties with different mint or serial marks. Of the smaller size there are 16 varieties, the obverse inscrip- tion is reduced from six to five characters, and the reverse has only one symbol in- stead of the usual three. 5. The Wang Mang series, taking their name from the usurper Wang Mang, who reigned A.D. 9-23 and issued these coins A.D. 9-14. These pieces are much thicker than all the preceding types and only about half as long. Furthermore, the ring at the end of the handle was replaced by the shape of a thick piece of money with a square hole in the centre. Wang Mang struck two varieties, viz., pieces valued at 500 Chien, called Kit-tao, and pieces with gilt inscriptions, valued at 1000 Chien, and called Tsok-tao. Mr. E. Torday, in a communication to the London Geographical Journal (1911), states that “one of the most interesting points among the cannibal Bakutu of the Belgian Kongo, Africa, is their use of a conventional throwing-knife as currency. The Basongo Meno also use this form of currency, obtaining it from the Bakutu, who are the manufacturers.” Conf. also Ramsden (pp. 10-13). Knopfzwanziger. See Zwanziger. Knurling. See Nurling. Koban. A Japanese oval gold coin of a similar design to the Oban (q.v.), and of a value of oue Ryo, or one tenth of the larger coin. It was introduced in the latter part of the sixteenth century, and Munro (p. 190) states that “it has been surmised that they were intended for the encourage- ment of trade with the Portuguese. This is quite likely, but I cannot find any defin- ite confirmation of it. ” In 1837 there was issued the Tempo Koban valued at 5 Ryos, but in a few years it was discontinued. The Shin Koban, meaning “New Ko- ban,” was a coin of smaller size, though of the same value, issued in 1860. The word is variously written as the following citations indicate: In Cock’s Diary, Sept. 17, 1616, he says, “I re- ceved two bars Coban gould with ten ichibos, of 4 to a Coban;” and A. Hamil- ton, in his New Account of the East In- dies, 1727 (ii. 86), states that “My Friend . . . complimented the Doctor with five Japon Cupangs, or fifty Dutch Dollars.” Kodama. See Kiri Kodama. Kodrantes, meaning the fourth part, is the Greek equivalent of the Roman Quad- rans, and is translated as Farthing in St. Matthew (v. 26) and St. Mark (xii. 42). Kolnische Mark. See Mark. Kopfchen. See Kopf stuck. Kbrtling. A diminutive Groschen com- mon to many parts of Northern Germany during the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- turies. There is a dated one of 1429 for Gottingen. See Frey (No. 26). Adam Berg, in his New Miinzbuch, 1597, mentions them as struck in Eimbeck, Got- tingen, Hameln, Northeim, and Hanover; and he adds that they are small silver coins of the value of three Pfennige or eighty-four to the Gulden. The name of the coin is probably derived from Groschen, low-German “Grote,” diminutive “Grotling;” and by the trans- position of the letter r we obtain “Gort- ling” and finally “Kbrtling,” i.e., a frac- tional “Groschen.” Koggerdaalder. A silver coin issued in the Province of Friesland from the be- ginning of the seventeenth century to about the year 1690. The fixed value was thirty Stuivers, but on special occasions some issues were made in gold of which the ordinary type was equivalent to about ten Ducats, and the multiples in proportion. [ 123 ] Kolhasen Gulden Kori A gold treble Koggerdaalder of 1601 was executed by the mintmaster William van Vierssen and probably struck for the Diet held in that year. A double Koggerdaalder, also in gold, was struck in the same year probably for presentation to the Stadtholder. Kolhasen Gulden. A gold coin referred to in archives of Frankfort a.M. of 1430, but which has not been identified. See Paul Joseph (pp. 91, 172). Kollybon. See Collybos. Kometenthaler. The name given to a medal lie Thaler issued by the city of Strasburg in 1681 when this town sur- rendered to the French on September 20 of that year. It has on the obverse a figure of a comet which appeared in the preceding year, and which was associated by the superstitious with the calamity which had befallen the city. Kommassi, or Commassee. A former base silver coin of Arabia, principally used in the coffee trade of Mocha, and com- puted at one sixtieth of the Spanish Dol- lar. It was later struck in copper and its value depreciated ; three hundred and fifty to five hundred being an equivalent of the Spanish and Levant Dollars. See Noback (p. 679). Kona. A silver coin of ancient India, the half of the Karsha. See Pana. Kong-par Tang-Ka. See Tang-ka. Konstantin d’Or. See Constantin d’Or. Konventionsmiinzen. See Convention Money. Kopeck, or Copeck. A copper coin of Russia, the one hundredth part of the Ruble. There are multiples of two, three and five Kopecks, and a division, the half Kopeck. The Kopeck existed as a silver coin of low standard as early as the sixteenth cen- tury, but the copper issues began in the year 1704. The name is derived from Ivopiejka, a spear or lance, in allusion to the armed horseman carrying that weapon, a design similar and perhaps copied from the coins of Lithuania. Kopje, Kopken. See Kopfstiick. Kopparplatmynt. See Plate Money. Koppar Slantar. See Slantar. Kopfstiick. A popular name for any coin which exhibits the head or bust of some ruler, and in this respect the same as Teston ( q.v .). The designation is, how- ever, usually applied to the Austrian pieces of twenty Kreuzer or five Batzen, to the Danish twenty Skilling pieces, and to the Bavarian silver coins of twenty-four Kreu- zer. In Gueldres, Loos, and the Low Coun- tries in general, the words Kopje, Kopken, and Kopfchen are used to describe small Deniers which have a head as a prominent feature. See Flinderke and Copetum. Kopy. A Bohemian money of account. The Kopy Grossuw, i.e., Groschen, formed the basis, and was subdivided into two and four sevenths Kopy Missenky. See No- back (p. 975). Kore. A name (K6pY), pi. Kopai) errone- ously supposed by Alexandrian writers (who have, pardonably enough, been fol- lowed by modern authors) to have been given to Athenian Tetradrachms on ac- count of their type, i.e., the head of the maiden Goddess Athene. See, for correct account, Willers, Num. Zeitschr. (xxxi. p. 318). A Kori. The standard of the currency of Cutch and Kathiawar; it is a small silver coin of the average value of four Annas or one fourth of the Rupee. Codrington, in the Numismatic Chron- icle, 1895 (p. 59) has described these coins and gives the following table : Silver Panehia equal to five Koris. Copper Dhabu equal to one eighth Kori. Copper Dhingalo equal to one sixteenth Kori. Copper Do kilo equal to one twenty-fourth Kori. Copper Tanbiyo equal to one forty-eighth Kori. and the Adhada, probably a money of ac- count, equal to one ninety-sixth Kori. He further cites their equivalents in the Indian series, stating that 8 Koris equal 1 silver Itial. 3 Koris equal 1 Hyderabad Rupee. 4 Koris equal 1 Tutta Rupee. 3% Koris and 1 Dokdo equal 1 Surat Rupee. IS Koris equal 1 Ibramee. The varieties of Koris for Kathiawar are sometimes known as Jamis Kori, from Sri Jamji, the Rao’s name; while those for Porbandar are termed Rana Shahi Koris, from Sri Rana, the name upon them. Codrington (supra) traces the name Kori from the Sanscrit Kunwari. [ 124 ] Korkuraioi Stateres Kreuzer Korkuraioi Stateres (Kopy.jpatot Yjpeq). The name by which the silver Staters of Corcyra were known to the An- cients. Korn. A term used by German numis- matic writers to indicate the fineness of an alloy- in coinage. It is referred to in this sense in a mint ordinance of 1409, con- tracted between Baden, Speyer, and the Palatinate. The expression probably arose from the practice of computing two hun- dred and eighty-eight barleycorns to the Mark, when the latter was a weight and money of account. See Schrot. Korona. A silver denomination of Hun- gary divided into one hundred Filler. It. was established in 1892. A gold coin of 100 Korona was issued in 1907. The Aus- trian word is Corona, or Krone ( q.v .). Korsvide. A Danish silver coin of the fourteenth century, struck at Malmo, Aal- borg, etc. Its value was half of the Ortug, and at a later period the name appears to have been contracted to Hvid (q.v.). Korten. A name given to an inferior class of billon and copper coins current in Brabant and Flanders in the sixteenth cen- tury. Their value varied from two to three Mytes. The Ordonnantie of 1520 (§ 10) refers to “Korten en andere swarte penningen. ” These coins had on the ob- verse the letter K crowned, for Karolus, or Charles V. See v.d. Chijs (pp. 261, 263, 264). The French equivalent is Courte Noire. Kosel Gulden. See Cosel Gulden. Kou. A tin coin of the former Kingdom of Atjeh in Sumatra. Its value varied from 400 to 1000 to the Piastre. See Mil- lies (p. 106). Koupa, or Kupa. A gold coin of Celebes issued principally at Makassar and Gowa. It was struck A. II. 1251 in the former ter- ritory, and as early as A. 14. 1029-1078 in the latter, bearing Arabic inscriptions on both sides. Conf. Millies (pp. 176-177) and Fonrobert (Nos. 896, 897, 900). Koupan. A former money of account at Atjeh. See Mas. Krabbelaar. A billon coin of Brabant, struck pursuant to the Ordonnantie of 1536, and of the value of four Stuivers or Patards. It is also known as Crabbelaer and Vlieger, the latter name probably derived from the supposition that the eagle on the obverse was in the act of flying. Krahenplappart. Among the numerous varieties of the Plappart are some of Zu- rich with a poorly executed figure of an eagle. This was mistaken by the common people for a crow and the nickname as above was introduced. See Blaffert. Krajczar. The Hungarian name for the Kreuzer (q.v.). Kran. A silver coin of Persia of the value of twenty Shahis, and also subdi- vided into one thousand Dinars. The Kran is the tenth part of the gold Toman, and there are at present multiples in silver of two and five Kran pieces. The half Kran is known as the Penabad. See Toman. The Kran was introduced by Fath Ali Shah in 1826, and its original weight was 108 grains. Krapatalos. A humorous name em- ployed by Greek comedians to designate money used in crossing the Styx. See Naulum. Kreditmiinzen. A term used in Ger- many for any coins whose legal or marked value is higher than the actual metallic value of their composition. Kreisobristen Thaler. A silver coin struck by Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth in 1664. It has on the obverse a figure of the Margrave on horseback and on the reverse nineteen shields indicative of the various circuits under his jurisdiction. Krejcar. The Bohemian name for the Kreuzer (q.v.). Kreuzer, also written Kreutzer. Origi- nally a small silver coin which appeared in the Tyrol in the thirteenth century, and which obtains its name from a cross which was stamped upon it, a device perhaps copied from the Byzantine coinage. In Latin documents of this period it is re- ferred to as Cruciatus, Crucifer, and Cru- ciger. The oldest types, called Etschkreu- zer or Meraner Kreuzer, bore a double cross, one diagonally over the other. The Kreuzer of the later type was of copper and circulated extensively through- out all of Southern Germany, Austria, and Hungary. It was usually computed at the [ 12r > 1 Kreuzgroschen Kronigte value of four Pfennig or eight Heller. There were, however, two standards, one of which represented forty-eight Kreuzer to the Gulden and seventy-two to the Thaler, and in the other, called the light Kreuzer, sixty went to the Gulden and ninety to the Thaler. By a decree introduced Janu- ary 1, 1859, the Gulden of Austria was altered from sixty to one hundred Kreuzer. Among the various multiples are seven- teen Kreuzer for Transylvania ; obsidional eighty Kreuzer for Strasburg in 1592 (Mailliet, cii. 1) ; and a piece of seven Kreuzer, 1802, struck for Austria in the war against France (Mailliet, viii. 2). The Bohemian name for this coin is Krejcar, and the Hungarian form is Kraj- czar. See Zwainziger. Kreuzgroschen. A name given to the silver Groschen issued during the four- teenth and fifteenth centuries by the Ger- man Orders of Knighthood, on account of the varieties of the Maltese cross which is found in some cases on both the obverse and reverse. The designation was also generally ap- plied to any coin of this denomination on which a cross was conspicuous. The Gros- chen of Goslar issued in the fifteenth cen- tury is so called from this feature, and one of Meissen receives the same name from a cross over the armorial shield. Kreuzthaler. See Albertusthaler. Kriegsfiinfer. The popular name for the five Pfennig piece struck by the German Government in 1915. They are made of iron instead of nickel, and to protect the iron against rusting the coins have been subjected to a special zinc treatment, called “ sherardisiert, ” named after Sherard, the inventor of the process. Krishnala, also called Djampel. A sil- ver coin of Java, the usual type having an incuse lotus flower on the reverse. A gold coin of the value of twenty-four Krish- nalas received the name of Tjaturvincati- manam. It is more or less globular in form, with an incuse reverse and Devana- gari characters. Conf. Millies (p. 10), and Fonrobert (301-310). Kronungs Miinzen. See Coronation Coins. of Lydia, are so called. See Herodotus (i. 54). Kromstaart, also written Cromstaert and Krumsteert, i.e., “crooked tail.” A nickname given to a silver coin of Brabant of the original value of two Groten, issued early in the fifteenth century. The ob- verse shows a lion rampant with a curved tail. The type was copied in the Low Coun- tries and also in the city of Emden when the latter was under the domination of Hamburg, from 1433 to 1439. Krona. See Krone. Krone. A silver denomination of the Scandinavian Union and divided into one hundred Ore. It was established for the three kingdoms by the monetary conven- tion of 1875. Sweden retains the name Krona and Norway and Denmark use Krone. In Iceland the Krone is divided into one hundred Aur. Krone, plural Kronen. A silver de- nomination of Austria, introduced in 1892 and subdivided into one hundred Heller. It superseded the Gulden or Florin, which system it cut in half. There are multiples as high as one hundred Kronen. The gold ten Mark piece of Germany was originally called Krone. Kronenthaler, sometimes called Kron- thaler. A silver issue struck in the latter half of the eighteenth century for the Austrian Netherlands. On the reverse of these coins is a decorated St. Andrew’s cross in three compartments of which there is a crown, while the fourth lias the order of the Golden Fleece. The name is also given to other coins on which a crown is conspicuous, e.g., the issues of Ladislaus IV of Poland from 1635 to 1645 ■ the German Thaler of Waldeck, Bavaria, etc., of the early nineteenth cen- tury, and othei’s. See Crocione. Krongyllen. See Gyllen. Kronigte, also called Croniehte Gros- chen. A variety of the Kreuzgroschen ( q.v .) of the Margrave Frederick II of Meissen (1428-1464), which bears a crown above the shield on the reverse instead of a cross. Kroiseioi, or Kroiseios Stater. The coins said to have been struck by Croesus, King [ 126 ] Kroon Kwanei Sen Kroon. The Dutch equivalent for Krone and Crown. The Bataviasche Kroon struck in 1645 had a value of forty-eight Stuivers, and corresponding halves and quarters were also issued. See Gouden Kroon and Zonnekroon. Kroung Tamlung. The half of the Siamese Tamlung (q.v.) and equal to two Ticals. Krucier, plural Krucierze. The Polish equivalent of the Kreuzer (q.v.). They were introduced under Sigismund III in 1616. Kruisdaalder, or Kruisrijksdaalder. A silver crown issued by Philip II of Spain, pursuant to an ordinance of June 4, 1567, for Brabant and the provinces of the Low Countries. It receives its name from the obverse design, the cross of Burgundy, which separates the figures of the date. It is also known as the Ecu a la Croix de Bourgogne. See van der Chijs (passim). Krumsteert. See Kromstaart. Krysinos. See Krysus. Krysus, or Kpuaolq, the Greek name for the Solidus. When heavily alloyed so that it became electrum it was called Kpuatvog. Kuan, or Kwan. The Chinese name for a string of cash. The word now generally used is Ch’uan. Another name is Tiao (q.v.). Kua teng Ch’ien. “Lamp hanging money,’'’ the Chinese name for new year’s medals or coins, which were generally heavier than the regular issues, and had oftentimes special inscriptions on them. These were distributed among the palace attendants. A popular slang name for these pieces was Huang kai-tsu, “yellow covers. ’ ’ Kudatama. The name given to certain stone cylindrical shaped objects, possibly used as primitive money in Japan. See Kiri Kodama and Magatama for other forms. Kurassier Thaler. A silver coin of Prus- sia, struck in 1842 to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the installation of Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, as com- mander of the sixth regiment of cuiras- siers of Brandenburg. Kufic Coins. A term applied to such Arabic coins as bear Kufic inscriptions. The K\;fic writing of the Middle Ages ob- tains its name from the city of Kufa in the Province of Irak Arabi, and is easily distinguished from the modern Arabic by its thick and angular characters. Kugildi. A term found in both Scandi- navian and early German statutes and im- plying a fixed sum in payment for healthy cows of three to ten years of age. See Amira, Nordgermanisches Obligationen- recht, 1882, 1895 (i. 443, ii. 522), and Ridgeway, Origin of Metallic Currency, 1892 (cap. 1-3). Kuhplapperte. See Blaffert. Kuna. See Skins of Animals. Kupa. See Koupa. Kupang. See Kepeng. Ku Pu. The Chinese name for the wedge shaped metallic currency. See Pu. Other names arc Ch’an Pi and Ch’an Pu. Pus are known in English as Spade Money. Kutb. A name given to the copper two and one half Cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1792, after the adoption of his new system of reckoning. This sys- tem was begun in 1786, and was based on the Muludi, i.c., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The name of the coin in Arabic means the Polestar. Marsden (ii. 725) translates it as Katib. Kwacho. One of the many Japanese synonyms for a coin. It means “Disguised Butterfly.” See O Ashi. Kwammon Gin Sen. See Mu-Mon Gin Sen. Kwan. This term ordinarily implies a Japanese weight equal to one thousand momme, or about eight and a quarter pounds. Munro (p. 58) states that in A.D. 810 a quantity of coin (probably Sen), amounting to 1040 Kwan were cast, from the copper remaining in the mint, and he adds that the expression Kwan probably refers to one thousand pieces, which would indicate that it was a money of account. See Ryo and Quan. Kwan. See Kuan. Kwanei Sen. Probably the most popular coin minted in Japan. It was first made at Mito in the 3rd year of Kwan-ei (Per- manent Liberality), 1624, and was not dis- [ 127 ] Kwart continued until 1859, a period of two hun- dred and thirty-three years. It was made in nearly all of the provincial mints, usu- ally in copper or bronze but sometimes in iron. Collectors in Japan recognize over a thousand varieties of this coin. Kwart. A Dutch word meaning one fourth, and used in combinations, e.g., Kwartdaalder, etc. The name Kwart, je is still used to designate the current silver coin of twenty-five Cents. Kwartnik. The name given to the base silver one fourth Groschen of Poland. It appears to have been introduced about the period of Casimir the Great (1333-1370) Kyzikenoi and continued in the coinage until the middle of the fifteenth century. Kyranaion. A gold Stater bearing the types of Alexander the Great was issued at Cyrene by Ptolemy I, and called y.'jpccvatov TUTohep-odou. Kyrmis. An enormous copper coin, about forty-four millimetres in diameter, issued for Baghcheserai, in the Crimea, by Shahin Gerai (A. II. 1191-1197) before its annexation to Russia. See Valentine (pp. 96-98). Kyzikenoi (Ky^iXYjvot crccayipei;) . See Cyzicenes. [ 128 ] Labay Larin L Labay, or Labbaye. A silver coin of Brabant issued by Wenceslaus and Jo hanna (1355-1405) of the value of one fourth of a Groot. A Dobbele Labbaye, also called Nummus Epularis and Gast- mael-Penning was struck in 1429. See v.d. Chijs (passim). Lac. A money of account used in India and representing one hundred thousand Rupees. See Crore. Lafayette Dollar. A silver coin of the United States issued in 1900 as a memento of the Paris Exposition and a mark of good will and appreciation to France for the services rendered during the Revolu- tionary War by General Lafayette. These coins were sold by popular sub- scription, and the proceeds were used to- ward paying for the erection of a statue of Lafayette in Paris. The issue con- sisted of fifty thousand pieces. Lai Tzu, or Hsing Yeh. In China cer- tain light coins issued by Fei Ti, A.D. 465 were thus called. The words mean the leaves of the Linnanthemum nymphoides, which are very light and float on the sur- face of the water. Lakshmi Pagoda. A name given to a variety of the Pagoda ( q.v .) which bears on the obverse a female figure, one of the Hindu deities. L’al Jatali. A gold coin of Akbar, Em- peror of Hindustan of the value of ten Rupees. See Sihansah. Lam. See Gouden Lam. Lammpfennig. A variety of bracteate struck by the Abbey of St. Gallen, Switzer- land, during the fourteenth century. It receives its name from the figure of the Paschal Lamb on the obverse. Landmiinze, or Landesmiinze. The name given to German copper or base sil- ver money which circulated only in the province or state where it was struck, to distinguish it from coins which were cur- rent throughout an entire kingdom or em- pire. The initials L. M. are frequently found on these pieces. Landsberger Pfennige. The name given to certain small silver coins struck by Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (1428- 1464). They resemble bracteates and were divisions of the Groschen. They obtain their name from the figure of the shield of Landsberg, and the inscription land. Another name for the same pieces is Bruckenpfennige, as they are supposed to have been used for paying toll over the bridge near. Dresden. Langrok, i.e., “long cloak.” A nick- name given to the double Flabbe, or piece of eight Stuivers issued in Groningen from about 1589 to the middle of the seven- teenth century. The allusion is to the figure of St. Martin, who is habited in a long cloak. Lappen, meaning “rags,” is a common nickname for paper money in Germany, and, according to the colors on the reverses of the various denominations, they are dis- tinguished as blaue Lappen, braune Lap- pen, etc. Larding Money. Blount, in his Law Dictionary, 1670, states that “in the Man- our of Bradford, in County Wilts, the Tenants pay to the Marquis of Winchester, their Landlord, a small yearly Rent by this Name.” Wharton, in the Law Lexicon, 1864, adds that it “is said to be for liberty to feed their hogs with the masts of the lord’s woods, the fat of a hog being called lard.” Largo. See Giulio. Lari. A copper coin of the Mai dive Islands issued A.H. 1331, i.e., 1913, and struck at Male. It bears the Arabic in- scription SULTAN MUHAMMAD SHAMS AL- din iskandar. There is a piece of four Laris of the same date. Larin, or Lari. A species of wire money of Persia, which obtains its name from the province of Laristan, and which was for- merly chiefly current on the coasts of the Gulf of Persia. Sir John Chardin, who travelled extensively through Persia from 1664 to 1677, states that these coins were [ 129 ] Lat Lead made until Lari was conquered by Abbas the Great of Persia (1582-1627) and be estimates their value at two and one half Shahis. These coins usually occur in silver, but specimens in gold exist, and are very rare. They were extensively imitated, both in Ceylon and at Bijapur. The former are first described by Robert Knox, who was kept a prisoner for twenty years, from 1659 to 1679, in the Kandian provinces of central Ceylon, lie says: “There is an- other sort [of money] which all people by the King’s permission may and do make, the shape is like a fish-hook, they stamp what mark or impression on it they please ; the silver is purely fine beyond pieces of eight; for, if any suspect the goodness of the plate, it is the custom to burn the money in the fire, red hot, and so put it in water, and if it be not then purely white, it is not current money.” Professor Wilson, in his remarks on fish-hook money, contributed to the Numis- matic Chronicle (vol. xvi), describes some pieces of silver wire, not hooked, which were coined in imitation of the Laris, at Bijapur by the Sultan Ali Add Shah, who reigned from 1670 to 1691. They bear on both sides legends in Arabic characters ; on one side the Sultan’s name and on the other “Zarb Lari Dangh Sikka, ” i.e., “Struck at Lari, a stamped Dangh.” They are of the same weight as the Ceylon hooks, viz., about one hundred and seventy grains troy. The Ceylon types are known in Sinha- lese under the name of Ridi, i.e., silver. For a detailed account of the Larins, the reader is referred to the treatise by Rhys Davids (sec. 68-73), Codrington (p. 118), and Allen, Numismatic Chronicle (series iv. xii. 313). Lat. The name given to a copper ingot or bar, used as money in the Lao States in Northern Siam. Their value varied from sixteen to sixty-four to a Tical. Lateres. Both Varro and Pliny refer to Roman coins of the shape of a tile or a brick by this name. Latrones. The Latin name for Tesserae (q.v.). Laubthaler. The name given to a French silver coin struck in the eighteenth century and so called on account of the branches of laurel which surround the shield of fleurs de lis. In France this coin is called the Grand Ecu or Ecu de six Livres. Under Louis XVI there were vari- eties counterstamped for Berne in Switzer- land. The type was copied in Prussia. Lauenpfennige. See Lowenpfennige. Laurel. A variety of the Unite (q.v.) of James I, of England, so called on ac- count of the laureated head on the obverse. Laurentiusgulden. The name given to certain gold coins issued by the city of Nuremberg from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century. They bear the figure of St. Lawrence and a gridiron on which he is supposed to have been martyred. Lausannais, or Livre Faible. A former money of account used at Neuchatel, Swit- zerland, which was computed at twelve Gros, or one hundred and forty-four De- niers Faibles. Lawenpfennige. See Lowenpfennige. Laxsan. See Bahar. Le. See Li. Lead was used for trial pieces, tokens, and counterfeit money from very early times. Among the known specimens prior to the Christian era are some belonging to the Kings of Numidia. In the second and third centuries A.D. leaden coins were issued in Egypt, especially at Memphis, and in the first and second centuries in Roman Gaul. This metal was also employed for strik- ing obsidional coins, of which there is a series, consisting of one Sol to forty Sols, issued at Woerden when that city was be- sieged by the Spaniards in 1575-1576. See Mailliet (cxxv. 1-9). There is an extensive series of Duits in lead struck by the Dutch in the eighteenth century for their possessions in Ceylon and Java. In the Danish issues for Tranquebar the leaden pieces originated under Christian IV in 1640. See Indian Antiquary (xxiv. 22 ) Leaden tokens passing as half Pennies were issued to a considerable amount in England during the reign of Elizabeth ; under James I all leaden tokens of private traders were abolished. See Nummi Plum- bei. [ 130 ] League Coinage Leather Money Erasmus, in his Adagia, mentions Plum- beos Angliae in use in the latter part of the reign of Henry VII ; and Budelius, De Monetis, 1591 (p. 5), states that these leaden tokens were still in circulation in his time. League Coinage. The general term iised to designate such coins of the ancients as were put forth by a federation of states or cities in order to ensure a certain amount of uniformity so far as types, weight, and fineness were concerned. The principal one of the Leagues was the Achaean ( q.v .). The JEt.olian League issued gold, silver, and bronze B.C. 279-168, and the coins usually have on the reverse a figure of dEtolia, copied from a statue dedicated at Delphi in commemoration of victories over the Gauls and Macedonians. The Arcadian League was established by Epaminondas against Sparta after the bat- tle of Leuctra, B.C. 371, and under its auspices the city of Megalopolis was founded. At this place the coins of the League were struck. The coinage of Bceotia was largely a federal currency from the earliest times, and the Boeotian shield is a characteristic feature on the issues. This may possibly refer to the shield of Athena Itonia in the temple of Coroneia, which was the meeting- place of the League. This type disappears after B.C. 288 and the League was dis- solved by the Romans B.C. 146. The cities of Chalcidice established a League B.C. 392 with Olynthus as head- quarters. The coinage is uniform with types relating to Apollo. It was dissolved circa B.C. 358, when Philip II of Mace- donia captured Chalcidice. The federal coinage of Euboea was issued at Eretria. It lasted from B.C. 411 to B.C. 336 and nothing was struck during the Macedonian occupation. After the defeat of the Macedonians at Cynoscephalae B.C. 197 the federal coinage was revived until this League was also dissolved by the Ro- mans, B.C. 146. The Ionian League was a very ancient alliance and originally consisted of the cities of Clazomenae, Colophon, Ephesus, Erythrse, Lebedus, Miletus, Myus, Phocsea, Priene, Chios, Teos, and Samos. Smyrna was added about B.C. 700. Under Anto- [ 13 ninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius the above thirteen cities issued bronze coins in cele- bration of a festival they jointly held. An alliance between the rulers of the various Lycian cities gave rise to the Ly- cian League, B.C. 168, and lasted until A.D. 43, when the Emperor Claudius or- ganized Lycia with Pampliylia as a Roman province. Leal. A name sometimes given to the Portuguese Bazarucco (q.v.). It is usu- ally found with a large sphere within a circle as the reverse design. There is a corresponding half known as Cepayqua. Gerson da Cunha, in Contributions to the History of Indo-Portuguese Numis- matics, 1880 (pp. 11, 22), states that the Cepayqua was struck by Albuquerque at Coa as early as 1510. Leang. See Liang. Leather Money. Leather was used as currency by the Lacedaemonians, and Plato states that leather money was em- ployed by the Carthaginians in his day, and that it was probably the earliest currency of that people. These citations, however, probably refer to the skins of various ani- mals, and the stamped leather which it is claimed was used by the Romans before the introduction of a copper coinage by Nmna Pompilius was perhaps an entire skin or pelt rather than a distinctive coin. There is no doubt, however, that in more modern times nations have adopted a leather coinage which frequently served the function of necessity money, and which was made redeemable for a metallic cur- rency. In the year 1241 the Emperor Frederick II issued leather coins when he was besieging Faenza for seven months, and these were later exchanged for gold Augustali which had the value of one and a quarter gold Gulden. The coins issued by the Emperor contained his portrait im- pressed in silver on the leather. More than a century earlier, i.e., in 1124, Dominicus Michieli, Doge of Venice, issued obsidional coins of leather cut from horse hides for the beleaguered city of Tyrus. This coin received the name of Michieletta from its originator. In 1360, John II, King of France, authorized the making of small leather coins with small golden 1 1 Lebetes Leicht Geld threads sewn or stamped upon them ; this he was compelled to do as his treasury was depleted on account of a ransom of three million livres paid to the English nation. Stamped leather coins were issued by Ley- den in 1574, when the city was besieged by the Spaniards under Valdez; they bore as a device three shields and a stag, with the letters S. M. and H. S. The Russians at an early period used skins of animals for currency and later they employed irregular discs and strips of leather rudely stamped. The word “rouble” is derived from the verb to cut, and some varieties of Russian copper money are called Puli, from poul, leather; these words are probably derived from the primitive leather currency in use in that country. See an exhaustive paper on this subject contributed by William Charlton to the British Numismatic Journal (iii. 311). In 1910 a roll of circular leather tokens was discovered in the archives of the mar- ket at Aschbach on the Danube in upper Austria. These tokens bore the crest of Philip Ecler of the guild of masons and stone-cutters at Eferding (near Aschbach) and the date 1804. Leather strips were also found from which these tokens were cut. Mr. Franz Hirmann, the founder of the museum at Aschbach, has discovered among the records that at the time of the French occupation the masons and stone- workers were employed by the French in the construction of intrenchments, and were paid by the master of the guild with these leather coins which represented the value of one Groschen. See also Ruding (i. 131, 346). Lebetes. A fragmentary inscription re- cently found in Crete assesses the payment of certain fines at so-and-so many Ae^Teq, or “Cauldrons.” It was therefore by this name that certain silver Staters of the fourth century B.C., all countermarked with a device representing a Cauldron (As(3y)<;), were known in Crete. Svoronos, Bull. Corr. Hell. 1888. (vol. xii.). Lebongo. A name given to a currency made of straw, which was in use in the Portuguese colony of Angola. Each piece was of the value of five Reis. It was super- seded in 1693 by a copper coinage. Leeuw, i.e., Lion. A gold coin of Bra- bant, Flanders, and the United Provinces. It was struck by Anthony of Brabant pur- suant to an ordinance of 1408. The Gou- den Leeuw, as it is sometimes called, was also issued by Philip the Good (1430- 1467) in Flanders and later at Mechlin. The coin receives its name from the lion on the obverse, who is in an upright posi- tion, and is sometimes depicted holding a flag or banner in his claws. See Lion d’Or. Leeuwendaalder. This, and the Leeu- wengroot are of the same type as the pre- ceding and are struck in silver. The for- mer is of crown size and is also known as the Ecu au Lion. It was issued from 1576 to the close of the seventeenth century. Legal Tender Notes, also known as United States Notes. The name given to a series of paper money first issued by an Act of Congress of the United States in 1862. They have been issued in denomina- tions from $5.00 to $10,000.00, and are a Legal Tender for all debts, public and private, except duties on imports and in- terest on the public debt. Leg Dollar. T he popular name in the seventeenth century for the new type of Rijksdaalder introduced about 1662 for the Province of Utrecht. On the reverse is a Knight standing with only one leg visible, the other being hidden behind an armorial shield. Legend, from the Latin legere, the words running around the coin inside of the border. See Inscription. Legierung. A term used by German numismatic writers to indicate an alloy, especially of silver and copper, or silver and nickel. The etymology is probably from the Italian legare, to bind. Legionary Coins. A name given to cer- tain Roman gold and silver coins which were issued in honor of the Legions. The earliest known were struck by Mark An- tony, and the last by Carausius. They usually have the inscription leg. Legpenninge. See Rechenpfennige. Lei. See Leu. Leicht Geld. A term formerly used in Hamburg and applied to Pistoles, Species- thaler, etc., which circulated at, a slight depreciation. See Noback (p. 320). [ 132 ] Leijcesterdaalder Lepton Leijcesterdaalder. A silver coin of Crown size issued for Gueldres, West Frisia, Zeeland, etc., pursuant to an ordi- sance of August 4, 1586, and continued until about the middle of the seventeenth century. It bears on the obverse a reputed half-length portrait of Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and on the reverse the armorial shields of the six Provinces (on some speci- mens seven), that opposed the Spanish rule. From the latter circumstance it is also known as the Unierijksdaalder. Lemocia, or Lemona. A billon coin of the Vicomtes de Limoges and copied from the Barbarin ( q.v .) of Saint Martial. It takes its name from Lemovicas, the mediae- val name of Limoges. Guido VI, Vicomte of Limoges (1230- 1263), substituted his own portrait on his coinage, but the pieces were rejected and the regular Bretagne type restored. See Blanchet (i. 275). Lenticular Coins. A name given to such coins as are shaped like a lentil or a lens, i.e., thicker in the centre and gradually tapering towards the edge, as in the earliest emissions of the Roman Aes. Leone. A Venetian silver coin struck by Francesco Morosini (1688-1694) for use in the Levant. It was copied by his suc- cessor, Silvestro Valier (1694-1700). Alvise II Mocenigo (1700-1709), issued a similar coin for Zara of a value of eighty Soldi. The above coins are called respectively Leone Morosino and Leone Mocenigo, and obtain their names from the large figure of a lion on the reverse. There are divisions of halves, quarters, and eighths of the same design . Leonina. A name given to the gold two Zecchini piece of Pope Leo XII (1823- 1829). Leonine, or Lionine. A base silver coin, so called from the figure of a lion. See Brabant and Mitre. Leonzino, or Leoncino. Another name for the Tallero of Francis 1, Duke of Mo- dena (1629-1658), and to that of his suc- cessor, Alfonso IV (1658-1662). Its value was four Bolognini. Leopard. An Anglo-Gallic gold coin struck by Edward 111 of England in 1343. It was of the value of half a Florin, and obtained its name from the crowned leopard on the obverse, though Ruding states that this animal was in reality a lion. The legend on the reverse was domine. NE . IN . FVRORE . TVO . ARGVAS . ME. See Florin. Leopold d’Or. The popular name for the gold coin of twenty Francs issued by Leopold I, King of Belgium (1831-1865). Leopoldino. The silver Scudo issued by Pietro Leopoldo I, of Lorraine, and Grand Duke of Tuscany (1765-1790), is so called. In the mint regulations of 1823 its value was fixed at ten Paoli, or six and two thirds Lira, while the ordinary Scudo was equal to seven Lira. Leopoldo. The name given to the gold Ducat issued by Leopold, Duke of Lor- raine (1697-1729) ; and also to the silver Piastre of Leopold II, Duke of Tuscany (1824-1859). Lepton. Originally this was not a coin, but simply the smallest practical weight applied to gold and silver. After the in- troduction of copper money in Greece and Asia Minor the Lepton became an actual coin. At Athens seven Lepta went to the Chalcus (q.v.). In the eastern portion of the Roman Empire it was used to distin- guish the local copper coins from the im- perial issues. But, generally speaking, the word Lepton was the term used for a small copper coin and consequently varied greatly, according to time and locality. It was later equal to one half of the Chalcus (q.v.), as is confirmed from a comparison of a passage in Polybius (ii. 15) with the well known quotation from the Gospel of St. Mark (xii. 42). From Polybius we learn that the Assarius was equal to half an Obolus, or four Chalki. The Roman Quadrans was therefore equal to the Chalcus, and as St. Mark says that the Quadrans contained two Lepta, the Lepton must have been exactly one half of the Chalcus. The word Mite was employed by the translators of the New Testament simply because the coin was so very small in size, and it retained this meaning for a long period. Hyll, in his Arithmetick, 1600 “Four Mites is the aliquot (iii. 1), says, [ 133 1 Lepton Libella part of a peny, viz. 1/6, for 6 times 4 is 24, and so many mites marchants assigne to 1. peny.” Jeake, in his Arithmetick, 1674 (77), states that sixteen Mites are equal to a Farthing. Coverdale, in his translation of the New Testament, 1535, renders the Gospel of St. Mark (xii. 42) as follows: ‘‘And there came a poore wyddowe, and put in two mytes, which make a farthinge. ” Lepton (plural Lepta). A copper coin of modern Greece, the Ionian Isles, and the Greek Republic under Capo d’Istria. It is the one hundredth part of a Phoenix, or Drachma. The five Lepta piece is also called an Obolos. The word Lepton means thin or fragile. Lesher Referendum Dollar. See Refer- endum Dollar. Leu, or Lev. A silver coin of Bulgaria and Roumania adopted in 1867, when these countries based their monetary systems on the Latin Union. One hundred Bani are equal to one Leu. The plural is Lei, and the name of the coin is synonymous with Lira or Livre. Similarly in Bulgaria, one hundred Stotinki are equal to one Lev (plural Leba). Levant Dollar. The name given to any coin which is employed in the Levant trade, but especially to the Maria Theresa Thaler of 1780. This piece is always struck with this date for commercial purposes, and is accepted in Zanzibar, Abyssinia, Madagas- car, and many other countries. Its weight is a trifle over 433 grains, and its original fineness has been retained. In some of the African and Asiatic sections this coin is known as the Tallero del Levante, and in others as el Real. See Ernest and Wand. Frederick II of Prussia issued Levant Dollars in 1766 and 1767 for trade with the Orient. These have his bust on the obverse and the motto suum-cuique on the reverse. Levy. A corruption of “eleven pence,” and the popular name for the Spanish Real in the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey. Lewekin. In an ordinance dated July 14, 1424, and reprinted by Paul Joseph (p. 155), a coin of this name is mentioned as being equal to one twelfth of a Groschen. Lewis. See Louis d’Or. Leycesterdaalder. See Leijcesterdaalder. Li, or Le. A Chinese weight, also the one thousandth part of the Tael of silver, and of the recent Chinese Dollar or Yuan. The Li is synonymous to the foreign term Cash. The copper Li is supposed to weigh one tenth of a Tael and it is so expressed on coins of Shun Chili (1644-1661) of the Manchu dynasty. Recent patterns of some of the copper coins have values of one, two, and five Li. The Japanese Rin is equal to the Li and the same character is used. Liang. The Chinese ounce, called by Europeans Tael ( q.v .). Some of the earli- est round Chinese coins were inscribed Pan Liang (q.v.), or Half Ounce. Although the word Liang is seldom seen on coins the word lias been used as a value on paper money from the tenth century. Certain coins of Ilsien Feng (1850-1861) have the word Liang impressed on them as a weight. Liard. Originally a base silver coin, the value of which is difficult to determine as it was generally struck without any marks of denomination. Some early French varie- ties had a value of three Deniers, but with the decrease in worth of the latter coin the Liard decreased correspondingly and un- der Henry IV it was struck in copper and became the fourth part of the Sol. The name is probably a corruption of li ardito, the Gascon form of the Ilardi or Hardit (q.v.). Liardo. A base silver coin struck in 1720 by Antonio Grimani, Prince of Mon- aco. Its value was two Denari. Libella. A Roman silver coin mentioned by Varro and stated by him to be equal to half the Sestertius. The half of the Libella was called the Sembella, and the half of the latter coin, or one fourth of the Libella, was known as the Teruncia, the last named coin being little more than a grain and a half in weight. Some authorities have doubted the exist- ence of these smaller coins altogether, and suppose them to be either copper divisions of the Denarius, or merely money of ac- count, Gronovius states that when Varro wrote there was no such coin as the Libella, but that the term signified the tenth part of a Denarius. [ 134 ] Libertina Lion d’Or Libertina. A silver coin of Ragusa, is- sued from 1791 to 1795, with a value of two Ducati or eighty Grossetti. It was copied after the Maria Theresa Thaler and received its name from the inscription libertas on the reverse. Libertini. The popular name for the Quattrini, struck in Siena in 1526, to pay the soldiers and repair the fortifications of the city, after the siege by the troops of Clement VII. Libra. The unit of the gold standard of Peru, adopted in 1897. It is divided into ten Soles, each of ten Dineros, each of ten Centavos. Libralis. See Aes Grave. Licht Thaler. The name given to a variety of silver coins struck by Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (1568-1589). They represent the wild man holding a candle or torch in his right hand. There is a half and quarter Thaler of the same design. Ligurino. The name given to a variety of the silver Luigino (q.v.) of Genoa, is- sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has on the obverse a crowned shield supported by two griffins, and on the reverse a bust, inscribed “Liguria.” Lily Root Money. The name given to a variety of Chinese metallic currency on account of its resemblance to the root of a lily cut in half. These pieces are described in detail by Ramsden (pp. 28-29). Lima Type. The word Lima, which oc- curs on certain coins of George II of England, indicates that these pieces were coined in great part from silver captured by the two British privateers, “Duke,” and “Prince Frederick.” This capture occurred on July 10, 1745, when the above mentioned vessels took two ships belonging to St. Malo, which were returning from Lima. Another explanation, given by Snelling, that the silver formed part of the cargo of the great Mexican treasure-ship from Acapulco taken by Anson, June 20, 1743, is obviously unsatisfactory, because the above-mentioned inscription indicates that the metal was of Peruvian and not Mex- ican origin. The Crowns occur only with the date 1746, but there are half Crowns, Shillings, and six Pences dated 1745 and 1746. Lincoln Cent. The popular name for the copper Cent of the United States of America, first issued in 1909. It bears a bust of Abraham Lincoln on the obverse, from designs by Victor D. Brenner. LingoL A term used by French nu- mismatic writers to describe a cast bar of metal adapted for monetary purposes and sometimes stamped with a numeral of value, etc. Linsen Dukaten. The nickname given to the one thirty -second Ducats of Nurem- berg and Regensburg, because they re- semble lentils in size. Lion. A gold coin of Scotland, first struck in the reign of Robert II (1371- 1390) and continued until 1588. It re- ceived its name from the rampant lion over the shield of Scotland on the obverse. The reverse has a figure of St. Andrew ex- tended on a saltire cross, hence the name “St. Andrew” frequently given to these coins. The weight was originally thirty-eight grains, but later it varied considerably. A larger coin of nearly double the size, but of the same type, received the name of Demy (q.v.). A Scotch billon coin has received the same name. See Hard Head. Lion. A billon coin of the Anglo-Gallic series, first issued by Edward I. It derives its name from the representa- tion, on the obverse, of a lion passant guardant, which was the heraldic bearing of Aquitaine. This device was previously incorporated by Henry II, with two lions passant guardant, the arms of Normandy, thus forming the coat since borne by the English Kings. See also Leeuw. Lion a la Haie. See Tuin. Lion Dollar. See Leeuwendaalder and Dog Dollar. Lion d’Or. A gold coin of France which appears to have been struck only in the reign of Philip VI (1328-1350).' It resembles the Ecu d’Or of the same ruler, the only difference being the figure of a lion lying at the foot of the throne, from which it obtains its name. [ 135 ] Lion Heaume Litra The type was copied in Flanders and the Low Countries, receiving the name of Gouden Leeuw. Lion Heaume. The name given to a variety of the gold Florin issued in Flan- ders by Louis de Male (1346-1384). It has on the obverse the figure of a helmeted lion under a Gothic archway and the inscription lvdovicvs : dei : gra : com’ : Z DNS : FLANDRIE. with FLANDRES in the exergue. See Heaume. Lion Shilling. Lion Sixpence. A name given to the Shilling and Sixpence of the third type of George IV, issued in 1825. These have on the reverse a crowned lion standing on a crown, with the rose, thistle, and shamrock below. The Shilling of Edward VII bears the royal crest, a lion standing on a crown, and recalls the earlier type. Lira, plural Lire, and derived from the Latin word libra, a pound, was originally a money of account in Venice. Payments of Lira di Grossi, while made in the latter coins, were based on their weight irre- spective of their number. The Doge Nicolo Tron (1471-1473) introduced the so-called Lira Tron, which bore his bust on one side and the lion of St. Mark on the reverse. It was divided into twenty Soldi of twelve Denari, and was copied by some of his successors. When Italy adopted the Latin Union standard the silver Lira was made the unit and placed on a par value with the Franc. It is divided into one hundred Centesimi. The Lira is used in the Italian colonies, in Lombardy, Venice, and in San Marino. Lira. See Pound Turkish. Lira Aragonese. See Jaquesa. Lira Austriaca. See Svanzica. Lira Jaquesa. See Jaquesa. Lira Mocenigo. See Mocenigo. Lira Tron. See Lira. Lirazza. A base silver coin of Venice issued at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and current until the termination of the Republic. Its value originally ap- pears to have been thirty Soldi, but the later specimens declined to equivalents of fifteen, ten, and five Soldi, and frequently have the value indicated on the reverse in Roman numerals. See Traro. Liretta. A Venetian base silver coin in- troduced by the Doge Nicolo Sagredo (1675-1676) and copied by a number of his successors to the end of the Republic. For Zara the Venetians issued pieces of four, eight, eighteen, and twenty Lirette during the eighteenth century. Lirona. A base silver coin of the Ven- etian Republic, originally issued pursuant to an act of January 5, 1571, under the Doge Alvise I. Mocenigo. It bears on the reverse the numeral X, to indicate its value of ten Gazzette. This method of in- scribing was at a later period used for the Lirazza ( q.v .). Lisbonino. The double Moeda de Ouro of the Portuguese monetary system, and commonly known as the Moidore. It was the fifth of a Dobrao, and originally worth four thousand Reis, but raised to four thousand and eight hundred in 1688. See Portuguez. Lis d’Argent. A silver coin of France struck by Louis XIV of the value of twenty Sols. The reverse has a cross composed of eight letter L’s, with fleurs-de-lis in the angles. The motto is dominie . elegisti . lilivm . tibi. There are halves and quar- ters of ten and five Sols, respectively. Lis d’Or. A corresponding gold coin with the same motto and a device repre- senting two angels supporting a crowned shield. Both coins appear to have been issued only in the years 1655 to 1657, al- though essays appeared in 1653. The Ital- ians gave it the name of Fiordaliso d’oro, and Gigliato d’oro. Litra. The hronze basis of Sicily, cor- responding to the Roman Libra or Pound. It was also represented by a silver coin of three Hemioboli, and under the stand- ard of Tarentum, the one tenth of the Stater, weighing 0.87 grammes. The divisions of the Siculo-Italiote bronze Litra are the following in corre- sponding terms of the Roman As : 7. Up a = As, or 12 ounces Se'/.w-py-tov = deunx, or 10 ounces rigtXtxptov = semis, or 6 ounces 7i£VTWY xtov = quincunx, or 5 ounces Tsxp Mohur = % Tola = 45 troy grains. Suki = y 8 Mohur = Vie Tola = 22.5 troy grains. Ani = Vie Mohur =; V 32 Tola = 11.75 troy grains. Adha-ani = 1 / 3S Mohur = Vei Tola = 5.87 troy grains. Pai = Via Mohur = Vise Tola = 2.93 troy grains. Dam = y 250 Mohur = V 01! Tola = 0.71 troy grains. Suki. A silver coin of India, and equal to the twentieth part of a Rupee. See Sihansah. Suku. The Dutch equivalent of the Suka {q.v.). The Dutch counterstamped these pieces in 1787 with the v.o.c. mark for their possessions in Ceylon. In the Malay Peninsula the Suku is one fourth of the Real or Spanish Dollar. The word means a quarter. See Sookoo and Pitje. Sultanine. Tavernier calls this the same as the Sequin {q.v. supra). Sultany Altun. See Altun. Sun Dollar. A name given to the Peso of Costa Rica on account of the design which represents the sun rising behind mountains. [ 231 ] Suskin Symbol Suskin. The English diminutive of the French Sou. This debased coin was cur- rent in England for a long period. The parliament in 1424 decreed that it should no longer be used, but this ordinance was but little regarded, as it was found neces- sary to put a stop to the entire circulation of these pieces in 1519. Sutlers’ Checks. The tokens issued by the sutlers, i.e., the military victualers corresponding to the canteen-keepers of the present time, attached to the various regiments and posts of the Northern Army during the Civil War in the United States. At first, for a short time, these checks were of cardboard or paper, but these soon disintegrated through wear and were re- placed by metallic issues. This currency had free circulation in the regiment or brigade for which it was issued, and formed the greater part of the small change. The denominations ranged from five to one hun- dred Cents. The issue is without artistic merit, being of interest from the historic point of view only. See Wood in Am. Journal of Numismatics (xxxvii. 23, and xlvii. 163). Suvarna. An early Indian gold coin, of the value of twenty-five Karshapanas, and weighing one hundred and forty to one hundred and forty-four grains. Cun- ningham (pp. 7, 22) states that it “also was a simple bag of gold dust, such as is still current in Kumaon, of the value of eight Rupees. Each of these gold dust bags is now called Phetang. ” See Pana. The name Suvarna means “beautiful color.’’ Svanzica. The Italian name for the Austrian Zwanziger (q.v.) introduced by Francis I (1815-1835) into the currency of Milan. It is also known as the Lira Austriaca. Swami Pagoda. A name given to one of the Madras Pagodas, which has a male and two female figures on the obverse. One of the titles of Krishna was Chenna Keswam Swami, and from this the name is probably derived, the females being Lakslnni and Rukmini. The weight of this Pagoda is somewhat more than two pennyweights. The reverse has a granu- lated surface. See Pagoda. Swarf Money, or Warth Money. Ac- cording to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, this was a sum of money “paid in lieu of the service of castle-ward.” Swarte Penninge, i.e., Black Pennies. See Korten, Black Money, and Zwarte. Swine Pennies. A local English term for money rooted up by swine. Defoe, in his Tour through Great Britain (iii. 9), states that in Littleborough, Lancashire, “great numbers of coins have been taken up in ploughing and digging, which they call Swine-penies, because those creatures some- times rout them up.” Sword and Sceptre Piece. A name given to a Scottish gold coin of James VI, issued in 1601 and later. It was of the value of six Pounds and derives its name from the sword and sceptre in saltire on the obverse. There is a half of the same type of the value of three Pounds. Sword Dollar. A silver coin issued by James VI of Scotland, of the value of thirty Shillings, which receives its name from the upright sword on the reverse. It is also known as the Ryal (q.v.), and except for differences in the figures of value the one third Ryal and the two thirds are of the same type. Sword Money. See Knife Money. Sycee Silver. The name Sycee, from the Cantonese Hsi Ssu, means “fine floss silk,” and it is given to these ingots in allusion to the purity of the metal, which is apparently a native silver. It is run into circular or shoe-shaped ingots, called, in the Dutch East Indies, Schuyt or ‘ ‘ boats, ’ ’ and bears an inscription or stamp on its upper surface. The standard ingot weighs about fifty Taels, though smaller ones are made. All ingots or shoes, how- ever, are not of such pure silver or “touch.” See Ting and Yuan Pao for the various Chinese names for these silver ingots. These “shoes,” as they are sometimes called, are used for the purpose of paying customs duties, salt duties, and land taxes. See Prinsep (p. 33). Symbol. A device found on coins and medals which bears no relation to the in- scriptions. Thus the owl is a symbol of wisdom, the anchor of hope, the lamb of purity, etc. [ 232 ] Synage Synage. See Senage. Syssel. See Sizel. Szelag. The Polish equivalent for the Schilling or Shilling. The word is pro- nounced “Schellong. ” Szelong. The Polish equivalent of the Solidus, first issued in silver under Sigis- Szostak mund I (1506-1548), but later in copper. Its original value was twelve Denarii, or one Gros, and the multiples were : Dvoiak = 24 Denarii. Troiak = 36 Denarii. Czvorak = 48 Denarii. Szostak = 72 Denarii. Szostak. See Szelong. [ 233 ] Tabo Talari T Tabo. An African money of account. See Boss. Tacolin. An Armenian coin, of which no specimen is known, but which is re- ferred to in a grant made in 1333 by Leon V to the Venetians. Langlois (p. 15) quotes a passage showing that one hundred Tacolini were equal to seventy-seven Dir- hems. it may have been a money of ac- count. Tael. The Chinese Liang or ounce, and equal to about one and one third ounces avoirdupois. The word is derived from the Hindu Tola through the Mayalan word Tahil. It is the nominal unit of China; its value, however, is fluctuating and it is subdivided into ten Mace (Chien or Tsien), one hundred Candareens (Fun), and one thousand Cash (Li). The Tael is a weight and there are varieties for each province. The Hai-Kwan, or customs Tael, has the highest valuation. It is equal to five hundred and ninety and thir- ty-five one hundredths grains of pure sil- ver. See Liang. The actual trade unit is the Dollar or Yuan {q.v.), and to harmonize this with the weight, the value of the Dollar is seven Mace and two Candareens, i.e., a trifle less than three fourths of the Tael weight. Certain provincial coins have been struck, however, bearing the value of one Tael, one half Tael, etc. See Ch’ien. In China silver is frequently cast in a mold in the form of a truncated cone or bowl, and counterstamped with Chinese characters, indicating the weight in taels. See Sycee Silver. Tahegan. The name given to both a gold and a silver coin of Armenia. The former appears to have been of lesser value than the Tenar (q.v.), the two coins prob- ably having the same ratio as the Solidus and the later gold Florin. Its value varied; Langlois (pp. 10-11) cites several authorities to show that it was the equiva- lent of thirty Drachmas of silver, or forty Poghs of copper. See Drakani. The silver Tahegan was introduced in the reign of Leon II (1185-1218), with a corresponding half, called a Tram. Tahil. See Tail. Tail, also written Tahil and Tayell. A former money of account at Atjeh. See Mas. Fonrobert (No. 838) describes a piece of copper ring money, current at Korindschi, of which fifteen thousand three hundred and sixty were equal to the gold Tail. Taka. The Paisa or piece of ten Dinar in the Afghan coinage. See Sanar. Takka. Another name for the double Mohur struck by Prithvi Vira Vikrama, King of Nepal, after 1881. Specimens were issued about 1911 in both gold and silver. Takoe. An English colonial silver coin issued by the African Company on the Gold Coast in 1796. This piece has on the obverse g. r. in script, crowned, and on the reverse the armorial shield of the company, with the crest of an elephant above. Its value was one eighth of the Ackey (q.v.). Talar. The Thaler of Frederick August, King of Saxony and Duke of Warsaw, from 1807 to 1815, is so inscribed. Talari. The monetary silver unit of Abyssinia. It is of Dollar or Crown size, contains three hundred sixty and sev- enty-six one hundredths grains of pure silver, and is divided into halves, quarters, tenths, and twentieths. The latter, the smallest silver coin of this country, is known as the Guerche, Gersh, or Piastre. The Talari issued under King Menelik was sometimes referred to as a Menelik, and, by an arbitrary decree, he attempted to introduce divisions of quarters, eighths, and sixteenths, instead of the prevailing decimal system. The half Talari of Menelik ’s series is called the Agod, the one quarter the Yaber Rub, and the one eighth received the name of Tenan. The Talari obtains its name from the Thaler of Maria Theresa, and in the Amharie language it is known as Ber (q.v.). It is also referred to as the Argenteus. [ 234 ] Talbot Tampang Talbot. A gold coin of the Anglo-Gal- lic series, of the value of twenty-one Sols and eight Deniers. An ordinance of Sep- tember 10, 1453, provided for this coin which was to be struck at Bordeaux in the name of Henry VI, and also in Eng- land “by command of the Captain Talbot [afterwards Earl of Shrewsbury], then Lieutenant-General of Henry in Guienne. ” Talent, from the Greek xaXavxov, a pair of scales, was later applied to a definite weight and belongs to the subject of met- rology rather than numismatics. In Greece there were several standards, but the one most common made the Talent equal to sixty Minae ; the Mina equal to one hundred Drachmai ; and the Drachma equal to six Oboli ; so that a Talent con- tained six thousand Drachmai, and when a Talent of gold is mentioned, the term refers to the weight and not the value. In the Babylonian system the Talent was also equal to sixty Minae or Manas, and the latter was again equal to sixty Shekels. The Semetic name was Kikkar. The Roman Talent was a money of ac- count and corresponded to one hundred Libral Asses. It was generally called Cen- tupondium. For a full account of these early stand- ards conf. Hill (pp. 28-32), and Cunning- ham (pp. 26-31). Tali. A Javanese money of account, of the value of one eighth of a Real. See Pitje and Tra. Talisman Thaler. The name given to a variety of Thaler struck by David, Count of Mansfeld, in 1610. It has a figure of St. George on horseback, and the motto bei got ist rath vnd that. See Madai (No. 1797). Tallard. A name given to the silver Ecu issued by Charles III, Duke of Lor- raine and Bar, in 1557. Tallero. The Italian equivalent of the Thaler (q.v.). The name is, however, gen- erally applied to coins of the eighteenth century and later, to distinguish them from the Scudo. Exceptions to this rule are the Talleri of Francesco Ferrero of Messerano (1588-1624), and those of Man- tua, Florence, etc., as well as the Tallero of the Italian colony of Eritrea. [ 2 : The Doges of Venice, from the middle of the eighteenth century to the end of the Republic, issued a series of Talleri for the Levant. Tallero del Levante. See Levant Dol- lar. Tallero di Convenzione. See Conven- tion Money. Tallero di San Biagio. See Vislino. Tallero Rettoralo. See Vislino. Tallies. See Wooden Money. Tamano. A term used by Spanish nu- mismatists, meaning a small portion, and corresponding to the Bit (q.v.). The Suel- dos, Reales, etc., were formerly frequently cut into eighths or segments, and the name Tamano was applied to these pieces. Tambac-tron. A base silver coin of Annam, having on one side inscriptions surrounding a sun, and on the reverse the figure of a dragon. It was introduced during the reign of the Emperor Minh Mang (1820-1842), and was current for a Piastre, or double the value of the Quail (q.v.). See Fonrobert (2109-11, 2115-17). There are both dated and undated varie- ties. The word Tambac-tron means “round silver.” Tambio, or Trambiyo. A copper coin of Cutch and Kathiawar, and equal to the one forty-eighth of the Kori (q.v.). The name is derived from the Sanscrit Tamrika, though its root meaning is “of copper.” Codrington states that “in prac- tice it used to mean a half-piee; originally, I believe, it meant a pice.” Ta-mig-ma, meaning a “horse’s hoof,” is the name given to one variety of the Chinese silver ingots used as currency in Tibet. Its value varies from sixty to seventy Rupees, according to its weight. Tamlung, or Si Bat. A Siamese gold or silver coin, of the value of four Ticals and equivalent to the Tael (q.v.). There is a half, known as a Kroung Tamlung. The name is also given to a crude lump of silver which is used as money in the Lao States in the northern part of Siam. These coins weigh from sixty to sixty-two grammes. Tampang, or Dampang. A tin coin struck for Pahang in the Malay Peninsula from about A.H. 1261-1295. There are corresponding halves and quarters. From 35] Tampe Tanka h its shape, resembling a truncated obelisk, it is commonly known as “hat money.” Tampe, also called Etampe. A billon coin issued by France for colonial use from about 1750 to 1828, in which year they were demonetized. The usual type presents the original obverse effaced and counterstamped C. Their value varied, being three Sous and nine Deniers in the Antilles; two Sous in Cayenne, etc. See Marque and Sol, and conf. Zay (pp. 65- 70), and Wood, American Journal of Nu- mismatics (xlviii. 129-136). Tamunah. See Arruzeh. Tane. The Japanese name for the coin or pattern supplied to the mint workmen to impress in the sand or clay moulds in making the regular coins for circulation. These Tanes or “Seed” Sen are carefully made of superior metal and are much sought after by Japanese collectors, and correspond in a way to a proof coin. See Yeda, Haha Sen, and Yang Ch‘ien, the Chinese equivalent. Tang, A rectangular copper bar coin in the style of the Bonk (q.v.), issued by the Dutch East India Company for Cey- lon. There appear to be two varieties of four and three quarters, and six Stuivers, respectively. Tang. An Armenian copper coin. Lang- lois (p. 14) states that it corresponds to the Denga. Tanga. Originally a silver coin of Por- tuguese India, struck principally at Goa, with a value of sixty Reis, and in some localities of fifteen Bazaruccos. It appears to have been issued early in the seventeenth century, and specimens occur dated as early as 1642 and counter- stamped v.o.c. by the Dutch, for use in Ceylon. The Tanga Cruzada has the value on one side, and a cross with the four fig- ures of the date in the angles on the re- verse. In 1787 the Tanga was made a copper coin. The original divisions were halves and quarters, and to these were added later pieces of one sixth, one eighth, one twelfth, one eighteenth, and one twentieth. The name is probably derived from Tan- kah, a coinage introduced by the Patan Sultans of Dehli during the fourteenth century. See Thomas (pp. 116-117), and the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 235-245). Tang-au-chon. See Chon. Tang-bak-chon. See Chon. Tang-Ka, or Padika. A silver coin of ancient India, the one fourth of the Kar- sha. See Pana. Tang-Ka. The basis of the coinage of Tibet. It is a silver piece containing a considerable amount of alloy, the value of which is nominally six Annas, though, as a rule, three of them are exchanged for an Indian Rupee, i.e., sixteen Annas. The subdivisions of the Tang-Ka are made by cutting up the coin itself. These divisions are : Sho-Kang, Vs of a Taug-Ka equal to 4 Annas. Chhi-Ke, y 2 “ “ “ 3 Kar-ma-nga, % “ “ “ 2 Kha-Kang, V 6 “ 1 Anna. Khap-chhe, Vis y 2 “ The principal varieties of the Tang-Ka are the following : Ga-den Pho-dang Tang-Ka, which was struck at the Ga-den palace at Lhasa, about 1750. Kong-par Tang-Ka, minted at Giamda on the borders of the Province of Kong- bo, and dated in Tibetan figures. Pa-nying Tang-Ka, meaning “old Ne- palese” coinage, commonly called Ang-tuk (q-v.), and termed Mohar by the people of Nepal. Nag-tang, or black Tang-Ka, a name given to the Nepalese coinage of Ranjit Malla Deva, bearing the Newar date 842, or 1722. Cho-tang, or “cutting Tang-Ka.” A Nepalese coin since the Gorkha conquest, not struck for currency in Tibet, but gen- erally current. Conf. Walsh, Coinage of Tibet, in Memoirs Asiatic Society of Ben- gal, 1907 (ii.), and Wood, in American Journal of Numismatics, 1912. For ex- tensive historical references concerning the name, see R. C. Temple in The Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 235-244). Tankah. A standard in both gold and silver, of about one hundred and seventy- four grains in each metal, introduced by the kings of Dehli. The Tankah was di- vided into sixty-four parts, each called a Kani, and equal to four Falus. On the copper coins of Jahangir, the son of Akbar, are to be found the words rawani and raij, both meaning “current coin,” and corresponding in weight with the Tankah. Valentine (p. 162) de- [ 236 ] Tanner Temple Money scribes a piece of four Tankahs struck by Akbar for Kabul A.H. 996. The piece of fifty Kani (Fonrobert, No. 2917) was known as Adli. Tanner. A slang name for an English Sixpence. The word may be a corruption of Danaro, or from the Gypsy tano, mean- ing little, the coin being a small one when compared with the Shilling. Dickens uses the term in Martin Chuzzlewit (xxxvii.). Tanuma Go Momme Gin. A Japan- ese silver coin, valued at five Momme, is- sued in 1765, of rectangular shape. It is said that the metal used was from con- fiscated silver ornaments of the Japanese ladies. Tao, Tao Ch’ien, Tao Pi. See Knife Money. Tare. A small silver coin of northern Malabar, and probably struck at Calicut. It was equal to half of the Paisa. See Elliot (pp. 57-58). In some districts it is known as the Vis or Viz, and, while the value varied slight- ly, it was computed at one sixteenth of the Fanam, wherever the latter coin was current. Tarelares. Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1442 in which this denomination occurs as a money of Brabant. Targa. An early billon or base silver coin of the Duchy of Bretagne, of the value of two Deniers. It is mentioned in an ordinance of 1459, issued by Count Francis II. Tarin, or Taro (plural Tari). In Malta this appears as a silver coin early in the sixteenth century, with the value of a fifth of a Ducato (q.v.). A copper issue occurs under Giovanni de la Vallette (1557-1568). Both series had various mul- tiples, some of them as high as thirty. In Naples and Sicily the same values were retained up to 1818, when the Sici- lian Taro was equivalent to half of the Neapolitan one. Tarja. An early Castilian copper coin, of about the value of one fourth of a Real. The name means a variety of shield, and this figure occurs on the coins. Tartaron, from the Greek vs -capvqpov (q.v.), is a term applied in late Roman times to a bronze piece. See Du Cange, Dissert, de infer, aevi numism. Tartemorion, or Tetartemorion. The one fourth of the Obol and the one twenty- fourth of the Drachm. Aristotle mentions this as the smallest silver coin. It is known to have been struck at Athens, Colo- phon, Aegina, Elis, Tegea, Argos, and Sicyon. Tasdan. See Teastun. Tassuj. A Khwarizm coin, the one quarter of a Danik, and one twenty-fourth of a Dinar, or of a Dirhem. It was equal to two Habbehs in relation to the Dirhem ; or three Habbehs in relation to the Dinar. It varies with the Danik. See Danik. Tauf Thaler. An expression frequently found in German catalogues, and applied to coins having a representation of the baptism in the river Jordan, as referred to in St. Matthew (iii.), St. Mark (i.), etc. Tawil. See Toweelah. Tayell. A former money of account at Atjeh. See Mas. Tchen. See Chien. Tchu. See Chu. Tea as currency. See Brick Tea. Teastun. Dinneen, Irish-English Dic- tionary, 1904, has: “Teastun, Teastuin. A fourpenny piece, fourpence. Ital. Tes- tone. English, Tester. Scotch Gaelic, Tas- dan, a Shilling.” Teding Penny, or Tething Penny. An obsolete form of Tithing Penny (q.v.). Temin Budschu. See Budschu. Temmin. See Timmin. Temple Coins. The Drachms or Hemi- Drachms issued from the temple at Didy- ma are so called. They were of the same types as those of the coins of Miletus, and appear to be a special Milesian issue meant for religious purposes. See Hill (pp. 80- 81). Temple Money. A name given to a series of Chinese medals, dating from the time of the Sung dynasty (A.D. 960- 1127), and specially of the period of Tsing- Kang, A.D. 1126. These medals were employed at cere- monies in honor of the god Kuei-Sing, who forms a part of the constellation of Ursus Major. Conf. Kainz, Die sogenann- ten Chinesischen Tempelmiinzen, 1895, and see also Kangtang. [ 237 ] Tempo Testone Tempo. An oblong bronze coin of Japan, first made in 1835, and of the value of one hundred Mon or Sen. Its price at first was thirty to a Ryo of former coin, this probably representing one thousand Mon, so that its actual value on this com- putation would be one to thirty-three and one third. From 1854 to 1859 this coin depreciated to sixty to the Ryo, and in the year 1860 to a hundred. It has now fallen to one hundred and twenty-five to the Yen, which is one to eight Mon. See Munro (pp. 148-151). Many Japanese coins and fanciful pieces of oval form are known as Tempo shaped. Tempo Koban. See Koban. Tenan, Temun, or Toumon. The name given to the one eighth Talari piece of Abyssinia. See Ber. Tenar. A gold coin of Armenia, corre- sponding to the Dinar (q.v.). The name appears to be applied to such pieces as have native inscriptions, the coins struck by the Georgians, Arabs, etc., receiving the name of Solidus or Byzant. See Lang- lois ( passim ) . Tenga. The name of certain silver coins of the various Muhammadan States of Cen- tral Asia. The Tenga of Bokhara is worth about ten cents. See Denga. Tenner. A popular name for the ten Pound note of the Bank of England. Thomas Hughes, in Tom Brown at Oxford, 1861 (xix.), says, “No money?” “Not much ; perhaps a tenner. ’ ’ Tercia Apuliensis. The one third of the Apuliense (q.v.). It, is also called the Tercia Ducalis, its value being one third of the Ducato d’Argento. Terlina. A billon coin struck by Louis XII of France for Asti, between 1498 and 1513. See Hoffmann (64-75). Tern. A gold coin struck by the Counts of Barcelona during the eleventh century, and valued at one third of the Mancuso d'Oro, or one twelfth of the Quaterne (q.v.). The name is probably a corrup- tion of Dinar, which appears to be con- firmed by the fact that these coins have both Arabic and Latin inscriptions. Temar, or Temarius. The name usual- ly applied in the coinage of Poland to a piece representing a triple Denarius, or Pfennig. It was introduced by Sigismund [ 238 ] III in the latter part of the sixteenth cen- tury, and copied for Posen, Lobsenz, Dan- zig, etc. Temariae formae, or triple Aurei. A gold coin, said by Lampridius, Sev. Alex. (39), to have been issued by Elagabalus. Terniones. The name for the triple Au- rei. Specimens are known of Commodus and Gallienus. Territorial Gold. The name given to certain gold coins issued by the Oregon Exchange Company in 1849 ; the Mormon coinage in Utah struck from 1849 to 1860 ; and the gold coins issued by three private firms in Colorado during the years 1860 and 1861. See Private Gold Coins. Teruncia. A small Roman copper coin, or perhaps a money of account. See Li- bella. The same name is also given to the Quadrans (q.v.). Terzarola. A gold coin of Genoa, is- sued tinder the first Doge, Simon Boccane- gra (1339-1344). It was equal to one third of the Genovino. The same name is given to a billon coin of Milan, introduced by the Visconti, in the fourteenth century, and equal to one third of the Danaro. Tesserae. A name given to certain pieces in the Roman series, the use of which has not been satisfactorily deter- mined. They exist in both bronze and lead, and usually have a figure or portrait on one side and a numeral of value on the reverse. It is generally supposed that they were employed as temporary substi- tutes for money, such as for admission to the ancient games, theatres, etc. Tester. See Testoon. Teston. From the Italian testa, a head, and therefore, strictly speaking, any coin with a head upon it; the name seems to have been first applied to certain silver pieces of Louis XI I of France, because they bore the head of that ruler, and thus identified the coinage as a national one. Its value in France was later made at one quarter of the Ecu. See Tostao. Testone. The Italian form of the Tes- ton. There are remarkably fine specimens struck for Milan during the Sforza dyn- asty (1450-1500). The Emperor, Charles V, issued it for Naples and Sicily as equal to two Carlini ; and at Ferrara, under Al- Testoon Thaler fonso II (1559-1597), it had a value of eighteen Paoli. It occurs for Mirandola, Savoy, Mantua, in the Papal series, and numerous other Italian states. Testoon, or Tester. The English equiv- alent of the Teston. It was introduced in 1504, in the third coinage of Henry VII, and was valued at twelve Pence. The coin is noted as being the first English coin which has an actual portrait of the reign- ing sovereign. In 1543, under Henry VIII, Testoons were ordered to be struck, the silver in them being of a lower grade of fineness than had been previously employed. In 1548 they were called in by proclamation, all persons being forbidden to utter or re- ceive them in payment, but the holders of any such coins could take them to the mints and receive other current coins in exchange, at the rate of twelve Pence for every piece. The term Shilling soon sup- planted the expression Testoon ; Shakes- peare uses Tester in The Merry Wives of Windsor. The Testoon first appeared in the Scot- tish coinage in 1553, but these pieces were struck in France by the mill and screw process. Their value was five Shillings. Testudo. The name given to such coins of Aegina as bear the figure of a tortoise. Tetarte, xexapx rj. The one fourth of the gold Stater, a denomination which was seldom coined. Tetartemorion. A Greek silver coin of the value of one fourth of the Obol (q.v.). See Tartemorion. Tetarteron, xsxapx^pov. The one fourth of the Solidus, first coined by Nicephorus I, Emperor of the East. Tetrachalk, xsxpa^akxov. The quad- ruple Chalcus (q.v.). Specimens^ struck at Chios and by several of the Syrian kings are known. Tetradrachm, or Tetradrachmon, repre- sented the multiple of four Drachms (q.v.), and became the most widely circu- lated coin of the Greeks. Tetranommos, or piece of four Nommoi, is mentioned in a Delian inscription. Tetras, xexpaq. The Triens of the Ro- mans, equal to one third of the Litra, and composed of four ounces, or Unciae. Bronze specimens of this denomination are [ 2 ; known to have been struck at Agrigentum, Menaenum, Segesta, Syracuse, and Rhe- gium. Tetrassarion, xsxpaauaptov. A piece of four Asses (in other words, the Sester- tius), by Greek writers often called Nomos. It was coined extensively under the Roman Empire in the Greek cities until the reign of Claudius. Tetrastater, or quadruple Stater. When this is coined in gold, it is called the Octo- drachm and the Mnaieion (q.v.). Tetrobolon. A piece of four Oboli, coined at Athens and a few other cities. See Obol. Tettigia. The xexxrjda xxoXep.aixa ypuaa of the Delphic inscriptions are erroneously supposed to designate certain gold coins, but in all probability they refer to some kind of gold ornament. See Babelon, Traite (i. 519-521). Thaler. The best known of all the coins of the European continent, and one which enjoyed an uninterrupted popularity for four centuries. The demand for a large silver coin was manifested in the latter part of the fifteenth century for trade and commercial purposes, due to the great quantity of silver which was being used in Europe. By an edict dated June 4, 1474, Duke Galeazzo Maria of Milan ordered the strik- ing of a silver coin of the value of one fourth of the Ducat. In 1477 Archduke Sigismund of Tyrol founded a mint at Hall (in the vicinity of the rich silver mines at Schwaz), from which mint were issued in 1484 the so-called Gulden- groschen (q.v.) of the value of one Gulden, and approximately of the size of the Tha- ler. These new, large, silver coins were rapidly copied, and a demand was created by the development of the silver mines in Tyrol and Bohemia. At the beginning of the sixteenth century the Emperor Maxi- milian issued Guldengroschen with a bust portrait and five armorial shields on the reverse, which were copied after the me- dallic Thaler of 1479, struck to commem- orate his marriage with Maria of Bur- gundy. Brandenburg copied the Thaler in 1521, and in 1525 appeared those of Count Stephan von Schlick in Joachims- thal in Bohemia, called Joachimsthaler, or Schlickthaler. As this term was no doubt n Thaler Thirteen-pence-half-penny found too lengthy, it was abbreviated into Thaler, a designation thereafter generally adopted. These were approximately of the size of the Guldengroschen, but of some- what inferior fineness, thus yielding a larger percentage of profit to those issuing them. This fact led to their adoption sooner or later by almost every country in Europe, with variations of the name, e.g., Daler, Tallero, etc. By an ordinance of 1551 the value of the Thaler was made equal to seventy-two Kreuzer, and that of the Guldenthaler, a smaller coin, sixty Kreuzer. In 1566 the Thaler was made the legal imperial silver coin and reduced to a value of sixty-six Kreuzer in Austria and southern Germany, but in north Germany it was divided into Groschen. The latter varied according to the weight and fineness of the Thaler, and consequently there exist Thaler of twenty, twenty-one, twenty-four, twenty-five, thir- ty, thirty-two, thirty-six, and even forty- eight Groschen. This led to the general practice of applying a certain number of Groschen to make up the equivalent of a Thaler, called a Zahlthaler, and this coin suffered in proportion to the fineness or debasement of its component parts. Those Thaler, however, which adhered to the legal standard were distinguished from the Zahlthaler by the name of Spe- ciesthaler (q.v.). These were accepted throughout Germany on a regular fixed basis, and in consequence they were valued at anywhere from two to ten times of the Zahlthaler. The Speciesthaler, by an or- dinance of 1623, received the name of Reichsthaler and was made equal to ninety Kreuzer, or one and one half Gulden in southern Germany, and twenty-four Gros- chen in the northern portions. The Vienna Monetary Conference of 1857 designated the Thaler to be equal to one and one half Austrian Gulden, or one and three quarter Gulden of the South German States. Af- ter the unification of the German States into an empire a gold standard was adopted in 1873 and the Thaler was given a legal tender vahie of three Marks. In 1907 the Thaler was made subsidiary. There are large coins issued as multi- ples of the Thaler as high as sixteen Spe- ciesthaler ( see Loserthaler), and divisions of two thirds, one third, one half, one sixth, one twelfth, one twenty-fourth, one [ eighty-fourth, the latter for the See of Wurzburg, and one one hundred and ninety-second issued for Liibeck in 1706. Theler. See Judenpfennige. Thetri. In the Georgian coinage this word is the equivalent of Albus, or Weiss- pfennig. Two hundred Thetri were equal to ten Kopecks, or one Abaze. Thibronian Money, Otpptovsiov vofjuqjia. Its mention by Photius has caused con- siderable discussion among the learned. Babelon, Traite (i. 474-478) gives a resume of the controversy, and finally designates certain Ephesian gold coins as probably representing this famous coinage, said to have been struck by the Spartan general Thibron. Thick ’un, and Thin ’un, are slang English terms used respectively for the Sovereign and Crown and the correspond- ing halves. Percy Clarke, in his work The New Chum in Australia (p. 143), has the following: “If he feel that it were better for him to quaff the flowing bowl, and he has a drought within him, and a friend or a thick ’un to stand by him, he is a . . . fool to refuse.” Thien. The Annamese word for Ch’ien (q.v.). Thin ’un. See Thick ’un. Third Guinea. An English gold coin issued from 1797 to 1813 inclusive. See Guinea. Thirteener. A name formerly current in Ireland for the English silver Shilling, the same being worth thirteen Pence of the Irish copper currency. Lover, Handy Andy (xiv.) says: “With a bold thirteen in the treasury;” and Thomas Crofton Croker, in his Legends of the Lakes (308), speaks of “golden guineas and lily-white thirteens. ” Captain Marryat, in his novel, The King’s Own (xxi.), has the following: “He says that it’s two thirteens that must be paid for it. . . . Have you two shillings 1 ’ ’ Thirteen-pence-half-penny. This sum was formerly known as “the hangman’s wages,” it being the fee given to the exe- cutioner at Tyburn. The name was given to the Scotch Merk, which after the union of England and Scotland was decreed to be current at 13% pence. 240 ] Thistle Crown Tical It is referred to by Defoe, in his novel, Colonel Jack, 1722, who mentions “A pa- per of old thirteen-pence-half-penny pieces, half and quarter pieces, with ninepences, and four-pence-halfpennies, all crooked money, Scotch and Irish coin.” Thistle Crown. An English gold coin struck only in the reign of James I pur- suant to a proclamation of October 20, 1604. Its original value was four Shil- lings, which was raised one tenth, or to four Shillings and four and three quarter Pence, in 1611. The union of the king- doms is referred to in the legend Tucatur unita Deus, i.e., “May God protect the united (Kingdoms).” This coin was dis- continued in 1612, the addition to its value making it extremely inconvenient for reckoning. It receives its name from the crowned thistle on one side. Thistle Dollar, also known as the Double-Merk, is a Scottish silver coin which appears only in the third coinage of James VI, i.e., from 1578 to 1580, in- clusive. It bears a thistle with large leaves between the letters i.r. Its weight is three hundred and forty-three and one half grains, and it contains eleven parts of fine silver to one part of alloy. Thistle Merk. A silver coin of Scot- land, issued in the eighth coinage of James VI, and bearing the dates 1601 to 1604, in- clusive. The obverse has a thistle crowned, and its weight is one hundred and five grains. The half, quarter, and one eighth Merk were struck during the same period. Thistle Noble. A gold coin of Scotland, of the weight of one hundred and eighteen grains, and of a value of £7 6s. 8 d., which obtains its name from the thistle on the side of the ship. The obverse has the following inscription : iacobvs . 6 . dei . gratia . rex . scotorum . and a ship with flags bearing respectively 1 and 6 at the bow and stern, with a Scottish shield crowned over the side, and a thistle-head in the waves. This piece occurs only in the fourth coinage of James VI, i.e., in 1588, and the dies were engraved by Thomas Foulis. Thousander. See Miliarensis. Three Crowns Money. A name given to a variety of the Groats, half Groats, Pennies, half Pence, and Farthings, issued by Edward IV for Ireland, on account of the peculiar reverse, which bears three crowns, one above the other, with the in- scription DOMINVS HIBERNIE. Three Farthings. These silver coins were first struck by Henry VIII for Ire- land, but in the English series they were not issued until 1561 and discontinued in 1582. They have never since been coined. Three Halfpence. These were issued simultaneously with the preceding, and also abandoned in 1582. They were re- vived under William IV for circulation in the West Indies and Ceylon, but discon- tinued in the last-named island in 1870, when an issue of Cents was adopted. See Quattie. Threepence. This English silver coin first appeared in 1552 in the reign of Ed- ward VI and was discontinued in 1684. They were authorized for general cur- rency in 1845, and also formed part of the Maundy Money. From 1834 they were struck for various colonies, especially Mal- ta, Mauritius, Ceylon, Sierra Leone, and the West Indies. Henry Will issued a Threepence for Ireland with the inscription civitas dvb- binie ; this coin was, however, struck in London. Thrymsa. An Anglo-Saxon money of account and assumed to correspond to the Tremissis. In Mercia the Thrymsa Avas equal to three Pence, and the Continental Saxons had one Shilling of two Thrymsas and another variety of three. The name is probably derived from the Anglo-Saxon word dri, i.e., three. See Ruding (i. 114). Thiiringer Groschen. The name given to a series of silver coins issued by the Margraves Balthasar and Frederick of Meissen early in the fifteenth century. In- stead of the design with the lion, as on the Fiirstengroschen (q.v.), they bear the Thuringian helmet. Tiao. A string of Chinese Cash, con- sisting in the various provinces from one hundred to one thousand of the coins, and supposed to be the equivalent of the Tael. See Kuan, and Ch’uan. Tical, or Bat. The unit of the silver coinage of Siam. It was originally in a spherical form, commonly known as Bullet [ 241 ] Tien Tin Money, and based on weight, but this type was superseded in 1861 by ordinary coins made at Birmingham in England. The Siamese series ranges as follows : 2 Lott or Salots := 1 Att, equivalent to one- sixty-fourth Tical. 2 Atts = 1 Pai or Phai, equivalent to one-thirty- second Tical. 2 Pais = 1 Song Pai or Sik, equivalent to one six- teenth Tical. 2 Song Pais = 1 Fuang, equivalent to one eighth Tical. 2 Fuangs = 1 Salting or Mayon, equivalent to one quarter Tical. 2 Saltings = 1 Song Salung, equivalent to one half Tical. 2 Song Saltings =; 1 Tical or Mat. 2 Ticals = 1 Song Bat or Krottng Tamlung, equiv- alent to 2 Ticals. 2 Song Bats = 1 Tamlung or Si Bat (Tael) , equiv- alent to 4 Ticals. 20 Tamlungs = 1 Catty or Chang, equivalent to 80 Ticals. In 1868 a mint was established at Bang- kok, and multiples of the Tical in gold were introduced. The silver Tical weighs fifteen and thir- ty-sixth one hundredths grammes, or two hundred and thirty-seven grains troy. The Tical is also counterstamped in vari- ous ways for use in Burma. Hunter, in his Account of Pegu, says: “The principal money of this country is silver, which is not coined, but paid by weight. The smallest denomination is the tycal ; one hundred tycals make one viss ; and these are used in weighing goods as well as money. ’ ’ Conf. also, for an entensive account of the Tical, both as a weight and as a coin, K. C. Temple in the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. pp. 245, 253-256), and Schroeder (p. 587). Tien. The Annamese name for a string of sixty Cash. In 1878 the Tien was re- duced to fifty. A string of six hundred Cash is called a Quail Tien. Tientje. A name given to the gold ten Gulden piece of the Netherlands. Tiercelin, or Tiercele. A coin of Hai- naut, of the value of five Deniers, and the third of the Plaisant ( q.v .). See also Bugne. Tiers. A word used in numismatics to indicate the third part of any denomina- tion. There is consequently a Tiers d’Es- calin, Tiers de Lion d’Or, Tiers de Plaque, etc. Tiers de Sou d’Or, or Tiers de Sol. The name given to the gold Triens when [ 242 ] adopted by the nations of Western Europe. It is found in the Merovingian coinage, struck at Paris, Marseilles, Duurstede, Lyons, Viviers, etc., and of somewhat larger size, among the Visigoths of Spain from the sixth to the eighth century, with the mint marks of Cordova, Merida, Coim- bra, Tarragona, Seville, Toledo, etc. Tiffins. A nickname given to a series of tokens which, for a time, were very popu- lar in Canada as substitutes for the inade- quate legal copper currency. They derived their name from Joseph Tiffin, a Montreal merchant, who imported them in large quantities from Birmingham, England, about 1825. There are several minor vari- eties and numerous imitations. Tilla. A gold coin of Kashgar in Turkestan, of Khwarizm, and of Afghanis- tan. Timbre de Valencia, or Casquete. The name given to a gold coin of twenty- four grammes, introduced by Alfonso V, King of Aragon (1416-1458), for Valencia. It varied from previous issues in having the bust of the king substituted for the helmeted shield (Scudo casque). There is a corresponding half known as medio Timbre de Valencia, or medio Casquete. See Engel and Serrure (iii. 1346). Timma. A pewter coin of Keda, Malay Peninsular, in the form of a cock on two or more rings. See Fonrobert (2255). Timmin, or Temmin. The name given in Turkey to the piece of five Sols or half Ecu, struck at Trevoux, Dombes, in Bur- gundy, in 1650. It bears the youthful portrait of Mile. Anna Maria Louisa d ’Or- leans, and was used as a jewel or decora- tion. The type was also extensively imitated in Italy under the name of the Luigino (q.v.). Conf. also Blanchet (i. 374). Timpf. See Tympf. Tin, it is stated, was used for coining purposes by Dionysius of Syracuse, but if the tradition is correct, all of these pieces have disappeared. Lenormant (i. 213) mentions a large hoard of tin Denarii of the time of Septimius Severus, found at Lyons, which appear to have been in- tended by the government for circulation in Gaul. Tin Tjugomarker Th is metal is also employed for obsidi. onal issues, and Mailliet (i. 1-3) cites coins struck for Alkmar when that city was be- sieged by the Spaniards in 1573. Traders’ tokens in England were occa- sionally made of tin, and a tin or pewter Farthing was struck in 1684, with the in- scription nvmmorvm famvlvs, i.e., “the servant of the coinage,” signifying that it is a substitute for the regular issues. These pieces have a small copper stud driven through the centre to render their imitation difficult. See Farthing. In France essays of twenty, ten, and five Francs in this metal were issued during the second republic of 1848 to 1850. Tin was also extensively used in the coinage of Java and Sumatra. See Pitje, and Chalmers (p. 381). Tin. A depreciating synonym for sil- ver, especially silver money, and which oc- curs in phrases such as “he has the tin,” “pay the tin,” etc. The name is said to have been first ap- plied to the small English silver coins of the eighteenth century which before their recall in 1817 were often worn entirely smooth and without traces of any inscrip- tions, etc., so as to resemble pieces of tin. Mrs. Gore, in Sketches of English Character, 1846 (6), says: “Many persons . . . remember the villanous old coinage of George III, the tin-like sixpences, which added a word to the slang dictionary.” Ting. The former name for the silver ingots or shoes of China. The more mod- ern word is Pao ( q.v .). The word Ting generally refers to the ingot weighing fifty Taels. Another name is Yin Ting. See Sycee. Tingle Dangle Money. See Bridge Money. Tinker. A Scotch and Irish dialect term for counterfeit bronze or copper coin. In Cruck-a-Leaghan, and Slieve Gallion, Lays and Legends of the North of Ireland, 1884 (p. 21), occur the following lines: “Sarehin’ for goold — it was shurely a mock To find only ashes inside av the pot. And divil a tinker among the whole lot.” See Kaird Turner (supra). Tinney. See Bazarucco. Tippelgroschen. A nickname given to a base silver coin struck by the Teutonic Order in Prussia during the war with Poland in 1520. It has two very distinct points or dots ( Tiipfel ) above the armorial shield. Tir Federal. An inscription which ap- pears on Swiss shooting pieces of five Francs, issued for the cantons of Freiburg, Lausanne, etc. It corresponds to Schiitzen- thaler (q.v.). The Italian form, Tiro Fed- erale, occurs on the issues for Lugano. Tirolino. A silver coin of Bellinzona, issued early in the fifteenth century for the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unter- walden. The obverse has an eagle over a serpent, with the inscription -|- moneta — bellizona. On the reverse is an eight- armed cross, four arms of which divide the inscription vri — svit — vnde — rval. This coin is frequently termed the Grosso Tirolino, but the expression Tirolino is used by some authorities to indicate a mezzo Grosso. The type was copied by the Fieschi family for Crevacuore during the sixteenth century. Tithing Penny. This is not an actual coin but the name given to a small duty formerly paid by manorial tenants to the lord, and also a payment made by lords of manors at the hundred court. Edward Phillips, in A Neiv World of Words, or General Dictionary, 1706, has: “Teding-, Tething-, or Tithing-Penny, a Tax or Allowance formerly paid to the Sheriff from every Tithing, towards the Charge of Keeping Courts.” Titolo. An Italian word used to ex- press the purity of the metal employed for coinage. See Forte. Tizzy, also written Tizzey, and Tissey. An English slang term for a Sixpence. The origin of the word is obscure, but it may be a corruption of Testoon (q.v.). The designation is found early in the nine- teenth century, and Bulwer employs it in The Caxtons (v. 1). Tjaturvingatimanam. See Krishnala. Tjentai. The name given to the gold coin of four Rupees, struck for Burma in 1866, i.e., with the date 1228. See Fon- robert, (No. 2306). Tjugomarker. The Swedish equivalent for triple Thaler. It is usually applied to the large crown of Charles IX, struck in 1608 with the inscription iehovah * sola- TIVM * MEVM *. [ 243 ] Tobacco Toman Tobacco was used in many of the Brit- ish Colonies as a medium of exchange for currency. Oldmixon, in his British Em- pire in America, 1708, writing of Mary- land, says: “The Lord Proprietary had a Mint here, to coin Money, but it was never made much use of. . . . Tobacco is their Meat, Drink, Cloathing, and Money.’’ Under the Antigua Act of November 20, 1644, “one thousand pound of good Mar- chantable tobacco in Role’’ was one of the fines. In the Bermudas the “Martial Offi- cers at the Toune,” i.e., at St. George, were paid in tobacco in 1620, and later. See Chalmers (passim). Tobacco Note. See Inspection Note. Toghrali. Marsden states (i. 372) that this term “does not belong to a particular denomination, being applied to such pieces, whether of gold or silver, as are distin- guished by the toghra or royal cipher, and that of zingirli (from zingir, a chain) seems to lie given only to those coins which have been pierced with a hole for the pur- pose of hanging them on a chain about the neck.” Toghralu-Funduk. See Funduk. Toison. See Vlies. Tokens, or Pledges of Value, as they were sometimes called, appeared early in the fifteenth century, and Queen Elizabeth permitted municipal tokens to be struck by the cities of Bristol, Oxford, and Wor- cester. Erasmus mentions the plumbei Angliae, evidently referring to the leaden tokens issued in the time of Henry VII. There were three periods in English his- tory when a large number of tokens were put into circulation, owing to the inade- quacy of the regal coinage. The first of these was from about 1601 until prohibited by a royal proclamation dated August 16, 1672, when a regal issue of copper half Pennies and Farthings was made. From 1787 to 1802 the copper coinage was again insufficient and a large quantity of tokens appeared. This series were originally de- scribed and numbered by the Rev. James Conder, and collectors consequently refer to them as the Conder Tokens. In 1811 a third and last series of English tokens ap- peared, and these continued until 1817 when an Act was passed which prohibited their manufacture and use, and persons who had issued any were obliged to redeem them by the end of the year. Among the earliest tokens issued in the United States are those struck in 1789 by Mott, an importer and dealer in silver- ware in New York City, and the ones dated 1794, of the firm of Talbot, Allum & Lee of the same place. The latter are some- times muled with English half Penny tokens of the same period. See also Copperheads, Hard Times To- kens, and Communion Tokens. Tola. An Indian weight, chiefly of gold or silver. The derivation is probably from the Sanscrit tut a, a balance, or tul, to weigh, to lift up. In 1833 a regulation was passed for al- tering the weight of the new Farru- khabad Rupee, and for assimilating it to the legal currency of the Madras and Bom- bay Presidencies, also for adjusting the weight of the Calcutta Sicca Rupee. The weight of the Farrukhabad Rupee was introduced as the unit of a general system of weights for government transac- tions throughout India under the native denomination of the Tola. The following scale was adopted : 8 Rattis = 1 Masha = 15 troy grains. 12 Mashas = 1 Tola = 180 troy grains. 80 Tolas (sicca weight) = 1 Seer or Sihr = 2% lbs. troy. 40 Seers = 1 Mun, or Bazar Maund = 100 lbs. troy. Tollero, or Tollore. Another form of writing Tallero (q.v.), but specially ap- plied in Tuscany to designate the Scudo issued by Ferdinand I de Medici and his successors for trading with the Levant. Toman. A gold coin of Persia, prob- ably introduced in the reign of Shah Ab- bas I (A.H. 996-1038 = 1587-1629). Its original value was ten thousand Dinars, the money of account (which must not be confused with the Arabian Dinar), and it was equal to fifty Abbasis. Under Mehemed Shah (A.H. 1250-1264 = 1834-1848), a new system of coinage was introduced, and the equivalents were 1 Toman = 10 Kran. = 20 Penabad. 200 Shahi. = 10000 Dinar. This remained in force until the year 1875, when, under the Shah Nasr ed-din, the French monetary system, with the Kran as a basis, was adopted. At present there are [ 244 1 Tomin Tourelle multiples of two, five, and ten Tomans, and divisions of halves and quarters. Tomin. A word sometimes used for the Real in some of the South American coin- ages, but specifically applied to the one fifth Boliviano of Bolivia. See Fonrobert (9699). Tomino. Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1585 in which a coin of this name is mentioned as being current in the Spanish possessions. Francesco de Dino (cap. lvii.) states that it was a piece of twelve Deniers used in Seville, and that it was valued at one sixteenth of the Castellano. Tondino, sometimes called Tondello. An Italian term signifying the disc of metal which is prepared for striking a coin. See Planchet. Tooled. Having the device or lettering- on a coin or medal brought out in higher relief by means of a graver. Torellino. A variety of the Piccolo of Parma, issued under Republican rule (1260-1326), and copied by Guido of Cor- reggio (1341-1345). It received its name from the figure of a small ox on the coin, which design may have been adopted to commemorate the celebrated Torella da Strada, master of Parma circa 1220. Torentje. A silver coin of Louvain, of the value of half a Groot, struck by Wen- ceslaus and Johanna (1355-1405). A gold coin, known as the Gouden Tor- ens, was issued by Johanna pursuant to an ordinance of August 15, 1393. See v.d. Chijs (pp. 95, 107, 109, 111). The name of these coins appears to be derived from the doorways on the build- ing figured on the reverse. Tori Sumi Sen. See Bun Sen. Tomese (plural Tornesi). A base sil- ver and copper coin, common to many of the Italian states. It occurs in copper un- der Alfonso I of Aragon, King of the Two Sicilies (1442-1468). For Naples, many multiples exist, the largest being the ten Tornesi, issued from 1819 to about 1860. The name is a modification of the Gros Tournois or Turnosgroschen, though the style is entirely different. Its value was half of the Grano. See Ducato. Tomesello. A copper coin of Venice, which appears to have been introduced about the period of Marino Falier (1354- 1355) and continued in use until the be- ginning of the sixteenth century. The type resembled that of the Soldino. Tornez. A Portuguese silver coin, which obtains its name from its resem- blance to the Gros Tournois. It appeal’s to have been originally issued in the reign of Denis (1279-1325), and discontinued in the time of Fernando I (1367-1383). The half or Meio Tornez, struck by the latter monarch, was of billon. Tortoises. A familiar name for the coins of Aegina, which bear the tortoise, the symbol of Aphrodite, the patron god- dess of Aegina. The Greek name was Chelonai, XeXwvac. See Pollux (ix. 74). Tostao. A silver coin of Portugal, which appeared during the reign of John II (1481-1495), and was struck extensively at Lisbon and Porto. It had a value of one hundred Reis, and multiples exist. Under John V (1706-1750) its nominal value was eighty Reis, but this appears to have been only temporary. This is the coin frequently referred to as the Teston. Toston. A silver coin of Colombia, Bo- livia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru, of the value of four Reales, or half a Peso. See Fonrobert (8218, 8259). Touch-piece. A gold coin, usually the Angel (q.v.), which was handed by a mon- arch to a patient suffering from the “king’s evil,” a form of scrofula. The coin was then hung around the neck of the afflicted person by a white ribbon. The practice probably had its origin in a belief in the power of kings to cure diseases, based on the miracle described in the gospel of St. Mark (i. 40-41). The Elder Pretender, Charles Edward Stuart, claimed the power of healing by touching, and so did his two sons, Charles and Henry, and some of all of these touch - pieces are still extant, those of the latter bearing the name of Henry IX. The practice of touching was repudiated by William III ; Queen Anne dispensed the royal gift at times, and George I aban- doned it. Toumon. See Tenan. Tourelle, meaning a small tower, is a name given to the half Gros of Johanna and Wenceslaus, struck for Louvain in Brabant, in the latter part of the four- [ 245 ] Tournay Groat Tresel teenth century. The coins have the figure of a tower upon them. Tournay Groat. See Gros Tournois. Tournois. A general name for any coin struck at Tours, but principally used in connection with the Gros Tournois (q.v.). Toweelah, or Tawil, meaning a “long bit,” is the name given to a variety of the Larin money, struck at Hasa, on the Arabian side of the Persian Gulf. See Allan, in Numismatic Chronicle (ser. iv. xii. 324). Town Pieces. The popular name for tokens issued by, or current in, a town, and which are not accepted in payment beyond the municipal limits. Toxotai, To^oxat. The Greek popular name for the Daric. See Archer. Tra, or Trah. A pewter or tin coin of Keda in the Malay Peninsula. The usual types have either Malay or Arabic inscrip- tions. Conf. Ponrobert (2251-2254), and Millies (pi. xxii.). Beaulieu, in his Relation de divers Voy- ages Curieux, etc., Paris, 1666 (ii. 83), states that (transl.) in writing of Keda, “they cast money somewhat of the mate- rial of French Sous, of a little better alloy, however, which they call Tras, thirty-two being worth a dollar.” J. R. Logan, in the Journal of the In- dian Archipelago, 1851 (p. 58), says that in 1850 “the native Indian coin is called the Tra, a small round piece of tin, with a hole in the centre, of which 160 make a Tali, and eight Tali are worth a dollar.” Trade Dollar. The name given to a sil- ver Dollar of four hundred and twenty grains, authorized by an Act of Congress, February 12, 1873, for the purpose of stimulating commerce with the Orient and to take the place of the Mexican silver Dollar. It was first struck in 1873 and discontinued in 1878, during which period approximately thirty-six million of these coins were issued. Proofs for collectors were issued by the mint as late as 1885 ; in the last named year only a few were struck. By an Act dated February 19, 1887, Congress provided that for six months thereafter all Trade Dollars presented to the Treasury should be exchanged for standard Dollars, and after that date they were worth only their metal value. The entire history of the Trade Dollar is treated in detail by Porter Garnett, in the American Economic Review (vii. 91). The Japanese also issued a Trade Dollar about the same time, known in Japanese as Boeki. See Munro (p. 213). Trah. See Tra. Traiaro, or Traiero. The Italian equiv- alent of the Dreier (q.v.). It is applied specially to coins of the value of three Carantani, but the mint of Mantua, in 1732, struck a coin of approximately half a Lira which received the same name. Tram. A silver coin of Armenia, the half of the Tahegan, and corresponding to the Dirhem. See Langlois (passim). Trambiyo. See Tambio. Tranche Cordonnee. A term used by French numismatists to indicate that the edge of a coin has a corded appearance. Trapezeta. An obsolete Italian term signifying a moneyer or mintmaster. Du Cange cites records of the tenth century where the word is used. Traro. A billon coin of Venice, issued in the latter part of the eighteenth cen- tury. It had a value of five Soldi, and appears to be a variety of the Lirazza in its debased form. Tredesino, or Tredicina. Another name for the half Lira of Bologna, issued by Ercole I in 1471 and later. It was usu- ally valued at three Bolognini. Tremissis. A gold coin of the Merovin- gians, dating back to the seventh century. It is practically of the same weight and value as the Byzantine Triens. It was copied at Beneventum, etc. In the Byzan- tine Empire it was only another name for the Triens or Trimisium (q.v.). Trentino. See Aquilino. Trepcilcher. A silver coin of one and one half Grosehen, struck in Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus and later for Riga, Elbing, etc. See Poltora. Tresel. A small silver coin of the value of three Deniers, current in the Swiss can- tons of Freiburg, Waadt, etc. In the last mentioned locality it appeared under Guil- laume de Challant, Bishop of Lausanne (1406-1431). [ 246 ] Treseta Treseta. A Spanish copper coin, issued in 1722 to 1724 for Majorca, with the value of three Doblers, i.e., six Dineros. The general type presents a bust portrait, with the value, 6, behind the head. Tresin. A billon coin, belonging to the Anglo-Gallic series and struck by Henry VI pursuant to an ordinance of June 4, 1423. It was current for three Deniers Tournois. Tressis. See Tripondius. Trial Pieces. See Essays. Trias. The fourth part of the Lit.ra, corresponding to the Roman Quadrans. It was struck in silver at Syracuse, and in bronze at most of the Sicilian mints. Tribute Money, or the money of atone- ment referred to in Exodus (xxx. 13, and xxxviii. 26), was equal to half a Shekel. The Tribute Penny, mentioned in the gos- pel of St. Matthew (xxii. 19), was the Ro- man Denarius. Tricephalus. Another name for the Soli- dus of Heraclius, Emperor of the East (613-641), which has three heads upon it. Trichalk, or triple Chalk, xpr/aXy.ov. A coin known to have been struck in Chios and by some of the Seleucid kings of Syria. Tricollybos. See Trikollybon. Tridrachm, or Triple Drachm. The xp t- Spa^P-ov of Pollux was rarely struck. Spe- cimens, however, are known of Cyme, Ala- banda, and Ephesus. Tridrachms. See Quadrigati. Triens. The third of the As. It bears on the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma, and on the reverse the prow of a galley. Four bosses are on each side, in- dicative of its weight of four ounces. See Aes Grave. Triens. A gold coin in the Byzantine series, equal to one third of the Solidus. It was introduced in the reign of Valeri- anus (254-260). The Trientes were copied by the first Gothic Kings of Spain, and also by the Merovingians. See Tremissis. Trihemiobolion. A piece of one and one half Oboli. See Obol. Specimens are known of Athens, Corinth, Leucas, Tegea, and Cranium. Tripondius Trihemitartemorion. Another form of the Trihemitetartemorion. Trihemitetartemorion. A Greek silver coin of the value of three eighths of the Obol ( q.v .). Specimens of Athens only are known. Trikollybon. A Greek copper coin, of the value of three fourths of the Chalcus (q.v.). At Athens it was equal to three Lepta. See Collybos. Trillina. A billon coin of Milan, of the value of one third of the Testone. It was introduced in the reign of Giovanni Maria Visconti (1402-1412), and was in use until the middle of the seventeenth century. The design on this coin, in the reign of Lodo- vico Maria Sforza (1494-1500), was made by Leonardo da Vinci during his stay at Milan. Trimisium, xpip-cutov, also known as the Triens and the Tremissis, was the one third of the gold Solidus. It was very common under the later Roman and the first Byzan- tine Emperors. Trinacria. See Triquetra. Trino. A money of Perugia, issued in 1467 and after, and of the value of three Denari. These coins have the letter P as a distinguishing characteristic. Triobol, xptcopoXov, or the Hemidrachm, that is, a piece of three Obols, or half a Drachm. In gold it was struck at Carthage and by the Ptolemies of Egypt. In silver it was a very common coin, and was to be found in nearly every Greek series. Trionfo. A gold coin of Sicily, struck in 1490, by order of Ferdinand of Aragon, and which succeeded the gold Reale. It was computed at fourteen Tari of silver, and corresponding doubles, halves, and quarters were also issued. Under Charles VI it was revived in 1723, and bore the inscription triumphat on the reverse. Tripenon. Another name for the silver coin of thirty Oboli, struck for the Ionian Islands under English rule. See Obolos. Tripondius. A multiple of the Roman As after the first reduction. It, bears on the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma, and on the reverse the prow of a galley and the sign in, i.e., three Asses. It is also known as Tressis. [ 247 ] Triquetra Tulabhara Kasu Triquetra. The name given to a type of coins on which there is a figure of three legs joined. The design originated in Sic- ily, was called by the Greeks Trinacria from its triangular shape, and was copied in the Isle of Man. The motto on the latter coins is quocunque jesceris stabit. The name Trinacria was a popular one for the gold coin of two Oncie, struck by Ferdinand III, King of Sicily (1759-1825). It has the above-named symbol on the re- verse. Trite. The name given to the one third electrum Stater, which was struck in con- siderable numbers at Cyzicus, Phocaea, and Mytilene. Tritemorion, Tritetartemorion, Tritete- tartemorion, meaning three Tartemorions ( q.v .). A Greek silver coin, the three fourths of the Obol (q.v.). It was struck at Athens and many of the cities in the Peloponnesus. Tritetartemorion, xpuYiTap-urigopiov. An other form of Tritemorion (q.v.). Tritetetartemorion, -pi"Y]T£TapTYj[j.6pcov. The complete form of the term Tritemorion (q.v.). Triumph Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer Bundesthaler. Trochiskos, ipoyj.iv.oz. Another name for Charon’s Obol (q.v.). Trojack, or Troiack. A silver coin of Poland, of the value of three Grossi. It was struck under Sigismund III circa 1592, and continued under Johann Casi- mir. There were special issues for Riga. See Szelong. Tronetto. A silver coin of the Trentino, originally of the value of twelve Carantani but altered in 1813 to fourteen and a half. Trophy Money. Wharton, Law Lexi- con, 1864, states that this is “money for- merly collected and raised in London and the several counties of England, towards providing harness, and maintenance for the militia, etc.” Troue (French). Pierced (q.v.). Trouvaille. An expression found in the works of French numismatists, and imply- ing a discovery, or “find” of coins. It corresponds to the German “Munzfund.” Trussell. See Pile. Tftith Dollar. See Wahrheitsthaler. Tschal. A very large copper coin, about fifty millimetres in diameter, issued for Kaffa by Shahin Girai of Krim (A.H. 1191-1197) before the annexation of the Crimea to Russia. See Valentine (p. 98). Tschech. See Tympf. Tschetwertak. A silver coin of Russia, of the value of twenty-five Kopecks, or one quarter Ruble. It was introduced by Peter I at the beginning of the eighteenth cen- tury, as part of his scheme for the reforma- tion of the coinage. In Poland it received the same value, and was struck in 1842 and later. Tscheu. See Chu. Tseh Ma. The Chinese name for Slip Weight Money. See Weight Money. Tsentez. The name given to a Turkish one twentieth Medjidie, or four Metalliks. Tsi. The name given to the pewter coins issued at Patha Loeng on the Malay Pen- insula. Tsien. See Ch’ien. Tsiuen. See Cli’uan. Tso. Sven Hedin, in his work Central Asia and Thibet, 1903 (ii. 433), states that the Tso is the current silver coin of Lhasa. Tso-tao. A variety of the Knife Money (q.v.) of the Emperor Wang Mang, and valued at five thousand Chien. Tsu Ho. The Japanese equivalent to the Chinese Tung Pao (q.v.). The circulating Sen is called the Tsuyo Sen in contradis- tinction to Shiken Sen, etc. (q.v.). Tughrali. See Toghrali. Tuin, or Tuyn. A silver double Groot, struck in Brabant at Maestricht in 1418- 1419, and copied in Holland. The obverse shows a lion sejant enclosed in a hedge, and from this the coin obtains its name. See v.d. Chijs (pp. 132, 137, 138). It is also known as the Lion a la Haie. Tukkuh. A general name in some parts of Hindustan for a small copper coin. In the principality of the Deccan in former days, “the money revenue of the country was paid in Tukkuhs, with many shells and little gold.” Tulabhara Kasu, or Royal Weight To- ken. These coins are gold, of four sizes, made twice during the reign of each ruler of Travancore, when, according to ancient [ 248 ] Tumbling Tams Tysschen Thaler custom, the ruler presents his weight in gold to the Brahmans with elaborate cere- monies. Their metal value is worth from thirteen to two Shillings. Tumbling Tams. An English dialect term for the thick half Pennies of the reign of George III. John Galt, in The Last of the Lairds , 1826 (iv. 1) has the following: “I gave him a whole penny, twa new bawbees, gude weight, for it was then the days o’ the tumbling Tams. ’ ’ Tung, or Tung Pao, meaning current or valuable coin. Tung Pao, Chung Pao, or Yuan Pao is found on nearly all Chinese coins. The Japanese equivalent is Tsu Ho. See Pao. Tung Pi. The Chinese words now com- monly used to designate copper money. Turchifarus. A former gold coin of the Eastern Empire. Du Cange cites a docu- ment of Michael Paleologus dated 1261, in which the term is used. Turner. A billon coin of Scotland, is- sued in 1614 after James VI had become King of England. It was of the value of two Pence. The word is a corruption of Tournois. The Turners of the third coinage of Charles I were so extensively counterfeited that a proclamation was issued by Charles II in 1661 against the forgeries. Turney. A variety of base silver, cur- rent in Ireland at the beginning of the fourteenth century. The name is derived from it being an imitation of the Gros Tournois. In 1339 a writ was issued against the “Black Money called Tur- neys, ’ ’ but allowing it to pass current until other money should be provided for Ire- land. See Buding (i. 212). Turnosgroschen. See Gros Tournois. Tutenag. An amalgam of copper, zinc, nickel, and iron, or of pewter and tin. It was extensively used in the early Indo- Portuguese coinage of Goa, etc. Tuttu. See Duddu. Tuyn. See Tuin. Tva. In Swedish an adjective, meaning- two, and found in conjunction with desig- nations, e.g., Tvamarker, i.e., two Marks. Tweeblankspenning. See Penning. Twelvepenny Plack. See Non Sunt. Twelve Pound Piece. See Pistole. Twenty Pound Piece. The largest of all the gold coins of Scotland, struck by James VI in 1576. The motto on the reverse, parcere . SVBIECTIS . & DEBELLARE . SVPERBOS, i.e., “ To spare the humbled, and to crush the inso- lent,” is taken from Virgil Aen. (vi. 853). Tycal. See Tical. Tympf, also called Timpf, from the name of the mintmaster, Andreas Tympf. A base silver Gulden of Poland, first issued in 1663. These coins were extensively struck under the Electors of Saxony as Kings of Poland, and also by the Electors of Brandenburg for Danzig, Konigsberg, and the Polish and Lithuanian provinces. They bear on one side a portrait of the ruler, and on the other the figure 18, i.e., eighteen Groschen. From this circum- stance they are sometimes referred to as Achtzehngroscher. In Russia, the same coin is also called Tschech, and here it was issued at the be- ginning of the eighteenth century, of the value of twelve Kopecks. There is a half Tympf of the same period. Type. In Greek: erzcov, xuxoq, ^apaxxfip, a-cppayt?, eiua"r)p.ov, xapaaY][xov, xop.[ra, itatjjia, arjp.a, a-rpeiov ; in Latin : typus, figura, forma, imago. The figure, object, inscrip- tion, or other feature on a coin or medal which characterizes the same. Tysschen Thaler. Danzig was the first of the Prussian cities to strike a Thaler. Of the originals, issued in 1567, but two specimens are known. One of these is in the Gymnasium at Danzig, and the other in the St. Petersburg collection. Abont 1840 the consul Tys at Warsaw acquired the original die of the reverse, and it is said had sixteen copies with new obverses made, which are called Tysschen Thaler after him. [ 249 ] Ukkia Unite U Ukkia, or Okkia. A former silver coin of Morocco, the two twenty-sevenths part of the Rial in value. It was divided into four Blanquillos Umpyo. A silver coin of Korea, issued in the nineteenth year of the Emperor Tai, i.e., A.D. 1882. It was circular in form, without the central square hole, and of three different denominations. Its minting ceased in 1883. It was also called Daidong Chun. Un Byong. A word meaning “silver pot” in the Korean language, and given to a coin on account of the resemblance it bore to that article. This silver coin had a definite weight, and was introduced in the sixth year of King Shukchong, i.e., A.D. 1101.' Uncia. The twelfth part of the As. It bears on the obverse the head of Mars, and on the reverse the prow of a galley. On each side is one boss to indicate its weight of one ounce. A smaller coin, the Semi-Uncia, was of one half the weight and value. See Aes Grave. Unciales. See Guldengroschen. Uncirculated Coins are such as have been preserved, immediately after they were issued, and present a bright or per- fect appearance, without traces of any in- jury. Unecht means “not genuine,” and the term Unechte Miinzen is employed by Ger- man writers to indicate counterfeit coins. Unetos. The name given to a variety of Denari of Alfonso I, struck in Barcelona in 1180, which contained one twelfth of silver to the Mark. See Engel and Serrure (ii. 439). Ungaro. A gold coin, common to a num- ber of the Italian states, which obtains its name from the Hungarian type of Matthias Corvinus, with the Virgin and Child. At Parma it was issued by the Farnese family in the seventeenth century ; at Cor- reggio by Camillo of Austria (1597-1605) ; at Tassarolo by Agostino Spinola (1604- 1616) and his successors; at Modena by Cesare d’Este (1597-1628) ; at Florence by Cosmo III (1670-1723), etc. The name of the coin is also written Ongaro. Ungersk Gyllen. See Gyllen. Unicom. A Scotch gold coin, struck by James III in his third coinage of 1486, and continued in the reigns of James IV and James V. Its weight was fifty-nine grains. The name is derived from the design of a unicorn, having a crown around its neck from which hang a ring and chain, and supporting a shield of arms. The legend on the reverse, exvrgat de et disipent inimici, was copied on the Sov- ereign of James I of England, issued in 1603. See Alicorno. Unierijksdaalder. Another name for the Leijcesterdaalder ( q.v .). Uniface. A term used to describe a coin struck on one side only. Union Penny. The name given to a pat- tern Penny prepared in 1789 by Mossop, a jeweler and die-sinker, of Dublin. Only six specimens are said to have been struck, and two of them were presented to George III. Its rarity is due to the fact that the die for the reverse broke. The name is given to this pattern on account of the emblematical figures of Brit- annia and Hibernia on the reverse. The engraving is after a design by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Unite. An English gold coin, of the value of twenty Shillings, first issued in the reign of James I, pursuant to a pro- clamation of 1604. The union of England and Scotland is referred to both in the names and in the inscriptions on these coins. The Unite reads faciam eos in gen- tem tjnam, from Ezekiel (xxxvii. 22). The Unites of the fourth coinage of this monarch (1619) have the king’s head wreathed with laurel instead of being crowned, and consequently they are fre- quently known as Laurels, and also as Broad Pieces. See Oxford Unite. [ 250 ] Upstalsboom Thaler Utuzlik Upstalsboom Thaler. A silver coin struck by George V, King of Hanover, in 1865 to commemorate the fiftieth anniver- sary of the union of Hanover and East Friesland. Uqijeh. A silver coin of Morocco, first issued under Mnhammad Abd-Allah ben Ismail (A.H. 1171-1205), and in use until the introduction of the present system. There is a half. Urchin. A coin of Brabant, referred to in the eighteenth century as being equal to one half of the Heller. See Poy. Urdee, or Urdih. A former money of account used at Bombay, etc., and com- puted at two Reis. See Mohur. Ursula Thaler. The name given to a silver Thaler struck at Cologne in 1516, which has on the obverse the figures of three Magi with their names, and on the reverse a vessel carrying St. Ursula and her companions on the river Rhine to Cologne, where she is supposed to have suffered martyrdom. There exist double and triple Thaler of the same type. See Madai (No. 2188). Usmani. A name given to the forty Cash piece of Mysore. See Asmani. Usualmark. During a great part of the Middle Ages, when payments were made in the Mark as a money of account, it be- came necessary to have a fixed standard, as the Pfennige and other small coins were not uniform in size and fineness. The coins were therefore melted and cast in a flat circular lump, on which incuse stamp- ings were affixed, indicating the weight and purity of the silver. These ingots are known in contemporary records as marcae argenti usualis signatae, and the common name for one of them was the Usualmark. By an agreement made in 1382, the cities of Goslar, Brunswick, Hildesheim, Eimbeck, Hanover, Wernigerode, and Osterode pledged themselves to keep all their Usual- marken at a uniform degree of fineness. They were stamped with the arms of the respective cities, and in addition with a crown, as an indication of the conventional agreement. Uta. See Bahar. Utuzlik, or Otuzlik. A silver coin of the Ottoman Empire, of the value of thirty Paras. The name is derived from the Turkish word utuz, i.e., thirty. The Sla- vonian equivalent is Zolota, or Zolotah, by which name it is also frequently known. Its weight varies from two hundred and thirteen to two hundred and thirty grains, and there is a double, called the Altmislilik. In the reign of Selim III (A.H. 1203- 1222), when the weight of the coinage was reduced, the Utuzlik was not struck. [ 251 ] V Ventina V V. A nickname for the five Dollar bill of the United States, which bears this nu- meral on the front side. Vacquette, i.e., a little cow. A nickname given to a billon Liard, struck by the Vi- comtes de Bearn in the early part of the fifteenth century. The type was copied by Henri IV of France about 1608, on whose coins the field was quartered with two cows and two crowned letters Id. In the Inventory of the Chateau de Pan, 1561-1562, “Cinq vacquettes d’or de Beard” (? Bearn) are mentioned; but these were probably essays or trial-pieces, as the Vacquette was always of billon or base silver. See Baquette. Vales. The name given to the card- board money issued by the Rebels in Mex- ico in 1914-i915. The words vale 5 centa- vos, vale 10 centavos, etc., printed promi- nently on the face of these tickets, prob- ably gave rise to the nickname. Valtan. The popular name for the De- nier Noir, struck by Guido IV of Venta- dour, the Bishop of Cambrai (1342-1347). See Blanchet (i. 462). Van. The Annamese for the Chinese Wen (q.v.). Pieces of the Emperor Tu Due (1847-1883) are found with the values sixty, fifty, forty, thirty, twenty, ten, and six Van. Varaha. The Tamil name for the Pa- goda (q.v.). Dr. Bidie, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1883 (p. 35), cites Sir Walter Elliot, that “the term varaha is never used in ancient Tamil rec- ords in connection with money, but the word yon, which Avas a piece equal to the modern half pagoda, the pagoda itself be- ing the double you, which ultimately be- came the varaha.” Varahan. The name of a gold coin of Travancore. Those issued by the Maharaja Rama Varma in 1877 had the following- values: the one Varahan equals seven and one half Rupees, or fifty-two and one half Panams; the one half Varahan equals three and three quarters Rupees. See Codring- ton (p. 123) and Pana. Vargas Dollar. The name given to a variety of the Mexican silver piece of eight Reales, coined at Sombrerete from 1810 to 1812 by the Republican general Vargas. See Mailliet (xli. 1). Veal Money, or Veale Noble Money. Cowell , in The Interyreter, 1684, states that “The Tenants of one of the Tythings within the Mannor of Bradford, in Wilt- shire, pay a yearly Rent by this name, in lieu of veale paid formerly in kind.” Veertienstuiver. See Guilder. Velddaalder. A term used by Dutch numismatists to indicate a coin struck dur- ing the course of a campaign and corre- sponding to the German “ Feldthaler. ” It is also used to describe obsidional issues, e.g., the Klippe of forty Sols of Breda, 1577, etc. Vellon. A term used in connection with the Spanish coinage to indicate inferior silver, as distinguishable from the plata, or sterling silver. In the reign of Joseph Napoleon as King of Spain (1808-1814), the Duro of twenty Reales is known as the Duro de Vellon, and the Duro of eight Reales as the Duro de Plata. Venetian. The popular, though not the authorized, name for the Zecchino, which was struck at Venice. See Gubber. Venetians are referred to in the mone- tary ordinances of the island of St. Helena for the years 1750, 1819, 1823, 1830, and 1836, as varying in value, and ranging from nine Shillings to nine Shillings and four Pence. Venezolano. See Bolivar. Ventein. The Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes states that this name is some- times applied to the gold quarter Pistole of Charles III of Spain, dated 1786, etc. It is probably a corruption of Vintem. Ventina. See Vintina. [ 302 ] Venusthaler Vigintenario Venusthaler. The name given to a sil- ver medallic Thaler, issued in the city of Magdeburg in 1622. It has on the reverse a representation of Venus and the three Graces. See Madai (5028). Vereinsmiinzen. See Convention Money. Verfassungsthaler. A name sometimes given to the Convention Thaler, issued by Maximilian Joseph, after he became King of Bavaria in 1806. It was struck in 1818 and has on the reverse a tablet commem- orative of the adopted constitution. Verga. A term used by Italian numis- matists to indicate an ingot or stamped bar. Vermahlungsthaler. A Thaler struck to commemorate a marriage. Vermont Cents. A copper issue from 1785 to 1788, inclusive, struck before Ver- mont actually became one of the United States. There are a number of varieties, for details concerning which see Crosby. Vertugadin. A nickname given to the silver Ecu of five Livres, issued by Louis XV of France in 1715 and later. It bears the figure of the young draped head. Vessillifero. See Soldino. Vexator Canadinsis. The name given to several varieties of satirical tokens relating to the administration of Sir James Craig as Governor of Canada from 1807 to 1811. See Breton (pp. 60-62). Viannare, or Viannense. A small coin of the value of three Deniers, current in Austria, and also in Italy, during the four- teenth century, which was principally struck at Vienna. Vicessis. A multiple of twenty Asses after the first reduction. It is doubtful, however, whether such a coin was actually struck, or whether it was only a money of account. Victoriatus. A Roman silver coin, orig- inally issued about B.C. 228, and intended principally for foreign commerce. The Victoriati bore on the obverse a head of Jupiter, and on the reverse a figure of Vic- tory crowning a trophy, from which the name is derived. Its weight and value was three fourths of the Denarius, and equal to the Drachm of Illyricum. thus took the place of the obsolete Quin- arius. It therefore bore, as the mark of value, the letter Q from this time on. Victory Thaler. See Siegesthaler. Viente. The popular name for the Cu- ban silver piece of twenty Centavos, intro- duced in 1915. Vierchen. This word is used in a gen- eral sense for any small coin that repre- sents the fourth part of some standard. It is applied to the fractions of the Bran- denburg Groschen struck under Frederick II (1440-1470) at Prenzlau, and to the divisions of the Halbskoter. See Skoter. Vier Duitstuk. The popular name for the current copper coin of two and one half cents of the Netherlands. Vierdung. The one fourth of the Mark ( q-v .). Vierer, or Fierer, also called Quadrans and Etschvierer, was a silver coin current in the Holy Roman Empire, Tyrol, and Southern Germany from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. It had a value of four Berner ( q.v .), lienee its name, and was equal to one fifth of a Kreuzer. There is one of Graz, dated as early as 1445. See Frey (No. 72). Viererplatten. The nickname given to the Austro-Hungarian copper coin of four Kreuzer, which was abolished about 1890. ( Vierlander. A name given to the double Gros, when the same type was adopted by four districts or principalities. Thus Philippe le Bon of Burgundy, and his successor, Charles le Temeraire, struck a Vierlander, current in Brabant, Flanders, Holland, and Hennegau. Vierling. The popular name for a coin of the value of four Groschen. The term was applied in Westphalia as early as the fifteenth century, and occurs for the issues of Stralsund in 1611, etc. Vierschildheller. The name given to small coins issued by the Electors of the Rhine provinces during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; they have four shields on the obverse. Vigintenario. The Italian equivalent of Zwanziger {q.v.), and specially applied to a coin of twenty Piccoli issued at Merano. See Rivista Italiana Numismatica (xx. In B.C. 104 the Victoriatus was coined of half the weight of the Denarius and [ 253 ] Vigo Coinage Vlieguyt Vigo Coinage. The word Vigo occurs under the bust on certain coins of Queen Anne. It is placed there to commemo- rate the capture, in October, 1702, by Sir George Rooke, of the Spanish galleons at Vigo, from which the bullion was taken, and from which the coins were struck. It occurs with the date 1702 on Shillings only, but with 1703 on Crowns, half Crowns, Shillings, and Sixpences. In the gold series there are five Guinea pieces, Guineas, and half Guineas with this inscription, dated 1703, 1705, and 1706. Vikariats Thaler. A type of Thaler, like the Sede Vacante coins, struck during an interregnum. They occur among the Electors of Saxony and those of the Pala- tinate from 1612 to 1741, and usually have the title vicarivs as part of the inscription. Vinkenauge, also called Finkenauge. The name given to a small silver coin which was current in Brandenburg, Meck- lenburg, Pommerania, etc., from the thir- teenth to the sixteenth century. In Pom- meranian archives they are mentioned as early as 1279 as marca denariorum slavi- calium, and they appear to have been last struck in Berlin in 1562. They are also referred to as Wendische Pfennige, parvi denarii slavicales, or vincones. Their value varied, but in all cases it seems to have gradually declined from the original standard. Thus in Pommerania it ranged from eighteen to thirty-four to the Bohemian Groschen ; in Mecklenburg from eighteen to twenty-four to the Schilling ; and in Brandenburg from sixteen to forty to the Groschen. The etymology of the name is not clear. Some authorities assert that the griffin on the issues of Mecklenburg was taken for a finch, and Dr. F. Friedensburg, in the Blatter fiir Miinzfreunde, 1913 (5183), cites German proverbs showing that a finch, a small bird, is frequently employed to indicate comparisons between small and large objects. Another plausible deriva- tion is based on the belief that the Mecklen- burg coins were nicknamed Ogen, from the large eyes in the head of the ox; this, combined with the superior quality of the silver, of which they consist, created the word vienke (feine) ogen. Vintem. The name given originally to a silver coin of Portugal, which was issued in the reign of Manuel (1495-1521), and corresponded to the Real. In the eighteenth century the Vintem was struck in copper, of a value of twenty Reis, for the Portuguese colonies. Of this type there are multiples to twelve Vintems. See Xeraphin. Vintina. A silver coin of the value of twenty Soldi, issued in Corsica during the Republican rule under General Pasquale Paoli (1762-1768). It is sometimes re- ferred to as the Ventina. Vis. See Tare. Vis-a-Vis Type. An expression used by numismatic writers to indicate that the figures or heads on a coin or medal face each other. Vischepennig. See Pfennig. Vislino. A silver coin of Ragusa of the value of sixty Grossetti. They were first issued in 1725 with the inscription dvcat et sem. reip.rhac., i.e., ducatus et semis, meaning one and one half of the silver Ducato. The original type had on the ob- verse the bust of St. Blasius, the patron saint; this was followed in 1743 by the bust of the rector, i.e., the head of the Re- public. This design was retained until 1779 with slight variations. The first type was known as the St. Bla- sins Thaler, the Tallero di San Biagio, and the Vislino, the latter being the name of the saint in Servian. The second variety was called the Ragusino and the Rektors- thaler, or Tallero Rettoralo. For a de- tailed account of all these varieties see Resetar, in the Monatsblatt, der Num. Ge- sell. in Wien (viii. pp. 203-205). Viss. A Burmese money of account. See Tical. Vitalino. A billon coin of Parma, stPuck by Odoardo Farnese (1622-1646), which re- ceives its name from the figure of St. Vita- lis, the patron of the city, on the reverse. Viz. See Tare. Vlieger. See Krabbelaar. Vlieguyt. An early silver coin of Bra- bant, issued by Wenceslaus and Johanna (1355-1405). It appears to have been a variety of the Groot, See Heylen, Ant- ivoord op het Vraeg-Stuk, etc. 1787 (p 26). [ 254 ] Vlies . Vlies. In 1429 Duke Philip of Bur- gundy instituted the Order of the Golden Fleece (Ordre de la Toison d’Or), and the chain of this order is figured on both gold and silver coins which receive their names from it. The Gouden Vlies or Toison d’Or was struck in Brabant in 1499, and the Zil- veren Vlies, or Toison d ’Argent, appeared in Holland in 1496, and was copied in Brabant. Philip the Good reached his majority in the latter year, and the event was celebrated by the striking of this coin. It was a double Briquet, of the value of three Stuyvers. See Frey (Nos. 443, 445, 494). Voce Populi Coinage. A variety of copper half Pence and Farthings, issued for Ireland. Pinkerton, in his Essay on Medals, states that “in 1760 there was a great scarcity of copper coin in Ireland, upon which a society of Irish gentlemen applied for leave, upon proper conditions, to coin half-pence ; which being granted, those appeared with a very bad portrait of George II., and ‘Voce Populi’ around it. The bust bears a much greater resemblance to the Pretender ; but whether this was a piece of waggery in the engraver, or only Vuurijzer arose from his ignorance in drawing, must be left to doubt.” In Lindsay’s Coinage of Ireland, 1839, a variety of the coin is depicted with the letter P before the face, thus seemingly confirming Pinkerton’s conjecture. See a detailed account of this coinage contributed by Philip Nelson to the British Numismatic Journal (i. 213). Vodri. An early Indian copper coin, the sixth part of the Dramma ( q.v .), or one fourth of the Pana (q.v.)- It is also known as the Kakini. See Cunningham (p. 46). Volpetta. See Armellino. Vends Gulden. A former Hungarian money of account, principally used in the cattle trade, and computed at fifty-one Kreuzer, or seventeen Marjase. Votive Coins. A name given to such Roman coins as record the public prayers or vows for a ruler! They began with the reign of Augustus, and usually have the inscriptions vota pvblica, vota svs- CEPTA DECENNALIA, etc. Vureysen. See Fewreysen. Vuurijzer. See Briquet. [ 255 ] Waal Warn W Waal. A money of account at Surat. See Raal Lakria. Wado Kaiho. See Jin Ni Zene. Wahrheitsthaler. The name given to a Thaler struck by Henry Julius of Bruns- wick-Liineburg in 1597 and 1598. It has on the reverse a nude allegorical figure representing Truth, and at her feet are two monsters labelled calvmnia and men- dacivm. See Lugenthaler, and Madai (No. 1112 ). Wakea, or Wakih. A former Abyssin- ian money of account, based on the weight of an ounce of gold, four hundred English Troy grains, and twenty-one and three quarters carats fine. The relationship to actual coins and the subdivisions are as follows : Wakea = 5 2 /e Zecchini or Ducats. = 11% Patacas or Species Thaler. = 80 Arnolds or cakes of salt. = 270% Kharfs, Harfs, or Dahabs. — 1,081 Divini or Paras. = 10,810 Kibear. or KebAr. = 32,430 Borjookes or glass beads. Wampum. A bead made from the clam, conch, and similar shells, and used in for- mer times by the North American Indians as money. The aborigines called it Sewa'n, which name was copied by the Dutch colon- ists, and written Seawant and Zewant. The French settlers named it Porcelaine, and the English traders usually referred to it by the name of Wampum. In 1627 Isaac de Rasieres sailed from New Amsterdam on a trading expedition to the British colony at New Plymouth, Massachusetts, and among other merchan- dise he had fifty pounds of Wampum, which was accepted with great reluctance by the New Englanders; nevertheless it soon must have become a standard circu- lating medium of exchange, as in 1637 it was ordered that throughout New England Wampum should pass at “six a-penny" for any sum less than twelve Pence. Three years later, on October 7, 1640, a proclama- tion was issued that white Wampum should pass at “four a-penny” and blue at “two a-penny,” also that not more than twelve Pence in value should be tendered at one time, unless the receiver desired more. In the following year the Council of New Amsterdam promulgated an ordi- nance to the effect that all coarse Wam- pnm should pass at six for a Stuiver, and well polished beads should be valued at four for a Stuiver. Wampum is referred to in Roger Wil- liams’ treatise entitled A Key into the Language of America, published in Lon- don in 1643, as follows (cap. xxvi.) : “Their white (money | they call Wom- pam, which signifies white; their blacke Suckauhock, Sucki signifying blacke. Both amongst themselves, as also the English and Dutch, the blacke peny is two pence white. ’ ’ On May 22, 1661, the law authorizing the use of Wampum as legal tender in New England was repealed, and gradually the coinage of silver drove it out of circu- lation. See Roanoake. Wand. The name given in Abyssinia to the Thaler of Joseph II. The word means “male,” in contradistinction to Enest ( q.v .), i.e., “female,” by which the Thaler of Maria Theresa is known. Wang. A word of Malay origin, and implying small change. The Wang Ba- haru is a copper coin, the same as the Dubbeltje. See Pitje. Wan-yin. One of the Chinese names for Sycee Silver (q.v.). Wappentumose. A modified form of the Gros Tournois (q.v.), on which a shield of arms was substituted for the original chapel or city gate. It is common to the issues of the Counts of Berg during the fourteenth century and later, and was copied by Hermann IV of Hessen, who was Archbishop of Cologne from 1480 to 1508. See Frey (No. 237). Ward Penny, or Wardage Money. This term occurs in the Domesday Book and is not a coin but a sum of money paid or con- tributed for watching and warding. Warn, or Wham. The basis of the gold system of Korea and corresponding to the Yen of Japan, and the Yuan of China. The divisions are 1 Warn equal to 10 Niang or Yang. 1 Niang equal to 100 Mun. C 256 ] Warth Money W ewelinghof er Gold twenty, ten, and five Warns, and silver Warns and half Warns were issued shortly before the Japanese annexation of the country. See Won. Warth Money. See Swarf Money. Waser Thaler. See Hochmuths Thaler. Washington Cent. See Cent. Weckenpfennige. The name given to small uniface coins of Bavaria, the Pala- tinate, etc., struck early in the fifteenth century. The word “Wecken” corre- sponds to our heraldic term paly-bendy, and these coins are easily distinguished by a shield, the field of which is divided by lines drawn in the directions of the pale and bend. Weidenbaum Thaler. The name given to a series of silver coins issued by Wil- liam V of Hessen-Cassel from 1627 to 1637, all of which have on the reverse the figure of a willow tree, standing upright though subjected to a storm of rain, wind, and lightning. Weight Money. The name given to cer- tain ancient Chinese coins bearing a weight value and the name of the place of issue, from the seventh to the fourth centuries B.C. The Chinese call the coins Kia tseh ma, Kiu ma, Pi tch’eng ma, and Tseh ma ( q-v .). Weihemiinzen, also called Betpfennige, are not coins but medals or tokens, issued to commemorate the ordination of an ecclesiastic. They usually bear the figure of the Savior and a cross, and were struck in Bavaria, Wurttemberg, and other parts of southern Germany and Austria. Weihnachts Thaler, also called Christ- fest Thaler. This name is applied in gen- eral to silver medals of Thaler size, which bear representations of the Nativity. There are, however, silver coins struck by Johann Georg I of Saxony in 1617 that bear the same name. They were issued in honor of his mother, and were intended as Christmas gifts. Weissgroschen. See Albus. Weisskupfer. See Billon. Weisspfennig. See Albus. Wellington Tokens. The name given to a series of tokens bearing the bust of Wel- lington, which were in circulation in lower Canada in vast quantities from 1813 to 1816. They are described in detail by Dr. E. G. Courteau in the American Journal of Numismatics, 1915 (xlviii. 137). Wen. The modern Chinese word for “Cash” ( q.v .). This word is found on many of the modern struck copper coins. It, however, has been used as a value on paper money since the ninth century, and some of the coins of Hsien Feng (1850- 1862) have the word Wen on them. The Cantonese pronunciation is Mun, as is also the Korean. The Annamese word is Van. See Ch’ien. Wendenpfennige. The name given to a class of silver coins, dating from the tenth and eleventh centuries, which resemble the Bracteates of that period but have peculiar raised edges on both sides. They usually bear on the obverse the representation of a church, and on the reverse a rude cross ; in some instances ill-formed inscriptions are also visible. The Wends were one of the Lusatian branch of the Slavic race and settled in Silesia, Saxony, Brandenburg, etc. The collegiate church or chapter of Giebichen- stein, near Halle, received the privilege of striking coins A.D. 987. As it was situ- ated on the main road from Halle and Lausitz (Lusatia) to Poland, it is assumed that many of the Wendenpfennige were issued here. Wendsiche Pfennige. See Vinkenange. Weng. A Scotch slang term for a Pen- ny. It is in use at Dundee, etc., at the present day. Wespenthaler, also called Miickentha- ler. A silver coin struck in 1599 by Duke Henry Julius of Brunswiek-Luneburg. It lias on the obverse a lion with twelve wasps flying around its head and body. The coin is a satirical one, and the insects are supposed to represent certain rebel- lious subjects of the Duke. Wewelinghofer. A nickname given to small thick silver coins, issued in West- phalia and vicinity during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. They are of about fifteen millimetres in diameter, whereas the dies impressed on them are of twenty- two millimetres, and in conse- quence only fragmentary portions of the inscriptions are visible. [ 257 ] Wharn William The name is obtained from Florenz von Wewelinghofen, Bishop of Mnnster (1364- 1379), who resorted to this practice. Wharn. See Warn. Whistler. Evidently at one time a slang designation for a counterfeit Farthing. Vaux, in his Flash Dictionary, 1812, says: “Browns and whistlers, bad half-pence and farthings. ’ ’ White Geordie. A colloquial Scotch term for a Shilling and very common in Ayrshire. See Yellow Geordie. Whitehart Silver. Camden, in Remaines Concerning Britain, 1605 (p. 150), states that this “was a mulct on certain lands in or near to the forest of Whitehart, paid into the Exchequer, imposed by Henry III upon Thomas de la Linda, for killing a beautiful white hart which that king be- fore had spared in hunting.” White Money is standard silver coin, as distinguished from Black Money (q.v.). The term is used early in the sixteenth century, and in a tract by Thomas Har- man, entitled A Caveat or Warening for Vagahones, 1567 (42), occurs the passage: “He plucked oute viii. shyllinges in whyte money. ’ ’ Beaumont and Fletcher, in their play, Wit at Several Weapons, 1647 (ii. 1), have the lines : “Here’s a seal’d bag of a hundred ; which indeed. Are counters all, only some sixteen groats Of white money.” The name was also common to Scotland, and in Blackwood’s Magazine, 1820 (p. 158), there is a sentence: “My hand has nae been crossed with white money but ance these seven blessed days. ’ ’ White ShiHing. A popular name for the Shilling in both Scotland and Ireland, the allusion being to its white shiny appear- ance. Thomas Donaldson, in his Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, 1809 (p. 99), has the line : “I will give a white shilling, I swear,” and Seumas MacManus, in The Bend of the Road, 1898 (201), says: “He hadn’t a white shillin’ in his company.” Whitsun Farthings. See Pentecostals. Whitton. An obsolete form of Witte or Witten. See Rundstiick. Widow’s Mite. See Lepton. Wiedertaiifer Thaler. A silver coin is- sued at Munster in 1534 by the Anabap- tists, under John of Leyden. It is ques- tionable whether they were ever accepted as current coins. See Mailliet (Suppl. 59, 60). Wiener Pfennige. A general name for the Deniers and Pfennige of Austrian origin, which constituted the great circu- lating medium of Southeastern Europe from the twelfth to the middle of the fifteenth century. They are largely ham- mered coins, of crude workmanship, and of inferior purity. The Kreuzer of Tyrol with its division of four Pfennige, eventu- ally succeeded these pieces and became the unit of exchange. Wig. A Scotch slang term for a Penny and common to Ayrshire. Wild Cat Money. A popular name for the issues of certain banks in the western part of the United States which were or- ganized under loose state banking laws prior to the Civil War. The original use of the word in this sense is said to have been derived from a bank of this character whose notes bore a figure of a wild cat. Wildemannsthaler. A silver coin of Brunswick-Liineburg, the ordinary type bearing on the obverse a wild man holding a tree, but the name is also given to the Loserthaler (q.v.), on which two wild men are supporting the armorial shield. Simi- lar designs are found on the Gulden and Pfennige. The armorial shield of the House of Schwarzburg is supported by a wild man and a wild woman, to be found on the coins of Gunther XL (1537-1552), dated 1543, etc. Wilhelm d’Or. A gold coin of Hessen- Cassel, of the value of five Thaler. It receives its name from the Elector Wil- helm II, and was first struck in 1840. Willem. Another name for the gold coin of ten Gulden, struck by Willem I, King of the Netherlands, pursuant to the ordinance of September 28, 1816. Conf. also Guillemin. William. A nickname used in some parts of the United States for any denomi- nation of paper money. It is a play upon the words bill and Bill. See Blue Wil- liam. [ 258 ] Willow Tree Coins Wood’s Coinage Willow Tree Coins. An early silver issue for the Colony of Massachusetts. The series consists of a Sixpence and Twelvepence, dated 1652. See Crosby. Wire Money. A name given to the Maundy money of 1792, engraved by Lewis Pingo, on account of the numerals of value being very thin, like strips of wire . Wire Money. See Larin. Witje. A slang term for the current silver ten Cent piece of the Netherlands. It is probably from wit, i.e., white. See Witten. Witten. The name given to base silver coins, which originally were issued at Lii- beck about 1380, and were copied in Ham- burg, Schleswig Holstein, Hanover, Meck- lenburg, Pommerania, East Friesland, and other north German provinces. They rap- idly became the current money, and were of the value of half a Schilling. There are divisions of half and quarter Witten. The name is a corruption of weiss, given to the coins on account of their white, shiny appearance, and corresponding to the Albus. In the Low Countries a Witten Pennine of Brabant was issued about 1506, of the value of half a Grote. Under Christina of Sweden and her successors, the Witten was struck for Stettin, Stralsund, and Wismar; it was equal to the one one hun- dred and ninety-second of the Riksdaler. Wokye. See Kesme. Wolsey’s Groat. A name given to the Groat struck by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey at York, when Archbishop of that diocese. On this coin he placed the Cardinal’s hat under the shield, and the letters T and W on the sides of same. This act was accounted illegal and treas- onous, and one of the articles included in the bill of impeachment against Wolsey in 1530 was on account “of his pompous and presumptuous mind he hath enterprised to join and imprint the Cardinal’s Hat un- der your arms in your coin of groats made at your city of York, which like deed hath not yet been seen to have been done by any subject within your realm before this time. ” Shakespeare alludes to this in his play of King Henry the Eighth (iii. 2). Wompam. See Wampum. Won. The spelling of Warn (q.v.) on certain Korean coins issued during the Rus- sian influence over the country. Wooden Money, in the form of Ex- chequer tallies, was current in England prior to the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694. Tallies was the name given to the notched sticks formerly in use for keeping the accounts in the Exchequer They were square rods of hazel or wil- low, inscribed on one side with notches, indicating the sum for which the tally was an acknowledgment, and on the other two sides with the same sum in Roman char- acters. See Bamboo Money. Wood Geld. This is a term used in old English law and it represented the money paid for the privilege of cutting wood within the forest. Wood’s Coinage. The name given to a copper coinage introduced into Ireland in 1722, which caused great dissatisfaction, although the coins were of superior work- manship to the English coins of the same reign. As the want of copper coin had long been felt in that country, the Duchess of Kendall obtained from Sunder- land a patent for coining half Pence and Farthings to the value of £108,000. This patent was subsequently sold to William Wood, an iron-master and mine proprie- tor, who, under the vice-royalty of the Duke of Grafton, proceeded to strike the coins and introduced them into the coun- try. Sir Isaac Newton was at that time the master of the mint, and, according to his statement, Wood appears to have carried out his contract faithfully, but the Irish people raised a clamor against the new coinage, and Dean Swift, in the D rapier s’ Letters, poured forth his sarcasm concern- ing them. Cartaret, then Lord Lieutenant, offered a reward of £300 for the discovery of the author of these invectives, but with- out success. Harding, the printer of the Drapiers’ Letters, was apprehended, but the grand jury threw out the bill, and themselves lodged a protest against the coins, which protest was drawn up by Dean Swift himself. It was now seen that the only way to put down the dissatisfaction was to cancel [ 259 ] Wreath Cent Wyn the patent; this was accordingly done, and to compensate Wood, a pension of £3000 was granted to him in 1725. For an ex- tended account of these coins see a paper contributed by Philip Nelson to the British Numismatic Journal (i. 201-211). Wreath Cent. The popular name for the second type of copper Cents issued by the Government of the United States in 1793. It was the successor of the Chain Cent (q.v.). Wu Fen Chien. See Yu Chia Ch'ien. Wu Tchu, or Wu Shu. A round Chi- nese copper coin, bearing the inscription in two characters, 5 tchus, on either side of the central hole. This coin was the standard of the Han dynasty, and sup- planted the Pan Liang (q.v.) in B.C. 118, and remained in circulation until A.D. 618. Wyn. An obsolete English slang term for a Penny. See Flag. [ 260 ) Xeraphin Xunistron » X Xeraphin. A Portuguese silver coin, struck for the possessions in India, at Diu, Ceilao, and Bassein, but principally at Goa. The name is variously written Xeraphin, Xerafine, Xerafin, Xarife, Xarafin, Sera- phin, Zeraphin, and Cherafin, and is prob- ably derived from the Arabic Ashrafi ( q-v .). The coin is mentioned by Yasco da Gama as early as 1498, and a century later is referred to as. being equal to three hun- dred Portuguese Beis. The value in the seventeenth century appears to be: Santo Thome = 12 Xeraphins. Seraphin = 5 Tangas. Tanga = 5 Vintems. Vintem = 15 Bazaruccos. The value, however, fluctuated greatly, and the type also varied. The armorial shield of Portugal is on one side and the effigy of St. John or St. Sebastian on the reverse. The Xeraphin Cruzado presents a large cross, with the four figures of the date in the angles. Xiquipili. See Sicca. Xunistron, ^uvtaxpov vopuajia. According to Hesychius, this was another name for Charon’s Obol ( q.v .). t 261 ] Yaber Yh Yaber. The possessive of Ber (q.v.). Yak-mig-ma, meaning a “Yak’s hoof,” is the name given to one variety of the Chinese silver ingots, used as currency in Tibet. Its value varies from twelve to fourteen Rupees, according to its weight. Yamba. The largest of the coins of Turkestan. Sven Hedin, in his work Cen- tral Asia and Thibet, 1903 (i. 40), enumer- ates as follows : 1 Yamba equals 50 Siir. 1 Stir equals 16 Tengeh or 10 Miscal. 1 Tengeh equals 50 Pul. 1 Miscal equals 10 Pung. 1 Pung equals 10 Li, and he adds: “The Yamba seldom weighs exactly fifty Sar, but varies as a rule be- tween 49 and 51, and as the monetary standard of Central Asia is the Chinese coinage, it is always necessary to have a Chinese balance at hand when exchanging money in any quantity. New silver coins, not exceeding a maximum value of eight Tengeh, have recently been introduced into East Turkestan. These are current along with the usual Chinese silver ‘shoes,’ an exceedingly inconvenient form of coined money. ’ ’ The Tengeh is probably another form of the Tang-Ka (q.v.) or Denga. Yang. The former silver unit of Korea, rated at the fifth of the Mexican Peso. In 1893 a new series was introduced, consisting of the five and one Yang in sil- ver, equal to one hundred Mon (q.v.) ; and a half and quarter Yang in nickel. The name of the Yang was formerly Niang. Yang Ch'ien. The Chinese name for the pattern coins used in making the regu- lar cast coins. See Mu Ch'ien, and its Japanese equivalent, Tane Sen. Yarimlik. See Yigirmlik. Yeda, or Yeda Sen. The Japanese name for the group of coins in the form they are cast, and before they are broken apart. These coins are cast in long double rows, divided by a central channel in which the metal runs. The name Yeda means tree, from the fancied resemblance to this object. See Tane. Yellow Boy. An English slang term for a Guinea or Sovereign, the reference being, of course, to its color. Arbuthnot, in The History of John Bull, 1713, uses the expression “there wanted not yellow-boys to fee counsel.” That the name at a later period was also common in Scotland and Ireland, the fol- lowing quotations indicate : Alexander Boswell, in his Poetical Works, edition 1871 (p. 205), has the lines: “Though up in life, I’ll get a wife, I’ve yellow boys in plenty.” and T. C. Croker, in Fairy Legends and Traditions of South Ireland, 1862 (p. 308), says : ‘ ‘ Fill your pockets with these yellow boys. ’ ’ Yellow Geordie. A colloquial name in Scotland for a Guinea. See White Geor- die. Robert Burns, in his poem The Twa Dogs (lines 55-58), says: “He ca’s his coach ; he ca's his horse ; He draws a bonnie silken purse. As lang’s my tail, whare, thro’ the steeks, The yellow letter’d Geordie keeks.” Yellow George. A nickname for a Guinea. See George. Yen. The unit of the gold standard of Japan, which succeeded the silver stand- ard in 1897. There are multiples in gold as high as forty Yen, and the divisions are : 1 Yen equal to 100 Sen. 1 Sen equal to 10 Rin. The former silver standard is demone- tized, the silver Yen of the previous issue being cut to half its former value. Yen Huan Ch’ien. See E Yen Ch’ien. Yh. The unit for gold in China during the Ts’in dynasty, about the second cen- tury before the Christian era. It was equal to twenty Liang (ounces) in weight. [ 262 ] Yigirmlik Y uzlik Yigirmlik, also called Yarimlik and Yig- irmishlik, is a silver coin of the Ottoman Empire, of the value of twenty Paras, or one half of the Piastre. Its weight varies from one hundred and forty to one hun- dred and sixty-five grains. The name is derived from the Turkish word yigirmi, i.e., twenty, and the term Yarimlik conies from yarim, meaning one half. Ying Ting. One of the names for the Chinese silver ingots. See Ting. Yin-kwan. A name given to certain paper money in China during the Southern Sung dynasty in the thirteenth century. Yopchon. See Chon. Yslik. See Pound Turkish. Yuan. The Chinese name for a round coin. See Yuan Fa. In the early Chinese coinage the word Yuan meant a round coin with the central hole double the width of the field. See Huan and Pi. The name is now given to the silver Dol- lar. This word, used as such, appeared first on the British Hong Kong Dollar of 1864. The present issue of Chinese Dol- lars introduced in 1914 are specifically known as Yuans, or Yuan Dollars. There are subdivisions of halves, fifths, and tenths. The Japanese for Yuan is Yen. The same sound, yuan, but written with another character, is used on some of the modern copper and silver coins to desig- nate the cash. See Tael, Liang, Candareen, Mace, Ch‘ ien, and Fen. Yuan Dollar. See Yuan. Yuan Fa. The Chinese name for the round coins of ancient China, in contra- distinction to the odd-shaped pieces. Yuan Pao. The Chinese name for “Or- iginal coin.” This inscription has been found on Chinese coins, as well as Tung Pao ( q.v .) since the seventh century A.D. Yuan Pao. These words have been used as a name for Chinese paper money and the silver ingots. See Ting and Sycee. Yu Chia Ch'ien, or Chia Ch‘ien. The Chinese expression for Elm Seed Vessel money, and which is applied by Chinese writers to certain small Cash of three tchu weight, which were also termed Wu Fen Ch'ien, issued at the beginning of the Han dynasty, B.C. 206. Yuzlik, or Pataque. The largest of the silver coins of the Ottoman Empire. It was originally equal to two and one half Piastres, or one hundred Paras, and its weight at, first was nine hundred grains, but in the reign of Selim III (1789-1807) it was little more than a billon coin of about five hundred grains. The name is derived from yuz, i.e., hundred. [ 263 ] Zahlthaler Zer-mahbub Zahlthaler. See Thaler. Zahlpfennig, from Zahl, a number, is another name for the Rechenpfennig (q.v.). Zahrah. A name given to the copper twenty Cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sul- tan, in 1792, after the adoption of his new system of reckoning. This system was be- gun in 1786, and was based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The name is the Persian designation of the planet Venus. Marsden (ii. 722) cites Buchanan, who calls this coin Jora, “perhaps according to the vulgar pronunciation of the first consonant in the Mysore country.” Zamoscia. A name given to the silver coins of two Gulden, struck in Poland in 1813. See Noback (p. 1347). Zanetfa. A name given to the silver half Carlino, struck by Philip II of Spain, as King of Naples and Sicily, and con- tinued by his successor, Philip III. Zanobio. See Zecchino Zanobio. Zar-mahbub. See Zer-mahbub. Zecchino. An Italian gold coin, corre- sponding in size to the Ducat. Some writ- ers trace the origin of the name to la Zeccha or Giudecca, the mint in Venice. But a more probable etymology is that it was a corruption of Cyzicenus, i.e., a gold coin of Cyzicus. This Mysian city was famous for its electrum or pale gold Staters, which circulated under the name of Cyziceni. The Zecchino was first struck by the Venetians about 1280, and bore on one side a standing figure of Christ, and on the other the Doge receiving the standard (gonf alone) from St. Mark. The motto was the same as on the Ducat. Modena, Mirandola, Savoy, and many other Italian principalities issued Zec- chini, all more or less modifications of the original type. The multiples run as high as the piece of one hundred Zecchini, struck by the Doge Lodovico Manin (1789- 1797). The coin was very popular, and is al- luded to by contemporary writers by the names of Sequin, Checkin, Checquin, Che- kin, Chequin, Cecchine, Chickino, Chikino, Chicquin, Chiquiney, etc. All of these corruptions are referred to passim. Zecchino Zanobio, also called Zanobio. A variety of the Zecchino struck at Flor- ence in 1805 for the Zurich banker, Lam- pronti. It was copied from the Venetian type, and was to be employed in the Le- vantine trade. The obverse has a kneeling figure of San Zanobio, Bishop of Florence, and on the reverse is Saint John the Baptist. Zehnbaetzner. See Baetzner. Zehner. A name given to any coin that represents the tenth multiple of some standard. It was applied to the pieces of ten Kreuzer, which appeared in southern Germany in the sixteenth century, and which bore the figure 10. The same term was given to the Austrian pieces of ten Kreuzer, and to the Swiss coins of ten Batzen. Zelagh. A copper coin of Morocco, in- troduced early in the sixteenth century, and of half the size of the Fels. Zembi. A money of account, formerly used in Sierra Leone. Two thousand Zem- bis were equal to one Macuta. Zeni. Another pronunciation of Sen (q.v.). Zeraphin. A silver coin of Goa. See Xeraphin. Zer-mahbub, also called Zar-mahbub. A gold coin of the Ottoman Empire, weigh- ing variously from thirty-seven to forty grains. Marsden _(i. 372) states that “such of these as are coined in the mint of Con- stantinople are commonly named Stambul, as those of Cairo are named Misri. ” [ 264 ] Zesthalven Zwarte Penning Zesthalven. By a Placaat of the States General of the Netherlands dated April 10, 1693, the Statenschellinge (q.v.) were struck on a smaller planchet, and reduced to the value of five and one half Stuivers. These new coins received the name of Zesthalven. By a decree of November 22, 1823, they were still further reduced to the value of five Stuivers. Zevenstuiver. See Guilder. Zewant. See Wampum. Ziato, or Zuliato. A coin of Tortona, mentioned in ordinances of 1325 and 1329 as being equal to nineteen and one half Danari of Genoa. Zilveren Vlies. See Vlies. Zimmer. A money of account, consist- ing of forty pelts. See Skins of Animals. Zinc. This metal, on account of its soft- ness, is not adapted for coinage purposes, but it has been used for necessity money during the European war of 1915, and pieces were struck for Ghent in Belgium and for Luxemburg. Zingirli. See Toghrali. Zinnenthurmheller. A base silver coin of Freistadt in Silesia, issued during the sixteenth century. It has on the obverse the letter M, generally supposed to stand for the princess Mechtildis, and on the re- verse a tower, from which it obtains its name. See Friedensburg, Schlesien’s Neu- ere Munzgeschichte, 1899 (No. 638). Zinsgroschen. The name given to a variety of silver coins, issued in Saxony under the Elector Frederick III (1486- 1525), in conjunction with the Dukes Al- brecht and Johann. They were struck at Schneeberg and Zwickau, and twenty-one were equal to the gold Gulden. Zloty (plural Zlote). A name given to the silver Gulden of Poland, introduced under August III (1733-1763), and orig- inally of a value of four Groscher, but later subdivided into thirty Groszy. The name is derived from Zloto, the Polish word for gold. Of the later issues of this coin, the best known are the two Zlote, struck during the siege of Zamosc in 1913; the ten Zlote is- sued from 1820 to 1825, with the portrait of Alexander I of Russia ; the Zloty of fifteen Kopecks, struck from 1832 to 1840, with inscriptions in Russian and Polish ; and the piece of five Zloty, issued during the Polish revolution of 1831. Zodiacal Coins. A name given to a set of twelve Mohurs and Rupees, struck by Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (1605- 1627), at Agrah, Alnnadabad, and Lahore from A.H. 1019 to A.H. 1035. The ob- verse of each of these coins bears one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, and the reverse has a Persian inscription, frequent- ly indicating the place of issue. For a detailed account of these pieces see the contributions by J. Gibbs, in the Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1878, and Howland Wood, in the American Journal of Numis- matics, 1909. Zolota. See Utuzlik. Zonnekroon, also called Keizerskroon. A gold coin of Brabant, struck in 1544 by the Emperor Charles V, pursuant to the Ordonnantie of October 29, 1540. It re- ceives its name from the poorly executed figure of the sun on the obverse at the edge of the armorial shield. Zontle. See Sicca. Zopf Dukat, or Schwanz Dukat. A nickname given to a variety of Ducat struck by Frederick William I of Prus- sia, on account of the arrangement of the hair on the king ’s head ; the hair re- sembling a queue, or pig-tail. Zudi Budschu. See Budschu. Zuliato. See Ziato. Zwainziger. A name given to an early type of the Kreuzer of Tyrol on account of its value, which was twenty Berner. These coins are without date, and bear on one side an eagle, and on the reverse a cross. Zwanziger. A name applied to the sil- ver pieces of twenty Kreuzer, or one third of a Gulden, formerly in circulation in Bavaria, Salzburg, Austria, etc. The peas- antry frequently soldered a loop to them and used them as buttons, hence the nick- name “ Knopfzwanziger. ” Zwarte Penning. A billon coin of Bra- bant, issued 1385-1387, and of the value of one twelfth of a Groot. See Revue Beige, 1844 (ii. pi. 2). [ 265 ] Zwei Drittel Zwolfgroscher In 1482 and later Zwarte Penninge were struck of two kinds, having a respective value of four and two Myten. See Kor- ten, and Black Money. Zwei Drittel. A popular expression for any coin, the value of which is two thirds of some accepted standard. Common ex- amples are those of Prussia, 1796, and later ; Hanover under George I, II, and III, etc. Zweier. The name given to the copper coin of two Pfennige, i.e., half a Kreuzer, chiefly struck at Vienna at the beginning of the sixteenth century, and common throughout Tyrol, Styria, and other parts of the Holy Roman Empire. Zwittermiinzen. See Mule. Zwolfer. See Pfundner. Zwolfgroscher. See Dreigroscher. [ 266 ] GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Aalborg Korsvide Abyssinia Aboudjidid Agod Arnolds Argenteus Ashrafi Ber Besa Borjookes Dahab Divini Ekaba Emol Enest Guerche Harf Kebar Kharf Kibear Levant Dollar Mak Mahallak Menelik Pataca Roob Salt Talari Tenan Wakea Wand Achaia Eilippone Aegina Chelonai Pacheia Tartemorion Testudo Tortoises Afghanistan Abaze Misqal Quran Sanar Taka Tilla Agen Arnaldes Agrah Zodiacal Coins Agramont Acrimontana Agrigentum Pentoncion Tetras Ahmadabad Zodiacal Coins Aix-la-Chapelle Adler-pfennig Busch Rathspraesentger Schlecht Thaler Alabanda Tridrachin Albania Galeazzo Albi Raimondine Aleppo Siani | Algiers Budschu Funduk Muzuna Pataca Chica Saime I Alvarado Cuartilla Amiens Salute Amsterdam Ducaton Escalin Ancona Anconitano Baiocliella Bussignarfi Navicella Paolino Andros Nesiaca Drachma Anduse Bernardin Angers Monnaies Angevines Angola Equipaga Lebongo Macuta Pano Angouleme Petragordin Anhalt Ascanische Pfennige Convention Money Seniorats-Dukat Anjou Robertino Annaberg Annenpfennig Annam Bo Chuc Chulon Dong Duk Mach 268 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Annam (continued) Man Nen Bac Phan Pliuoc Quail Quan Tien Sao Sapfeque Tambac-tron T hie n Tien Van Anninsk Piatak Antioch Pieces of Silver Antwerp Artesienne Palken Schild Gigot Maille Souverain Aosta Pert Appenzell Angster Apulia Ducato d’Argento Aquila Aquilino Bolognino Celia Aquileja Frignacco Aquitaine Anglo-Gallic Coins Arnaldes Hardi Mediacula Poitevin Arabia Baisa Carat Divini Fels Franzi Gass Kabir Kommassi Kufic Coins Arabia (continued) Mankush Mogrebi Nasch Sequin Toweelali Aragon Acrimontana Aguila de Oro Alfonsino Dobla de los Excelentes Doblengo Duplo Grueso Jaquesa Arboga Fyrk Ardebil Sahebqiran Argentine Republic Argentino Cuartino Decimo Argos Tartemorion Arles Saiga Armenia Khori Pogli Tacolin Tahdgan Tang Tenar Tram Arnhem Myte Arquata Luigino Artois Artesienne Ascoli Madonnina Aschersleben Ascanische Pfennige Assam Rupee Assyria Aplus Talent Asti Cavallotto Mistura Parpagliola Terlina Athens Heniiobol Henii tartemorion Kore Lepton Myshemitetarte Obol Owls Paclieia Pallades Parthenoi Pentobolon Tartemorion Stater Tetrobolon Trihemiobolion Triliemite tartemorion Trikollybon Tritemorion Atjeh Kou Koupan Mace Mas Pardaw Pi tie Tail Tayell Augsburg Augustos Batzen Jubileums Thaler St. Afra Dukaten Aurich Heymannchen Australia Florin Holey Dollar Austria Corona Ducat Florin Forint Franc Fiinfzehner GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 269 Austria (continued) Gulden Heller Kaisergroschen Kasperle Kopfstiick Kreuzer Krone Kronenthaler Leather Money Levant Dollar Noble Novcic Pattacona Regiments Thaler Scliinderling Schiitzenthaler Schusterthaler Siebzehner Soldo Sovran o Speciesthaler Steinbock Pfennige Thaler Viannare Yiererplatten Weibemiinzen Wiener Pfennige Zehner Zwanziger Zweier Auvergne Durantingi Auxonne Angroigne Avesta Plate Money Avignon Argento Barberine Giulio Mdreau Mistura Moucbes Paparini Babylonia Alexandrine Coinage Mina Talent Bactria Stater Baden Eintrachtsthaler Karolin Basinge Plate Money Bahia Pataca Peca Bamberg Fiinfer Gnadenpfennig Bangkok Porcelain Tokens Tical Bantam Bahar Catty Laxsan Peccoe LTta Bar Beguinette Denier d’Or Masson Tallard Barbadoes Crimbal Neptune’s Car Penny Pineapple Penny Barcelona Ardite Bossonaya Croat Dinerillo Doblengo Duplo Malla Mancoso Menudo Ochavo Quart Quarterne Realito Reaux Seisino Sixain Tern Unetos Basle Assis Brabeon Basle (continued) Gluckhennen Thaler Plancus Thaler Bassein Bazarucco Roda Xerapbin Bassorah Mahmfuli Batavia Sateleer Batembourg Pfundner Pistolet St. Victor Daalder Battambang Prak Pe Sleng Bavaria Batzen Charta Magna Thaler Isargold Dukat Karolin Kopfstiick Kronenthaler Marienthaler Maximilian d’Or Schinderling Speciesthaler V erfassungsthaler Weckenpfennige Weihemiinzen Zwanziger Bayeux Baiocco Bearn Baquette Douzain Quart d’Ecu Vacquette Beauvais Anvoire Belgium Centime Franc Frank Leopold d’Or Permische Schilling Plak Bellac Marques 270 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Bellinzona Tirolino Beneventum Danaro Mancoso Tremissis Bengal Anna Badam Duddu Mohur Pice Pie Poni Rupee Sicca Rupee Bentheim Adler-pfennig Malschilling Berg Cassa Thaler Engelthaler Raderalbus Stiiber Wappenturnose Bergamo Grossello Marchetto Bermuda Islands Hog Money Tobacco Berne Bar Pfennige Batzen Blaffert Dicken Laubthaler Berri Baviardus Besanpon Carolus Estevenante Bijapur Larin Blois Blesensis Boeotia League Coinage Bohemia Breite Groschen Dick Thaler Bohemia (continued) Gros Jagdthaler Judeninedaillen Kattersinken Kopy Krejcar Maly Groszy Piefort Putschanel Thaler Bois-le-Duc Gigot Bokhara Tenga Bolivia Boliviano Sueldo Tomin Toston Bologna Bagarone Baiocco Bianco Biancone Bolognino Bononenus Carlino Doblone Doppia Gabella Gobbi Graici Gregorio Hongre Madonnina Murajola Paolino Pepulea Quattrinello Quattrino Ragno Sanpetronio Sisto Tredesino Bombay Bazarucco Budgrook Carival Dorea Bombay (continued) Duggani Fanam Fuddea Mohur Paunchea Pice Rupee Tola Urdee Bonn Cassiusgroschen Bordeaux Chitopense Fort Pavilion d’Or Talbot Borneo Cent Bosnia Noveic Bourges Baliardus Bourbonnais Brabant Albertin Angelot Blamiiser Botdrager Brabandsch Schild Brabant Braspenning Briquet Brymann Daalder Double Dreilander Drielatider Engel Esterlin Filips Gulden Franc a Clieval Gigot Gouden Kroon Gouden Lam Griffon Grootken Gros au Chatel Gros au Lion Guillemin Korten Brabant (continued) Krabbelaar Kromstaart Kruisdaalder Labay Leeuw Lovenaar Mechelaar Myte Negenmenneke Oirtken Patagon Patard Penning Peter Philippus Philippus Daalder Plak Poy Priesken Reaal Recheupfennige Robustus Daalder Roosebeker Rozenobel Schaelgy Schild Schiisselpfennige Schuitken Schurmann Souverain Tarelares Torentje Tourelle Tuin Urchin Yierlander Ylieguyt Vlies Witten Zonnekroon Zwarte Penning Brandenburg Albertusthaler Dreigroscher Palkendukat Ilohlpfennige Kehlpfennig Kippermiinzen Kreisobristen Thaler GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Brandenburg (continued) Okelpenning Ort Scherf Sechsgroscher Souveranitatsthaler Thaler Yierchen Yinkenauge Zvvolfgroscher Brazil Balastraca Conto Cruzadinho Milreis Moidore Pataca Peca Breda Yelddaalder Brederode Angelot Bremen Diitchen Flinderke Gold Thaler Grote Kopfstiick Sell ware n Brescia Pianetto Breslau Pest Thaler Rempel Heller Bressa Borgesi Neri Bretagne Barbarin Carolus Douzain Lemocia Targa Brindisi Apuliense Augustalis Follaro British East India (See Indian States) British Guiana Bit I Cent 271 British Guiana (continued) Groat Guilder Joe Stiver British Honduras Cent Macquina British West Indies Dobra Fond Groat Joe Moco Pistareen Sheedy Sou Mark Spanish Sixpence Three Halfpence Threepence Tobacco Brittany (See Bretagne) Bromberg B rummer Bruges Bourgeois Brunswick Achtelthaler Achter Albertusthaler Aloe thaler Andreas Thaler Annengroschen Ausbeutemiinzen Carl d’or E i n tr ac li t s th al e r Fortuna Thaler Ge burtstagsthaler Glockenthaler Gute Groschen Harzgold Dukat Jakobsthaler Licht Thaler Loserthaler Liigenthaler Mariengroschen Matthiasgroschen Miickenpfennig Ort 272 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Brunswick (continued) Pelikanthaler Rebellenthaler Rossgulden Schil'fsthaler Schmalkaldisclier Bundes- thaler Spruchtlialer Stockfisch thaler Usualmark Wahrlieits thaler Wespenthaler Wildemannsthaler Brussels Artesienne Brusselaar Maille Buchhorn Hirtenpfennig Buenos Aires Decimo Bulgaria Alexander Canteim Centime Kantem Leu Stotinka Burgos Agnus Dei Blanca Noveno Pdpion Real Burgundy Albertin Albertusthaler Angroigne Briquet Burgunderthaler Divionensis Dblpelthaler Estevenante Erelucques Gouden Kroon Gros a la Marie Kreuzthaler Kruisdaalder Niquet Noble Burgundy (continued) Patard Plak St. Andries Gulden Stuiver Burma Brick Tea Daing ■ Dinga Ganza Kabean Keiat Tical Tjentai Viss Byzantium Concave Coins Constantinati Follis Globular Coins Mancoso Michalati Romanati Romano Solidus Tetarteron Tremissis Tricephalus Triens Trimisium Turchifarus Cagliari Cagliaresco Cagliarese Frazione Minuto Calabria Robertino Calais Noble Salute Calcutta Tola Calicut Tard Camarina Pentoncion Cambodia Att Fuang Cambodia (continued) Gall Nen Prak Pe Quan Sleng Cambrai Coquibus Maille On-le-vault Patard Yaltan Camerino Giulio Paolino Campen Butgen Souverain Stichtsche Stuiver Stooter Canada Anchor Pieces Blacksmith Tokens Bouquet Series Bout de L’lsle Tokens Card Money Cent Chelin Communion Tokens George Habitant Tokens Harps Hudson’s Bay Tokens Marqud Mousquetaire Papineau Rebellion Token Repentigny Tokens Ships, Colonies, and Com- merce Tokens Side View Tokens Skins of Animals Sous Sou Tokens Tiffins Yexator Canadinsis Wellington Tokens Canary Islands Fisca Candia (See also Crete) Cavallina Drachma Gazzetta Canton Hsien Cape of Good Hope Good Tors Capo d’Istria Lepton Phoenix Capua Follaro Caria Myshemihecte Carinthia Pfundner Carlberg Plate Money Carmagnola Cavallotto Cornabo Rollbatzen Caroline Islands Stone Money Carpentrasso Argento Carthage Hexadrachm Leather Money Triobol Casale Azzalino Bianchetto Cervette Cervia Cornabo Cornone Maglio Parpagliola Rollbatzen Cashmere (See Kaschmir) Castel san Angelo Plagauner Castile Agnus Dei Aguila de Oro Blanco Castellauo GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Castile (continued) Cornado Dobla de la Banda Dobla de los Excelentes Marabotin Alfonsin Morisca Pdpion Tarja Castro Baiochetto Castroni Catalonia Acrimontana Ochavo Quart Catania Pentoncion Cattaro Follaro Cayenne Black Dogs Noirs Stampee Tampe Ceilao Xeraphin Celebes Benggolo Doewi Dschingara Koupa Central America Centavo Centimo Colon Cordoba Cuartino Decimo Real Sun Dollar Centuripae Deconcion Ceuta Ceitil Ceylon Blob Cent Challies Duit Dump Farthing 273 Ceylon (continued) Kamsa Larin Masaka Massa Pana Ridi Rix Dollar Rupee Stiver Suku Tang Tanga Three Halfpence Threepence Chalcidice League Coinage Chandergerry Pagoda Chandernagor Fanam Chaul Bazarucco Chihuahua Cuartilla Sand Dollar Chile Condor Doblon Escudo Peso Toston China Amulets Ants’ Xose Coins Arrow Head Money Bamboo Money Bell Money Brick Tea Bridge Money Candareen Carapace Money Cash Catty Cent Ch’ao Chiao Ch’ien Ch’ien Fan Chih Pi Chih-tsien 274 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX China (continued) Chin Chin Tao Chu Ch’uan Chung Pao Cicada Money Clean Dollars Cowries Eiraku Sen Elm Seed Money Fen Flying Money Eu Goose Eye Coins Hao IIo Pu Hsien II ua Hu an II no Kangtang Kiao-tze Kia-tseh-ma Kin Kit-tao Kiu-Ma Knife Money Kuan Kua teng Ch’ien Ku Pu Lai Tzu Li Liang Lily Root Money Lo-han Cash Mace Maradoe Mil Mu Ch’ien Nan Ch’ien Pan Liang Pao Pei Pi Pi Cli’an Pi Tch’eng Ma. Pu Pu Ch’uan Salt Sjen China (continued) Spade Money Sycee Silver Tael Ta-mig-ma Temple Money Tiao Ting Tseh Ma Tso-tao Tung Tung Pi Wan-yin Weight Money Wen Wu Tchu Yak-mig-ma Yang Ch’ien Yh Ying Ting Yin Kwan Yuan Yuan Fa Yuan Pao Yu Cilia Ch’ien Chios League Coinage Tetrachalk Tri chalk Chivasso Russino Chur Rluzger Bocksthaler Circars Faluce Civita-Vecchia Raiocco Madonnina Menudo Clazomence League Coinage Clermont-Ferrand Duran tingi Cleve Blam unsen Engelthaler Fettmannchen Stern Groschen Cluny Mediacula Cnidus Alliance Coins Cochin Bazarucco Clou Puttan Coimbra Tiers de Sou d’Or Colditz Horngroschen Cologne Albus Appelgulden Convention Money Fettmannchen Hitarc Pfennige Mark Morchen Petrus Schilling Raderalbus Ursula Thaler Wappenturnose Colombia Colombiauo Condor Doblado Cuartino Grenadino Peso Toston Colophon League Coinage Tarteniorion Como Obolino Constance Blaffert Ewiger Pfennig o o Rollbatzen Copiapo Peso Corcyra Korkuraioi Stateres Cordova Tiers de Sou d’Or Corea (See Korea) Corinth Colts Decalitron Didrachm Pegasi GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 275 Corinth (continued) Stater Trihemiobolion Correggio Camillino Cavallotto Murajola Parpagliola Quirino San Giovannino Trellino Ungaro Corsica Yintina Cortemiglia Carrettini Corvey Kippermiinzen Costa Rica Centimo Colon Sun Dollar Courland Gnadenpfennig Cracow Granas Cranium Trihemiobolion Cremieu Ecu du Dauphind Moreau Cremona Cremonese Mistura Crete (See also Candia) Drachma Lebetes Crevacuore Tirolino Crimea Kyrmis Tscbal Crotona Incuse Coins Cuba Cent Cuarenta Marti Viente Cuenca Ptspion Cumae Myshemihecte Curajao Escalin Reaal Cutch Adhada Ardpanchio Dhingalo Dokdo Ibramee Kori Panchia Tambio Cyme Tridrachm Cyprus (Ancient) Anchors Cyprus (Modern) Caitne Carzia Florin Kharrubeh Piastre Shilling Sixpence Sizinia Cyrene Hemichrysos Hemihect^ Kyranaion Cyzicus Cyzicenes Trite Dalmatia Galeazzo Grossetto Perpero Damao Roda San Joao Danish West Indies Bit Cent Daler Franc Danzig Solidus Ternar Danzig (continued) Tympf Tysschen Thaler Dauphiny Cadifere Carlin Carolus Dauphin Ecu dn Dauphin^ Gminar Quart d’Ecu Redotatos Sol Coronat Deccan Alamgiri Dhabbu Pice Shalii Tukkuh Dehli Adli Buhloli Dam Nash Tan kali Delphi Odelos Denmark Attesaal Brillen Dukat Christian d’Or Ebenezer Ebraer Engelsk Fanam Firleyoe Mont Fortuna Thaler Fredericks d’Or H ebraer Hvid Ivas Klippe Kopfstiick Korsvide Krone Mark Ordensthaler Penge Pumphosen Krone Reisedaler 276 Denmark (continued) Rigsdaler Royalin Skilling Soesling Stykke Deventer Butgen Deventergans Flabbe Gehelmdeschelling Gosseler Snaphaan Stichtsche Stuiver Dezana Cornone Moraglia Didyma Temple Coins Dijon Divionensis Salute Dinant Gros k l’Aigle Diu Atia Bazarucco Rupia Xeraphin Djambi Pitje Dominica Moco Dominican Republic Centimo Cinco Franco Dorpat Artig Ferding Dortmund Blamuser Dreizehner Reinoldigroschen Dresden Hosenband Thaler Diiren Herzogsgroschen Durango Cuartilla GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Durazzo Gigliato Duurstede Tiers de Sou d’Or Dutch Indies Bahar Benggolo Bonk Cash Catty Doewi Double Key Dubbeltje Dschingara Ducaton Duit Escalin Gobog Guilder Kangtang Kedjer Kentkl Kktkng Ketip Kou Koupa Koupan Krishnala Kroon Laxsan Mas Pagoda Pardaw Pitje Puttau Sateleer Segeloh Soekoe Stuiver Suku Sycee Silver Tali Tang Tanga Ecuador Condor Doblado Sucre Toston Eferding Leather Money Egypt (Ancient) Alexandreion Alexandrian Coinage Aryandic Coinage Decachalk Glass Coins Heptobol Hexadrachm Hexobol Mnaieion Octachalk Octadrachm Pentadrachm Pentastater Pentecontradrachm Pentobolon Porcelain Coins Ptolomaici Ring Money Triobol Egypt (Modern) Abu-Cinco | Abu-Mafta Abuquelp Abu-tera Aqdscheh Arbaa Aschera Bedidlik Beshlik Beutel Borbi Cataa Harnsie Chamsi Ducatello Forli Funduk Ghrush Glass Coins Guersh Kairien | Mangir Medino Millieme Miscal Nusflik Onlik Piastre Pound Turkish GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 277 Egypt (continued) Rsch Ruba Sequin Zer-mahbub Eimbeck Kortling Usualmark Eisleben Lutherthaler Ekaterinburg Piatak Elberfeld Bread Tokens Elbing Trepolcher Elis Tartemorion Emden Kromstaart Schaap Schlecht Thaler Schuppen Witten England Alderman Ale-silver Angel Angelet Angelot Anglo-Gallic Coins Annulet Coinage Awpenny Bean Bender Bener Dener Bit Black Dogs Black Money Blacksmith Half Groat Blunt Bob Bonnet Type Boulton’s Twopence Bowed Money Brass Breeches Money Briot’s Crown Britain Crown Britannia Groat Broad England (continued) Brockage Brown Bull Butchers’ Half-pence Canaries Canopy Type Cartwheel Carucage Cash Chany Chequin Chesle Money Chimney Money Chinker Coal Money Copper Copper Hoses Counter Couter Crocard Crown Crown of the Rose Cunnetti Type Dagger Money Dandiprat Danegelt Darby Decus Deuce Devil’s Bit Dibs Dinders Disk Dodkin Doit Dollar Drake Dripmy Bit Ducats Duffer Dump Dust Earnest Ecclesiastical Coins Esterlin Exurgat Money Eadge Falconer’s Half Crown Farthing England (continued) Ferling Noble Festing Penny Fiddle Fiddler Fitpence Fiver Flag Flimsy Florin Galley Halfpence George George Noble Georgius Triumpho Glove Money Godless Florin Goldy Gothic Crown Graceless Florin Gray Green Silver Groat Grocery Guinea Halfling Half Penny Hanover Sovereign Harington Harry Groat Harry Sovereign Hat Money Head Silver Heregeld Herring Silver Hock Money • Hock Tuesday Money Hog Hoppers’ Money Horse and Jockey Jack Jacobus Jane Jingle Boy Joey Jubilee Money King George King’s Picture King’s Silver Kite Larding Money 278 England (continued) Laurel Leopard Lima Coinage Lion Lion Shilling Long Cross Type Lord Lucas Farthings Lundrenses Lundress Lushburger Maerra Peninga Mag Magpie Maille Noble Make Mancus Marigold Maundy Money Megg Meke Military Guinea Milled Money Mise Money Mite Moneyage Money Batterer Monkey Mopus Mule Ninepence Nippence Noble Noble Angels Norman Penny Offering Pieces Old Milk Penny Onion Penny Oof Ora Oxford Crown Oxford Unite Paul Pax Type Pelf Penny Penny Poize Penny Yard Pence Pentecostals Perkin Warbeck Groat GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX England (continued) Peter’s Pence Petition Crown Pig Pin Money Pistole Pistolet Pitching Pence Plough Alms Plough Silver Plum Pollard Poney Porcelain Tokens Porpyne Portcullis Money Pound Prestation Money Proclamation Money Pudsey Sixpence Q Quakers’ Money Queen Anne Farthing Queen Gold Quid Rag Ready Red Reddite Crown Rigmarie Ring Money Rosa Americana Rosary Rose Crown Rose Pennies Rose Ryal Ruddock Ryal Salding Salt Silver Salute Sceat Scilling Scimminger Scrat Scriddick Scute Scuttick Senage Sheep Silver England (continued) Sheriff Geld Shilling Shiner Ship Money Short Cross Type Shovel Board Simon Sixpence Sleeping Slip Smasher Smelt Smoke Farthings Sola Coinage Sovereign Spade Guinea Spanker Sprat Spur Ryal Squiddish Stag Steenie Sterling Stickamstam Styca Suit Silver Suskin Swarf Money Swine Pennies Tanner Tenner Testoon Thick ’un Thirteener Thirteen-pence-half-penny Thistle Crown Three Farthings Three Halfpence Threepence Thrymsa Tin Tinker Tithing Penny Tizzy Tokens Touch-piece Trophy Money Tumbling Tams Unite GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 279 England (continued) Veal Money Vigo Coinage Ward Penny Whistler Whiteliart Silver White Money Wire Money Wolsey’s Groat Wooden Money ■Wood Geld Wyn Yellow Boy Yellow George Entella Hemilitrion Ephesus Alliance Coins League Coinage Thibronian Money Tridrachm Eretria League Coinage Erfurt Bettlerthaler Horngroschen Pest Thaler Streitpfennige Eritrea Tallero Erythrae League Coinage Essen Fettmannchen Essequibo and Demerara Guilder Joe Stiver Esthonia Livonese Balia Skins of Animals Ethiopia (See also Abyssinia) Arnolds Pedgat Euboea League Coinage Evora Cruzado Faenza Leather Money Fano Biaochella Mistura Fermo Madonnina Ferrara Alicorno Bagarone Bolognino Cavalitti Diamante Ferrarino Idra Marchesino Masenetta Murajola Paolo Quattrino Testone Fiji Cent Finland Markka Penni Fiume Flicca Flanders Albertin Aydans Botdrager Brabant Carambole Cavalier Clinckaert Croondaalder Denier d’Or Escoufle Esterlin Gewere Guillemin Ilaies d’Or Heaume Korten Leeuw Lion d’Or Lion Heaume Maille Monnaies Angevines Myte Flanders (continued) Patard Pliilippus Daalder P°y Koosebeker Vierlander Florence Bargellino Barile Carliuo Cosimo Cotale Duetto Florin Francescone Gigliato Grazia Grossone Guelfo Moneta di Coppella Moneta Lunga Pezza Piastre Piastrino Picciolino Popolino Quattrino Quinto Biccio Bosalino Buspone Sancto Zoanne Stellino Tallero Ungaro Zecchiuo Zanobio Fosdinovo Luigino France Abenge Absolutionsthaler Acrimontana Agnel Albertin Ange d’Or Angelot Angevin Anglo-Gallic Coins An voire Appoints 280 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX France (continued) Argent le Roy Arnaldes Arrhes Assignat Baquette Barbarin Baudequin Baviardus Bille Blanc Bon Gros Bourbonnais Bourgeois Braise Brassage Cadidre Carle Carlin Carolus Cavalier Centime Cercle Chaise Chienes Chiqua Chitopense Compagnon Coupure Couronne d’Or Couronne du Soleil Couronnelle Dardenne Dauphin Decime Denier Denier d’Or Denier Palatin Denier Parisis Divionensis Dixain Double Double Lorrain Doublon Douzain Durantingi Ecu Esterlin Face Fleur de Lis France (continued) Florette Florin Florin-Georges Fort Franc Fretin Fruste Gloriam Regni Gourde Gros Gudnar Guillot Guinnois Hardi Heaume Henri d’Or Jaunet Jeton Laubthaler Leather Money Leinocia Leopard Leopoldino Leopoldo Liard Lingot Lion Lion d’Or Lis d’Argent Lis d’Or Livre Livre Tournois Louis Louis aux Lunettes Louis aux Palmes Louis d’Or Luigino Maille Mansois Mantelet d’Or Marc Marqud Masse d’Or Masson Medaillon Mdreau Millards Mirliton Monarque France (continued) Moneta Palatina Monnaies Monneron Tokens Morveux Mouton Napoleon Niquet Noailles Noble Obole On-le-vault Ottene Parisis Passir Patacchina Patard Patte d’oie Pavilion d’Or Philippe Pidce de Plaisir Pied-Guailloux Piefort Pignatelle Pile Pimpion Pinpennellos Pistole Plated Coins Pogesia Poid Poillevillain Poinqon Points Secrets Poitevin Poupon Provinois Quart d’Ecu Raimondine Reaux Rechenpfennige Redotatos Refrappd Reine Rond Roue Rouleau Roupie Royal Coronat Royal d’Or GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 281 France (continued) Royal Parisis Double Saiga Salute Side Sixain Sol Sol Coronat Soldo Sol-sanar Sonnette Sou Sou d’Or Spadin Sueldo Talbot Tamp6 Terlina Teston Tournois Tranche Cordonde Tremissis Tresin Trou£ Trouvaille Yacquette Yertugadin Frankfort a. M. Bolette Engel Impierans Golt Janauschek Thaler Jeneuoser Judenpfennige Katzen Gulden Kolhasen Gulden Reichsalbus Freiberg Horngroschen Freiburg (Breisgau) Denarii Corvorum Rappen Freiburg (Switzerland) Fiinfer Piecette Tir Federal Tr^sel Freistadt Zinnenthurmheller French Colonies Marqud Marqu^ Blanc Noirs Quadruble Rouleau Sol Stampee Tampd Friesland Arends-Rijksdaalder Bankschelling Bezemstuiver Braspenning Flindrich Guilder Hvid Koggerdaalder Leijcesterdaalder Oertchen Oord Pietje Rijder Scheepjeschelling Schubbe Snaphaan Stiiber Stuiver Upstalsboom Thaler Witten Frinco Chiavarino Dozzeno Friuli Bagattino Mancoso Fulda Bluzger Gaeta Follaro Garpenberg Plate Money Gelderland (See Gueldres) Geneva Ecu Pistolet Genevoise Gringalet Huitain Pignatelle Pistole Geneva (continued) Pistole Forte Quart Sol Genoa Asper Crosazzo Doppia Genovino Giannino Giustino Januini Ligurino Luigino Madonnina Minuto Novini Ottavetti Patacchina Pite Quartaro Quartarola Realone San Giovannino Scudo di Oro Sesino Terzarola j Georgia Abbasi Asper Bisti Botinat Chauri Drakani Phoul Pul Schauri Thetri German East Africa Heller Paisd Rupie German States and Cities Achtbriiderthaler Aclitelthaler Achter Adler Albansgulden Albertusthaler Albus GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 282 German States and Cities (continued) Aloethaler Andreas Thaler Annengroschen Appelgulden Arenkopf Ascanische Pfennige August d’Or Augustos Ausbeutemiinzen Auswurf Miiuzen Baetzner Banco Bauugeld Batzen Bauerngroschen Baueru Thaler Beichtthaler Bernhardsgrosclieu Bettlerthaler Beutgroschen Blaffert Blaniiiser Blechmiinzen Blutpi'ennig Bolette Bracteates Bread Tokens Breite Groschen Brenisenthaler Buudesthaler Bursarienzeichen Busch Carl d’or Cassa Thaler Cassius Groschen Catechismusthaler Cliarta Magna Thaler Christfest Thaler Christkindl Dukat Church Tokens Convention Money Coronation Coins Cosel Gulden Creutzer Cruitzer Cyrillus Thaler Danielsthaler Davidsthaler German States and Cities (continued) Denar Denarii Corvorum Denkmiinze Dick Thaler Dreier Dreigroscher Dreikaiserthaler Dreiling Dreipolker Dreissiger Dreizehner Driittainer Dukat Eckige Pfennige Edelrost Eintrachtsthaler Engel Engelsgroschen Engelthaler Ephraimiten Ernst d’Or Esterlin Etschkreuzer Falkendukat Falsche Miiuzen Federn Thaler Feingoldgulden Feinsilberthaler Feldthaler Fettmannchen Fewreysen Fledermaus Flinderke Flindrich Flitter Florin Fortuna Thaler Fuchs Fiirstengroschen Geburtstagsthaler Gedachtnismiinzen Gelbvogel Geld Gelegenheitsmiinzen Georgsthaler Gerlacus Glaubensthaler Glockenthaler German States and Cities (continued) Gnadenpfennig Gosgen Gold Fuchs Gold Thaler Gontzen Pfennig Gottesfreund Thaler Groschel Groschen Grote Gulden Guldetigroschen Gute Groschen Hacksilber Halbling Handel heller Hahnrei Thaler Halb Ilalber Harzgold Dukat Hausgroschen Heckniiinzen Heilandsmiinzen Helbling Heller Hellier Helmarc Helnipfennig Herrengroschen Herzogsgroscheu Heymannchen Hirschgulden Hirtenpfennig Hitarc Pfennige Hohlpfennige Horngrosclien Hosenband Thaler Hubertusthaler Huldigungs Miinzen Hussthaler Inpierans Golt Interimsthaler Iriden Isargold Dukat Jakobsthaler Janauschek Thaler Jeneuoser Jesus Thaler Joachimstlialer GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 283 German States and Cities (continued) Jubileums Thaler Judenkopfgroschen Judenpfennige Juliusloser Kaisertbaler Kammerherrentlialer Karolin Kassenmannchen Kassenthaler Katherinengroschen Ivatzen Gulden Kehlpfennig Kippermiinzen Kirclienpfennige Klappmiitzenthaler Klotergeld Kolnische Mark Kortling Kolhasen Gulden Kometenthaler Kopfstiick Korn Kosel Gulden Kreditmiinzen Kreisobristen Thaler Kreuzer Kreuzgroschen Kronungs Miinzen Kronenthaler Kronigte Kiirassier Thaler Kugildi Landmiinze Landsberger Pfennige Lappen Laubthaler Laurentiusgulden Legierung Leicht Geld Licht Thaler Linsen Dukaten Locumtenensthaler Loserthaler Losungs Dukat Lowenpfennige Lot Lotterie Dukat Ltigenthaler German States and Cities (continued) Lutherthaler Madonnenthaler Magister Thaler Malschilling Margaretengroschen Mariengroschen Marien thaler Mark Martinsgulden Martinsthaler Marzellen Matthiasgroschen Maximilian d’Or Metzblanken Mimigardeford Deniers Mise Morchen Moritzpfennige Miickenpfennig Miinze Miinzfuiul Miinz Zeichen Myte Kapgen Heller Notmiinzen Oertchen Orterer Okelpenning Ordens thaler Ort Ortelin Ortsthaler Ottenpfennige Passir Pathenmiinzen Patriotenthaler Pelikanthaler Pest Thaler Petermannclien Petrus Schilling Pfaffenfeind Thaler Pfennig Pistole Plated Coins Polonaise Poltora Portugaloser Pramienthaler German States and Cities (continued) Pyramiden Thaler Raderalbus Raitpfennige Rath Zeichen Rautengroschen Rebellenthaler Rechenpfennige Regenbogenscliiissel Regensburger Reiclisalbus Reichsguldeu Rheingold Dukat Rheinischer Albus Robotmarken Rossgulden St. Afra Dukaten Sargpfennig Saulen Piastre Schaap Schauthaler Scheidemiinzen Scherf Schiffs Dukaten Schiffsthaler Schild Groschen Schilling Schilling Liibsk Schlafrock Thaler Schmalkaldiscber Bundes- thaler Schnepfenpfennige Schraubthaler Schrot Schiisselpfennige Schiitzen Thaler Schuppen Schwaren Schwertgroschen Sebaldus Thaler Sechser Sechsling Sechstel Seligkeitsthaler Semissis Seniorats Dukat Seufzer Sieges Thaler Silbergroschen 284 German States and Cities (continued) Slegelpenninge Sonnenkrone Sophiendukat Sortengulden Souveranitatstlialer Speciesthaler Spielmarken Spitzgroschen Spottmiinzen Spruchthaler Stabler Stern Groschen Stockfishthaler Streitpfennige Strohthaler Stiiber Stuiver Suitenmedaillen Talar Talisman Thaler Tauf Thaler Thaler Thiiringer Groschen Tippelgroschen Triumph Thaler Tympf Tysschen Thaler Unecht Upstalsboom Thaler Ursula Thaler Usualmark Venusthaler V erfassungsthaler Vermahlungsthaler Yierchen Vierer Yierling Vierschildheller Vikariats Thaler Vinkenauge Wahrheitsthaler Wappenturnose W eckenpf ennige Weidenbaum Thaler Weihemiinzen Weihnachts Thaler Wendenpfennige Wespenthaler GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX German States and Cities (continued) Wewelinghofer Wiedertaiifer Thaler Wildemannsthaler Wilhelm d’Or Witten Zahlpfennig Zehner Zinnenthurmheller Zinsgroschen Zopf Dukat Zvvanziger Zwei Drittel Germany (Empire) Kriegsfiinfer Krone Lappen Mark Pfennig Reichsmiinzen Gerona Duro Sixain Ghent Roosebeker Gibraltar Half Shiner Quart Gliickstadt Fortuna Thaler Goa Bastiao Bazarucco Chazza Cherafin Esphera Pardao Pequenino Real Branco Roda Rupia S&nar-Kdsu San Felipe San Joao Santo Thomd Seratin Tanga Tutenag Xeraphin Zeraphin Gottingen Kortling Ort Gold Coast Ackey Boss Cabes Cowries Damba Stone Money Tabo Takoe Gombroon Besorg Gorcum Noble Goslar Arenkopf Bauerngroschen Berling Brillenthaler Flitter Kreuzgroschen Mariengroschen Marienthaler Matthiasgroschen Scherf Usualmark Gowa Dschingara Koupa . Grand Bassam Manilla Graubiinden Bluzger Graz Vierer Greece (Ancient) Alexanders Alexandrine Coinage Alliance Coins Animals Archaic Coinage Argurion Assarion Autonomous Coins Chalcus Charon’s Obol Chelonai Chrysos Cistophorus Greece (Ancient : continued) Citharephori Collybos Colts Convention Money Daric Decadrachm Decalitron Decobol Demareteion Dichalkon Didrachm Dikollybon Dilitron Dinomos Dioblon Di-Stater Dodecadrachm Drachm Enneobol Glaukes Gorgoneion Hectd Hemiassarion Hemichalk Hemichrysos Hemidanake Hemidaric Hemidrachm Hemihectd Hemilitrion Hemiobol Hemistater Hemitartemorion Hemitetarte Heptadrachm Heptobol Hexadraclim Hexas Hexastater Hexobol Histialka Incuse Coins Karkadona Kerma Kersa Kikkabos Kistophoros Kitharephoroi Kodrantes GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Greece (Ancient : continued) Kore Korkuraisi Stateres Krapatalos Krysus Kyraneion League Coinage Lepton Lucullei Mikron Mill-sail Type Mina Mnaieion Morplie Myshemihecte Myshemitetarte Naulum Nesiaca Drachma Noctua N omisma Nomos Obol Octobol Odelos Odolke Owls Facheia Pallades Parthenoi Pegasi Pelanor Pentad rachm Pentalitron Pentanummion Pentastater Pentechalkon Pentecontadrachm Pentecontalitra Pentobolon Pesson Petalon Philippi Phocaides Phokikoi Plated Coins Plinthos Psephos Sema Semision Stater 285 Greece (Ancient : continued) Talent Tartemorion Temple Coins Testudo Tetarte Tetartemorion Tetrachalk Tetradrachm Tetranommos Tetras Tetrastater Tetrobolon Tettigia Thibronian Money Tortoises Toxotai Trias Trichalk Tridrachm Trihemiobolion Trihemitartemorion Trihemitetartemorion Trikollybon Triobol Triquetra Trite Tritemorion Trochiskos Xunistron Greece (Modern) Drachma Icossad rachmon Lepton Obolos Grenoble Chiqua Ecu du Dauphine Moreau Groningen Butgen Cnapcock Flabbe Jager Langrok Peerdeke Plak St. Jans Bijksdaalder Statenschelling 286 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Guadeloupe Hainaut (continued) Hawaiian Islands Collot Plaisant Akahi Dala Doublon Tiercelin Cent Escalin Haiti Heinrichstadt Gourde Centime Loserthaler Guam Gourde Helvetian Republic Cent Halberstadt (See Switzerland) Guanaxuato Pfaffenfeind Thaler Henneberg Cuartilla Sargpfennig Eiinfer Guastalla Haldenstein Hennegau Annunciata Bluzger Dreilander Barbarina Hall Drielander Giulio Handelheller Yierlander Murajola Heller Herford Pezzetta Imperiale Hamburg Abbey-Pieces San Paolo Banco Hermosillo Selmino Dreiling Cuartilla Guatemala Leicht Geld Hessen Cuartino Madonnenthaler Albus Gubbio Mariengroschen Beutgroschen Madonnina Mark Eiirstengroschen Gueldres Pest Thaler Karolin Arnoldus Portugaloser Schmalkaldischer Bundes Briquet Scliilling thaler Clemmergulden Sechsling Sortengulden Ecu d’Or Stockfisch thaler Wappenturnose Gouden Lain Witten Weidenbaum Thaler Kopfstuck Hameln Wilhelm d’Or Leijcestertlialer Flitter Hildesheim Mouton Gosgen Annengroschen Oord Kortling Bernhardsgroschen Pronkdaalder Hanau Marienthaler Rijder Reich salbus Matthiasgroschen Rynsgulden Hanover Usualmark Scheepjeschelling Achter Hindustan Schild Annengroschen (See also Indian States) Snaphaan Ernst d’Or AdhOah Statendaalder Feinsilberthaler Adi Gutkah Stooter Georgsthaler Adli Stuiver Gute Groschen Aftaby Guernsey Heaume Atm ah Double Ilelmpfennig Bacchanalian Coins Gujarat Kortling Binsat Bad am Mariengroschen Cliahar Goshah Gustafsberg Silbergroschen Chugul Plate Money Upstalsboom Thaler Dam Hainaut Usualmark Damri Cavalier Witten Dehliwala Coquibus Zwei Drittel Hun Haies d’Or Hasa Ilahi Petros Toweelah Jalalah GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 287 Hindustan (continued) Jilaleh L’al Jalali Milirabi Muini Nisar Pagoda Paisa Paulah Pice Ralia Sicca Rupee Sihansah Tukkuh Zodiacal Coins Histiaea Histiaika Hohnstein Andreas Thaler Holland (See Netherlands) Holstein Albertusthaler Dreiling Diitchen Mark Schilling Witten Holy Roman Empire Apostel Thaler Dreikaiserthaler Eulendukaten Filips Gulden Groschel Pfundner St. Jans Rijksdaalder Schauthaler Thaler Yierer Zweier Hong Kong Cent Dollar Hao Hsien Mil Sjen Yuan Hornes Sprenger Hungary Duarius Egisthaler Filler Florin Forint Franc Georgsthaler Gralosken Gulden Hongre Korona Krajczar Kreuzer Malkontentengulden Marienthaler Marjase Obole Pataz Pattacona Pfauenthaler Poltura Schusterthaler Yiererplatten Yonds Gulden Hyderabad Malibubia Iceland Aur Krone Illyria Grossetto Indian States (See also Hindustan) Abidi Adha Adhada Adheeda Adli Ahmadi Akhtar Alamgiri Anandaramen Ang-tuk Ani Anna Ardha Ardpanchio Asht Asm ani Indian States (continued) Badam Bahram Bakiri Bakla Asarfi Biche Budgrook Buhloli Carival Cash Chakram Charn Chopped Dollars Crore Darb Dasa Dhabbu Dharana Dhingalo Doddane Dorea Dramma Dub Duddu Duggdni Faluce Fan am Fanon Faruki Fuddea Glibber Haidari Heideri Imami Jafari Jettal Ivala Kaltis Karsha Kas Kasu Kazrni Khizri Kona Kutb Lac Lakshmi Pagoda Larin Mada Mahbubia 288 Indian States (continued) Mohur Mushtari Nasfi Nishka Pad a Padaka Padika Padma Tanka Pagoda Pala Pan a Panam Panchia Pandu Paunchea Pavali Phetang Pice Pie Pon Poni Portcullis Money Pratapa Purana Purnya Raal Lakria Rama- tanka Rasi Rati Seed Real Real Branco Ropaka Rupee San Rupee Satamana Shahi Shroffed Money Sicca Rupee Siddiki Soolakie Sovereign Star Pagoda Suki Suvarna Swami Pagoda Tang-ka Tankah Tenga Tola GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Indian States (continued) Tulabhara Kasu Urdee Usmani Yaraha Varahan Yodri Zahrah Indo-China Nen Piastre de Commerce Ionia Plated Coins Stater Ionian Islands Ditto Bolo Gazzetta Lepton Miobolo Obolos Tripenon Ireland Airgead Blacksmith Half Crown Bonn Cammacks Cianog Cob Money Eagle Feorlainn Groat Gun Money Harp Hibernias Inchquin Money Irlandes d’ Argent Jack Mitre Northumberland Shilling Ormond Money Patricius Farthing Patrick Penny Pistole Pollard Quadrant Rap Rebel Money Red Harp Ring Money Ireland (continued) Rosary Rose Pennies Saint Patrick’s Money Salding Sixpence Smulkyn Teastun Thirteener Three Crowns Money Three Farthings Three Halfpence Threepence Tinker Turney Union Penny Yoce Populi Coinage White Shilling Wood’s Coinage Yellow Boy Isle of Man Triquetra Isles du Vent (See Windward Islands) Isles of France Marqud Isny Batzen Istria Pattacona Italian States and Cities Aguila de Oro Albulo Alfonsino Alicorno Ambrosino Amedeo d’Oro Anconitano Anepigrafa Annunciata Anselmino Apuliense Aquilino Argento Armellino Artilucco Asper Asprione Augustalis Aureola Azzalino GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Italian States and Cities (con- tinued) Bacca Bagarone Bagattino Baggiani Bagni Baiarda Baiocco Baioccone Baiochella Baiochetto Baiotta Baldacchino Banco Banderuola Barbarina Barberine Barbonaccio Barbone Bargellino Barile Battezone Beato Amedeo Beato Luigi Berlinga Besante Bezzo Bezzone Bianchetto Bianco Biancone Biglione Bissolo Bissona Bizzichini Bolognino Bononenus Bordata Borgesi Bragone Bronzo BruneJti Budata Burigozzo Bussignarfi Bussola Bussoloto Buttala Cagliaresco Italian States and Cities (con- tinued) Cagliarese Cagnolo Cagnone Camera Camillino Capellone Carantano Caratto Carlino Carranino Carrettini Carzia Castroni Castruccino Catanesi Cauci Cavalitti Cavalla Cavallina Cavallo Cavallotto Cecchine Cenoglego Centesimo Cervette Cervia Checquin Chiappe di Forte Chiavarino Chickino Chikino Cianfrone Cinquina Clementi Colombina Cornabo Cornone Cornu to Corona Cosimo Cotale Cremonese Croce o Testa Crocione Crosazzo Danaro Decenario Dena. 289 Italian States and Cities (con- tinued) Denaretto Denarino Diamante Dicciottino Dobla Doblone Dodicesimo Doppia Dozzeno Ducato Ducato d’Argento Ducato di Banco Ducato di Camera Duetto Enrici Fernandino Ferrari no Fert Filiberto Filippo Filippone Flicca Florin Foghetti Follaro Francescone Francbi Frazione Frignacco Gabella Galeazzo Gazzetta Gelso Genovino Gettone Gianuino Gigliato Ginocchiello Giorgino Girasoli Giulio Gius tina Giustino Gobbi Graici Grano Grazia Gregorina 290 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Italian States and Cities (con- tinued) Gregorio Grolla Grosello Grossetto Grosso Grossone Guelfo Idra Imbiamcate Imperiale Infortiati Januini Leather Money Leone Leonina Leonzino Libertini Ligurino Lira Lirazza Liretta Lirona Livornino Lucati Lucchese Nuovo Luigino Madonnina Maglia Mancanza Mancoso Marc Marcello Marchesino Marchetto Marengo Marmussini Matapan Medaglia Mediacula Mediano Mediatino Mezza Mezzanino Michieletta Minuto Mistura Mocenigo Moneta Italian States and Cities (con- tinued) Moneta Spezzata Moraglia Murajola Navicella Nichelino Nov ini Obolino Oncetta Oncia Osella Ottavetti Ottavo Ottino Padiglione Paduans Palanca Palpa Paolino Paolo Paparini Paparoni Papetto Parpagliola Partenope Pataca Patacchina Pegione Pepulea Pereale Petizza Pezza Pezzetta Imperiale Phoenix Piastre Piastrino Picaillon Picciolino Picciolo Picureddu Pistacchio Pistolet Pite Plagauner Poillevillain Ponti Popolano Popolino Provisino Italian States and Cities (con- tinued) Quadrupla Quarantano Q uar taro Quartarolo Q uar tin o Quattrinello Quattrino Quindicino Quinto Quintuplo Quirino Rag no Ragusino Realone Renaissance Medals Riccio Rodioti Rogati Rolino Rollbatzen Romdsine Rosalino Roverino Rovetti Iluspone Russino Saluto d’Oro Sampietrino San Carlo Sancto Zoanne Sanese d’Oro San Giovannino San Martino San Mauricio San Paolo Sanpetronio Saupierino Santa Croce Saraceno Scaggia Scudino Scudo Scudo della Croce Scudo di Oro Sede V acante Coinage Sedicina Selmino Semprevivo GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 291 Italian States and Cities (con- tinued) Seueselli Sequin Sesino Settimo Sirena Siseni Sis to Solarus Sol Coronat Soldino Soldo Soldone Solz Sovrano Spadaccino Spadino Stagnate Stellino Svanzica Tallero Tarin Tercia Apuliensis Terzarola Testone Tir Federal Tirolino Titolo Tollero Tondino Torellino Tornese Tornesello Traiaro Trapezeta Traro Tredesino Trilliua Trino Trionfo Triquetra Tronetto Ungaro Yerga Viannare Yigintenario Vitalino Zanetta Zecchino Ziato Jalisco Octavo Jamaica Macquina Maundy Money Quat-tie Spanish Sixpence Japan Ana Ichi Sen Arrow Head Money Ban Sen Bita Sen Bu Bun Sen Charms Cho Gin Do Sen Eirakn Sen E Sen Gin Kwan Go Go Yo Sen Haha Sen Han Hana Furi Kin Hansatsu Hayaki Ho Ho Ei Sen Hori Tand Sen Ichi Bu .Tin Ni Zene Kagami Sen Kin Kwan Kinsatsu Kiri Kodama Koban Kudatama Kwacho Kwan Kwanei Sen Magatama Matsuri Sen Mom me Mon Mu-mon Gin Sen Kami Sen Ni Bu O Ashi Oban Japan (continued) Ogata Sen Baku Sen Bice Bin Bing Money Byo Sabi Seed Sen Sen Shi ken Shima Sen Shi Mon Sen Shin Koban Shu Tanuma Go Momme Gin Tand Tempo Trade Dollar Tsu Ho Yeda Yen Jaunpur Dramma Java Bahar Bonk Catty Duit Escalin Gobog Ivangtang Kedir Kentfel Kfeteng Ketip Krishnala Kroon Pitje Sateleer Segeloh Soekoe Stuk van Achten Tali Jever Danielsthaler Grote .Todocus Thaler Judea (See Palestine) 292 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Juliers Clemniergulden Engelthaler Fettmannchen Raderalbus Rosen Groschen Rynsgulden Stern Groschen Stiiber Junkseylon Putta Kabul Tankali Karikal Cache Duddu Kaschin Pul Kaschmir Pad aka Kashgar Fen Tilla Kathiawar Ad had a Ardpanchio Dhingalo Dokdo Ibramee Kori Panchia Tambio Kermanschaban Sahebqiran Khwarizm Aruzzeh Panik Habbeh Tamunah Tassug Tilla Keda Tiinnia Tra Kiev Denga Grivna Pul Konigsberg Tympf Kolbarga Dam Kolywan Piatak Kordofan Hashshah Kesme Korea Amulets Arrow Head Money Charms Chon Chun Pei Daidong Chun Fun Mon Mun Niang Umpyo Un Byong Warn Won Yang Labuan Cent Laccadive Islands Cowries Lahore Dam Zodiacal Coins Languedoc Florin-Georges Laon Chalongia Scuferus Lao States Chulon Xgim Tawk Shan Baw Tamlung Lausanne Fiini'er Parpagliola Seseu Tir Federal Trdsel Lautenthal Jakobsthaler Lebedus League Coinage Leghorn Livornino Pezza Leipzig August d’Or Horngroschen Lemgo Myte Leon Aguila de Oro Blanco Dobla de los Excelentes Noveno Pdpion Leontini Hemilitrion Pentoncion Le Puy Pogesia Lerida Escudo Leucas Trihemiobolion Leyden Leather Money Paper Liberia Cent Lich Schnepfenpfennige Liege Ay dans Blamiiser Boddiferus Bruld Electron Ernestus Fusil Heaume Patard Peter Plak Sp renger Liegnitz Gutfreitagsgroschel Ligny Franc a Pied Liguria Palanca Lille Artesienne Maille GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX ‘293 Lima Peso Limoges Lemocia Lippe Flitter Kippermunzen Myte Lippstadt Pfaffenfeind Thaler Lisbon Barbuda Ceitil Chimfram Cruzadinho Cruzado Grave Lisbonino Pilarte Tostao Lithuania Dreigrosclier Tyrhpf Livonia Artig Ferding Livonese Mark Solidus Ljusnedal Plate Money Lobsenz Ternar Lombardy Centesimo Gulden Lira Pettine Soldo Sovrano London (See England) Loos Kopfstiick Lorraine Aubonne Bourgeois Bugne Dolcbe Francois d’Or Leopoldino Lorraine (continued) Leopoldo Masson Plak Spadin Tallard Louvain Roosebeker Torentje Tourelle Low Countries (See Netherlands) Lucca Albulo Barbonaccio Barbone Bolognino Castruccino Duetto Enrici Grazia Infortiati Lucati Lucchese Nuovo Mancoso San Martino Santa Croce Scudo di Oro Soldo Lu Chu Islands Hatome Sen Shu Lucknow San Rupee Liibeck Blaffert Bremsentbaler Firleyoe Mont Mark Schilling Soesling Thaler Witten Liineburg Blaffert Liittich (See Liege) Lugano Tir Federal Luxemburg Angelot Luxemburg (continued) Assis Centime Franc Sol Luzerne Angster Baetzner Frank Michaels Gulden Miinz Gulden Spagiirli Lycia League Coinage Lydia Gygeades Kroiseioi Lyons Ecu a la Croisette Mdreau Tiers de Sou d’Or Macao Sapdque Macedonia Alexanders Alexandrine Coinage Chalcus Di-Stater Octadraclun Pentadrachni Pentecontradrachm Philippi Stater Macerata Madonnina Madagascar Levant Dollar Madras Dub Duddu Faluce Fanam Jettal Mohur Pagoda Star Pagoda Swami Pagoda Tola Madrid (See Spain) 294 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Maestricht Tuin Magdeburg Bettlerthaler Furstengroschen Interimsthaler Moritzpfennige Venusthaler Magnesia Plated Coins Mahe Bic he Fan a m Mainz Albansgulden Albus Bettlerthaler Convention Money Gerlacus Martinsgulden Raderalbus Reichsalbus Sol Sortengulden Majorca Dobler Maiorchino Malla Sueldo Treseta Makassar Ivoupa Malabar Coast Biclie Duniare Fanam Rasi Tard Malacca Bastardo Caixa Catholico Challaine Chazza Malaque Malay Peninsula Buaya Caixa Djampel Doewi Dubbeltje Malay Peninsula (continued) Kenderi Kepeng Ketip Pitje Putta Ringgit Sata Sen Suku Tampang Timm a Tra Tsi Maidive Islands Burrie Cawne Cowries Gunda Kalian Lari Poon Malines (See Mechlin) Malmo Korsvide Malpur Dam Malta Carlino Doppia Farthing Gigliato Grain Grano Luigi Oncia Picciolo T a rin Threepence Mansfeld Ausbeutemiinzen Davidsthaler Georgsthaler Kippermiinzen Spitzgrosclien Spruchthaler Talisman Thaler Mantua Anselmino Aquilino Mantua (continued) Barbarina Beato Luigi Bianco Bussola Cagnolo Cornabo Doppia Girasoli Giulio Grossone Marcello Quadrupla Scudo Scudo di Oro Sesino Solarus Soldo Soldone Tallero Testone Traiaro Marseilles Ecu a la Croisette Royal Coronat Saiga Tiers de Sou d’Or Maskat Baisa Gass Malimudi Maskat Pice Massa di Lunigiana Cervia Quadrupla Massa Lombarda Spadaccino Matelica Madonnina Mauritius Anchor Pieces Cent Mayence (See Mainz) Mechlin Leeuw Roosebeker Mecklenburg Blaffert Dreiling Fortuna Thaler Mecklenburg (continued) Hohlpfennige Mark Schilling Vinkenauge Witten Megalopolis League Coinage Megara Odelos Meissen Fiirstengroschen J udenkopfgroschen Katharinengroschen Kreuzgroschen Kronigte Landsberger Pfennige Margaretengroschen Schild Groschen Thiii'inger Groschen Melle Denier d’Or Melos Nesiaca Drachma Menaenum Tetras Merano Decenario Yigintenario Merida Tiers de Sou d’Or Messerano Cornone Forte Rollbatzen Tallero Messina Bronzo Follaro Pereale Metapontum Dinomos Incuse Coins Metz Bugne Metzblanken Monnaies Angevin es Spadin Mexico Axe Money Carasco Dollar GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Mexico (continued) Centavo Chopped Dollars Cob Money Cuartilla Dobla Doblon Doubloon Mexican Dollar Morelos Dollars Octavo Patlaclitd Patolquachtli Peso Real Sand Dollar Sicca Yales Yargas Dollar Xiquipili Milan Ambrosino Berlinga Bissolo Bissona Burigozzo Cagnone Carlino Papale Crocione Dicciottino Doppia Ducaton Ecu au Porc-epic Enrici Filippo Grosso Imperiale Marin ussini Mediano Obolino Ottino Palpa Parpagliola Patard Pegione Popolano Quadrupla Quattri no Quindicino Semprevivo 295 Milan (continued) Sesino Siliqua Soldo Sovrano Svanzica Terzarola Te stone Trillina Mileto Follaro Miletus League Coinage Temple Coins Minas Cruzadinho Escudo Miranda Barbuda Mirandola Baggiane Parpagliola Solz Testone Zecchino Mocha Kabir Kommassi Modena Bagarone Baggiane Baiarda Biancone Bolognino Capellone Denarino Doblone Giorgino Giustina Leonzino Marcello Moraglia Murajola Paolo Quaran tano Scudino Soldo Ungaro Zecchino 296 Moldavia Denga Para Mombasa Paisa Rupee Monaco Cavalla Centime Danaro Decime Franc Liardo Pataccho Pezzetta Mons Gigot Montalcino Parpagliola Montalto Baiochella Madonnina Montanaro Cornabo Montefcrrato Bianchetto Biancone Pistolet Rollbatzen Russino Montefiascone Paparini Montenegro Novcic Para Perper Montpellier Ecu k la Croisette Morocco Benduqi Blanquillo Butaca Centimo Dinar Dirhem Duro Fels Kirat Mad rid ja Marabotin Mathbu GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Morocco (ontinued) Miscal Muzuna Nusflik Rial Ukkia Uqijeh Zelagh Moskow Denga Novgorodka Mozambique Barrinha Canella Matica Onqa Miihlheim Hubertusthaler Munich Regensburger Munster Blamiiser Bursarienzeichen Driittainer Mimigardeford Deniers Myte Slegelpenniuge Wiedertaiifer Thaler Muscat (See Maskat) Mysia Cyzicenes Mysore Abidi Ahmadi Akhtar Asmani Bahram Bakiri Cash Doddane Duggan i Faruki Haidari Heideri Imami Jafari Kasu Kazmi Khizri Kutb Mysore (continued) Mayili Mushtari Paisa Pavali Purnya Siddiki Usmani Zahrah Mytilene Hectd Phocaides Trite Myus League Coinage Namur Gros k l’Aigle Scuferus Nantes Douzain Naples Alton si no Armellino Augustalis Carlino Cavallo Cianfrone Cinquina Corona Coronato Dobla Ducato Ducato d’Argento Fernandino Follaro Gigliato Grano Grosso ne Mancanza Oncetta Partenope Pataca Piastre Picciolo Picureddu Pistacchio Publica Quadrupla Saluto d’Oro Scudo GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Naples (continued) Scudo di Oro Sequin Sesino Sirena Sol Coronat Tar in Testone Tornese Zanetta. Narva Rundstiicke Navarre Caveria Dinero Douzain Grueso Quart d’Ecu Sancheti Naxos Nesiaca Drachma Nemausus Hams Nepal Ad ha Adha-ani Adheeda Ang-tuk Ani Bakla Asarfi Chiin Dam Dam Dhebua Do-am Duitole-Asarfi Dyak Ek-ani Majhawala Mehnder-Mulie Mohar Patla Phoka Dam Suka Takka Tang-Ka Nesle Gros de Neste Netherlands Achterwiel Albertin Albertusthaler Netherlands (continued) Albus Arends-Rijksdaalder Arnoldus Bankje Bezemstuiver Blank Botdrager Brabant Braspenning Briquet Butgen Carolus Cavalier Cent Christus Gulden Clinckaert Croondaalder Daalder Davidstuiver Deventergans Dolpelthaler Dog Dollar Douzain Dreilander Drielander Dubbeltje Ducaton Duit Escalin Escudo Flab be Florin Franc k Cheval Franc k Pied Geeltje Gehelmdeschelling Geusenpfennige Gildepenningen Gosseler Gouden Kroon Gouden Lam Groot Grootken Guilder Halfje Heitje Hip Hoedjesschelling Jager Netherlands (continued) Klomp Knaak Koggerdaalder OO Kopfstiick Kromstaart Kronenthaler Kruisdaalder Kwart Langrolt Leather Money Leeuw Leg Dollar Leijcesterdaalder Lion d’Or Monnaies Angevines Myte Negenmenneke Negotiepenning Noble Oord Patagon Patard Peerdeke Penning Peter Philippus Daalder Piefort Plak Poen Pop Postulatsgulden Pronkdaalder Reaal Rechenpfennige Rijder Rijksdaalder Roosschelling Roosstuiver Rozenobel St. Andries Gulden Scheepjesclielling Scheepsnobel Schelling Schild Schubbe Schuitken Sesthalf Snaphaan Souverain 298 Netherlands (continued) Spie Statendaalder Statenschelling Stichtsche Stuiver Stooter Stuiver Stuk van Achten Suku Tientje Turn Velddaalder Vier Duitstuk Vierlander Vlies Willem Witje Witten Zesthalven Neuchatel Lausannais Livre Faible Piecette New South Wales Holey Dollar Nicaragua Cordoba Cuartino Nicosia Carzia Nigeria Manilla Penny Niniegue Cnapcock Peerdeke Stephanusdaalder Nizza Fert Nordlingen Batzen Northeim Flitter Kortling Norway Krone Reisedaler Skef Skilling GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Novgorod Denga Grivna Kovgorodka Novotorjok Grivna Nubia Kesme Nuremberg Bread Tokens Ilandelheller Hobby Horse Lauren tiusgulden Linsen Dukaten Rathausthaler Rechenpfennige Schraubthaler Sebaldus Thaler Nykbping Fyrk Oaxaca Morelos Dollars Olbia Fish Money Gorgoneion Oldenburg Flindrich Grote Hvid Malschilling Schwaren S tuber Olmiitz Cyrillus Thaler Olynthus League Coinage Oman Baisa Oran Reaux Orleans Morveux Orvieto Paparoni Osca Denarius Oscensis Osnabruck Myte Osterode Usualmark Ottoman Empire , Abukash Akcheh Altilik Altmishlik Altun Asadi Ghrush Ash rail Asper Besh Beshlik Beutel Caime Chise Dinar Dirhem Ekilik Ellilik Funduk Ghrush Hongre Ikilik Jihadiyeh Beshlik Juik Keser Kirat Kitze Mangir Medjedie Messir Metallik Nisfiah Onbeshlik Onlik Para Pataque Piastre Pound Turkish Rebia Sehim Sequin Siani Timmin Tsentez Utuzlik Yigirmlik Y uzlik Zer-mahbub Overysel Bezemstuiver GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 299 Overysel (continued) Oord Plak Statendaalder Stooter Paderborn Bread Tokens Bursarienzeichen Gnadenpfennig Padua Aquilino Carrarino Grosso Aquilino Paduans Rogati Saraceno Pahang Tampang Palatinate Albus Convention Money Ilubertusthaler Karolin Lotterie Dukat Pistole Reichsalbus Schtisselpfennige Yikariats Thaler Weckenpfennige Palembang Pitje Palermo Apuliense Budata Oncetta Oncia Phoenix Palestine Bekah Drachm Garah Kesitali Kikkar Lepton Man eh Mina Pieces of Silver Rebah Ring Money Shekel Palestine (continued) Silverling Skins of Animals Talent Tribute Money Widow’s Mite Paliakate Pagoda Pamphylia Philippi Panama Balboa Peso Papal States Absolution sthaler Baiocco Baioccone Baiochella Carliuo Papale dementi Doblone Doppia Ducato di Camera Follaro Giulio Gregorina Gregorio Joanninus Kalenderthaler Leonina Madonnina Mancoso Mistura Mouclies Murajola ISTavicella Paolino Paolo Paparini Papetto Plagauner Provisino Quadrupla Quartino Quattrinello Quattrino Roverino Sampietrino Sanpetronio Scudo Papal States (continued) Scudo di Oro Sede Vacante Coinage Settimo Sisto Testone Paraguay Peso Paramo Grano Paris (See France) Parma Bagarone Bussolotto Dicciottino Ducato n Follaro Paolino Quarantano Soldo Trellino U ngaro Vitalino Paros Nesiaca Drachma Pergamos Cistophorus Perigord Heliens Petragordin Pernambuco Pataca Perpignan Douzain Patard Sannar Sol-sanar Sueldo Persia (Ancient) Adarkonim Archer Danake Daric Hemidanake Mina Sagittarii Satrapal Coins Siglos Toxotai 800 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Persia (Modern) Abbasi Bisti Cherassi Dangli Dinar Dfib Hazardinar Kasbegi Kran Larin Mahmudi Mildinar Miscal Nadiri Penabad Pul Punsad-Dinar Rijjal Rupi Sahebqiran Senar Shahi Sherify Sisad-Dinar Toman Peru Dinero Libra Peseta Peso Sol Toston Perugia Biancone Madonnina Paolino Trino Pesaro Sedicina Philippine Islands Cent Conant Milesimo Peso Phocaea Ileetd League Coinage Phocaides Trite Phocis Phokikoi Phoenicia Octadraclnn Piacenza Baiochetto Banderuola Buttala Murajola Piedmont Bacca Baiotta Bianchetto Gigliato Moriziotti Mozzi Petizza Scaggia Piombino Grazia Pisa Francescone Grazia Grossone Poictiers Poitevin Poland Beichlingscher Thaler Bracata Brandthaler Brummer Cosel Gulden Courant Czvorak Dalar Dreigroscher Dvoiak Groz Kronentbaler Krucier Kwartnik Orty Peter’s Pence Polonaise Poltora Portugaloser Schmetterlings Thaler Sexagiua Solidus Szelag Szelong Poland (continued) Ternar Trojack Tschetwertak Tympf Zamoscia Zloty Pommerania Bugslaver Gnadenpfennig Heller Hohlpfennige Okelpenning Sell erf Vinkenauge Witten Pondichery Biche Cache Duddu Fanam Pagoda Royalin Populonia Gorgoneion Porbandar Kori Porto Barbuda Ceitil Chimfram Cruzado Grave Pilarte Tostao Porto Novo Porto Xovo Pagoda Porto Rico Cent Chavo Portugal Affonso de Ouro Aparas Barbuda Branca Moeda Bravuda Ceitil Chimfram Cinquinho Conceiqao Coroa Portugal (continued) Corda de Prata Co trim Crusade Cruzadiulio Cruzado Cruzado Calvario Dinheiro Dobra Dobra Gentil Engenhoso Equipaga Escudo Espadim Esphera Forte Grave Grosso Affonsim Indio Joannes Joe Justo Leal Lisboniuo Macuta Mansel Mealha Milreis Moidore Morabitino Morisca Pataca Pataco Peca Pilarte Portuguez Quartinho Real Portuguez San Vicente Soberano Tornez Tostao Vintem Portuguese India Abacis Abraemos Atia Razarucco Esphera Pardao GEOGRAPHIC Al/ INDEX Portuguese India (continued) Pataca Pequenino Porto Novo Pagoda Roda Rupia Sanar-Kasu San Felipe San Joao Santo Thomd Serafin Tanga Tutenag Vintem Xeraphin Zeraphin Prague Boh men Eulendukaten Judenmedaillen Piefort Prenzlau Vierchen Priene League Coinage Provence Dardenne Franc a Pied Guillemin Magdalon Patard Provins Provinois Prussia Achtehalber Dreigroscher Dreipolker Driittainer Diitchen Fledermaus Friedrichsdor Gute Groschen Ilausgroschen Ileymannchen K am m e rh e rr e n thal e r Kiirassier Thaler Laubthaler Levant Dollar Ordensthaler Sechser 301 Prussia (continued) Sechsgroscher Sechsling Silbergroschen Skoter Souveranitatsthaler Tippelgroschen Tysschen Thaler Zoirf Dukat Zwei Drittel Zwolfgroscher Pskof Denga Grivna Quedlinburg Abbey-Pieces Pfennig Ragusa Artilucco Capuciae Ducato Follaro Libertina Mezzanino Perpero Ragusino Soldo Vislino Ratisbon (See Regensburg) Ravenna Asprione Bronzo Siliqua Ravensburg Matthiasgroschen Reckheim Gigot Regensburg Linsen Dukaten Regensburger Reggio Biancone Colombina Rennes Douzain Rethel Denier d’Or Reunion Islands Caron 802 Reuss Kippermunzen Reval Ferding Rundstiicke Rhegium Pentoncion Tetras Rhodes (Ancient) Alliance Coins Rodioti Rhodes (Modern) Asper Joanninus Riga Artig Denarius Novus Argenteus Donario Donativ Fiinfer Schilling Liibsk Trepolcher Trojack Rio Escudo Peca Rio Grande do Sul Balastraca Roermond Peerdeke Rogoredo Rollbatzen Rome (Ancient) Aes Aes Grave Aes Signatum Antoninianus Argenteus As Assarius Assis Aurelianus Aureus Autonomous Coins Bes Bigati Brass Castoriati Centenariae Centenionalis Centussis GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Rome (Ancient: continued) Cingus Consecration Coins Consular Coins Contorniates Decargyrus Deconcion Decunx Decussis Dekanummion Denarius Deunx Dextans Dodrans Duodeciaere Dupondius Exagium Excoctum Follis Grand Bronze Iabus Lateres Latrones Legionary Coins Lenticular Coins Lepton Libella Litra Majorina Medallion Miliarensis Minutulus Moneta Navis Noumia Nunmii N ummus Obryzum Octas Octussis Oncia Paduans Pecunia Pentoncion Philippi Plated Coins Pondo Potin Pustulatum Quadrans Rome (Ancient: continued) Quadrant Quadrigati Quadrilateral Pieces Quadriissis Quartarii Quarternariae Formae Quaternis Quinarius Quincunx Quincussis Quiniones Restitution Coins Scripulum Sembella Semis Semissis Semistertius Semuncia Senatorial Coins Senio Septunx Serrated Coins Sescunx Sestertius Sexcunx Sextans Siliqua Sitarion Solidus Spintriae Sportula Stagnate Stips Talent Tartar on Ternariae formae Terniones Teruncia Tesserae Tetras Tetrassariou Trias Triens Trimisium Tripondius U ncia Yicessis Victoriatus Votive Coins GETTY CENTER LIBRARY