INDIAN NOTES 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 Edited by F. W. Hodge 
 
 Vol. IX 
 
 A SERIES OF PUBLICA- 
 TIONS RELATING TO THE 
 AMERICAN ABORIGINES 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES ON 
 UXMAL, YUCATAN 
 
 BY 
 
 MARSHALL H. SAVILLE 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 
 HEYE FOUNDATION 
 
 1921 
 
This series of Indian Notes and 
 Monographs is devoted primarily to 
 the publication of the results of studies 
 by members of the staff of the Mus- 
 eum of the American Indian, Heye 
 Foundation, and is uniform with His- 
 panic Notes and Monographs, pub- 
 lished by the Hispanic Society of 
 America, with which organization this 
 Museum is in cordial cooperation. 
 
 Only the first ten volumes of Indian 
 Notes and Monographs are numbered. 
 The unnumbered parts may readily be 
 determined by consulting the List of 
 Publications issued as one of the series. 
 
INDIAN NOTES 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 Edited by F. W. Hodge 
 
 Vol. IX 2if^V>>^'*M No. 2 
 
 A SERIES OF PUBLICA- 
 TIONS RELATING TO THE 
 AMERICAN ABORIGINES 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES ON 
 UXMAL, YUCATAN 
 
 BY 
 
 MARSHALL H. SAVILLE 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 
 HEYE FOUNDATION 
 
 1921 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES 
 ON UXMAL, YUCATAN 
 
 BY 
 
 MARSHALL H. SAVILLE 
 
55 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES ON 
 UXMAL, YUCATAN 
 
 By Marshall H. Saville 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 XMAL is one ot the two most 
 important ruined cities of the 
 Maya in Yucatan, and in 
 some respects surpasses the 
 other city, Chichen Itza, in the grandeur 
 of its edifices. Certainly the House of 
 the Governor, still in a fair state of 
 preservation, is the most impressive 
 building in Central America. The group 
 of more or ess ruined structures must 
 have impressed the chroniclers, although 
 none of them, with a single exception, 
 have described in detail any of the build- 
 ings. It remained for an American ex- 
 plorer, John Lloyd Stephens, by his ac- 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
 IX 
 
56 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 count of the ruins, accompanied by the 
 splendid drawings of his companion, 
 Frederick Catherwood, an Englishman, 
 to call attention to the wonders of Uxmal, 
 as well as of many other ruins in Yucatan. 
 Desire Charnay, a Frenchman, visited 
 Yucatan in 1857 and again in i860, 
 making superb photographs of a number 
 of the Uxmal edifices, which were issued 
 in an atlas in 1863. During the late 
 seventies the Le Plongeons spent con- 
 siderable time at the ruins, and Dr Lc 
 Plongeon made many photog aphs, some 
 of which have been reproduced in num- 
 erous short articles of little scientific 
 value. In 1888, Mr Henry M. Sweet, a 
 member of the Thompson expedition sent 
 out by the Peabody Museum, Harvard 
 University, secured a number of views, 
 the collection being augmented later by 
 those taken by Mr Edward H. Thompson. 
 During his many years' residence in 
 Yucatan, Teobert Malcr visited the ruins 
 repeatedly and made many beautiful 
 photographs of the site, including views 
 of parts of the ruins but little visited. In 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 57 
 
 1910, Mr Jesse L. Nusbaum made about 
 sixty photographs for the Archaeological 
 Institute of America. 
 
 During their residence in Uxmal, the 
 Le Plongeons made molds of parts of 
 fagades of some of the temples, and 
 Charnay on his later expedition, during 
 the years 1880-1882, molded sections of 
 some of the same structures. In 1892, 
 Mr Thompson made molds of sections of 
 the House of the Governor and of the 
 Nunnery Group, Avhich were reproduced 
 as part of the exhibit of the Department 
 of Anthropology under the direction of 
 Prof. F. \V. Putnam at the Worlds 
 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. These 
 are no longer in existence, but the molds 
 should have been preserved in Chicago, 
 as they were the most complete repre- 
 sentations of Mayan buildings thus far 
 produced. 
 
 In excavation, no work has been done 
 except the desultory digging of the Le 
 Plongeons, and the exploration of a 
 mound back of the hacienda building by 
 the writer. The site requires careful 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
58 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 exploration, and much restoration work 
 is necessary to strengthen weak walls, 
 especially to replace the wooden lintels 
 which have fallen in practically all of the 
 buildings, the loss of which will ulti- 
 mately prove fatal to the security of the 
 walls. As yet no complete plan has been 
 made of this important site, and a 
 systematic exploration will doubtless lead 
 to the discovery of much hieroglyphic 
 material, to throw needed light on the 
 history of one of the greatest of ancient 
 Mayan cities. 
 
 Regarding the origin of Uxmal, there 
 is a little folklore, which follows. 
 
 According to Bancroft, "the reign of 
 the Tutul Xius at Uxmal was doubtless 
 the most glorious period of Maya history, 
 but in addition to what has been said, 
 we have respecting it only a single tradi- 
 tion which seems to refer to the last king 
 and the overthrow of the dynasty." 
 Bancroft gives a paraphrase of this tradi- 
 tion, which was published in the Registro 
 Yiicateco (tomo ii, pp. 261-272, Merida, 
 1845). It is written in the form of a 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 59 
 
 dialogue between a visitor to the ruins 
 and a native of more than ordinary in- 
 telligence who professed to be well 
 acquainted with the historical traditions 
 of his race. The article is dated May 25, 
 1845, and is simply signed by the pseudo- 
 nym " Un Curioso." Bancroft's abridg- 
 ment is — 
 
 "An old sorceress lived at Kabah, rarely leaving 
 her chimney [sic] corner. Her grandson, a dwarf, 
 by making a hole in her water-jar, kept her a long 
 time at the well one day, and by removing the 
 hearth-stone found the treasure she had so care- 
 fully guarded, a silver Innkid and zool, native 
 instruments. The music produced by the dwarf 
 was heard in all the cities, and the king of Uxmal 
 trembled, for an old prophecy declared that when 
 such music should be heard the monarch must 
 give up his throne to the musician. A peculiar 
 duel was agreed upon between the two, each to 
 have four baskets of cocoyoles, or palm-nuts, 
 broken on his head. The dwarf was victorious, 
 and took the dead king's place, having the Casa 
 del Adivino built for his palace, and the Casa de 
 la Vieja for his grandmother. The old sorceress 
 soon died, and the new king, freed from all re- 
 straint, plunged into all manner of wickedness, 
 until his gods, or idols, abandoned him in anger. 
 But after several attempts the dwarf made a new 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
60 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 god of clay which came to life and was worshipped 
 by the people, who by this worship of an evil 
 spirit soon brought upon themselves destruction 
 at the hands of the outraged deities, and Uxmal 
 was abandoned." 
 
 The story of the Casa del Adivino, also 
 called Casa del Enano, as related to 
 Stephens by an old Indian, differs some- 
 what from that given in the Registro 
 Yucateco. It follows: 
 
 "There was an old woman who lived in a hut 
 on the very spot now occupied by the structure 
 on which this building is perched, and opposite 
 the Casa del Gobernador, who went mourning 
 that she had no children. In her distress she 
 one day took an egg, covered it with a cloth, and 
 laid it away carefully in one corner of the hut. 
 Every day she went to look at it, until one morn- 
 ing she found the egg hatched, and a criatura, or 
 creature, or baby, born. The old woman was 
 delighted, and called it her son, provided it with a 
 nurse, took good care of it, so that in one year it 
 walked and talked like a man; and then it 
 stopped growing. The old woman was more 
 delighted than ever, and said he would be a great 
 lord or king. One day she told him to go to the 
 house of the gobernador and challenge him to a 
 trial of strength. The dwarf tried to beg off, 
 but the old woman insisted, and he went. The 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 61 
 
 guard admitted him, and he flung his challenge 
 at the gobernador. The latter smiled, and told 
 him to lift a stone of three arrobas, or seventy-five 
 pounds, at which the little fellow cried and 
 returned to his mother, who sent him back to say 
 that if the gobernador lifted it first, he would 
 afterward. The gobernador lifted it, and the 
 dwarf immediately did the same. The gober- 
 nador then tried him with other feats of strength, 
 and the dwarf regularly did whatever was done 
 by the gobernador. At length, indignant at 
 being matched by a dwarf, the gobernador told 
 him that, unless he made a house in one night 
 higher than any in the place, he would kill him. 
 The poor dwarf again returned crying to his 
 mother, who bade him not to be disheartened, 
 and the next morning he awoke and found him- 
 self in this lofty building. The gobernador, seeing 
 it from the door of his palace, was astonished, and 
 sent for the dwarf, and told him to collect two 
 bundles of cogoiol, a wood of a very hard species, 
 with one of which he, the gobernador, would beat 
 the dwarf over the head, and afterward the 
 dwarf should beat him with the other. The 
 dwarf again returned crying to his mother; but 
 the latter told him not to be afraid, and put on 
 the crown of his head a lortillita de trigo, a small 
 thin cake of wheat flour. The trial was made 
 Ml the presence of all the great men of the city. 
 The gobernador broke the whole of his bundle 
 over the dwarf's head without hurting the little 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
62 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 fellow in the least. He then tried to avoid the 
 trial on his own head, but he had given his word 
 in the presence of his officers, and was obliged 
 to submit. The second blow of the dwarf broke 
 his skull in pieces, and all the spectators hailed 
 the victor as their new gobernador. The old 
 woman then died; but at the Indian village of 
 Mani, seventeen leagues distant, there is a deep 
 well, from which opens a cave that leads under- 
 ground an immense distance to Merida. In this 
 cave, on the bank of a stream, under the shade 
 of a large tree, sits an old woman with a serpeitt 
 by her side, who sells water in small quantities, 
 not for money, but only for a criatura or baby to 
 give the serpent to eat; and this old woman is 
 the mother of the dwarf." — Incidents of Travel in 
 Central America, vol. ii, pp. 423-425. 
 
 1556 
 
 [Document] 
 
 In 1842 John Lloyd Stephens visited Mani 
 in search of historical material relating to 
 the ruins of Uxmal. He was shown a "large 
 volume which had an ancient and venerable 
 appearance, being bound in parchment, 
 tattered, and worm-eaten, and having a flap 
 to close like that of a pocket-book. Un- 
 happily it was written in the Maj^a language, 
 and perfectly unintelligible. The dates, 
 however, showed that these venerable pages 
 were a record of events which had taken 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 63 
 
 place within a few years after the entry of 
 the Spaniards." Stephens had accurate 
 translations made by Don Pio Perez and 
 Father Carillo of the documents which 
 related to Uxmal. The earliest was dated 
 August 10, 1556, and is as follows: 
 
 "On the tenth of August, in the year one 
 thousand five hundred and fifty-six, the 
 special judge arrived with his interpreter, 
 Caspar Antonio, from Vxmal, when they 
 reached this chief village of Mani, with the 
 other caciques that followed them, Don 
 Francisco Che, governor of Ticul, Don 
 Francisco Pacab, governor of Tekax, Don 
 Alonzo Pacab, governor of Jan, Don Juan 
 Che, governor of Mama, Don Alonzo Xiu, 
 governor of Tekit, with the other governors 
 of his suite, Don Juan Cacom, governor of 
 Tekoh, with Don Caspar Fun, Don Juan 
 Camal, governor of Nunhini, Don Francisco 
 Ciz, other governor of Cosuma, Don Juan 
 Cocom, governor of Zotuta, Don Conzalo 
 Fuyu, governor of Tixcacaltuyu, Don Juan 
 Han, governor of Yaxcaba; those were 
 brought to this chief village of Mani from 
 Vxmal, with the others named, and the judge 
 Felipe Manrique, with Caspar Antonio, 
 commissioned interpreter." 
 
 The rest of the document is omitted by 
 Stephens. See Incidents of Travel in .Yuca- 
 tan, vol. II, p. 268. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
64 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 1557 
 
 [Document] 
 
 Another document found in the volume 
 referred to bears the date 1557. It reads: 
 
 "Memorandum of having divided the lands 
 by D. Francisco Motttcjo Xiu, governor of 
 this pueblo of Mani, and the governors of the 
 pueblo who are under him. 
 
 "There met together Don Francisco 
 Montejo Xiu, governor of this pueblo, and 
 of the jurisdiction of Tutul Xiu; Don 
 Francisco Che, governor of Ticul, Don 
 Francisco Pacab, governor of Oxcutzcab, 
 Don Diego Vs, governor of Tekax, Don 
 Alonzo Pacab, governor of Jan-monal, Don 
 Juan Che, governor of Mama, Don Alonzo 
 Xiu, governor of Tekit, and the other 
 governors within the jurisdiction of Mani, to- 
 gether with the regidores, for the purpose of 
 regulating the landmarks, and maintaining 
 the right of each village respecting the 
 felling of trees, and to fix and settle with 
 crosses the boundaries of the milpas of their 
 respective villages, dividing them into parts 
 according to their situation, showing the 
 lands pertaining to each. The people of 
 Canul, those of Acanceh, of Ticoh, those of 
 Cosuma, those of Zotuta and its jurisdiction, 
 those of Tixcacab, a part of those of Peto, 
 Colotmul, and Zuccacab, after having con- 
 ferred together, declared it necessary to cite 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 the governors of the villages, and we an- 
 swered that they should come to this 
 audiencia of Mani, each one bringing with 
 him two regidores to be present at the divi- 
 sion of the lands Don Juan Canul, governor 
 of Nunkini, and Francisco Ci, his colleague; 
 D. Juan Cocom, governor of Ticoh, D. 
 Caspar Tun of Cosuma, Don Juan Cocom, 
 governor of Sotuta, D. Conzalo Tuyn, 
 governor of Tixcacab, D. Juan Han of 
 Yaxcacab; these received the donation on 
 the fifth day from Merida, consisting of one 
 hundred paties of fine sheets, each pati or 
 cotton cloth, and thus they continued re- 
 ceiving by twenties for a beginning, being 
 rolled up by Juan Nic, Pedro May, and 
 Pedro Coba, assembled in the house of Don 
 Francisco Montejo Xiu, governor of the 
 village of Mani; three arrobas of wax, which 
 were sold bj^ them, Don Juan Cocom of 
 Zotuta having first received them. In Tal- 
 chaquillo, on the road to Merida, toward the 
 north of said village, the cross was planted, 
 and called Hoal. In Sacmuyalna they put a 
 cross; this is the limit of the lands of those 
 of Ticoh. In Kochilha a cross was placed. 
 In Cisinil, Toyotha, Chulul Ytza, Ocansip, 
 and Tiphal, crosses were placed; this is the 
 boundary of the milpas and the lands of those 
 of Maxcanii-al Canules. In Kaxabceh 
 Chacnocac, Calam, Sactos, are the limits of 
 
 65 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
66 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 the fields of the Canules, and there crosses 
 were placed. In Zemesahal and in Opal 
 were planted crosses: these are the limits 
 of the grounds of the villagers of Kilhini and 
 Becal. In Vaxche, Sucilha Xcalchen, Tc- 
 hico Sahcabchen Xbacal, Opichen, crosses 
 were planted. Twenty-two is the number 
 of the places marked, and they returned to 
 raise new landmarks, by the command of 
 the judge, Felipe Manriques, specially com- 
 missioned by his excellency the governor, 
 when he arrived at Uxmal, accompanied by 
 his interpreter, Caspar Antonio," etc. 
 
 Stephens omitted the rest of the document. 
 See Incidents of Travel in Yticatan, vol. ii, 
 pp. 266-267. 
 
 [Indian Map of Manx.] 
 
 In the same volume as the above. "The 
 original is a sheet of foolscap paper dated 
 1557. containing a map with Mani in the 
 center. Uxmal appears near the bottom, 
 and in place of the conventional church used 
 to indicate the other places on the map, a 
 building with three doorways and a facade, 
 a typical Maya building, is shown with the 
 name 'Uxmal' below." Reproduced by 
 Stephens, ibid., vol. 11, opposite p. 264 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 67 
 
 1581 
 
 Bote, Juan. Relacion de Teav-Y-Tec 
 y Tiscolum. Coleccion dc Docu- 
 mcntos Ineditos Relativos al Descu- 
 hrimiento, Conquista y Organizacion 
 de las Anliguas Posesiones Espanoles 
 de Ultramar, Segunda Serie, t. xi, 
 Relaciones de Yucatan, I, Relacion 
 XXIV, p. 287, Madrid, 1894. 
 
 This is a report made in 1581. Section 
 xnii reads: "At one time all of this land 
 A'as under the dominion of a lord, and al- 
 though with the change and succession of 
 time, which have been many, the last lord 
 of them was a Tutulxiu, from whom de- 
 scended the native lords of the said town of 
 Mani of the Royal crown, and this [one] 
 subject to all the lords of the land more by 
 craft than by war, they say that the first of 
 them [was] called Hunuilkilchic, lord of 
 Uxmal, a very ancient settlement, very re- 
 markable in edifices usual in Mexico, and 
 from there he entered into all the other 
 provinces and from his greatness and 
 personality it is said that he was very learned 
 in native things and in his time taught them 
 to till the lands. He divided the months of 
 the year, and he taught them the letters 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
68 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 [hieroglyphic writing] wliich were used in the 
 said province of Mani wlien tlie conquerors 
 entered the land, and little by little the said 
 Tutulxius came to command all the lands 
 very much to the liking of the natives." 
 
 1588 
 
 CiUDAD Real, Fr. Antonio. Relacion 
 breve y verdaderade algunas cosas de 
 las muchas que sucedieron al Padre 
 Fray Alonso Ponce en las prov'ncias 
 de la Nueva Espana, siendo Com- 
 isario General de aquellas partes. 
 Tratanse algunas particularidades dc 
 aquella tierra, y dicese su ida a ella y 
 vuelta 4 Espana, con algo dc lo cjue 
 en el viaje le acontecio hasta volver 
 a su Provincia de Castilla. Escrita 
 por dos Religiosos, sus companeros, 
 el uno de los cuales le acompano 
 desde Espana a Mexico, y el otro en 
 todos los demas caminos que hizo y 
 trabajos que paso. Ahora por pri- 
 mera vez impresa. Tomo ll, pp. 455- 
 461. Colcccion de Docnmentos In- 
 cditos para la Ilistoria dc Espana, t. 
 Lviii, Madrid, 1875. 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 69 
 
 Father Alonso Ponce came to America in 
 1584 as Commissary General. His visit to 
 Uxmal was made just before he left Yucatan 
 to return to Spain. On his travels he was 
 accompanied by two priests, said to have 
 written the above report as indicated in the 
 title. These two priests were Fray Alonso 
 de San Juan, who accompanied him from 
 Spain, and Fray Antonio de Ciudad Real, 
 who joined him in Mexico and was with him 
 in all his travels. Fr Ciudad Real un- 
 questionably wrote the account of their 
 travels in Yucatan, and he is one of the great 
 figures in the literary and ecclesiastical his- 
 tory of Yucatan, but his numerous works 
 have not been published. His great work 
 on the Mayan language was called " Calepino 
 de la Lengua Maya 6 Yucateca," on which 
 he was engaged for forty years. The work 
 of this priest is described by both Fr Bernardo 
 de Lizana, who knew him, and Fr Cogolludo. 
 According to Lizana he wrote, while acting as 
 general secretary of the Commissary Gen- 
 eral, a "Tratado curioso y docto de las 
 grandezas de la Nueva Espana." This may 
 well be the work, recently published, con- 
 taining the account of the ruins of Uxmal. 
 
 The report states that, "On Tuesday, the 
 thirteenth of October, the Father Commis- 
 sary left Calkini at two o'clock in the 
 morning, and leaving the road which leads 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
70 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 to Merida, he took [tlio road] for Mani and 
 Oxkutzcab, and traveling six leagues of good 
 road, arrived early at some ranchos or houses 
 of thatch, which the Indians of the district 
 of Mani with their keeper had made near 
 some ancient edifices, very renowned in that 
 land, which were called Uxmal." The de- 
 scription of the buildings of Uxmal con- 
 tained in this record of the travels of Ponce 
 is one of the few sixteenth-century accounts 
 of Mayan cities that have come down to us, 
 and it is by far the most important and 
 extensive. We reprint the translation pub- 
 lished by Spinden in his Study of Maya Art. 
 
 "Of the very renowned edifices of Uxmal. 
 
 "On the north of the ranchos where the 
 father delegate was lodged, as has been seen, 
 which is about twenty- leagues from Merida, 
 to the south of that city, stands a ku or mul, 
 very tall and made by hand. It is very 
 difificult to ascend this by its one hundred and 
 fifty stone steps, which are very steep and 
 which, from their being very old, are very 
 dilapidated. On the top of this mid a large 
 building has been built, consisting of two 
 vaulted rooms, made of stone and lime, the 
 stones being carved with great care on the 
 outside. In old times they took the Indians 
 who were to be sacrificed to these rooms, and 
 there they killed them and offered them 
 to the idols. The father delegate went up 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 71 
 
 this mnl as soon as he arrived there, and 
 this surprised the others greatly, since many 
 others did not dare to go up and could not 
 have done so if they had tried. Close to 
 this mul and behind it on the west, there are 
 lower down many other buildings built in the 
 same way with stone and lime and with 
 arches. The stones are carved with wonder- 
 ful delicacy, some of them having fallen and 
 others badly injured and ruined, while others 
 can still be seen, and there is much in them 
 worth examining. Among these there are 
 four very large and handsome buildings set 
 in a square form, and in the middle is a 
 square plaza, in which grew a thicket of 
 large and small trees, and even on top of the 
 building there were very large and dense 
 trees growing. The building which faces the 
 south, has on the outside four rooms, and on 
 the inside eight others, all arched with cut 
 stone, and as carefully joined and put to- 
 gether as if very skilful workers of the 
 present had built them. These arches, and 
 all the other old arches which have been 
 found in the province, are not rounded over 
 in the form of a cupola nor like those which 
 are made in Spain, but are tapered as the 
 funnels of chimneys are made when built in 
 the middle of a room, before the flue begins, 
 since both sides draw together little by little 
 and the space between becomes more narrow, 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
72 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 till on the top one wall is separated from the 
 other by about two feet and there they place 
 a layer, which extends inwards four or five 
 inches on each side, and over this they place 
 flags or thin flat stones in a level position, 
 and with these the arch is closed, so that 
 there is no key to the arch, but with the 
 great weight of stone and mortar, which is 
 placed on top and which strengthens the 
 sides, the arch is closed and remains fixed 
 and strong. The ends of this arched build- 
 ing are continuous and straight from top to 
 bottom. At the door of each of the rooms 
 of this building on the inside, there are four 
 rings of stone, two on one side and two on the 
 other, — two of them being high up and two 
 lower down and all coming out of the same 
 wall. The Indians say that from these rings 
 those who lived in these buildings hung 
 curtains and portieres, and it was to be 
 noticed that no one of these rooms, nor of 
 all the others, which we found there, had 
 any window, small or large. The rooms 
 were therefore rather dark, especially when 
 they were made double, one behind- the 
 other, so that even in this, this idolatrous 
 race gave evidence of the darkness and 
 obscurity of the error in which it was en- 
 shrouded. The high lintels of all these doors 
 were made of the wood of the chico zapote, 
 which is very strong and slow to decay, as 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 73 
 
 could well be seen, sinc'e most of them were 
 whole and sound, although they had been in 
 position from time immemorial, according to 
 the statements of the old Indians. The door 
 jambs were of stone carved with great deli- 
 cacy. On the facades of the building, both 
 on those which face the plaza or courtyard, 
 as well as on those which face outward, there 
 are many figures of serpents, idols and 
 shields, many screens or latticework, and 
 many other carvings which are very beauti- 
 ful and fine, especially if one look at them 
 from a distance like a painting of Flanders, 
 and they are all carved from the same kind 
 of stone. In the middle of this building a 
 great arch is made, so that it takes in all the 
 depth of the building, and therefore it is the 
 entrance to the courtyard or the above- 
 mentioned plaza. It would appear that this 
 entrance had been plastered and that on the 
 plaster paintings had been made in blue, red 
 and yellow color, since even now some of 
 them remain and can be seen. Nearly all 
 the rest of the stones had been plastered but 
 not painted. 
 
 "The building which stands at the west, 
 behind the previously mentioned mound of 
 sacrifices, was in the best condition and un- 
 injured. It had four doors which opened on 
 to the courtyard or plaza with as many 
 rooms, arched in the same way as the others 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
74 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 IX 
 
 and beyond each room was another, so that 
 there were eight in all. Between these four 
 doors, two on one side and two on the other, 
 there was still another door which opened 
 on the patio, and within this was a very large 
 hall, long and broad, with two small rooms 
 on the sides; and beyond this hall there was 
 another — a little smaller, with two other 
 small rooms — one on each side, so that inside 
 of this one door there were six rooms, four 
 small and two large, making, with the other 
 eight, fourteen rooms which this building 
 contained. On the inside fagades and ends 
 of this building, there were carved many 
 serpents in stone, and heads of savages and 
 other figures in the manner of shields, and 
 at the four corners (since each building stood 
 by itself and not joined or connected with 
 the other) there were many other carvings 
 cut in the round like a half curve, with tips, 
 which looked like serpent heads, and which 
 stood at half a vara from the rest of the 
 carvings. 
 
 "The building on the north is the tallest, 
 and has more carvings and figures of idols, 
 serpents and shields and other very beautiful 
 things about it, but it is very much injured 
 and the most of it has fallen. It has ten doors 
 which open on the plaza and another which 
 opens on the eastern end, and inside each 
 one there are two rooms, and so among them 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 all there are twenty-two rooms in that build- 
 ing made of stone and lime, and arched like 
 the others, but the most of them, especially 
 those inside, have fallen. Before the ten 
 doors above mentioned there has been made 
 a terrace, paseo, or walking-place, somewhat 
 broad and open on all sides, to which one 
 ascends from the plaza by steps which are 
 now half in ruins. All this terrace has below 
 it other arched rooms with doors opening on 
 the same plaza, and these are covered and 
 stopped up with stones and earth and with 
 large trees which have grown there. 
 
 "The building on the west is very elegant 
 and beautiful on the outside facade, which 
 looks on the plaza, since serpents made of 
 stone extend over the whole of it so as to 
 enclose it from end to end, making many 
 turns and knots, and they finally end with 
 the head of one of them, on one end of the 
 building, joined with the tail of the other, 
 and the same thing happens on the other 
 end of the building. There are also many 
 figures of men and idols, other figures of 
 monkeys, and of skulls and different kinds 
 of shields — all carved in stone. There are 
 also over the doors of the rooms some statues 
 of stone with maces or sticks in their hands, 
 as if they were mace-bearers, and there are 
 bodies of naked Indians with their masteles 
 (which are the old-fashioned loin-clothes of 
 
 75 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
76 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 IX 
 
 all New Spain, like breeches), by which it is 
 shown that these buildings were built by 
 Indians. In this building are seven doors, 
 of which six open on the patio and the sev- 
 enth on the end which faces the north, and 
 inside of each door are two rooms, so that 
 there are fourteen rooms in all, arched like 
 the others. 
 
 "Besides these four buildings, there is on 
 the south of them distant from them about 
 an arquebus shot, another very large building 
 built on a mul or hill made by hand, with 
 abundance of buttresses on the corners, 
 made of massive carved stones. The ascent 
 of this mul is made with difficulty, since the 
 staircase by which the ascent is made is now 
 almost destroyed. The building, which is 
 raised on this mul, is of extraordinary 
 sumptuousness and grandeur, and, like the 
 others, very fine and beautiful. It has on 
 its front, which faces the east, many figures 
 and bodies of men and of shields and of 
 forms like the eagles which are found on the 
 arms of the Mexicans, as well as of certain 
 characters and letters which the Maya 
 Indians used in old times — all carved with 
 so great dexterity as surely to excite admira- 
 tion. The other facade, which faces the 
 west, showed the same carving, although 
 more than half the carved part had fallen. 
 The ends stood firm and whole with their 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 77 
 
 four corners much carved in the round, like 
 tliose of the other building below. There 
 are in this building fifteen doors, of which 
 eleven face the east, two the west and one 
 each face the north and south, and within 
 these doors there are twenty-four rooms 
 arched like the others. Two of these rooms 
 are in the northern end, and two others in 
 the southern end, while two are in the west 
 front, and all the rest in the eastern front — 
 all made with special accuracy and skill. 
 
 "The Indians do not know surely who 
 built these buildings nor when they were 
 built, though some of them did their best in 
 trying to explain the matter, but in doing so 
 showed foolisrli fancies and dreams, and 
 nothing fitted into the facts or was satis- 
 factory. The truth is that today the place 
 is called Uxmal, and an intelligent old 
 Indian declared to the father delegate that, 
 according to what the ancients had said, it 
 was known that it was more than nine hun- 
 dred years since the buildings were built. 
 Very beautiful and strong they must have 
 been in their time, and it is well known from 
 this that many people worked to build them, 
 as it is clear that the buildings were occupied, 
 and that all about them was a great popu- 
 lation, since this is now evident from the 
 ruins and remains of many other buildings, 
 which are seen from afar; but the father 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
78 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 delegate did not go to these ruins, since the 
 thicket was very close and dense, and there 
 was no opportunity to open and clear out a 
 path so as to reach them. And now they 
 all serve only as dwellings and nests for bats 
 and swallows and other birds, whose drop- 
 pings fill the rooms with an odor more 
 disgusting than delightful. There is no well 
 there, and the farmers of the vicinity carry 
 their drinking water from some little pools 
 of rain-water which there are in that region. 
 It may be easily suspected that these build- 
 ings were depopulated for want of water, 
 although others say that this is not so, but 
 that the inhabitants departed for another 
 country, leaving the wells which were there 
 choked up." 
 
 1595 
 
 Books of Chilam Balam. 
 
 In the Books of Chilam Balam, called by 
 Brinton "The Maya Chronicles," we find 
 mention of Uxmal. The first publication of 
 one of these ancient records, the Book of 
 Chilam Balam of Mani, is in Stephens' 
 Incidents of Travel in Yucatan (vol. 11, app.), 
 the first edition of which was published in 
 New York in 1843. A copy of the manu- 
 script, with a translation into Spanish and 
 with notes, was furnished Stephens by the 
 learned Yucatecan antiquary Don Pio Perez. 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 79 
 
 The Spanish translation of the original Maya 
 text was translated into English by Stephens, 
 and appears opposite the Maya text (pp. 
 465-469). According to Brinton, who has 
 published it in his Maya Chronicles (pp. 89- 
 135), from a copy made by Dr Carl Hermann 
 Berendt, with a new English translation, 
 the Book of Chilam Balam of Mani was un- 
 doubtedly composed not later than 1595, 
 as is proved by internal evidence (op. cit. 
 p. 70). This chronicle is often called the 
 Codex Perez. An independent translation 
 was made by Brasseur de Bourbourg and 
 published as an appendix to his edition of 
 the work of Landa in 1864. A study of this 
 manuscript was made by Dr \'alentini in 
 his Katunes of Maya History, in Proceedings 
 of the American Antiquarian Society, 1880. 
 
 The reference to Uxmal is, "In the Katun 
 the second ahau Ahcuitok Tutulxiu founded 
 [the city of] Uxmal." (Brinton, Maya Chron- 
 icles, p. 102.) 
 
 In the Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin 
 the data of the foundation of Uxmal is given 
 differently. Brinton's translation of the 
 Maya text is, "The tenth ahau: Ahzuitok 
 Tutulxiu founded Uxmal: ten score years 
 had passed when they established the terri- 
 tory of Uxmal." (Ibid., p. 146.) 
 
 In the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel 
 it is stated that, "The twelfth ahau: the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
80 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 stone of Otzmal was taken." (Brinton, op. 
 cit., p. 171.) This work has been reproduced 
 in facsimile, with an introduction by George 
 Byron Gordon, in Anthropological Publica- 
 tions of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. v, 
 Philadelphia, 1913. The reference to Otz- 
 mal may, however, be Izamal instead of 
 Uxmal. 
 
 1639 
 
 Sanchez de Aguilar, Pedro. Informe 
 
 contra idolorum cultores del Obis- 
 
 pado de Yucatan. Madrid, 1639. 
 
 Segunda edicion, Mexico, 1892. 
 
 Sanchez de Aguilar speaks of "the great, 
 famous, and astounding edifices of stone and 
 mortar, and hewn stone, figures and statues 
 of carved stone left in Oxumal [Uxmal] and 
 Chichiniza, which may be seen today, and 
 [the buildings] may be lived in." He further 
 states that the Vucatecans had been vassals 
 of the Mexicans for six hundred years before 
 the coming of the Spaniards (Segunda 
 edicion, p. 94). Pedro Sanchez de Aguilar 
 was a descendant of the conquistadores 
 Hernan Sanchez de Castilla and Hernan de 
 Aguilar, and was born in the peninsula of 
 Yucatan in 1555. His work on the idolatries 
 of the Indians was commenced in 1613 and 
 completed in 161 5. 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 81 
 
 1673 
 
 [Title Deeds. (MS.)] 
 
 Stephens states that he saw the title 
 deeds, dated 1673, of the estate of Uxmal, 
 at that time the property of Don Simon 
 Peon. He writes: 
 
 "They were truly a formidable pile, com- 
 pared with which the papers in a protracted 
 chancery or ejectment suit would seem a 
 billet-doux, and, unfortunately, a great por- 
 tion of them was in the Maya language; 
 but there was one folio volume in Spanish, 
 and in this was the first formal conveyance 
 ever made of these lands by the Spanish 
 government. It bears date the twelfth day 
 of May, 1673, and is entitled a testimonial 
 of royal favor made to the Regidor Don 
 Lorenzo de Evia, of four leagues of land 
 {desde los edificios de Uxmal) from the 
 buildings of L'xmal to the south, one to the 
 east, another to the west, and another to 
 the north, for his distinguished merits and 
 services therein expressed. The preamble 
 sets forth that the Regidor Don Lorenzo de 
 Evia, by a writing that he presented to his 
 majesty, made a narrative showing that at 
 sixteen leagues from Merida, and three from 
 the sierra of Ticul, were certain meadows 
 and places named f/.vma/checaxek, Tzem- 
 chan - Cemin - Curea - Kusultzac, Exmuue- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
82 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 IX 
 
 Hixmon-nec, uncultivated and belonging to 
 the crown, which the Indians could not 
 profit by for tillage and sowing, and which 
 could only serve for horned cattle; that the 
 said regidor had a wife and children whom 
 it was necessary for him to maintain for the 
 service of the king in a manner conforming to 
 his office, and that he wished to stock the 
 said places and meadows with horned cattle, 
 and praying a grant of them for that purpose 
 in the name of his majesty, since no injury 
 could result to any third person, but, 'on the 
 contrary, very great service to God our Lord, 
 because with that establishment it would 
 prevent the Indians in those places from 
 worshipping the devil in the ancient buildings 
 which are there, having in them their idols, to 
 which they burn copal, and performing other 
 detestable sacrifices, as they are doing every 
 day notoriously and publicly.'" — Stephens, 
 Incidents of Travel in Yucata?i, vol. i, pp. 
 322-323. 
 
 I 687-1 688 
 
 [Claims to Land. (MS.)] 
 
 Stephens also was shown other later docu- 
 ments which he describes as follows: 
 
 "Following this is a later instrument, 
 dated the third of December, 1687, the pre- 
 amble of which recites the petition of Cap- 
 tain Lorenzo de Evia, setting forth the grant 
 above referred to, and that an Indian named 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 83 
 
 Juan Can had importuned him with a claim 
 of right to the said lands on account of his 
 being a descendant of the ancient Indians, to 
 whom they belonged; that the Indian had 
 exhibited some confused papers and maps, 
 and that, although it was not possible for 
 him to justify the rights that he claimed, to 
 avoid litigation, he, the said Don Lorenzo de 
 Evia, agreed to give him seventy-four dollars 
 for the price and value of the said land. 
 The petition introduces the deed of consent, 
 or quit-claim, of Juan Can, executed with 
 all the formalities required in the case of 
 Indians (the original of which appears 
 among the other title papers), and prays a 
 confirmation of his former grant, and to be 
 put in real and corporeal possession. The 
 instrument confirms the former grant, and 
 prescribes the formal mode of obtaining 
 possession. 
 
 "Under the deed of confirmation appears 
 the deed of livery of seisin, beginning, ' In 
 the place called the edifices of Uxmal and 
 its lands, the third day of the month of 
 January, 1688,' etc., and concluding with 
 the words: 'In virtue of the power and 
 authority which by the same title is given to 
 me by the said governor, complying with its 
 terms, I took by the hand the said Lorenzo 
 de Evia, and he walked with me all over 
 Uxmal and its buildings, opened and shut 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
84 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 some doors that had several rooms, cut 
 within the space some trees, picked up fallen 
 stones and threw them down, drew some 
 water from one of the aguadas of the said 
 place of Uxmal, and performed other acts 
 of possession.'" — Stephens, Incidents of 
 Travel in Yucatan, vol. i, pp. 323-324. 
 
 1688 
 
 CoGOLLUDO, Fr. Diego Lopez de. His- 
 toria de Yucathan. Sacala a luz 
 Franciso de Ayeta. Madrid, 1688. 
 Second edition, under the title: 
 Los tres siglos de la dominacion 
 Espanola en Yucatan, tomo i, Cam- 
 peche, 1842; tomo 11, Merida, 1845. 
 Third edition, under the title: 
 Historia de Yucatan escrita en el 
 siglo XVII por cl R. P. Fr. Diego 
 Lopez Cogolludo, tomo i, Merida, 
 1867; tomo II, Merida, 1868. 
 
 Uxmal is mentioned in the third edition 
 in tomo i, libro 4, cap. ii, pp. 284-285; also 
 in cap. vii, pp. 31 1-3 12. The first men- 
 tioned notice of Uxmal contained in Cogo- 
 lludo is: 
 
 "In Uxmal there is a large patio with 
 many rooms separated in the form of a 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 85 
 
 cloister, where these virgins lived. It is a 
 work worthy of admiration, because the 
 exterior of the walls is all of worked stones, 
 where there are brought out figures of armed 
 men in bas-relief, a diversity of animals, 
 birds, and other things, and it has not been 
 made out who were the artificers, nor how 
 they were worked in this land. All of the 
 four fronts of the buildings of that patio (that 
 might be called a plaza) are encircled by a 
 snake worked in the same stone as the walls, 
 the tail terminating under the head, and 
 being in all its circuit four hundred feet 
 [long]. 
 
 "At the southern part of this edifice there 
 is another wliicli it is said were the dwelling 
 of the lord of the land: it is not in the form 
 of a cloister, but is made of the stone worked 
 with the figures mentioned in the other, and 
 there are many smaller [houses] near there, 
 which they say were houses of the captains 
 and principal lords. In the one on the south 
 side there is a wall in the interior of the 
 building which, although it is very extensive, 
 a little over half a man's stature in height, 
 has on its full length a cornice of very 
 smooth stone which makes a very fine 
 corner, even and very perfect, where I 
 remember there was made of the same stone 
 and remained in it [the wall] a ring as thin 
 and handsome as can be made of gold worked 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
86 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 IX 
 
 in the most beautiful manner: absolute 
 proof that they were made by perfect artists. 
 Who they were we do not know, nor have 
 the Indians any tradition of them." 
 
 The second mention of Uxmal by Cogo- 
 lludo is: 
 
 "They have many sumptuous temples in 
 many parts of this Tierra Firme, of which 
 there remain today parts of their edifices, 
 like which are in Vxmal or Vxumual, in 
 
 Chichen Ytza They raised from 
 
 the ground a terrace (or mound), the founda- 
 tion of the edifice, which is of pyramidal 
 form, on which there rise steps, although they 
 do not terminate with this [pyramid], for on 
 the top there is a small square on which there 
 are situated, separated a short distance, two 
 small chapels in which are the idols; this is 
 the case in that of Vxumual, and there they 
 make their sacrifices of men as well as of 
 women and children, and of the other 
 things. Some of these [temples] have a 
 height of more than one hundred steps, of a 
 little more than half a foot wide, each one. 
 I ascended one time the one of Vxumual, and 
 when I had to descend, I repented because, 
 as the steps are so narrow and so many in 
 number, and as the edifice rises almost 
 straight up, and since the height is not slight 
 going down, one gets dizzy and it is some- 
 what dangerous. I found there in one of 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 two chapels, offerings of cacao, and marks of 
 copal, which is their incense, burned there 
 but a short time before, an evidence of some 
 superstition or idolatry recently committed, 
 although we could not find out anything 
 about it among all of us who were there. 
 God help those poor Indians, for the devil 
 deceives them very easily." 
 
 1822 
 
 Cabrera, Dr Paul Felix. Description 
 of the ruins of an ancient city, dis- 
 covered near Palenque, in the King- 
 dom of Guatemala in Spanish Amer- 
 ica: translated from the original 
 manuscript report of Captain Don 
 Antonio Del Rio. Followed by: 
 Teatro Critico Americano, a critical 
 investigation and research into the 
 history of the Americans by Doctor 
 Felix Cabrera of the city of Guate- 
 mala. London. 
 
 In the report of Antonio Del Rio (pp. 6-7) 
 he states that he received an account of 
 Yucatan from Rev. Father Thomas de Soza, 
 a Franciscan friar of the convent at Merida, 
 and the following notice regarding Uxmal 
 appears: 
 
 87 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
88 
 
 U X M A L 
 
 "At the distance of twenty leagues from 
 the city of Merida southward, between the 
 curacy called Mona y Ticul and the town of 
 Nocacab, are the remains of some stone 
 edifices: one very large building has with- 
 stood the ravages of time, and still exists in 
 good preservation: the natives give it the 
 name of Oxmutal. It stands on an emi- 
 nence of twenty yards in height, and mea- 
 sures two hundred yards on each facade. 
 The apartments, the exterior corridor, the 
 pillars with figures in medio relievo, and 
 decorated with serpents, lizards, etc., formed 
 in stucco, beside which are statues of men 
 with palms in their hands in the act of beat- 
 ing drums and dancing, resemble in every 
 respect those observable at Palenque." 
 
 This is the earliest modern printed notice 
 regarding Uxmal which we have found. The 
 report is dated Palenque, June 24, 1787. 
 
 1825 
 
 Warden, David B. Description des 
 
 ruines decouvertes pres de Palenque. 
 
 Recncil de Voyages et Memoires 
 
 publies par la Societe de Geographic, 
 
 Paris, tome 11. 
 
 The greater part of this article was ab- 
 stracted from the work of Cabrera. The 
 Soza notice of Uxmal is on pp. 176-177. 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 1825 
 BucHON, J. A. Atlas geographiqiie, 
 statistique, historique et chroijolo- 
 gique des deux Ameriques et les iles 
 adjacentes; traduit de I'atlas exe- 
 cute en Amerique d'apres Lesage. 
 Paris. (Folio.) 
 
 1834 
 
 Zavala, Lorenzo de. Notice sur les 
 monuments antiques d'Ushmal, dans 
 la province de Yucatan, fournie par 
 M. Lorenzo de Zavala, Ambassadeur 
 du Mexique en France. In Anti- 
 quites Mexicaines, relation des trots 
 expeditions du Capitaine Diipaix, 
 etc., Paris, Premiere partie. Notes 
 et documents divers, tome r, no. vi, 
 PP- 33-35- (Folio.) 
 
 1838 
 Waldeck, Frederick. Voyage pittor- 
 esque et archeologique dans la prov- 
 ince d' Yucatan (Amerique Centrale), 
 pendant les annees 1834 et 1836. 
 Paris. (Folio.) 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 89 
 
90 
 
 U X M A L 
 
 Uxmal, or "Itzalane," is treated on pp. 
 67-74. A plan of the ruins is given in pi. 
 viii, and views and plans of some of the 
 temples are in pi. ix-xvii. In pi. xvii are 
 three stone heads from the ruins. Descrip- 
 tions of these plates are on pp. 93-104. 
 Waldeck was at Uxmal in 1835. His illus- 
 trations are beautifully drawn, but are not 
 very accurate, notwithstanding the assertion 
 by Bancroft (Native Races, vol. iv, Antiqui- 
 ties, note 2, p. 14s) that they "are remark- 
 able for their accuracy." 
 
 1841 
 
 Friedrichstal, Emmanuel de. Les 
 monuments dc TYucatan. Nouvelles 
 Annates des Voyages, Paris, tome 
 quatrieme, annee 1841, tome 92, 
 pp. 291-314. 
 
 This article is a digest of the researches of 
 Friedrichstal, written by Eyries. Uxmal is 
 described on pp. 306-312. In tomo n of 
 Registro Yucateco, published in Merida in 
 1845, there is a brief mention of Uxmal in a 
 letter written to D. Justo Sierra in Merida, 
 treating of his travels in Yucatan. It was 
 published also in the second and third 
 editions of Cogolludo, and bears the date 
 1841. 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 91 
 
 Stephens, John Lloyd. Incidents of 
 
 travel in Central America, Chiapas, 
 
 and Yucatan. New York. 2 vols. 
 
 The account of Uxmal appears in vol. 11, 
 
 pp. 410-435, 3 pi. 
 
 This work was the first to place before the 
 general reader, in a fascinating book of 
 travels, the wonderful ruined cities of Cen- 
 tral America, with splendid drawings of a 
 number of the ruined buildings and sculp- 
 tures. Stephens, accompanied by Frederick 
 Catherwood, an English artist, left New York 
 in October, 1839, for Central America. 
 Catherwood writes that the "only object of 
 our journey [was] an exploration of the 
 ruined cities of Central America, the appoint- 
 ment of Mr Stephens as Special Confidential 
 Agent from the United States, having taken 
 place but a very short time previous to our 
 leaving, and after all our arrangements were 
 completed." On this trip the explorers went 
 first to Guatemala, visiting Copan, which 
 at that time was in Guatemala territory; 
 thence into Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa 
 Rica, following the Pacific coast. Returning 
 to Guatemala they went overland into south- 
 ern Mexico, visiting the ruins of Ococingo 
 and Palenque. Coming out by way of the 
 Gulf of Mexico, they spent a few days in 
 Yucatan the latter part of June, 1841. At 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
92 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 this time it was their intention to explore 
 Uxmal, but they were able to spend only a 
 couple of days at the ruins, owing to the 
 violent attack of fever which Catherwood 
 suffered, so that they were obliged to leave 
 the ruins and set sail immediately for the 
 United States. They left Yucatan on June 
 24, in a sailing vessel, arriving in New York 
 on July 31. 
 
 1843 
 
 Stephens, John Lloyd. Incidents of 
 travel in Yucatan. New York. 2 vols. 
 
 Uxmal is described in vol. 11, pp. 147-187, 
 293-328; II pi., 9 figs. 
 
 This is the most extended and important 
 account of the ruins of Uxmal, and contains 
 historical material which we reprint under 
 the years 1556, 1557, 1673, and 1687-1688. 
 
 Stephens and Catherwood left New York 
 in October, 1841, and remained in Yucatan 
 until June, 1842. Thc^^ went to Uxmal on 
 November 15, and Catherwood remained at 
 the ruins until January i, 1842, Stephens 
 meanwhile making several visits from the 
 site to other ruins. On his first visit to 
 Uxmal the year before, Stephens was pre- 
 sented by the owner of Uxmal with a sculp- 
 ture from the House of the Governor, a 
 death's-head with long feathers. On the 
 second trip to Yucatan he made a consider- 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 93 
 
 able collection of antiquities from various 
 ruins, among them being several sculptured 
 lintels, notably from the House of the 
 Governor, described in Incidents of Travel 
 in Central America, vol. ii, pp. 432-433, and 
 Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, vol. t, pp. 
 178-179. This beam, with the other lintels, 
 "as also the whole collection of vases, 
 figures, idols, and other relics gathered upon 
 this journey," were destroyed in a fire in 
 New York, where they were being exhibited 
 in a panorama of Thebes and Carthage, 
 painted by Catherwood. The Uxmal stone 
 sculpture above mentioned was fortunately 
 not in this exhibition, as Stephens writes 
 that a collection of large sculptured stones 
 had not been received at that time. These 
 sculptures, as well as the death's-head, were 
 presented by Stephens to Mr John A. Cruger, 
 who built a small roofless stone building on a 
 point of Cruger island in Hudson river. In 
 the walls of this structure the sculptures, 
 sixteen in number, were embedded. The two 
 largest and most important were splendid 
 slabs from the ruins of Kabali; the majority, 
 however, were from Uxmal. They remained 
 at this place, unknown to archeologists, for 
 many years, when finally thej' were acquired 
 by the American Museum of Natural His- 
 tory in 1919, and are now among the collec- 
 tions of that institution. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
94 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 In 1895 Mrs Richard P. Dana gave to the 
 same Museum a massive, much defaced stone 
 death's-head from Uxmal, which was pre- 
 sented by Stephens to lier brother-in-law, 
 who was a fellow-passenger on the sailing 
 vessel which brought the party from Yuca- 
 tan. It formerly had a nose, but it was 
 broken off on the voyage, the sculpture hav- 
 ing been carelessly stored on the deck. 
 
 When the Le Plongeons were exploring 
 Uxmal in the seventies, Dr Le Plongeon cut 
 from the central facade of the House of the 
 Governor a small, excellently carved, hutnan 
 head, which was a part of the central design 
 of the front of the building. This he sold 
 to the American Museum of Natural His- 
 tory, where it is now exhibited. Several 
 years ago some natives discovered in a room 
 formed by one of the two set-in arches of the 
 western side of the House of the Governor, 
 two magnificent painted stucco human heads, 
 described by Gann (19 18), which are now in 
 the Museum of the American Indian, Hej-e 
 Foundation. (See herein under 1918.) 
 
 The great interest aroused by the publica- 
 tion of Stephens' two works is shown by the 
 number of editions in which the volumes were 
 printed. Of the first work. Incidents of 
 Travel in Central America, twelve editions 
 were printed within a year, and with a slight 
 change in the imprint only, it was issued in 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 New York in 1841, 1842, 1845, 1846, 1848, 
 1851, 1852, 1855, 1858, i860, 1863. and 1867, 
 all of which reprints are titled "Twelfth 
 edition." There are also London editions 
 of 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844. 
 
 The work on Yucatan was also reprinted, 
 with slight variations in imprint, in New 
 York in 1847, 1848, 1855, 1856, 1858, i860, 
 and 1868. There is also a London edition, 
 published by John Murray in 1843. 
 
 XoRMAN, B. M. Rambles in Yucatan, 
 or notes of travel through the penin- 
 sula, including a visit to the remark- 
 able ruins of Chi-Chen, Kabah, 
 Zayi, Uzmal, &c. New York. 
 
 Norman went to Yucatan in December, 
 1841, and was at LTxmal from February 25 to 
 March 4, according to his own account. He 
 apparently "trailed" Stephens and Cather- 
 wood, taking advantage of their clearing 
 around the ruins. He writes of Uxmal on 
 pp. 154-167, 199. There are a plan of the 
 ruins, five plates showing the edifices, and 
 five text figures. The popular interest 
 aroused at this time in the subject of the 
 ruined cities of Yucatan is indicated by the 
 fact that Norman's work appeared in seven 
 editions within a few j'ears following the 
 original publication. 
 
 95 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
96 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 IX 
 
 1844 
 
 Catherwood, Frederick. Views of 
 ancient monuments in Central Amer- 
 ica and Yucatan by F. Catherwood, 
 Arch*. London. Also New York. 
 (Folio.) 
 
 In the Introduction some ot the buildings 
 of Uxmal are briefly described on pp. 7-8, 
 and the rapid growth of vegetation is com- 
 mented on. PI. 8-15 illustrate some of the 
 edifices, but these are not the same illus- 
 trations as those published by Stephens, 
 with the exception of pi. 14, the northern 
 end of the western range of the "Monjas" 
 group, which reproduces Stephens' plate 
 opposite p. 302, the only difference being that 
 the drawing published by Catherwood is 
 more highly finished and detailed. 
 
 An original painting by Catherwood has 
 been long in possession of the American Geo- 
 graphical Society of New York. It has now 
 been lent to the Museum of the American 
 Indian, Hcye Foundation, and is exhibited 
 in the hall devoted to Mexican and Central 
 American antiquities. This painting repre- 
 sents the western section of the northern 
 range of the "Monjas" group, and until 
 now has remained unpublished. It measures 
 3 ft. 5 in. long and i ft. 9 in. high. We re- 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
SAVIILE— UXMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 
 
 NORTHERN BUILDING OF 1\ 
 From an unpublished painting 
 
^0. 
 
 A-: li I *.'? >^yd?t= 
 
 t^3i 
 
 i^JS^isiira^^ 
 
 MONJAS" GROUP, UXMAL 
 rederick Catherwood in I 841 
 
SAVILI.E---UXMAI- BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 NORTHERN BUILDING OF Tl 
 From a photograph made in I 888 by Henry M. 
 
WIONJAS" GROUP, UXMAL 
 for the Peabody Museum, Harvard University 
 
SAVILLE---UXMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF THE NORTHERN P 
 From a photograph maHe in I 888 by Henry M S 
 
OF THE "MONJAS" GROUP. UXMAL 
 for the Peabody Museum, Haivard University 
 
SAVILLE— -UXMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 
 .■■.-^- 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF THE NORTHERN F 
 From a photograph made in I ? 
 
OF THE "MONJAS" GROUP, UXMAL 
 y George Oakley Totten, Jr. 
 
r 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 97 
 
 produce it in pi. i. In Catherwood's Views, 
 pi. 15 shows a section of this painting with 
 slight variations in the composition of the 
 group of people in the foreground. It shows 
 only two of the doorways, whereas the one 
 we now reproduce gives the entire western 
 half of the building. Our pi. 11 presents this 
 building from a photograph made bj^ Henry 
 M. Sweet in 1888 for the Peabody Museum, 
 Harvard University; it is the same section 
 given by Catherwood. PI. iii, a photograph 
 also made by Mr Sweet, is a view of the 
 entire structure, showing also the front of the 
 western and the back of the eastern buildings 
 of the " Monjas" group. It was taken from 
 the pyramid of the House of the Dwarfs, or, 
 as it is also called, Casa del Adivino. PI. iv 
 is the same view reproduced from a photo- 
 graph made in 1919 by Maj. George Oakley 
 Totten, Jr. It exhibits the present condi- 
 tion of the building, cleared of vegetation 
 by the Mexican Inspector of Monuments. 
 Changes will be noted in the two photo- 
 graphs in the ruined building in the middle 
 foreground of pi. iii and the lower right-hand 
 corner of pi. iv, a section of the middle end 
 having fallen during the last thirty-one years. 
 
 jNIuhlenpfordt, Eduard. Versuch ein- 
 er getruen Schilderung de Republik 
 Mejico. Hannover. 2 vols. 
 A mere mention of Uxmal appears in 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
98 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 Zweiter Band, p. i2, which gives the name 
 as Uchmal. Miihlenpfordt spent seven 
 years in Mexico, but evidently did not visit 
 Yucatan. 
 
 1845 
 
 L.G. Una visita a las ruinas de Uxmal. 
 Registro Yiicateco, Merida, tomo i, 
 pp. 275-279. 
 
 IM.F.P. Una incursion al interior. Reg- 
 istro Yucateco, Merida, tomo i, pp. 
 361-370. 
 
 Describes a visit to Uxmal. 
 
 Un Curioso {pseiidony?}!). Dos dias en 
 Nophat. Registro Yucateco, Merida, 
 tomo II, pp. 261-272. 
 
 This article is dated May 25, 1845, and is 
 largely a dialogue relating to the traditional 
 history of Uxmal. We quote Bancroft's 
 paraphrase of it in another place (pp. 59—60). 
 
 I 848- I 850 
 
 Stephens, John Lloyd. V^iaje a Yuca- 
 tan a fines de 1841 y principios de 
 1842. Consideraciones sobre los 
 usos, costumbres y vida social de 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 este pueblo, y examen y descripcion 
 de las vastas ruinas y ciudades 
 Americanas que en el existen. Obra 
 que, con el titulo de "Incidents of 
 Travel in Yucatan" escribi6 en ingles 
 Mr, John L. Stephens, y la traduce 
 al castellano, con algunas notas 
 ocasionales, D. Justo Sierra. Tomo 
 i> 373 + ^-^i'^' PP-' Campeche, 1848; 
 tomo II, 409 pp., Campeche, 1850. 
 
 In this Mexican edition no maps, plans, 
 or pictures are given, but it is of importance 
 for the annotations made by the translator, 
 Don Justo Sierra, father of the late Minister 
 of Public Instruction in Mexico, of the same 
 name. 
 
 1853 
 
 Heller, Carl. Reisen in Mexiko in 
 den Jahren 1845-1848. Leipzig. 
 
 For Uxmal, see 2d Abschnitt, chap, xvn, 
 pp. 255-268. Heller spent three days in 
 Uxmal in April 1847. 
 
 Stephens, John Lloyd. Begebenheiten 
 auf einer Reise in Yucatan. Deutsch 
 von Dr. N. N. W. Meissner. 116 
 Abbildungen, 10 Planen, und einer 
 
 99 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
100 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 Karte von Yucatan. Leipzig, xviii, 
 
 438 pp. 8°. 
 
 A German translation of Incidents of 
 Travel in Yucatan. 
 
 1854 
 
 Stephens, John Lloyd. Reiseerleb- 
 nisse in Centralamerika, Chiapas 
 und Yucatan. Nach der zwolften 
 Auflage ins Deutsche Ubertragen von 
 Eduard Hoepfner. Mit einer Karte, 
 Planen und zahlreichen Illustra- 
 ■ tionen. Leipzig, xiv, 554 pp., ill. 8°. 
 
 A German translation of Incidents of 
 Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and 
 Yucatan. 
 
 Stephens, John Lloyd, ajid Cather- 
 WOOD, Frederick. Incidents of 
 travel in Central America, Chiapas, 
 and Yucatan. By the late John 
 Lloyd Stephens. Revised from the 
 latest American edition, with addi- 
 tions, by Frederick Catherwood. 
 London, (i vol.) 
 The account of Uxmal is chapter XLI, pp. 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 101 
 
 515-526, 3 ill. The only revision made by 
 Catherwood is the omission of the para- 
 graph at the bottom of page 433 and the top 
 of page 434. This referred to a "sculptured 
 ornam?nt . . . introduced in one of the 
 compartments of the plan" (plate opposite 
 p. 429 of the original edition, and p. 522 of 
 the revised edition). This sculpture had 
 been removed by the owner of the estate, 
 Don Simon Peon, who had "the intention 
 of setting it up as an ornament on the front 
 of his hacienda." Don Simon presented the 
 ■ sculpture to Stephens, and with a number of 
 other pieces, notably the two great slabs 
 from Kabah, it was sent to New York. (See 
 note under Stephens, 1843.) The plates In 
 this edition of Catherwood are from revised 
 drawings, and in place of the plate given by 
 Stephens opposite p. 434, showing a section 
 of the northeast corner of the House of the 
 Governor with a single doorway, Cather- 
 wood gives (p. 526) a larger section of the 
 same building with two doorways and a 
 portion of one of the arches, with the terraced 
 platform upon which the building stands. 
 
 1858 
 
 Brasseur de Bourbourg, Abbe. His- 
 toire des nations civilisees du Mex- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 ? 
 
102 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 ique et de rAm^rique-Centrale. 
 Paris. 
 
 In tome second, chap, quatrleme, pp. 578- 
 591, Brasseur de Bourbourg gives an ex- 
 tended account of the traditional history of 
 Uxmal, taken, as he writes, from the article 
 Dos Dias en Nophat (see entry under 1845) 
 and from data furnished him by Sr Casares, 
 "a well-informed Yucatecan, and former 
 Deputy from his land to Mexico." 
 
 i860 
 
 Charnay, Desire. Un voyage au 
 Yucatan. Tour dii Monde, Paris, 
 tome V. 
 
 On p. 344 is a view of the north range of 
 the group of the Monjas, and, on p. 352, an 
 illustration of the east range of the same 
 group. 
 
 1863 
 
 Charnay, Desire. Cites et ruines 
 Americaines Mitla, Palenque, Iz- 
 amal, Chichen-Itza, Uxmal Re- 
 cueillies et photographiees par Desire 
 Charnay avec une texte par M. 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 103 
 
 Viollet-le-Duc. 
 of plates.) 
 
 Paris. (With atlas 
 
 The ruins of Uxmal are treated from an 
 architectural point of view by \'iollet-le-Duc, 
 under the title "Antiquites Americaines," 
 from a study of the photographs and notes 
 made by Charnay, on pp. 6i, 72, figs. 8-10. 
 Charnay describes the ruins in the section 
 "Le Mexique, 1858-1861, Souvenir et Im- 
 pressions de Vo3'age," chap, xi, pp. 351-382. 
 
 The atlas is an oblong folio of 7 pp. and 
 49 pi. PI. 35-49 are of Uxmal. PI. 35 is a 
 view of the front of the pyramid of the 
 "House of the Dwarf," also called the 
 "House of the Diviner." PI. 36 shows the 
 northern range of the "Monjas group," the 
 view shown in our reproduction of Cather- 
 wood's drawing. PI. 37-44 are other views 
 of the four buildings of this group. PI. 45-47 
 present views of the "House of the Gover- 
 nor," 45 being a double folding plate. PI. 48 
 is the "House of the Turtles," and 49 is a 
 general view of the ruins looking south from 
 the courtyard of the " Monjas group." The 
 copy in the New York Public Library bears 
 the date 1862. A copy is described in the 
 catalogue of tlie Squier Library under the 
 title " ' Le Mexique et les Monuments 
 Anciens,' 20 photographs. Paris, 1864." 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
104 
 
 IX 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 1865 
 
 Ramirez, Jose Fernando. Viaje a 
 Yucatan y descripcion de sus ruinas. 
 (MS.) Title cited in Biblioteca 
 Ilistorico- Americana, Mexico, 1898, 
 p. xliii. (See 1887, Chavero.) 
 
 Ramirez, Jose Fernando. Extractos y 
 
 noticias de manuscritos relacionados 
 
 con la historia de Mexico. Tomo iii. 
 
 Contains a copy of the solicitation of 
 Lorenzo de Evia, dated 1663 and 1667. 
 Evidently the documents (1687-88) copied 
 by Stephens and presented by him in Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 1866 
 
 ViOLLET-LE-Duc, M. Ciudades y ruinas 
 Americanas, Mitla, Palenque, Iz- 
 amal, Chichen-Itza, Uxmal. Mex- 
 ico. 
 
 A translation by Jose Guzman of Anti- 
 quites Americaines (1863). Uxmal is de- 
 scribed on pp. 38-45. 
 
 1867 
 
 Brasseur de Bourbourg, Abhe. Ex- 
 tract from a letter written in Mexico, 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 105 
 
 Jan. 27, 1865. Archives de la Com- 
 mission scientifique dii Mexiqiie. 
 Palis, tome i, pp. 457-460. 
 
 In this letter Brasseur de Bourbourg 
 writes of his visit to the ruins of Izamal and 
 Uxmal, stating that he spent ten days at 
 Uxmal with M. Bourgeois, apparently in 
 December, 1864. 
 
 Brasseur de Bourbourg, Abbe. Essai 
 historique sur le Yucatan et de- 
 scription des ruines de Ti-Hoo (Mer- 
 ida) et d' Izamal. Archives de la 
 CommissioTi scientifique dji Mexique, 
 Paris, tome 11, pp. 18-64. 
 
 This report, dated Mexico, Feb. 24, 1865. 
 contains numerous references to Uxmal. 
 On p. 39 Brasseur de Bourbourg illustrates a 
 small stone sculpture representing a human 
 head, obtained by him in Uxmal. 
 
 Brasseur de Bourbourg, Abbe. Rap- 
 port sur les ruines de Mayapan et 
 Uxmal au Yucatan (Mexique). Ar- 
 chives de la Commissiofj scientifique 
 du Mexique, Paris, tome 11, pp. 234- 
 288. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
106 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 This includes an important report on 
 Uxmal (pp. 249-288). witla a folded plan of 
 the ruins and four text illustrations. The 
 author paid considerable attention to the 
 ancient water-supply and to the outlying 
 ruined structures. 
 
 1877 
 
 Salisbury, Stephen. The Mayas. The 
 sources of their history. Proceed- 
 ings of the American Antiquarian 
 Society of April 26, 18^6, and April 
 ^5' ^Sjy, Worcester, Mass., pp. 18- 
 21. 
 
 The author spent the winter of 1861 in 
 Yucatan, and his description refers to a 
 visit to the ruins of Uxmal at that time, 
 "in company with a party of sixteen gentle- 
 men from Merida, of whom two only had 
 seen them before." 
 
 1879 
 
 Varigny, C. V. C. DE. Las ruinas de 
 Uxmal. Madrid. 8°. 
 
 Title from Haebler. (See item under 
 1891.) 
 
 1880 
 
 Rice, Allen Thorndike. Ruined cities 
 of Central America. North' Ameri- 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 107 
 
 can Review, New York, vol. cclxxxv, 
 
 August, pp. 89-108. 
 
 An introduction by the editor of The 
 North American Review to a series of articles 
 by Desire Charnay describing his explora- 
 tions among the ruined cities of Mexico and 
 Central America during the years 1880- 
 1882. This expedition was under the 
 auspices of the French Government and of 
 Mr Pierre Lorillard, who defrayed the 
 greater part of the expenses. Several of the 
 buildings of Uxmal are described by Rice 
 on pp. 100-103. I>^ the eleven articles which 
 follow, Charnay does not describe his ex- 
 plorations at Uxmal, except to state, in 
 article x, that he "sent a party to Uxmal, 
 under the direction of Mr Ayme [the United 
 States Consul], to make casts of the in- 
 scriptions in the Governor's Palace" (p. 411). 
 Numerous reports of this expedition were 
 published in different places and in various 
 languages. The definitive account will be 
 found in the French and English narratives 
 published in 1885 and 1887. 
 
 Morgan, Lewis Henry. A study of the 
 houses of the American aborigines; 
 with suggestions for the examination 
 of the ruins in New Mexico, Arizona, 
 the valley of the San Juan, and in 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
108 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 Yucatan and Central America. 
 Archceological Institute of America, 
 First Annual Report of the Executive 
 Committee, iSyg-iSSo. Cambridge. 
 
 The above study occupies pp. 27-80. In 
 it Mr Morgan attempts to show, based 
 chiefly on the grouping of the ruins of Uxmal, 
 that the ruined cities of Yucatan and 
 Central America are to be classed as com- 
 munal structures, "joint-tenement houses 
 of the aboriginal American type." Uxmal 
 ruins are treated on pp. 59-67, 77-78, figs. 
 18-22. 
 
 1881 
 
 Morgan, Lewis Henry. Houses and 
 house-life of the American aborigines. 
 Contributions to North American Eth- 
 nology, vol. IV, Washington. 
 
 This is an extended study, of which the 
 entry under 1880 is simply a specially pre- 
 pared article. Chapter ix, pp. 251-276, 
 covers the "Ruins of houses of the sedentary 
 Indians of Yucatan and Central America." 
 The same arguments are adduced to prove 
 the communal character of the Yucatan 
 buildings. Uxmal is treated on pp. 256, 
 259-266, 275-276, figs. 50-54- 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 109 
 
 Bancroft, Hubert Howe. The works 
 of Hubert Howe Bancroft. Vol. IV, 
 The Native Races: vol. iv. Antiqui- 
 ties. San Francisco. 
 
 A resume (pp. 149-200) describing the 
 ruins based on the works of various ex- 
 plorers, with many illustrations. Valuable 
 for its bibliographic notes. 
 
 Bancroft, Hubert Howe. Ibid. Vol. 
 V, The Native Races: vol. v, Primi- 
 tive History. 
 
 In chap. XIII, on the History of the Mayas 
 in Yucatan, pp. 629-633, the traditional 
 history of the reign of the Tutul Xiu family 
 in Uxmal is discussed. 
 
 Catalogo de la F^xposicion Ameri- 
 CANISTA. JMadrid. Seccion primera, 
 numeros 230-231. 
 
 Contains a notice of sculptures from the 
 Casa del Gobernador and the Monjas group, 
 taken from the ruins, now in the Museo 
 Arqueologico de Madrid. Mentioned by 
 Troncoso (1893), P- 4i- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
no 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 1884 
 
 Charnay, Desire. Voyage au Yucatan 
 et au pays des Lacandons. Tour du 
 Monde, Paris, tomes xlvii-xlviii. 
 
 A series of articles in 23 cliapters. Uxmal 
 is described in chap, xiv, pp. 59-64, with 
 5 ill. 
 
 Charnay, Desire. Viaje al Yucatan y 
 al pais de !os Lacandones. America 
 Pintoresco, Barcelona, pp. 341-476. 
 
 This is a translation of the narrative pub- 
 lished in Tour du Monde. Uxmal is de- 
 scribed on pp. 416-422, 4 ill. A picture of 
 the hacienda of Uxmal appearing in the 
 French version is omitted. 
 
 Ober, Frederick A. Travels in Mex- 
 ico, and life among the Mexicans. 
 Boston. 
 
 Chap, in, Uxmal, pp. 56-81, 5 ill. The 
 plate opposite p. 72, with the caption 
 "Uxmal," should be Chichen Itza. Ober 
 visited Uxmal in March 1881. 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 1885 
 
 Le Plongeon, Alice D. The old and 
 the new in Yucatan. Harper's 
 Monthly, New York, Feb., pp. 372- 
 386. 
 
 An interesting account of Uxmal on pp. 
 376-381, with three views of the buildings. 
 
 Charnay, Desire. Les anciennes villes 
 du nouveau monde voyages d'explor- 
 ations au Mexiqiie et dans I'Amer- 
 ique Centrale par Desire Charnay 
 1857-1882. Paris. 
 
 Chap. 20, Uxmal, pp. 331-349, 9 ill. 
 
 1887 
 
 Charnay, Desire. The ancient cities 
 of the New World being voyages 
 and explorations in Mexico and 
 Central America from 1857-1882. 
 Translated from the French by J. 
 Gonino and Helen S. Conant. New 
 York. 
 
 Uxmal, pp. 390-413, 9 ill. 
 
 Ill 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
112 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 Chavero, Alfredo. Mexico a traves 
 
 de los siglos. Tomo i, Primera 
 
 epoca. Historia antigua. Mexico. 
 Barcelona. 
 
 For Uxmal, see cap. vi, pp. 424-433; 
 cap. VII, pp. 436-456; 65 ill. 
 
 In prefacing the account of Uxmal, 
 Chavero writes: "Generally in describing 
 these prodigious ruins historians copy the 
 magnificent description of Stephens; we 
 more fortunately substitute the unpublished 
 account of Don Jose Fernando Ramirez . . . 
 the result of a visit made by him to Uxmal 
 in 1865." The Ramirez report referred to by 
 Chavero is still unpublished, except for the 
 extracts relating to Uxmal. It is entitled 
 " Viaje a Yucatan y descripcion de sus ruinas 
 arqueologicas." See Biblioteca Historica- 
 Atnericana Septentrional, Mexico, 1898, p. 
 xliii. The Ramirez account published by 
 Chavero contains detailed descriptions of the 
 House of the Governor, pp. 424-429; House 
 of the Turtles, pp. 436-438; Group of the 
 Monjas, or Nunnery, pp. 442-452; House 
 of the Doves, pp. 452-454. See 1865, 
 Ramirez. 
 
 1888 
 
 Ober, Frederick A. Ancient cities of 
 America. Bulletin of the American 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 113 
 
 Geographical Society, New York, vol. 
 XX, no. I. 
 Uxmal is described on pp. 62-65. 
 
 1889 
 
 Banks, David Saltonstall. A New- 
 Yorker in Yucatan. Frank Leslie's 
 Popular Magazine, New York, vol. 
 XXVII, no. 5. 
 
 Mr Banks gives an interesting description 
 of the principal buildings at Uxmal, with an 
 illustration of the House of the Dwarfs, on 
 PP- 547-550. 
 
 189I 
 
 V. C. DE. Les ruines 
 U Illustration, Supple- 
 ment au no. 2928, Paris, 8 avril, 
 pp. 1-41, ill. 
 
 Varigny, C. 
 d'Uxmal. 
 
 A modern story with the scene laid in 
 Uxmal. Haebler. gives the title, Las Ruinas 
 de Uxmal, Madrid, 1879. 
 
 1892 
 
 Saville, Marshall H. Vandalism 
 among the antiquities of Yucatan 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
114 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 and Central America. Proceedings 
 of the American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science, Rochester, 
 vol. XLi, p. 276; Science, New York, 
 vol. XX, p. 365. 
 
 Calls attention to the painting of names on 
 the buildings, and the breaking of sculptures 
 with machetes. The writer spent several 
 weeks at Uxmal during the winter of 1891 in 
 the excavation of a mound at the rear of 
 the hacienda building. Several tombs were 
 discovered under the floors of the rooms. 
 
 1893 
 
 Paso y Troncoso Francisco del. 
 Catalogo de la Seccion de Mexico, 
 E.xposicion Historico-Americana de 
 Madrid. Madr d. 
 
 Tomo II, pp. 40-51, contains a detailed 
 description of a number of enlarged photo- 
 graphs of the ruins of Uxmal, exhibited at 
 the Exposicion Historico-Americana held in 
 Madrid in 1892 in honor of the four-hun- 
 dredth centenary of the discover}' of America. 
 
 1894 
 
 Brine, Lindsay. Travels amongst the 
 American Indians, their ancient 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 115 
 
 earthworks and temples, including a 
 journey in Guatemala, Mexico and 
 Yucatan, and a visit to the ruins of 
 Patinamit, Pa enque and Uxmal. 
 London. 
 
 Vice-Admiral Brine visited Uxmal in 
 January, 1870. For his descriptions, see 
 pp. xv-xvi, 336-359. 10 ill. 
 
 1895 
 
 Haebler, Karl. Die Maya-Litteratur 
 und der Maya-Apparat zu Dresden. 
 Centralblatt filr Bihliothekswesen, 
 Leipzig, XII Jahrgang, 12 Heft, pp. 
 537~575- 
 For Uxmal, see p. 554. 
 
 Baker, Frank Collins. A naturalist 
 in Mexico; being a visit to Cuba, 
 northern Yucatan and Mexico. Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 Holmes, William H. Archaeological 
 studies among the ancient cities of 
 Mexco. Part I, Monuments of 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
116 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 Yucatan. Field Columbian Mu- 
 seum, Anthropological Series, Publi- 
 cation 8, vol. I, no. I, Chicago, Dec. 
 
 Uxmal, pp. 80-96, pi. v-ix, fig. 26. This 
 is the most important and detailed descrip- 
 tion of the main buildings of Uxmal. PI. viii 
 is a sketch map, and pi. ix a panorama of the 
 group which gives a splendid conception of 
 this wonderful ruined city. Professor Holmes 
 was a member of the Armour Expedition, 
 and was in Uxmal in January, 1895. The 
 "inscribed stela or column" on pi. vii was 
 discovered by Le Plongeon. 
 
 1896 
 
 Mercer, Henry C. Hill-caves of Yuca- 
 tan. A search for evidence of man's 
 antiquity in the caverns of Central 
 America, being an account of the 
 Corwith expedition of the Depart- 
 ment of Archaeology and Palae- 
 ontology of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania. Philadelphia. 
 
 In chap. X, Uxmal, pp. 85-90, fig. 32, 
 Mercer records a visit to the ruins in 1895, 
 but adds nothing to our knowledge of them. 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 117 
 
 FouLKE, William Dudley. Uxmal. 
 Monthly Illustrator, New York, no. 
 12, pp. 256-263, II ill. 
 
 A very readable account of the ruins, 
 with original illustrations. Mr Foulke 
 visited Uxmal for material to furnish local 
 color for a novel, "Maya a Story of Yuca- 
 tan," published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 
 New York and London, 1900. 
 
 1897 
 
 Mercer, Henry C. Cave hunting in 
 Yucatan. Technology Quarterly, 
 
 Boston, December, vol. x, no. 4. 
 Mention of Uxmal, pp. 364-365, i pi. 
 
 Neue Forschungen in den Ruinen von 
 Uxmal (Yukatan). Globus, Bd. 
 LXXi, H. 14, 3 April, pp. 220-224, 
 
 4 fig- 
 
 A review of the part of Holmes' work 
 relating to Uxmal, with two of Maler's 
 photographs of the "Nunnery" group. 
 
 1903 
 
 Seler, Eduard. Ein Wintersemester in 
 Mexico und Yucatan. Zeitschrijt 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
118 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 der Gesellschaft filr Erdkunde zu Ber- 
 lin, Bd. 38, pp. 477-502. 
 
 Seler publishes a photograph of the corner 
 of one of the buildings of the "Nunnery" 
 group, showing three masks with upturned, 
 curled noses. 
 
 1905 
 
 Gordon, George Byron. The serpent 
 motive in the ancient art of Central 
 America and Mexico. Transactions 
 of the Department of Archeology, 
 University of Pen^isylvania, Phila- 
 delphia, vol. I, pt. III. 
 
 Examples of the sculptured details of the 
 Uxmal buildings are used in the develop- 
 ment of the author's thesis. See pi. vii 
 and xiii. 
 
 1906 
 
 Seler, Eduard. Studien in den Ruinen 
 von Yucatan. Correspondenzblatt 
 der deiitschen Gesellschaft fiir Anthro- 
 pologic, Ethnologic iind Urgeschichte, 
 Bd. XXXV, pp. 114-116, 1903. 
 
 Enlarged in Compte Rendu de la 
 X Verne session du Congres inter- 
 national des Americanistes, Quebec, 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 1906, tome II, pp. 414-422. In- 
 cluded in Gesammeltc Abhandlungen 
 zur Avierikanischen Sprach- mid 
 Alterthumskunde, Berlin, 1908, Drit- 
 ter Band, pp. 710-717, 5 fig. 
 
 This is a study of the astronomical sym- 
 bolism and glyphs of the temples of Uxmal. 
 
 1907 
 
 Molina Solis, Juan Francisco. El 
 primer obispado de la nacion Meji- 
 cana. Articulos publicados sobre 
 esta materia y sobre otros puntos dc 
 nuestra historia. Articulos sobre la 
 historia antigua de Yucatan. I, La 
 Ruina de Uxmal, pp. 79-84. 11. 
 Ruina de Uxmal (continuacion). 
 pp. 85-91. Merida de Yucatan. 
 
 Historical study of the rise and fall of 
 Uxmal. 
 
 1908 
 
 Zayas Enriquez, Rafael. El estado de 
 
 Yucatan su pasado su presente su 
 
 porvenir. New York. 
 
 Photographs of Uxmal, p. 219; El Templo 
 del Adivino, p. 222; Casa de las Monjas, 
 
 119 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
120 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 p. 229; Palacio del Gobernador, p. 231; 
 Caracol, p. 243; Casa de las Monjas. 
 
 El 
 
 1909 
 
 Saville, Marshall H. The cruciform 
 
 structures of Mitla and vicinity. 
 
 Putnam Anniversary Volume, New 
 
 York. 
 
 Comparison of Uxmal and Mitla "mosaic" 
 stone walls, p. 188, pi. xiii. 
 
 MoRLEY, Sylvanus Griswold. A group 
 of related structures at Uxmal, 
 Mexico. American Journal of Ar- 
 chaology, Second ser., vol. xiv (1910), 
 pp. 1-18, 2 pi., 2 fig. 
 
 Arnold, Channing, and Frost, Fred- 
 eric J. Tabor. The American 
 Egypt. A record of travel in Yuca- 
 tan. New York. 
 
 Uxmal is described briefly on pp. 200-203. 
 The authors justly state that "undoubtedly 
 there is a large field for work here, which 
 will amply reward archaeologists in those 
 days when the ' dog in the manger ' policy 
 of the Mexican 'Jacks in ofifice' is a thing of 
 the past, and intelligent landowners, such 
 as Seiior Peon, can assist students in every 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 121 
 
 way instead of having their hands fettered 
 by absurd Federal rules." 
 
 191O 
 RiCKARDS, CONSTANTINE GeORGE. The 
 
 ruins of Mexico. London. 
 
 Vol. I, pp. 21-23, 39 mounted photographs 
 of Uxmal. This is the most extensive col- 
 lection of photographs of the ruins of Uxmal 
 that have been published. 
 
 1910 (?) 
 Young, W. P., compiler. In Mayaland 
 Yucatan. [n.p., n.d.] [A folder] 
 "Issued by a representative group 
 of Yucatecan planters and mer- 
 chants," the Yucatan Tours Bureau. 
 It is copiously illustrated, and contains 18 
 beautiful illustrations of Uxmal, 9 of which 
 were made by Teobert Maler. The copy in 
 the collection of the compiler has been anno- 
 tated by Maler. 
 
 1911 
 
 Case, Henry A. Views on and of 
 Yucatan, besides notes upon parts 
 of Campeche and the territory of 
 Quintana Roo. Collected during a 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
122 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 long residence in the peninsula. 
 Merida. 
 
 The description of Uxmal (pp. 123-154, 
 9 pi., 2 maps) is: (i) How to get there; (2) 
 Criticism of Le Plongeon; (3) Description 
 of buildings; (4) Legends. 
 
 MoRLEY, Sylvanus Griswold. An- 
 cient temples and cities of the New 
 World. Uxmal, the city of the 
 Xius. Bulletin of the Pan American 
 Union, Washington, vol. 32, April, 
 pp. 627-642, II ill. 
 
 1912 
 
 Maler, Teobert. Lista de las ilus- 
 traciones para una proyectada pub- 
 licacion de Teobert Maler, en el 
 libro de recuerdos del Congreso de 
 Americanistas. 
 
 A series of photographs made by Maler, 
 published in Resena de la segunda sesion del 
 XVII Congreso Inlernacional de American- 
 istas efectuada en la Ciudad de Mexico durante 
 el mes de Septiembre de igio, Mexico, 1912. 
 The second series of plates, nos. 1-8, are of 
 Uxmal, of a building, and sculptures near 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 123 
 
 tombs in the vicinity of the said building, 
 never before published. 
 
 Huntington, Ellsworth. The penin- 
 sula of Yucatan. Bulletin of the 
 American Geographical Society, New 
 York, vol. XLiv, no. ii. 
 
 On p. 819 is a view of the central design of 
 the facade of the House of the Governor, 
 wrongly captioned as "of a ruin at Kabah." 
 
 1913 
 
 Seler, Eduard. Ueber einige Altera 
 Systeme in den Ruinen von Uxmal. 
 Proceedings of the Eighteenth Inter- 
 national Congress of Americanists, 
 IQ12, London, pp. 220-235, 3 pi., 
 14 fig. 
 
 Spinden, Herbert Joseph. A study 
 of Maya art, its subject matter and 
 historical development. Memoirs of 
 the Peabody Museum of American 
 Archaology and Ethnology, Cam- 
 bridge, vol. VI. 
 
 Contains numerous references to Uxmal. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
124 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 On pp. 5-8 is a translation of the description 
 of Uxmal made in 1586 by Fatlier Ponce 
 (see pp. 70—78 herein). 
 
 1914 
 
 Huntington, Ellsworth. The mys- 
 tery of the Yucatan ruins. Harper' s 
 Magazine, New York, April. 
 
 On p. 762 is a picture of one of the exterior 
 arched rooms of the House of the Governor. 
 
 1915 
 
 Hewett, Edgar Lee. Ancient America 
 at the Panama-California Exposi- 
 tion. Art and Archeology, Washing- 
 ton, vol. II, no. 3, pp. 64-102. 
 
 On p. 92 reference is made to Uxmal, and 
 on p. 93 is a reproduction of Vierra's pan- 
 oramic painting of the site. On p. loi is a 
 photograph of Holmes' model of the House 
 of the Governor, which is described on pp. 
 
 lOO-IOI. 
 
 Seler, Eduard. Die Ruinen von Ux- 
 mal. Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, Ber- 
 lin, Bd. XLvii, pp. 429-432. 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 125 
 
 1916 
 
 Hewett, Edgar Lee. America's archae- 
 ological heritage. Art and Archce- 
 ology, Washington, vol. iv, no. 6. 
 December. 
 
 On pp. 263 and 265 are photographs of 
 three Uxmal buildings. 
 
 1917 
 
 Seler, Eduard. Die Ruinen von Ux- 
 mal. Abhandlungen der kdniglichen 
 preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaft- 
 en, Phil.-Hist. Klasie, no. 3, Berlin, 
 
 154 PP- 
 
 Morley, Sylvanus Griswold. The 
 rise and fall of the Maya civilization 
 in the light of the monuments and 
 the native chronicles. Proceedings 
 of the Nineteenth International Con- 
 gress of Americanists, iQi^y Wash- 
 ington, pp. 140-149, II pi. 
 
 PI. V, c, gives a painting of the Uxmal site 
 made by Carlos Vierra. Some historical 
 information concerning the ruins is given. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
126 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 1918 
 
 Gann, Dr Thomas. The Maya Indians 
 of southern Yueatan and northern 
 British Hondura .. Bulletin 64. 
 Bureau of American Ethnology, 
 Washington. 
 
 On pp. 140-142 Dr Gann describes two 
 human heads of stucco from Uxmal, the 
 faces painted in several colors. These are 
 now in the Museum of the American Indian, 
 Heye Foundation. 
 
 As Dr Gann did not illustrate these very 
 important specimens of stucco-work, we 
 give them in pis. v-vi. They are beauti- 
 fully modeled and may be taken as portraits 
 of individuals of high rank. The heads are 
 life-size, the one shown in pi. v being 11 in. 
 high, the face having a height of 8f in. This 
 head is represented placed in a beak, only 
 the lower part being left in our specimen. 
 It is painted black, with brown patches 
 placed on each side of the mouth. The lips 
 are red, and the eyes are white with black 
 pupils, and a line of brown encircles the 
 entire eye on the lids. There is a twisted 
 fillet on the top of the head, which comes 
 down on each side of the face in front of and 
 below the ears. The lower part has been 
 broken off. There is a labret in the upper 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
SAVILLE UXMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 PAINTED STUCCO HEAD FROM A RECENTLY DISCOVERED CHAMBER 
 IN THE HOUSE OF THE GOVERNOR, UXMAL 
 
SAVILLE UXMAL BiBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 PAINTED STUCCO HEAD FROM A RECENTLY DISCOVERED CHAMBER 
 IN THE HOUSE OF THE GOVERNOR, UXMAL 
 
3AVILLE UXMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 PAINTED STUCCO HEAD FROM A RECENTLY DISCOVERED CHAMBER 
 IN THE HOUSE OF THE GOVERNOR, UXMAL 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 127 
 
 lip, and a curious ornament on the nose. 
 Broad, white bands are painted around the 
 eyes. The large, circular ear-ornaments are 
 painted red. On the forehead are four 
 protruding pellets placed one above the 
 other, a familiar feature on many heads of 
 stone and clay found in the Mayan area. 
 The small, grotesque head shown in pi. vii 
 is painted black, with three red discs for 
 eyes and mouth. Is it reported that this 
 piece formed a kind of helmet for the portrait 
 head just described. It is 6 in. high. 
 
 The other portrait head, illustrated in pi. 
 VI, is 9 in. high, the face being the same size 
 as that of the other. It is painted in the 
 same colors, the only difference in treatment 
 being in the lip-ornament, which consists of 
 two pellets instead of one. This head has 
 also the twisted fillet, but there is no evidence 
 of ears in the specimens as broken from the 
 main figure. Both heads are said to have 
 been found in a sealed chamber, broken into 
 in the House of the Governor, in the section 
 of the arched connection of the northern 
 recess in thfe outer wall on the western side. 
 These two heads are the finest examples of 
 stucco-work as yet found in Yucatan, where 
 this material was sparingly used. They may 
 be compared with the beautiful stucco-work 
 at Palenque. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
128 
 
 U X M A L 
 
 1919 
 
 MoRLEY, Sylvanus Griswold. Arche- 
 ology. Extracted from Year Book 
 No. 77 of the Carnegie Institution of 
 Washington (for 191 8), pp. 269-276. 
 
 Gives an interpretation of several inscrip- 
 tions at Uxmal, corresponding with the years 
 1219 and 1277 A.D., the results of an expedi- 
 tion to Yucatan, February to April, 1918. 
 
 Mena, Ramon. Cipactonal (de la 
 "Casa del Adivino" en Uxmal 
 Yucatan). Memorias y Revista de 
 la Sociedad Cientifica Antonio Alzate, 
 Mexico, tomo 38, nums. 5-8, pp. 
 271-275. pl- xxviii, fig. on p. 372. 
 
 1920 
 
 MoRLEY, Sylvanus Griswold. The 
 inscriptions at Copan.' Publications 
 of the Carnegie Institution of Washing- 
 ton, Appendix 11. 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 129 
 
 AUTHORS 
 
 Arnold, Channing, 1909 
 
 Baker, Frank Collins, 1895 
 
 Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1881 
 
 Banks, David Saltonstall, 1889 
 
 Books of Chilam Balam, 1595 
 
 Bote, Juan, 1581 
 
 Brasseur de Bourbourg, Abbe, 1858, 1867 
 
 Brine, Lindsay, 1894 
 
 Buchon, J. A., 1825 
 
 Cabrera, Dr Paul Felix, 1822 
 
 Case, Henry A., 191 1 
 
 Catherwood, Frederick, 1844, 1854 
 
 Charnay, Desire, i860, 1863, 1884, 1885, 
 
 1887 
 Chavero, Alfredo, 1887 
 Chilam Balam, Books of, 1595 
 Ciudad Real, Fr xAntonio, 1588 
 Claims to Land, 1687-1688 
 Cogolludo, Fr Diego Lopez de, 1688 
 Docuinents, 1556, 1557 
 Foulke, William Dudley, 1896 
 Friedrichstal, Emmanuel de, 1841 
 Frost, Frederic J. Tabor, 1909 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
130 
 
 UXMAL 
 
 Gann, Thomas, 1918 
 
 Gordon, George Byron, 1905 
 
 Haebler, Karl, 1895 
 
 Heller, Carl, 1853 
 
 Hewett, Edgar L., 1915, 1916 
 
 Holmes, William H., 1895 
 
 Huntington, Ellsworth, 1912, 1914 
 
 Le Plongeon, Alice D., 1885 
 
 L. G., 1845 
 
 Maler, Teobert, 1912 
 
 Mani, Indian map of, 1557 (?) 
 
 Mena, Ramon, 1919 
 
 Mercer, Henry C., 1896, 1897 
 
 M. F. P., 1845 
 
 Molina Solis, Juan Francisco, 1907 
 
 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 1880, 1881 
 
 Morley, Sylvanus Griswold, 1909, 191 1, 
 
 1917, 1919, 1920 
 Miihlenpfordt, Eduard, 1844 
 Norman, B. M., 1843 
 Ober, Frederick A., 1884, 1888 
 Paso y Troncoso, Francisco del, 1893 
 Ramirez, Jose Fernando, 1865 
 Rice, Allen Thorndike, 1880 
 Rickards, Constantine George, 1910 
 Salisbury, Stephen, 1877 
 
 IX 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 131 
 
 Sanchez de Aguilar, Pedro, 1639 
 
 
 Saville, Marshall H., 1892, 1909 
 
 
 Seler, Eduard, 1903, 1906, 1913, 1915, 
 
 
 1917 
 
 
 Spinden, Herbert Joseph, 191 3 
 
 
 Stephens, John L., 1841, 1843, 1848-50, 
 
 
 1853. 1854 
 
 
 Title Deeds, 1673 
 
 
 Un Curioso, 1845 
 
 
 Varigny, C. V. C. de, 1879, 1891 
 
 
 Viollet-lc-Duc, M., 1866 
 
 
 Waldeck, Frederick, 1838 
 
 
 Warden, David B., 1825 
 
 
 Young, W. P., 1910 (?) 
 
 
 Zavala, Lorenzo de, 1834 
 
 
 Zayas Enriquez, Rafael, 1908 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 2