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THE 
 
 TOMB OF ALEXANDER 
 
 DISSERTATI O N 
 
 ON THE 
 
 SARCOPHAGUS 
 BROUGHT FROM ALEXANDRIA 
 
 AND NOW IN 
 
 TFTE BRITISH MUSEUM 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD DANIEL CLARKE LL.D. 
 
 FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE, 
 
 CAMBRIDGE 
 
 PRINTED BY U. WATTS AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 FOR J. MAWMAN IN THE POULTRY 
 
 AND SOLD BY PAYNE MEWS GATE LONDON BY DEIGHTON AND BARRETT CAMBRIDGE 
 
 AND HANWELL AND PARKER OXFORD. 
 
 1805. 
 
TO 
 
 THE RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 LORD HUTCHINSON 
 
 LATE COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF HIS MAJESTY S FORCES IN EGYPT 
 
 THIS DISSERTATION 
 
 IS INSCRIBED 
 
 BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 I. List of Plates, mid Explanation of the Vignette. 
 
 II. Introduction 5 
 
 III. Testimonies respecting the Tomb of Alexander . . 23 
 
 IV. Additional Notes . . ' g; 
 
 V. Appendix : 
 
 N° 1 . Extract from a Manuscript Life of Alexander, found 
 
 by the Author at Vienna ]Q~ 
 
 N" 2. Remarks on the Alexandrian Sarcophagus, by the Reverend 
 
 S. Henley 1 1 y 
 
 N" 3. Natural History of the Substances used by the Antients m 
 the Antiquities sent from Egypt by Lord Hutchinson, 
 and particularly in the Alexandrian Sarcophagus, by 
 Pi-ofessor Hailstone ] 4,5 
 
 K° 4. Account qf the City of Tithorea JjJ 
 
 VI. Postscript iGi 
 
 a 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 I. THE TOMB of ALEXANDER, engraved by Medland, from a drawing 
 by W. Alexander. 
 
 II. VIEW of the TOMB of ALEXANDER, as it originally stood in the 
 
 Mosque of St. Athanasius, with the Mode of worshipping it; engraved 
 by Medland, from the original by Denon. 
 
 III. GROUND PLAN of the ISIOSQUE of St. ATHANASIUS, constructed 
 
 from the Ruin of the SOMA; engraved by Medland, from the original 
 design by Denon. 
 
 IV. PORTRAIT 0/ ALEXANDER THE GREAT, from a Medal of Lysimachus; 
 
 drawn by R. Howard, and engraved by Anker Smith. 
 
 V. VIGNETTE, page 23, engraved by Anker Smith. 
 
 1. Portrait of Alexander, from a Gold Medal of Lysimachus, 
 
 purchased by the Author in the Isle of Patmos. 
 
 2. Reverse of the Silver Tetradrachm of Lysimachus, from which 
 
 the enlarged Portrait of Alexander was taken in the Fourth 
 Plate. The Medal from which those Drawings were made 
 was purchased by the Author at Athens. 
 
 3. Reverse of the Gold Medal. 
 
 N. B. For the Drawing from which this Vignette has been engraved, the 
 Author is indebted to the Daughter of W. Wilkins, Esq. of Cambridge. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1 HE different inqviiries in the following dissertation may 
 possibly add something to our knowledge of a very curious 
 subject. Some exercise may be offered to the ingenuity 
 of the learned, and some points of- antient history subjected 
 to a more minute investigation. If a partiality for the 
 subject has induced the Author to consider the evidence 
 he has produced as undeniable, he wishes to be understood 
 with reference to such proofs, and to such evidence, as 
 the nature of the discussion will admit. 
 
 The application given to the word Tomh may perhaps 
 be deemed inconsistent with its original and primary signi- 
 fication in the English language. A Sarcophagus may be 
 thought rather more accurately defined by the term Coffin ; 
 but this also is liable to objection. The particular kind of 
 receptacle to which the appellation of a Sarcophagus has 
 been usually given, was sometimes buried beneath a mound 
 of earth, and at others placed, by itself, near the public 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 roads and the cities of the anticnts; in which latter case, 
 it can only be considered as a Tomb. The monument here 
 referred to, is like the Sarcophagus, commonly called the 
 Tomb of Nero, at three miles distance from Rome, near 
 the Aemilian Bridge, on the Pia Cassia *. Artists, anxious 
 to represent the true form of the Greek Tomb, have recourse 
 to models of the same kind. The author has therefore 
 preferred the use of the word Tomb in the title of his work ; 
 because he considered it more peculiarly appropriate to the 
 subject. It is necessary to mention this, as the same word 
 will occur in the course of the investigation applied to the 
 building in which the Tomb of Alexander was found. To 
 explain this, it may not be improper to apprize the Reader, 
 that, as the cemetery of the kings of Egypt was originally a 
 monument constructed for the reception of Alexander's body, 
 historians, in speaking of his Tomb, sometimes give that 
 name to the Sarcophagus in which the body was inclosed, 
 and sometimes to the whole building, in the area of Mhich 
 
 the Tomb was found. When Strabo has occasion to 
 mention this edifice, he uses the word SXlMA, or bodi/, which 
 
 some commentators have considered an error in the text, 
 and have been desirous to substitute a different reading in 
 the word ZHMA, or monument. It is of no consequence to 
 the evidence adduced in this work, whether the name be 
 
 * It was erected for Publius Vibius Marianus and his Wife, by their Daughter, 
 as appears from the iiiscTiption preserved in Gruter (Tom. II. p. 407. N" 6.), 
 who has stated the distance from the city erroneously, in declaring it to be two 
 miles, instead of tlirce. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 sriMA or SHiMA. The Author has rather preferred the 
 former : conceiving it highly probable that the building was 
 named in honour of the body, for which it was erected. 
 In so doing he is supported by the authority of Sandys, who 
 adopted the reading as he found it in Strabo, and therefore 
 calls the building Somia. 
 
 It has been somewhat loosely affirmed, that the Egyptians 
 always buried their dead in an upright posture; which can 
 neither be reconciled with the appearance of the tombs of 
 the kings of Thebes, nor with the evidence afforded by the 
 piincipal pyramid at INIempliis. The interior chamber of 
 that monument exhibits at this moment a Sarcophagus 
 similar to the Tomb of Alexander. Another, of the same 
 size and the same form, is now in the British Museum. It 
 was brought by the French from Cairo to Alexandria, and 
 has been described by Pococke, Maillet, Niebuhr, and 
 Browne. It once stood near the Old Castle Kallaat el 
 Kahsh in Cairo, and was called the Lover s Fountai?i. 
 Denon, in his description of the Theban tombs, not only 
 proves that such a mode of burial was consistent with 
 the customs of Egypt in the remotest periods of its 
 history, but he refers to the particular Sarcophagus which 
 forms the subject of this work, to explain the sort of 
 receptacle in which the bodies were placed. " The 
 sarcophagi," says he'', " appeared insulated at the bottoms 
 
 '' Denon's Voyage en Egypte, Tom. I. p. 236. 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of all the galleries, of a single block of granite each, of 
 twelve feet in length, and eight in width, decorated within- 
 side and without with hieroglyphics; rounded at one 
 end, squared at the other, like that of St. Athanasius 
 AT Alexandria ; and surmounted by lids of the same 
 materials, and proportionate bulk, shutting with grooves." 
 
 The hieroglyphic w^riting, and the mystic symbols which 
 cover the Tomb on all sides, has moreover led some to 
 • assert that its antiquity is greater than the age of Alexander. 
 In answer to which, it may be urged, that the inscription on 
 the Rosetta Stone, written in the same characters, by the 
 priests of Egypt, was executed at a much later date, 
 during the reign of Ptolemy Epiphancs. It may also 
 be remarked, that the very cit}' in which the Tomb M^as 
 found, and where it seems always to have been preserved, 
 owed its origin to Alexander. 
 
 The author hopes he shall not be considered as having 
 digressed too much from his chief subject, by the brief 
 description he has given of the antiquities which mark 
 the site of the antient city of Sais in the Delta. He has 
 given it as it occurs in his Journal ; conceiving it too 
 interesting to be M'ithheld from the public. He confesses it 
 would have been less obtrusive in an Appendix ; and if 
 he had known, at the time when that part of his work 
 was preparing for the press, that such additions would be 
 made, it would have been inserted with the account of 
 the discoverv of the Ruins of Tithorea. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 The opinion which is expressed concerning the 
 medals of Ljsimachus/ may probably meet with some 
 opposition; though it be not unsupported by learned 
 authority. The celebrated Goltzius entertained a similar 
 notion'^; and the ingenious Fauvel is cited as having the 
 same opinion, by the French translator of Arrian''. 
 Some observations on the apotheosis and portrait of 
 Alexander will form the rest of this Introduction; because 
 they materially affect the evidence respecting his Tomb. 
 As a prelude to the history of an Egyptian monument, 
 characterized by signs that have no reference to the 
 language or mythology of Greece, it is of consequence 
 to show that the superstition respecting Alexander's Tomb 
 was not Grecian, but Egj'ptian ; that his image was 
 reverenced after his death; and that, in the various homage 
 thus paid to him, he was worshipped as an Egyptian 
 God. The apotheosis typified on the medals of Lysi- 
 machus will then appear further confirmed by the collateral 
 
 ^ " Nomismata Lysimachi nulla explicatione indigent siquidem: ab una parte 
 caput ejus spectatur cum arietinis cornubus, multi suspicantur Alexandri esse." 
 The same head, when covered with the lion's skin, he also allows to be that of 
 Alexander, although on a medal of Lj'simachus. " Ultimo verb numnio potiiis 
 videtur esse Alexandri Magni effigies quam Lysimachi, in honorem niagni 
 ejus regis. Gottzii Opera, de Re Nummaria. Tom. III. pp.194, 195. Antwerp, 
 J708. The opinion gains additional weight, by observing, from the same authoritj-, 
 that Lysimachus was not the only successor of Alexander who expressed liis 
 portrait on medals. Goltzius also affirms (p. 197. ibid.) that it appears on the 
 medals of Ptolemj- Ceraunus, as well as on those of Lysimachus. Nummls ejus, 
 UT ET Lysimachi, Alexandrum Mag.num exprimit." 
 
 '' Arrien, par Chaussard, Tom. IV. p. 180. ... 
 
 b 
 
fro INTRODUCTION. 
 
 evidence of hieroglyphic characters inscribed upon the 
 Tomb ; nor will the sacred writing of the priests of 
 Egypt appear more peculiarly appropriate, than upon a 
 monument which inclosed the body of the son of Ammon. 
 The portrait of Alexander has been sought by the 
 moderns among the medals, gems, marbles, and bronzes 
 of the antients. In the time of the Romans, it is well 
 known, Augustus wore it as a signet ring^. But what 
 induced the Roman emperor, attached as he was to Egyptian 
 superstitions, to exchange his former symbol of the Sphinx 
 for the head of Alexander ? and how was it represented ? 
 This change took place in consequence of a visit paid by 
 Augustus to Alexander's Tomb ; whither he repaired to 
 do him homage, as one of the gods of Egypt. Alexander 
 was then worshipped in Alexandria as the son of the 
 Egyptian Ammon; and the type of his apotheosis, the 
 Ammonian horn, appears in almost every instance where 
 his portrait is represented. The Ammon of Egypt was 
 a deity which the inhabitants of that country worshipped 
 under the form of a ram^ The Greeks, as it was their 
 
 * " In diplomatibus, libellisque, et epistolis signandis, initio Sphinge usus est: 
 mox IMAGINE Magni Alexandui." — Suetonius, edit. Casaubon. lib.ii. c. 50. p. 28. 
 Paris, 1610. 
 
 ' Because he was thus manifested on earth. He appeared under the form 
 of a ram to Bacchus, and shewed him a fountain in the deserts of Libya, 
 when his army was perishing for want of water. Bacchus erected on the spot 
 a temple to the God. It was nine days' journey from Alexandria. — There 
 is a very curious note on the meaning of the word Ammon in Jackson's Chrono- 
 logy, Vol. III. p. 7. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 custom in speaking of the principal deity of any nation, 
 gave him the appellation of Jupiter. Jupiter Ammon 
 signified with them, what the God Amnion would do 
 with us. But the idol by which this deity was repre- 
 sented had not the human form ; as may be shown by 
 the colossal fragment in the British Museum, and by other 
 Egyptian antiquities. It is true that on some of the African 
 medals, as those of Cyrene, a bearded head with the horns 
 of a ram has received the appellation of Jupiter Ammon, 
 by numismatic writers^; but with a strict attention to all 
 the circumstances related by antient historians, we recognize 
 on those medals the head of the Indian and Egyptian 
 Bacchus, the same person that appears on the medals of 
 Thasiis and of Naxus, and who, as the son of Ammon, 
 had, equally with Alexander, a title to the symbol by 
 which his lineage is expressed. In later ages we find 
 this symbol, together with types denoting other divinities, 
 combined in the same figure. The Roman polytheism 
 admitted, according to Varro, not less than three hundred 
 persons under the name of Jupiter; and in the confusion 
 with which they blended together all the parts of antient 
 mythology, it was not unusual to find many of them 
 comprised under one form. The statues of the Olympian 
 or the Capitohne Jove were sometimes decorated with 
 the symbols of Ammon, of Osiris, and of Belus. 
 
 e See Eckhel. Doct. Num. Vet. &c. Combe on Hunter's Medals, p. 122, &c. 
 
12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Alexander's portrait thus offering a typical representation 
 of the Son of Ammon, was expressed on medals in perfect 
 agreement with the numismatic customs of the Macedonian 
 kings. Human heads had never appeared on their medals 
 prior to the deification of Alexander*^, They contain, 
 either the representation of some tutelar deity, or one of 
 the various symbols by which divinities were expressed. 
 The deified Alexander was the tutelar god of his successors ; 
 and his effigy worn, as in Catholic countries the inha- 
 bitants of particular cities now wear the images of their 
 patron saints. History has proved that this custom prevailed 
 in the time of Augustus'; and Chrysostom'' inveighs 
 
 •■ See Opin. de Fauvel, Tom. IV. p. 180, de I'Arrien par Chaus,sard. But Le 
 Blond, ibid. p. 154, mentions the heads of Syracusan kings, as seen on medals 
 prior to the time of Alexander. 
 
 ' Suetonius Casaubon. p. 28. 1. 1. 
 
 T/ av TK EkTTQ* TTEj* Tciiv i'7ra}da.Tg xa* flTE^iaWToij XE^^/Ascwy^ xa* jofAicr^ara ^cc\v.ci 
 'AXE^av^goif lov MaxEoovoj TaPf xE^etXaiV ^^^ '^oT^ wocrJ ve^tSefffjiOvitTuy ; Aural at eT^w.'oej 
 vifAuv^ UTvi ^01, iVcCy ^iia, ffrav^lv Ktci Bciifccrov oea-TForiKOVf tl^ "EXXijvo; ffaciT^iu^ fiKoist Toi 
 t^n-i'Jas tSj a-unri^iat 'X"? > Chrysostonii Opera, Tom. VI. p. 610. edit. Savil. 
 Eton. 1612. " Quid vero diceret aliquis de his, qui carminibus et ligatiiris 
 utunlur, et de tiicumligantibus area Alexandri Macedonis nuraismata capiti vcl 
 pedibus? Die mihi, hae ne sunt expectationes nostrje, ut, post crucem et 
 mortem dominicam, in gentilis regis imagine spein salutis habeasf" Interpret. 
 Ducsi, edit. Paris. 1621. 
 
 The Latin interpretation of Ducaus has the word aurea instead of aerea. 
 The word XAAKA, which he allows to be in all the manuscripts, is authority 
 for the alteration here used. The reading is corrected at the end of the 
 volume; and a reference to the note on the words " aurea Alexandri" leads to 
 information of more consequence to this inquiry than verbal criticism ; as it 
 afl()rds an historical fact, that Alexander was admitted among the number of 
 THE Gods BY the Roman senate. " Scripserat interpres ocrea, vel anea; taiiien 
 in Parisiensi Grom. aurea, dicuntur: omnes codd. habent ;i(;aMa. Ca'teruin 
 coUatus hie locus cum illo Horn. xxvi. in 2 ad Cor. p. 928. declarat nou de 
 
INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 against the practice, which prevailed in his time, of making 
 the bronze medals of Alexander a superstitious appendage 
 to the head and the feet; reproaching the inhabitants of 
 Antioch for placing their hope of salvation in the image 
 of an infidel king. The same author relates', that the 
 Roman Senate reckoned Alexander their thirteenth god, as 
 will further appear in the course of the work. His com- 
 mentator, doubting the truth of this circumstance'", seems 
 not aware that Clemens Alexandrinus had recorded the 
 same fact above two centuries before". The custom of 
 the Roman citizens, and of their emperors, in wearing 
 the portrait of Alexander, is thus explained. Of all the 
 accounts which describe this antient superstition, that 
 which Trebellius Pollio records of the Macrian family is 
 the most remarkable ". They had Alexander's portrait, as 
 
 Alexandio ullo alio Imperatore illic agi, quam de Macedonum rege, quern 
 A SENATU Romano relatum in numerum deorum narrat." Nota; Frontonis 
 Ducaei in Chrysostomurn, p. 60. The same authority admits the insertion of 
 'X?'' ?•"" 'X*^/^'* 'f ^^^ Greek text, and habeas for habeamus in the Latin 
 interpretation. 
 
 1 Chrysostom. in Epist. 2 ad Cor. Hum. xxvi. Tom.X. p. 624-. edit. Montfaucon. 
 Paris. 1732. 
 
 ■" " Quod autem a Senatu Romano lertius-decimus detis declaratus sit, ut ait 
 Chrysostomus, certe non constare videtur." Ibid. 
 
 " " These are they," exclaimed the indignant patriarch, " who were daring 
 enough to convert men into deities : who reckoned as their thirteenth God 
 Alexander the Macedonian, whom Babylon exhibited a corpse." OI'S'e yu^ di^^iirovi; 
 ci'iTo^tovv TETcAfiwairi, TPISKAIAEKATON ' Ahi^aM^^ot Tov MaKilma, mtty^a^ayrti 
 
 eEON, ts Bjt€t;?w» ij^syle ►sx^of. Clement. Alexandrin. Cohort, ad Gent. p. 77. edit. 
 Oxon. 1715. 
 
 " " Alexandrum Magnum Macedonem viri in auro et argento, mulieres 
 in reticulis, et dextrocheriis, et in annulis, et in omni ornamentorutn genere. 
 
14 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 a talisman, in their ears, upon their hands, upon their 
 clothes, and upon every article of external ornament, 
 whether of their persons or their palaces. "The men," 
 says he, speaking of that family, " had Alexander the 
 Great, the Macedonian, wrought in gold and in silver ; the 
 women in net-work, on their bracelets, their rings, and in 
 all kind of ornaments; so that the garments, embroidery, 
 and matron vests of the family, exhibit, at this day, the 
 image of Alexander, with various elegancies. We have 
 lately beheld Cornelius Macer, a member of the same fa- 
 mily, who gave a supper'' in the temple of Hercules, present 
 to the high-priest an elect rinal patera'', in the middle of 
 which was Alexander's portrait, encircled by a represen- 
 tation of his whole history in minute figures ; which he 
 ordered to be carried round to all those who were his 
 
 exsculptum semper habuerunt : eousque ut tunicae at limbi et penulae matronalei 
 in familia ejus hodieque sint quae Alexandri effigiem deliciis variantibus mon- 
 streiit. Vidimus proxime Cornelium Macrum in eadem familia virum, quum 
 ccenam in templo Herculis daret, pateram eUctrinam, quje in medio vultum 
 Alexandri haberet, et in circuitu omnem historiam contineret signis brevibus et 
 minutulis, pontifici propinare; quam quidem circum fcrri ad omjies tanti illius 
 viri cupidissimos jussit. Quod idcirco posui, quia dicuntur juvari in omni acvu 
 sue QUI Alexandrum expressum vel auro cestitant vel argento." Trebell. 
 Pollio, Quiet, xiii. p. 1090. edit. Hist. Rom. Script, apud H. Steph. 1568. 
 
 f " Who gave a supper in the temple of Hercules."^ That is to say, a lectisternium, 
 or feast offered to the Gods ; when couches were spread, on which their images 
 were placed, round the altars, covered with dishes. As this feast took place in 
 the temple of Hercules, it is very probable, from the account given of the Macriau 
 family, that the whole ceremony was in honour of Alexander. 
 
 9 " An electrinal patera ."] Pliny describes eleclrum as a mixed metal, in which 
 gold was united to one-fifth part of its weight of silver. Plin. Hist. Nat. 
 Tom. n. p. 619. 1.7. edit. Harduin. Paris, 1723. 
 
INTRODUCTIOir. 15 
 
 warmest votaries. I have mentioned this, because they 
 
 ARE SAID TO BE BENEFITED IN ALL THEIR ACTIONS WHO 
 WEAR THE PORTRAIT OF ALEXANDER EXPRESSED IN GOLD 
 OR SILVER." 
 
 The symbol of the Ammonian horn could only be applied 
 to Alexander. Ephippus of Olynthus, as cited by Athenaeus% 
 relates the fact of his having assumed the purple and 
 horns of Jupiter Ammon during his life; wearing them as 
 a customary part of his dress : and Clemens Alexandrinus 
 has a passage more applicable to their appearance on the 
 works of artists^ The head so characterized appears on a 
 silver medal, with his name AAEHANAPOT, and without 
 any other inscription. Eckhel places it among the medals 
 struck after his death'. It is extraordinary that such a 
 representation should have passed for the portrait of Lysi- 
 machus; for the age of that monarch, after he succeeded 
 to a throne in the partition of the Macedonian empire, 
 neither corresponded with the youthful countenance di- 
 splayed upon his medals, nor with the symbol by which 
 
 f«£» T>ivi Tou' Ajt.fim<i; ffof^t/^iJa, xai TrEjitr;^!?^?! xa) KEPATA, xaQawe^ 5 fijof, " EphippUS 
 scribit Alexandrum sacras etiam vestes in conviviis gestasse, nunc quidem Am- 
 monis purpuieam, per anibitum divisam, et cobnua, tanquam Deum." Athenaei 
 Deipnosoph. lib. xii. p. 537. edit. Casaubon. 
 
 EPokAeto ct xat AKi%a,ti^o; ' AfAfiuyoi; tio; sivai ^axiTvy xai XEgao-^ogo; avawAaTTecflaJ 
 nPOS TON ArAAMATOnOinN, TO xaXov m^^mw igjio-a. cmviut xtgart. 
 " Voluit autem Alexander filius videri Ammonis, et cornutus i statuariis effingi, 
 humanam formam turpi cornu dedecoians." Clement. Alexandrin. Cohort, ad 
 Gent. p. 48. edit. Oxon. 
 
 ' Doct. Num. Vet. Pars I. Vol. II. p. 1 10. edit. Vindobon. 1794. 
 
c 
 
 16 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 it is dignified. Consistently with the usual practice, his 
 superscription appears on the reverse, with the figure of 
 Minerva; and on the front, the head of the new god, 
 the protecting deity of the Macedonians, whose well-known 
 countenance is ascertained by the attribute of his father 
 Ammon. The policy of such a measure on the part of 
 Lysimachus is very evident ; for as historians have related ", 
 that Ptolemy, by the possession of Alexander's body, allured 
 to his service many of the troops, Lysimachus was careful 
 that his image should be seen expressed \s'iih the most scru- 
 pulous exactness on the money destined for the payment of 
 his soldiers. And it may be remarked, that the countenance 
 so delineated agrees with the age of Alexander at the time 
 of his death, which took place in his thirty-third year. 
 
 But in proving the medals of Lysimachus to contain 
 a portrait of Alexander, the author would not insinuate 
 that no other medals exhibit the same features. It can 
 hardly be doubted that those of his successors, representing 
 a head covered with the lion's skin, and in which the 
 features are sometimes exactly the same as those on the 
 medals of Lysimachus, present also his portrait. The 
 preference has been given to the medal here engraved, 
 from the superior beauty of the work : though the medal 
 described by Cointreau"^, and engraved by Chaussard", may, 
 
 " Diodor. Sic. lib. xviii. c. 23. 
 
 * Hisfoire abregee du Cabinet des Medailles et Antiques de la Bibliotlieqiie 
 Rationale, par A. L. Cointreau. Paris. Pougens. Au. 9. de la Republicjue. 
 
 » See Chaussard's Arrieti, Tom. IV. PI. 8. Fig. 8. 
 
IKTRODUCTION. 1/ 
 
 with the utmost confidence, be considered as giving tlie 
 portrait of Alexander. This last is said to have been struck 
 in bronze, in one of the cities of Asia Minor founded by 
 Alexander, bearing the name of Apollonia : it represents 
 Alexander dressed as young Hercules, with the lion's 
 spoils, a character he often assumed y, with this inscription, 
 AAEHANAPOS KTICT AnoAAXiNiAT. Chaussard concludes his 
 " Monuments of the Portrait of Alexander,'' by considering 
 the head represented with the horn of Ammon, and that 
 which appears on the medals of Apollonia^, as undoubtedly 
 authentic. This opinion is the result of the various 
 evidence he had collected, and which will probably be 
 considered sufficient to decide the question. It is more- 
 over confirmed by an observation of Le Blond, in the 
 Dissertation extracted from the JMemoirs of the National 
 Institute, which Chaussard included in that evidence*. It 
 was the opinion of Le Blond, that the portrait of Alexander 
 was also designed in those medals M^hich exhibit the head 
 of a young man covered with a lion's skin ; and which, by 
 representing Alexander in the character of Hercules, had 
 occasioned the former to be mistaken for the latter '°. The 
 
 f Athenaei Deipnosoph. lib. xii. p. 537. edit. Casaubon. 
 
 ^ Arrien par Chaussard, Tom. IV. p. 182. Conclusion. 
 
 " " Ce qui n'empeche pas que la tete, omee de comes dc belter sur les medal- 
 lions d'or et d'argent de Lysimaque, ne soit regarde comme le portrait de ce 
 prince." Arrien par Chaussard, Tom. IV. p. 153. 
 
 '' It is no obji^ction to tliis opinion that the same head appears on the medals 
 of Philippi, and other cities. They were evidently strLick posterior to the 
 death of Alexander. It appeared also on the medals of his s\iccessor, Philip 
 
 C 
 
18 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ingenuity with which this opinion is supported may be 
 seen by a recourse to his work*^. The follov\ing passage 
 only will be translated, as it appears of consequence to 
 the present inquiry'': "But why suppose it Hercules? 
 If Alexander had any intention to represent the head of 
 a deity, would he not rather have chosen that of Minerva, 
 which appears on his gold medals ? And if it is supposed 
 that he would have given the preference to a divinit}-, 
 from whom he pretended to derive his origin, ivoidd it 
 tiot have been Jupiter Aitimon, since he caused himself, on 
 that account, to he represented with the horns of a ram P 
 INIight he not have chosen Bacchus, from his propensity 
 to liber pater P Nay, would he not have offered his own 
 person, since he thought proper to be considered as a god P 
 In short, why should not Alexander, who caused himself 
 to be painted by Apelles as the thundering Jupiter, and 
 to be represented in his statues with the attributes of 
 Jupiter Ammon, choose to appear upon some of his 
 medals with an attribute of Hercules ?" Eckhel^ believed 
 that some of the bronze medals, struck in the time of 
 Caracalla, on which a head appears covered by a lion's 
 skin, present the features of Alexander ; and the passage 
 he cites from Constantine Porphi/rogennetes further proves 
 
 AridiEus. Aiidoleon king of Pa;onia, Arisbas king of Epirus, Lysimachus king 
 of Macedon, Selcucus I. and Antiochiis I. kings of Syria, distinguished their 
 medals by a head with the lion's spoils. 
 
 ' Arrien par Chaussard, Tom. IV. p. \3\. ^ Ibid. p. 163. 
 
 « Doctrina Numorum Veterum, Pars I. Vol. II. p. 9t'. edit. Vindobon. 179 (■. 
 
INTRODUCTION. IC) 
 
 that Alexandei- was so represented on more antient coins. 
 That emperor, speaking of the Macedonian kings, says', 
 " Instead of the diadem, croiun, and regal purple, they 
 decorated themselves with the skin of a lion's head; and 
 they considered this as a crown, and as an ornament, and 
 above every precious stone: to which the very medals of the 
 Macedonian Alexander, adorned icith such an image, bear 
 ample testimony."' 
 
 In addition to these remarks, and as a further proof 
 that the medals of Lvsimachus present a portrait of 
 Alexander, maj be mentioned the exact similitude which 
 often appears between the features so expressed, and those 
 which are accompanied by the lion's skin. There are 
 some instances in which the large silver medals of Alexander 
 and those of Lysimachus so clearly resemble each other, 
 that it is impossible to admit a doubt of their having had 
 a common archetype : and the likeness of the Roman 
 Macedonian coins to some of the best of those under 
 Lysimachus is too striking to be unperceived. 
 
 Carlo Fea, doubting the authenticity of the portraits of 
 Alexander described by Winkelmann, mentions a marble 
 
 Aio xat a>7* retmsc;^ xat ijTe'^^aTo^, Kat "rrop^v^ctg ^ao-t^ixri?, Tw oi^txy^ri ir,^ y.':^a.7.rii; rot- 
 AiofTog IxvTov; Tatviovff'tt >ca* crTe'/A^a Tot/To x.at xoc/aov Tiyovvrai, xsct vTrtp TravTa X(6op. y.xt 
 IJLa,^TVt; a^toTTiiTToj at/To to iiojjiHT^a, rov MxKi^'jvo^ *AA;|^av^^ot', TbictuTn eixovj )ta^^6;n'ic[oftEvoy. 
 " Ideoque pro rediniiculo, et corona, et purpura regia, leoniiii capitis exuvio 
 se redimiunt : atque hoc gestamen coronam, et ornatum, esse censent ; eoque 
 magis, quam pretiosis lapillis et unionibus se decorari piitant. Ac testis hujus 
 rei fide dignus est nummus Alexandri Macedonis, ejusiiiodi figura iosignitus." 
 — Constantin. Porphyrog. de Tiiemat. lib. ii. tliema ii. pp. S5, 86. edit. Elzevir. 
 1617. 
 
20 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 bust, found at Tivoli, near Rome, to which, on the authority 
 of Mengs, he gives the preference s. It has the following 
 
 Greek inscription, aaehanapds cpiAinnnr make 
 
 in characters coeval with the time of Alexander, if the 
 authority cited by Carlo Fea be unquestionable*' ; which may 
 admit dispute, as Montfaucon has proved that the circular 
 Omicron was anterior to the character here used'. But since 
 in this figure we recognize none of those traits by which 
 historians have characterized the portrait of Alexander, it 
 will be admitted, either that the artist failed in his inten- 
 tion, or that Alexander's name has been applied to a bust 
 of some other person. And the latter occurs so frequently, 
 that it offers the most probable conjecture. Le Blond did 
 not consider the Tivoli marble as a genuine portrait of 
 Alexander''. It is most likely that the portraits we have 
 of him were executed after his death, from some of the 
 few originals he sufl'ered to be made. This opinion is 
 supported by the authority of Eckhel '. A very remarkable 
 
 t See Note (') to Winkelmann's llisloire de I'Art, &c. Tom. II. p. 305. and 
 PI. 8. edit. Paris. An. 2. de la Republique. 
 
 •• Chron. et Ciit. Hist. &c. Pars I. Tom. I. Proleg. I. § 62. p. 131. § 101-. p. 220. 
 
 ' Montfaucon. Paleographia, p. 336. — in proof of which see pp. 134, 135, for 
 an In.5cription coeval with the Peloponncsian war, erected 450 years before 
 the birth of Christ. The square Omicron, it is true, appears upon medals of 
 Amyntas; which numismatists have believed to belong to Aniyntas the First, 
 king of Maccdon; because the characters on the medals of Amyntas the Second 
 have a diHi-reiit form. Ibid. p. 131. 
 
 '' Opin. de Le Blond, Tom. IV. p. 160, de I'Arricn par Chaussard. 
 
 ' " Potius tenendum videtur, non exstarc certum Alexandri numum ejus effigie 
 insignem, qui illius adhuc vivi a.'tule signatus sit." Doctrina Num. Vet. Pars I. 
 Vol. II. p. 97. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 21 
 
 edict was issued by Alexander, granting only to Apelles 
 the privilege of painting him, to Lysippus that of re- 
 presenting him in bronze statues, and to Pyrgo teles that 
 of engraving his iniaige upon gems. One of those por- 
 traits, by Apelles, existed in the time of Augustus; and was 
 placed, by his order, in the most conspicuous part of the 
 forum at Rome "". Apuleius" attributes to this circumstance 
 the high degree of perfection by which all the represen- 
 tations of him are characterized : for the artists, fearful 
 of exciting the displeasure of Alexander, laboured, with 
 the most scrupulous exactness, to preserve the resemblance 
 which had once been sanctioned by his approbation ; giving 
 to aU their portraits " the same martial vigour, the same 
 loftiness of soul, the same freshness of youth, the same 
 gracefulness of countenance." 
 
 In every inquiry of this nature, it is the intention of the 
 author to conclude his observ'ations where his Testimonies 
 end ; obtruding no opinion of his own, unless supported 
 
 "" Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xxxv. c. 10. 
 
 " The passage is too interesting to be omitted. That author only differs from 
 Pliny in naming PolycUtes instead of Lysippus. " Sed in primis Alexandri 
 illud prfficlarum, quod imas,inem suain, ato certior posteris proderetur, 
 noluit a multis artificibus vulgo coiitaminari : sed edixit universe orbi suo, ne 
 quis effigiem regis temere assimularet, are, colore, calamine : quin ipse solus 
 earn Polt/cleCus are duceret. solus ApelUs coloribus deliniaret, solus Pyrgoteles 
 calamine excuderet. Prattr hos treis multo nobilissimos in suis artificiis, si quis 
 uspiam reperiretur alius saiictissimi imagini regis manus admolitus, baud secus 
 in cum quam in sacrilegum vindicaturus. Eo igitur omnium metu factum, solus 
 Alexander ut ubicjue imaginum summus esset: utique omnibus statuis et tabellis 
 et toreumatis idem vigor aceurimi bellatoris, idem ingenium maximi honoris, 
 
 EADEM FORMA VIRIDIS JUVE.NT.E, EAUI.M GRATIA RELICIN^E FRONTIS CERNERETUR." 
 
 Apuleii Flondoru:n, lib. i. p. 8. edit. ap. S. a Porta, Lugd. 1.587. 
 
22 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 by historical evidence. With respect to the Tomb of 
 Alexander, the circumstances are collected which appear 
 to establish the pretensions of an antient monument to 
 the title it has obtained ; and this duty fulfilled, it remains 
 with the Public to pronounce that judgement which they 
 alone have a right to give. " The guardians of the most 
 holy relics," says an historian", speaking of another sin- 
 gular fragment of antiquity, " would rejoice if they were 
 able to produce such a chain of evidence as may be 
 alledged upon this occasion." Yet even that evidence may 
 be disputed, if tradition, supported by histor}% be inadequate 
 to the end proposed. 
 
 " Gibbon. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. II. Chap. 17. 
 Note (<«). 
 
 Jesus College, Cambridge, 
 
 June 20, 1804. 
 
V,A. OAHEF '0 0EOX 
 
 From ;> .si^^•'(•l• l<'lr:i(h-.-H'hiii of 
 III l!i«- jjox.session (»!' the Author 
 
 1/.. 4. .)fc:,^. MI.U. c z.^. /: 4,.-/^' . /^;- . '<^. • 
 
 ^- ■ ^^rny 
 
TESTIMONIES RESPECTING THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 
 
 X HE Gentlemen of the British Museum, during the 
 last year, have been amused or perplexed by various 
 discussions respecting the Alexandrian Sarcophagus. They 
 have w^itnessed the curiosity which its present appellation 
 has excited. They w^ill also recollect, that, for some 
 time after its arrival with the other Egyptian antiquities, 
 no information was given respecting its history further 
 than what related to its capture at Alexandria. No 
 inquiry had been made respecting the origin of any of 
 those monuments ; nor had the subject received illus- 
 tration by a knowledge of the motives which induced 
 the French army to take possession of them, and to 
 use such efibrts in retaining them, as, in moments of 
 privation and defeat, and during the pressure of an 
 actual famine, protracted the capitulation, by which their 
 
24 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 sufferings were to end. The Rosetta Stone may afford a 
 single exception to this observation. The secret of its 
 being in their hands having already escaped % its im- 
 portance, in a literary view, was disclosed by a sight 
 of the stone itself. But with regard to the others, when 
 all their exertions to place them beyond the reach, or 
 to conceal them from the view, of the English army 
 had failed of effect, they avoided making know^n the 
 knowledge they had obtained of them''. This of course 
 contributed to the obscurity in which their history is 
 involved. They were placed in the open court of the 
 British Museum, and considered as curious but unim- 
 portant monuments of Egyptian art, glorious to the nation 
 as trophies of its valour, but whose dark and mystic 
 legends, impervious to modern inquiry, excited despair ' 
 rather than hope of explanation. 
 
 If these were the circumstances under which they at 
 first arrived in England, the case was somewhat different 
 in the country whence they came. The inhabitants of 
 Egypt, afflicted and insulted by every violation of justice 
 and humanity, were not likely to remain the patient 
 depositaries of their enemies' secrets, when their power 
 of oppression was no more. The anxiety betrayed to 
 
 ' An account of it appeared in the Courkr dc I'E'^yple, printed at Cairo, 
 soon after the stone was discovered. 
 
 •> A remarkable instance of this appears in tlic account Denon has published, 
 who doubtless had his reawns tor the reserve he has shown respecting the 
 antiquities which fell into our hands. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 25 
 
 prevent those antiquities from falling into our hands had 
 not escaped their notice. They were moreover in many 
 instances acquainted with their nature, and the interest 
 they were likely to excite. They called to mind the 
 painful labours they had either endured or witnessed, 
 when compelled to work as slaves at their removal. The 
 traditionary or historical evidence concerning them ^^'as 
 either familiar to them as natives, or had been ostentatiously 
 displayed to them by their tyrannical task-masters. At 
 an early period after the invasion of Egypt by the 
 French, Denon and Dolomieux, as related by the former % 
 were employed in the exaniination of the antiquities of 
 Alexandria. Among other objects of curiosity, a small 
 temple, containing, according to the account given by the 
 Arabs at this hour, the tomb of Iscander'', the founder 
 OF the city, was shewn to them in the mosque of 
 St. Athanasius. The gratification afforded in viewing it 
 was heightened by the recollection that hitherto Maho- 
 metans alone had been permitted to enter the sacred 
 inclosure. Leo Afi'icanus ^ had given a history of this Tomb 
 
 = Voyage en Egypte, Tom. I. p. 32. 
 
 ^ The mode of writing this name is frequently varied. Some of the Oriental 
 Dictionaries make its orthography Secander; others Scander. Richaiuson {Dic- 
 tionary, Vol.11, p. 1032) makes it Iscander, which is also the manner in which 
 Sale writes it in his Translation of the Koran. See Vol. II. p. 121-. Note (f). 
 They are all attempts to imitate the Arabic pronunciation of the same word, 
 Alexander. The Arabs considering Al as an article, omit it ; on which account 
 the name becomes Exandir, and, in their pronunciation, Escander. D'llerbelot 
 <Bibll<)thcque Orientale, p. 317) wv'iits h Escander, and Mender. 
 
 • .\le.\andviae Descript. Tom. II, lib. riii. p. 677. edit. Elzevir. 163:?. 
 
 d 
 
26 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 subsequent to the conquest of Alexandria by the Saracens ; 
 and our countryman Sandys "^ had noticed the tradition 
 concerning it above a century before the arrival of the 
 French. We cannot therefore suppose the chosen sages 
 of the Republic were unacquainted with those authors; 
 and it were injustice to presume the tradition had escaped 
 their inquiry. The astonishment excited by a view of this 
 wonderful Sarcophagus, and the feelings called forth by 
 its contemplation, are strongly marked by the account 
 Denon has given of their visit to the Tomb. But it is 
 curious to observe with what caution he has touched upon 
 the subject. His words, like the hieroglyphics which 
 so much engaged his attention, contain a meaning beyond 
 their common acceptation; resers^ed, doubtless, for the 
 initiated. The Tomb is no longer a theme of triumph 
 to his coimtrymen. Enough has been said to convince 
 them of its importance ; and the rest may be reserved 
 till the moment arrives, when, according to their mo- 
 derate expectations, the invasion and conquest of this 
 country shall have restored the precious relic to their 
 hands. 
 
 Let us open his colossal volumes, and extract the account 
 given by him of the Sarcophagus s. 
 
 " Near these baths is one of the principal mosques, for- 
 merly a primitive church, under the name of St. Athanasius. 
 
 •■ Sandys* Travels, p. 112. edit. Lond. 1632. 
 e See Tom. I. p. 32. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. ' 2^ 
 
 This edifice, ruinous as magnificent,' may afford an idea 
 of the negligence of the Turks respecting objects of which 
 they are the most jealous. Before our arrival they suf- 
 fered no Christian to approach, and chose to keep a guard 
 there rather than to repair the gates. In the state in 
 which we found them, they could neither close nor move 
 upon their hinges. 
 
 " In the middle of the court of that mosque, a small 
 octagon temple'' incloses a cistern of Egyptian breccia of 
 incomparable beauty, both on account of its nature, and 
 of the innumerable hieroglyphic figures with which it is 
 covered within and without. This monument, which is, 
 without doubt, a sarcophagus of antient Egypt, will he, 
 perhaps, illustrated by volumes of dissertations. It would 
 have required a month to have designed them in detail. 
 I had only time to take the general form, of which the 
 draught may be seen (Plate g. No. 3.); and I ought to 
 add, that it may be considered as one of the most precious 
 morsels of antiquity, and one of the chief spoils of Egypt, 
 with which it might be wished we could enrich one 
 
 *' So in Leo Africanus, Turn. II. lib. viii. p. 677. edit. Elzevir. 1632. " Neque 
 prEetermiltendum videtur, in medio Alexandriae ruderum, aedicvlam instar 
 SACELLi coNSTRVCTAM adhuc supere.=se, insigni sei'ulchro," &c. And afterwards 
 in Sandys, " A litile Chappell; within, a Tombe." — It is impossible for identity 
 to be moie strikingly exemplified by the coincidence of writers, of diiferent 
 countries, visiting the same object, at different periods. And this tomb Leo 
 and i-andys both mention as the reputed Tomb of Alexander. Could Denon 
 be ignorant of tliis.' It matters not if he were, — the inhabitants gave the same 
 account of it to him. 
 
28 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 ot our museums. My enthusiasm was participated 
 by dolomieux, when we together discovered this 
 precious monument'." 
 
 What were the consequences of this discovery? The 
 sanctity of the temple was violated. In spite of their 
 vaunted toleration, and affected regard for the religious 
 opinions of a people whose sanctuaries they had pledged 
 themselves to protect, the mosque of St. Athanasius was 
 invaded by French troops; and the Sarcophagus, which 
 they found the inhabitants of Alexandria venerating as 
 the tomb of the founder of THEIR CITY*', was bornc 
 away amidst the howling and lamentation of its wor- 
 shippers, exciting even insurrection among the people, and 
 condemned to augment the collection of plunder in the 
 museums of Paris. After its removal, the most cautious 
 measures were used to conceal it from observation. With 
 prodigious difficulty and labour, they had placed it in 
 the hold of a crazy vessel in the harbour, which, being 
 converted into an hospital, might on that account escape 
 examination, and in other respects was not likely to 
 become an -object of attention. 
 
 ' In this passage I have endeavoured to translate the French as literally as it is 
 (Knsiblc to render it into English; preferring the introduction of Gallicisms, rather 
 than deviations from the original text for the sake of elegance. 
 
 ^ The adoration paid to it, though cautiously unnoticed by Denon in his written 
 description, is nevertheless represented in his Plate. (See the second Plate of this 
 Work.) Five devotees are there introduced in the very act of worshipping the 
 Tomb. Was it the author's inadvertency, or regard for his drawing, that caused 
 this difference between the description aiul the engraving ? 
 

 
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 ^ 
 
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 X 
 
 ^.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 N 
 
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 4 
 
 
 ~^X 
 
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 $■ 
 
 ? K 
 
 
 5 
 
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 \ 
 
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 ^' 
 
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 ^\ 
 
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 W?^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 
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 ^4^ 
 
 \ X 
 
 X 
 
 ~ X I 
 
THE TOMB OF Ai-EXANDEU. 29 
 
 Other vicissitudes awaited this remarkable monument. 
 A British army came to give lite and liberty to the 
 oppressed inhabitants of Egypt; and the Tomb of the 
 greatest Conqueror the world ever knew devolved, by 
 right of conquest, to their victorious arms. Had it been 
 conveyed to the metropolis of France, instead of the 
 silence which is now so cautiously obser\^ed respecting 
 it, Europe would have been told, that an hieroglyphic 
 inscription having recorded the actions of a Ptolemy', the 
 Alexandrian Sarcophagus, in the same language, might 
 also relate the expeditions, the conquests, and the glories 
 of Alexander. A prodigious temple would have been 
 erected in the midst of Paris ; where, to complete the 
 mockery of Buonaparte's imitation of the son of Philip, the 
 same Tomb that had once inclosed the body of that hero 
 would have been reserved for the bones of his mimic. 
 
 It remains now for me to introduce a narrative of the 
 means by which I had the good fortune to discover it in 
 their hands, and of making it known to the Commander 
 in Chief; who was pleased to honour me with a parti- 
 cular commission respecting it during the capitulation of 
 Alexandria : and, afterwards, to shew, that the uniform 
 tradition of the inhabitants of the country, supported by 
 historical evidence, clearly proves this interesting monument 
 to be the Tomb of Alexander the Great. 
 
 ' Inscription on tiie Rosetta Stone, in honour of Ptolemy Epiphanes, written 
 in the hieroglyphic character subsequent to the time of Alexander the Great. 
 
30 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 Lord Hutchinson had kindly furnished me with letters 
 of recommendation to different persons in Cairo, soon 
 after his return from the capture of that place. Lord 
 Keith had also rendered me the same service. By their 
 means I became acquainted, among others, with Signor 
 Rosetti, the Imperial consul, a gentleman long known 
 to persons visiting Egypt, for his literary as well as 
 political talents, Mr. Hammer, a celebrated Oriental 
 scholar, lodged also in his house; so that in the society 
 of those intelligent and obliging companions I had the 
 most favourable opportunities of obtaining information"". 
 In the course of my inquiries I'especting the Rosetta 
 Stone, wiiich I was very anxious to have included among 
 the articles to be surrendered, and of which, at that time, 
 w^e had obtained but a faint and imperfect history, it v. as 
 made known to me, that another stone, of much larger 
 dimensions, was in the possession of the French, guarded 
 with the greatest secresy, and concerning which they 
 
 " The satisfaction of obtaining a complete manuscript copy of the whole of 
 "the Arabian Nights," containing 172 Tales, divided into "one thousand and 
 one Nights," and of ascertaining the truth of the account given by Bruce of his 
 travels to the sources of the Nile, may be numbered among the advantages 
 derived from the assistance I met with in CaVro. An Abyssinian Dean, a negro, 
 one of the persons emi)loyed in the propagation of Christianity in the countries 
 described by Bruce, happened at that time to be in the city. A copy of Bruce's 
 Travels was obtained from General Baird, then encamped with the Indian 
 army in the Isle of Raouda, near DJiza. After a long and careful examination 
 of this Abyssinian, relative to the most important points in those Travels, 
 he bore testimony to their general accuracy: as a further confirmation of which. 
 General Baird spoke in the highest terms of his account of the Red Sea, and of 
 the advantages the Indian army derived from his charts and observations. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 31 
 
 entertained the most lively apprehensions ; deeming it 
 even of more importance than the stone found at 
 Rosetta. The persons who gave me this information, 
 and whose names it certainly would not be prudent to 
 make known, while there is even a chance of their 
 receiving another visit from the French, further added, 
 that this stone, \a hich they described to be of astonishing 
 size, and a beautiful green colour, was somewhere con- 
 cealed in Alexandria. 
 
 With this intelligence I set out from Cairo, for the 
 British camp, — at that time stationed on the heights they 
 had retained after the action of the twenty-first of March, 
 1801; and took the earliest opportunity of seeing the 
 Commander in Chief. The distance was great, and the 
 capitulation daily expected to take place. It is to the 
 situation of Alexandria and Cairo, with respect to each 
 
 other, that the want of precision must be attributed 
 which appears in the account given of this monument 
 in the latter city. One object alone delayed my passage. 
 INIr. Hammer accompanied me in the vovage down the 
 Nile. We entertained very sanguine hopes of being able 
 to discover the ruins, and thereby determine the site of 
 the city of Sais; and were ultimately successful. Those 
 ruins had escaped the researches of the French, during all 
 their residence in Egypt". A full description of them 
 
 " Denon takes no notice of them. I mentioned them afterwards (o the 
 Members of the Institute, in Alexandria; but thej' had neither visited the place. 
 
32 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 now would be unseasonable : it will enter with more 
 propriety into a future publication, if I have ever reason 
 to believe that it will interest the public. It is therefore 
 only necessary to add, that having been informed by some 
 Arabs, inhabiting the Delta, of ruins precisely on the spot 
 marked by D'Anville as the situation of Sais, we stopped 
 to examine them. The name of the place has experienced 
 little alteration since the time of Herodotus. It is now 
 called Sel Hajar, or Se al Hajar, the antient Sd/'s; and 
 is situated on the eastern shore of the Rosetta branch of 
 the Nile, to the south of llalimameh ; near the place where 
 a canal, passing across the Delta, joins the waters of this 
 branch of the river with that of Damiata. The same 
 canal existed in antient times. Here we landed, and, 
 about half a mile from the shore, found the Arab peasants 
 employed in sifting soil, among the remains of buildings 
 of great antiquity. The earth was covered with fragments 
 of antient potteiy". Beyond this place appeared the founda- 
 tion of a vast edifice, forming a quadrangular inclosure, in 
 
 nor heard of the ruins. Mr. Bryant, whose (llscornnient and dihgence suffered 
 no information to escape him that might contribute to the establishment of truth, 
 cites the Travels of two Dutchmen, Egraont and Ileyman, (See Bryant on tlie 
 Situation of Sortn, 0!)servat. p. 312) in ascertaining the position of Sa/i. It was 
 therefore with surprize and satisfaction, after my return home, and after these 
 Testimonies were written, I found the same place described by those travellers 
 as the site of the ruins of SaYs; and their opinion confirmed by the learning and 
 authority of Mr. Brvaut. In yielding to them the honour of the original discovery, 
 m')re complete evidence is obtained concerning the real history of those ruins. 
 
 ° An infallible criterion of the site of antient cities, in all the countries bordering 
 on the Mediterranean, the Archipelago, and the Black Sea. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 33 
 
 the area of which was a high mound of earth supporting 
 the ruins of some building ; the whole corresponding very 
 accurately with the account given of Sais by Herodotus p. 
 According to the common Eastern custom, a village and 
 a mosque had been constructed in the midst of the ruins "i; 
 and the beautiful remains of the temple of Minerva, sta- 
 tues of the stone called green basaltes', of highly- wrought 
 Egyptian sculpture, broken and defaced, had been stuck 
 in the walls, pavement, and steps of the mosque. Some 
 of these, together with curious small idols, covered likewise 
 with hieroglyphics, I fortunately succeeded in bringing 
 away; and they are now in the vestibule of the Public 
 Library of the University. The peasants, who are constantly 
 sifting among the ruins, whether with a view to make a 
 sale of what they find, or to procure soil for their grounds, 
 I am not aware, have doubtless since discovered many 
 valuable antiquities. It would therefore be a proper object 
 of inquiry for any future traveller ; and if nothing of that 
 kind be obtained to reward his labours, his curiosity will 
 meet with ample gratification in a view of the place. 
 
 P Herodot. lib. ii. c. 170— 175. 
 
 ^ The village of Se'l Hajar is nearer the river than the inclosure I have 
 mentioned. 
 
 ■■ This beautiful stone is a variety of the saxum Irapczium of Linnaeus. How it 
 obtained the appellation of green basaltes is not so easily determined. It is the 
 roclie corncenne of the Abbe Hauy (Traite de Min. Tom. IV. p. 434). Wiiikelmaun 
 calls it bdsalte vcrduirc, and saj-s " Les artistes .Esj/ptieiis et Grecs xe sont cffovcis 
 .V I'ani de travuiller cette picrre." [CEuwcs de Winkel. Tom. I. p. 168.) It lias 
 long been considered as one of the hardest materials of antient sculpture. 
 
34 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 The Nile had now attained such an elevation, that a 
 passage was open by water from Cairo to the pyramids'. 
 Rushing into all the new, and many of the old canals, 
 it occupied the area of the antient temple of Minerva; 
 forming, within its inclosure, a kind of lake round the 
 circular mound, in the middle of the area'. In such a 
 manner the lake was formed on which the antient Egyp- 
 tians celebrated at Sais their nocturnal mysteries". Amidst 
 the ruins of this temple, and in the neighbourhood, the 
 present inhabitants find the antiquities I have noticed. 
 When it is considered the Greeks and Romans, in all 
 the ages that have succeeded the remote period in which 
 this city flourished, were continually draining Egypt of 
 every beautiful work of antient art; that the villa of 
 Hadrian alone, from the account of its Egyptian orna- 
 ments ", seems to have been capable of containing whatever 
 
 = It reached even to the base of the high mound or platform on which they 
 were constructed. Several officers, both of the Indian and English armies, together 
 with Mr. Hamilton and Mr. Hammer, accompanied us in a boat during our visit 
 to the pyramids. 
 
 ' Herodotus relates, that when the Egyptians at SaVs strangled Apries, they 
 buried him in the tomb of his ancestors ; which, says the historian, " stands in 
 the temple of Minerva, near the carnaculum, on the left hand as you enter. 
 Herodot. Euterpe, lib. ii. c. 109. 
 
 » The solemnities of Minerva at Sais were reckoned to hold the third rank in 
 importance among all the festivals of Eg>-pt. Ibid. c. 59. They were probably 
 celebrated at the time the Nile had attained its height, as some remains of a 
 similar festival may be observed at Cairo, in a lake of the same nature, at that 
 time. 
 
 * The villa of Hadrian, atTivoli near Rome, was adorned with all the Grecian 
 and Egyptian sculpture brought by that emperor to Italy. When 1 saw it in the 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 35 
 
 Sa'is had possessed ; and that the collections in modem 
 Rome, and all over the polished world, are filled with 
 monuments of Egyptian sculpture ; it is indeed extraordi- 
 naiy that they should still be found in such abundance. 
 The consideration of this circumstance affords ideas of the 
 magnificence of that once celebrated country ; and the 
 reader, who can scarce credit the liistorian when he 
 mentions her twenty thousand cities >', finds, in the con- 
 templation, a pleasing confirmation of his truth. Amasis 
 had constructed at Sais, in honour of Minerva, a propylaum 
 which in magnitude and grandeur surpassed every thing 
 before seen, of such prodigious size Avere tlie stones 
 employed in the building and its foundation. Herodotus, 
 enumerating the decorations given by Amasis to this edifice, 
 mentions very remarkable statues, under the appellation 
 of anJrosphinges^. His commentators, and among others 
 
 year ITQ-i, it appeared more like the ruin of a citj- than of a villa. The remains 
 of it cover an extent of fen Itahan miles {Winkelmann, Tom. II. p. 456). It 
 contained two theatres, besides numerous temples, baths, mosaics, &c. In this vast 
 depository of taste Hadrian concentrated all he had collected in his travels over 
 the empire, and the numerous contributions from Greece, Egypt, and diflerent 
 parts of Asia. He erected temples to the deities of all nations, and celebrated the 
 rites of all known religions. The priests of each were dressed in the manner 
 peculiar to their country, and all the attendants wore their appropriate habils. 
 Thus decorated, it presented an epitome of all his travels. Caracaila afterwards 
 stripped it to adorn his baths at Rome, and it is supposed that many of the finest 
 statues with which we are acquainted belonged originally to this collection. 
 
 >' Herodot. lib. ii. c. 177. 
 
 * Kai Tot/To fAs, U SaV t>) A6»)»«i)) •tr^o'zvhzia, iuiifxccaia ot i^irro'.viai, ^t)>^M 'izivrccq 
 
 fiut' TBTO is, xoy.so-ira; unyj.Xn: r.xi ANAP02<MNrAS t:i^\ft.r,/.'.x; iti^riKU " Prreterea, 
 
36 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 Larcher*, have endeavoured to describe this monstrous 
 figure ; which, as the Egyptians commonly represented the 
 sphinx with the body of a Hon and the face of a young 
 woman'', he asserts to have been the body of a hon with 
 the face of a man. From what we have seen of Eg}'ptian 
 sculpture, I think there is every reason to believe it was 
 the body of a man with the head of a lion '^. I found the 
 base and feet of such a statue at Sais, v^hich is now in 
 the University, and is one of the few remains of Egyptian 
 sculpture whose local origin is not uncertain ; exciting the 
 liveliest interest, by its intimate connexion with the history 
 
 in Sai vestibulum iSIincrva fecit, opus admirandum, et longe superans caetera turn 
 sublimitate turn magnitudine; tanta est vastitas lapidum atquc substructiijnum. 
 Uuinetiam ingentes colossos, et immanes androsphingas, ibidem posuit." Herodot. 
 lib. ii. c. 175. edit. Galei. 
 
 " " Andro-sphini. Figure nionstrueuse qui (Clem. Alexand. Stromal, lib. v. 
 .'^c.) avoit le corps d'uii lion et le visage d'un homme. Cependant les artistes 
 (.Lilian. j\'at. Animal. Tom. II. lib. xii. cap. 7. p. 671) Egyptians representoient 
 communement le sphinx avec le corps d'un lion et le visage d'une jeune fille. O 
 phi9oil (Plutarch, de Isid. et Osirid. p. 354-. C. Clem. Alexand. Stromat. lib. v. 
 ice.) ordinairement un sphinx a I'entree des temples, pour servir de type de la 
 nature enigaiatique de la theologie Egyptienne." Larcher, Tom. II. p. 543. 
 .\. 581. 
 
 •^ In wliicli ca«e tiic lion appears in a cumbcnt posture. The Theban sphin.x 
 was of lliis kind, and was distinguished from the Egyptian by having wings. 
 It is represented in the sepulchre of the Naso's, delivering an oracle to UiLdipus. 
 .Montfaucon, Tom. II. Part II. p. 316. 
 
 ' The Bedouin Arabs at Saccara in I'pper Eg^'pt brought me a small figure 
 of curious sculpture, which they had found among the catacombs of that place; 
 and which represents the body of a young woman with the head of a lion, sur- 
 mounted liy a globe. All these varieties of the conjunction of the lion and the 
 virgin are evidently symbols alluding to the position of the Sun in the signs of Leo 
 and Virgo, when the Ailc overllows; and ol lliis opinion is Maillet. See Norden's 
 Travels. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. Z^ 
 
 of Egypt, as well as by the view it offers of the arts and 
 mythology of that country. 
 
 The passage on the Nile, either ascending or descending, 
 is at this season of the year exceedingly rapid '', which 
 rendered our loss of time at Sais of less importance. We 
 left Mr. Hammer at Rosetta, and immediately hastened to 
 the British camp. I arrived there by day-break ; yet, even 
 at that early hour, the Commander in Chief had been 
 some time on horseback, inspecting the lines. At his 
 return, he received me with the greatest kindness; and, 
 as the capitulation had begun, he sent me immediately into 
 Alexandria, supplying me with horses, forage, a passport, 
 and every thing that might expedite and facihtate my 
 inquiry', and cause the monument, of which I had received 
 information at Cairo, to be surrendered. I had also his 
 permission to receive the Rosetta Stone, and to copy its 
 inscriptions ; fearful lest any accident might befal it, either 
 while it remained in the possession of the enemy, or in 
 its passage home. His Lordship had already obtained 
 an impression from the stone, made upon paper by 
 some Member of the Institute, which he kindly allowed 
 me to use; but the characters so impressed were too 
 
 '' By means of the periodical north-west winds, which set in during the rise 
 and inundation of the JS'ile, a very short passage rnay be obtained from Rosetta 
 to Cairo. Then, by taking down the sails, and suliering the boat to be carried 
 with the rapidity of the current, which more resembles a torrent than the 
 common course of a river, the boat may return back with equal velocity against 
 the wind. 
 
38 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 imperfectly marked to afford a faithful representation of 
 the original''. 
 
 Thus provided, I left the British camp, and prepared to 
 enter Alexandria. As I drew near the city, a vast number 
 of Arabs v^^ere vv^aiting, on the outside of the walls, for 
 permission from the English to supply the inhabitants. In 
 the desolate scene of sand and ruins which intervenes 
 between the outer gates and the interior fortifications, a 
 party of miserable Turks were endeavouring to crawl 
 towards their camp. They had been liberated that morning 
 from their dungeons. The legs of these poor creatures, 
 swoln to a size that was truly horrible, Mere covered 
 with large ulcers ; and their eyes were terrible from inflam- 
 mation. Some, too weak to advance, had fallen on the 
 sand ; where they were exposed to the scorching beams 
 of the sun. Immediately on seeing us, they uttered such 
 moans as might have pierced the hearts of their cruel 
 oppressors. They begged for water, and we had none to 
 give them ; for, eager in the pursuit of our object, m'c 
 had neglected to supply ourselves with provisions. We 
 succeeded, but not without difficulty, in prevailing upon 
 
 * Tliis invaluable monument was afterwards delivered up in the streets of 
 Alexandria, (]Mr. Cripps, Mr. Hamilton, and myself, being present,) by a Member 
 of tlie Institute, from the warehouse in which they had concealed it, covered 
 with mats. The otTicer who surrendered it, expressed at the same time his 
 apprehension, lest the indignation of tlie Frencli troops should cause its destruction, 
 if it remained there. We made this circumstance known to Lord Hiitchiu.son, 
 who gave orders for its immediate removal; and it was given in charge to Colonel 
 Turner, under whose care it came .safe lo Ijigland. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 39 
 
 some Arabs to take care of them until relief could be 
 obtained^; and then passed, through the inner gates, into 
 the great square of Alexandria. 
 
 The families whom we saw in the place, and to some 
 of whom we had brought letters, were in the greatest 
 distress for want of provisions. In one instance, we found 
 a father, surrounded by his children, weeping at the news 
 that the English were not yet to enter the city. They 
 had lived entirely upon bad rice, of a black colour, and 
 very unfit for food ; and of this they were only allowed 
 a small portion during the day. The exactions and enormities 
 committed by the French would exceed belief. 
 
 We had scarcely reached the house in which we v^ere to 
 reside, when a party of the merchants of the place, who 
 had heard the nature of our errand, came to congratulate 
 'us on the capture of Alexandria, and to express their 
 anxiety to serve the English. As soon as the room was 
 cleared of other visitants, speaking with great circum- 
 spection and in a low voice, they asked if our business 
 in Alexandria related to the antiquities collected by the 
 French ? Upon being answered in the affirmative, and, in 
 proof of it, the copy of the Rosetta Stone being produced, 
 the principal of them said, " Does your Commander in 
 Chief know that they have the Tomb of Alexander?" 
 We desired them to describe it ; upon which they said 
 
 ' We had afterwards the happiness of hearing that they reached the Turkish 
 camp. 
 
40 TESTIMOXIES RESPECTING 
 
 it was a beautiful green stone, taken from the mosque of 
 St, Athanasius ; which, among the inhabitants, had always 
 borne that appellation. Our letter and instructions from 
 Cairo evidently referred to the same monument. " It is 
 the object," they continued, "of our present visit; and 
 we will shew you where they have concealed it." They 
 then related the measures used by the French ; the extra- 
 ordinary care they had observed to prevent any intelligence 
 of it ; the indignation shewn by the Mahometans at its 
 removal ; the veneration in which they held it ; and the 
 tradition familiar to all of them respecting its origin. I con- 
 versed afterwards with several of the Mahometans, both 
 Arabs and Turks, on the same subject; not only those who 
 were natives and inhabitants of the city, but also dervises 
 and pilgrims ; persons from Constantinople, Smyrna, and 
 Aleppo, who had visited, or who had resided at Alexandria ; 
 and they all agreed in one uniform tradition, namely, its 
 
 BEING THE TOMB OF IsCANDER (^Alexander), THE FOUNDER 
 OF THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA. 
 
 We were then told that it was in the hold of an 
 hospital ship, in the inner harbour; and being provided 
 with a boat, we there found it, half filled with filth, and 
 covered with the rags of the sick people on board. 
 Nothing could equal the admiration with which I viewed 
 this beautiful Tomb, having never seen, among the fine 
 works the antients have left us, an instance in which 
 nature as well as art vie with each other to such perfection. 
 

 
 
 
 "r" ^' 
 
 
 
 ^ § 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ( fr /■<///{>>/ c>/^^n€ < A'///r 
 
 c.^ ■7fr?7 X' 
 
 /A^ . /(•??! /' - 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 41 
 
 True indeed are the words of Denon before cited ; " Quil 
 pent Stre regarde comme un des morceaux les plus pr6cieux 
 de ra7ifiquite:'' and strictly does the appearance of it 
 correspond with the description given by Diodorus of the 
 shrine constructed for the body of Alexander. 
 
 This surprizing Sarcophagus is one entire block of green 
 Eg}^ptian breccia^. There is not perhaps in the world 
 another of such magnitude''. We are not acquainted 
 with the name which the antients gave to this beautifiil 
 
 8 The following extract from Winkelmann, sur la hrcc/ic d'Egypte, Tom. I. 
 p. 184, is of importance, as it describes a substance little known, and proves the 
 extreme rarity of this kind of stone; at the same time, the concluding ])art of 
 it so strongly expresses the beauty of the Sarcophagus, that, if the author had seen 
 it, he could not have been more accurately descriptive. 
 
 " La breche, en Italien breccia, est fort remarquable, QuorQu'iL ne nous ueste 
 DE CETTE PIERRE QUE LE SEUL TORSE d'une STATUE. La breche est compose de 
 diflerentes especes de granit, et entre autres de parties de porphyre de deux 
 couleurs: c'est ce qui me porte a croire que L'Egypte est son pays natal. 
 Cette pierre est comprise en Italic sous le terrae generique de breche, breccia; 
 terme dont ni la Crusca, ni le compilateur Florentin Baldinucci, ne nous disent 
 point I'origine. Nous remarquerons que la bieche consiste en plusieurs fragmens 
 brises d'autres pierres; el voila, selou I'observation judicieuse de Menage, le 
 principe de sa denomination, que ce savant derive du mot Alltmand brechcn, 
 briser. Or, comme les pierres d'Egypte se destinguent specialement dans la forma- 
 tion de cette breche, j'ai cru qu'il falloit lui donner le nom de breche d'Egt/pie. 
 Le vert est la couleur domiuante de cette pierre; couleur dans laquelle on remarque 
 des degres et des nuances intinies; de sorte que je suis persuade que j.amais 
 PEiNTRE NI teinturier n'en A PRODUiT DE PAUEiLLES : le melange de ces couleurs 
 DOIT PAROiTRE MERVEiLLEUx (agreeing exactly with the words of Diodorus respect- 
 ing the Tomb) nux yeux des observateurs attentifs des productions de la nature." 
 
 Such is the description which the most eminent connoisseur in the fine art.s 
 has given us of this stone. The more scientific detail of the mineralogist ofil-rs 
 in a few words its analysis. It is composed of various fragments of jasper, 
 hornstone, and schistus, agglutinated in a green aUiniinous rock. See Professor 
 Hailstone's Letter to the Author, in the Appendi.x. 
 
 ^ See the dimensions in the third Plate. 
 
 f 
 
42 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 production of the Egyptian quarries. When their historians 
 mention, that, from one entire emerald, columns and statues 
 were constructed of a size that contradicts all our know- 
 ledge of the mineral kingdom', the stone thus named 
 has been sometimes supposed the green fluor. But none 
 of the varieties of this substance are found in Egj^t ; and 
 from the nature of their formation, as stalactites, they are 
 not likely to appear any where in very large masses. 
 From a frequent view of the materials used by antient 
 artists, and particularly those of Egypt, the country to 
 which reference has been made for these pretended emeralds, 
 I am disposed to believe it was the green breccia. The 
 antients used this substance only in their most sacred and 
 sumptuous works ; and the remains of it are extremely 
 rare. In the whole city of Constantinople, adorned as it 
 \\'as by the munificence of its emperors, only two columns 
 are found of this stone. They support a part of the 
 seraglio, tacing the sea, among several other columns of 
 the beautiful green marble of Laconia**, called by the 
 Italians verde antico. I do not recollect it among the 
 
 ■ Such was the coUimn in the temple of Hercules at Tyre (Herodot. lib. ii. 
 c. 44) ; the emerald sent from Babylon to a king of Egypt; those in the obelisk 
 of Jtipiter (Theophrast. in libro de Lapide, p. 256) ; and the colossal statue of 
 Serapis in the Labyrinth of Egypt (Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvii. c. 5) ; &c. &c. 
 
 * " Green marble of Luconia."] I have, for the first time, ventured to assign to 
 this sort of marble its native land; and was accidentally kd to the discovery by 
 reading a note in Gibbon's History subjoined to his description of the church of 
 St. Sophia at Constantinople (See Vol. IV. p. 9+). The Historian, who had not 
 ocular evidence of the materials employed in the building, was not aware, that, 
 in enumerating the diilerent marbles employed to adorn this edifice, lie clearly 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 43 
 
 ruins of Greece, nor in any collection of the antiquities 
 of Rome, either in that city ' or any other part of Europe. 
 We have thus a proof that the stone used in this Sar- 
 cophagus was of a rarity and price equal to that of the 
 most precious materials of ancient art"". The expence of 
 working it could be undertaken only by sovereigns, who 
 might procure, among the renowned artists of those times, 
 talents and perseverance adequate to the achievement of such 
 a surprizing work. In these days, the substance itself, and the 
 process by which it was wrought, being unknown, a notion 
 of supernatural agency is excited in unenlightened minds"; 
 while the refined part of mankind express their astonish- 
 
 polnts out the long-lost quarries of the verde antico. He cites a Latin Poem of 
 Paul Silentiarius ; \\ ho, in a catalogue of the marbles, mentions, among others, 
 the green marble of Laconia. As the only green marble which appears in 
 St. Sophia is the vcrde mitico, we may derive from this circumstance satisfactory 
 indication of the country in which it was found. 
 
 ' Professor Wad, of Copenhagen, has given a description of the Egyptian breccia 
 in the Fossilia Egj/ptiaca, taken from Egyptian monuments, in the collection of 
 Cardinal Borgia, at Veletri. He there states, that monuments of such materials 
 were seen in the Villa Albani; adding to his description of the stone, " Ex hoc 
 pulcherrimo saxo, vulgo, breccia d'Egitto, quod politum summi nitoris est, egregia 
 spectantur monumenta in villa Albani." It is uncertain whether the Professor 
 describes the stone called terde nntico, or that kind of green breccia to which 
 I allude, and which is infinitely more rare. 
 
 ■" Instances have occurred in our own times of sovereigns who appropriated 
 to their own use extraordinary products of the mineral kingdom. The late 
 Empress of Russia collected that beautiful substance called the Amazonian stone, 
 or green Siberian feldspar; which, since her death, has found its way into the 
 other cabinets of Europe. . 
 
 " The inhabitants both of Greece and Egypt attribute the prodigious works 
 they behold to the agency of supernatural beings. More enlightened nations 
 aflect to ridicule the simplicity of their minds; yet it may be true that the 
 combined talents of all the artists in Europe, stimulated by the patronage of 
 all its sovereigns, could not equal the Tomb of Alexander. 
 
44 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 > 
 
 ment. If, at any period in the history of the antient 
 world, a work of this nature particularly corresponded with 
 the genius of the age and the wishes of the people, it 
 must have been at that important crisis, vs'hen the body 
 
 OF THE DEIFIED ALEXANDER "WAS RECEIVED BY PtoLEMY, 
 to be ENSHRINED AS THE SON OF AMMOJf, BY THE 
 
 PRIESTS OF Egypt. That the constioiction of the Tomb 
 would demand every thing admirable in materials and in 
 workmanship, cannot be disputed ; but upon this subject 
 we have sufficient proof from the testimony of antient 
 historians. Diodorus, whose description of the funeral 
 pomp seems to convey an adequate idea of the magnifi- 
 cence with which it was celebrated, represents it°, " in 
 magnitude and workmanship, worthy the greatness and 
 glory of Alexander." 
 Death of Plutarch, speaking of Alexander's illness, relates p, that 
 
 Alexander, 
 
 323 B. c. before his death, on the twenty-sixth day of the Macedonian 
 month Daesius, Python and Seleucus sent to the temple 
 of Serapis, to demand of the God, if they should bring 
 the king to the temple. The answer forbad his removal ; 
 and on the twenty-eighth day of the same month, towards 
 evening, he expired''. For many days, owing to the 
 
 ** KaT£(7Ji£I/a<7£»' OVV TEjOtE^O? KCCTO, TO ^£y£0O^ xai XCCTO. Tr,V Ha-TUffKiVYiy 7^5 A^E|al'O^Oy db'I'JJf 
 
 k'|i(j». " Quapropter delubrum, cum magnitudine, turn structura, majestate et 
 gloria Alcxandri dlgnum, illi fecit." Lib. xviii. c. 28. 
 
 f Plutarch, in Vit. Alexand. Vol. IV. p. 98. edit. Lend. 1723. 
 
 1 Ciironologists, though not perfectly agreed as to the precise period of his 
 dfcea.se, generally suppose it to have happened on the evening of the 22d of 
 May, a23 years before the birth of Christ. See Vincent's Nearchus, p. 487. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEX.\NDER. 45 
 
 disputes among his generals, the body remained in Babylon, 
 neglected and exposed. It was afterwards embalmed by 
 Egyptians and Chald^eans ; but its removal was delayed 
 during two years, o\\4ng in some degree to the quarrels 
 which arose among his successors, respecting the place of 
 his interment ; and still more to the immense preparations 
 which were made for the solemnity. A superstitious notion 
 prevailed, that whatsoever country possessed his body, it 
 should flourish most. On this account Perdiccas would 
 have sent it to the sepulchres of the Macedonian kings. 
 For the same reason, as will appear in the sequel, Ptolemy 
 arrested it in its passage to the Oasis, and conveyed it to 
 Alexandria. 
 
 It will be necessary to examine with particular atten- 
 tion the account given of the deification of Alexander, 
 and the means used to preserve his body ; as the notion 
 of a gold and glass coffin has involved the history of 
 his interment in some error, by being confounded 
 with the Sarcophagus, which Ptolemy, according to the 
 custom both of Greeks and Egyptians, prepared for its 
 reception. The forms of Greek and Egyptian sepulchres, 
 when constructed for eminent persons, were distinguished 
 by little variety. Wherever traces of their mode of 
 sepulture appear, whether in the pyramids of Eg}^pt, 
 among the chambers excavated in the rocks of Syria 
 and Asia Minor, in Cyprus, the Isles and Continent of 
 Greece, or in the remote territory of those colonies whose 
 
46 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 tumuli dignify the desolate plains of Tartan', the sarco- 
 phagus invariably appears. An immense tomb, hewn out 
 of a single stone, covered by a slab of almost equal dimen- 
 sions, inclosed the body'; and v^-as afterwards placed either 
 in a pyramid, or beneath those prodigious mounds which 
 precede even the pyramids in antiquity^; or in caves and 
 subterranean repositories, which have since borne the name 
 of catacombs. The body so inclosed was sometimes swathed 
 in bandages of linen, covered by a case of \\'ood or metal, 
 sculptured, or moulded, according to its features and form. 
 
 ' In such tombs no attention was paid either, to the shape or size of the body. 
 They contained, with the deceased, his armour and weapons; also vessels of metal 
 or earthenware. The armour of Alexander was thus kept, with his body, in the 
 Sarcophagus; as appears by that passage of Dio Cassius (lib. lix. c. 17.), in 
 which it is related, that Caligula wore the breast-plate of Alexander, which he 
 had taken from his Tomb. The most remarkable sarcophagi of this kind are now 
 to be seen among the ruins of the antient city of Telmessus, in the Gulph of 
 Glaucus, in Asia Minor; some of which, situated upon the summits of high rocks, 
 are still perfect')' entire. 
 
 ' There is scarcely a part of the habitable globe in which these sepulchral 
 heaps are not found. I have seen them in all Europe, in Asia, from the Icy Sea 
 to Mount Caucasus, over all the south of Russia, Kuban Tartary, Asia Minor, 
 Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and part of Africa. A superstitious custom in the 
 northern nations, of casting a stone on them, prevents any appearance of their 
 diminution ; and this practice, according to Shaw, prevails in Barbar}', in the 
 Holy Land, and in Arabia. (See Shaw's Travels, Pref. p. 10.) But that 
 author is mistaken, in supposing those heaps erected only over the bodies 
 of murdered persons. Nations the most remote are in this respect actuated 
 bv the same feelings. The lliglilaiulers in Scotland, and the inhabitants of 
 the Hebrides, bring stones from very distant places to cast on their cairns; and 
 it is a saying, expressive of kindness, among them, " I will cast a stone upon 
 thy cairn." Shaw was led to his opinion by passages in the Scriptures, which 
 mention heaps of .stone raised over Achan the .son of Zerah (Josh. vii. 26.), 
 over the king of Ai (Josh. viii. 26.), and over Absalom (2 Sam. xviii. 17.) 
 who were all put to death. It is impossible to discuss this subject fully 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 47 
 
 This mode of interment belonged to persons of the highest 
 rank'. It has been falsely supposed that mummies are 
 common in Egypt : they are, on the contrary, extremely 
 rare ; and seem only to have contained the relics of those 
 persons who, being kings or priests while they lived, 
 became deities or saints after their death. The sacred 
 character, and the symbols, prove the veneration in which 
 they were held. 
 
 Contrary to the usual practice of the antients in deifying 
 their heroes, they admitted the apotheosis of Alexander 
 during his life. His successors, in this respect, imitated 
 his example from motives of policy as well as ostentation. 
 We find the young prince Ptolemy Epiphanes acknowledged 
 as a God by the priests and inhabitants of Egypt". The 
 answer of the oracle, at the temple of Jupiter Ammon ", 
 laid the foundation of this encroachment upon the monstrous 
 form of the Pagan theology : and what is extraordinary, 
 
 in a note. A dissertation on it is one of the desiderata wanting to illus- 
 trate antient history. They appear to present the most antient mode of 
 burial, and to be anterior to the pyramids, as having a less artificial form : 
 and perhaps some proof of this may be derived from the appearance of one of 
 the pyramids of Saccara in Upper Egypt, the stones of which, being farther 
 advanced in decomposition than those of DJiza, prove that they were erected 
 at an earlier period ; as they are exposed to the same atmosphere, and at no 
 great distance from the latter. This pyramid preserves almost the simplicity 
 of the primaeval conic mound, and shows only an approach to the more artificial 
 structure of others. 
 
 • " So Joseph died ; and they eiiibalitied him, and he was put in a coffin, 
 
 m Egypt." Gen. chap. l. ver. 2tj. 
 
 " See the Inscription on the Rosctta Stone. 
 
 » Plutarch, in Vit. .Vtex. Vol. IV. p. 40. edit. Lond 17'23. 
 
4a TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 in a distant age, when no inducement of fear or adulation 
 could operate, a sovereign of the world, Augustus, came 
 to do homage at the sepulchre >'. After his return from 
 the Oasis, Alexander, in his edicts, took the title of the Son 
 of Ammon ; and, notwithstanding the noble remonstrance 
 of Callisthenes, caused his subjects to worship him as 
 a God^. We are thus in possession of facts of great 
 importance to our present inquiry. Alexander was deified ; 
 and worshipped, not as one of the Gods of Greece, but 
 of Egypt; and after his death, as we shall soon prove, 
 his consecrated relics reposed, with the holy Apis and the 
 most sacred divinities of that country, in a sanctuary 
 under the guardianship of Egyptian Priests. It is neces- 
 sary to lay particular stress on this circumstance ; because 
 it has been asked. Why the Tomb of Alexander is 
 covered with hieroglyphics, instead of having a Greek 
 inscription ? Perhaps the reply to this question is already 
 anticipated. With the latter, it could not pretend to be the 
 Tomb of Alexander. For if the tomb of an Egyptian God 
 should exhibit the letters of the Greek alphabet, instead 
 of an inscription EN 'lEPOlS rPAMMAllN *, it would thereby 
 contradict all our knowledge of history and of antient 
 Egypt. Lucian expressly alludes to the rank he held 
 among Egyptian deities, in the dialogue between Diogenes 
 
 '' Sueton. in Augusto, c. 18. 
 
 ^ Arrian, lib. iv. c. 4. 
 
 * See the Inscription on the Rosetta Stone. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 49 
 
 and Alexander''. In that dialogue Alexander relates, that 
 Ptolemy had promised to convey his body into Egypt, 
 where he should be buried, and become one of the 
 GODS of the country. To which Diogenes replies, 
 " Am I to refrain from laughter at a folly which thou 
 hast not abandoned even in hell ; and at thy pretensions 
 to play the part of Anubis and of Osiris?" We have 
 here sufficient proof of the indispensable necessity of the 
 hieroglyphic characters ; and with these facts in contem- 
 plation, we shall be convinced of the great absurdity of 
 expecting a Greek inscription on the Tomb of Alexander. 
 The characters of the Greek alphabet were not considered 
 sacred by Egyptian priests. " They were adverse to the 
 customs of Greece, and, indeed, to those of all other 
 nations'^." The difference between their religious opinions 
 and those of the Greeks, and the estimation in which the 
 latter were held by Egjptian priests, is strongly marked 
 by another passage in the same author; where it is related, 
 that the heads of sacrificed animals, covered with impre- 
 cations, were cast into the river, unless " some Greeks could 
 he found to purchase them'^y And the historian adds, that 
 they implored their gods to avert all calamities from their 
 coimtr} , and cause them to fall on those heads. Mahomet's 
 
 •> Liician. Vol. I. p. 2:)0. edit. Anistelod. Blaeu. 
 
 ^ ^XKfiVixotffi ot to{A.ciiotc7t (pivynv(7i ^^cia^cti' To oe a-vf^Txv u'ireTv^ ff/no a^Xwv ^YtSxiJLa. 
 finJafiiv au&^uiru)! »i)/i«ion7i. " Gracanicis institutes uti recusant, et, ut scnul tlicani, 
 nnllorum hominuni aliorum institutis uti volunt." Hi*rodot. lib. ii. c.Qi. 
 
 '' Jbiil. lib. ii. c. 39. 
 
50 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 disciples, in their bitterest fanaticism, have not expressed 
 more disdainful intolerance for the followers of Christ. 
 With such sentiments, and under the impression of such 
 prejudices, it is impossible to believe a Greek inscription 
 would have been placed on a consecrated shrine, inclosing 
 the incorruptible body of an Eg}'ptian God. 
 
 Having thus proved the nature of Alexander's deification, 
 the next subject of consideration relates to the means used 
 by Arid^us to preserve the body ; not only from corruption, 
 by the process of embalming, but also from external injury, 
 by a covering of some metal least liable to alteration. 
 For this purpose he selected gold ; not only because that 
 metal may be exposed without being corroded, but also 
 because, from its precious nature, it was more worthy 
 the sacred relic it inclosed. Diodorus Siculus has given us 
 a particular account of this gold covering ; and, as many 
 antient customs exist unaltered, though their origin may 
 frequently escape observation, we find the mode of pre- 
 serving the bodies of saints in Catholic countries exactly 
 what it was among the Pagans above two thousand } ears 
 ago. The head of St. Januarius, at Naples, presented till 
 lately" the sort of covering used by Aridaeus for the body 
 of Alexander; and the crystal case of St. Boromceo, at 
 Milan, the substitute used to supply its loss, when the 
 gold was exchanged for glass. The covering of gold was 
 
 ' It is said to have disappeared since the French were in possession of 
 Naples. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 51 
 
 a sort of chase work, exactly adapted to the features, and 
 so well fitted to the skin, that the form of the body 
 inclosed, and even the expression of the countenance, were 
 accurately preserved. This is so clearly stated by the his- 
 torian, and at the same time so consistent with the mode 
 of preserving relics in all ages, that it is wonderful it 
 should at last be misunderstood, and obtain the erroneous 
 appellation of a gold coffin. The words in the original are^, 
 X^vd'oZv (r(pv^viXot,Tov u^f^o^ov, which signify golden chase tvork, 
 wrought with a hammer, and fitted to the skin ; but in no 
 instance that sort of covering implied by the word coffin. 
 How much the antients excelled in this sort of chase 
 ivorh, may be proved by the exquisite bas-relief found 
 by Mr. Hawkins in Epirus. The practice of wrapping the 
 dead in sheets of gold is strictly Oriental. Among the 
 sepulchres discovered on the banks of the Volga, the Tobol, 
 the Irtish, and the Ob, carcases are found wrapped in thin 
 plates of golds. Sometimes they are placed between sheets 
 of the purest gold, extending from the head to the feet : 
 and such a quantity of this metal has been discovered in 
 those Eastern tumuli, that the borderers upon the Siberian 
 and the Tartarian deserts have for many years been induced 
 to dig for the treasure they contain ''. Tn one sepulchre 
 
 ' XI^Ztoi jti£v yi^ rZ aufixti xaT£j-<;vx:^6v XPY^OYN S^YPHAATON 'APMOZON'. 
 " Principio auteni cadaveri loculus mallei iliictuni ila fabricatus erat." Diodoriis 
 Siculus, lib. xviii. c. 26. 
 
 8 Archpeologia, Vol. VII. p. 22+. Tonke's Account of the Buiial Places of the 
 Antient Tartars. ^ ll)id. Vol. II. p. 223. 
 
52 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 of Siberia, opened by order of the Russian government, 
 beneath a high mound of earth, no less than forty pounds 
 weight of fine gold was found in four sheets, covering two 
 bodies'. Some years ago there were persons in Siberia 
 who subsisted entirely upon the spoils they had obtained 
 by ransacking tombs. The custom was to associate in large 
 companies, and to search for sepulchres, as they do now 
 for sables''. Many tumuli are also found in the country 
 near the Tanais, and in the territory towards the Maeotis ' ; 
 and these have been exposed to similar depredations. In 
 opening them, gold is found, either in thin plates fitted to 
 the bodies, or in sheets wrapped over them, or in the form 
 of vessels, bracelets, and external ornaments. This sort of 
 covering gave rise to the erroneous notion of Alexander's 
 gold coffin. Over the covering of chase work was added 
 KAAXnTHP XPTIOTI, a goldcn veil or garment. They then 
 proceeded to add the splendid purple vest variegated with 
 gold, and afterwards his armour ; wishing to represent him 
 as he lived, or, in the words of the historian, " make 
 the whole accordant with his past actions'"." The true 
 
 » Arcliseologia, Vol. 11. p. 224.. •= Ibid. Vol. VII. p. 230. 
 
 ' Rennel's Geographical System of Herodotus, p. 107. The same author 
 refers to Mr. Tooke's writings for many curious observations respecting the 
 sepulchres of the antient Scythians, and mentions this practice of ■wrappin" t/ie 
 bocli/ in sheets of gold (See p. lOi)). It is entirely to Major Rennel's kindness 
 that I am indebted for the observations collected upon those tumuli; for which 
 I beg him to accept my thanks. 
 
 "> 'Eva*u St T?{ 6^K>j5 iffiTiSjTO KAAYriTHP XPTEOTfi:, a^fM^m ixjiguj xai irj^i- 
 >\aii0»tut Tit o»«TaT« n-f ji^t'jt(a». Tai/Tiii J' 'arxta 7(^ie'xeito ^oihxIj iunrgiinf ygvao- 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 53 
 
 coffin was the sarcophagus prepared by Ptolemy for the 
 reception of the body ; and this remained to secure it after 
 the gold case was removed, and a crystal covering was used 
 to supply its place ; being as requisite as the shrine which 
 incloses the body of St. Boromaso, or that which formerly 
 protected the head of St. Januarius in its o-ipufijAaToj of bronze. 
 
 After two years spent at Babylon, in making preparations Aicxander-s 
 for Alexander's funeral, the body began to move towards ^ss^c. 
 Damascus, on its way to Egypt. By his will, he had 
 ordered it to be taken to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, 
 in the deserts of Libya. Perdiccas conducted the solemn 
 procession. The chariot in which it was conveyed ex- 
 ceeded in magnificence all that the world had then seen. 
 The sight of this gorgeous car, and the prodigious pageant 
 by which it was accompanied, brought together immense 
 multitudes from all the cities near which the procession 
 moved. The account given by Diodorus" is so eloquent, 
 and so interesting, that nothing but the length of the 
 desci'iption prevents its insertion. The reader will of course 
 peruse the whole of it, that it may enable him to estimate 
 the policy of Ptolemy in detaining the body, and form 
 just conceptions of the sumptuous undertaking carried on 
 
 5roixATO{, iraj* ?» tSso-av ta lov iJ.f:yiX>ixy(oTo; oir'Kx, jsotiXs^Etoi ffvtoiHuoui: Tr,ii oAjiv <pa,neC(Aa,\i 
 T«K w^oxa.Tsi^yatru.itxii v^x^kti, " Supra ca|)iilum, aiireum erat tegmen exacte 
 adaptatum, quod summum circuincpjaque ainbilum complecteretur. Supra hoc 
 circumjecta erat chlamys punicea perquam decora, et auro variegata, juxta quam 
 arma defuiicti posueraiii, eo consilio, ut speciein illam totam rebus ab eo gestis 
 accommodarent." i)iodoru3 Siculus, lib. xviii. c. 2t). 
 " Ibid. c. 28. 
 
54 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 afterwards for its reception in Alexandria. As soon as 
 Ptolemy received intelligence of its approach, he went in 
 person to meet it, accompanied by an army, as far as Syria. 
 Under pretence of rendering funeral honours to the body, 
 he prevented its being carried agreeably to its original 
 destination ; and conveyed it to Memphis °, where it re- 
 mained until the sepulchre was finished in Alexandria, in 
 which he intended to place it. 
 
 Shrine gy tjjg rcspcct thus paid to the remains of their de- 
 constructed J 1. X 
 
 fn Aiexl^- ceased monarch, Ptolemy allured to his service many of 
 ^"*" Alexander's veteran troops p. The shrine'' was constructed 
 with all possible magnificence; and historians state, that it 
 stood within the city '. This fact is of some consequence, 
 as it proves the Tomb to have been within the walls, 
 and not in any of the cemeteries or sepulchres without; 
 as the vast catacombs, lately discovered to the westward, 
 might otherwise lead us to imagines It was the palladiiwi 
 of the city, consecrated by the most sacred ceremonies, 
 and continued to be an object of reverence and adoration 
 
 • " CEeterum corpus ejus a Ptoleraaeo, cui AEgyptus cesserat, Memphim ; et iiule, 
 paucis post annis, Alexandriam translatuui est." Quintus Curtius, pagina ultima. 
 
 P Diod. Sic. lib. xviii. c. 2S. 
 
 1 The word in the original is TSfxtro; ; which, in the edition by Wesseling, is 
 translated delubrmn. It may properly be written shrine ; as rtiJisyix means a 
 sanctuary or sacred inclosure, any thing that incloses what is deemed sacred. 
 
 ' Strabo, lib. xvii. Casaubon. Animad. in Sueton. p. 58. &c. &c. 
 
 ' An account of extraordinary subterranean excavations, westward of Alexandria, 
 may be expected from the French, in whose hands I saw very accurate and 
 beautiful drawings of them. They were regarded, by some, as the sepulchres 
 of the Ptolemies. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 55 
 
 to the latest peiiods. In the truth of these circumstances 
 all historians agree. Pausanias mentions the removal of the 
 body from Memphis'; and Quintus Curtius, in the pas- 
 sage before cited, aftei" confirming the truth of its being 
 ultimately carried to Alexandria, further says ", " Omiiinque 
 memorice ac nomini Jionos habefur." Diodorus and Strabo 
 both expressly state", that Ptolemy brought the body of 
 Alexander to Alexandria; and "there/' says Strabo'', "it 
 still lies ; though not in its original cotlin ; a case of 
 glass having been substituted for the gold covering, m hich 
 a later Ptolemy had removed." Other writers mention 
 the tomb and body of Alexander^. The body, whethex 
 protected by its golden or glass covering, according to 
 the custom of all antient nations, and particularly of the 
 Egyptians and Greeks, reposed in a huge sarcophagus of 
 stone, the materials and the workmanship of which have 
 been so pointedly described by the historian as worthy the 
 glory of Alexander^. Suetonius confirms the truth of 
 tills, by the distinction he makes between the sarco- 
 phagus and the body, in relating the visit of Augustus 
 to the tomb. The words he uses are '', " conditorium et 
 corpus;'' and they are so remarkable, that his learned 
 
 ' Pausanias, lib. i. c. 6. " Quintus Curtius, pag. ult. 
 
 * Diod. Sic. lib. xviii. Strabo, lib. xvii. * Ibid. 
 
 ^ Lucan. et Suetonius in Augusto, c. 18. 
 
 " Diiid. Sic. lib. xviii. c. 28. 
 
 •> " Per idem tempus, conditorium et corpus Magni Alexandri," &c. Sueton, 
 in Augusto, c. 18. 
 
30 B. C. 
 
 56 TESTIMOXIES RESPECTING 
 
 commentator, Casaiibon, having no idea of any other 
 repository than what the gold or the glass coffin afforded, 
 breaks out in these interrogations : " Quid appellat con- 
 ditorium P an quam Strabo, lib. idtimo, vviXov ?" and then 
 adds, " Ea erat area olim ex auro, posfea e vitro, in qua 
 servatiim Alexaudri M. corpus.'' The rest of this com- 
 mentary is of equal importance ; but being too long for 
 insertion in the text, the whole of it is s^ibjoined in a note"^. 
 It concludes by stating, that if the words of Leo Afiicanus, 
 a writer not to be despised, are true, the Tomb of Alexander 
 is still to be seen in Alexandria. 
 Visited by Augustus visitcd the Tomb nearly three centuries after 
 
 Augustus, t5 J 
 
 Alexander's death. Dio Cassius mentions a remarkable 
 circumstance which happened upon that occasion. The 
 Roman Emperor, in viewing the body, touched the holy 
 relic, and, in so doing, broke off a part of the nose of the 
 
 ' "Quid appellat conditorium? an quam Strabo, lib. ultimo, irtEXor? Ea erat 
 area olim ex auro, postea e vitro, in qua servatum Alexandri M. corpus. Sic 
 ait Plinius, lib. xxxv. dcfunctos multos fictilihus doliis condi roluisse. lude condi- 
 torium, 6^x1, Tiajval. All potius quern Strabo we^I^oXo* vocat, iutelligit ? -Locus 
 FuiT URBE MEDIA, sepultursE rcgum destinatus, queni vocari ait Strabo S?/xa. 
 Sic enim legimus, non SwfAa : ut habent etiam maiiu exarati. Didj'mus in 
 proverbio ivvovq ff^aKT*)^. Ev /jteVi: t>3 toXei ^v^//c6 ot olKoaof^'tja'Ct^ o vvv YrifA» xaXerTai, 
 wctvTa? Iku tov^ T^oTTaTo^a; ffvv avTri KaTfiGfiTo, xa* AXi^xva^ov top JAxksojvx. Atque 
 Jioc melius. Pctronius, Jacuciunt ergo una praclusis conditorii forihus. Seueca, 
 conditivum pro eo dicit, epistola Ixii. et Ixxxiv. Plinius uterque conditorium. 
 Ammianus Marcellinus, libro xviii. conditorium muralium tormentorum pro ov'StAm. 
 Cieteruui fuisse in media urbe Alexandria conditouium Alexandri, etiam ex 
 HODiEUNA specie iUius souiirutae urbis potest constare : si vera sunt qu» leguntur 
 apud Leonem Africanum, non contemnenduni scriptorem." Then follow the 
 words of Leo respecting the Tomb, which the Reader will find elsewhere inserted 
 in this work. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 5 J 
 
 embalmed monarch. " He saw," says the historian ^ "the 
 body of Alexander, and touched it; so that a part of the 
 nose, as they relate, was broken off." Lucan had before 
 described the interest it excited in Caesar's mind ^. Suetonius 
 moreover relates the veneration with which the sepulchre 
 was viewed by Augustus ; who, when the body was taken 
 from the sarcophagus, placed a golden crown upon it, and 
 scattered flowers over it^ Having thus gratified his curiosity, 
 and indulged his piety, the priests asked him, if he would not 
 also see the bodies of the Ptolemies, and the shrine of Apis : 
 Augustus replied, that " his wish was to see a king, and 
 not merely the dead ; and with respect to Apis, he had 
 been accustomed to worship gods, and not oxen^." 
 
 About two hundred and thirty years had elapsed from visued 
 
 by Severus, 
 
 the visit of Augustus, when Septimius Severus came to A.D.aoi 
 Alexandria. In this interval, Cahgula, although he had not 
 
 •^ Kai u.na, raSra to jAu tov 'A^sla^ojou aui/.a. ei'Je, xai airou imsi v^oiri'^ocro, iIjte 
 t5 t5{ pi»o,-, m; paio-i, fljavo-fiSmi. " Deinde corpus Alexaiidri iiispexit, idque attrec- 
 tavit, ita ut nasi quoque, ut fertur, particula aliqua frangeretur," Dio Cassius, 
 lib. li. c. 16. 
 
 « Lucan. Pharsal. lib. x. 
 
 f " Per idem tempus, conditorium et corpus Magni Aiexandri, cim proiatum 
 e penetrali subjecisset oculis, corona aurea imposita ac floribus aspersis venerafus 
 est." Sueton. in August, c. 18. 
 
 8 Tct ^£ ^'J Twy riToAs/xofiWF, xai to* tuv AXEfafo^EO'y ^TovSri ^ovKriBiinuv ccvTot ou^xiy 
 cix eSexo-ixto" EiVwv oTi, ' BacriAsa, aXx' oi vex^w; iSeTv In'Efitjxiicra . ' Kax t?c a.i'ii 
 Tainr,!; ctiTia;, oiJJe tw "AjtiJ* Itrv^itv ii6i>.riat' ^.iyuv^ ' Qioiii a>X uip(i ^ovi irjoo-xuEry 
 
 lA'uj^ou,' " PtoleitiiEoruni autein corpora, quanquam ea ostendere Alexandrini 
 enixe volebant, non spectavit : ' Regcni se, non niortuos voluisse videre,' diceus. 
 Eadenique de causa Apim quoque noluit accedere. ' Deos se, non boves, adorare 
 consuevisse, perhibeus.' " Dio Cassius, lib. li. c. 16. 
 
58 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 been in Egypt, had caused the breast-plate of Alexander 
 to be taken from his Tomb; and, during his pantomimic 
 triumphs, used occasionally to wear it*". Severus, whose 
 thirst of knowledge, and enterprizing curiosity, caused him 
 to penetrate into all parts of the country, and to visit 
 whatever might illustrate the policy and literature of 
 Egypt, collected, according to Dio Cassius, the sacred 
 volumes, containing the writings of the priests and the 
 explanation of their hieroglyphics ; and having deposited 
 them in the Tomb of Alexander ', caused the monument to 
 be shut ; that the people might not, through their influence, 
 be excited to sedition ; and that for the future no person 
 should have access to the shrine ''. 
 
 Every additional fact respecting this monument, as we 
 advance to the age in which we live, serves to throw new 
 light upon its histor}'. By the account of Augustus's visit, 
 we were taught, that not only the body of Alexander, but 
 
 '• " Triumphalem quidem ornatum efiam ante expeditionem assidue gestavit: 
 interdum et Magni Alexandri thoracem, repetitutn e conditorio ejus.". Sueton. 
 in Calig. c. 52. 
 
 " Omnibus perfectis, thoracem, quae Alexandri fuerat, (sic enim perhibebat) et 
 supra cum chlamydem sericam purpurei coloris, multo auro multisque gemmis 
 Indicis ornatam, induit." Dio Cassius, lib. lix. c. 17. 
 
 ' At that time the whole of the Pcribolus, called Tujxx by Strabo, bore the 
 Dame of the Tomb of Alexander. 
 
 *■ Dio Cassius, lib. Ixxv. c. 17. A most extraordinary error appears in Suidas, 
 ■where this act is attributed to Severus the Sophist (See Lexicon, Vol. III. p. 294. 
 YiiBri^oi). His commentator, in noticing the mistake, justifies the author, by 
 observing that the name of the Sophist has been inserted in a part of the text 
 belonging to Severus the Emperor. 
 
THE TOMB >DF ALEXANDER. 5Q 
 
 also those of the Ptolemies, reposed within the inclosiire. All 
 the commentators on the historians whose works we have 
 cited are agreed upon this point. Yet the whole of the 
 inclosure was called by the name of the body on whose 
 account it had been originally constructed; and this would 
 naturally be the case respecting the family cemetery of any 
 sovereign or remarkable person. The appellation gene- 
 rally used has been, TO znMA TOT aaehanapoYj though 
 sometimes words of more extensive signification, MNHMA 
 and MNHMEION, have been introduced. The word iflMA, 
 originally applied to the body, became afterwards, by way 
 of eminence, the name of the sanctuary that inclosed it. 
 Thus Strabo denominates the whole building in which 
 Alexander and his successors were buried ' ; and what is 
 still more remarkable, he defines it, by using the word 
 iiEPiBOAor, an inclosure or cou7't. These ditferent expres- 
 sions, applied to various parts of the same building, gave 
 rise to the learned commentary of Casaubon, before cited". 
 And various other commentators on the historians who 
 have mentioned the Tomb (having more the idea of a 
 single cofiin, than of a vast building; which, like other 
 
 ' M/foj ?£ rut 0ao-»XEiuv itrri xa] to KaXoifiivov DfiMA, o nEPIBOAOS ijy, it Z aS 
 Tuf ^curiXiut Ta^ai, xai ri 'AXela^J^ou. " Regiarum pars et illud est, quod Soma 
 appellatur, septum quoddam, in quo regum sepulturae, et Alexaudri erat." Strabo, 
 lib. xvii. p. 794. edit. Casaubon. 
 
 ° Note ('), p. 56. Casaubon preferred reading it IHMA instead of £J1MA, in 
 support of which he cites a passage from Didi/mus. The best editions of Strabo 
 have the word IflMA; and the pure text of so accurate an author is sufficient 
 authority for the use of it. 
 
60 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 regal cemeteries, erected in modern times, at Turin", and in 
 different places, was destined for the sepulchres of many 
 kings) have expressed their conjectures accordingly. Our 
 countrj^man Sandys alludes to that passage of Strabo, when 
 he says", " Within a serraglio called Soniia, belonging to 
 the palaces, the Ptolomies had their sepultures, together with 
 Alexander the Great." The remains of Alexander, placed 
 in a sarcophagus, were further protected by a small chapel ; 
 and the whole stood within the Peribolus, which inclosed 
 also the bodies of the Ptolemies. Tliis is cA-ident from 
 the decree of Severus, who ordered the whole collection 
 of Egyptian volumes to be shut up in the ISIonument 
 {tu Mvr/t<£<V) of Alexander P: and Reimar, on the authority 
 of Kirchmann, in his note on this passage, fiirther adds'', 
 that this edifice was closed by doors. In the cathedral 
 
 " TTie magnificent cemetery of the kings of Sardinia, called Stiperga, on a 
 mountain near Turin. 
 
 » Sandys' Travels p. 112. f Dio Cassiiis, lib. Ixxr. c. 13. 
 
 t See Note("), Animadv. Reimar. in Dion. p. 1266. edit. Hamburg. 1752. 
 " Ti) Tou A^s|a►J5ot/ /x«)ft£iw truHJtXiio-iv.] Libros ibi conclusos, intejligit hiero- 
 glyphicos, ne iis superstitiosa et mobilis gens, velut plebs Romana jactatis 
 vulgo Sibyllinis oraculis, turbaretur. Sepulclna enim furibus occlusa erant; vide 
 Kirchmann. III. 15. et religiose occlusa tencliantur, additis interdum diris, si 
 quis aperuisset." — It is most probable the edifice had doors; but having looked 
 into Kirchmann's work (De Funeribus Roraanorum), the author refert'ed to by 
 Reimar, in support of this opinion, there is nothing conclusive with respect to 
 this particular sepulchre. Kirchmann cites Xiphilinus in Severo ; but that quota- 
 tion does not mention doors: and the whole is in fact the original text of Dio 
 Ca.ssius. Xiphilinus abridged the works of Dio; but in this passage the words are 
 exactly the same, with the single transposition of cufia. toiItoi/ for tsi/tou cuf>.» : 
 80 that the commentator, by citing Kirchmann, is unconsciously referring to the 
 identical text on which his comment is made. 
 
^^^•••^^•ir^^^^^^* 
 
 V 
 
 » ® O • • • • 
 
 ® © • 
 
 o 
 
 cb 
 
 ».^ 
 
 o. 
 
 ^ 
 
 /r ■ K • 'r/////u/.>u/.>,-. >/////'///// ////■ .u////r/ff// /'//A/- • ^tr //////// /// >///,/ 
 
 A y/if Viiil/i 1/ ' . IA.niJi,/.f 
 
 \\ B 7'/i> //M- I'/i.i/,,/ ,.,■ .l',„„/,„„-r 
 I' t' V y/ff -/**■/ r'/'/>/f/ J- t'/' /'.'iti-A'.Kttft- 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 6l 
 
 church of Milan, the body of St. Boroma^o lies in a glass 
 coffin, within a small chapel ; over which is the cathedral. 
 To this shrine, as to Alexander's, pilgrims come from 
 all parts, and the same custom of leaving alms has been 
 common to both ^ We find the small chapel mentioned 
 by Leo Africanus% under the words " cedkidam instar 
 saceUi constructam ;" as wdll be further proved when we 
 call in the testimony of that avithor respecting the Tomb. 
 But the words of Strabo are such as to remove all doubt; 
 and the most perfect comment upon them is suggested by 
 the view of the building, even in its present ruined state ^, 
 in which the Tomb of Alexander was found. The Ground 
 Plan of it is represented in the third Plate. In that repre- 
 sentation will be seen the present form of the Soma of 
 the Ptolemies, converted, upon the introduction of Chris- 
 tianity, to a primitive church, and, after the conquest of 
 the Saracens, to a Turkish mosque ; magnificent even in 
 its degraded state, and dignified by memorials of its 
 former greatness. Near the centre of the inclosure is 
 the small sanctuary which inclosed the Sarcophagus, when 
 it was discovered by the French, bearing the name of the 
 
 ' " Concurrit autem ingcns eo peregrinorum rulgus a longinquis etiam 
 regionibus, colendi ac reverenili sepulchii gratia, cui ijuoqiie niagnas frequenter 
 largiuntur eleemosynas." Leon. African, de Africa Descript. Tom. II p. t)77. 
 edit. Elzevir. 1632. 
 
 ' Ibid. 
 
 ' See the second Plate ; which also shows the mode of worshipping the Sar- 
 cophagus, as observed by Denon, w hen he was employed in making a drawing 
 of the interior of the Mosque, and the situation of the Tomb. 
 
62 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 Tomb of Alexander, the founder of the city "; and round 
 the whole is the Peribolus, or inclosure, so expressly men- 
 tioned by Strabo ". 
 
 The Tomb of Alexander has thus been accompanied by 
 historical evidence through a period of five hundred years, 
 from the time in which Ptolemy constructed the shrine, 
 until the Emperor Severus ordered it to be shut. The 
 avenues of antient history, as far as they lead to a know- 
 ledge of this monument, seem to close with the doors 
 that concealed it from observation. Excepting the single 
 instance of the visit of Caracalla, the venerable records 
 from which we have hitherto derived our evidence fur- 
 nish httle testimony concerning it. As soon, therefore, 
 as we shall have related the honours rendered to it by 
 the son of Severus, we must have recourse to different 
 sources of information. The events that took place imme- 
 diately afterwards will account for the interval of obscurity 
 in which its history was involved, until it once more 
 became recognized by the world ; and thus, by connecting 
 the thread of antient and modern annals, bring down a 
 series of undeniable evidence to the present hour. 
 Visited Caracalla, whose fondness for the name and ensigns of 
 
 by Caracalla, 
 
 A.D.213. Alexander is Still preserved on the medals of that emperor, 
 
 » Thus on the medals of Alexander KTIC. and KTICT. for KTICTHS, the founder, 
 are added to his name ; and on his account, as their founder (to» 'A^i|a^^^o» to» 
 oUio-T>i» airiv), Augustus forbore to massacre the Alexandrians. Julian also dis- 
 tinguishes him by the same title. See medals of Apollonia, whether of Carta, 
 or Pisidla. Dio Cassius, lib. i. c. 16. and Julian, ad Alexandrinos, epist. x. 
 
 ' Strabo, lib. xvii. p. 794. edit. Casaubon. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 63 
 
 made his veneration for him, and his desire to consult a 
 God so much reverenced by the inhabitants, the pretext 
 for his visit to Alexandria. Herodian relates y, that the 
 magnificent preparations to receive him were greater than 
 for any former emperor. They met him with the liveliest 
 demonstrations of joy, sparing neither expence nor toil 
 to render his reception splendid and honourable. As soon 
 as he arrived within the city, he entered the temple, 
 immolating victims, and heaping incense upon the altars. 
 He then visited the Monument {mvi^[/.x) of Alexander, and 
 placed upon the Toi}ib (t^ 2:o^«) a purple vest, together 
 with splendid rings set with the most brilliant gems, a rich 
 girdle, and various other costly offerings ^. The Alexandrians, 
 duped by his hypocrisy, and believing the shrine which his 
 father had closed would be again open to their adoration, as 
 well as protected by their emperor, gave way to the most 
 extravagant joy, and passed whole nights and days in 
 festivity; not knowing, says the historian % " the vindictive 
 machinations of the king." This passage, in the original 
 
 y Herodiani Hist. iib. iv. edil. Histor. Rom. Script. H. Steph. 1568. 
 ^ il( ol iln\acrtt ei; t^\ iroAij irvr wavr) ra cnr^atZ, •tr^Zrot i\( rot nm an'^^uv^ ^roXAa; 
 iKsnof/Sct^ Kccrt^vffiy >i»^av^ re toi)? ^ufjiov^ urupivaiy* IxsTOev o iXuuv i»s to AXjfai-d^^oo 
 
 71 xai tiTi 9ro?iuTi>i£,- ifi^i, ire^ttXut iatiTov, iiriitixt t? Ixtinii; SOPfil. " Sed ubi in 
 urbem jam pervenit, prinio quidem templum ingressus est, multisque victimis 
 immolatis, ac thure cumulatis altaribus, ad Alexandri Monimentum se contulit, 
 paludamentumque purpureuni, et claris speciosisque gemmis anulos conspicuos, 
 baiteumque et siqua alia gcstabat elegantiora, dempta sibi, turn illius imposuit 
 tiimulo." Herodiani Hist. lib. iv. ibid. 
 » Ibid. 
 
G-l TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 text, atFords very satisfactory evidence of the sarcophagus or 
 Stone coifin ; and the distinction made by Herodian, between 
 the monument, mnhma, and the immediate receptacle of ike 
 body, SOPOS, is remarkable. Homer uses the word SOPOZ 
 in this sense''. In Dioscorides ^, cited by Scapula, the 
 words 2CPCI XAPKO^Aroi allude to a particular kind of 
 stone, which had the property of corroding dead bodies, 
 and hastening their natural decomposition ; whence all stone 
 coffins became afterwards designated by the general term 
 fiesh-eatcrs or sarcophagi. Plutarch also uses the words 
 AI01NA2 20POT2, stonc Coffins'^. 
 
 The solemn mockery carried on by Caracalla, during his 
 visit to Alexandria, ended in the most dreadful cruelties. 
 " Upon the slightest provocation, he issued his commands 
 for a general massacre. From a secure post in the temple 
 of Serapis, he viewed and directed the slaughter of many 
 thousand citizens as well as strangers, without distinguishing 
 either the number or the crime of the sufferers^." 
 ''"fThe"" Thus, by one act of the most ferocious and brutal tyranny, 
 ''^i.'iel,'^"' the shrine of Alexander was deprived of the greatest portion 
 
 A O 381 
 
 of its votaries. Whether the successors of Caracalla adopted 
 the policy of Severus, and kept the monument shut, is 
 uncertain. The time was fast approaching, when a revo- 
 lution, affecting the whole of the Roman Empire, by 
 
 •> Iliad •¥'. 90. « Dioscorid. lib. v. c. 1 ^2. 
 
 ■^ Plulaich. ill Num. 
 
 ' ^iihljoii. Vol. I. p. I.'jy. It is surprizing tlie historian makes no nuiitioii of 
 the visit paid eithci' by Severus or Caracalla to tlie 'i'oinb of Aicxaiuler. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 65 
 
 producing a total change of religious sentiments in Alex- 
 andria, materially affected the safety of the Tomb. It was 
 at the beginning of the third century when Caracalla 
 paid his memorable visit to that city. The persecution 
 of the Christians was then preparing the overthrow and 
 destruction of the heathen idols ; and that centurv had 
 scarcely elapsed before the full tide of religious fury burst 
 upon the temples of the Pagan world. Their complete 
 subversion is believed to have taken place about sixty }'ears 
 after the conversion of Constantine^ "In this wide and 
 various prospect of devastation, the attention of the 
 spectator is called to the ruins of the temple of Jupiter 
 Serapis, at Alexandria'." The archiepiscopal throne of 
 that city was then filled by Theophilus *", described by 
 Gibbon' as "the perpetual enemy of peace and virtue; 
 a bold, bad man, whose hands were alternately polluted 
 M'ith gold and with blood." 
 
 f Gibbon, Vol. III. p. 70. 
 
 s Ibid. p. 82. This deitj' was brought by the Ptolemies from Sinope on 
 the coast of Pontus. The Egyptians at first refused admittance to the new 
 god (Macrobius, Saturnal. lib. i. c. 7.); but a prodigious temple, called the 
 Serapium, one of the wonders of the world, (Rufinus, lib. ii. c. 22.) was after- 
 M-ards erected in honour of it. The colossal statue of this deity was composed 
 of a number of plates of different metals, and it touched on either side the 
 walls of the sanctuary. It was believed that the heavens and the earth would 
 return to their primitive chaos, if the figure of the god were profaned by 
 violence. A soldier was, however, bold enough to aim a blow, with a 
 battle-axe, against the cheek of the idol, which, falling to the ground, was 
 afterwards demolished. 
 
 «" Gibbon, ibid. p. 83. Tillemont, Mem. Eccles. Tom. II. p, 441 — 500. 
 
 ' Gibbon, ibiJ. 
 
66 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 TMe»ndri'a' ^^ consequcnce of the insults offered by that prelate to 
 A.D.sss! the Pagan temples, the greatest disorder took place in 
 Alexandria. An appeal was made to Theodosius, to decide 
 the quarrel between the Heathens and the Christians; and 
 the consequence was an imperial mandate for the destruction 
 of the idols of Alexandria. The idols themselves were 
 speedily demolished ; and doubtless the body of Alexander 
 was not spared when the statue of Serapis was destroyed. 
 But the strength and solidity of the shrines and temples, 
 that had inclosed their idols, presented obstacles to their 
 demolition which were not so easily overcome. Theophilus 
 found them so insuperable, in his attempts to destroy the 
 temple of Serapis, that he was obliged to leave the foun- 
 dation, and to content himself with reducing the edifice 
 alone to a heap of rubbish : a part of which was soon 
 afterwards cleared away, to make room for a church in 
 honour of the Christian martyrs^. Thus we see that some 
 of the noblest works of the antients resisted the de- 
 structive fanaticism of those times, and were frequently 
 converted to the holiest purposes by the teachers of the 
 Gospel. In the number of buildings that survived, either 
 partially or entirely, the introduction of Christianity, may 
 be reckoned, the temple of Jupiter Serapis in Alexan- 
 dria', that of the celestial Venus at Carthage'", and the 
 
 " Gibbon, Vol. III. p. 84.. 
 ' Ibid. 
 
 •" Ibid. {>. 81. Pro.sper. Aquitaii. lib. iii. c. 38. .ipud Baroniuni; Eccles. 
 A. D. .-Jsg. N« 58, &c. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. Gj 
 
 majestic dome of the Pantheon at Rome". A number of 
 smaller temples were protected by their remote situation, 
 and others by the fears, the venality, the taste, or the 
 prudence of the civil and ecclesiastical governors". The 
 Alexandrian Sarcophagus w^as certainly one of the works, 
 which either by its nature defied, or from its beauty 
 escaped the rage of the reformers. Whatever scepticism 
 may prevail respecting its history, no one will be hardy 
 enough to deny its antiquity. The early Christians were 
 unable to remove it; and it is most probable that 
 its present perfect state is owing to their inability, 
 even in the work of destruction. A primitive church 
 was built over it, bearing the name of St. Athanasius ; 
 and the body having been removed, the Tomb itself 
 was converted into a cistern. The worship of the God, 
 whose relics had once been deposited within that beau- 
 tiful monument, had long ceased ; but, in defiance of the 
 zeal of the primitive Christians, its appellation remained 
 unaltered. Indeed, it is difficult to account for the 
 policy which endeavoured to obliterate the remembrance 
 of its name ; for as long as the history of its original 
 greatness remained, it continued a lasting trophy of the 
 victory of Christ p. 
 
 " Gibbon, ibid. Donatus, Roma Antiqua et Nova, lib. iv. c. 4. p. 468. This 
 consecration was performed by Pope Boniface IV. 
 ° Gibbon, ibid. 
 
 P Ibid. p. 7Q. " Those state!}' edifices might be suffered to remain, as so 
 man}- lasting trophies of the victory of Christ." 
 
68 
 
 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 During the time the Christians were in possession of 
 Alexandria, historians are silent respecting the Sarcophagus ; 
 although some notice of it is found in the writings of the 
 Fathers. Eight years after the Imperial mandate for the 
 destruction of the idols in Alexandria, Chrysostom was 
 chosen patriarch of Constantinople''. AVhat influence he 
 had in the promulgation of that decree cannot now be 
 determined ; but his zeal, in opposing the divine honours 
 rendered to Alexander, is evident, in the reproof offered 
 to the people of Antioch for wearing the image of the 
 Son of Ammon'. After the destruction of the temple 
 erected over him, and the demolition of his body, he con- 
 trasts the fallen dignity of the Tomb with the veneration 
 paid to the sepulchres of the Martyrs ; and triumphantly 
 exclaims', " Where is now the Tomb of Alexander? Show 
 me ! Tell me the day of his death ? But the sepulchres 
 of Christ's servants are so splendid, that they occupy a 
 renowned and regal city; and their days are so illustrious 
 and famous, that they are celebrated as festivals over the 
 whole world." 
 
 1 A. D. 397. 
 
 ' See Note {*'), p. 12. Introduction. 
 
 ' Oow yotpj tiTTE ^01, TO a^/Aa A^j^acd^ou; oejIoc f*ot, )t«» nVe tjiv ^/x/^av xa6 >jv eT£^£uT*iai. 
 fZf ^e Sov?MV rov XpiOTo? xa* Ta OTjjWaTa Aa/A^r^a, Triv /3aff*Xi)twTaTi9i' xaTaAa^&Wa •jtoMd' 
 x«i ijfti'^ai xatalpecvcTi, io^Tr,ii T>i olxavfjiitti iroiovirai, " Ubi c'lilni, quwso, Alexandri 
 tumulus est? Ostende nilhi ; ct die quo die nioiluus sit. At Christi servorum turn 
 .ipliMididii .sfpulclira sunt, ut quic urbeni pr;Estantissini:im ac regiam occuparint, 
 et dies noti atque clari, qui iesti a toto orbe celebicnlur." Chrysostom! Opera, 
 Toni. X. p. 625. edit. Rloatliuicon. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 69 
 
 Other annals, not less respectable, nor less entitled j{|,"or"i^s. 
 to attention, preserve the memory of Alexander's Tomb. 
 Historians of a new class present themselves, upon the ex- 
 piration of the old.; but which, from their remote situation, 
 have not been subject to the same examination. It has 
 been reserved for an age in which the study of Oriental 
 literature begins to be considered a more important part of 
 education', to prove, that the memory of Alexander was 
 not less grateful to the foUow^ers of Mahomet than to the 
 successors of the Ptolemies". Almost all the nations of 
 the East have added to the number of his biographers : 
 accordingly, we find the name of Alexander, in Eastern 
 writings, connected with the glorious titles of " Lord of 
 
 THE TWO ENDS OF THE WORLD," " ThE CONQUEROR," " ThE 
 
 KING OF kings";" and the marvellous history of his victories 
 
 ' Witness the academical inslifufions of Vienna and Paris; whose example, it 
 is hoped, will instigate Britain to patronize establishments of so much advantage 
 to her politics and literature. 
 
 " " Les Orienfau.x citent en plusieurs endroits de leurs ouvrages des actions 
 et des paroles memorables de ce monarque, lequel n'est pas moins connu parmi 
 eu.\ que parmi nous." D'Htrbelot, Diet. Orient, p. 319. 
 
 * Ibid. p. 317. 335. 395. 795. 993. Alexander is called by Eastern writers, 
 IscANDER Ben Philicous, Alexander the Son of Philip; Iscander al Rocmi, 
 Alexander the Greek; but D'Herbelot (Diet. Orient, p. 722) writes it Eshender. 
 He is called in the Koran, and by most writers, Iscander Dhoulcarnein ; in 
 Persian, Secunderdzou 'l Clrnine, Rhauzi, Shau Shauhaun. " This surname 
 {Dhoulcarnein)," says D'Herbelot, "comes from the two Horns of the World, 
 as the Orientalists call them ; that is, from the East and West, which Alexander 
 conquered." Diet. Orient, p. 317. " With one hand you touch the East, and 
 with the other the West," said the Scythians in their oration to Alexander, as 
 given by Quintus Curtius, lib. vii. c. 8. Some Persian scholars give a different 
 interpretation. They atlirni that the title of Lord of the two horns is literally 
 
70 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 blended with all the fiction and hyperbole which charac- 
 terize the Indian, Persian, and Turkish historians. " If there 
 are circumstances," says Richardson y, " in those Eastern 
 details, inconsistent with truth, let it be remembered, that 
 they are not more visionary than the legendary improbable 
 fictions which swell the Greek histories. The conquests 
 of Alexander are celebrated in many Arabic and Turkish 
 histories, romances, and poems, under the titles of, Sikender 
 Name', the Book of Alexander; Aineh Iskenderi, the Mirror 
 of Alexander ; Beharistan, the Mansion of the Spring." 
 In addition to these may be mentioned Sairat al Escander, 
 the Life of Alexander, by Ahoidfarage Souri; and the 
 writings of the celebrated Persian historian Khondemir, 
 librarian to Emir All Schir ; who, as he relates of himself, 
 profited by his situation, and his passion for history, to 
 collect the purest and most accurate intelligence from the 
 best authors. The title of his work Khelassat Alakhhar 
 Fi BEiAN AHUAL Alakhiar, Boo/i of pure and accti rate Intel- 
 ligence from authentic and sure Histories, promises a copious 
 source of information. Edrissi, who wrote a work on 
 the Pyramids, relates ^, that Alexander the Great erected an 
 
 Lord of the ascendant, and depends entirely on the horoscope of nativity. 
 Whenever the birtii of a prince was accompanied bj' the fortunate omen of an 
 ascending planet, he received the title oi Dhoulcurnein. It is an Oriental custom; 
 and Alexander received this name after his conquest of the East. Aiuung^ebe 
 was Lord of the ascendant, and had this title oi Dhoulcurnein as well as other 
 Eastern princes. 
 
 y Orient. Diet. Vol. II. p. 1032. 
 
 » See D'llerbelot, Diet. Orient, p. 311. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 71 
 
 obelisk of Thebaic stone in Alexandria ; which he describes 
 as a sort of black marble. This circumstance is well worthy 
 the attention of travellers ; though no work answering his 
 description has yet been discovered among the ruins. The 
 same author also mentions a curious historical fact. He 
 says that Alexander transported to the Isle of Socotora 
 a colony of Greeks (loinmmon, lonians), to cultivate the 
 wood of aloes, so much used by Orientalists as a perfiame 
 in smoking. Socotora was famous for the produce of 
 this tree ; and its virtues, according to Edrissi, were 
 made known to Alexander by Aristotle*. The aloe of 
 that island was called, by way of distinction, Socothori. 
 The remains of their colony would be a curious object 
 of inquiry''. 
 
 The life of Alexander is also given in the Haugial, Lives 
 of the Philosophers, with that of Aristotle. It were endless 
 to attempt the enumeration of all the Arabic, Persic, and 
 Turkish authors who have recorded the conquests and 
 actions of Alexander. Reference may be made to the 
 LoBB AL Taovarikh'', the Marroiv of Histories; the 
 Tarikh Montekheb ; and to the Oriental Dictionaries of 
 Richardson and D'Herbelot, under the words Iscander and 
 
 * D'Herbelot, ibid. p. 727. 
 
 '' The island Socotora is in the Indian Ocean, opposite the Straits of Babel- 
 niandel. 
 
 ' According to D'Herbelot (Orient. Diet. p. 515), the work often cited under 
 the corrupted and abbreviated name of Lebtaiikh. 
 
"2 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 EscENDER''. The Arabians had a peculiar claim to the 
 knowledge of Alexander. It is recorded bv Arrian% that 
 he endeavoured to hold the third place in the list of their 
 Gods; and among the surprizing revolutions of empire 
 and opinion, they vv^ere ultimately destined to become the 
 guardians of his Tomb. 
 Invasion of Thc iutroduction of this subject leads to the consideration 
 
 the Saracens, 
 
 and Con- of ouc of tlic iTiost extraordinary and most interesting; events 
 
 quest of .< o 
 
 aTrmo!' ^^^^ ^^^^ happened in the history of mankind. We have 
 seen the throne of the Ptolemies give way to the power of 
 the Cccsars, and the Pagan superstitions to the Christian 
 faith : and as new conquerors were advancing from the 
 uttermost parts of the Roman Empire, to subvert the last 
 remains of its greatness, a tribe of independent shepherds, 
 converting their crooks to spears, came, from their stony 
 and sandy deserts, to establish a dominion upon the ruins 
 of Christianity and of Rome. Many ages before the birth 
 
 ■' III the course of such an inquiry, it would be satisfactory to consult the Tarikh 
 EsKANUERiAH, a Hislofj/ of AUxundriii, composed by OuugihedJ/n Mansour Ben 
 Selim al Eskandtri. (See D'Herbelot, Diet. Orient, p. 8(30.) It might be pro- 
 cured at any of the principal cities in the East. The importance of such additions 
 to our historical libraries, appears from the respect shown by the learned Casaubon 
 to the work o( Leo Africanus, almost the only Oriental geographer who has been 
 preserved to us in a legible form. The Latin translation was the work of Florian, 
 and is not faithful to the original text. The Italian edition being his own trans- 
 lation from the Arabic, ought to have the preference Gibbon has shown it ; 
 but copies of it are not easily obtained. Marm'ol, in his description of Africa, 
 (see Moreri, Diet. Hist. Art. LEO) has almost wholly copied this author, without 
 so much as once naming him. 
 
 « Oiixov* tiiraiioiif xai airot r^'not av noixtaKnat w^o; 'A^d0m fljo'f. " Quapropter 
 non indignum censebat se, qui pro tertio Deo apud Arabas haberetur." Arrlan. 
 Gronovii. L. Bat. 170+. lib. vii. p. 300. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. ^3 
 
 of Mahomet, their valour had been tried and respected by 
 their neighbours'^; but on the introduction of the precepts 
 of the Koran, heated by religious fury, it burst the frontier 
 of Arabia, and alarmed the nations of the world with the 
 most awful visitation s. In the reign of Heraclius, and 
 under the caliphate of Omar, after the invasion and conquest 
 of Persia and Syria, they seized upon the fertile land of 
 Egypt'', captured the cities of Memphis, Babylon, and 
 Cairo, and came to besiege Alexandria'. The general, or, 
 as he is usually called, lieutenant'', who commanded in 
 this undertaking, was the victorious Amrou, whose exploits 
 make such a conspicuous figure in the history of those 
 times. No exertion of the Christians could withstand his 
 intrepidity and perseverance. After a siege of fourteen 
 months, and a sacrifice of no less than twenty-three 
 thousand of his men, the city was abandoned to his 
 troops. According to Ockley ', this event took place in the 
 twentieth year of the Hegira, and the year of Christ 640. 
 D'Herbelot ™ fixes it in the eighteenth or nineteenth year of 
 the Hegira ; but in another part of his work he agrees with 
 Ockley, and allows it to have been the twentieth. Gibbon 
 is of the latter opinion ", and states it to have happened on 
 
 f Gibbon, Vol. V. c. 50. p. ISO. 
 8 Ockley's Hist, of the Saracens, Vol. I. p. 307. 
 h Ibid. ' Ibid. " Diet. Orient, p. 530. 
 
 ' Hi.st. of the Saracens, Vol. I. p. 309. Note. 
 ■" Diet. Orient, p. 580. 
 
 " Gibbon, Vol. V. p. 40. Both Eutychius (Aunal. Tom. II. p. 319) and 
 F.huacin (Hist. Saracen, p. 28) concur in fixing the taking of Alexandria to Friday 
 
 k 
 
74 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 a Friday, the twenty-second day of December, in the year 
 640 ; which allows a period of two hundred and fifty-one 
 years, from the final destruction of the temple of Serapis, 
 and the overthrow of the Pagan idols in Alexandria. 
 TheSonw, With thc entrancc of the Arabs we look once more to 
 
 or y-HMA, 
 
 converted to (j^e Tomb of Alexander ; and we find that almost one of 
 
 a Mosque. 
 
 their first measures, upon gaining possession of the city, 
 connects itself with the Sarcophagus. The Peribolus, which 
 inclosed this Monument, together with the tombs of the 
 Ptolemies, had been converted, at the downfal of Paganism, 
 to a Christian church, bearing the name of St. Athanasius. 
 The same building, at the conquest of the Arabs, once more 
 changed its nature, and became a mosque; but the name 
 of the saint to which it was dedicated by the Christians 
 was still annexed to it by the Mahometans, and it was 
 called the Mosque of St. Athanasius". By this fortunate 
 circumstance we are enabled to keep our view faithfully 
 directed, in all the periods of its history, to the particular 
 building in which the body of Alexander was placed ; and, 
 having found the Tomb stationed exactly as historians have 
 described it, meet with an ultimate consummation of the 
 evidence in the tradition and records of the Arabs ; who, 
 while they prostrated themselves to do it homage, declared 
 
 of the new moon of Moharrani, of the twentieth year of the Ilegira; Dec. 22. 
 A.D. 640. Gibbon, Vol. V. p. 31-0. c. 51. Note("'). 
 
 " The Mosque of St. Sophia, in Constantinople, is another instance of the same 
 kind; and other Christian churches in Turkey preserve their original name, though 
 converted to mosques. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. /S 
 
 it to be THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER, THE FOUNDER OF THE 
 
 CITY OF Alexandria. When the Parthenon at Athens 
 became first known to the moderns, we had not greater 
 evidence of its identity : yet when discovered, no doubt 
 remained as to its origin. The wonder excited by the 
 view of it, is certainly of the highest description. We are 
 accustomed to prove the truth of its pretensions, by stating 
 the impossibility of such a work in any other age than 
 that of Pericles, and by any other people than the Athe- 
 nians. Let it also be remarked, that the Alexandrian 
 Sarcophagus bids defiance to the Arts, at any other period 
 than that of Ptolemy, and in any other country than that 
 of Eg}'pt. 
 
 Alexander being one of the Gods of the Arabians, and 
 also ha-vdng a place in the Koran?, the conquest of Alex- 
 andria by that people may be referred to as the time in 
 which his Tomb again obtained respect and reverence : and 
 as the Arabs continued to inhabit that place during the 
 remaining period of eleven centuries and a half, it will be 
 only necessary to prove, from their own writers, as \\e\\ 
 as from the testimony of travellers who have been able 
 to procure intelligence of the Tomb, that it stood in the 
 situation assigned it by antient historians; that it was 
 regarded with superstitious veneration, as the Tomb of 
 Alexander the Great ; that the inclosure of the Mosque, 
 together with the small sanctuary in which the Tomb 
 
 P See Sale's Translation of the Koran, Vol. 11. c. 18. p. 124-. 
 
76 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 was found, retained marks of the magnificence which had 
 adorned the building before it yielded its Pagan honours to 
 the rites of Christianity or of Islamism''; and that the Tomb 
 itself, proved to be of a substance peculiar to Egypt', agrees, 
 in that respect, with a record^ which states it to have been 
 of Egyptian stone. 
 Eutychius Two hundred and thirty-seven years after the Arabs 
 
 made -' •' 
 
 Alexandria, took posscssioH of tlic city, Said Ebn Batric was born'. 
 
 A. D. 933. ^. . 1-1 ,-.i-i- 
 
 It is not certain at what time he composed in Arabic h:s 
 Annals of Alexandria ; but on the eighth of September, in the 
 year 933, he was made patriarch of that city, and changed 
 his name from Said to Eutychius ". In his work it is related, 
 that the body of Alexander was brought to Alexandria in 
 a case of gold : but the author, occupied in writing a long 
 and curious account of the funeral ceremony, does not 
 mention the Tomb which was constructed afterwards. As 
 an early and zealous Christian, it is very probable he did 
 not choose to notice an object of Mahometan worship; 
 neither could he have access to the mosque in which it 
 
 9 See p. 88. 
 
 ' See Professor Hailstone's Letter, in the Appendi.x. 
 
 ' .See p. 8 1 . 
 
 ' See Chronologire Eutychianx Synopsis, prefi.xed to Pococke's edition of Eulychius, 
 printed at Oxford in 1659. — Moreri (Hist. Diet.) says he flourished about the 
 ninth century. He was born Sept. 8, 877 ; and made patriarch at fifty-six years of 
 age, Feb. 7, 933. If therefore his worii was written after he was twenty-three 
 years of age, it must not be attributed to the tenth century. It was probably not 
 written until after he was patriarch. He died in 948. 
 
 « " Nam Said idem Arabice significat quod Graice Eulj/cliius aut Eutj/ches, 
 aut Latme Fortiinatus." Praefut. Seldeni ad Eutvch. Annal. edit. Load. 1042. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 'J^ 
 
 was contained. According to hiin, Olympias, upon the 
 earliest intelligence of her son's death, prepared a magni- 
 ficent banquet, to which she gave a general invitation ; 
 but that those only should be admitted who had never 
 experienced any affliction. The guards made known the 
 order to all who applied for entrance; and the consequence 
 was, that they were sent away : Olympias being thus 
 consoled for the severe loss she had sustained, from a 
 conviction that adversity is common to all. The body was 
 then inclosed by Philemon, one of Alexander's counsellors, 
 in a case of gold, and conducted to Alexandria. As soon 
 as it arrived, it was carried into a conspicuous part of the 
 city ; and being there deposited upon the pavement, the 
 Sages were ordered to chant over it consolatory and moral 
 dirges ". These compositions are too long to be inserted : 
 they fill nearly four pages of the work. Plato and Aristotle 
 are introduced among the number of those philosophic 
 bards ; and, by a singular anachronism, the manes of 
 Alexander are honoured in the aphorisms of a sage who 
 died during the life of his father Philip, and who, at 
 that time, could only speak by the mouth of his disciple 
 the Stagirite''. 
 
 * " Sapientes jussisse unumquemtine Epicedium canere quod amicis solandis, 
 omnibus instituendis, inserviret." Eiitvch. Aiiiial. Tom. I. p. 288. 
 
 r As Aristotle died in the year 3J2 B.C. and Alexander's body came to Egypt 
 in the preceding year, tliere is no improbability in supposing he went to Alex- 
 andria, to be present at the funeral of his illustrious scholar; for which such immense 
 preparations had been carrying on for two years before, and which attracted 
 the notice of all the civilized world. 
 
78 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 oTtiXi" -^ ^^P^^ °^ ^^'° centuries more brings us to the period 
 Aiewndria. i" which Benjamin of Tudela, a Spanish Jew, came to 
 Alexandria. After his return to Castile, an account of his 
 travels was drawn up, in Hebrew, from his journal. His 
 writings, although very interesting, as they carry us back 
 to the middle of the twelfth century, afford little testi- 
 mony^; as the Sarcophagus he speaks of, may have 
 been one of the tombs of the Ptolemies, at that time 
 removed from the Soma to the sea shore, and neglected 
 among the ruins. As a Jewish Rabbi, he had little 
 chance of gaining admission to any Mahometan place of 
 worship, and death would have been the consequence of 
 an attempt to enter the sanctuary of Alexander's Tomb. 
 However, it would be improper to omit any notice Mhich 
 can be thought to bear reference to the subject. " There, 
 on the sea shore," says he, speaking of Alexandria, " is 
 seen a marble sepulchre, on which are sculptured all sorts of 
 birds and other animals, with an inscription by the anticnts, 
 which no one can read. They have a conjecture that some 
 king, before the deluge, was there buried : the length of 
 which sepulchre was fifteen spans, the breadth six^." 
 
 » " Tantum est. Non tamen, erudite Lector, 
 Tantuni est : nee volo te nianu abstiaere 
 A tarn frugifero et bono libello." 
 
 Itinerariian Benjamini, in fin. Dissertat. ad Lector, 
 edit. L'Empereur. ap. Elzevir. L. Bat. IG33. 
 
 » " Ibi in maris littore marmoreum conspicitur sepulchrum, cui omnia avium 
 aliorunuiue animalium genera insculpta sunt, omnia cum priscorum inscriptione, 
 ijuam nemo Itgere potest. E conjectura I'erunt, olim ibi regem quendam ante 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. " /Q 
 
 After Benjamin of Tudela, a learned Mahometan, of J°'^"Le<. 
 that tribe of Arabs who were called Moors, retired into homage at 
 Africa, at the capture of Grenada by the Spaniards, and Alexander. 
 
 A. D. 1491. 
 
 wrote a description of the country in Arabic. His original 
 name is lost in the appellation he afterwards received, 
 upon being converted to Christianity. Pope Leo the Tenth 
 persuading him to be baptized, and becoming his godfather, 
 christened him Johannes Leo. These circumstances are 
 introduced, because it is of consequence to show, that 
 when he visited Alexander's Tomb, which he describes as 
 revered by Mahometans, he was himself of the sect of 
 Islam, and had by his own worship established the truth 
 of that opinion to which his evidence is now required. 
 
 The text of Leo may be literally translated in these words'': 
 "Neither ought it to be omitted, that, in the midst of the 
 ruins of Alexandria, there still remains a small edifice, built 
 like a chapel, worthy of notice on account of a remarkable 
 Tomb, held in high honour by the Mahometans; in which 
 sepulchre, they assert, is preserved the body of Alexander 
 THE Great, an eminent prophet and king, as they read 
 in their Koran. An immense crowd of strangers comes 
 thither, even from distant countries, for the sake of worship- 
 ping and doing homage to the Tomb ; on which, likewise, 
 they frequently bestow considerable donations." 
 
 diluvium fuisse sepultum : cujus sepulchri longitudo qidndccim spkhamarwn erat; 
 latitudo aiitem sex." Itinerarium Benjamini, p. 1 24-. 
 
 '' " Neque prvttermitteiidum videlur, in medio Alexandriae ruderum, tediculam 
 instar sacelli coiistiucUim adhuc supercsse, insigui sepulchre, magno a Machumetanis 
 
80 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 /spruld Marmol the Spaniard followed Leo; and Moreri ob- 
 Tomb^^ serves % that his work is almost wholly copied from that 
 author ; without once ackno^vledging it, or even intro- 
 ducing his name. The great similarity which appears in 
 their description of Alexander's Tomb seems to justify the 
 opinion. Marmol must have visited Egypt ver}^ soon after 
 the publication of Leo's work ; as that author died in 1526'', 
 and Marmol was in Alexandria early in the sixteenth century. 
 His words, literally translated from the French text, are 
 to this effect^: " In the middle of the city, among its ruins, 
 is a small edifice in the form of a chapel ; where there is a 
 sepulchre, which the Mahometans hold in great reverence; 
 because they say, that Alexander the Great, Escander, is 
 there buried, whom they worship as a Ring and a Prophet, 
 and mention in their Alcoran, and, through devotion, resort 
 to it from afar." 
 jahia Ben After Mamiol may be cited the hohh al Taovari/iJi, more 
 AT)\l'Z' commonly called Lehtarikh, the Marrow of Histories, 
 Micsubsinlce a work written in Persian by Jahia Ben AbdaUathif al 
 
 of the 
 
 Tomb. Cazuini, in the nine hundred and forty-eighth year of the 
 Hegira. That author collected, from the most antient and 
 
 honore affecto mcmorabilem, quo Alexaiulri Magni corpus siimnii propheta" ac 
 regis, velut in Alcarano legunt, asservari coiitcudunt. Coniurrit aiiteni ingciis cti 
 peregrinorum vulgus a longiaquis etiam regionibus, colendi ac rcvereiidi sepukliri 
 gratia, cui quoque magnas frequenter lurgiuntur eleemosynas." Leo Africanus, 
 Tom. II. p. 077. 
 
 ' Hist. Diet. LEO (Johamics). " Ibid. 
 
 ' L'Afri'jue de Murmol, de la traduction de Perrot. Paris. 1677. Tom. HI. 
 liv. xi. c. U. p. 276. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 81 
 
 authentic historians, the lives and actions of those kings 
 who reigned before the birth of Mahomet, This forms 
 the Second Part of his Work, which is divided into four 
 sections. It is there recorded \ that " Alexander the Greek 
 built the cities of Alexandria in Egypt ; of Damascus in 
 Syria ; of Herat, which was formerly Aria or Artacoana, 
 in Khorassan ; of Sarmacand in the province of Mavaran- 
 ahar, M'hich was the Sogdiana of the antients ; and that 
 his body was carried after his death to Alexandria, in a 
 golden coffin, w^hich his mother caused to be changed for 
 one made of Egyptian marble." Even the nature and 
 countr}^ of the substance is ascertained : and with regard 
 to the circumstance related of Olympias, it may be observed, 
 that as the body was brought to Egypt in the year 321 
 before Christ, and she was not put to death till the year 
 3 16, a sufficient interval is afforded for the construction of 
 the Sarcophagus. 
 
 In the beginning of the seventeenth centurv it was first ^""^ ^^''>'' 
 
 " "-^ •' affirms the 
 
 noticed by an English traveller. At the end of January, 161 1 , 
 George Sandys sailed from Constantinople for Alexandria. 
 The manner in which he mentions the Tomb has induced 
 an opinion that his account was borrowed from Strabo and 
 Leo Africanus, and that he did not himself see the object 
 he describes. If he found their descriptions correspond 
 with the appearance of the Soma, and of the Tomb, the 
 similarity between his narrative and the text of those 
 
 f See D'Heibelot, Diet. Orient, p. 318. 
 
 affirms the 
 existence of 
 the Tomb, 
 A. D. 1611. 
 
82 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 authors in no way impugns his credit as a writer. The 
 same objection might be made to the authority of Denon, 
 who certainly saw the Tomb. Few travellers, who have 
 experienced the fidelity and strict accuracy of Sandys, v^ill 
 admit the imputation ; and, after all, what does the charge 
 imply ? Whether he saw the Tomb or not, he affirms the 
 fact of its existence there : and it is not consistent with the 
 character he has obtained, to suppose, that, without any 
 inquiry into the truth or falsehood of the assertion, he 
 should positively affirm the Tomb was at that time to be 
 seen. His words are these ^ : 
 
 " Within a serraglio called Somia, belonging to the 
 palaces, the Ptolomies had their sepultures, together with 
 Alexander the Great, 
 
 " Of Macedon, in sacred vault possest 
 And vnder high piles royall ashes rest ■>. 
 
 " For Ptolomy the sonne of Lagus tooke his corps from 
 Perdiccas : w^ho bringing it from Babylon, and making for 
 .Egypt, with intention to haue seized on that kingdome, 
 vpon his approch w^as glad to betake himselfe into a desart 
 Hand, where he fell (thrust thorow with iauelins) by the 
 hands of his souldiers : who brought the body vnto Alex- 
 andria, and buried it in the place aforesaid (the Soma); 
 
 s Sandys' "Relation of a Journey begun A. D. IGIO." p. 112. edit. Lend. 
 U. Allot. 1632. 
 
 ^ " Cum tibi sacrato Macedon servatur in antro, 
 Et regum cineres extructo monte (juiescunt." 
 
 Lucan. I. viii. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 83 
 
 then inclosed in a sepulcher of gold. But Cyhiosactes the 
 Cyria7i, espousing the eldest daughter of Auletes, and in 
 her right possest of the kingdom, (she being elected 
 queene) dispovled the body of that precious couerture : 
 when forthwith strangled by Cleopatra, he lined not to 
 enioy the fruites of his couetousnesse. After that it was 
 couered with glasse, and so remained vntill the time of 
 the Saracens. There is yet here to be scene a litle Chappell ; 
 tvithin, a Tomhe, much honoured a0d visited by the Maho- 
 niefans, zvhcre they bcstoiv their ahnes ; supposing his body 
 to He in that place : Himselfe reputed a great prophet, they 
 being so informed by their Alcoran." 
 
 In the middle of the eighteenth century Dr. Pococke of R'<^hard 
 
 *-■ ■' Pococke, 
 
 Oxford published his " Description of the East." His allu- 
 sion to the Tomb is marked by all the uncertainty which 
 naturally resulted from the jealousy of the Mahometans, 
 with regard to any object of their superstitious veneration. 
 He relates ', that " the first thing he did at Alexandria was 
 to pace round the walls and take the bearings;" which 
 though executed with all the caution that could be observed, 
 awakened the jealousy of the Mahometans. Immediately 
 afterwards he says'', " The palace, with the suburbs 
 belonging to it, was a fourth part of the city ; witliin 
 its district was the Museum, or Academy, and the burial- 
 place of the kings, where the body of Alexander was 
 
 ' Pococke's Descript. of the East, p. 3. 
 " Ibid. p. 4. 
 
 LL.D. 
 
 A.D. 1:43. 
 
84 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 deposited in a coffin of gold, which being taken away, 
 it was put into one of glass; in which condition, it is 
 probable, Augustus took a view of the corpse of that 
 great hero, and with the utmost veneration scattered 
 flowers over it, and adorned it with a golden crown. As 
 the Mahometans have a great regard for the memory of 
 Alexander, so there have been travellers who relate that 
 they pretended to have his body in some mosque ; but at 
 present they have no Recount of it." 
 vanEgmont Somc important observations occur in the Travels of 
 
 and John ^ 
 
 the,7aTco"u'm Egmont and Heyman, referring to the original magnificence 
 Sarcophagus of thc Somtt, OT Pci'ibolus, which inclosed the sanctuary 
 
 and the . . 
 
 Mosque, prior to the aera in which it became a Christian church. 
 It is such a description as we might expect to find applied 
 to a building which surrounded the shrine of Alexander, 
 and was moreover a cemetery for the kings of Eg}'pt. 
 " Here is also' a large structure, said to have still within 
 it stately piazzas of Corinthian pillars ; but Turhs only are 
 permitted to enter it. Nor is it safe for a Christian to 
 come near the walls; so that nothing can he said of it with 
 certainty"". They tell us, indeed, that it contains a large 
 edifice, almost sunk under ground, decorated with a mul- 
 titude of cupolas, supported by pillars. It is added, that 
 m IT IS A CHEST which no man can approach, at least 
 
 ' Egmont and Heyman's Travels, Vol. II. p. 133. 
 
 - Can there be a stronger reason for tlie obscurity in which the history of 
 this monument was so long involved? 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 85 
 
 not open, there being several instances of persons who, 
 on attempting it, have dropt down dead: and hence it is 
 that the Turks keep a guard on the outside of this building, 
 and allow none to enter it on any account; for we made 
 a very handsome olFer to be admitted, but were refused. 
 
 " The Jews, from whom we had the above account, 
 will have this to be an old temple built by Nicanor for the 
 Jews, who fled in multitudes to Egypt, from the cruelties 
 of Nebuchadnezzar ; and this they pretend to prove from 
 a certain passage in their Talmud. But ivith regard to 
 the dangerous chest, they acknowledge themselves entirely 
 ignorant. Others are equally positive that it was a church 
 
 DEDICATED TO St. AtHANASIUS." 
 
 It is not possible to have stronger proof of the ex- 
 treme difficulty of gaining a knowledge of this Tomb 
 in modern times. The Arabs would suffer no Christian 
 to approach on pain of death; and the only account these 
 intelligent travellers could obtain, with all their liberality 
 and perseverance, was derived from Jews, a people more 
 despised, if possible, by Mahometans than Christians. 
 
 In the year 1/68, on the twentieth of June, Bruce arrived J^^e^ Bruce. 
 
 A. D. 1768. 
 
 in Alexandria. Speaking of the Tomb of Alexander, he says, 
 " It would have been spared even by the Saracens; for 
 Mahomet speaks of Alexander with great respect, both as a 
 king and a prophet;" but confesses he could hear nothing of 
 it. This failure in a single traveller is of no consequence. 
 Instances more extraordinary^ have occurred, wherein travellers 
 
SG TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 of equal eminence have been disappointed in their search of 
 objects less removed from observation. Denon, with those 
 Members of the Institute who explored the .Delta, could 
 not find the ruins of Sais. Spon and Wheler went within 
 sight of the ruins of Tithorea, at the foot of Parnassus, 
 without noticing them, or being aware of the site of that 
 city". Travellers have visited the plain of Troy without 
 being able to discern Gargarus, the summit of Ida ; or, when 
 arrived there, to behold the town of Bonarbashi, and the 
 rivers in the plain. Want of obser\'ation, or unsuccessful 
 research, afford no argument against the existence of the 
 objects sought. Bruce relates, that, as he wore the Arab 
 dress, he was under no constraint, but walked about the 
 city as he pleased. Travellers have often worn that dress, 
 but they have not found themselves sufficiently disguised 
 to pass for Mahometans, and to enter mosques ; especially 
 when they lived in the houses of Franks, with recom- 
 mendations to Consuls. But there is another circumstance 
 to be considered, which at once explains the reason why 
 Bruce did not see the Tomb of Alexander. He was at 
 sea on the morning of the twentieth of June, when the 
 city of Alexandria became first visible" from the ship in 
 which he sailed ; and in the afternoon he quitted the place 
 for Rosetta ''. What possible opportunity had he of making 
 inquiry? As for liis walking about, he acknowledges 
 
 " See the Third Appendix. 
 
 • Bruce's Travels, Vol.1, p. 7. ■" Ibid. p. 13. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 87 
 
 the plague had raged in the place from the beginning of 
 March, and the inhabitants had only opened their houses 
 two days before his arrival. Under such circumstances, 
 would a traveller, anxious to penetrate to the source of the 
 Nile, risk an association with Arabs and Turks ? It is 
 evident he did not; for he says, " I left with eagerness the 
 threadbare inquiries into the meagre remains of this once 
 famous capital of Egypt." He then went to Aboukir and 
 Rosetta, and was at Cairo in the beginning of July. Marmol 
 is cited by him'', as having attested that he saw this 
 monument in the year 1546: and it remains now to show 
 that Irwin, who came after Bruce, saw it on the twenty- 
 ninth of September, in the year 1/77. 
 
 Irwin visited the Tomb, by venturing secretly into the ^^'^^ '™'"' 
 Mosque of St. Athanasius, without the company or cogni- ^^^^Z^a 
 zance of the natives, and of course without their information Mosq.te, 
 concerning it. The Janizary, whom he brought with him thrxomb. 
 to Alexandria, procured the key by stealth; and his curiosity 
 being privately gratified, he thus describes his adventure ' : 
 
 " We soon came to an antient temple, a part of 
 which is still habitable, and has been long appropriated 
 to the service of Mahomet. On this account we found 
 some difficulty to obtain admittance. But the key was at 
 length procured by our Janizary, and we were shown 
 into the neglected quarter. This is a square of very large 
 
 <i Bruce's Travels, ibid. p. 13. 
 
 ' Irwin's Series of Adventures, &c. p. 367. 
 
88 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 diameter, which is surrounded with triple rows of granite 
 PILLARS of the CORINTHIAN ORDER. Thesc pillars are 
 lofty, and support a roof which is still in a good state of 
 preservation. 
 
 " The inside of the walls of this temple is inlaid with 
 tables of marble of various colours, which, for their richness 
 and novelty, cannot but engage the admiration of a stranger. 
 In the area of the square is a stone cistern of very antique 
 mould. It is inscribed on all sides with hieroglyphics, and, 
 from a rail which inclosed it, appears to have served for 
 some religious purpose." 
 c.s. sonnini Sonnini resided more than once in Alexandria, and, as 
 
 sees the 
 
 Tomb, Yie relates', published a number of observations, made at 
 different times, without any attention to the order in which 
 ,they were made, or to their dates. By this means the 
 exact time in which he visited the Tomb cannot be noted ; 
 but his travels ended in the year 1/80, and he appears to 
 have been in Alexandria a few years after Irwin. The 
 extract from his work' is rather long; but, except a short 
 passage from Mr. Browne's Travels, it is the last that will 
 be made ; and it contains observations worthy of particular 
 attention, as it proves the difficulty of entering the Mosque, 
 and accounts for the silence of travellers concerning the 
 sepidchre. A Duke of Braganza is mentioned as the first 
 European who discovered it. 
 
 ' Sonnini's Travels in Upper and Lower Egypt, p. 67. edit. Lond. J800. 
 • Ibid. p. 121. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 89 
 
 "I had heard of a curious monument, a sort of anciekt 
 TOMB, that was in a Mosque without the walls which 
 enclose Alexandria ". I in vain expressed a wish to see it ; 
 I was assured that such a thing was not only dangerous, but 
 impracticable. The French Consul and M. Adanson earnestly 
 requested me to relinquish the idea. However M. Auguste, 
 less timid, undertook to have me conducted thither pri- 
 vately, and without the knowledge of the other Frenchmen. 
 A Janizary belonging to the factory accompanied us; the 
 sheick of the Mosque, called inian by the Turks, vicar by 
 the Christians, was waiting for us; and by means of a 
 little money that ^I. Auguste had agreed to give this priest, 
 we had an opportunity of examining every thing at our 
 leisure. This temple is ancient; it was constructed by a 
 caliph"; the walls are incrusted with marble of different 
 colours, and some beautiful remains of mosaic were stiU 
 to be seen. 
 
 " The Tomb, which was the object of our researches, 
 and which may be considered as one of the Jin est pieces of 
 antiquity preserved in Egypt, had been converted by the 
 Mahometans^ into a sort of pool, or reservoir, consecrated 
 to contain water for their pious ablutions. It is very large, 
 and would be an oblong square, were not one of its shorter 
 
 " That is to say. Modern Alexandria. 
 
 " Its being constructed by a caliph would not prove its antiquity. M. Sonnlni 
 of course intended, that a caliph converttd into a mosque the building he found; 
 wliich, as Denon relates, was formerly a primitive church. 
 
 y Or Christians; for it is impossible to say who first made the holes in its sides. 
 
 771 
 
go TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 sides rounded off in the shape of a bathing-tub. In all 
 probability it was formerly covered by a lid ; but no traces 
 of it are at present to be seen, and it is entirely open. It 
 is all of one piece, and of a beautiful marble spotted with 
 green, yellow, red, &c. upon a fine black ground; but what 
 renders it particularly interesting, is the prodigious quantity 
 of small hieroglyphics with which it is covered both within 
 and without. A month would scarcely be sufficient to 
 copy them faithfully ; and no correct drawings have been 
 taken of them to this day. That which I saw at Paris, upon 
 my return from Egypt, at the house of Berthin the minister, 
 could only serve to give an idea of the shape of the monu- 
 ment, the hieroglyphics having been traced by fancy, and 
 at random. It would be much the same as if, in endea- 
 vouring to copy an inscription, we were to be satisfied with 
 writing the letters without any order or connexion: It is, 
 however, only by exactly copying the figures of this sym- 
 bolical writing, that we can attain the knowledge of a 
 mysterious language, on which depends that of the history 
 of a country formerly so celebrated. When this language 
 shall be known, we shall learn the origin of the Sarcophagus, 
 
 and THE HISTORY OF THE GREAT MAX WHOSE ASHES IT 
 
 CONTAINED. Till then all conjecture must be vague and 
 uncertain. 
 
 ♦' At the side of the Tomb, upon a piece of gray marble, 
 serving as pavement to the Mosque, I perceived a Greek 
 Inscription, but in Roman letters ; as it was half efl'aced. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. Ql 
 
 more time would have been required to decipher it than 
 we could spare. I was able to distinguish, at first sight, 
 only the word Constantinon ^ 
 
 "Formerly it was impossible to enter this Mosque; and 
 
 THIS ACCOUNTS FOR THE SILENCE OF TRAVELLERS CONCERN- 
 ING THE SEPULCHRE THAT RENDERS IT SO INTERESTING. 
 
 A Duke of Braganza \\'as the Jirst European ivho visited it, 
 or rather discovered it, tor he was directed thither by mere 
 chance. He had passed in front of the temple ; the door 
 was wide open, and perceiving nobody about, he had the 
 curiosity to go in. Some children, who had seen him, 
 collected together, and came shouting round him : had their 
 shouts been heard, there would have been an end of the 
 Portuguese prince : he took out his purse, and silenced the 
 children, by throwing them some pieces of money, which 
 procured him a free and peaceable retreat. Since then, Mr. 
 ISIontague, of whom I have already had occasion to speak, 
 had in vain offered a large sum for permission to enter the 
 Mosque. But some time after, the duties of it being per- 
 formed by a sheick whose fanc}- for gold prevailed over the 
 laws of fanaticism, it was open to every foreigner that 
 could pay a sequin. The same year that I arrived at Alex- 
 andria, several Englishmen had gone thither viithout any 
 precaution ; some of the common people saw them, and 
 murmured loudly. The commandant of Alexandria hastened 
 
 * One of the inscriptions belonging to tlie primitive cliurch before the Arabs 
 converted it into a mosque. Some future traveller may obtain more of this 
 inscription. 
 
g2 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 to reprimand the sheick, and ordered him to admit no 
 Christian. The noise that this affair had Uke to have occa- 
 sioned, in a country where Europeans live in continual fear, 
 was yet too recent not to leave some uneasiness on their 
 minds ; but our excursion to the ISIosque had been so 
 prudently planned, that nobody knew any thing of it, and 
 no notice was taken." 
 ^'''ad'i-^IT' ^^^- Browne arrived in Egypt on the tenth of January, 
 1792. The Sarcophagus was almost the first object which 
 attracted his notice in that country. The vigilance of its 
 keepers rendered it so difficult for him to see it, that, like 
 other travellers, he is compelled to notice it in a cursory 
 way, and apologizes for not being able to give a more 
 minute account. If any person could have succeeded in 
 obtaining the history, and in giving the description of the 
 Tomb, it would have been the cnterprizing traveller to 
 w^hose work appeal is now made. With a genius for 
 inquiry, greater than any of his predecessors, a knowledge 
 of the language of the country, patient investigation, and 
 unabated zeal, he superadded the advantage of being always 
 in the national habit, and of mixing familiarly with the 
 natives. Yet the danger of betraying any curiosity at that 
 time, which might awaken the jealousy of the Mahometans, 
 is evident from his narrative *. 
 
 " There is also a sarcophagus or chest of serpentine 
 marble in the great Mosque, which is used for a cistern. 
 
 • Browne's Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria, p. 6. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. y3 
 
 It is of the same kind with that so minutely described by 
 Niebuhr, at Kallaat el Kabsh in Kahira ^, and seems to be 
 almost as rich in hieroglj-phics. It has the additional 
 advantage of being entire, and little if at all injured by time. 
 It is said one of those who farmed the customs some years 
 since, on retiring from Egypt, had negotiated for the re- 
 moval of this precious monument of antiquity, on board of 
 an European vessel, with the intention of carrying it as a 
 present to the Emperor of Germany. On the night when 
 it was to be embarked, however, the secret being disclosed, 
 the citizens clamourously insisted that the property of the 
 Mosque was inviolable. The projected removal was accord- 
 ingly relinquished, and the chest has ever since been ivatched 
 ivith uncommon vigilance, so that it is now difficult for an 
 European even to obtain a sight of it ; which must be my 
 excuse for not having been more minute in my description 
 of a monument that seems not to have been particularly 
 observed by former travellers." 
 
 The eighteenth century terminated with the memorable J^^"""*"'' 
 Expedition to Egypt. On the fourth day of July, 1798, Tombf 
 
 A rj l'"98 
 
 Denon and Dolomieux beheld the Tomb of Alexander in 
 the Mosque of St. Athanasius. The description given by 
 the former, of the state in which they found the Sarcophagus, 
 has been already inserted''. He also speaks of the Pagan 
 ornaments observed among the ruins'". It is moreover to 
 
 *• It is now in the British Museum. ' See page 25. 
 
 *' Denon's Voyage en Egypte, Tom. I. p. 33. 
 
94 TESTIMONIES RESPECTING 
 
 be noticed, that although his words respecting the Tomb 
 exactly correspond with those of Leo Africanus, and of 
 Sandys, he is the only one of the three who does not 
 mention the tradition which prevailed ; and this is rendered 
 more remarkable by his Plate, which, b)' representing the 
 adoration paid to the Tomb, affords a comment on the 
 text of Leo ^ 
 
 The evidence may now be closed. It has accompanied 
 the Sarcophagus through a period of more than two 
 thousand years. Alexander's body arrived in Eg}pt, at 
 that memorable epoch, when the Samnites compelled the 
 Roman army to pass beneath the yoke at Caudium. While 
 Ptolemy was celebrating the funeral of a hero, with whom 
 expired the glory of the greatest empire in the history of 
 mankind, the inhabitants of a small territory in Italy were 
 beginning to establish a dominion, which ultimately super- 
 seded the conquests of Alexander. As they rise to notice, 
 the page of History attracts all our regard to another country, 
 and the memory of Egypt and of the Eastern World is 
 |)artially obliterated. To this cause we may attribute the 
 obscurity which involves the history of the Ptolemies and 
 the Seleucidie. The series of Egyptian and of Syrian 
 kings, vsho filled the splendid thrones of Alexandria and 
 Antioch, is almost as difficult to determine, as the number 
 ut sumptuous works they constructed, and the purposes for 
 which they were raised. It is not therefore surprizing 
 
 ' .'ice the View of the Mosque. 
 
THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER. 05 
 
 that a single Monument, secluded from observation by the 
 jealousy and superstition of its guardians, should in later 
 ages have escaped the notice of Europeans. 
 
 History has proved, that the shrine of the Son of Ammon 
 stood within the precincts of the regal palace at Alexandria ; 
 and tradition, supporting history, points to his Tomb within 
 a building which in its present state agrees with Strabo's 
 description of the Soma of the Ptolemies. The identity 
 of antient relics has been rarely established by facts better 
 authenticated. The tombs of Hesiod and Euripides moulder 
 on the plains of Orchomene and Pella, while the classic 
 traveller in vain requires of Albanian shepherds that oral 
 testimony which might confirm the truth of the historian 
 who has guided him to those interesting objects. But 
 THE Tomb of Alexander was acknowledged and venerated 
 by Barbarians, while it remained unregarded by the most 
 enlightened and distinguished nations of the earth. 
 
ADDITIONAL NOTES. 
 
 X AGE 12. line 13. " The deified Alexander tvas the tutelar God of his successors."] 
 Seleucus I. placed the image of Alexander on medals after his death. In the 
 Plates of Dlane's Selcucida: it is given as a portrait of Seleucus the First, (See 
 Plate I. p. 15. Fig. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.) from which opinion there are two reasons 
 for dissenting: First, Because the reverse of the medal is the same that appears 
 on the coins of Alexander; and is not seen on any other medal of Seleucus, 
 where his own head is really expressed. Secondly, Because the features do not 
 res^Tible tho.se of Seleucus, but agree with those exhibited on the medals of 
 Lysimachus, Philip Aridseus, &c. In the same work, (Plate 3. Fig. 17.) it 
 is again represented as a portrait of Antiochus the Second. In this manner it has 
 been indiscriminately considered as the portrait of any sovereign who happened 
 to express it on his coins. It is the portrait of Alexander, dressed with the 
 lion's skin, according to the custom of the Macedonian kings. See Constantin. 
 Porphyrog. lib. ii. thenia ii. pp. 85, 86. As I am enabled, while adding this 
 Note, though at a distance from the University, to procure a copy of the works 
 of Goltzius, I will enumerate all the instances, in his collection of Greek Medals 
 where the Portrait of Alexander seems to be represented. 
 
 COUNTRIES, CITIES, AND KINGS. 
 
 1. A bronze medal of Acarnania, represents the head of Alexander dressed 
 
 with the lion's skin. Inscription, XPYSinnoXSnsi. Tabula sexta, N°. 3. 
 Tom. III. Goltzii Opera, De Re Nummaria. 
 
 2. A bronze medal of Thebes. Insc. ©EBH. Ibid. Tab. xvi. N". 8. 
 
 3. A bronze medal of the Locri. Ibid. Tab. xviii. N". 9. 
 
 4. A silver medal of Lysiinachia. Ibid. Tab. xxvi. N". 7. 
 
 5. A silver medal of Philip Aridieus ; insc. B.'lsrAEns *IAinnOT; which 
 
 Goltzius, as well as some other authors, has erroneouslj- attributed to Philip 
 the father of Alexander. Ibid. Tab. xxx. N". 5. 
 
 6. A bronze medal of ditto. Ibid. Tab. xxx. N". S. 
 
 7. Ditto, ditto. Ibid. N". 9. 
 
 8. Ditto, ditto. Ibid. N". 10. 
 
 9. A bronze medal oi Alexander ; on the reverse of which is the inscription 
 
 BASIAEnS AAEHANAPOY. Ibid. Tab. xxxi. N". 3. 
 10. A gold medal of Alexander, on which the portrait of Alexander appears 
 with the horn, as oa the medals of Lysimachus : and, on the reverse, the 
 inscription AAEHANAPOY j— an indisputable proof, that when expressed 
 
 n 
 
g8 ADDITIONAL NOTES. 
 
 on the latter, it could not be intended for the portrait of Lysimachus. Ibid. 
 Tab. xxxi. N». 4. 
 
 11. A silver medal of ditto. Ibid. Tab. xxxi. N°. 5. 
 
 12. A gold medal of ditto: Alexander's head, with the diadem. Ibid. 
 
 Tab. xxxi. N°. 6. 
 
 13. Nineteen silver medals of ditto. Ibid. Tab. xsxii. 
 I'l'. Fifteen bronze medals of ditto. Ibid. Tab. xxxiii. 
 15. Seventeen ditto, ditto. Ibid. Tab. xxxiv. 
 
 It). A bronze medal of ditto; showing the head of Alexander in a helmet. 
 Insc. AAEHANAPOY. Ibid. Tab. XXXV. N°. 1. 
 
 17. Ditto, ditto. A full face, with something of the Medusa character. lam 
 
 inclined to think it was intended for the head of Alexander, for two reasons : 
 First, Because it shows the costume of the Macedonians, as it now exists. 
 The cap is the same worn by Albanians at this day ; and they have the 
 same mode of wearing the hair; which also agrees with the snake-like 
 appearance of the hair in Tab. xxxiv. N°. I. Secondly, From the remark- 
 able inclination of the head to one side. The reverse bears, moreover, 
 the inscription of his name, AAEHANAPOY. Ibid. Tab. xxxv. N°. 2. 
 
 18. Three bronze medals of Cassander; all exhibiting the portrait of Alexander, 
 
 with the lion's skin, strongly expressed. Ibid. Tab. xxxv. N°^3, 4, and?. 
 
 19. A silver medal of Alexander (not the son of Cassander, as Goltzius, 
 
 without any reason, seems to assert). It is exactly the same face which 
 we have referred to so often, with this difference : The head is dressed 
 with the skin of an elephant, as appears by the ears, tusks, and proboscis 
 of that animal : the proboscis is brought to the top of the forehead, and 
 then turned back over the crown of the head. It is on that account parti- 
 cularly interesting, as it shows it to have been struck during Alexander's 
 Eastern expedition ; no elephants having been seen in Europe prior to that 
 event. For the same reason, Goltzius proves that it cannot belong to 
 Alexander king of Epirus. If the features be compared with those on 
 Alexander's medals, in Tab. xxxii. and xxxiii., they will be found exactly 
 the same. Ibid. Tab. xxxvi. N°. 1 . 
 
 20. Thirteen silver medals of Lysimachus, exhibiting the portrait of the deified 
 
 Alexander, according to the example from which the engraving has been 
 made for this work. Ibid. Tab. xxxvi. from N". 7 to N". 12., and 
 Tab. xxxvii. from N°. 1 to N°. 7. inclusive. 
 
 21. A silver medal of ditto, showing the portrait of Alexander with the lion's 
 
 skin, which has equal pretension to be the head of Lysimachus, with that 
 which bears the horn. Yet both one and the other have been proved to 
 exist on medals of Alexander. Ibid. Tab. xxxvii. N". 9. 
 
 22. A silver medal of Ptolemy Ceraunus. Here the same head occurs with the 
 
 lion's skin and from the passages of Goltzius already cited, it has been 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
ADDITIONAL NOTES. QQ 
 
 shown that author does himself allow it to be the portrait of Alexander 
 the Great. Ibid. Tab. xxxvii. N°. 10. 
 
 23. A silver medal oi Antipater, with the same head. Ibid. Tab. xxxviii. N". 2. 
 
 24. A silver medal of Sosthenes, with the same head finely expressed. Ibid. 
 
 Tab. xxsviii. N°. 3. 
 
 25. Two silver medals of Antigonus Gonatus. Head of Alexander with the 
 
 diadem. Tab. xxxviii. N''^. 5 and 6. 
 
 GRECIAN ISLES 
 which expressed the Poi'trait of Alexander on their Medals. 
 
 26. Corcyra, a bronze medal. Ibid. Tab. i. N°. 4. 
 
 27. Cos; four medals of silver, and one of bronze: the last of which show-! 
 
 the face of Alexander in front, which is very uncommon. Ibid. Tab. xxi. 
 No^ I, 2, 3, 4, and 6. 
 2S. Caipatkus, a bronze medal. Ibid. Tab. xxiii. N°. 3. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 29. Galalia, a bronze medal. Ibid. Tab. ii. and iii. N°. 1. 
 
 30. Piusa, ditto. Ibid. Tab. v. N°. 10. 
 
 SICILY, AND MAGNA GRAECIA. 
 
 31. Syracuse, bronze. Tom. R'^. Tab. iv. N". I. 
 
 32. Messana, bronze. Ibid. Tab. vi. N°. 9. 
 
 33. Bruttia, bronze. Ibid. Tab. xxiii. N°. 7. 
 
 34. Brundisium, bronze. Ibid. Tab. xxxiii. N°. 7. 
 
 If, in some of these instances, a slight difference should appear in the represen- 
 tation of the features, let it be remarked, that they were the works of different 
 artists. Yet the resemblance is so striking, that the utmost attention seems to 
 have been paid to it. They appear all to have been taken from one original. 
 In viewing the representations of Alexander's Portrait, it is truly wonderful that 
 medals struck in Asia so exactly correspond with others struck in the most 
 western colonies of Greece, that they would seem the result of the same coinage, 
 if it were not for the difference of their inscriptions, and the various subjects 
 expressed on their reverses. In all of them, to repeat the beautiful observation of 
 Apuleius, " ide}n vigor acerrimi bellatoris, idem ingenium maximi honoris, eaden 
 forma viridis juvenla, eadem gratia relicin<B frontis, cerneretur." 
 
 P. 28. 1. 18. " Which, being converted into an hospital."'] The name of the ship 
 was La Cause. It was of 64 guns, and, in the division of the prizes, was allotted to 
 the Capoudan Pacha. 
 
 P. 46. Note (r). " Tliei/ contained with the deceased, his armour and weapons ; 
 also vessels, &c.] By referring to society in a savage state, we frequently discover 
 
100 ADDITIONAL NOTES . 
 
 customs which were practised among the antieiits. The Chippeway savages in 
 Western Canada have a similar mode of interment. " Having been a famous 
 warrior, he was buried with the usual honours peculiar to the savages ; viz. 
 a scalping-knifc, tomahawk, beads, paint, 6(C. some pieces of wood to make a fire, 
 and a bark cup to drink out of, in his journey to the other countrj/." See Long's 
 Voyages and Travels, p. 4-9. 
 
 Ibid. Note (s). Wherever mounds of this kind were used to mark distances, 
 they may be distinguished from tombs; first, by being smaller; and secondly, by 
 appearing in pairs ; there being in that case one on either side the antient 
 paved roads. They may be observed in all the route from Constantinople to 
 Salonichi. The wildest savages in Southern Africa, of the tribe called Bosjes- 
 tnans, raise heaps over the dead. " It is custo/nary with them to inter the dead, 
 and, like the Hottentots, to cover the graves with piles of stones. Some of these 
 were so large, and on qrassy plains where not a stone was naturally to he found, 
 that the amassing of them together must have occasioned a very considerable degree 
 of labour." Barrow's Travels, p. 283. Thus we find, that from one extremity 
 of the globe to the other, the practice of heaping mounds, as tumuli, cither has 
 prevailed, or may still be observed. 
 
 P. 47. 1.1. " Tliis mode of interment belonged to persons of the highest rank."'\ The 
 tomb of Agamemnon, at Mycense near Argos, is beneath an immense conical 
 mound of earth. The slab of Egyptian granite, over the entrance of it, is the 
 largest, perhaps, in the world, if we except the pillar and obelisks at Alexandria, 
 and elsewhere. Characters, resembling the hieroglyphic writing, have lately been 
 discovered there. See Cell's Topography of Troy, p. 122. 
 
 P. 53. 1. 18. " That nothing but the length of the description prevents its insertion."] 
 Since the former part of this work was printed, it has been suggested by a friend, 
 that the whole account given by Diodorus of Alexander's Funeral would be grati- 
 fying to many readers. I have therefore given it verbatim, accompanied by the 
 Latin Translation, from the Wetstein edition, printed at Amsterdam, in the year 
 171-j. 
 
 APPIAAIOS^ xarao-TaoEK tTrt rviv x«Taxo/-ciOflc rot AXi^xv^pov i7:jf/.ocTo^j cvvnTtXiKui 
 T>)» a.^jji,i.fA.»^u>^ i<p ?; i'Jsi xaTaxo(xio-9?»ai to j3xcriAixo» auf^a, tax^sjy.iui'^iTO tcc ijrjo; toi' 
 
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 IJ.OVOV itetTx T-/1V occ'JTxvriii SiriVtyKE ruv a^^wi', w; aTro '^To^^i;v Tx\avro}v Karaaysvaaviv^ 
 a\A» xai Tvi kxtcc tjjc Tep^vriv -cte^ittotiit* 'nre^i^oriTov vTTij^^i' xaT^w? '^'x^^" if'^oXa.y.^'xvo^iv 
 u,vxy^a,^xi we^i ainov, Il^wrov jxei* y:/.^ tw ffu>iJi,XTi xaT££rx£f«i70»3 p^j^vo'ovv c^v^y]?ixro9 
 a^ixol^oy, xoi Tot/r' mcc jjLirov iitXii^uirat a.^u>fj,xTut TtHv a/xa ^via^ituv T)i» iluSMt xa» 
 yrtv OixfAovvi¥ wx^e^eaQxt ru ffu[j.art, E.wxiu ot tB; 0)7x»i? tTTtTiOfiTo xaXfWTijg p^^vffovc^ 
 
ADDITIONAL NOTES. 101 
 
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 iiTT^pye ^vo'CcvQi; aix.Tvci}Toq^ '^'x/^^ tvf/.ByB^Bi^ Ki'ai.'fa?, uart Ik 'nro'Kkov oKKo-Tyjf^ocroq ot^oc" 
 TriTTTEH- TOf -^/ofov 70^ gyyi^ouo-t. Kara ^e Tccg t^j jca/xx^a; yjyvla? e^ £xacrT:7; ^f 
 <D-XEV§a$ N*x*i X§y(?"^ TgoTTCCioipo^os' TO 5^ iKh^ofjL-vov TVi» KX^o-^ccv 'UJi^ia'Vv'Kov ^^vaovv v'^^^X'^^y 
 
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 Tot^TWj ^' |!A£v iroo/Toj ^v E^wv 0,^^01, To^EfTov, >ta( xaQjjjWEVoi' ETi TovTov Toc A^E^aytf^ Ofj 
 
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 TEPo? eTve Toy^ ETTa^oXoi^QoyvTa? t^i SE^-aTreta IXsipai'Tiai^ KVAoo'fJt.'niJi.evov^ t!JoXif/,iy.0:, ccvx^ccrccg 
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 ervv^^Bt crUBVyi, O S'l r^Wo^ livirioii i\a?, fAi/xoy|Ueva; t»? ev Ta^ 'Trcc^tx.roi^ecri (rvvxyuyccq* 
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 xctfAX^xv aa-xMvrov slvxi kxtcc Tovq a-na-fjLovq v.xi avw/xxXot/j ToVoys-, TETT;i.^ftJ> d' ovto;? 
 
 pVfACiJVy £K»(7T<y T£T^at7T0l^ia C^Et^ywi' L'TTE^eyX.TOj TETTO-^WV 'A^iOVCOV BKXaTU C^BVyBi 'SJPQO'li^BfJI.BVUVf 
 
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 KUi ToT^ ayjeoTij/Aacrtv, "ExacTOi* oe toJtwi' liTTB(pxii&)TQ XEp^^^uijaJjU.E'i'w utb^xvu}^ y.al wxp 
 EKXTe^av ruv a^xyivuv b\x^v e^jj^tij/zevov xu/dwvx. ^^t/o-o^c, t^m dX tcu^ T^a;^Jj?.oy5 ;:^?;idwyiit^ 
 XtSoxoM'^TO'-'?. 
 
 H /iaev ot'i' a^|£A»fAa|a, Totai;T*5v Bxovax tnv xarao-xeuTiv, v.a* d*a tij; o^affsu^ (auT^ov 
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 eo^av, Oi ycc^ Ik to/v 'Sro'XEi/v xa9 a,- as* y='yoiTo 'cyavdjj^E* avm-nuv^ xa* i^aAd' w^o- 
 ETTE^Toi'j otx E^7n^7rXa/y-£i'oi Tiij xaTa T^x ^eu^lxv ri^^Buq, *Akq}^qv9(o; ^l txvtv} ttj 
 
102 ADDITIONAL NOTES. 
 
 ^£y«Xo7r^£7r£ta, 'Stx^koXovHs^ tffX^Qoj o^oxotut xat nyjuruvy e't» dl ruf 5Te*TiWTw? <F3e^a- 
 iti^Tovruv, ApptoaTo^ [Am ovf ff^saor eri) avo dyaXuffx; 'BTt^\ t>]V xaia^'XEL'jjy ruv e'^ywi^ 
 aTExo/xiCTE TO o-S^a toC (3aiTi>i£'w; Ix BajStXiJxj} S15 AiyyTToi. nroXEjiiaroj Js Tipij tof 
 AX/|ato^o», aT^fTJiffE fitm t?; Jvra^EW; f^EX?' ''^> -''?'*?5 "*' isa^aXaB!^' to ci/xz, Tij; 
 ftEyia-TJ!,- ^^OKTi^o; if i«i7e». "Exjive yaj sffi tou roajoifTo,- ei; /xe> " AfAft,atx fti ■majaxo/Ai^Eir, 
 xaT« OE T))» £XTis-^E'ni> ir' airoD tvoXiv, Iwi^ajsoTaTJiv ouo-av ax^^^' Ti tSf xxTa t>i» oixow- 
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 W^ETTES-E Tl/xvo-a;, ow •57Kg avQjwffDK iMtav, aXXa xxi ■nra^i Siiv xiXa; a^oi^i; eXx^ev. 
 Ot ^£v ya^ ecuB^ciiToi^ fficx. to T^f v^X^S E^^acKjTov xai /AjyaXovJ/vyoi', trvviT^i^pv tuxjno^sf 
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 3vta,fA,euf fiEXXoi/OTi; woXEfiitV «7§o{ nToX£/Aaro»' xai xi»^i/>w» «rjo^i)X»i» xai /xiyxhut 'iiTut, 
 ojAu; asa»7E{ Tijn Toi/Tou auTn^iat rotf iiloii; Mviitot; Eicoyo-iw; OT!fi£7ro>ic7ai'7o. Oi «■£ Seoi, 
 o(a T?)» a^Biviv xa* £ij 'C7acT«f to:;; ^iXof; £:7ijiy.?iai', ex run fAEyirruv KtyoCyut waoa^o^wj 
 
 " ArrhidcBUS, corporis Alexandri deportation! praefectus, curru, quo regium 
 cadaver traiisvehendum erat, jam perfecto, ad translationem ejus se prseparabat. 
 Quia %'ero ita opus illud concinnatum erat, ut Alexandri majeslate digiiuni fuit, 
 nee solum magnificentia impensarura (inultis enlm talentis coiistabat) alia longe 
 superavit, varum artificii quoque excellentia celeberriuiura fuit, aliquid du eo 
 Uteris commendare honestum judicamus. Principio autem cadaveri loculus mallei 
 ductura ita fabricatus erat, ut probe quadraret, quern usque ad medium aromatis, 
 qUiB et fragrantiam et durationem cadaveri praberent, referserant. Supra capulum, 
 aureum erat legmen exacte adaptatum, quod summum circumquaque ambitum 
 complecteretur. Supra hoc circumjecta erat chlamys punicea perquam decora, et 
 auro variegata, juxta quam arma defiincti posueraut, eo consiiio, ut speciem illam 
 totam rebus ab eo gesfis accommodarent. Tum pilentum, quo funus trans- 
 veliendum erat, admoveruiit ; in cujus vertice aureus fornix, squamam habens 
 e lapillis nobilibus coagmentatum, octo cubitura latitudine et longitudine duodecim 
 exstructus erat. Huic fastigio subjectum erat solium ex auro, figura quadratum : 
 in quo tragelaphorum capita expressa, iisque aurei binorum palmorum circuli 
 aunexi : unde corolla ad pompam conciunatse, variis coloribus pulcherrime, tanquam 
 flores, renidebanf. In summo fimbria exstabat reticularis, tintinabula eximiae 
 magnitudinis continens, ut ex iongiore intervallo sonus ad propinquantium aures 
 perferrctur. Ad angulos testudinis fornicatae, in singulis lateribus Victoria stabat 
 fropceum geslans : peristylium, quod fornicem excipiebat, ex auro conflatum 
 lonica capitella habebat. Intra quod aureum rete crassitudine contextus digitali, 
 tabulas ex ordine quatuor signiferas, ct parietibus aequales, prseferebat. 
 
 " In prima erat currus cuelo elaboratiis, et residens in hoc Alexander, scep- 
 trumijiie manu decorum tenens. Circa regem satellitium erat armis instructum, 
 hinc Macedonum, inde Persarum Melofororum: et ante hos armigeri. In secunda. 
 
ADDITIONAL NOTES. 103 
 
 stipatores sequebantur elephantes, bellico ritu exornati ; qui in fronte Indos, in 
 tergo Macedones, armis consuetis indutos, vehebant. In tertia, visebantur equitum 
 turmae, qui conglomerationes acierum imitarentur. In quarta, naves ad pugnara 
 expeditae stabant. Ad testudinis ingressum aurei leones ad intrantes respectabant. 
 Medium columnce uniuscujusque aureus obtinebat acanthus, paulatim ad capitella 
 se usque extendens. Supra cameram, circa verticis medium, aureus erat tapes 
 subdialis, auream olete coronam habens magnitudinis eximiie : quam sol radiis 
 suis verberans, fulgidum tremulumque efficiebat splendorem, ut fulguris ex inter- 
 vallo speciem exhiberet. Sellae testudini subjectas axes duo suberant, quos circum 
 volvebantur Persicae rota; quatuor : quarum modioli radiique inaurati erant. 
 Pars autem terram allapsu contiugens, ferrea. Extrema axium prominentia con- 
 stabant ex auro, leonumque facies hastam mordicus tenentes praeferebant. Circa 
 mediam vero longitudinem, in medio fornice mechanica arte Polus (cardo) 
 adaptatus erat, ut per hunc testudo in succussionibus, et iniquitate locorum sine 
 jactatione esse posset. Quatuor temones cum essent, unicuique ordo jugorum 
 quadruplex adjunctus erat, quaternis mulis jugo alligatis, ita ut omnium mulorum 
 nuraerus esset sexaginta et quatuor robore ac proceritate corporis selectissimorum. 
 Quisque horum corona deaurata redimitus erat, et utrique maxillae tintinabula 
 ex auro, et monilia gemniis constipata, collis appensa erant. 
 
 " Hujusmodi apparatum currus habebat. Qui aspectu quam descriptione mag- 
 nificentior, celebritate ubique pervulgata multos attrahebat spectatores. Nam 
 populus ex urbibus, ad quas identidem perventum esset, catervatim occurrit, et 
 rursum funus deducens spectandi voluptate exsaturari non potuit. Utque con- 
 sentaneum erat tantae magnificentiae, ingens opificum et aliorum, qui vias aperireiit, 
 et pompam deducerent, multitude comitabatur. Atque sic Arrhida;us biennio in 
 operis structura consumto, corpus regis e Babylone in Aegyptum deportavit. Ubi 
 Ptolemaeus in honorem regis, cum exercitu ad Syriam usque obviam processit, 
 et acceptum corpus maxima cura prosecutus est. Illud enim in praesenti ad 
 Hammonem non transvehere, sed in condita ab iUo urbe, omnium fere per totum 
 orbem clarissima, deponere secum constituerat. Quapropter delubrum, cum mag- 
 nitudine, turn structura, majestate et gloria Alexandri dignum, illi fecit : in quo 
 exsequiarum justis et sacrificiis heroicis, ludisque magnificentissimis sepultum 
 veneratus, non ab hominibus tantum, sed Diis etiam remunerationem praeclaram 
 accepit. Homines enim liberalitate ac animi raagnitudine Ptolemaei invitati, undique 
 Alexandrian! confluebaut, niagnaque aulmorum alacritate nomina sua ad militiam 
 (cum tamen regius Ptoleniaso exercitus bellum inferrct) profitebantur. Et licet 
 magna jam pericula manifeste imminerent : suo tamen discrimiue omnes efficiebant 
 pronite, ut salus ejus integra maneret. Dii vero, propter virtutem et a;quitatem 
 erga omnes, maximis ereptum periculis conservarunt." 
 
 Tom. II. lib. xviii. pp. 211, iVc. 
 
 P. 54. Note (s). I confess myself entirely at a loss to account for the origin of 
 those wonderful catacombs, unless they were constructed, as they may have 
 
104 ADDITIONAL NOTES. 
 
 been, by the primitive Christians; having seen similar works, upon a scale of 
 etjual and perhaps greater magnificence, at Jerusalem and various parts of the 
 Holy Land, in Asia Minor, in the Crimea, and other countries, which have not 
 yet been described by any traveller. Those near Alexandria may be consitlered 
 as one of the principal curiosities of the city ; and hitherto they have remained 
 entirely unnoticed. They consist of spacious and beautiful subterranean chambers, 
 some of which appear to have been the habitations of the living, and others, the 
 repositories of the dead. They are so extensive, that the guide who conducted me 
 would not venture, without a clue of twine, to direct our return; and without it, 
 a retreat might be very difficult. The entrance to those intricate vaults is bv an 
 aperture hardly large enough to force the body through, which seems to have been 
 discovered accidentally, and not to have been the original passage. In the part 
 which seemed more particularly appropriated to the dead, is a kind of chapel, 
 surmounted by a dome, simply but beautifully ornamented. For all further infor- 
 mation we must wait anxiously the account, which the French, it is to be hoped, 
 will one day give. They have correct plans and drawings of the whole. 
 I saw copies of them in the possession of the French Consul, during my stay in 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Such seem to have been the retreats of the first Christians, when compelled to 
 perform the duties of their religion in secresy ; and in such places, perhaps, were 
 the sepulchres of the Saints, of the Martyrs, and the Fathers of the Church. We 
 find that all the early churches were constructed after the manner of caves, in 
 imitation of the holy places in which the first functions of Christianity were cele- 
 brated. Those rites were, from necessity, performed by the light of torches and 
 lamps; in commemoration of which, the practice of burning lights before images, 
 and upon altars, still exists in the Greek and Roman Churches. The first buildings 
 erected after Christianity \^•as tolerated, strictly conform to the character of 
 the primitive caves. The entrance is by a steep descent into an oblong and 
 dark building, at the extremity of which is the altar. A church of this description, 
 exactly resembling a cave, may be still seen at Tiberias, on the Sea of Galilee ; 
 and one of the principal defects in the magnificent edifice of St. Sophia at 
 Constantinople is, that the entrance into it is by a mean descent. 
 
 The Alexandrian catacombs might be confounded with the sepulchres of the 
 Ptolemies, if no attention be paid to the evidence of history. The words of 
 Suetonius, when speaking of the Conditorium and the body of Alexander, 
 " prnlatum e penitrati,," might assist the delusion ; and there were not wanted 
 persons who, in their impatience to give them a name, had adopted such a notion. 
 But, setting aside the probability of their being the works of Christians, from their 
 exact correspondence with the other excavations 1 have mentioned, the opinion 
 implies a situation directlv contrary to that which is ascribed to the Soinu by Strabo: 
 MEPOS AE TiiN BASIAEiSlN ESTI KAI TO KA.\OrMENON SOMA. And Leo 
 Africuntis, who saw the Tomb of Alexander, describes it within the chapel where 
 
ADDITIONAL NOTES. 105 
 
 it \va5i found, surrounded by the riEPIBOAOS mentioned by that author : whereas 
 the catacombs are at a very considerable distance from the city, to the westward, 
 in a desert place on the shore towards Marabout. 
 
 P. 61 . 1. 1 S. " And dignified by memorials of its fortner greatness."} The following 
 extract, from the Remarks of General Regnier, will prove that the Mosque of St. 
 Athanasius was once a Pagan temple. Pillars of porphyry, or granite, have never 
 been the work of Christians or Mahometans. " Over against this glorious relic of 
 antient architecture stands one of the finest churches in Egypt, formerly dedicated 
 to St. Athanasius, now a Turkish mosque. Of the inside of this we know nothing 
 more than can be perceived through certain openings over the gates : hence we 
 are enabled to say, that the roof of it is supported by four bows of poRPHyRV 
 PILLARS, as fair and beautiful as can be imagined." 
 
 P. 75. 1. 1 and 2. At the invasion of the Saracens, or Arabs, the places which 
 had borne the name of Alexander, or related to if, retained their original signi- 
 fication. Alexandria was called Iscitnderia, and Alexandrctta became Iscanderoon. 
 His Tomb, therefore, wonld be called the Tomb of Iscander ; as it has acctually 
 been. 
 
 P. 85. Omitted.'] The testimony of Niebuhr has reference only to the building ; 
 which he describes from its external appearance, not being able to enter the 
 mosque. It might have been inserted before the extract from Bruce, as one 
 of the many proofs of the remains of Pagan magnificence that were found there. 
 He arrived in Alexandria on the twenty-sixth of September 1761. 
 
 " The finest building in the city is a mosque, which in the time of the Greek 
 Empire vias a church dedicated to St. Athanasius. It is very large, and ornamented 
 with noble columns. A great number of Greek manuscripts are still said to be 
 preserved within it. But as no Christian dare exainine any thing within a mosque, 
 I saw only its outside." See Travels in Arabia, and other Countries in the East. 
 
 P. 93. 1.21. I have written it Dolomieux, instead oi Dolomieu, upon the 
 authority of Denon. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
( lor ) 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 N" I. 
 
 X HE discovery of an antient Manuscript by the Author, 
 in the Monastery of Franciscans at Vienna, has enabled 
 him to make a curious if not important addition to his 
 Work. He found there a History of Alexander the 
 Great, written in Latin, in the oldest Gothic character. 
 — The following Extract was made from it by the 
 Reverend Weedon Butler, of Chelsea ; who, at the 
 Author's request, kindly undertook to copy that part of 
 it which relates to Alexander's Death and Burial. It 
 seems to be a translation into barbarous Latin of a 
 Greek author, by some monk, who mixed with it the 
 absurdities of his own time ; or else the original work 
 was of Oriental origin. It is evident the Translator 
 had in view some more antient manuscript, as there are 
 
108 VPPENDIX, .N" 1. 
 
 deficiencies, which, being imable to supply, he has noticed 
 by a rubrick in the same hand-writing. 
 
 No name is annexed to this performance; but it is 
 probable the authors of the Universal History allude to 
 the same work in their Note on the Historians of Alex- 
 ander. "There is still," say they"*, " a manuscript history, 
 in Latin, which goes under the name of Valerius, stuffed 
 with these romantic accounts; and for that reason never 
 printed." Some of the earliest historians of Alexander's 
 Life, and of those who were his companions, filled 
 their writings with fictions in relating liis achievements. 
 Onesicritus, the captain of his galley, wrote a work of this 
 kind, which is mentioned in the Note referred to ; and 
 Alexander, having himself read it, said " he should like 
 to come to hfe again, to see what reception that book 
 met with." Its author, according to Plutarch, read part 
 of it to Lysimachus, which contained an account of 
 Alexander's War with the Amazons: " And where, I pray, 
 was I," said the king, " when all these strange things 
 happened?" 
 
 The Vienna Manuscript contains many such romantic 
 accounts : but as they were found in authors at so early 
 a period as that of the historians who lived with 
 Alexander, it might have been derived from a more antient 
 source than the style of the Latin would lead its readers 
 
 » Universal Hist. Vol. I. p. 413. Note (p). edit. fol. 
 
APPENDIX, N« 1. 109 
 
 to believe. Yet there is one strong argument against its 
 Grecian origin ; and that is, the mention made in it 
 of demons, which were not known to the antient mytho- 
 logy of that country. Either, therefore, the translator 
 mixed such machinery with the narrative, or the whole 
 was taken from some Oriental historian. 
 
 Divested of its extravagant and improbable stories, the 
 Manuscript, when it relates facts confirmed by the testi- 
 mony of more authentic writers, is entitled to attention ; 
 because, by the different manner in which the same fact 
 is related, we become more fully acquainted with the 
 nature of it. Thus, from the account given by Diodorus, 
 there was reason to suppose the body of Alexander, when 
 placed in the fimeral car to be conveyed from Babylon 
 to Alexandria, was not inclosed in a coffin, but covered 
 with his armour, and decorated with all the splendor 
 and insignia of royalty, to be exhibited in the procession 
 as nearly as possible in the state in which he lived. 
 The coffin of the antients was the tomb to which the 
 body was carried. There is no instance of that kind of 
 receptacle, to which we apply the word coffin, being 
 carried with the body to a sepulchre. The example 
 referred to by the Author in a former part of this Work, 
 taken from the account in Sacred History of the burial of 
 Joseph, shows clearly that the act of putting him into a 
 coffin implied his burial, and was the last part of the 
 funeral ceremony. It is now the practice at Naples, and 
 
110 APPENDIX, N» 1. 
 
 in many other parts of Europe, where antient customs 
 are still preserved, to dress the bodies of dead persons in 
 all the splendor they can afford, and to carry them, thus 
 exposed, on a bier to their grave. 
 
 " Thei/ bore 1dm barefaced on his bier," 
 
 is a common burthen of our old ballads. With respect 
 to Alexander, the Manuscript is on this subject remarkably 
 explicit, and therefore adds additional vs-eight to what 
 has been before said against the existence of a gold or 
 a glass coffin. " If hoi, therefore, Alexander teas dead, 
 his princes raised the body, and clothed it in i^egal vestments, 
 putting a crown upon its head; and they placed it in a car, 
 conveying it from Bahylon to Alexandria.'' 
 
 To give this extract verbatim from the ^lanuscript, it 
 has been deemed necessary to insert even the errors of 
 the original. 
 
 Ex :^le;canDri ^©agni i^istoria. vet. ms. 
 
 ' Indeque, amoto exercitu, venit in Babiloniam, civiia- 
 tcm magnam, et stetit ibi usque ad diem mortis suae. 
 Statimque scripsit epistolam Olimpiadi matri suje, et Aris- 
 toteli praeceptoi'i suo, de prjeliis qu:e fecit cum Poro rege, 
 et angustiis, hiemalibus et ffstivis, quas passus est in India. 
 Aristoteles denique resrripsit epistolam, tali modo. . . . ' 
 
APPENDIX, N» 1. Ill 
 
 Then folloM s Aristotle's answer, and an account of the 
 omens preceding Alexander's death, which the author relates 
 to have been effected by poison ; a story not credited by 
 . Plutarch, and invented, according to him, some years after, 
 when Olympias wished to render the family of Antipater 
 odious. The learned Author of the Voyage of Nearchus 
 has alluded to this circumstance, and shown very satis- 
 factorily, from the diary which records the progress of 
 his disease, that his death was occasioned by the gradual 
 course of a fever ^. Alexander then dictates his Will ; 
 which is succeeded by the events that took place at the 
 time of his death; the manner of his burial; a description 
 of his person ; his age ; &c. and a list of the cities he 
 built. The whole concludes with the moral reflections of 
 the author. 
 
 t a Prjecipimus tibi, Aristoteles, magister carissime, ut 
 de thesauro nostro regali mandes sacerdotibus Aegypti, 
 qvii servdunt in templo in quo conditurum est corpus 
 meum, talenta auri mille. Quia in vita mea cogitavi 
 quis recturus sit vos post meam mortem, custos corporis 
 mei et gubernator vestri Tholomeus erit. Non sit obli- 
 vioni Testamentum meum. Itei-um dico atque dispono 
 vobis quod si Rosanna uxor mea genuerit filium, ejus 
 filius sit Imperator, et imponite illi nomen quale volueritis ; 
 
 ' Vincent's Voyage of Nearchus, p. 476. 
 
112 APPENDIX, N" 1. 
 
 et si foemina fuerit, eligant sibi Macedones qualem regem 
 voluerint. Rosanna uxor niea sit domina super omnes 
 facultates meas. Arideus, filius Philippi patris mei, in 
 Peloponnenses. Nicote sint liberi, et eligant sibi seniorem 
 qualem voluerint. Simeon notarius meus sit dominus et 
 princeps Cappadocite et PaphlagonicC: Lyciae et Pamphilice 
 sit princeps Antigonus : Cassander et lolus teneant usque 
 ad fluvium qui dicitur Sol : Antipater, genitor eorum, sit 
 princeps Cilicice : Syriam magnani Plutoniis teneat : Helex- 
 Ponthum Lisimacus; Seleucus autem Nicanor Babiloniam 
 obtineat ; Fenicem et Siriam Meneagrus ; Tholomeus Lagi 
 Egyptum; et detur ei uxor Cleopatra, quam nupsit pater 
 meus Philippus ; et sit princeps super omnes Satrapas 
 Orientis, usque Bactram." 
 
 ' Cum autem hoc Testamentum scribebatur ante Alexan- 
 drum, time subito facta sunt tonitrua et fulgura horribilia, 
 et contremuit tota Babilonia ; et tunc divulgata est per 
 totam Babiloniam mors Alexandri. Statimque erexerunt 
 se cuncti Macedones cum armis, et venerunt in aulam 
 palatii ; coeperuntque vociferare ad principes, dicentes, 
 " Scitote, quod si non ostenditis nobis Imperatoi'em nostrum 
 in hac hora, omnes moriemini." Audiens autem Alexander 
 vociferationes militum, interrogavit quid hoc cssct : prin- 
 cipes autem ejus responderunt ei, dicentes, " Congrcgati 
 sunt omnes ISIacedones, et dicunt, Si non ostenditis nobis 
 Impcratorem nostrum in liac hora, intcrficiemus vos 
 omnes." Cum ergo audissct Alexander hoc, pmecepit 
 
APPEXDIX, N° 1. 113 
 
 militibus suis ut elevarent eiim in triclinio palatii, et post 
 hoc jussit aperiri portas triclinii, et praecepit ut ingrede- 
 rentur ante eum omnes Macedones, quod erat factum. 
 Tunc coepit Alexander eos monere, ut pacific! assent inter 
 se. Macedones, autem, cum lacrimis clamaverunt ad eum, 
 dicentes, " Maxime Imperator, volumus scire quis erit 
 nos recturus post tuam mortem." Quibus Alexander 
 respondit, " Viri commilitones Macedones, ille sit vobis rex 
 post meam mortem quem vos vultis." At illi omnes, una 
 voce, petierunt Perdiccam proconsulem. Tunc, jussu Alex- 
 
 andri, venit Perdicca ; et dedit ei regnum ISIacedonicum. 
 
 ■* * * * 
 
 Deinde ccepit omnes Macedones osculari, et suspirans flevit 
 amare : dolor ingens ac ploratus magnus erat in eodem 
 loco, quasi tonitruum. Credo, equidem, quod non solum 
 homines ploraverunt ibi, sed etiam pro tam magno Impe- 
 ratore Sol contristatus est, et reversus est in eclipsin. 
 Quidam homo ex Macedonia, cui nomen Seleucus, stabat 
 prope lectum Alexandri, et cum gemitu ac ploratu magno 
 dicebat, " Maxime Imperator, Philippus genitor tuus bene 
 gubernabat nos, et regnum nostrum ; sed largitatem et 
 bonitatem tuam, quam in ore et opera habuisti, quis 
 aestimare poterit ?" Tunc erexit se Alexander in strata 
 sue, et dedit ei alapam. Tunc ille coepit flere, et dicere, 
 "Ah, heu me miserum! heu me infelicem! Alexander 
 moritur, et Macedonia minuetur!" Tunc omnes Mace- 
 dones coeperunt una voce flere, et dicere, " Melius fuerat 
 
 P 
 
114 APPENDIX, KM. 
 
 omnibus nobis mori tecum, quam tuam mortem videre; 
 quoniam scimus quod post tuam mortem regnum Mace- 
 donicum non stabit. Vae nobis miseris! Ubi nos dimittis, 
 Domine Alexander, et solus pergis a tuis Macedonibus?" 
 Alexander vero, plorans sspius, suspirando dicebat, " O 
 Macedones, amodo nomen vestrum super Barbaras non 
 dominabitur!" Tunc direxit " Athenas, in templum Apollinis, 
 proponam aureum indumentum trabis, seu auream sedem." 
 Similiter direxit omnibus templis ; et praecepit afFerri 
 Meldinosiam terram, et mirram terras crodociae, ut post 
 mortem aliquis ex hoc ungeret corpus ejus, quia hae duae 
 res observant corpus incorruptum. Deinde praecepit fratri 
 suo, qui vocabatur Arideus, ut det centum talenta auri 
 ad sepulchrum quod est in Alexandria pro ejus corpore. 
 Cum autem obiisset Alexander, principes ejus levavenint 
 corpus, et induerunt illud vestimentis regalibus, ponentes 
 coronam capiti ejus ; posueruntque in curru, portantes 
 illud a Babilonia usque ad Alexandriam. 
 
 ' Tholomeus autem pergebat cum curru ejus, clara voce 
 plorando, et dicendo, " Heu me, Alexander, vir fortissime! 
 Non ostendisti in vita tua quantus occidit post mortem 
 tuam." Principes et milites ejus sequuti sunt eum usque 
 ad Alexandriam, in qua sepultus est. 
 
 ' Fuit autem Alexander staturas mediocris, cum cervice 
 longa; laetis oculis, illustribus malis, ad gaudium rubescen- 
 tibus: reliquis membris corporis non sine quadam majestate 
 decoris: victor omnium; sed a vana carne victus. 
 
APPENDIX, N" 1. 115 
 
 * Fuerunt anni vitae illius xxxiii. A decimo-octavo anno 
 nativitatis suscepit committere bellum ; et vii annis 
 pugnavit acriter. Octo annis viguit cum laetitia et jocun- 
 ditate : subjugavit autem gentem Barbarorum xxvii anno. 
 Natus est vi Kal. Januarii; obiit iv Kal. Aprilis. Fabri- 
 cavit civitates xii, quae hactenus habitantur : prima, 
 Alexandria quae dicitur Prosiritas ; secunda, Alexandria 
 Jepinporos; tertia, Jepibukephalon; quarta, Recratisti ; quinta, 
 Jaranicon; sexta, Scithia; septima, sub fluvio Tigris; octava, 
 Babilonia ; nona, Ampciadiada ; decima, Masantengas ; 
 undecima, Prosantrion; duodecima, Egyptus. 
 * * ■ * * 
 
 ^ Totus non sufRciebat ei mundus : hodie quatuor sufRciunt 
 ulnae. Populis imperavit ; hodie populus imperat illi. Multos 
 potuit a morte liberare, hodie nee potuit ejus jacula devitare. 
 Ducebat exercitus, hodie sepultus ducitur. Gentes quem 
 timebant hodie, omnes vilem deputant. Amicos et inimicos 
 hodie habuit equales.' 
 
( n; ) 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 N" II. 
 
 Jt may not be improper to state, that the Dissertation 
 on the Alexandrian Sarcophagus had been handed about 
 in manuscript a _) ear before it was printed ; in consequence 
 of which some objections to the opinions entertained in 
 it were publicly circulated. These gave occasion to the 
 following Remarks, which the very learned Author of them 
 has permitted to be laid before the Public^ 
 
118 APPENDIX, N° 2. 
 
 DEAR SIR, 
 
 My communication on the subject of your 
 Work I leave at your disposal. 
 
 Many of the Testimonies cited by Aourself will be 
 seen to recur ; but, being here considered in different 
 points of view, they will not be looked upon as mere 
 repetitions. 
 
 With regard to the other Testimonies w hich are now 
 first adduced, they, I trust, will be deemed not unworthy 
 of notice, 
 
 I remain, 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 &c. &c. 
 
 August 15, ISOi. 
 
 Sajmuel Henlev. 
 
APPENDIX, No 2. 119 
 
 REMARKS 
 
 CONCERNING 
 
 THE ALEXANDRIAN SARCOPHAGUS. 
 
 X HE deification of Alexander, according to Lucian, or, in 
 other words, his association with the Egyptian Gods, is 
 confirmed by Diodorus. Whoever admits the account of 
 the former, that Ptolemy transferred to Egypt the body of 
 Alexander, there to enshrine him as one of its Gods^; can 
 have no doubt but the sacrifices and games, mentioned by 
 the latter, were rites essential to the deification. From him 
 we learn, that Aridaeus, to whose direction the funeral was 
 consigned, after almost two years spent in preparations, set 
 out with the body from Babylon for Egypt ; also, that 
 Ptolemy, in veneration for Alexander, came up as far as Syria 
 with an army to meet him, where, taking charge of his 
 trust, he honoured the corpse with all possible reverence ; 
 and after having erected a shrine both for its extent and 
 grandeur worthy of the glory of Alexander, buried him in 
 
 " See p. 49. The words of Lucian are these : ^tinaxKXtai ti nroXt/^aro; 
 
 £ iTao-irijTri;, 'iii tote a,yi,yi <rJJO^rll' ocm ruit So^uSai* Juv h Toatv, t; AiyviTTov a-!Sa,ya,yiit 
 ME 0ATEIN EKEI, 'VJZ rENOlMHN 'EIS TON AIIYnTinN 0EnN. Dial. Mort. 
 
 Tom. I. p. 302. 
 
120 APPENDIX, N» 2. 
 
 it, with all the splendor of heroic games and magnificent 
 sacrifices ; so that he received not from men only, but from 
 the Gods, a glorious reward ''. 
 
 Nor was it in Egypt alone that such honours were paid 
 him ; for besides the games in jNIacedonia and different 
 countries commemorated on coins, others are mentioned in 
 Strabo, called Alexandrian, and observed by the community 
 of lonians ; as well as a grove on the confine of Clazomenas, 
 consecrated to him; whilst Ammianus and Orosius instance 
 altars and terms. At Arcena, also, a city of Syria, was a 
 temple erected to Alexander the Great, and a feast-day kept 
 to his honour ". 
 
 As the Egyptians are recorded by Herodotus'*, to have 
 been the first who raised altars, statues, and temples to their 
 gods, and sculp tui'ed animals or hieroglyphics on stone; so 
 they determined the number of their divinities to be twelve; 
 
 *" 'AfpiSxToi fiit oZt iTjjf Jo» £T>I iio aia.'Kaatx.i ici^i trii y.a/taf>tivnt rut i^yut, airfxofCKT-E 
 TO aufi* ToS SaaiKiu^ Ix Ba(3i/Xui»05 Ei( K'lyvjnot. ^To^E/it«^o^ s\ Tiftain tok AA£'|a»djor, 
 a7r>;>T»)crE ^na T^f ^vvccjxiu; f^^X^^ '^^'^ ^^^**f, *** Ta^a^cc^uiv to a^fjta, iri^ jwEyi^TJ]; 
 0»o»TiJo4 i|iu(ri». — KaT£(7X£iIaa-£» ot/» TEMENOS Kara to fiiyt^m xai xaTa THN KATA- 
 SKEYHN Ti){ 'A^flavJ^ou Jo|r{ a|<o», l> a Krihia-Ui avTov, xai 0Y£IAIS 'HPniKAIL 
 KAI ATOSI MErAAOnPEnEZI TIMHXAS, ov ■na.^ liyfi^wTrw fiovor, oKKa, xal Tra^i 
 Cii2» xaXat a|i*oipaj iJwBi'. Tom. II. lib. xviii. c. 28. p. 279. 
 
 ' 'Vte^xeitki it Twr KXa^ojtiviuf XaXxi^EWX AASOS xa6iE^ujx£roi> 'AXt^dti^i-i tu ^iXivirnv 
 A.OU ArnN cc'JTo TOP xoivoD Twit luifuv AXt^xv&^nx xcxTtxyyE'XAETOEi, crfvTEXot//A£VOf irra-vQa, 
 Lib. xiv. p. 953. — " Ar;E Alexandro Magno sacraice." Aminian. Marcclliii. 
 lib. xxii. c. 8. " Qua Riphaei monies Sarmatico adversi Oceano Taiiaim fuiuhiiU : 
 f|iii praeteriens aras ac terminos Alexandro Magno in Roxalanorum finibus sitos 
 Maoticos auget paludes." Oros. lib. i. c, 2. Laniprid. in Vit. Alex. Sever, c. b. 
 
 «■ Lib. ii. c. 4. 
 
APPENDIX, N" 2. 121 
 
 and Alexander, at his funeral, being ranked with them, was 
 thence reckoned the thirteenth. Thus Clemens of Alexandria 
 speaks of the Egyptians as having had the temerity to deity- 
 men from the instance of Alexander the Macedonian, whom, 
 though manifestly dead at Babylon, they had inscribed their 
 thirteenth god*: and Cyril of the same city instances as 
 notorious, that Alexander, the son of Philip, was named by 
 them their thirteenth divinity^ 
 
 Alexander is not only styled by Herodian^ a Hero, which 
 was the known title, of a deified man, but associated — as he 
 was by Augustus ""j in quality of founder of Alexandria — with 
 Serapis, the tutelary genius of that city; whom the Egyptians, 
 devoted to superstitions, worshipped as their supreme divi- 
 nity'. Hence the hecatomb offered to Serapis was attended 
 with due honours to his associate. Caracal la going from the 
 altar to Alexander's monument, there took off his insignia, 
 and placed them on the coffin, which has been presumed, 
 because Herodian says not otherwise, to have been, forsooth, 
 
 ' 0;'^£ ya.^ uif^^umv; AHOGEOTN T£Tc.Vi)xa<ri, TPISK.AIAEK.ATON 'A^=|'»>^s<Jl' Ton 
 MaxtJofa avay^apoiPTSj ©EON, Sir Ba0v\uv 'iXiy^i NEK.PON. Clemens Cohort, ad 
 Gent. p. 77. 
 
 f 'AXs^av^^on Js T0» *>A.Vwou TPISKAIAEKATON fJo'xet ©EON ovofxa^£i» TOK 
 xotT 6X£r»o xaifoK. Cyril, contra Julian, lib. vi. p. 205. Casaubon, in his notes 
 on Suetonius, where mention is made of Julius Caesar being referred to the 
 number of the gods, after instancing the different phrases applied on such occasions 
 by the Greeks, observes, that heroic honours were decreed at first to founders 
 of cities, and those who had deserved well from the communities to which they 
 belonged ; till such persons came by degrees to be regarded as gods. 
 
 B Lib. iv. c. 15. i" Dio, lib. li. c. 16. 
 
 ' " Ex plebe Alexandrina quidam, oculorum tabe notus genua ejus advolvitur, 
 remedium csecitatis exposcens gfmitu, monituqne Serapidis dei, (juera dedifa 
 superstitionibus gens ante alios edit." Tacit. Hist. lib. iv. c.81. 
 
123 APPENDIX, N° 2. 
 
 of glass ! But the difference between ttvsXo? and a-o^og, if 
 known, must have utterly precluded so groundless an opinion; 
 whilst the AI0INA2 a-o^ovg of Plutarch, and the a-o^o) SAF- 
 KO$Aroi of Dioscorides, might have shewn that coffins were 
 made of stone. Thus, a-o^os was the stone-coffin in which 
 Alexander was enshrined, and TrwXog the shell in which he 
 was shrouded. The latter was formed of hammer-beaten 
 gold"*; and how exactly it exhibited the features beneath, 
 may be seen from Abdollatiph, who relates', that "some- 
 times is found over the whole corpse a coathig of gold, like 
 a cortex or skin." He adds, that articles of gold, of dress, or 
 of jewelry, were at times discovered with the deceased; or 
 some sort of implement to denote their profession. In this 
 
 ^ rZ o-wnBTi x-ateuniviM XPrSOTN Z^YPHAATON 'APMOZON. Diodor. 
 
 lib. xviii. c. 26. 
 
 InjjLH^^ *--'V^' ^r^S"^^ L_s^ v_-n^JOI {^JJ^^ J*>^ *^^^ ^v/J5 
 
 p. 148. Of this passage Dr. White presents two versions, in addition to his 
 
 own : " — et quandoque reperitur cortex aureus, operiens totum mortuum 
 ambiensque veluti membrana. \^Pococke.'\ — Ja zuweilen bedeckt eine solche 
 ducnne Rinde von Gold den ganzen Leichnam, wie eine Membrane. [JTa/i/.] 
 — interdura super toto corpore hominis defiincti inventuin esse corticem aureum, 
 instar tegumciui. [While.y The term hominis refers to what immediately pre- 
 cedes: " quin etiam inventam esse lamellam auream, corticis instar, super al^oiu 
 niulifbri." 
 
 Bodinus, in his account of a mummy, notices, that its skin was overlaid with 
 gold ; and observes, that gold preserves dead bodies, as it keeps woods, metals, 
 and other substances from corruption: " Cutem reperit inauratam, aurum enim 
 cadavera, uti ligna quoque et metalla et alia a corruptione servat." Fabricii 
 Bibliograph. Antiquar. p. 1028. 
 
 With this too agrees the description of Amjxus, " whose flesh was firm as 
 iron, and his skin like a hammer-beaten colossus." Theocrit. Idyl. xxii. v. 47. 
 Zajxi o-iJaje.')i, £<t)TPHAATO£ «ia xo?«i(r<ro;. 
 
APPENDIX, N° 2. 123 
 
 manner was Cyrus buried ; and had Arrian been consulted'", 
 it would thence have appeared that •jrueAof was not a tomb". 
 This, in two places, Suetonius will evince ; the latter stating 
 that the breast-plate of Alexander, which Caligula sometimes 
 wore, was taken out of the conditory°, and not from the 
 shell; for in that the body only, with the perfumes vvliich 
 embalmed it, was inclosed ; whilst, covered with the 
 royal mantle p, and adorned with jewels, his armour was 
 
 "> Lib. vi. c. 29. 
 
 " Sand3's speaks of Alexander's body as " inclosed in a sepulcher of gold : " 
 an expression which, probably, suggested the mistake. 
 
 " Interdum et Magni Alexaudri thoracem, repetitum e conditorio ejus. Calig. 
 C.52. 
 
 r SeeDiodorus, as cited in pp.52, 53. 
 
 The loss of his chlaiujs and jewels (as is seen from Herodian) Caracalla supplied 
 ■with his own. Those of Alexander, it seems, were worn by Pompey, in his 
 triumph over Mithradates ; he having sent the chlauiys to Pontus from Cos, with 
 the jewels and other treasures of Cleopatra, when he took thence her grandson, 
 son of Alexander king of Egypt, whom, nevertheless, he brought up like one 
 
 born to a throne. Mto^toaT*]? oi tq ^ev Kw xaTeVXEt^trE, Kfvwv ccvzov a.crfJLivu^ ^lyo^ivniy' 
 ttiti To» 'AAelavJjou TcitSx. to? 0x.3-iMvovToi; AlyvwTov, a-ii ygri^^cn lro^^o^{ hica t?; ft.a.\i.\A.in 
 KA£09raTg«5 « K« xaTa^6^t^/[Xft6»o>', icaea>.tt.&ui., h^cCpi /Sao-i^ixw;* tx ri tui KAtoJraTfaj 
 flucraujww yal^at woAAnv, xosi Tep^jnv, xa» Aj'Goi;;, xai Koa/J-ovi yvvaixiiovq, xal ^^rif^xra voWa 
 
 U To» no'rrov f'T£/A>J/£i'. Appian. de Bell. Mithridat. Tom. I. c. 23. p. 674. A^to; 
 
 il Tloi^Ttito; iwi ofparo? h, xal toS^e A10OKOAAHTOT, XAAMYAA iX'-"'> ^i ipaan, 
 A\s^xva^ov rod Mxjtsd'svof, n ru Tia-Tov Icrrtv* toiKS a avTr,v iC^eTv Iv Mi^^i^a.Tov^ Kui^v 
 ir»^a, K^soTar^aq >^!x,8ovTut. c. 117. p. 822. The Alexander king of Egypt, whom 
 Appian mentions, was son of Alexander the First, and grandson of Physcon. 
 Stemma Lagidarum in Hassi Phosphoro, p. 53. It is not unlikely that he was 
 taken to Cos for the purpose of being there educated. Philadelphus, so renowned 
 for his learning, was a native of that island; and Berosus, the great master of 
 Chaldean science, who taught astronomy to the Greeks, resided in it ; whence 
 may be inferred, that it abounded with the best means of instruction. 
 
 As the chlamys of Alexander was worn by Pompey in his triumph, he probably 
 placed it in the capitol with the jewels taken from Mithradates; whence, perhaps, 
 Augustus possessed himself of Alexander's signet. 
 
 The name of Mithradates is here written in conformity with etymology, marbles, 
 
124 APPENDIX, N° 2. 
 
 placed at his side i. The other passage from Suetonius 
 relates, that the conditorj, as well as the corpse, was 
 examined by Augustus ^ 
 
 From the mention by Herodotus of the twelve gods of 
 Egypt (whom Leon, an Egyptian priest, taught Alexander 
 to believe were but deified men') in connexion with their 
 temples and hieroglyphics on stones, who can doubt that the 
 
 and his coins; though the Latin writers (who, in Greek proper names, change 
 a, to i) have brought Mithrzdates into inveterate use. Josephus and Porphyry, 
 however, retain the true orthograjjhy. 
 
 1 Dr. White, on the passage from Abdollatiph, refers to Thucydides, who 
 relates of the Carians, that they also buried with the dead, ■"■,» af-iMtit ■v^t oitlvutf 
 their armour. In Ezekiel, xxxii. 27, it is said of the Egyptians themselves, "They 
 sliall not lie with the mighty that are fallen of the uncircumcised, which are 
 gone to hell, £i« a^ov, with their weapons of war." 
 
 The circumstance of the chlamys on the body, or rather wtlAo;, as mentioned 
 by Diodorus, will supersede the need of correction suggested by Salmasius, who, 
 in a passage from Theophrastus de Lapidibus, would substitute trt/Xw for vteVaw: 
 and tluit tte'tXw was the true reading, will further appear from what Curtius relates 
 of Cyrus. " Auro argentoque replctum esse crediderat, quippe ita famd Persae 
 vulgaverant ; sed pricter clypeum ejus putrem, et arcus duos Scythicos, et 
 aciuacem, nihil repent. Ceterum corona aurea imposita umiculo, cui adsueverat 
 ipso, solium, in quo corpus jacebat, velavit." Lib. x. c.I. " Kai 5 t« E^£^a^T» 
 i'f^oio! pjs^h'th; yi.aXoif/.i»o:., h h nEnAHI ^atri xat Aa^uon xudxt. Quid heic, 
 malum, peplus sibi vult, aut facit ? Ne dubita legere : sv n nVEAni (pao) xaJ 
 Aa^srov )tEJir9a». Vel tv ?; nYEAf2I." Plinian. Exercitationes, p. 84-8. 
 
 ' " Conduorium et corpus Magrii Alexandri, cum, prolatum e penetrali, sub- 
 jecisset oculis, corona aurea imposita, ac floribus aspersis, vencratiis est." Aug. c.I 8. 
 The last circumstance is expressive of divine honours. " Etiamne Dii .sertis, 
 coronis afficiuiitur et Jioribus f" Arnob. advers. Gent. lib. vii. — "Ad deorura 
 leiiipla concununi ; his libant, his sacrificant ; hos coronanf." Lactant. Divinar. 
 Institut. lib. ii. c. 1. And Suetonius, in his Life of Augustus, c. 31. " C'ompifales 
 lares ornare bis anno instiluit, vernis lloribus et ajstivis." 
 
 ■ " Nunquid et Leon ille sacerdos Acgyptius, poeta vel academicus fuit, qui 
 Macpdonis Alexandro dlversam quidem a Greecorum opinione istorum Deorum 
 originem, veruntamen ita prodif, ut eos hoiyunes fuisse declaret." Augustiu. de 
 Consens. Evangelist, lib. i. c.23. Athenag. Apol. p. 31. 
 
APPENDIX, N' 2. 125 
 
 shrine of the thirteenth God' was deemed by Severus a 
 mystic monument ? This emperor, attracted to Egypt by its 
 antiquities, its novelties, and the worship of Serapis ", after 
 investigating every source of information whether human or 
 divine, and having taken from almost every temple its 
 archives, shut them up with the monument of Alexander, 
 that the Soma in which he was buried might no more be seen, 
 nor these books be read by any one ^. This interpretation 
 
 * Alexander, even in his life-time, was deified by the Athenians ; whence, 
 on passing the decree to declare he was Bacchus, Diogenes exclaimed, " Make 
 me too Serapis." YHiDISAMENnN 'AinvcaZt 'AXs'lavJ^oF AI0NY20N, Ka^it, eJD), 
 ZAPAniN irmiiraTe, Diog. Laert. lib. ii. c. 3. n. 6. 
 
 " " Alexandriam petiit — Jucundum sibi peregrationem propter religionem Dei 
 Serapidis, et propter novitatem animalium et locorum fuisse, Severus ipse postea 
 ostendit. Nam et ]Memphini, et Memnonem, et Pyramides, et Labyrinthum dili- 
 genter inspexit." Spartian. in Vita Severi, c. xvii. 
 
 ^ 'Hy yxp oio? pijoei" fj.vni uv^^utrnvov utite GeTov aaiE^ivniToy KCCTCc^i'Tru'it* Kate Tot/Tow T» TE 
 ^»j3>kia warTOt Ta uiro^frTor t* £^&vTa, oax. xat ev^uv «ovvjj0>j, he wavTWy <y$ eI^eTv twi* 
 u^vTUv aPEiXE, xal rZ Toi/ AX£^a>d*^ou /xtTi/xEio; ZYNe'xXeictei', I'va ^roEi^ et* ^jjte TO 
 roirov SflMA ij>i, (iiTS ra. Iv IheUoI( yEy^a.ftft.hot ava^s'ltiTai. Dio, lib. Ixx. C, 13. 
 p. 1206. 
 
 In the sepulchral edifice of Osymanduas was a sacred library inscribed 
 " The Remedy of the Soul." Diodor. lib. ii. c. 49. Ptolemy's library was in 
 the Serapeum, where the Hebrew Scfiptures were open to the Jews. Tertul. 
 Apologetic, p. 182. 
 
 The monument of Cyrus was closed by the order of Alexander, who placed 
 his signet upon it, to prevent violation. This leads to the observation, as a circum- 
 stance of moment, that the Chief-priests and Pharisees, in requiring a Roman 
 guard, and setting their own seal upon the sepulchre of Christ, of themselves 
 stated, beforehand, what evideuce, in coincidence with the alleged prediction, 
 would ascertain the fact of his resurrection. Hence, a more satisfactory account 
 may be ofl'ered, than has hitherto been assigned, for his non-appearance in 
 public to the Jews. They chose, in the measures they adopted, their own 
 criterion of evidence ; 3-et rejected the very fact, which these measures 
 confirmed. See St. Matthew, c. xxvii. ver. 62, to the end. 
 
126 APPENDIX, Ko 2. 
 
 is supported by Strabo, who relates, that within the palace 
 of Alexandria was an area or court called Soma, in which 
 Alexander was entombed y. Casaubon indeed, not aware of 
 this authority from Dio, proposed to read lijtta, the monu- 
 ment, for l.uf/.x, the body, which AVesseling and others 
 approve ; but adds, " if Iwjua be right, the structure might 
 have been so called in honour of Alexander, from his body 
 deposited in it." That it thence had its name, will further 
 appear from what Dio relates of Augustus, " who saw both 
 the Soma of Alexander, and his body, and is said, in handling 
 the latter, to have broken off part of the nose^." This name, 
 however, adopted as a convertible term, was derived from a 
 doctrine originally Egyptian; which held that the soul was 
 entombed in the body, as in a monument^. 
 
 '' M£f05 o\ rut peu-iXiim lirri xai to xaXotl^sJon SfJMA, o 5rlJl'|3o^o; ?», Lib. xvii. p. 794-. 
 A Peribolus was the lempli conseptum, or iiiclosure that encompassed the temple. 
 At Athens there were three temples w-ilhin the same Peribolus : 'Yip' 'enA i\ 
 HEPIBOAON 0, Te i'tk; ASjikS; jeo/Jj xai a t?{ Ayjai;Aoi/ xai Aioju^Joi;?, Porphyr. de 
 Abstinent, lib. ii. c. 5+. 
 
 * Ka( nita. TavToi TO (*£» TOY AAESANAPOY SfiMA ilh, kki AYTOT xa! 
 7rjoi7T)\|/aTo, utrrt Tt t?5 pt»o{, u; ^»ri, 6^avff6ritxt. Lib. Ii. C. 16. p. 647. 
 
 • Thus Philo, p. 41 : H ■^vx^ "i »» e* XHMATI ru SnMATI ivr'.TviJi0sviA.itn. 
 Also Tlioodoret, Therapcut. E'. p. .544 : Tw toi o miarat It tu K^aril^u TO SHMA 
 ZHMA xfKX>jxev" w? iv rairu T?; i^f^'? oio«i Ttflx^tfti'm,- : and Plato, in Stoboeo, lib, i. 
 
 C. 43. sect. 9. TO SnMA X/ysi? ; xai ouSif ^iTv wa^aysii' otJe 7|afi;i*a' which the 
 
 Scholiast in what follows as a new section (but erroneously) illustrates from 
 Homer, who uses o'«i(*» for a body without life, in opposition to Je'^ia; a body 
 that is animated. Hence, while J/n*; denotes the detention of the soul within 
 the body, a-ZfA.* is the s^ft«j or monument of its departure from it. To yaj aCro t?>- 
 •^vyrt^ ^tff^Oi /*£v nv xsti ^i^a.^ x^aTovi/,ii/vi<;.y XilMA ot u'JToMi'JrtTix.iy TouTioTt £HMA xoct 
 
 »;^»o{, an-sx8oi!aTi{. See Iliad A', v. 115. and H'. v. 79. But the assertion of 
 
 Plato in his Gorgias, "that the body is (yuv monument," most decidedly applies : 
 TO /*«» SOMA fCTTt h^Zt SHMA. Tom. IV. p. 100. 
 
APPENDIX, N" 2. 127 
 
 But more to our point is the speech of Aristander '', who 
 is stated to have declared, under the impulse of inspiration, 
 that Alexander was the most fortunate of kings, whether 
 regarded as living or . dead ; for concerning him, the Gods 
 had pronounced, that whatever country received the body 
 in which his soul had first dwelt, should enjoy complete pro- 
 sperity, and be for ever impregnable. This declaration excited 
 a general contention ; for each competitor was anxious that 
 his own kingdom should obtain such a treasure : but 
 Ptolem}% if tradition may be trusted, after the body had 
 been exhibited in solemn pageant, removed it into Egypt, to 
 enshrine it in the city vshich Alexander had there founded. 
 Hence, his monument became sacred, and as such Lucan 
 describes it "^ : 
 
 Canst thou with altars, and with rights divine. 
 The rash vain Youth of MacedoQ enshrine ? 
 
 RowE. 
 
 flfo'XiiXTos yitijiita;, i> i< t«>i){ aWrnj avm^lai xarairpgsflEj.;, »iX6e» il; nisovq Tciig 
 MaKioofO^j x«i 'jr^oq ccvrovt; £^)?, Tor Tra-vTut rutv l| aXufOy ^xj-iXtuv tvoxifAoyEffTct7or 
 ASi^xt^^oi ytyotctxif xai ^ivra, xai airo^atmra' Xiyiit u^a Tov; Seoi; ir^oq airov, 
 OTi aja i vTo^i^ajiivn yri to cS^a, Iv w to tjiStof uxticTEir i Ixfivou 'J'''/C'» '''*»suJ»t/*a'» te 
 fcrrai, xa> i—ojSiiToj Si itlwvo;. TavTct, ftaSovTsj ffoMiii' eJo-e^s'^ofto ^l^(l>E>xi«y, iKCtffro; it{ 
 trif ISiUt avTdV QxiTiXi'iXTt TO aywyi^ov t&^to a,y£iv t^tOi/^a/F, Xha XEi^^XEtof ex*!, ^ocffiXsixi 
 aa^x>iOVi xai axAn'ou; o^»5o». riroAE^ixro,- Si, ilrt j^n ffioTEwr/, to (7Ujim e^txxKv^ty 
 xai ftETa (nrmSrii; Ei; tii» AXi^xto^w ^^o^ly, t>i» xxt' Aiyu—Toy, Ixo^i7e. ^lian. VaT. Hist. 
 lib. xii. c. 6+. 
 
 ' Lib. viii. v. 693 : 
 
 Cum tibi sacrato Macedon servatur in antro? 
 
128 APPENDIX, N" 2. 
 
 And again, on the visit of Julias'*: 
 
 There the vain Youth, who made the world his prize. 
 
 That prosp'rous robber, Alexander, lyes. 
 
 When pitying Death, at length, had freed mankind. 
 
 To sacred shrines his bones were here consign'd : 
 
 His bones, that better had been toss'd and hurl'd. 
 
 With just contempt, around the injur'd world. 
 
 But Fortune spar'd the dead; and partial Fate, 
 
 For ages, fix'd his Pharian empire's date. 
 
 If e'er our long-lost liberty return. 
 
 That carcase is preserv'd for public scorn : 
 
 Now, it remains a monument confest. 
 
 How one proud man could lord it o'er the rest. 
 
 RowE. 
 
 If it be inquired. Why the archives of the Egyptian shrines 
 should have been shut up with Alexander's, in the SoinaP the 
 answer will be obvious, from considering their contents ; 
 which, according to Manetho (who was, a'^^iEfei)?, xoi) y^af/.- 
 fiarevg ton kxt' Al'yuTTTov 'lEPnN aatton, both chief-priest and 
 scribe of these hallowed depositories), comprized explanations 
 of the elementary hieroglyphics, sculptured on stone by Thoth 
 before the deluge. These Agathodeemon, son of the second 
 Hermes, rendered into the sacred dialect, and consigned to 
 
 ■• Lib. X. V. 19. 
 
 lilic Pellaei proles vesana Pliilippl 
 Felix pr^do jacet: terraruni vindice fato 
 Raptus : sacralis totum spargenda per orbetn 
 Membra viri posuere adi/tis : Fortuna pepercit 
 Manibus, et rcgni duravit ad ultima fatuni. 
 Nam sibi libertas unquam si redderet orbem, 
 Ludibrio servatus erat, non utile mundo 
 Editus exempium, terras lot posse sub uno 
 Esse viro. 
 
APPENDIX, N» 2. 129 
 
 the shrines of the Eg}'ptian temples* ; where they were pre- 
 served — and in Greek, — Manetho himself having transferred 
 them into that language, together with the history they con- 
 tained. This is attested by Josephus, who relates of Manetho, 
 " that he wrote the history of his own country in Greek, 
 haA'ing translated it, as he himself declares, from the sacred 
 language." And: "this Manetho, having promised to in^ 
 terpret the Egyptian history from the hieroglyphics, hath 
 traced thus far the records of these transactions." Again: 
 " What Manetho hath brought together on these heads, is 
 not from the Egyptian records, but, as himself admits, 
 from uncertain and mythological originals V 
 
 As now it was the object of Severus to subvert the funda- 
 mental institutions of Alexandria, and substitute his own ^ ; 
 what happier expedient could he have adopted, than to con- 
 sign these archiA'cs to oblivion, in the shrine of its Founder; 
 
 ' That the sacred records in these shrines were of this nature, is clear from the 
 testimony of Apuleius : " De opertis adyti profert quosdam libros, litteris igno- 
 rabilibus prffinotatos : partim figuris ciijuscemodi animalium, concepti sermonis 
 compendiosa verba suggerentes : partim nodosis, et in modum rotae tortuosis, 
 capreolatimque condensis apicibus, a curiositate profanorum lectione munita." 
 Metamorph. lib. xi. p. 801. 
 
 Tiy^a^i ya^ EAAAAI <J>nNHI Tr,v Tr.-cT^iov iVro^iav, ex T£ Tuy U^avy w; tptiatv auTof, 
 j*ETi»ygao-a?. Joseph, contra Apion. lib. i. c. 14. And c. 2S : "O yag MafsQwj 
 
 oyTo?, tn* AlyvTTianiiy la^o^iccv Ix. twj tt^ain y^atjiXjtiaTwv jw£9E^/A>]V£t'£iv vTreff^fxevo';, 
 
 f'-'X?* ^Ec TofTwv r:xoXoi;6>jj"E TccTi; a.yay^a.^suq. Again, C. 16: "Ytte^ uv Mccvtaun ovK 
 EX Tfcv 'TTo.^ AlyvTrioit; y^a^^xTwv, aM* w; ctvTo^ or^oXoyuxEV, Ik tw» aoiaiToibi^ ^I'QoAoyoi;-' 
 
 ^EVWV TT^OiTTE'SEiKEl'. 
 
 8 " Alexandrinis jus buleutarum dedit, qui sine concilio, ita ut sub Regibus, 
 antea vivebant, uno contenti judice, quem Cssar dedisset. Multa prseterea his 
 jura mutavit," Spartian. ubi supra. See also Tacit. Hist. lib. i. c. 11. 
 
130 APPENDIX, N" 2. 
 
 whose Tomb contained in mystic symbols so striking a 
 record, both civil and sacred, which such documents alone 
 could serve to explain? To have destroyed at once these 
 precious deposits, would have been an instant incitement 
 to revolt ; but by committing them to this hallowed 
 inclosure, the prejudices of the people were consulted, and 
 his aim at the same time obtained. 
 
 It hath been remarked as singular, that the Saracens should 
 have respected the Tomb of Alexander; but how much more 
 singular would it have been if no knowledge of his Tomb had 
 existed among them? And, what can be so inconsistent as 
 to urge the silence of Furer, Boucher, Vansleb, and Niebuhr ; 
 or the doubt entertained by Bruce, whether, from Marmol's 
 account, there were such a Tomb, in direct opposition to 
 uniform proofs? 
 
 The testimony of Pococke, " that the Mahometans have a 
 great regard for the memory of Alexander," and that " there 
 are travellers who relate that they have his body in a Mosque,^' 
 are traditions at once coincident with those of antient date, 
 and the recent discovery of the Tomb itself; although the 
 persons of whom Pococke inquired, either could not, or would 
 not, conduct him to it. 
 
 As Norden testifies, tliat the Tomb of Alexander was both 
 known to the Saracens in the fifteenth centur}', and respected 
 by them ; this assuredly can be no argument against its exis- 
 tence ; or proof that time had devoured it. If either Pococke 
 or Norden had been acquainted with the " Relation of a 
 
APPENDIX, N" 2. 131 
 
 Journey" by our countryman Sandys, they woiild have 
 learned, that, at Alexandria, " within a serraglio called Somia, 
 belonging to the palaces, the Ptolomies had their sepultures, 
 together with Alexander the Great ;" that " the glass cover- 
 ture" substituted for the golden one, from which his body 
 was taken by Cybiosactes, " remained vntill the time of the 
 Saracens;" and " that there is yet (l6ll) here to be scene 
 a little chappell; within, a tombe, much honoured and 
 visited by the Mahometans, where they bestow their 
 almes ; supposing his body to lie in that place : Himselfe 
 reputed a great Prophet, they being so informed by their 
 Alcoran." p. 112. 
 
 In the extract adduced from Sonnini, a satisfactory reason 
 occurs, why Furer, Boucher, Vansleb, Pococke, Norden, 
 Niebuhr, and Bruce, did not see this Tomb ; namely, 
 because it was in a Mosque, which no Christian could enter 
 but at the hazard of his life : whilst ignorance in the 
 inhabitants at large; want of previous information to 
 prompt an inquirer ; or of curiosity in the many who travel ; 
 are considerations to obviate the difficulty raised. 
 
 As Norden refers to a writer of the ffteenth century, for 
 the knowledge of Alexander's Tomb to the Saracens, and 
 the veneration in which they held it ; so another writer is 
 cited of the sixteenth, Leo Africanus, whose testimony is 
 direct and most strikingly pointed: and as the cast of his 
 narration is that of a spectator, there is further ground to 
 
132 APPENDIX, N" 2. 
 
 believe he described what he saw ; for that which appears, 
 in his own phrase, not to be passed by, was immediately open 
 to his view, himself at that time being a Musleman. 
 When, therefore, what follows is taken in account, " that 
 a great crowd of pilgrims from distant countries resorted 
 thither, for the sake of worshipping and sJiowhig revere?ice to 
 the TOMB ; on which large alms were frequently conferred ;" 
 good reasons must be given before we can reject what Leo 
 hath thus recorded; what Sandys, in the century after, con- 
 firmed; and what Denon hath represented in his View of the 
 Mosque, — which exhibits the chapel, the worshippers, and 
 the tomb. 
 
 It is further observed, that the Alexandrian Sarcophagus 
 was noticed in the twelfth century by Benjamin of Tudela. 
 But is it not rather strange to be told, on the same authority, 
 that the monument described by him might not be that 
 which he saw ? 
 
 In abatement, however, of this paradox, it has been 
 affirmed, that there is evidence of the existence of other such 
 monuments ; whence a singular difficulty is stated to arise, 
 which is deemed to be insurmountable : namely, the appro- 
 priation of the very monument to Alexander which actually 
 was his own. But the evidence thus alleged, and so par- 
 ticularly required, has not yet been produced ; for as to the 
 other large coffin in the British Museum, it not only diffiirs 
 materially from the one in question ; but, though brought 
 
APPENDIX, N" 2. 133 
 
 from the shore of Alexandria'^, could not have been seen 
 there by Benjamin, since it M^as originally placed at Cairo, 
 where Niebuhr inaccurately drew it, and was removed to 
 Alexandria by the French, for the purpose of transferring it 
 to their National JVIuseum'. Yet, were the fact otherwise, 
 and that the monument answered in general to Benjamin's 
 description, it could not have been the Sarcophagus of 
 Alexander ; because that remained, alone, in the chapel, as 
 Leo and Sandys relate, invisible to any but a Musleman, 
 and so continued till the building that contained it was 
 violated by Denon, who, having intelligence from a Greek 
 of the monument within, caused the door, in defiance of the 
 natives, to be hewn down by soldiers with axes ''. 
 
 But, to aid the last objection against this Sarcophagus, 
 as having been the Tomb of Alexander, it is not onlv 
 questioned, whether he were buried according to Egyptian 
 rites ? but, that he was, is asserted to be an unverified 
 position. 
 
 With respect to the doubt it certainly may be asked. 
 How Alexander, who was transferred from Babylon to 
 Egypt, there to be admitted as an Egyptian Divinity, could 
 
 •• See note (») in page 78. The conjecture, which Benjamin mentions, that 
 some antediluvian king had been buried in this monument, is grounded on the 
 notion that the hieroglyphics upon it were considered as the writing of Thoth, 
 and invented before the deluge. 
 
 ■ Another engraving of this monument, as it stood at CaVro, is given from 
 the drawings in Sir Robert Ainslie's collection. 
 
 I' This fact is given from a communication of General Turner, to whom 
 it was related by Denon himself. 
 
134 APPENDIX, N" 2. 
 
 consistently have obtained that honour, and yet have been 
 buried as a Greek ? It vv^as as the benefactor of Egypt that 
 he there was enshrined, and, as the thirteenth God of that 
 country, received adoration. 
 
 But reverting to the verification which the assertion 
 demands, it is obvious to remark, that, long before the age of 
 Alexander, the Greeks burned all their dead. If Alexander 
 therefore were buried in the manner of the Greeks, not 
 his body but his ashes must have been carried into Egypt. 
 Herodotus relates, that the funeral rites of Babylonia and 
 of Egypt were the same'; and Quintus Curtius'", that the 
 Egyptians and Chaldaeans, who had the charge of embalming 
 Alexander, in the manner which was common to them 
 both, scrupled at first to touch his corpse, lest, as no exterior 
 change had appeared, some spark of life might still linger 
 within " ; but after praying that it might be lawful and 
 
 ' Lib. i. c. 198. 
 
 "' Lib. X. c. 10. 13. Mgx/pdi, Chaldwique jussi corpus suo more curare, primo 
 nori sunt ausi admovere velut spiianti manus : deinde precati, ut jus fasque esset 
 moitalibus adtiectare eum ; purgavere corpus, repletumque est odoribus aureum 
 solium, et capiti adjecta fortunae ejus insignia. 
 
 " Lucian, in his Dialogue between Diogenes and Alexander, fixes its date 
 on the THIRD DAY after Alexander's death : ht it hxBuXun xir^xai TPITHN TATTHN 
 'hmepaN' but, from the mention of jElian that he had remained there thirty 
 da)js unburied, Du Soul is disposed to think t^'itw, the third, erroneous. The fact 
 however is, that to complete the process of embalming, </«>(j/ (/ny« were required, 
 and it was not till the third day that this process began ; which may account 
 for the assertion, that Alexander's body, having been left so long untouched, was, 
 ill the opinion of the Greeks, neglected. 
 
 It may not be improper to observe in this place, that on the third day after 
 the crucifi-Kion, the two Maries and Salome brought sweet spices, that they might 
 come and anoint the body. St. Mark, xvi. 1. 
 
APPENDIX, N" 2. 135 
 
 right to handle a God°, they washed and placed him in the 
 shell formed of hammered gold ; which was filled (or, 
 according to Diodonis, half-filled) with odours p. This 
 being duely done, the symbols of his fortvme were annexed 
 to his head : [capiti adjecta fortunce ejus insignia.] 
 What these were, it is easy to find ; for ^lian relates *>, 
 that Alexander called himself the Son of Jupiter ; and 
 Clemens "^j that his statues were distinguished by the horns 
 of that god : — As now among the symbols appropriate to 
 the different divinities, the horns of the ram were peculiar 
 to Amnion % the Jupiter of Egv-pt; as the Egyptian statues 
 exhibited him with them'; and as Alexander himself wore 
 the horns of this god"^, ram's horns must have formed the 
 
 " ut jus fasque esset adtrectare (not eum, but) deum. Thus, Clemens 
 
 Alexandrinus, Tom. I. p. 77. Ol'Jt yij a'vfifwTroi;; AnOQEOYN TsTo^ftwas-i, TPI2KAI- 
 AEKATON 'A^£'|avJ§ol■ To» MaxsJova aWy^a^ovTs; ©EON, tt Ba?v?.w» r,Xi7^^ NEKPOM. 
 Also Lucian : 'O^utraq to» NEKPON tou ©EOT hrxhf xsifiEjot. Dialog. Mort. 
 XIV. 5. Tom. I. That Deum is the true reading, may be inferred not only 
 from the prayer of the embalmers that it might be permitted to mortals to 
 perform the office ; but, if Alexander were considered as no more than a 
 mortal, the object of their prayer was absurd. 
 
 P This Egyptian custom occurs in Florus : " Cleopatra in differto odoribus 
 solio, juxta suum coUocavit Antonium." Lib. iv. c. 11. 
 
 NEKPOS, 'O ToC AIOS X/yav. Var. Hist. lib. xii. c. 64-. 
 
 ' 'V.&oihiTo Je xai 'AXiim^^o; "AMMnNOS 'TIGS Jvai ^ar.u,, xal KEPAZ<l>OP02 
 c>«'rXaTT£«-9ai T^o; tut a.ya'Kft.a.-nnrtiiuv. Cohort, ad Gentes, p. 48. 
 
 ^ oilro ii xai oi "EXXji»£! t« jjXt TOT AIOS ayi.>.f/.ent, KPIOY •srgOirS-v^ai' KEP ATA* 
 
 TaiJfou Je, ru Atontru' x. t. X. Porphyr. de Abstinent, lib. iii. p. 284. 
 
 ' KPIOnPOSnnON r^aX/io. TOT AIOS ironZtrt AJytWioi. Herodot. lib. ii. c. 42. 
 
 » 'ElpfTmo; SI <pr,ai>, i? 'AXs'la.Jjo; I^o'je. TOT 'AMMnNOS KEPATA, KAQAHEP 
 *0 ©EOS. Athenasus, lib. xii. p. 537. 
 
 It is observable that, under a print of the same head ou the tetradrachm of 
 
136 APPENDIX, N° 2. 
 
 one part of his msignia, whilst the diadem completed the 
 other". Hence, on the coins of Lysimachus the head of 
 Alexander deified is represented with both^. Nor is he 
 less certainly known as the Son of Jupiter by the locks, 
 which rising on his forehead bend downward, and writhing 
 from his temples in separate curls invariably and infallibly 
 distinguish this Divinity^. 
 
 Lysimachus, prefixed to the edition of Quintus Curtius by Janson, ClO lo XLIV, 
 the following inscription of Heinsius is subjoined : 
 
 EIAOS AAEHANAPOT TOAE HN, KOZMOIO TPOnAION' 
 EK TENEHS, GNHTfiN, TOY AIDS, EK KEPATON. 
 
 ^ Among other ensigns of royalty, Alexander in his car is described by Lucian, 
 as chieflv conspicuous by the white bandage, or diadem, that surrounded his head: 
 xxJ TO l57i<r»/*i>» eltxt 'i^xvtorra, AIAAEAEMENON TAINIAI AETKHI THN KE<J>AAHN. 
 Dial. Mort. XIII. 4. Tom. I. p. 393. 
 
 The u-hite fascia, or bandage of the kings of Macedon was not an arbitrary 
 ornament assumed by Alexander, but, Sia.hfi.» BanXnot, the patrimonial ensign 
 of royalty. Thus the old Grammarian, speaking of the causia or hat worn 
 by the Macedonian kings adds, that they bound it round with a ivhite diadem : 
 Kava'm ^r^^of rir ir^arv^, on oi MaXEJijHxoi ^xiriT^Ui iipo^ovt, AEYKON ai-if hi^nfLO, 
 w£5l£l^oD^Ttc. Hence, Casaubon acutely observes, that the imputation on Pompey 
 of affeciing royalty, from his leg being bound with a white bandage, arose not 
 from the bandage itself, but from its being a white one. Pompeio Candida fascia 
 crus alligatum habenti Favonius, non refert, inquit, qua in parte corporis sit dia- 
 dema. Valerius Max. lib. vi. 2.7. Pompey's excuse for wearing this bandage 
 (diadema) was to hide an unsightly wound. See Causaubon. in Sueton. August, c. 82. 
 
 1 This device was aptly chosen ; not only for that Lysimachus had succeeded 
 him in a kingdom ; but because it was foretold of Lysimachus, that himself should be 
 a King, from having had his wound bound up with Alexander's diadem: — To» S:l 
 Afii^cctS^ot, a^ofia TiAajUufof, Tfil AIAAHMATI AYTOY To TjaiJfi* iri^tSij<rai' xai ifiirfaia- 
 fi?»ai /x£» ai'f^aTo; to Jia^ijfta" tot Je 'AXE|a>^^ou jj-xttit 'AfioTavJjoi', (fs^oiiitu tu Ai/i7>pixp^u, 
 xcii ih txon', 'iTHTTu,- iVi, BASIAEY2EI MEN "OTTOS 'O 'ANHP. Appiau. de Syr. 
 Tom. L lib. xiv. p. 633. 
 
 * Alessandro il Grande ha egli pure nelle sue teste un constante e infalliblb 
 distintivo : i suoi capelli a somiglianza di quel di GiovE, di cui voleva esser 
 
APPENDIX, N" 2. 137 
 
 When a body had been washed by these embahners, it 
 remained thirty days till the process was complete; and 
 thirty days precisely was Alexander's kept^. It is remarked 
 by Phny of honey, that it enables a corse to resist 
 putrescence ; and Herodotus, who had mentioned that the 
 rites of the dead in Babylonia and Egypt were the same, 
 hath noticed it as the practice of the latter, to use honey 
 in preserving' them''. Abdollatiph, likewise, after relating 
 that the dead of antient Egypt were interred, some in 
 thick coffins of sycamore ; some in sarcophagi of white 
 marble, basal tes, or granite ; and others in troughs full of 
 honey ; adds, upon the authority of a credible voucher, 
 an account of a party, which, in search of treasure near 
 the p}Tamids, having met with an oblong vessel carefully 
 closed, opened it ; and on finding that it contained honey, 
 
 creduto figlio, son dalla fronte ripiegati indietro, e cadon giu serpeggiando dalle 
 tempie divisi in varie ciocche. Questa maniera di portare i capelii ripiegati 
 indietro vien detta da Plutarco utaa-zoX^ tS? xofiri?, ove nella vita di Pompeo dice 
 che questi portava i capelii a somiglianza d'Alessundro. Wiukeliuaan, Scoria 
 delle Arte dall' Abbate Fea, Tom. I. p. 359. 
 
 Hence may be seen in what form Alexander was shewn to be the son of 
 the God : 
 
 Antholog. lib. v. 5i. sect. iv. 5. 
 
 » 'AXX' ouTo'i ys TPIAKONTA 'HMEPAS xaTtX/Xsurro ijt.!^^;. jElian. Var. Hist. 
 lib. xii. c. 64. 
 
 I" Porphyry, de Antro Nympharum, c. xv. p. 15. refers to the like application 
 of it, from its purifying as well as preservative power: ete! xaSajTixij; lar) 
 iuruiita;, xal crinrTUflTixij;. tZ ya^ /xsAiTt aoiHTTa f*E'v£(. And, again, C. xvi. Aa/x- 
 Paiofimv Ti>i»u» xxi ett* xafla^fioS tuv ftE^iTo.-, xai liri (pva-ixvii (rrjiri^itiK; : where for 
 qiva-ixrii, which is evidently a corruption, Ruhnken, from to OYAAKTIKON » 
 a-vfiffixu TiGEtTKi, a little before, substitutes OYAAKHS THS : an emendation 
 proposed also by l.usac. 
 
138 APPENDIX, N» 2. 
 
 began to eat, till some hairs which clung about the finger 
 of one of them, being drawn forth, a joung boy was 
 discovered, his limbs entire and flesh soft, decked with 
 an ornament and a jewel''. 
 
 Lucretius, in allusion to the different modes of burial, hath 
 specified the same preservative : 
 
 Grant the corse torn by ravening fangs a curse. 
 Is hence no ill in funeral flames to burn; 
 Or, pent in cold obstruction, stiffening lie 
 Immers'd in honey, while entomb'd in stone ? ' 
 
 V.-'VM^^rh 
 
 {^y^ Oyuljj' ij> 3^\jy9 U^^ '■^'^^.^ 
 
 U-< 0*^J^y- L^ ^^'^ ^-^J^J (J-fP^ J^r^' 
 
 Histor. jEgypt. Compend. civ. p. 146. jjt ^ *:sr^ I » 
 
 • Nam si in morte malum est, mails morsuque ferarum 
 Tractari ; non invenio qui non sit accrbum 
 Igiiibus impositum calidis, torrescere ilanimis ; 
 Aut in melU situra suffocari, atque rigere 
 Frigore, cum in summo gelidi cubat aquore saxi ? 
 
 Lib. iii. V. 901. 
 It IS recorded by Josephus, that Aristobulus the Jewish king, whom Pompey's 
 partisans took off by poison, lay buried in honey (xal S kxjo,- auTou iKtno h MEAITI 
 Mixn^tvuhoi) till Antony sent him to the royal cemetery in Judea. Antiq. lib. xiv. c.7. 
 
APPENDIX, N" 2. 13y 
 
 In honey, also, is Alexander recorded to have been 
 preserv^ed ^. 
 
 Thus treated, instead of being reduced to ashes, in the 
 manner of the Greeks — o iA.lv"EKkriv EKATSEN, — each limb, 
 according to Diodorus, remained entire ; and even the 
 eye-lashes, eye-brows, and features, retained their symmetry, 
 so unchanged, that the very air of them might be knov^n : 
 whence, many of the Egvptians kept the bodies of their 
 ancestors in costly repositories, for the purpose of surveying 
 their persons, and indulging in the strange delight of 
 
 <• StatiusSilv. lib. iii. carm.2. v. 117. 
 
 Due et ad Aemathios manes, ubi belliger urbis 
 Conditor Hyblcco perfusus nectare durat. 
 
 The like application of nectar to fluid honey was common both in Latin and in Greek. 
 
 Thus Virgil, ^neid. lib. i. 5. 
 
 Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura 
 Exercet sub ^ole labor ; cum gentis adultos 
 Educunt flores, aut cum liquentia mella 
 Stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas. 
 
 And Euripides, Bacch. v. 1-4-2. 
 
 Per o olfUf fsT dl jLtEXtj-^aii 
 NEKTAPI, Yu^ix^ J i; XtSccvov y.x'Trioi. 
 
 The exhalation of the libanus of Syria not only appropriates the other 
 characteristics with which this country is represented as abounding, but 
 identifies them with those by which Moses designated, and the spies confirmed, 
 its fertility. " And the Lord said unto Moses, Go up hence, thou and the 
 people which thou hast brought up out of the land of Egypt, unto the land 
 which I sware unto Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, saying. Unto thy seed 
 will I give it : — unto a land^ouin^ with milk diXid honey." Exod. xxxiii. 1.3. 
 " And they went, and came to Moses ; and they told him, and said, We 
 came unto the land whither thou sentest us, and surely it floiveth with millc 
 and honey; and [pointing to the cluster of grapes, which was borne on a stall" 
 between twoj This is the fruit of it." N-umbers, xiii. 26, '27. 
 
140 APPENDIX, X" 2. 
 
 contemplating their faces, as if they still were alive. In this 
 state was Alexander found, A\hen taken from the tomb to 
 be viewed by Augustus; and thus he remained when seen 
 ' by Caracalla. This emperor, on inspecting the corpsCj 
 ordered himself to be called the Great, and Alexander; 
 being so deluded by the flatteries of his train, from his 
 notice of the stern frown on Alexander's brow^, and the 
 bend of his neck toward the left shoulder, as to persuade 
 himself of the most perfect resemblance between them, 
 and thence to affect the same mien and deportment^ 
 
 * Tlie correspondence of this trait with the forehead of Alexander is most 
 distinctly preserved on the coins of Lysimachus and corresponds with the 
 Phitpi^uv roPrnnON "EAPAN in the Rhesus of Euripides, v. 8. 
 
 *■ "Hie corpore Alexandri Macedonis conspejto. Magnum, atque Alexandrim 
 se jussit appellari, assentantium fallaciis eo perductus, ut truci fronte, et ad 
 lajvum humerum conversa cerpice, quod in ore Alexandri notaverat, incedens, 
 fidem vuitus similhmi pursuaderet sibi." Aurel. Victor, p. 211. 
 
 PauUis, the civilian, affords proof that Caracalla assumed the epithet of Great, 
 in reference to the law vvliich he enacted against adultery : " Maguus Antoninus 
 pepercit eis qui adulteros inconsulto calore ducti inferfecerunt." Veter. Prudent. 
 Fragment. Tit. HI. de Adulterio. Whilst Spartian observes that in his early 
 youth, whether from the advice of his father, his own shrewdness, or because 
 he imagined that at a future time he might rival Alexander, he became more 
 reserved, more grave, and assumed a greater ferocity of countenance than was 
 natural to him: " Egressus vero pueriliam, seu patris monitis, seu calliditate 
 ingenii, sive quud se Alexandre Magno Macedoni aequandum putabat, re.trictior, 
 gravior, tiillu etiam truculentior factus est." But Caracalla was not thy only 
 person that affected to resemble Alexander. His satraps, as Thomistius relates, 
 studiously imitated the turn of his head toward his left shoulder; one adopted 
 the cut of his hair; another his dress; a third his deep tone of voice: whilst 
 Sevcrus, emperor of the Romans, thought that the trim of his beard was most 
 worthy of his imitation. 'A>is|a»J;OU f/.tt yaj ^■laxiSotif ^i^Ero-Bai cviri^ivoy ol Zar^xwai 
 
 iri^ov T>i» ^a^ilriixa t?> (puni' T^tPi^ou Si a^y(ano; 1'ufA.XiUf to xofxai' trit yimxSa, 
 a^iol^r,x6icttoi i»i)ft.'\airi, Urat. xiii. p. 17^. 
 
APPENDIX, N" 2. 141 
 
 In the Egyptian rites of sepulture, after the merits of 
 the deceased had been weighed and made known, a prayer 
 was offered, in his name, to obtain for him an abode with 
 the infernal gods. Porphyry has preserved to us the form, 
 
 as translated from the Eg}ptian by Euphantus s : 
 
 " ' O sovereign Sun, and all ye Gods who confer life on man, 
 receive me, and grant me to inhabit with the gods below ! 
 for the gods whom my parents have set before me, I have 
 religiously regarded as long as I have lived in the world, 
 and the authors of my body I have always reverenced. 
 Other men I have neither killed, nor in any manner 
 injured. But if in my life-time I have sinned either by 
 eating or drinking what was not permitted, I smned not 
 of myself, but through these,' — pointing at the, chest that 
 contained the bowels, and which at these words was 
 cast into the river. The rest of the body, as being pure, 
 was embalmed." 
 
 " The Egyptians," according to Diodorus, " regarded 
 the duration of this life but little, in competition with 
 the glory of the future, acquired by virtue. Our houses 
 they called lodgings, from the short stay we make in 
 them; but sepulchres, everlasting mansions." They are 
 praised by the same historian " for their gratitude to 
 benefactors ; and their Kings they appear to have reverenced 
 as GW6' ; for deeming them, through the favour of 
 
 e De Abstineiitiji, lib. iv. c. 10. p. 329. It is observable from the context, 
 that none were emboweled, but persons of high birth : tut eS yiyotoTm, 
 
142 APPENDIX, N° 2. 
 
 Providence, to have reached the summit of power, they 
 regarded them, from their ability and inchnation to confer 
 benefits, as actually partakers of the divine nature ''." 
 Hence, the deification of Alexander, founder of Alexan- 
 dria; vs^ho, w^hile alive, and even dead, v^-^as revered as a 
 God'. 
 
 The grief of Olympias, aggravated by her son's remaining 
 so long unburied, is the subject of a chapter in vElian''. 
 The length of time, however, there dwelt upon, refers 
 not, as Perizonius imagined, to the thirty days requisite 
 for the process of embalming', (which the distance between 
 Pella and Babylon must evince,) but to the almost two 
 years in preparing the pageant ""; for during that interval, 
 the body, though in its golden coverture, lay unentombed : 
 a circumstance most abhorrent to the feelings of a Greek ; 
 as with the Greeks it had been a rooted opinion, that, till 
 the body were interred, the soul could not enter the 
 region of happiness. Thus the ghost of Patroclus addresses 
 Achilles": 
 
 •> Lib. i. c. 90, 91, 92. » Chrysostom, Tom. X. p. 625. 
 
 •' ^lian, Var. Hist. lib. siii. c. 30. ' Diodor. as cited before. 
 
 «> Diodor. lib. xviii. c. 28. 
 
 Ov fCEV }Jt.lV QiIOVTQ; UHTiSh:, 0}^% OftfOI'TO;* 
 
 ©AHTE ME 'OTTI TAXISTA, nYAAS 'AIAAfl HEPHSn. 
 Trihi fte (I'^yofjji -^v^ixi, uSu^cc xa/xocTWF, 
 
 A^A avruf aTuxXo^i an fv^vxvXs; 'AVJo; SZ. 
 
APPENDIX, N" 2. 143 
 
 Thou sleep'st, Achilles! and PatrocluSj erst 
 
 The most belov'd, in death forgotten lies. 
 
 Haste — give nie burial ; I would pass the gates 
 
 Of Hades ; for the Shadows of the Dead 
 
 Now drive me from their fellowship afar. 
 
 And the wide river interpos'd, I roam 
 
 The yawning gulphs of Tartarus, alone. Cowper. 
 
 The grief of a mother, so circumstanced, is perfectly 
 natural; and the term 'ata^OD in iElian accords -vsdth 
 the Arabic tradition °, that the Tomb of " Egyptian 
 marble " v^'as substituted by Olympias ; which, to our 
 eyes, still remains, as the munificent monument of her 
 love, and of the glory of Alexander. 
 
 • See page 81. 
 
^ 
 
 J44 APPENDIX, N" 2. 
 
 P. S. " The last instance of devotion paid to this Sarcophagus was at it3 
 departure from Alexandria in His Majesty's ship The Madras, commanded by- 
 Rear- Admiral Sir Richard Bickerton; when the Capitano Bey, with his suite 
 and many Turks of distinction, came on board for the express purpose, and all 
 solemnly touched the Tomb with their tongues. The privilege to render this 
 act of adoration, whilst the monument remained in its former situation, was 
 obtained from the Iinan of the Mosque, by a contribution of six paras or medins, 
 for each individual. On taking his leave, the Capitano Bey declared, that 
 Providence would never suffer the Tomb, in our hands, to go safe to England." 
 
 These interesting particulars were obligingly communicated by General 
 Turner. 
 
 S. H. 
 
( 145 ) 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 N" III. 
 
 LETTER to the Author on the Substances employed by 
 the Antients in the Egyptian Monuments brought to 
 the British Museum ; and particularly in the Alexan- 
 drian Sarcophagus ; 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN HAILSTONE, F.R.S. 
 
 AND 
 WOODWARDIAN professor in the university of CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 DEAR SIR, 
 
 This morning, and not before, I had an 
 opportunity of examining the Egyptian Monuments placed 
 at present in the court-yard of the British Museum, and 
 particularly the celebrated Sarcophagus of which you 
 requested my opinion with regard to the nature of the 
 rock from which it has been wrought. 
 
 These monuments, both with respect to the materials of 
 which they are composed and the inscriptions which they 
 carry, are truly Egyptian. In general they consist of that 
 kind of stone which Werner and the German mineralogists 
 
 t 
 
146 APPENDIX, N" 3. 
 
 distinguish by the name of Syenite, supposing it to be the 
 same which Pliny describes under that denomination. The 
 constituent parts of this rock are feldspar and hornblend; 
 quartz and mica are sometimes introduced, though but 
 sparingly, and not as essential to its composition. Both 
 the red and grey varieties of feldspar are indifferently 
 found, and not unfrequently associated in the same 
 specimen. The hornblend, when fresh, is constantly of a 
 black colour, or some dark shade of green. These two 
 substances are in general pretty uniformly crystallized 
 and blended together ; and when the combination is very 
 intimate, and the hornblend seems to prevail in the 
 composition, it is Werner's primitive griinsfein, and, I 
 believe, what among antiquaries goes by the name of 
 Eg}^ptian or antient hasaltes. If the state of aggregation 
 be minute, and of course the texture fine, the mass then 
 presents an uniform appearance, and is frequently sur- 
 charged with large crystals of feldspar of a green colour : 
 in this case the rock becomes porphyritic, and is that which 
 is found in such abundance among the ruins of Capri, 
 and is known by the name of porfido vcrdc antico *. 
 But in a geological point of view, I am inclined to 
 comprehend all these varieties, and some others, under 
 the same specific rock, and ascribe the whole to one and 
 the same epoch of formation in nature. This formation 
 
 « Ferber's Italy, p. 225. var. A. who relates that it is found in large blocks 
 and lumps near Ostia, the old harbour where the Egyptian ships unloaded. 
 
APPENDIX, N" 3. 1-17 
 
 must in all cases be considered as a crystallized aggregate, 
 chiefly of the two substances above mentioned; and its 
 different appearances are to be attributed merely to the 
 varying proportions and colour of its component fossils,. 
 and their mode of aggregation, as more or less distinctly 
 crystallized. This opinion receives confirmation from an 
 inspection of the monuments of which I am speaking, as 
 we may there see the red and grey varieties running in 
 veins interchangeably through each other. In fact, the 
 hornblend, in rocks of this formation, is very liable to 
 be surcharged with a mixture of a greenish fossil, which 
 seems to occasion its speedy decomposition. This green 
 substance is somewhat indefinite in its composition ; it 
 is what colours the feldspar in the antient porphyry just 
 described; it sometimes appears in distinct masses resem- 
 bling steatites, and frequently as some of the varieties 
 of chlorite. When the constituent parts of the rock are 
 more intimately combined, it is usual for this fossil to 
 pervade the whole mass ; in which case it seems to 
 increase the toughness of the stone, and gives that 
 uniform dark greenish hue which is characteristic in some 
 degree of all the rocks that belong to this formation. It 
 is doubtless one of the darker varieties of this rock, which 
 Strabo mentions (lib. xvii.) as constituting the foundations 
 and lower half of one of the pyramids, and is described by 
 him as a hard and black stone, difficult to be worked, 
 and brought by the Egyptians from Ethiopia; and from 
 
148 APPENDIX, N" 3. 
 
 which they used to fabricate their mortars. This author, 
 also, in the plain which he traversed, on his journey from 
 Syene to Philae, seems to have met with rocks of the 
 same kind, arranged, as far as one can judge from his 
 description, somewhat in the manner of a Stonehenge. 
 
 But to come at length to the famous Sarcophagus. 
 This is a rock of a different nature from any of those 
 which I have been describing: they, as I observed be- 
 fore, are all of them crystallized aggregates of certain 
 determinate simple fossils ; whereas this is an indefinite 
 concretion of fragments of various species of rocks, and 
 of course belongs to the class of the breccias. The 
 basis seems to be a greenish argillaceous substance 
 resembling chlorite earth, connecting small grains of 
 pellucid quartz and minute fragments of a black schistus 
 rock. This agglutination forms as it were the paste and 
 cement of the whole, surrounding and including innu- 
 merable larger fragments of other stones, among which, 
 however, jasper and hornstone seem the most prevailing 
 species. The principal varieties are green and different 
 shades of brown : some of the former colour might vipon 
 nearer examination prove to be jade, while the dark brown 
 varieties resemble the common Egyptian pebble. It contains, 
 besides, fragments of a dark coloured softish rock, wliich 
 I can determine no nearer than that it seems to be some 
 kind of schistus. I observed no limestone of any sort 
 among the fragments. All these fragments are with 
 
.APPENDIX, X" 3. 149 
 
 sharp edges, little if at all worn away by attrition : 
 their general size is not large, seldom exceeding in 
 diameter an inch, taken according to the greatest dimen- 
 sion. There are also interspersed, but very rarely, some 
 white quartz pebbles, and masses somewhat rounded of 
 the red variety of the Syenite described above. This 
 enumeration as well as determination of the different 
 kinds of fossils that are included in this interesting breccia, 
 must necessarily be considered as defective ; to perform 
 the task completely would require more time and better 
 opportunities than I had at my disposal. In general 
 I consider this rock as bearing a striking analog}^ to the 
 grauwache of the Hartz. But with respect to its 
 geological relations, we must wait till some of our 
 enterprising mineralogists have ventured to explore the 
 higher parts of Eg}^t and Ethiopia. In the mean time 
 it may be remarked, that jasper and hornstone are not 
 uncommonly fovmd running in veins and layers through 
 rocks of decomposed Syenite and porphyry ; and that 
 from this circumstance, and from the great quantity of 
 chlorite earth which it contains, the local affinity of our 
 breccia to the rocks described in the former part of my 
 letter, may with some justice be inferred. Breccia 
 rocks have generally been observed situated upon the 
 limits of mountains which belong to different formations; 
 and, accordingly, I should conjecturally place the Egypti:in 
 breccia upon the confines of the Syenite class, where the 
 
150 APPENDIX, N* 3. 
 
 transition is made to hills of a different substance and 
 constitution. These however are mere conjectures, which 
 I forbear to press any further, especially to a Traveller, 
 like yourself, who has gone over a more extensive field 
 of observation in this branch of knowledge than any of 
 your predecessors, 
 
 I remain. 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 Yours, &c. 
 
 London, 
 
 July 25, 1S0-1-. 
 
 John Hailstone. 
 
 i 
 
( 151 ) 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 N° IV. 
 
 A HE Ruins of Tltliorea are at the base of Parnassus, on 
 the north-east side of that mountain. The place is now 
 called Felitza. I was led to the discovery hy the Arclion 
 of Ldhadea, and other Greeks, who described their situation, 
 and called them the ruins of Thebes. Their position, toge- 
 ther with an inscription which I found in the sanctuary of 
 the church, will determine their real history. It is remark- 
 able that Spon and Wheler were at Turco Chorio, within 
 sight of Felitza, and knew nothing of those ruins. The 
 walls of the antient forum are still entire, and, like those 
 of Tiryns in the Peloponnesus, consist of very massy 
 stones, put together without cement. The river, which 
 descends in a torrent from Parnassus, still bears its antient 
 appellation Cachales, in the word Cacole and Caco Rami, 
 which the natives say signifies the Evil Torrent ; and they 
 have a tradition that it once destroyed Thebes ; not Thebes 
 
152 APPENDIX, N" 4. 
 
 in Bceotia, but a city to which they gave this name, 
 now called also Paleo Castro, the traces of which they 
 showed me between Tithoi^ea and Turco Chorio, about 
 an hour's distance from either, where the Cachales falls 
 into the Cepkissits. This place I beUeve to have been 
 Ledon, which was abandoned in the time of Pausanias. 
 Nothing remains but the marks of its walls; every other 
 memorial of the city is ploughed up. The tradition of 
 the Tithoreans that it was destroyed by their river is 
 entirely destitute of probability ; as the inundation must 
 have originated from the Cephissus. Pausanias, speaking 
 of Ledon, says the inhabitants did not reside in the 
 ruins of their city, but near them^ 
 
 The walls of Tithorea extend in a surprizing manner 
 up the prodigious precipices of Parnassus, which run 
 behind the village of Velitza. High up those precipices 
 may still be seen their remains, and even one of their 
 turrets. There is a cave among those rocks, of which 
 the peasants related marvellous stories ; but as the weather 
 was very unfavourable, and the approach difficult, I did 
 not ascend. It must not be confounded with the 
 Corycian Cave, now called Sarand' auli (the Cave of 
 Forty Courts), which Pausanias describes as being thirty 
 stadia from Delphi''. That cave is now to be seen on 
 the other side of Parnassus, by taking guides from Delphi. 
 
 " Pausanias, lib. x. p. 675. edit. Xy laud. Hanov. 1613. 
 * Ibid. p. 671. 
 
APPENDIX, N» 4. 153 
 
 The Tithorean Cave is near Velitza, and may be the 
 Adytum sacred to Isis '^. Pausanias is very obscure in his 
 determination of the position of the Adytum; as he states 
 it to be forty stadia from the Temple of Esculapius '', 
 M'hich was itself eighty stadia from Tithorea ; therefore, 
 unless the direction of his distance is known from the 
 Temple of Esculapius, the Adytum may be fifteen miles 
 from Tithorea. Too much attention cannot be paid to 
 his text. In all the district of Parnassus, every word he 
 utters is a treasure. His description of the Corycian Cave 
 exactly corresponds with its present appearance ^ ; and it 
 may be remarked, although the approach to it from Delphi 
 is extremely difficult, and, as he describes it, without any 
 path^, he visited it in his way to Tithorea, which he 
 states to have been eighty stadia from Delphi, to one who 
 is travelling through Parnassus °. 
 
 Delphi and Tithorea, on different sides of Parnassus, 
 were the halting places of those passing the mountain ; 
 
 * Pausanias, lib. x. p. 673. ■' Ibid. 
 
 • I made inquiry respecting the Corycian Cave, at Delphi, in the year 1800, 
 and found that it was perfectly known to the natives, whose description of it 
 exactly corresponded with that of Pausanias. The snow was so deep at the 
 time, and the approach to that part of the mountain so difljcult, that the guides 
 would not go. By their account, it is about two hours distance from Delphi ; 
 although the time spent in going must depend upon the season of the year 
 and other circumstances. It would have required many hours at the time 
 I was there, if the access had been possible. I cannot depend upon the accuracy 
 of their relation, in slating that it is capable of containing three thousand persons; 
 but I made all the circumstances respecting it known at Constantinople, and 
 it has been since visited by other travellers. 
 
 f Pausaniasj ibid. p. 671. « Ibid. p. 672. 
 
 U 
 
154 APPEXDIX, XM. 
 
 as the towns of Aoste in Piedmont, and Martinach in 
 the Fallais, are with I'egard to Mount St. Bernard in the 
 Alps. The guides who accompanied me from Rhacovi, 
 or Aracovia, on the Delphic side, to the summit of 
 Parnassus, proposed descending the same day to lelitza; 
 but from the length of time we remained on the top of 
 the mountain we could only reach the monastery of the 
 Virgin of Jerusalem, beautifially embowered, on the very 
 bosom of Parnassus, amidst thick groves, overlooking the 
 mountains of the Locri and the Dryopes, and plains 
 watered by the Cephissus. The whole district on 
 Parnassus towards the south-east was Delphic ; and 
 Pausanias relates that all the country on the opposite side 
 was once called Tithorea. " As to the name of the 
 city '^," says he, " 1 know that Herodotus, in that part 
 of his history in which he gives an account of the 
 irruption of the Persians into Greece, differs from what 
 
 Aix^o^ot a\ i; to ovof/,a. olax T^f wq\scii;, H^qo^tu T£ £l^7if/.:vx iv iTTiff-r^xTtia. tow 
 
 M^^ou, xa* BxKioi iv y^fifffMi;, Baxt^ /*£»- yi T»9o^£a; Tovj E*9aoE WxXtffiv av^^anrov^' 
 
 'Hpo^otov 5'e E? CLVTov^ Xoyo^ iTTtovro^ ^Vicl ToD Btt^px^of tou^ Itrat/Sat oixo^vTaj avxipvyuf 
 
 l{ T»)y Ko^vpriv' ovofjLX o£ Newca fAv Tn ttoAei, TtOo^e'av oe tiyjt* Tot; Ylix^veccrtnjv tjjv 
 
 ctx^av. "KotxEf ovv avcc X^o^ov, TT^wra /xsv aij tjj a'Ttaari y^u^a.^ fjnTo, di TXLrec iTTitSn 
 
 av(yxio"6»)crav ctTo tuv xufMuvy iKytKria-xi Kcct sTri t>) "oAi* Ttoooe'ay, fj^nai et* NEwra ovouxl^tj^at, 
 
 " Quod ad uibis nomen pertinet, diversa ab Herodoto, quo loco agit di: Persariim in 
 
 ■GrsEciam iriuptione, dicta scio ab iis qua- Bacidis oraculis prodita sunt. I3acis enim 
 
 hunc populum Tithorenses vocavil : Herodotus vero, iuvadente Barbaro niilite, 
 
 horuni locoruni iucoias in nionlis verticem ell'ugisse dicit : urbenique Kconeni, at 
 
 Parnassi jugum Tithorean noniinat. Quare credibile luerit totara niiquando 
 
 rcgioncui Tithorean nuncupatam : temporis vero iongiore curriculo ita accidisse, 
 
 ut quum ex vicis in iinam se urbem contulisscnt, cum quce ISeon antea fueral, 
 
 usus pervicerit Tilhoreau vocari." Pausanias, lib. x, p. 072. 
 
APPENDIX, N''4. 155 
 
 is asserted in the oracles of Bacis. For Bacis calls these 
 people Tithoreiises ; but Herodotus says, that when the 
 Barbarians invaded this country, the inhabitants fled to 
 the summit of Parnassus ; and he calls the city Neon, 
 and the summit of Parnassus, Tithorea. It appears 
 therefore that all the country was at first called Tithorea ; 
 but that in process of time, when the inhabitants collected 
 themselves into one city, that which was once called Neon 
 came to be denominated Tithorea." 
 
 The olives of this city were so celebrated, that they 
 were sent as presents to the Roman emperors'. They 
 still maintain their antient reputation, and are sent to the 
 pachas and other grandees of Turkey. 
 
 The Inscription which I copied in the sanctuary of 
 the church of Velitza, commemorates a tribute of honour 
 rendered to Nerva, with an enumeration of his titles, by 
 the citizens of Tithorea, and the family of the Flavh, 
 whose names are specified. 
 
 AYTOKPATOPANEPBANKAIZAFA 
 
 APXIEPEAMEnZTONAHMAPXIXHX 
 
 EEOYZI AZVn ATONTOA 
 
 nATEPAnATPIAOSHnOAni: 
 
 TieOPEnNKAIT<l>AABI05:za 
 
 KAAPOZKAIT<l>AABIOZAnAZ** 
 
 KAIA<|)AABIOZnnAArANOZAPIZT0S; 
 
 • Pausanias, lib. x. p. 674. 
 
i56 AP?6N»iX, N»4. 
 
 I am indebted to the erudition and kindness of Dr. Parr 
 for the whole I am able to offer in illustration of this 
 Inscription. In the midst of his various and important 
 literary engagements, he condescended to assist me in 
 presenting it to the Public. 
 
 Where the reading is e\idently suggested by the part 
 which remains, the deficiencies are supplied by dotted 
 letters, according to the plan pursued by Taylor, M'hen he 
 added the letters supposed to be wanted in the Marmor 
 Sandvicense. The position of nepban before kaisapa is 
 peculiar, for KAIZAPA usually follows attokpatopa, and the 
 hame of the emperor is introduced afterwards, as may be 
 seen by referring to Gruter's Inscriptions: See N"^ 20, 21, 
 62, 64, 65, 6Q, 84, 93, 95. The words ahmapxixhz ehotsias 
 appear without a numeral in N° 93, p. 354, of Spon's 
 Marmora Grceca ; as Trib. Potestas in Spanheim, vol. II. 
 p. 531 ; Medals of Louis XIV. p. 2, 3, 6, &c. TOA is 
 illustrated from the same inscription : See Spon, ibid. 
 A is a numeral, and means the fourth time. 
 
 The date of this Inscription may be accurately ascertained, 
 since Nerva died at the end of January A. D. 98, in a 
 little less than a month after he had been declared Consul 
 for the fourth time. It was probably thus written a, 
 but in the inscription alluded to {^) the line is sometimes 
 introduced and sometimes omitted. The numerals there 
 are as follow : 
 
 TO©. TOIE TOH TOZ TO0. TOB. NE NE TOB. TOKA TOB TOA. 
 
APPENDIX, N"4. 157 
 
 A similar enumeration of titles and numerals occurs in 
 Latin inscriptions, used by the Attics to the offices holden 
 by the emperors or their heirs. See Gruter, p. 235, 
 art. 7, 8, 9, lo; p! 243, art. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; for the 
 Inscriptions of Minerva. See also Gruter, p. 245, art. 
 6, 7, 8. 
 
 In general, inscriptions nm H BOTAH or H BOTAH KAI 
 OAHMOS or OAAMOS, as in W 6, 11, 14, 16, 19, 23, 24, 
 39, 42, 43, 44, 64, 65, 66, 67, 100, of Spon's Marmora 
 Grceca; or A botaa KAI o aamos, as on a marble which 
 I saw in the Isle of Cos, now called Stancio, on the 
 left hand of the gate of the town entering from the sea. 
 The same inscription is also given in Spon (see N° 5l); 
 and a similar instance occurs in N° 79. In N° 45 
 a different order is observed, eaohen THI botahi KAI Till 
 AHMni. But sometimes the word noAlS occurs, as in 
 N° 4 1 of Spon. 
 
 At the end of the fifth and sixth lines the reading is 
 obscure, for want of the different names of the Flavii, 
 a continuation of which is evidently given. The Reader 
 must supply them by conjecture, after consulting Gruter's 
 Inscriptions for the word Flavins, from page 178 to 180. 
 It might also be possible to discover what offices they 
 held among the Tithoreans. 
 
 At the end of the fifth line I have ventured to insert 
 an ii, snKAAPOS being a name that occurs in the Morals 
 of Plutarch ; and, as Wlieler mentions in liis Travels 
 
158 APPENDIX, N°4. 
 
 that he saw at Phria an inscription dedicated to one 
 Titus Flavins Aristus, apiitos in the sixth Hne may have 
 the preference to any other word. 
 
 As to the construction, the verb signifying honour is 
 understood ; and this frequently happens. It is omitted 
 upon the Iliac Pillar, which I brought from the Plain of 
 Troy, and now stands in the Vestibule of the Public 
 Library. Professor Porson believed it to be nearly as 
 antient as the archonship of Euclid. The words of that 
 Inscription appear in the following order'': 
 
 AlKOINflNOYZAITHZeYZIAZ 
 KAITOYArilNOEKAITHZ 
 PANHrVPEriZ 
 PVeAN 
 ZKAMANAPOTIMOYIAIAAA 
 KAAnZKAIAHinZKANH<I>0 
 PHZAZANEYZEBEIAZ 
 ENEKENTHZrPOZTHNeEON 
 
 Here the verb signifying honour is understood. The 
 same omission appears also in N"* 6, 14, i", 20, 21, 23, 
 24, 53, 65, of Spon's Marmora Grceca. The verb is 
 also omitted in N" 45 of the Marmora Oxojuensia, part 
 the second. 
 
 '' It is given very inaccurately by Akcrblad ; as may be seen in the third 
 volume of Chevalier's Account of Troy. 
 
APPENDIX, N" 4. ioQ 
 
 The passage in Herodotus (lib. viii. c. 32) rei^pecting 
 the city Neon and Tithorea has been the subject of frequent 
 dispute. The alteration of yciif/ivti into kui^-iv^v, which 
 suggested itself to Dr. Parr, is confirmed by Stephens, 
 Valla, and Valckenaer ; and the emendation of ett' uxitt,^ 
 for £7r' luvTr,g proposed by Wesseling renders the whole 
 sentence clear and satisfactory. The Reader, after perusing 
 the remarks of Gronovius, Valckenaer, and Wesseling on 
 the subject, will be induced to coincide in opinion with 
 Dr. Parr, that this ought to be the punctuation and reading 
 of the passage : £CT* oe x«* eTnTi^oeri oe^ac^a* 'o[^tXov tou 
 nxpvri(r(rov ri Kopv(pyj xocTtx Necovx ttoXiv KSif^ivniv evr' aurijf. In 
 the remarks of the critics above mentioned, the Reader 
 will observe, that Gronovius having rejected the alteration 
 proposed by Stephens, advances his own ; to which it 
 may be objected, first, with WesseUng, that oppidum 
 adstmd month solet vertici, non vertex iirbi ; secondly, 
 that the situation of ett' euuri^g with regard to Se^'^crdoci 
 renders the construction harsh and intricate. The expla- 
 nation afiixed by Valckenaer to %£<ji*£1'j;v ett' suut^s is more 
 ingenious than true ; for to justify the usage of stt) 
 according to the manner suggested by that critic, it is 
 
l60 APPENDIX, KM. 
 
 necessary that the preposition should allude to, or be 
 preceded by things which are £/t*4"^%a. The instances 
 adduced by him have this reference ; they consequently 
 militate against his explanation of the passage in Herodotus, 
 ^\ herein stt) , alludes to -n'oXiv. It is true that persons are 
 said to be «<?>' lauTwi', or l-m <r<puv avruv, but a city may 
 not therefore be said to be Ip sxvr^g. The alteration 
 proposed by Wesseling obviates all difficulties, and fully 
 elucidates the passage in the Greek historian : it has been 
 embraced by Larcher, M^ho has not, how^ever, assigned any 
 reason for the preference. 
 
( 161 ) 
 
 POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 X HE Author cannot conclude this Work without 
 acknowledging his obligations 
 
 To his friend Mr. Tyrwhitt, for the kind indulgence 
 of being permitted to interrupt his studies, whenever it 
 was necessary to consult his learning or be guided by his 
 judgement. 
 
 To the Rev. Dr. Park, the Rev. Samuel Henlet, 
 Professor Hailstone, and the Rev. Weedon Butler, 
 for their respective literary communications, which appear 
 in the Appendix. 
 
 To Mr. Mathias, for his judicious and learned advice in 
 the revisal of the Work. 
 
 To jSIr. W. Alexander, for the very faithful represen- 
 tation of the Sarcophagus, in the First Plate. To 
 Mr. Alexander's talents the Public are already indebted 
 for the drawings which illustrate Sir George Staunton's 
 Account of the British Embassy to China. His genius 
 and accuracy, assisted by Mr. Medland as EngraA^er, ai*e 
 now emploved in representing the Antiquities sent to this 
 country by Lord Hutchinson, after the conquest of Egjpt. 
 
 X' 
 
iK|° P. 42, note,''. The Poem cited by Gibbon was the production of a Greek 
 author of the sixth renttiry. 
 
 A chronological error occurs in the marginal note, p. 53, and in note r, p. 77. 
 Alexander was buried in 321 B.C. Aristotle died in 322. 
 
 The Reader is requested to substitute an i for an i\ in the word 2;»)|5?{0{, p. 58, 
 note''; to erase not before the words be attributed, p. 76, note'; and for third 
 Appendix, p. 86, note", to read Appendix, N°JV. 
 
DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. 
 
 N. B. The References to tlie Plates relate to the order in winch they are 
 printed in the List at the beginning of the Work. But as many Rciders may 
 choose to give them a more appropriate situation, the Binder is directed to 
 insert them as follows : 
 
 1. TJie Sarcophagus to face the Title. 
 
 2. T/ts Portrait of Alexander page 23. 
 
 3. View of the Mosque of St. Aihanasius page 28. 
 
 4. Plan and Dimensions of the Sarcophagus .... page 41. 
 
 5. Ground Plan of the IMosque of St. Aihanasius . . . page 61. 
 

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