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A 
 True and Particular 
 
 RELATION 
 
 Of the Dreadful 
 
 EARTHQUAKE 
 
 Which happen'd 
 
 At Lim a, the Capital of Pe ru, and the 
 neighbouring Port of Callao, 
 
 On the 28th of Oftober, 1746. 
 
 With an Account likewife of every Thing mate- 
 rial that patted there afterwards to the End of No- 
 vember following. 
 
 Publifhed at L 1 m a by Command of the Vi c e r o y, 
 
 And Tranflated from the Original Spanijh, 
 
 By a Gentleman who refided many Years in thofe Countries. 
 
 To which is added, 
 
 A Description of Callao and Lima before their De- 
 ftrudtion ; and of the Kingdom of Peru in general, with 
 its Inhabitants; fetting forth their Manners, Cuftoms, Re- 
 ligion, Government, Commerce, &c. Interfperfed with 
 PafTages of Natural Hiftory and phyfiological Difquifitions ; 
 particularly an Enquiry into the Cause of Earth- 
 quakes. 
 
 The Whole illuftraced with 
 
 A Map of the Country about Lima, Plans of the Road and 
 Town of Callao, another of Lima; and feveral Cuts 
 of the Natives, drawn on the Spot by the Tranflator. 
 
 L O N D ON: 
 Printed for T. Osborne in Gray's Inn, 
 
 MDCCXLVIII. 
 
f iH ) 
 
 *^^ i - i 1 1 i ■ - ■ - ■ - i 
 
 THE 
 
 Translator's Preface. 
 
 *i H E Spanifti Original, from whence 
 "*- the following Sheets are tranfated, 
 was tranfmitted to a Gentleman of great 
 Confideration in this City, as well as to 
 the Tranflator, by a Per/on in high Poji 
 in the Weft -Indies, about the End of De- 
 cember laft. The fame is an authentic Ac- 
 count publijhed at Lima by Authority of 
 the Viceroy, of a Catafirophe, which hap- 
 pened the z%th of O&ober, 1746, N. S. 
 one of the moft dreadful, perhaps, that ever 
 befel this Earth fnce the general Deluge. It 
 contains a Relation not only of the Mif chief 
 done at that Place, and its Port, by the 
 frft Shock of this horrible Earthquake : but 
 alfo of the difmal Scene which prefented it- 
 felf to View for fever al Weeks after j that 
 is, to the End of November following, 
 
 A 2 It 
 
iv The Author's Preface. 
 
 // appears from th& moft ancient Re- 
 cords, as well as the Te/limony of later Tears, 
 that thefe Countries have been always fubjefi 
 to fuch Calamities. 'The Truth of which Ob^- 
 fervation has been experienced by the Tran- 
 flator of thefe Sheets himfelf, who refided 
 many Tears in a Pojl ofjbme Importance en 
 that Continent; during which Time a like 
 Accident befel the Kingdom of Chili, where 
 the City of St. Jago the Capital thereof was 
 almojl totally deft royd: but none of the "Earth* 
 quakes either, of ancient or modern Date 
 have equalled in any Degree this lajl at Lima 
 and Callao; either in the Suddennefs of the 
 Attack^ and Ruin of the Buildings, or in 
 the Number of Lives, and Value of the 
 Treafure loft. 
 
 Many are the Reafons afjigned by Na- 
 tural Philofophers for thefe Phcenomenas j let 
 fuch therefore who are bejl fkill'd in this 
 Branch of human Literature account for 
 them : but it is moft certain that the two 
 main Principles of thefe dreadful Mijchiefs 
 are Heat and Moiflure ; and why they fhould 
 happen more frequently in the Kingdoms of 
 
 Peru 
 
The Author's Preface. 
 
 Peru and Chili than in any other Parts of 
 the known Worlds cannot be explained better ■, 
 perhaps, than has been done by Monfieur Fre- 
 zier *, late Engineer to Lewis the XlVth 
 of France, at who/e Command and Expence 
 he vifited and examined all thefe Countries. 
 
 'This Hypothe/is of Mr. Frezier may ferve 
 to account from Nature jor thefe dreadful 
 Events. However, fuppofmg fuch to be the 
 Cafe, it does not at all hinder but, that the 
 Almighty Power may employ thefe natural 
 Accidents as the hijlruments of Punifhment 
 to a wicked People. And that there were 
 many of very profligate hives among the 
 unhappy Inhabitants of that great City of 
 Lima and its Neighbour-Town Callao, may 
 be eafily collected, as well from their own 
 luxurious Manner of Life, as from the more 
 notorious Examples of the Clergy; who, i?i 
 thefe extenfive Empires of the New- World, 
 profefs no better Morals than many of their 
 Brethren in the Old. What thoje of Lima 
 were may in Part be jeen by the Account 
 
 * See Frezier*s Voyage to' the Souib-fea in the Years 
 1 712, 1 713 and 17141 Englijb Edition 4to, p. 2 1 a„ 
 
 A 3 of 
 
vi The Author's Preface^ 
 
 of the fame Author, who, as he was a Ro- 
 manift himfelf, may befuppofed in this Point 
 not to exaggerate *. 
 
 How far thefe Diforders might extend 
 may be judged by the vafi Number of Re- 
 ligious in that City ; which, as the Tran- 
 jlator has been well informed, what with 
 Priejls, Friars, Nuns, and their Lay-bre- 
 thren and Sifters, do, in the whole, amount to 
 upwards of 12,000 Per Jons % Such an Ex- 
 ample therefore in the Priefihood, where 
 they are fo very numerous, and withal fo 
 very powerful, mufl greatly communicate 
 itfelf among the Laity, their Followers -, and, 
 in Confequence it may be affirm' d, that there 
 was not before the late great Calamity a 
 more licentious Spot upon the Earth. The 
 charming Serenity of the Climate and Fruit- 
 fulnefs of the Country, (as Frezier defcribes 
 it) the Plenty of all Things, and the fedate 
 Tranquillity which the Spaniards perpetually 
 enjoy* d y thefe, together with the extreme Beau- 
 ty of the Women, did not a little contribute 
 
 * His Words are recited hereafter in the Account 
 of Lima, 
 
 to 
 
The Author's Preface. vii 
 
 to an amorous Difpofition, which was the 
 prevailing Pajfion of the Inhabitants. 
 
 As it never Rains at Lima, the Houfes 
 were only covered with a /ingle Mat laid 
 flat ; and the Thicknefs of a Finger of AJhes 
 on it to fuck-up the Moifiure of the Dews. 
 *¥o this and to the Precaution they uid of 
 very rarely building any above one Story 
 from the Ground, was certainly owing the 
 fmall Number of hives loft: there in the late 
 Earthquake, which the Spanifti Devotion at- 
 tributes to the miraculous Protection of the 
 bleffed Virgin, who indeed was the Goddefs 
 worfhiped there ; and to fo great a Degree ', 
 that it may with Truth be affirmed, that their 
 exceffive Zeal for her Service made them ab- 
 folutely forget the Regard due to her Son. 
 
 The vafl Riches of the Spaniards here 
 may be judged-of by the Number of their 
 Equipages , the Coftlinefs of their Drefs, and 
 the magnificent Furniture of their Churches 
 and Houfes. In theje lafl, every the moft 
 common Utenfil was of Silver -, even the 
 Frames of their Glaffes, of their Tables^ 
 A 4 tfpir 
 
viii The Author's Preface* 
 
 their Chairs and PicJures, many of them 
 were of this precious Metal. 
 
 On particular Feflivals it has been known 
 that their Horfes and Mules were flood with 
 it. But the Riches of the Convents and 
 Churches were beyond every Thing ; where the 
 very Friars, by Means of their begging Wal- 
 lets, (for thofe of St. Francis have no other 
 Subfiflence) get fufficient , not only to maintain 
 their Fraternity, but alfo to fupport the 
 Ex pence s of meer OJlentation -, which, onfome 
 Occafions, have amounted in the Convent of 
 St. Francis only to 50,000 Crowns. 
 
 The great Source of Wealth, with which 
 this Part of the Earth abounds, does not only 
 confifi in the Mines, which the Indians from 
 the 'Time they werefirfi conquered, have pur- 
 pojely concealed from the Spaniards, and are 
 well known to many of them by 'Tradition ; 
 (and 'tis the common received Opinion that 
 tkeje are fill richer than any yet difcovered) 
 but alfo in their Guaca's, (the Indian Word 
 for Sepulchre) where 'tis certain they always 
 buried great Quantities of Gold and Silver 
 ■with their Dead. Thefe ufually were Caves , 
 
 or 
 
The Author's Preface. tx 
 
 or Hollows dug-out in the Mountains. Many 
 of them by Accident, and feme few by Infor- 
 mation, have from Time to 'time been difcovered. 
 But this lajl happens very rarely : for the 
 Indians keep Secrets of that Kind with the 
 moft inviolable Fidelity: not only on Ac- 
 count of the Wealth there depofited, but alfo 
 of the dead Bodies of their Anceflors, which 
 they efieem with uncommon Reverence ; info- 
 much that any of their own Feople making 
 fuch Difcovery would be looked-upon as igno- 
 minious, and might run the Rifque of lo- 
 Jing their Lives to-boot. However, Difco- 
 veries fometimes have been made by Means 
 of Intrigues between the Men and Women of 
 both Nations, particularly one which hap- 
 pened during the Time of the Tranflators 
 Refidence in thofe Countries : on which Oc- 
 cafion an Indian-Woman in a Fit of high 
 Affection reveal 'd the Secret of a Guaca 
 known to her, to a Spanifh Gentleman her 
 Gallant ; and conducting him by-Night to the 
 Place, put him in Pojfeffion cf all that was 
 contained there. The Particulars of this 
 Wealth were never known, farther than that the 
 
 Gentleman 
 
The Author's Preface 
 
 Gentleman foon after pafjed with it to Old 
 Spain; and to the Tranjlators Knowledge 
 (who knew the Per/on) carried with him 
 a hundred thou/and Pieces of Eight regifter*d^ 
 and perhaps as much more unregifter* d : like- 
 wife the Body of a very Jhort Indian- Man 
 found perfectly intire in that Guaca, and 
 which he publickly Jhew* d to his Acquaintance, 
 By an Amour alfo, 'tisfaid the rich Mines of 
 Potofi (now almofl exhaufted) came to be known. 
 In theje Sepulchres too, there are always found 
 Plenty of earthen Jarrs of various Makes f 
 feme like Birds and Beafts, or with Faces of 
 Men, T^hefe were anciently ufed to drink Wa* 
 ter out of and not unlike our red moderrt 
 China-ware ; tho fome refembledjett: many 
 ofthefe are in the Tranflator 1 's Pojfeffion, 
 
 The Countries of Peru and Chili are fi 
 extremely productive of Gold and Silver \ that 
 Lumps of the former (caltdby /fo Spaniards 
 Pepita's) have been frequently found, fome on % 
 and others very near, the Surface of the Earth $ 
 of an amazing Size -, one of which, of fourteen 
 Pounds Weight, the Trarijlator himfelf has 
 feen : and there was another found in his 
 
 'Time 
 
The Authors Preface* xi 
 
 'Time of above thirty Pound-weight *, which 
 laft was fent as a Prefent from the then 
 Viceroy, with a Gold' chain thro a Hole in 
 it, to the prefent Queen Dowager of Spain : 
 and thefe Lumps, both of them, were of the 
 purefi Gold unmix 'd with any Dregs, as u- 
 fually thefe Pepitds are. As a Proof of 
 the quick Vegetation of Silver, it has been 
 known that on opening an ancient Mine, 
 which had formerly fallen*in upon certain 
 poor Wretches who were digging in it, the 
 Bones of thefe were found fome of them per- 
 forated with that Metal. 
 
 Whether the prefent difmal State of Things 
 at Callao and Lima may be a Means of 
 Encouragement for any foreign Nation to 
 attempt a Conquefl of thofe rich Kingdoms, 
 'Time will fhow. It was always judged, even 
 in their mojl profperous Condition, that this 
 was practicable : For the Troops of thofe Coun- 
 
 * Perhaps this was the fame Pepita, or Lump of 
 Gold which Feuillee faw at Lima in the Cabinet of 
 Don Antonio Portocarrero, weighing 3 3 Pounds and 
 fome Ounces. A Pepita is a Piece of unrefined Gol& 
 or Silver juft as it comes out of the Mine, See Fm- 
 Wet Journ. da Qbf. &c. Vol. I, p, 4 68, 
 
 l tries 
 
xii The Author's Preface. 
 
 tries were never other than an undifciplirid 
 Militia, without Order, and immerid in 
 Luxury and Effeminacy. To thefe Confide- 
 rations, let us add the Number of Indians 
 yet remaining, born and bred in an utter 
 . Abhorrence of their Spanifh Lords , and 
 gafping after Liberty and Relief-, in Pof- 
 fefjion too of immenje Riches, handed down 
 to them by Tradition from their Forefathers ; 
 and alt ho concealed from Spanifh Eyes ever 
 fnce the Times of their firft Conquefi^ might 
 poffibly be opened to their generous Deliver- 
 ers (for a Deliverance they with Anxiety ex- 
 pect, and fill retain certain Prophecies thereof 
 in their old Songs and Sayings) all this toge- 
 ther feems to promife Succefs to a potent In- 
 vader -, and it is not impofjible but thefe 
 Countries, if the War continues, may happen 
 to change their Mafters. If Juch an Acqui- 
 ftion be referved for Britain, or thefe Hints 
 jhould at all contribute tofuch ait Enter prize, 
 our Wifhes will be then compleat, Thus far 
 the Tranflator. 
 
 This Gentleman had inferted in his Pre- 
 face feme Account of the Caufes of Earth- 
 quakes, 
 
The Author's Preface. xiii 
 
 quakes, with a larger Defcription of Lima 
 and Callao, from Frezier'j Voyage, as a pro- 
 per Introduction to the Hijiory of their Sub- 
 verfion : But the Matters he had extracted 
 from that Author having been deemed too 
 fcanty for the Occafion, the Bookfeller, by the 
 Advice of his Friends, hath gotten the De- 
 ficiency fupplied by another Hand, by giving 
 an exadi Account ofthofe Places, as they were 
 before that fatal Event, This was judged 
 requifte, not only for better under/landing the 
 Particulars contained in the Narrative of 
 the Earthquake, and ejlimating the Damage 
 done thereby : but alfo for preferving the Me- 
 mory of what they once were ; and gratifying 
 the Curiofity of fuch as may be defirous to 
 compare their former State with their future 
 Condition, when they come to be rebuilt, 
 
 Thefe Explanations, which might have been 
 unnecejfary, fuppofing the Relation was never 
 to have pajfed beyond the Bounds of the Count 
 try where the Event, which is the Subject 
 of it, happened, are yet abfolately ejfential to 
 it now, that it comes to be publified in Eu- 
 rope, where thofe difiant Parts are very little 
 
 known. 
 
XV The Author's Preface^ 
 
 known. And for the fame Reafon it feemed 
 equally neceffary to give the Reader jome In- 
 formation eoncerning the Country itfelf, of 
 which the Places in Queftion were the Ca- 
 pital, and its chief Port. With regard to 
 this Article, was nothing more required than 
 to throw Light on the Narrative, jome brief 
 and general Account of Peru might have 
 fufficed : But for as much as the Iranfla- 
 tor has fuggejled the Facility of conquering 
 that rich Kingdom, and feems to recommend 
 the Attempt to the Englifli Nation, who 
 are at this JunSiure in War with Spain ; 
 to evince therefore the Praclicablenefs of 
 fuch an Undertaking, it hath been thought 
 fit, befides a Juccincl Dejcription of Peru, to 
 fubjoin alfo an Account of the Inhabitants, 
 both Indian and Spanifh ; fetting forth their 
 Animofties, mutual Aver/ion and different 
 Inter efts, as well as their Manners and Cuf- 
 toms, Religion and Government, Commerce 
 and other Particulars. 
 
 To illufirate the whole, and afford the Rea- 
 der a more lively Idea of the Matters treat' 
 ed of, there is added an accurate Map of the 
 
 Country 
 
The Author's Preface. xiv 
 
 Country adjacent to Lima, a Chart or 
 Draught of the Road and Coafi about Cal- 
 lao, a Plan of that Town, and another of 
 JLrima j with five Cuts of the Inhabitants* 
 But as Things of this Nature are valuable 
 only in Proportion to their Genuinenefs and 
 Accuracy y it may be expeSled of us, that we 
 Jhould inform our "Readers whence we had 
 them, or upon what Authority they are 
 grounded. 
 
 With regard firfl to the Map, it may be 
 proper to obferve that we had no tolerable one 
 of Peru before the Del Ifles began to publifh 
 their Set of Maps in 1700 : But even thefe 
 were very defective. P. Feuillee, a Minim 
 Friar (Mathematician and Botanijl to the 
 late King of France, and correfponding Mem- 
 ber of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, a 
 Perfon of great Indujlry, Knowledge and Ex- 
 perience) frft fettled the P oft ion of the Coafi s 
 of Chili and Peru, where he made feveral . 
 very curious Obfervations, both phyfiological 
 and ajlronomical, in the Tear 1709. 
 
 Two or three Tears after M. Frezier, one 
 of the Kings Engineers, a Philofopher and 
 
 Mm 
 
xvi The Author's Preface^ 
 
 Man of Learning was fent into the fame 
 Parts by that Monarch, to di [cover the Con- 
 dition of thofe Countries ; and take the Plans 
 of the principal Places along the Coaft. 
 
 This CommiJJion he executed with great 
 Care and Judgment, adding Draughts of 
 whatever elfe he found remarkable. To 
 this Purpofe he carried with him M. Grave- 
 lot, well known here of late for his Skill in 
 defgning, Brother to M. d' Anville, Geogra- 
 pher to the King of France, a Per/on no lefs 
 eminent for his Knowledge in that Science ; 
 and who is at prefent engaged in publijhing 
 a new Set of Maps, at the Expence of the 
 Duke of Orleans. An Example worthy the 
 Imitation of the Great every where, by 
 whofe Encouragement alone Arts and Sci- 
 ences can ever expect to be brought to 
 Perje&ion. 
 
 Since the Time of M. Frezier the Spa- 
 niards themfelvcs have begun to think of 
 procuring a Map of Peru. On this Occa- 
 fon we are informed by Feuillee, that Don 
 John Ramond, ?ne?itioned hereafter in the 
 Defcription of Lima, Mafter of the King's 
 i Chapel 
 
The Author's Preface. &vii 
 
 Chapel in that City, and Royal Profejfor of 
 the Mathematics, had, by Order of the King 
 of Spain, actually made the Map of divers 
 Provinces in feveral Journeys, which he 
 had performed : But that falling with the 
 rejl of his Papers into the Hands of his Do- 
 me/lies at his Death, which happened the igth 
 of July, i 709. N.S. 'They were all either 
 wafted or burnt, as great Part of them cer- 
 tainly were, by a female Hand: who it feems 
 thought in fo doing fhe rendered the deceaf- 
 ed a fignal Service, fayifig, She committed 
 to the Flames Secrets which no Perfon 
 ought to read *. Thus in one Moment were 
 facrificed to Ignorance and Superjlition, 
 Treafures whofe Lofs may not be retrieved 
 in Ages to come. 
 
 In 1735 three Members of the Royal 
 Academy of Sciences aforefaid were fent into 
 South- America to make Obfervat ions for de- 
 termining the Figure of the Earth. Thefe 
 Gentlemen intending to traverfe the whole 
 Courfe of the River Maragnon, (called by Eu- 
 ropeans that o/'Amazones) from its Mouth 
 
 * Ftuillh Obfervat, Phyf. Math, &V, Vol. I. p. 43 0. 
 
 2. upwards^ 
 
xviii The Author's Preface. 
 
 upwards, were brought at length, by follow- 
 ing its Channel, into Peru. There is no- 
 thing yet publijhed of their Obfei'vations, ex- 
 cepting what relate to that prodigious Ri- 
 ver ; a Draught of which, with an Account 
 of the Countries it paffes-through, has been 
 given by M. Condamine, one of the three 
 who made the Voyage. 
 
 From thefe and other Helps, there has 
 been lately publifl:ed at Paris a Map of 
 Peru, finall, but much more diJlinB and 
 accurate than any before extant. From 
 hence we have taken the Map of the Country 
 in the Neighbourhood of Lima, which is pre- 
 fixed to this Relation ; having added to it y in 
 fome Places, and corrected it in others, from 
 the Voyages and 'Travels mentioned in the 
 fame. As for the Spanifh Draughts of the 
 Coajls, publiJJjed in thofe Books, they feem to 
 be very faulty and impcrfecl. 
 
 P. Feuillee, among other Plans of Places 
 on the Cdafls of Chili and Peru had taken 
 thofe of Callao and Lima. This latter he per- 
 formed at the Requejl of the Viceroy : but 
 was obliged to return en board his Ship be- 
 2 fore 
 
The Author's Preface. xix 
 
 fore he could perfect his Work, leaving un- 
 finijlfd the Suburb of Malembo to the North 
 of the River*. Frezier, who followed him 
 into thofe Parts, and took the Plans of the 
 fame Places, in the Preface to his Voyage y 
 finds feveral Faults with Feuillee'j, which 
 Faults he has corrected: But altho\for this 
 Reafon, we have chofen to copy Frezier'-f 
 Draughts -, yet Feu ill ee mufl not be denied 
 the Praife due to the Pains which he ap- 
 pears to have taken, in even the mofl incor- 
 rect of his Performances. 
 
 Lajlly y the Figures of the Criolians, or 
 American Spaniards and the Calajh, were 
 drawn on the Spot by the Gentleman, who 
 tranfated the Account of the Earthquake. 
 Thefe will, 'tis pre fumed, be the more accep- 
 table, as Frezier has not given a Draught 
 of the Calafi ; and the human Figures be- 
 ing larger, as well as more in Number 
 than his, reprej'ent the Objects not only more 
 diftindly to view, but alfo in greater Va- 
 riety of Lights. 
 
 * The fame, p. 437 and 498* 
 
 a a As 
 
£3? The Author's Preface. 
 
 As the Relations of different Earthquakes, 
 ferve to illujlrate one another, and that 
 which happened at Port- Royal in Jamaica* 
 *« 1692, was in all its Circumllances lit- 
 tle inferior to that at Lima and Callao 5 it 
 has been thought not improper by Way of 
 Appendix to fubjoin an Account of it, writ- 
 ten by the Minifler of the Place to his-Friend 
 in London, where it was printed towards 
 the End of the fame Tear, This Piece 
 (which was commutiicated by the Gentleman 
 before-mentioned) is the more valuable, as 
 'tis only to be met-with in private Hands ; 
 and, to make it more complete, we have add- 
 ed fome farther Particulars from the Me- 
 moirs communicated on that Occafwi to the 
 Royal Society, by their Cor refpon dents in 
 Jamaica. 
 
 it? 
 
 TH h 
 
( xxi ) 
 
 THE 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP I. 
 
 A Defcription of Callao and Lima, as 
 
 "^ they 'were before the late Earth- 
 quake : With an Enquiry into the Rea- 
 fon why it never rains there, and the 
 Caufe of Earthquakes. Page i. 
 
 Sect. I. Of the T'own and Tort of 
 Callao. 2. 
 
 Sect. II. A Defcription of Lima the ca- 
 pital City of Peru. 31. 
 
 Sect. III. An E?iquiry into the Reafon 
 why it never rains at Lima or along the 
 Coaft 0/Teru. 86. 
 
 Sect. IV. Earthquakes frequent at Lima 
 and throughout Peru ; with the Caufe of 
 thofe natural Evils \ 102. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
xxii The CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 A true and particular Relation of the 
 dreadful Ruin in which Lima (other- 
 ways called La Ciudad de los Reyes) 
 Capital of the Kingdom o/'Peru, was in- 
 volved, by the horrible Earthquake 
 that happened there in the Night, the 
 2.%th of October, 1746 : And of the 
 total DeftrucJion of the Garrifon and 
 Port of Callao from the violent Irrup- 
 tion of the Sea, occafioned by the Earth- 
 quake in that Harbour. Page 131. 
 
 Sect. I. The total Ruin of Lima by the 
 Earthquake. ibid. 
 
 Sect. II. Callao and its Inhabitants de- 
 fir oyed by the Irruption of the Sea. 146. 
 
 Sect. III. The Viceroy's Zeal to remedy 
 Evils. 155. 
 
 Sect. IV. His Excellency's Care to fecure 
 what remained. 164. 
 
 Sect. V. New Confufwn at Lima. 175. 
 
 Sect. VI. Orders/or the Relief of Mona- 
 fieries, and rebuilding the City. 182. 
 
 Sect. VII. How far the Earthquake ex- 
 tended \ with the Warnings and Pro- 
 phecy of it. 1 9 1 • 
 
 CHAPi 
 
The CONTENTS. . xxiii 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 A Defcription of Peru and its Inhabitants, 
 with their different Interefts and mutual 
 Animofities. Page 200. 
 
 Sect. I. A fuccinB Account o/Teru, its 
 chief Towns, and natural Productions. 
 
 ibid- 
 
 Sect. II. Manners and Cuftoms of the 
 Criolians, or Spaniards, born in Peru. 
 
 2 39- 
 Sect. Ill Of the Indians of Peru, and 
 
 their Oppreffions. 287. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 A full Account of the late dreadful Earth- 
 quake at Port-Royal in Jamaica ; in 
 two Letters written by the Minifter of 
 that Place, from a-board the Granada 
 in Port-Royal Harbour. 326. 
 
 A 
 
l'l.in ,///„ /<%„/,,/ ' ! 
 
 CALL A O / 
 
 •M //"UliuiJs Bocks JtStole 
 
 ,yi 
 
 JL'-'-^FierceaKock 
 
 
 s 
 
 ndy A, /„„„., 
 
 
 &>, tUtH&W 
 
Mat 
 
 /? I 
 
 /J. &4t iSr/t//( . 
 
[ « ] 
 
 A 
 
 Particular Relation of the late 
 
 EARTHQUAKE 
 
 A T 
 
 LIMA and CALLAO. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 ADefcription ^Calko andlAmzL, as 
 they were before the late Earth- 
 quake : With an Enquiry into the 
 Reafon why it ?iever rains there ^ 
 and the Caufe of Earthquakes. 
 
 IN defcribing the two Places, which 
 were the Scenes of the dreadful Trage- 
 dy we are going to relate, we (hall be- 
 gin with CaliaOj as being the Port for Ship- 
 ping, and Landing place of Lima for all 
 thofe. who go thither by Sea. 
 
 B SECT. 
 
2 ^ Description ^ 
 
 SECT. I. 
 
 Of the Town and Port ofCallao. 
 
 Its local / | ^H I S Town was built on a low flat 
 
 oituaticn ; 1 
 
 ■*- Point of Land, at the Edge of 
 the Sea> fo that its Level is not more than 
 nine or ten Feet above the High-water 
 Mark, which does not rife and fall over 
 four or five. However, it fometimes ex- 
 ceeds to fuch a Degree, that it floods 
 the Out-fkirts of the Town, as happen'd 
 in September 17 13 ; from whence, fays 
 Frezier, it is to be fear'd, it may fome Time 
 or other deftroy the fame * : which Predic- 
 tion hath been lately too fatally verified, 
 ksaftrono- As t0 t h e aftronomical Situation of this 
 
 micai. 
 
 Place, the fame Author puts it in 12 De- 
 grees 7Minutes-f- of fouth Latitude ; hence, 
 as it (lands about two Leagues fouth- weft 
 of Lima, we may compute its Longitude 
 or Meridian Diftance from Paris to be 
 
 * Freziers Voyage to the South Sea, p. 199. 
 f Funnel and Cook in 12 Degrees 2c Minutes, but 
 not fo accurately, 
 
 about 
 
Callao and Lim a. 3 
 
 about 79 Degrees 24 Minutes * Weft, and 
 from London 76 Degrees 59 Minutes. 
 
 Callao was much longer than broad. The Its Extent. 
 Streets were all in a Line, but did not for 
 the general interfecl each other at Right An- 
 gles, nor divide the Town into the ufual 
 Dimenfions, or common Square, obferved 
 in other Places -f*. They were likewife fo 
 intollerably dully that there was no walk- 
 ing in them with any Satisfaction %. The 
 Houles were for the mofl: part of but one 
 Story* By the Sea- fide flood the Gover-yice- 
 nor's Houfe, and Palace of the Vice- Roy. f°£* p *- 
 Feuillee fays this lafl was a very magnificent 
 Structure, and that when any Ship arrived 
 in the Port, the Vice- Roy came from 
 Lima and lodged there |j. According to 
 Frezier thefe two Buildings took up two 
 Sides of a Square 5 the Paiifh- church mak- 
 
 * Confequently 59 Degrees 24. Minutes from the 
 Ifland of Ferro, which was found by Obfervation to bs 
 20 Degrees Weft of Paris. 
 
 f Feuillee fays they were broad and fpacious. 
 
 % Frez. p. 200. 
 
 || Feuillee Journ. des Obf. dans Ind. Oaid. Vol. I. 
 
 P* 327- 
 
 B 2 ing 
 
4 -^Description <?/* 
 
 ing the third, and a Battery of three Pie* 
 ces of Cannon the fourth. He adds, that 
 the Corps de Garde, and the Hall for the 
 Arms, were alfo by the Vice- Roy's Lodgings;, 
 and that in the fame Street, on the north 
 
 Warehou- Side *, were the Warehoufes for the Com- 
 modities which the SpaniJ/j Ships brought 
 from Chili, Peru and Mexico, Befides 
 which, there is another for laying up of 
 the European Commodities, which they call 
 La Adminijlracion. 
 
 Churches But befides thofe few public Structures, 
 
 and Mo- . , .. , 
 
 naileries, there were none or any Note, except the 
 Churches, which were built only with 
 Canes interwoven and cover'd with Clay 
 or Timber painted white : However they 
 were very neat. There were alfo five 
 Monasteries belonging to the Domini- 
 cans, Franci/cans, Auguftins, Mercenarians, 
 and Jefuits ; befides the Hofpital of St. 
 "John of God. 
 Number The Number of Inhabitants in 17 14, 
 tant" la '"according to Frezier, did not exceed 400 
 
 * And feeing the Sea. 
 
 Families, 
 
//,//■ o/ Callao 
 
 ■ -.* v, im-^r. ,•*■-■>.■ ;■ -.j,-. . ^■;-.«^»^,v^. r , 
 
 3 
 
Chm-cb.es 
 C t/Ae )'e* j ?> <{/'<j 
 
 R eniarlc able Place s 
 
 X fbr/i</ efa. ytea9t£ 
 
 K. <7/>t /7t/m/ nj<f/ratum 
 li //a /or n ojtS t/ Zand. 
 
 /3re<rc/ied ma at? 
 /)/ /Ac *Je& 
 
 To 
 
 / a 
 
 Bafftcms of* 
 1 t/.'L f/tr/tar/ 
 
 3 ZZbJuwu f /■"/•/ 
 
 io *JJT*4* u * r ** t ' r 
 li *jr*fra#vcM 
 12 Kf/&%i»r 
 
 ->*v-c-. -*=y~ 
 
 
 '/m 
 
 9Tld 
 
 
 /> . tir^e t/c/t^t. 
 
Callao and L i m a. 5 
 
 Families, tho' they reckoned 600 * : which 
 at eight to a Family falls but 200 fhort of 
 the Number affigned by the Narrative at 
 the Time of the Earthquake in 1746 ; 
 an Augmentation which might eafily be 
 allowed to have accrued in the Space of 
 thirty two Years. Feuillee fays they were 
 almofr all Seamen, and for the moil Part 
 without either Politenefs or Civility. 
 
 Without the Walls of Callao there are Su burbs, 
 two Indian Suburbs both cali'd Pitipiti, 
 but diftinguiQied by the Names of the Old 
 and New, the firfl: on the fouth, the other 
 on the north Side, through which runs the 
 River of Rimak, or of Lima -f. 
 
 The Town would be agreeable enough No Ra,n - 
 if the Heats, which continually rage there^ 
 were but tempered now and then with 
 Rain, which never falls along this Coal!:. 
 To the Eaft of this Place are nothing ta>'l?nd 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 be feen but large Plains adorned with hand- 
 fome Country-houfes ; to which belong fine, 
 
 * Futile e. Vol. I. p. 505. 
 f Frez. p. 200. & feqq. 
 
 B 3 Orchard* 
 
6 /Description <?/ 
 
 Orchards watered by Canals cut from the 
 River. In thefe Orchards one meets with 
 feveral Kinds of Fruit-trees : the moft nu- 
 merous are thofe which bear Olives, vaftly 
 bigger than the European. Excepting thefe, 
 Orange and Citron Trees, the reft are pe- 
 culiar to the Country *. 
 When Callao was fortify 'd in the Reign of 
 
 King Philip IV. and the Viceroyfhip 
 of the Marquis de Mancera, with an En- 
 clofure flank'd by ten Baftions on the 
 Land-fide : and by fome Redans and plain 
 Baftions on the Edge of the Sea, where 
 there are four Batteries of Cannon to corn-* 
 mand the Port and Road. 
 
 This Part of the Wall was in a bad 
 Condition in the Year 17 13 ; the Sea having 
 made rive breaches in it fince the Stone- 
 key was built j for the Key by its flop- 
 ping the fouth-weft Surf, occafioned a 
 Return of the Water, which Tapped the 
 Foundation. And altho' the King allow- 
 ed 30,000 Pieces of Eight, aftigned upon 
 the Excife on Flefh, for repairing the Walls, 
 * Futile e^ p.503. 
 
 2, yet 
 
C a l l a o and L i m a. 7 
 
 yet they let near one half of them run to 
 Ruin on this Side. 
 
 The Rampart was of two different Fortifica/ 
 Breadths j the Curtains at the Top but 
 eight Feet thick, two and a half of 
 Earth, as much Banquette, and three of 
 Stone fet in Mortar. The Part underneath 
 confifted of unburnt Bricks, and a little 
 Stone-wall within : The Rampart of the 
 Baftions had five Fathoms of Earth, laid 
 with unequal Planks, to ferve as a Plat- 
 form for the Cannon j the whole unfolid, 
 becaufe ill-built. 
 
 The Baftions were vaulted, and had Artillery, 
 their Magazines of Powder, Balls, and 
 other NecefTaries, for the Service of the 
 Artillery mounted on each i confifting of 
 two, three, or four Pieces of Brafs Can- 
 non. The whole Number when Frezier 
 was there amounted to forty one; but 
 there were to be feventy of feveral Sizes, 
 from twelve to twenty four Pounders, Spa- 
 ?iifi Weight. Among thofe Pieces were 
 ten Culverins from feventeen to eighteen 
 Feet long, and twenty four Pounders 5 where- 
 B 4 of 
 
8 ^Description of 
 
 of eight faced the Road, and were fa id to 
 carry as far as the Point de la Galera y of 
 the Ifland of St, Laurence, which is al- 
 moin two Leagues. 
 S°CM- r Befides the Artillery on the Rampart, 
 non. there were nine Field-pieces mounted, and 
 above 120 Brafs Guns of feveral Sizes, de- 
 figned for the King's Ships, call'd LaAl- 
 miranta, La Capitana, and El Goviemo; 
 which ferv'd when the Galleons arrived at 
 Porto Bella to convoy the Armadilla, or 
 little Fleet of Panama, and to tranfport to 
 Peru the Commodities that came from 
 Europe^ the King's Allowance to Chili, 
 and the Recruits of Men they had occafion 
 for, before the Peace concluded with the 
 Indians. But in Freziers Time thofe Ships 
 were fo much neglected, that they were 
 unfit to put to Sea without much refitting ; 
 altho' the King ftill maintain'd the Marine 
 Troops *. 
 The Gar- The Land-forces at Callao confifted of 
 feven Companies of Spanifh Foot of 100 
 Men each. TheGarrifon was compofed of 
 • Frtz. p. 196. 
 
 fix 
 
Callao and Lima. 9 
 
 fix hundred Foot. But altho' the King 
 of Spain had fettled a Fund of 292,37 1 
 Pieces of Eight a Year, for maintaining of 
 this Garrifon 5 yet when Frezier was in 
 that Port, there were fcarce Soldiers enough 
 to mount the Guard at the Place of Arms. 
 
 The chief Officers were the Governor officers of 
 General, who is commonly a confiderable 
 European, and relieved every five Years: 
 His annual Allowance is 7,000 Pieces of 
 Eight; the Colonel of the Place, 3,217 
 Pieces of Eight and four Rials yearly ; 
 Town-Major 1,200 Pieces of Eight ; 
 Town- Adjutant 600; Drum-Major 240. 
 Every Captain's Pay is i8 3 oo Pieces of 
 Eight a Year, and every Soldier's 20 per 
 Month. The three firft Officers were ap- 
 pointed by the King, the reft by the Vice- 
 Roy with the King's Confent. His Ca- 
 tholic Majefty alfo kept an Engineer there, 
 who ferved for all the Places in South 
 America, viz. Baldivia, Valparaiso, Callao, 
 Lima and Truxilio. 
 
 Officers of the Artillery were a Lieutenant °/ % e 
 
 J Artillery, 
 
 General 1,900 Pieces of Eight yearly j 
 3 Mailer- 
 
io ^Description^ 
 
 Mailer-Gunner 486 ; Captain of the Ar- 
 tillery 606; ten Mailer- Gunners, each 
 400 ; two Aid-Majors, and feventy Gun- 
 ners, each 396. 
 Marine Marine Troops. General of the Sea or 
 
 .Troops. r 
 
 Admiral, who has the fame Honours and 
 Privileges as the General of the Galleons, his 
 Pay yearly 2 3 2oo Pieces of Eight* two chief 
 Pilots, each 1,200 -, four Maflers of Ships, 
 each 540 ; four Mailers-Mates, each 396; 
 four Mailer-Gunners, each 444 j five Chap- 
 lains, each 396 j four Purfers, each 600 ; 
 Clerks, Stewards, Mailer- Carpenters, Ma- 
 iler-Caulkers and Divers, four of each, with 
 each yearly 396 Pieces of Eight; Major 
 of the Marine 600 ; two Aid-Majors or 
 Adjutants, each 396 ; twenty-four Quar- 
 ter- Maflers, each 240 ; forty Sailors, each 
 180 j fixteen Grumettos*, each 180. 
 Other Marines to ferve in two fmall Frigates. 
 
 ?*iarines. , . . 
 
 The two Captains, each yearly 600 Pieces 
 of. Eight ; four Quarter- Mailers, each 
 244; eight Sailors, each 180. They have 
 all, befide their Pay, their Allowances ac- 
 cording to their Degree. 
 
 * Gruautto's are bJack Slaves. in 
 
Callao and Lima. i i 
 
 In the Town of Callao there are three Militia 
 Companies which receive no Pay. The 
 firft is compofed of Seamen ; the fecond 
 of the Inhabitants and Traders ; the third 
 of the Mafter- Carpenters, Caulkers and other 
 Workmen belonging to thofe Trades ; to 
 whom are added the Mulattoes and free 
 Blacks, who work in the King's Yards. 
 
 Befides thefe there are four Companies and /»- 
 
 Aian 
 
 of Indians, with their Officers of the fame 
 Nation ; one is compofed of thofe in the 
 Town, another of thofe in the Suburbs of 
 Pitipiti, and two of the Indians belonging 
 to Magdalen, Mir af ores, Churillos, and other 
 neighbouring Farms. Thefe laft, which 
 are appointed for tranfporting of Ammuni- 
 tion and Provifions, are obliged to repair 
 to Callao upon the Signal of a Gun *. 
 
 As the future Strength of Callao will 
 in all Probability be nearly the fame with 
 its former, the foregoing Account will be 
 of Ufe to thofe who may have a Defign 
 to attack it when it comes to be rebuilt 
 and fortified, before they can get fufficient 
 Intelligence of its real Condition. 
 
 * frez. p. 197, & feqq. & 202. The 
 
12 ^Description^* 
 
 Trade- The Trade of Callao is very confidera- 
 
 CbUi, ble, being carried on with Chili and Mexico, 
 as well as all Parts of Peru itfelf. 
 
 From Chili they bring Cordage, Leather, 
 Tallow, dry'dFlem and Corn ; ivomChiloe 
 Ifle, Cedar-Planks, a very light Wood, Wool- 
 len Manufactures, and particularly Carpets, 
 like thole of Turkey, to fpread on the Eftra- 
 does, or Places where the Women fit on 
 Cufhions. 
 
 of Peru, Peru furnimes Sugars from Andaguay- 
 las, Guayaquil and other Places j Wines and 
 Brandy from hanafco and Pifco : Marts, 
 Cordage, and Timber for Shipping; alfo Ca- 
 cao, Tobacco, and fome little Honey of 
 Sugar from Guayaquil and the Country 
 about. The Cacao is afterwards tranfport- 
 ed to Mexico. 
 
 of Mexico, Mexico fends from Sonfonate^ Realcjoznd 
 Guatemala, Pitch and Tar, which is only 
 fit for Wood, becaufe it burns the Cor^ 
 dage : alfo Wood for dying, Sulphur, and. 
 Balfam of Peru ; but this laft in-reality 
 comes moft from Guatemala. There are 
 two forts of it, White and Brown ; which 
 
 latter 
 
Callao and Lima. 13 
 
 latter is mod valued. They put it into 
 Coco-lhells when it is of the Confidence 
 of Tar : yet generally it comes in earthen 
 Pots liquid ; but then it is liable to be fal- 
 lify'd and mix'd with Oil to increafe the 
 Quantity. From the fame Places they 
 bring fine Works (which they call of Ca-> 
 rayj and Commodities of China, by the 
 Way of Acapulco, tho' contraband. 
 
 To the Trade of thefe Countries we may f Europe. 
 add that of "Europe, from whence Commo- 
 dities were brought both by the French and 
 Spaniards. The French Ships, which during 
 the laft War had Leave to trade to Callao, 
 have been obliged to put into the Warehoufe 
 all the Goods they had aboard. They exact 
 from the felling Price 13 per Cent, of fuch 
 as come with their whole Lading; and 
 fometimes even 16, of thofe, who have al- 
 ready fold much in other Ports along the 
 Coaft; befides three in the thoufand for other 
 Royal Duties and Confulmip, without 
 reckoning the Prefents that are to be pri- 
 vately made to the Vice- Roy and the King's 
 Officers. But it is not to be wonder 'd that 
 
 Men 
 
14 ^Description <?/ 
 
 Men fliould be corrupted, who buy theif 
 
 Places only to enrich themfelves. 
 
 French The Stop put to the Trade of the Gal- 
 Trade 
 
 leons, by thofe Wars, having occafioned a 
 
 great Scarcity of Merchandizes in Peru, 
 
 Frezier thinks there was fome Reafon for 
 
 the Spaniards permitting the French to 
 
 trade thither. But the Permiffion he con- 
 
 fefles was granted with fo little Difcretion 
 
 that it became prejudicial to both ; for 
 
 the French reforting thither without Re* 
 
 ftraint, foon over flocked the Country to 
 
 fuch a Degree that they were obliged to 
 
 fell them Goods at very low Rates, which 
 
 ruin'd the Spanifi Merchants, and confe- 
 
 quently the French for feveral Years. 
 
 Illmana- He adds, that three Ships with each of 
 
 raged. 
 
 them Commodities to the Value of a Mil- 
 lion of Pieces of Eight, would have been 
 fufficient for Peru yearly: becaufe as Chili 
 cannot take-off Goods above the Amount 
 of 400,000 Pieces of Eight, the Mer- 
 chants would have bought to a more 
 certain Advantage, and one French Ship 
 
 would 
 
Call a o and Lima. 15 
 
 would have made more Profit than three 
 or four *. 
 
 The Goods are carried from Callao toLand-car- 
 Lima on Mules, or Waggons drawn by 
 Oxen and conducted by Negroes j who 
 are fo little to be trufted, that to prevent 
 being defrauded, Fuillee fays the Dealer 
 ought to accompany the Waggon himfelf-j-. 
 
 Callao Port is about eight Leagues Callao 
 fouth-eaftward of Chancay, and twenty- Bay. 
 one north north-weft of Cam'ate, two 
 other Ports mentioned in the following 
 Narrative of the Earthquake. It lies in 
 a kind of Bay formed by the Ifland of 
 St. Laurence and the Rocks de los Pifca- 
 doreSj five Leagues diftant to the north 
 north-weft, about two from the Continent 
 and three South of Cbancay. 
 
 The Illand of St. Laurence (helpers Sf - Lau - 
 
 rtmt I fie. 
 
 this Port both from the fouth and weft 
 Wind (which laft is the moft dangerous 
 one that blows here) and breaks the Surges 
 that come from the South-weft. 
 
 * Frez. p. 200. f Fiuill. p. 504. 
 % Feuill. p. 503. Fnz. p. 124, 
 
 Thii 
 
tion 
 
 I 6 iDESCRIPTI o]n of 
 
 Extent This Ifland, according to Cook, (who 
 
 and Site. , 
 
 calls it Callao) is about two Leagues in 
 Compafs. It lies north-weft, and fouth- 
 eaft, tho' many coafting Pilots make it 
 fland north and fouth. The Head-land 
 of the Ifle call'd la Vieja, or the old Wo- 
 man, is to the northward and bears from 
 the anchoring Place of the Port, which is 
 any where right before the Houfes, weft 
 by fouth *. 
 its Condi- xhe Ifland is defencelefs: In the Year 
 1624, it was a Receptacle to James f Her- 
 mite> who fortified himfelf there, in order 
 to take the Town of Callao ; but being dis- 
 appointed therein, he burnt above thirty 
 Ships that were in the Road. It is alfo 
 a Place of Banifhment for the Blacks and 
 Mulattoes who are condemned for any 
 Crimes to dig Stone for the Public-ftruc- 
 tures, and indirectly for the private. This 
 Puniftiment being equivalent to that of 
 L* Gafoa the Galleys in Spain, the Name of La 
 Gallerd or the Galley t is given to the weft 
 Point of the Ifland. We have faid elfe- 
 * Cook's Voy. Vol. II. p. 192 194 & -zoo. 
 
 where, 
 
Callao and Lima: 17 
 
 where, that Baldivia is inftead of the Gal- 
 leys for the Whites. 
 
 This Ifle, fays Cook, has at the End fe- Other 
 
 IfUnds. 
 
 veral very lmall Illands and uncovered 
 Rocks ; and bevond them is another little 
 Ifle, in Appearance high and perpendicular 
 to the Sea : and no Ship can pafs between 
 them, becaufe the Diftance is fmall, and 
 but little Water in the Channel *. 
 
 This feems to be the little Ifle in the Tim of 
 Chart call'd the little Lland of Callao by C *** 
 Frezier, who fays, that in the opening be- 
 tween them there are two fmall Ifles, or 
 rather Rocks : Alfo a third very low, half 
 a League out at Sea South-fouth-eaft, from 
 the North-weft Point of the Ifle of St. 
 Laurence^ from which Point at about two 
 Cables Diftance are found fixty Fathom 
 Water on an owzy Bottom -f. 
 
 Funnel's Account of the Ifles off this Port 
 
 is very erroneous, and therefore to be taken 
 
 notice of. He makes two which he calls 
 
 Callao and Lima. He fays the Ifland of 
 
 * Cook's Voy. Vol. II. p. 152 &fcq. 
 f Frez, p. 192. 
 
 C Callao 
 
7 8 ^Descriptions/ 
 
 Strange Callao is very high and barren, having 
 neither Wood, Water, nor any green thing 
 upon it : That it is two Leagues long *. 
 That upon it flands the great City of Zi- 
 ma y the Capital of the Empire of Peru : 
 That it is joined to the main Land by a 
 Stone Bridge ; and that almoft one half of 
 the City lies on that Side. Thus in de- 
 fcribing the Place, he lays 'tis the Seat of 
 an Archbifhop ; that it has twenty-five 
 Parifh-churchcs well built and very rich ; 
 
 ofFuaw! tna * i f was well fortified, and had a Caftle 
 mounted with feventy Brafs Cannon, forty 
 eight Pounders ; and that clofe under the 
 Caftle was the anchoring Place, where 
 Ships ride in fix Fathom Water, good 
 foft Ground. After this he tells you that 
 a little to the South of the anchoring Place, 
 and off the Point of Callao, there is a Shole 
 of Sand, which runs out far into the Sea -, 
 and that right- off the Shole is a rocky 
 Jfland called the Ifland of Lima -f*. 
 
 * Others fay in Compafs only. 
 ■f FunncH Voy. p. 187 & feq. 
 
 16 
 
C a l l a o and Lima.' 19 
 
 It is eafy to perceive that Funnel has touching ' 
 here committed two or three great Miftakes ; s ° rc ' 
 which are no Way to be accounted for but 
 by fuppofing that what he calls the Ifland 
 of Callao is Part of the Continent, from 
 the Point of Callao on the Sooth to the 
 River of Lima on the North : but ftill he 
 confounds the City of Lima with the Town 
 of Callao-, for Ships do not anchor under 
 the Walls of Litna, which is two Leagues 
 from the Sea. In (hort the Ifland which 
 ihe calls Lima feems to be that which the 
 Spaniards name St. Laurence, and Cook 
 Callao. 
 
 The Author of a Book, * intitled, AVieiv mi/lead 
 of the Coajls, Countries, and IJlands within ' 
 the Limits of the South- Sea Company, falls 
 into flill greater Abfurdities : for altho' he 
 takes his Account of this Coaft almoft 
 wholly from Funnel, yet he varies from 
 him in two material Points, feemingly 
 without any manner of Authority j thus 
 inftead Of placing the City of Lima on the 
 
 * Printed in if ft. 
 
 C 2 Ifland 
 
20 ^ Description 0/ 
 
 Great IQand of Callao* he places it on the Iiland 
 Lima, and joins that Capital by a Bridge 
 to the Ifland of Callao inftead of the Con- 
 tinent : So that in effect he makes it con- 
 tiguous to both Iflands *. 
 
 The Author was perhaps led into thefe 
 Miftakes by endeavouring to correct thofe 
 of Funnel t or reconcile his Account to what 
 he apprehended was more likely to be the 
 Cafe. On which Occafion I muft obferve, 
 that the Defcriptions of the Coafts given 
 by Voyagers are often very faulty, defec- 
 tive and confufed, as well as different from 
 each other. 
 
 Ho-kJ of The Road of Callaa, which lies to the 
 Weft of the Town, is certainly, fays 
 Frczier, the largeft, nneft, and fafeft in all 
 the South 'Sea. There is Anchorage every 
 where in as much Depth of Water as 
 any one likes, on an olive-colour'd Owze, 
 without Danger of any Rocks or Shoals; 
 excepting one, which is three Cables 
 Length from the Shore, about the middle 
 
 * View of the Coafts, C^V, p. 9 1 . & feq. 
 
 of 
 
Callao and Lima. 2 r 
 
 of the Ifland of St. Laurence, oppofite to 
 La Galcra, *. 
 
 The Sea is there always fo dill, that Ships not win- 
 careen at all Seafons, without fearing to be 
 furpriz'd by any Hidden Gufts : However it 
 is open from the North to the North-north- 
 weft 3 but thofe Winds hardly ever blow 
 above a fmall eafy Gale, which does not 
 caufe the Sea to fwell to any Danger -j-. 
 This is confirmed by Feuillee, who obferves 
 that the Wind blows but feldom from that 
 Quarter in this Climate } ; and has but 
 
 * Duret in a Voyage to Lima in 1707, fays the 
 whole Ifland goes by the Name of La Galera, becaufe, 
 as he alledges, it is the Place where private People fend 
 their Staves when they offend them ; they are chained 
 two and two and fed with Bread and Water. He fays 
 this Ifle was inhabited formerly by People whofe Lord 
 was much feared and refpe&ed by his Subjects: He 
 was fo jealous that all hisDomeftics,as well as thofe who : 
 guarded his Women, were Eunuchs ; nay, thefe tatter 
 had their Nofes cut-off, that their Concubines might 
 not take a liking to them. See Duret Voy. de Mar- 
 feille a Lima, &c. Paris 1720. 8vo. p. 236. But this 
 Author is not always to be depended on. 
 
 -f Frtz. p. 193 & feq. 
 
 X Rather the North-north-weft, as Frezer has 
 it, 
 
 C 3 little 
 
22 ^Description 0/ 
 
 little Force, which alfo is diminifhed by 
 the Heats *. 
 vcryfafe. . All Authors agree in the Goodnefs of 
 this Port. Funnel and Cook affirm, that it 
 is fecure Riding all-over this Bay or Port, 
 and that you may ply up and down with- 
 out Danger : there being clear and good 
 faft Ground, growing (hallow gradually 
 from twelve to four Feet of Water ; and 
 in it you are defended from the fouth- 
 erly Wind, which is the common Trade- 
 wind off this Coaft -f. 
 
 Good An- The general anchoring Place in the Road 
 enrage - s £aft and by North J the point Galer(li 
 
 two or three Cables Length from the Town, 
 Their Ships are alfo fhelter'd from the 
 South Wind by the Point oiCallao t Fre- 
 ziers Shio anchored a Le3<rue Weft of 
 Callao, at the Entrance of the Road in 
 fourteen Fathom Water, the Bottom an 
 olive-colour'd Owze ; and ftay*d there 'till 
 he had Leave from the Viceroy to anchor 
 under the Cannon of the Town to ca- 
 
 * Feu'til. p. 505. 
 
 f Funnel ', p. 189. Cock 1 p. 194. 
 
 2 reea 
 
Callao and Lima. 23 
 
 reen, which was granted without any Diffi- 
 culty *. 
 
 The Point of Callao before-mentioned isThe £#- 
 a low Slip of Land, a little to the South GuT* 
 or South-weft of the Town; and be- 
 tween it and the Ifle of St. Laurence is 
 a narrow Gut or Paflage called the Boque- 
 ron y or Mouth \ which lies North- weft and 
 South-eaft. 
 
 Ships failing from Celiac go-out to the 
 northward of the Ifle, as they generally go- 
 in, and do not pafs thro' the Boqueron, be- 
 caufe the Wind will not ferve : But Ships 
 coming from Sea pafs thro': If fmall theyp d fljg e 
 fail right before the Wind, having fourteen or ar ** 
 Fathom Water in the (holeft Part, that 
 lies between the great Ifland and the Point 
 of Callao^ which has a Bank round it. 
 To avoid this Bank Cook advifes to keep 
 near the Ifle, where there is deeper Water; 
 and when you come as far as the Break 
 incline by Degrees towards Callao, ftill 
 keeping clear of the Point -j-. 
 
 * Frez. p. 192, 194,, 
 f Cook, p. 199. 
 
 C 4 The 
 
24 ^Description <j/ 
 
 Eocks The Ifland of Callao has feveral Rocks 
 
 Callao. about it, the biggeft of which lies at the 
 South End, and is called Penna Oradada, 
 or the pierced Rock -f. This Rock is very 
 high, and Funnel obferves that no Ship can 
 pafs between thefe Rocks and the Ifland of 
 Lima (fo he calls that of Callao, as hath 
 been already noticed) : but fuch as come 
 from the Southward, fleer in between 
 Fen Oradada and the Point of Callao J 'till 
 they get to the Ifland of Lima, to avoid 
 the great Shole which runs off the Point 
 of Callao ; and having paflTed the Point 
 fleer directly to the anchoring Place with- 
 out Danger ||. 
 Dire&ions Ccck fays this Penna Oradada, or Pierc~ 
 
 tor Jailing 
 
 ed Rocky is a little Ifle about a League 
 
 f So Cock. But Funnel tranflates it the Golden 
 Rock, faying it was fo named from a rich Galleon 
 that was loft there. His bearing from the Ifle of 
 Callao muft be wrong ; fee Plate II. 
 
 \ This Account Iikewife feems to be wrong ; for 
 altho' Cook is not exprefs enough, yet the PafTage in 
 all probability is between the Ifle of Callao and Penna 
 Oradada or Horadada, as 'tis nam'd by Frezler in 
 Plate II. 
 
 |j Funnel, p. 188, & feq. 
 
 from 
 
Callao and Lima. 25 
 
 from the Continent, and that there is a 
 Crofs upon it. He obferves alfo that 
 there is another Crofs on a little Head- 
 land, without that czM'd Morro So/or (which 
 is two Leagues South- Eaft of Morro Vieja*^ 
 and on the Continent.) Now the heft 
 Way of entering the Boqueron is to ftand 
 in from fomewhat to the Windward of 
 St. Laurence, and Co pafs on 'till the two 
 CrofTes are brought together -j-. 
 
 Frezier fays Ships pafs thro' this Chan- thro' the 
 nel, tho' fomewhat dangerous. But Feu- °* m 
 illee agrees better with Cook in affirming, 
 that only fmall Barks can pafs : Nor do 
 they often venture, adds this Author, on 
 account of the Currents which drive along 
 thefe Coafts almoft continually from North 
 to South. But being thro' you may proceed 
 boldly forward without Danger \. 
 
 According to Funnel there is about thefe 
 Inlands, and among the Rocks, Store of 
 
 * This cannot be La Gallera, which is three Leagues 
 diftant from Morro Solor. Perhaps 'tis the Head- 
 land neareft to the Point of Callao. 
 
 f Cook j p. 1917. % Feuill. p. 503. 
 
 very 
 
26 ^Description^/ 
 
 very good Fim j and on mod of them are 
 Huts of Indians, who are conftantly em- 
 ployed in catching them, which they after- 
 wards carry to Lima. 
 
 In the Port of Callao are to be found all 
 Conveniences and NecefTaries for Naviga- 
 
 Watering tion. The Watering is eafy at the little 
 River of Lima, which falls into the Sea 
 under the Walls of Callao. Wooding, how- 
 ever, cofts more Trouble, being half a 
 League to the Northward, at Bocanegra* 
 They cut the Wood half a League up the 
 Country, and pay the Jefut'ts twenty- five 
 or thirty Pieces of Eight for each Boat- 
 full. For the Conveniency of landing out 
 of the Boats, there are clofe by the Walls 
 
 ThcMole. three wooden Stairs and a Stone-Mole; 
 defigned for unlading of Cannon, Anchors, 
 and other things of Weight, which are 
 
 hoifted uo with a fort of Crane *. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Cook in a Draught which he has given 
 of Callao and Lima, makes the watering 
 Place a Stream running on the North Side 
 of the Walls, different from that of Lima- 
 
 * Frez. p. 194, & £$ 
 
 River, 
 
CallAo and Lima. 27 
 
 River, which he places a good way beyond, 
 between the Town and the River Cara- 
 
 vaylla *. 
 
 This Port of Callao is never withoutshipping; 
 much Shipping. Befides the King of 
 Spain always kept three Veffels there, and 
 two or three Galliots, which in 17 10, when 
 Feuillie was there, were in a very bad Con- 
 dition. 
 
 The Spaniards at Lima have Servants in Hate- 
 the Country, who are employed to trade 
 with the Indians for Gold ; and here the 
 Plate-fleet, which carry the Treafure both 
 of the King ^nd Merchants has its ren- 
 dezvous before it fails for Panama, as it 
 always does, when the Spanifi Armada 
 comes to Porto Bello. This Armada ar-coarfeof 
 rives firft at Cartagena, from whence an jJ r e e Trea * 
 Exprefs is immediately fent over Land 
 to Lima y thro' the fouthern Continent, to 
 give Notice of its Arrival, and haften the 
 King's Treafure j upon which the Viceroy 
 immediately fends it away to Panama, 
 where it is landed, and lies ready to be 
 * Csoky p. 195. 
 
 fent j 
 
28 A D E SCRIPTI ON of 
 
 fent by Land to Porio Bella on the iirft 
 News of the Armada's Arrival there, in 
 order to be carry'd to Europe. 
 and its It requires fome time for the Lima- 
 Value. pj eet to unlade, becaufe the Ships ride 
 not at Panama, but at P erica ; an Ifle 
 two Leagues off. The King's Treafure 
 is faid to amount commonly to about 
 twenty- four Millions of Pieces of Eight, 
 befides abundince of Merchants Money 
 and Goods ; all which is carried on Mules. 
 Aflbgae From this Port there is fent every Year 
 a Veflel to Acapulco with Quick- lil ver, 
 Cacao and Pieces of Eight. She arrives 
 commonly a little before Cbriftmas, and 
 ftays 'till the coming of the Manila Ship ; 
 when (lie takes-in Spices, Silks, and Callicoes, 
 Muflins, and other Eaft-India Commodi- 
 ties for the Ufe of Peru, and then returns 
 to Callao. She carries only twenty Guns ; 
 but her Lading is extremely rich both out- 
 ward and homeward-bound. 
 Sir Trams When Sir Francis Drake arrived here 
 Drake, t j ie ^^ Q f p e fr ruar y f 1578, he found 
 
 thirty Ships in the Port. But altho' fe- 
 2 venteen 
 
Callao and L i m a. 29 
 
 venteen of them were the beft in the 
 South-Sea, and all ready provided, yet that 
 Hero had the Courage with only one Ship 
 and a Pinnace, to enter into the midft 
 of them and anchor all Night. Here if his Ex- 
 he had been revengeful, he had an Oppor-£ e °g. 
 tunity of gratifying his Paffion to the full ; 
 and might have done the Spaniards more 
 Mifchief in a few Hours than they could 
 have recovered in many Years. However, 
 if he (pared them one way by not making 
 Reprifals in Blood for their Cruelty to the 
 Eng/ifh, he took Satisfaction in fome mea- 
 fure at lead another way : For under- 
 ftanding that there was among them a 
 Ship belonging to one Michael Angelo> 
 wherein were 15,000 Bars of Silver, and 
 a Cheft-full of Rials of Plate, befides Silk 
 and Linen, he fingled her out and made 
 her his Prize. 
 
 This Ship alone was a fufficient Recom- takes the 
 pence for all their Labours : But it was no- aca ^' 
 thing in Comparifon to the Reward which 
 Fortune had in Store for them : For (he 
 is always lavim to her Favourites ; and 
 
 Drake 
 
30 ^Description^ 
 
 Drake was one of the jSrft Rank with 
 her. Here he got Intelligence of the 
 Ship Cacafbgo, the Glory of the South-Sea, 
 laden with Gold and Silver from Chili and 
 Peru, which had failed for Panama, where 
 that Treafure is landed in order to be 
 conveyed by way of Cartagena to Europe. 
 And altho* (he had fet-out fourteen Days 
 
 and other before, yet the 16th early he put to Sea 
 again in Hopes of overtaking her. In the 
 Way he fnapped up a VefTel from Guai- 
 aquil, laden with eighty Pound-weight of 
 Gold ; and on the firft of March at Cape 
 San Francifco, one Degree to the North of 
 the Line, came up with this wealthy Prize. 
 They found in her a large Quantity of 
 Jewels and precious Stones, thirteen Chefts 
 of Ryals of Plate, four-fccre Pound-weight 
 of Gold, twenty-fix Tun of unrefined 
 Silver, two very large filver-gilt drinking 
 Bowls, and other Riches. 
 
 Attempts It has been already mentioned that in 
 1624 I' Hermit burnt about thirty Ships in 
 this Port. In 1685 the Buccaniers (among 
 whom was Captain Dampier) lay in wait 
 
 to 
 
 ttitrs 
 
Callao and L i m a. 3 1 
 
 to intercept this Fleet. But before it came* defeated, 
 up, fome of their Company were feparated 
 from the reft ; and the Spaniards having 
 gotten the Weather-gage by a Stratagem, 
 the Free-booters ran for it. Their Enemies 
 did not think it worth their while to pur* 
 fue them 5 nor would the Rovers have 
 been much the better in cafe they had 
 taken the Fleet j for the Spaniards had pre- 
 cautioufly landed their Treafure fhort of 
 their intended Port. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 A Defcription of Lima the capital City of 
 Peru. 
 
 IMA, as hath been already noted, Its Iocal . 
 
 Situation. 
 
 is only two Leagues diftant from its. 
 Port. The Road from Callao, which begins 
 on the North Side from the new Suburb, is 
 good and pleafant along a fine Cham- 
 pain. Mid- way is a Chapel of St, John 
 of God, called La Legua, or the League ; 
 and three Quarters of a Mile beyond the 
 Road parts into two Branches : that on 
 
 the 
 
32 ^Description^ 
 
 the left hand leads to the Royal Gate of 
 Lima ; the other to that called Juan Si- 
 mon, which anfwers to the middle of the 
 City, and is more frequented than the 
 former *. 
 Charm- This plain is full of very neat Country- 
 
 ing Plain J f 
 
 houfes, and charming Gardens {lored with 
 Fruit-trees, both indiginous and foreign. 
 It is moftly taken- up with Alfarfars, that 
 is, Fields where they fow a Grain which 
 produces the Plant call'd Lufern or Medica 
 (becaufe the Seed came firft from Media.) 
 It bears liguminous Flowers whofe Stalk 
 is above two Feet long, and divided to- 
 wards the Top into feveral Branches, load- 
 ed with little blue Flowers, which when 
 blown give thofe Plains a moil beautiful 
 Afpecl. As foon as thefe Plants (call'd 
 Atfarfar alfo Alfarfar) are cut, others moot forth. 
 Every Morning one fees vaft Numbers 
 of Afles loaded with them enter Lima t 
 with each a Bone put in his Mouth to 
 prevent their eating them. This Alfarfar .. 
 
 Frez. Voy. p. 202. 
 
 13 
 
'C a l l a o and Lima: .33 
 
 One Day as our Author Feuillee took Rains of 
 fc Walk in this Plain (which is green the aClt: " 
 Tear round) to fee the Ruins of an an- 
 cient City, built in the Time of the Iftka% 
 he obferved that the Streets were exceed- 
 ing narrow ; and that in the Roads which 
 croued the Fields, and had been bounded 
 with Walls then thrown down by the 
 Spaniard^ fcarcetvvo Men could go abreaft. 
 Having alked an Indian the Reafon of 
 it, he anfweredj that- their People were 
 better Hufbands of the Ground than the 
 Spaniard^ having been fo numerous that 
 they were obliged to cultivate every Scrap 
 of Land to procure Subfiilence. The Au-andinka'a 
 thor faw among the Ruins a great Wall a 3Ce * 
 with Battlements built of huge Bricks, 
 inclofing a large Palace, where they fay 
 thelnka refided when he came from Kufko 
 to vifit thefe Parts. The Form of the 
 Houfes, (raoft of vvhofe Walls ftill appear- 
 ed three Feet high) was a long Square^ 
 and fome bigger than others, which (hew- 
 ed the different Quality of the Perfons who 
 inhabited them. 
 
 D To 
 
34 ^Description o/ 
 
 Grand To the South of Lima is the Valley 
 
 em P ie - £ j» ac hakamak (the Name of the unknown 
 God whom the Indians adored in their 
 Hearts) where is ftill feen the Remains 
 of the fuperb Temple built in Honour of 
 that Divinity. Hiftorians report that Fer- 
 dinand Pizarro found there, over and above 
 the Pillage made by the Soldiers, 900,000 
 Ducats i which the Indians had not Time 
 to hide with the Gold and Silver which 
 they carry'd-ofT on the Approach of the 
 Spaniards *. 
 Latitude The Latitude and Longitude of this 
 gitude? n " Pl ilce have been obferved by feveral eminent 
 Aftronomers. In 17 10 Louis Feuillee, a 
 Minim Friar, Mathematician, and Botanift 
 to the King of France, and correfpondent 
 Member of the Academy of Sciences at 
 Paris, found the Latitude refulting from 
 feveral Obfervations to be 12 Degrees, 57 
 Seconds, South -f. Frezier, who was at 
 Lima three Years after, makes its Latitude 
 
 * Feuill. Journ. dcs Obfervat. &c. Vol.1, p. 497. 
 f See Feuill. p. 403 and 495. 
 
 12 De- 
 
Gall a o and L i m a. 35 
 
 t'2 Degrees, 6 Minutes, 28 Seconds J ; and 
 in 17 1 8 Don Juan Pedro de Par alt a found 
 it to be 12 Degrees, 14 Minutes, 46 Se- 
 conds, by one Obfervation; and 12 Degrees, 
 14 Minutes, 52 Seconds by another * : 
 So that as Frezie-r's exceeds Feuiliees by 
 5 Minutes, 3 1 Seconds, Peralta's exceeds 
 Freziers by 8 Minutes, 24 Seconds. 
 
 The fame Mathematicians vary like* Variation 
 wife, with refped to the Loneitude. Feu**V?™% 
 
 * r o Co Servers, 
 
 illee makes the Meridian did ant from Pa- 
 ris by the firft Satellite of Jupiter 5 Hours, 
 
 16 Minutes, 38 Seconds, or 79 Degrees, 
 9 Minutes, 30 Seconds. Frezier 79 De- 
 grees, 45 Minutes ; and Pcralta 5 Hours, 
 
 17 Minutes, 20 Seconds, or 79 Degrees, 
 20 Minutes : confeqaently y6 Degrees, 
 35 Minutes Weft of London, and 59 De- 
 grees, 20 Minutes, Weft of Ferro \ which, 
 being the middle Difference, may take 
 Place, 'till. the Observations made by the 
 Members of the faid Academy font for 
 
 % Frezier\ Voy. p. 206. 
 
 * See Mem, de l'Acad. de Paris, for the Year 1725), 
 p. 527. 
 
 D 2 that 
 
36 ^ Description of 
 
 that Purpofe to Peru in 1735, fhall be 
 published. 
 
 to what On Occasion of this Difference among 
 the Obfervations we mufl acquaint the 
 Reader, that Feuillee * advifes the Aftrono- 
 mers to ehufe fome other Place than Li- 
 ma to make their Obfervations at ; for 
 that the Sun feems not to be made for the 
 Inhabitants, to whom it is vifible fcarce 
 three Months in the Year. 
 
 This City, according to Frezier (whom 
 for the general we follow) is built at the 
 Bottom of a Vale, formerly call'd Rimak, 
 from a noted Idol of the I?2c!iam y which 
 was famous for Oracles * : whence by 
 Corruption, and through the Difficulty 
 thole People found in pronouncing the 
 Letter R as hardily as the Spa?iiards, came 
 
 ItsNames. the Name of Lima -, which is quite difre- 
 
 * FeuilL p. 50 r. 
 
 •f Feuillee tells us, that all the great Lord's of Peru 
 tifed to fend AmbafTadors to confult this Idol on the 
 mofl important Affairs of the Empire : and itsAnfwers- 
 got it the Name of Rimak^ which fignifies, He who 
 (pah, See Vol. I, p.494.. 
 
 rent 
 
Callao and Lima. 37 
 
 rent from that given it by its firft Foun- 
 der Fra?icis Pizarro, who call'd it, La 
 Ciudad de los Reyes, or the City of the 
 Kings; meaning the three wife Men who 
 came out of the Eaft to worfhip Cbrift 
 new«born : perhaps becaufe the Spaniards 
 conquer'd that Vale on the Day of the 
 Epiphany, as many pretend. 
 
 The Arms of the City have reference to Arms of 
 the Reigns in which it was founded. The 
 Efcutcheon is charged with three Crowns 
 Or, two and one, in a Field Azure, in. 
 chief, a Star darting Beams. Some add in 
 the Efcutcheon, Hercules 's Pillars : but in 
 feveral Places they only (land without as 
 Supporters, with thefe two Words, Plus 
 ultra; and the two Letters I and K, to 
 denote the Names of Queen Joanna and 
 the Emperor Charles V her Son (being their 
 Initials) both of them reigning jointly at 
 that Time in Cajlile. 
 
 Feuillee, after Garcillaffb de la Vega, fays when 
 
 1 TL-r . • r built. 
 
 that Name was given to it on account ot 
 
 its having been founded on the Day of 
 
 D 3 the 
 
3 H ^Description 0/ 
 
 the Epiphany, in the Year 1534*: But 
 Frezier, from the Authority of Francifco 
 Antonio deMontaivo^ affirms, that this hap- 
 pen 'd on the 1 8 th of January 1535, the Fes- 
 tival of St. Peter s Chair. This Circumftance 
 joined to that of the Names of the Com- 
 • miffioners, appointed to choofe a Place for 
 the Situation of the City, and of the firft 
 Inhabitants, are ftrong Preemptions again ft: 
 Garcillajjo. It is true, adds our Author, 
 that Htrrera concurs with him as to the 
 Day of the Foundation ; but he agrees 
 with Montaho as to the Year 1535. 
 On what This Epocha is alfo determined by the 
 Reafons Pizarro had for building a City 
 in the Place where Lima now ftands : For 
 the fame Hcrrera tells us, that the Ade- 
 lantado, or Lord Lieutenant, Don Pedro 
 de Aharado, advancing with an Army from 
 Guatemala to Peru, with a Defign to 
 make hirafelf Mafter there j Pizarro came. 
 
 * Fcuill. p. 495. 
 
 f In his Life of the bleffed Toribio Bifliop of Li- 
 ma, printed by the Title of El Sol del Nuovo Mondo, 
 or, The Sun of the New World. 
 
 to 
 
Callao and L i m a. 39 
 
 to make a Settlement in the Vale of Li- 
 ma, near the Port of Callao, which is the 
 belt on the Coail, to obftruct his arriv- 
 ing by Sea, whilft Don Diego de Almagro 
 march'd by Land to oppofe him in the 
 Province of 'Quito. 
 
 The Spaniards, who are always attentive and how 
 
 peopled. 
 
 to the exterior Duties of Religion, before 
 they erected any Structure, laid the Foun- 
 dations of the Church, much about the 
 midft of the City. Pizarro laid-down the 
 Streets, and diftributed the Spaces for the 
 Houfes, by Quarters, of 150 Varas or Spa- 
 nifh Yards, that is 64 Fathoms fquare *, 
 Afterwards twelve Spaniards, who were the 
 firft. Citizens, began to build for themfelves 
 under his Direction. Thefe were joined 
 by thirty more from San Gallan, and fome 
 others who lived at Xauxa, amounting in 
 all to feventy Inhabitants; from which in- 
 considerable Beginning it increafed to be 
 the largefl City in all South America. 
 
 * A French Toife, or Fathom, is about five Inches 
 greater than the EngUJh. 
 
 D 4 The 
 
4-o ^Description u/ 
 
 The Diftribution of the Plan is very 
 
 beautiful. The Streets are in a direct Line, 
 
 and of a convenient Breadth. In the 
 
 midil of the City (but near the River) 
 
 9 reat is the Placa Real, or Royal Square, 
 
 bquare. A 
 
 in which (before the late Earthquake) 
 were to be found together all Things for 
 the public Service. The Eaft Side was 
 taken up by the Cathedral, and the Arch- 
 bifhop's Palace j the North Side by the 
 Viceroy's Palace ; the Well by the Coun- 
 cil-Houfe, the Court of Juftice, the Prifon, 
 and the Guard-Chamber, with a Row of 
 uniform Portico's and Shops *. 
 TheCa- This Church Major, as Feuillee calls 
 
 Jhcdral. 
 
 the Cathedral, had three magnificent Naves, 
 and at each Angle of the Front a great 
 Tower, higher than the Roof of the Church, 
 which yet is very high. But they were 
 not quite finished, in 17 10, when the Au- 
 thor was at Lima, who remarks, that thofe 
 Towers would be two very bad Neigh- 
 bours in the Time of an Earthquake 5 and 
 Woe, fays he, be to thofe 'who foall then be 
 nedr them -f\ 
 
 * Frtz. p. 2c6 } & feq. f Feuillee, p. 499. In, 
 
Callao and L i m a. 41 
 
 In the midft of the Square was a Brafs Fountains. 
 Fountain, adorn'd with a Statue of Fame, 
 and eight Lions of the fame Metal, con- 
 trived to fpout Water ail-about. At the 
 Angles were four other little Bafons, very 
 rich in Metal. 
 
 One Quarter from the Royal Square, Ri ver and 
 on the North-fide, runs the River of £,/- Trenches - 
 ma, which is almoft always fordable, ex- 
 cept in Summer, when the Rains fall on 
 the Mountains, and the Snow thaws *. 
 There are Trenches drawn from it in feve- 
 ral Places to water the Fields, as well as the 
 Streets and Gardens within the City, whi- 
 ther it is conveyed in covered Paflages -j-. 
 
 A little to the North of the Viceroy's The 
 Palace this River is covered by a Stone. rl ge ' 
 Bridge, compofed of five Arches well- 
 enough built, in the Viceroymip of the 
 Marquis of Montes Clares. This Bridge 
 communicates with a great Suburb, call'd 
 by the Indians Malambo, and by the Spa- 
 
 * FeuilU'e fays 'tis a fine River defcending from the 
 high Mountains. 
 •j- Frez. p. 209. 
 
 2 wards 
 
42 ^Description <?/ 
 
 niards San Lazaro ; which, fays PuiUee i is 
 a fine Town, whofe Streets run in ftrait 
 Lines like thofe of Lima. The principal 
 one, which lies Eaft and Weft, is near a 
 League in Length j and fo broad that eight 
 Coaches may ride a-breaft without crowd- 
 ing. Large Canals, whofe Streams turn 
 feveral Corn and Powder-mills, pafs thro' 
 the whole Suburb, and water feveral Gar- 
 dens j whofe Fruit are excellent, efpecially 
 the Figs and Grapes. There is a hand' 
 fome Square where a Market is held twice 
 a Week, frequented by Crowds of Indians 
 who come to fell their Fowl and Cattle *. 
 
 The aforefaid Street, according to Frc- 
 zier, leads directly to the Church of the 
 Suburb, and terminates near the Alameda. 
 
 Fine This is a Walk of five Rows of Orange- 
 Walk , _ , . , rt 
 trees, about 200 rathom long; the broad- 
 eft of the Walks between them being 
 adorn'd with three Stone- Bafons for Foun- 
 tains. The Beauty of thofe Trees always 
 green, the fweet Odor of the Flowers lad- 
 ing almoft the whole Year, and the Con- 
 
 * Feu'rlU p. 456. 
 
 courfe 
 
C a l l a o and Lima. 43 
 
 courfe of Calaflics daily reforting thither 
 about Five in the Evening, the Time of 
 taking the Air, make that Walk a moffc 
 delightful Place. 
 
 About the Middle of it is a Chapel, Confe- 
 call'd the Invocation of St. Liberata, built ^^ 
 in the Year 171 1, in a Place where the ftolen * 
 Hofts of the holy Ciboriiwi * of the Ca- 
 thedral, which had been ftolen and bu- 
 ried under a Tree, were found. That 
 little Walk terminates at the Foot of 
 the Mountain, where is a Monaftery of 
 the Obfervants reform'd by St. Francis 
 Solano, a Native of Paraguay, contiguous 
 with that Mountain. Eaftward is ano- 
 ther call'd St. Chrifiophers, on which 
 is the Hermitage of that Saint; at the 
 Foot whereof runs a Branch of the River, 
 whofe Stream drives feveral Corn-mills, 
 and one Powder-mill, and is the common Powder- 
 bathing Place f . * niil - 
 
 * This is the Pix, Box, or Cup wherein the 
 Hofts, or confecrated Wafers, are kept in Popifh 
 Churches, 
 
 + Frez. p. 410. 
 
 2 One 
 
44- ^? Description «/ 
 
 Houfes ^ ne ^ ees vei 7 ^ ew t^PuTes at Lima of 
 ? nd b Pl jj" two Stories, except thofe in the great Square -, 
 W E S the Earthquakes having taught the Inha- 
 bitants that thofe fumptuous Buildings, raid- 
 ed with fo much Magnificence by the 
 firfr. Founders of that City, ferved only for 
 Sepulchres to their Anceftors. The Spa- 
 niards were forewarned of this by the In- 
 diam, who made a Jefb of their great 
 Defigns *. However the Dread of Earth- 
 quakes had not hindered them from build- 
 ing many fine Churches, and high Stee- 
 ples at Lima. It is true, that mod of 
 the Arches are only of Timber, or Cane 
 Work ; but {o well order'd, that unlefs 
 told it, no Man can difcern it. The 
 Walls of the great Structures are of burnt, 
 and thofe of the lciler of unburn t, Bricks. 
 ,; m9 The Houfes have only a Ground-floor, 
 tho* 6) me times an upper Story made of 
 Canes, that it may be light ; and are all 
 without Roofs, becaufe it never rains 
 there ; being only covered with a fingle 
 Mat, and the thicknefs of a Finger of Ames 
 * FemU. p. 4.9.g A 
 
 laid 
 
Callao and Lima. 45 
 
 kid on it, to fuck up the Moifture of the 
 Fogs *, The beautifulleft Houfes are built 
 only with unburnt Bricks, (made of Clay, 
 worked- up with a little Grafs) and dry'd 
 in the Sun ; which neverthelefs lafts for 
 Ages, becaufe there is no Rain to wafh 
 them away. 
 
 Duret fays the Houfes are very magni- ver J r 
 ncent and take up much Room, being 
 fourfcore Foot in Front, and* twice as 
 much in Depth. One enters firfl by a large 
 handfome Gate into a large Court, where 
 there are many Chambers and Apartments. 
 In the Middle of this Court is another Gate 
 thro' which one has a Profpect of the 
 Jets dean, and Fountains of the Garden. 
 
 The Walls of the Houfes are faced on how built, 
 both Sides with Brick, and the middle Space 
 filled with Earth five Feet in Thicknefsj in 
 order to raife the Chambers the higher, and 
 make the Windows a good Diftance from 
 the Ground, to prevent thofc in the Street 
 
 * And alfo, as FeuUlee obferves, to prevent being 
 crufheii to Pieces, in cafe of Earthquakes, by the 
 Fall of the Roof. 
 
 from 
 
vcrcd. 
 
 46 ^Description^ 
 
 from looking-in. The Stairs are open to- 
 wards the Court, and lead to Galleries* 
 which ferve for Corridores or Walks to 
 go-into the Apartments* The Roofs are 
 made of rough Pieces of Timber hidden 
 from View on the infide by painted Mats, 
 or Cloths tacked to them ; which has an 
 agreeable as well as furprizing Effect, on 
 thole who are not accuftomed to fuch De- 
 corations. 
 
 and co- Upon the Roof on the Outfide they 
 
 lay Branches of Trees with the Leaves on, 
 which they renew from time time. The 
 Apartments being thus fheltered from the 
 Sun are cool in the moil violent Heats. As 
 to the Rain, fays he, there is no manner of 
 Occafion to take any Precautions againft 
 it, in regard none ever falls in thefe Coun- 
 tries. As this Author * differs fo much 
 
 * Duret has publiflied a Voyage to Lima from the 
 Journal of one Bachelier, a Surgeon, in which, he fays, 
 he has made no Alterations, but in the Stile and by add- 
 ing Notes. But there is room to believe he has added 
 many things in the Text from other Authors good 
 or bad. Bacbelier was at Lima in 1709, at the fame 
 Time when Feuillce was there, whom he mentions. 
 
 from 
 
Callao and Lima. 47 
 
 from others with regard to the Covering 
 of the Houfes, there is room to fufpedfc 
 what he fays in Relation to the Dimen- 
 iionSj and Manner of Building %. 
 
 The Walls of the City and their Baftions, city- 
 which ought to be an everlafting Work, 
 are no otherwife built -j~. They are between 
 eighteen and twenty-five Feet high, and 
 nine in Thicknefs at the Cordon : fo that 
 in all the Compafs of the Town, there is 
 no one Place broad enough to mount a 
 Cannon J j which made Teitillee and Fre* 
 zier believe, that they were built only to 
 oppofe any Attempts of the Indians. Ac- 
 cording to the laft Author, the Flanks of 
 the Baftions are about fifteen Fathoms TheBif- 
 perpendicular with the Curtin, and the 
 Faces about thirty j which makes the An- 
 
 * Buret Voy. de Lima, p. 247. & feq. 
 
 t Feuillee fays the Bricks are a Foot and half long, 
 to half a Foot thick. 
 
 X Nor were they intended for any, fince, as Few 
 illee obferves, the Ramparts had no Embrazures or 
 Port- holes. 
 
 glc 
 
 tions 
 
48 ^Description^/ 
 
 ill con- gle of the Epaule * 130 Degrees. This 00 
 cafions fuch a fichant Defence, that two 
 thirds of the Curtin are upon a fecond 
 Flank ; and the flank'd Angles are often 
 too acute. Thofe Curtins being about 
 eighty Fathoms in Length, the great Line 
 of Defence is of about no : Befides this, 
 there is neither Ditch nor Out-works. 
 Thefe Fortifications were raifed about the 
 Year 1685, in the Viceroyfhip of the Duke 
 de la Palata, by a Flemifi Prieft, whofe 
 Name was Don "John Ramond -f. 
 
 Theinha- The Spanijh Families in Lima amount 
 to 8 or 9000 Whites; the reft are only 
 Mejlizos, Mulattos 1, Blacks, and fome In- 
 dians. Thefe Inhabitants make in the whole* 
 25 or 30,000 Souls, including the Friars 
 and Nuns, who take up at leaft a Quarter 
 of the City. 
 
 * Or Saliant Angle formed by the two Faces. 
 
 f He died at Lima in July 1709, when FeuilUe 
 was there. 
 
 % The Mejlizos are thofe born of Indians and 
 Whites. Mulattos the Off fpring of Whites and Blacks > 
 or Negroes. 
 
 Both 
 
/ CalnOi ■/„„,// used at Lima | „//, ,,.„■ P el 
 
/ l <9 
 
 ia ^^^W^^Peru 
 
G a l l a o and L i to A. 49 
 
 Both Sexes are inclined to be coftly in Drefs 
 their Drefs. The Women, not fatisfy'd with 
 the Expence of the richeft Silks, adorn them- 
 Felves, after their Manner, with a prodigi- 
 ous Quantity of Lace ; and are infatiable 
 as to Pearls and Jewels, for Bracelets, Pen- 
 dants and other Ornaments ; the making 
 whereof ruins both the Hufbands and Gal- 
 lants. Frezier faw Ladies, who had about 
 them above the Value of 60,000 Pieces 
 of Eight in Jewels. 
 
 They are generally beautiful enough, of Ladjes . 
 a fprightly Mien, and more engaging 
 than in other Places : tho* perhaps their 
 Beauty is in Part owing to the hideous 
 Faces of the Mulatto s, Blacks, and Indians, 
 which ferve as Foils to them. 
 
 They reckon at Lima no fewer than Cal&fhes, 
 4000 Calafhes *, drawn by Mules, which 
 are the common Carriages for the Gentry (and 
 other People of any Condition) in that Coun- 
 
 * SeetheFigure, Plate V, given by the Tranflator 
 of the Lima Account of the Earthquake. He fays 
 there are 4000 Calafhes befides Coaches. 
 
 E try. 
 
5© ^DESCftlPTION C/ 
 
 try. By this one may judge of the Magni- 
 ficence of its Inhabitants, as we do in Eu- 
 ropean Cities by the Number of Coaches. 
 Immenfe B u t to give fome Idea of the Wealth of 
 
 Wealth . & . ~ 
 
 that City, it may lumee to relate what 
 Treafure the Merchants there expofed 
 about the Year 1682, when the Duke de 
 Ja Plata made his Entry as Viceroy : They 
 eaufed the Streets called de la Merced*, and 
 de Jos Mecadores -f~, extending thro' two o£ 
 the Quarters (along which he was to pafs 
 to the Royal Square, where the Palace is) 
 to be paved with Ingots of Silver, that had 
 paid the Fifth to the King: they generally 
 weigh about 200 Marks, of eight Ounces? 
 each, are between twelve and fifteen Inches 
 long, four or five in Breadth, and two or 
 three in Thicknefs. The whole might 
 amount to the Sum of eighty Millions of 
 Crowns. 
 
 before the J c j s true t ^ at JJ ma \ s j n f me fort 
 
 French 
 
 Trade, the Repertory of the Treafures of Peru, 
 whofe Capital it is. It was computed fome 
 Years ago, that above fix Millions of 
 * Or oi Mercy. f Or of the Merchants. 
 
 Crown* 
 
G a l l a o and Lima, 51 
 
 Crowns were expended there : But a large 
 Abatement mufl be made at prefent, fince 
 the Preach have carried thither the Com- 
 modities of Europe at an eafy Rate ; and 
 the Trade they have driven at Arica, Hilo 
 and Pifco, has diverted the Plate that came 
 formerly to Lima : which is the Rea fon 
 that the City is now poor to what it for- 
 merly was *. 
 
 Lima is the ufaal Refidenee of the 
 Viceroy of Peru, who is no lefs abfolute viceroys 
 than the King of Spain himfelf in the 
 Courts of that City, Chuquifaca, Quito, 
 Panama, Chili, and T'ierra Pinna, as being 
 Governor and Cap tain- General -f- of all 
 the Kingdoms and Provinces of that Part 
 of the New World', for fo it is exprefs'd in 
 his Titles. His Allowance is 40,000 Pieces 
 of Eight yearly, exclulive of his extraor- 
 dinary Perquilites : thus when he goes a 
 
 * Press, p. 213, & feqq. 
 
 ^ FrezUr (from whom chiefly we have taken our 
 Remarks) on this Occafion cenfures the Author of the 
 Hiftory of the Buccaniers, for giving thefe twt> Titles 
 to different Officers, in his Fitfitious Manufcript, as 
 he terms k. 
 
 E & Progrefs 
 
52 ^Description^ 
 
 Progrefs into any Provinces, he is allowed 
 10,000 Pieces of Eight ; and 3000 for go- 
 ing only to Callao, which is but two 
 Leagues diftant. He has the Nomina- 
 tion of above a hundred Corregidores, or 
 fupreme Magiftratcs of confiderable Places; 
 and, in fhort, the Difpofal of all Trien- 
 nial Employments, both Civil and Mi- 
 litary. - 
 
 fiisjurif- Neither Feuillee nor Frezier, I thinkj 
 give us the Name of this Viceroy : but 
 from Duret we learn that he was called 
 Don Francifco dos Rios, He had been Am- 
 baftador in France about twenty Years be- 
 fore, and when Philip V obtained the 
 Crown of Spain. His Authority extend- 
 ed over the Kingdoms of Peru and Chili 
 and the Audience of Buenos Ayres-, in fhort 
 over all South America *. 
 
 Spatn/b j t j g t0 k e bferved, that moft Employ- 
 
 ments are given or fold only for a li- 
 mited Time. Thofe of the Viceroys and 
 Presidents are generally held feven Years j 
 fome Corregidores and Governors have 
 * Duret Voy. de Lima t p. 24.9. 
 
 theirs 
 
Callao and Lima* 53 
 
 theirs for five, and the greater Number but 
 for three. It is eafy to fee that this Re- 
 gulation was made, to prevent their having 
 Time to gain Creatures, and form Parties 
 againft a King, who is fo very remote 
 from them, that it requires Years to receive 
 his Orders. But if this Policy prevents thofe 
 Inconveniences, it is attended with many 
 others; which, in Freziers Opinion, are 
 the main Caufe of the ill Government of 
 the Colony, and of the little Profit it af- 
 fords His Catholic Majefty : for the Offi- 
 cers are fure to make the mod they can 
 of their Places in the fhort Time they are 
 to hold them. 
 
 Befides, as it is hard to refift the Temp- and Cor- 
 
 r • •/•■** • option- 
 
 tation or conniving for Money at certain 
 Abufes, which by long Ufe are become 
 Cuftoms, the honeftefl Perfons follow the 
 Steps of their PredecefTors ; and the rather 
 being poffeffed of the Opinion, that how- 
 foever well they may behave themfelves, 
 they are ftill liable to be charged with 
 Mal-adminiftration ; the only Means to 
 clear themfelves of which, is to appeafe 
 E 3 their 
 
^Description of 
 
 their Judges with Prefents, giving then* 
 Part of what they have robb'd the King 
 and his Subjects of. 
 Bribery Hence it is that fo many large Heaps 
 
 cniverial. . 
 
 of Silver are earned from the Mines acrofs 
 fuch wide-extended Countries, and at 
 Length convey 'd aboard the Ships trading 
 along the Coaft, without paying the 
 Fifth to the King, becaufe the Merchants 
 pay the Corregidor or Governor fo much 
 per Cent. The Corregidor pays the Juess 
 de Defcamino, that is Judge of Concealments 
 or Confifcations, and he perhaps the Vice- 
 roy's Officers. 
 Public For the fame Reafon fcarce any of them 
 crificed. has at Heart the public Welfare - x for as 
 he is foon to be out of Place, he is con- 
 vinced it would not he in his Power to 
 continue good Regulations, mould he fet 
 them on Foot - y fince his Succeffor will 
 perhaps overthrow them as foon as he is in 
 the Poft. In (hort this is the Caufe why 
 the Orders from the Court of Spain are 
 either not at ail, or very ill, put in Exe- 
 cution : They are fatisrled with only pub- 
 
 lifhing 
 
Callao and Lima. £| 
 
 lifting them out-of Formality *; not be- 
 ing with- held by the Fear of lofing their 
 Employments, which thofePerfons are who 
 hold their Places for Life. Befides, they 
 come-off at an eafy Rate with the Vice- 
 roy, who reafons exactly as they do, tho" 
 he has a Sovereign Power in his Hands. 
 
 Hisufual Guard is compofed of a Com- viceroy's 
 pany of Halbardiers, a Troop of Horfe 
 and a Company of Foot, each con fitting 
 of ioo Men. The two la ft are paid by 
 the King, and the Halbardiers maintain'd 
 out of a Fund left by a very rich Lady 
 of Lima, There is another Company o*f 
 fifty felec"t Perfons, all Men of Difiinction, 
 who walk by his Side when he makes his 
 Entry. There is a Royal Chapel in his Pa- 
 lace, ferv'd by fix Chaplains, a Sacriftian, 
 and a Choir of Mufick, paid by the King. 
 
 The Garrifon of Lima confifts only of T J? e Gar - 
 
 riion. 
 
 the Militia who have no Pay from the 
 King, except the General-Officers, and the 
 
 * Se obedece la Ordez, y no fe cumple 5 that is, Tht 
 Order is obe/d> but not txtcutedi 
 
 E 4 Ser- 
 
56 ^Description «/ 
 
 Serjeants of the Foot Companies : in all 45,, 
 viz. 
 
 The In- Fourteen Companies of Spanijh Infan-* 
 
 an ry " try of the Inhabitants. 
 
 Seven Companies of the Corporation of 
 Commerce, who have a Major and two 
 Aids de Camp more than the former. Eight 
 Companies of Indians, Natives of Lima, 
 who, befides the ufual Officers, have a, 
 Colonel, a Major, and an Adjutant. 
 
 Six Companies of Mulatto's and free 
 Blacks, who have a Major, two Adjutants, 
 and a Lieutenant-General. 
 
 Each of the above-mentioned Companies 
 confifts of 100 Men, and has no other Of- 
 ficers, but a Captain, an Enlign, and a Ser- 
 jeant. 
 
 The Ca- Ten Troops of Spanijh Horfe, fixwhere- 
 
 valr> '* of are of the City and four of the neigh*- 
 bouring Country - houfes, and adjacent 
 Farms. 
 
 Each Troop confiding of fifty Men 
 fcas a Captain, a Lieutenant, and a Cornet. 
 
 Qencral 
 
Callao and Lima. 57 
 
 General Officers in the Kings Pay, are 
 
 The Captain-General and Viceroy, who Military 
 has 40,000 Pieces of Eight per Annum. 
 Governor- General — 7000. 
 
 Lieutenant-General of the Horfe 1 500. 
 CommifTary-General of the Horfe 1500. 
 Lieutenant to the Lieutenant- 
 
 l 
 
 1200: 
 General ■ —— 3 
 
 Lieutenant to the Captain- General 1200. 
 
 Other Officers appointed by the Viceroy \ are 
 
 The Captain of the Guard-Chamber, 
 whofe Pay is 1200 Pieces of Eight yearly. 
 A Lieutenant of the Artillery 1200. 
 TwoAdjutants of the Artillery, each 300. 
 Four Mafter-Gunners, each 540. 
 
 A chief Armorer . 1500. 
 
 Four Armorers, each 600. 
 
 A Mafler-Carpenter. 1000. 
 
 It is reported that in Cafe of Need, the Forces. 
 Viceroy can raife 100,000 Foot and 20,000 
 Hcife, throughout the whole Extent of 
 
 2 the 
 
Court 
 
 58 ^ Description «/ 
 
 the Kingdom : but it is certain, according 
 to Frezier, that he could not arm the fifth 
 Part of them ; for fo he had been inform'd 
 by Perfons who travelled fome of the in- 
 land Parts of Peru *. 
 Royal Under the Viceroy's Authority, the Go- 
 
 vernment of the Kingdom depends on that 
 of the Royal Court, where he prefides for 
 Matters of Moment. That Court, which 
 may in fome Meafure be compared to a 
 French Parliament, is compofed of fixteen 
 Oidores, that is, Judges or Ajjejfors ; four 
 Alcaldes de Corte, or Juftices of the Kings 
 Houjhold ; two Fifcales, or Attorneys Gene- 
 ral, an Alguazil Major, or Chief Serjeant^ 
 and a General Protector of the Indians; 
 Each of thefe Perfons has 3000 Pieces of 
 Eight, and thirteen Royals Salary ; but 
 the Oidores, or Judges, have moreover 
 ether Allowances belonging to the peculiar 
 Courts where they are employed. That 
 Body has alfp titular Officers, as Advocates^ 
 Solicitors, Notaries, Serjeants, &c. 
 
 * Frtz> p. 219. 
 
 The 
 
Callao and LimaI 59 
 
 The Royal Court is fubdivided into a its Subdi- 
 Court of Juftice, a Criminal Court, a Court 
 of Accounts, and two Courts of theTreafury, 
 or Exchequer j one whereof i$ entrufted with 
 the Revenues which rich Indians have left 
 at their Death to relieve the Wants of the 
 Poor of their Nation. Laftly, it includes 
 the Chancery, which is compofed of only 
 one Oidor, and one Chancellor, who has 
 that Title given him with a very fmall Sa- 
 lary, becaufe the Great Chancellor is al- 
 ways in Spain. 
 
 The Cabildo, or Council of the City, City. 
 
 • 1 •«-» 1 /->> mi Council. 
 
 is next to the Royal Court. There are 
 more Regidores, or Aldermen, belonging 
 to it than in other Towns. There is 
 alfo an Alguazil-Mayor, or chief Ser- 
 jeant of the City, for military Affairs; 
 and a great Provoft, call'd Alcalde de la 
 Hermandad, who has Power of Life and 
 Death in the open Country. 
 
 The Court of the Royal Treafury is efta-Treafury. 
 blifhed for the King's Revenues, fuch as 
 the Fifth of the Silver taken out of the 
 Mines -, the Duty of Alcavala, being 4 per 
 
 2 Cen^ 
 
6o 
 
 Mint. 
 
 Conful- 
 fhip. 
 
 Spiritual 
 
 Courts. 
 
 TbeArch- 
 bifhop's. 
 
 The In- 
 
 ^f Description of 
 
 Cent, on all Sorts of Commodities and 
 Grain, befides other Impofitions, which 
 are but few in that Colony. It has Judges, 
 Tellers, Secretaries, &c. 
 
 There is alfo a Court of the Mint, which 
 has its Treafurers, Comptrollers, Directors, 
 Keepers, Clerks, &c. alfo an Oidor, or 
 Judge, who has a Salary independent of 
 that of the Royal Court. 
 
 The Court of Commerce is the Con- 
 fulmip, where a Prior and two Confuls 
 prefide: thefe are chofen from among the 
 Merchants, who beft underftand Trade. 
 
 Furthermore, that nothing may be want- 
 ing, which may contribute to preferve 
 good Order in this City, and make it flou- 
 rish, feveral Courts of Ecclefiaftical Jurif- 
 diclion have been erected in it. 
 
 The ficft is the Archbifhop's Court, 
 compofed of die Chapter of the Cathedral, 
 and the OfTiciaiity. Its Officers are, a Fif- 
 cal, or Attorney, a Sollicitor, a Serjeant, and 
 Notaries. 
 
 The fecond, and mod dreadful of all 
 Courts, is that of the Inquifition, whofe 
 
 Name 
 
Call ao and Lima. 6r 
 
 Name alone ftrikes a Terror every where ; 
 becaufe, firft, The Informer is reckoned as i ts r y - 
 a Witnefs : Secondly, The Accufed are not ,any * 
 allowed to know their Accufers : Thirdly, 
 There is no confronting of Witneffes : fo that 
 innocent Perfons are daily taken up, whofe 
 only Crime is, that there are People, whofe 
 Jntereft it is to ruin them. However they 
 fay at Lima, that there is no Caufe to 
 complain of the Inquisition : perhaps be- 
 caufe the Viceroy and the Archbifliop are 
 at the Head of that Body. 
 
 The Inquifition was fettled there in the 
 Year 1569, with all the Minifters, Ccun- 
 fellors, Qualificators, Familiares, Secreta- 
 ries, and chief Serjeants, as it is in Spain. 
 It has three fuperior Judges, who have 
 each 3000 Pieces of Eight Salary: Their 
 Jurifdiction extends throughout all the 
 Sfanijh South- America. 
 
 The third Spiritual Court is that of thecroifade, 
 Croifade, which is in fome Manner a Part 
 of the Royal Court, becaufe there belongs 
 to it an Oidor, or Judge of the Court of 
 Juftice. It was eftablimed at Lima in the 
 
 Year 
 
62 ^Description 6/ 
 
 Year 1603, under the Direction of a Com-* 
 mhTary-General, who keeps his Court in 
 his own Houfe $ with the Afiiftance of a 
 Judge-Confervator, a Secretary, a Comp- 
 troller, a Treaiurer and other Officers* re- 
 quifite for the Diftribution of Bulls, and 
 Examination of the Jubilee and Indulges 
 ces. His Salary is only 1000 Pieces of 
 Eight, which yet is too much in Freziers 
 Opinion for fo ufelefs an Employment. 
 Court for Laflly, There is a fourth Court for Laft- 
 
 Wiils. . 
 
 Wills and Teftaments. ItsBufmefs is to call 
 Executors and Adminiftrators to account. 
 It takes-care likewife of Chappelanies and 
 their Foundations, for which Purpofes it 
 has feveral Officers *. 
 UniTcr- In order to furnim fo many Courts with 
 
 fity. . J 
 
 Perfons properly qualify'd, the Emperor 
 Charles V, in 1545, founded an Univerfity 
 at Lima, under the Title of St % Mark, and 
 granted it feveral Privileges j which were 
 confirm'd by Pope Paulllh And PiusV, 
 who to enlarge them in 1572 incorporated 
 it into that of Salamanca, It is governed 
 
 * Frez. p. 222, 
 
 by 
 
Callao and Lima* 63 
 
 by a Rector, who is chofen yearly. They 
 reckon in it about 1 80 Doctors of Divi- 
 nity, Civil and Canon Law, Phyfic and 
 Philofophy, and generally near 2000 Scho- 
 lars. Some proceed from thence able enough, 
 fays our Author, in the fcholaftJc and trick- 
 ing Part, but very few in the practic. 
 
 There are in the Univerfity three Royal Colleges. 
 Colleges, with twenty Profeflbrfhips, which 
 have good Revenues. The firft was found- 
 ed by Don Francifco de Toledo, Viceroy of 
 Peru, under the Invocation of St t Philip 
 and St. Mark. The fecond by the Viceroy 
 Don Martin Henriquez, for the Entertain- 
 ment of eighty Collegians, or Students in 
 Humanity, Civil Law and Divinity. The 
 Jefuits are Rectors and Profeffors in this * 
 and it is called St. Martin. The third 
 by the Archbifhop Don Toribio Alphonfo Mon- 
 grovejo, under the Title of St. 'Toribio, Bi- 
 flhop, for the Maintenance of eighty Colle- 
 gians, who ferve in the Choir of the Ca- 
 thedral. Their Habit is grey, with a pur- 
 ple Welt, double behind. They ftudy ec- 
 clefiaftical Literature under a Pried, who is 
 
 their 
 
64- ^Description^/ 
 
 their Rector. The College alfo maintains 
 iix Boys for the Choir, under the Direction 
 of the Matter of the Chapel, and of the Vi* 
 car or Sub-deacon, who refides there. It 
 has a Revenue of above 14,000 Pieces of 
 Eight. 
 
 Chapter. The Chapter of the Cathedral is com* 
 pofed of a Dean, an Archdeacon, a Chan 
 ter, a School-matter, a Treafurer and 
 ten Canons ; one of which Number has 
 been retrench'd, to give his Revenue to 
 the Inquifition. Each of thofe Dignita-* 
 ries has 7000, the Canons 5000, the fix 
 Racionero's or Prebendaries, 3000; and the 
 thirty Chaplains, each 600 Pieces of Eight 
 a Year, without reckoning the Muficians 
 and tinging Boys. 
 
 Cathe- xhis Church, which was the firft Struc- 
 
 dral. t . 
 
 ture in Lima, was by Francis Pizarro put 
 under the Invocation of the AiTumption : 
 but Pope Paul III, having made it a Ca- 
 thedral in the Year 1541, alter'd it to that 
 of St. John the EvangeUjl ; to dittinguifti it 
 from that of Kuzko, which had the Name 
 of the Invocation before. It was fuffragan 
 
 w 
 
 f 
 
 : 
 
Callao and L i m a. 65 
 
 to Sevil'tiW the Year 1^46, when the fa id 
 Pope made it a Metropolitan j jind the 
 Suffragans to it are the Bifhopricks of Pa- 
 nama, Quito, Truxillo, Guamanga, Arequi- 
 pa, Kufko, Sant J ago, and La Conception of 
 Chili. 
 
 The firfl Archbifhop, named Don F/vsy Archbi- 
 jerommo de Loayja^ a Dominican, alienv 
 bled two Provincial Synods; the firfl on 
 the 4th of October 155 1, at which was pre- 
 fent not one of the Suffragans fent-for, and 
 only the Deputies of the Biihops of Pa- 
 nama, Quito, and Kujko: But at the fecond> 
 which was opened the 2d of March 1567, 
 there afTifted the Bifhops of La Plata, 
 Quito, and La Imperial, with the Deputies 
 of the other Chapters. He rebuilt the 
 Church then ruin'd, and cover'd it with 
 Mangrove-Tim be r . 
 
 The third Archbifhop, Don Thri&io, is 
 reckon'd a Saint. 
 
 The ninth, Don Melchor de Linnan y 
 Cifneros, upon the Death of the Marquis 
 de Malagon, was appointed Viceroy, Go- 
 vernor, and Captain-General of the Pro- 
 F vinces 
 
66 ^ Description 0/ 
 
 vinces of Peru. He was the firft in whom 
 thofe two Dignities were united; which in- 
 deed, fays Frezier, do not feem compati- 
 ble in the fame Perfon. 
 E'g* 11 Lima contains eight Parities. The firft 
 
 Panihes. . 
 
 is the Cathedral, which has four Curates 
 and two Vicars. This is contrary to the 
 Canon- Law, which allows only one Cu- 
 rate to a Church, becaufe one Body is to 
 have but one Head. It has made a hand- 
 fome Appearance, before its Overthrow ; 
 was well-built, and had three equal Ifles. 
 In it v/as preferv'd a Piece of the Crofs 
 of Chrift. 
 
 The fecond Church was that of St. Anne, 
 which had two Curates and one Vicar. 
 
 The third, called St. Sebajlian, had alfo 
 two Curates. 
 
 The fourth, St. Marcellus, one. 
 
 The fifth, St. Lazarus, one Curate-Vi- 
 car of the Cathedral. 
 
 The fix th, Our Lady of Atocha, annex'd 
 to, and dependent on, the Cathedral : they 
 e&ll'd it Los Huerfanos^ or the Orphans. 
 
 The 
 
Gallao and Lima. 67 
 
 The fevcnth, El Cercado, or the Inclofure, 
 which was the Parim-church to an Indian 
 Suburb, that has been brought into the 
 City fince it Was wall'd-in $ the Jejuits 
 were its Curates. 
 
 The eighth had been added of late Years, 
 and was called San Salvador, or St. Saviour. 
 
 There were feveral Hofpitals for the Sick Twelve 
 
 r Hofpitals, 
 
 and Poor of the City. The firft call'd 
 St. Andrew, was a Royal Foundation for 
 the Spaniards, that is, the Whites: It was 
 ferv'd by the Merchants and four Priefts. 
 
 That of San Diego^ or St. James, was 
 founded for thofe who were upon the Re- 
 covery, after having been in that of St. An- 
 drew. They were ferv'd by the Brothers 
 of St. John of God. 
 
 That of St. Peter was founded only for 
 Priefts by the Archbimop 1'oribio, above- 
 mentioned. 
 
 That of the Holy Ghoft, for fea-fearing 
 Men, was maintained by the Alms and 
 Contributions collected from the trading 
 ; Veffels. 
 
 F 2 That 
 
68 ^Description c/ 
 
 That of St. Bartholomew was founded 
 by the Blacks, by Father Bartholomew de 
 Vadiilo. 
 
 In that of St. Lazarus they took Care 
 of Lepers, and fuch as had the venereal Dif- 
 temper. It was a Royal Foundation, and 
 ferved alfo for People affli&ed with the 
 Falling-Sicknefs and for mad Folks. 
 Found- There was a Houfe for Foundlings, ad- 
 
 lings ° 
 
 Houfe. joining to Our Lady of Atocha, call'd Los 
 Uuerfanos, or the Orphans. 
 
 The Hofpital of St. Cofmas and St. Da- 
 tntanus was founded by the Inhabitants of 
 Lima for Spanijlo Women. 
 
 That of St. Anne by "Don 'Jeronymo de 
 Loayfa, the firft Archbifhop, for the Indi- 
 ans •, but mantained latterly by the King. 
 
 There was one for Incurables ferved by 
 the Bethlehemites. 
 
 Another for the convalcfcent or reco- 
 vering Indians without the City, where 
 thcfe who came from St. Amies and other 
 Hofpitals were received. 
 
 There were Officers likewife appointed 
 to difpofe of the Foundations made by the 
 
 richefl 
 
' Callao and Lima; 69 
 
 j-icheft Indians, for the Poor of their Na- 
 tion, as has been faid. 
 
 Laftly, There was one founded by a 
 Prieft, for convalefcent or recovering 
 Priefls. 
 
 Befides the Hofpitals for the Sick, there charity- 
 was a Houfe of Charity in the Square of €s * 
 the Inquifition, for poor Women, where 
 young Maids were marry'd or made Nuns. 
 
 In the College of Santa Cruz de las Ni- 
 nas, or, the Holy Crojs of the Girls, they 
 brought-up a Number of Foundling- 
 Girls, to whom the Inquifitors gave Por- 
 tions when they married. 
 
 A Prieft has alfo left a Foundation of 
 above 600,000 Pieces of Eight, under the 
 Direction of the Dean of the Cathedral, and 
 tRe Prior of St.Domi?iick, to marry twenty 
 Maids, and give them 500 Pieces of Eight 
 each. 
 
 The Brotherhood of Conception marries 
 forty, after the Rate of 450 Pieces of 
 Eight each. 
 
 There was a Foundation likewife un- 
 der the Title of Our Lady of Cocharcas, for 
 F 3 the 
 
70 A D E scription of 
 
 the poor Daughters of Kafiks, and a 
 College for breeding their Sons, where they 
 had all Sorts of Matters *i 
 
 Monafte- The monaftic State, which has oyer- 
 ricSa 
 
 fpread all Europe, has alfo extended itfelf 
 
 beyond the fpacious Oceans into the re- 
 moteft Climates ; where it fills the fartheft 
 Corners of the Earth inhabited by Chrif- 
 tians : but at Lima particularly there are 
 Legions of Friars, whofe Monasteries (be- 
 fore the Earthquake) took- up the fineft 
 and largeft Part of the City. 
 
 Domini- The Dominicans had four Monasteries 
 there ; that of the Rojary the chief ; the 
 Refurrefiion of 'the Magdalen ; St. Thomas of 
 Aquiri) where their Schools are 3 and St. 
 Rofe of Lima. 
 
 Trandj- The Fraud/cam had four, viz. that 
 of JefuSy or the great Monastery, call'd 
 alfo St. Francis, it contain'd 700 Men, in- 
 cluding Servants, and took-up the Space of 
 four Quarters, being the fined in the City -j\ 
 
 * Frcz. p. 225, & feqq. 
 
 f FeuillJe fays there was not a Monaftery in Eu- 
 rope to equal it for Magnificence and Bignefs, con- 
 taining 300 Religious. The 
 
 <ans 
 
 cans. 
 
Callao and Lima. 71 
 
 The fecond was the Recollection of St. Ma- 
 ry of the Angels, or of Guadalupe-, the 
 third the College of St. Bowventure ; and 
 the fourth, the Barefoot Friars of St. 
 James. 
 
 The Augufilns had alfo four, St. Au- Au^ujUmi 
 guftin, Our Lady of Capacavana, the Col- 
 lege of St. Ildefonfo, and the Noviciate, or 
 the Reform of our Lady of Guidance, which 
 was without the City. There were above 
 500 Friars in them all. 
 
 The Order of the Merced, or Merc'ma- The Mgr ^ 
 rians had three, viz. the Merced, the Re- Ced - 
 collection of our Lady of Bethlehem ; and 
 the College of St. Peter Nolafcus. 
 
 The Jefuits had five, viz. St. Paul,j e f u i tim 
 St. Martin, the Noviciate, or St. Anthony ; 
 the Cercado, or Inclofure, by the Name of 
 St. fames, where they were Curates -, and 
 Los Defamparados, that is, the Forfaken, or 
 our Lady of Sorrow, which was their pro- 
 fefs'd Houfe. 
 
 The Benediclines had that of Our Lady Benedk. 
 of Monferrat. 
 
 F 4 The 
 
 tlTiii. 
 
72 ^ Description ^/" 
 
 Minims. The Minims had lately been in Poffenlon 
 of the Church of Our Lady of Succour, . 
 which alfo bears the Name of St. Francis, 
 of Paula ; and a Chapel of Our Lady of 
 ViBory, where the Monaftery was caH'd 
 by the Name of their Patriarch. 
 St.Johnof The Brothers of St. John of God had the 
 
 Direclion of the Hofpital of St. James. 
 BethU- The Bethlehemites had two, that of the 
 Incur ahleSy and Our Lady of Mount Car- 
 meL which was without the Citv. Thefe 
 Friars came lately from the Town of Gua- 
 temala, in the Kingdom of Mexico j where 
 the venerable Brother Peter Jofepb de Be~ 
 tancourt * founded them to ferve the Poor. 
 Pope Innocent XI, approved of the Inflitu-. 
 tion, in the Year 1697. They had alrea- 
 dy, when Frezier was there, nine Mona^ 
 ileries mPeru. Tho.fe Friars, though to out- 
 
 * Perhaps he was a Defcendant of a French Gen* 
 tleman named Betancourt, who having ftolen a young 
 Woman, fled to the Ifland of Madera, where he firft 
 planted a Chrifiian Colony. F. du Tertre^ p. 59. fays, 
 He in the Year 1642 faw a Franc'tjcan in tb.2t Ifland^ 
 who faid he was of that Family. 
 
 ward 
 
C a l l a o and Lima. 73 
 
 ward Appearance very fimple, are reckoned 
 renVd Politicians, as may be judg'd by the Friars Po- 
 Name of the Quintejfence of Carmelites andje- 
 \fuits, given them by the People. Theychoofe 
 tfor their Chaplain a fecular Prieft, whom 
 they keep in their Houfe at a certain Al- 
 lowance ; but he has no Vote among 
 them. They are clad like the Capuchins* 
 excepting that under their Beard they have 
 a Bib a Quarter of a Yard long, ending in 
 a Point. Their Founder, as thofe good 
 Friars give out, had for eleven Years to- 
 gether, the Company of our Saviour vi- 
 fibly carrying his Crofs. The other Ap- 
 paritions and Revelations which they place 
 to his Account, and publifh both by word 
 of Mouth, and by Pictures, are of the fame 
 Reputation. 
 
 The Nuns are not quite fo numerous at Nuns and 
 Lima as the Friars j there were only twelve r i es . 
 Monafteries of them. 1. That of the In* 
 carnation, belonging to the Regular Ca- 
 nonefles of St. Auguftin. 2. The Concep- 
 tion, of the fame Order. 3. The Trinity, 
 ■pf the Order of St. Bernard. 4. St. Jo- 
 
 2 feph 
 
74 ^Description «/ 
 
 feph of the Conception, more auftere than 
 the other, for the Barefoot Nuns of the 
 Order of St. Augufiin. 5. St. Clare, found- 
 ed by the Archbilhop *Ioribio, whofe Heart 
 was there preferved, contained above 300 
 Francifcan Nuns. 6. St. Catherine of Si- 
 ena, of the Order of St. DominicL 7. St. 
 Rofe of St* Mary, of the fame Order. 
 
 8. That they call del Prado, or, of the 
 Meadow, was for the Recolet Augufiim. 
 
 9. St. T'erefa, of Carmelites. 10. St. Rofe 
 of Viterho. 11. The Trinitarians. 12. The 
 y ejus Mary of Capuchins, erected in 1713, 
 by four Nuns who came from Spain, by 
 the way of Buenos Ayres. In fhort they 
 reckon in all above 4000 Nuns, among 
 whom there are four or five Monafleries of 
 very regular religious Women. 
 
 Divorces We might here add a Houfe founded 
 ' by the Archbifhop Torifrio for Women di- 
 vorced. It is incredible, fays Frezier, to 
 what an Excefs that Abufe has been car- 
 ry 'd : there are People daily unmarried, 
 with as much Eafe as if Matrimony was 
 
 nothing 
 
ICallao and L i m a. 75 
 
 othing but a civil Contract *, upon bare 
 Complaints of fome Mifunderftanding, 
 ivant of Health, or Content of Mind ; and 
 What is ftill more amazing, they after- 
 wards marry others. 
 
 This Abufe was brought them from A Moor- 
 Spain by thofe who fettled this Colony. { om# u 
 Their long Intercourfe with the Moors had 
 nade it fo common, that Cardinal Xi- 
 menes thought himfelf obliged to apply 
 fome Remedy to it; and becaufe the Pre- 
 tence of fpiritual Affinity very often au- 
 thorized Divorces, the Council of Toledo, 
 which he affembled in the Year 1497, or ~ 
 dain'd that at Chriftenings the Names of 
 the God-fathers and God- mothers fliould 
 be written-down, in order to difcover the 
 Truth on fuch Occafions. 
 
 The penitent Women had alfo a Place Penitent 
 of Retreat : but Frezier did not think it 
 
 * The Tranflator o c Frezier fays this is all a Mis- 
 take, affirming that Houfes of this fort in Spain and 
 the Indies^ are only to feparate from Bed and Board, 
 fuch as cannot live together in Peace. 
 
 fufficiently 
 
j6 ^Description i?/ 
 
 fufficiently filled withthem -, which he im- 
 puted to the little Scruple they make in 
 that Country of Libertinifm and the little 
 Care that is taken to curb it. They call'd 
 them las Amparadas de la Conception, or the 
 protected of the Conception. 
 Licenti- By the great Number of Monafteries and 
 
 oufnefs of . • 
 
 Friars religious Houfes of both Sexes, one may 
 be apt to imagine Lima to be a Place 
 much addicted to Devotion ; but that out- 
 fide, fays our Author, is far from being 
 made good by thoie who live in them: 
 for molt of the Friars are fo given to Li- 
 centioufnefs, that even the Superiors and 
 Provincials draw from the Monafteries con- 
 fiderable Sums of Money to defray the Ex- 
 pences of worldly Pleafures, and fometimes 
 of fuch open Lewdnefs, that they make no 
 Difficulty to own the Children they have 
 gotten, and to keep about them thofe un- 
 deniable Proofs of their diforderly Life ; 
 to whom they often leave as an Inheri- 
 tance the Habit they are clad in, which 
 fometimes delcends beyond one Genera- 
 tion, as Frezier was told on the Spot. 
 
 The 
 
C a l t a o and L i m a1 77 
 
 The Nuns likewife, except thofe of three and Nuns. 
 
 four Monafteries, have no more than an 
 Appearance of the Regularity, which they 
 only owe to the Inclofure : for inflead of 
 living in Community and Poverty accord- 
 ing to their Vow, they dwell apart at 
 their own Coft -, with a great Retinue of 
 'Black and Mulatta Women -flaves and Ser- 
 vants, whom they make fubfervient to the 
 Gallantries which they carry-on at the 
 .'Grates. In fhort the fame Author, tho' 
 a ftanch Romani/l, fays he cannot fpeak of 
 the Lives of both Sexes without applying 
 to them the Words of St. Paul * Shall I 
 then take the Members of Chrijl, and make 
 them the Members of cm Harlot ? 
 
 To do the Jefuits Juftice, both Fre"i^ t j e . 
 zier and Feuillee except them out of the[*' r " le£a " 
 Number of irregular Regulars, declaring 
 that they live after a very exemplary Man- 
 ner: Yet for all they are fo much bet- 
 ter behaved than the reft of the Clergy, 
 they do not yield to any of the other Or- 
 ders in Point of Wealth. 
 
 * 1 Cor. vi. 15. 
 
 Accord- 
 
78 ^Description "^ 
 
 According to Duret it would require a 
 aitto Volume to fet forth the Riches which they 
 weaty * pofTefs in this Country. Their Difpenfatory 
 where Medicines are prepared, makes the 
 fineft Appearance of all belonging to them. 
 The Lay-brother who had the Dire&ion 
 of it, told the Author that they had 200 
 Slaves at work in their Farms, which 
 brought them in 12,000 Crowns, over and 
 above what they had in other Parts *. 
 
 From the Conduct of the Ecclefiaftics, 
 who by their Example ought to edify the 
 Laity, it is eafy to guefs at the prevailing 
 J^SRaioa of that Country. Its Fertility, 
 joined to the Plenty of all things, and the 
 fedate Tranquillity which the Inhabitants 
 perpetually enjoy, do not a little contri- 
 bute to the amorous Difpofition that 
 reigns there.. They are never fenfible of 
 any Intemperature in the Air, which al- 
 ways preferves a juft mean, between the 
 Cold of the Night and Heat of the Day. 
 The Clouds there generally cover the 
 Sky to preferve that happy Climate from 
 
 * Dur(t, p. 250. 
 
 the 
 
Call ao and Lima. 79 
 
 the burning Rays which the Sun would 
 otherwife dart perpendicularly down upon 
 them. And thofe Clouds never difTolve 
 into Rain to obftrucl: taking the Air, or 
 the Pleafures of Life ; they only fometimes 
 ftoop-down in Fogs to cool the Surface of 
 the Earth, fo that the Natives are always 
 fure what Weather it will be the next day. 
 To fum-up all, provided the Pleafure of 
 living continually in a Country where the 
 Air is fo uniform, was not interrupted by 
 the frequent Earthquakes, I do not think, 
 fays Frezier, that there is a fitter Place 
 to give us an Idea of the terreftrial Para- 
 dife *. 
 
 It will not be unentertaining we prefume 
 to the Reader if we give an Account of 
 the Feaft of St. Francis of JjJJifium, which Feaft of 
 
 to- Jf 
 
 is none of the leaft in the Year ; and was ds Tar " 
 celebrated at Lima the 4th of October 
 17 13, two Days after Freziers Arrival 
 there : for the Spaniards being polTefled 
 and infatuated by the Friars, efpecially the 
 Francifcans and the Dominicans, look-up- 
 
 * Frez. p. a2&, & feq. 
 
 on 
 
80 ^Description^ 
 
 on the Founders of thofe two Orders da 
 the greateft Saints in Heaven. The Ve. 
 neration they pay them extends even to the 
 Habits of their Orders, which they efteem 
 much beyond the other monaftical Habits. 
 Arts of They chiefly believe that they obtain 
 great Indulgences by killing the Habit of 
 St. Francis : The Francifcam y to keep- up 
 that Notion, fend fome of their Friars into 
 the mod frequented Churches, to give their 
 Sleeves to kifs to thofe who are hearing 
 Mafs : Even the Quefting-brothers pre- 
 fume to interrupt People at their Prayers 
 to have that Honour done them. But to 
 heighten the general Refpect paid to their 
 Order, and render its Grandeur more con- 
 fpicuous to the Public, they on the Fefti- 
 val of their Founder make magnificent 
 Fire-works and Proceflions, and embelliih 
 their Cloifters within and without with 
 the richeft Things they can come at. Thus, 
 fays my Author, they caft Dud into the 
 Eyes of the carnal People, who are taken 
 with fine Appearances, and in fome meafure 
 eafe them of the truly religious Life. 
 
 The 
 
C a l l a o and Lima. 8 i 
 
 The Feftival began at the Even-fong ofvifitbe- 
 
 t-« rr • • tvveen tw0 
 
 the Eve, by a Proceiiion or the Domini- images, 
 cans, in which ten Men carried the Fi- 
 gure of St. Dotninick, going to vifit his 
 Friend St. Francis. He was clad in rich 
 gold Stuffs, and glittering with fmall Stars 
 of Silver, ftrew'd upon him, that he might 
 be feen at a Diftance. «S/. Francis being in- 
 form'd of the Honour his Friend intended 
 him, came to meet him as far as the Square, 
 which is about half way : Being arrived 
 before the Palace-Gate, they compliment- 
 ed one another, by the Mouths of their 
 Children ; for tho' they made Geftures, 
 they had not the Advantage of fpeaking. 
 The latter being more modeft than the 
 former, came in his Francifcan Friar's 
 Cloth : but amidft that Poverty, he was 
 encompalled by an Arch of Silver Rays ; 
 and had at his Feet fuch a Quantity of 
 Gold and Silver VeiTels, that eighteen Men 
 bowed under the Load of them. 
 
 The two Images were received at St. Groteflc 
 Francis% Church-door by four Giants of 
 different Colours, white, black, mullatto, 
 G and 
 
82 ^Description of 
 
 and Indian, which came to the Square to 
 dance before the Proceffion. They were 
 made of Bafket-work, covered with paint- 
 ed Paper : But in fact, to confider their 
 Figure, Mafks, Hats, and Perukes, were 
 mere Scare-crows. In the midft of the 
 Giants was the Tarafka, a chimerical Mon- 
 ger known in fome Provinces of France ; 
 bearing on its Back a Bafket from which 
 iiTiied a Puppet, or Maulkin, that danced 
 andfkipped to divert the People. At length 
 they entered the Church amidft a great 
 Number of Tapers and little Angels, two or 
 three Feet high ; fet on Tables, like Puppets, 
 among large Candlefticks each the height 
 of fix or feven Feet. 
 Fire- At the Clofe of the Evening there were 
 
 Fire-works in the Square before the Church, 
 confiding of three Caftles, each eight or 
 nine Feet wide, and fifteen or fixteen in 
 height. On the Foot of one of them was 
 a Bull, and on another a Lion. The Stee- 
 ples of the Church were adorn'd with En- 
 figns and Streamers of all Colours, and il- 
 luminated with Lanthorns. They began 
 
 the 
 
 works. 
 
C a l t a o and Lima. 83 
 
 the Entertainment by throwing up Sky- 
 rockets, ' fmall and ill-made. Then they 
 played-off Tome running Fires, one of which 
 feparated in three long Squibs, which reli- 
 ed on the Middle and two Ends of the 
 Line, leaving two little Globes of bright 
 Fire in the two intermediate Spaces*. This- 
 was the only Fire-work that deferved to 
 be taken-notice of. At laft a Man on 
 Horfe-back defcended from a Steeple by a 
 Rope, and came to attack in the Air one 
 of thofe Caftles : then they fet Fire to it, 
 and fucceffively burnt the Giants, and the 
 Tarafka, or Monfter j and fo all was re- 
 duced to Arties. 
 
 Next Day there was a long Sermon, Another 
 and Mufic, accompany'd with finging of f0ce 
 Spanifi Motetts t TheMonaftery was open'd 
 alfo to the Women ; and at Night another 
 Proceffion carried St. Dominick home : On 
 which Occafion, altho' it was Day, there 
 was another Fire- work, where a Giant 
 
 * Frezier refers to his Treatife of artificial Fire- 
 works, to (hew the Manner, in which this is done. 
 
 G 2 cams' 
 
84 ^Descriptiono/ 
 
 came down by a Rope to attack a Caftle 
 and fight a Serpent with three Heads. But 
 in their Shews there is neither Fancy, De- 
 fign, nor Subject : Whence, fays Frezicr, 
 it may be obferved how little Tafte and 
 Genius there is among them. 
 
 This Solemnity, tho' very expenfive, was, 
 as they fay, much inferior to thofe exhi- 
 bited formerly j which were fometimes fb 
 very magnificent, that it was found necef- 
 fary to limit them. Hence may be in- 
 ferr'd in how great Efteem thofe Friars 
 are, fince, by means of their Wallets *, 
 The Fii- they get enough not only to maintain above 
 
 ars cen- • . 
 
 iWed i 1 500 Perfons, as well Friars as Servants, in 
 four Monafteries, and to erect Structures 
 truly fumptuous for that Country, (the Mo- 
 naftcry of St. Francis being the moll: fine 
 and large in all Lima) but have enough 
 left you fee for Expences of meer Oftenta- 
 tion ; which have fometimes amounted to 
 50,000 Pieces of Eight, out of what is 
 properly the Right of the Poor, of whom 
 
 f That is, by begging. 
 
 there 
 
Call ao and Lima. 85 
 
 there is no want there, any more than elfe- 
 where. In (hort, fays our Author, if the 
 fuperrluous Store of the Laity belongs to 
 the indigent, with much more Reafon does 
 that which thofe Friars have to fpare 5 ef- 
 pecially as they themfelves profefs fuch 
 rigorous Poverty, that they do not pretend 
 to have a Right to the very Bread they 
 eat : for fo we are inform'd by that pleafant 
 Piece of Hiftory made fo well known by 
 a Bull of Pope John XXII. 
 
 One need not be furprized at thefe Ex- Their vaft 
 pences, if we confider the exraordinary ettin S s - 
 Product of the Queft, fince the great Mo- 
 naftery alone has twenty-four Queftors at 
 Lima; one of whom, who died in 1708, had 
 in twenty Years gathered 350,000 Pieces 
 of Eight : Befides it is very common among 
 the Spaniards to wrong their nearefl Re- 
 lations of confiderable Sums of Money, 
 and even of their lawful Inheritance, in 
 Favour of the Church and their Monafte- 
 ries, which they call, making their Soul 
 their Heir. *. 
 
 * Frez. p. 203, & feqq. 
 
 G 3 SECT. 
 
86 Why it never 'rains 
 
 SECT. III. 
 
 An Enquiry into the Reafon why it nt~ 
 ver rains at Lima or along the Coaft 
 of Peru. 
 
 It never r ~ ~^HE R E are two Things very fingu- 
 
 rajnshere; It u i i r ' 
 
 -*- lar to be remarked concerning Li~ 
 ma and the Coaft of Peru. Fir ft, That 
 it never rains there ; altho' fifteen or twenty 
 Leagues from the Sea up the Country there 
 frequently fall heavy Showers. Secondly, 
 that the maritime Parts are fubject to 
 Earthquakes, and yet the more inland 
 Countries free from them. 
 
 From the firft Phenomenon, fo con- 
 trary to what is feen in thefe Climates, 
 arife two Queftions : Firft, How it comes 
 to pafs that it never rains at Lima : Se- 
 condly, How the Earth can produce with- 
 out Rain. Frezier, who propofes thefe 
 Difficulties, undertakes to folve them. 
 Zarau\ With regard to the firft Queftion, he takes- 
 w j 5y> notice that Zarate } in his Conqueft of Peru, 
 has endeavoured to give a Reafon for the 
 
 perpetual 
 
on the Coaft of P e rv. 8j 
 
 perpetual Drought that is obferv'd on that 
 Coaft: " They, fays he, who have care- 
 " fully examin'd the thing, pretend that 
 " the natural Caufe of that Effect is a 
 " South-weft. Wind which prevails through- 
 " out the Year along the Coaft, and in the 
 " Plain ; blowing fo violently, that it drives 
 " away the Vapours which rife from the 
 u Earth, or from the Sea, before they can 
 " mount high enough in the Air to unite 
 " and form Drops of Water fufficiently 
 11 heavy to fall-again in Rain. In fhorr, 
 " adds he, it often happens, that look- 
 " ing from the Tops of the high Moun- 
 ■* tains, thefe Vapours are feen much be- 
 tc low thofe v/hich are on their Summits ; 
 <{ and make the Air in the Plain look 
 " thick and cloudy, tho' it be very clear 
 " and ferene on the Hills." 
 
 But this way of reafoning, according to notcon . 
 Frezier y is not at all likely; for firft it js culve ' 
 not true that the South-weft Winds ob- 
 ftruct the rifing of the Vapours, fince there 
 are Clouds agitated by that Wind feen at 
 a very great Height : And even fuppofing 
 G 4 it 
 
$8 Why it never rains 
 
 it mould be granted, that thofe Winds did 
 obftruct the Vapours, yet they would not 
 hinder them from forming iri v toRain, fince 
 Experience {hews, in the Alps, that the low 
 Clouds afford Rain, as well as the higheft ; 
 and that the Sky often appears ferene on 
 the Top of the Mountain, when it rains 
 mod violently at the Foot thereof: Which 
 indeed ought more naturally to be the 
 Cafe ; the Clouds that are lower being 
 heavier, and confequently compofed of 
 more bulky Drops of Rain than the high- 
 eft Clouds. 
 TheEarth Our Author fancies he difcerns a better 
 Reafon, grounded on the different Degrees 
 of Heat on the Coaft, and in the Inland. 
 It is known by Experience, fays he, that 
 the Heat which the Sun imparts to the 
 Earth, diffolves into Rain, and attracts the 
 Clouds the more, by how much the more 
 the Surface is violently heated. To explain 
 how that Attraction is made : It is obferv- 
 ed in France , that it rains as much, or, 
 which is the fame, there falls as much 
 Water, and even more, during the Months 
 
 of 
 
 
on the Coafi: c/Peru. 89 
 
 of July and Auguft, as during the other 
 Months of the Year, though it rains but 
 very feldom, becaufe the Drops of Water 
 are then much larger than in Winter. 
 
 This Obfervation is fupported by theattrafts 
 great Store of Rain that falls in the Tor- 
 rid Zone, during fome Months, after the 
 Earth has been heated by the lefs oblique 
 Rays. Now it is known that the inner 
 Part of Peru, which lies almoft entire- 
 within that Zone, is very hot in the 
 Valleys, which receive during the whole 
 Day almoft perpendicular Rays ; whofe 
 Force is ftill increafed by the many dry 
 Rocks which encompafs them, and reflect 
 thofe Rays every way : And laftly, that 
 thefaid Heat is nottemper'd by the Winds. 
 It is farther known, that the high Moun- 
 tains, call'd La Cordillera and Los Andes t 
 which are almoft continually cover'd with 
 Snow, make the Country exceflively cold 
 in fome Places j fo that within a very fmall 
 Diftance the two contrary Extremes are to 
 be found. 
 
 The 
 
go Why it never rains 
 
 Weather The Sun therefore by his Prefence, cau- 
 wiSin ^" es a violent Dilatation and fcorching Heat 
 Land in the Valleys, during the Day, that is one 
 half of the Time ; and during the Night, 
 or the other half, the neighbouring Snows ~ 
 fuddenly cool the Air, which condenfes 
 anew. To this Viciffitude of Condenfati- 
 on and Rarefaction is certainly to be afcrib- 
 ed the Inequality of Weather that is ob- 
 ferv'dat KuJko*> at Puna, La Paz -j-, and 
 other Places, where ,they almoft daily are 
 fenfible of its Changeablenefs, by fair and 
 cloudy Fits ; Thunder, Rain and Light- 
 ning j Heat and Cold : while in other Parts 
 it is hot for a long Time, without any 
 Interruption j and then the Rains take their 
 Turn. 
 More re- But it is not fo along the Coaft, where 
 
 gular on ° 
 
 iheCoaiis.the South- Weft, and South-South- Weft 
 
 * The ancient Capital of Peru in about 1 3 De- 
 grees, 12 Minutes, Latitude ; and 53 Degrees, 
 45 Minutes Longitude. See the Map. 
 
 t Puna and La Paz lie to the South-eaft of Kuf- 
 fo, near the Lake Titicaca, in about the feventeenth 
 Degree of South Latitude. 
 
 Winds 
 
on the Coaft of P e r u.- 91 
 
 Winds blow regularly j which coming from 
 the cold Climates of the South, continu- 
 ally refrefli the Air, and keep it almoft inR ea fons 
 the fame Degree of Condenfation. In a* y " 
 Ml greater Degree muft they needs bring 
 thither fait Particles, gathered from the Sea- 
 Fogs ; wherewith the Air muft be copioufly 
 fill'd and thicken'd, as we conceive Brine 
 is by the Salt it contains. Hence that Air 
 has the moreStrengh to fupport the Clouds; 
 and is neither hot enough, nor fufficiently 
 in Motion to agitate the Particles, and con- 
 fequently to unite the little Drops of Wa- 
 ter, fo as to form fome greater than the 
 bulk of the Air to which they anfwer: 
 fo that although thofe Clouds draw very 
 near the Earth during the Seafon when 
 they are leaft attracted by the Sun, yet 
 they do not diftblve into Rain ; thus at 
 Lima the Weather is almoft continually 
 clofe, and it never rains. 
 
 If it was now requifite to fhew why Clouds if 
 the hotteft Countries attract the Rain, our vapours. 
 Author fays he might have recourfe to the 
 
 Conjectures 
 
 3 
 
92 Why it never rains 
 
 Conjectures of fome modern Philofophers *, 
 
 who are of Opinion, that the Clouds are 
 
 The An- frozen Vapours, or a fort of very loofe Ice, 
 
 ga^ve! like Snow. According to this Notion, it 
 
 is evident, fays he, that when the Sun fuffi- 
 
 ciently Heats the Air, to the Height of 
 
 the Clouds, the latter mud then thaw and 
 
 fall in Rain. But that way of reafoning, 
 
 which Frezier often thought very juft, he 
 
 had not always found to be fo : for-that he 
 
 had been upon high Mountains, where, at 
 
 the fame time that he faw Clouds flying 
 
 both above and below him, he was him- 
 
 felf encompaffed with others between them, 
 
 which he owns he thought very cold, but 
 
 in other Refpecls to differ in nothing from 
 
 the Fogs which fweep along the Earth. 
 
 He therefore concludes that it is upon no 
 
 folid ground that they di/linguim thofe 
 
 Clouds from the Fogs. 
 
 How Be that as it will, continues Frezier , 
 
 trafls" Heat may alfo attract Rain, by giving the 
 
 Particles of the Air a fpiral Motion, which 
 
 may gather many little Drops of Water 
 
 * As Regis. 
 3 into 
 
on the Coaft ^/"Peru, 93 
 
 into one larger Drop. This Motion is ea- 
 fy to conceive, by that which is obferved 
 in the Current of Rivers, or in a mathe- 
 . matical Spindle. Now if the Sun attracts 
 \ Vapours after that Manner, it is not to be 
 t : admired that the Earth heated fhould at- 
 i tract the Clouds. 
 
 The Author farther grounds this Attrac- Farther 
 |. tion on Experience, which {hews, that Fire Proof - 
 I to fubfift requires a Flux of Air. If a burn- 
 | ing Coal be put into a Bottle, and the Mouth 
 I. dole ftopp'd, it is immediately quench- 
 S ed. Thus reafoning from the greater to 
 [ the leffer, a Body much heated may be 
 compared to a Coal : and it may be con- 
 I eluded that its Heat cannot fubfift with- 
 out a Flux, or PafTage, of the Air about it, 
 1 which being more condenfed, pufhes on 
 and draws towards the Fire j as we fee the 
 outward Air enter * through little Holes, 
 ( with more Rapidity into a Chamber when 
 
 * The Reafon is, becaufe the Chamber-air being 
 rarified by Fire, lofes the Equilibrium which it had 
 with the external Air, and makes Room for it to 
 enter. 
 
 it 
 
94 Why it never rams 
 
 it is heated, than when there is no Fire 
 in it. After all, Frezier lays down no- 
 thing poiitively, but leaves it to Philofo- 
 phers to give more convincing Reafons for 
 that Drought, which occafioned the En- 
 quiry *. 
 v ,.,.. In anfwer to the fecond Queftion, 
 
 Fertility ^-- » 
 
 without How the Earth can produce without Rain : 
 
 Rain. x 
 
 He firft obferves, that this Defect renders 
 almoft all the Country fruitlefs in the High- 
 lands. There are only fome Vales, through 
 which Rivulets glide, coming down from 
 the Mountains where it rains and fnows, 
 which afford any Product, and are con- 
 fequently inhabitable : but then in thefe 
 Places the Earth is fo fruitful, and on the 
 other hand the Country fo thinly peopled, 
 that thofe Vales are fufficient to fupply 
 all things plentifully for the Subfiftence of 
 the Inhabitants. 
 hdian In- The ancient Indians were extraordinary 
 dmtry. indiiftfious in conveying the Water of the 
 Rivers to their Dwellings. There are ftill 
 to be ken in many Places Aqueducts of 
 
 * See his Voyage, p. 214, & feq. 
 
 Earth, 
 
on the Coaft (j/Peru. 95 
 
 Earth, and of dry Stones carry'd-on and 
 turn'd-off very ingenioufly along the Sides 
 of the Hills, with an infinite Number of 
 Windings j which (hews that thofe Peo- 
 ple, as unpolifhed as they were, very well 
 underftood the Art of Levelling. As for 
 the Hills along the Coaft, there is Grafs 
 to be found on them in fome Places, which 
 are leaft expos'd to the Heat of the Sun: 
 becaufe the Clouds ftoop down to their 
 : ' Tops in Winter, and fufficiently moiften 
 • them to furnifh the neceflary Juice for 
 Plants *. 
 
 I wonder Frezier does not allow the Great 
 ; great Dews that fall in this Country a here, 
 Share in the Fertility of the Ground. But 
 they feem to be fo far out of the Cafe 
 with .Kim, that he never mentions them 
 on this Occafion. However Feuillee, who 
 kept an exact Diary of the Weather dur- 
 ing his flay at Lima, relates many Parti- 
 culars, very proper to be confidered in 
 folving this Problem ; and as the Coaft of 
 
 * The fame, p. 213, &feq. 
 
 Peru 
 
9 6. Why zV ;z£z;£r rains 
 
 Peru is perhaps the only Part of the World 
 where the Production of Vegetables is ef- 
 fected without Rain, we prefume our Rea- 
 der will be pleafed with the Account which 
 that Author gives of fo curious a Pheno- 
 menon. 
 ferve in- Feuillee generally found the Air, from the 
 Rain, 1 8 th of May to the 20th oi December, during 
 his Stay at Lima, fo thick and cloudy, that 
 he had not an Opportunity all the while 
 he was there to make exact Obfervations 
 of the Sun or Stars. This Dew did not 
 fall every Day, nor at the fame Hours ; but 
 after the Air had been mifty, and the Sky 
 covered with Clouds for fome Days toge- 
 ther, thofe Fogs and Clouds would at length 
 difTolve into a fmall drizling Rain ; which 
 moiftened the Fields, cooled the Air, and 
 revived the Plants that had been fcorched 
 by the excellive Pleats. All the Rain 
 which falls at Lima, and for more than 
 along the 200 Leagues along the Coaft fouthward, 
 
 Coalt. 
 
 is of this kind of Drizzle, which may 
 more properly be called Dew : But in the 
 Mountains, twenty-five or thirty Leagues 
 
 within 
 
on the Coaft o/Pehu," 97 
 
 within Land, the Rains are frequent and 
 fometimes incommodious : However one 
 has the Advantage of beholding the Sky of- 
 ten ferene, and the Stars exceeding bright j 
 whereas at Litna it was a very extraordi- 
 nary thing to fee the Sky, at Night efpecially, 
 during the Seafon when Peuillee was there*. 
 
 Neither does this Dew always fall equal* falls on- 
 ly heavy -, for fometimes it will be fcarce t e ^." y 
 perceptible in the Streets : Yet at the 
 fame time it is fo beneficial to Plants, 
 that they thrive more in twenty-four 
 Hours there than in fix Days in Europe -f. 
 At other times it falls very thick and in 
 great Quantity, as it did the i6ch of June 
 in the Night. It began at Eight in the 
 Evening before, and made its Way through 
 the Mats which covered the Houfe where 
 FeuilMe lodged. The fame happened to 
 feveral other Houfes, which was looked on 
 as a thing extraordinary %, So great a 
 Dew fell the Night before the Earthquake, 
 
 * Feuill. Obf. Math. 6T<r. Vol. III. p. 4 o 5 & 466, 
 f The fame, p. 4.25. % P- 4*°. 
 
 which 
 
98 Why it never rains 
 
 which happened the 21ft of October, that 
 the People who on that Occafion ran-out 
 of their Houfes into the Streets were all- 
 over wet *. 
 andatdif- The Dew does not fall regularly at the 
 
 Hours ** ame ^ ours * June l ^ e 3^ lt hegan to 
 defcend at Eight o' Clock in the Evening, 
 tho' for feveral Days before it fell at five, 
 and held 'till Seven or Eight next Morn- 
 ing. It continued thus 'till July, and then 
 began to drop at Eight in the Morning, 
 and held 'till Six or Seven in the Evening. 
 The 14th it changed its Time to Six in 
 the Morning, and continued the whole 
 Day, which made it very dark and me- 
 hncholly. The 28 th it began to fall at 
 Five in the Morning and ended at Eight 
 o' Clock -f. 
 
 Air ex- Thefe Dews, jointly with the clouded 
 ™ ° 'or mifty Skies, are the Caufe that the Wea- 
 ther is generally fo moderate at Lima, and 
 that the Sun fo rarely appears : However 
 fometimes he breaks out with exccflivc 
 
 * P«444- t p. +1% &4*5- 
 
 Force, 
 
on the Coaft of P e r u. 99 
 
 Force, as happened on the 29th of Sep- 
 tember, when he (hone veiy hot, and the 
 Sky was fo clear that FeuilUe law Jupiter 
 for the fecond Time. The 18 th of Oc- 
 tober following it was exceffive hot from 
 Eight in the Morning 'till Five in the 
 Evening. The Author obferved that a 
 plentiful Fall of Dew and a South Wind 
 produced a clear Sky *. 
 
 It feems no ftrange Thing that the Heatfome- 
 fhould be intenfe under the Torrid Zone, intenfely 
 and within only 12 Degrees of the Linej C0 
 the Wonder is, that it fhould ever be cold 
 there : Yet we find not only this to be the 
 Cafe, but alfo that the Changes from one 
 Extreme to the other are often very fud- 
 den. Accordingly our Author informs us, 
 that May the 1 8th it was extremely hot, 
 the Sun appearing for fix Hours together ; 
 but next Day was fo cold that they were 
 forced to put-on their Winter Cloaths. This 
 Cold was occafioned by the Snow which 
 fell the Night before in the high Moun- 
 
 * p. 420 & 44.1. 
 
 H 2 tains 
 
ioo Why it never rains 
 
 tains but eight or ten Leagues Eaft of 
 
 that City 
 
 * 
 
 Even Fires xhe Alteration of the Air which hap- 
 
 neceffary. 
 
 pened the 16th of July was Hill more ex- 
 traordinary: The Winds (h if ted from Nor th- 
 eaft to South, when the Winds blowing 
 over the Mountains covered with Snow, 
 made the Air fo cold, that they were oblig- 
 ed not only to put-on their Winter-Cloaths, 
 but even to have Recourfe to the Fire to 
 keep them warm. November the 3d in the 
 Morning they had a very thick Dew ; and 
 the Air which for feveral Days pafl had 
 been exceffive hot, became fo cold that 
 they were forced to change their Cloaths 
 as before -j~. 
 Rain at Thus it appears that the exceffive Dews 
 
 Lima. > # 
 
 in thefe Parts in great Meafure fupply the 
 
 Want of Rain : But indeed the Dews 
 
 are properly Rain, only in a lefs fenfible 
 
 Degree or Form. Nor is it ftri&ly Fact 
 
 that it never rains at Lima ; for the fame 
 
 Author informs us, that on the 7th of 
 
 September, at five in the Morning, there fell 
 
 * p. 410. f p, 430 & 460. 
 
 abundance 
 
on the Coaft c/Peru. ioi 
 
 abundance of Rain. However he confeffes 
 that this Event furprized the whole Town > 
 the Inhabitants declaring that for more 
 than twenty Years before they had not feen 
 the like. There was not aHoufe in hima 
 whofe Roof was able to refill: it. FeuilUe t 
 to fave his Papers from the Wet, was 
 forced to put them under his Bed *. 
 
 We mail conclude this Article with the A Meteor 
 
 there. 
 
 Account of a Meteor which happened the 
 14th of May, about Nine at Night. There 
 appeared to the' Eaft of Lima a Globe of 
 Fire of an extraordinary Size : which hav- 
 ing for more than a Quarter of an Hour 
 enlightened the Plains like another Sun, 
 difperfed in an infinite Number of little 
 Sparks, which defcended, as it were, to 
 embrace the Earth, and prefently dis- 
 appeared. Thefe People, fays our Au- 
 thor, being very fuperflitious, imagined 
 that this Phenomenon prefaged fome ter- 
 rible Earthquake, which in a few Days 
 was to happen and fwallow them all up -f-. 
 
 * 4.38 & 439. f p. 4.09, 
 
 H 3 But 
 
102 En q_u i r y into 
 
 But the Shocks they had already felt jafli- 
 fied their Fears, tho' not their Folly ; and 
 thofe which fucceeded (hewed that it was 
 a right Conclufion drawn from wrong 
 Principles, as may appear from the next 
 Seclion. 
 
 SECT. IV. 
 
 Earthquakes frequent at Lima and through- 
 out Peru ; with the Caufe of thofe na- 
 tural Evils. 
 
 Earth- HP HERE is no Part of the World 
 
 f trUi -fi- perhaps fo fubjecl to Earthquakes 
 
 as Peru 5 nor any Part of Peru more li- 
 able to them than Lima and its Neigh- 
 bourhood, 
 
 Acofta * fpeaks of a mod amazing 
 
 Earthquake which happened in the Year 
 
 158 1, near Chuquiago or La Paz, in that 
 
 Kingdom ; where the Borough called An- 
 
 goango, inhabited by Indians, on a fudden 
 
 * Lib. 3. cap. 27. 
 
 fell 
 
the Caufe of Earthquakes. 103 
 
 fell to Ruin; and the Earth ran and fpread 
 over the Country -j*. 
 
 Like unto this, but ftill more unpa- Another, 
 rallell'd, was another, which in the Year 
 1692 furprized the Towns of Ambata y 
 hatacunga and Riobamba in the Province 
 of Quito. It (hook the Earth in fuch a strange 
 Manner, that it tore-off great Pieces, which ' e 
 were feen to run entire three or four 
 Leagues from the Place where they had 
 been before; and thus to remove whole 
 Fields, with the Trees and Houfes {land- 
 ing. This Event occafioned the moil: extra- 
 ordinary Law-fuits that were ever heard 
 of, brought to Lima, to decide to whom 
 thofe Eftates belong'd : the Party on one 
 Side alledging, that they were within his 
 Jurifdiclion or Lordfhip j and the other 
 pleading that he was upon his own Land. 
 However a much more aftonifhincr 
 
 o 
 
 Earthquake even than this laft happened 
 
 f On this Occafion Frezier cites the Words of the 
 97 th Pfalm, The Hills melted like Wax at the Pre- 
 Jence of the Lord. 
 
 H 4 in 
 
104 E N Q- u * R Y *^ 
 
 in Canada in 1663. It began the 5th of 
 February^ and continued 'till 'July the fame. 
 Year; occafioning incredible Alterations on 
 the Surface of the Land for above 400 
 Leagues through the Country f„ 
 Earth- With regard to Lima in particular, thefe 
 
 cjuak.es at 
 
 uma. Convulfions of the Earth have much da- 
 maged that City, and daily make the In- 
 habitants uneafv. There was one in the 
 Year 1678, on the 17th of jfune, which 
 ruin'd a great Part of it, and particularly 
 the Churches dedicated to the bleHed Vir- 
 gin. Montaho^ who has made this Re- 
 mark in the Life of St. Toribio, fays, It 
 was as if God the S072 had rijen for his Mo- 
 ther -j~ : But that Shock which happened 
 in the Year 1682, was fo violent, that it 
 almoft entirely demolimed the Place j in- 
 fomuch that it was debated, whether they 
 mould not remove Lima to fome better 
 
 * See the Life of the venerab'e Mother Mary of 
 the Incarnation, an Urfaline Nun in New France, 
 printed at Paris 1677. 
 
 t So the Englijh Translation. But in all likeli- 
 hood it ought to be from y or rather againjl Us Mother* 
 
 i Situation. 
 
the Caufe of Earthquakes. 105 
 
 Situation. The Memory of that dread- 
 ful Earthquake is yearly revived there, on 
 the 19th of Ociober, by publick Prayers. 
 If we may believe the general Report, fays 
 our Author Frezier, this Calamity was 
 foretold by a religious Man of the Order 
 of La Merced*, who feveral Days before 
 ran along the Streets like another Jonas, 
 crying, Repent -j*. In fhort, the Day came 
 when the Earth quaked in fo extraordi- Moft 
 nary a Manner, that every half-quarter of one " 
 an Hour it gave mofr. horrible Shocks, 
 fo that they reckoned above 200 in lefs 
 than twenty-four Hours j. 
 
 It mud: be to one of thefe two that 
 Batchelier, or his Editor Duret, refers, 
 when he fays but thirty Years before the 
 Year 1709 || (when the former was at Li~ 
 ma) almoft the whole City, as he was 
 
 * Of Mercy, or the Mercinarians. 
 
 f The like Prediction is reported in the following 
 Narrative of the late Earthquake. 
 
 % See Frezier's Voy. p. 210, & feq. 
 
 || This runs back to the Year 1679 : but there 
 was no great Earthquake between 167$ and 1682, fo 
 that one of thefe muft be meant. 
 
 Z told, 
 
106 Enquiry into 
 
 told, was overthrown by an Earthquak< 
 and above 60,000 People buried in tl 
 Ruins *, which, in all Probability, were 
 more than ever the City contained : for 
 he makes the Number when he was there 
 but 57,000 ; and the Author of the Nar- 
 rative only 60,000 in 1746, when the laft 
 Earthquake happened. 
 
 ^tmible ° n Monda y> OBober 20th, 1687, N. S. 
 at Four of the Clock in the Morning there 
 arrived a moft horrible Earthquake, whicl 
 threw down fome Houfes, and buried feve 
 ral Perfons under their Ruins. An Hooj 
 after there was another Shake accompa- 
 nied with the fame Noife ; and at fix 
 o'Clock, when they thought they had 
 been all in Safety, came a third Shock; 
 with great Fury and a rufliing Noife. The 
 Sea with hideous roaring fwelled beyond 
 its Bounds ; the Bells rang of themfelves, 
 and the Deftru&ion was fo great that no 
 Building was left (landing. The Noife 
 was fo dreadful, fays P. Alvarez de Toledo, 
 (who fent the Account from thence) that 
 * Duret, Voy. de Lima, p. 449. 
 
 thofe 
 
/fo'Caufe of Earthquakes. 107 
 
 thofe in the Fields affure us, the Cattle 
 were in great Aftonifhment : he adds, Cal- 
 lao, Canete, Pifco *, Chancay, and Los Cho- 
 rillos, are all ruined : Above 5000 dead 
 Bodies are already found, and they find 
 more daily ; fo that we know not their 
 Number -j-. 
 
 Did Earthquakes happen no oftener at Exceeding 
 •Lima than appears from the foregoing requen 
 Accounts, the Scene muft needs be fuffi- 
 ciently dreadful : But Authors have only 
 marked the moft confiderable Difafters of 
 that kind. Were we to judge by their Fre- 
 quency during the few Months Feuillee was 
 there in 1 709, that City can fcarce ever be 
 free from them, nor the Inhabitants at any 
 Time fure that they (hall not be fwallowed* 
 up alive the next Moment. Between April 
 and January the fame Year, that Author 
 felt no fewer than fourteen Earthquakes j 
 in feveral of which the Shocks were re- 
 
 * Fourteen Leagues South-Eaft of Canute^ and 
 Forty South-Eaft of Callao. 
 
 t Philof. Tranf. N p . 209, p. 81. lowtb. Abridg. 
 Vol. II* p, 410. 
 
 peated 
 
108 En q^u iry into 
 
 pea ted three or four times, viz. April 15th, 
 May 20th, 23d and 26th; June 3d and 
 14th; July 9th and 10th; OBober 21ft 
 and 22dj December 20th, 23d, 24th, 30th 
 and 31ft. Thole which happened on 
 April 15th, A/^y 23d and 26th, and June 
 14th, were fmall ones; the reft were great. 
 Noife All Earthquakes are preceded by a 
 
 preceding . 
 
 them. Noife, which is more or lefs loud and ter- 
 rible, as the Convulfion is violent. The 
 more violent alfo the Sound, the lefs Space 
 there is between it and the Shock; fo that 
 the Warning is often fo very mort, that 
 People have fcarce Time enough to get 
 into the Streets, where they are more fe- 
 cure than in their Houfts. 
 
 Several of The Earthquake of May 20th, was at 
 Two o' Clock in the Morning, when all 
 were faft-alleep in their Beds. The Ncife 
 preceding it roufed the moil: profound 
 Sleepers ; and all were feen initantly to 
 rufh-out of their Houfes with the Goods 
 which came next to hand : So that 'tis 
 eafy to imagin, fays our Author, that one 
 beheld Sights in the Streets^ which would 
 
 have 
 
the Caufe of Earthquakes. 109 
 
 ave made him laugh at another Time. 
 a Ten o' Clock a fecond Shock arrived. 
 •rhe Church where Feuillee was then fay- 
 hg Mafs, tho' full of People, was empty 
 •1 an Inftant ; nor would they venture 
 ack to hear the Service out. His Pen- 
 .ulum-Clock was flopped by the Violence 
 £ the Shake *. The like happened to 
 it in thofe on the 3d of June and 9th of 
 ■fitly. 
 
 This Day, {July 9th) being awakened in a Aicrt 
 It One in the Morning by a great Noife, 
 lie got-up haftily, and was in the Street 
 ivhen the Trembling began. He felt three 
 ax four fuch violent Shocks that he con- 
 luded the Houfe where he lodged, and 
 hofe adjoining would have fallen. At 
 Seven o' Clock there came another Earth- 
 quake, more violent than the former, 
 irhe 10th at Two in the Morning a 
 i:hird arrived, like that the Day before. 
 Thefe repeated Accidents made Feuillee as 
 :imorous as the Natives : and fearing that 
 
 • Feuillee Obf. Math. &V. Vol.1, p. 41a, & feq. 
 
 at 
 
no En q^u i r y into 
 
 at length a Shock might happen, which 
 would overthrow the Houfes and break 
 his Clock, he took it to Pieces and packed 
 it up *. 
 Tragi-co- Oftober 21ft at Four in the Morning 
 
 raicbcene. ° 
 
 they were driven-out of Bed by a fright- 
 ful Noife, followed very quickly by an 
 Earthquake. There appeared on a fudden 
 in the Streets fuch a grotefque Scene as was 
 feen on the 20th of May. The firfl Shock 
 was fo violent, that had the other two 
 which followed it been of the fame kind, 
 not a Houfe in Lima would have been left 
 ftanding. 
 
 The 2 2d, half an Hour after One in 
 the Morning, they had anotherEarthquake, 
 which brought them out of their Houfes. 
 As foon as it was over they returned to 
 their Reft: but were fcarce laid down, be- 
 fore a fecond very violent Shock came, 
 which raifed them once more ; and fo ter- 
 rified them that they durll not go to bed 
 again, being afraid fomething worfe would 
 happen. However no Damage was done 
 * The fame, p. 426, & feq. 
 
 farther 
 
the Caufe of Earthquakes. hi 
 
 farther, than that a few weak Houfes in 
 the Country were thrown down *. 
 
 December 20th, at Three in the Morn- Houfes 
 ing, a frightful Noife was followed by a£;™ n 
 violent Earthquake, which overthrew fe- 
 deral Houfes in the Country. The 23d, 
 another much- more violent happened at 
 Ten in the Morning. The 24th at 
 Five in the Morning they were furprized 
 by a Third. The 30th, at the fame Hour, 
 they were raifed out of Bed by a Fourth; 
 and at Ten o' Clock they were feared by a 
 Fifth. Next Morning at Four they had 
 another Shock -j-j which was the laft that 
 happened while Feuillee ftayed at Lima. 
 
 Duret fays two Earthquakes were felt 
 at his Arrival there in October 1709 ; the 
 •firft at Nine in the Evening, the other 
 .next Morning about Seven o' Clock. He 
 .adds, that the Comlernation was very great ; 
 and that the Trembling diminished in a 
 ; few Hours J. But Feuillee mentions no 
 
 * The fame, p. 444, & feq. 
 t The fame, p. 487 & 489. 
 X Duret , as before, p. 245-. 
 
 2 Earth- 
 
112 Enquiry into 
 
 Earthquake after the 23d of October ', when 
 Duret arrived at Callao, 'till the 20th of 
 'December following. 
 Lima's un- Lima being fubject, with very little In- 
 tSuon. 1 termiffion, to fuch dreadful Calamities, one 
 would imagin it was the Habitation only 
 of Criminals fent thither for Punimmenr, 
 or of People who were weary of Life, and 
 not of fuch as made it their Choice to 
 live there. But fo powerful are the Al- 
 lurements of Riches, fo bewitching the 
 Hopes of Gain, as to make Danger pre- 
 ferable to Safety; and the continual Fear 
 of Death reconcilable with the Defire of 
 living long, and out of Harm's Way. 
 TheCaufe There is no reflecting upon fuch ex- 
 quakes, traordinary Phsenomenons, fays Frezier, 
 without being led by natural Curiofity to 
 enquire into the Caufe, of them. That 
 which Philofophers generally affign for 
 Earthquakes, does not always appear fa- 
 tisfaclory. They are afcribed to fubter- 
 raneous Winds and Fires: but it is likely 
 they ought rather to be looked upon as 
 an Effect of the Waters, which upon dig- 
 ging 
 
the Caufe of Earthquakes. 1 1 3 
 
 ing the Earth, appears every where to be' 
 inwardly moiftened with, as living Bo- 
 dies are by the Veins. 
 
 Now the Waters may occafion Earth- ascribed to 
 
 J Waters j 
 
 quakes after feveral Manners: either by and 
 diflblving the Salts fcattered through the 
 Earth, or by penetrating through porous 
 Lands, mix'd with Stones, which they 
 infenfibly loofen ; and the Fall or Remo- 
 val thereof mu ft caufe a Stroke or Shock, 
 fuch as it felt in Earthquakes. Laftly, 
 the Water penetrating fome fulphurous 
 Bodies muft there caufe a Fermentation ; 
 and then the Heat produces Winds and 
 foul Exhalations, which infect the Air 
 when they open the Earth : whence it is> 
 that after great Earthquakes abundance of 
 People die, 
 
 The Facility of this Fermentation is ferment- 
 proved by the Example of Lima, and by^il 
 a curious Experiment of Monfieur Lemery, 
 particularized in the Memoirs of the Aca- 
 demy of Sciences, for the Year 1700. If, 
 after having tempered equal Parts of Fil- 
 ings of Iron, and of Sulphur to a certain 
 I Quantity* 
 
U4 En c^u i r V into 
 
 Quantity, as of thirty or forty Pounds, with 
 Water ; that Amalgama, or Parte, be bu- 
 ried in the Ground a Foot deep, it will 
 open and call: forth hot Vapours, and then 
 Flames. 
 Moft near Now in Peru and Chili the Earth is 
 
 the Coaft. aU fuU of Mines of Sa]tj of Su ] phur> and 
 
 of Metals ; add to this, that there are 
 burning Mountains, which calcine the 
 Stones, and 'dilate the Sulphurs : Earth- 
 quakes muft therefore be very frequent 
 in thofe Parts, and particularly along the 
 Sea-Coafts, which are more water'd than 
 towards the Top of the Ridge of Moun- 
 tains call'd, La Cordillera. This is befides 
 quite agreeable to Experience, for there are 
 fome Places where thofe Convulfions of 
 Nature are very rare, as at Kujko, Gua- 
 manga, and elfewhere ; for the fame Rea- 
 fon that they are more frequent in Italy 
 Few with- (towards the Sea) than about the, Alps. In 
 fine, it cannot but be acknowledged, that 
 the Water has great Share in Earthquakes, 
 when we fee Fields run like melted Wax ; 
 and Lakes form'd on a fudden in Places 
 
 which 
 
th& Caufe of Earthquakes. 1 1 * 
 
 which fink : becaufe the Ground fabfiding 
 forces the Water to rife above it, if the Quan- 
 tity be confiderable j or elfe to glide like 
 Sand, when the Bafe is dhTolved, and on 
 an inclining Plane *. 
 
 Altho' Frezier has afierted the Caufe of Firc > n< * 
 
 Water, 
 
 Earthquakes to be Water, he is obliged 
 to afcribe it to Fire at laft. For in his 
 lail Inftance they are not the immediate 
 Effect of Water, as in the two former 
 Cafes, but of Heat arifing from the Fer- 
 mentation produced by Water. His Re- 
 ceipt from Lemery is a farther Proof of 
 this ; and all his Reafoning afterwards is 
 folely on that Hypothecs. 
 
 If Frezier had reflected how fmall a 
 Quantity of Water was neceffary to make 
 the Amalgama, he would fcarce have 
 afcribed the Caufe of Earthquakes to Wa* the Caufe 
 ter : For being of the Confidence of Pafte q Ua kes. 
 and not reduced to a Fluid, the Quantity 
 of Water muft be very trivial in refpect to 
 the other Ingredients : agreeable to a Re- 
 ceipt of the fame Nature communicated 
 
 * Friz. Voy. p. a 12, & feq. 
 
 I 2 to 
 
1 1 6 En clu i r y into 
 
 toDr. PFaliis, and inferted hereafter; where- 
 by it appears that too much Water will 
 hinder the Operation and quench the Fire. 
 So that in Effect the Water is only the 
 Means or Inft rumen t of kindling the Ma- 
 terials j and confequently muff be fo far 
 from the Caufe of Earthquakes, that too 
 much of that Element will hinder the Ex- 
 plofion by which fuch Effects are pro- 
 duced. 
 Volcanos I am likewife of Opinion that Volca- 
 
 remedy 
 
 them. nos, or fiery Irruptions, muft help to pre- 
 vent Earthquakes; as they ferveto difcharge 
 the combuftible Matters, and ventilate the 
 fulphurous Vapours, which occafion them : 
 So that were there a few Openings of that 
 Kind in certain Parts of Peru and Chili, 
 (upon the Suppofition that there is a Com- 
 munication among the fubterraneous Cavi- 
 ties) in all likelihood thefe Countries would 
 not be fo frequently, if at all, plagued with 
 fuch dreadful Calamities. 
 Effeas ao As to Fields being (etn to run like Wax, 
 for. and Lakes formed on a fudden in Places 
 which fink : It does not neceffarily follow 
 
 from 
 

 the Caufe of Earthquakes. 117 
 
 from thence that the Water has a great 
 Share in Earthquakes; fince thofe Ef- 
 fects might have been produced by Wa- 
 ters lodged in the Earth, at a Diftance 
 from the Place where the Explofion was 
 made, to which the Openings of the 
 Ground s;ave a Paffaee. 
 
 However that be, the Hypothefis which winds 
 afcribes the Caufe of Earthquakes to Winds an ire ' 
 and Fire, feems much more probable than 
 that which imputes it to the Waters dif- 
 folving the fubterraneous Salts or loofening 
 the Stones : in which Cafes we mould not 
 hear of thofe dreadful Noifes and fulphu- 
 rious Vapours which always precede Earth- 
 quakes; 2nd fhew that they are the Effects 
 of fome natural Explofion, not of a bare 
 falling or fubfiding of the Earth. Be- 
 fides, the Earth does not always fubfide, 
 but is often only lifted-up perpendicularly, 
 or horizontally agitated, in fuch a Manner 
 as indicates an Impulfe from teneath. Let pro b ab ] v 
 us therefore hear the Sentiments of fome f theCaufe - 
 our Englijh Philofophers &n this important 
 Subject. 
 
 I 3 Dr. 
 
1 1 8 En clu i r y into 
 
 Dr. Lifter afcribes Earthquakes to the 
 Pyrites, or Iron-Stone, lodged in the Cavi- 
 ties of the Earth, whofe fulphurious Va- 
 pours taking Fire, catch one another, as 
 in a Train, and produce thofe terrible Noi- 
 fes and Convulsions, with which Earth- 
 quakes are attended. 
 Cavities That the Earth is more or lefs hollow is 
 Earth, made probable by the natural Cavities or 
 Chambers which are found every- where in 
 the Mountains by digging, and which the 
 Miners of the North call Self- opens. Thefe 
 they meet with frequently, ibme vaftly 
 great, running-away with fmall Sinus's. 
 Many are known to open to the Day, as 
 Pools-Hole, Okey-Hole, &c. Befide, the 
 great and fmall Streams which arife from- 
 under the Mountains, do evince the Hol- 
 lownefs of them. Add to thefe, that many 
 Cavities are made, and continued by the 
 Explofion and Rending of the firft Mat- 
 ter fired ; which may, and do, very proba- 
 bly, clofe again when the Force of that 
 Explofion is over, but are fufficiently open 
 to propagate the Earthquake. 
 
 The 
 
the Caufe of Earthquakes. 119 
 
 The Damps in our Mines fufficiently ful1 of 
 
 1 < * Vapours. 
 
 witnefs that thefe fubterraneous Cavities 
 are at certain Times and Seafons full of 
 inflammable Vapours, which being fired, do 
 every thing as in an Earthquake, fave in 
 a lefTer Degree. Now that the Pyrites a- 
 lone, of all the known Minerals, yields this 
 inflammable Vapour, the Doctor thinks 
 to be highly probable for thefe Rea- 
 fons : Firft, Becaufe no Mineral or Ore 
 whatever is fulphurious, but as it is whol- 
 ly, or in Part a Pyrites. The Author had 
 carefully made the Experiment on very 
 many of the Foflels of England \ and found 
 them all to contain Iron wherever there 
 was Brimftone. 
 
 Secondly, Becaufe there is but one Spe- Pyrites, or 
 cies of Brimftone, which he knows of, at 3^, 
 leaft in England ; and that fince the Py- 
 rites naturally and only yields Sulphur, it 
 is to be prefumed that Brimftone, where- 
 ever found, tho' in the Air, or under 
 Ground in Vapour, alfo proceeds from it. 
 As for the Sulphur-Fm' or. natural Brim- 
 ftone, which is found in great Quantities 
 I 4 in 
 
fomifhes 
 Brim- 
 
 J30 En Q..U 1 r y into 
 
 in and about the burning Mountains, it is 
 certainly, according to the Doctor, the 
 Effects of Sublimation, caufed in length 
 of Time by the Violence of thofe Fires. 
 Altho' the Pyrites yields fuch Store of 
 ftone i Brimftone, and naturally refolves itfelf into 
 Brimftone by a kind of Vegetation, yet 
 does it not follow that its Subftance, when 
 once fired, muft be quickly confumed, and 
 its Stores exhaufted. Now to prove the 
 durable Burning of the Pyrites, the Doctor 
 produces Inftances from different Sorts of 
 Coal. Scotch-CodX, faith he, has lefs of the 
 Pyrites in it, being moftly made-up of 
 Coal-Bitumen, and therefore it burns fwift- 
 ly, leaving a white Cinder. Sea-Coal, or 
 that which comes from Newcajlle by Sea, 
 confumes flowly ; and Sunderland Sea-r 
 Inftances Coal fo leifurely, that it is faid proverbially 
 cioaJs, to ma ke three Fires. This hath much 
 Pyrites mixt with it, and burns to a hea- 
 vy reddim Cinder, which is Iron by the 
 Magnet % But the Doctor had a Sam- 
 
 * For it attra&s the Cinder in the fame Manner 
 jhat it does Iron. 
 
 pie 
 
the Caufe of Earthquakes. 121 
 
 }le of Coal from Ireland *, which was faid 
 
 o be fo lafting, that it would continue 
 
 :wenty-four Hours red-hot, without lo- 
 
 (5ng fcarce any thing of its Figure. This 
 
 by its Weight and Colour feemed to be 
 
 in great Meafure Pyrites. 
 
 Jn England the Pyrites is neither fonot a- 
 • 1 n 1 1 bound- 
 
 plenty, nor contains fo much Sulphur asinghere. 
 
 that in other Countries : for tho' there is 
 feme little in all Places, yet they are moft- 
 ly fcattered j and if by Chance in Beds, 
 thefe are comparatively thin to what they 
 are in the burning Mountains. This may 
 be one reafon why England is fo little 
 troubled with Earthquakes, and all the 
 Parts almoft round the Mediterranean Sea, 
 particularly Italy, fo much. There alfo the 
 Earthquakes are frequent, long and terri- 
 ble, with many Paroxifms in one Day, and 
 that for many Days : Here very fhort, but 
 for a few Minutes, and fcarce perceptible -f : 
 
 * The Pits belonged to Sir Chrijiopher Wandsford. 
 
 f He obferves that there is the fame Difference with 
 regard to Thunder and Lightning in the fame Coun- 
 tries. 
 
 Add 
 
122 E N Q_U I R Y into 
 
 Add to this, that the fubterraneous Cavities 
 in England are few and fmall, compared 
 to the vail: Vaults in thofe Parts of the 
 World ; which is evident from the fudden 
 Difappearance of whole Mountains and 
 Iflands. 
 
 kindled Jt may be objected, that no Body 
 is kindled by itjelf: But it feemed to Dr. 
 Lifter apparently otherwife; for that Ve- 
 getables will heat and take- fire of them- 
 felves, is feen in the frequent In (lance of 
 wet Hay. Animals are naturally on fire a 
 and Man demonftrates this when in a Fever. 
 Among Minerals the Pyrites, both in Grofs 
 and in Vapour, is actually of its own ac-, 
 cord fired ; of which Dr. Power in his 
 Micrographia produces a famous Inftance j 
 and the like not very rarely happens. In 
 fhort, that Damps naturally fire of themfelves. 
 we have the general Teftimony of Miners, 
 as well as Declaration of the fame Author, j 
 
 Proved Nay the Volcanos, all the World over. 
 
 canos, argue as-much j for there is ftrong proba-i 
 bility to believe, that they are Mountains 
 made-up in great part of Pyrites, by the 
 
 Quantities 
 
the Caufe ^Earthquakes, 123 
 
 CJuantities of Sulphur thence fublimed, as 
 Defore- mentioned, and the Application of 
 he Loadftone to the ejected Cinder *. 
 ^Jow that thefe Volcanos were natu- 
 rally kindled of themfelves, at or near the 
 Creation -f, the Doctor holds probable ; be- 
 :aufe there is but a certain Number of 
 hem, which have all continued burning 
 oeyond the Memories of any Hiftory. If 
 therefore thefe Volcanos did not kindle of 
 .hemfelves, he afks, What Caufe can be 
 imagin'd to have done it ? If the Sun, he Reafons 
 infwers, Hecla placed in fo extreme cold a " e se ' 
 1 Climate (as Iceland) was kindled, for 
 Dught he can fee, from Hiftory, as foon as 
 /Etna or Fuogo J : Not the Accidents hap- 
 pening from Men : Becaufe they feem to 
 have beeen fired before the World could be 
 all-over peopled j and being moftly on the 
 very Tops of vaft-hlgh Mountains were unfit 
 
 * Which is a Sort of Iron. 
 
 + And hence he thinks 'tis as natural to have 
 •aSual Fire in the terreftrial World r rom the Crea- 
 tion, as to have Sea and Water. 
 
 % A Mountain in the Ifland Fuogo 9 or St, John's, 
 ene of the Cape Verd Iflands. 
 
 for 
 
nm 
 
 124. Enq.u iry into 
 
 for Habitation *. If faid to be effected by 
 Lightning and Thunder, or Earthquakes, 
 that is begging the Que ft ion : for the Caufe 
 of one is the Caufe of the other ; and 
 both are one and the fame Thing *f\ 
 
 Caufe of Here is a new Proportion ftarted, which 
 g- having fo near a Relation to our Subject-, 
 and ferving farther to explain it, deferves 
 to be confidered. There are two Sorts of 
 Inftances, frequently occurring in Hiftory, 
 which Dr. Lifter thinks very much favour i 
 his Opinion, that Thunder and Lightning 
 (as well as Earthquakes) owe their Mat~:.| 
 ter to the fole Breath ( or Vapour ) of 
 the Pyrites. Thofe of the firft Kind 
 are fuch as relate, that in Italy it rained I 
 Iron in fuch a Year: And that in Ger- 
 many a great Body of Iron-ftone (or Py- 
 rites) fell at fuch a Time. The like Avi- 
 cenna affirms. Julius Cafar Scaliger fays, .j 
 
 Showers that he had by him a Piece of Iron 
 which was rained in Savoy, where that 
 
 * None of thefe three Anfwers feem at all con- 
 clufive, and yet his Aflertion is indifputably right, 
 from the Reafons before alledged. 
 
 f See Philof. Tranf. N°. 157. p. 512. alfp Lowtk. 
 Abridg, Vol. II. p. 420, & feqq. Metal 
 
 of Iron. 
 
the Caufe of Earthquakes. 125 
 
 vletal fell in divers Places. Cardan reports 
 200 Stones to have fallen from Heaven, 
 >ne of them weighing 120 Pounds, fome 
 hirty, others forty, all very hard and of 
 he Colour of Iron. 
 
 Now what is very remarkable (fays G//- anc j c p- 
 »cT/, who has collected thefe Inftances) per> 
 <nd a very ftrong Argument of their 
 Truth, is, that neither Gold nor Silver 
 Ore, Tin nor Lead, hath ever been re- 
 corded to drop from the Clouds, altho' 
 Copper hath. But whenever the Pyrites 
 s mentioned by the Ancients, it is always 
 :o be under flood of the Copper- Pyrites, 
 hey fcarce having had any Knowledge 
 )f the Iron-Pyrites ; and therefore the 
 aining of Copper makes it ltill more but not 
 Drobable, becaufe of its great Affinity 
 svith Iron. Hence the Doctor concludes, 
 :hat this Ferrum or Ms nubigennm y if 
 :here ever was any fuch *, was con- 
 nected of the Breath of the Pyrites (or 
 Vapour of Sulphur proceeding from the 
 Pyrites.) 
 
 * And in Reality it may well be queflioned. 
 
 3 The 
 

 126 En q_u i r y into 
 
 Lightning The other Kind of hiftorical Inftance is 
 
 magnetic. ,.,.,. , . . mi • t 
 
 of Lightning being magnetic. This 1 am 
 fure of, fays Lifter, that I have a petrifi- 
 ed Piece of Am, which is magnetic ; that 
 is, the Pyrites in Succo-, which makes it 
 probable that it may be magnetic alfo in 
 Vapour *. 
 
 Thus far Dr. Lifter -, let us next fee 
 what Dr. Wallis, a great Mathematician 
 and Philofopher, fays upon the fame Occa- 
 fion. Thunder and Lightning, fays he, 
 are fo very like the Effects of Gun-pow- 
 der, that we may reafonably judge them 
 to proceed from like Caufes. Now the 
 Natural principal Ingredients in Gun-powder are 
 der, Nitre, and Sulphur ; the Admifiion of 
 Charcoal being chiefly to keep the Parts 
 feparate, for the better kindling of it. So 
 that if we fuppofe in the Air a convenient 
 Mixture of nitrous and fulphurious Va- 
 pours, and thofe by Accident to take fire, 
 the fame Kind of Explolion may well 
 
 * Phil. Tranf. N 9 . 157. p. 517. Lowtb. Abridg. 
 Vol. II. p. 182, & feq. 
 
 3 follow, 
 
the Caufe of Earthquakes. 127 
 
 follow, with fuch Noife and Light, as in 
 the firing of Gun-powder. And being 
 once kindled, it will run from Place to 
 Place as the Vapour leads it, juft as in a 
 Train of Gun- powder, with like Effects. 
 
 This Explofion, ifhi«;hfin the Air and fired »> 
 
 r . ° . the Air, 
 
 far from us, will do little or no Mifchief : 
 Like a Parcel of Gun-powder fired in the 
 Dpen Field, where there is nothing near to 
 De hurt by it. But if near to us, or 
 among us, it may kill Men or Cattle, tear 
 Trees, fire inflammable and combuftible 
 Subftances, break Houfes, or the like, as 
 Gun-powder would do in the like Circum- 
 stances. The Diftance of the Explofion 
 may be eftimated by the Time between 
 the Flam and the Noife. For altho' in produces 
 their Generation they are limultaneous, yet, 
 Light moving fafter than founds they come 
 to us one before the other. 
 
 The Doctor has commonly obferved 
 that the Noife is perceived feven or eight 
 Seconds (or half a Quarter of a Minute) 
 later than the Flafh : But fometimes much 
 fooner, as in a Second or two ; nay, 
 
 quicker 
 
128 En clu i r y into 
 
 the Noife quicker, and aim oft immediately upon the 
 preced ™ g * Lightning : At thefe J unclures the Light- 
 ning muft needs be very near, or even 
 amongft us j and in fuch Cafes, Dr. Wallii 
 had more than once foretold Mifchief, 
 which happened accordingly. 
 
 Now that there is in Lightning a ful- 
 phurous Vapour, is manifeft from the 
 fulphurous Smell which attends, and a ful- 
 try Heat in the Air, which is commonly a 
 Fore-runner of more Lightning. That 
 there is likewife a nitrous Vapour with 
 the fulphurous, may be reafonably judg- 
 ed, becaufe we do not know of any Body 
 fo liable to a fudden and violent Ex- 
 plolion *. 
 kindled As to the kindling; of thefe Materials. 
 
 by Wa- . ° 
 
 ter. in order to fuch Explofion, the Doctor 
 was told that a Mixture of Sulphur and 
 Filings of Steel, with the Admiffion of a 
 little Water, would not only caufe a great 
 Effervefcence, but of itfelf break forth into 
 actual Fire. He fays a little Water, be- 
 
 * Phil. Tranf. N*. 231. p. 65J, Lowtb. Abridg. 
 Vol.11, p. 183. 
 
 caufe 
 

 the Caufe of Earthquakes. 129 
 
 caufe too-much will hinder the Opera- 
 tion, or quench the Fire ; which he takes 
 be the Cafe of the Bath- Waters, and 
 >ther hot Springs, where Steel and Sulphur 
 caufe a great Effervefcence, but no Flame. 
 So that there needs only fome Chalybeat Explofion 
 or vitriolic Vapour (or fomewhat equiva-Jg? *" 
 lent] to produce the whole Effect, there 
 being no want of aqueous Matter in the 
 Clouds j and there is no doubt but that 
 amongft the various EfEuvia from the 
 Earth there may be copious Supplies of 
 Ingredients for fuch Mixtions. 
 
 After the fame Manner we may account 
 for the kindling of JEtna and other burn- 
 ing Mountains, where the Mixture of 
 Steel and Sulphur may produce a Flame, 
 which is often attended with prodigious 
 Explofion s, and Earthquakes, from great 
 Quantities of Nitre, as in fpringing a Mine. 
 
 The Doctor proceeds to (hew that Nitre, Genera^ 
 which is the Caufe of thofe Explofion^ 
 alfo the chief Agent in the Generation of 
 Hail j and that as Hail is very often an 
 Attendanto f Thunder and Lightning, fo 
 K at 
 
 Hail. 
 
2 jo En q_u i r y into, &d 
 
 it might be fcattered by fuch Explofiona 
 like SmalMhot out of a Gun, and caufe 
 thofe Holes which are faid to be found in 
 the Cloaths and Flefh of Perfons, who 
 have been killed or hurt by Lightning * j 
 Of which many Inftances might be pro- 
 duced -f*. But it is time to quit this Sub- 
 ject j and, having, we prefume, fufficient- 
 ly informed the Reader concerning the 
 Caufe of Earthquakes, lay before him 
 an Account of that late dreadful one which 
 occasioned this Enquiry. 
 
 * See Phil. Tianf. N°. 236. p. 5. Lcwth. Abridg. 
 Vol. II. p. 177. 
 
 f See Philof. Tranf. N°.23i. p. 657 and 233: 
 p. 729, & feq. Alfo Lowb. Abridg. Vol. II. p. 185, 
 & feq. 
 
 IP 
 
 CHAP. 
 
C Hi ] 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 A true and particular Relation of 
 the dreadful Ruin in which Lima 
 (otberways called La Ciudad de 
 los Reyes * ) Capital of the King- 
 dom of Peru, was involved, by the 
 horrible Earthquake that hap- 
 pened there in the Night, the 2%th 
 of October, 1746 : And of the 
 total DeflruBion of the Garrifon 
 and Port of Callao from the vio- 
 lent Irruption of the Sea, occa- 
 fioned by the "Earthquake in that 
 Harbour. 
 
 SECT. I. 
 
 I'he total Ruin of Lima by the Earthquake. 
 
 OF all the Judgments, proceeding r atro j a& . 
 from natural Caufes, which the tlon ' 
 Deity often inflicts on Offenders, in eider 
 to fatisfy Divine Juftice and manifefl his 
 * That is, the City of the Kings. See before, p. 37. 
 K 2 almighty 
 
ij2 AccovNTofthe 
 
 almighty Power, the unexpected Stroke, of 
 fudden Earthquakes hath ever been the 
 moil: tremendous ; for as much as in one 
 and the fame Moment they become both 
 the Warnings and Executioners of its 
 Wrath. The total Defolation of Cities, 
 which have perimed through their Vio- 
 lence, have been in all Ages the terrible 
 WitnefTts of this Truth. Thefe King- 
 doms have fufFered greatly by them. But 
 of all which have happened fince their firft 
 Conqueft, fo far at leaft as hath come to 
 our Knowledge, we may with Truth af- 
 firm that none ever broke-out with fuch 
 ailoniiliing Violence, or hath been attend- 
 ed with fo vafl a Destruction as that which 
 happened lately in this Capital ; where 
 without doubt it had its Origin, and from 
 thence was propagated a hundred Leagues 
 Diftance Northwards, and as many mere 
 to the South all along the Sea-coafl. This 
 furprizing Convulfion of the Earth arrived 
 in the Night of the 28th of OBobcr, 
 174.6 ; a Day dedicated to the two holy 
 Apoftles, St. Simon and St. *Jude\ who 
 
 merited 
 
late E a rt h clu a k e. 133 
 
 merited the blefTed Acquaintance of the 
 moil holy Virgin-Mother of our Re- 
 deemer, whofe glorious Memorial had been 
 celebrated on that Day for fome Years 
 before with mod: remarkable and extraor- 
 dinary Devotion ; and this perhaps be- 
 caufe the Divine Providence had fo ordain- 
 ed, that through her powerful Interceffi- 
 on the Inhabitants of this City mould ob- 
 tain the miraculous Prefervation of their 
 Lives : a thing which would be hardly 
 conceivable to thofe who mould behold 
 the total Ruin of the Houfes and Buildings, 
 wherein they dwelt at the Time of the 
 Earthquake. 
 
 According to the beft regulated Clocks" Time of 
 
 b r r the Earth* 
 
 and Watches, this fatal Cataftrophe befelqmkei 
 
 the Place thirty Minutes after Ten at Night j 
 when the Sun was in five Degrees ten 
 Minutes of Scorpio, and the Moon in not 
 much lefs of Taurus : fo that thofe Pla- 
 nets wanted very little of being in Oppo- 
 pofition, as they actually were in five 
 Flours and twenty-two Minutes afterwards, 
 viz. At three of the Clock, and fifty Mi- 
 K 3 nutes* 
 
134 Account <?/ A 
 
 nutes on the twenty-ninth in the Morn- 
 ing*; an Afpedl which by conftant Ob- 
 fervation hath proved unfortunate in this 
 Climate : for under its Influence thefe 
 convulfive Kinds of Agitations in the Earth 
 do moft ufually happen j and though of- 
 tentimes they prove gentle enough, yet 
 every now and then they {hike Terror in 
 the Natives with their violent Shocks. But 
 on this Occafion the Deftruclion did not 
 fo much as give Time for Fright ; for 
 at one and the fame Inftant almoft, the 
 Noife, the Shock, and the Ruin were per- 
 ceived together : fo that in the Space on- 
 
 itsDura- ly of four Minutes, during which the 
 greateft Force of the Earthquake lafted, 
 feme found themfelves buried under the 
 
 * As we find that the City of Lima maintains a* 
 Per Ton who profelTcs both Aftrology and Agronomy, 
 the Care which is taken here to fix the precife Time of 
 the Night, and give us the Places of the Sun and Moon, 
 when the Earthquake happened, affords fome room to 
 conjecture that he was the Author of the Narrative. 
 Whoever he was, 'tis plain from the many Flatteries 
 beftowed on the Viceroy, that he was either a Crea- 
 ture of his, or wanted to make his Court to him. 
 
 Ruins 
 
late Earthquake, 13$ 
 
 Ruins of the falling Houfes; and others and Ef- 
 crufhed to Death in the Streets by the 
 tumbling of the Walls, which, as they ran 
 here and there, fell upon them. However 
 the major Part of them happened to be 
 preferved either in the hollow Places which 
 the Ruins left, or on Top of the very Ruins 
 themfelves, without knowing how they 
 got-up thither ; as if Divine Providence 
 had thus conducted them that they might 
 not perifh: For no Perfon at fuch a Sea- 
 fon had Time for Deliberation ; and even 
 fuppofing he had, there was no Place of 
 Retreat in which to trull. For the Parts 
 which feemed mofl firm, fometimes pro- 
 ved the weakeft : on the contrary, the 
 weakeil: at Intervals made the greateft Re- 
 finance j and the general Confirmation was 
 fuch that no one thought himfelf fecure 'till 
 he had made his Efcape out of the City. 
 
 The Earth ftruck againft the Edifices Great H* 
 with fuch violent Percuflions, that every 
 Shock beat down the greater Part of them ■, 
 and thefe tearing alon^ with them vaft 
 Weights in their Fail (efpecially the 
 K 4 Churches 
 
136 A c c o u n t of the 
 
 Churches and high Houfes) compleated 
 the Deftruction of every Thing they en- 
 countred-vvith, even of what the Earth- 
 quake Lad fpared. The Shocks, although 
 inftantanecus, were yet fucceflive ; and at 
 Intervals Men were tranfported from one 
 Place to another, which was the Means 
 of Safety to fome, whilft the utter Im- 
 poffibility of moving, preferv'd others ; 
 that hereby it might vifibly appear the 
 Divine Juftice fought nothing more from 
 them than Repentance and Amendment: 
 for it caus'd its Mercy to fhine forth in 
 fo refplendent a Degree, that to an extra- 
 ordinary Providence alone can be afcribed 
 the Prefervation of fo many Lives. 
 Number To elucidate this it muft be cbferved 
 riihed. 6 ' ^ at there are three thoufand Houfes which 
 make up the hundred and fifty Iilands * 
 of Buildings contain'd within the Walls 
 of the City. Thefe with the others near 
 
 * As the Streets of this City are all built in ftreight 
 Lines crofting each other, they form fo many diffe- 
 rent Squares of Buildings, which the Author calls 
 Jflands. 
 
 adjoining, 
 
late Earthquake. 137 
 
 dioining, and the Shops where Traded 
 nen and poor People dwell; together with 
 hofe in the Suburbs or Borough of St. 
 "jazaruSy on the other Side of the Ri- 
 er (to which there is a Paffage and Com- 
 nunication by the grand Bridge) amount- 
 d in the whole to a Number fufficient 
 
 contain fixty thoufand Perfons, for fo 
 lany there are computed to be conflantly 
 sfident in this City. Now altho' fcarce 
 vventy Houfes were left Handing, yet by 
 ie moil: exact and diligent Search that 
 Duld be made, it does not appear from 
 
 le Lifts taken of the Dead that the Num. . 
 sr of them has amounted to much 
 lore than eleven hundred and forty one 
 erfons. 
 
 Lima had arriv'd to as great a De- State of 
 :ee of Perfection as a City fituate at fuch / 
 Diflance from Europe, and difcouraged 
 
 1 the continual Dread of fuch Calamities 
 'as capable of. For altho' the Houfes 
 
 I ere but of moderate Height, being con- 
 t'd to one Story only, yet the Streets 
 ere hid-out with the exacted ■ Regulari- 
 ty. 
 
138 Account o/& 
 
 ty, and adorned with all that Beauty 
 
 which a nice Simmetry could give : So 
 
 that they were equally agreeable to the 
 
 Sight as commodious to the Inhabitants j 
 
 and difplay'd as much Elegance as if all 
 
 the Ornaments of the bed Architecture 
 
 had been beftowed upon them. To this 
 
 may be added the delightful Appearance 
 
 of many handfome Fountains, for whofe 
 
 Supply the Water was conveyed through 
 
 Magnifi- fubterraneous Aqueducts ; the towering 
 
 Suuftures. Height of the Churches, and Structure -di: 
 
 the religious Convents and Monasteries; ir. 
 
 which the Zeal for divine Worfhip in- 
 
 fpired fo devout a Confidence, as excludec 
 
 all Apprehenfions of the Danger whicl 
 
 fuch Sort of Buildings are liable to. I 
 
 may be affirmed, that the Magnifi ceno 
 
 of thefe Edifices, if it did not exceed, a 
 
 leafl: might rival that of the grandeft Fa 
 
 brics of this kind in the whole World 
 
 for the Beauty of their Deilgn, their Pro 
 
 files, their Cemeteries, the Largenefs c 
 
 their Naves, their Cloiiters and Stair-cafe; 
 
 was fuch as they had no Caufe to env 
 
 any for Size or Elegance. Thei- 
 
late Earthquakes 139 
 
 There were feventy-four Churches great Numberof 
 and fmall, befide public Chappels, and 
 fourteen Monafteries ; as many more Hof- 
 pitals and Infirmaries ; in all which the 
 Richnefs of the Materials might vie with 
 the Perfection of the Work : whether we 
 < confider the Paintings and Pictures, or 
 1 the Ornaments of Lamps, and VefTels of 
 Silver ; the exquifite Works of Gold and 
 I Pearls, with the precious Stones in the 
 i Cuftodiums * of the Hoft ; the Crowns *f* 
 and the Jewels. The Moveables and in- 
 fide Furniture of the principal Houfes, 
 in Pictures, Prints, Efcrutores, Looking- 
 glafles, Hangings and other Curiofities with 
 which they abounded, together with the 
 van: Services of wrought Plate, had made 
 it a Depositary of the moft valuable 
 Things that could be procured from all 
 
 * Small Cabinets in which the confecrated Wafer 
 of the Sacrament is kept in the Romijh Churches. 
 Thefe generally are very coftly, and thick-fet with 
 Jewels. 
 
 t Thofe which are placed on the Heads of the 
 Images of their Saints. 
 
 Parts : 
 
140 Account of thb 
 
 Parts : for the Defire of Gain had brought 
 from the moft remote Countries, every 
 thing that Luxury or Vanity could fancy, 
 for fake of exporting Part of its immenfc 
 Wealth in Exchange. 
 Dreadful g ut a u this beauteous Perfpective, which 
 
 Ruins. < l 
 
 with fo much Cofr. had been the Care of 
 many Years to bring to fuch Perfection, 
 being in an Inftant reduced to Dull:, ma- 
 nifefted before its Time the natural Frail- 
 ty and VVeaknefs of its Conftitution. No 
 Relation whatfoever is capable of con- 
 veying to the Mind an Idea of the Horror 
 with which the Sight of thefe Ruins ftrikes' 
 v the Beholders. The very Sufferers them- 
 felves are amazed at what they could not 
 comprehend; and therefore a particular. 
 Recital of the Calamity is not only utter-; 
 ly inexplicable by Words ; but it is im- » 
 pofiiblc even to form any perfect Notion 
 of the horrible Deftruclion which on all 
 Sides appeared to view. What Force of 
 ExprefTion is capable of making the Rea- 
 der comprehend the dreadful Aflonifhment 
 
 which 
 2 
 
late Earthquake. 141 
 
 which the Mountains of Ruins occafion 
 that hinder all Entrance to the holy ca- 
 thedral Church, whofe elegant Structure 
 was deftroyed by its own Greatnefs : for 
 the high Towers, with which its Sum- 
 mit was adorn'd, fplitting to Pieces and 
 tumbling on its Roof, utterly demolished 
 all the Arches and other Parts of the main 
 Body as far as they reached, befide thofe 
 which fell of themfelves - 3 fo that not on- 
 ly the Rebuilding of it is rendered imprac- M oun , 
 •ticable, but it will require an immenfe^^ 
 :Expence only to clear away the Rubbifti. 
 in the fame lamentable Condition are the 
 bther great Churches of the five religious 
 Orders, where the Parts left ftanding are 
 •pet in fuch ruinous Circum fiances, that it 
 would be better to pull them quite down 
 i:han to think of repairing them. What 
 Words can defcribe the mournful Meltings 
 i}f every Heart to fee almoft all the Mona- 
 steries in Ruins, the religious Orders with- 
 but Support, the Revenues affigned for 
 |:hat Purpofe (con fitting principally of the 
 
 Quit- 
 
led. 
 
 142 Account of the 
 
 Quit-rents * of the Houfes in the City) all 
 loft. So that now they are deftitute of 
 all other Maintenance than fuch as the 
 Afliftance of their Relations or the cha- 
 ritable Companion of pious People can ad- 
 minifter, without any the mod diftant 
 ProfpecT; or Hopes of ever being reinftated 
 again in Convents. 
 Nunskii- To fpeak the Truth, human Under- 
 itanding is utterly at a Lofs to penetrate 
 the in fcru table Judgments of God in thus 
 permitting the Deftruction of his Tem- 
 ples, the Affliction of his Spoufes -f, and 
 fo vaft an ecclefiaftical Patrimony to be 
 loft. But it is ftill more difficult (confi- 
 dering all that Havock) to account how fo 
 
 * It is very cuftomary in all the Spanijh Weft' 
 Indies, for the Proprietors of the Houfes to fettle a 
 Tax on them, fometimes on one Floor thereof, fome- 
 times on two or more, for the Payment of certain 
 annual Sums to a favourite Priefl or Priefls, which 
 they call Capellaneas or Cbapleflnps^ by v/hich it often 
 happens that the Tax of the Houfe is more than the 
 Rent of it j and altho 5 they fhould become untenant- 
 ed, yet the Priefts enjoy their Quit-rent, and will oblige 
 the Proprietor to keep them in Repair. 
 f The Nuns Co called. 
 
 2 many 
 
latt Earth q^u a k e. 143 
 
 ny Lives came to be preferved : efpecially in the 
 ,vhen in the little Monaftery of Car- 
 nen * only, dedicated to Santa Terefa, out 
 )f twenty one Nuns whereof that Houfe 
 ;onfifted, twelve perimed : Indeed this was 
 ;he largeft Number of Nuns who fuffered 
 Dn this Occafion, for in the other great 
 Nunneries they did not amount to fo ma- 
 ny, although in fome of them the Num- 
 ber of Maid-fervants who perifhed were 
 more. And in the Hofpital of St, Anne, 
 which was a royal Foundation for the 
 Relief of Indians of both Sexes, feventy of 
 Ithe Patients loft their lives ; having been 
 .buried at the Beginning of the Earthquake 
 :by the Roofs of the grand Halls of their 
 feveral Apartments, which fell upon them 
 I as they lay in their Beds, no Perfons being 
 able to give them any Affiftance. 
 
 Every other Part of this City, (without Bridge 
 J extending our Confideration to the fatal e r0>e " 
 : Confequences of what may yet be expect- 
 ed) moves the Beholder to the Height of 
 
 * It fhould be Carmtl, or Mount Carmel, and is a 
 Nunnery, 
 
 mournful 
 
144 Account of the 
 
 mournful Companion at Sight only of its 
 material Ruins; which are fuch that the 
 Place is rendered uninhabitable as much 
 
 FineArci?,f rom inconveniency as Horror. The Streets 
 all choak'd up with the fallen Fragments 
 of the Walls fcarce afford a PafTage for 
 Communication : and this is more fenfibly 
 f irceived in thofe Parts where it was judg- 
 ed to be moft necelTary, which is at the 
 Foot of the Bridge ; where the magnificent 
 Arch that flood at its entrance, and was 
 one very valuable Part of its moil regular 
 Architecture is fallen down. It was in 
 Attention to this that but a few Years be- 
 fore the moil excellent the Lord Marquis 
 of Villa-Garcia^ m order to add further to 
 
 Equefiri- frg Beauty had caufed to be erected upon 
 
 an Statue. J \ l 
 
 it a mod elegant and grand Statue of Philip . 
 the Vth 3 our Lord and King, on Horfe-back, 
 in a military Habit, which appeared in ex- 
 quitite Proportion at that Height. It was 
 a moil: refpectable Object -, and fuch a one 
 as might have detained with Admiration 
 the grcatell ConnoifTeur in this fort of 
 Knowledge at his ftrtl coming into the 
 City. In 
 
late Earthquakes 145 
 
 In fine, one cannot ftir a Step without 
 encountring fome frefti Motive for themoft 
 melting Compaffion. The Palace of our The Pa- 
 moft excellent Lord the Viceroy, in which 
 were contained the Courts of Judicature 
 . of the Royal Audiencia *, the Tribunal 
 ; of Accounts, the Treafury, and all the 
 other Offices for Affairs of the Govern- 
 ment, are rendered incapable of being in- 
 habited, as are every one of the Out-build- 
 . ings of fubfifting any longer. The Tri- 
 , bunal of the holy Office of Inquifition 
 is become utterly unable to proceed in the 
 ; Courfe of Bufinefs 5 the feveral Apartments public 
 ;of the Houfe being totally overthrown, as ruined. 
 well as that magnificent and beautiful pub- 
 lic Chapel which belonged to it. The 
 , Royal Univerfity, the Colleges, and the 
 . other Edifices of any Confideration now 
 only ferve, with the menacing Ruins that 
 are left of them, to revive the melancholy 
 Remembrance of what they were. 
 
 , * The Court of Judges. 
 
 l sect; 
 
146 Account of the 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Callao and its Inhabitants deftroyed by the\ 
 Irruption of the Sea. 
 
 Ca/A»de.T3UT how great or long foever the 
 **— * Ruin of fo much Magnificence, and 
 the Burial of fo much Treafure, may prove 
 to be the Occafion of Mourning in Li* 
 ma ; yet at leaft the Remains of what it 
 was are ftill exifting. Not fo fares it 
 with the Garrifon and Port of Callao, 
 where the very Objects of the Misfortune 
 are quite vanimed out of Sight. This 
 doubles the Concern of Anguifh in the 
 Mind, which fhudders at the Contempla- 
 tion of the dreadful Calamity. Not the 
 leaft Sign cf its former Figure does now 
 appear : On the contrary, vaft Heaps of 
 Sand and Gravel occupying the Spot of its 
 former Situation, it is at prefent become a 
 ipacious Strand extending along that Coaft. 
 Some few Towers indeed, and the Strength 
 of its Walls, for a time endur'd the whole 
 Force of the Earthquake, and refitted the 
 
 Violence. 
 
late Earth qjj a k e, 147 
 
 Violence of its Shocks : bat fcarcely had 
 its poor Inhabitants begun to recover from by the Sea 
 the Horror of the firfl Fright, which thej ng , 
 dreadful Ruin and Devaftation had occa- 
 fioned there, (and how great that was is 
 not to be known) when fuddenly the 
 Sea began to fwell, (either through the 
 impulfive Force which the Earth by its 
 violent Agitation imprefs'd upon it, and 
 thereby keeping-up for a time, in one vafl 
 Body, Mountains of Water ; or by what 
 other Means natural Philofophers may 
 pleafe to affign, which, on thefe Occafions 
 are the Caufes of its Elevation) and fuel- 
 ling rofe to fuch a prodigious Degree, and 
 with fo mighty a Compreffion, that on 
 falling from the Height it had attain'd, 
 (although Callao flood above it on an Emi- 
 nence, which, however imperceivable, yet 
 continues ftill increafing all the Way to- 
 wards Lima) it rufhed furioufly forward, 
 and overflowed with fo vaft a Deluge of 
 Water its ancient Bounds, that foundering 
 the greater Part of the Ships which were 
 ; Anchor in the Port, and elevating the 
 L 2 reft 
 
Account of the 
 
 reft of them above the Height of the Walls 
 and Towers, drove them on, and left them 
 on dry Ground far beyond the Town : at 
 the fame time it tore-up from the Foun- 
 dations every thing that was in it of 
 Houfes, and Buildings, excepting only the 
 two grand Gates, and here and there fome 
 fmall Fragment of the Walls themfelves ; 
 which as Regiflers of the Calamity are flill 
 to be feen among the Ruins and the Wa- 
 ters, a dreadful Monument of what they 
 were, 
 with all j n this raging Flood were drowned 
 
 the In- ^ r 
 
 habitants, all the Inhabitants or the Place, who at 
 that Time might amount to near five 
 thoufand Perfons of all Ages, Sexes, and 
 Conditions, according to the mod exact 
 Calculation thatcanbe made. Such of them 
 as could lay-hold of any Pieces of Timber, 
 which the general Wreck afforded, float- 
 ed about for a considerable Time, and kept 
 themfelves above the Waves : But thofe 
 Fragments, which offer *d them Affiftance 
 in their Diftrefs, proved by their Multitude 
 the greateft Occafion of their Deftruclion : 
 
 In 
 
late Earth qjj a k e. 149 
 
 In as much as, for want of Room to move 
 in, they were continually ftriking againft 
 each other, thro the Agitation of the Wa- 
 ter j and thus beat-off thofe who had 
 clung to them. 
 
 By fome of thcfe who were fo happy eX cepttwo 
 as to fave themfelves, amounting at moft undred - 
 to two hundred, we have been informed, 
 that the Waves in their Retreat encoun- 
 tring one another by Means of the Obsta- 
 cles which the Water met-with at its Re- 
 flux, furrounded thus the whole Town, 
 without leaving any Means for Preferva- 
 tion ; and that in the Intervals, when the 
 Violence of the Inundation was a little 
 abated, by the retiring of the Sea, there were 
 heard the moft mournful Cries, intermixed 
 with the warmeft and moft earned: Exhor- 
 tations of the Ecclefiaftics, and other Re- 
 ligious, who were not forgetful of their Mi- 
 niftry even in Time of fo-great Diftrefs. 
 
 There happened luckily to be in Callao? r \ zr% 
 at that Juncture, fix reverend Fathers of 1 ere * 
 the Order of Preachers in this City, all of 
 them Men of moft remarkable Piety and 
 L 3 Virtues 
 
150 A c c o u n t of the 
 
 Virtue j who were then exercis'd in a fo 
 lemn eight-Days Service to our Lord, ac- 
 cording to an Inftitution that had been 
 eftablifhed fome Years before. Befide thefe 
 there were other diftinguifhed Perfons of 
 the Order of St. Francis, who had gone 
 thither to await the Arrival of the Com- 
 mifTary- general of their Order, who was 
 foon expeded at that Port. Thefe, in 
 Conjunction with other Religious of the 
 fame Order, the conftant Refidents of the 
 Place, and thofe of St. Auguflln, the Mer~ 
 cenariam, the Society of "J ejus, and St. 'John 
 of God, made-up in all a fufficient Body 
 of Ecclefiaftics for this occafion. 
 Ships car- WitnefTes likewife of this Account, and 
 
 ried over 
 
 it. the Shrieks that were heard, are thofe who, 
 
 being on-board the Ships at the Time when, 
 by the great Elevation of the Sea, they 
 were carried quite over the Town, as hath 
 been already obferved, had the Opportu- 
 nity of efcaping unhurt. It will not be 
 difficult to conceive the difmal Confufion, 
 and Streights, which thofe miierable Peo- 
 ple found themfelves in, when we con- 
 
 - Z fidcr 
 
ny vvreck- 
 
 late Earth q_u a k.e. 151 
 
 fider that they only preferv'd their Lives 
 from each prefent impetuous Attack of 
 the Sea, in order to prolong the dreadful 
 Affliction, which the Apprehenfion of in- 
 evitably lofing them at the Return of the 
 next overwhelming Wave, muft infallibly 
 have occafioned. 
 
 There were twenty-three Ships great How ma 
 
 * nv 
 
 and fmall at Anchor in the Port at the e j. 
 Time of the Earthquake; and of thefe, 
 as hath been mentioned before, fome were 
 ftranded, being four in Number, viz. the 
 San Fermi n Man of War, which was 
 found in the low Grounds of the upper Cba- 
 cara, the Part oppofite to the Place where 
 flie rode at Anchor j and near her the Sant 
 Antonio, belonging to Don 'Thomas Cojia, 
 which was a new Ship juft arrived from 
 Guiaquil *, where (he was built ; the Vef- 
 fel of Don Adrian Corzi refted on the Spot 
 where before flood the Hofpital of St. John 
 of God j and the Ship Succour, of Don 
 Juan Baptifla Baquixano, which had juft 
 
 * A Port 200 Leagues to the North, within three 
 Degrees of the Line: 
 
 L 4 arriv'd, 
 
152 A c c o u n t of the 
 
 arriv'd, that very Evening, with a Cargo 
 from Chili, was thrown-up towards the 
 Cordon* Mountains, both one and the other 
 of them at great Diftances from the Sea, 
 and all the reft were foundered. 
 Maga- Xhe great Vaults, where the Commodities 
 ftroyed. brought from other Parts (which fupplied 
 this City, and make-up a great Part of 
 our Commerce) us'd to be depofited, fuch 
 as Corn, Tallow, Jars of Wine, and Bran- 
 dies ; Cables, Timber, Iron, Tin, Copper, 
 and the like Effects, were at this Time ■ 
 well -fill'd with them. The Wealth of the 
 Town itfelf was like wife very confiderable ; 
 and no fmall Quantity of Money was 
 then circulating there. To thefe if we 
 add the Moveables, the Ornaments of the 
 Churches, which abounded in Curiofities 
 of Gold and Silver; (efpecially at that Con- ' 
 juncture, when on Account of the eight- 
 Days Service beforementioned many valu- 
 able Effects were carried thither from this 
 
 * The fame with the Cord'rfera> or Audei Moun- 
 tains, or perhaps a Branch of them. 
 
 City) 
 
late Earth qjj ake. 153 
 
 City) laftly, The Apparatus of Provifions 
 and Munitions of War belonging to his 
 Majefty, which were kept in the Royal 
 Store-houfes and Magazines: All thefe Ar- 
 ticles put-together fwell greatly the Amount 
 of the actual Lofs ; without reckoning the 
 Import of the Buildings and Value of the 
 Quit-rents. 
 
 In that difmal Night whilft all the In- Tidings 
 habitants of Callao perim'd, thofe of Z,/- hereof » 
 ma were diftracled with the Apprehenfion - 
 of their own Danger, and the Horror of 
 their Minds, occafioned by the frequent 
 Repetitions of the Earthquake, which con- 
 tinued without Intermiffion the whole 
 Night ; and by this Means it happens that 
 the exact Time of its Duration is not de- 
 terminable. But this Horror was greatly 
 increafed by the News of the dreadful 
 Tragedy then acting at Callao, which far 
 exceeded all the great Earthquakes that 
 had before happened there : for although 
 fometimes they were the Occafion of 
 Floods in that Garrifon, yet thofe Floods 
 did no real Damage to the Town or the 
 
 2 Inhabitants 3 
 
154 Account u/A 
 
 Inhabitants, farther than putting them in a 
 Fright. The Truth of this difmal Story 
 was confirmed next Morning by the Sol- 
 diers, who, by Order of his Excellency 
 the Viceroy, had been there for Infor- 
 mation. 
 
 brought to By this Time alfo many were continu- 
 ally arriving of fuch as were fent thither 
 to make Enquiry how Things flood, on 
 the Part of thofe who had Dealings with 
 the People of that Place, or were concern- 
 ed in the Trade, and Cargoes of the Ships* 
 As thefe Perfons were not prefent them- 
 felves at that Scene of Woe and Deftruc- 
 tion, they only brought an Account of 
 what they could collect from thofe who 
 had faved their Lives ; and except fome 
 very few, were all Fifhermen and Sailors. 
 Thefe, after having been driven about feve- 
 ral Times as far as the Ifland of St. Lau- 
 rence *, more than two Leagues diftant 
 from the Port, found Means to fave them- 
 
 * This Ifland is called by fome the Ifland of Cat- 
 Jao, by others the Ifland o' Lima, as hath been al- 
 ready obferved. See alfo the Plan, Plate 2. 
 
 felves 
 
■ 
 
 late Earthquake. 155 
 
 elves upon Planks ; fome of them were 
 accidentally caft upon the Sea-more, others 
 jpon that Ifland, and thus were preferved. 
 The Reports made by thefe feveral MefTen- 
 l^ers fill'd every Inhabitant of Lima with 
 |Aftoni(hment. But the exceffive Greatnefs 
 sf the Calamity which had befallen Callao, 
 helped, in fome Meafure, to mitigate the 
 Grief occafioned by the deplorable Circum- 
 ftances to which they were reduced them- 
 felves. Every one returning Thanks to 
 God for the great Mercy (hewn to him 
 in his own particular Prefervation. 
 
 SECT. III. 
 
 I'he Viceroy s Zeal to remedy Evils, 
 
 B 
 
 ROAD Day at length appear'd, and viceroy 
 the Light, which was never long'd- ° 
 
 for with greater Anxiety, inftead of Con- 
 folation,was the Occafion of greater Gloom 
 to their Minds j difcovering at one View 
 diftinctly all that mighty Ruin, which the 
 Confufion of their Fright did not permit 
 them to frame any juft Idea of: and there 
 
 would 
 
156 Account c/ the' 
 
 would probably now have been a final 
 End to every thing (their Defpair finking 
 them more, if pofiible, than the Shocks of 
 the Earthquake had done their City) if 
 Heaven had not provided another Light, 
 which might mine on their Hearts j that 
 thus at leaft they might recover fome Share 
 of Spirit, where any Acceffion of Joy was 
 utterly impoffible. 
 his Care And this Was his Excellency the Vice- 
 
 and Pru- ' 
 
 dence. roy, (the Marquis of Villa Garcia) who 
 appeared in Public on Horfeback in all 
 the Streets, without any Apprehenfion of 
 his own Danger, from the impending 
 Fragments of Walls that were yet land- 
 ing ; and who, after having pafs'd the 
 Night without any Regard to the Safe- 
 ty of his own Perfon, which he freely ex- 
 pofed, wherever he judged his Afhftance 
 was necefTary in this Time of common 
 Diftrefs, was defirous of extending Confo- 
 lation to the moil: diftant Parts of the 
 City, and of encouraging every one with 
 furprifing Refolution, made it manifefl: to 
 iV, in that Seafon of Univerfal Defpair, 
 
 how- 
 
late Earth qjj a k e. 157 
 
 ow-much Vigour a generous Mind is ca- 
 
 able of, who is actuated by a Zeal for the 
 
 'ublic Good, and Service of his Prince ; 
 
 )r to every one it feemed as if the Cala- 
 
 lity was diminifhed by his Prefence. His 
 
 Excellency having taken a View of the 
 
 .uins, and well considered the whole, re- 
 
 irned to the great Square, with a Refolu- 
 
 :on to dedicate himfelf entirely to the la- 
 
 orious Tafk of immediately difpatching 
 
 ,1 the proviflonary Orders which the Na- 
 
 lre of the Cafe requir'd. 
 
 Let us paufe here a while to admire the Tyranny 
 Vife Difpofitions of Divine Providence, 
 /hich ever attentive to our Good, propor- 
 ons the Remedy to the Quality of the 
 tfifchief, and in the midft of Chaftifement 
 ianifeits its Mercy. The great Calami- 
 nes which fo grievoufly afflicted this King- 
 om in the preceding Government, were 
 ,i)vils productive of immenfe Difficulties j 
 /hich yet a well-tim'd Prudence was able 
 d encounter. We were all WitnelTes of 
 hat brave Refolution with which his Excel- 
 sncy the Marquis of Villa Garcia oppos'd 
 
 himfelf 
 
x 5 8 A g c o u n t of the 
 
 himfelf to them, while the grand Authoi 
 of all our Miferies * dhTembling his Un 
 eafinefs under the Appearance of a feren 
 Countenance, penetrated however the Pur. 
 pofes of the Marquis's well-laid Defigr 
 But thefe are Tafks of fo arduous a Nature 
 that the whole Power of a Prince is ncj . 
 equal to them, unlefs attended by an in 
 defatigable Activity in his own Perfon 
 And therefore we ought to magnify tr 
 Mercies of our Lord, praifing at the fan 
 Time his boundlefs Goodnefs, for the Ft 
 
 lisPrede- vour he did us in infpiring; the Tyrant*' i 
 
 "for- • , r. r , . n . i. , . J? 
 
 with a Reiolution of immediately witl 
 
 * This, it may be prefum'd, was the preceding Vic 
 roy. This whole Sentence in the Original is a lit 
 obfcure. 
 
 f The Gentleman who tranflated this Piece o 
 ferves, that the Author in this Place feems to affe 
 being obfcure ; which makes him fufpect that thePr 
 fon here meant was the Archbimop of Lima, I 
 whom, in Cafe of a Viceroy's Death, the Gover 
 ment devolves 'till the Arrival of his Succeflbr. Tl : 
 Conjecture feems to him the better grounded, ; 
 the Circumfrance mentioned hereafter, of the Arc- 
 bifhop not being then on the Spot, coincides with tit 
 of the Tyrant's withdrawing, mentioned in this Plac< 
 
 drawi; 
 
late Earthquake. 159 
 
 drawing himfelf, as well as for the Angular 
 and innumerable Benefits we have recei- 
 ved in the Protection of his glorious Suc- 
 ceflbr. The ready Forefight, joined to the vi- 
 gorous Addrefs with which he applies him- 
 felf to our mod minute Necefiities, not 
 only confirm the Experience we have of 
 his natural and beneficent Propenfity to the 
 Public Good j but would almoft make us 
 imagine he had fludied the Nature of 
 thefe calamitous Accidents, that he might 
 be able to apply the proper Remedies in 
 cafe an Occafion mould happen, and that 
 ' the Difafter did not take him unprepar'd ; 
 i confidering that altho' it was not in his 
 Power to prevent the inevitable Force of 
 the Evil itfelf, yet he has had the Dexte- 
 I rity, by dividing the laborious Tafk, to put 
 a flop at leaft to the fatal Confequences. 
 
 As the firft thing to be dreaded was the Orders if- 
 want of Corn, all that which lay depofited uea ' 
 • in the Vaults of Callao having been de- 
 ftroy'd, the Ovens for baking Bread in this 
 1 City likewife all demolifhed, and the Con- 
 duits through which the Water was con- 
 
 vey'd 
 
1 OO ACCOUNTO/A 
 
 vey'd to the Mills all choak'd-up, fo that 
 by thefe Means this necefTary Relief was 
 obftrucled j immediately therefore his Ex- 
 cellency order'd three Soldiers of his Guards 
 to the adjacent Diftricls of Cant a, Caniete y 
 and Jauja, to notify his Commands to the 
 Corrigidores * of thofe Places, for them 
 to remit all the Corn which mould be 
 found in their refpective Governments. He 
 gave Orders at the fame time for aflem- 
 bling all the Bakers of the City together, 
 that he might know from them what Af~ 
 fiitance they flood in need of, or was re- 
 quifite to enable them to repair their Oveni 
 and carry on their Trade, 
 relating to p or accompliming all this with great* 
 
 Provisions-. f & & 
 
 Expedition, he commanded the Watei 
 Bailiff and Superintendant of the Pipes, to 
 examin and repair all the Aqueducts, Con- 
 duits of the Mills, and Fountains of the 
 City, that the Courfe of the Water might 
 not be obftrucled ; he likewife caufed it 
 to be notify 'd to the Perfons whofe 
 
 * Petty Governors of Provinces. 
 
 Bufinefs 
 
late Earth q_u a it e. i6* 
 
 Biifinefs it is to provide Flem-meat *, that 
 they mould continue to kill Animals in the 
 fame Manner as they always had u(ed ; 
 which Order they were ready enough to 
 comply-with, as it happen'd that at this 
 Time they were pofTeiTed of large Num- 
 bers of Cattle. 
 
 He affi^n'd the punctual Execution of Care of 
 
 . the Ma* 
 
 this Concern to the Care and Vigilance giftrates* 
 of the two Mayors in ordinary of the City, 
 Don Ferdinando Carillo de Cordova > and 
 Don Ventura Lobaton ; who, by their rea- 
 dy Compliance with this Order, as well 
 as the other feafonable and frugal Mea- 
 fures which they purfued, joined to the 
 Zeal wherewith they dedicated themfelves 
 to the public Service, have confirmed the 
 Opinion before conceived of them, that 
 the Love of their Country infpires them 
 no lefs in the juft Execution of the Du- 
 ties of their Office, than their diftinguim'd 
 Nobility. 
 
 * Thefe are not Butchers : for it is the Cuftom of 
 ' thofe Countries for the Gentry who have landed Eftates 
 to take their Turns to ferve the City with live Cattle 
 for the Slaughter. 
 
 M His 
 
1 62 Account ef th 
 
 The Road His Fxcellency likewife gran? :ed to the 
 Farmer of the Refer voirs of Ice as many 
 Horfe-foldiers'as he requir'd to enable him 
 to procure fumcient Hands to clear the 
 Roads, by which that great Refrefhment 
 is brought to the City, and which had 
 been rendered quite impaiTable by the 
 Earthquake : having alfo difpatched Orders 
 to the Corregidor of Hmrochiri, for him to 
 contribute all that lay in his Power toward 
 accomplishing this ufeful Defign, we have, 
 in Confequence of fo many good Regula- 
 tions, feen all this Bufinefs fo fpeedily exe- 
 cuted, that the Order and Difpofition for 
 the due Supply of the City with Provifions; 
 has not in the leaft been obftrucled ; the 
 Abundance of every thing of that Kind 
 rendering even the Calamity itfelf lefs 
 fenfible. 
 
 The Dif- Neither did it feem to his Excellency 
 
 litved. a Matter of lefs Concern to attend to the 
 
 Relief of the imprefs'd Men, who were in 
 
 the Ifland of Callao *, condemned to the 
 
 * It lies about a Quarter of a Mile South-Eaft of the 
 Ifland of St. Laurence^ before mentioned. See the Chart, 
 
 Plate 2I diggin? 
 
late Earth qjj ake. 163 
 
 digging of Stone in thofe Quarries for the 
 Works of the Garrifon ; and therefore he 
 commanded that immediately they mould 
 get ready a Number of fmall Embarka- 
 tions in Order to tranfport them over to 
 the Continent, and to put them in a Place 
 of Safety: all which was effe&ually execut- 
 ed. This too was the Means of bringing 
 back many of thofe who had fav'd them- 
 felves in this Ifland from the Difafter of 
 Callao, and by this Afiiftance had an Op- 
 portunity of curing Bruifes and Hurts re- 
 ceived from the repeated Strokes of the 
 Waves, and the Blows of the ruin'd Pieces 
 of Wreck. 
 
 Having in this Manner pioufly provid- The Dead 
 ed for the Relief of the Living, his next buned ' 
 immediate Care was to beftow Burial on 
 the Bodies of thofe who loft their Lives 
 among the Ruins of this City : for this 
 Purpofe caufing the Fraternity of the Or- 
 der of Charity to be fummoned together, 
 he gave Directions that, with the Afliftance 
 of the CityAldermen, they (hould ufe 
 their Endeavours to collect and convey the 
 M 2 - Corps 
 
164 Account of thd 
 
 Corps which could be found, to the feve- 
 ral Churches and Convents, with whofe 
 Principals he had already concerted their 
 Reception. He had like wife engaged thefe 
 latter to affift the Curates of the refpec- 
 tive Pariihes : that thus this religious Work 
 might be facilitated, which had an equal 
 Regard to the fpiritual Benefit of the 
 Dead, and to free the City from any Con- 
 tagion which the Stench of fo many cor* 
 rupted Bodies might occafion. 
 
 SECT. IV. 
 
 His Excellency s Care to Jecure what re- 
 mained. 
 
 jw s ary fcl R at the fame Tl * me was the ^ icc "' 
 fecured. «*• ^ roy's Concern lefs for what immedi- 
 ately related to his Majefty, endeavouring by 
 all Means poffible in his Power to prevent 
 the Lofs of the Royal Property. For this 
 Purpofe he commanded the Captain of the 
 Arfenal of Arms of his Palace immediate- 
 ly to caufe the Ruins thereof to be clear'd 
 away* and taking-out the military Weapons 
 
 which 
 
late Earth clu a k e. i 65 
 
 which were there kept, to convey them 
 to fome other Place of Security. He 
 likewife difpatched Don Juan Bonet, Cap- 
 tain of the Frigate, to take a Survey of the 
 Ships that were fav'd, and bring back a par- 
 ticular Account of their Condition. This 
 Gentleman having punctually executed his 
 Commiffion, made a Report of thofe which, 
 as hath been already mentioned, were 
 ftranded, and of the Places where they 
 were to be feen : He alfo informed the 
 Viceroy how the Cargo of Corn and 
 Tallow on board the Succour was fav'd, 
 which might be a Help towards fupply- 
 ing the City. 
 
 His Excellency next gave Orders forc 3r eof 
 the Lord Marquis of Obando, Commodore Sh c ip s' ns 
 of the Squadron in thefe South- Seas, to go- 
 take a View of the St. Fermin Man ot 
 War, and fee if any thing could poffibly 
 be done with her in the Situation (he 
 was in. Upon Examination it appeared 
 abfolutely necelTary to take her to Pieces, 
 for that other-ways it was impracticable to 
 make any thing of her. He hTued out 
 M 3 alfe 
 
x66 Account of the 
 
 alfo a Proclamation, directing the Superin- 
 tendant of Callao, the Royal Officer in 
 waiting of that Garrifon, the Lieutenant- 
 General of the Artillery, and the Captain 
 of the Arfenal of Arms, to take a Survey 
 of all fuch Stores and Effects belonging to 
 their refpe&ive Branches of Bufmefs as had 
 been faved, and that they fhould ufe pro- 
 per Means to collect and fecure the fame 
 as Part of the Royal Property j co-operate 
 ing in this with the Town-Major of the 
 Garrifon, who was to attend upon them 
 with Soldiers and Labourers hir'd for that 
 Purpofe. 
 
 Guard on He commanded alfo to place a Guard 
 the Mint. on the Ro y a j Mint ^ whicn was ent j re iy 
 
 in Ruins j and where at that Time there 
 were very large Quantities of Gold and 
 Silver belonging to hisMajefly *, and other 
 particular Perfons. This Wealth lying fo 
 
 * All Silver taken-out of the Mines pays one Fifth 
 of its Value to the King, and mud be carried to the 
 Mint for that Purpofe, where it is ftamp'd with the 
 King's Seal ; and fuch as has not this Mark upon it 
 is forfeited. 
 
 much 
 
late Earth clu a k e. 167 
 
 rnuch expofed, ran the Hazard of being 
 tfolen, as the Place was fituate at a Diftance 
 from the Royal Treafury, which being near 
 the prefent Refidence of his Excellency, is 
 fecur'd from Danger. Every thing which 
 requir'd the moil immediate Difpatch in 
 a Seafon of great Calamity, being fet to 
 Rights that fame Day, he proceeded to 
 other necefTary Mea fares, which took-up 
 his whole Attention : Not only fuch as 
 the preffing Exigencies of the Public re- 
 quir'd, but thofe alfo of every Individual. 
 Thefe laft, as they experience his Kindnefs 
 fo readily in afiifting them, do not fail to 
 have Recourfe to it ; comforting themfelves 
 at leail with the Satisfaction of being 
 affur'd, that what his powerful Protection 
 cannot remedy, is abfolutely incapable of 
 'any Redrefs. 
 
 They fent Word from Callao and the Orders to 
 Villages along its Coaft that the dead Bo- ave 
 dies of fuch as had been drowned by the 
 Inundation were continually driving to 
 Land ; and that the Sea had thrown-up a 
 great Quantity of the Goods and other 
 M 4 valuable 
 
1 68 A c c o u n t of the 
 
 valuable Effefts which had been fet adrift 
 by the feveral Wrecks and Inundation of 
 of the City. They at the fame time gave 
 Notice, that the Shores were thronged with 
 a great Conccurfe of People, whom the 
 Defire of profiting by the Plunder had 
 brought together. His Excellency there- 
 fore taking it into Confideration, that the 
 Town-Major of Callao would not, with 
 the utmoft Diligence he could ufe, be able 
 of himfelf to prevent the pilfering of fuch 
 Effects in fo extenfive a Diftricl as this . 
 was, gave Orders to the Corregidor of 
 that Divifion to go with a great Number 
 of Soldiers and others hir'd for the Work, 
 to the Villages of Miraflores and Chorril- 
 los, in the Jurifdiclion of his Command. 
 There in^the fir ft Place he was to caufe all 
 fuch dead Bodies as he mould meet with 
 along that Coaft to be interr'd ; and at the 
 fame time fecure all the Goods which the 
 Sea was continually cafting-up. 
 ftl >,, To the End that fo neceffary a Work 
 Goods, (hould have the readied and moil effica- 
 cious Pifpatch which the Nature of the 
 
 Eufinef§ 
 
late Earthquake. 169 
 
 Bufiftefs requir'd, he iffued out a Decree 
 to the Tribunal of the Confulate of Mer- 
 chants, directing them without Lofs of 
 Time to take the propereft Meafures to 
 prevent the Embezzlement of fuch Effects, 
 and collect together all that mould be found ; 
 in order to re (tore the fame to the Perfons 
 who mould afterwards appear to be the 
 Proprietors, according to the Rules of Jus- 
 tice and Laws of Commerce. They had 
 alfo Directions to act in Conjunction with f rom be- 
 the aforefaid Town- Major, Bon Antonio ^ in S fto,en ' 
 Navia Bolawo, to whom the proper Or- 
 ders for this Bulinefs were directed : like- 
 wife that all the Goods which the Corre- 
 gidor of the Diftrict, Don 'Juan Cafimero 
 de Veytia, had been able to mufter together 
 in the Towns of his Jurifdiction, mould be 
 added to what the reft had found; with 
 ftrict Command moreover to hinder all 
 Perfons, who were not known to the Offi- 
 cers, from prefuming to come where thefe 
 Effects mould be. For this Purpofe a Procla- 
 mation was publifhed, making it Death for 
 any Body to purloin the leaft Trifle belonging 
 
 to 
 
j jo Account o//& 
 
 to them. To inforce this Edict two 
 Gibbets were immediately erected in this , 
 City, and two others on the Strand of 
 Callao j that by the Sight of thefe Engines 
 of Punifhment all fU-minded Perfons 
 might be deterred from fecreting, and not 
 difcovering, fuch Goods as they had pick- 
 cd-up. In Reality, all thofe who have 
 had any Regard to their own Honour, 
 and Obligation due to Governors, have 
 accordingly comply'd with the Intention 
 of this Ordonnance. 
 And pre- As his Excellency's Precaution thus , 
 orders. 1 rnultiply'd the feveral Branches of Bufinefs, 
 (for he was not barely content with finding- 
 out Expedients againft. the prefent Evil, but 
 ftudied alfo how beft to avoid the Danger 
 of future Contingencies) he could fcarce 
 find Hands enough for the Work; and 
 therefore it was abfolutely neceflary to aug- 
 ment the Number of Soldiers in the two 
 Companies of Horfe and Foot-Guards, and 
 pay them in Proportion : he likewife ap- 
 pointed three feveral Corps of thefe Soldiers, 
 with their Officers, continually to patrole 
 
 about 
 
late Earthquake. 171 
 
 •about the City, in order to prevent Mur- 
 ders, Robberies and other Mifchiefs, which 
 the defolate Condition of the Hcufes might 
 facilitate, and which the neceffitous Cir- 
 cumftances of many might excite, efpeci- 
 ally among the incorrigible Mob and com- 
 mon People, on whom the moil difmal 
 Spectacle which they have of this Difafter 
 before their Eyes does not make any Man- 
 ner of Impreffion ; and therefore it is fit 
 that their Infolence mould be reft rained by 
 the Fear of incurring a rigorous Punifti- 
 ■ ment. 
 
 In this Manner his Excellency, if he The great 
 
 2eal 
 
 could not compleat the whole Extent of 
 l his Defire, at leaft, in fome Meafure fa- 
 1 tisned it ; and whilfl on one hand he us'd 
 : In treaties in the Caufe of the Common 
 Good, he was, at the fame Time, on the 
 other, the Perfon who gave Command in 
 ; it. Nor yet was the continual Courfe of 
 1 Bufinefs, in which he kept the feveral Mi- 
 1 nifters of his Jurifdiction conftantly in- 
 gaged, equal to his ardent Zeal. His Af- 
 fefTor-general, Don Juan Gutierrez deArce, 
 I Solicitor- 
 
172 A c c o u n t of the 
 
 Solicitor-general to the Royal Audiencia^ 
 and readi- having had fufficient Occafion for the 
 whole Force of his mighty Genius and 
 Application, indefatigable in the Admini- 
 ftration of Juftice (which nothing could 
 equal excepting only the firm Solidity of 
 his Prudence and Conduct) to enable him 
 to bear- up under the Weight of fuch im- 
 menfe Difficulties. Nor was the Brigadier, 
 Don Diego de He/les, Secretary to the 
 Cabinet, lefs active, transferring the fpright- 
 ly Promptitude of his Genius to the active 
 Operations of his Body : For it feemed as 
 if either he miraculoufly duplicated his 
 own Prefence, or that he had the Power 
 of extending it like Thought j fince without 
 being wanting in the lean: to the Dif- 
 patch of his own particular Branch, he 
 has appeared in Perfon every where for 
 the Confolation, the Reparation and Re- 
 medy of all the moft urgent Neceffities. 
 of other At the fame Time the two Captains of 
 
 Officers r 
 
 the Guards, Don Vidloriano Montero de 
 Aguila y and Don Balthazar de Abarca, \ 
 were attentively watchful to prevent every- 
 thing 
 
htt Earthquake. 173 
 
 thing that might occafion any Mifchief 
 or Diforder j which was his Excellency's 
 principal Regard, and for which more than 
 human Force was neceflary. For this 
 .Reafon, obferving the two Mayors in or- 
 dinary of the City to labour under very 
 great Inconveniencies (and indeed fo many 
 that it would be impoffible for them, mi ii tary 
 without fome Reinforcecement, to conti- and civiI » 
 nue in the Exercife of fo laborious a 
 Taik) he caus'd their Jurifdiclion to be 
 enlarged j and nominated one Mayor for 
 each Street, whofe Bufinefs it was to at- 
 tend to the Peace of the Inhabitants and 
 the Security of their Houfes : Withal to 
 ufe their utmoft Diligence to fearch for 
 ifuch as might ftill remain under the Ruins, 
 in order to give them Interment j and to 
 caufe the dead Bodies of the Brute- beaits 
 to be thrown without the City, through 
 the Apprehenfion of their caufing an In- 
 fection . He at the fame time gave to 
 every one of thefe Mayors fufficient Au- 
 thority to apprehend all Delinquents ; and 
 commanded them to tranfmit to him an 
 1 exact 
 
&74 Account of the 
 
 exad Account of every Thing that mould 
 happen in their refpeclive Diftricts. 
 
 to remedy This Commiffion, which was delivered 
 to every one of them in Writing, took-up 
 two whole Days to difpatch, by Reafon 
 of the vaft Number of fuch Nominations 
 within the Compafs of this great City : 
 And the aforefaid Mayors were in all Re- 
 fpects whatever, fo far as lay in their 
 Power, to act in Concert with the Alder- 
 men and other City- officers, in caufing 
 the Remains of the Houfes, Convents, 
 Churches and Hofpitals which threatned 
 Ruin, to be demolimed \ and to give their 
 utmoft Afliftance to the Bakers and Mills ; 
 as alfo to take Care to prevent all Perfons 
 from going out-of the City to the adjacent 
 Roads, in order to buy Provisions which 
 were coming to the general Supply of the 
 City : That by this Means fuch NeceiTa- 
 ries might be brought without Interruption 
 to the feveral Markets, where every one 
 would be at Liberty to furnim himfelf 
 with what he wanted. The better to en- 
 force this Regulation his Excellency iflued- 
 
 out 
 
late Earthquake. 175 
 
 3tit 1 p irnation, on Pain of two hun- 
 
 the Tranfgfeflprs, in Cafe 
 
 fcbey fcould be of the common Sort, and 
 
 of four Years Banimment to all others : 
 
 By which Means no Scarcity of any Ne- 
 
 cefiaries has been perceived ; nor has the 
 
 Indigence of the People been fo great as 
 
 to give Encouragement to that exorbitant 
 
 Spirit of Covetoufnefs amongft Dealers, 
 
 with whom it has been ufual in fuch-like 
 
 1 Cafes to encreafe the Want, in order to 
 
 : enhance the Price of the Commodity. 
 
 B 
 
 SECT. V. 
 
 New Coyifufion at Lima. 
 
 Y fuch provident and well-regulated Strange 
 
 .-«.—, Panic oc» 
 
 Difpoiitions as thefe his Excellency cafioned 
 
 , has removed great Part of the Force of the 
 Calamity, which in Cafes of this Nature 
 is ufually rather more encreas'd by the 
 : Confufion than the Evil itfelf j and by the 
 : fettled Compofure which all the while 
 I appeared in his Countenance, he has made 
 I it manifeft, that he was fuperior to the 
 
 Misfortune. 
 
iy6 Account o/A 
 
 Misfortune. By this Means he has been 
 better able to procure a ready Obedience 
 to his Commands j a Point which he has 
 carried fo high, that the exact Obfervance 
 of his Orders has correfponded like an 
 Eccho to his Voice. Nothing but this 
 could have preferved the Refpect and Au- 
 thority due to him, when engaged in 
 quelling that impetuous Tumult, where- 
 with the City was diftra&ed by the falfc 
 Rumour which at one and the fame Time 
 was fpread through every Part of it; name- 
 ly, that the Sea was riling and advancing 
 fwiftly towards it : Infomuch that the 
 People ran in confus'd Multitudes, without 
 any Order or Defign, towards the neigh- 
 bouring Mountains, there to feek a Place 
 of Safety, 
 by a falfe The Hurrv with which every one puftVd- 
 
 Alarm J- . •; ; r 
 
 forward was fo irrefiftibie, that even thofe, 
 who, from the Circumftances of the Re- 
 port which rendered it incredible, and the 
 Knowledge of much-fuch another Acci- 
 dent which happened in the Year 1686, 
 did not believe it, fuffered themfelves how- 
 ever 
 
late Earth qjj a k e. 177 
 
 ever to be carried-on ; or rather were im- 
 pelledby the general Torrent, which form'd 
 a kind of Sea, while the People, who re- 
 fembled rolling- Waves, went-on almoft 
 dead with Fright and Fatigue. In Rea- 
 lity fome of them actually died, not- 
 withstanding the Day-lighr, which yet re- 
 mained, might have convinced them of 
 their Error, as it was yet but the Begin- 
 ning of the Evening j but the firft Report 
 ftill prevailing confirm'd them in their Re- 
 folution to proceed : So that there was no 
 Poflibility of their flopping to enquire in- 
 to the original Caufe of it ; and many con- 
 cluding that fo great a Multitude could 
 not all be deceived, or the Panic prove 
 fo general without fome Foundation, be- 
 lieved it as firmly as the reft. 
 
 The Truth is, that the Confternationof the Sea 
 their Minds were in on Account of the 
 Difafter at Cal/ao, made their Fright thus 
 get the better of their Reafon ; and fo per- 
 plexed their Thoughts, that they could not 
 call to mind how high this City ftands in 
 refpect of the Sea : for in the great Square 
 N the 
 
178 Account of the 
 
 the Ground is elevated 170 Yards * a* 
 bove the Surface of the Ocean, and flill 
 continues rifing in the Parts that lie to- 
 wards the Eaft. Had this Reflection oc- 
 curred to them, they might eafily have 
 been convinced ( notwithftanding what 
 old Records mention relating to the Sea's 
 overflowing many Leagues within Land, 
 on OccaSon of other great Earthquakes ) 
 that the like could never have happened 
 in Parts where the Land lay fo high as 
 that of Lima. 
 
 The Vice- Mean Time his Excellency, who by the 
 
 soy's Pre- 
 tence Elevation of his own Mind, enjoyed all 
 
 the Height which could be deuVd for the 
 
 general Safety, and had well- fo recalled 
 
 every Thing that regarded their Secu- ' 
 
 rity, clearly perceived the Falfity of this 
 
 Report. He knew, if there had been any 
 
 Danger of the Kind, that he (hould have 
 
 had timely Notice of it from the Centi- 
 
 * Feuillee the 26 th of Oftober, 1709, found it by 
 the Barometer only 65 Toifes or 130 Yards. See 
 fcis Journal des Obf. Vol. I. p. 460. 
 
 nels 
 
late Earthquakes 179 
 
 nels placed for that Purpofe along the Sea- 
 coaft, who would certainly have informed 
 him, if there had been any extraordinary 
 Agitation of the Sea. He therefore not 
 only began immediately to perfuade all thofe 
 who happened to be about his Perfon in 
 the great Square, where he then refided> 
 and had given Credit to the Rumour, that 
 it was all a Fiction, with the fame Calm- oiialioe- 
 nefs of Mind and Confidence he had all cafl0ns 
 along maintained ; but alfo aflur'd them of 
 their Safety, with the mod lively and 
 cogent ProteftationSj- infomuch that he had 
 the good Fortune to pacify and detain 
 them. He at the fame Time difpatched 
 Soldiers to all Parts in order to flop, if 
 poffible, the innumerable Crowds of Peo- 
 ple who were pofting-away in fuch Con- 
 fufion : But thofe unhappy Mortals, whom 
 the Apprehenfion of their Danger had 
 made deaf to all Perfuafions, look'd-on 
 this companionate Deflgn of his to reftrain 
 them, as an Ad of Tyranny ; and thought 
 the preventing of their Flight was no bet- 
 ter than taking-away their Lives. In fpight 
 N 2 therefore 
 
1 80 A c c o u n t of the 
 
 therefore of all the Endeavours of the Sol- 
 diers, they continued in the tumultuous 
 Profecution of their Career; in which the 
 Confufion andDiforder was fo great, as left 
 no Room for any Kind of Diftinction 
 among the Fugitives. 
 puts a Step Hereupon his Excellency well confider- 
 ing the great Importance of this new Mis- 
 chief which was thus beginning, and might 
 poflibly be increas'd with the Imagina- 
 tion of their lbppos'd Danger, mounting 
 his Horfe took a Refolution to follow after, 
 and penetrate into the thickeft of that 
 confufed Multitude, who were as much 
 out of their Senfes as out of the City : but 
 oh, behold a Prodigy in the natural Fide- 
 lity of thefe Dominions ! without any 
 thing elfe than the meer Prefence of their 
 Governor, a Tempeft was immediately 
 queli'd, which, by the united Shrieks and 
 Cries, was not only a real Storm at Land, 
 but even occafioned a fearful Confufion 
 in the Air itfelf ; and, what neither the 
 Uriel: Relation of conjugal Love, the inhe- 
 rent Tender nefs for their Children, nor 
 
 the 
 
late Earth qjj a k e. i 8 r 
 
 die Thoughts of abandoning their Eftates 
 could effect, the Word of Command of one 
 fingle Man immediately brought about. They 
 muft needs by this Action either think that 
 they made a Sacrifice of their Lives, as a Tes- 
 timony of their Loyalty, or have been firm- 
 ly perfuaded in the Belief that he who took 
 fo-much Pains thus to preferve them, 
 would not in fuch Manner have ventur'd 
 to compafs his Defign, without having had 
 the greatefl AfTurance of their Safety. 
 
 Every one halted on the Spot where this to the 
 adorable Confolation happened to overtake f 10JU 
 him j and beginning to perceive the whole 
 Delufion, which they were incapable of 
 obferving before through their Fright, it 
 was the mod moving Spectacle that could 
 be. In their Retreat back-again, the Se- 
 paration of Perfons nearly related, and the 
 Mournings of Mothers for their Children, 
 occaiioned another Scene of frefh Confu- 
 fion, which rendered them infenfible of 
 their Fatigue and Wearinefs. But all this 
 was over before Night ; and with juft Rea- 
 fon his Excellency merited the Thanks of 
 N 3 aa 
 
i $2 Account «/ A 
 
 an universal Applaufe : For by this Con- 
 duct he delivered the whole People from 
 a Danger equally as fatal as would have 
 been that of a real Inundation. 
 
 SECT. VI. 
 
 Orders for the Relief of Monafleries, and 
 rebuilding the City. 
 
 J^^ A S thefe public and univerfal Benefits 
 -*■ -*- made it eafily comprehended, that 
 true Piety had as great a Share in the 
 Heart of his Excellency as the Obligation 
 of his Office; the neceffitous Circumftances 
 of the Nuns and other Religious, whofe 
 abandoned State has been fet forth in the 
 Account of the Ruin of their Monafteries, 
 made them hope to find fome Confolation 
 in their Turn. With this View fome of 
 thofe who enjoy 'd and held Rents ilTuing 
 to them out of the Royal Coffers, by Set- 
 tlement of fome principal Perfons, made 
 humble Reprefentation of their difmal Cir- 
 cumftances, which forced them (although 
 with the greateft Reluctance) thus to aug- 
 ment 
 
late Earth qjj a k eJ i 8 j 
 
 ment his Cares, and to have Recourfe to 
 him for fome Relief. 
 
 Upon this his Excellency immediately Relief of 
 gave Orders that they mould on their feveral Tl ' e$% 
 Credits be fupply'd with Bread and Flefh- 
 meat ; and that the Aldermen of the City 
 (hould divide among themfelves the Care 
 of all thofe Fraternities. It was commit- 
 ted to the fame Magiftrates to finifh the 
 Demolition of fuch Parts of their Con- 
 vents as threatned Ruin, and to protect 
 them from all fuch Infults as they might 
 poflibly be fubject to from Thieves ; mak- 
 ing their Eafe and Re-fettlement the par- 
 ticular Object of his Attention, in the feve- 
 ral Juntos which he has held, in order to 
 confer with the Lords of the Royal Au- 
 diencia, the Court of Aldermen, and the 
 feveral Corporations of the City about the 
 Exigencies of the State, and fuch Meafures 
 as might mofl con Jute to the Emolument 
 of the Royal Property, Re-eflablifhment 
 of the City, and immediate Repair there- 
 of : for this the Rule of Government (at 
 prefent fufpended in the Republic) abfo- 
 N 4 lutely 
 
184 A c c o u n t of the 
 
 lutely requires, feeing its Neceffities demand 
 the mo ft ferious Confideration, not only 
 for the immediate Supply of what is at 
 prefent wanting, but alfo for the future 
 Security thereof. 
 Plan for With this Intent his Excellency de- 
 
 rebuilding 
 
 creed that Don Lewis Godin *, of the 
 Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris, and 
 ProfefTor of Mathematics in the Uni- 
 verfity of this City, mould project a Plan 
 and Defign of the Proportions, Form, and 
 Rule to be obferv'd in the Building of the 
 Houfes, and other Edifices of the City, 
 in fuch a Manner as that the Inhabitants 
 might not for the future be in Danger 
 from fuch violent Earthquakes, which , 
 ought always to be dreaded ; or at lea ft 
 that the Damage and Havock, occafioned 
 by thofe Convulfions of Nature, might not 
 be fo great as what they had lately expe- 
 rienced . This Charge Don Lewis punclu- 
 
 * This Gentleman was one of the three Members 
 of the Academy (the other two, Bougiur and Condamine) 
 who in 1735 were fent to Peru, to make Obfervations 
 icr determining the Figure of the Earth. 
 
 ally 
 
late Earthquake. 185 
 
 ally obferved, and is at this time actually 
 employ 'd in removing the Difficulties, 
 which appear to the Court of Aldermen, 
 with Regard to putting his Scheme in 
 Execution. For this important Bufinefs 
 lies before them who arc to take proper 
 Refolutions, and fix upon a convenient 
 Plan ; which is highly requifite in a Matter 
 of fuch Weight, and of fo great Advan- 
 tage to the common Good. 
 
 The Multitude of Difficulties which lima and 
 prefented themfelves, did not fo much fa- 
 tigue his Excellency from the Labour of 
 removing them, (for Experience made it 
 evident that the Succefs in fuch Refpect 
 was more owing to the Quicknefs of the 
 Difpatch than could have been expected 
 from a more premeditated Precaution) but 
 he wasuneafy, as the Attention to them fo 
 long diverted the ardent Zeal which he had 
 for reftoring Callao as foon as poffible. The 
 Moment therefore that he found he had the 
 lealt Leifure, he went thither in Perfon, 
 carrying with him the aforefaid Don Lewis 
 Codln to furvey all that Ground, and find 
 
 2 OUt 
 
and Ma^ 
 cazines. 
 
 1 86 Account o//& 
 
 out a proper Situation whereon to erect a 
 competent Fortification, which might ferve 
 for a Defence of the Marine againfl: any 
 Invafion which Pirates, or any other Ene- 
 my might attempt ; likewife to choofe 
 the Place where bell they might make 
 Vaults, and build Warehoufes for depos- 
 ing ErTe&s which might be imported from 
 abroad, that fo there might be no Stagna^ 
 tion in the Trade. 
 Vault* Iq Reality Don Lewis having found 
 
 out a Situation commodious enough for 
 thefe Purpofes, marked out a Spot, and 
 drew a Plan of the Works to be erected 
 thereon fuitable to the Conveniences which it 
 afforded, after confidering the Dimenfions, 
 Figure, and Qualities of the Ground. But 
 in Regard to the Diftance at which thofe 
 Vaults would be removed from the Port, ft 
 liis Excellency judged it proper that the 
 little River on the Side of Piiipiti * mould 
 be made navigable for Canoes and Barks, 
 in order to facilitate bringing-up the Goods 
 from on board the Ships : For by Means | 
 
 * This is the Name of the Suburbs. See the Plate. 
 
 of 
 
late Earth q_u a k e. 187 
 
 )f this River, which difcharges itfelf there- 
 ibouts into the Sea, the Goods may be 
 :onveyed pretty-near thofe Storehoufes. 
 His Excellency having fatisfied himfelf 
 with giving Directions in fo principal and 
 neceffary a Bufinefs as this, returned to the 
 City to concert the proper Meafures for 
 putting what he had refolved-upon into 
 Execution, in the mod expeditious Man- 
 ner : And indeed without fo powerful 
 \ Patronage all the Methods that could 
 poffibly be contrived for the Re-eftablifli- 
 ment of this Capital would be to no Pur- 
 ■pofe. 
 
 Notwithftanding all the vigilant Pre- Devotion 
 cautions, which his Excellency has in every pai 
 thing obferved (infomuch that the public 
 : Admiration, if poffible, has been more fa- 
 tigued in keeping an Account of their 
 Number, than the Conftancy of his Zeal 
 in the Execution of them for their Good) 
 yet as human Prudence has always Lef- 
 fons enough to ftudy with Refpett to the 
 future, he is ftill feeking to find-out more 
 Expedients, if poffible, to guard againfl: 
 
 2 the 
 
1 8 8 Account o/A 
 
 the Accidents that may happen. Nor have 
 the Public lefs to admire in the Example 
 he fets, if Attention be given to the chrif- 
 tian-like Deportment which he has mown 
 by the greateft Refignation in Time of the 
 deeped Calamity ; and by profetling the moft 
 reverential Fear, at the fame Time he dif- 
 covered the higheft Courage, he has gi- 
 the Vir- ven us t underftand that the Precautions 
 
 .gin Mary, 
 
 he has us'd to refift the Misfortune pro- 
 ceed more from the Senfe of the Obliga- 
 tions he is under by his Office, than from 
 any Confidence he places in the Succefs 
 of them. For this Reafon his firft Re- 
 courfe was to Heaven ; and it is obfer- 
 vable that in the Chapel, which at the 
 very Beginning of the Earthquake the 
 Devotion for the mod holy Virgin of the 
 Merced * had caus'd to be run-up, in the 
 great Square, and whither her precious 
 Image was brought from the Convent, to 
 ierve for an univerfal Confolation in fuch 
 general Affliction, his Attendance has been 
 as conftant as his Prayers zealous, feeking 
 * Or Mercy ^ belonging to the Merccnariam. 
 
 by 
 
late Earthquake, 189 
 
 by his great Humiliation for a happy Miie 
 to what he commands. 
 
 Among the Commonality a remarkable 
 Edification is already begun in their Con- 
 trition and Repentance. It is inconceivable 
 what a Concourfe of People the Queen of or Queen 
 
 , ofAngels. 
 
 Angels * brought together to the pious Ac! 
 of a nine-days Devotion, which was ce- 
 lebrated in the aforefaid little Chapel to 
 1 implore her accuflomed Mercy for this 
 \ City; which has always experienced herFa- 
 f vours in Times of fuch-like Difafters. De- 
 1 monftrations thefe of the Tendernefs and 
 H Companion wherewith (he beholds it, and 
 r which was never more refplendent than at 
 W this Seafon j when, without reckoning the 
 manifefl Tokens of it, which the Public in 
 : general cannot choofe but be fenfible of, every 
 Perfon in particular, if he attentively con- 
 fiders it, has a vifible Miracle to remark 
 ! in his own Prefervation. The continual 
 : Ufe of the Sacraments: the humble At- 
 tention to the Exhortations, with which 
 the Zeal of the Ecclefia flics and other Re- 
 
 The Virgin Mary fo ftiled by the Spaniards. 
 
 ligious 
 
I go A c c o u n t of th& 
 
 ligious has excited their Fervour and Pie- 
 Public ty ; the public Proceffions of the Peni* 
 fions. tents *, in which the rigorous Excels of 
 the outward Difcipline fufrkiently . mani- 
 fefted the interior Force of the Compunc- 
 tion 5 together with the circumfpect Gra- 
 vity and Order obferved in all this Affair, 
 joined to the modefl: Silence of their fo- 
 lemn March) made the Sighs and Groans 
 of the Affiftants more fenfibly to be per* 
 ceived : all thefe together, (I fay) have 
 caus'd the Appearance of a quite new 
 City, transformed into Religion. May 
 the Divine Majefty grant that this Refor- 
 mation do continue and encreafe! that 
 thus its divine Wrath may be appeas'd, 
 which even flill makes us hear the dread* 
 ful Voice of his Indignation, in the fre- 
 
 * Thefe are Perfons who, on fuch Occafions, go 
 with their Faces covered by a Linnen Vail, and their 
 Backs quite bare, with a Sort of Petticoat of white 
 Linnen. They carry Lafhes of Whip-cord in their 
 Hands, with which they flog themfelves very fmartly, 
 infomuch that their Backs and Linnen are all cover'd 
 with Blood, 
 
 quent 
 
late Earthquake, 19 * 
 
 uent Convulfions, with which the Earth 
 . daily agitated. 
 
 SECT. VII. 
 
 'low far the Earthquake extended, with the 
 Warnings and Prophecy of it. 
 
 rH E Shocks which had been felt Earth- 
 that fatal Night, in which they be- quake . 
 
 o J J continues, 
 
 ;an without Intermiffion every Quarter of 
 .n Hour, or oftener, have been repeat- 
 id three or four Times at leail every Day 
 luring this whole Month of November: 
 i'bme of them attended only with Noifes, 
 out others with exceffive Tremblings $ 
 yhich is a fure Sign that there yet re- 
 gains Plenty of combuflible Matter pro- 
 ceeding from Minerals collected in the fub- 
 terranean Cavities that are in the Neigh- 
 bourhood of this City, and Port of CaU 
 ho, where the greateft Havock has been 
 made : For it appears from the Accounts 
 which the Polls have brought from the 
 
 Coafb 
 
192 Account of the 
 
 Coafts both to Windward and Leeward *, 
 that the farther the Parts were removed 
 from this Centre, the lefs the Earthquake 
 was perceived j and that not one (ingle Per- 
 fon had been loir, either in the Towns 
 near the Sea, or within Land, except in 
 Guancavilica -f*, where exceffive Shocks 
 were felt and Noifes heard. 
 How far In Effect the Ruin of Buildings extend- 
 ed, ed on one Side no farther than to Caniete {, 
 and on the other to Chancay || and Guara * 
 at which lafl: Place the vaft ftrong Bridge that 
 was built over the River fell to Pieces. But 
 as this was the neceffary PafTage of Com- 
 munication from all the Vallies below, 
 
 * That is the Coaft lying both to the North and 
 South of Callao. 
 
 f This muft have been at a great Diftance in Cafe 
 it was the Town of that Name near the Mountains, 
 155 Miles South-Eaft of Lima, and 120 from the 
 Coaft. 
 
 J Caniete is a maritirne Town about eighty Miles 
 South-Eaft of Callao. 
 
 || Chancay is a maritime Town about thirty Miles 
 North -Weft of Callao. 
 
 * Guara is a Port about twenty -four Leagues North 
 North-Weft of Callao. 
 
 and 
 
late Earth q.cak e." 193 
 
 his Excellency immediately difpatch'd an 
 Order to the Corregidor of that Jurif- 
 diction inftantly to proceed to the rebuild- 
 ing of it. Nor have we yet heard of any 
 Damage done by the Irruptions of the Sea 
 to any of the Towns through the utmoft 
 Extent of either Coaft 5 excepting only the along the 
 unfortunate Wreck of the Ship Conception, 
 belonging to Don Thomas deChavaquc, which 
 in its PafTage from Panama, happening to 
 be at Anchor in the Port of Santa, was fo 
 fuddenly furprized, that, (he was founder'd 
 before (lie had any Time to help herfelf. 
 But the like Misfortune did not befal the 
 So/edad of Don Juan Lewis Comacho, which 
 was at that Time loaded with Wine and 
 Brandy in the Port of Nafca, on the 
 Coaft more beyond: for perceiving the Re- 
 treat the Sea was making from the Shoar, 
 he had Time to take the Precautions ne- 
 ceffary to preferve her from receiving any 
 Damage, and (he is fince arriv'd with her 
 Cargo : As is alfo the Chrijl belonging to 
 Don Marcos Sans, with a Loading of Wheat 
 and Tallow from Chili -, which Ship, with 
 O another 
 
194- Account of the 
 
 another Bark, difpatched from Caiete * by 
 the Magistrates of that Diftrict with Flower 
 and Grain, has help'd towards the Supply 
 of the City. 
 Moral Re- s ucn \ s the prefent miferable State of 
 
 fiedion , r 
 
 Lima, the Skeleton now only of a City; 
 whofe Grandeur is vifible in the vaft Ex- 
 tent of its Deiblation, which magnifies ftill 
 more the Plorror and Aftonifbment of its 
 Ruins. The Relation of its Misfortune 
 ought to ferve as a Motive for our Amend- 
 ment rather than a Subject of our Curioii- 
 ty, that for want of making a due Im- 
 preflion on us, our Hearts may not become 
 more obdurate than the Stones of its Re- 
 mains : Nor is it poffible for any one to 
 help trembling, who in thefe ruinous Heaps 
 of infeniible Matter beholds the dreadful 
 Marks of Divine Power, againft which 
 there is no Refinance. The intire Mafs of 
 its Buildings being thus demolifh'd, the 
 Circulation of that Spirit which animates 
 
 * A Miftake doubdefs for Canute, or Canctc, a s 
 'tis written in our Charts. 
 
 its 
 
 A 
 
late Earth q_u ake, 195 
 
 its expiring Subftance would flagnate, if, oftheAu- 
 with regard to the political Part, Divine 1 or * 
 Providence had not provided for us, in 
 the renown'd Perfon of the Viceroy who 
 governs, all the Reparation which fuch a 
 : Calamity flood in need of:, for it feems as 
 
 • if the Vigour of his Mind, in the Streights 
 to which Neceffity has reduced him, (being 
 
 : , pent up in an incommodious Dwelling in 
 ■ the great Square, where at prefent he re- 
 
 • fides) gathers the greater Force to over- 
 I come the innumerable Difficulties which 
 ' furround him, and are rendered the 
 : more infurmountable by the Lofs there is 
 \ of knowing where to begin to encounter 
 ( them. 
 
 As to the fpiritual Part, the fagacious Regular 
 
 • Prudence of the venerable Dean and Chap* Spirituals* 
 ter, (in whofe learned and refpectable Bo- 
 
 ' dy the whole Jurifdi&ion is lodged, du- 
 : ring the prefent Vacancy of this archiepif- 
 copal See) has made the Want of the chief 
 Pontif lefs felt towards the well- ordering 
 and conducting the Operations necefTary 
 in this critical Juncture : A Truth which 
 O 2 has 
 
196 Account of the 
 
 has been experienced in every Part of 
 that Trouble, which in this Calamity im- 
 mediately related to them. They have 
 likewife proceeded in their well-founded 
 and unanimous Refolutions, as well as in 
 the religious and ardent Zeal which they 
 exert, in order to forward, as much as 
 feems poffible for Men to do, the Build- 
 
 Jts good ing of a Church, which to ferve the pre- 
 
 EffedU. 
 
 fent Occafion, they have made Difpofitions 
 to erect in the great Square; there to con- 
 tinue the Work of Divine Worfhip, and 
 whatever elfe concerns their facred Func- 
 tion. This mining Example, the feveral 
 Parifh-priefts, with the reft of the pious 
 and devout Minifters, as well Friars as Cler- 
 gy, imitate with mod indefatigable Ear- 
 neftnefs ; and laying hold of the good Dif- 
 pofition in which they find all Hearts at 
 prefent, do not neglect to fow without 
 ceafing the admirable Seed of efficacious 
 Doctrine, which makes us hope to fee a 
 mofr, plentiful Harvefi of all Kind of 
 Virtues. 
 
 So 
 
late Earthquake. 197 
 
 So happy an Event may reconcile us warnings 
 
 with God, whofe divine Clemency, it iSEvih. 
 
 certain, does not intend our utter Deflruc- 
 
 tion : For in Proportion to the Force of 
 
 the Evil, he has been gracioufly pleas'd to 
 
 provide us Remedies ; and if our own 
 
 Hardnefs of Heart had not with- held 
 
 his Grace from us, we might perhaps have 
 
 avoided the Misfortune by our Amendment 
 
 \ of Life, and an humble Recourfe to his 
 
 I Mercies : For the Deity afforded us all 
 
 I proper Admonitions for that Purpofe, one 
 
 ' While in the natural Way, by Means of 
 
 ■i various fiery Exhalations, which in feve- 
 
 ; ral preceding Nights were obferved towards 
 
 ji Callao, and vifible from the Ifland near 
 
 1 it, as we have fince been afTured ; and 
 
 then again by other Methods, in which 
 
 1 the Merit of our Punimment is more ea- 
 
 fily difcernable. 
 
 What I mean is, a Prediction of all this Foretold 
 
 by a Nun. 
 
 lamentable Cataftrophe/ (which remained 
 
 in the Hands of a very few Perfons, and 
 
 that too without being in the lead re- 
 
 O 3 garded) 
 
fgS Account of the 
 
 garded) uttered, * many Months before 
 it happened, by our Mother Terefa of Je- 
 fits, a Nun in the Monaftery of Barefoots «f» 
 of St. Jofeph in this City, with repeated and 
 Whofe mod: efficacious Affeverations of what was 
 on to come to pafs : to which fhe added, that 
 
 her Life would not laft long enough for 
 her to experience the fad Event; and in 
 Fadl: (he died at the Age of above a hun- 
 dred Years, the 15th of the fame Month 
 of O5lober y a Year before the Earthquake 
 happened. To demonstrate the Truth of 
 this, Informations are actually now mak- 
 ing, which will contain the whole Partici 
 lars of the Cafe; although at that Time the 
 extreme Earneftnefs with which fhe deli- 
 vcr'd her Prediction, was leok'd upon as 
 a Mark of the Failure of her Understand- 
 ing at that advanced Age : For it was the 
 Divine Will, that the very Lights by 
 
 * So the former great Earthquake is faid to have 
 been foretold. Sec before, p. 105. 
 
 t Or Difcalciate Nuns, fo called from going bare* 
 fqct like the Friars of the fame Order. 
 
 which 
 
late Earthquake, 199 
 
 which human Wifdom fever circumfpect was d,f rc . 
 in Cafes of the like Nature) was us'd to garded ' 
 govern itfelf, mould be obfcur'd through 
 Want of fuch Notice *, in order thus to 
 carry the Blow into Execution ; which 
 Proceeding we ought to believe is conve- 
 nient for us, without fearching farther in- 
 to jhe hidden Judgments of its high De- 
 signs. 
 
 * Rather through a Difregard of fuch Notice : for 
 if there was fuch a Prophecy, as is pretended, Notice 
 was given. But it Jooks very fufpicious that God 
 fhould reveal a Warning of his Judgments to no Ef- 
 fect : Were the Natives of Lima more unbelieving, 
 or lefs in the divine Favour, than the Inhabitants of 
 Nineveh^ who repented on the Prophefying of Jonas 
 againft that City r Or were they fo ripe for Vengeance 
 that the Deity hardened their Hearts, like that of Pba- 
 raoh, (o that they fhould not regard the Warning 
 which he had fent them of their Deft rucl ion, by an 
 Evil which they were always in Fear of? 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 Printed at Li ma fiom the Original, by Com- 
 mand of the moft excellentLord the Viceroy. 
 
 O 4 CHAR 
 
200 Defcription of Peru, 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 A Defcription of Peru and its In- 
 habitants, with their different In- 
 terefts. 
 
 SECT. I. 
 
 Afuccinfi Account of Peru, its chief lowns,. 
 and natural Productions. 
 
 Term in O I N C E our Defign in this Place is 
 :kh O not to write the Geography of Pe- 
 ru, but only to give the Reader fuch a 
 general Notion of it, as may enable him to 
 judge of its Condition and Strength, I can- 
 not perhaps do better than tranfcribe what 
 is to be found relating to this Country, in 
 a Book of Geography lately publifhed *, 
 being the moft exact Account in Abftract 
 to be met with any where. 
 Its site, According to this Author Peru -f- is fitu- 
 tcnt. " ated between 42 Degrees, 30 Minutes, and 
 
 * It is in titled, Ajhort Way to know the Worlds or a 
 Compendium of Modern Geography r , in izmo. 174.5. 
 f Peru, is called by the Indians, Taguantin Suyu. 
 
 63 
 
and its Productions. 20 1 
 
 63 Degrees, 15 Minutes of Weft Longitude 
 from Ferro -.and between 1 Degree 20 Mi- 
 nutes, and 24 Degrees 30 Minutes of South 
 Latitude. It is bounded on the North by 
 Sierra Fir ma \ on the Eaft by the Country 
 ©f the Amazons \ on the South by Paraguay 
 and Chili y and on the Weft by the South Sea : 
 Being in Length (from North to South) 
 about 1680 Miles; and in Breadth (from 
 Eaft to Weft) where broadeft, not above 
 530 Miles. 
 
 It confifts of three Sorts of Country, Country 
 or narrow Traces, which run parallel to an 
 each other from North to South ; the 
 Plains, the Sierra or Hills, and the Cordil- 
 lera de los Andes, a long Chain of high - 
 Mountains. The Plains lie towards the Sea 
 about 1 o Leagues broad, and are very fer- 
 tile in Pafture, Grain and Cattle, although 
 the Land is generally a deep Sand. The 
 Sierra, con lifting of Hills (covered with 
 Trees) and Valleys, lie in the middle and 
 take-up 20 Leagues in Breadth.. The 
 Andes poftefs the fame Space and are quite 
 naked. It never rains, hails or fnows 
 2 along 
 
202 Defcription of Peru, 
 
 along the Coaft, which is rendred tempe- 
 perate by the South or South- weft Wind, 
 which is healthy and always blows gently 
 there. The Sierra is the hotteft Part, and 
 fubject to rain moll: of the Year : the 
 Sheep here are large and carry Burthens of 
 one hundred Weight each. 
 Moun- The chief Mountains in Peru are, the 
 
 tains. 
 
 Sierra and Cordillera before mentioned. 
 The chief Rivers are, the Maragnan and 
 Defnequera. Principal Lakes, the Fintica 
 and Paria ; the firit 150 Miles long, and 
 70 broad ; the latter 60 long, and 24 broad. 
 Peru is divided into three Audiences, 
 Quito, Lima and Chare as. That of Quito 
 (which is the moll: northern) is 600 Miles 
 Audience ^ on ?> ar, d 5 2 ° broad, fubdivided into three 
 o ggtto. Provinces: the firft, Quito properly called, 
 520 Miles long, and 300 broad: Second, 
 the Qiiixos^o long, and 190 broad: Third, 
 the PacamoreSy called alio Tgalfongo and 'Juan 
 de Salinas, 240 Miles long, and 225 broad. 
 The chief Places in this Audience are, Quito 
 the Capital, Cuenza or Bamba, Laxa or Zar- 
 za, Zamora, St. J ago or Puerto Viejo, Guay- \ 
 2 aquil y 
 
and its Productions. 203 
 
 aquil, St. Miguel de Cailan, and Payta : 
 thefe are in Proper Quito. In los Quixos, 
 are Bacza the Metropolis, and Sevilla del 
 Oro. In los Pacamones, are Valadolid the 
 Capital, St. Francis de Borgia, and St. Ja- 
 go de las Montanas. 
 
 Quito, or San Francifco de Quito , (the%;a 
 chief City of the whole Audience, ) is a ' Y ' 
 fortified Place, ftanding in a Plain. The 
 I Streets are wide and ftrait. It contains 
 ■ four Squares and many good Buildings, be- 
 i fides the Courts, Cathedrals and Churches. 
 Although it is within 30 Minutes (or geo- 
 graphical Miles) of the Equator, yet the 
 \ Air is clear, healthful, and rather cold than 
 
 * hot y nay the Snow lies all the Year in 
 
 • fbme Places. 
 
 Twenty Leagues South-weft of Cuenza, Famous 
 
 1 are the Remains of the Inkas Palace of 
 
 I Thome Bamba, and Temple of the Sun, 
 
 wonderful Structures, Near Laxa and 
 
 Zamora are exceeding rich Mines of Gold 
 
 and Silver. Guayaquil * and Payta are 
 
 * Or Guiaquil: it was taken by Captain Rogers in 
 
 noted 
 
204 Defcription of Peru, 
 
 noted Ports. The lafr, Town was taken 
 and burnt by the Englifj in 1742 -f. Near 
 San Jago of the Mountains are rich Mines 
 of more than ordinary fine Gold. 
 Audience The Audience of Lima, called alfo de 
 
 of Lima. 
 
 Jos Reyes y or of the Kings , and proper Peru t 
 (which lies in the middle) is 870 Miles 
 long, and 585 broad. The principal Places 
 belonging to it are, Zana or Mirafores, 
 Truxillo, Santa or Par 'ilia , Moyo bamba or 
 Sant yago de los Valles, Lima, Guamanga, 
 Tea or Vaherde, Kujko, Vilca bamba, or 
 San Francifco de ViEioria, Sant faan del 
 OrO) San Miguel dela Ribera 3 Araquipa> 
 &c. 
 T'uxiib tfruxillo, not far from the Coafl, is reck- 
 oned one of the beft Towns in Peru,- 
 being very large and well built. The Au- 
 thor next defcribes Lima and its Parts of 
 Callao j but having already fpoken at large 
 of thofe Places, we mall omit his Ac- 
 count of them. He goes on: As Sant Juan 
 
 f Under Commodore jfnjba, now Admiral and Lord 
 An/on, 
 
 del 
 
 Town. 
 
 
and its Productions. 205 
 
 , del Oro are rich gold Mines. Guamanga is 
 a handfome Town, with Stone- Houfes 5 
 and near it are Mines of Gold, Silver, Cop- 
 per, Iron, Load-ftone and Quick- filver. 
 
 Kufko was the Metropolis of Peru un- Kujk a. 
 der the Inkas, the Ruins of whofe Caftle ty * 
 (a wonderful Structure) is on a Hill that 
 hangs over the City. The Streets are long 
 but narrow : The Houfes of Stone. It 
 has 13,000 Inhabitants, whereof 3000 are 
 Spa?iiards. From this City runs a fine 
 broad Road Northward to ^uito^nd South- 
 ward to la Plata, made by the Inkas, 
 with Inns at every four, or fix League's 
 
 ' Diftance ; where the Indian Chiefs, ac- 
 cording to ancient Cuitom, entertain Tra- 
 vellers. It is faid that Pizarro* when he 
 took it, found many Houfes covered 
 without, and lined within, with Plate. 
 
 The Audience de los Charcas, or la Pla- Audience 
 ta (which lies to the South) is about 660 °„,. 
 Miles long and 640 * broad. The chief 
 
 * A Miftake for 460. This Audience includes alfo 
 Tucuman belonging to Paraguay: The Part there- 
 fore contained in Peru, is more properly called the 
 Province, thao Audience of Chercbas. 
 
 Places 
 
2 o 6 Defcription of Peru, 
 
 Places within its Jurifdiction are la Paz 
 
 or Choqueapo, Orope/a, Mijque, Santa Cruz 
 de la Sierra, Cbaquifaca or la Plata, Potofi, 
 Atacama and Arica. 
 
 la Plata. Cbaquifaca, or la Plata, the Capital, is 
 very populous, and all the Country full of 
 
 Potofi. Mines. Eighteen Leagues to the South- 
 weft is Potofi ', called by the Spaniards the 
 Imperial City. It contains 6000 Spaniards, 
 ^nd many more Strangers, who refort thi- 
 ther for Trade. There are 30,000 Indians 
 in the Suburbs, who come to work in the 
 Mines, induced by the good Pay, but 
 none are forced. It is the larger!: City in 
 Peru, being two Leagues in Compafs ; 
 but the Country about it is deftitute of all 
 NecefTaries, which are fupply'd from Oro- 
 peja, and other Towns. It (lands at the 
 Foot of the Mountain Potofi, which rifes 
 like a Sugar-loaf, and affords the richeft 
 
 Silver filver Mines in the World. Arica, 80 
 Leagues Dift ant, is the Port, whither the 
 Treaftire is conveyed to be fent to Lima. 
 
 Mines. 
 
 it has been fortified again ft the Pirates. 
 
 Peru 
 
and its Produ&ions. 207 
 
 Peru is under the Kin^ of Spain, and Govern - 
 
 x o r ' merit tem- 
 
 gOVemed by a Viceroy, rending at Lima? ™ 1 * 
 
 in vaft Wealth and State. The Indians 
 before the Conqueft were governed by their 
 Inkas or Emperors; and now the feveral 
 Nations have their Kaficks (or Chiefs) but 
 pay Tribute to the Spaniards. However at 
 Lima is a Defcendant of the laft Inka, to 
 whom a new Viceroy pays a Kind of Ho- 
 mage. 
 
 There are in Peru 2 Archbifhops. 1 . Li- Spiritual, 
 1 ma, under whom are the Bimops of Gua- 
 • manga, Kufko, Arequipa, Truxillo and 
 ^Quito. 2. La plat 'a , Suffragan to whom 
 are, la Paz de Cbuquiaga, and Santa Cruz 
 I de la Sierra. 
 
 The Inhabitants of Peru con fi ft of i#-inhabi- 
 , dians, Spaniards, Criolia?is and Meftizas, 
 : as elfewhere. The Indians are of a good 
 Stature, flrong, healthy and have a Ge- 
 1 nius for Arts: but are timorous and malici- 
 ; ous; addicted to flrong Liquors and Wo- 
 men. They bear an implacable Hatred 
 to the Spaniards * for their barbarous 
 
 * The Averfion of the Cridians to the Spaniards 
 
 is 
 
 tains 
 
2o 8 Defcnption o/Peru, 
 
 Ufage, and moft of all to the Spanijh Cler- 
 gy j who are cruel, ignorant, and lewd, 
 having often 2 or 3 Wives each, and em- 
 ploy all Sorts of Tricks to fqueeze Money 
 out of them. 
 
 LatcTrea- Thus f or t h e Author of the Compendi- 
 
 tife com- m > * 
 
 mended, um ; who, from this concifc, but pithy 
 Account, appears to have touched-on the 
 moft remarkable Things to be met-with 
 in the beft and lateft Travellers, concerning 
 Peru. The like he Teems to have done 
 with refpecl to the other Parts of the 
 World : For there we find on the Lift fe- 
 veral large Kingdoms, and numberlefs Ci- 
 ties not to be met with in the lateft Geo- 
 graphies, great or fmall. There Countries 
 are divided and defcribed according to their 
 prefent State : In fhort, it is the only 
 uniform Syftem now extant in any Lan- 
 guage, or fuch as will afford a Per/on any 
 tolerable Idea of modern Geography. Let 
 us now pafs to the Voyages. 
 
 is mentioned by our Author in his Defcription of Me x- 
 ico. 
 
 It 
 
 
and its Productions. 209 
 
 It has been already obferved, that the Fruits « . 
 Soil about Lima (and indeed generally 
 through the Valleys of Peru) is fertile in 
 
 all Sorts of Fruits. Befides fuch as have 
 
 been tranfported hither from Europe, as 
 I Pears, Apples, Figs, Grapes, Olives, &c. 
 There are thofe of the Caribbee Iflands, as 
 Ananas^ Guayavas, Patatas, Bananas, com* 
 mon and water Melons, befides others pe- 
 culiar to Peru. The mod valu'd of the 
 la ft Sort are the Chirimayas, refembling in Chirima* 
 fmall the Ananas, and pine Apples; being 
 ; full of a white folid Subflance, mix'd with 
 i Seeds as big as kidney-Beans: the Leaf is 
 ifomewhat like the Mulberry; and the 
 Wood refembles that of the Hazel. 
 
 The Granadillas are a Sort of Pomegra- Granadil- 
 nates, full of blackifh Kernels, fwim- a 
 ming in a vifcous Subftance, in Colour 
 like the White of an Egg, very cooling 
 and of an agreeable Tafte. The Leaves 
 fomewhat refemble thofe of the Lime Tree ; 
 and the Imagination of the Spaniards forms 
 in the Flowers all the Inftruments of the 
 Paffion. Feuillee, who has drawn this 
 
 P Fruit, 
 
21 o Defcription of P e r v 
 
 Fruit, calls it Granadilla Pomifera Tiiias 
 folio. 
 
 Higasde Thofe they call Higas de Tuna, or T«- 
 na Figs, are the Fruit of the Raquette, or 
 Eupborbium, as big as a green Walnut, 
 cover'd with Points, almoft as (harp as 
 thofe of the outward Rind of the Chefnut : 
 they are good and wholfome. The L«- 
 cu mas, Pacayas, Pepinos, Ci rue las, Plums 
 like Jujubs, are there very plentiful. 
 
 Odd Sea- There is this Conveniency at Lima, (and 
 other Places along the Coaftj that there is 
 Fruit all the Year round : becaufe as foon 
 as they begin to fail in the Plain, they are 
 ripe on the neighbouring Hills. On the 
 other Hand it feems furprizing, that the 
 Seafons fhould be fo different in the fame 
 Climate, that thofe which agree to the 
 Southern Latitudes, mould be found there 
 at the Time when thofe of the Northern 
 Latitudes ought to take place. Frezier 
 has been often afked how that could come- 
 to-pafsj and why the torrid-Zone, which 
 ancient Philofophers, and Fathers, fuch 
 as S. Augitjlin and S. Thomas; thought to 
 i be 
 
and its Productions. 2 1 1 
 
 be uninhabitable, by Reafon of the exceflive 
 Heat, mould be uninhabitable in feveral 
 Places, thro' intolerable Cold, tho' directly 
 under the Sun. 
 
 Father du Tertre, in his Hi ft or y of the 
 Caribbee IJlands, afligns three Reafons for To what 
 the Temperature of that Zone ; but there Caues 
 are two of them, fays our Author, which 
 do not fuit it : for the regular or Trade- 
 winds do not prevail throughout all the 
 ^one ; and the Inlands of South- America 
 ;are not cool'd by the Neighbourhood of 
 ilthe Sea. 
 
 There is therefore, adds he, no general they are 
 
 OWiOK* 
 
 Reafon for that Effect, but what is grounded 
 on the Equality of Time, the Prefence and 
 the Abfence of the Sun, and the Obliquity 
 ,of his Rays for fome Hours, at his rifing 
 and fetting. However this Reafon will not 
 hold for Lima, if one compares the little 
 Heat which is there, with that which is 
 felt at Bahia de 'Todos los Santos, (in BrafilJ 
 i Place almoft under the fame Parallel, 
 and on the Sea-fhore. In fhort, to folve 
 the Queftion we muft take-in to the Ac- 
 P 2 count 
 
2 1 2 Defcrlption o/Peru, 
 
 count the Mountains called La Cordillera, 
 or the dndes, which crofs Peru, whofe 
 Neighbourhood contributes much towards 
 tempering the Air that is there breath'd. 
 Beafon of In cafeit be farther demanded how thofe 
 
 the Cold . f ' . 
 
 Mountains come to be as cold as thole in 
 our Climates? 'tis anfwered, that befides the 
 general Reafons which may be affign'd, 
 the Situation of thofe Mountains is another 
 Caufe ; for they generally run North and 
 South : whence it follows, that neither 
 Side of thofe which lie mod open to the 
 Sun does receive the Sun for above fix 
 Hours ; and, if other Mountains happen to 
 (land before them, they will receive lefs 
 than half the Rays the Plain receives, and 
 n the for about the fourth Part only of the na- 
 tural Day. Thus the Obliquity of the 
 Sun's Rays on the general Face, from Sun- 
 rifing 'till Nine o' Clock, and the Oppo- 
 fition of an Air condenfed by the Cold of 
 fifteen Hours Abfence, render his Action 
 but little- fenfible 'till he has gotten-up to 
 a certain Height. In fhort, when the Sun, 
 i being 
 
 Moun 
 tains. 
 
and its Produ&ions. 213 
 
 being in the Zenith, violently heats the 
 Plain, it only half heats the Mountains *. 
 
 Since the Earthquake in 1678, thecom. 
 Earth has not produced Corn as it did 
 before i for which Reafon they find it 
 cheaper to have it brought from Chili y 
 whence enough is every Year exported to 
 maintain fifty or fixty thoufand Men: The 
 Mountain and the reft of the Country is 
 fufficient to maintain the Inhabitants. 
 
 As for Garden-flowers, Frezier had not Flowers, 
 -feen any peculiar to thofe Parts, except 
 the Niorbos j which fomewhat refembles 
 the Orange Flower, and has a more plea- 
 ,fant but not fo ftrong a Scent. However, 
 . from the Report of Perfons of Credit, he 
 1 gives an Account of fome Plants which he 
 thinks deferve Notice for the fingular Qua- 
 lities afcribed to them. 
 
 There is an Herb call'd CarapuUo, which Carapuilo 
 grows like a Tuft of Grafs, and yields an u 
 Ear; the Decodtion of which makes fuch 
 
 * For the Author's Reafon ing at large our Readers 
 are referred to the Voyage itfelf, p. 233, and thofe 
 following. 
 
 P 3 as 
 
2 14 Defcription o/Peru 
 
 as drink it delirious for fome Days. The 
 Indians make ufe of it to difcover the na- 
 tural Difpofition of their Children, by plac- 
 ing before them the Tools belonging to 
 different Trades, as a Spindle, Wool, Scif- 
 fors, Cloth, Kitchen-furniture, &c. if a 
 Maiden ; and Accoutrements for a Horfe, 
 Awls, Hammers, if a Lad, &c. and that 
 Tool they take moll fancy to in their De- 
 lirium, is a certain Indication of the Trade 
 they are fitted: for : This the Author was 
 affured by a French Surgeon who was an 
 Eye-witnefs of this Rarity. 
 Paradife In the Plains of tfruxillo there is a fort 
 
 Flower. 
 
 of Tree, which bears twenty or thirty 
 Flowers, all of them different and of di- 
 vers Colours, hanging together like a Bunch 
 of Grapes - t it is call'd Flor del Paraifo, or 
 the Flower of Paradife. 
 Oofs- About Caxatambo and San Matheo, a 
 
 Village in the Territory of Lima ) at the 
 Foot of the Mountains, there are certain 
 Shrubs bearing blue Bloffoms j each of 
 which, as it changes into Fruit, produces a 
 Crofs fo exactly form'd, that it could not 
 be better done by Art, In 
 
 Flowers. 
 
and its Produ&ions. 215 
 
 In the Province de los Charcas, on the Heart- 
 Banks of the great River Mifque, there 
 grow large Trees, whofe Leaf is like that 
 of the Myrtle ; and the Fruit is a Clutter 
 
 . of green Hearts, fomewhat lefs than the 
 Palm of the Hand. This Fruit being open'd 
 there appear feveral little white Films, like 
 the Leaves of a Book ; and on each Leaf 
 is a Heart, in the midft of which is a 
 
 < Crofs, with three Nails at the Foot of it. 
 Frezier does not queftion, but that the Fi- 
 gures receive Part of their Exiftence from 
 the Imagination of the Spaniards. 
 In the fame Province is the Plant call'd Pit0 rtai 
 
 Plant. 
 
 i Pito real, which being reduced to Powder, 
 dhTolves Iron and Steel. It is fo named 
 
 . from a Bird which is green and fmall like 
 a Parrot, excepting that it has a Copple- 
 crown and a long Beak : It ufes this Herb 
 as a Purge, and builds its Neft on Trees. 
 'Tis faid that in the Kingdom of Mexico, 
 
 ; to get fome of this Herb, they flop the 
 
 Entrance into the Neils with Iron-wire ; 
 
 and that as the Bird breaks thro' by means 
 
 of the faid Herb, they find the Leaves 
 
 P 4 there. 
 
2 1 6 Defcription of P e fc tt, 
 
 there. It is farther added, that Prifoners 
 have made their Efcape, getting-off their 
 Fetters with it. But this, fays the fame 
 Author, looks fomewhat fufpicious. 
 
 The Ma- From another called Maguey, they get 
 Honey, Vinegar and Drink. The Stalks 
 and Leaves are good to eat. They may al- 
 fo be wrought like Hemp ; and from 
 them they draw the Thread call'd Pita. 
 The Wood of it ferves to cover Houfes ; 
 its Prickles, or Thorns, for Needles ; an$ 
 the Indians ufe the Fruit inftead of Soap. 
 
 Sairapa. There is alfo the Salfaparilla, and Quin- 
 quina, whofe Tree is like the Almond. 
 Quefnoa or Quiuna, a little white Seed like 
 that of Muftard, but not fmooth ; which 
 is good againft Falls, and a Diftemper they 
 call Pa/mos, whofe Fits are Convuhions. 
 Dragons- Blood, fome Rhubarb, Tamarind, 
 Camina-d\\, and Alamaaca, are alfo to be 
 
 Balfam offound in Peru. The Balfam, which bears 
 the Name, comes thither but in a fmall 
 Quantity, and is brought from Mexico. 
 
 Pico In- It remains to fay fomething of a very 
 
 fe< *' troublefome little InfecT;, call'd Pico, which 
 
 get? 
 
and its Produ&ions. 217 
 
 gets infenfibly into the Feet, betwixt 
 the Flem and the Skin, where it feeds 
 and grows as big as a Pea, and then 
 gnaws the Part, if Care be not taken to 
 get it out; and being full of little Eggs, 
 like Nits, if it be broken in extracting it, 
 thofe Nits which fcatter about the Sore, 
 produce as many new Infects: but to kill 
 them they apply Tobacco, or Tallow *. 
 
 Thus far Frezier, with Refpect to the Colleftioa 
 Natural Hiftory of Peru. But Feuillee 
 goes much farther, efpecially with Re- 
 gard to Plants, of which, in his fecond 
 Volume; he has given fifty Plates with 
 their Defcription. He intended to conti- 
 nue the Account of Plants in another Vo- 
 lume; and likewife to publim a Hiftory of 
 Animals, for which, he tells us -J-, he had 
 made great Preparations. We {hall here 
 only take Notice of fome of the mod re- 
 markable Particulars, which are found in- 
 terfperfed in his firft Volume of Obferva- 
 tions often before quoted. 
 
 * Frez. Voy. p. 236, i$ feqq. 
 
 f See his J turn, des Obf f Vol. I. p. 467. 
 
 There 
 
2 1 8 Defcription o/Peru 
 
 Machas- There is a Plant in Peru in vaft Efteem 
 among the Indians, who have given the 
 Name of Machas to its Roots. A Dutch 
 Phyfician, who had feen it in his Journey 
 thro' the Plains of Bombon, told the Au- 
 thor that the Stem or Stalk of this Plant 
 was not above a Foot high : that its 
 Leaves refemble our Nafturfium Horten/e, 
 but its Seed was fomewhat different : That 
 its Root was an Onion, like thofe in 
 France, of an exquifite Tafte, and by Na- 
 ture hot. That the fecundifying Quality 
 afcribed to it, was not to be doubted of, 
 fince he had made the Experiment upon 
 great Numbers of barren Women ; who 
 having been carried to Bombon, after feed- 
 ing for a few Days upon the Machas, be- 
 came prolific. 
 Bmbon- This Bombon is a Country within 10 
 Degrees of the Line, whofe Land is ihe 
 mofl elevated Part of all Peru ; which ren- 
 ders its Plains extremely cold, and often 
 occafions the Fall of Hail. The River 
 Maragnon, or of Amazons, rifes in this Pro- 
 vince, from a great Lake called Laguna 
 
 de 
 
 Province. 
 
and its Productions^ 219 
 
 de Chinchakocha, in the Neighbourhood of 
 which, being about ten Leagues in Com- 
 pafs, the Natives make their Habitation. 
 As the Soil is fo affected by the Cold, 
 that even Maez, which ferves the Indians 
 to make Bread, will hardly grow there, if 
 it was not for the Mackas the Country 
 would be abandoned. 
 
 This Province of Bombon depends oni^pa- 
 the Jurifdiction of Guanuco, a City built Temple, 
 by the Spaniards on the Borders of it ; 
 where, before their Conqueft of Peru, was 
 feen a famous Palace built by the Jnkas or 
 Ingas, with fo much Art, that one could 
 not perceive the joining of the Stones, 
 which were of a moft extraordinary Size. 
 Near the fame Place there was alfo to 
 be feen a Temple dedicated to the Sun, 
 with its Veflals ; who lived in perpetual v-Mh 
 Virginity, Death being the Portion of irs " " s * 
 thofe who furrendered it. To avoid the 
 Puniihment, in cafe any of them proved 
 with-child, they pretended to have been en- 
 joyed by the Sun; in which, however, tht 
 were not believed without taking a folemn 
 
 Oath 
 
220 Defcriptibn of P ezv, 
 
 Oath by the Sun and the Earth in Prefence 
 of the facrificing Prieft and all the People, 
 who looked on the Sun as their Father, 
 and the Earth as their Mother. Their 
 fole Employment was to fpin Cotton and 
 Wool, for making Stuffs: ALfo to gather 
 the Bones of white Sheep, and joining 
 them to their Stuffs fet Fire to them ; whofe 
 Afhes, when burnt, they threw into the 
 Air, looking towards the Eaft. Befides 
 thefe Veftals there were thirty thoufand 
 Indians for the Service of the Temple *. 
 Kolibri Among the remarkable Birds of Peru 
 
 is lefs than a Wren ; and thofe of Peru 
 fmaller than what the Author had ken. 
 in the American Ifles. The Bill is ex- 
 tremely (harp, thin and black. The Fea- 
 thers of the Head begin about the Middle 
 of the Bill, ranged (as it were) in Scales ; 
 encreafing in Size to the Top of the Head 
 with furprizing Regularity. In that Place 
 they form a little Tuft or Creft beautiful 
 * Feulllie Journ. desObf. Math. Pbyf. &c. Vol. I, 
 
 p. 422, & feqq. 
 
 beyond 
 
and its Produ&ions. 2 21 
 
 beyond Compare, on Account of the 
 charming Colour, which is that of Gold, 
 and varies nccording to the different Por- 
 tion of the Eye ; fometimes appearing black 
 like the fined Velvet, and at other Times 
 green, blue and orange. 
 
 All their Mantle is of a dark green, but ver y beau * 
 
 ° tiful, 
 
 gilded : The large Feathers of the Wings 
 a deep Violet ; and the Tail, compofed of 
 nine little Feathers as long as the whole 
 Body, is black mixed with green. Their 
 Breaft is a deep Grey; and their Belly to 
 the Tail inclines to black, mixed with 
 violet, green and orange : The whole and 
 every Part affording a furprizing Variety 
 from the different Situation of the Object. 
 
 Their Eyes, which are quick and mining, ^^ 
 are black as jet ; their Legs fhort, and Make ' 
 Feet very fmall, armed with a very fharp 
 black Nail. Thefe Birds always fly ex- 
 ceeding fwiftly. They feed on the Juice of 
 Flowers, which they lick-up with their 
 Tongue, an Inch and half long : it is of 
 a grifly Kind, and from the Middle to the 
 End indented like a Saw. Their Note is 
 
 fhrill, 
 
222 Defcription o/Peru 
 
 fhrill, but not mufical or lafting. They 
 commonly lay but two Eggs, no bigger than 
 Peas ; and their Nefts, which are made 
 with Cotton of an admirable Texture, are 
 the Size of Egg-Shells. They are ufually 
 feen hanging among the Herbs } or Branch- 
 es of fmall Shrubs *. 
 
 kan. ° The lokan is as big as a Pigeon, and has 
 gotten a Place among the Southern Con- 
 stellations, for its extraordinary Bill, which 
 at its Birth is two Inches and half thick 
 and fix long. Feuiltie imagined at firft, that 
 its Weight muft have been very troubiefom 
 to the Bird ; but on examining it found 
 it to be hollow and very light. The upper 
 Part, which rounded at Top, was in Form 
 of a Scythe, blunted at the Point ; and 
 the two Edges indented like a Saw, very 
 
 Monftrous fa^ From the End of the Bill a Stripe 
 of Yellow about 4 Lines broad extended the 
 whole Length of it ; and half an Inch be- 
 yond, towards the Edges was a fmall blue 
 Stripe, a Line and half in Breadth, which 
 had a furprizing Effect. All the reft of 
 
 * The fame, p. 4.13, &feqq. 
 
 this 
 
and its Productions. 223 
 
 this upper Part was a Mixture of black 
 and red, fometimes diftincl:, fometimes ob- 
 fcure. 
 
 The lower Part of the Beak, which 
 was a little crooked, had toward the Head 
 a blue Lift 8 Lines in Length : the reft 
 was a Mixture like that of the upper Part; 
 and its Edges fcolloped or wavy, different 
 from the other. The Tongue, almoft as Ton gue 
 
 and Eyes. 
 
 long as the Bill, confided of a whitifh 
 Membrane, very thinj cut deeply on each 
 Side, and with (o much Delicacy, that it 
 refembled a Feather. Its Eyes, placed on 
 two bare Cheeks covered with a bluifh Skin, 
 were large, round, of a lively black, and 
 fparkling. 
 
 Its Crown, its Wings, and all the up- its Co- 
 per Part of the Body was black ; excepting 
 a great yellow Stripe that ended at the 
 Tail, which was alfo black, 4 Inches long 
 and rounded at the End. The Neck be- 
 fore was a fine Milk-white, which con- 
 tinued to the Breaft; where a yellow Lift, 
 two Lines broad, divided the white from a 
 red Colour about 4 Lines in Breadth. Af- 
 ter 
 
Worm 
 Cholic. 
 
 
 224 Defcription of P eru 9 
 
 ter this followed another black Colour, 
 which ended at the Belly j where a clear 
 Red began and continued to the Rump. 
 Legs and The Legs were two Inches long, bluim, 
 
 Feet. 
 
 and covered with great Scales. Each Foot had 
 two Claws before and two behind, the former 
 one Inch and half long, the latter one Inch; 
 all with black and blunt Nails, three Lines 
 in Length .The Noftrils were hidden between 
 the Head and Root of the Bill, that the 
 Author had much ado to find them. The 
 Tokan is eafily made tame as Fowl, com- 
 ing to you when called; and is not diffi- 
 cult to rear, for it eats whatever is given 
 to it*. 
 
 Of the Difeafes peculiar to Peru, Feu- 
 illee mentions two very remarkable : the 
 firft is that of an extraordinary Kind of 
 Cholic. An Indian about 36 Years old, 
 having for a long Time been troubled with 
 a grievous Pain in his Belly, apply'd to a 
 Phyfician, of the Author's Acquaintance - r 
 who firft prefcribed the Semen contra , to fee 
 if the Caufe was not owing to Worms, 
 
 * Ftutll, p. 428, & feqq. 
 
 which 
 
and its Productions. 225 
 
 which thefe People are fubject to, by 
 eating great Quantities of Sugar. The 
 Gripes abated foon after the Patient had 
 taken the Medicine, when going to the 
 Stool he voided a Worm above 76 Inches 
 long, and four Lines thick. As it was dead 
 the Author judges it might have been 
 much longer when alive. It was round, 
 and of a pale Yellow. The Head was 
 hard, and from thence to the Tail he 
 reckoned 117 cartilaginous Rings, all in- 
 tire. The Patient after this recovered his 
 Colour immediately ,and felt no more Pain*. 
 
 The fecond Dheafe is the Pa/ma -f-, as The Paf- 
 it is called at Lima, which is fo fatal, thatfui. 
 thofe who are attacked with it feldom re- 
 cover. It is a Contraction of the Nerves, 
 which deprives all Parts of the Body of 
 Motion ; and as no Remedy has yet been 
 found for it, the Patient is under a Ne- 
 ceffity of yielding to the Violence of the 
 Diftemper, which muft take its Courfe. 
 This Contraction, (or Cramp) is occafion- 
 
 * The fame, p. 421. 
 
 t The fame which Frezler calls Pafmos, See before 
 p. 216". 
 
 Q_ cd 
 
226 Defcription of Peru, 
 
 ed by the Destruction of the animal Spi- 
 rits, which are the firft Principles of Sen- 
 fation, and give Motion to the Nerves : So 
 that when thofe Spirits depart from them, 
 Motion mufl of Courfe depart. 
 
 Sweating The fa/ft f py CQ * com i n g to Uma to 
 
 demand fome Goods which were detained 
 from him by the King's Officers, was feiz- 
 ed with this cruel Malady. It began with 
 Sweats, which increafing continually drain- 
 ed the Nerves of all the fubtil Spirits, which 
 were in them; and having at Length left 
 them without Motion, they grew flifF 
 to fuch a Degree, that in 3 6 Hour's Time 
 the Patient, though a very robuft Man, 
 
 exhaufts was not able to move any Part of his Body, 
 'except his Eyes; which became very 
 Sparkling, as if all the animal Spirits had 
 retired thither. The fecond Day of the 
 Diftemper his Mouth clofed-up, and from 
 that Inftant all Signs of Motion ceafed. 
 
 locks the The Phyfician, to make a PafTage for 
 
 Liquids, ordered one or two of his Teeth 
 
 to be pulled-oui. But the Surgeon found 
 
 * A Sea Port about 40 Legaues to the South of Cellos* 
 
 the 
 
und its Produ&ions. 227 
 
 the Lower- Jaw fo jftrongly fixed to the 
 upper, that he could not by any Means 
 feparate them to perform the Operation: 
 fo that the unhappy Kajik not being able to 
 receive any Nourifhment, and fweating 
 continually, expired as foon as all the fub- 
 til Particles which animated the vital Parts, againft 
 and fupported his Mufcles, were exhaunV™^ " 
 cd. This Death, which muft have been 
 attended with moft violent Pains, the Pa- 
 tient fuffered with abundance of Refolu- 
 tion. 
 
 The Caufe of this Diftemper may be how 
 
 n ^ 1 catched 
 
 eaiily prevented. One is commonly at- 
 tacked with it, if ri(ing-out of Bed, when 
 very warm, he expofes his Body immedi- 
 ately to the open Air. The Kajik was 
 feized in that Manner : for one Morning as 
 foon as he got-up he went to walk in the 
 Garden, with his Feet bare ; imagining 
 that the Air of JLima was of the fame 
 Temper with that of Kujko. To avoid and pre* 
 this Malady therefore, one mould not put 
 his naked Feet to the Ground when he 
 iifes in a Morning j and it is to prevent 
 Q^ 2 thefc 
 
228 Defcription of P e r u, 
 
 thefe Accidents, that you fee in all the 
 Houfes at Lima, large Carpets laid along 
 the Beds. It is proper alio for a Perfon to 
 continue in his Chamber a Quarter of an 
 Hour before he ventures into the Air *. 
 Battle- This uncommon Property in the Air of 
 
 4nake Bite , * J 
 
 Lima is no-lefs furprizing, than the Ef- 
 fects proceeding from the Bite of the Rattle- 
 fnake, of which our Author relates a re- 
 markable Inftance, communicated to him 
 at Lima by a Dutch Phyfician, who was 
 a Witnefs of it. 
 
 An Indian Woman, about 18 Years of 
 Age, going for Water to a Spring within 
 50 Paces of her Houfe, was bitten by 
 one of thofe Animals, which lay concealed 
 in the Grafs that grew-about the Place. As 
 prefent me was not ignorant of the Danger (he was 
 Death. j n f rom t h at Accident, fhe cried out for 
 
 Help. The Phyfician, who happened to 
 be in a neighbouring Wood, looking for 
 Plants, hearing the Cry, ran to her AIM- 
 ance; and knowing by Experience the 
 Virulence of the Poifon, fent a Friend who 
 
 * Ftuill. p. 474, & feqq. 
 
 was 
 
and its Produ&ions. 229 
 
 was with him to the Parifli- Pried : but be- 
 fore he could arrive to confefs her, fhe • 
 died. 
 
 What is very furprizing in this Cafe is, Strange 
 that when they came to lift-up her Body, 
 the Flem fell-off as if it had been already 
 rotten; fo that they were obliged to put 
 the Corps into a Cloth to convey it to the 
 Church. This fudden DhTolution is a 
 Proof with how great Violence the Poifon 
 had acted on that Body, having in fo fliort 
 a Space deftroyed the Texture of the Parts 
 which compofed it; and (hews how much 
 thofe fnakes are to be dreaded *, 
 
 Among other extraordinaryEvents, Fen- Prolific 
 Wee tells us of a Pigeon he faw at a 
 Friend's Houfe,which had laid feven Eggs in 
 fcven Days; and that having fat upon them, 
 they produced a like Number of young 
 ones, which {he nourifhed -f*. What he 
 relates concerning two child-bearing Wo* 
 men is much more remarkable. 
 
 One of them, a Lady who had a Swel- Child's 
 ling or Impoflume on the right-Side of her tra aed. 
 * The fame, p. 417. f The fame, p. 439. 
 
 Q, 3 Belly, 
 
230 Defcriptioft a/Peru, 
 
 Belly, fent for a French Phyfician, whofe 
 Advice was to open it. As the Humour 
 was very painful to her, and daily encreaf- 
 ed, (he at length confented to it. Ac- 
 cordingly the Phyfician made an Incifion, 
 and having put-in his Probe, he found it 
 
 from a touched not a Liquid, but folid Subftance. 
 m ' On this he enlarged the Orifice, and ex- 
 traded the Scull of an Infant. But the 
 Lady fainting, he drefifed the Wound and 
 left her to repofe. Next Morning he found 
 her afflicted with very acute Pains > aud 
 continuing the Operation for feveral Days, 
 drew-out many Bones more. When he 
 found they were all come forth he healed 
 up the Part j and having afked her how 
 long fince (he had been with Child ? (he an- 
 fwered, two Years ; adding, that (he had 
 felt no Pains till twelve Months after her 
 Pregnancy. 
 
 Wdtaan Soon after a Criole Negro-Woman hap- 
 weg n p en j n g t0 p Ut ^ er r ight-Arm out-of- Joint, 
 
 they fent for the fame Phyfician, who had 
 gotten much Reputation by his former 
 Cure, Before he went about the Opera- 
 tion, 
 
and its Productions. 231 
 
 tion, he afked her if (he was with Child ? 
 to which (he anfwered, that (he was 16 
 Months gone. The Phyfician furprized, 
 demanded whether (he had any Children 
 before ? (he reply'd, (he had brought forth 
 two : that (he had gone 1 1 Months with 
 the firft, who was then 6 Years old, very 
 drone and healthy -, and 18 Months with ei s hteea 
 
 ° J Month* 
 
 the fecond, who, at feven Months End, 
 died of the Pa/ma (a dangerous Diftemper 
 before defcribedj it not being poffible to get 
 open the Infant's Mouth to feed him. Feu- 
 illee had the Curiofity to go along with the 
 Phyfician (to whom he taught Aftronomy) 
 and had a Confirmation of the whole from 
 the Woman's own Mouth *. 
 
 Nature fometimes varies in her Producti- Child 
 ons, as well as other Operations. The either 
 fame Author gives an Account of two 
 monftrous Births of the human Kind, 
 which he has illuftrated with Figures. The 
 fir ft had a very large Head, from the Top 
 whereof hung a flat Piece of Flefh the Co- 
 lour of Liver ; which palling down between 
 
 * FeuilL p. 491, & ftq. 
 
 Q^4 its 
 
232 Defcription of P e r u, 
 
 its Eyes to the Under-Lip, covered the 
 Mouth, fo that the Nurfe was obliged to 
 lift-up this flefhy Excrefcence, when {he 
 went to feed it. It had no Nofe, the 
 Mouth was exceeding large, its Eyes the 
 fame, and the Cheeks fwelled-out. It 
 
 Arms or j la ^ f carce anv Neck > and the Head, placed 
 directly on its Shoulders, was fupported by 
 two huge Breads. On the Side of the left 
 Bread (towards the Shoulder) there ap- 
 peared three Fingers, flicking only half out 
 of the Flefh ; and on the Side of the right 
 Bread four Fingers. There was no Propor- 
 tion in the Body: the Thighs were un- 
 fhapely, and had Toes coming out where 
 the Knees fhould be ; for it had neither 
 Legs nor Arms. It lived but three Days, 
 and was born of Indian Parents. 
 
 Another The fecond Instance, which the Au- 
 thor faw at Lima, confided of two Children 
 joined-together toward the Breafl:. Their 
 Heads were well proportioned ; their 
 Necks (hort and thick. One of the In- 
 fants embraced the ether with his left 
 Arm j which being fattened to the Shoul- 
 2 ders, 
 
 wu a 
 
and its Productions. 233 
 
 ders, nothing was at Liberty but the 
 Hand, which appeared under his right 
 Arm. The other had the right Arm 
 fattened and extended over his Brother's u°j 
 
 rieads. 
 
 Shoulders towards the Neck -, where only 
 r our Fingers appeared, the fifth being 
 lidden in the Flefh. Each had one 
 \rm at Liberty, without Defect. From 
 he lower Part of the Breafts, the two 
 3odies united in one. The Navel, Anus 
 md Penis were common to both of them ; 
 ior had they betwixt them more than 
 wo Legs, which were fuitable to one 
 if the Bodies. 
 
 Thefe Children being carried to Church The Bra! * 
 
 . t -r, 1 1 t> • n 1 the Seat 
 
 be chriftened, the Pneft was much per- 
 plexed how to proceed. He afked the 
 tfurfe if fhe had not perceived two dirTe- 
 ent Wills or Inclinations in them. She 
 nfwered in the affirmative, declaring, that 
 vhen (lie gave Suck to one, the other 
 /anted the fame Thing *: That when 
 ne cried, the other would be very merry j 
 
 * This (hews a fimilar Inclination, if it be not a 
 liftake, for the other r/fufedit. 
 
 and 
 
Soul; 
 
 234. Defcriptidn of P e r u, 
 
 and that while one was awake, the other 
 llept very found. 
 
 of the The Prieil upon this fent-back the 
 
 Child, and applied to the Grand-Vicar 
 ( the Archbifhop being dead ) who not 
 venturing to decide in the Cafe himfelf, 
 ordered the Univerfity to aflemble. The 
 whole Body of Phyficians attending up- 
 on this Occafion, after the Matter had 
 been debated, one of them was deput- 
 ed to examine if what .the Nurfe re- 
 ported was true ; and he confirming what 
 me had declared, an Order was fent to 
 the Prieft to baptife the Heads feparatelyj 
 upon a Perfuafion that each had a diffe- 
 rent Soul, as each had a diftinct Brain, 
 which is commonly fuppofed * to be the 
 Seat of the Soul -f. 
 
 to what Arifiotk afcribes the Formation of Mon- 
 gers to the Defect, others to the Sport- 
 
 * And this Inftance, if Fa&, demonftrates it to be 
 <o : for if they had two diftinct Wills, they muft have 
 had two diftinft Souls j which could not have fubfifted 
 but in different Parts, yet fimilar Organs, of the faraj 
 Body, as the two Brains were. 
 
 f ftuill. p. 485, fcf ftqq. 
 
 ina 
 
 owing. 
 
and its Productions. 235 
 
 tog of Nature. But in our Opinion they 
 happen only in Confequence of that Law 
 of Nature, by which the fame Species, as 
 well as different Genus's of Beings, are va- 
 ried almoft ad infinitum. Without fuch 
 a Law of Variation there could not be 
 that infinite Difference, which we find in 
 the Features, Stature, Shape and Colours of 
 Animals : for were fecond Caufes, with 
 Regard to natural Productions, to produce 
 iheir Effects uniformly and without any De* 
 'viation, all Mankind, and the Individuals 
 of every Species of Animals, would be ex- 
 actly alike j as they would neceffarily re- 
 femble their firft Parents in the above- 
 mentioned Refpects. This Variety is oc- 
 eafioned by different Caufes, (which often 
 muft concur to produce the fame Effect,) 
 interfering with, or obftructing, one ano- 
 ther's Operations ; and when the Obftruc- 
 tion, either among all, or only fome of 
 ■ thofe Caufes, comes to exceed a certain De- 
 gree, then, Nature being forced more or 
 lefs out of its proper Courfe or Bounds, 
 Monfters and other extraordinary Pheno- 
 mena are produced. Among 
 
236 Defcription of Peru, 
 
 Petrifying Among fuch Phenomena may be reck- 
 
 Water 
 
 ' oned the petrifying Water, which Feuillie 
 fays is to be feen at Guankabalika *, a City 
 of Peru y feventy Leagues diftant from 
 Lima. At this Place there is a Spring 
 which ilTues from a Bafon about ten Fa- 
 thom fquare j whofe Waters are exceed- 
 ing hot, and petrify in the Plains, where 
 they fpread themfelves not far from their 
 Source. The Colour of thefe Petrifica- 
 tions is white, inclining to yellow, and 
 their Surface like thofe of Plate-glafs, po- 
 Houfes limed to render it tranfparent. Moft Part 
 with it. °f tne Houfes in that Town are built 
 with thefe Stones, which do not require 
 cutting : This Labour is faved by only 
 making Moulds, made of the Shape they 
 would have the Stones, and filling them 
 with this Water j and in a few Days the 
 Workmen find them ready formed to their 
 Hand, without ufingeitherRule or Chizel. 
 In like Manner the Statuaries are deli- 
 ?\jtues v§red from the tedious Labour which is 
 it. required in hewing- out the Drapery and 
 
 * Or Guankavdlka. 
 
 Features 
 

 and its Produ&ions. 237 
 
 Features of their Images : for when their 
 Moulds are finifhed, they have nothing to 
 do but to fill them with the fame Water; 
 and when it is petrified to take-ofF the Cafes 
 and give them a fine Poli(h to make them 
 tranfparent *. Our Author had fcen an 
 infinite Number of fuch Statues 5 and all 
 the holy Water-pots in mod of the Churches 
 i at Lima were of the fame Matter, and 
 fo very beautiful, that no Perfon would 
 ever imagine them to be petrified Water. 
 
 Near the fame Town of Guankabalika Quick-fii- 
 \\s the great Mine where the Mercury i s vtrMine « 
 ^ found, which ferves in all the Mines of 
 South-America to purify the Silver. It is 
 dug out of a huge Mountain, which 
 threatned Ruin in 1709 ; the Timber which 
 fupported it in feveral Places being half 
 rotten. The Expence only for Wood to 
 that Time amounted to three Millions and 
 two hundred thoufand Livres *{•. There 
 
 * The Author had done-well to have informed uj 
 whether the Water is more comprefied, or reduced 
 into lefs Room by Petrifaction. 
 
 + Or 266,666 Pounds Sterling, at twelve Pence 
 the LiYre. 
 
 are 
 
238 Defcription o/Peru, 
 
 Street are * n ^ at Mine Squares, Streets and a 
 
 Groid C h*pd> wnere Mafs * s faid on Feftival-: 
 
 days. They keep burning continually a 
 
 great Number of Candles. The Effluvia 
 
 of the Mercury renders the Air very bad 
 
 and dangerous to breath in, fo that the 
 
 Indians who work there are very fhort- 
 
 liv'd -, and many lofing the Ufe of their 
 
 Limbs are obliged to be taken-out, after 
 
 they have been there but a few Weeks *. 
 
 Lunar I {hall conclude thefe Remarks of Na-i 
 
 Rainbow 
 
 tural Hiftory, with the fame Author's Ac- 
 count of a lunar Rain-bow ; which happen-; 
 ed at Lima the 17th of December , 1709,! 
 thirty Minutes after Eight in the Evening. 1 
 This Bow was very perfect. The Light of| 
 the Moon was reflected by a flender -Cloud, 
 which covered the Pleiadas, and the Star 
 of the firft Magnitude in the Shoulder 
 of Or/3//. This Light exhibited wan 
 Colours, which yet were eafily diflin- 
 guifhed one from the other upon the Cloud, 
 very re- fo long as the Bow lafted. What was 
 manc " e "moft remarkable in this Phenomenon is, 1 
 
 * Ftuitt. p. 433, & ftqq* 
 
 a 
 
 that 
 
and its Produ&ions* £35 
 
 that there was not a Cloud in the Sky, ex- 
 cept that which formed it ; and that the 
 Stars could be feen confufedly thro' the 
 Cloud, which was a Mark of its thinnefs. 
 The Bow continued intire for four or five 
 Minutes, altho' driven by a fmall Breeze 
 of Wind, which divided the Cloud into 
 Parts, and fhortly after it difappeared *. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Manners and Cuftoms of the Spaniards 
 of Peru. 
 
 SINCE the Conqueft of the 5^-i n habi. 
 niards the Inhabitants of Peru, who^ of 
 were all Indians before, may now be diilin- 
 guifhed into three Gaffes, Indians, Spa- 
 niards, or Caftilians, called alfo Whites, and 
 Negroes or Blacks, with their Mixtures. 
 The Spaniards are of two Kinds : Firft, 
 By Birth, being Europeans, Natives of 
 New-Spain : Secondly, By Blood, or thofe 
 born in Atnerica of white Parents, who 
 
 * The fame, p. 483. 
 
 are 
 
24° Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 are called Crioll * or Criolians, Thirdly,' 
 Mulattos, who are fprung from Whites and 
 Blacks : And fourthly, Meftizos, iflued 
 from Whites and Indians. 
 feverat From the Commerce of the three or I- 1 
 
 Kinds; gj na j ciafTes with the mixed Breed arife 
 endlefs other Denominations, but chiefly 
 Five, which Betagh mentions in his Voy- 
 age round the World. I. ^uatron Negroes, 
 born of Whites and Mulattos. 2. Quatron 
 Indians , born of Whites and Meftizos. 3. 
 Sambo de Mulatto, fprung from Negroes and 
 Mulattos. 4. Sambo de Indian, fprung 
 from Negroes and Indians. 5. Giveros, the 
 Off-fpring of Sambo Mulattos and Sambo 
 Indians. Thefe laft, according to the 
 fame Author, are looked upon to have 
 
 * Criollos fignifies one born in the Country; a 
 Word made by the Negroes, who give it to their own 
 Children born in thofe Parts. Garcillajfa Comment. 
 of P era, Book 9. ch. 31. Gage fays Criolio fignifies 
 Natives of the Country. Survey of the iVejl -Indies. 
 ch. 4. Hence Negroes call'd Crio/es before, p. 230. 
 
 f Garcillaffb obferves that the Children of Meft'i, 
 %os are called S$uatralvos, that is, three Parts JFhitg 
 and one Indian; thofe of Meftizos and Indians, Trt~ 
 jalvos or three Parts White. 
 
 the 
 
Born in Per u. 241 
 
 the worfjt Inclinations and Principles, and 
 if the Cafe is known they are, banifhed the 
 Kingdom. He adds, that to mend the 
 Breed, by afcending or growing whiter, is 
 accounted creditable; but a Defcent, or 
 Call the other Way, called Saltatras, or 
 leaping backwards, is looked on as bafe- 
 born and ignominious. 
 
 Alt ho' the Criolians are true Spaniards, their mu- 
 .yet they differ from them in many Points^ Ha * 
 relating to their Manners and Cuftoms ; 
 and befides, bear a rooted Hatred to them 
 on a political or interested Account. On 
 the other hand the Indians entertain an 
 implacable Hatred to both for the fame 
 Reafons. Thefe Animofities dividing the 
 Natives of Peru , of all Denominations, in- 
 to fo many different Parties, weakens the 
 Spanijh Intereft in that Country, and in- 
 deed all other Parts of America to fuch a 
 Degree, as renders the Conqueft of the 
 whole very eafy to a powerful Invader. 
 This will be feen in the Account we are 
 going to give of the Criolians and Indians. 
 
 R If 
 
242 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 Crhiiam If weexamine the Character, and Inclina- 
 tions of the fecular Criolians, we (hall find a- 
 mongthem, faysFrezicr, as among otherNa- 
 tions, a Mixture of Good and Evil. It is faid 
 that the Inhabitants of la Puna, that is the 
 Mountain-Country of Peru, are well enough 
 to deal with ; and that there are very wor- 
 thy People among them, generous and 
 ready to do a good Turn : efpecially if 
 likely to feed their Vanity, and difplay the 
 Greatnefs of their Souls, called Punto, that 
 is, Point of Honour ; which mod: of them 
 value themfelves upon, as a Qualification 
 that raifes them above other Nations. In 
 fhort it is coniidered as a Proof of the 
 Purity of the Spanijh Blood, and of the 
 Nobility all the Whites boaft of. 
 
 The mod beggarly Europeans become 
 Gentlemen as foon as they find themfelves 
 transplanted among the Indians, Blacks, Mu- 
 lattoes, Meflizds, and others of mixt Blood. 
 
 hate the That imaginary Nobility however has its 
 Ufe, as it is the Caufe to which mod of the, 
 good Actions they perform is owing. Pre-- 
 zier found that in Chili they practifed much 
 
 Hofpi- 
 
Born in Per u. 243 
 
 Hofpitality, efpecially abroad in the Coun- 
 try ; where they entertain Strangers very 
 generoufly, and keep them long enough in 
 their Houfes without any Views of Inte- 
 reft. Thus the little Merchants of Bifcay t 
 and other European Spaniards, travel much, 
 with fmall Ex-pence. But in the great 
 Towns, and along the Coaft, the Crioliam 
 are fallen-off from thofe good Qualities, 
 which the French at firft found among them, 
 and which all Men applauded : perhaps, 
 fays Frczicr, the natural Antipathy they 
 have for our Nation, is increas'd by the 
 ill Succefs of the Trade they have driven 
 with us. He adds, this Antipathy ex- 
 i tends fo far as to lefTen the ArTedlion they 
 ought to have for their King, becaufe he • 
 is a Frenchman. 
 
 Lima was at firft divided into two Par-eafily go- 
 ties ; fo were thofe on the Mountains; and ' 
 the Clergy, fays our Author, impudently 
 prayed for his Competitor : but the Bifcainers 
 fcatter'd about the Country, andmoft of the 
 European Spaniards, being inform'd of the 
 Valour and Virtue of Philip V, always 
 R 2 exerted 
 
244 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 exerted their Fidelity to him $ fo that the 
 Criolians being convinced of their ill-ground- 
 ed Prejudice, began to have an AfTed>ion for 
 the Holy King, for fo they call him. They 
 are timorous and eafy to be governed, tho* 
 difperfed and remote from their Superiors, 
 having a thoufand Retreats of Deferts 
 and Plains to efcape Punifhment : befides, 
 there is no Country where Juftice is lefs 
 fevere ; for fcarce any Body is punifhed 
 with Death. Neverthelefs they (land in 
 Awe of the King's Officers; four Troop- 
 ers, who are no better than Meffengers, 
 coming from the Viceroy, make all Men 
 quake at the Diftance of 400 Leagues from 
 him. 
 Temper The Criolians are generally outwardly, 
 nius, compofed, and do not depart from the 
 Gravity which is natural to them. They ! 
 are temperate as to the Ufe of Wine, but 1 
 indulge themfelves in eating. Thofe of Li- 
 ma do not want Genius ; they have a Vi- 
 vacity and Difpofition to the Sciences j 
 thofe of the Mountains fomewhat lefs: 
 but both Sorts fancy they much excel the 
 
 European] 
 
Born in Per u. 245 
 
 European Spaniards, whom among them- 
 felves they call Cavallos, that is, Horjes, 
 or Brutes ; tho' perhaps this is an EfFecT: 
 of the Antipathy there is between them, 00 
 cafioned chiefly by always feeing thole Stran- 
 gers in PofMion of the prime Places in the 
 State, and driving the beft of their Trade ; 
 which is the onlyEmpbyment of the Whites, 
 who fcorn to apply themfelves to Arts. 
 
 On the other Hand, they are little ad-notmcrti- 
 dicted to Warj the eafy Tranquillity they ciined* 1 " 
 live in, makes them averfe to difturbing 
 it. However they undergo the Fatigue 
 of long Journeys by Land, with much 
 Satisfaction. Travelling four or five hun- 
 dred Leagues through Deferts, and over 
 uncouth Mountains, does not deter them, 
 any more than the ill Fare they meet with 
 by the Way. 
 
 In Relation to Commerce, they are as a ccute in 
 fliarp and underftanding as the Europeans ; ra e ' 
 but dainty, and not vouchfafling to deal 
 without there be conliderable Profit. The 
 Bifcainers, and other European Spaniards, 
 who are more laborious, grow rich fooner. 
 R 3 The 
 
462 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 The very Handicrafts and other Work- 
 men are fo indulgent to themfelves, as not 
 to fpare taking the Siejia, that is, a Nap, 
 after Dinner ; fo that lofing the befl Part 
 of the Day, they do not half the Work 
 they might, and by that Means all Labour 
 is become exceffively dear, 
 but floth- Delicacy and Slothfulnefs feem to be pe- 
 culiar to the Country; for it is obferved, 
 that thofe who have been bred to labour 
 in Spain , grow idle there in a mort Time, 
 like the Criolians. The Truth is, Men 
 are more robuft and laborious in a poor 
 Country than in a fruitful : For this Rea- 
 fon Cyrus would never furTer the Per/tans 
 to quit the uncouth Mountains and barren 
 Country they inhabited, to feek a better ; 
 alledging, that the Manners of Men are re- 
 laxed and corrupted by the Goodnefs of 
 the Place they live in. In fhort, one's 
 Strength is kept-up by Exercife of the Bo- 
 dy 5 whereas Eafe foftens the Conftitution 
 through too-much Want of Action, and 
 enervates it with Pleafures *. 
 
 * Frtz, Voy, p. 248, & feqq. 
 
 Jn 
 
Born in Peru. 247 
 
 In Matters of Love the Spaniards yield addifted 
 
 r J toWo- 
 
 to no Nation : They freely facrifice moil men. 
 of what they have to that Paffion ; and 
 though covetous enough upon all other 
 Occafions, they are generous beyo id Mea- 
 fure to Women. They feldom marry in 
 the Face of the Church ; but, to ufe their 
 own Way of Expreffion, they all gene- 
 rally marry behind the Church ; that is, are 
 engaged in a decent Sort of Concubinage j Kef> in 
 which among them is fo far from being Miilreffes 
 fcandalous, that it is a Difgrace for a Man 
 not to keep a Miftrefs, upon Condition 
 (he proves true to him 5 but they are as apt 
 to obferve that Fidelity, as Wives to their 
 Hufbands in Europe, It is even frequent 
 enough to fee married Men forfake their 
 Wives to take-up with Mulattas and Blacks, 
 which often occafions Diforders in Fami- 
 lies. Thus the two ancient Ways of mar- 
 rying ftill fubfift in this Country ; that of 
 keeping a Miftrefs is very anfwerable to 
 that which was call'd by Ufe ; and there 
 is fome Remainder of the other in the Ce- 
 remony of Marriage. For the Bridegroom 
 R 4 puts 
 
248 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 puts into the Bride's Hand thirteen Pieces 
 of Money, which fhe then drops into the 
 Curate's Hand: fo in the Marriage per 
 Coemptionem, the Bride and Bridegroom 
 gave one another a Piece of Money, which 
 was call'd Convenire in manum. 
 praaifcd The priefts and Friars, as hath been faid 
 
 by the 
 
 clergy, before, make no Scruple of it j and the 
 Public is no farther fcandalized than as 
 Jealoufy concurs: becaufe they often keep 
 their Miftreffts finer than others, by 
 which the Mulatto. Women are often 
 known to be fuch. Several Bimops, to 
 put a Stop to that Abufe, every Year, at 
 ILaJier, excommunicate all who are en- 
 gaged to Concubines: but as the Evil is 
 univerfal, and the Confeffors are Parties 
 concern'd, thev are not fevere in that 
 Particular ; whence it appears, that thefe 
 People, who are otherwife eafily frighted 
 by the Church Thunder-bolts, do not 
 much fear them on this Occafion. The 
 Friars evade thofe Strokes, by alledging 
 that, not being free, they cannot be con- 
 fidered as Concubinaries in the ftricteft 
 
 Senfe \ 
 
Born in Per u. 249 
 
 Senfe ; and withal, that they have not the Their fly 
 Intention to be fo. A pleafant Solution, eence * 
 the Invention whereof, fays Frezier, mud 
 dcubtlefs be affigned to fome cunning Ca- 
 fuift, grounded on Juftinians Code, which 
 declares Conventions invalid that are made 
 among Perfons who are not free ; and 
 on the wife Maxim expounded by thofe 
 Cafuifts fo much cry'd-down in France, 
 That the Intention regulates the Quality of 
 the Aftion. In fine, adds he, this Cuf- 
 tom is fo fettled, fo commodious, and fo 
 generally received, that I queftion whether 
 it can be ever aboliuYd. The Laws of 
 the Kingdom feem to authorize it : for 
 Baftards inherit almoft like the lawfully- Baftards 
 begotten, when they are own'd by the 101 " 5 " 1. 
 Father; and no Difgrace attends that Sort 
 of Birth, as is in France, where the Crime 
 is wrongfully imputed to the innocent 
 Perfon : In which Refpect, fays the Au- 
 thor, we mould perhaps be more favour- 
 able, if every Man was well acquainted 
 with his own Original. 
 
 Whether 
 
250 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 Men ex- Whether the Ruin of the Men by the 
 travasant * Women be a Punishment for their De- 
 bauchery, or for their unjuft Ufurpations 
 from the Indians, their Eftates are fcarce 
 ever feen to defcend to the third Genera- 
 tion. What the Father rakes together 
 with much Trouble, and often with much 
 Injuftice in the Adminiftration of Govern- 
 ments, the Sons do not fail to fquander; 
 fo that the Grandfons of the greateft Men 
 are often the pooreft. They are themfelves 
 fo far convinced of this Truth, that it is be- 
 come a Proverb in Spain, where they fay, 
 No fe logra mas que hazienda de las Indias : 
 that is, It thrives no better than an Indian 
 EJlate *. 
 Women Thofe agreeable Accomplishments, which 
 Perfons, Sptinijfo Women have from their Educa- 
 tion, are more moving, becaufe they are 
 generally attended with a graceful Air : 
 They are for the moil Part fprightly e- 
 nough. Their Complexion is good, but 
 not lading, by Reafon of their ufmg fo 
 
 * Frez. p. 253. &feqq. 
 
 much 
 
Born in Peru. 251 
 
 much Sublimate; which is contrary to what 
 Oexmelian affirms in his Hiftory of the 
 Buccamers, where he fays, Sublimate is 
 form'd, or metamorphos'd, tho' not ufed 
 in America, becaufe the Women there do 
 not paint. They have fparkling Eyes, 
 their Difcourfe pleafant, approving of a 
 free Gallantry, to which they anfwer wit- 
 tily, and often with fuch a Turn as would 
 be reckoned Libertinifm in Europe. Thofe 
 Propofals, which a Lover could not make 
 in France, without incurring the Indigna- 
 tion of a modeft Woman, are fo far from 
 giving the Criolian Ladies Offence, as dif- and Cha ^ 
 covering an ill-Opinion of their Virtue, rafter - 
 that they are pleafed with them, tho' 
 at the fame Time, far from confenting, 
 and return Thanks as for an Honour done 
 them ; reckoning fuch Speeches as the 
 greateft Token of Love that can be (hewn 
 them. 
 
 But the other Sex mould avoid being ru ; n the 
 
 taken in the Snares of the Coquets of that 
 
 Country; for their obliging Behaviour is 
 
 generally the Effect of their Avarice, ra- 
 
 1 ther 
 
252 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 ther than Inclination. They are perfectly 
 (kill'd in the Art of impofing on the Frail- 
 ty a Man (hews for them, and engaging 
 him in continual Expences. They feem to 
 take a Pride in ruining many Lovers, as a 
 Warrior does in having vanquifh'd many 
 The ve- Enemies. Befides their Fortune, they oft- 
 feafe en lofe their Health, which they feldom 
 recover, not only becaufe in thofe tempe- 
 rate Climates little Account is made of the 
 venereal Difeafes, notwithftanding which 
 they attain to the longeft old Age j but al- 
 fo becaufe the Scarcity of Phyficians, who 
 are only to be found in three or four great 
 Cities, does not afford them the Oppor- 
 tunity of being cured. Some Women 
 only patch-up their Diftempers with Sar- 
 zaparilla, Ptifans of Mallows, and other 
 Herbs of the Country. They above all 
 feldom efteem the Ufe of Cauteries. Thefe Things 
 are looked upon as Specificks, whereof both 
 Sexes alike make Provifion ; and the Wo- 
 men fo little endeavour to conceal this 
 Diforder, that in their ferious Vifits, they 
 
 en- 
 
Born in Peru. 253 
 
 enquire after their Iffues, and drefs them 
 for one another *. 
 
 Though the Women are not {hut up Their 
 
 Wsv or 
 
 like the Spanijh Women in Europe, yet it 
 is not ufual for them to go abroad by Day ; 
 but about Night-Fall they have Liberty to 
 make their Vifits, for the mod Part where 
 it is not expected ; for the modefteft in 
 open Day are the boldeft at Nights. Their 
 Faces being then covered with their Veils, 
 fo that they cannot be known, they 
 perform the Part which the Men do in 
 France. The Method they ufe at Home, 
 is to fit on Cumions along the Wall, with 
 their Legs acrofs on an Eftrado, fpread 
 with a Carpet, after the Turkifi Fafhion. 
 They fpend almoft whole Days in this 
 Manner, without altering their Pofture fitting at 
 even to eat : For they are ferved apart, Home » 
 on little Chefts, which they always have 
 before them to put-up the Work they do. 
 This makes them have a heavy Gate, 
 without the Grace of French Women. 
 
 * The fame, p. 257, &ftqq. 
 
 I That 
 
2j4 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 Receiving That which they call EJlrado, iSj as 
 Viflts ' ufed in Spain, all one End or Side of a 
 vifi ting- Room raifed fix or feven Inches 
 above the Floor, and five or fix Feet 
 broad. The Men, on the contrary, fit 
 on Chairs, and only fome very great Fa- 
 miliarity admits them to the Eflrado. In 
 other Refpects, the Women of Peru have 
 as much Liberty at Home as in France, 
 They there receive Company with a very 
 good Grace, and take Pleafure to enter- 
 tain their Guefts with playing on the Harp, 
 or the Guitar, to which they fingj and 
 if they are defired to dance they do it with 
 much Complaifance and Politenefs. 
 and Dane- Their Manner of Dancing is almoft 
 quite different from the French, who va- 
 lue the Motion of the Arms, and fome- 
 times that of the Head. In moft of their 
 Dances, their Arms hang-down, or elfe 
 are wrapped-up in a Mantle they wear; 
 fo that nothing is feen but the bending of 
 the Body and Activity of the Feet. They 
 have many Figure Dances, in which they 
 
 lay- 
 
Born in Per u. 255 
 
 lay-by their Mantles 5 but the Graces they 
 add are rather Actions than Geftures. 
 
 The Men dance almoft after the fame Their Mu< 
 
 fie, 
 
 Manner, without laying-afide their long 
 Swords, the Point whereof they keep be- 
 fore them, that it may not hinder them in 
 rifing or coupeeing; which is fometimes 
 I to fuch a Degree, that it looks like kneel- 
 I ing. Frezier wifhes he had been fkilled 
 in Choregraphy, to reprefent fome of their 
 Dances : However he has inferted the 
 Tune of one that is common with them, 
 as the Minuet in France ; they call it Zo- 
 pateo, becaufe, in Dancing, they alterna- 
 tively ftrike with the Heel and the Toes, 
 taking fome Steps, and coupeeing, with- 
 out moving far from one Place. This Piece andInftru , 
 of Mufick mews what a barren Tafte they ments - 
 have in touching the Harp, the Guitar, 
 and the Bandola, which are almoft the 
 only Inftruments ufed in that Country, 
 The two laft are of the Species of Guitars, 
 but the Bandola has a much (harper and 
 louder Sound. It is to be obferved, that 
 
 the 
 
256 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 the Bafs is made in France^ to the Hu- 
 mour of the Harp *. 
 
 Their Vanity and Senfuality render them in- 
 
 fatiable as to Ornaments and good Feed- 
 ing. Though the Make of their Habit 
 be of itfelf plain enough, and not very 
 fufceptible of Changes in Falhions, they 
 love to be richly dreffed whatfoever it coih ; 
 even in the moft private Places, their very 
 Smocks, and fuftian Waiftcoats they wear 
 over them, are full of Lace ; and their 
 Prodigality extends to put it upon Socks 
 
 Petticoats, and Sheets. The upper Petticoat they 
 commonly wear, called Faldellin> is open 
 before, and has three Rows of Lace j the 
 Middlemoft of Gold and Silver, extraor- 
 dinary wide, fewed on filk Galoons wh'ch 
 terminate at the Edges. The Women, 
 in the Days of King Henry IV. alfo wore 
 open Petticoats in France, which lapped 
 over before. 
 
 Waiftcoat, Their upper Waiftcoat, which they call 
 Jubon, is either of rich Cloth of Gold ; 
 or, in hot Weather, of fine Linen., 
 
 * FrtZ* 2J4i & 'feqq. 
 
 vered 
 
P/.i/.' XL . 
 
 
 / Creole -Xa 
 
iwifliiT 
 
 » / Creole -Lady /////>'/' Drcfs //'M//tL'\'i>, 
 
Born in Peru. 257 
 
 vered with Abundance of Lace, confufedly 
 put-on. The Sleeves are large, and have a 
 Pouch hanging-down to the Knees, like 
 thofe of the Minims -, they are fbmetimes 
 open like long Engageants, worn alfo in the 
 Days of King Henry IV. But in Chili they 
 begin to put-down the Pouch, and cut 
 them more even, after the Manner of 
 Boots. If they have a little Apron, it is 
 made of two or three Stripes of Silk flow- 
 ered with Gold or Silver, fewed together 
 with Lace?. 
 
 In the cold Countries they are always Mantles*" 
 wrapped- up in a Mantle, being no other 
 than a mifhapen Piece of Bays, one 
 third longer than broad, one Point where^ 
 of hangs over their Heels. The bed: 
 are of rich Scuffs, covered with four 
 or five Rows of broad Lace, and extra- 
 ordinary fine. In other Refpects, their 
 formal Drefs is the fame as that of the 
 Spcinifi Women in Europe, viz. the black 
 tarTety Veil, which covers them from Head 
 to Foot. 
 
 S They 
 
258 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 The Man- They ufe the Mantilla * for an Undrefs, 
 
 tilla. - . j 
 
 to appear the more modelt ; it is a fort of 
 Cloak, or Mantle, round at the Bottom, 
 of a dark Colour, edged with black Taf- 
 fety. Their Drefs is the black TafTety 
 Veil, a wide upper Petticoat, of a Mufk- 
 colour, with little Flowers, under which is 
 another clofe Coat of colour'd Silk, call'd 
 Pollera. In this Attire they go to the 
 Churches, walking gravely, their Faces fo 
 veil'd, that generally only one Eye is to 
 be feen. By this Outfide a Man would 
 take them for Veftal- Virgins, but would 
 . be commonly very much deceived. 
 Head at- They have no Ornaments on the Head, 
 their Hair hangs behind in TrefTes. Some- 
 times they tie Ribbons about their Head 
 with Gold or Silver, which in Peru they 
 call Valaca y in Chili Hagbe- y when the Rib- 
 bon is broad, adorn'd with Lace, and goes 
 twice about the Forehead, it is call'd Vin- 
 cba. The Breads and Shoulders are half 
 naked, unlefs they wear a large Handker- 
 chief, which hangs down behind to the 
 * See Plate 9, Fig. 2. 
 
 Mid- 
 
 tire 
 
/ Creole -Lady /<<y'/rdt/t>/'//i/ to Church. 
 
 • 
 
Born in Peru. 259 
 
 Mid-Leg, and in Peru fervcs in (lead of 
 a little Cloak, or Mantle call'd Gregorilh. 
 They commit not any Offence againft 
 Modefty, when they (hew their Breafts, 
 which the Spaniards look upon with In- 
 difference ; yet they take great Notice of 
 little Feet, which they are ridiculoufly in 
 Love with. For this Reafon Women are 
 exceeding careful to hide them ; fo that it 
 is a Favour to (hew them, which they do 
 with Dexterity. 
 
 As to extraordinary Ornaments of Pearls jewels; 
 and Jewels, there muft be many Pendants, 
 Bracelets, Necklaces and Rings, to reach 
 the Height of the Fafhion, which is 
 much the fame as the ancient Mode of 
 France. 
 
 The Men are now clad after the FrencbMaCsH*i 
 
 bit. 
 
 Fafhion, but for the mod Part in Silk 
 Cloaths with an extravagant Mixture of 
 light Colours. Out of a Sort of Vanity 
 peculiar to their Nation, they will not 
 own that they have borrowed that Mode 
 from their Neighbours ; altho' it has been 
 ufed among them only fince the Reign of 
 S 2 Philip 
 
260 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 Philip V. They rather choofe to call it 
 
 a warlike Habit. 
 
 The Gown-men wear the Golilla, being 
 
 a little Band not hanging, but flicking out 
 
 forward under the Chin, and a Sword as 
 
 they do in Spain, excepting the Judges and 
 
 Presidents. 
 
 The Travelling Habit in Peru is a Coat 
 
 flafli'd on both Sides under the Arms, 
 and the Sleeves open above and below, 
 with Button-holes j it is called Cafotilh de 
 des Fa Idas *. 
 Explana- Here follows an Explanation of the Fi- 
 gures of the Criolians, communicated by 
 the Gentlemen who tranflated the Nar- 
 rative of the Earthquake. Plate VI, re- 
 prefents a Lady in the Drefs fhe wears with- 
 in-doors, being nothing but a Shift and 
 two flight Petticoats, the under one of 
 Thread-lace hanging in this Manner be- 
 low the upper. The Bofoms and Sleeves of 
 their Shifts are all lae'd, embroider'd with 
 Gold-thread, and thick interwoven with 
 Pearls: Some of thole at Lima have cofl 
 
 * Frez. p. 258, &' feqq. 
 
 Fifteen 
 
 tion 
 
i> avrpvu/a/:^ My/i £> 
 
/ Mulalta -Woman /), /,,-r Drefi /y ,/,, 
 
fi*i6) 
 
 *&: && Jciifo: 
 
 /, 
 
 'm 
 
 '/ 
 
Born in P eru.' 261 
 
 fifteen hundred or two thoufand Pieces of 
 Eight a Piece. 
 
 Plate VII, a Lady veil'd, going into 
 Church attended by her female Slaves, one 
 of whom carries a Carpet upon her Arm 
 for her to kneel upon. 
 
 Plate VIII, reprefents a Mulatto, Wo- ftheFi- 
 man in her Drefs by Day. gures ' 
 
 Plate IX, exhibits a Gentleman and La- 
 dy in their Undrefs, or Habit when they 
 go-out at Night. The fir ft wrapped-up 
 in his Cloak, with his Ejpada by his Side 
 and Hat on. The Lady has a white 
 Handkerchief on her Head, a Mantle of 
 EngliJJ: Bays over her Shoulders, and a 
 pink'd or (lauYd brown Silk- Petticoat. Their 
 Shift Sleeves are ufually of this Length: 
 their Shoes all without Heels and cut at 
 the Toes, that thefe by being bent might 
 make their Feet look little. 
 
 The Spaniards of Peru eat greedily, Manner 
 and after an indecent Manner ; fometimes eatin 2* 
 all in the fame Dim, commonly a Por- 
 tion like the Friers. At any confiderable 
 Entertainment, they fet before the Guelis 
 S 3 feveral 
 
262 Criolians in Spaniards 
 
 feveral Plates of different Sorts of Food 
 fucceflively ; thefe, when done with, they 
 give to their Servants, and thofe who ftand 
 by, that all, fay they, may partake of the 
 good Chear. When the Criolians came to 
 eat aboard the French Ships, where they 
 were ferv'd in great Difhes, placed accord- 
 ing to Rule, they boldly took them off 
 to give to their Slaves, fometimes before 
 they had k been touched : But when the 
 Captains durft not make them fenfible of 
 that Indecency, the Cooks, concerned for 
 the Honour of their Art, did not fpare to 
 let them underftand that they difcompof- 
 ed the Beauty of the Entertainment. 
 
 Not having theUfe of Forks, they are oblig- 
 ed to warn after eating, which they all 
 V(e no do in the fame Bafon ; and with that dif- 
 r ' s ' agreeable Water do not ftick to wa(h their 
 Lips, The Meat they eat is feafoned with 
 Axi, or Pimiento, a Sort of Pepper which 
 is fo hot, that Strangers cannot poflibly 
 endure it j but what makes it ftill worfe, 
 is a greafy Tafte the Lard gives to all their 
 Cookery. Befides, they have not the Art 
 2 of 
 
Born in Per u. 263 
 
 of roafling great Joints, which they ad- 
 mired the mod of all the French Dalies : 
 For they do not turn their Meat conti- 
 nually. They make two Meals, one at 
 Ten in the Morning, the other at Four 
 Afternoon, which is inftead of a Dinner 
 at Lima, and have a Collation at Mid- 
 night. In other Places they eat like the 
 People in France. 
 
 During the Day, they make ufe of the HerB of 
 Herb of Paraguay, which fome call St. 
 Bartholomew s Herb, who they pretend came 
 into thofe Provinces ; where, finding it to 
 be venomous, he made it wholfome and 
 beneficial : As this Leaf is only brought 
 dry, and almoft in Powder, the Author 
 could not defcribe it. Inftead of drink- 
 ing the Tincture, or Infufion, apart, as we 
 drink Tea, they put the Herb into a Cup, howufed; 
 or Bowl made of a Calabam, or Gourd, 
 tipp'd with Silver, which they call Mate-, 
 they add Sugar, and pour on it the hot 
 Water, which they drink immediately, 
 without giving it Time to infufe, becaufe 
 it turns as black as Ink. To avoid drink- 
 S 4 ing 
 
264 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 ing the Herb which fwims at the Top, 
 they make Ufe of a Silver Pipe, at- the 
 End whereof is a Bowl, full of little 
 Holes. The Reluclancy which the French 
 fhew'd to drink after all Sorts of People, 
 in a Country where many were pox'd, oc- 
 cafioned the inventing of little Glafs-pipes, 
 which they begin to ufe at Lima. The 
 
 ^ tteT rr Liquor, in Freziers Opinion, is better 
 than Tea ; and has a Flavour of the 
 Herb, which is agreeable enough ; the Peo- 
 ple of the Country are fo accuflorned to 
 it, that even the pooreft ufe it every Morn- 
 ing when they rife. 
 
 The Trade for the Herb of Para- 
 guay is carried on at Santa Fe *, whither 
 it is brought-up the River de la Plata or of 
 
 'io-c Cons. Plate, and in Carts. There are two Sorts 
 of it ; the one call'd Terba de Palos , the 
 other, which is finer, and of more Virtue, 
 Terba de Camwi : This lad: is brought 
 from the Lands belonging to the Jejuits. 
 The great Confumption of it is between 
 [<4 Paz and Kujko, where it is worth half 
 * A City in Paraguay. 
 
 as 
 
Born in Per u. 265 
 
 as much more as the other, which is fpent 
 from Potofi to La -Paz. There comes 
 yearly from Paraguay into Peru above 
 50,000 Arrovas, being twelve thoufand * 
 Weight of both Sorts ; whereof, at leaft, 
 one third is of the Camini, without reckon- ~ 
 
 ■ Quantity 
 
 ing 25,000 Arrovas, of that of Pahs for brou g ht 
 Chili. They pay for each Parcel, contain- 
 ing fix or feven Arrovas, four Rials for the 
 Duty call'd Alcavala, being a Rate upon 
 all Goods fold ; this, with the Charge of 
 Carriage, being above 600 Leagues, doubles 
 the fir ft Price, which is about two Pieces 
 of Eight j fo that at Potofi it comes to 
 about five Pieces of Eight the Arrova. 
 The Carriage is commonly by Carts, which 
 hold 150 Arrovas (each) from Santa Fe 
 to J'aji/y> the laft Town of the Province 
 of Tukwnan ; and from thence to Potofi, f wm 
 which is a hundred Leagues farther, it [ s Para £ ua y- 
 conveyed on Mules. 
 
 It has been eifewheie obferved, that this 
 Sort of Tea is necefTary where there are 
 Mines; and on the Mountains of Peru, 
 
 * In the tranflating 'tis 12,000 hundred. 
 
 where 
 
266 Criolians or Spaniards x 
 
 where the Whites think the Ufe of Wine 
 pernicious, they rather chufe to drink 
 Brandy, and leave the Wine to the Indians 
 and Blacks, who like it very well *. 
 
 Houfes of The Dwellings of the Spaniards in Pe- 
 ru are no way anfwerable to the Magni- 
 ficence of their Garb. Without Lima, in 
 which Place the Buildings are handfome 
 enough, nothing is poorer than their Hou- 
 fes; confifting of only a Ground-floor, 
 fourteen or fifteen Feet high. The Con- 
 trivance for Statelinefs, is to have a Court 
 at the Entrance, adorn'd with Portico's of 
 Timber- work, the Length of the Build- 
 ing; which isalwaysfingle in Chili, becaufe 
 otherwife it would require the Top to be 
 large. On the Coafl of Peru they make 
 them as deep as they pleafe, that when they 
 cannot have Lights from the Walls, they may 
 make them in the Roof, there being no 
 
 Form of Rain to apprehend. The firil Room is a 
 large Hall, about nineteen Feet broad, and 
 between thirty and forty in Length, which 
 leads into two other Chambers one within 
 
 * Frez. p. 25 1, & feqq. 
 
 the 
 
 
Born in Peru. 267 
 
 the other. In the firft is the Eitrado to 
 receive Company j and the Bed which lies 
 in a Nook in the Nature of an Alcove, 
 fpacious within, and whofe chief Conve- 
 niency is, a falfe Door to receive or dif- 
 mifs Company, without being perceived 
 coming in, tho' upon Surprize. There are 
 few of thofe Beds in the Houfes, becaufe 
 the Servants lie on Sheep-fkins upon the 
 Ground. 
 
 The Height and Largenefs of the Rooms Furniture. 
 would neverthelefs give them fome Air of 
 Grandeur, did they know how to difpofe 
 their Lights regularly : but they make fo 
 few Windows, that they have always a 
 dufky melancholy Air ; and having no Ufe 
 of Glafs, thofe Windows are latticed with 
 Grates of turn'd Wood, which ftill leuens 
 the Light. The Furniture does not make 
 Amends for the ill Contrivance of the 
 Building, only the Eitrado is cover'd with 
 Carpets, and Velvet- Cushions for the Wo* 
 men to fit on. The Chairs for the Men 
 are covered with Leather, printed in half 
 Relief. There are no Hangings but A- 
 
 bundance 
 
268 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 bundance of fcurvy Pictures made by the 
 Indians of Kujko. In fine, there are nei- 
 ther boarded nor Stone-floors, which makes 
 the Houfes damp j efpecially in Chili, where 
 it rains much in Winter. 
 Materials The common Materials for private build- 
 
 for Build- . 
 
 ing. ing are thofe they call Adobes, that is, large 
 Bricks, about two Feet long, one in Breadth, 
 and four Inches thick in Chili, and fome- 
 what fmaller in Peru^ becaufe it never 
 rains there ; or elfe the Walls are of Clay 
 ramm'd between two Planks, which they 
 call Capias. That Manner of Building, 
 which was ufed among the Romans, as 
 may be feen in Vitruvius, is not expen- 
 sive, becaufe the Soil is every-where fit for 
 making of thofe Bricks, and yet it lafts 
 Ages; as appears by the Remains of Struc- 
 tures and Forts, built by the Indians, which 
 have flood at leaft 200 Years. It is true, 
 that this would not be fo in cafe it rained ; 
 for in Chili, to preferve their Houfes, .they 
 are obliged to cover them in Winter on 
 the North-fide with Thatch, or Planks, 
 
 The 
 
Born in Per u. 269 
 
 The Public Structures are, for the molt Kinds of 
 Part, made of burnt Bricks, and Stone. 
 At La Conception they have a greenifh Sort 
 of a foft Nature : at Santiago they have a 
 Stone of a good Grain, dug half a League 
 North- weft from the City: at Coquimbo 
 they have a white Stone as light as Pu- 
 mice -j at Callao and Lima they have a good 
 grained Sort brought twelve Leagues by 
 Land, full of Salt-petre, which makes it 
 moulder, tho' otherwife very hard ; the 
 Mole of the Port, made in 1694, is built 
 with it. There are in the Mountains Quar- 
 ries of the fine Li me- (tone, whereof Plaif- 
 ter of Paris is made ; they only life it to 
 make Soap, and to flop earthen VefTels. 
 All their Lime is of Shells, whence it is 
 only fit to whiten Walls. 
 
 As for their Tafte in Architecture, iiCriole Ar- 
 
 , , . . chitedure. 
 
 mult be own d that the Churches in Lima 
 are well-built, and proportioned, lined with 
 Pilafters, adorn'd with Mouldings, and 
 without carved Capitals; over which are 
 beautiful Cornifhes, and fine Arches full- 
 center'd and contracted : But in the De- 
 coration 
 
270 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 coration of the Altars all are confufed, 
 crowded and bad j (o that a Man cannot 
 but lament the immenfe Sums they fpend 
 on thofe gilt Diforders *. 
 
 Their Re- Having confidered our Criolians in a 
 
 ls,on ' temporal, let us next view them in a 
 religious Light; and (hew, from the fame 
 Author, to what a wretched State of Su- 
 perstition and Beggary they are reduced by 
 the Tricks of their debauched Clergy ; a 
 Specimen of which has been given alrea- 
 dy in our Account of Lima. 
 
 The Criolian Spaniards, like the Eu- 
 ropeans, value themfelves upon being the 
 belt Chriftians of all Nations : they e- 
 
 pretend to ven pretend to diflinguim between them- 
 felves and the French by that Qualifica- 
 tion ; it being very ufuai among them to 
 fay, a Chriftian and a Frenchman, to fignify 
 a Spaniard and a Frenchman : But, with- 
 out diving into the interior of either, they 
 have nothing of the outward Practice of 
 the Church- difcipline, to intitle them to 
 that Pre-eminence. The Abftinence from 
 
 * Frez. p. 261, & feqq. 
 
 FleQi 
 
Born in Peru. 271 
 
 Flefti is among them much changed bypraftife 
 1 the Ufe of what they call Grojura, that '" e * 
 is Offal-meat : This confifts, in Heads, 
 Tongues, Entrails, Feet, and the extreme 
 Parts of Beafts, which they eat on Fifh- 
 days ; not to mention the Ufe of what they 
 call Manteca i being Hogs-lard and Beef- 
 fuet, which they ufe inftead of Butter *. 
 'Tis not ufual to- am" ft at any other Di- 
 vine Service, except the Mafs ; and even 
 from that Obligation, thofe who are a- 
 bove three Leagues from the Pari(h- church, N e gka 
 and the Chrijlian Indians , who are but a Church * 
 League diftant, are exempted. At Lima 
 they difpenfe with themfelves from going 
 to the Parifh-church, becaufe moft good 
 Houfes have Oratories or Chapels for Con- 
 veniency of the Family, which cherifhes 
 their Sloth, and keeps them from the Pa- 
 riuVduty. 
 
 In ftiort, their Devotion feems to be whol- fo/aryDe- 
 ly reduced to that of the Rofary. It is faid 
 
 vocion. 
 
 * The Tranflator of Frezier obferves that thefe 
 Things are only permitted on Saturdays ; but not in 
 Lent, or oh Fridays and other failing Days. 
 
 in 
 
272 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 in all Towns and Villages twice or thrice a 
 
 moft in Week, at the Proceflions which are made 
 ogue ' in the Night, in private Families, or elfe 
 by every Perfon apart, at leaft every 
 Evening, at the Fall of Night. Reli- 
 gious Men wear their Beads about their 
 Necks, and the Laity under their Cloaths. 
 The Confidence they repofe in that pious 
 Invention of St, Dominick Guzman, which 
 they believe was brought down from Hea- 
 ven, is fo great, that they ground their 
 Salvation upon it, and expect nothing lefs 
 than Miracles from it ; being amufed with 
 the fabulous Accounts daily given them -, 
 and by the Notion of the good Succefs 
 which every one who applies to that De- 
 votion has in the Courfe of his Affairs. 
 But, what will hardly be believed, fays 
 Frezier, I have often obferved, that they 
 alfo depend upon it for Succefs in their 
 amorous Intrigues. 
 
 Mount Next to the Rofary follows the Devo- 
 
 tion of Mount Carmel, which is no lefs 
 beneficial to the Merce?iarians i than the 
 former is to the Dominicans. 
 
 2 That 
 
 Carmel, 
 
Born in Peru. 273 
 
 That of the immaculate Conception is and the 
 next : the Francifcans and Jefuits have 
 gain'd it fuch Reputation, that the Laity 
 mention it before they undertake any Ac- 
 tion, even the mod indifferent. When a 
 Sermon begins, at Grace, and at Candle- 
 lighting, in every Houfe, they fay, Praifed 
 be the mofl holy Sacrament of the Altar, 
 and the Virgin-Nlzvy , our Lady, conceivd 
 without Blemijh or original Sin, from the 
 firft Injlant of her natural Being. They 
 add to the Litanies, Abfque labe concepta, 
 T'hou who art conceivd without Blemijh. In Abufes 
 
 . 11 . therein. 
 
 lhort, this Sentence is roiited-in at all Times, 
 when it can neither ferve for the Inftrucli- 
 on, nor the Edification of the Faithful -, 
 and the Expreffions in the Hymns they 
 fing in Honour of thai Opinion, are fo 
 lingular, that Frezier has infeited one of 
 them to (hew the Spanijh Tafle; which 
 is only fond of Metaphors and extrava- 
 gant Comparifons, taken from the Sun, 
 the Moon and the Stars, or from precious 
 Stones : this often carries them into a Sort 
 T of 
 
274 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 of Ridicule, and an out-of-the-way Flight, 
 
 which they take for Sublime. 
 spanijb Thus in the Hymn before-mentioned, 
 the Poet affigns the Virgin the Moon for 
 her Foot-ftool, and the Stars for the Em- 
 broidery of her Veil, at the fame Time 
 that he places her Houfe in the Sun ; which, 
 of Confequence, muft include them all. 
 This (hews he wanted Judgment in his 
 poetical Enthufiafm. He is much mis- 
 taken alfo when he fays, that the Devil is 
 burfting with Rage to fee the Devotion 
 of the Virgin in Repute in Peru : For 
 that Devotion is certainly too much in- 
 termixed with Vice and Senfuality, to 
 make us believe it can be very meritori- 
 ous to them. 
 Their Hy- I know, proceeds the Author, that they 
 pocnfy are ver y care f u l to fay the Rofary often 
 daily : but it may be faid they are there- 
 in true Pbarifees, and think that Prayer 
 confifts in much Speaking, tho' merely 
 with the Lips ; and with fo little Attenti- 
 on, that they often mutter over their Beads, 
 
 whilft 
 a 
 
Born in Per tr- £75 
 
 whilft they are talking of Things that 
 are no Way compatible with pious Ex- 
 erches, 
 
 Befides, they all live in a State of Pre- and Pre- 
 emption of their Salvation, grounded on um P tl0til 
 the Protection of the Virgin and the 
 Saints * -, which they believe they merit 
 by fome brotherhood Exercifes, wherein 
 the Friars have affociated them, without 
 feeming to be fenfible that the prime De- 
 votion con il ft s in the Reformation of Heart* 
 and Practice of good Morals. 
 
 It rather looks as if, by Means of Re- Excels 
 velations, and the ill-grounded Miracles Credullt H 
 which the Ecclefiaftics affect continually 
 to tell them from the Pulpit* that their 
 Drift is to impofe on the People, by tak- 
 ing Advantage of the amazing Facility with 
 which they believe Things moft ridiculous* 
 and contrary to Morality ; which Method 
 is certainly moft pernicious to the Purity* 
 of Religion, and ftrictly prohibited by a 
 
 * One would almoft think, by his Reflexions here and 
 elfewhere, that the Author was of Proteftant Prin* 
 ciples* 
 
 T a Con- 
 
276 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 Constitution of Pope Leo X, dated 15 16. 
 I could quote fomc Inftances, fays Frezier, 
 if the Grofsnefs of thofe Fictions would 
 not render my Credit fufpe&ed. Hence 
 it proceeds, continues he, that thofe Peo- 
 ple fcarce know what it is to pray to God ; 
 for they only addrefs themfeives to the 
 Virgin and the Saints. Thus the Accefib- 
 ry of Religion almoft extinguishes the Prin- 
 cipal. 
 
 Charms in Thofe People are not only credulous 
 to Excefs, but alfo fuperftitious. They 
 add to the Beads they wear about their 
 Necks fome Habillas, being a kind of Sea- 
 chefnuts, and another like Sort of Fruit, 
 call'd Chonta i refembling a Pear, with Nut- 
 megs and fuch Thing?, to preferve them- 
 feives againft Witchcraft and infectious 
 
 againa Air. They likewife wear Amulets about 
 
 Witch- , J 
 
 craft. their Necks, being Medals without any 
 Impreflion, and a little Hand, a Quarter 
 of an Inch long, made of Jet, or elfe of 
 Fig-tree Wood, and call'd Higa, the Fin- 
 gers clofed, but the Thumb flanding out. 
 The Notion they have of thofe Counter- 
 charms, 
 
Born w Peru, 277 
 
 charms, is to preferve them from the Harm 
 that might be done by fuch as admire 
 their Beauty, which they call an evil "Eye, 
 Thefe Prefervatives are made larger for 
 Children. 
 
 This Superftition is common among Dying ma 
 the Ladies and meaner People : but there 
 is another which is almoft general, and of 
 great Moment for avoiding the Pains of 
 the other World, namely, to take-care in 
 this to provide a religious Habit, which 
 they buy, to die and be buried in - 3 being 
 perfuaded, by the Friars, that when clad 
 in a Livery fo much reipected here-below, 
 they fhall, without any Difficulty, be ad- 
 mitted into Heaven, and cannot be driven 
 into utter Darknefs. 
 
 This is not to be wonder 'd at : For religious 
 it is well known that this Devotion, which 
 began in France in the twelfth Century, 
 being advantageous to the Communities, 
 made the Francifcans advance, That *S/. 
 Francis once a Year regularly defcended 
 into Purgatory, and took-out all thofe who 
 had died in the holy Habit of his Order ; 
 T 3 adding 
 
IfjgfS 
 
 % ^8 Criolians $r Spaniards 
 
 adding thereto fome other Follies, which 
 were condemned by the Council of Bqfil 
 in the fifteenth Century, whofe Authority, 
 however, thefe Friars in Peru have little 
 regarded. The like Frezier had obferved 
 in the Portugueze Colonies : for their 
 Churches are ftill full of Pictures, repre- 
 fenting this yearly Defcent of St. Francis 
 into Purgatory, The other Orders fay no 
 lefs of their refpe<ftive Patriarchs. 
 Arts of To draw to themfelves from the Rich 
 
 fome Part of their Wealth, thev have in- 
 vented another Scheme, pretending that the 
 nearer the Altar they are buried, the more 
 they partake of the Prayers of the Faith- 
 ful ; and there are fome Cullies foolim e- 
 nough to believe them, and tacitly to flatter 
 themfelves, that God will make Exceptions 
 of Perfons *. Of this Sort were two Cre- 
 oles, who, fome days before the Author 
 came away from Lima, had given each 
 6000 Pieces of Eight, to be buried in the 
 Charnel-houfe of the Augujiira -f. 
 
 * Nan minx eft acaftaUa ptrfonarum opud Dtum. 
 Rom. ii. 
 
 * Frez. p. 2351, & ft<ft. 
 
 Tilde 
 
Born in Per u. 279 
 
 Thefe Honours and Advantages for all the to fleece 
 great Sums they coil, being at an End with 
 the Solemnity of the Funeral ; in order to 
 extend them beyond the Grave, Recourfe 
 is had to pious Legacies, under the De- 
 nomination of Foundations for Mattes or 
 other Prayers : the Neceflity of which, for 
 avoiding the Pains of the other Life, is in- 
 culcated to all dying- Perfons j and the Me- 
 rit of thofe Donations is fo highly extoll'd, 
 that all Men are drawn-in to make them 
 without Regard either to Relations, Cre- 
 ditors, or the Poor, through whofe Hands, 
 according to the Scripture-rule, we are to 
 redeem our Sins. 
 
 In a Word, whether it be through the their evil- 
 Fear of eternal Pains, which touches us en ency * 
 rnoft to the Quick, or elfe for the Love 
 of God, and one's felf, the Cuftom is 
 become fo univerfal, and has fo much en- 
 rich'd the Monafteries of Lima, and of 
 fome other Cities within a hundred Years, 
 that the Laity have fcarce any real Eftates 
 left. Their Wealth is reduced to Move- 
 ables; and there are but few who do not 
 T 4 P a Y 
 
280 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 pay Rent to the Church, either for their 
 
 Houfes or Farms. 
 
 a Remedy It would be for the Good of thofe Co- 
 wanted. j on ; eS} t0 make f ucn a Regulation as the 
 
 Venetians made in the Year 1605, which 
 prohibits the Alienation of real Eftates in 
 Favour of the Church, or in Mortmain, 
 without the Confent of the Republic ; in 
 Imitation of the Emperors Valentinian y 
 Charlemagne, and Charles V, and of feveral 
 Kings of France from St. Lewis down to 
 Henry III. But the Court of Rome taking 
 the Alarm, caus'd that Decree to be for 
 fome-time fufpended, in a Country where 
 it has lefs Power than in Spain. Thus this 
 Abufe, in all Likelihood, will continue in 
 Peru ; and in a {hort-time the Laity will 
 find themfelves under a greater Dependen- 
 cy on religious Communities for Tempo- 
 rals, than they are for Spirituals. 
 Honour to Frezier forbears fpeaking of the Ho- 
 nour they pay to Images : but confider- 
 ing the Care they take to adorn them 
 in their Houfes, and to burn Frankin- 
 cenfe before them, fays, he knows not 
 
 whether 
 
Born in Peru. 281 
 
 whether they might not be fufpecled ofapproach- 
 carrying the Worfhip very near to Ido- t ry, 
 latry. The Queftors, a Sort of Men who 
 never fail to make their Advantage of the 
 Prepoueffion of the People in order to 
 draw Alms from them, carry Pictures along 
 the Streets, both on Foot and Horfeback, 
 in great Frames, and with GlafTes over 
 them, which they give to be kifs'd for 
 what they receive. It is true, adds the 
 Author, that we fee the beft things fre- 
 quently mifufed in Europe, as well as in 
 America ; which obliged the Bifhops of 
 France to denre of the Council of Trent 
 fome Reformation as to that Article. 
 
 Either through Intereft or Ignorance, am j saitus 
 the Clergy and Friars take little Care to^° pagat " 
 teach the Laity to adore God in Spirit and 
 Truth, to fear his Judgments, and not lay 
 too much Strefs on the Protection of the 
 Virgin and Saints : On the contrary, when 
 they make their Panegyrics they extol 
 them without Difcretion, never intermix- 
 ing Points of Morality ; fo that thofe Ser- 
 mons, which are the moft frequent 
 j through^ 
 
282 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 throughout the Year, become of no Ufc 
 to the People, and feed them in their ufual 
 Preemptions. 
 
 Example To conclude, mould fuch Perfom preach 
 op Chriftian- Virtues, what Fruit could 
 their Words produce, whilft they give fuch 
 ill-Example ? Suppofe the Sermons were 
 upon Modefty and Meeknefs. What then ? 
 iince the Preachers are impudent in the 
 higheft Degree. May I prefume to fay it, 
 mod of them are arm'd with a Dagger : it 
 is not to be thought that this is to murder, 
 but it is at leafl; to oppofe any who (hould 
 obftrucl: their Pleafures, or offend them. 
 Should the Subject be Poverty, and the 
 Contempt of Riches ? The moft. regular 
 of them trade, and have their Slaves of 
 both Sexes ; and feveral Church-men ap- 
 pear in colour'd Cloaths adorn'd with 
 Gold, under their ufual Habit. Should it 
 
 than b@ Humility ? They are infufferably proud, 
 
 ing. a true Copy of the Pharifees, who would 
 take the upper-hand every- where, and be 
 faluted in publick Places. 
 
 In 
 
Born in Peru. 283 
 
 In fhort, not fatisfied with the low 
 Bows made them, they offer their Sleeves 
 to be kifs'd in the open Streets and in the 
 Churches j whither they go on-Purpofe to 
 difturb the Faithful, as hath been obferved 
 before, in order to have Homage done to 
 their pretended Dignity. 
 
 In this they differ very much from the Modem 
 Sentiments of the firft of the WcfternJ^* 
 Monks, St. Benedict, who chofe for his re- 
 ligious Men the Habit of the Poor in his 
 Time 5 and St. Francis, a ridiculous Habit, 
 to render himfelf contemptible in the Eyes 
 of Men. 
 
 It is well known that to prevent their 
 meddling with worldly Affairs, the King 
 of Spain has been formerly obliged to make 
 ufe of his Authority 5 and yet he has not 
 prevail'd. Hcrrera, on the Year 1553, 
 writes thus : u The King charg'd Don 
 <c Lewis de Velafco, the Viceroy, to takc- 
 *' care that the Prelates and religious Men 
 u mould keep within the Bounds of their from the 
 M own Employments, and not interfere nmiuve 
 a with thofe of others, as they had fome- 
 
 " times 
 
284 Criolians or Spaniards 
 
 66 times done, becaufe that belonged to 
 " the King and his Lieutenants." 
 
 Their To conclude, {hall they preach-up Con- 
 
 tion. tinence ? When the contrary Vice is be- 
 come general, without fcarce any Excep- 
 tion among thofe whom Age has not dis- 
 abled. Neither are they referved as to 
 this Point, but excufe themfelves with the 
 Neceflity of having a She-friend to take- 
 care of them, becaufe the Monasteries al- 
 low them nothing but Diet : fo that they 
 are obliged to intrigue in their own De- 
 fence, dealing in Merchandize, and fome- 
 times in Slight of Hand ; the frequent 
 Practice of which has warn'd the French 
 trading along the Coafl to mhtruft them 
 
 Addifled as Sharpers. The Captain of the Mary- 
 ' Anne, in which Frezier went thither, had 
 fevere Experience of this; one of them tak- 
 ing a Bag of 800 Pieces of Eght out of 
 his Round-houfe. 
 
 Very ig- It is owing to thefe Difpofitions alfo that 
 they apply themfelves fo-little to Study. 
 Out of the great Towns there are fome, 
 who can fcarce read Latin, to fay Mafs : 
 
 Nay, 
 
Bom in Per u. 285 
 
 Nay, the Author knew a Profeflbr of 
 Divinity in a Monaftery, who performed 
 it very imperfedtly. In fhort, it is ma- 
 nifeft, that mofl of them only make them- 
 felves Friars in order to lead a more eafy 
 and honourable Life. It is faid, that the 
 King of Spain is feniible of this Evil, and 
 intends to regulate the Number of Com- 
 munities. 
 
 Frezier, however, takes- care to inform Exception 
 his Readers that thefe Remarks do not' ^' 7 *'"' 
 concern the Jefuits, who, he fays, ftudy, 
 preach, and cathechize, even in public 
 Places, with much Zeal : nay he believes, 
 were it not for them, that the People 
 would fcarce be inftructed in the principal 
 Articles of Faith. He takes Occafion 
 here alfo to honour the Probity and good 
 Behaviour of the Bifhops, who are not The Bi- 
 altogether to be charged with the Difor- ops 
 ders of their Flock : efpecially the Friars, 
 in regard they are Matters, and own no 
 other ecclefiaftical Jurifdiction, but that of 
 their Superiors; pretending they only de- 
 pend on them, and on the Pope, as Su- 
 preme. 
 
286 Criolians or Spaniards, &c. 
 
 preme. A monftr -ous Independence ', according 
 to the ingenious Remark of St. Bernard, as 
 if a Finger was taken from the Hand, to 
 fix it direcJly to the Head* 
 and fome The Author like wife excludes from his 
 others. QhwgQ the worthy and learned People of 
 Peru and Chiti -, he knows there are fuch 
 among all Conditions, and that fome have 
 been eminent for Piety. But he differs 
 much from the Author of the Life of the 
 holy Toribio, who fays, that in all Like- 
 lihood Peru will afford Heaven more Saints 
 than it has given Silver to the Earth. Vir- 
 tue feemed to Frezier to be more com- 
 mon among the Laity, than the Friars 
 and Clergy. I make no Scruple, adds he, 
 to fay fo : it would be a falfe Nicety to 
 fpare Men who dishonour their Profeffion 
 without Controul, under Pretence that they 
 are confecrated to God by folemn Vows *. 
 
 * Frez. p. 224, If ftqq. 
 
 SECT. 
 
( 28 7 ) 
 
 SECT. III. 
 
 Of the Indians of Peru. 
 
 TH E Indians of Peru have this in Theip 
 common with thofe of Chili, that^* 11 '* 5 - 
 they are no Iefs Drunkards and addicted 
 to Women, and that they are as little 
 covetous of Wealth : but they are quite 
 different from them in Relation to Bra- 
 very and Refolution ; for they are fearful, 
 and in other Refpecls malicious, DifTem- 
 blers and Defigning. They have a Genius 
 for Arts, and are good at imitating what 
 they fee, but very poor at Invention *. . 
 
 The Natives of Peru drefs like thofe of TheirKa- 
 Chili, bating that the Women wear a Piece 
 extraordinary of the Country-cloth of feveral 
 lively Colours, which they fometimes fold 
 on their Heads, and fometimes on their 
 Shoulders, like an Amice ; but along the 
 Coafl generally on their Arms, as the Ca- 
 nons carry their Aumujfes. The Men in- 
 stead of the Poncho have a Surtout made 
 * Frezier*s Voy. p. 263. 
 
 • like 
 
288 Indians of P e r u,' 
 
 like a Sack, the Sleeves whereof come not 
 down to the Elbow : Thefe have been 
 added but of late. Formerly there were 
 . only Holes to put the Arms through, as 
 appears from the Habit of the ancient Ingas> 
 as painted by the Indians oiKufko *. 
 Indian. The Manner of the Indian Dwellings 
 
 Houfes. v 
 
 in the Mountains is Angular. They build 
 their Houfes round, like a Cone, or rather 
 like our Glafs-houfes ; with fuch a low 
 Door, that there is no going- in at it, 
 without bowing quite down. For the more 
 Warmth, Wood being very fcarce there, 
 they burn nothing but the Dung of Mules, 
 Guanacos and Llamas -f-, when their Flocks 
 are fufficient to furnifh them : It is eafily 
 gathered, becaufethofe Creatures, by natural 
 Inftin<ft, go all to empty themfelves in one 
 Place, near that where they graze. For 
 want of this Dung, they burn lebo, above- 
 fpoken of : but that Plant not being lad- 
 ing, they have earthen Furnaces call'd JS/- 
 charras, fo contrived (with three or more 
 
 * The fame, p. 263. 
 
 f A kind of Sheep peculiar to Peru. 
 
 Holes 
 
and their Oppreflions. • 289 
 
 at Top) that putting in fome Handfuls 
 now and then, they make fo many Pots 
 boil at once. When they would drefs Vic- 
 tuals only in the third, the firft and fe- 
 cond muft be filled with Water, to the 
 End that the Flame, rinding the nearer! 
 Holes ftopp'd, may be forced to extend to 
 the third Pot. 
 
 They generally ufe earthen Ware, ac-E^ 
 cording to their ancient Curtom, as ap- Uteaf 
 pears by that which is found in the Tombs 
 of the Ancients. Frezier lighted on fe- 
 veral of their VerTels •f* ; and Monfieur dt let 
 Falaife, Chaplain of St. Malo> has gather- 
 ed all the earthen and filver Velfels, In- 
 dian Pictures, and other Curiofities he could 
 meet-with of that Country, where he had 
 been. Among them there is a VefTel which 
 confifts of two Bottles join'd-together, each 
 about fix Inches high, having a Hole of 
 Communication at the Bottom : One of 
 them is open, and the other has on its 
 Orifice a little Animal, like a Monkey, 
 
 f The Figures of which he has infer ted. Plate 31; 
 U eating 
 
290 Indians o/Peru, 
 
 eating a Cod of fome Sort : under it is a 
 Hole, which makes a Whi filing when Wa- 
 ter is pour'd out at the Mouth of the other 
 Bottle, or when that within is but fhaken ; 
 becaufe the Air, being prefs'd along the 
 Surface of both Bottles, is forced-out at 
 that little Hole in a violent Manner. 
 
 Mufical. Hence the Author concluded, that this 
 
 Jnftru- 
 
 menc. might be one of their mufical Inftruments, 
 fince the Smalnefs and Shape of that Vef- 
 fel did not make it commodious, or large 
 enough to contain Liquors to drink. That 
 Animal may be a Sort of Monkey they 
 call Koracbupa, whofe Tail is naked, and 
 Teeth all of a Piece, without any Divifion. 
 It has two Skins covering its Stomach and 
 Belly, like a Veft, into which the Females put 
 their Young when they run-away. There 
 are none of them at the Coaft : But 
 they are common along the River MiJJijJipi, 
 where they are call'd wild Rats *. 
 
 The Herb ^he Indians are much more robuft, and 
 able to undergo Fatigue than the Spa- 
 niards. It is pretended, that the Ufe of 
 
 * Frez, p. 273, &ffqq. 
 
 the 
 
and their Oppreffions. 29 1 
 
 the Koka (that Herb fo famous in the Hi- 
 ftories of Peru) adds much to their Strength. 
 Others affirm, that they ufe it by way of 
 Charm, to get-out the Ore; as that when 
 it is too hardj they throw upon it a Hand- 
 ful of the Herb chew'd, and immediately 
 it comes-out both with more Eafe, and 
 in greater Quantity. Fiftiermen alfo put 
 fome chew'd Koka to their Hook when 
 they can take no Fifh, and are faid to 
 have better Succefs thereupon. In fhort, j ts rtranp 
 the Indians apply it to fo many Ufes, mod e Si 
 of them bad, that the Spaniards generally 
 believe they have procured it thofe Vir- 
 tues by Compact with the Devil. For this 
 Reafon, the Ufe of it is prohibited in the 
 northern Part of Peru ; and in the South 
 it is allowed only in regard to thofe who 
 work in the Mines, and cannot fubfift 
 without it, the tnquifition punifhing thofe 
 who tranfgrefs again ft that Order. 
 
 The Leaf is a little fmoother, and lefs The Leaf 
 nervous, than that of the Pear-tree ; but in 
 other Refpects very like it. Others com- 
 pare it to that of the Strawberry, but 'tis 
 U 2 much 
 
292 Indians of P e r u, 
 
 much thinner. The Shrub that bears it 
 does not rife above four or five Feet 
 high. The greateft Quantity of it grows 
 thirty Leagues from Cicacica, among the 
 TumiaSy on the Frontiers of the Yunghos. 
 The Tafte of it is fo harfh, that it fleas 
 the Tongues of fuch as are not ufed to it, 
 occafions the Spitting of a loathfome 
 Froth, and makes the Indians, who chew 
 it continually, flink abominably. It is 
 fa id to fupply the Want of Food ; and 
 that by the Help of it a Man may live 
 feveral Days without eating, and not be 
 ufed asTo- fen fibly weakened. Neverthelefs, they are 
 
 bacco. 
 
 flothful and lazy at their Work : perhaps, 
 
 becaufe that Herb taking-away their Sto- 
 mach they do not receive other Nourifh- 
 ment fufficient. It is thought to faften 
 the Teeth, and to eafe their Diftempers. 
 Others fay it is good for Sores. Be that 
 as it will, it ferves the Indians no otherwife 
 than Tobacco does fuch as are ufed to chew 
 it without fwallowing *. 
 
 * The fame, p. 269, &f feq. 
 
 The 
 
and their Oppreffions. 293 
 
 The King of Spain's Revenues arife here The 
 to immenfe Sums by feveral Impofts j but g e "f n s uc 
 efpecially the Fifths of the Product of all 
 Silver and Gold, Copper, Iron, Lead, and 
 other Mines. This Duty is free from all 
 Charges ; and on thefe Terms he grants the 
 Mines to particular Perfons, who are at 
 the Charge of working them. 
 
 The Quick- filver Mines, being necef- 
 fary for dete&ing the others, the King of 
 Spain referves them to himfelf ; but grants 
 thirty Years Leafes to the firft Difcoverers. 
 When a Mine is found-out, the King arifin g 
 has fixty Perch in Circumference of it ; if Mines. 
 Silver or any other Metal, except Gold, of 
 which he has fifty Perch. He has the 
 Fifth of all Pearls and Diamonds j the 
 the Half of all Huaca's *, (which are 
 the hidden Treafures of Indians) when dif- 
 covered j alfo the Coinage. Befides the Fifth, 
 there is paid one and a half per Cent, on all 
 Exports of Silver and Gold in Bar. All 
 thefe Revenues amount to fo many Mil- 
 lions, that it is almoft incredible ; fome ex- 
 * Or Guacas, that is, Graves. 
 
 U 3 tending 
 
994 Indians c/Peru, 
 
 tending them to fix Millions Sterling year- 
 ly, out of 'Bern and Mexico *. 
 
 Mines and The Indians have among themfelves the 
 Knowledge of many hidden Treafures and 
 rich Mines, which they conceal from the 
 Spaniards on Account of their barbarous 
 Behaviour to them. The Spaniards fancy 
 they enchant them, and tell feveral Tales of 
 furprizing Deaths befallen thofe who have 
 attempted their Difcovery j as, that they had 
 
 concealed been on a fudden found dead and ftrang- 
 iS ' led ; to have been loft in Fogs, and taken 
 away in Thunder and Lightning : But no 
 great Regard is to be had to the Wonders 
 they relate ; for in Point of Credulity they 
 are mere Children, 
 
 It is certain that the Indians know fe- 
 veral rich Mines which they will not dis- 
 cover for Fear of being made to work in 
 them; or that the Spaniards mould reap 
 any Advantage from them. 
 
 Remark- This has appeared to be the Cafe from 
 
 able In- x * 
 
 fance^ feveral In (lances, but more particularly in 
 the famous Mine of Don Salcedo, a Quar- 
 * View of the Coafts, &t. p. 95. 
 
 g ter 
 
and their Opprefllons. 295 
 
 tcr of a League from. Puno t on the Moun- 
 tain of Hijacota, where they cut the maf- 
 fy Silver in a Body with Chifels : for it was 
 difcovered to him by an India?! Miftrefs, 
 who was defperately in Love with him. 
 Salcedo afterwards loft his Head thro* the in Saict- 
 Malice and Avarice of the Spaniards, who 
 accufed him of a Defign to revolt, becaufe 
 he grew too-great. His Death, which 
 happened 85 Years ago *, occasioned ci- 
 vil Wars, about inheriting his immenfe 
 Treafures : but during thofe Debates, the 
 Mine was fo fill'd with Water, that it 
 could never fince be drained $ which the 
 Spaniards look upon as a Judgment from 
 Heaven. The King of Spain having been 
 convinced of Sa/cedo's Innocence reftored 
 the Mine to his Son, with fome Em- 
 ployments. 
 
 It is no wonder that the Indians mould with good 
 
 Reafon. 
 be fo impenetrably fecret, in concealing 
 
 their Mines, fince they are at the Trouble 
 of fetching out the Ore, and have no Ad- 
 vantage by it. It mull: be confefled, that 
 
 * About the Year 1663,, 
 
 U 4 they 
 
JV«, 
 
 296 Indians of P e r u, 
 
 they alone are fit for that Work, where 
 the Blacks cannot be employed, becaufe 
 they all die. Thefe are robuft and infi- 
 nitely more hardy than the Spaniards, who 
 look upon bodily Labour as fcandalous 
 to a white Man. Yet at the fame Time 
 think it no Difgrace to be Pedlars, and car- 
 ry Packs in the Streets*. 
 Mas at The Indians preferve the Memory of 
 the Inkas or Emperors from Manko Ka^ 
 pak y who reduced into one Kingdom all 
 Taguantin Suyu (fo Peru was call'd before 
 the Conqueft by the Spaniards) and gave 
 them Laws, eftablifhing among them the 
 Adoration of the Sun, whom he made his 
 Father. Frezier faw the Pictures of them 
 painted by the Indians of KnJko y in their 
 proper Habits, as big as the Life. On 
 which Occafion he obferves, that there is 
 a great Difference between the Indian and 
 SpaniJJ? Tradition : for whereas Garcilaffo 
 de la Vega and Montaho in their Hiflories, 
 reckon but eight Inkas, from Manko Ka- 
 pak, according to the Pi&uves there were 
 * Frez. p. 269. 
 
 twelve, 
 
and their Oppreflions. 
 
 twelve, whofe Names follow, with thofe 
 of their Wives. 
 
 297 
 
 The Inkas. 
 
 1 . Manko Kapak, 
 
 2. Sinchi Roka. 
 
 3 . Llogue Yupangui. 
 
 4. Malta Kapak. 
 
 5. Kapac Tupangui. 
 
 6. Inga Roka. 
 j. Yavarvak. 
 8. Virakocha. 
 g. Pachachnti. 
 
 10. Inga Tupangui. 
 
 Their Wives. 
 Mama Oella Vako.zter fat 
 Kora. ***"> 
 
 Anavarqui. 
 Yachi. 
 Klava. 
 Mikay. 
 Chifia. 
 Runtu. 
 Anavarqui. 
 Chinipa Oello. 
 
 1 1. T'upak IngaYupangui. Mama Oello. 
 
 12. Guayna Kapak. Koia Piliko Vako. 
 
 Thelngas according to the S/wz^Hiftorians. 
 
 1 . Mango Kapak. 6. ¥opa Inga Yupan- after the 
 
 2. Inga Roka *. gui, 
 
 3. Yaguarguaque. 7. Guayna Kapak. 
 
 4. Vira Kocha. 8. Guajkar and Atahu- 
 
 5 . Pachachuti Inga Yu- alpa \. 
 
 pangui. 
 
 * This is the fifth in the Indian Lift, fo that four are 
 omited by the Spaniards. 
 f Not reckoned by the Indians. 
 
 2 The 
 
 Spaniards. 
 
298 Indians a/Peru, 
 
 Enfignof The En fign of Royalty was a TofTel, 
 
 Royalty. . . v . ~ 
 
 or Piece of Fringe, of red Wool, hanging 
 on the Middle of their Forehead. On 
 the Day of putting that on, there was 
 great Rejoicing among them, as it is with 
 us in Europe at the Coronation of Kings ; 
 and many Sacrifices were offered, an infi- 
 nite Number of Veffels of Gold and Silver 
 being then expofed to public View, with 
 little Figures of Flowers, and feveral Crea- 
 tures, efpecially Sheep of the Country. 
 There are ft ill fome found in the Huakas 
 or Tombs, which now and then are acci- 
 dentally difcovered. 
 Race of Notwithstanding the Wars and the De- 
 ftrudtion of the Indians, there is (till a Fa- 
 mily of the Race of the Inkas living at Li- 
 ma, whofe Chief, call'd Ampuero, is ac- 
 knowledged by the King of Spain as a 
 Defcendent of the Emperors of Peru : As 
 fuch, his Catholic Majefty gives him the 
 Title of Coulinj and orders the Viceroy, at 
 his entering into Lima, to pay him a Sort 
 of public Homage. Ampuero fits in a Bal- 
 cony, under a Canopy,with his Wife; and the 
 
 Viceroy, 
 
and their Oppreffions. 299 
 
 Viceroy, mounted on a Horfe managed for 
 that Ceremony, caufes him to bow his Knees 
 three Times, as paying him Obeifance foftilj Tub- 
 often. Thus, at every Change of a Vice- 
 roy, they ftill, in Show, honour the Sove- 
 reignty of that Emperor, whom they have 
 unjuftly deprived of his Dominions ; and 
 the Memory of Atahualpas Death, whom 
 Francis Pizarro caufed to be cruelly mur- 
 dered. The Indians have not forgotten 
 him * : The Love they bore their native 
 Kings make them ftill iigh for thofe 
 Times. 
 
 In mod of the great Towns up thepeftivalin 
 Country, they revive the Memory of that emory 
 Death by a Sort of Tragedy, which they 
 act in the Streets on the Day of the Na- 
 tivity of the Virgin. They cloath them- 
 felves after the ancient Manner, and wear 
 the Images of the Sun and Moon, with 
 other Symbols of their Idolatry 5 as Caps 
 (haped like the Heads of Eagles, or Birds 
 they call Kondors, and Garments of Fea- 
 
 * Yet he is not in their Lift: Perhaps becaufe 
 reckoned a Tyrant and Ufurper. 
 
 thers 
 
300 Indians of Peru, 
 
 thers with Wings, fo well fitted that at a 
 rtAtahu- Dift ance they look like Birds. On thofe 
 Days they drink much, and having in a 
 Manner all Sorts of Liberty, do great Mif- 
 chief with Stones, which they are very 
 dextrous at throwing, either with their 
 Hands or Slings. The Spaniards fo much 
 dreaded among them are not then fafe : 
 The difcreeter Sort (hut themfelves up in 
 their Houfes, becaufe the Conclufion of 
 thofe Feftivals is always fatal to fome of 
 them. Endeavours are continually uled to 
 fupprefs thofe Solemnities j and they have 
 of late Years debar'd them the Ufe of the 
 Stage, on which they reprefented the Death 
 of the Inka. 
 Indians, The Number of the Inhabitants of that 
 Number great Empire of Peru, which Hiftorians 
 reprefent by Million?, is considerably dimi- 
 nished fince the Conqueft by the Spa- 
 niards * : The Work at the Mines has 
 contributed much towards it ; efpecially 
 
 * Bartholomew de las Cafas, Bifhop of Chiapa in 
 New Spain, writes that in the Space of fifty Years they 
 deftroyed fixty Millions of Indians. 
 
 thofe 
 
and their Oppreffions. 301 
 
 thofe of Guancaveiica, becaufe when they muc h 
 have been there a while, the Quick-filver re uced; 
 does fo penetrate into their Bodies, that 
 moft of them have a trembling and die 
 ftupid. The Cruelties of the Corregidores 
 and Curates have alfo obliged many to 
 go and join the neighbouring Indian Na- 
 tions that are not conquered, not being 
 any longer able to endure the tyrannical 
 Dominion of the Spaniards *. Let us there- 
 fore in the laft Place enquire into the Na- 
 ture of thofe Hardlhips which they fuffer 5 
 and what Encouragement a foreign Power 
 may receive from thence in an Attempt 
 to conquer a Part or the Whole of the 
 Spanijl? Dominions. 
 
 The Romijh Religion, which they havedodble; 
 been compelled to embrace, has not yet drained 
 taken deep Root in the Hearts of moft of 
 them, for they retain a great Inclination 
 towards their ancient Idolatry; fome are 
 often difcovered, who ftill adore the Sun, 
 their ancient Deity. However they are 
 naturally docible, and capable of receiving 
 
 * Frez. p. 271, &feqq. 
 
 right 
 
302 Indians o/Peru, 1 
 
 right Impreflions as to Manners and Doc- 
 trine, if they had good Examples before their 
 Eyes : but being ill-inftructed, and what 
 is worfe, obferving that thofe, who teach 
 by bad them, do by their Actions give the Lie to 
 Example. w ^ at ^^ jyj^^s utter) t h ev know not 
 
 what to believe. In fhort, when they are 
 forbidden having- to-do with Women, and 
 fee the Curate keep two or three, they mull 
 deduce this natural Confequence; that ei- 
 ther he does not believe what he fays, 
 or that it is a Matter of fmall Confequence 
 to tranfgrefs the Law. 
 The Ro- Befides, the Curate is to them, not a 
 
 miflj Cler- _ . 
 
 g y Pallor to take Care of, and endeavour to 
 
 eafe them ; but a Tyrant who goes hand- 
 in-hand with the Spanijh Governors, to 
 fqueeze and draw from them all he is a- 
 ble ; who makes them work for him, 
 without any Reward for their Pains; but 
 inftead of it, upon the lead: Difguft cudg- 
 els them feverely. There are certain Days 
 in the Week, on which the Indians, pur- 
 Tyrants fuant to an Ordinance of the King of 
 overthem » Spaitiy are obliged to come to be cate- 
 chized. 
 
and their Oppreffions^ 303 
 
 chized. If they happen to arrive fomewhat 
 late, the Curate's brotherly Correction is a 
 good thrafhing beftowed without Ceremo- 
 ny, even in the Church : fo that to gain 
 the Curate's Favour, every one of them 
 brings his Prefent, either of Maiz, that is, 
 Indian- Wheat, for his Mules j or of Fruit, 
 Grain, or Wood, for his Houfe. 
 
 If they are to bury the Dead, or ad- an( j rom . 
 minifter the Sacraments, they have feveral |^ flve 
 Methods to enhance their Dues, as mak- 
 ing of Stations, or performing certain Ce- 
 remonies, to which they affix a Price. They 
 have even preferv'd the Remains of the an- 
 cient Idolatry : fuch is their Cuftom of 
 carrying Meat and Drink to the Graves 
 of the Dead ; fo that the Indian Superfti- 
 tion has only changed its Afpect, by be- 
 coming a Ceremony advantageous to the 
 Curates. If the Friars go into theCoun- to fl eece 
 try, a quefting for their Monaftery, they them " 
 do it like the Strollers of an Army : they 
 firft take PorTeilion of what is for their 
 Turn ; and if the Indian Owner will not 
 freely part with fuch extorted Alms, they 
 
 change 
 
304 Indians o/Peru, 
 
 change their Intreaty into Reproaches, at- 
 tended with Blows, in order to compel 
 him. 
 
 Je/uits The Jefuits in their Millions behave 
 
 themfelves with more Difcretion and Dex- 
 terity. By their obliging Behaviour, they 
 have gained the Afcendant over the Indians 
 fo intirely, that they do what they will 
 with them ; befides, as they give a good 
 Example, thofe People are fond of the 
 Yoak, and many of them become 
 Converts. Thofe Miflioners would be 
 really praife- worthy, were they not accuf- 
 ed of labouring only for their own Advan- 
 tage, as they have done near La Paz, 
 
 byfubtii among the Tongos, and the Moxos: among 
 whom they convert fome to the Faith, 
 and make many Subjects to the Society ; 
 ib that they permit no other Spaniards to 
 be among them, as they have done in Pa- 
 raguay : but their Reafons as follow may 
 be ken in the Lettres Edifiantes & Cu- 
 rieufes *. 
 
 * Tome 8. 
 
 As 
 
and their Oppreffions. 305 
 
 *' As it has been found by long Expe-g^^H 
 " rience, that the Indians have received s P a " iardt 
 " great Injury from the Intercourfc of the 
 rt Spaniards, who either treat them very 
 " feverely, putting them to hard Labour, 
 u or fcandalize them by their licentious 
 " and diforderly Life; a Decree has been, 
 c< obtain'd from his Catholic Majefty, for- 
 " bidding all the Spaniards to enter the 
 <c Miflion of the Moxos *, or to have any from th« 
 " Communication with the Indians it Moxo '* 
 " is compofed of: fo that if, either 
 " through Neceflity or by Accident, any 
 " Spaniard enters within its Borders, the 
 K Father-Miflioners, after having chari- 
 fM tably received him, and exercifed the 
 " Rights of Chriftian Hofpitality, fend 
 " him back into the Countries belonging 
 " to their Nation." 
 
 This is a fpecious Pretence ; but the found a 
 Example of Paraguay kerns to difcover 
 another End : for it is known that the 
 
 *. A very great Nation of Indians in the Country of 
 the Amazons, and bordering on Peru, in the Parallel 
 of Lima, 
 
 X Society 
 
306 Indians o/Per u, 
 
 Society have made themfelves Matters of 
 towards a great Kingdom *, lying between Brazil 
 vaguay. ^ ^ ^ e River of Plate ; where they have 
 fettled fo good a Government, that the 
 Spaniards have never been able to pene- 
 trate into it j tho' the Governors of Bue?ios 
 Ay res have made feveral Attempts by Or- 
 der of the Court of Spain. In fhort, be- 
 fides their good Difcipline, they have got- 
 ten among them Europeans fkilful in mak- 
 ing Arms, and in all other Trades necef- 
 fary in a Common- wealth, who have taught 
 them to the Natives. They breed- up the 
 Youth as is done in Europe, teaching them 
 Latin y Mufic, Dancing, and other proper 
 Exercifes. This Frezier had from good 
 Hands. 
 Indians ill The Curates are but one Half of the 
 e ' Misfortune of the Indians of Peru : the Cor- 
 rigidores or Governors treat them in the 
 harmefl Manner, as they have always done, 
 notwithstanding the Prohibitions of the 
 
 * There is an 'Account of this Settlement ad- 
 ded to the Englijh Tranflation of Frezier 's Voyage, 
 p. 323. 
 
 King 
 
and their Oppreffions.^ 307 
 
 King of Spain, Herrera, at the Year 155 1, 
 fays, the King commanded \ that no Viceroy, 
 or other Minifter, fhould make Vfe of the Ser- 
 vice of Indians, without pay big them Wa- 
 ges. And in another Place *, that no 
 Man faffing through Indian Dwellings, or 
 'Towns, Jhould receive Provifions from them 
 nnlefs freely given, or paying the Value there- 
 of. Neverthelefs they oblige the Indians andpil- 
 to work for, and ferve, them in the Trade ase y 
 they drive, without giving them any thing, 
 not even a Subfiftence : thus they caufe 
 prodigious Numbers of Mules to be brought 
 from Tukuman and Chili, which they fell at 
 an exceflive Rate to the Indians of their re- 
 fpective Precincts, whom they force to buy 
 their own Labour, nor dare they procure 
 them another Way. 
 
 The Authority which the King allows the Go* 
 them of felling fuch European Commodi-^ noj 
 ties as the Indians have Occafion for, with- 
 in their own JurifdicYion, fupplies them 
 with another Means of being vexatious : 
 thus, when they have not ready Money, 
 * Decad 4. lib. 4. 
 
 X 2 they 
 
308 Indians of P e r u, 
 
 they take-up Goods on Truft of their 
 Friends, who fell them at three Times their 
 Value > becaufe, in Cafe of Death, they 
 run a Hazard of lofing the Debt, as hap- 
 pens almoft daily in that Country. It is 
 eafy to judge how much they afterwards 
 raife the Price upon the Indians 5 and be- 
 caufe they are difpofed by way of Lots, or 
 Species, the poor Indian muft by fair or 
 foul Means buy a Piece of Cloth, or fuch 
 other Commodity as is allotted him, whe- 
 ther he has Occafion for it or not. 
 ■11 other The Governors are not the only Perfons 
 
 Sp&n'wirdt 
 
 who prefume to pillage the Indians : the 
 Merchants and other Spaniards * who tra- 
 vel, boldly take from them what they 
 pleafe; and generally without paying for 
 it, unlefs in Blows, if the Owners dare 
 to fpeak one Word. This is an ancient 
 Cuftom, which is not ufed the lefs for 
 having been prohibited j fo that in many 
 Places, thofe People, worn-out with Vex- 
 ations, keep nothing in their Houfes, not 
 even to eat. They fow no more Maiz, or 
 * Crielians without Doubt as well as others. 
 
 Indian 
 
and their Oppreffions. 309 
 
 Indian Com, than is requifite for the Fami- 
 ly, hiding in fome Caves the Quanti- 
 ty they know by Experience they will have 
 Occafion for throughout the Year ; and the 
 Father and Mother, who alone are in the 
 Secret, go every Week to bring-out a 
 Week's Allowance. 
 
 Betides, the Spanijh Party is fomewhat infuited 
 
 fov 
 
 reinforced by the great Number of Black- 
 Slaves brought from Guinea and Angola, 
 by way of Portobello and Panama, where 
 are the Factories of the Contractors. The 
 Reafon is, that not being permitted to 
 keep the Indians as Slaves, they have lefs 
 Regard for them than the Blacks; who 
 coft them large Sums, and in whofe Num- 
 ber con lifts the greater Part of their Wealth 
 and Grandeur. Thofe Blacks being fenfi- the M- 
 ble of the Affection of their Mafters, imi- rw * 
 tate their Behaviour, in refpect of the In- 
 dians, and take upon them an Afcendant 
 over them * ; which occafions an impla- 
 
 * They alfo in fome Parts are a Terror to their 
 Mailers, particularly at Guattmala, which City hatb 
 often been in Fear of them. See GagSi Survey of 
 tht Wtft India, Oaavo, ch. 18. p. a&8. 
 
 X 3 cable 
 
3 t o Indians u/Peru, 
 
 who hate cable Hatred betwixt the two Nations. The 
 them, . 
 
 Laws of the Kingdom have alfo provided, 
 
 that there mould be no Alliances, or any 
 carnal Communication between them ; 
 under Penalty to the Male Negroes of 
 having their Genitals cut-off, and to the 
 Females of being feverely baftinado'd : 
 Thus the Black-Slaves, who in other Co- 
 lonies are Enemies to the Whites, here 
 take-part with their Matters. However 
 they are not permitted to wear any Wea- 
 pons ; left they mould make an ill Ufe of 
 them, as has been fometimes feen. 
 
 driven to There is no Doubt but thefe People, 
 being driven to Defpair by the Severity of 
 the Spanifh Yoke, only wifh for an Op- 
 portunity to (hake it off. Do you imagine, 
 faid the Scythians to Alexander the Great, 
 that thofe you conquer can love you. There is 
 never any Affection between the Mafter and 
 the Slave j the Right of making War ever 
 
 wifh for a continues in the midft oj Peace. Nay, from 
 Time to Time they make Attempts at 
 Kujko, where they are the ma in- part of 
 the City: but it being exprefsly forbidden 
 
 the 
 
and their Oppreffions. 311 
 
 the greateft of them to carry Arms, that yet afraid 
 is Sword and Dagger, without a particular 
 Licence j and being befides nothing cou- 
 rageous, the Spaniards know how to ap- 
 peafe them with Treats, and to amufe 
 them with fair Promifes. Herrera * fays, 
 this Ordinance was made in Favour of 
 the Indians, who often killed and wounded 
 one another in their drunken Fits, to which 
 they are much addi&ed -f*. 
 
 Gage, who refided twelve Years in New 
 Spain, and difcharged the Function of a 
 Priefl: in feveral Parts of that extenfive Coun- 
 try, had a better Opportunity than moft 
 Europeans of knowing the Oppremons 
 which the Indians fuffer from the Spa- 
 niards: Although, fays this Author, the treated 
 
 like 
 
 Kings of Spain have never yielded that slaves -, 
 the Indians mould be Slaves, as fome would 
 advife ; yet their Lives are as full of Bitter- 
 nefs as is the Condition of Slaves : For fre- 
 quently after toiling for the Spaniards they 
 for their Pains receive many Blows, fome 
 Wounds, and little or no Wages. Gage 
 * At the Year 155 1. t Prtz, p. 263, & feqq. 
 X 4 knew 
 
312 Indians of Peru, 
 
 knew feveral, who impatient of fuch U- 
 fage, have fullenly Iain-down upon their 
 Beds, and refufed to take any Sort of 
 Nourishment, refolving to ftarve them- 
 fclves to Death ; as fome of them did, not- 
 with/landing all his Perfuafions, which 
 had Effed on others. 
 
 forced to As there are not Spaniards enough to 
 do the Work relating to their Trade and 
 Farms, in fo large a Country, and all are not 
 able to buy Slaves, they fay they areconftrain- 
 ed to make Ufe of Indians, whom they pay 
 for their Labour. Accordingly a Partition 
 of Indian Labourers is made every Monday y 
 Or Sunday in the Afternoon, to the Spaniards, 
 according to their feverai Farms, Employ- 
 ments, or other Occupations. 
 
 punUhedif Altho' this Partition is made without 
 Confent of the Indians j yet if any of them 
 runs from his Mailer, before the Week is 
 out, he is, on Complaint, tied by the Hands 
 to a Poft in the Market-place, and there 
 whipt upon his bare Back. But if the poor 
 Indian complains that the Spaniard cheat- 
 ed him of his Shovel, Ax, Bill, Mantle or 
 
 Wages, 
 
and their Oppreffions 313 
 
 Wages, he (hall find no Redrefs j altho'ggl 
 the Order runs equally in Favour of both 
 Indian and Spaniard. Thus the poor In- 
 dians are fold for Three-pence a Piece *, 
 to undergo a whole Week's Slavery, that 
 is whatever their Mailers (hall command ; 
 and not permitted to return at Nights to 
 their Wives, although their Work (hould 
 He not above a Mile from the Town 
 where they live: Nay, fome are carried 
 ten or twelve Miles from their Home, 
 and muft not return 'till Saturday-Night 
 late. The Wages appointed them for fix 
 Days is five Rials, or Half a Crown, which 
 will fcarce find them in Meat and Drink. 
 
 It would grieve one's Heart to fee how, Great in. 
 in that Week's Service, thofe poor Wretches 
 are often wronged and abufed, by the cruel 
 Spaniards. Some vifiting their Wives at 
 Home, whilft their poor Hu(bands are 
 digging Abroad ; others whipping them 
 for their llow working. Some wounding 
 them with their Swords, or breaking their 
 
 * So much the Officer has from the Perfon wha 
 makes Ufe of them. 
 
 Heads 
 
3 14 Indians of Peru, 
 
 Heads for making a proper Anfwer in 
 their own Behalf ; others Healing from 
 them their Tools: fome cheating them of 
 half, others of all their Wages ; alledging, 
 that their Service coll: them half a Rial, 
 and yet their Work is not well-performed, 
 _ Gage knew fome who made a common 
 
 predion. Practice of this. Although their Wheat was 
 fown, and they had very little Work to 
 do, yet they would have Home with 
 them their Compliment of Indians, whom 
 they preyed upon in this Manner. On 
 Monday and Tuefday they would make 
 them cut and bring on their Backs, as 
 much Wood as would ferve them all that 
 Week. Then on Wednefday at Noon 
 (knowing the great Defire of the Indians 
 to go Home to their Wives) would afk, 
 what they would give for Liberty to go 
 and do their own Work ? The Indians 
 would joyfully give fome one Rial, others 
 two : And thus the tricking Spaniard, be- 
 fides having his Work done, and his Houfe 
 fupplied with Firing, would get out of 
 them Money enough to buy Meat, and 
 Chocolate for two Weeks. Some 
 
and their Oppreffions. 315 
 
 Some who have no Work them felves, Farther 
 will fell them for that Week to fuch as Inftances 
 have, at a Rial each 3 which he who buys 
 them, will be fure to flop out of their 
 Wages. They are in the like flavim man- 
 ner obliged in all Towns to attend Paflen- 
 gers and Travellers to the next Stage -, whe- 
 ther to conduct their Mules, or carry on 
 their Backs fome heavy Burthen, for their 
 Employers; who at the Journey's End will 
 pick fome Quarrel with them, and fo fend 
 them back with Blows and Stripes inftead 
 of Pay. They will make thofe Wretches of their 
 carry a Petaca, or leathern Trunk, and ' ery " 
 Cheffc of above a hundred Weight, on 
 their Backs a whole Day ; nay fome two 
 or three Days together. They tie the 
 Chert on each Side with Ropes, having a 
 broad Leather in the middle, which they 
 crofs over the Fore-part of their Head: 
 fo that the Weight lying thus on their 
 Head and Brows, caufes the Blood to fet- 
 tle in the Foreheads of fome, and fieas- 
 offthe Skin ; while the leather Girt wears- 
 off the Hair on the Top of their Heads. 
 
 Thefe 
 
gi6 Indians of Peru, 
 
 thefe People are known by their Baldnefs, 
 
 from whence they are called Tamemez. 
 
 Driven to Under thefe Hardmips they are flill 
 Extremes. r n . 
 
 crying-out to God for Juftice, and Li- 
 berty. Their only Comfort is in their 
 Priefts and Friers, who for their own Endf 
 frequently quiet them, when ready to mu- 
 tiny ; perfuading them by artful Infinuati- 
 ons, to bear for God's Sake, and the Good 
 of the Commonwealth, the heavy Bur- 
 thens which are laid on them *. 
 Calmed It was thus that in the Year 1632, 
 
 2i # e "they appeafed the Indians, who in many 
 Parts of Jukatan were on the Point of 
 rebelling againft the Governor ; becaufe he 
 forced them to bring in their Fowls and 
 Turkeys, Honey and Wax, at his own 
 Price, that he might fell them again at a 
 higher Rate. Upon this they betook them- 
 felves to the Woods and Mountains; where 
 they continued fome Months in a Kind of 
 Rebellion ; till the Francifcan Friers, who 
 have there great Power over them, prevail- 
 
 * See Gage's Survey of the Wtfl Indies, p. 312, # 
 2 ed 
 
and their Oppreffions. 317 
 
 cd on them to return, on the Governor's 
 
 Promife of a general Pardon, and better 
 
 Ufage for the future *. 
 
 Many Spaniards make-ufe of Craft to Robbe<1 
 , , . an( * cheat- 
 
 plunder them -, and knowing they are im- cd 
 
 moderately fond of Wine, go about the 
 Country felling a fophifticated Sort, though 
 contrary to Law. When they perceive 
 them fuddled and able to drink no more, they 
 will make them pay double the Price, and 
 caufe them to lie down and fleep, during 
 which Time they pick their Pockets. Thus 
 they are ferved at Guatemala -f~, by thofe 
 who keep the Bodegones, (a Sort of Ta- 
 verns, which are no better than a Chand- 
 lerVfhop j for befides Wine, they fell Can- 
 dles, Fifh, Salt, Cheefe and Bacon) and by the 
 if they do not take it all patiently, are 
 turned-out of Doors with Blows and 
 Stripes. While Gage was there, one of 
 thofe Fellows, named Juan Ramos, was 
 reported to have gotten 20,000 Duckets in 
 that manner, and gave 8000 with a 
 Daughter at her Marriage. Yet to make 
 
 ? The fame Ch, 1 3 , p. x 621 f City in New-Spain. 
 
 drunk, 
 
318 Indians o/Peru, 
 
 drunk, rob, and occafion the Death of the 
 poor Indians, adds our Author, are but 
 Peccadillos among thofe Spaniards , who 
 value the Death of one of them no more 
 than they do that of a Sheep or Bul- 
 lock *. 
 Caufe of The great Oppreffion of the Spaniards o- 
 fioiT ver tne Indians, according to Gage, is owing 
 to the Fear of their Numbers, they being at 
 lead a Thoufand to one Spaniard, and daily 
 increafe, as Well in Children as Wealth. The 
 Spaniards are fufpicious, left growing too 
 mighty, they mould either rife-up of them- 
 felves, or join fome Enemy againft them : 
 And therefore they are not allowed the 
 arifmg Ufe of even Bows and Arrows. But the 
 
 fromFear. 
 
 fame Policy of difarming them, which 
 fecures the Spaniards^ will fecure any In- 
 vader againft them ; and fo what they 
 propofe as their Safety, may prove their 
 Ruin, by rendring fuch Multitudes of In- 
 dians of no ufe to them on fuch an Oc- 
 cafion. 
 
 * The fame Ch. 19. p. 324.. & feq. 
 
 As 
 
and their Oppreflions. 319 
 
 As for the Spaniards themfelves, (who%># 
 
 . . . Power 
 
 out of their few Towns and Cities arefmaii. 
 
 but thinly fcattered over thofe fpacious 
 Countries) they would make but a Hand- 
 ful of an Army ; then of that Handful 
 very few would be found able or fitting 
 Men ; nor could thofe able Men do much 
 without the Help of Guns and Ordnance : 
 but fhould their own opprefied People fide 
 againft them, foon would they be fwal- 
 lowed-up both from within and without. 
 
 By this, faith Gage, it may eafily appear conqueft 
 how groundlefs is the Affertion of thofe,!* 1 " 
 who fay it is more difficult to conquer 
 America now, than it was in the Time of 
 Cortez: becaufe then there were none but 
 bare and naked Indians to fight-again ft ; 
 whereas at prefent there are both Spaniards 
 and Indians to encounter-with. But this, 
 continues the Author, is a falfe Argument : 
 For then the Indians were trained up in 
 War, which they waged among them- 
 felves j and knew well how to ufe their 
 Bows and Arrows, Darts and other Wea- 
 pons: they were likewife defperate in their 
 2 Fights 
 
320 Indians of P e r u, 
 
 Fights and fingle Combats, as may appear 
 from the Hiftories of thofe Times : but 
 now they are unarmed, opprefled, and cow- 
 ardifed, being frighted with the Noife of 
 a Mufquet, nay with a four Look from a 
 Spaniard. From them therefore there is no- 
 than for- thing to fear : neither is any Thing to be 
 apprehended from the Spaniards, who from 
 all the vail Dominions of Guatemala * 
 are not able to raife five Thoufand fighting 
 Men, or to defend the many PafTages into 
 that Country j which might be over-run by 
 an Enemy entring in many Places at once, 
 while the Spaniards could oppofe them 
 but in one. On fuch an Occafion their 
 own Slaves, the Blacks, would without 
 doubt readily turn-againft them, in order 
 to obtain their Liberty. Laftly, the Cri* 
 olians would rejoice in fuch a Day, as they 
 would choofe to live in Freedom under a 
 foreign People, rather than to be longer 
 opprefled by thofe of their own Blood -f\ 
 
 * In New Spain. 
 
 t Gage as before, Ch. 10. p. 310, & feq. 
 
 With 
 
and their Oppreffions. 321 
 
 With Regard to the Crioliam (or Crio- Crioihs 
 lios t as that Author calls them,) he af- 
 firms their Hatred to the Spaniards to be 
 fo great, that nothing could be of more 
 Ufe to any other Nation, which mould 
 attempt to conquer America. 
 
 The Caufe of this deadly Hatred is 
 owing to a Jealou fy, which the Spaniards 
 have ever had of the Criolios Inclination 
 to withdraw themfelves firffc from the 
 Commerce with Spain, and then throw-off 
 the Government in which they find they 
 are never to {hare. For although many ofNeverpre* 
 them are of the chiefeil Houfes of Spain, 
 yet none are ever preferred to any Dig- 
 nity. Nor are they only thus kept out of 
 Offices, but daily affronted by the Spatii- 
 ards, as Perfons incapable of managing Af- 
 fairs of Government *, and termed half 
 Indians by them. 
 
 This general Contempt hath alfo fpread State or 
 itfelf in the Church, where no Criolio 
 Prieft is fcarce ever preferred to be a Bi- 
 
 * Are they to be pitied, who themfelves treat the 
 Indians fo barbaroufly r 
 
 Y mop, 
 
322 Indians of P e r u, 
 
 fhop, or even Canon in a Cathedral. 
 So likewife in the religious Orders, they 
 till of have for many Years paft endeavoured to 
 keep the Natives from becoming the Ma- 
 jority in their Convents, by making their 
 Admiffion difficult. And although they 
 had been forced to receive fome of them, 
 yet ftill the Provincials, the Priors, and all 
 the Superiors, to a Man, were born in 
 Old Spain ; till now lately, that certain 
 Provinces, having gotten the upper Hand 
 and filled their Cloifters with Criolios, ut- 
 terly refufe to admit the Supplies of Spa- 
 niflj Millions, which formerly were fent 
 unto them, and are ftill fent to others. 
 Wilh for This partial Treatment from the Spa- 
 fters. niards, the Criolidm look on as a Kind of 
 Slavery ; which fo exafperates them, that 
 they would readily join with any foreign 
 Power to fhake-ofF their Subjection. Gags 
 had often heard them fay, they would ra-' 
 ther be fubject to any other Prince, nay 
 to the Hollanders, than to the Spa?iiards, 
 if they thought they might enjoy their 
 Religion : others wimed, that the Dutch, 
 
 2 when 
 
und their Oppreffionsi 323 
 
 when they took Truxil/o in Honduras, nad 
 continued there and entred farther into the 
 Land ; faying, they mould have been wel- 
 come to them ; and that the Religion* 
 which they enjoyed with fo much Slavery, 
 had no Sweetnefs in it. 
 
 This mortal Hatred betwixt thefe two Rebellion 
 
 o c • j 1 s> • t in Mexicb, 
 
 oorts 01 Spaniards, made the Cnohos fo 
 ready to join in 1634, againft the Marquis 
 of Gehes, Viceroy of Mexico, in the Tu- 
 mult of that City, wherein they cleaving 
 to Don Alonfo de Zema the Archbimopj 
 caufed the Viceroy to fly for his Life j and 
 would then have utterly rooted-out the 
 Spaniflj Government, had not fome Priefts 
 dilTuaded them from it. In fhortj the chief 
 A&ors were the Criolios, who are and will 
 be always watching any Opportunity to 
 free themfelves from the Spanifi Yoke *. 
 
 From thefe Notices which we find in-Conqueft 
 terfperfed through Gages Survey, that Ail- ° rica me ~ 
 thor, who wrote in Cromwell's Time, took 
 Occafion to incite his Countrymen to at« 
 
 * Gage, Ch. 4, p. 20. & feq. Alfo Ch. 12. p. 
 136, 141, and 145. 
 
 Y 2 tempt 
 
324 Indians of P e r u, 
 
 tempt a Conqueft of the Spamfi Domi- 
 nions in America. In his Preface, after 
 centering the Overfight of our Henry VII, 
 who, though in Peace, and abounding 
 with Riches, rejected the Offer of Columbus 
 to difcover that Continent *, while Fer- 
 dinando of Arragon embraced it, at a Time 
 when he was wholly taken-up with his 
 Wars againft the Moors> and fo needy, that 
 he was forced to borrow a few Crowns of 
 a very mean Perfon, towards forwarding 
 
 exceeding t h at Expedition ; after this, I fay, he gives 
 them to underftand, that the Thing may 
 ft ill be effected, provided they lay-hold of 
 proper Opportunities : That their Pofleffion 
 of Barbadoes and other Caribbe-Iflands, 
 have not only advanced their Journey the 
 better Part of the Way; but alfo fitted 
 their People for the Undertaking, by inur- 
 ing them to the Climate. 
 
 to the£*. « Neither is the Difficulty fo great, con- 
 
 gljh. . r 
 
 " tinues he, as fome may imagine ; for I 
 <c dare be bold to affirm it knowingly, that 
 tl with the fame Pains and Charge which 
 * This is a common Miftake : the Offer came too-late; 
 / lt they 
 
and their Oppreflions. 325 
 
 " they have been at, in planting one of 
 " thofe petty Iflands, they might have 
 " conquered fo many great Cities and 
 " large Territories on the main Conti- 
 " nent, as might very well merit the 
 « Title of a Kingdom *." 
 
 In another Place he obferves, that he Re P roach : 
 
 ed with 
 
 had often heard the Spaniards exprefs their Sloth. 
 Wonder, that the Englijh (fettled on the 
 Coaft of North America) did penetrate no 
 further into the main Land ; adding this 
 Reflection : Surely either they fear the Indi- 
 ans, or elfe are content, out of a little paultry 
 tobacco, to get as much as will maintain them 
 in Lazinefs -f*. 
 
 After all it remains a Queflion, whether it If their 
 
 n Intereft, 
 
 would be the Intereft of any other European 
 Nation, to be in PorTeffion of the Spanifo 
 Dominions in America ; or of the Europe- 
 an Powers in general, to fuffer them to be 
 in any other Hands. For 'tis thought on 
 one Side, that the Acquisition of fo much 
 Wealth to any other Nation but the Spa- 
 niards, (who are obliged to expend mo(l orit P ric> 
 
 v ° r ticable. 
 
 * Preface to Gage's Survey, f Gage, Ch. 13. p. 16*. 
 
 Y3 of 
 
326 Indians o/Peru^ §ft\ 
 
 of it in procuring thofe Neceflaries, which 
 their Pride and Lazinefs make them fland 
 in need of) would enable them to conquer 
 the reft of Europe : On the other 'tis pre- 
 fumed, that the fame Caufe would produce 
 the fame Effect ; and that fuch Nation % 
 by becoming Matters of the Spanijh Wealth, 
 would with it inherit their Contempt of 
 Jnduftry. 
 
 APPEN- 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 A full Account of the late dreadful 
 Earthquake at Port-Royal in Ja- 
 maica ; in two Letters written * 
 by the Minifter of that Place, 
 from a-board the Granada in 
 Port Royal Harbour. 
 
 The firft Letter dated June 22, 1692. 
 
 Dear Friend^ 
 
 1 Doubt not but you will both from Gazetts, Havock 
 and Letters, hear of the great Calamity yl™^ 
 that hath befallen this Ifland by a terrible Earth- 
 quake, on the 7th Inftant, which hath thrown 
 down almoft all the Houfes, Churches, Sugar- 
 Works, Mills, and Bridges through the whole 
 Country. It tore the Rocks and Mountains, 
 deftroyed fome whole Plantations, and threw 
 them into the Sea. But Pert-Royal had much 
 the greatelt Share in this terrible Judgment of 
 God : I will therefore be more particular in 
 
 * Thefe were licenfed the 9th of Sept. the fame 
 Year, and printed at London on a half Sheet of Paper,, 
 for Jacob Ton/on. 
 
 Y 4 giving 
 
328 APPENDIX. 
 
 giving you an Account of its Proceedings in 
 this Place, that you may know what my Dan- 
 ger was, and how unexpected my Preferva- 
 tion. 
 Mofl at On Wednesday the 7th of June I had been at 
 
 T 0) Church reading Prayers, which I did every Day 
 fince I was Rector of Port-Royal, to keep-up 
 fome Shew of Religion among a mod ungodly 
 debauched People •, and was gone to a Place 
 hard by the Church, where the Merchants ufed 
 to meet, and where the Prefident of the Coun- 
 cil was, who acts now in Chief till we have a 
 new Governor. This Gentleman came into my 
 Company, and engaged me to take a Glafs of 
 Wormwood Wine with him, as a Whet before 
 Dinner, 
 Earth- He being my very great Friend, I ftaid with 
 
 ^/ him. Hereupon he lighted a Pipe of Tobacco, 
 which he was pretty long a taking •, and not be- 
 ing willing to leave him before it was out, this de- 
 tained me from going to Dinner to one Captain 
 Rudens, where I was to dine •, whofe Houfe up- 
 on the firft Concufiion funk into the Earth, and 
 then into the Sea, with his Wife and Family, 
 and fome who were come to dine with him. 
 Had I been there I had been loft. But to return 
 to the Prefident, and his Pipe of Tobacco. 
 Before that was out, I found the Ground rowl- 
 ing and moving under my Feet, upon which I 
 faid, Lord, Sir, what's this ? He replied very 
 compofedly, being a very grave Man, it is an 
 The Earthquake, be not afraid, it will foon be over : 
 Church but it encrealed, and we heard the Church and 
 falls ' Tov/er 
 
APPENDIX. 329 
 
 Tower fall -, upon which, we ran to fave our- 
 felves. I quickly loft him, and made towards 
 Morgan's Fort, which being a wide open 
 Place, I thought to be there fecureft from the 
 falling Houfes : But as I made toward it, I faw 
 the Earth open and fwallow-up a Multitude of 
 People, and the Sea mounting-in upon us over 
 the Fortifications. 
 
 I then laid afide all Thoughts of efcaping, The Au- 
 and refolved to make toward my own Lodging;, t r h , or '. s e " 
 there to meet Death in as good a rofture as I 
 could : From the Place where I was, I was forc- 
 ed to crofs and run-through two or three very 
 narrow Streets. The Houfes and Walls fell on 
 each Side of me. Some Bricks came rowling 
 over my Shoes, but none hurt me. When I 
 came to my Lodging, I found there all Things 
 in the fame Order I left them •, not a Picture, 
 of which there were feveral fair ones in my 
 Chamber, being out of its place. I went to 
 my Balcony to view the Street in which our 
 Houfe ftood, and faw never a Houfe down 
 there, nor the Ground fo much as crack'd. 
 The People feeing me, cry'd out to me to come 
 and pray with them. When I came into the p ra ys in 
 Street every one laid-hold on my Cloaths and the Street?, 
 embraced me, that with their Fear and Kind- 
 nefs I was almoft flifled. I perfuaded them at 
 laft to kneel down and make a large Ring, 
 which they did. I prayed with them near an 
 Hour, when I was almoft fpent with the Heat 
 of the Sun,and the Exercife. They then brought 
 me a Chair ; the Earth working all the while 
 3 with 
 
33 o APPENDIX. 
 
 with new Motions, and Tremblings, like the 
 Rowlings of the Sea •, infomuch that fometimes 
 when I was at Prayer I could hardly keep my- 
 felf upon my Knees. 
 The By that Time I had been half an Hour longer 
 
 Wharf w - lt ^ thej^ - in fetting before them their Sins and 
 heinous Provocations, and ferioufly exhorting 
 them to Repentance, there came fome Mer- 
 chants of the Place •, who defired me to go 
 aboard fome Ship in the Harbour, and refrefh 
 myfelf, telling me that they had gotten a Boat 
 to carry me off. I found the Sea had entirely 
 fwallowed-up the Wharf, with all the goodly 
 Brick-houfes upon it, moft of them as fine as 
 thofe in Cheapfide, and two intire Streets beyond 
 that. From the Tops of fome Houfes which lay 
 Ship'. " levelled with the Surface of the Water, I got 
 firft into a Canoe, and then into a Long-boat, 
 which put me aboard a Ship called the Siam- 
 Mer chant. There I found the Prefident fafe, 
 who was overjoyed to fee me ; and continued 
 that Night, but could not deep for the Returns 
 of the Earthquake almoft every Hour, which 
 made all the Guns in the Ship to jar and rattle. 
 The Peo- The next Day I went from Ship to Ship to 
 Wicked- V '^ lt tno ^ e wno were Drui fed, and dying ; like- 
 nefs. wife to do the laft Office at the finking of feve- 
 ral Corps which came floating from the Point. 
 This indeed hath been my forrowlul Employ- 
 ment ever fince I came aboarJ this Ship with De- 
 lign to come for England; we having had nothing 
 but Shakings of the Earth, with Thunder and 
 Lightning, and foul Weather ever fmce. Be- 
 
 fides 
 
 Goes a 
 board a 
 
APPENDIX. 331 
 
 fides the People being fo defperately wicked, it 
 makes me afraid to ftay in the Place : for that 
 very Day this terrible Earthquake happened, 
 as foon as Night came-on, a Company of lewd 
 Rogues, whom they call Privateers, fell to Rob and 
 breaking-open Ware- houfes, and Houfes defert- 
 ed, to rob and rifle their Neighbours whilft the 
 Earth trembled under them, and the Houfes 
 fell on fome of them in the Act : and thofe au- 
 dacious Whores who remain (till upon the Place, 
 are as impudent and drunken as ever. 
 
 I have been twice on Shoar to pray with the Author's 
 bruifed and dying People, and to chriften Diligence 
 Children, where I met too many drunk and 
 fwearing. I did not fpare them, nor the Ma- 
 gift rates neither, who have fuffered Wicked- 
 nefs to grow to fo great a Height. I have, 
 I blefs God, to the beft of my Skill and Power, 
 difcharged my Duty in this Place, which you 
 will hear from moil Perfons, who come from 
 hence, I have preached fo feafonably to them, t0 rec laim 
 and fo plain. In the lad Sermon I delivered in them, 
 the Church, I fet before them what would be 
 the Iifue of their Impenitence and Wickednefs 
 fo clearly, that they have fince acknowledged it 
 was more like a Prophefy than a Sermon. I 
 had, I confefs, an Impulfe on me to do it ; 
 and many Times I have preached in this pulpit, 
 Things, which I never premeditated at Home, 
 and could not, methought, do otherwife. 
 
 The Day when all this befel us was very clear, TheTown 
 and afforded not the Sufpicion of the leaft Evil ; drowned - 
 JDut in the Space of three Minutes, about half 
 
 an 
 
332 APPENDIX. 
 
 an Hour after eleven in the Morning, Port* 
 Royal, the faireft Town of all the Englijh Plan- 
 tations, the bed Emporium and Mart of this 
 Part of the World, exceeding in its Riches 
 plentiful of all good Things, was ihaken and 
 mattered to Pieces, funk-into and covered, for 
 the greater Part, by the Sea, and will in a fhort 
 Time be wholly eaten-up by it: for few of 
 thofe Houfes that yet (land, are left whole, and 
 every Day we hear them fall, and the Sea daily 
 encroaches upon it. We guefs that by the falling 
 of the Houfes, opening of the Earth, and Inun- 
 Numbers dation of the Waters, there are loft fifteen-hun- 
 deftroyed. ^ rec j p er f onSj an d m any of good Note ; of 
 
 whom my good friend Attorney-General Muf- 
 grove is one, Provoft-Marfhal Reves another, 
 my Lord Secretary Reves another. Will. Tur- 
 ner, 'Thomas Turners Brother, is loft : Mr. Swy- 
 mer efcaped, but his Houfe-mate, Mr. Watts y 
 perifhed. 
 State of J came, as I told you, on Board this Ship in 
 Jamaica. Q r( j er t0 return Home : but the People are fo 
 importunate with me to ftay, that I know not 
 what to fay to them. I muft undergo great 
 Hardfhips if I continue here, the Country be- 
 ing broken all to pieces and difTettled. I muft 
 live now in a Hut, eat Yams and Plantans for 
 Bread, which I could never endure •, drink Rum- 
 punch and Water, which were never pleafing 
 to me. I have written to fend a younger Per- 
 fon, who may better endure the Fatigue of it . 
 than I can : but if I mould leave them now, it 
 would look very unnatural to do it in their 
 
 Diftrefs ; 
 
APPENDIX. 333 
 
 Diftrefs •, and therefore whatever I fuffer I 
 would not have fuch a Blame lie at my Door ; 
 fo that I am refolved to continue with them a 
 Year longer. They are going all in hade to 
 build a new Town near the Rock in Linnavea, 
 the Guardian of this Ifland. The French from French In- 
 Pituguaveis * did attack this Ifland on the North vaders de * 
 Side ; but were all defeated and deftroyed, it 
 being about the Time of the Earthquake. 
 
 Second Letter, June 28, 1692. 
 
 Ever fince that fatal Day, the moll terrible The quak- 
 that ever I faw in my Life, I have liv'd on ^ s conti " 
 Board a Ship ; for the Shakings of the Earth re- 
 turn every now and then. Yefterday we had a 
 very great one, but it feems lefs terrible on Ship- 
 Board than on Shoar •, yet I have ventured to 
 Port -Royal no lefs than three Times fince its 
 Defolation, among the mattered Houfes,to bu- 
 ry the dead, pray with the fick, and chriften 
 the Children. Sunday laft I preached among Moll pro- 
 them in a Tent, the Houfes which remain be- % ate 
 ing fo mattered, that I durft not venture in 
 them. The People are overjoyed to fee me 
 among them, and wept bitterly when I preach- 
 ed : I hope by this terrible Judgment, God will 
 make them reform their Lives, for there was not 
 a more ungodly People on the Face of the Earth. 
 It is a fad Sight to fee all this Harbour, one 
 of the faired and goodlieft I ever faw, covered Floating 
 with the dead Bodies of People of all Conditi- Carcaffes - 
 * Or Petit goaviai, in Hi/} artist*, 
 
 ons, 
 
334 APPENDIX. 
 
 ons, floating up and down without Burial : for 
 our great and famous Burial-place, called the 
 Palifadoes, was deftroyed by the Earthquake ; 
 which darning to Pieces the Tombs, whereof 
 there were hundreds in that Place, the Sea warn- 
 ed the Carcafles of thofe, who had been buried, 
 Rich ruin- out of their Graves. Multitudes of rich Men 
 ed, poor are utterly ruined, whilft many, who were poor, 
 by watching Opportunities, and fearching the 
 wracked and funk Houfes, (even almoft while 
 the Earthquake lafted, and Terror was upon all 
 the confiderable People) have gotten great Riches. 
 We have had Accounts from feveral Parts of 
 thefe Iflands, of the Mifchiefs done by the Earth- 
 quake. From St. Anns we hear of above iooo 
 Acres of Woodland changed into the Sea, and 
 carrying with it whole Plantations. But no Place 
 fuffered like Port-Royal -, where whole Streets 
 Whole (with Inhabitants) were fwallowed-up by the 
 Avail" < °P tnin g Earth, which then fhutting upon 
 ed. them, fqueezed the People to Death. And in 
 
 that Manner feveral are left buried with their 
 ryMalive" ^ ea ds above Ground ; only fome Heads the 
 Dogs have eaten : others are covered with Dud 
 and Earth, by the People who yet remain in 
 the Place, to avoid the Stench. 
 
 Thus I have told you a long and a fad Story; 
 
 Fiery Ir- anc * ^ ot ^ knows wnac worfe may happen yc-t. 
 
 ruptions The People tell me, that they hear great Bellow- 
 
 leared. ingsand Noiies in the Mountains; which makes 
 
 fame very apprchcnfive of an Eruption of Fire 1 
 
 if fo, it will, I fear, be more deftru&ive than 
 
 the Earthquake. I am afraid to ft ay, and yet 
 
 I know 
 
APPENDIX. 33s 
 
 I know not how, in Point of Confcience, at fuch 
 a Juncture as this, to quit my Station. 
 
 Thus far the Minifter's Letters : of whom Jews in 
 among the Accounts of this Earthquake ferit Dan S er 
 from Port- Royal to the Royal Society at London, 
 I find mention to the following Effect. As 
 foon as the violent Shake was over, the Mini- 
 fler defired all People to join with him in Pray- 
 er -, and amongft them were feveral Jews who 
 kneeled and anfwered as the reft did : nay, the 
 Author was told that they were heard to call up- 
 on Jefus Chrijl ; a Thing (fays he) worth Ob- Call on 
 fervation * ! Chrift. 
 
 It may not be amifs from the fame Fund to 
 add a few Particulars, in order to give the Rea- 
 der a more complete Idea of that dreadful Ca- 
 taftrophe, and illuftrate the Nature of fuch 
 furprizing Phenomena. One of the Corre- 
 fpondents writes thus : 
 
 A great Part of Port-Royal is funk f : that/V/ JW 
 where the Wharfs § were, is now fome Fathoms funk " 
 deep under Water. All the Street where the 
 Church ftood is overflowed ; fo that the Water 
 is arifen as high as the upper Rooms of thofe 
 Houfes which are (landing. 
 
 * Philof. Tranf. N° 209. p. 85. Lowth. Abridg. Vol. 
 II. p. 412. 
 
 f Another fays nine Parts in ten of the Town was fhook 
 down, and drowned in two Minutes Time. 
 
 § The Account from whence the former Note was tak- 
 en, fays, the Wharf-Side was fwallowed in k( S than one 
 Minute, and that very few efcaped there. 
 
 The 
 
336 APPENDIX. 
 
 The Earth, when it opened, fwallowed-up 
 People, and they rofe in other Streets ; fome in 
 the Middle of the Harbour, and yet were fav- 
 ed : Although at the fame Time, I believe there 
 
 f C °n le a were ^ a ^ ove two tn o u ^ an d Whites and 
 up Blacks. In the North, above one thoufand Acres 
 
 of Land funk, and thirteen People with it. 
 All our Houfes were thrown down all-over 
 the Ifland, that we were forced to live in Huts *. 
 Hills fall The two great Mountains, at the Entrance 
 and meet, into 1 6 Mile- walk, fell, and meeting, flopt 
 the River : fo that it was dry from that Place 
 to the Ferry for a whole Day ; and vail quan- 
 tities of Fifh were taken-up, greatly to the Re- 
 lief of the diftrefTed (and terrified inhabitants.) 
 At Tellows, a great Mountain fplit, and fall- 
 ing into the level Land, covered feveral Settle- 
 ments, and deftroyed nineteen white People. 
 Farms re- One of the Perfons, whofe Name was Hopkins, 
 move ' had his Plantation removed half a Mile from the 
 Place where it formerly flood, and now good 
 Provifions grow upon it f. 
 
 The furprizing Accidents mentioned in the 
 above Paragraph are confirmed by the Accounts 
 of others. Dr. Morley writes, that in feveral 
 Places of the Country the Earth gaped prodigi- 
 Others ou fly. He adds, that on the North Side the 
 Planters Houfes, with the greater Part of their 
 Plantations, (and the Planters Houfes are not 
 very near to one another) were fwallowed 
 
 * Doubtlefs thofe of the Negroes which flood the Shock. 
 \ Phil. Tranf. as before p. 88. Abridg. p. 411. 
 
 Houfes, 
 
APPENDIX. 337 
 
 Houfes, People, Trees, all up jn one Gape ; 
 inftead of which appeared for fome Time a 
 great Pool or Lake of Water, covering above 
 iooo Acres * : but that this Lake is fince dried Lake a p- 
 up, and nothing is now feen but a loofe Sand or pears * 
 Gravel, without any the leaft Mark, or Sign 
 left whereby one may judge that either a Tree, 
 Houle, or any Thing elfe had ever flood, 
 there f . 
 
 Another Account takes Notice that the Road Hills 
 from Spanijh Town to 16 Mile Walk lies along meet and 
 the River ; and that the two Mountains about 
 Midway which were almoft perpendicular, efpe- 
 cially on the other Side the Stream, were by the 
 violent Shake of the Earthquake joined-together, 
 which flopt the Paffage of the River, and forc- 
 ed it to feek another Channel, a great Way in- 
 and-out amongft the Woods and Savana's. The 
 fame Writer adds, that the Mountains at 2"el- ^ R j„ 
 lows fared no better than" thofe of 16 Miles ver. 
 walk : that a great Part of one of them falling 
 down, drove all the Trees before it : that at the 
 Foot of the Mountain, a Plantation was wholly 
 overthrown and buried in it ; and that the 
 Mountains in Leguania fell in feveral Places* 
 and in fome very fteep §. 
 
 The finking of Lands and falling of Hills is F.-rther 
 a common Effect of Earthquakes. In thofe InftancM 
 two dreadful ones which happened in Sicily on 
 
 * Doubtlefs the iooo Acres abovementioned. 
 + Phil. Tranf. p. 89. Abridg. p. 416. 
 $ Phil. Tranf. p. 88. Abridg. p. 4.13. 
 
 Z the 
 
338 • APPENDIX. 
 
 the 9th and nth of January 1693, a Piece of 
 Ground half a Mile long funk near nine Inches, 
 and ended in a very deep circular Gulph or 
 Swallow *, like the Lake before-mentioned. 
 A River likewife which ran through a long Val- 
 ley was flopped- up like that near Port- Royal by 
 the Fall of two very great Rocks, which met 
 
 of the fo exactly as to clofe up the Valley, and flop 
 the Current of the River ; which not finding 
 any PalTage, filled-up the Valley to the Top of 
 the Rocks that were thrown-down, and now runs 
 over them, forming a Lake three Miles round 
 of a confiderable Depth. 
 
 Walls leap j cannot forbear citing one more furprizing 
 Effect, mentioned in the Account of that Earth- 
 quake, communicated to the Royal-Society by 
 Vincent ius Bo?wjutus i a Nobleman of Sicily^ 
 which looks flill more like the Sports of Nature. 
 He tells us that in many Plains and level Places, 
 very high Walls leaped from their Foundations 
 above two Paces ; leaving the whole Space per- 
 fectly clear and free from Rubbifh, as if they 
 had been lift-up at once, and carried thither. 
 And that in Syracufe> two fide- Walls of a fmall 
 
 and (land Houfe, jumped-aiunder ; the one upright and 
 
 upright, flood upon its Bottom, at a great Diflance 
 from its former Place : and the other flew-away 
 fo as to make an Angle with its Companion, to 
 the Wonder of the Beholders of fo extravagant 
 an Accident -f. 
 
 * Phil. Ttanf. N° 207, p. 2. Abridg. p. 408. 
 f The fame Abridg. p. 407. 
 
 But 
 
APPENDIX. 339 
 
 But let us return to the Earthquake in Ja- 
 maica. 
 
 The following Relation will give the Rea- Houfes 
 der an Idea of the terrible and fudden Manner and Pe °- 
 in which Houfes and People were fwallowed-up.^ ie 
 The Writer was a Sufferer himfelf. He loft all 
 his People and Goods, his Wife and two Men : 
 only one white Maid efcaped •, who informed 
 him that her Miftrefs was in her Clofet, two 
 Pair of Stairs high : that being fent into the Gar- 
 ret, where was Mrs B. and her Daughter, me 
 there felt the Earthquake : that upon this, fhe 
 bid her (Mrs B .) take-up her Child, and runhow-fwal- 
 down; but tuming-about, met the Water at^w^* ?' 
 the Top of the Garret-Stairs : for the Houfe, 
 adds he, funk downright, and is now near 30 
 Foot under Water *, This Gentleman and his 
 Son went that Morning to Liguania\ by which 
 Means they were faved. However the Earth- 
 quake took them about Mid-way, when they 
 were near being overwhelmed by a fwift- rolling 
 Sea fix Foot above the Surface, without any 
 Wind, which forced them back to Liguania. 
 There he found all the Houfes even with the 
 Ground, except thofe of the Negroes -j-. 
 
 According to Dr. Morley it was thought that 
 there were loft in all Parts of the Ifland 2000 
 People ; and that had the Shake happened in the 
 Night, very few would have efcaped alive §. 
 
 * He ihould have told us how the Maid efcaped. 
 f Phil. Tranf. N° 209. p. 83, Abridg. p. 411. 
 ^ Abridg. p. 417. 
 
 Z 2 But 
 
340 APPENDIX. 
 
 General j$ u t the Mortality which enfued the great 
 Sicknefs Earthquake ( f or they had little ones daily J 
 
 made greater Havock than the Earthquake it- 
 felf. By an Account dated the 23d of Sept. 
 following, almoft half the People, who efcaped 
 at Port- Royal, were fince dead of a malignant 
 Fever, from Change of Air, want of dry Houfes, 
 warm Lodging, proper Medicines, and other 
 and Mor- Conveniences *. Dr. Morky obferves that this 
 * aI:t }'- Sicknefs (fuppofed to proceed from the hurtful 
 Vapours belched from the many Openings of 
 the Earth) fpread all-over Jamaica, and be- 
 came fo general, that few efcaped it. 'Tis 
 thought it fwept-away in many Parts of the 
 Ifland 3000 Souls j mod of them from Kingf- 
 ttfwn only f. 
 Noife and The fame Gentleman takes-notice, that he 
 
 taiblt' had felt feveral lefrer Shakes > and hcard the 
 Noife often -, which is very loud, and, by thofe 
 
 not ufed to hear it, may be eafily taken for a 
 ruffling Wind, or hollow rumbling Thunder : 
 but he fays it hath fome puffing Biafts peculiar 
 to itfelf, mofl like thofe of a Brimflone Match, 
 when lighted •, but in a much greater Degree, 
 and fuch as a large Magazine of Brimftone may 
 be fuppofed to make, when on-Fire. He adds, 
 that in Port-Royal, and many Places all-over 
 are- the Ifland, much fulphureous combuftible Mat- 
 ter had been found, fuppofed to have been 
 
 ter 
 
 thrown up thrown out, upon the Opening of the Earth ; 
 
 which 
 
 * The fame, p. 411. 
 •f The fame, p. 419. 
 
APPENDIX. 341 
 
 which upon the firft Touch of Fire, would 
 flame and burn like a Candle *. 
 
 We mail conclude the whole with Remarks State of 
 on the Weather, both before and after the Earth- the Wea- 
 quake. Dr. Morley obferves, that the Year 
 1692 began in Jamaica with very dry and hot 
 Weather, which continued till May, when there 
 was very blowing Weather, and much Rain till 
 the End of the Month. From that Time till 
 the Earthquake happened, it was exceflive 
 hot, calm, and dry. We learn from another before and 
 Hand, that the Weather was much hotter after a far« 
 the Earthquake than before ; and that there ap- 
 peared fuch an innumerable Quantity of Muf- 
 quetoes, as had never been feen in the Ifland 
 till then f. 
 
 * The fame. p. 418. 
 \ The fame, p. 413. 
 
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