Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/earlychristianmo03alle ARCHiEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND DESCRIPTIVE LIST, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. By J. ROMILLY ALLEN, F.S.A. Scot. DESCRIPTIYE LIST OF THE EARLY SCULPTURED MONUMENTS. In the following list are included three kinds of monuments namely : (Class I.) boulders, slabs, pillars, or rock-surfaces with symbols incised; (Class II.) erect cross-slabs, or recumbent coped stones, with symbols and Celtic ornament sculptured in relief; and (Class III.) erect crosses and cross-slabs, or recumbent coped stones, with Celtic ornament sculptured in relief, but without symbols. In an Appendix to each county notes are given descriptive of other kinds of Christian stones belonging to the pre-Norman period, but devoid of ornament, such as monuments with crosses, incised or in relief ; or with inscriptions in Oghams, debased Latin Capitals, Saxon Capitals, Minuscules, or Runes. The numbers within parentheses throughout this list refer to the figures of the patterns in the Analysis of Celtic Ornament in Part II. NORTHERN SECTION. SHETLAND. CLASS I. Lerwick. — The exact locality where this stone was found is unknown. It Fig. 1. — Front. Fig. 1a. — Back. Fragment, sculptured with incised lines, from Lerwick Museum, locality unknown, now at Edinburgh. Catalogue IB 19. Scale, ^ linear. was at one time in the local museum at Lerwick, and when the collection there was 4 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. dispersed it was transferred to the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh, its number in the catalogue being IB 19. The stone, which is a mere fragment measuring 6 inches long by 3 inches wide by If inch thick, seems to belong to the symbol-bearing slabs of Class I., although this is not absolutely certain. It is sculptured with incised lines on two faces thus — Front. — A quadruple spiral, a double spiral, and three curved lines enclosing a triangular space (fig. 1). Bach. — Portions of two spirals and a sort of trellis-work or hatching composed of lines cutting each other diagonally and leaving lozenge-shaped spaces between them (fig- lA). This stone has not hitherto been described or illustrated. Sandness. — This place is situated near the W. point of the mainland of Shetland and is 20 miles N.W. of Lerwick as the crow flies, but a considerable detour has to be made to reach it by road (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 127). The Rev. George Low gives, in his Tour through the Islands of Orkney and Shetland in 1774 (p. 121), a description, accompanied by a sketch, of a stone which he observed in the wall of Sand- ness church, “ covered with several odd figures, the meaning of which nobody here could give any account of, only they have a sort of superstitious value for it.” Sir Henry Dryden, who visited the spot some years ago, failed to find any trace of the stone. The Piev. George Low’s sketch, which was reproduced by Dr Stuart in his Scnl'ptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 138), show’s a rectangular slab, measui'ing, according to the scale that accompanies the drawing, 1 foot 3 inches long by 9 inches wide, and having upon the front three incised symbols arranged one above the other as follows, beginning at the top : — (1) The rectangular figure. (2) The horseshoe figure. (3) The mirror. The only ornament is on the rectangular figure, and Fig. 2.— Slab, sculptured with coiisists of a horizontal line with a circular bend in the syrn'bols incised, forinerly at centre. The handle of the mirror is of the double disc oandness, now lost. Scale, linear. (Copied from pattern (fig. 2). Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 138.) Uyea. — The little island of Uyea (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet No. 130) lies off DESCPJPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— SHETLAND. 5 the southern extremity of Unst, from whicli it is separated hy Skuda Sound. It is about 40 miles N. of Lerwick in a straight line. There is an ancient chapel on the island (see J. E. Tudor’s The Orhneys and Shetland, p. 566). The stone was presented to the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinbirrgh in April 1868, by IMr J. T. Irvine, F.S.A. Scot. Its number in the cata- logue is IB 18. It is said to have formed part of a larger stone which had served as a cover to an urn of steatite containing burnt bones. The stone is a fragment of dark steatite, 4 inches long by 2^ inches wide by inch thick, with a design upon it of exactly the same kind as occ\irs upon the Lerwick stone already described on p. 3, and it is therefore placed amongst the symbol- bearing slabs of Class I., although there is the same doubt attaching to it as to the Lerwick stone. Tlie Uyea stone is sculptured with incised lines on two faces thus — Front . — The central portion of a triple spiral (fig. 3). Fi". 3. — Front. Fig. 3a. — Back. Fragment, sculptured with incised lines, from Uyea, now at Edinburgh. Catalogue IB 18. Scale, J linear. Back . — Portions of three single spirals and a lattice-work pattern composed of lozenges and triangles (fig. 3a). This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. CLASS III. Bressay (Oulbinsburgh).^— Culbinsburgh is situated close to the shore of the Voe of Culbiusburgh on the N.E. side of the island of Bressay, 3 miles E. of Lerwick, across the Bressay Sound (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet No. 126). The monument, now known as the Bressay Stone, is said to have been found by a 1 There is, perhaps, doubt as to whether the stones at Bressay and Papil may not belong to Class II. rather than to Class III. Some of the figures on the former may have been intended for symbols, and the latter may have had symbols on the back of the slab originally. 0 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. labourer whilst digging a waste piece of ground at Culbinsgarth near the old ruined church of St IMaiy, at Culbinsburgh. It was taken thence to Gardie House, on the W. side of the island immediately opposite Lerwick ; afterwards removed to the churchyard of Bressay, on the same side of the island, but 1 mile to the southwards ; sent to Newcastle for exhibition before the British Archccological Institute in 1852 ; retiumed to Bressay, where it was when Dr Stuart puldished vol. i. of his Sculptured Stones of Scotland in 1859 ; and lastly presented to the Museum of Antiquities at Edinl)urgh in 1864 by the Rev. Z. M. Hamilton, D.D.^ The Bressay Stone is an upright cross-slab of chlorite schist, 3 feet 9 inches high, 1 foot 4 inches wide at the top, tapering to 1 foot wide at the bottom, and If inches thick. It is sculptured in relief on the two broad faces and inscribed on the narrow edges thuS' — ■ Front (fig. 4). — Near the top of the stone is a cross with arms having expanded ends, within a circle. The whole of the cross and the spaces between the arms are covered with interlaced-work ; on the top and left-hand arms a circular ring combined with a single continuous band forming loops in two of the corners and a bend in the other (No. 807); on the right-hand arm an Irregular oval ring combined with a figure-of-eight ring, having two pointed ends (No. 806). On the bottom arm an oval ring combined and interlaced with a circular rina and having two exterior loops, distorted (No. 808). Within the circle in the centre an annular wreath composed of a three-cord plait (No. 787). In the almond-shaped space between the left and bottom arm is a figure-of-eight knot with the bands forming a closed pointed loop at each end (No. 797); and in each of the three remaining almond-shaped spaces between the other arms are circular rings interlaced with figiu’e-of -eight rings (No. 795). At each of the upper corners of the slal), above the circular cross, is a monster disgorging or sw'allowing a small human figure ])laced between the two. The monster on the left has a very prominent eye like that of a toad, and a curling tail, and the monster on the right has jaws armed with formidable teeth. On each side of the circular cross are traces of interlaced ornament. Immediately under the circular cross, in the centre, is a man on horseback, and on each side an ecclesiastic with pointed hood, crosier, and book satchel slung over tlie shoulder. Above the horseman to the right is an S-shaped object, like a serpent, and on the left a small equal-armed cross incised. 1 The story, thus briefly summarised, of the first discovery of the Bressay Stone, its incessant removal from place to place, exposed meanwhile to endless risks, and its final good fortune in being safely housed at Edinburgh, is one that will be told again and again in the case of other monuments, but with this essential difference that their w^anderings have not terminated in a manner so satisfactory. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— SHETLAND. 7 Upright cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, from Bressay, now at Edinburgh. Catalogue IB 109, Scale, i linear. 8 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. % Below the figures just described is a piece of plait-work i composed of four bands, and two beasts, one below the other. The upper one has the tail curled over its back and the lower one resembles a fat pig. Bach (fig. 4 a). — Divided into three panels containing (1) a circular cross composed of interlaced rings (No. 794), sur- rounded, along the top and sides, by two twisted bands forming loops in each corner ; and along the bottom side by two twisted bands combined with cii’cular rings; (2) a pair of beasts with curling tails and open mouths facing each other ; and (3) two ecclesiastics standing opposite to each other with pointed hoods, crosiers, and book -satchels. Eight Side. — An ogham inscription on a stem line along the centre of the face in four words divided by double points, reading from the bottom upwards (fig. 4c). Left Side. — A similar inscription to that on the right side in three words also reading from the bottom upwards (fig. 4 d). The Bressay Stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculjd'iired Stones (vol. i. plates 94 and 95, and p. 30) ; in D. Wilson’s Prehistoric Annals of Scotland (2nd ed., vol. ii. p. 240 ; in the Journal of the British Archocological Institute (vol. xxviii. p. 181). Readings of the inscription will be found in E. Brash’s Ogam Inscribed Monuments (p. 355) ; Sir S. Ferguson’s Ogham Inscriptions (p. 135) ; by Dr Graves in the Proceedings of the Poyal Irish Academy (vol. vi. p. 248) ; by the Et. Hon. the Earl of Southesk in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xviii. pp. 196-198); and by Professor John Ehys, LL.D., in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxvi., p. 297). The way in which tlie inscription is cut on a stem line, with vowels represented by cross strokes instead of notches on the angle of the stone, with points between each word, and other peculiarities, shows that it belongs to the later or scholastic variety of ogham writing found in the Booh of Ballymote and other Irish IMSS., ranging in date from the ninth to the seventeenth centuries, but only found in one instance on monumental inscriptions in Ireland, namely at Mount Callan, Co. Clare. ^ This has been mistaken by Dr Stuart and others for the step symbol. CO Fig. 4c. — Right Side. Narrow faces Fig. 4 d. — Left Side, of Bressay Stone with ogham inscrip- • tions. Scale, | linear. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — SSETLAND. 9 The language of the inscription appears to be mixed Scandinavian and Celtic. Dr Graves translates it thus : — “ The Cross of Naddodd’s daughter here. Benres ^ the son of the Druid here.” He identifies Naddodd with the Viking of the Faroes, bearing that name, who, according to the Landnamabdk, discovered Iceland in a.d. 861. Naddodd had a grandson named Benir, who would be the Benres mentioned in the second line. The name Moccudruidis occurs in Adamnan’s Life of St Columha as the patronpnic of Ere of Colonsay.2 Lord Southesk’s reading is : — “ The body of Bernis, son of Dru, rests here. The body of Krusa, Natdod’s daughter, rests here, wife of . . .” The peculiarity of the double points between the words is one which is almost always found in Runic inscriptions, and tends to confirm the mixed Celto-Scandinavian origin of the moniunent. The shapes of the crosses on the front and back of the Bressay stone are of an earlier type than might be expected from the apparently late character of the inscrip- tion. The cross within a circle, having expanded ends to the arms, is found on stones which cannot be later than the sixth or seventh century, such as the one at Wlnthorn,^ in Wigtownshire. A circular cross, formed of interlaced bands, similar to that on the back of the Bressay stone, occurs with an ogham inscription at Clydey,'* in Pembroke- shire. With regard to the ornamental features of the Bressay stone it may be observed that the interlaced-work is not of the best kind either in design or execution. The absence of key-patterns and spirals indicates that the work is not of the finest period. As to the significance of the figure-subjects, the monsters swallowing a man are probably intended for Jonah and the whale or some similar type of the Resurrection.® Here the whole body of a man is shown between two beasts, but in other cases, as at Dunfallandy, in Perthshire, and Kirk Braddan, in the Isle of Alan, the head only appears. The beast with its tail curled over its back may be intended for a lion, or for the symbol of St Mark. At all events it is not unlike the evangelistic symbol in the ^ Professor Rhys reads this word Brrisef, which he thinks is not a proper name, but indicates relationship, such as wife or child. 2 J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times (2nd ser.), p. 209. ® Stuart’s Seidptured Stones, vol. ii. pi. 97 ; J. R. Allen’s Early Christian Symbolism, p. 94. ^ Prof. J. 0. Westwood’s Lapidarium Wallice, pi. 59. ® J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2nd ser., p. 153 ; and Early Christiayi Symbolism, p. 371. PART III. B 10 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Book of Duitow.^ The other animals are not easy to identify. The man on horseback is a very common subject on the Scotch stones, generally engaged in hunting, the chase being a well-known Christian type. In addition to the symbolical repre- sentations on the Bressay stone, there are four figures of ecclesiastics, hold- ing crosiers and with book satchels slung over their shoulders, which may be intended for actual portraits of contemporary lushops of the Celtic Church in Shetland, or more probably are for the purpose of indicating the ecclesiastical origin of the monu- ment and to encourage reverence for the officers of the Church. Similar figures are to be seen on many others of the Scottish stones and on the Irish and Manx crosses (fig. 5). Papil, Island of Burra. — The two isles of E. and W. Burra lie side by side on the W. of the southern part of the mainland of Shetland. Bapil is situated near the S. end of the island of W. Burra, on the E. side, and is 10 miles S.W. of Lerwick (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet No. 125). Mr Gilbert Goudie, F.S.A.Scot., whilst on a visit to the Burra Isles in July 1877, discovered an upright cross-slab, lying on the ground at a short distance to the S. of the ancient churchyard of I’apil. It had from time immemorial marked the resting- place of the members of the family of Mr John Inkster, Baptist missionary in the island. This remarkable monument is now in the National Museum of Antiquities at Edinburgh, ha\dng been, at the request of Mr Goudie, presented by Miss Scott of Scallo- way to that institution. r Fig. 5. — Upriglit cross-slab, sculptured in relief with en- throned ecclesiastics, wearing peaked hoods, at Kirk Maughold, Isle of Man. Scale, | linear. 1 Prof. J. 0. Westwood’s Miniatures, pi. 4. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— SHETLAND, 11 The monument (fig. G) is a rectangular slab of red sandstone, rounded at the top, 6 feet 10 inches high, 1 foot 7^ inches wide at the top, tapering to 1 foot 5.^ inches wide at the bottom, and varying in thickness from 1^ to 2^ inches. It is sculptured partly in relief and partly with incised lines on one face only as follows — Fro7it (fig. 6). — At the top is a cross having four ecpial arms with ex- panded ends, enclosed within a circle, except at the bottom, where it is joined on to a short narrow shaft in the centre of the stone. The head of the cross is plain, but the four almond-shaped spaces between the arms are filled in with interlaced-work, that in the spaces between the left and top arms and be- tween the top and right arms consisting of a circular ring combined with a figure-of-eight ring having two pointed ends (No. 795) ; and that in the spaces between the right and bottom arms and between the bottom and left arms consisting of a figure-of-eight ring haA'- ing one pointed end and one round end, combined with a circular ring and an oval ring with a pointed end (No. 796). The shaft of the cross is ornamented at the bottom by a continuous incised line forming two bends, like those of a figure-of-eight, and enclosing a pair of loops within each bend (No. 551). At each side of the circular head of the cross below are spandrels enclos- ing triquetra knots (No. 802); and on each side of the shaft are a pair of ecclesiastics with pointed hoods and crosiers, one of the pair on each side having besides a book satchel slung over the shoulder (fig. 7). Below this is a rectangular panel enclosing a beast with its tail curled over its back (fig. 8). At the bottom are a pair of creatures with human bodies, Fig. 6. — TJ[iriglit cross slab with sculpture partly incised and partly in relief from Papil, now in the Edinburgh Museum. IB 46. Scale, yV linear. 12 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. arms, and heads, hut with the legs and beak of a bird, each holding an axe over the shoulder, one with the right hand and the other with the left, and pecking at a human head in the middle. The Pai)il stone was discovered after Stuart’s second volume was published. It is described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xv. p. 199. It will be noticed that the Papil stone has many points in common with that at Pjressay. The shape of the cross is the same in both cases and the knots in the almond- Fig. 7. — Cross and ecclesiastics, with crosiers and book satchels, on the Papil Stone. Scale, \ linear. sliaped spaces between tlie arms are almost identical. On both are found the four ecclesiastics with their pointed hoods, crosiers, and book satchels ; the beast with its tail curled over its back ; and monsters attacking a human being. As a work of art, however, the Papil stone is infinitely superior. The design is executed in a way which DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— SHETLAND. 13 seems to mark the transition between incised sculpture and sculpture in relief. Some portions, such as the knot at the lower end of the shaft of the cross, and the bird-like monsters at the bottom of the stone, are produced by a single incised line; others, such as the cross and beast, by a double incised line ; and lastly, the ecclesiastics have a recessed backgi’ound. Tlie spiral curves on the body of the beast (fig. 8), above the fore and hind legs, are exactly like those on the lion of St Mark in the Book of Durrow, already referred to. Spirals used in the same conventional manner are found upon the so-called elephant symbol, the Burghead bulls, and the boar on the stone at Knock-na-gael near Inverness. This particular ornamental feature is also characteristic of the dragouesque beasts on the Isle of IMan crosses and on the monuments in Scandinavia with inscriptions in later Runes. There is nothing exactly resembling the bird-men (fig. 9) on any of the other Scotch monuments, but men, centaurs, and other creatures armed with axes occur at Glamis Manse, in Forfarshire ; Meigle and Eossie Priory, in Perthshire; and Golspie, in Sutherlandshire. A bird-man armed with sword and shield appears on the stone from Murthly, Perthshire. A human head between two monsters is not an uncommon device either in Celtic or Norman Christian art.^ On the carved doorways of some of the wooden churches in Norway, as at Aals, a little human head hangs down from the middle of the lintel, with a dragon on each side of it. It is possible that there may have been a full-length figure of a man originally between the two bird-headed figures at Papil and that the head only now remains, for the face of the slab is scaled away just beneath the head. The Papil stone affords an exceptionally interesting instance of the ecclesiastical vestments of the early Celtic Church. The pointed hood ^ See J. R. Allen’s Early Christian Symholism, p. 373. 14 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. seems to be a characteristic feature of the dress represented on the sculptured stones of Scotland. It was certainly worn hy ecclesiastics, as on the stones at Papil, Bressay, and on a fragment at St Vigean’s, but it may also have been part of the ordinary civil costume of the period. The curious figure of the kneeling man shooting with a cross-how wears it, as at Glenferness, Shandwick, and St Vigean’s ; and horsemen with this kind of head-gear are to he seen at Mortlach and St Madoes. These ecclesiastics with peaked hoods may he compared with an Egyptian (?) monk in the Sacrament air e de S. Gcllone in the Paris Library given in the JVotiveau TraiU de Diplomatique, vol. ii. pi. 19. It is well known that the Celtic monks carried their hooks in leather satchels like those represented on the Papil stone. Three such satchels are still in existence. Fig 9. — Bird monsters with axes, pecking at human head, on the Papil Stone. Scale, ^ linear. namely, those of the Book of Armagh, of the Irish Missal at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge ; and of St Moedoc’s Reliquary.^ They are used in the Eastern Church at the present day, being slung round the neck whilst being carried and at other times hung up on ;i>egs projecting from the walls of the monk’s cell.^ Pegs for this purpose may he seen within the early Christian l)eehive cells of the monastic settlement on Scellig Mhichel, off the W. coast of Kerry.^ Prof. John Phys has pointed out, in a note in the Illustrated Archaeologist (vol. i. p. 55), that a figure supposed to be St Teilo, on the outside of the cover of the JAloer Landavensis, belonging to Mr Davies-Cooke 1 Miss M. Stokes’ Early Christian Art in Ireland, p. 50 ; Petrie’s Ancient Architecture of Ireland, p. 327 ; Archmologia, vol. 43, p. 131 ; J. P. Mahaffy’s Boole of Trinity College, Dublin. 2 Gilbert’s Facsimiles of the National MSS. of Ireland, Part 2, Aj)p. 2, Fig. 2 ; Curzon’s Monasteries of the Levant. ® Lord Dunraven’s Ancient Architecture of Ireland. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— SHETLAND. 15 of Gwysaney, Flintshire, has a hook-satchel. In the scene of the Jews flying from Jerusalem, on the Franks casket in the P)i’itish Museum, one of the figures is represented with a book-satchel hung by a strap rmmd the neck. The name Papil indicates that there was a Celtic church on this site before the Scandina\dan invasions, it being evidently derived from Papae, the name by which the Scotic missionaries were known to the Norsemen, as is shown by the following passage from the Icelandic Landndmahdlc : — “P>efore Iceland was colonised from Norway (a.d. 874), men were living there whom the Northmen called Papas; they were Christians, and it is thought they came over the sea from the west ; for Irish books which were left behind them, and bells and crosiers, and other things were found after them, which seem to indicate that they were w’est-men. These things were found in Papeya, towards the east, and in Papyli.”^ South Garth. — This place is situated on the east side of the northern part of the island of Yell, 40 miles N. of Lerwick in a straight line (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet No. 130). A sculptured stone was found at South Garth, but it is not known what has become of it. The following account of the stone is taken from a MS. lecture by iMr Thomas Irvine of Midbrake, March II, 1859. “ A very curious and remarkable stone was found a few years ago near the east side of South Garth by the tenant there while casting peats. It was a thin slab, between 3 and 4 feet long, about 1;^ inch thick, and about IG or 17 inches broad at one end and a little broader at the other. Both sides were completely covered with figures in relief having a border all round carved in zig-zag diamond and spiral lines.” Dr Charlton of Newcastle says in a letter relating to this subject : — “ I found to-day a note in my journal that the Yell stone was for a considerable time in the possession of Mr William Pole of Culliavoe.” Mr J. T. Irvine, however, remarks, with regard to Dr Charlton’s statement : — “ When in 1863 I enquired of Mr W. Pole he appeared to know nothing about it.” APPENDIX TO SHETLAND. Stones with Incised Crosses. Papil. — On island of Burra, 10 miles S.AV. of Lerwick, lying in old church- yard ; a slab of red sandstone, 5 feet 4 inches long by 1 foot 3^- inches broad ; having upon one side a cross with expanded ends to the arms and two concentric circles in the centre. (Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xv. p. 204.) * Orkneyinga Saga (Edinburgh, 1873), Introduction, pp. xii. and xiii. 10 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND, Stones with Ogham Inscriptions. Cunningsburgh. — On southern part of mainland of Shetland, 8 miles S.W. of Lerwick; two stones; (No. 1) found close to the ancient hurial-ground by Rev. George D (E) V (O) D D R (E) Fig. 10. — Fragment, with ogham inscription, from near ancient burial-ground surrounding disused church of Cunningsburgh, now at Edinburgh. Catalogue IB 115. Scale, J linear. or R Clark, afterwards in the possession of Mr Gilbert Goudie, F.S.A.Scot., and now deposited in the Edinburgh Museum of Antiquities; a fragment of grey sandstone, 1 foot 1 inch long by inches wide by 2h inches thick; with portions of inscriptions in oghams, one on the angle and another on a stem-line (fig. 10). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— SHETLAND. 17 (Described by G. Goudie, who gives Prof. J. Rhys’ reading in Proc. Sue. Ant. Scot., vol. xvii. p. 80G ; Lord Southesk’s read- ing in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xviii. p. 206 ; not known to Sir S. Ferguson or Rolt Rrash. Prof. J. Rhys’ reading again in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxvi. p. 295.) Cunningsburgh. — (No. 2) Found near an ancient church, jMail’s Air, Aith’s Voe, in parish of Cunningsburgh ; a frag- ment of greyish sandstone, 1 0 inches by 8 inches and 2 1 inches in thickness, hav- ing on one side a portion of an inscription in oghams on a stem-line, of which only three letters remain (fig. 11), and on the other side a portion of a pattern of opposed double curves enclosed in a rectangular border (fig. 11a). (Described with read- ing by Lord Southesk in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xviii. p. 206 ; not known to Sir S. Ferguson or Rolt Brash.) Lunnasting. — On northern part of mainland of Shetland, 15 miles N. of Lerwick ; found in 1876 by PART III. 18 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Rev. J. C. Roger, in a cottage in the parish of Lnnnasting and now deposited in the Edinlmrgh IMiisenm of Antiquities ; a slab of sandstone, 3 feet 8i inches long by 1 foot 1 incli broad by 1^ inch thick ; with an inscription in oghams on a stem-line, with double points between each word, cut on the hroad face of the stone (fig. 12). (Described by G. Goudie in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 24; Lord Southesk’s reading in Froc. Sue. Ant. Scot., vol. xviii. p. 202 ; Sir S. Ferguson’s 0f Antiquities. It is only a fragment Fig. 14. — Fragment of runic inscription found at Cunningsburgh, Shetland. Scale, 4 linear, inscribed on the narrow edge in late runes, as follows — KU I M I K (No. 2) found by Mr Robert Cogle in 1875 at a very short distance from Nos. 1 and 3, and now deposited in the Edinburgh Museum of Antiquities. It is a mere fragment inscribed on the narrow edge in late runes, as follows — KT + TK (No. 3) found in 1877 by Rev. George Clark in the ancient burial-ground of Cunningsburgh adjoining the more modern cemetery of the Free Kirk of Maill, and Fig. 15. — Runic inscription on edge of stone found at Cunningsburgh, Shetland. Scale, A linear. now deposited in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh ; a slab of sandstone, 4 feet 3 inches long by 6 inches broad by 6 inches thick ; inscribed in late runes on the narrow edge of the stone as follows — . . . Thi STIN IFTIR + FOThUR SIN ThURBAIR Raised stone after father his Thurbair(n) (G. Goudie in Froc. Soc. Ant., vol. xii. pp. 13G-164.) 20 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. ORKNEY. CLASS I. Firth. — This place is situated on the E. side of the mainland of Orkney, 8 miles in a straight line N.W. of Kirkwall, but rather further by the road, which has to take a circuitous route round the Bay of Firth (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 119). The symbol stone was discovered by Mr George Petrie of Kirkwall, built into the wall of a cottage above the fireplace, and is said to have been removed from an older house inhabited by the father of the cottager. It was purchased for the Edinbui’gh IMuseum of Antirpiities through Mr Petrie in 1864. It is a fragment of a slab of clay slate of irregular four-sided shape, 3 feet 9 inches long by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 31 inches thick. Sculptimed on one face with incised lines thus — Fig. 16.— Slab scuhitured with incised symbols, from Firth, now at Edinburgh. Catalogue IB 24. Scale, jV linear. Front (fig. 16). — At the top the rectangular symbol and below it the crescent and V-shaped sceptre symbol. Both are ornamented with elegantly curved lines. (Illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii. pL 104.) Island of South Ronaldsay — St Peter’s. — The parish church of St Peter is situated at the N. end of the island of South Eonaldsay, 12 miles in a straight line S. of Kirkwall, crossing over the sound by boat (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 122). The symbol stone formed the sill of a window in St Peter’s church, and is DESCRIPTIVE IJST OF MONUMENTS — ORKNEY. 21 now deposited in the Edinburgh Museum of Antiquities {Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. i. p. 139). It is a rectangular slab of sandstone, 5 feet long by 1 foot 7 inches wide by 3| inches thick. Sculptured on two faces with incised lines thus — Front (fig. 17). — At the top the rectangular symbol and below it the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol, both ornamented with patterns formed of curved lines, circles, and dots. Fig. 17. — Front. Slab sculptured with incised symbols, from South Ronaldsay, now at Edinburgh. IB 2. Scale, xV linear. Catalogue Back (fig. 17 a). — A t the top the crescent and V'Shaped rod symbol, and below it the mirror-case symbol. (Illustrated in Stuart’s Sctdjdiired Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 96.) CLASS III. Holm. — The parish church of Holm is situated 7 miles S.E. of Kirkwall (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 118). The sculptured stone was found some years ago in the floor of the church in executing some repairs, and is now preserved inside the new chapel at Graemeshall, being fixed against the north wall. It is an upright cross-slab of sandstone of rectangular shape, 4 feet 9 inches high by 1 foot 5 inches wide ; sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 18) — EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 22 Front . — The slab lias a Hat raised moulding running round all four sides, and the cross is outlined with a similar moulding raised above the background. The cross (shape No. 98a) is in the centre of the slab and has a square base at the bottom of the shaft, like the cross on the back of the Skinnet stone. The cross is not divided into panels, but the ornament on the four cross arms, the shaft, and the base is different in each case. The ornament on the top, bottom, and left arms of the cross is so defaced Front. Fig. 18. — Cross-slab with sculpture in relief at Holm. Scale, Yi linear. that it cannot be made out. On the right arm of the cross is a circular ring combined and interlaced with a four-looped ring (No. 495). On the shaft is triangular interlaced- work (No. 721), as on the Lothbeg stone in the Dunrobin Museum; and on the square base triangular interlaced-work (No. 457). The background of the cross is plain. This stone has not been previously described or figm-ed. The illustration has DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ORKNEY. 23 been prepared from a rubbing and pliotograph kindly supplied by Mr T. S. Peace, architect, Kirkwall. Island of Flotta. — This island lies to the S. of the mainland, 12 miles S.W. of Kirkwall, in a straight line across the sound (Inch Ordnance IMap, Sheet 117). The sculptured slab was found on the site of a ruin supposed to have been an ancient church,^ and after being for some years in the possession of Mr George Petrie of Kirkwall, it was purchased for the Edinburgh IMuseum of Antiquities in 1877. It is a rectangular slab of grey sandstone, 5 feet 5 inches long by 2 feet 8 inches wide by 3 to 4 inches thick, having two vertical grooves at the back, showing that it probably formed one side of an altar tomb, and sculptured on one face thus — Fig. 19. — Slab with sculpture in relief from Flotta, now at Edinburgh. Catalogue IB 48. From a drawing by Sir Henry Dryden, Bart. Scale, yj linear. Front (fig. 19). — A raised border round the edge of the slab, and in the centre, within a square panel, a cross of the usual Celtic shape with four round hollows in the angles formed by the intersection of the arms. The top, bottom, and right arms of the cross are ornamented with interlaced-work, consisting of a six-cord plait on the narrow parts of the arms, and on the ends of the arms ten-cord plaits with breaks in the centre and at the edge (No. 683). The Flotta stone was found since the publication of Dr Stuart’s second volume. The illustration here given is from a drawing kindly lent by Sir Henry Dryden. 1 In the “Descriptio insularum Orchadiarum per me Jo. Ben, ibidem colentem in anno 1529” (MS. in Advocates’ Library), first printed in the Appendix to Barry’s History of the Orkney Islands (1805), p. 414, the writer says: — “Vetus domus hie est diruta sola quam quidem ecclesiam alii Presbyterium vocant, longitudine magna, ubi singulis annis comitia ai^ebuntur sacerdotum. Ternaj trophese hie eiectse sunt, t^ure nos vocamus crosses ; aversm sunt fabro murario.” Barry states that no traces or eveu tradition of the church and crosses remained in his day. 24 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Ari’ENDIX TO ORKNEY. Stones with Ogham Inscrittions, but without Ornament. Broch of Burrian. — At the S. end of the island of North Ronaldsay, 30 miles N.E. of Kirkwall ; a slab of clay slate, 2 feet 4 inches long by 1 foot 2 inches wide by Fig. 20. — Ogham inscription and cross on slab from Broch of Burrian, now at Edinburgh. Catalogue GB 1. Scale, -J linear. 2 inches thick, found in excavating the Broch in 1870 by Dr 'William Traill, with a cross of the Celtic form incised in outline in the middle of the stone ; below it appear indications of what might have been the tail and part of the body of a fisli, and on the left of it an inscription in scholastic oghams on a vertical stem-line (fig. 20). (Illustrated in Arclia:ologia Seotica, vol. v. plate 4G ; readings of inscription by Lord Southesk in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xviii. p. 200 ; by R. Brash in his Ogam- Inscribed Monuments, p. 302; by Sir S. Ferguson in his Ogham Inseriptions, p. 136; and by Rrof. J. Rhys in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxvi., p. 292.) Stones with Minuscule Inscriptions, but without Ornament. Island of Papa Stronsay. — Oil the N.E, coast of the island of Strousay, 18 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ORKNEY. 25 miles N.E. of Kirkwall. Dug up near the site of the old chapel of St Nicholas, and now in the possession of Mr Heddle of Melsetter in North Walls ; a small rectangular slab, 1 1 inches long by 3 inches wide, with an ornamental cross formed of a double bead moulding near one end, and above it inscribed in minuscules the contracted words dnc di (Illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Slones, vol. i. pi. 42 ; reading by Prof. J. Rhys in Proc. Soe. Ant. Scot., vol. xxvi. p. 291.) Stones with Crosses, but without Ornament. St Colm’s Chapel, Kirkhope, Walls, Island of Hoy. — 16 miles S.W. of Kirkwall. Found by Rev. J. Russell in the foundations of St Colm’s chapel and now in the National Museum, Edinburgh ; an upright slab of sand- stone, 3 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide and 5 inches thick ; with a cross incised on the front having- four circles at the intersections of the arms and spiral terminations to the bottom of the shaft. It is described by IMr d. W. Cursiter, and figured, Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxxii. Denshow, Evie. — Mr George Petrie was told in 1870 by Mr Eolsetter that a knoll near the burn of Denshow, between Flaws and Arkaness, in the parish of Evie, was trenched in 1852 and a slab of blue slate was found about 4 feet long, 2 feet G inches broad, and 2 inches thick which had incised upon it a cross of the whole length of the stone, the ends terminating in scrolls like those of the Papa Stronsay cross {Petries JVote-hook, 10, p. 181, in the Society’s Library). Fig. 21. — Inscribed cross-slab at Papa Stronsa}'. From a paper squeeze by Sir Henry Drydeii, Bart. Scale, h linear. Bone Objects with InciSed Symbols. Broch of Burrian, North Ronaldsay. — 30 miles N.E. of Kirkwall. Found in excavating Broch of Burrian at S. end of island in 1870, and now in the Edinburgh Museum of Antiquities ; the phalangial bone of a small ox, having incised on the front the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol, and on the back the mirror-case symbol, the former being ornamented with a pattern formed of curved lines (figs. 22 and 22a). (Illustrated in Archccologia Scotica, vol. v. pp. 360-361.) PART III. D 2G EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. I’lialangial bone of ox carved with incised symbols from Broch of Burrian, now in the Edinburgh Museum. GB 227 (actual size). Stone Objects with Incised Symbols. Broch of Burrian. — Found in excavating the Bi ocli in 1870; an oblong pebble Eig. 23. — Front. Fig. 23.\. — Back. Sandstone pebble with incised symbols from Broch of Burrian, now in the Museum. GB 9. Scale, I linear. of brownish sandstone, now in the Edinburgh IMuseum of Antiquities, having incised on the front a five-pointed star with a crescent above and a bird in one of the points of the star, and on the back a six-pointed star (figs. 23 and 23 a). (Illustrated in Archccoloyia Scotiea, vol. v. p. 352.) DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — CAITHNESS. 27 CAITHNESS. CLASS I. Birkle Hill, Keiss. — Tlie village of Keiss is situated on tlie E. coast of Caithness at the N. end of Sinclair’s Bay, 7.\ miles (by road) N. of Wick railway station. Keiss Castle and the ancient Castle of Keiss lie | of a mile N. of the village, and about 2 miles to the southward the water from the Loch of Wester discharges itself into the sea. Along the shore to the S. of the village is a low level tract, bordered towards the sea by a range of sandhills ; the portion between the village and the Loch of Wester being called Keiss Links. In all directions are to be found traces of the prehistoric inhabitants, in the shape of Bictish Brochs, mounds, cists, &c. The exploration chiehy of the latter was undertaken by Mr S. Laing and the results are published in his Prehistoric Iieniains of Caithness. On the Inch Ordnance IMap (Sheet 116) will be found marked in “ black letter” an ancient site called Castles Linglas. It appears that the mounds of sand so marked are known locally as the Birkle Hills. These were excavated in 1894-95 by Sir Francis Tress Barry, Bart., M.B., of Keiss. The larger mound was found to contain the lower part of a very well-preserved broch and the smaller the foundations of a dry built structure of rectangular ground plan, paved with a number of slabs of stone, amongst which was one bearing incised symljols. Fig. 24. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols, from the little Birkle Hill, Keiss. Scale, yV linear. The symbol stone is a slali from the pavement beds of the Old Red Sandstone of Caithness, measuring .3 feet 2 inches long Iiy 1 foot 9 inches by 3 inches in thickness. It is sculptured with incised lines on one face with the following symbols — (I) Front (fig. 24). — The mirror ornamented with two concentric circles and round the outer circle a rosette-like arrangement of five arcs of circles of five petals.^ ' A somewhat similar design was found on a slab at Vendel, Sweden (see Antiqiiarish Tidshrift for Sverige, Del. 8, No. 1, p. 34), but compare those on the Drumbuie stone (fig. 102), p. 99, and on the stones at Inverury and Inveravon. •28 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. (2) The triple oval figure ornamented with intersecting arcs of circles.^ This stone is now in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh, having been presented by Sir F. T. Barry in 1895. It has been described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxix. p. 272. Links of Keiss Bay. — This stone, bearing two symbols and part of an ogham inscription, was brought to Sir F. T. Barry, at Keiss Castle by Mr John Nicolson, who found it lying on the links towards the south side of Keiss Bay, in August 1896. The stone when found was in several fi’agments, and unfortunately a portion of the upper end, including part of the symbol of the fish, and possibly also a portion of the inscription, has not been recovered. It is a slab from the Caithness pavement beds measuring about 4 feet in length l>y 2 feet in breadth and nearly 3 inches in thickness. It is sculptured with incised lines on one face with the following symbols: — (1) Fro7it (fig. 25). — The fish, boldly outlined, but of which only about 12 ^ It is not quite clear whether these circular arcs are an essential part of the symbol or whether they are mere ornament. DESCEIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — CAITHNESS. 29 inches in length of the lower line of the body remains, showing the pectoral, ventral, and anal fins. (2) d'he rectangnlar symbol, divided longitudinally by a band of two parallel lines I of an inch apart enclosing a row of contiguous curves rising from the lower line, which also curves in terminal spirals below. The upper half of the rectangle is filled with spiral scroll-work. To the left of these two figures, commencing slightly below the rectangular figure, and extending upwards in a slanting direction to the break in the stone, is a line of eight letters of an ogham inscription reading from the bottom upw’ards. N E H T E T R 1 (rresented to the National IMuseum of Antiquities by !Sir F. T. Harry in 18J7, and descril)ed and illustrated in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxxi. p. 29G.) Sandside House. — This house is situated at the N.W. corner of Caithness, close to the borders of Sutherland. It is IJ- miles W. of Eeay and about 12 miles W. of Thurso railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 118). The sjunhol stone was found about fifty years ago near the site of an ancient settlement on the sand links by the sea-shore, and then taken to Sandside Farm to be used in tbe covering of the mill-lade, where tlie road crosses over it. The slab remained in this position until September 1889, when it attracted the notice of i\Ir Filkington during some repairs to the mill-lade and was removed for preservation to Sandside House. It is a rectangular slab of the hard sandstone of the district, 4 feet 8^ inches long by 1 foot 111 inches wide by inches thick, sculptured on one face with incised lines thus — Fro7it (fig. 26). — At the top, a previously un- known syml)ol, consisting of a horizontal row of three flattened ovals joined together in the middle by pairs of small circles, and having a double outline at the tops and bottoms of the ovals ; below this the mirror- case symbol ; and at the bottom the mirror and comb symbol. Since the Sandside stone was made known other two instances of the triple oval symbol have been discovered, one on the back of the Skinnet stone in the Thurso Museum, in which case the ovals have pointed ends, and Fig. 26. — Slab scubitured with in- cised symbols at Sandside. Not to scale. 30 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. another on the stone from the Birkle Hill, Keiss.^ The mirror-case symbol at Sand- side has a rectangle taken out of the bottom of it so that it resembles the symbol on the stone from Kintradwell (Stuart, vol. ii. pi. 104) in the Dunrohin Museum, and that on the hack of the stone from St Peter’s Clmrch, South Ronaldstiy. The round part is ornamented with concentric circles, the two middle ones being a little out of the centre. The sides of the lower part of the mirror case are slightly concave and ornamented with a double outline making a creseent shape on each side.- The mirror symbol has a double circle round the rim of the body and the handle is of the double disc pattern. (The Sandside stone was discovered since the publication of Dr Stuart’s second volume. It is described by Dr J. Anderson in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxiii. p. 345. The woodcut is from a photograph taken by IMiss ITlkington.) Thurso Castle. — This castle, which is the residence of Sir Tollemache Sinclair, Bart., is situated 1 mile N.E. of Thurso railway station on the sea-shore close to the mouth of the Thurso River on the E. side (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 113). The symbol stone is said to have been found in a Piet’s house or hroch, just outside the enclosure of the hurying-ground attached to the ancient church of St IMaryat Lyhster in Reay, 0 miles W. of Thurso. Dr Stuart states that it was presented by Sir George Sinclair to the King of Denmark, hut nothing is known of it at the Museum in Copenhagen. It is a rectangular slab of Caithness sandstone 2 feet 3 inches high by 2 feet 2 inches wide, sculptured on one face with incised lines thus — Front (fig. 27). — At the top, the crescent and Y-shaped sceptre symliol, and below it the horse-shoe or arch symbol, lioth orna- mented with curved lines. The arch symbol has a convex projection in the middle of the under side, a rather unusual feature. (D('scrihed and illustrated in Stuart’s Senlptvrcd Stones, vol. i. })1. 30.) Fig. 27. — Slab sculi)tured with incised symbols, from Tlinrso, now at Copenliagen. Copied from Siwavt’s Sculptured Stones of Scotlaml, vol. i. pi. 30. Scale, linear. CLASS II. Halkirk — Skinnet Chapel. — St Thomas’ chapel at Skinnet is situated 4 miles S. of Thurso railway station on the W. side of the Thurso River (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet IIG). ^ Another more doubtful example exists on the walls of one of the Covesea caves, near Elgin. ' This is the usual way of treating the central bar of the double disc symbol. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— CAITHNESS. 31 This chapel was in early times the church of a parish, which, about the time of the I’eformation, was united to the paiish of St Fergus of Halkirk. Tlie Skinnet stone originally stood, according to Dr Stuart, at the E. end of the huilding in the inside {Sculidurctl Stones of Scotland, vol. ii. p. 41), but Mr IMuir says it was at the W. end. Ilis account of his discovery of the stone is so interesting that it may be quoted at length, as follows : — “Nothing cast up, except nettles, to keep us at St Drostane, but Skinnet un- expectedly furnished us with a couple of hours’ work in examining the remains of the church — of St Thomas, I believe — and digging out, cleansing, and — though not quite successfully, as you see — limning a carved ])illar, which I found suidv to its middle at the west end of the huilding. Resides our task of clearing away the ruhlush which fastened it tightly below, we had nearly the whole length of the pillar to relieve from the grasp of the wall of the church, in the rearing of which the pillar seems to have been used as a stone of construction. Though assisted by men from the neighbouring farm, the work of sufficiently disclosing the stone took a good deal of time to do, as, from fear of hurting the sculptures, the instruments had to l)e used with great caution and delicacy. There was, to he sure, some tugging now and then, but I do not think we injured anything in the slightest, and on leaving I engaged the men to an instant replacement of the stone, as well also to an evermore watchful care of it, as it was one of the greatest wonders in all Caithness, and an honour to the neighbourhood ! ” {Ecclesiolocjical Notes, p. 105.) Since this was written in 18G1 the stone has been removed to the Thurso Museum where I saw it on my visit (July 9, 1890). It was broken into six fragments, which were piled up one above the other on the floor under a bookcase. The fractures are in three directions at right angles to each other, the stone being broken across, lengthwise, and split up the middle, so that its restoration was no easy matter. The monument seems to have been entire when Muir saw it, and it would be difficult to use too strong language in condemning the stupidity or carelessness which is responsible for having damaged beyond hope of repair one of the finest sculptured slabs in Scotland. In the plate in Dr Stuart’s second volume, puldished in 18G7, two of the largest fragments as now existing are .shown together, forming one stone without any fracture, but there is no indication of the stone being longer or of the existence of sculpture on the back. The slab as shown in Stuart is only 5 feet 9 inches long, but when the fragments in the Thurso Museum were all put together it turned out to he nearly 1 foot 9 inches longer with the additional pieces at the bottom. When restored, the whole was a rectangular slab of sandstone, 7 feet G inches long liy 2 feet 2 inches wide by 7 inches thick ; and sculptured, partly in relief and jiartly with incised lines on four faces thus — Front (figs. 28 and 29). — A cross in relief in the centre of the slab, having a head with four equal arms with expanded ends and small round hollows in the angles, a long, narrow shaft, and a rectangular base. In the background, round the head of 82 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Fi<{. 29b.— Right side. Fig. 29a.— Back. Fig. 29c.— Left side. Upright cross-slab with sculpture partly incised and partly in relief, from Skinnet, now in the Thurso Museum. Uiagram showing ornament. Scale, j’j linear. Page 32 . ■ ‘V .'b.sl "S' 5 ^ DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — CAITHNESS. 33 the cross, four circular bosses or medallious ; ou each side of the shaft, a serpentine creature ; and below the base, a horse. The whole of the ornament on the cross in the middle of the slab is continuous, consisting of spiral-work (No. 1080) in the centre of the head, and interlaced-work filling up the rest, being, where not defaced, of broken plait-work with crnciform breaks at regular intervals. The two angles of the lower arm of the head of the cross are ornamented with loops, and the foiu’ angles of the rectangular base with pieces of plait-work (No. 81.3). The four medallions round the head of the cross are ornamented tlms : — left-hand upper one, defaced ; right-hand upper one, spiral ; left-hand lower one spiral-work ; right-hand lower one, a ring looped in four places. The creatiues on each side of the shaft are of the same type as those on the Maiden stone, Aberdeenshire.^ They have, in this case, long jaws merging into the interlaced- work on the shaft, a ci’est coining out of the head and forming plait-work behind the back, and a tail coiled round spirally. Back (figs. 28a and 29a). — A cross in the centre of the slab, having a head with square ends and rectangular hollows between the arms ; a long, narrow shaft ; and a rectangular base, the outline being formed by a band making a loop at each corner. The cross is much defaced, but enough remains to show that the upper part was filled in with interlaced-work and the rectangular base with spiral-work (No. 1053). Below the cross is the triple oval symbol similar to that on the Sandside and Keiss stones, and at the bottom of all the crescent and y-shaped sceptre symbol. Both symbols are decorated with spiral-work in relief. Right Side (fig. 29b). — Divided into three panels containing (1) an eight-cord plait with regular breaks in places varying the pattern (No. 570); (2) interlaced- work almost obliterated; and (3) defaced. Lcfl Side (fig. 29c). — Defaced. Ulbster. — This place is situated on the E. coast of Caithness, 7 miles S. of Wick railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 110). The sculptured slab formerly stood in the ancient burial-ground at Ulbster attached to the ruined church of St Martin, was subsequently placed over a grave there, and is now erected on the summit of an artificial mound in the grounds of Thurso Castle, fully 20 miles away from its original site. It is an approximately rectangular slab of Old Btcd Sandstone, rather wider at the top than the bottom, 5 feet high by 3 feet wide at the top and 2 feet 6 inches wide at the bottom by 7^ inches thick, sculptured partly in relief and partly with incised lines on two faces thus — Front (figs. 30 and 31). — In the centre of the slab a cross with a head having 1 Amongst the Saxon antiquities in the Gibbs Bequest (1284-1485/70) to the South Kensington Museum, now in the British Museum, are two discs with loops, once forming the handles of a bowl engraved with a cross and a dolphin on each side. PART III. E Upright cross*slab with sculpture partly incised and partly in relief, from Ulbster, now at Thurso, Diagrams showing ornament. Scale, tV linear. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF SIONUMENTS— CAITHNESS. 85 equal arms terminating in square ends, cusped hollows in the angles between the arms ; a narrow shaft; and a rectangular base. In the background of the cross above the top arm traces of an animal, and on each side of the arm other animals, the one on the left much defaced, and the one on the right apparently intended for a cow. On each side of the lower arm another kind of animal with large, clumsy paws. On the left of the shaft two men kneeling with what has been taken for a caldron between them (?), and below a serpent. On the right of the shaft the bower symbol ; and below, a horse and a colt with its legs doubled up under it. The cross in the centre of the slab is entirely covered with ornament arranged in ten separate panels, four square ones on the ends of the arms, and one square panel in the centre, four panels with two straight sides and two concave sides on the narrow parts of the arms, and a J_-shaped panel on the shaft and base. The panels are filled in as follows : — in the centre a key-pattern (No. 958); on the top and bottom arms interlaced-work (No. 741); on the left and right arms interlaced-work (No. 733) ; on the narrow parts of tlie top and bottom arms angular interlaced-work (No. 729); on the narrow parts of the left and right arms an- gular interlaced-work (No. 725) ; and on the shaft and base a four-cord plait (No. 503). Back (figs. 30a and 31 A). — In the centre of the slab a plain Latin cross with four equal arms. At the top on the left the elephant symbol placed above the fish symbol; and on the right the crescent and V'Sii^iped rod symbol placed above a beast with the tail curved over its back. Below the cross on the left the step symbol placed above the hippo-campus symbol ; and on the right the double disc symbol (without the 2‘Shaped rod) placed above a symbol consisting of two crescents placed back to back with a small circle and central dot at the intersection. The cross in the centre of the slab is orna- mented with a continuous piece of interlaced- work (No. 747). The double discs are each ornamented with triple spirals and the crescent symbol with double spirals (No. 1116). (Illustrated and described in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones, vol. i. pi. 40.) The Ulbster stone belongs to the transitional class, being midway between the rude pillars with incised symbols and the higldy finished cross slabs with sculpture in relief. The margin of the slab is left rough in the case of the Ulbster stone, and the outlines of some of the figures are produced by a rounded bead or double incised line instead of a single one, the first stage towards sculpture in relief. There are more symbols on this monument than on any other. The present position of the Ulbster stone is the worst that could possibly have been chosen for it, as it is exposed to the wild fury of the winter storms on the top of a high mound close to the sea-shore. The designs on the front have already become worn away by being trodden under foot whilst the stone lay prostrate with this side upper- most on a grave at Ulbster, and what is left is now rapidly disappearing from exposure to the weather. In addition to this a most ruthless piece of vandalism has been com- mitted in mutilating the sculpture by cutting deeply through it in Gothic letters the words ©llbstcr ^tone. 36 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. CLASS III. Reay. — This place is situated near Fig. 32. — Upriglit cross-slab with sculpture in relief, re-used as modern gravestone in Reay churchyard. Scale, linear. tlie sea-shore in the N.W. corner of Caithness, 12 miles W. of Thurso railway station, on the road to Bettyhill (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 115). The sculptured stone is in the middle of the old hiuial-ground of Reay resting hori- zontally over an eighteenth-century grave. It is a slab of grey sandstone almost rectangular, 6 feet 4 inches long by 2 feet 3^ inches wide at the top and 1 foot 11 inches wide at the bottom by 3i inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front (fig. 32). — In the centre of the slab a cross of shape No. 102a with square ends to the arms, round hollows in the angles, and a ring connecting them together ; a short shaft and a rectangular base the whole width of the stone. The ornament on the cross is arranged in five different pieces, the central boss being a separate panel sur- rounded by a border, and the other divisions being marked by a change in the p;ittern. The ornament is as follows : — On the top arm of the cross the pattern is defaced by a modern inscription, ROBERT M‘KAY 17 ; on the left and right arms a key-pattern (No. 971) ; on the shaft circular knot- work (No. 701); and on the base a key-pattern (No. 794). The ring connecting the arms has a triple bead moulding on it. ARRENDIX TO CAITHNESS. Stones with Crosses or Inscriptions, BUT WITHOUT ORNAMENT. Mid Clyth (on E. coast of Caithness, 10 miles S. of Wick railway station). — In the old burial-ground a rude whinstone pillar bearing a short incised cross on its W. face.^ St Peter’s Church, Thurso. — In the month of April 1896 some old buildings ^ Figured in Proc. Sac. Ant. Scot., vol. x. p. 630. DESCEIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — CAITHNESS. 87 across the street from the east end of St Peter’s church, Thurso, were taken down, and in excavating to the depth of about 5 feet from the present surface two cists were discovered, formed of rougli stones set on edge. One of the graves was larger than the other, and was about 3 feet G inches in length, 2 feet wide and 2 feet deep, the slal)s The other cist was much smaller. The skeleton in the forming the cist being about 1^ inches in thickness, and seemed to contain the bones of a skeleton not fully grown, larger cist was apparently that of an adult who had been buried in a contracted position. On the top of the cist lay a stone cross (fig. 33) formed of a long slab of the Caithness flagstone and bearing on its shaft an inscription in Scandinavian runes. Its whole length is 2 feet 9 inches. The shaft measm-e's 2 feet inch in length by G| inches in breadth at the lower end, tapering slightly to 5f inches in breadth at the intersection of the arms. The cross head measures 8 inches across, the projec- tion of the arms being less than 2 inches, and their vertical width at the ends 4f inches. The summit is partially broken away, so that it only rises 1^ inch above the arms and shows a breadth of 4f inches. The thickness of the slab throughout is 1^ inch. The inscription is somewhat irregularly cut along one side of the obverse in letters which vary from 3 to 4 inches in height. There are divisions of three points between the words ; but this is not strictly adhered to. The inscription reads from the base ixpwards, and the lower part of the shaft containing its com- It reads — mencement is wanting. — [GEIRTHI made UBIRLAK overlay THITA this AFT after IKULB INGULF FOTHUR SIN father his 33. — Rune - inscribed cross found near St Peter’s Church, Thurso. Scale, | linear. The formula, therefore, is the usual one, stating that the monimient was made in commemoration of the father of the person who so made or placed it. The name of the maker is unfortunately broken away, the lower part of the base of the cross being absent. Eegarding the statement of the finders that the cross actually lay along the top of the grave, we may con- clude that the expression “ made this overlay ” — which is differ- ent from the ordinary mode of expression used when the stone has been erected or set up — really describes what was done, and records that the slender stone cross was laid flat over the grave with the inscribed face uppermost. The date of the monument is certainly late, but probably not later than the extinction of the Norse line of the Earls of Orkney by the murder of Earl John at Thurso in 1231, after which the territory formerly held by them was broken up into the three Earldoms of Orkney, Caithness, and Sutherland, of which Orkney alone remained under the crown of Norway. (Described and illustrated in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxxi. p. 293.) 38 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. SUTHEELAND. CLASS I. Clynekirkton. — The church of Clyne is situated I| miles N.W. of Brora rail- way station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 103). Two symbol stones belonging to Class I. and a stone belonging to Class III. came from Clyne churchyard and are now preserved in the Dunrobin Museum. No. 1 was discovered by Mr Muir in 1855. It is a slab of red sandstone, of somewhat irregular outline, 4 feet 3 inches long by 1 foot 1 1 inches wide at the top and 1 foot 7 inches wide at the bottom by 4^ inches thick, sculptiu-ed on one face with incised lines thus (fig. 34) — ■ Fig. 34. — Stone sculjitared with incised .symbols, from Clynekirkton (No. 1), now in the Dunrobin Museum. Scale, linear. Fig. 35. — Stone sculptured with in cised symbols, from Clynekirk- ton (No. 2), now in the Dunrobin Museum. Scale, linear. Fmit . — At the top the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol, and below it the rect- angular symbol, both ornamented with patterns formed of curved and straight lines. DESCPvIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— SUTHEPtLAND. 80 Tliis stone is illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 131), but the engraving gives a very poor idea of the original, the representation of the rectangular symbol being quite inacciu’ate. No. 2 was found in 18G8 by Dr Lawson Tait in Clyne chui'chyard ; is said to have been taken by a crofter from the 300-feet terrace on Clyne Milton farm ; and was removed to the Dunrobin IMuseum in 1869. It is a slab of sandstone, approximately rectangular, 4 feet long by 1 foot 5 inches wide by 24 indies thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 35) — Front . — At the top the rectangular symbol ; below this the crescent and y-shaped rod symbol ; and at the bottom the mirror symbol. The first two symbols are orna- mented with patterns formed of curved lines filled in here and there with parallel lines close together. The mirror has a handle of the double-disc shape. The comb was probably on the portion of the stone which is broken away. Clynemilton. — This place is situated miles N. of Brora railway station and is mile N.E. of Clyneku’kton (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 103). The symbol stone No. 1 was found before 1860, near Dalchalluim, on the 50-feet terrace, not far from the sea, on Clynemilton farm ; and was then removed to the Dun- robin Museum. Fig. 36. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols, from Clynemilton (No. 1), now in the Dunrobin Museum. Scale, xV linear. 40 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND, It is a slab of sandstone, of irregular six-sided shape, broken across, 3 feet 6 inches high by 3 feet 6 inches wide by 4^ inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 36) — Front . — At the top in the centre the horse-shoe symbol ; below this the crescent and V'Shaped rod symbol ; and to the left of it the mirror symbol, without the comb. Both the horse-shoe and the crescent are ornamented with curved and spiral lines. This stone is illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 33, No. 2), but is erroneously stated in the description of the plate to have been brought from Craigton. Fig, 37. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols, from Clynemilton (No. 2), now in the Dunrohiu Museum, Scale, tV linear. No. 2 was found before 1860 and is now preserved in the Dunrobin Museum. It is a slab of sandstone, of irregular six-sided shape, broken at the top, 3 feet 2 inches high by 2 feet 11 inches wide by 8 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 37) — Front . — At the top on the left the rectangle and ^'^haped rod symbol ; and on the right the mirror and comb symbol. The former has two circular openings in the rectangle, on each side of the middle bar of the Z 1 '^4 the two legs at the bottom of the rectangle are ornamented with small semicircles. The handle of the mirror is formed like the figure eight, and the cpmb has teeth on one side only. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 33, No. 1). The present church of Clyne was built in 1770 on the site of an older one DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— SUTHERLAND. 41 dedicated to St Aloyne. It lies at the foot of the hills, IJ mile inland from the sea and about the same distance N. of the Brora River. An ancient Celtic dedication to St Coliunba is preserved in the name, Kilcalm- kill, of a house on the N. side of Loch Brora, 4 miles N.W. of Clyne, there being a direct road across the hills from one place to the other. Craigton. — This was a hamlet, no longer in existence, lying between Kirkton and the Moinid railway station, on the 50-feet contour line, 2 miles W. of Golspie (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 103). Two symbol stones came from Craigton, the one now known as the Golspie stone belonging to Class II. No. 1 stood on the low ground and was removed to Dunrobin in 1840, being now erected in the groimds on the E. side of the castle, not far from the museum. It is a rough pillar of sandstone, G feet G inches high by 2 feet 2 inches wide by 1 foot G inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 38) — Front . — At the top a symbol resembling a tuning-fork in shape ; below this the crescent and V'Shaped rod symbol, placed sideways ; and at the bottom the flower symbol. There is an ornament formed of curved lines in the middle of the crescent. The flower has only two branches, not three, as is usually the case. This stone is illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 32). Tlie symbols at the top and bottom are rather incorrectly shown. The Rev. Dr J. M. Joass says that he cannot find a reference to any ecclesiastical site at Craigton, apart from the notices of Culmailie Kirkton. When the chapel of St Andrew at Golspie became, in 1G19-20, the parish church, the name of the parish was changed from Culmailie to Golspie. PART III. F Fig. 38. — Pillar .stone sculptured with incised sym- bols, from Craigton (No. 1), now standing in grounds of Dunrobin Castle. Scale, yV linear. 45 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Dunrobin Castle. — This castle, the residence of the Duke of Sutherland, is situated near the sea-shore, 2 miles N.E. of Golspie railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 103). Only one stone has been actually found at Dunrobin. It is preserved in the museum there along with others which have been broiight from other places in Sutherland.shire. The symbol stone was found in 1854 on the 50-feet contour line, h mile E. of Dun- robin Castle, used as one of the three cover stones of a grave 8 feet long, with built sides and a paved bottom, containing two skeletons of adult men and a portion of the socket of an iron spear-head. The two other cover stones were plain and were towards the feet. The sculptured stone which was over the heads of the skeletons is a slab of sandstone, of irregular oval shape, 3 feet 8 inches long by 1 foot 11 inches wide by 5 inches thick, sculptured on the beautifully smooth surface of one face with fine, incised lines very well executed, thus (fig. 39) — Front . — At the top the fish symbol ; below this the tuning-fork symbol ; and at the bottom the mirror and comb symbol. There are a few ornamental lines on the two upper symbols. The mirror has a handle of the double-disc shape. The centre part of the comb, which has teeth at both sides, is ornamented with a pattern composed of rectangles placed sideways, like a row of bricks falling over one against the other. This stone is illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i pi. 112) and in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. i. p. 297). The engi’avings, although fairly accurate in general appearance, are faulty in minor details. There should be no line closing up the open end of the tuning-fork symbol. The space between the symbols is also too great, and the number of teeth in the comb too small. Dunrobin Museum. — This museum is in a separate building by itself in the grounds at Dun- robin Castle on the E. side. It contains a very valuable collection of local antiquities, belonging to the Duke of Sutherland, which has been admirably arranged by the Rev. J. M. Joass, LL.D., minister of Golspie. The author takes this opportunity of acknowledging the great kindness and assistance he has received from Dr Joass whilst engaged in making the catalogue of scidptured stones. The following is a list of the localities from which the stones in the Dunrobin Museum were obtained ; — Fig. 39.— Stone sculptured with incised symbols, from Dunrobin, now in the Dunrobin Museum. Scale, linear. DESCKIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — SUTHEKLAND. 4:j Class T. Clyiiekirktoii, No. 1. No. 2. Civile Milton, No. 1. No. 2. Craigton, No. 1. Duiirobin. Kintradwell, No. 1. No. 2. „ No. 8. „ No. 4. Little Ferry Links, No. 1. Little Ferry Links, No. )> No. 2 . 3 . No. 4. Class II. Golspie (formerly at Craigton). Class III. Clynekirkton, No. 8. Collieburn. Lothbeg. Kintradwell. — This place is situated near the sea-shore, 2| miles N.E. of Hrora railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 103). Four symbol stones have been found at Kintradwell and all are now in the Dunrobin Museum. No. 1 was found in 1864 by Major Houston, of Kintrad- well, on the 50-feet contour line, 100 yards to the west of the Ginn Trolla Broch. It is a slab of sandstone, of irregular shape, 3 feet 2 inches long by 1 foot 1 inch wide by 3^ inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 40) — Front . — At the top the g-shaped symbol, and below it the mirror-case symbol. The former is ornamented with curved lines, and the latter with concentric circles. This stone is illustrated in Stuart’s Sml^Jtured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 104) and in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. x. pp. 19 and 343). The engraving in Stuart is tolerably correct, except that the curved line in the middle of the g-shaped symbol is not continuous on both sides, being broken where it joins the two cross lines in the centre. No. 2 was found in 1873 by Dr J. Aitken, of Inverness, close to the railway on the S. side, about \ mile N.E. of the Cinn Trolla Broch. It is a slab of iron-coloured sandstone, of irregular triangular shape, 2 feet 9 inches long by 1 foot 3 inches wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (tig. 41) — 40. — Stoue sculi)tured witli incised symbols, from Kintradwell(No. 1), now in the Dun- robin Museum. Scale, jL linear. Front . — The g-shaped symbol ornamented with straight and ciirved lines, and 44 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. having a semicircular hollow in the end of the 3 ; and just below it on the right the mirror (?) or the triple disc symbol (?). This stone has not been previously illustrated. No. 3 was found in 1872 by Major Houston on Kintradwell beach in the same place as No. 2. Fig. 42. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols, from Kintradwell (No. 3), now in the Dunrohin Museum. Scale, tV linear. It is a slab of red sandstone, of irregtilar oval shape, 3 feet 8 inches long by 2 feet 2 inches wide by inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face, which is very uneven, thus (fig. 42) — DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — SUTHERLAND. 45 Front. — The crescent and V-shaped rod symbol and the mirror and comb symbol placed side by side, the former on the left and the latter on the right. The crescent is ornamented with curved lines. The mirror has a double disc handle and the comb has teeth on one side only. This stone has not been previously illustrated. No. 4 was found in 1873 by IMajor Houston in the same place as Nos. 2 and 3. It is a fragment of sandstone, of irregular shape, I foot 6 inches long by 1 foot wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 43) — Front. — Four parallel straight lines, two of which are closed at one end, probably forming part of the tuning-fork symbol. This stone has not been previously illustrated. The name Kintradwell is derived from a chapel in the parish, dedicated to St Tredwell or Triduana, a vir- gin who was associated with St Eegulus and St Boniface. According to the legends of the Scottish Church she led an eremitical life at Rescobie, in Forfarshire, afterwards removed to Dunfallandy, in Perthshire, and died at Restalrig, near Edinburgh. The beauty of her eyes having attracted the evil love of a chief in Athol, she plucked them out, and fixing them on a stick sent them to him made to St Tredwell’s tomb at Restalrig, in order to effect miraculous ciu’es for blind- ness. There is a chapel dedicated to St Tredwell in Rapa Westray, in Orkney. (For further information, see Aberdeen Breviary, The Monarchic, by Sir David Lindsay, Martin’s Western Islands of Scotland, and Bishop Forbes’s Calendar of Scottish Saints.) Fig. 43. — Stone sculptured with in- ci.sed symbols, from Kintradwell (No. 4), now in the Dunrobiu Museum. Scale, | linear. Hence visits were Kirtomy. — This place is situated on the N. coast of Sutherland, 26 miles W. of Thurso, and 2 miles E. of Farr (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 115). Miss Maegregor, sister of the Rev. J. M. Maegregor, minister of Farr, made a sketch of a stone with a serpent on it, which was sent to the Rev. Dr Joass of Golspie. Mrs Maegregor, writing 17th December 1890, says : “ The stone has, I think, been built into the wall of a barn at Kirtomy from whence it could not be taken without trouble and expense. There is a man at Kirtomy, named George Mackay, who thinks he knows where the stone is to be found. I have never seen it.” This stone has not been previously described. Little Ferry Links. — The Little Ferry, by which passengers cross over the mouth of Loch Fleet when going from Golspie to Dornoch, is so called to distinguish it from the Meikle Ferry across the Dornoch Firth on the w’ay from Dornoch to Tain. The EAKLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 4() Little Ferry is situated 3 miles S.W. of Golspie railway station, and the Ferry Links lie between the road from Golspie and the sea-shore (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 103). The links are a desolate wilderness, utterly unlit for cultivation, and tenanted only by rabbits and sea-fowl. What is now the surface of the ground was once the sea- beach left high and dry several feet above high-water mark, owing to extensive geologi- cal changes in past ages. The scenery is varied by patches of dark green fir trees growing here and there, but no soil has accumulated over the raised beach, so that vegetation cannot flourish upon it. The remains of underground houses, and the vast number of worked Hints which can be picked up on the gravel, show that the district was once more thickly inhaljited than it is now, probably by a people who subsisted by tishing and hunting. Four fragments of symbol stones have been found on the Little Ferry Links, all of which are now in the Llunrobin Museum. No. 1 was found in 1872 by the late Dr Sutherland, of Invergordon, 3| miles W. of Golspie, on S. side of Ferry Load, on a bare gravelly flat not near any ruins. It is a fragment of sandstone, of a]jproximately square shape, 7^ inches long by inches wide by 4^ inches thick; sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (Hg. 44)— Fig. 44. — Stone sculptured with portion of incised symbol, from Little Ferry Links (No. 1), now in the Dunrobin Jluseum. Scale, J linear. Front . — Two straight parallel lines and two others terminating in spiral curves in the centre ; probably forming part of the rectangular symbol. No. 2 was found in 1874 by Mr A. F. Joass, Dingwall, near the same place as No. 1. It is a fragment of sandstone, of irregular sha]te, 1 foot 5 inch(^s lung by 11 inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured on one face with incised lines tims (fig. 45) — DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — SUTHERLAND. 47 Front . — At the top the crescent symbol without the V-shaped rod, or pei’haps the horse-shoe sjunbol ; below this the termination of eitlier a V-shaped or ^-shaped rod, the rest of the figure being broken off ; and to the riglit, portion of a second crescent. No. 3 was found in 1872 by Miss M. Stables, Elgin, near the same place as Nos. 1 and 2. It is a fragment of red sandstone, of irregxilar five-sided shape, G inches long by 6 inches wide by 21 inches thick; sculptured on one face with incised lines thus (fig. 46) — Front . — Two concentric circles and portions of three curved lines branching from the outer circle ; probably forming the middle part of the mirror symbol or the double disc symbol. Fig. 46. — Fragment of stone sculp- tured with portion of incised No. 4 was found in 1880 by the Rev. Dr J. symbol, from Little Fen-y Links . (No. 3), now in the Dunrobin IM. Joass about two miles \\ . of Golspie on the same Museum. Scale, J linear. line of links as the others. It is a fragment of red sandstone, of irregular shape, 1 foot long by 8 inches wide by 31 inches thick, sculptured on one face with incised lines thus (fig. 47) — Fig. 47. — Fragment of slab sculptured with portion of incised symbol, from Little Ferry Links (No. 4), now in the Dunrobin Museum. Scale, ^ linear. Front . — The termination of a V-shaped rod and portion of a crescent symbol. Althougb a mere fragment, this stone is valuable as affording one of the most perfect and beautiful examples of the ornamental termination of the V-shaped rod yet 48 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. found in Scotland. The artistic feeling exhibited in the drawing of the subtle curves is unquestionably great. None of the stones found on the Little Ferry Links have been previously illustrated. CLASS II. Golspie. — The church of Golspie is situated nearly a mile N.E. of Golspie railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 103). The upright cross-slab which stood in the churchyard of Golspie, at the time that the first volume of Stuart’s SndpUcrexl Stones of Scotland was published in 185G, was formerly used as the tombstone of Robert Gordon in the churchyard of Craigton, between Culmailie Kirkton and the Mound railway station, 2 miles S.W. of Golspie railway station, whence it was removed in 1840. It was afterwards taken from Golspie to the Dunrobin Museum in 1868, where it still remains the most important monument in the collection. It is a rectangular slab of purple sandstone, 6 feet high by 2 feet 8 inches wide at the bottom, and 2 feet wide at the top by 6 inches thick, sculptured partly in relief and partly with incised lines on four faces, and inscribed with oghams on two angles, thus (figs. 48, 48a, 48b)' — Front . — In the centre of the slab is a cross with circular hollows in the angles between the arms (shape 101a). The ornament on the cross is divided into five separate panels — (1) in the circle in the centre of the cross, double-beaded^ interlaced-work (No. 785), symmetrically arranged in each of the foiir quadrants ; (2) on the top arm, the fish-like tails of a pair of serpentine ci’eatures with their bodies interlaced, the upper part being defaced by the cutting of the name GORDON of the motlern inscription ; (3) on the left arm, interlaced- work almost entirely defaced ; (4) on the right-hand arm, interlaced-work (No. 662) partially defaced; (5) on the shaft, double-beaded interlaced-work (No. 690) composed of a small piece of broken plait, arranged in two rows and repeated six times in each row, the pieces of plait in one row being the symmetrical opposite of those in the other with regard to a centre. The ornament on the background of the cross is divided into nine panels — (1) on left side of top arm of cross, double-beaded interlaced-work (No. 607) partially defaced; (2) on right of top arm, double-beaded interlaced-work (No. 607) partially defaced 2 ; (3) on left of shaft at top, ornament entirely defaced ; (4) on left of shaft in ^ The term “ double-beaded ” is used whenever the bands of the interlaced-work are divided into two bead mouldings by a line or groove running down the centre. 2 The ornament (No. 607) on each side of the top arm of the cross is the same, except that the pattern on one side is turned through a right angle so as to make the knots face in a diller- ent direction. The effect is to give the appearance of symmetry without the monotony of the ab- solutely “ cast-iron ” repetition which is so characteristic of most modern work. The two panels J DESCEIPTIYE LIST OF MONUMENTS — SUTHERLAND. 40 middle, ornament entirely defaced ; (5) on left of shaft at bottom, spiral-work almost entirely obliterated ; (6) on riglit of shaft at top, a serpentine creature forming double- beaded interlaced-work (No. 648) partially defaced ; (7) on right of shaft in middle, N N V I JO JO JO JO d d I B H d > 3 3 cy=^ D Q U CC O < I I _l < o Fig. 48c. — Ogham inscription on the Golspie stone. Scale, ^ linear. a square key-pattern set diagonally (No. 970a) partially defaced; (8) on right of also are of slightly different size and form so as to suit the shape of the slab. A modern mason would cut away the stone until both sides were exactly alike, instead of using his brain and art feeling to save a needless waste of material. PART III. G 50 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. shaft at bottom, spiral-work (No. 1084) partially defaced; (9) below bottom of shaft of cross, key-pattern No. 969 combined with key-pattern No. 974, the whole much defaced. The sculpture is chiefly defaced round the four edges of the slab by a modern inscription, which reads:— HEIR IS THE RURAL PLEAC TO ROBERT GORDON ELDEST SON TO ALEX GORDON OF SUTHE[RLAND.] Bach. — At the top the rectangular symbol ; below this the elephant symbol ; lower down on the left a man ^ holding an axe in his right hand and a knife in his left ; opposite the man, on the right, a beast with its tail curled over its back, and underneath it the fish, flower, and crescent with V-shaped rod symbols; at the bottom of the slab the double-disc symbol, without the 2-shaped rod, and a pair of serpentine creatures twisted together. The symbols are ornamented with patterns composed of spirals and straight lines. The V-shaped rod of the crescent has a horizontal line joining the two upper ends, and forming a triangle. The body of one of the serpents is ornamented with a zig-zag line, and the other with a straight line down the middle. and Left Sides. — 'A spiral border pattern (No. 1045) composed of one row of douljle spirals connected by S-shaped curves. Rvjlit and Top Angles of Back. — On a roll moulding ^ an ogham inscription com- mencing at the bottom and reading upwards along the vertical edge and continuing along the top edge (fig. 46c). The Golspie stone is illustrated with accuracy in Stuart’s Sculptiored Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 34) and in E. W. B. Nicholson’s Golspie (p. 275). Readings of the inscription will be found in the Broc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xviii. p. 193), by Lord Soi;th- esk ; in Sir S. Ferguson’s Ogham Inscriptions (p. 151); and in Rolt Brash’s Ogam Monu- ments (p. 363), and by Professor J. Rhys in Broc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxvi. p. 289). CLASS III. Clyne Kirkton. — The cluu’ch of Clyne is situated 1 J miles N.W. of Brora railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 103). Besides the two symbol stones already described under Class I. as having come from Clyne churchyard, a third stone belonging to Class III. was obtained from the same locality. It was found in 1877 built into the E. gable of Clyne church, and was then removed to the Dunrobin Museum. No. 3 is the head of a rectangular cross-slab, with a rounded top, of pirrple sand- stone, 1 foot high by 1 foot 1 inch wide by 3^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on one side thus (fig. 49) — ^ Mr E. W. B. Nicholson suggests that this figure is a portrait of the Mac Nu mentioned in the inscription, according to his interpretation of it, though nothing seems less likely. 2 An imaginary stem-line, which does not exist on the stone itself, is shown on fig. 48c to separate the ogham scores on the left side of the moulding from those on the right. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — SUTHERLAND. 51 Front . — In the centre of the slab a cross with square ends to the arms and square stepped hollows in the angles between the arms (shape 99a). The circular ring con- necting the arms is indicated by incised lines on the recessed background. The cross is ornamented with a continuous piece of spiral-work (No. 1073) composed of spirals arranged in sets of four and connected by Q-shaped curves. The part of the background above the horizontal arms of the cross is plain, excepting the incised lines of the ring. The part of the background on the left of the bottom arm is ornamented with a key- Fig. 49. — Upright cross-slab with sculpture in relief, from Clyne Kirkton (No. 3), now in the Dunrobiu Museum. From a photograph by Mr A. M. Dixon, Golspie. Not to scale. pattern (?) almost entirely defaced, and that on the right with a small fragment of a key-pattern (No. 969). This stone has not been previously illustrated. Collieburn. — This place is situated near Kintradwell, 2^ miles N.E. of Brora railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 103). The stone was found in 1869, during the railway excavations near Collieburn, erect in situ under 7 feet of sand, and is now preserved in the Dunrobin Museum. It is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of yellow sandstone, 5 feet 2 inches 52 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. high by 2 feet 2^ inches wide at the bottom, and 2 feet 5^ inches wide at the top by 9^ inches thick at the bottom and 11 inches thick at the top, sculptured in relief on two faces, thus (figs. 50 and 50a) — Front. Back. Figs. 50 and 50a. — Upriglit cross-slab with sculpture in relief and incised swastica, from Collieburn, now in the Dunrobin Museum. From photographs by Mr A. M. Dixon, Golspie. Not to scale. Front . — The lower part plain except where a swastica cross is carved near the bottom. Above this a single panel containing two different kinds of ornament — (a) at the bottom, circular double-beaded knot-work (No. 714) composed of knot No. 433 Fig. .51. — Upright fi'os.s-.slah witli scul]itur(? in relief at Farr. F'rnm a {)hotogra[ili hy .Mr A. M. Dixon, of • lolspie. Xot to scale. rmje .i:;. Fig. 51 A. — Diagram sliovving ornament on F’arr stone. .Scale, -fh linear. A'o. IV. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— SUTHERLAND, 53 arranged in two rows and repeated twice in each row ; (b) at the top, a key-pattern (No. 959). Back . — The bottom part plain and over it a portion of a panel containing circular double-beaded knot-work (No. 698) composed of knot No. 420, arranged in two rows and repeated twice in each row. On both faces, where considerable spaces occur between the bands of the inter- laced-work, they are filled in with small circular pellets or bosses. This is not usual on the sculptured stones of Scotland, although it is tolerably common on crosses in England and Wales. I am inclined to think that these pellets are an indication of late date, and perhaps also of Anglian influence. The slab appears to have been re-used to form the jamb of a door, or for some such purpose. The swastica may be the mark of the mason by whom the stone was carved. This symbol is common on Scandinavian gold bracteates, and is more likely to be of Northern than of Celtic origin. Farr. — Farr church is situated on the N. coast of Sutherland, 30 miles W. of Thurso, and ^ a mile N.E. of Bettyhill Inn (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 115). The cross stands erect in its original position at the E. end of the church. It is an upright rectangular cross-slab of blue schistose slate, with bits of quartz here and there, 7 feet 6 inches high by 2 feet wide at the bottom, and 2 feet 1 inch wide at the top by 9 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face, thus (figs. 51 and 51a) — Front . — Divided into two panels containing (1) a key-pattern (No. 969) having eight bays horizontally and three bays vertically ; (2a) a cross occupying the upper part of the panel, with a raised circular boss in the centre, oval hollows in the angles between the arms and a circular ring connecting them, and having a narrow shaft springing from a semi-circular arched base. The cross is ornamented as follows : — On the central boss, a triple spiral ; on the J“ top and left arms, a square key-pattern composed of a _T and placed thus -p and thus hi- merging into a triple spiral on the narrow part next the central boss ; on the right arm, a square key-pattern founded on the swastica also merging into a triple spiral on the narrow part of the arm ; on the bottom arm, an irregular piece of interlaced-work ; on the four quadrants of the circular ring which connects the arms, interlaced-work (No. 568) composed of figure-of-eight knots (No. 249) arranged in a single row ; on the lower arm of the cross in the same panel with the shaft a piece of ii-regular broken plait-work ; below this on the shaft proper interlaced-work composed of knot 54 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. No. 266 arranged in two rows facing towards each other f No. 638); on the arched top of the base, interlaced-work composed of spiral knot No. 308 arranged in a single row, all the knots having the same direction of twist and facing the same way (No. 653); on the horizontal part of the base, knot No. 376 arranged in a single row, all the knots being of the same kind (No. 668), except at the corners, where the pattern IS slightly varied ; on the four recessed spaces between the arms, no ornament ; on the semi-circular panel at the base of the cross, two birds with their necks twisted together and their heads bent over in opposite directions. The ornament on the background is as follows: — In the two spandrels above the cross, irregular broken plait-work ; in the spaces on each side of the shaft, triple spirals disposed symmetrically in fours with Q-shaped connections (No. 1054), and terminat- ing at the top and bottom in irregular plait-work. The lower part of the panel (26) below the cross is filled in with a key-pattern (No. 974), having eight bays horizontally and eight bays vertically.^ Lothbeg. — This place is situated 1 mile W. of Loth railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 103). The stone was found on October 1st, 1869, during the construction of Lothbeg railway cutting, and is now preserved in the Dunrobin Museiun. It is a portion of an upright cross-slab of purple sandstone, 1 foot 7 inches long by 1 foot wide by 5^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on three faces, thus (figs. 52, 52a, and 52b)— Front . — The left arm of a cross, with circular hollows between the arms (shape 101a), ornamented with interlaced-work (No. 670), and portion of the background below ornamented with interlaced-work, only slight traces of which remain. Bach — The right arm of a cross, with square stepped hollows in the angles between the arms, and circular ring connecting them (shape 199a). The arm is orna- mented with a key-pattern (No. 971); the circular ring with a sort of cable, and the background with interlaced-work, not sufficiently complete to make out the pattern. Left Side . — Triangular interlaced-work (No. 721). APPENDIX TO SUTHERLAND. Stones with Crosses, hut without Ornament. Creich. — (On N. side of Dornoch Firth, 3 miles S.E. of Bonar Bridge railway station. — Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 102.) Standing near the parish church of Creich ^ As giving some idea of the labour bestowed by the Celtic artists on this class of decoration, it may be mentioned that in this panel, which measures 1 foot 2 inches high by 1 foot 2 inches wide, containing eight bays of the pattern each way, there are no less than G55 straight lines and 496 small black triangles. Fig. 5'2. — l!;u‘k. Fig. — -Leftside. Diagram .showing Fig. .')2ii. -Front. ornament. .Scale, linear. Fragment of upright cross-slah with sculiiture in relief, from Lothbeg, now in tlie Dunrobin Museum. From photographs by A. iM. Di.xon, Golspie. Nearly to the same scale. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 55 is an unhewn slab, 8 feet high, with an incised cross iipon it (shape 101 a). A sketch of tlie stone and a note about it were furnished by the Rev. Dr Joass, of Golspie. Strathy. — (On N. coast of Sutherland, 20 miles E. of Thurso. — Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 115.) Lying on a moor on W. side of Strathy Water, ^ mile S.W. of Strathy church, is a slab of roughly-hewn sandstone of irregular shape, 4 feet 6 inches long by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 8 inches thick, sculptured on one face with a cross having rounded ends to the shaft and arms and circular depressions in the middle of each. This form of cross does not occur elsewhere in Scotland, or in Ireland, although there are instances in England, at Hartlepool, Co. Durham (AH. Hiibner’s I?iscr. Brit. Christ., Nos. 188 and 19G), and in Wales, at Bryngwyn, Radnorshire {Arch. Camb., 4th series, vol. vii. p. 212), and Llandeilo Fawr, Carmarthenshire {Arch. Camb., 5th series, vol. xii. p. 131). It would appear, therefore, that the shape of cross in question found its way into Scotland either from Wales or Northumbria, more probably from the latter. Strathnaver. — (30 miles N. of Lairg, on road to Bettyhill. — Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 109.) Between Rhifail and Syre is a stone said to mark the grave of the “ Red Priest.” It is a short granite pillar-stone 1 foot 2 inches in breadth and width and 2 feet 4 inches' high, bearing a rudely-incised cross, nearly equal armed, and having the summit rounded off instead of the usual rectangular form. It is figured and described in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. v. pi. xxiv. p. 359. ROSS. CLASS I. Ardross. — The castle of this name is situated on the N.E. side of the River Alness, 4 miles N.W. of Alness railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 93). Pig. 53. — Stone sculptured with incised beast-symbol, from Ardross (No. 1), now in the Inverness Museum. Scale, ^ linear. Two fragments of symbol stones were found in their present fragmentary condi- 50 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. tioii built into an old wall at Stittenham, 3 miles N. of Alness and 2 miles W. of Ardross Castle ; and both are now in the Inverness Museum. No. 1 is a triangidar portion of a slab of sandstone sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 53) — Front . — A beast resembling a large dog or wolf ornamented with spiral curves in a similar way to the Burghead bulls. Fig. 54. — Stone sculptured with incised beast-symbol, from Ardross (No. 2), now in the Inverness Museum. Scale, ^ linear. No. 2 is an irregular five-sided portion of a slab of sandstone sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 54) — Front . — The head and neck of a beast, probably the upper part of a symbol like that on the Norrie’s Law silver pendant. These stones are described and illustrated in a paper by Dr Macdonald on Burg- head in the Proceedings of the Glasgoio Archceol. Soc. (new series), vol. ii. p. 90. Dingwall. — The church at Dingwall is situated | mile N.W. of the railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 83). The symbol stone was found by Mr W. C. Joass, architect, Dingwall, in 1880, used as a lintel over a doorway of the present church, which was built in 1801 ; and it is now erected on a new base in the churchyard opposite to the entrance gateway. It is a rectangular slab of mica schist, 4 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 8 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on two faces thus (fig. 55) — Front . — At the top the double disc and Z'Skaped rod symbol ; and below two crescent and V’Shaped rod symbols, one under the other. The double discs are ornamented with circles, one inside the other, but not quite concentric. Back . — At the top a symbol consisting of three circles, arranged with their DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ROSS. 57 centres at the corners of an equilateral triangle ; and below the crescent and V* shaped rod symbol. Tliere are six cup-markings on this face. This stone has not been previously illustrated. Fig. 55. — Stone sculptured with incised .symbols at Dingwall. Scale, xV linear. Edderton. — This place is situated on the S. side of the Dornoch Firth, and has a railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 94). The symbol stone stands in a field on rising ground about 50 yards to the W. of the road from the railway station to the village of Edderton, and is not quite a quarter of a mile from the former. It is an unhewn pillar of red sandstone, narrowing to a point at the top, whence it is known locally as the “ Clach Biorach,” 10 feet 3 inches high by 3 feet 6 inches wide at the bottom by 1 foot 6 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 56) — PART III. H 58 EAKLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front . — In the middle of the height of the stone the fish symbol and below it the double disc and V'Shaped rod symbol placed vertically. The double discs are ornamented with concentric circles, and a circle not in the centre. In a fir plantation on the opposite side of the road, close to the hedge there is a Fig. 56. — Pillar stone sculptured witli incised sj’mbols at Edderton. Scale, ^ linear. Height of stone, 10 ft 3 ins. small circle of standing stones averaging 3 feet high, with a cist burial inside. The cist has been opened and several of the stones removed from one side of the circle. Tlie symbol stone is in a line with two of the stones of the circle and may have had some connection with it, although it does not follow that the symbols are of the DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 59 same age as the cist burial. The pillar on which the symbols are cut belongs rather to the Pagan tj'pe of Menhir than to the later Christian type of moniunent, which was generally of smaller dimensions and of less irregular shape. This stone is illustrated with tolerable accuracy in Stuart’s Scidi^turcd Stones (vol. i. pi. 32). StrathpefEer. — There is a railway station at this place, the terminus of a short branch line, 5 miles long, from Dingwall, which lies to the E. (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 83). The symbol stone, which is called locally the “ Clachan Tiumpan,” or “ Sounding Fig, 57. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols at Strathpeffer. Scale, ^ linear. Stone,” stands in a field, a few hundred yards from Strathpeffer railway station, close to the house of Lord Cromarty’s factor, ]\Ir Gunn. It is a slab of contorted blue gneiss, of approximately rectangular shape, but with the right-hand top corner broken away, 2 feet 8 inches high by 2 feet wide by 10 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 57) — Front . — At the top the horse-shoe symbol and under it the bird symbol. 60 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. The former is ornamented with curved lines and small circles and the latter with conventionalised feathers. The sculpture is in excellent preservation, probably on account of the hardness of Front. Left side. Fig. 58. — Pillar stone sculptured with incised symbol at Koskeen. Scale, linear. the stone, for it is exposed to the weather and is in no way protected against wanton injury. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 61 This stone is accurately illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptural Stones of Scotland (voL i, pi. 108). Roskeen. — The farm of this name is situated \\ mile W. of Invergordon railway station (Ordnance Map, 94). The symbol stone, which is known locally by the name of the “ Clach a’ Mheirlich,” or “ Thief’s Stone,” stands in a field about | of a mile S. of Roskeen, between the rail- way and the road along the N. shore of the Cromarty Firth. It is a square unhewn pillar of sandstone, 6 feet high by 1 foot 6 inches wide by 1 foot 6 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on two faces thus (fig. 58) — Front . — At a height of 2 feet from the ground the step symbol. Left Side . — About the middle of the height of the stone what appeai-s to be traces of the crescent symbol and between this and the bottom of the stone what may be either a pair of pincers or the tuning-fork symbol. This stone, which was discovered by the late Dr Sutherland, of Invergordon, has not previously been illustrated. CLASS II. Hilton of Cadboll. — The village of this name is situated on the N. side of the Moray Firth close to the sea-shore, a mile and a half N.E. of Shandwick and 5 miles W. of Fearn railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 94). The upright cross-slab originally stood near the ruins of a chapel, dedicated to the Virgin IVIary, under the brow of the hill on which the farm-house of Cadboll is situated.^ Mr C. Petley states that the slab lay near the sea-shore with the sculptirred face downwards until about 1811, when Mr Cordiner discovered that there was carving on the under side and had the stone turned over. Dr Stuart ^ says, “ The stone at Hilton has at some former period been taken down and converted into a gravestone, and it now lies in a shed, the wall of which is believed to form part of an ancient chapel.” Since Dr Stuart wrote this in 1856, the stone has been removed to Invergordon Castle, 1 mile N.W. of Invergordon railway station, and now stands on a modern base in the grounds at the side of the carriage drive \ a mile S. of the castle. The sculpture is weathering rapidly in its present exposed position and many of the details, such as the spirals on the double disc symbol at the top, which are indicated in Petley’s and in Cordiner’s drawings have almost entirely disappeared. It is an upright cross-slab, of rectangular shape, of red sandstone, measuring 7 feet ^ C. Cordiner’s Antiquities and Scenery of the North of Scotland, p. 65. 2 Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. p. 10. 62 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 9 inches higli by 4 feet 7 inches wide at the bottom, and 4 feet 5 inches wide at the top hy inches thick, and sculptured in relief on one face thns^ (fig. 59) — Back . — Arranged in three panels surrounded by a border, forming a frame round the whole. On the horizontal portion of the border at the top is the double-disc and 2-shaped rod symbol, having the discs ornamented with spiral-work (No. 1096) very much defaced, and the connecting bar with interlaced-work (No. 809) in two pieces, one on each side of the diagonal bar of the 2- On the vertical portions of the border at each side, beautiful scrolls of foliage springing from a single undulating stem and involving winged beasts and dragons in every scroll. In the top panel is the crescent and V'Shaped rod and immediately below a pair of unconnected circular discs. The triangular space at the point of the V-shaped rod encroaches upon the crescent, instead of being completely outside it, as is most usual. The small triangular panel at the lower point of the V contains a triple spiral. The crescent is divided into three panels by the sloping bars of the \J ; the centre one filled in with a diagonal key- pattern (No. 1022), and those at the sides with spiral-work (No. 1119), composed of a triple spiral in the centre surrounded by .three triple spirals and three double spirals, all with Q-shaped connections. The discs are each ornamented with a similar piece of interlaced-work (No. 792), composed of two series of loops arranged concentrically. The middle panel contains a figure subject representing a hunting scene. At the top on the left is a woman riding on a side saddle, with the mirror and comb symbol in front at the left hand upper corner, and two men blowing horns (as on one of the Aberlemno stones), and a hound following behind. Below this are two horsemen armed with round shields and spears, and a deer being captured by two hounds. The horse with the woman riding sideways on it has a double outline, as if to show another horse behind in perspective. The woman has long hair hanging down over her shoidders and appears to be holding something in her hands in addition to the reins. The mirror has a long handle with a knob at the end and the comb has teeth on two sides. The upper half of the bottom panel only remains, but there is sufficient to show ^ The cross wiiich ])robably existed on the front has been entirely obliterated to make room for the following modern inscription : — VEIL H E • THAT • LEI VES VEIL DOES SAYETH SOLOMON TE VYSE HEIR LYES ALEXANDER DV:" AND HIS THREE WYVES 1676 A DVF K (Coat of Arms.) S C V H V Alexander Duff appears after all not to have been buried at Hilton of Cadboll, but at the Abbey of Fearn. The stone, after having been prepared, was found too heavy to be trans- ported to Fearn. v;., r ,9 _Unrio-l,t cross-slab with sculihure in relief, from Hilton of Cadboll, now at Invergoraon 1 .g. o9. pu^.nt^^^^ photograph by Mr 1). Whyte, of Inverness. Not to sc-ale. 1’T rn^. Fig. 60. — Fmut. Upright eross-shib with sculpture iu relief at lioseiuarkie (No. 1). Mr 1). Whyte, of Inverness. Not to .scale. 60 a. — Back. From a photograph by Xo. VII. iaje 04 . I DESCmPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 65 GG EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND, of the bosses are so much worn, that the number of bands meeting in the centre cannot be made out, but there were probably three. The background of the bosses is filled in with small triple spirals. The third crescent, at the bottom, is ornamented with knot No. 431 ^ in the centre, and knot No. 265 at each side. The horns of the crescent are formed of semi-zoomorphic interlaced-work, like that on the sides of the slab. The apex of the V'Shaped rod is treated as in the one above, but forming a different knot (No. 814). The comb has teeth on both sides, and the mirrors have Fig. 63. — Roseinarkie, No. 1. Cross panel on back. Scale, J linear. long handles terminating in round knobs. The one on tlie left-hand side is larger than that on the right, and has a small boss in the centre, indicating that it is either a mirror with the back facing the spectator, or perhaps a patella or pan.^ (2) The middle panel (figs. GO and 63) contains an equal armed cross, with stepped ends to the ai’ms, shape No. 100, placed within a square in the centre, and surrounded by a border, ^ This knot occurs on a cross-shaft from Wakefield, now in the York Museum, and several times in the eighth century Psalter (Vesp. A. 1) in the British Museum. ^ Compare with similar object on the cross at Lilian, Isle of Manillut, rated in Relianarij for 1896, p. 113. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 67 Panels 1 and 2. Panels 3, 4, and 5. Fig. 64.— Rosemarkie, No. 1. Eight side. Scale, I linear. Bottom panel. ^Middle panel. Fig. 65. — Rosemaikie, No. 1. Leftside. Scale, J linear. 68 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. forming a frame round the whole. The border is ornamented with a key-pattern (No. 960). The cross is plain and is surrounded by four plain raised bosses one in each of the spaces between the arms and the border. The background surrounding the bosses is ornamented with plait-work. (3) The bottom panel is completely filled with a key-pattern (No. 974), having nine bays each way, horizontally and vertically. Right Side (fig. 64). — Single bead moulding on vertical angles and divided by horizontal bands into six panels, containing (1) sculpture broken away ; (2) serpentine creatures forming interlaced-work resembling patterns Nos. 719 and 720, but with spiral twists instead of rings; (3) interlaced-work arranged in four squares placed with the diagonal vertical in the centre and twelve triangles at the sides and top and bottom ; the former filled in with knot No. 460, and the latter so much defaced that it is now impossible to determine the exact nature of the pattern beyond that it is interlaced - work; (4) serpentine creatures (?) forming interlaced-work (No. 662) composed of spiral knots, repeated three times in two vertical rows ; (5) four serpentine creatures forming interlaced-work composed of spiral knots in a single vertical row, and at each end the knot used in No. 673 ; (6) a pair of beasts forming interlaced-work partly defaced. Left Side (fig. 65). — Single bead moulding on vertical angles and divided by horizontal bands into three panels containing (1) a pair of serpentine creatures forming interlaced-work (No. 592) composed of knot No. 275;^ (2) nine serpentine creatures, with bifurcated bodies forming interlaced-work, there being seven circular bosses, each surrounded by four smaller ones, at regular intervals down the centre ; (3) two pairs of serpentine creatures placed in reversed positions, with beasts’ heads, and tails form- ing double-beaded interlaced-work composed of knot No. 334 placed horizontally and repeated twice (p;i,ttern No. 632). This stone is described and figured in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 105. The illustration there given is most inaccurate and misleading. Shandwick. — The village of this name is situated on the N.W. shore of the Moray Firth, 4 miles E. of Fearu railway station. (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 94.) The symbol stone stands in a field on a hill side sloping towards the sea above the S. end of the village of Shandwick, where burials took place in former times. It was blown down about 1846, and broken in two pieces, which have since been clamped together, but not too secm-ely. The monument is now erected on a circular stepped base that conceals some of the sculpture at the bottom. It is an upright cross-slab, of greenish sandstone, rectangular in shape, 9 feet high 2 by 3 feet 3 inches wide by 8^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 66 and 66a) — ^ The same that occurs on one of the crescents on the hack of the slab. 2 The dimensions given by Petley are : — height 9 feet 1 1 inches, width 3 feet 4 inches, thickness 0 feet 7 inches. Upiight cross-slul) with sculpture iu relief at Shaudwick. From a photograph by Mr I). \Vhvte, of Inverness, Not to scale. I’wjem. ' A-o. VIII. DESCKIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 69 Front . — In the centre and extending from the top to a little more than half the whole height of the stone (fig. G6b), a cross with plain ends to the arms and oval hollows between them (shape No. 101a) ornamented with spiral-work (No. 1055) having fifty- four raised bosses, placed symmetrically, with Q-shaped connections facing alternately horizontally and vertically, four bands meeting in the centre of each spiral. The Q-shaped connections and spaces between them have almond-shaped spots. The twenty bosses in the centre of the cross are smaller than the rest. The background of the cross is not arranged in panels, but there are several separate designs, each complete in itself, as follows: — (1) On the left of the top arm of the cross, sculpture partly defaced and dis- coloured by lichen, but apparently a beast of some sort. (2) On the right of the top arm of the cross, sculpture defaced. (3) On the left of the shaft of the cross at the top, an angel or cherub with four outstretched wings ^ enclosed in a rectangular frame ornamented with a cable moulding, and a pair of serpents interlaced between the frame and the shaft of the cross ; below this a beast, either trampHng on a serpen- tine creature, or breathing life into its cub, as described in the story of the Lion in the Bestiary ; and at the bottom a pair of beasts with attenuated bodies interlaced and passing through their jaws. (4) On the right of the shaft of the cross at the top, an angel or cherub enclosed in a frame and a pair of interlaced serpents, like those on the other side ; below this a beast with its tail curved over his back, and having either a long tongue protruding from its mouth or devouring a serpent ; and at the bottom two pair of serpentine creatures with fish-like tails, forming interlaced-work. (5) Below the bottom of the shaft of the cross, four pairs of serpents forming four large bosses, in high relief, the interlacement of tails filling the centres of the bosses and the background with a looped border pattern. (6) At the bottom of the slab on the left, a key-pattern much defaced. (7) On the right, spiral-work also defaced.^ Back . — Divided into eight panels, the upper four extending across the whole breadth of the stone, and the lower four only half across, containing ; (1) The double-disc symbol (fig. 67) without the ^-shaped rod, the discs being ornamented with spiral-work (No. 1100), consisting of six triple spirals arranged round a central one, and the connecting bar with four triple spirals and four double spirals having Q-shaped connections with almond-shaped spots (No. 1120). (2) The elephant symbol (fig. 68), with a crest ornamented with a X key-pattern^; (No. 899) two horned sheep between the curled legs of the elephant ; and a beast with its tail curved over its back in front of the long jaws of the elephant. (3) A figure subject (fig. 69), comprising three horsemen and a hound hunting a stag ; a fourth man below the stag riding not on a horse, but a ^ As at Dunfallandy, Eassie, and Glam is. 2 Nos. 6 and 7 are now concealed from view by the base, but are shown in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 26. 3 The key-pattern on the body of the elephant shown by Gibb in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, is purely imaginary. No trace of it can be detected either on the stone or on a rubbing. 70 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Fig 66b.— Shandwick. Diagram showing sculpture on front. Scale, linear. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ROSS. 71 goat (?); a man on foot with a large hat holding a horn, and following the foremost horseman ; a large bird and a horned beast behind him ; two men on foot fighting with ^ 1 Fig. 67. — Shaiidwick. Back. Top panel with double-disc S}'mbol. Scale, | linear. swords and four-cornered shields; a beast with its legs doubled up under its body, between the combatants ; two horned cattle butting at each other ; a man with a peaked hood kneeling and shooting with a crossbow ^ at a stag ; a small bird behind his back ; and four other animals and a bird completing this remarkable group of ^ As on the stones at Glenferness and at St Yigean’s. Fig. 70. — Shandwick. Back. Panel No. 4 with spiral ornament. Scale, § linear. DESCETPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 78 twenty-two figures. (4) Spiral-work (No. 1079) composed of fifty-two triple spirals arranged symmetrically in concentric circles (fig. 70), with Q and S'Skaped connec- tions ornamented with almond-shaped spots and with triangular spots in the spaces between the spirals. (5) Interlaced-work composed of a circular knot (of the same class as No. 438) repeated four times and the spandrels filled in with smaller knots (G) Key-pattern No. 974. (7) Four serpentine creatures with beasts’ heads and bodies symmetrically interlaced so as to form loops and plaits, which are double-beaded. (8) Four serpents with bodies symmetrically interlaced so as to form Stafford knots and plaits, which are double-beaded.^ This stone is described and figured in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 26; Cordiner’s Antiquities and Remarhable Iluins, vol. ii. p. 32; and ]>y C. Fetley in the Arcka'ohxjia Scotica, vol. iv. p. 34G. Tarbat. — The church of Tar bat is situated on the S. shore of the Dornoch Firth, 94 miles E. of Tain railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 94). In addition to the lower part of an upright cross-slab now at Invergordon Castle belonging to Class II., nine fragments of sculptured stones belonging to Class III. have been found in Tarbat churchyard, which are described in their proper connection on p. 88. No. 1 lay in Tarbat churchyard until about the middle of the present century, when it was removed by the late Mr M'Leod of Cadboll to the grounds of Invergordon Castle, and it now stands, close to the upright cross-slab from Hilton of Cadboll, by the side of the carriage drive leading from the castle to the church, at a distance of about I of a mile S.W. of the castle and 1 mile N.W. of Invergordon railway station. The position of the stone is marked on the 1 Inch Ordnance Map (Sheet 94). It is the lower portion of an upright cross-slab of grey sandstone, of rectangular shape, 2 feet 1 inch high by 3 feet 8 inches wide by 6 inches thick, sculptured partly with incised lines and partly in relief on one face thus (fig. 71) — Front. — The lower portion of a panel surrounded by a wide border. The panel contains at the top on the left the legs of a horse and rider ; below this a creatm-e like a seal with two arms extended, above two beasts ; and on the right the body and legs of a man. The border is ornamented with scrolls of foliage, springing from a straight vertical stem in the centre of the horizontal part of the border, and undulat- ing from side to side, with a scroll involving a winged dragon in the hollow of each undulation, of the same kind as on the Hilton Stone. Eight Side. — At the top the crescent and y-shaped rod symbol ; below this the symbol resembling a tuning-fork ; next the serpent and ^-shaped rod symbol ; and at the bottom an animal of some kind partially defaced (fig. 71a). ' Panels 7 and 8 are now concealed by the base, but are shown in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 26. PART III. K 74 EARLY CHRISTIAN :\IONUI\rENTS OF SCOTLAND. Left Side. — Interlaced-work (pattern No. G58) sculptured with incised lines, the designs on the other faces being in relief (fig. 71b). The symbols and pattern on the left side were discovered by the late Dr A. Sutherland, of Invergordon, having escaped the notice of all previous observers. The sculpture on the front is so much defaced that it is not at all easy to make out the figure subjects or the ornament. The creature like a seal bears a marked resemblance to the unformed culi on the left side of the shaft of the cross on the front of the Shandwick stone. In both cases the creature is associated with a four-legged beast. The subject on the Shandwick stone has been supposed to represent the story taken from the Mediaeval Bestiary, in which the lion giving life to the still-born cub Front. Fig. 71. — Lower part of upriglit cross-slab witli sculpture in relief, from Tarbat (No. 1), now at Invergordon. of the lioness, by breathing upon it, is made to symbolise the resurrection. ^ If the creature on the Tarbat stone be not a lion’s cub it may possibly be the fish monster, which occurs on the stone at IMurthly, in Perthshire (/Voc. Sue. Ant. Scut., vol. xxi. p. 13.3). The border of scroll foliage on the Tarbat stone is almost an exact counterpart of that on the Hilton of Cadboll stone, which stands by it ; so much so, that there can be little doubt that both are the work of the same school of design. With regard to this Dr J. Anderson^ says, “Now, this foliageous scroll-work is altogether of exceptional occurrence on the cross-bearing slabs of eastern Scotland. It appears only on such of ^ Dr J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2nd series, p. 169; and J. R. Allen’s Early Christian Symholism, p. 343. ? Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2nd series, p. 130, DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ROSS. 75 them as are plainly of late character, as at Crieff, St Vigean’s, Hilton of Cadboll, Nigg, Tarbat, &c.” Fig. 71a. — Tarbat (No. 1). Scale, J linear. Side. Fig. 71r. — Tarbat (No. 1). Scale, I linear. This stone is very badly illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 30. Nigg. — The church at this place is situated on the N. side of the entrance to the Cromarty Firth, opposite the town of Cromarty, and 4 miles S.E. of Nigg railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 94). The sculptured stone has always stood in the churchyard at Nigg. According to EAIILY CIIKISTIAN MONUMENTW OF SCOTLAND. 7G Dr Stuart/ “ it was thrown down during a violent hmaicane in the year 1727, after which it was placed against the east gable of the church, where it remained till towards the end of the last century, when it was removed, for the purpose of gaining admittance to the vault of the family of Eoss of Kiudeace. During this operation it fell and was broken, and when it was next erected, the larger fragment was turned upside down. In order to obtain a correct drawing for this volume, I had the stone again taken down and re-erected in its proper position.” It has since been most care- fully repaired by joining the two pieces together ^ with cement and fastening them with strong metal clamps, and the monument now stands in a new stone base at the W. end of the church, immediately outside the vestry, at the top of a steep slope. The monument is in no way protected from the weather, as it very easily might be by extending the end of the church so as to enclose it. At present it is under trees from which the rain drips incessantly in wet weather. It is an upright cross-slab of grey sandstone, of rectangular shape, with a pedi- mented top, 7 feet 3 inches high by 3 feet 5 inches wide by 5 inches thick, sculptured in relief on three faces thus (figs. 72 and 72a) — Front . — A pediment at the top, and in the middle of the rectangular part of the slab below, a cross with plain ends to the arms and stepped hollows in the angles between them (shape No. 98a). The pediment forms one panel ; there are three others on the cross, and six on the background on each side of it, making ten altogether. The upper panel of the cross is again sub-divided into five spaces, the demarcation between each being indicated by a change of pattern. The panels are filled in thus : (1) On the pediment, contains a figure subject consisting of two bearded ecclesiastics, with books in their hands, placed in an attitude apparently of adoration, with an object somewhat resembling a chalice in the middle between them, and a bird descending with a circular object held in its beak. On each side of the central object, and in front of each of the ecclesiastics, is a beast in a crouching position with its tail between its legs. A tree of three stems plaited together springs from each of the lower corners of the pediment and is continued up the sloping sides to the point at the top, where the stems terminate in buds and leaves. (2a) In the centre of the cross (fig. 74), interlaced- work composed of circular knot No. 408 and a pair of Stafford knots with two extra bands interwoven (No. 421, but without the outer ring); arranged in three rows either horizontally or vertically, the knots being alternated like the black and white squares of a chess board (No. 708).^ (2b) On the top arm of the cross, three pairs of beasts ^ Sculptured Stones, vol. i. p. 11. The upper portion has not, however, been fitted on quite truly. The central axis of the top piece inclines slightly to the right, instead of being vertical. About 8 inches in the height of the stone is missing where the joint occurs. “ This pattern is shown quite correctly by Tetley (see fig. 80), but in Gibb’s drawing in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, all the knots are made the same instead of every alternate knot being different. Fi<' 72. — Front. lartlv in ivliefat Upright cross slal> sculpture partly incised and partly in iv lel at p ^ in the Edinburgh Museum .d' Science and Art, Inrnished hs Mi From a idiotograph of the ca.st dlance. Not to scale. I’age TO. Ao. I-X. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 77 interlaced, the lower portion being broken away. (2c) On the left arm of the cross, three pairs of beasts interlaced. (2d) On the right arm of the cross, four pairs of beasts interlaced. (2e) On the bottom arm of ihe cross, fonr pairs of beasts interlaced. (3) On the middle of the shaft of the cross, a diagonal key-pattern (No. 958), set out on squares transformed into parallelograms by making the lines cross askew, instead of at right angles, and placed diagonally with regard to the margin. Each parallelo- gram in the middle of the pattern is filled in with double straight line spirals having 2-shaped connections. The pattern is finished off along the margin with little triangular sinkings, corresponding to the black or coloured triangles in the illuminated MSS. (4) On the bottom of the shaft, a piece of interlaced-work (No. 658 with bands twisted in the middle as in No. 603) now hidden by base of slab, but shown in Petley’s drawing in the ArcJmulofjia Scotica (fig. 80). Fig. 73. — Nigg. Upper fragment of front, showing bosses now lost. From a drawing by C. Petley. Scale, -jV linear. The panels forming the backgi’ound of the cross are filled in thus : — (5) On the left of the top arm of the cross, two ^ large raised bosses (fig. 75) ornamented with spiral- work (No. 1096) and a much smaller raised boss between them also ornamented with a spiral. Each of the large bosses has upon its hemispherical surface six spirals arranged at equal distances round a central spiral. All the spirals are triple and have Q- shaped connections. The central spiral and every alternate one of those siu’rounding it are raised, making bosses upon a boss. The smaller boss, between the two larger ones, has a triple spiral upon it. The background between the bosses is ornamented in the ' When the stone \vas perfect there were four large bosses and four or five smaller ones (see fig. 73). 78 EAELY CHRISTIAN :\IONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. centre witli a key-pattern (No. 829n and fig. 76), and in the two corners with a triquetra knot (No. 812). (6) On the right of tlie top arm of the cross, raised bosses Fig. 74. — Nigg. Panel of circular knot-work in centre of cross on front. Scale, ^ linear. similarly disposed to those on the other side,i the larger one on the left (fig. 77) ornamented with a key -pattern (No. 1020) and that on the right (fig. 78) with inter- Fig. 75. — Nigg. Boss with spirals in panel on left side of upper arm of cross on front. Scale, ^ linear. ^ In Petley’s drawing (fig. 73) the lower right hand boss is shown to be of a vesica or diamond shape and is covered with interlaced-work like those in the panel of the background of the cross on the front of the slab below the left arm of the cross. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ROSS. 79 laced-work (No. 791). The top of each of the larger bosses is flattened and has a small quadruple spiral on it. The background is treated in the same way as on the Fig. 76. — Nigg. Key*|Kittorn, now lost, on background between bosses in panel on left side of top arm of cross oil front. From a drawing by 0. I’ctley. Wrongly stated on title of plate in the Archceologia Scotica to be on the Hilton of Cadboll stone. other side, but instead of triquetra knots in each coiner there are simple loops with a band passing through (No. 811); and there is spiral ornament in the central space between the bosses (fig. 73). The space between the connecting band of the spiral Fig. 77. — Nigg. Boss with spiral and key-pattern in panel on right side of top arm of cross on front. Scale, I linear. Fig. 78. — Nigg. Boss with spiral and interlaced- work in panel on right side of upper arm of cross on front. Scale, \ linear. 80 EAETA" CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. on the small raised boss and the larger boss on the left has an almond-shaped spot in relief. (7) On the left of the shaft of the cross at the top, are a pair of large round raised bosses at each end of the panel, and two large vesica-shaped bosses in the middle, having eight smaller bosses between them and eight on each side of them. The background is ornamented with twenty serpents, crossing each other, coiling round the larger bosses, their tails forming the plait-work on the surface of the bosses and finally terminating in spirals on the smaller bosses. These spirals have Q-shaped con- nections in addition. (8) The corresponding panel on the right side of the shaft of the cross, has eight large round raised bosses, arranged in two vertical rows, four in each row, and two smaller raised bosses in the centre next the sides. The background is ornamented with twenty-four serpents coiled round the larger bosses, their tails forming the plait-work on the surface of bosses, and terminating either in spirals on the two small raised bosses, or in little curls in the four spandrels next the sides, or in interlaced-work in the spandrels in the middle. (9) On the left of the shaft of the cross next the bottom, the upper part of a panel, when complete containing forty-eight round raised bosses of spiral-work of different sizes arranged as follows (No. 1070): the two largest in the middle of the width of the panel near the top and bottom ; placed symmetrically in a circle round each of these, four smaller bosses, and between them four sets of four still smaller ones. In each of the four spandrels next the top and bottom is a boss of the smallest size, and in the two spandrels in the middlfi two bosses of medium size. The surfaces of the bosses must originally have had spirals on them, but they are now worn smooth. The background is formed of the Q-shaped connections of the spirals and the spaces between them, varied by some small pieces of key-pattern and interlaced-work. (10) The corresponding panel on the right side of the shaft of the cross, the upper part only remaining, when com- plete must have had twenty-four round raised Ijosses of spiral-work of different sizes arranged thus (No. 1071): the two largest in the centre of the width of the panel near the top and bottom ; and placed symmetrically in a circle round them six smaller Ijosses. In each of the four spandrels next the top and bottom is a small boss ; and in each of the two spandrels in tlie middle a small Ijoss surrounded by three others placed symmetrically in a circle round it. The background is formed of the Q-shaped connections of the spirals and the spaces between them. Back . — Having a rectangular panel with an arched top in the middle surrounded by a border divided into twelve panels, forming a frame round the whole (fig. 72a). The panels on each side of the top of the frame (fig. 72a and fig. 79) are subdivided by a change of pattern. (1) In the central panel is a figure subject, consisting of the eagle or bird symbol at the top ; and below it the so-called elephant symbol (only the ends of the long jaws of which now remain, the rest having been broken away where the slab is cracked right across) ; underneath the symbols are a man on foot armed with a shield, sword and spear, having two beasts in front of him ; David slaying the lion, the call- Fig. 72a — Back. Upriglit cross-slab with sculpture partly incised and ])artly in relief at Nigg. From a photograph of the cast in the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, furnished by Mr \ allance. Not to scale. Page HO. ■Vo. X. DESCEIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ROSS. 81 ings of the Psalmist and Shepherd being symbolised by a harp and a sheep ; at the bottom, a man on horseback hunting a deer, which is being pursued by a hound, and followed by a man on foot holding two disc-shaped objects resembling cymbals in his hands. The body of the elephant is known from Petley’s drawing (fig. 79) to have had a key-pattern of the same class as Nos. 944 to 948 upon it. Above the figure of Daniel to the right is a defaced piece of sculpture. (2) On the centre of the arched top of the frame, sculpture defaced. (3a and 4a) On each side of the arched top of the frame, a key-pattern (variation of No. 958), set out on squares distorted into parallelograms and placed diagonally with regard to the margin, the two parallelo- grams in the middle being each divided into two triangles. The parallelograms are Fig. 79. — Nigg. Upper fragment of back, showing elephant symbol and panels of key-patterns now lo.st. From a drawing by C. Petley, Scale, linear. filled in with double straight line spirals, and the triangles with single ones. The pattern is finished off in the usual way round the margin with little branching lines and recessed triangles, corresponding to similar spaces filled in solid with black, or colour, in the illuminated MSS. The key-pattern is continued into the triangular space, between the diamond of interlaced-work and the arched top of the frame. (3b) At the left upper corner of the frame, a diamond-shaped space ornamented with a small piece of inter laced- work, symmetrical on each side of the shorter diagonal, and composed of Stafford knots, with one loop of each knot linked on to the next. (4b) In the corresponding lozenge-shaped space on the right a triquetra knot (No. 798) merging into a key-pattern, now broken away, but known to have existed from Petley’s drawing (fig. 79). (3c) On the left vertical side of the frame at the top, a PART III. L 82 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. key-pattern (No. 980) set out on triangles, filled in with double straight line spirals and finished off throughout with small triangvdar sinkings, as before explained. The triangular space between the sloping side of the diamond with interlaced-work and the vertical edge of the slab, according to Tetley's drawing (fig. 79), was filled in with a continuation of the key- pattern as in the case of 3a and 4a, but this portion of the slab is now broken away. (3d) The corresponding space on the right side of the frame is ornamented with a key-pattern (No. 974), which was nearly complete when Tetley’s drawing was made, but is now all broken away except one corner next the top. (5) On the second panel of the left vertical side of the frame, is interlaced-work (No. 704) composed of circular knot No. 416 arranged in two vertical rows and repeated four times in each row, the four upper knots being placed facing upwards and the four lower ones facing downwards. (6) On the corresponding panel on the right vertical side of the frame, interlaced-work (No. 702) composed of circular knot No. 412 arranged similarly to the knots on panel 6. (7) On the third panel of the left vertical side of the frame, interlaced-work (No. 662) composed of spiral knots, the bands of which make two complete turns round the centre, arranged in two vertical rows and repeated four times in each row. (8) The corresponding panel on the right vertical side of the frame, interlaced-work of the same pattern as that on the left side, the only difference being that the overlappings of the bands are over in one case where they are under in the other.^ (9) On the fourth panel of the left vertical side of the frame, interlaced-work (Nos. 607 and 613 com- bined) composed of double Stafford knots with extra bands (No. 263) arranged in two vertical rows and repeated four times, the two top and two bottom knots being placed facing in the opposite direction to the two centre ones. (10) On the corresponding panel of the right vertical side of the frame, interlaced-work (No. 695) composed of circular knot No. 408a in two vertical rows, repeated four times in each row. (11) On the bottom panel of the left vertical side of tlie frame, a diaper pattern (No. 964) arranged in squares placed diagonally with regard to the margin, each square having a small recessed square in the centre surrounded by four others. (12) On the corre- sponding panel of the right vertical side of the frame a diagonal key-pattern (No. 967 ?) set out on squares placed diagonally with regard to the margin and filled in with single straight line spirals. (13) In the middle of the horizontal part of the frame at tlie bottom, now hidden by the modern base. Ri/jlit Side . — Divided into three panels containing: (1) At the top, traces of a key-pattern (?). (2) In the middle, a cable moulding round the inside. (3) At the bottom, ornament entirely defaced. ^ The sculptured ornament on panels 7 and 8 is incised instead of being in relief, a very unusual peculiarity. There are other instances on a stone from Ilkley in the Leeds Museum and on the cross at Irton in Cumberland. In Gibb’s drawing in Stuart’s Sc.ulptured Stones of Scotland, the overlappings of the bands in the panels on the right and left are showu as being the same instead of with the difference exidained. Hg. 80. Nigg. Lower fmgineiit ol front, showing portions at bottom Fig, 81. — Nigg. Lower fragment of back. From a drawing by now lost. From a drawing by C. Fetley. Scale, jL linear. C. Petley. Scale. linear. i\-o. -XT. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ROSS. 88 This stone is described and figured in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 28 ; Cordiner’s Remarkable Ruins, vol. ii. ; and by C. Petley in the Arelmolocjia Scotica, vol. iv. p. 350. There are casts of the Nigg Stone in the Museum of Science and Art, Edinbiu’gh, and in the South Kensington Museum, London. I have to thank Major-General Sir R. Murdoch Smith and Mr Vallance for having the photographs taken of the cast which are here reproduced. CLASS III. Edderton. — The present Free chiu’ch of Edderton, which was formerly used as the Established church, is situated 1^ miles S.E. of Edderton railway station, beyond the village on the road to Tain (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 94). The monument stands in the churchyard on the S. side not very far from the entrance gateway. It is an erect cross-slab of red sandstone, of rectangular shape, 6 feet 3 inches high by 2 feet 3 inches wide by 8 inches thick at the Ijottom and 5 inches thick at the top, sculptured partly in relief and partly with incised lines on two faces thus. — Front. — In the middle of the slab, is a cross with square ends to the arms and stepped hollows in the angles between the arms (shape No. 98a), having a short narrow shaft rising from an arched base, in which is the figure of a man on horseback. Below this, and concealed by the ground, are incised two horsemen, armed with spears, swords, and circular shields.^ Back. — In the middle of the slab is a cross with round hollows in the angles between the arms and a circular ring connecting the arms (shape No. 102a). The outline of the cross is formed by a bead moiilding. There is a circle in the centre of the cross and four others in the hollows of the arms. Below the head of the cross there is a horizontal bar across the shaft.^ This stcjiie is illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 31 and vol. ii. pi. 129. The plate in vol. i. is very carelessly drawn and the incised horsemen are entirely omitted, although they had been observed by Mr Petley (see Archccologia Scotica, vol. iv. p. 349) and are mentioned in the text. The plate in vol. ii. is accurate, the stone having been re-drawn and the horses added from a rubbing taken by the Rev. Dr J. M. Joass, of Golspie. The horses are still below the level of the ground and therefore cannot be seen. I have to thank the Rev. Dr Joass for lending me his rubbing of the incised horsemen by the help of which the representa- 1 There is a set o5 below the figure of the horseman under the arch, the part of the slab above the set-off is G| inches wide and the part below it is 8 inches wide. 2 Petley says “ some Runic characters were intelligible over the cross on the east front about forty years ago, but time has now obliterated them almost entirely.” I was unable to detect any Runic characters (by which Petley probably means interlaced ornament) on this face of the slab. 84 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. tion on fig. 82 was completed so as to show the buried portion of the stone. The Edderton stone is remarkable as having a cross both on the front and also on the back. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 85 Kincardine. — The chm-ch of Kincardine is situated 1 mile S.E. of Bonar Bridge railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 93). The stone lies in the middle of the churchyard on the S. side. It is a recumbent monument of sandstone, of rectangular shape, 5 feet long by 1 foot 2 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide, sculptured in relief on two faces thus — Vertical Side. — Divided into three panels containing : (1) A man on horseback. (2) A tree with a beast on each side of it, a sheep, a man on foot and two men riding on one horse. (3) A pair of angels. Vertical End. — Subject of sculpture unintelligible, but perhaps intended for two angels. This monument is now used as a gravestone, having a modern inscription upon the upper or horizontal face. The remaining two vertical faces, i.e., the side and end, are quite plain. The stone has two rectangular cavities hollowed out on the under side, the purpose of which it is not easy to decide. Dr Stuart gives a quota- tion from the New Statistical Account of Boss and Cromarty (p. 418), where it is called a sarcophagus. It can hardly have been intended originally for a sarcophagus, as the two cavities would have been unnecessary and the sculptured figures would be upside down. It seems most probable that it was a reciunbent sepulchral monument in the first instance and was subsequently inverted and the cells hollowed out for use as a font or holy water vessel. The stone was thickly covered with moss at the time of my visit, having evidently not been examined for many years. The sculpture is so much decayed that it is almost hnpossible to make out the subjects represented with any degree of certainty. Tills stone is illustrated in Stuart’s Scvli^tured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 30, not 16 as given in the index to the volume). The subjects are not correctly inter-- preted, the two angels in the third panel of the vertical side being shown as two men holding an object between them. Rosemarkie. — The church of Eosemarkie is situated on tlie W. shore of the Moray Firth, 6 miles N.W. of Fort George railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 84). Besides the upright cross-slab with symbols described under Class II., four other stones have been found in Rosemarkie churchyard belonging to Class III. No. 2 is laid with the sculptured face downwards on the grave of Donald Bain in the middle of the churchyard. Its previous history is unknown. It is a slab of grey sandstone, of rectangular shape, with one of the edges left ■ rough, and broken across the top, 3 feet 44 inches long b)ql foot 9| inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured on one face thus (fig. 83) — 86 EAKLY CHEISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front . — A single panel containing Fig. 83, — Slab with sculpture in relief, at Rose- maikie (No. 2). Scale, \ linear. four different pieces of ornament, {a) a narrow border extending the whole length of the left side of a key-pattern (No. 926), having (h) on the right at the top, a rectangular space occupying a third of the length of the panel, filled in with a key-pattern (No. 974), of five bays vertically and tliree horizontally ; (c) on the right in the middle, a rectangular space of the same size as (6), filled in with spiral ornament (No. 1029), of five hays vertically and three horizontally ; {d) on the right at the bottom a rectangular space of the same size as (h) and (c), containing the same key-pattern as that in (h). In all the triangular spaces in the key-patterns small round pellets are in- serted. This stone is illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 108). The plate is correct, except that the pellets in the key-patterns are omitted, and the spirals in (c) are made cpiadruple instead of double, in consequence of the method of connecting the spirals being wrong. The round pellets in the small tri- angular spaces of the key-patterns occur on the cross at Carew, in Pembrokeshire, hut not elsewhere in Scotland. This peculiarity is also to he noticed in the Gospels of ]\IacDurnan in the Lambeth Library. No. 3 was dug up in the churchyard and presented to the Edinl)urgh Museum (Catai. IB 127) by the Piev. Charles Macdowall, Posemarkie, in 1885. It is a fragment of an upright cross- slab (?) of sandstone, of approximately rec- DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 87 tanguliir shape, IH inches long by 9 inches wide l)y 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 84) — Front . — At the top on the left the four legs of one beast and on the right the paw Fig. 84. — Fragment sculptured in relief witli beasts and man, from Rosemarkie (No. 3), now at Edinburgh. (Catal. IB 119). of another beast. Below on the left the monstrous head of a beast attacking a man, wliose head appears on the right with two more beasts, one on each side of him. The ears and nostrils of the beasts are ornamented with spirals. Fig. 85. — Fragment sculptured in relief with Fig. 86. — Ornamentation on edge.s of slab, with sculpture ecclesiastics, from Rosemarkie (No. 4), now at partly incised and partly in relief, from Rosemarkie, Edinburgh. (Catal. IB 119). Scale, ^ linear. now in the Edinburgh Museum. Scale J linear. This stone is accurately described by Dr Joseph Anderson, and illustrated in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxiii. p. 351. No. 4 was found in the churchyard and presented to the Edinburgh Museum (Catal. IB 119) by Major Colin Mackenzie in 1885. It is a fragment of an upright cross-slab (?) of sandstone, of approximately 88 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. triangular shape, 1 foot 6 inches long by 1 foot I inch wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 85) — Front . — The lower portion of two draped figures, the one on the left with a border at the bottom hem of his garment of key-pattern No. 899, and the one on the right carrying a staff. This stone has not been previously illustrated or described. No. 5 was found in the churchyard and presented to the Edinburgh IMusemu (Catal. IB. 120) by Major Colin Mackenzie in 1885. It is a portion of a slab of sandstone of rectangular shape 1 foot 3 inches high by 1 foot 4^ inches wide by 2^ inches thick. Sculptured with incised lines on two faces thus (fig. 86) — Front . — A border along the right edge of interlaced-work (No. 653). Right Side . — A four cord plait (No. 503). This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Tarbat. — The church of Tarbat is situated on the S. shore of the Dornoch Firth, 9^ miles E. of Tain railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 94). In addition to the lower part of an upright cross-slab belonging to Class II. and described on p. 73, nine fragments of sculptured stones belonging to Class III. have been found in Tarbat churchyard from time to time, some of which are supposed to have formed part of a cross that stood formerly in the centre of the churchyard. Dr Stuart 1 says that “ about fifty years ago (i.e., in 1806) this cross was knocked down by the grave-digger, and broken up for gravestones,” but there must be some mistake here, for the fragments were seen by the Eev. Charles Cordiner in 1776.^ Nos. 2, 2a, 2b, and 2c are shown by the ornament to be parts of one and the same stone. They were found in Tarbat churchyard and are now preserved in a room in the tower of Invergordon Castle, 1 mile N.W. of Invergordon railway station (Ordnance Map 94). Nos. 2 and 2a fit together, forming an irregularly shaped fragment of an upright cross-slab of greenish sandstone, 1 foot 7 inches high by 1 foot 7 inches wide hy 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 87) — Front . — Portions of three panels: (1) In the middle, containing interlaced-work (No. 709) composed of circular knot No. 424 arranged in three vertical rows and facing alternately upwards and downwards. (2) On the left, a small round boss and two serpents’ heads meeting between it and the edge of the panel. (3) On the right, a serpent’s head and portions of other serpents looped and bent spirally. No. 2b is an irregularly shaped fragment of the same slab, 1 foot 1 inch high hy 1 foot 7 inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 87) — 1 Scidptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. p. 1 1 . ^ Cordiner’s Antiquities and Scenery of the North of Scotland, p. 66. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 89 Front . — Portions of five panels : (1) In the middle, containing a continnation of the same pattern of interlaced-work as on the centre panel of fragment No. 2 a, and part of the termination of the pattern at the bottom on the right. (2) On the left at the top. Fig. 87. — Fragments of iipriglit cross-slab with sculpture in relief from Tarbat, now at Iiivergonloii Castle (Nos. 2, 2a, ami 2 b). the head of a serpent in the corner of the panel. (.3) On the left below, a very small corner of the panel without sculpture. (4) On the right at the top, the head of a serpent in the corner of the panel. (5) On the right at the bottom, five circular bosses with traces of the Q-shaped connections of the spirals and interlaced-work in the background. PART III. M 90 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. No. 2c is a triangular shaped fragment of the same slab, 8 inches high hy 5^ inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (hg. 88) — Front . — Portion of a single panel next the edge of the slab containing a circular raised boss. Fig. 88. — Fragment from Tarbat, now Fig. 89. — Fragment of upright cross-slab with sculpture at Iiivergordon (No. 2c). in relief, at Tarbat (No. 3). Scale, I linear. Nos. 2, 2a, 2b, 2c are well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 36. No. 3 was found in the churchyard, and is placed inside the church on the sill of the window of the tower. It is a triangular fragment, perhaps of the same slab as Nos. 2 to 2c, 6 inches long by 3^ inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 89) — Front . — A portion of the middle of a panel containing the same pattern of inter- laced-work as on Nos. 2, 2a, and 2b. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. DESCEIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 01 No. 4 was found in Tarbat churchyard, and is now in the room in the tower of Invergordon Castle. It is an irregular four-sided fragment of an upright cross-slab of greenish sand- stone, 1 foot long by 9 inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 90) — Front . — The semicircular hollow between two of the arms of the cross and portion of one arm with a raised boss on a background ornamented with interlaced- work (pattern No. 791). This stone has not been previously illustrated or described. No. 5 was found in Tarbat churchyard and is now in the room in the tower of Invergordon Castle. It is a round fragment of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, 1 foot 1 inch in diameter and 2^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 91)— Front . — A raised ring or wreath ornamented partly with a plait of eight bands and partly with a key-pattern (No. 987), enclosing seven raised bosses of spiral-work (No. 1096) with Q-shaped connections on the background. This stone has not been previously illustrated, but it is mentioned l)y Mr Hugh kliller ill his paper on the fragments at Tar hat in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxiii. p. 438. No. 6 was dug up several years ago at a depth of 6 or 7 feet below the surface in Tarbat churchyard, near the E. side of the N. transept of the church, and is now preserved in the Edinburgh Museum, Catal. IB 131. It is an irregular four-sided fragment of an upright cross-slab of gi’eenish sand- stone, 1 foot 2h inches long by 1 foot 1^ inch wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 92) — Front . — A raised ring, or wreath, ornamented with a key-pattern (No. 1021), enclosing a boss in the centre ; and surrounded by other raised bosses (four of which remain) with Q-shaped connections on the background. This stone is described by IMr Hugh Miller and illustrated in the Five. Sue. Ant. Scut., vol. xxiii. p. 436. No. 7 was dug up in Tarbat churchyard at a depth of 6 or 7 feet below the surface at a point about 4 yards from the W. gable of the church, and is now preserved in the Edinburgh Museum, Catal. IB 130. It is an irregularly shaped fragment of an upright cross-slab of pale yellow sand- stone, 10 inches long by Of inches wide by 1 inch thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 93) — Front . — A most exquisitely finished piece of spiral ornament more nearly 92 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Fig. 92. — Fragment sculptured in relief with wreath ornamented with key-pattern, from Tarbat, now in the Edinburgh Museum (Catal. IB 131). (No. 6.) Fig. 9j. — Fragment sculptured in relief with .spirals, from Tarbat (No. 7), now in the Edinburgh Museum, Catal. IB 130. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ROSS. 93 resembling that in the best Irish MSS. than that on any other stone in Great Britain. Tlie spirals have Q-shapecl connections with almond-shaped spots in the middle of the l)ack of the Q. Tills stone is described by Mr Hugh Miller and well illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Alii. Scot., vol. xxiii. p. 440. No. 8 was found in Tarbat chuix-hyard and is now in the room in tlie tower of Invergordon Castle. It is a triangular fragment of an upright cross-slab of gi-eenish mica-spangled sandstone, 104 inches long by 5 inches wide by 2^ inches thick, sculptured on one face tlius (fig, 94) — Front . — Portion of the middle of a panel containing a key-pattern (No. 974). This stone is described by Mr Hugh Miller and well illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxiii. p. 439. No. 9 was found in Tarbat churchyard and was for a long time lying with some geological specimens outside the front door of Invergordon Castle, It is a triangular fragment of an upright cross-slab of greenish sandstone, 9 inches long by 7 inches wide by 8 inches thick, sculptured on two faces thus (fig. 95) — Front . — Portion of the middle of a panel of spiral-work with small triangular dots in the background between the Q-shaped connections. Back . — Portion next the edge cf a panel of interlaced-work. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Fig. 94. — Fragment sculptured iii relief with key- pattern, from Tarbat (No. 8), now at Invergordon. Fig. 95, — Fragment from Tarbat (No, 9) now at Invergordon Castle. 04 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. No. 10 was first noticed by the Rev. Dr J. M. Joass, of Golspie, built into the wall of the manse garden at Tarbat, and was for a long time lying uncared for amongst some geological specimens outside the front door of Invergordon Castle. It is a rectangular portion of an upright cross-slab (?) of greenish sandstone, 1 foot 7 inches high by 1 foot wide by 6^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face and inscribed and sculptured oir another face thus (figs. 96 and 96 a) — Front. — At the top one corner of a rectangular panel placed diagonally and con- taining spiral-work with Q-shaped connections. The middle of the backs of the Q’s are ornamented. Right Side. — Portions of two panels: (1) Containing interlaced-work, but not enough remaining to determine the nature of the pattern. (2) An inscription in Ililjerno-Saxon capitals of the eighth or ninth century with nine incomplete horizontal lines of letters in relief. The lines are short, and the letters at either end are partially broken away. The seventh line ends nearly in the middle, and the remaining part of the space is left blank, thus apparently indicating the conclusion of the first part of the inscription. The eighth and ninth lines are unfortunately obscure, but the prob- able reading appears to be — I N N O M I NEIhUXRI C R UXXR I INCOMM EMORAT I O N E R EO ...Til . . EQI ESC This stone has not been previously illustrated or described. It is one of the most remarkal)le inscribed monuments yet found in Scotland. The letters being in relief instead of incised is a unique feature. The letters are of tlie same character as those on the Ardagh Chalice in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy at Dublin. ^ The diamond-shaped Q N H M rn^'Cle like a double |-J are character- istic of the Hiberno-Saxon MSS. and sculptured stones of this period. The diamond- shaped O occurs on the coins of Offa, King of Mercia. The M, like a double |-J) is to be seen on the cross of Samson at Llantwit Major in '\Yales,2 and on the cross at Alnmouth.^ The church of Tarbat was dedicated to St Colman, from whose honorific title of jMo Cholmog the neighbouring village of Portmahomack has taken its name. The 1 Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. xxiv. part 3, p. 433. 2 Archscotoyia Camhrensis, fifth series, vol. vi. p. 118. ® Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii. pi. 107. IN NOMINE I H ESU CH Rl STI CRUX CHRISTI IN COMMEMORATIONE R EOITEITI I REQVIESCfIT] Fig. 96. —Front ami right side. Fig. 96.\.— Right side. Portion of cross-slab sculptured in relief with inscription in Hibenio-Sa.xon capitals, from Tarhet (Xo. 10). From a photograph by A. M. Dixon, Golspie. Xot to scale. No. XII. Parje ni. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— INVERNESS. 95 parish of Tarbat originally included that of Fearn in which the monastery of Nova Ferna or New Fearn was situated, the original site of its foundation by Ferquhard Earl of Ross having been attributed to Fearn in the parish of Edderton. Mr E. W. 1>. Nicholson has suggested REOTETIl as the probable reading of the partially illegible name of the person commemorated on this monument, and identifies him presumably with the Reothaide or Reodaide whose death is recorded under the year 762 in the annals of Ulster, and under 703 in the annals of Tigernach. In both he is called “ .:\.b. Ferna,” which, however, is understood to be Ferns in Ireland, and the dilhculty of connecting him with Tarbat remains. INVERNESS. CLASS I. Balblair.^ — This place is situated 2 miles S.W. of Beaidy railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 83) on the N. side of the River Beauly and close to the high road leading to Strath Glass. The stone stood 100 yards to the W. of the old parish school of Kilmorack (near Kilmorack Free Church) until about 1820, when the ground around it was reclaimed and it was removed to a position close to the school. The stone is now in the rockery at Moniack Castle, 4 miles E. of Kilmorack and 2 miles S. of Clunes railway station. ig. 97. — Stone with incised figure of man and cup-markings from Balblair, now at Moniack, It is a monolith of dioritic stone, 4 feet 6 inches high by 2 feet wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 97)— ^ It is not quite clear why Dr Stuart calls this the Balblair stone instead of the Kil* morack stone. Balblair Wood is the only place of that name marked on the Inch Ordnance Map. But it is now known in the neighbourhood as the Balblair stone. 9G EARI.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front . — A man walking along and leaning on a stick or a sword. The folds of the dress and the tops of the stockings are indicated by incised lines. The head is most rudely drawn and looks more like that of a bird than of a man. Mr Jolly thinks the man is intended to be shown wearing a helmet, and observes that there is a small curved line proceeding from the top of the head. The staff on which the man is leaning resembles a club more than a walking-stick, being thinner at the top than below. klr Jolly has detected several cup-markings on the same face of the stone as the figure. The stone was discovered by the Rev. Dr J. M. Joass. This stone is illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii.’pl. 130, and in a paper by Mr William Jolly, F.S.A.Scot., “ On Cup-marked Stones in the neighboiu’hood of Inverness,” in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xvi. p. 341. I I Fig. 98. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols, at Congash (No. 1). Scale, * linear. Congash. — The farm of Congash is situated on the S. bank of tlie River Spey, is mile E. of Spey Bridge, which is close to Grantown railway station, on the Craig- ellachie Junction and Boat of Garten line (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 75). The two symbols form the jambs of the entrance to what has evidently been an old burial-ground, in a field called Parc-an-Caipel, \ of a mile E. of Congash farmhouse, on the level ground at the foot of the hills rising from the Spey to the S. of the high road just beyond the wooden bridge over the Allt Choire Odhair, where a branch road DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— INVERNESS. 97 turns off to the farm. The enclosure is surrounded by a low wall of dry rubble, is filled with stones of all sizes collected from the field in which it stands, and is thickly over- grown with birch trees. The entrance is on the W. side and the symbols are sculp- tured on the inner faces of the two jambs. No. 1 forms the jamb on the right-hand side on entering the enclosure and is a slab of blue gneiss of irregular shape, 3 feet 2 inches high by 2 feet 2 inches wide at the bottom, and 1 foot 7 inches wide at the top by 10 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 98) — Front . — At the top, the horse-shoe symbol and below it the elephant symbol. The horse-shoe is ornamented with curved lines. No. 2 forms the jamb on the left-hand side on entering the enclosiu-e and is a slab of blue gneiss of irregular shape, 3 feet 9 inches high by 2 feet 6 inches wide by 5 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (figs. 99 and 99 a) — Front . — At the top the double disc and 2'Shaped rod symbol and below it a figure resembling a helmet transfixed by an arrow. The discs of the first symbol are ornamented with circles, one inside the other, but not concentric ; and the second symbol has a small circle in the centre and straight lines at right angles to the arrows. Both of these stones are carefully illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptural Stones of Scot- land, vol. ii. pi. 107. I have to acknowledge the courtesy received from Mr M'Ainsh, the proprietor of Congash, on the occasion of my visit. The stones are carefully looked after by him. Dores — Clune Farm. — The farm of Clune is situated J a mile N. of the parish church of Dores, which is close to the N. end of Loch Ness, and 8 miles S.W. of Inver- ness railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 83). The symbol stone was discovered whilst reclaiming a piece of waste land near a cottage on Clune farm, in the parish of Dores, and was noticed by the Rev. J. E. Fraser when subsequently built into the cottage as a chimney head. It is now pre- served in the Edinburgh Museum, Catal. IB 38. It is a slab of diorite, roughly squared to fit tlie chimney-liead, 1 foot 10 inches long by-1 foot 4^ inches wide by 7 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 100) — Front . — The three legs and middle portion of the body of a beast, probably a wild boar, ornamented with spiral emwes. This stone is well described and accurately illustrated in a paper by Dr Joseph Anderson, entitled “ Notice of some undescribed Sculptured Stones and Fragments in different parts of Scotland,” in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxiii. p. 347. Tlie dona- tion to the National Museum is mentioned in the same Froc., vol. xii. p. 498. PART III. V 08 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Fig, 100. — Fragment of stone sculptured with portion of incised beast-symbol, from Dores, now in the Edinburgh Museum (I.B. 38). Fig. 101. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols, from Drumbuie (No. 1), now at Balmacaan, Scale, ^ linear. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— IN VERNESS. 09 Drumbuie. — The farm of Drumbuie is situated on the N. side of Urquhart Bay, wliich is at the entrance to Glen Urquhart, on the W. shore of Loch Ness, 13 miles S.W. of Inverness railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 73). The two symbol stones were discovered in 1804 whilst ploughing round the site of an old grain kiln on Drumbuie farm, and formed the covering of a cist-like con- struction of hat stones set on edge, the space within being filled with earth, and the bottom, a layer of sand mixed with ashes and charcoal; no traces of an interment were observed. Both stones are now preserved at Balmacaan House, the residence of the Earl of Seafield on the opposite side of Urqidiart Bay, 2 miles S.W. of the pier. Fig. 102. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols, from Drumbuie (No. 2), now at Balmacaan. Scale, ^ linear. No- 1 is a slab of chocolate-coloured sandstone of irregular four-sided shape, 2 feet 6 inches long by 2 feet G inches wide by 2| inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 101) — Froid . — At the top the serpent and ^-shaped rod symbol, and below it the double disc symbol without the ^-shaped rod. The discs of the latter are ornamented with concentric circles. No. 2 is also a slab of sandstone of irregular shape with a portion broken away at the top, 3 feet 8 inches high by 2 feet 10 inches wide by 2^ inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 102) — 100 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front .' — At the top the hinder part of the fish symbol, the rest being broken away ; below this the mirror-case symbol, and to the right of it the mirror and comb symbol. The body of the fish is ornamented with crossed lines to represent the scales. The mirror-case has a circle in the centre of the ronnd part and a quatre foil and two semicircles on the square part. Tlio mirror has a plain handle with a knob at the end and the comb has double teeth. Both of these stones are well described and illustrated by Sir Henry James in the Appendix to Ids Plans and Photographs of Stonehenge, and by Mr William IMackay, F.S.A.Scot., in his paper in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xx. p. 358. Dunachton. — This place is situated in the valley of the Spey immediately to the W. of Loch Insh, and is a mile anti a half S.W. of Boat of Insh railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 74). Tlie symbol stone was found in 1870 as a lintel over a door in the old steading at Dunachton, the stones of which were used in building Dunachton Lodge, and was preserved and removed to its present position by Mr C. Fraser Mackintosh of Lochardill, then commissioner for the Mackintosh of jMackintosh, proprietor of Dunachton. It Fig. 103.— Stone sculptured with incised symbol, at Dunachton. Scale, | linear. has been erected on a sandstone base on the terrace at the south corner of the garden, about 100 yards from the front door of the Lodge. Unfortunately, a portion of the riglit upper corner of the stone, including part of the upper lip of the figure, has been broken away. It is a slab of dioritic stone, 4 feet inches high by 16 inches wide by 4^ inches thick, sculptured wdth incised lines on one face thus (fig. 103) — Front . — Close to the top of the stone the beast’s head symbol, ornamented on the neck with a vertical line terminating in a small round cup, and at the lower left-hand corner with a curved line with a similar termination. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— INVERNESS. 101 Findlarig. — The farm of Findlarig is situated at the extreme S. of Elginshire close to the border of Inverness-shire, on the N. bank of the Piivers Spey and Dulnain, 2 miles S.W. of Grantown railway station (Incli Ordnance Map, Sheet 74). The symbol stone was dug up on the W. side of a circular enclosiu'e 85 feet in diameter, containing within it a ruined chapel, and is now preserved in the National ^lusemn, Edinburgh. It is a rectangular slab of mica schist, 3 feet 6 inches long by 1 foot 5 inches wide by 2A inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 104) — Museum, catal. IB il. Scale, ^’5 linear. Front . — At the top part, the rectangular and 2'Sliaped rod symbol, and below tills the crescent and y-shaped rod symbol. The middle part of the crescent is orna- mented with curved lines and the horn with a quadruple spiral. Tills stone is described and accurately illustrated in Stuart’s Fculjytured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii. pi. 106. Inverallan. — The old churchyard of Inverallan is situated on the N.W. bank of the Spey, 1 mile S. of Grantown railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 74). The symbol stone was found during the demolition of the old church and is now 102 EA-RLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. lying against the wall of the churchyard inside next the Spey on the left-hand side of the entrance gateway going in. It is a slab of blue slate of approximately rectangular shape, 3 feet G inches long by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 5^ inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 105) — Front . — At the top, the crescent and V'Shaped rod symbol, and below it the rectangle with two legs and 2'Sbaped rod symbol. The latter has a round hollow on the left side of the upper part of the rectangle above the crossbar of the ^-shaped rod and there was probably another corresponding one below. This stone has been described by Sir Arthur Mitchell, K.C.B., and is illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxiii. p. 88. Inverness. — Besides the two stones already described, which are in the Inverness Museum, from Ardross, Ross-shire, there are two in private hands at Inverness^ (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheets 83 and 84). No. 1 was found by Provost Alexr. Pioss, at Kingsmills, I mile S.W. of Inver- Fig. 106. — stone sculptured with incised symbol, at Inverness (No. 1). Scale, \ linear. ness railway station (Ordnance Alap 84), forming the stepping stone to a cowbyre ; and it is now at Provost Eoss’ house. It is a slab of sandstone of approximately oval shape, 1 foot 1 inch high by 1 foot wide by inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. lOG) — Front . — At the bottom of the stone is a bull conventionalised in the style of those on the Burghead stones, but with the horns bent downward instead of upward. This stone has been well illustrated and described by Dr J. Anderson, in his “ Notices of some undescribed Sculptured Stones and Fragments in different parts of Scotland,” in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxiii. p. 349. The locality where the stone ^ One of the Burghead bull stones (Stuart, vol. i. pi. 38), belonging to Mr George Ander- son, was also for many years at Inverness. It is now in the Museum of National Antiquities. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— INVERNESS. 103 was found does not seem to have been known to Dr Anderson. I am indebted to l*rovost Ross for the additional particulars and also for a photograph and rubbing of the stone. No. 2 was found in an old dyke close to Provost Ross’ house at Inverness and has been preserved by IMr C. Fraser IVPIntosh, M.P. It now lies at the stables of his residence at Lochardill. It is a slab of sandstone of nearly rectangular shape, 2 feet high by 2 feet 3 inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured 'with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 107) — Fig. 107. — Stone sculptured with incised symhol, at Inverness (No. 2). Scale, | linear. Fro)d . — Next the top left-hand corner, a bull conventionalised like those on the Burghead stones. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. I am indebted to Provost Ross, of Inverness, for a photograph and rubbing of the stone. Knocknagael. — The farm of Knocknagael is situated on the E. side of the Big Burn, 3 miles S. of Inverness railway station, and is reached by following tlie road along the E. bank of the River Ness in a S. direction as far as the middle of the first large island and then taking the road which branches off to the left towards Burnside House (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 83). The symbol stone stands in a field on Knocknagael farm close to the road from Inverness, on the E. side, 100 yards past the point where a road branches off W. 104 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. towards Ness Castle and before reaching the Big Burn. It is almost opposite Burnside House. It is a slab of hard slate, of irregular four-sided shape, coming almost to a point at the top, 6 feet 9 inches high by 7 feet 2 inches wide by I foot I^ inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face (towards the S.) thus (fig. 108) — Front . — At the top the mirror-case symbol, and below the figiu’e of a wild boar. The round part of the mirror-case is ornamented with a circle and a central dot. The boar has spiral curves on the body like the Burghead bulls. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scul])turcd Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 38 ; and by Mr Jolly in his paper “ On Cup-marked Stones in the neighbour- I DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— INVERNESS. 105 hood of Inverness,” in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xvi. p. 388. Stuart’s plate con- tains several inaccuracies which are corrected to a certain extent in Mr Jolly’s draw- ing, but neither is quite satisfactory. Lynchurn. — The farm of Lynchurn is situated on the W. bank of the Paver Spey Ih miles N. of Boat of Garten railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 74). Tlie symbol stone was found lying prostrate in a field on Lynchurn farm near the River Spey and was afterwards erected near the spot where it was first discovered. Mr E. C. Graham, of Skipness, failed to find this stone after a long hunt in August 1895, but at last discovered what had become of it. Mr Grant, the tenant of Lynchurn farm, who had lived there all his life, told Mr Graham that he only knew of one sculptured stone, which, he said, had something like a thistle ^ on it. The stone thus described was removed ten or twelve years ago, and used to mark a grave in Kincardine churchyard close to the E. bank of the River Spey, 2| miles S. of Boat of Garten railway station. Mr Graham went to Kincardine and found the man who had brought the stone there from Lynchurn in his cart. This man informed him that the person w'ho had appropriated the stone spent much labour in chipping olf the whole of the pattern. The individual who committed this piece of vandalism is now buried beneath the ancient monument he so wantonly de- stroyed. Mr Graham ascertained that beyond a shadow of a doubt the tombstone in Kincardine churchyard is the symbol-bearing slab which Sir Arthur Mitchell saw in 1873. It is a slab of slaty stone of approximately rectangular shape, 5 feet 10 inches high by 1 foot 6 inches wide by 10 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 109) — Front . — In the middle of the stone the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol, ornamented with two single spirals between the sloping bars of the \J and with curved lines on the horns of the crescent. This stone is described and illustrated by Sir Arthur Mitchell in his paper on “ Vacation Notes in Cromar, Burghead, and Strathspey,” in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. x p. 688. The illustration is from a drawing made by him in 1873. ^ The thistle was evidently the terminal ornament of the V'shaped rod. PART III. 0 Fig. 109. — Stone sculptured with in- cised symbol, formerly at Lynchurn, now defaced and used as modern tombstone in Kincardine churchyard. Not to scale. lOG EARLY CHRISTIAN I^IONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Moniack Castle. — The house of this name is situated 2 miles S. of Climes railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 83). Besides the stone from Balblair already described, there is in the rockery^ at Moniack Castle a fragment of a symbol stone which was found on the farm of Torgorm, in the Detached Portion No. 5 of Nairnshire, in the Black Isle of Eoss-shire, I mile W. of Conon railway station (Ordnance Map 83). Fig. 110. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols at Moniack (from Torgorm). Scale, J linear. It is a small slab of sandstone of irregular four-sided shape, 1 foot 8 inches long by 14 inches wide by 7 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 110)- Front . — Portions of two double disc and ^-shaped rod symbols. One of the re- maining discs is ornamented with a circle enclosing two other smaller circles with dots inside them at two points near the circumference, there being a connecting line between the two ; and the other with two concentric circles and a cross in the middle. The con- necting bar of the latter is ornamented with lines parallel to the outline of the figure. ^ Formed by Miss Campbell, daughter of Mrs Campbell who excavated the Clava cairn, some twenty or more years ago. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— INVERNESS. 107 This stone has not been previously published. I am indebted to the Eev% Dr J. M. Joass, of Golspie, for a knowledge of its existence and for a paper cast of the sculpture. CLASS III. Canna. — The Island of Canna is situated on the S.W. side of the Island of Skye, close to the N.W. side of Island of Eum, 30 miles in a straight line S.W. of Portree (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet GO). Fig. 111. — Front. Fig. 111a. — Right side. Cross with sculpture in relief at Canna. From a photograph by Mr E. Beveridge. Scale, 5 ^ linear. No. 1. — The sculptured cross stands in the old burial ground surrounding the ruins of a church dedicated to St Columba, at the bottom of a narrow glen nearly in the centre of the island. 108 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. It is an erect free standing cross (shape No. 102a) of yellow sandstone with semicircular hollows pierced between the arms and a ring connecting them, the top and left arm being broken off and one side of the shaft much mutilated ; 7 feet high (in its present condition) by 2 feet wide across the shaft and 4 feet 4 inches across the arms (when complete) by 10 inches thick; sculptured in relief on three faces thus (figs. Ill and 111a) — Front. — On a circular panel in the centre of the head of the cross, a figure in a sitting posture, emliracing a pair of serpents whose tails form Stafford knots ; top arm of the cross broken off ; left arm of the cross broken off ; on the right arm of the cross, a beast of some kind ; on the shaft of the cross in the middle a single panel containing the following figures arranged one below the other beginning at the top, a beast with a long snout, a beast turning its head back and biting its body, a man on horseback, a man with a beard holding a vessel with two handles in one hand and placing the other on an infant in the arms of a woman ^ on the left side of the stone, a beast crouching down, the back of another beast. On each side of the shaft is an ornamental border, intersected about half way up the shaft by a curved projection. The border on the right side of the shaft has upon it interlaced-work (No. 635), com- posed of knot No. 334, in a single vertical row, facing alternately to the right and left. The border on the left side of the shaft appears to have had a similar design upon it, but it is all broken away, except near the bottom. Bach. — In the centre of the head of the cross, a circular panel enclosing four circles, the four spandrels next the circumference of the panel being filled in with knot (No. 805), and a diamond in the centre. The top arm of the cross is broken off. On the left arm of the cross a panel of plait-work greatly defaced. The right arm of the cross is also broken off. The middle part of the shaft, which is in relief aI)ove the border at each side, is divided into four panels containing (1) a key-pattern (No. 958), set out on squares placed diagonally with regard to the margin and filled in with double straight line spirals having ^-shaped connections ; (2) a pair of beasts with their bodies twisted together and tongues and crests forming irregular interlaced-work with Stafford knots in places ; (3) a pair of beasts with their bodies crossed and biting each other under the belly ; (4) a pair of beasts and a man between them, much defaced. There were ornamental borders on each side of the shaft similar to those on the front, but they are completely defaced. Right Side. — On the end of the arm of the cross a single panel of plait-work. On ^ This is possibly intended for the Virgin and Child. In the group of the Adoration of the ^lagi on the cross at Monasterboice the foremost figure is similarly represented as placing his hand on the child in the arms of the Virgin. The vessel held by the man has not a spout as shown in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, but seems to be of the same shape as those represented as borne by the Magi on the Franks casket in the British Museum DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— INVERNESS. 109 the sliaft four panels, containing two figures of men, the upper part of the body being in one panel and the lower part in the other. The illustrations of the front and right side of the cross are from photographs taken by Mr Erskine Beveridge, F.S.A.Scot. The left side is unfortunately too mucli decayed for reproduction. The cross is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii. pis. 50 and 51. Canna (No. 2). — Another fragment of a sculptured cross-shaft, recently dis- covered by Mr Thom, son of the proprietor of the island, in a wall not far from No. 1, is in two pieces, together measuring 2 feet in length by 1 foot in breadth and 3 inches in thickness. It is sculptured in low relief on both faces and on both edges thus (figs. 112 and 112a) — Fig. 112. — Front. Fig. 112 a. — B ack. Broken cross-shaft with sculpture in relief at Canna (No. 2). From a photograph by- Mr E. Beveridge. Scale, ^ linear. Front . — Lower part of the figure of a man from the waist to the feet, clad in a tunic reaching to the knees, the legs either bare or tightly swathed, the feet shod. The tunic has a broad hem at the bottom and above it on one side is a triquetra. Below the feet are the terminal coils of a serpent, the body of which passes behind the man’s left foot, in front of the left leg and behind the right leg, coming round to the front again at the right knee, the head pointing upwards and approaching the hem of the tunic. no EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Back . — In the upper part a square panel of triangular interlaced-work (No. 758), subdivided into four squares, the diagonal intersections of which also subdivide each of the squares into four triangles ; underneath this is another square panel filled with an interlacing pattern made by the bodies of four serpents with fish-like tails, bulging heads, elongated snouts. The four tails are brought together in the centre of the panel, two and two opposing, and the bodies curve away right and left to the nearest corner of the panel, interlacing as they go, the heads escaping each to grasp the body of its interlacing neighbour at the next corner. Eight Side. — Interlaced-work (No. 568) composed of figure-of-eight knots in a single vertical row. Left Side . — Divided into two panels containing (1) interlaced-work (No. 598) Fig. 113. — Diagram of spiral pattern on left side of Canna stone (No. 2). composed of Stafford knots arranged in a double vertical row facing inwards; and (2) the pattern shown on fig. 113, composed of double spirals connected together in pairs, but not forming a continuous design, as in No. 1045. The ends of the spirals are expanded. This pattern does not occur anywhere else. These fragments are described and illustrated from photographs and rubbings also made by Mr Erskine Beveridge, E.S.A.Scot. HEBRIDES. CLASS I. Island of Benbecula. — This island is situated between the islands of North and South Uist, 70 miles in a straight line W. of Strome Ferry (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 19). The symbol stone was found lying on the sea shore near the remains of an ancient building at Strome Shunnamal, on the N.E. side of the island, and is now preserved in the National Museum, Edinburgh, the number in the Catalogue being IB 37. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— HEBRIDES. Ill It is a slab of granite of polygonal shape, 3 feet long by 2 feet G inches wide, by 9 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face tlius (fig. 114) — Front . — In the middle of the slab the circular disc symbol enclosing three smaller circles joined by three curved lines, and the space thus formed in the middle orna- mented with four small dots ; ^ and below this (or to the left of the disc, as the stone stands in its present position in the Museum) the rectangular symbol ornamented with a straight line and twm curved lines terminating in little scrolls. This stone is described and the symbols illustrated by Alex. A, Carmichael, in a paper in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. viii. p. 285. Pabbay. — The Island of Pabbay is situated at the S. end of the outer Hebrides group, midway between the Islands of Saundray and IMingulay, 8 miles S. of Castle- bay in the Isle of Barra and about 90 miles N.W. of Oban (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 58). The symbol stone lies in the graveyard of the church of Pabbay, where it appears to have been first noticed by the Rev. Allan Macdonald, the Roman Catholic priest of Dalibrog, S. Uist. It came to light some years before 1889, through the blowing away of the sand, and a rubbing of it was forwarded to Dr J. Anderson at Edinburgh by the Rev. A. Macdonald. It is a slab of dioritic stone of rectangular shape, 3 feet high by 1 foot * In the present state of our knowledge as to what the symbols may or may not be intended to represent, it is difficult to determine how much of the design within the larger circle forms an essential part of the symbol and how much is mere ornament. 112 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND, 4 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (figs. 115 and 116)— Fig. 115. — Slab sculptured with incised symbols at Pabbay. Scale, ^ linear. From a photograph by Mr E. Beveridge. Front . — At the top a simple cross with arms of unequal lengths having slightly expanded ends, resting upon the crescent with the y-shaped rod symbol ornamented with two small circles, two curved lines, and with a dot in the centre of the DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — HEBRIDES. 113 space at the bottom angle of the V j ^ underneath the crescent the flower symbol. Fig. 116. — Diagram showing .symbols and cross Fi^. 117. — Portion of slab with sculpture in relief, from on Pabbay stone. Scale, j’j linear. St Asaph’s, Berneray, nowin the Edinburgh Museum, IB 31. Scale, linear. This stone is described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxxi. p. 300. CLASS III. Island of Berneray. — This island is situated at the southern extremity of the Hebrides, 90 miles N.W. of Oban (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 58). The stone was found in the churchyard of St Asaph or Kilaisen, and is now pre- served in the Edinburgh Museum, the number in the Catalogue being IB 31. It is a slab of bluish green gneiss of rectangular shape, 3 feet 8 inches long hv 1 foot 7 inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured on one face thus (fig. 117) — Front . — At the top portion of a panel of plait-work having the bands double- beaded, and below this a key-pattern (No. 995). This stone is described in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. viii, p. 281, but not illustrated. ‘ The two terminals of the V-shaped rod seem to be missing, PART III. P 114 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Kilbar. — Tlie ancient chnrch of this name is situated at the N. end of the Island of Barra, which lies to the S. of South Uist, 90 miles in a straight line S.W. of Strome Ferry (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 68). The sculptured stone was found by Mr Alex. A. Carmichael, in 1865, in the old Fig, 118.— Front. Fig- 118 a.— B ack. Upright cross-slab with sculpture, partly incised and partly in relief, from Kill>ar, now at Edinburgh, Catal. IB 102. Scale, ^ linear. disused burial-ground of Kilbar, and is now preserved in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, in Edinbm’gh, the number in the Catalogue being IB 102. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— NAIRN. 115 It is an upright cross-slab of greenish slate, of nearly rectangular shape, but getting wider towards the top, 4 feet 5^ inches high by 1 foot 3| inches wide at the top and 1 foot wide at the bottom by 10 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face, and with an incised inscription on one face thus — Front . — In the middle of the slab, a cross (shape No. 101a) having plain ends to the arms and small round hollows in the angles between them. There is a small pellet in the centre of the head of the cross, and the arms and shaft are ornamented with four cord plait-work, two of the bands being joined up and the other two forming twists in the narrow parts of the arms between the round hollows. The plait terminates at the bottom in a loop. The back ground of the cross is ornamented on each side of the shaft with a spiral- work border consisting of S'Shaped scrolls and developing into a square key-pattern border (No. 894), lower down. Back . — An inscription in later Runes in two lines, reading vertically from the top of the stone downwards as follows — ■ UR • ThUR • KIRThU : STANIR: Ur and Thur set np [these] stones RISKURS : S(IE) (K)RISTR: • • • of Riskur. May Christ (guard his soul) This stone is described and well illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xv. p. 33. NORTH-EASTERN SECTION. NAIRN. CLASS II. Glenferness. — Glenferness House, the residence of the Earl of Leven, is situated on the E. bank of the River Findhorn, 6 miles N.AV. of Dava railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 84). The mommient, which is called the Princes’ Stone, stands under an ash tree, grow- ing on a small cairn of earth and stones, about 20 yards from the E. bank of the River Findhorn, on a level piece of ground formed by a bend of the stream, immediately below Glenferness House, a few hundred yards to the S.W. of it. The stone has been broken in three pieces, which are now carefully joined together with cement and kept in position by stone posts, one on each side, supported by iron stays. The surface of the slab is very much weathered, so that the sculptiu’e is completely obliterated in places. The soft sandstone of which it is composed has veins of hard quartz running 116 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. diagonally across it and these now stand out in relief, thus still further confusing the sculpture. There are as well several isolated lumps of quartz which now form pro- jecting knobs. The monument is an upright cross-slab of greenish sandstone, of rectangular shape, broken away at the top and cracked across in two places, 5 feet 6 inches high by 2 feet 2 inches wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 119) — Front . — At the top, in the middle of the slab, a cross (shape No. 102a) having four circular hollow’s between the arms, which are connected by a narrow ring. The cross has a short shaft and no base. At the bottom of the slab in the middle, and occupying about a third of the width of the stone, is a small rectangular panel. The cross is ornamented with interlaced-w’ork, so defaced that the pattern cannot be matle out with any degree of certainty. The panel at the bottom contains two men with their heads over each other’s shoulders, apparently embracing.^ The background between the cross and the panel at the bottom forms an |-| -shaped space, which is filled in with symmetrical spiral-work (No. 1076). There are eight spirals in the middle arranged round a panel with four concave sides, which may have contained ornament, but is now defaced. These eight spirals are joined to sixteen other spii-als grouped in a circle round them. The four remainmg parts of the 1-| -shaped space at the top and bottom on the right and left are each filled in with six other spirals, making a total of 8-flG-l-(4 X 6) = 48 spirals altogether. The spirals are connected together by Q’s on a recessed background ornamented with almond-shaped dots, as in the Book of Durrow and other Irish MSS. Three bands meet in the centre of each spiral in all cases. Back . — Divided into two panels containing (1) mterlaced-work, so defaced that the pattern cannot be made out; (2) at the top of the panel in the middle (fig. 120) a kneeling figure, with a peaked cap, shooting with a crossbow, similar to those on the stones at Shandwick, St Vigean’s No. 1, and Meigle No. 10. The object at which he is shooting on the left is defaced. Behind the archer on the right, in the top corner of the panel, is the elephant symbol, and below it the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol. Underneath the group just described is a hound in full cry, and lower down the double disc and ^-shaped rod symbol. At the bottom is the elephant symbol, the body being decorated with plait- w’ork. Bight and Left Sides. — Interlaced-work now entirely concealed, except just near the top, by the modern stone posts which support the slab on each side. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scid-ptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 24). 1 Or perhaps wrestling. Compare with wrestling beast-men on the cross at Eilan Mbr, Argyllshire, and with figures in a similar attitude on the base of the large cross at Castle Dermot, Co. Kildare, and on the narrow face of the shaft of the cross at Durrow, King’s Co. Front. Fig. 119. — C'ro.ss-slaii .soulntm'fd in relief at Gleiiferne.ss. Xot to scale. Fig. 120. — Panel with symhols on back on Glenferness stone. Scale, linear. 1‘agc ! Ifi. yo. y\\. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS—NAIRN. 117 CLASS III. Achareidh. — The house of this name is situated 1 mile W. of Nairn railway station and | a mile from the sea-shore (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 84). The sculptured stone was found in 1891 by Colonel Clarke’s workmen in digging a hole for the post of a fence on the highest point of the ground behind his house. It is a fragment of an upright cross -slab of sandstone (fig. 121), sculptured in relief on one face thus — Fig. 121. — Fragment of stone sculptured in relief at Acliareidh. From a photograph by W. C. Gordon, Nairn. Not to scale. FroTit . — One corner of a panel containing key-pattern, but not enough remaining to determine to what class it belongs. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Wester Delnies. — The farm of Wester Delnies is situated 4 miles W. of Nairn, to the N. of the road to Campbelltown, between it and the shore of the IMoray Firth (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 84). The monument, which is known locally as the Kebach Stone, stands on Wester Delnies farm behind the gamekeeper’s house, a few hundred yards to the N. of the road from Nairn to Campbelltown, just beyond the toll-house. It is an upright cross-slab of grey sandstone, of rectangular shape, 5 feet 6 inches high by 4 feet 2 inches wide by 1 foot 1 inch thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front . — In the middle of the slab is a cross with semicircular hollows between the arms and a cii'cle in the centre (shape No. 101a). The whole face appears to have been ornamented, but all that now remains are traces of interlaced-work on the arms. The Stafford knot can be made out in places and not much besides. This stone is not mentioned in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland or elsewhere. Attention was first called to its existence by the Rev. Dr Joass of Golspie. The monu- 118 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. ment belongs to the highly ornamented class of which other specimens are found along the opposite shores of the Moray Firth at Eosemarkie, Nigg, Shandwick, Hilton of Cadholl, and Tarhat. Unfortunately, the Delnies cross-slab is of a softer material than the rest and has also possibly been longer exposed than some of them. It bears evi- dence of the effects of weather in the deep furrows in the top, like those to be seen on the Devil’s Arrows at Boroughbridge in Yorkshire. The work of destruction carried on for centuries by the elements of nature has been completed l)y the vandalism of man. The whole of the back of the stone, wdncli was probably sculptured as well as the front, is deeply scored with hollows made by sharpening knives, and a circle has been incised in the middle of it by some mischievous person. The state of the Delnies stone is an everlasting reproach to a generation endowed with so little respect for the memory of the missionaries who Christianised Scotland as to allow the only traces now left of their handiwork to be so shamefully abused. A stone-lined grave, oriented, and containing an adult skeleton placed with the feet to the east, was found within a few yards of the stone in March 1896. ELGIN. CLASS I. Birnie. — The church of Birnie is situated on the E. side of the River Lossie, 3 miles S. of Elgin railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 85). The symbol stone was formerly built into the low wall round the churchyard, and now stands against the W. pillar of the N. entrance to the churchyard outside, and there are four fragments belonging to Class III. within the church. No. 1 is a granite boulder, of irregular shape, 3 feet 6 inches high Iiy 2 feet 3 inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot 10 inches wide at the top by 1 foot 9 inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot wide at the top, sculptured with incised lines on one face (towards the N.) thus (fig. 122) — Front . — At the top the eagle symbol, and below it the rectangle with two legs and 2-shaped rod symbol. An incomplete circle is attached to the inner margin of the rectangle on each side of the middle bar of the 2-shaped rod. This stone is described and illustrated m Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 17). Burghead. — The fishing town and harbour of this name is situated on the N. coast of Elgin, at the end of a curved promontory jutting out into the Moray Firth, 8 miles N.E. of Forres and the same distance N.W. of Elgin. It is the terminus of a short branch railway (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 95). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ELGIN. 119 Six symbol stones belonging to Class I., and seven sculptm’ed stones belonging to Class III., have been found at Burghead. Fig. 122. — Stone with incised symbols at Birnie (No. 1). Seale, linear. No. 1 is stated to have been found in the so-called Eoman bath or well at Burghead, and was presented by the late Sir Thomas Dick Lauder to the Museiun of the Scientific Association at Inverness. When this collection was given over to the Academy at Inverness, as no room could he spared for the stone, it was placed in the garden of l\Ir George Andei'son, solicitor, of Inverness. It WJis suhsequently kept in the Parochial Board Office at Inverness, and in 1891 was deposited in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edmhurgh, its number m the Catalogue being IB 95. It is a slab of wateiworn sandstone, of irregular five-sided shape, 2 feet 3 inches high hy 1 foot 5 inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured with mcised lines on one face thus (fig. 123) — Front. — At the top of the slab, a bull highly conventionalised and ornamented with spiral curves. This stone is described and well illustrated in Stuart’s Sc%dftured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 38); in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. iv. p. 355, pi. 11, fig. 3); and hy Dr James Macdonald in the Glasgow Archocol. Soc. Proc. (New Series, vol. ii. pi. 5, fig. 1). No. 2 was found in 1862 in carrying out some improvements on the S. quay. 120 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. and is now in the possession of Mr Hugh W. Young, the proprietor of Burghead, by whom it is kept at the harbour office with No. 4. Fig. 123. — Slab with incised bull from Burghead (No. 1), now in the National Museum, Edinburgh. Scale, J linear. Fig. 124. — Stone with incised bull at Burghead (No. 2). Scale, J linear. It is a slab of waterworn sandstone, of irregular four -sided shape, 1 foot 7 inches long by 1 foot high by 4 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 124) — DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ELGIN. 121 Front. — A conventionalised bull, like the others, with the head partly defaced. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 108, No. 1); and in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. x. p. 664); and by Dr James Macdonald in the Glasgovj Archccol. Soc. Proc. (New Series, vol. ii. pi. 5, fig. 2). No. 3 was found amongst rubbish in carrying out some improvements at Burgh ead. It was for some time in the possession of Mr T. Miln of Elgin, and is now in the Elgin Museum. It is a slab of waterworn sandstone, of irregidar five-sided shape, broken at the top, 1 foot 9 niches long by 1 foot 4 inches high by 7 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 125) — Fig. 125.— Slab with incised bull from Burghead (No. 3), now in the Elgin Museum. Scale, | linear. Front. — A conventionalised bull, like the others. This stone is described and fairly well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 108, No. 3); and better in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. iv. p. 355, pi. 11, fig. 2); and by Dr James Macdonald in the Glasgow Archccol. Soc. Proc. (New Series, vol. ii. pi. 4, fig. 2). PART III. Q 122 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. No. 4 was found in 1867, in pulling down an old house on the S. quay, and is now in the possession of Mr Hugh W. Young, the proprietor of Burghead, by whom it is kept with No. 2 at the harbour office. It is a fragment of waterworn sandstone, of irregular four -sided shape, 11 inches high by 11 inches wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 126) — Fig. 126. — Fragment of stone with part of an incised bull at Burghead (No. 4). Not to scale. Front . — The fore part of a conventionalised bull, like the others. This stone is described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. x. p. 665), and by Dr James Macdonald in the Glasrjow Archccol. Soc. Proc. (New Series, vol. ii. pi. 5, fig. 3). No. 5 was found in the course of improvements on the harbour and village before 1809. For a long time it remained in the possession of Mr James de Carle Sowerby, F.L.S., at the Royal Botanic Society’s Gardens in the Regent’s Park, London, and it was afterwards presented by him to the British Museum, where it is to be seen on the top of one of the cases in the Saxon Room. It is a slab of sandstone, of irregular three-sided shape, 1 foot 9 inches long by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 127) — Front . — Next the top of the slab a conventionalised bull like the others. This stone is described and illustrated in the Archccolojjia'^ (vol. xvi. p. 365. pi. 71), and in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. iv. p. 355, pi. 11, fig. 1), and by Dr James Macdonald in the Glasgoiv Archoeol. Soc. Proc. (New Series, vol. ii. pi. 4, fig. 1). ‘ A paper cast of the stone was exhibited at the Society of Antiquaries in London by Mr Carlisle at the meeting held May 11, 1809. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ELGIN. 123 No. 6 was found in 1884 in the course of alterations on the south quay, and is now in the Elgin IMuseuin. It is a slab of waterworn sandstone, of irregular shape, broken at one side, 2 feet high by 1 foot 6 inches wide by 6 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 128) — Fig. 128. — Fragment of stone with part of incised bull from Burgliead (No. 6), now in the Elgin Museum. Scale, linear. Front . — The fore part of a conventionalised bull like the others. This stone is described and well illustrated in Dr J. Anderson’s paper, “ On some undescribed Sculptured Stones and Fragments in different parts of Scotland,” in the 124 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxiii. p. 348), aud by Dr James Macdonald in the Glasgow Archcool. Soc. Proc. (New Series, vol. ii. pi. 5, fig. 4). Drainie, Kineddar Manse. — The manse of Kineddar is situated miles S.'VV, of Lossiemouth railway station and 5 miles N. of Elgin (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 95). The symbol stone was found, with sculptured stones belonging to Class III., in pulling down the manse of Kineddar in 1855, and is now preserved in the Elgin ^Museum. No. 1 is a rectangular slab of sandstone, 2 feet 6 inches high by 2 feet 1 inch wide by 4 inches thick, sculptiu’ed with incised Imes on one face thus (fig. 129) — Fig. 129. — Fragment of slab with part of incised symbol from Drainie (No. 1), now in the Elgin Museum. Scale, linear. Front. — At the top of the slab the remains of the upper part of the crescent and V-shaped rcxl symbol. Tlie middle part of the crescent is ornamented with a small circle and double spirals springmg from it on each side. This stone is descrilxtd and well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 129, No. 15). Easterton of Roseisle. — Tlie farmliouse of Easterton of Eoseisle is situated 3 miles S.E. of Burghetul close to the high road to Elgin on the W. side (Inch Ordnance Alap, Sheet 95). In May 1894, whilst ploughing a field on the farm, the ploughman’s attention was attracted by tlie human bones which were turned up during the operation. Mr Dawson, the tenant of the farm, informed Mr Hugh Young, F.S.A.Scot., of Burghead, and he soon afterwards visited the spot, the exact position of which is 1000 yards W.S.W. of the farmhouse of Easterton of Roseisle. Unfortunately, the skeletons were DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ELGIN. 125 irretrievably damaged by the plough, but ^Ir Youug examined a number of them in situ after the ploiigh had passed over them. The skeletons lay in rows extended on their backs, and occupied a space measuring about 50 yards from E. to W. by 30 yards from N. to S. The bodies had been placed lying N. and S. There appeared to have been an earthen wall round the Inirial-place. In its immediate vicinity (but not necessarily connected with it) were found some neolitliic stone axes and arrow heads, and traces of ancient hearths showing marks of tire. The spot where this discovery was made lies on Spindle Muir just below the contour line showing the level of 50 feet above the sea on the Six-Inch Ordnance IMap (Sheet 7), and close to what was in former times either an inlet of the sea or a portion of Loch Spynie, a piece of water of much diminished area at the present time, 3 miles N. of Elgin. What are now small hillocks may formerly have been islands, as suggested by such place names as Inchkeil, Inchagarty, Iiichbrock.^ When the turnip crop was lifted an opportunity was offered of exploring the burial-ground more thoroughly. Tins was undertaken in December 1894, during Mr Young’s absence in Edinburgh, by ]\Ir Dawson the tenant and the Rev. Mr MacEwen, minister of Dyke. They did not discover anything to throw further light upon the age of the burials and were unable to secure any skulls which had escaped being broken by the plough. ^Ir Dawson took IMr IMacEwen to a spot, where the plough had encountered a stone some time before, situated 83 yards W. and 8 yards S. of the S.W. corner of the rectangular area in which the skeletons were found. On excavating round this stone it proved to form part of the east side of a nide cist-like construction in which were found ten or twelve oval and round white beach stones, two pieces of sandstone, and traces of ashes. No hones or other indications of a burial were observed. Opposite to the tall stone encountered by the plough was a symbol-bearing slab forming the west side of the cavity. It lay on its narrow edge with its longest dimen- sion horizontal and the side with the crescent and V'Shaped rod on it facing towards the inside. The symbols were not, however, noticed for several months after the excavation had been made on account of the incisions being filled with sand, and it was only in the month of IVIarch following, when the weather had washed the surface clean, that they were observed by Mr Dawson. A still further discovery was made at the end of April 1895, for on removing the symbol-bearing slab from its position, it was observed that it was sculptured on the outer side, which had been concealed by being buried in the ground. The stone has since been placed in ]\Ir Young’s private museiim at Burghead. ^ The last-named is 1^ miles E. of Easterton farmhouse. The site of a chapel is marked there on the Six-Inch Ordnance Map. The name resembles Inchbrayock near Montrose, the Island of St Breock, though the name may mean brock, or badger’s, island. 126 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. It is an approximately rectangular slab of sandstone, 4 feet long by 1 foot 10 inches wide by inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on two faces thus (figs. 130 and 130a) — Front . — At the top a symbol which may either be a crescent with a circular indentation in the middle of its lower or concave side, or the semicircular arch symbol ; in the middle the crescent and V-shaped rod; and at the bottom the mirror and comb. Back . — At the top a swan or goose with its neck bent backwards, and below the fish symbol. Stones with cnp and ring sculptures have been noticed at Gardenhill and near Eoseisle. The whole dis- trict is extremely rich in traces of the prehistoric inhabi- tants, but no evidence is yet fortbcoming to show any connection between the neolithic remains and the symbol- bearing slab. The discovery of the symbol stone at Easterton of Roseisle was first announced in the Reliquary for 1895, p. 125, and it was fully described and illustrated in the same volume, p. 142, and in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxix. p. 449). Grantown. — The town of this name is situated on the N. bank of the River Spey at the S. end of Elgin- shire, and has two railway stations, one on each side of the river (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 74). The symbol stone was found in digging a knoll called Cnoc-an-Fruich (a place near Grantown which does not appear to be marked on the Inch Ordnance IMap), and is now in the National Museum of Antkpiities of Scotland at Edinburgh, ^ its number in the Catalogue being IB 10. It is a slab of mica schist of rectangular shape, 4 feet long by 10 inches wide by 9 inches thick, scnlptimed with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 131) — Front . — In the middle of the slab a stag conven- tionalised with spiral curves on the body, as in the case of the Burghead bulls, and below it the rectangular symbol, ornamented with little spirals at two corners, and a straight line across the centre. Fig. 131. — Stone sculptured uitli incised symbols from Grantown, now in the National Museum, Edinburgh (not to scale). ' Presented in 18G5, Proc. Soc. A7if. Scot. (vol. vi. p. 180). Fig. 130. — Front. Slal) sculptured on both .siiies with incised symbols, from h,asterton of Roseisle. ilr Robert Donaldson, F.S.A.Scot. Not to scale. Fig. l-SO.t — Back. F’roni a [ihotograjih by Page 126. No. XV. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS —ELGIN. 127 Tills stone is described and well illnstrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scot- land (vol. ii. pi. 106), and in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. viii. p. 219). Fig. 132. — Slab with incised symbols at Knock- ando (No. 1). Scale, jV linear. Fig. 133. — Slab with incised symbols at Knock- ando (No. 2). Scale, linear. Knockando. — The chui-ch of Knockando is situated on the N. side of the River Spey, 3 miles N. of Blacksboat railway station (Ordnance IMap, 85). 128 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. The two symbol stones are saiti to have been brought from the old burial-ground of Pulvrenan on the Ijank of the Spey below Knockando House, and are now in the churchyard of Knockando. I am indebted to Mr E. C. Graham, F.S.A. Scot., for kindly supplying me with rubbings and pliotographs of the Knockando stones. No. 1 is a slalj of gneiss of irregular four-sided shape, 4 feet 9 inches high by 1 foot 10 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 132) — Front. — At the top a cii’cle with a smaller concentric circle in the centre, the intermediate space being ornamented with radial lines ; and below two crescent and V • shaped rod symbols placed side by side, and ornamented with curved lines. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scnlpturcd Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 105, No. 1). No. 2 is a slab of dioritic stone of approximately rectangular shape, 6 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 6 inches wide, scidptured with incised lines on one face tlms (fig. 133) — Front. — At the tf>p of the slal) a serpent, and near the bottom the mirror symbol without the comb. The mirror has a handle of the double disc pattern. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 105, No. 2). Upper Manbean. — The farm of Upper Manbean is situated on the M. side of the Eiver Lossie, 1 mile W. of the high road running parallel to the river and 4 miles S. of Elgin railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 85). The syndjol stone stands in a field abuiit of a mile W. of the farmhouse between it and the Butter Well. It is a slab of gneissose stone speckled with fine grains of mica, of nearly rectangular shape, ha^'ing half of the back of the stone split off, 3 feet high Ijy 1 foot 9 inches to 2 feet wide by 1 foot 2 inches wide at the bottom and 7 inches wide higluer up, where it is split in half, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 134) — Front. — At the top the initials M H S cut in recent times ; below this a fish monster with a body extending across the whole breadth of the stone ; and at the bottom the mirror and comb symbol. The monster has the tail and fins of a fish and the head of a beast. The mirror is placed horizontally and has a handle of the double disc type. The comb has teeth on both sides. The fracture at the back of the stone seems to have been caused by an attempt to split it in two. On the broken surface are cut the initials T.S.E. The field is called the’“ Field of the Standing Stone.” The Butter Well is a few DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUM ENTS— ELGIN. 129 huiidi'od yards to tlie S.W. of the symbol stone. A slab wbicli covers the well is inscribed EX DONO DEI BIBITE GRATIS MHUSP and a small vertical stone at the back bears the date 1G99. Fig. 134. — Stone with incised symbols at Upper Manbean. Scale, ,V linear. Upper Manbean is the property of the Earl of Moray. I was courteously received and shown the stone by bis tenant Mr Allan. APPENDIX TO CLASS I. Cave Sculptured with Incised Symbols at Covesea. The Covesea caves are situated on the extreme north coast of Elginshire, 6 miles N. of Elgin, between Lossiemouth and Burghead (Ordnance Map, 1 inch scale, Sheet No. 95). The road from Elgin reaches the sea-shore at some cottages 1 mile AV. of the lighthouse at the W. end of Covesea Links. The shore to the E. of this point between these cottages and Lossiemouth is low and sandy, but to the westward PART III. R 130 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. there are clitfs of yellow sandstone (of the Old Red Sandstone formation) extending as far as Rnrghead. The cave with the incised symbols is reached by taking the path along the top of the cliff for 1 mile W. of the cottages and then descending on to the beach by a narrow cleft in the rock with steps down to the b(jttom. Close to these steps to the westward is a large cave into which the sea flows at high water, and a few hnndred yards further is the cave with the symbols. It is situated at the top of a grassy slope at the foot of the cliff, and the entrance is quite 20 feet above high-water mark. The entrance is donble, consisting of two passages side by side, each G feet wide by 8 feet bigb by 20 feet long, leading to an inner chamlx'r which extends about 30 feet further into the heart of the cliff. Between the two entrance passages is a solid rectangnlar mass of rock supporting the superincumbent cliff. The floor of the cave is formed of coarse gravel of some depth, which appears to have l)een disturbed by explorers. Quan- tities of limpet shells are to be seen amongst the gravel at the mouth of the cave. The symbols are incised upon the walls of the cave in the following positions;— Fig. 135. — Pi.sh and crescent and rod incised on E. wall of E. passage, next the entrance and close to the floor. Scale, linear. Fig. 135.V. — Pentacles incised on W. wall of E. passage about half-way up the wall. Scale, f linear. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ELGIN. 131 Fig. 135b. — Triple vesica symbol incised on E. side of W, passage about half-way " up the wall. Scale, J linear. Scale, I linear. Fig. 135c. — Step symbol, two mirror-case symbols, rectangular symbol, and crescent and V'Shaped rod symbol incised on W, wall of W. passage about half-way between the ceiling and the floor. 132 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. CLASS II. Brodie. — Rrodie Castle, the residence of Brodie of Brodie, is situated \ of a mile N.E. of Brodie railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 84). The symbol stone, which was discovered in digging the foundations of the present church of Dyke and Moy, 1 mile N.E. of Brodie railway station, was afterwards put up in the village of Dyke to commemorate Admiral Rodney’s victory over the Comte de Grasse ; and now stands within the grounds of Brodie Castle, i a mile N.E. of Brodie railway station, close to the entrance lodge at the N.E. angle of the grounds, and about 50 yards from the road to Dyke. The stone is erected in a modern base, and kept in a vertical position by wrought iron struts at each side. It is an upright cross-slab of grey sandstone, of rectangular shape, G feet 4 inches high by .8 feet 5 inches wide at the bottom and 3 feet 2 inches wide at the top by 5 inches thick at the bothnu and 4 inches thick at the top, sculptured in relief and inscribed with incised letters on two faces thus (figs. 13G and 13 Ga) — Front . — In the middle of the slab, extending from top to bottom, a cross (shape No. 101 a), with plain ends to the arms and small round hollows in the angles between them. The cross is ornamented with a continuous piece of interlaced-work composed of different knots thus: — In the centre of the head of the cross, and vertically above and below it, circular knot No. 433 forming a single row of three knots; on the top arm of the cross and on the upper part of the shaft, the same circular knot arranged in two vertical rows and repeated twice in each row (No. 714); in the narrow parts of the horizontal arms, on each side of the knot in the centre of the head, the same knot but without the circular band round it ; ^ on the left arm of the cross, Stafford knots, with extra hands interwoven, placed facing in opposite directions (No. G 13), the pattern being a good deal obliterated; on the right arm of the ^ cross, interlaced-work comptised of knots Nos. 265 and 431, the pattern being much defaced ; on the bottom of the shaft of the cross, doulde Staf- ; ford knots, with extra hands interwoven, arranged in two vertical rows ; and repeated twice, the knots above and below being irregular (No. 613). The background round the cross is arranged in four panels: (1) On . the left of the top arm of the cross, a beast with tail and legs forming - interlaced-work, partially defaced; (2) on the right of the top arm of the cross, completely defaced; (3) on the left of the shaft of the cross, pairs of beasts interlaced, much obliterated, and with the initials K.D. cut in a recess in the middle ; (4) on the right of the shaft of the cross, - pairs of beasts interlaced, obliterated near the toj), and with the initials Bottom of Stone. A.C. cut in a recess in the middle. Front— Right side. On each side of the front there is an ogham inscription on a vertical * Or a pair of knots (No. 436) placed facing each other, 1 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ELGIN. 133 stem line in the middle of a raised and slightly rounded band. Tlie letters are all defaced except on the right near tlie bottom, where a few disconnected ogham strokes can be seen, as shown on diagram on p. 1.32. Back . — A single panel containing at the top a pair of fisli monsters,' with tails forming spirals, ])laced facing each other, and with some curious circular objects or ornaments between them ; below this the elephant symlml ; and at the bottom the double disc and 2 -shaped rod syml)ol. The monsters have jaws with rows of teetli, and are ornamented with triquetras and spirals on the upper part of the body, and with conventionalised scales on the lower part. The body of the elephant is orna- mented with interlaced-work composed partly of spiral knots, partly of knot No. 251, and terminating next the head in a Stafford knot. The discs are each ornamented with eight double spirals with Q-shaped connections (No. 1108) and small pellets in the spaces between them. The connecting bar between the discs has on it a small piece of interlaced-work composed of two Stafford knots. The angles of the 2-shaped rod are filled in with ornamental pellets. On the raised bands forming the vertical sides of the panel there are ogham /\ /\ Bottom of Stone. Back — Left side. fc z h : O Q Q - LJj Bottom of Stone. Back — Right side. inscriptions on a stem line sunilar t(j those on the back. That on the left side is defaced at the to]i, but on the lower part the oghams are more clear. ' A cross with a pair of dolphins or fish monsters, one on each side, occurs on the zocimorphic handles of a bronze bowl found at Faversham, Kent, in the Gibb’s Collection formerly at South Kensington, but now in the British Museum (see Catal. of Gibb’s Bequest). Single dolphins of the same type are to be seen on Merovingian belt clasps and seem to be intended for Jonah’s whale. 134 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OP MONUMENTS— ELGIN. 135 That on the right side is also defaced next the top, l)ut at the bottom the letters are very distinct, as shown on page 133. 'Phis stone is doscrilH^d and pretty well illustrated in Stuart’s Scid 2 )turr.d Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pis. 2'2 and 23), but the inscriptions are omitted. Readings of the oghams by Lord Southesk are given in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xx. p. 14) ; by Sir S. Ferguson in his Or/ham Inscri 2 >tions, p. 142 ; and by rr(jfessor J. Rbys in the Froc. Soc. AnL Scot. (vol. xxvi. p. 287). Elgin. — 'The cathedral of Elgin is situated near the River Lossie, I a mile N. of Elgin railway station (Inch Ordnance i\Iap, Sheet 95). 'The synil)ol stone was found in 1823 during street repairs, lying horizontally 2 feet below the surface of the ground a little to the N.E. of St Giles’ Church, and now stands within the area of the cathedral against the S. pier of the nave arcade at the E. end. It is an upright cross-slab of grey granite with large crystals of felspar and very rough surface, of rectangular shape, l>roken away at the bottom, 6 feet 10 inches high by 2 feet 7| inches wide at the bottom and 3 feet wide at the top by 7 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 137 and 137 a) — Front . — At the top, in the middle of the slal), a cross (shape No. 102 a) with four small round hollows between the arms and a circular boss in the centre. The shaft of the cross rises from a rectangular base, hjrming a flat band extending horizontally right across the slab and dividing the panels on each side of the shaft from the one below the base. The cross is ornamented with zoomorphic interlaced-work, but it is so much defaced that the pattern cannot be made out. The background of the cross is arranged in five panels containing (1) on the left side of the top arm of the cross a winged and ninibed figure holding a book against the breast, probably intended for one of the four Evangelists ; (2) on the right side of the top arm a similar figure to that on the left, also probably intended for an Evangelist ; (3) on the left side of the shaft a nimbed figure of St IMatthew with the angel symbol over his left shoulder ; (4) on the right side of the shaft a figure holding a book, representing St John the Evangelist with the eagle symbol over his right shoulder ; (5) below the base, four beasts with their bodies bent round and interlaced, so that theii’ heads meet in the centre. The bodies of the beasts are ornamented with pellets. Back. — Arranged in a single panel containing, at the top, a rectangular figure divided into three parts ornamented with spirals, the upper portion being broken away so that it is difficult to ascertain the meaning of the figure ; below this the double disc and ^'Shtiped rod symbol ; then lower down the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol ; and at the bottom a hunting scene consisting of four huntsmen on horseback, the one at the top having a hawk on his arm and another in front of him, a hound running beside the horse, and another hound attacking a stag by seizing it with his teeth under 136 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. the belly. The double disc symbol is ornamented with spiral-work much defaced and the crescent with spiral-W(jrk (No. 1118). The original tool marks are preserved in one place on the right side of the V-skaped rod, near the lower side of the crescent, on a lump of hard rpiartz imbedded in the granite. This stone is described and badly illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scot- land (vol. i. pi. 16). CLASS III. Altyre. — The house of Altyre is situated 3 miles S. of Forres railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 84). The stone is said to have been removed from the parish of Duffus ^ 5 miles N.W. of Elgin, and it now stands in a field on the E. side of the carriage drive from Altyre House towards Forres, not far from the Altyre burn, and \ of a mile E. of the old ruined church. It is an upright cross-slab of grey sandstone, of rectangular shape, 11 feet 3 inches high l)y 2 feet 10 inches wide l)y 8 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus — Front. — A cross (shape 98 a) with square stepped hollows in the angles between the arms, and a narrow shaft extending nearly the whole height of the slab. Back. — Traces of the shaft of a cross in the middle of the slal). The momunent is used as a rubbing post for cattle, and is miich injured by ex- posure to the weather, especially at the l)ack. If the cross was ornamented, which seems doubtful, none of the decorative sculpture now remains. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculidured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 114). Birnie. — The church of Birnie is situated 3 miles S. of Elgin railway station (Ordnance Map, 85). Besides the symbol stone, already descrilied under Class L, there are at Birnie four fragments belonging to Class HI. No. 2 was found in the churchyard dyke, and is now preserved with the rest inside the chancel of the church on a window sill on the N. side. It is a portion of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of irregular shape, broken ;dl round, 1 foot 9 inches long by 1 foot wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front. — Bart of two panels containing (1) triple spirals, the centres of which are ornamented with three birds’ heads as on one of the St Vigean’s stones, and (2) interlaced-work. * Mr Hugh W. Young, F.S.A.Scot., of Burghead, informs me that the original site was the college field at the village of Roseisle. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ELGIN. 137 This stone is described, but not well illustrated, in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 42). No. 3 is a portion of probably the same upright cross-slab of sandstone, of four- sided shape, broken all round, 6 inches long by 6 inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front. — I’ortion of a panel containmg interlaced-work. This stone and the two following have not been published before. No. 4 is a fragment like the others of sandstone, of four -sided shape, broken all round, 7^ inches long by 5^ inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front . — 'Portions of two panels containing interlaced-work. No. 5 is a fragment of sandstone, of irregular shape, 7^ inches long by 9 inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front . — Traces of a key-pattern. Burghead. — The old burial-ground at Burghead is situated on the site of the middle of the three ramparts by which the headland was defended on the landward side to the S. of the prmcipal entrance to the fort ; not quite J of a mile N. of Burghead railway station (Ordnance ]\Iap, 95). Besides the six symbol stones already described under Class I., seven sculptured stones belonging to Class III. have been found. Fig. 138. — Fragment of slab with sculpture in relief at Burghead (No. 7). Scale, J linear. No. 7 was built into the coping of the wall of the old churchyard at the N.E. corner and has been removed during the year 1891 by Mr Hugh W. Young. It is a portion of a rectangular slab of sandstone, broken at the side and bottom, PART III. « 138 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 1 foot 9 inches long by 1 foot 6 inches high by 4 inches thick, sciilptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 138) — Front . — Two beasts attacking a stag, and another small animal. This stone is described and pretty well illustrated (except that the little beast is shown with a beak like a bird, which is cpiite wrong) in Stuart’s Scu^jturcd Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 108, No. I);^ in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. iv. p. 356, pi. 12, fig. 1) ; and by Dr James Macdonald in the Glasgow Archceol. Soc. Proc. (New Series, vol. ii. pi. I, fig. 3). No. 8 was found amongst the dehris at Burghead and was for some time at Fleurs Cottage, Elgin. It is a portion of a cross-slab of sandstone (?), of irregular shape, I foot 1 inch long by 9 inches high by 2| inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 139 and 139a) — Fragment of upright cross-slab sculptured in relief from Burghead (No. 8). Scale, I linear. Front. — Part of the top arm of the cross, ornamented with spiral-work (No. 1054) composed of triple spirals having Q -shaped connections partly defaced; and the panel of the background to the left of the top arm of the cross containing interhiced-work (No. 733) composed of four triangular knots (No. 457), partly defaced. Back. — The upper part of a man on horseback, armed with a roitnd shield and spear. The shoulder-straps for supporting the shield are indicated as on the cross at Dupplin, Perthshire. This stone is described and illustrated iu Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 108, No. 4); in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. iv. p. 356, pi. 12, figs. 2 and 3); and by Dr James Macdonald in Glasgow Archocol. Soc. Proc. (New Series, vol. ii. pi. 1, fig. 1, and pi. 2, fig. 1). ^ There seems to be some confusion with regard to the numbers given to the stones in Stuart’s plate, as Nos. 1 and 2 are repeated twice over. Fig. 139. — Front. Fig. 139a. — Back. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ELGIN. 139 No. 9 was found in digging near the point of the headland at Burghead, and is now in the Elgin IMuseuin. It is a portion of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of irregular shape, broken all round, 7| incbes high by 7^ inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 140) — Fig. 140. — Fragment of cross-sliaft with sculpture in relief from Burghead (No. 9). Scale, J linear. Front. — Part of a panel containing a key-pattern (No 958). This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptnrcd Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 108, No. 5); in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. iv. p. 356, pi. 12, fig. 4); and in Glasyow Archccol. Soc. Proc. (New Series, vol. ii. pi. 1, fig. 2). Nos. 10 and 10 a seem to be fragments of the same monument. Front. — Part of a panel containing a key-pattern (No. 944). These fragments are described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 108, No. 1); and by Dr James Macdonald in the Glasgoio Archceol. Soc. Proc. (New Series, vol. ii. pi. 1, figs. 4 and 5). No. 11 was found by Mr Hugh W. Young, the proprietor of Burghead, in the old churchyard, and is now kept within the enclosure round the so-called “ Roman Bath.” It is the lower part of a slab of greenish sandstone, of rectangular shape, 2 feet 2 inches high by 1 foot 2 inches wide by 8 inches thick, roughly dressed with a pick at the bottom, having grooves on two faces, and sculptured in relief on the two other faces thus (fig. 141)— Front. — The lower portion of a panel of interlaced-work composed of Stafford knots and broken plait-work. Left Side . — The lower portion of a panel containing interlaced-work composed of spiral knots (?) in two vertical rows. 140 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Tliis stone is described and illustrated by Dr James Macdonald in the Glasgoid Archoiol. Soc. Proc. (New Series, vol. ii. pi. 2, fig. 2). Fig. 141. — Fragment of slab sculptured with interlaced-work in relief from Burghead (No. 11). Not to scale. No. 12 was found by Mr Hugh W. Young on 18th September 1891 near the flag- staff at the end of the promontory, and is now preserved in Mr Young’s private museum at Burghead. It is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, 7| inches long by 4| inches wide, sculptiu’ed in relief on one face thus (fig. 142) — Fig. 142 — Fragment of stone with sculpture in relief at Burghead (No. 12). Not to scale. Front . — Part of a panel containing a key-pattern (No, 958). This stone has not previously been described or illustrated. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ELGIN. 141 No. 13 was found by Mr Hugh W. Young, F.S.A. Scot., in July 1892 on the beach near the point of the promontory. It is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, sculptured in relief on one face thus (hg. 143) — Fig. 143.— Fragment of stone with sculpture in relief at Burghead (No, 13) From a photograph by James Lillie, Forres. Not to scale. Front . — Portion of a panel containing a key-pattern (No. 958). This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. No. 14 was found in digging the foundations of a store at the north side of the harbour in 1895. It is a fragment of an upright cross--slab (?) of sandstone, 7 inches long by 0^ inches wide by inches thick, sculptured on one face thus (fig. 14.4) — Fig. 144. — Fragment of stone with sculpture in relief at Burghead (No. 14). From a photograph by Robert Stewart, Elgin, Not to scale. Front . — Portions of two panels containing (1) triangular interlaced-work (No. 755); and (2) key-pattern (No. 974). 142 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Mr Hugh W. Young of Burgheacl supplies the following description : — The stone is 7 inches long by 6^ inches broad and 2^ inches thick. It is of very hard Covesea sandstone of a greyish colour, but seems to have been in the fire and has been dis- coloured by great heat. It was got on the north pier of the harbour at the foot of the rocks, in digging the foundations of a store three years ago. The carving is very finely executed. Drainie. — Kinneddar manse is situated miles S.W. of Lossiemouth railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 95). “ Before the cathedral church of Moray became fixed at Spynie, the church of Kinneddar was one of those where the bishops held their seat. The church of the united parish was built about 1666 at Drainie, from whence the modern parish took its name. The manse and glebe, however, remained at Kinneddar, about a mile east- ward from the church.” Besides the symbol stone already described under Class I., thirteen other fragments were found in the old dykes about the manse, or dug up in the old churchyard, all of which are now in the Elgin Museum. No. 2 is a portion of an upright cross-slab of yellow sandstone, of irregular four- sided shape, broken all round, 11 inches high by inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 145) — Pig. 14.5. — Fragment of stone with sculpture in relief from Drainie (No. 2), now in the Elgin Museum. Scale, J linear. Front . — The middle part of a panel containing spiral-work (No. 1029) composed of double spirals branching from a zigzag stem. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ELGIN. 143 Tliis stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Seotkmd (vol. i. pi. 130, No. 2). Nos. 3 and 3 a are portions of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of irregular five- sided shape, broken at the top and bottom and across the middle, inches high by 11 1 inches wide by 2^ inches thick, sculptm’ed in relief on one face thus (tig. 146)- Fig. 146. — Fragment of stone with sculpture in relief from Drainie (Nos, 3 and 3a), now in the Elgin Museum. Scale, | linear. Front . — A horse, the four legs, head, tail, and small portion of the body remaining, the upper part broken away. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculpt ured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 130, No. 3). No. 4 is a portion of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of rectangular shape, broken on three sides, 8 inches high by 6 inches wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 147) — Fig. 147. — Fragment of slab with sculpture in relief from Drainie (No. 4), now iu the Elgin Museum. Scale, 1 linear. Fro7it . — Part of the top and right arms of the cross (shape No. 102 a), with plain ends to the arms, semicircular hollows in the angles, and a ring connecting 144 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. them. The arms of the cross are ornamented with a key-pattern, but not enough remains to decide what kind. The ring is ornamented with a key-pattern border (No. 892). Tliis stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 130, No. 4). No. 5 is a portion of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of irregular four -sided shape, broken all round, 4i inches long by 3 inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus — • Front. — Part of a double spiral, all the rest of the pattern broken away. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 130, No. 5). No. 6 is a portion of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of irregular five-sided shape, broken all round, 6| inches high by 6| inches wide by 3| inches thick, sculp- tured in relief on one face thus (fig. 148) — Front. — One corner of a panel containing spiral-work, composed of four raised quad- ruple spirals and one double spiral with Q-shaped connections, ornamented in the middle of the C) wiHi almond-shaped spots in relief on the background between the spirals. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 130, No. G). DESCKIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ELGIN. 145 No. 7 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, broken on three sides, 4 inches high by 5 inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculp- tured in relief on one face thus (fig. 1 49) — - Fig. 149. — Fragment of slab with sculpture in relief from Drainie (No, 7), now in the Elgin Museum. Scale, ^ linear. Front . — Part of a panel next the edge containing a key-pattern of the same kind as No. 956. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuai’t’s Scidi^tured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 130, No. 7). No. 8 is a portion of a slab of sandstone, of irregular foiu’-sided shape, broken on three sides, 10 inches high by 6 inches wide by 3^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 150) — Fig. 150. — Fragment with sculpture in relief from Drainie (No. 8), now in the Elgin Museum. Scale, J linear. Front . — A man on foot armed with a round shield and spear. PART III. T 146 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. L pi. 130, No. 8). No. 9 is one arm of a cross (shape No. 102a) with plain ends to the arms, round hollows between them, and having a connectmg ring. It is of sandstone, 6 inches long by 6 inches wide by 2 inches, sculptured on two faces thus (fig. 151) — Fragment of cross with sculpture in relief from Drainie (No. 9), now in the Elgin Museum. Scale, J linear. Front. — Circular knot No. 412. Back. — Part of a key-pattern with triangular sinkings round the edge. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 130, No. 9). No. 10 is part of a cross-shaft of sandstone, of rectangular shape, broken at the top and bottom, 8 inches high by 11 inches wide by 5 inches thick, sculptured in relief on three faces thus (figs. 152, 152a, and 152b) — Front. — Double beaded on the edges, the middle part of a panel containing inter- laced-work (No. 576) consisting of a twist and rings, each composed of two double beaded bands. Right Side. — The middle part of a panel containing a border key-pattern (No. 928),^ finished off throughout with triangular sinkings. Left Side. — The middle part of a panel containing double beaded four-cord plait- work. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scxdphircd Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 130, No. 10). ^ Wrongly classed in Part II. under No. 926. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ELGIN. 147 Fig. 152a. — Right side. Fig. 152b. — Left side. Fragmeut of cross-shaft with sculpture in relief from Draiuie (No. 10), now in the Elgin Museum. Scale, J linear. No. 11 is the middle portion of an upright cross-slab of yellow sandstone, of rectangular shape, broken at the top and bottom, 10 inches high l>y 1 foot 7 inches wide by inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 153) — Fig. 153. — Fragment of cross-slab with sculpture in relief from Drainie (No. 11), now in the Elgin Museum. Scale, I linear. 148 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front. — The middle part and two horizontal arms of the cross (shape No. 101 a), with plain ends to the arms and round hollows between them. The ends of the two arms are ornamented with a key-pattern (No. 987) in a square; and the centre of the cross with the same key-pattern adapted to fit a circle, in both cases finished off with triangular sinkings. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 129, No. 11). No. 12 is a portion of an upright cross-slal) of sandstone, of triangular shape, 1 foot 3 inches high by 1 foot 1 inch wide by 2i inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front. — The part next the edge of a panel containing an irregular key-pattern too much defaced to be classified, but apparently a mixtvire of Nos. 9G9 and 974. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scxdpturcd Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 129, No. 12). No. 13 is a }X)rtion of a slab of sandstone, of rectangular shape, broken on three sides, 1 foot 6 inches high by 1 foot 1 inch wide by 2J inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 154) — Fig. 164. — Fragment of slab with sculpture in relief from Drainie (No. 13), now in the Elgin Museum. Scale, J linear. Front. — The part next the top of a panel containing a figure subject, consisting of a man on horseback and part of another at the top, and four men and the back portion of a fifth below. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptw'cd Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 129, No. 13). No. 14 came from the old churchyard at Drainie (formerly Kinneddar) and is now DESCmPTI\^E LIST OF MONUMENTS — ELGIN. 149 in the National Museiun of Antiquities of Scotland, the number in the Catalogue being IB 118. It is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, 1 foot 5 inches long by 10^ inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Fig. 155. — Fragment of cross-shaft with sculpture in relief from Drainie (No. 14), now in the Edinburgh Museum. Scale, J linear. Front . — Portion of a panel containing a key-pattern of the same class as Nos. 944 to 948. This stone has not been previously illustrated. Forres. — Tlie mouimient, which is called Sueno’s Stone, stands in a field on the N. side of the road to Kinloss and Burghead, just beyond the point where it branches off from the main street of the town, 1 mile E. of Forres railway station (Inch Ord- nance Map, Sheet 84). It is an upright cross-slab of red sandstone, of rectangular shape, 20 feet high by 150 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 3 feet 9 indies wide liy 1 foot 2 inches thick at the bottom, sculptured in relief on four sides thus (figs. 156 and 156a) — Front. — Extending from the top of the slab to within a few feet of the bottom, a cross (shape No. 102a) with arms having expanded ends, a circular connecting ring and semi-elliptical hollows in the angles. The cross has a very long shaft running verti- cally down the middle of the slab and rising from a rectangular base forming a horizontal bar right across it. The background of the cross is arranged in twelve panels, four between each of the four quadrants of the ring connecting the arms of the cross and the vertical edges of the slab, two on each side of the shaft, and two below the base. The sculpture on the head of the cross is entirely obliterated by weathering. The shaft and base of the cross form one panel, but the ornament on each is different : {a) on the shaft interlaced-work (No. 657a) spiral knot in four vertical rows, repeated thirty- seven times in each row (h) on the base interlaced-work (No. 702) composed of circular knot No. 412 in two horizontal rows, repeated ten times in each row. The panels of the background contain : (1 to 8) round the head of the cross and between the arms, sculpture defaced; (9 and 10) on each side of the shaft interlaced-work (No. 702) com- posed of circular knot No. 412 in two vertical rows, repeated eighteen times; (11) below the base of the cross a group of five men, one in the centre, two other tall figures facing each other and bending over him, and two smaller ones at the back near the two upper corners of the panel ; (12) concealed by the steps at the bottom of the monument. Bach. — Divided into four panels containing (1) at the top a horizontal row of figures too defaced to he made out, and below nine men on horseback in three horizontal rows of three. (2) Completely filled with a great number of figures arranged in five horizontal rows : (a) in the top row, a man in the centre showing full face, and twm warriors armed with drawn swords and spears on each side ; (h) in the next row, in the centre two warriors armed with swords and round shields, fighting, facing each other, and three men behind each ; (c) in the third row, in the centre an object shaped like a quadrangidar Celtic bell and five human heads beneath it ; on the left, a man holding a staff, and on the right a row of three other similar men ; behind the man on the left are six decapitated human bodies, and below his feet a seventh headless corpse ; {d) in the fourth row, on the left two pair of warriors fighting, similar to the pair in the middle of the second row ; on the right a row of four warriors armed with swords and round shields ; (e) in the bottom row, on the left six men on horseback in three horizontal rows, two in each row ; on the right eight warriors armed with swords and round shields. (3) In the middle a sort of canopy with a finial at each end, covering over several trunks of bodies and several heads ; on both the right and left three pairs of men. Bight Side. — Divided into three panels containing (1) at the top, foliage (?) or This arrangement of the spiral knot gives the cords an awkward bend, and the pattern is found in Cumberland and the Isle of Man, which were under Scandinavian influence. It only occurs once on a purely Celtic monument, viz., at Clonmacnoise on a cross-shaft. Fig. 156. — Front. Fig. 156.^. — Back. Fjiriglit cross-slab witli sculpture in relief, known as “ Sueuo’s Stone,” at Forre.s. From pliotograjilis (No. 475) by ^Messrs J. Valentine k Sons, Dundee. Not to scale. Page 150 . yo. XVII. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — BANFF. 151 I beasts interlaced, inuch worn and the npper part all destroyed l)y the effects of weather- j ing; (2) foliage or beasts interlaced, much worn; and (3) at the bottom, the heads of two human figures ; the lower portion of the panel concealed by the base. Left Side . — Divided into four panels containing (1) at the top, design much obliterated by the effects of the weather, especially the upper portion ; (2) in the middle, pairs of beasts with four legs and tails, having also extremely attenuated liodies, ' placed symmetrically and formed into interlaced-work ; (3) below this at the top of the panel a piece of zoomorphic interlaced-work, in the middle of the panel a row of four mermaids or mermen with their fish-like tails interlaced in pairs so as to form two figure-of-eight knots (No. 249), and at the lower end of the panel three men ; (4) at the bottom of the slab the upper part of a panel containing three figures, the heads only visible, the remainder concealed by the base. This stone has been illustrated and described in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scot- land (vol. i. pi. 18). BANFF. CLASS I. Arndilly. — Arndilly House is situated close to the E. bank of the River Spey, 2 miles N. of Craigellachie Junction, and is reached by crossing the bridge over the River Fiddich, and following the road through the fir woods along the steep bank of the Spey (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 85). Fig. 157. — Slab with incised symbols at Arndilly. Scale, yV linear. The symbol stone was taken out of the wall of the old church which formerly occupied the site of Arndilly House, and is now built into the outside wall of the back 152 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. offices, to the right of the front of the house, on the side away from the Paver Spey. It is placed upside down at a height of 1 foot 6 inches above the ground level. It is a slab of brown sandstone, of rectangular shape, 2 feet 6 inches high by 2 feet 4 inches long,^ sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 157) — Front. — On the left the mu’ror-case symbol, and on the right the rectangle with two legs and 2‘Shfiped rod symbol. The mirror -case is ornamented by curved and straight lines enclosing spaces filled hi with curved lines close together. The rectangle has a row of parallel straight lines close together, like the teeth of a comb, along its upper horizontal boundary ; on each side of the middle bar of the 2 circles ; on the two vertical inside lines of the legs of the rectangle are a pair of semicircles ; and the interior angles of the 2 ornamented with curved lines filling in two small triangles. This stone is described and illustrated m Stuart’s Scnlptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 15). Balneilean. — The farmhouse of Balneilean is situated in the parish of Knock- ando, 5 miles N. of Boat of Garten railway station (Inch Oixlnance Map, Sheet 85). The symbol stone is built into the wall of the farm offices. It is a slab of rectangular shape, with the angles broken off at one end, 2 feet 4 inches long by 1 foot 2 inches wide, sculptured with incised Imes on one face thus — Front. — Next to the broken end the cii’cular disc symbol enclosing three smaller circular discs, all drawn with a double outline ; and some curved lines on the remain- ing part of the surface of unknown import. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuai’t’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 104). Inveravon. — The church of Inveravon is situated on the S.E. bank of the River Spey, 1 mile below its junction with the River Avon, and 1 mile S. of Blacksboat railway station, after crossing over the ferry (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 85). The three symbol stones are believed to have been taken out of the foundations of the old church, and are now hi the churchyard. No. 1 is fixed against the S. wall of the church. It is a slab of blue slate, of irregular four-sided shape, getting narrower towards the top, and cracked across near the bottom, 4 feet 9 niches high by 3 feet wide by 6 niches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 158) — Front. — Near the top in the middle, the mirror-case symbol ; below it the eagle symbol ; and to the right of the eagle the mirror and comb symbol. 1 The thickness cannot be ascertained whilst it remains in its present position. Fiw 158 — Stone with incised svniliols, Inveravon (No. 1). hroin a photograjdi hy ” R. C. Grahani. Esq., F.S.A.Scot. Not to scale. *Vo. xvm 1 - DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— BA.NFF. 153 This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 15). No. 2 lies in the middle of the churchyard to the S.E. of No. 1. It is a slab of hard gneiss or whinstone, of irregular shape, wider in the middle than at the ends, 5 feet long by 1 foot 6 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 159) — Fig. 159.— Stone with incised symbols at Inveravon (No. 2). Scale, linear. Fig. 160. — Fragment of slab sculptured with incised head of elephant symbol built into wall of churchyard at Inveravon (No. 3). Scale, J linear. Front . — -At the top the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol; below it the disc with two rings and cross-bar symbol ; and at the bottom the mirror and comb symbol. PART III. U 154 EARLY" CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. This stone is described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xvi. p. 403). No. 3 is built into the E. wall of the churchyard on the inside. It is a rectangular block of hard blue gneiss, dressed to form a wall stone, 1 foot 1 inch long by 7 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 160)— Front . — A portion of the elephant symbol, the head only remaining, the rest being broken away. The eye is of Scandinavian type with the pointed end in front and the rounded part behind, l)ut the form is not so pronounced as to indicate Scandinavian influence. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. North Redhill. — The farm of North Eedhill is situated on the northern slope of Fourman Hill on the 600 feet contour line, ^ mile N. of the boundary between Banffshire and Aberdeenshire. It is only 14 miles E. of llothiemay railway station as the crow flies, but it is necessary to take a circuitous route of over three miles to reach it by road owing to the intervening river and the hilly nature of the ground. Four- man Hill occupies the centre of a bend of the River Deveron at its junction with the Isla finch Ordnance Map, Sheet 86), Fig. 161. — Stone witli incised symbol at North Eedhill. Scale, A linear. I was shown the symbol stone by Mr Anton, the son of the tenant. It is built into a dyke on the W. side of the road above the farmhouse, about 300 yards to the DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— BANFF. 155 N.K. just before arriving at the point where the road turns at right angles to the S.E. The stone was found many years ago by the father of my guide. Mr Anton informed me that his father had re-cut the symbols to make them clearer. He also told me that there had been a stone circle in the field near the road and that flint chips w’ere found there still which were used by smokers as strike-a-lights ; and that an urn had been dug up on the farm. The symbol stone is a block of whinstone, fractured at the top, 2 feet 8 inches high by 1 foot 11 inches wide by 101- inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 161) — Front. — A rectangular figure with a semicircular hollow at the bottom and a single spiral at the right-hand upper corner. In the middle of the rectangle is a spiral design resembling the top of the “ tuning-fork ” symbol on the Dunrobin stone and the ends of the step symbol on the Monymusk stone. This stone is described but not illustrated in a paper on The Standing Stories of the District, read by Mr ,1. Gurnell to the members of the Huntly Field Club, and printed at the Express Office, Huntly, 1884. CLASS II. Mortlach. — The church of Mortlach is situated on the W. bank of the Dullan "Water, | mile S. of the village of Dufftown and 14 miles S. of Dufftown railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 85). The symbol stone stands in the middle of a field below the churchyard and lying between it and the Dullan Water. It is an upright cross-slab of green slate, of rectangular shape, 6 feet high by 1 foot 9 inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot 10^ inches wide at the top, by 8 inches wide at the bottom and 5^ inches wide at the top, sculptured on the front in relief and on the back with incised lines thus (figs. 162 and 162a) — Front. — At the top a pair of fish monsters facing each other ; in the middle of the slab a cross (shape 101a) with small round hollows in the angles between the arms ; below the cross at the bottom, a beast. The cross is ornamented with spirals luidely e.xecuted. Back. — At the top the eagle symbol ; below it a serpent and a bull’s head ; and at the bottom a man on horseback followed by a hound. This stone is described and ilhrstrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 14) and in the Archceologia (vol. xxii. pi. 3). ^ See footnote relating to Brodie stone on p. 133. 156 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Upright cvoss-slab with sculpture partly incised and partly in relief at Mortlach. Scale, linear. Note . — There are faint traces of the figure of a bird above the serpent. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ABERDEEN. 157 ABERDEEN. CLASS I. Bourtie. — The church of Bourtie is situated 1| miles S. of Old Meldrurn rail- way station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). The symbol stone is built into the S. wall of the church near the E. end, outside, just below the eaves of the roof and at a consideral)le height above the ground. It is a slab of blue whinstone, of rectangular shape, 2 feet 4 inches long by 1 foot 2 inches wide,^ sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 163) — Front . — At the right end of the stone (which would be the top if it was placed in its right position) the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol ; in the middle the double disc and V-shaped rod symbol ; and on the left the mirror and comb symbol. The crescent is ornamented with a small circle, and the double discs with a trefoil. The handle of the mirror is of the douljle disc pattern, and the comb has a double set of teeth. This stone is accirrately illustrated and desciibed in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 132). It would be desirable that the stone should be removed from its present position, where it is exposed to the weather and almost invisible on account of its height above the ground. Olatt. — The Kirktown of Clatt is situated 2^ miles S. of Kennethmont railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). Two symbol stones have been found here. No. 1 was first noticed forming part of the old wall of the burial-ground of Clatt,^ and on the erection of a new wall it was built into a cottage close to the school-house.^ I have been informed by Mr John Minto, the schoolmaster, that when the cottage was pulled down recently (1890) to enlarge the playground, Mr H. G. Fellowes Gordon caused it to be removed to his residence at Knockespock, 1^ miles S. of Clatt. 1 The thickness cannot be ascertained whilst the stone is in its present position. - Statistical Account of Aberdeenshire, p. 851. * Stuart’s Sculptured Stones, p. 4. Fig. 163. — Stone sculp- tured with incised sym- bols at Bourtie. Scale, ^ linear. 158 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. It is a slab of whinstoue, 4 feet 6 inches high by 2 feet wide, sculpti;red with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 164) — Fig. 164. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols from Clatt (No. 1), now at Knockespock. Scale, -/tt linear. Front . — At the top the triple ring and bar symbol ; below this the double disc and 2'Shaped rod symbol ; and on the right portion of the mirror symbol (?). The discs are ornamented with concentric circles and a dot in the middle. This stone is illustrated and described in Stuart’s Scnlftnred Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 5). 1 1 Tu It is satisfactory to know that the Clatt stone is being carefully looked after by Mr Fellowes Gordon, but we must protest against ancient monuments being treated as private property and removed from their original sites. Fig. 165. — Fragment with incised symbol at Clatt (No. 2). Scale, iV linear. No. 2 was discovered recently by the late Mr James Macdonald of Huntly in Clatt churchyard. It is an irregularly shaped fragment of whinstone, 1 foot .3 inches long by 10 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 165) — Front . — The double disc and Z -shaped rod symbol, only one of the discs and the middle part of the Z remaining, the rest being lu’oken away. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ABERDEEN. 159 Corrachree House. — Corrachree, or, as it is now called, Logiemar, House is situated 1 mile W. of Tarland and 4 miles N. of Dimiet railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). The symbol stone stands in a field behind Logiemar House. It is a slab of whinstone, of very irregular shape, 5 feet high by 4 feet wide by 2 feet thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 166) — Fig. 166. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols at Corrachree. Not to scale. Front . — At the top a small circular disc ornamented with a triskele, and below this the remains of what appear to be two other symbols, but so much of them is broken away that it is not now possible to say what they were intended for. This stone is described and illustrated by Sir Arthur Mitchell in Ins “ Vacation Notes in Cromar and Strathspey,” in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. x. p. 641). The illustration is from a drawing made by him. Craigmyle. — Craigmyle House is situated to the N. of the River Dee, between Banchory and Aboyne, 1 mile E. of Torphins railway station (Ordnance Map, One- Inch Scale, Sheet 76). The symbol stone stands on the top of a rocky granite elevation on the S.W. slope of the Hill of Fare (Ordnance Map, Six-Inch Scale, Sheet 83). It is a rough slab of granite, of nearly rectangular shape, 7 feet 6 inches high by 4 feet 6 inches wide by 1 foot 3 inches to 2 feet thick, sculptured with incised symbols on one face thus (fig. 167) — Front . — Near the top of the stone in the middle what appears to be the two- legged rectangle symbol, and immediately below it the serpent symbol, but in this case without the Z-shaped rod. 160 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. We are indebted to the Rev. J. G. Michie of Dinnet for the loan of a photograph of the stone, and to Mr F. C. Eeles for a rubbing of the symbols, from which the illustration was prepared. The monument was discovered by Mr John Ogg of Aberdeen. This stone has been described and illustrated by the Eev. J. G. Michie in Scottish Notes and Queries for December 1897. Crichie. — The farm of Crichie is situated 1 mile S.W. of Inverury railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). Fig. 168. — General view of stones, as tliey now staiul, at Cricliie. From a ])liotogra]ili liy R. Brown. with incised symbols at Crichie. Fnmi a pliotograjili by R. Brown. ^ DESCRTPTIV^E LIST OF MONUMENTS— ABERDEEN. 161 The symbol stone formerly stood a short distance to the E. of a remarkalde entrenched circle of standing stones in a field on Crichie farm, lying to the E. of the road from Invernry to Kintore, between it and the railway, just beyond the S. end of the village of Port Elphinstone. The stone has since been erected within the circular ditch and bank, where it now stands (as shown in fig. 168) with two of the stones which once formed part of the stone circle, with which, however, it had no true association. An account of the circle is given in the Preface (p. xx) to Stuart’s Sculp- tured Stones of Scotland (vol. i.), from which it appears that there were originally six stones round the inside of the ditch and a seventh in the centre. All except two were removed for buildiirg purposes many years ago, and sepulchral deposits were found near the site of every stone, consisting of iirns and cists containing calcined bones, together with a perforated stone hammer, now in the National Museum of Antiquities at Edinburgh. The diameter of the mound, forming a ring surrounding the whole, is 50 feet. The ditch is on the inside. The symbol stone is a slab of grey granite, of irregular shape, tapering towards the top, 5 feet 3 inches high by 3 feet 6 inches wide by 1 foot thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 169) — Front . — At the top the elephant syml)ol, and below it the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol. The crescent is ornamented with curved lines. This stone is illustrated and described in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 10), but the details are carelessly drawn in the plate. Daviot. — The farm of Newton of Mounie is situated 3 miles N.W. of Old Meldrum railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 86). Fig. 170.— Stone sculptured with incised symbols from Daviot, now at Mounie. Scale, r’, linear. The symbol stone formerly lay embedded in the ground by the roadside, nearly PART III. .Y 16*2 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. opposite the farmhouse of Newton of Mouuie, but it has now been removed, for better preservation, by Major A. D. Seton to Mounie Castle,^ where it is placed under cover in a vaulted room in the basement. It is a slab of wbinstone, of irregular four-sided shape, cracked across the middle, 2 feet 7 inches high l>y 2 feet 2 inches wide by 8 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 170) — Front . — At the top the crescent and V'Skaped rod symbol ; below this on the left the mirror and comb symbol ; and on the right the crescent symbol without the V-shaped rod. The crescents are in both cases ornamented with curved lines. The muror has a handle of the double disc pattern and cii’cle round the rim of the body. The comb has one set of teeth only and a curved top. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s ScnlftnrcA Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 4), hut although the plate is tolerably correct in the general outline of the symbols, there are inaccuracies in the handle of the mii’ror and other details. The church of Daviot is dedicated to St Columha. Old Deer. — The Cistercian Abbey of Old Deer is situated | of a mile N.W. of the village of Old Deer, and 14 miles W. of Mintlaw railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 87 ). The symljol stone stood some years ago at the end of a range of buildings which formed part of the old Cistercian Abbey of Deer, but is now lost.^ It was a slab of irregular rectangular shape, 6 feet high by 2 feet 6 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on two faces thus: — Front . — At the top the rectangle symbol, and below it the crescent and V'Shaped rod symlDol. Both the rectangle and crescent are ornamented with curved lines. Back . — A Latin cross in outline placed in a reverse position with regard to the symljols on the front. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 4). The ancient Scotic copy of the Gospels, with early Celtic entries in the margins, now preserved in the University Library at Cambridge, is called the Book of Deer, Ijecause it at one time belonged to the monastery of this place. Drummies. — The farm of Drummies is situated by the side of the road from Invexury to Inveramsay close to the point where the road hi’anches off to Chapel of Garioch, at a distance of 3 miles N.W. of Inverury, and 1-|- miles S.E. of Inveramsay Jxinction (Inch Ox’dnance Map, Sheet 76). ^ Since I visited Mounie the Castle has been restored by Mr E. S. Lorimer, Architect (see the Builder for February 12th, 1898). ^ It is believed that the stone was taken away some years ago and used to build the foundations of a lodge near the monastery which stands on the estate of Col. Ferguson of Pitfour. This is one of the few instances of the deliberate desecration of an ancient monument that have to be recorded in this volume. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS —ABERDEEN. 103 The symbol stone is built into the wall of a garden facing the high road on the E. side at the entrance to the stables behind the farmhouse of Drummies. Its previous history is unknown. It is a slab of red granite, of approximately rectangular shape, but wider at the top than the bottom, 4 feet 1 inch high by 1 foot 3 inches wide at the bottom and 2 feet wide at the top by II inches thick, scidptured on one face thus (fig. 171) — Fig. 171. — Stone sculptured witli incised symbols at Drummies. Scale, yV linear. Front . — At the top the remains of the horse-shoe symbol ; below this the ogee curve symbol ; and at the bottom the mirror and comb symbol. The ogee is orna- mented with curved lines. The handle of the mirror is of the double disc pattern and tbe comb has teeth on both sides. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 9), but the plate is coarsely drawn and some of the details inaccurate. Dyce. — The old disused church of Dyce is situated close to the S. bank of the River Don, 2 miles N.W of Dyce Junction (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 77). 164 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. The symbol stone is said to have been found in the glebe, and until it was placed under the Ancient Monuments Act in 1890 ^ it was built into the E. wall of the churchyard of Dyce. It is now preserved within the old church. It is a slab of grey granite, of approximately rectangular shape, rounded at one end, 5 feet 6 inches long by 2 feet 3 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 172) — Front . — At the top the elephant symbol, and below it the double disc and 2.' shaped rod symbol. The discs are ornamented with circles and central spots. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 39), and the plate is fairly well drawn except that the angle made l^y the hind leg of the elephant is incorrect. Dyce church is dedicated to St Fergus. Fig. 173. — Stone sculptured with in- cised symbols at Fetter Angus. Scale, 3^5 linear. Fetter Angus. — The church of Fetter Angus is situated 2 miles N. of Mintlaw railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 87). The symliol stone lies in the churchyard. It is a waterworn slab of whinstone, 3 feet 8 inches long liy 2 feet 7 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 173) — Front . — At the top a curved line terminating in a little scroll ; below this the miiTor-case symbol, the circular disc Ijeing ornamented with a second circle inside the first, and the rectangular part with two crescents placed with their horns facing outwards ; and at the bottom the triple disc and cross-bar symbol. This stone has been described and illustrated by Mr Andrew Gibb, F.S.A.Scot., in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xii. p. 196). Fyvie.— The church and village of Fyvie are situated 1 mile S.E. of Fyvie railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 86). There are two symbol stones belonging to Class I. at this place, and one stone with Celtic ornament only belonging to Class III. No. 1 is built into the wall of a tailor’s shop, on the left side of the dooi’W'ay facing the street, in the village of Fyvie, ^ of a mile N.W. of the church. Its original site is unknown. 1 See Report of New Spalding Club, 1890. Fig. 172.— Stone sculptured with incised symbols at Dyce. “a£fc l(i4. From a photograph by R. Brown. A'o. XX. I DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ABERDEEN. 165 It is a slab of whinstoue, of rectangular shape, 2 feet 6 inches long by 2 feet wide,^ sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 174) — Front . — At the top - the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol; below this on the right the elephant symbol ; and on the left the mirror symbol, without the comb. The handle of the mirror has a semicircular end. This stone is described and fairly well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 14), except that the handle of the mirror is not qiiite correct. The surface of the stone is much weathered, and it should be placed under cover in some more appropriate position than in the wall of a small shop, where it is lialde to injury at any time. No. 2 is built into an exterior wall of Fyvie church at the top of some steps. It is a slab of whinstone, of nearly rectangular shape, 2 feet 6 inches long by 1 foot 2 inches wide,® sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 175) — 1 The thickness cannot be ascertained whilst the stone is in its present position. ■- The stone is placed sideways at present, what was the top being at the side. ® The thickness cannot be ascertained whilst the stone is in its present position. 166 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front . — At the top one-half of the double disc symbol, the remainder being broken away, and below it the eagle symbol. The disc is ornamented with a single concentric circle. The feathers of the bird are indicated in the usual conventional manner. Attention was first directed to this stone by the minister of Fyvie, the Rev. A. J. Milne, LL.D., and it is accurately described and illustrated by Dr Joseph Anderson in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxiii. p. 346). It would be desirable to have the stone removed from the outside wall of the church, and placed under cover. Huntly. — The market-place of Huntly is situated about half a mile W. of the railway station, and Tony Street is perhaps a quarter of a mile fm’ther off (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 86). There are two symbol stones at Huntly. No. 1 is one of the two Standing Stones of Strathbogie which are now placed against the pedestal of the statue of the late Duke of Richmond in the middle of the market-place at Huntly. It is a rough block of whinstone, of irregular shape, 3 feet 3 inches high by 2 feet 6 inches wide by 1 foot 6 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 176) — Fig. 176. — Stone sculptured with incised symbol at Huntly (No. 1). Scale, linear. Front . — Near the top on the right part of the horse-shoe symbol, the rest being defaced, and below it traces of the double disc symbol. This stone is pretty carefully described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, (vol. i. pi. 131). At present the standing stones of Strathbogie are not railed in or protected in any way from wanton injury. In a few years all traces of the symbols will have dis- appeared. DESCKIPTTVE LIST OF MON UxMENTS— ABERDEEN. 167 No. 2 is now lying in the garden in front of Dr Shearer’s house, 39 Torry Street, Huiitly. It was brought from Leys of Duinmuies, 2 miles S.E. of Huntly, where it was found in a field by the farmer, who blasted it, thereby breaking it into two pieces, one of which still lies buried in the field. The other piece was first noticed by Mr J. Horne, of H.M. Geological Survey, in 1882, lying in the corner of a stackyard at Leys of Duinmuies, and was, at his suggestion, presented to the Huntly Field Club. The fragment at Huntly is a block of fine grained grey granite, of irregular four- sided shape, 2 feet 7 inches long by 2 feet wide l>y 1 foot 3 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig 177) — Fig. 177. — Stone sculptured with incised symbol at Huntly {No. 2). Scale, J linear. Front . — Next the broken end of the stone the double disc and Z'Shaped rod symbol. The discs are each ornamented with three concentric cii’cles, and the bar connecting the two with curved lines. The parts of the Z th® angles are orna- mented with an almond, having a dot in the centre and parallel lines on each side. This stone is descrilied and accurately illustrated in a paper by Dr J. Anderson in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxiii. p. 345). Notwithstanding a search having lieen made for the missing half of this stone its exact whereabouts has not yet been discovered. As the Huntly Field Club has no museum, the symbol stone is allowed to lie out in the garden of a private house, where it will probably get forgotten and lost. Siu’ely the proper resting place for it is the IMuseum of National Antiquities in Edinburgh. Insch. — Mii'eton farm, in the parish of Insch, is situated on the E. slope of Candle Hill, near the 500 feet contour line, 3 miles N.W. of Insch railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 86). 168 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. The symV)ol stone, which is known locally as the “ Picardy Stone,” stands in a field on the S. side of the road from Insch, jnst before reaching the branch road leading np to Mireton farmhouse. The stone is ^ of a mile N. of the farmhonse. It is an ereci pillar of black whinstone, with veins of quartz on the surface, of four-sided shape, pointed at the top, 6 feet 6 inches high by 3 feet 3 inches wide at the bottom and 2 feet 2 indies wide at the top by I foot 6 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 178) — Front . — At the top the double disc and Z-shaped rod symbol ; below this the serpent and Z-shaped rod symbol; and at the Ijottom the mirror symbol without the comb. The doulde discs are each ornamented with a single concentric circle and central dot, and the connecting bar with curved lines. The handle of the mirror is of the double disc pattern. This stone is described and pretty accurately illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 6). The symbols are well preserved owing to the hardness of the stone on which they are cut, but there is a split down the middle of one side that threatens to destroy the monument if means are not taken to prevent the damage going further. Inverury. — The old churchyard of Inverury is situated on the low-lying ground between the Rivers Don and Ury, close to the artificial earthen mound called the “ Bass,” about | of a mile S.E. of Inverury railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). There are four symbol stones now lying in the old churchyard of Inverury. They were taken out of the churchyard walls, which were Imiltfrom the K.. 1 .. 1 . • • j materials of the old church pulled down at the fig, 179. — otone sculptured with incised ^ symbols at Inverury (No. 1). Scale, beginning of the present Century. fV linear. No. 1 is a fragment of red granite, of irregular shape, 5 feet 9 inches long by I foot 6 inches wide by 9 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 179 j — Page 168. No. XXI. DE8CRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUxMENTS— ABERDEEN. Front . — At the tup the crescent ami symbol ; below this the mirror-case syml)ol ; then the serpent crossed by the rod symbol ; and at the bottom the (loul)le disc and Z'Sbaped rod symbol. The circular y)art of the mirror-case is ornamented with a single concentric circle and a central dot. The double discs are ornamented with two concentric ckcles and a central dot. This stone is described and well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 113, No. 1). No. 2 is a fragment of red granite, of rectangular shape, broken into two pieces across the middle, 2 feet long by 1 foot 4 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines Vo. XXII DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ABERDEEN. 171 It is a slab of granite, of irregular shape, pointed at the top, 3 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 10 inches wide,' sculptured witli incised lines on one face thus (fig. 184)- Fig. 184. — Stone soiilptui-ed with incised sj'nibols at Kiuellar. Scale, linear. Front . — At the top three small circles with central dots, placed in the positions of the corners of an equilateral triangle, and enclosed within a larger circle ; below this the crescent and V'Shaped rod symbol. The crescent is ornamented with curved lines, a figure like a pair of horns, and two small circles. This stone is described and rather coarsely illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 10). Kintore. — The church of Kintore is situated where the streets meet in the middle of the village, \ of a mile S.E, of Kintore railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). Tliere were three symbol stones at Kintore, one of which is still there, whilst the other two have been removed to Edinburgh. No. 1 was found by Mr Alexander Watt of Kintore, placed over a grave in the churchyard, sunk some depth below the surface by the gradual accumulation of the soil, and is now erected on a new stone base (bearing the date 1854), 3 feet * The thickness cannot be ascertained whilst the stone is in its present position. 172 EARI.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 6 inches long by 2 feet wide by 9 inches high, on the S. side of the church between it and the road. It is a slab of fine-grained grey granite, of irregular rectangular shape, pointed at the top, 3 feet 8 inches high by I foot 10 inches wide by 10 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on two faces thus (figs. 185 and 185a) — Front . — At the top the fish symbol, and below it the triple disc and bar symbol. Part of the tail of the fish is continued round the angle of the stone. Back . — At the top the crescent and V'Shuped rod symbol, and below it the elephant symbol. The crescent is ornamented with curved lines and dots. The ends of the V-shaped rod are continued round the angle of the stone. This stone is described and fairly well illustrated (except that the crest of the elephant should have a double line instead of a single one) in Stuart’s Scul 2 )tnred Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 109). The stone is in good preservation and has been well looked after, but it should be placed under cover. No. 2 was found with No. 3, embedded in a mound near the church, called the “ Castle Hill,” which was removed during the construction of the railway. The mound was 150 feet in diameter and 30 feet high. The upper 10 feet above the natural surface of the hill was an artificial accumulation of earth showing traces of fire, along the east margin of which, and for some distance inwards from it, were deposited in an irregular manner a number of small stones and eleven large blocks. Among these latter were the two sculptured stones. Dr Stuart conjectured, “ from the appearance presented by the whole, it seems probable that a circle of large stones, connected by a low wall of smaller ones (as is still the case with one class of the ‘ Druidical ’ circles), had formerly stood on the summit of the hill, and that they had been overthrown, and scattered, and covered over to the depth of about 10 feet so as to form the modern Castle Hill.” The evidence adduced to prove the associa- tion of the sculptured stones with a Pagan stone circle does not seem to be sufficient. Several small pits containing burnt clay% charcoal, and bones, and in one case an urn, were discovered near the Castle Hill, but there is nothing to connect these sepulchral remains in any way with the sculptured stones. No. 2, which is now in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinbiu’gh (having been purchased in 1865), is a slab of red granite, of irregular rectangular shape, having a square piece broken out of one corner, and cracked across the middle, 5 feet high by 3 feet wide by 9 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on two faces thus (figs. 186 and 186a) — Front . — At the top the elephant symbol, and below it the double disc and Z-shaped rod symbol. The double discs are ornamented with two circles, one stone senlntuied with incised symbols at Kintore (No. 1). From a i)liotograiili by 1!. llrowii. jm- ■ « ?l DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ABERDEEN. I7R Fig. 186.— Front. Fig. 186a. -Back, stone scnlptiucd with incised .symbols, from Kintore, now in the National Museum of Antiijuities, Edinburgh. Scale, jfj linear. 174 EARLY CHRISTIAN' MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. inside the other, but not concentric ; and the connecting bar with two curved lines forming crescents. Back . — In a reversed position -with regard to the figures on the front, at the bottom the mirror symbol without the comb, and al)ove it the elephant symbol. The handle of the mirror is of the doulde disc pattern. This stone is described and well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculjjtured. Stones of Scotland (vol. i. ]d. 110). No. 3, which is also in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh (having been purchased in 1865), is a slab of red granite, of irregular five-sided shape, 3 feet 6 inches high by 3 feet wide l)y 9 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 187) — Front . — At the top on the left a symbol composed of two crescents placed with the convex sides touching, as on the stone at Thurso Castle, and on the right the “ tuning-fork ” symbol. The crescents are ornamented with semicircular curves. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ABERDEEN. 175 This stone is described and well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 111). Logie Elphinstone. — The mansion-house of Logie Elphinstone is situated on the N. side of the River Ury, II miles AV. of Pitcaple railway station (Inch Ordnance .Map, Sheet 70). The three symbol stones at Logie Elphinstone lay originally a short distance from each other on the Aloor of Carden,^ to the W. of the house, and when the moor was planted {circa 1821) they were built into a wall enclosing one of the plantations. The stones have since been erected in the garden close to the house. “ A fourth stone, which was used liy the tenant as a hearthstone in his kiln, was split by the heat and destroyed.” - No. 1 is a slab of whinstone, of irregular live-sided shape, 3 feet 6 inches high by 2 feet 5 inches wide by 1 foot thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 188) — Fi". 188. — .Stone sculptured witli incised symbols at Logie Klphinstone (No. 1). Scale, i', linear. Front . — In the middle of the stone the crescent and V'Shaped rod symbol, and below it at the bottom the double disc symbol without the Z‘Shaped rod. The cres- 1 Statistical Accomit of Abeidcenshire p. 638. ^ Stuart, vol. i. p. 4. 176 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. cent is ornamented with spiral lines, each disc with a single concentric circle, and the connecting bar with a straight line in the middle and two curves forming crescents on each side. This stone is described and well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotla7id (vol. i. pi. 3, No. 1). No. 2 is a pointed pillar of whinstone, 4 feet 6 inches high by 2 feet G inches wide by 1 foot 6 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 189) — Front. — At the top an Ogham inscription (fig. 190) arranged round a circular stem-line; below this the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol; and at the bottom the double disc and Z-shaped rod symbol. The middle part of the crescent is ornamented with two spirals turned in opposite directions, and the two horns with lines parallel to the outline of the figure. The bar connecting the double discs is ornamented by curves forming two crescents. There are faint traces of a double disc symbol which has apparently been erased in order to cut the others. o H Ibis stone is described and well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stories of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 3, No. 2); also in Dr George Moore’s Ancient Pillar Stones of Fig. 189 — Stone sculptured with incised symbols and Ogham inscription at Logie Elphinstone (So. 2). From a photograpli by R. Brown. ]‘age lT(i. Xo. XXIV. » % DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS^ ABKRDEEN. 177 Scotland, p. 7T. Readings of tlie inscription are given by Lonl Soutliesk, in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xviii. p. 189) ; by Sir S. Ferguson, in his Ogham Inscrigytions, p. 189 ; by R. Brash, in his Ogam Monuments, p. 358 ; aiul l)y Professor J. Rhys, in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxvi. p. 279). No. 3 is a slab of whinstone, of nearly rectangular shape, 3 feet 6 inches high by 2 feet 4 inches wide by 7 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 191) — Front. — At the top the elephant symbol, and below it the crescent and y-shaped rod symbol. The middle part of the crescent is ornamented with spirals turning in opposite directions. This stone is described and rather carelessly illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 4). The remarks that have been made already as to the unfitness of allowing ancient national monuments to serve the purpose of ornaments to a private gentleman’s pleasure grounds apply with equal force in the case of the stones at Logie Elphinstone. Newbigging Leslie. — The farm of Newbigging Leslie is situated 2|- ;niles S.W. of Insch railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). Fig. 192. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols at Newbigging Leslie. Scale, ^ linear. The symbol stone is believed to have been found circa 1842, in trenching a piece of ground on the farm, and was afterwards seen in a dyke by Captain Courtney, R.E., PART III. Z 178 KARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. of the Ordnance Survey. It now stands in a small rockery in the garden behind the farmhouse of Newbigging Leslie, on the N.E. side. It is a slab of red granite, of irregular seven-sided shape, 2 feet 1 inch high by 1 foot 3 inches long by 7 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 192)— Front. — At the top in the middle the rectangle symbol ; below this on the left a beast ; and on the right the mirror and comb symbol. The rectangle is ornamented with curved lines terminating in spirals. The body of the mirror has a double circle round the edge, and the handle is of the double disc pattern with diagonal lines on the straight bar between the discs. The comb has teeth on one side only, and an ornamental back. The beast is like a large dog, or perhaps a wolf,^ but it is difficult to say whether it may have been intended for a beast of canine or of feline type. The sculpture is exceeding^ well executed. This stone is described and accurately illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 123). Newton House. — Newton House, the residence of Alexander Gordon, Esq., is situated in .the parish of Culsalmond, in the district of the Garioch, 3| miles N.E. of Insch railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 86). The symbol stone is said to have been placed on the march between the lands of Rothney and Newton, about ^ mile W. of the toll-gate of Shevock and 1 mile S. of Newton House. It was removed thence as early as the beginning of the present century, and now stands within an iron railing in the grounds of Newton House, close to it on the E. side. The Newton ogham stone, described in the Appendix to Aberdeenshire, stands within the same railing on the W. side of the symbol stone. The latter is a rude pillar of bluish-grey gneiss, of approximately rectangular shape, pointed at the top, 6 feet 9 inches high by 2 feet wide by 1 foot 4 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 193) — Front. — Nearly in the middle of the height of the stone the double disc symbol without the Z -shaped rod, and below it the serpent and Z -shaped rod symbol. The right-hand disc is ornamented with a single concentric circle and central dot, and the left-hand disc has a semicircular hollow taken out of the lower side, making the inner line of crescent shape instead of round. The connecting bar has the usual curved lines making crescents on each side. The body of the serpent is covered with conventionalised scales, and the angles of the Z-shaped rod are filled in with orna- mental lines. This stone is described and fairly well illustrated in Stuart’s SculjFured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 37); also in Dr G. Moore’s Ancient Pillar Stones of Scotland, 1 Dr Ander.«on has suggested that it may be meant for the tiger gazing into a mirror, as described in the Bestiaries , — Scotland in Early Christian Times (second series), p. 170. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ABERDEEN. 179 p. 89 ; and very incorrectly in Professor John Stuart’s “ Account of some Sculp- tured Pillars in the Northern I’art of Scotland ” in the Arcliccologia Scotica, vol. ii. p. 314. The Newton symbol stone does not possess the interest of a monument still occupying its original site, and is at present quite unprotected from the weather. The only excuse for its re- moval into private grounds is that it may perhaps be less liable to wanton injury there. Mill of Newton.— The Mill of Newton is situated in the united parishes of Logie in ]\Iar and Cold- stone, 5 miles N.W. of Dinnet railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). The symbol stone originally stood on a rising ground called Tom a Cliar, a little to the W. of the IMill of Newton, and at the time that Dr Stuart described it, was built into the wall of the farm-steading at Mill of Newton. It has since been removed, and is now erected on a modern base in the garden of Tillypronie House, the residence of Sir John Forbes Clark, on the S. slope of Baderonach Hill, 4 miles N.W. of Tarland, and 8 miles N. of Dinnet railway station. It is a slab of whinstone or fine- grained granite, of irregular four-sided shape, 3 feet 4 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 1 foot 2 inches thick, sculptured on one face thus (fig. 194)— Front . — At the top the two-legged , I T — , , , . , > Fig. 193. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols at New. IGCtauglG aucl ^-shapGU rod symbol, and ton in the Garioch. From a photograph by R. Brown. 180 EART.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. below it the crescent and V’Shaped rod symbol. The upper part of the rectangle is slightly expanded towards the top, and has semicircular hollows at each side where the middle bar of the Z crosses it. The upper part of the rectangle is ornamented with a straight line down the centre, and the two legs with semicircular ciirves. Tlie crescent is ornamented with convex curves. Fig. 194. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols from Mill of Newton, now at Tillyprouie. Scale, y._> linear. Fig. 195. — Siune witii incised symbols at Park, Deeside. From a rubbing by F. C. Eeles. Scale, linear. This stone is described but not well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 12). Park House. — The mansion of Park House, the residence of James Penny, Esq., is situated on the N. bank of the River Dec, 2 miles S.W. of l‘ark railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Slieet 60). The syndiol stone was placed originally on the W. end of Keith’s Moor and is now erected on a modern pedestal of grey granite about 10 yards N. of the drive leading N.IY. from the house and about 300 yards from the railway about midway between Park and Crathes. It is a slab of grey granite, of somewhat irregular sha]ie, 2 feet 5 inches high by 1 foot 3 inches wide by 13 inches in thickness, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 195) — Front . — At the top the remains of what appears to he the two-legged rectangle DESCRIPTIVE L[ST OF MONUMENTS — ABERDEEN. 181 crossed by the Z-shaped rod ; below this the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol ; and at the bottom the mirror and comb symbol. The crescent is ornamented with semicircles. This stone is described and not very well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 12). Percylieu. — The farmhouse of Percylieu is situated ^ mile N. of the Kirktown of Clatt and 2^ miles S. of Kennethmont railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 70). Dr Stuart ^ says that the symbol stone “ was dug up from a depth of altout six feet, in the vicinity of a number of cairns, which seem to have abounded in the neighbourhood, and to have been connected with a remarkable circle of stones by a paved way. It has been used for building purposes,” but he does not mention where, although Percylow is the name given in the plate. Mr James Gurnell, of H.M. Inland Revenue, has published a paper,^ read by him before the Huntly Field Club in 1884, to which is appended a most valuable list of the sculptured stones in the neighbourhood of Huntly. The following description is given in the list of the Percylieu stone. “This slab was formerly at a well called the ‘Salmon Well’ on the farm of Hillhead of Clatt ; but about forty years ago it was removed to Percylieu, where it served as a flagstone at the old mill door. Some years ago it was lifted by Mr Green, the late tenant, and may now be seen standing against the wall within the old mill.” Hillhead is marked on the Ordnance Map (76) 1 mile W. of Percylieu with a stone circle close to it, which is perhaps the one re- ferred to by Dr Stuart. When I visited Percylieu, September 4, 1890, 1 was shown the old mill by the present tenant, Mr Alexander iVIill, and w'as informed that all the flagstones of the door of the old mill had been sold about three years ago. Since then i\Ir .1. Macdonald of Huntly has kindly ascertained the whereabouts of the stone and forwarded to me a rubbing of the scirlptures. It is now in the possession of the farmer who occupies Cransmill, on the N.AV. side of the Top of Noth, G miles N.W. of Percylieu and 4 miles W. of Gartly railway station (Ordnance Map, 86). I was led to understand that it was removed there at the time when the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science took place at Aberdeen, in order that, if an excursion was made to the vitrided fort on the Top of Noth, the stone might be on view. It is a slab of whinstone, of rectangular shape, 3 feet long by 1 foot 6 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (dg. 196) — 1 Sculptured Stones of Scotland, p. 4. - The Standing Stones of the District, printed at the Express Office, Huntly, 1884, Fig. 196. —Stone sculptiiivcl with incised symbols at Percylieu. Scale, Af linear. 182 EAUT.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front. — At the top the two tins of a fish, the rest of which is broken away, and below it tlie horse-shoe symbol. The latter is ornamented with curved lines and dots. This stone is described and rather coarsely illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 5). Rhynie. — The old churchyard of Ehynie is situated on the W. bank of the Water of Bogie, close to the manse, h mile S. of the village of Muir of Rhynie, and 4^ miles S. of Gartly railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). There were six symbol stones at Ehynie, but one has been lost. No. 1, which has long been known as the “ Craw Stane,” ^ stands in a field on the farm of Mains of Ehynie, a few hundred yards to the S.W. of the old churchyard, on the W. bank of the Water of Bogie, between it and the high road. It is a block of grey granite, of nearly rectangular shape, 5 feet 7 inches high by 3 feet wide by 1 foot 6 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 197)— Front. — At the top the fish symbol, and below it the elephant symbol. The fish has one fin above and three below. It has a line along the centre of the Ijody. This stone is described and rather carelessly illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 6). Nos. 2 and 3 are said to have been found in a field on the S. side of the village, and both now stand facing the new church, on the E. side of it, in the open space in the middle of the village of Ehynie. No. 2 is a block of whinstone, of nearly rectangular shape, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus — Front . — According to Stuart’s plate, there was at the top the double disc and Z- shaped rod symbol, and below it traces of another symbol, but nothing is now to be seen of either. No. 3 is a block of whinstone, of nearly rectangular shape, 2 feet 6 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide by I foot thick, sculptured witli incised lines on one face thus — Front. — Accoi’ding to Stuart’s plate, the sculpture consisted of the representation of a man holding an object resembling a plummet in one hand and having another line, terminating in a small round disc or ball, coming from the neck downwards to- w'ards the hand. The stone is now so much defaced that the subject of the sculpture cannot be made out. These two last stones are described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 7) ; and also in tlie Archccologia (vol. xxii. pis. 4 and 5). ^ The “Craw Stane” is marked on the Ordnance Map, 76. In Stuart’s plate it is called Mains of Ehynie. Fig. 197. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols at Khynie {~So. 1). " From a jihotograph by R. Brown. The Craw Stane. yo. XXV. J*age 1S2. 183 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ABERDEEN. No. 4 is the fragment of a large stone winch originally stood at the Mains of lihynie. It was afterwards broken up, and this, the only part preserved, was built into the wall of a barn, which has since been taken down and the fragment has disappeared.'- It was a slab of nearly triangular shape, 5 feet 2 inches high by 2 feet 3 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus — Front . — At the top the head of the elephant symbol ; below this one-half of the crescent and V'Shaped rod symbol ; and at the bottom the mirror without the comb. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 8) ; and also in the Archceologia (vol. xxii. pi. 4). Fig. 198. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols at Rliynie (No. 5). Scale, linear. No. 5 was taken out of the foundations of the old church of Ehynie when it was pulled down in 1878, and now stands against the N. wall of the old churchyard outside, on the left-hand side of the entrance gatew'ay going in. ' Archcmlngia, vol. xxii. p. 55, and Old Statistical Account of lihynie, Edinburgh, 1797, vol. xix. p. 292. 184 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OE SCOTLAND. It is a slab of bluisb-grey whinstoiie, of irregular live-sided shape, 4 feet 9 incheg high ^ by 2 feet 6 inches wide by 9 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 198) — Front . — At the top on the left the beast’s head symbol ; on the right of this the double disc and Z -shaped rod symbol placed vertically; and at the bottom the mirror and comb symbol. The discs are each ornamented with a single concentric circle. The handle of the mirror is of the double disc pattern. The comb has teeth on one side and an ornamental back. This stone is described by Miss C. Maclagan, and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xiv. p. 1 2). No. 6 is the recovered lower portion (about fths) of a stone found, in pulling down the old church, at the same time as No. 5 and broken up and built into the N. wall of the churchyard beneath the W. pillar of the entrance gateway. It was subsequently taken out by the order of His Grace the Duke of Pdchmond and Gordon, and now stands on the right-hand side of No. 5 at the N. entrance to the churchyard. It is a slab of red granite, of rectangular shape, 2 feet 9 inches high by 1 foot 5 inches wide by 10 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 199)- Front . — At the top portion of the double disc and ^-shaped rod symbol ; below this the crescent and V-shaped rod syml)ol ; and at the bottom the mirror symbol without the comb. The body of the mirror is ornamented with a single concentric circle. Fig. 199. — Stone with incised rpj^- ^g described by Miss C. Maclagan, and symbols at Ehynie (No. 6). j o ■> Scale, ^ linear. illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xiv. p. 12). Rothie Brisbane. — Eothie Brisbane House is situated close to the railway on the W. side, I] miles S.W. of Fyvie railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 86). The symbol stone was found, used to cover a drain, which crossed the old country road leading from Bayne to Auchterless, about 3 miles W. of Bothie Bris- bane, and was rescued from this position through the instrumentality of Mr James Hay Chalmers, advocate, Aberdeen, and placed in the flower garden close to Bothie Brisbane House, where it now stands. 1 The total height, including the portion below the ground, is 5 feet 4 inches. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— ABERDEEN. 185 It is a block of whinstoue, of irregular four-sided shape, 2 feet 4 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 1 foot 2 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 200) — Fig. 200. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols at Rotliie Brisbane. Scale, yV linear. Front . — At the top the horse-shoe symbol with the outline much more curved than usual, and below it a symbol formed of three small circles enclosed within a larger one, as on the stone at Kinellar. The horse-shoe is ornamented with curved lines, arranged somewhat in the same way as on the Percylieu stone, and a pendant on the under side, as on one of the stones at Inverury. The large circle enclosing the three smaller ones has a double outline. The outlines of the figures are very faint in places. This stone is described and illustrated, but not cpiite correctly, in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 14). It is better that the Rothie Brisbane stone should be in a flower garden than utilised as a drain-cover, but the National Museum is the proper place for it. Tillytarmont. — The farmhouse of Tillytarmont is situated on the triangular piece of land hounded on one side by the railway and on the other two l)y the Rivers Tsla and Deveron, and is about ^ mile N.W. of Rothiemay railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 86). The symbol stone was found on the farm of N. Tillytarmont whilst ploughing, not long before 1867, with its sculptured face downwards, on the long spit of land helow the bridge formed by the junction of the Rivers Tsla and Deveron, and it is now built into the W. wall of a small outhouse next the N.E. corner of Tillytarmont farmhouse, and separated from it by a garden gate. PART III. 2 A 186 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. It is a slab of red granite, of irregular four-sided shape, with a very uneven surface, 3 feet 8 inches high by I foot 7 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (tig. 201) — Fig. 201. — Stone .sculptured with incised symbols at Tillytarniont. Scale, linear. Front . — At the top a bird resembling a goose ; below this on the left the mirror synihol without the comb, and on the right the mirror-case symbol. The handle of the mirror is of the double disc pattern. The round part of the mirror- case is ornamented with a single concentric circle. This stone is described and well illustrated in Stuart’s Scnlpturcd Stones of Scot- land (vol. ii. pi. 109). T1 le Tillytarniont stone has no protection except that afforded by its proximity to a dwelling-house, the inhabitants of which are aware of its value. Tullich. — The ancient ruined church of Tullich is situated on the narrow strip of land between the high road and the railway, which run almost parallel along the N. l)ank of the River Idee, nearly half way between Cambus o’ May and Ballater railway stations, the distance from either being 2 miles (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 65). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ABERDEEN. 187 The symbol stone was discovered by the Rev. John Michie, minister of Dinnet, used as a lintel at the top of a window in the N. wall of the church, and has since been removed and placed within an iron railing ^ against the N. wall of the church, together with several slabs bearing incised crosses and a massive old font. It is a slab of blue slate, of nearly rectangular shape, 5 feet 9 inches long by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 5 inches thick, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 202) — Front . — At the top the doulde disc and Z-shaped rod symbol ; below' this the elephant symbol ; and at the bottom the mirror symbol without the cond). The discs are each ornamented with a single con- centric circle. The body of the mirror is ornamented with a single circle, not concentric with the outline. The handle of the mirror is of the double disc pattern. This stone is described and pretty correctly illus- trated by Mr Andrew Gibb, F.S.A. Scot., in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xii. p. 196). Turriff. — The town of Turriff is situated on the E. side of the River Deveron, of a mile N. of Turriff railway station (Ordnance IMap, 1-inch Scale, Sheet 86). The symbol stone was found by Mr J. II. Cunningham, Sec. S.A.Scot., built into a wall. It is a slab of sandstone, 1 foot 8 inches long by 10 inches wide, sculptured with an incised symbol on one face thus (fig. 203) — Front . — A part of the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol. This stone has not been pre- viously described or illustrated. Fig. 203. Tyrie. — The church of Tyrie is situated 5 miles S.W. of Fraserburgh railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 97). Fig. 202. — Stone, sculptured with incised symV'ols at Tullich. Scale, A linear. 1 The key by which access is gained within the railing is kept by the Rev. J. Michie. 188 EAPvI.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. The symbol stone was taken out of the foundation of the N.E. coiner of the old parish church of Tyrie. It is a slab of blue mica schist, of irregular four-sided shape, 3 feet 8 inches high by 2 feet 4 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus (fig. 204) — Fig. 204. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols at Tyrie. From a photograph by T. Trail. Not to scale. Front . — At the top the eagle symbol, and below it the two-legged rectangle and Z-shaped rod symbol. The upper part of the rectangle has round hollows taken out of it on each side of the middle bar of the Z- The combination of symbols is the same as on the stone at Birnie. The Tytie stone is described and not very carefully illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 13). CLASS II. Aboyne Castle. — Aboyne Castle, the seat of the Marquis of Huntly, is situated on the N. side of the River Dee, 1 mile N. of Aboyne railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Slieet 66). Fig. 205. -Portion of erect cross slab with sculpture in relief and Oghan. inscription from Fonnaston, now at Abovne from a pliotograiih by R. Milne. Payc 189. No. XXVI. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ABERDEEN. 189 The symbol stone was found in the old churchyard of Formaston, about 2 miles E. of Aboyne, and it now stands in the grounds of Aboyne Castle, beside the S.W. tower. It is a portion of a cross-slab of granite, the upper and left-hand portions of which are broken away, 2 feet G inches high by 1 foot 6 inches wide, sculptured in relief and inscribed in oghams on one face thus (fig. 205) — On the left, part of the shaft of a cross ornamented with a continuous piece of interlaced-work in one panel, Init with a variation in the pattern, the lower part being composed of figure-of-eight knots in three vertical rows, repeated three times in each row (No. 572), and the upper part with two spiral knots and a variation of No. 576 in the naiTow part of the shaft, where a small circular recess occurs. The beading round the outline of the cross and slab are joined together with C-shaped spirals' at the bottom. On the portion of the slab to the right of the cross-shaft is the mirror symbol without the comb ; and between the mirror and the marginal bead of the slab is the following ogham inscription on a stem-line — i rl MAQ QOITALLUOR RH and on a stem-line in the middle of the marginal beading of the slab on the right side — I I I I I X » T T- W ' '"^^-<-mTT-T^-nr-TT^TT- NAAHHTF R OBBAC CAAN N E VV This stone has been photographed but not illustrated. Readings of the inscription are given by Lord Southesk, in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xviii. p. I8G); by Sir S. Ferguson, in his Ogham Inscriptions, p. 139; by Rolt Brash, in his Ogam Monuments, p. 364 ; and by Professor J. Rhys, in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxvi. p. 271). Dyce. — The ruined church of Dyce is situated 2 miles N.W. of Dyce Junction (Inch Ordnance IMap, Sheet 77). Besides the symbol stone belonging to Class I. at Dyce, already described, there is another one belonging to Class II. wbich is said to have been found in the glebe. It stood for a long time built into the wall of the churchyard, but it has been placed under the Ancient Monuments Act, and is now protected from the weather within the ancient churcli dedicated to St Fergus. It is an upright cross-slab of granite, of rectangular shape, 4 feet 6 inches high by 2 feet wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 206) — Front . — In the middle of the slab at the to]) a cross (shape 10 La) with round 190 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. liollows in the angles between the anus and spiral terminations to the top and two side arms, the end of the shaft being square. The ornament on the cross is arranged in five distinct pieces, but not divided into separate panels, as follows: (1) in the centre of the cross a circular piece of spiral-work (No. 1096a), consisting of four triple spirals with C-shaped connections and joined to Stafford knots which fill in the triangular spaces between each of the three outer spirals; (2) on the top arm of the cross interlaced-work, composed of two Stafford knots facing upwards at the top, then tw'o spiral knots twisting in opposite directions, and in the narrow part between the hollows on each side of the arm a single Stafford knot facing downwards ; (o) on the left arm a distorted Stafford knot with an additional baud through one loop of it,^ combined with a small piece of broken plait-work ; (4) on the right arm of the cross, the same as on the left arm, except that, instead of the distorted Stafford knot, there is a spiral knot having a left-handed twist ; (5) on the shaft of the cross, spiral knots (No. 660) arranged in two vertical rows, with four knots in each row, those in the left-hand row twisting and facing in opposite directions alternately, and those in the right-hand row arranged similarly except in the case of the bottom knot, which twists and faces the same way as the knot immediately above it. The pattern terminates at the top in a Stafford knot facing upwards, and at the bottom by joining and twisting the bands coming from each row. The background of the cross is plain on each side of the top arm. On the left of the shaft of the cross near the bottom is the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol, and on the right the mirror-case symbol. Below these on the left the disc and pair of rings symbol, and on the right the double disc and ^-shaped rod symbol. The cres- cent, the lower part of the mirror-case, and the connecting bar of the double discs are ornamented with double spirals having Q -shaped connections (Nos. 1121 and 1122). The round part of the mirror-case and the double discs are ornamented with a dot and a small concentric circle in the centre, surrounded by two other circles with a break in one place forming a penaunular ring. The middle part of the disc and double ring is ornamented with three concentric circles. This stone is described and most inaccurately illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 9). The Maiden Stone. — The Maiden Stone stands on the S. side of the high road 1 mile W. of the Chapel of Garioch on the N. slope of the Mither Tap, between it and the railway, 2 miles S.W. of Bitcaple railway station (Iiicli Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). It is an upright cross-slab of red granite, of nearly rectangular shape, but slightly tapering towards the top, 10 feet high by 3 feet wide at the bottom and 2 feet 8 ^ This is a very uncommon knot and occurs elsewhere only on the shaft of a cross at St Andrews. Fi". 206 — Uiivi"lit cross slab with sculpture in reliel at Dyce (Xo. 2). From a photograph by K. P>ro\vn. ” Not to scale. I'arje 190. .Vo. XXVII. Fig. 207a. — Tlie Maiden Stone. Eiglit Side. Scale, xV linear. Page 191 . Xo. xxvm. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ABERDEEN. 191 inches wide at tlie top, by 1 foot wide at the bottom and G inches wide at the top, sculptured in relief on four faces thus — Front . — The slab is divided into five parts: (1) above the cross, with a man in the centre standing on the top arm of the cross, having his arms stretched out and a fish monster with spiral tail on each side of him, perhaps symbolising Jonah and the whale ; (2) a cross with round hollows in the angles between the arms and a circular ring connecting them, the whole of the ornament defaced ; (3 and 4) on the left and right of the shaft of the cross, no trace of the sculpture on wdiich can now be distinguished; and (5) a square panel below the cross and at the bottom of the slab, containing a circular piece of spiral-work (No. 1096) in the centre, consisting of four large triple spirals and three double spirals, with Q-shaped connections and almond-shaped dots in the triangular spaces between them ; surrounded by a broad ring of key-pattern No. 1019; having in the two upper spandrils pieces of rather irregular knot-work (No. 803) ; and in the two lower s])andrils triquetra knots (No. 802). Back (fig. 207). — The vertical angles having a triple bead moulding and the face divided by horizontal bands into four panels, containing : (1) at the top several beasts much defaced ; (2) the two-legged rectangle and 2-sbaped rod symbol, with two semicircular hollows on each side above and below the points wdiere the middle bar of the 2 cuts the figure ; (3) the elephant symbol ; and (4) the mirror and comb symbol. The mirror has a round handle, and the body is ornamented with two con- centric circles. The comb has a double set of teeth. R'ujht Side (fig. 207a). — Interlaced-work (No. 726). Left Side (fig. 207b). — Stafford knots arranged in a double row (No. 601), the pattern being continued round the angle of the stone at the bottom, where the face had to be cut aw’ay in consequence of a flaw in the material. This stone is described and the front and liack of the slab pretty well illustrated, but the sides very badly shown, in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 2). The Maiden Stone is not erected on a base, but the bottom is left rough and stuck in the ground. The rough portion projects beyond the dressed surface from 2 to 3 inches. A triangular fragment, 1 foot high by 7i inches wide, has broken out of the left side of the front and a crack proceeding from it extends some 2 or 3 feet down the stone. On the hack at the same side a piece was split away in the same direction, owing to the natural cleavage of the granite, and the ornament on the edge has been adapted to suit the altered shape of the slab. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 2; and in Alex. Inkson M'Connochie’s Bennachic, p. 112. Migvie. — Migvie church is situated on the S. slope of Baderonach Hill, close to 192 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Glack farm, 3^ miles N.W. of Tarland and 6 miles N. of Dinnet railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). The' symbol stone stands in the chnrchyard on the W. side of the church. It is a rough pillar of greenish gneiss, of approximately rectangular shape, pointed at the top, 6 feet high by 2 feet 5 inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot 9 inches wide at the top by 1 foot 1 inch wide, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 208)- Front . — In the middle of the slab a cross with slightly expanded ends formed of rather irregular plait-work without any margin round the outline of the cross. There are six very curious projections shaped like the handle of a key ; two at the corners of the end of the top arm of the cross, and the other four in the angles between the arms. The bands of the plait-work are double beaded. On the back- ground, at the left side of the top arm of the cross, is the double disc and Z -shaped rod, the discs each being ornamented with a penannular ring. On the right side of the top arm is the horse-shoe symbol combined with the y-shaped rod, a unique peculiarity. On the left side of the shaft is a pair of shears, and on the right a man on hoi’seback. Burk . — A little to the left of the middle of the stone, at a height of 1 foot 9 inches from the top, a man on horseback. This stone is described and well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 78). Monymusk. — Monymusk Castle, the seat of Sir Arthur Grant, Bart., is situated on the S. side of the Paver Don, f of a mile N. of Monymusk railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). The symbol stone stood originally in a field about a mile E. of Monymusk House, near the River Don ; w'hence it was removed about the beginning of the present century to a position close by the public road at the farm of Nether Mains, 1 mile S.E. of Monymusk House ; and it is now built into an inside wall of the billiard room of the castle, and shut into a recess by an oak door. It is a pillar of granite (?), of rather irregular outline, pointed at the top, and measuring 7 feet high by 2 feet 6 inches wide,^ sculptured in semi-relief on one face thus (fig. 209) — Front . — At the top is a cross (shape No. 101), having four equal arms with square ends and round hollows in the angles betw'een the arms, springing from a narrow shaft with a semicircular base. The ornament on the cross is divided into seven different portions, but not in separate panels, as follows : (1) in the centre a circular piece of spiral-work (No. 1108), composed of eight double spirals with Q-shaped 1 The thickness cannot be ascertained whilst the stone is in its present position. Fig. 208.- 102 . -Rude pillar stone with sculpture in relief at Migvie. Front. R ililne of Alioyne. Not to scale. From a jihotograph by .Vo. X.VI.X. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ABERDEEN. 193 PART III. 194 EARI.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. conuectious; {2) on the narrow parts of the four arms blank quadrangular panels with the outsides concave formed hy incised lines ; (3, 4, 5, and 6) on each of the square ends of the arms a circular ring interlaced with a ring in the shape of a St Andrew’s Cross (No. 728) ; and (7) on the shaft and base a plait of three cords terminat- ing at the bottom in a Stafford knot. On the background below the cross is the step symbol, and underneath it the disc and double ring symbol. The step is ornamented with six almond shapes pro- duced hy incised lines, and the ends terminate in spirals. The disc is ornamented with concentric circles and quatrefoils. This stone is described and not particularly well illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. S). CLASS III. Aboyne Castle. — Alioyne Castle is situated 1 mile N. of Aboyne railway station (Inch Ordnance IMap, Sheet 66). The stone stood originally on an eminence on the hank of Loch Kinnord, 6 miles W. of Aboyne, and 2 miles W. of Dinnet railway station. It has been removed to Aboyne, and erected in a small oak plantation, about half a mile S. of the castle, between it and the railway. It is an upright cross-slab of pink granite, of irregular oval shape, 6 feet 3 inches high Ijy 3 feet 1 inch wide hy 1 foot thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 210) — Front . — In the middle of the slab is a cross (shape No. 102 a), with arms having square ends and spirals at each corner, and with round hollows in the angles betw'een the arms, which are connected hy a ring. The spirals at the corners of the bottom of the shaft are double, whilst the others are single. The cross is ornamented with one continuous piece of interlaced-work, composed of five different patterns, as follows: — (1) In the middle of the cross, irregular plait-w'ork; (2) on the top arm, different irregular variations of the spiral knot arranged in two vertical rows, with two knots in each row’ ; (3 and 4) on the right and left arms, interlaced-work (No. 753) composed of triangular knot No. 474, repeated three times on each arm, but with some irregularity at the top corner of the right arm; (5) on the shaft, regular broken plait-wf)ik of twelve cords of same class as Nos. 563 and 572. This stone is described and very inaccurately illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 13). Fyvie.- — ^Fyvie Church is situated 1 mile S.E. of Fyvie railway station (Inch Ordnance IMap, Sheet 86). Fig. 210 — Rude upright slab with sculpture in relief at Aboyne. From a photograph by R. Milne. Not to scale. Patuvea with incised synthols. at Alicilemno (Nc DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — KINCARDINESHIRE. 1^05 by 7^- inches in breadth and Ih indies in tliickness. "I'he reverse side of tlie slab having split off, the obverse only bears remains of sculpture in low relief, thus (fig. 220) — Front. — A cross in low relief of the form No. 101 or No. 101 a, tlu* arm on the right partially broken away, having a boss in the centre, and four bosses at equal distances on the four arms, with incised lines forming quasi-interlacements angularly about the bosses. The fragment is now preserved in tlie National IMuseum. This stone has been described and figured by IMr F. C. Eeles in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxiii. p. 163). FORFARSHlRJt. CLASS 1. Aberlemno. — The church of Aberlemno is situated 31- miles N. of Aldbar Koad railway station and 5 miles N.E. of Forfar, at a height of 430 feet above sea-level (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). It stands nearly on the summit of a spur of the long ridge called the Hill of Finhaven, which forms the southern side of the valley of the Fiver Soirthesk. A mile to the westward, higher up the hill, there is a large vitrified fort. There are three sculptured stones with syml)ols at Aberlemno, one belonging to Class I. and the other two to Class II. No. 1 stands in a field, ^ of a mile N. of the church, near a group of houses called C’rosstown. No. 2 stands in the churchyard next the east end of the church ; and No. 3 stands in the same field as No. 1, a short distance S.'W. of it, close to the dry-built stone wall between the field and the road from Forfar to Brechin (Ordnance IMap, Six-Inch Scale, Sheet 33). Aberlemno Stone No. 1 is a rude pillar of sandstone, 6 feet high by 3^feet wide by 9 inches thick, sculptured witli incised symbols on one face ^ thus (fig. 221) Front. — At the top a serpent ; below this, in the middle, the doulde disc and Z-shaped rod symbol ; and at the bottom the mirror and comb symbol. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scnlphtrccl Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 71), and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Scn.lpturcd, Monuments of the County of Angus (Bannatyne Club Publications), pi. 5. Arbirlot. — Arbirlot Church is situated 2 miles N.W. of Elliot Junction and 3 miles ML of Arbroath (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 49). The symbol stone was discovered in the foundations of the old church about 1836, and is now preserved at the Manse. 1 There are, however, six cup-markings on the back of the stone near the bottom. 20G EAKLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. It is a rude pillar of whinstoiie, 5 feet G inches high by 2 feet 9 inches wide, sculptured on one face thus (fig. 222) : — Front . — At the top and bottom a small cross with expamled ends to the arms, and in the middle, between them, two rectangular figures resembling open books. There is a small circle just below the upper cross and to the left of the upper book. The upper book is connected with the lower cross by a zigzag line. Fig. 222. — Stone sculptured with incised symbols at Arbirlot. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. ISvol. (vol. ii. p. 449). Baggerton. — The farmhouse of Baggerton is situated 24 miles N. of Forfar (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). Dr J. Stuart, in his Sculptured Stories of Scotland (vol. ii.. Preface, p. 48), mentions the existence of a fragment at Baggerton, in the parish of Rescobie, with a serpent and sceptre upon it, but he gives no illustration of tlie stone. I wrote to the late Mr I’owrie of Eeswallie about the stone, and although he made inquiries for it he was unable to obtain any information as to what had become of it. Dunnichen. — The village of Dunnichen is situated 14 miles E. of Xingsmuir railway station and 4 miles S.E. of Forfar (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). The symbol stone is said to have Ijeen foimd in 1811 in a field on a farm on the Fig. 223.— Stone sculptured witli incised symbols, at Dunniclien. Scale, linear. I'aye 207. No. XXXHI. DESCKlPTrVE LLST OF 310NUMENTS— EOHEAK8HIRE. 207 Dunnichen estate, which Mr Jervise locates on the grouiul identified by him and others as Nechtan’s Kirkton, near the church, where it is referred to by Stuart, l)ut lias recently been removed to the garden of Dunnichen Housed It is a rude pillar of sand- stone, 4 feet 8 inches high by 2 feet 3 inches wide by 1 foot thick, sculptured with incised symbols on one face thus (fig. 223) — Front. — At the top the flower symbol ; below this, in the middle, the double disc and Z shaped rod symbol ; and at the bottom, to the right, the mirror and comb symbol. The two upper symbols are lieautifully ornamented with spirals showing a marked affinity with those of the Pagan Celtic style of the Ages of Iron and Bronze. There are grooves and holes on each side of the stone which do not seem to form part of the original design. This stone has been de- sc’.ribed and illustrated in Stuart’s ScAhlptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 92) and in Chalmers’ Monu- ments of Angus (pi. 14). KeHlor. — The Hill of Keillor is situated 2 miles S.E of Ardler railway station and 4miles E. of Coupar Angus (Ordnance Ma}), One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). The symbol stone stands on a small mound planted with trees margin, if not witldn, the marshy Mere. It was first erected at the Fig. 224. — Stone sculptured with incised .symbols at Keillor. Scale, linear. on the northern slope of Keillor Hill, at a height of 444 feet above sea-level, close ' Warden’s Forfarshire, vol. iii. p. 201. 208 EAllLV CHIUSTIAN :\10NUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. to the road which skirts the foot of the Sidlaw Hills for several miles between Newtyle and Col lace. It is a rude pillar of grey gneiss, G feet 4 inches high by 2 feet 9 inches wide, flat in front and rounded at the back. It is h.xed in a modern base with iron clamps, and is sculptured with incised symljols on one face thus (fig. 224) — Front. — At the top a beast resembling a wolf, partly defaced ; below this, in the middle, the double disc and Z-shaped roil symbol ; and at the bottom the mirror (?) symbol, partly defaced. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stiiart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vnl. i. pi. 112) and in Chalmers’ Monuments of Anyus (pi. 20). Linlathen. — Linlathen House, the residence of James E. Krskine, Esq., is situated 2 miles X. of Broughty Ferry railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 49). The symbol stone is stated (but not on very satisfactory evidence) ^ to have been found in 1834 in a tumulus called Cairn Greg on the Linlathen estate, between the double cover stones of a cist of the Bronze Age ; and it was removed to Linlathen House in 18G4, when the tunnilus was reopened for the purpose of getting the stone. It is a slab of sandstone, 2 feet 2 inches long by 1 foot 8 inches wide, sculptured with an incised symbol on one face thus (fig. 225) — Fig. 225.-' Stone sculptured with incised symbol at Linlathen. Scale, y'-„ linear. Front. — In the middle of the slab the elephant symbol, partly defaced. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Seidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 1 00). Strathmartine. — Strathmartine Castle is situated 1 mile X. of Baldragon rail- way station and 5 miles X.W. of Dundee (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). ^ See Dr J. Anderson’s Scotland in Payan Times — Bronze and Stone Ayes, p. 10. !)E8Ci:iPTIVE LIST OF MONUM ENTS— FORFAliSHIRE. L'O!) The symbol slone (No. 1) sl.uuls in a field immediately to the S.E. of the castle and between it and Gallow Hill. It is an undressed whinstone boulder, 3 feet high by 2 feet 6 inches wide by ti inches thick, sculptured with incised symbols on one face thus (fig. 220) — Fig. 2'26. — Stone sculptured with iiici.sed symbols at Strathniartine (No. 1). Scale, linear. Front . — At the top the crescent and symbol ; and below it the elephant syml)ol. The crescent is ornaineuted with curved and spiral lines. 'J’his stone has been (h'scril)ed and illustrated in Stuart’s Fcv/jdured Stones of Scottand (vol. ii. ])1. 102). CLASS II. Aberlemno. — The church of Aberlemno is sitmited 3^ miles N. of Aldbar railway station (Urdiiance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). In addition to the stone with incised symbols belonging to Class I., already described, there are at Aberlemno two upi’ight cross-slabs with symbols sculptured in relief belonging to Class 11., namely. No. 2, which stands in the churchyard next to the E. end of the church ; and No. 3, which stands in a field | of a mile N. of the church. No. 2 is an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone of a yellowish tint, tapering towards the toj) and surmounted by a pediment, 7 feet 6 inches high by 4 feet 2 inches wide at the bottom and 2 feet 11-| inches wide at the top by 8 inches wide at the edges and 114 inches in the centre of the cross (which thus stands out in relief PART III. 2 1 ) EAKLY CHRISTIAN 310NUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. •JlO to tlie extent of 3i inches), sculptured partly with incised lines and partly in relief on two faces thus — Fronf^ (tig. 227a). — In the centre of the slab and extending the full length of the slab a cross of shape No. 102a, divided into hve panels, containing (1) in the centre of the head of the cross, seven triple spirals with connections within a circle (pattern No. 1091); (2) on the top arm of the cross, triangular interlaced-work No. 739; (3 and 4) on the right and left arms of the cross, key-pattern No. 971; (5) on the lower arm of the cross, or at the top of the shaft, interlaced-work No. 042; and (oA) on the shaft of the cross, circular interlaced-work No. 705. The background of the cross is arranged in four panels, containing (1) on the left of the top arm of the cross, a beast holding a serpent in its mouth, and the serpent biting the hind leg of the beast; (2) a beast with a hooked beak like that of a bird of prey and talons; (3) on the left of the shaft of the cross, three beasts with four legs apiece, and a serpentine creature, biting each other’s backs, the attenuated bodies forming 3-shaped spiral curves or scrolls, and the legs, tails, and limbs interlaced ; (4) on the right of the shaft of the cross, at the to}>, a pair of beasts with the beaks and talons of a bird of prey, having their attenuated bodies bent into spiral curves twisting in the same direction but placed symmetrically in positions opposite to each other, and with their bodies, limbs, jaws (or beaks) and crests on the head (or ears) all interlaced ; (4a) on the right of the shaft of the cross, at the bottom, a paii’ of hippocampi or sea- horses placed symmetrically opposite each other, with their fore-legs upraised, and with a triquetra knot (No. 798) filling in the triangular space between the lower fins and the tail. Back (fig. 227b). — At the apex of the ])ediment at the top of the slab a pair of ])easts’ heads with open jaws showing a formidable set of teeth, facing each other, and their bodies forming the marginal moulding or frame round the slab. I’liis face of the stone is divided into two panels, containing (1) at the top to the left the two- legged rectangle and Z-sliaped rod symbol, the rectangle being ornamented with spiral-work (No. 1057), and to tlie right the triple circular disc symbol; (2) below this a battle scene consisting of three rows of figures, five on horseback and four on foot, making a group of nine altogether. There are two figures in the top row, in front to the right a warrior in armour, with a helmet and nasal, riding on horse- back, and followed by another also on horseback, but bare-headed ; between the two is a circidar disc like a shield with a boss in the centre. Below these is the .second row of figures, representing three footmen in hauberks to the left, opposing a man on horseback to the right ; the first of the men on foot is armed with a target and a sword over his shoulder, the second following behind with a shield and a long spear held horizontally, whilst the third and last holds a spear vertically. Fig. 227a. — Aberleuinu (Xo. 2). Front. Upriglit cross-slab with sculpture partly inrised and jiartly in relief on the back, and altogether in relief on the front, at Aberlemno (So. 2). Xot to scale. Pnije 210. Xo. XXXIV, Fig •2271?. — Abei’leniiio (No. 2). ]5ack. Tpriglit cross-.-ilal) with sculpture p.irtly iiiciseit and partly iu relief, at Aberlemuo (No. 2). Not to scale. Paije -210. Ao. .\.\XV, DESCRIPTIVE I>IST UP MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. ' 2 ) I The warrior on horseback has a helmet on his head with the nasal, a circular shield, a sword, and a spear or lance in liis right hand, with wliich he is attempting to pierce the shield of his opponent on foot. In the third or bottom row of figures are, on the left, a pair of warriors on horseback charging each other, and on the right a man with a bird of prey pecking at his breast ; the warriors on horseback are both armed with circular shields and spears, but the one on the left is bare-headed, whilst the one on the right wears a helmet with the nasal ; the man on foot has a helmet with the nasal and a divided hauberk of niail(?), his round target is falling from his hand, and he seems to be staggering backwards, or perhaps lying dead. The bird pecking at his breast appears to be standing close beside him, his spear lies near his head, and it may be a case of conventional perspective, like that of Goliath in the scene with David in the Cottonian Psalter (Westwood’s “ Miniatures,” pi. 51, fig. 5) or on the stone at Inchbrayock. The perfect condition of the sculpture, the beauty of the details of the ornament, and the interest of the costume and armour in the figure subject make the cross-slab in Aberlemno churchyard one of the most remarkable relics of Celto-Pictish art now remaiidng in Scotland. As a general rule, the greater the variety of the decorative motives employed by the designer, the higher the quality of the art. In the present instance we have interlaced-woi’k, key-patterns, spirals, zobmorphs, figiire subjects, and symbols. Only in very exceptional cases can greater variety be found, as on the cross- slab at Nigg, Eoss-shire, and the cross of Muredach at Monasterboice, Co. Louth, which have foliage in addition. The circular interlaced-work on the shaft of the cross (ui the front of the Aberlemno stone is deserving of very minute examination, and when the pattern is dissected it will be found that there is a greater amount of method underlying its apparent irregularity than would be at first siipposed. If in the an- nexed diagram the four quadrants of each of the three circular bits of inteilaced-work on the shaft of the cross are indicated by the letters A B C J.) a h c d a fS y S then it will be seen that A is B turned round through two right angles in the plane of the paper. A is the same as a and «, except that in the case of a two of the bands cross over and run into the adjoining quadrant C ; in the case of a two of the bands cross over and run into the adjoining quadrant S ; whereas A is entirely disconnected from either of the adjoining quadrants. B is the same as h and 8, except that in the case of ft two of the bands crcjss over 212 EARLY CHUrSTrAX MONUMENTS OF SCOTI.AXD. and run into the adjoining quadrant S ; whereas B and h are entirely disconnected from the adjoining quadrants. C and D are the same as c and d, e.Kcept that two bands cross over and run from (puidrant c into quadrant a ; whereas quadrants C and D are entirely disconnected fi-om the adjoining quadrants. y and S are different from all the other (juadrants, but seem to be modifications of C and D. It is thus clearly shown that the interlaced-work on the Aberlemno stone was not designed aftei' any haphazard fashion, but that every over or under-lapping of the bands was carefully thought out, and that slight variations were purposely intro- duced here and there to prevent absolute “cast-iron ” muformity, and yet at the same time not to detract sensibly from the beautiful effects derived from apparent symmetry and rhythmical repetition. Circular interlaced-work, exhibiting the same qualities, occurs on the cross-slabs at Eassie and at Meigle No. 1. The zobmorphs on the Aberlemno stone are pai ticulai ly tine. The arrangement DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 2l:3 of beasts with their bodies bent into 3-shaped curves in rows, so as to form a ninning spiral pattern, is characteristic of the illuminations of the Book of Kells, and may also he seen on the cross at Tihilly, near Durrow, King’s Co., Ireland.^ The sea-horses are, like the centaur, clearly borrowed from some classical or Byzantine original. 'I’liere is also a sea-horse on the cross-slab at Meigle No. 1. The battle scene represented on the Aberlemno stone is (|uite unlike anything to be found elsewhere in Scotland. The helmets with the nasal and the hauberks worn by the warriors on horseback and on foot may perhaps be the means of fixing the date of the monument if not also the nationality of the persons engaged in the combat. There is a curious mixture of sculpture in relief and incised work on the face of the slab with the battle scene upon it. The incised work is confined to the spears and the bridles of the horses. The level of the bottom of the sculpture on the front (or cross face) of the slab is 7 feet G inches below the apex, whilst the level of the bottom of the sculpture on the back is only 5 feet 11 inches below the apex, giving a dillerence of 1 foot 7 inches between the two. This is very unusual, and would seem to indicate that either the slab was intended to be j)laced against something which would conceal the lower part, nr that the space was left for some special reason, perhaps for an inscription. There is an artificial hole about 3 inches in diameter bored right through the stone in a slightly diagonal direction. Tt is in the centre of the circular hollow formed by the right haml upper quadrant (jf the ring connecting the arms of the cross. On the opposite face it cuts through the left side of the two-legged rectangle symljol. When I visited Aberlemno churchyard on the 2oth of .lune 1891, the lower part of the cross face was buried to a depth of about 2 feet in the earth, which had accumu- lated round it from graves dug in the vicinit)’. Since then the monument has been raised in order to allow the full beauty of its sculpture to be seen. In reference to this I have receiv'ed the following interesting communication from the ministei- of the parish, the Rev. J. B. Burnett, F.S.A. Scot., dated 12th May 1899 : — “ I aiu pleased to be able to give you the information you desire -with regard to the sculptured stone in the churcliyard here. In November last year (1898), improvements were made in the churchyard, the surface being levelled and the tombstones set in order. This appeared to be a favourable opportiinity for raising the ancient cross, so that its propor- tions and beautiful carving might be better seen, l.ord Southesk and other antiquaries advised me that this should be done, and by means of powerful block and tackle it was care- fully and .successfully accomplished (30 cwt. being the estimated weight). The slab now rests on a built foundation firmly secured with concrete, and stands 7 feet 6 inches above the ground. The face with the cross on it is thus seen as far as the bottom of the shaft, and the ojjposite face with the warriors on it is exposed to the same level. There is no sculpture or inscription below the panel with the M'arriors. The surface of the under portion now exposed has been roughly dressed for about 8 inches in depth, and beneath that the slab is * Journal Ron. Soc. A7if. IreJa7id, 5th ser. vol, vii. ji. 129. 214 KA4UA' CUKTSTIAX MONU-MKNT8 OF SCOTLAND. in its natural state. The bottom of the slab, I may mention, was somewhat roumled in shape, and rested on the substratum of rock which underlies the churchyard. It is quite possible that the reason why the panel with the warriors w’as made so much shorter than the cross was to allow of the stone being supported with earth on that side. The other Aber- lemno cross standing at the side of the road did not require such support, being firmly set in a socket. Respecting the hole through the slab, nothing is known as to when or why it was made. It ai)pears, however, to be of ancient date.” Tills stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones oj Scotland (vol. i. pi. 79) and in 1’. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Momonents of the Coimtij of Angus (pi. 4). Aberlemno No. 3 is an upright cross-slali of Old Red Sandstone, of rectangular shape, 9 feet 3 inches high by 3 feet 4 inches wide by 8 inches thick at the edge of the stone and 11 inches thick where the relief of the sculpture is greatest (ie., at the lioss in the centre of the cross and at the ends of the arms), sculptured yiartly with incised lines aird partly in relief oir four faces thus — Front (fig. 228a). — Facing the road, in the centre of the slab and extending its full length, a cross of shape something between No. 102a and No. 108a, with an anmdar raised boss in the centre, rectangular raised bosses having a rectangular depression in the middle on each of the four arms, and four circular raised bosses surrounded by a bead moulding in the hollows between the arms and the connecting ring. The whole of the sculpture on this face of the slab is so much weathered and encrusted with lichen that it is almost impossible to make out the details of the ornament with any degree of certainty, but the circular bosses and the ring connecting the arms seem to have interlaced-work upon them, and the rectangular bosses on the ends of the arms key-patterns. There are remains of interlaced-work No. 062 incised at the bottom of the shaft of the cross where the atone has been protected by a dry-built wall in front of it. The background of the cross is divided into ten panels, containing (1 and 2) on each side of the top arm of the cross perhaps beasts ; (3 and 4) on each side of the liottom arm of the cross on the top of the shaft, zbomorphic interlaced-work ; (5 and 6) on each side of the shaft, angels with books in theii hands bowing down in adoration of the cross ; (7) on the left side of the shaft below the angc'l, diagonal key-pattern No. 958 ; (8) the corresponding panel to 7 on tlu! right side of the shaft, diagonal key-pattern No. 980 ; (9) on the left side of the shaft at the bottom, a reptile like those on the stones at Inchbrayock No. 1, Forfarshire, and Murthly, I’erthshire, and an animal with its legs doubled up under- neath the body ; (10) on the right side of the shaft next the bottom, another reptile and a man (?) much damaged. Hack (fig. 228b). — Facing the field, divided into three panels, containing (1) the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol at the top, and below it the double disc and 2-shaped rod symbol, the middle part of the crescent being ornamented with a Fig. 228a. — Front. Fig, 228]!.— Bark. Fpriglit cross-.slab with sculpture [lartly incised and partly in relief, at Alierlemno (No. 3). Not to scale. Paf]e 214 . JS'o. XXX VI. l)E.SClUFi’lVE LIST OF iMONU.MENTS — FOR FA ItSjil HE. • 2 1 f) diiigoiia] key-pattern, No. 958, and the two liorns with broken i>lait-work, and the double discs showing traces of spiral-work ; (1a) beneath the symbols a hunting scene consisting of four men on horseback, three men on foot, two of whom are blowing long hunting horns (like those on the Hilton of Cadboll Stone, lloss-shire), three stags, and three hounds ; (2) on the left side of the slab, a centaur with a branch of a tree under his arm and an axe over his left shoulder, and a much defaced figure of some kind below his fore-legs; (3) on the right side of the slab, what appears to be David rending the lion’s jaw, and the sheep and harp above as emblems of the shepherd and the minstrel. Jlight and Left Sides. — A row of double spirals with 3-shaped connections forming a running pattern No. 1045 with a line on eacli side, the wliole being incised. AVhen 1 visited Aberlemno on the 25th of June 1891 the two bottom panels on the cross-face of the slal) were concealed by the dry-built rubble wall between the road and the field. When the wall was taken down in order to get the stone photographed, in 1893, the beasts on these panels were discovered, and the fact was also disclosed that the monument was fixed in a stone base. The existence of the cross-slab standing by the road-side at Aberlemno was known as far back as 1569, and it is therefore proljably the first monument of the kind of which any historical record has been preserved. The following account is given in the Extmeta Ex Cronicis Scocie (edited by Mr Turnbull for the Aljbotsford t'Inb) — “ At Al)yr (Aberlemno) Kirk iii myle fra Forfair, thair is ane stane c.ors iii eln of heicht, ane eln braid, ane schaft lenth (six inches) thik, curiouslie wrocht, grauit with pictors of men and diners uther figuris, with ane cairn of stanes beside it.” This stone has been previously described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 80) and in P. Chalmeis’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the Coirntji Sculj>tured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 67) and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Anyus (pi. 17). Cossins. — 'I'he farmhouse of Cossins is situated H mile N.E. of (dlamis railway station and 4^ miles W. of Forfar (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 56). 'I’he symbol-bearing slab, known as St Orland’s Stone, stands on a sandy knoll rising from marshy ground ^ in a field on the S. side of the railway between it and the tile-works, i- mile E. of Cossins farmhouse, on the 200-feet •contour line. It is marked on the Ordnance Map, Six-Inch Scale, Sheet 38, and there is a note stating that “stone coffins or cistvaens” were found close to the monument. It is an upright cross-slab of Old Eed Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but ' Probably at one time covered witli water. I'lg, -iSOA. I'ront. 2301!.- -Back. Upiiglit cross-slab, with sculjiture in relief, called St Orlandhs Stone, at Cossins. Scale, linear. I'ai/e HIT. .V«. .XX.WII. DESCKIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— FOEFARSHIllE. U17 tapering slightly towards the top, 7 feet 9 inches high by 2 feet 4 inches wide at the bottom and 2 feet 2|- inches wide at the top by 10 inches thick, sculptured on two faces thus — Front (fig. 230a). — In the centre of the slab and extending to its full length, a cross of shape No. 104a with small circular projections in the hollows between the arms. I'he slab has a narrow border of key-pattern No. 887 running round the top and two sides ; and the cross has a recessed border of spiral ornament No. 1045 running round the shaft and arms and terminating against the frame round the whole slab. The four (luadrants of the ring which connect the arms of the cross are sunk to the same level as the marginal border of spiral-work round the cross, and they have faint traces of ornament upon them. In the centre of the head of the cross is a circular recess 0 inches in diameter, which may have been intended to receive a raised l) 0 ss let into it. The shaft of the cross has been broken away for about the height of 1 foot. The sculpture on the top and bottom arms of the cross is too much defaced to be made out, and the right and left horizontal arms of the cross are ornamented with interlaced-work of the same class as No. 662. The portion of the cross below the fracture is divided into four panels, containing (1) at the top of the shaft, interlaced- work, appar-ently No. 694a, but much worn; (2) below this, on the shaft, spiral ornament No. 1072; (3) at the bottom of the shaft, interlaced-work looking like No. 553a, but much defaced; (4) on the base of the cross, which is wider than the shaft and has its sides sloping outwards, interlaced-work No. 566a. The background of tbe cross is divided into ten panels, recessed to a depth of 3 inches below the face of the slab, and containing (1 and 2) at the right and left-hand corners of the top of the slab, sculpture defaced or never carved ; (3, 4, 5, and G) in the four quadrants between the arms and the ring connecting them, sculpture defaced or never carved ; (7) on the left side of the shaft of the cross at the top, a tish-monster ^ with looped and knotted tail (interlaced-work. Nos. 582 and 215); (8) below this, on the left side of the shaft, a pair of fish-monsters facing each other, with their jaws and fore-paws crossed and interlaced and their' tails looped together (interlaced-work No. 553), there being a triquetra knot (No. 798) in the space between the fore-paws and the tail, as on the cross-slab in Aberlemno churchyard ; (9) on the left side of the shaft at the bottom, a pair of fish-monsters with their bodies symmetrically interlaced so as to form knot No. 265 ; (10) on the right side of the shaft at the top, the lower part of a pair of fish-monsters with their bodies looped together and interlaced so as to form knots Nos. 553 and 566 ; and (10a) below this, on the right side of the shaft, a fish- monster with a human head (?) in its mouth and its body forming broken plait-work ; on the right side of tlie shaft at the bottom, a fish-monster with two fins and its body forming knot No. 215 in two places. 1 These creatures are assumed to be fishes because they have expanded fish-like tails. PART III. 2 E 218 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Back (tig. 230b). — A frame round the whole slab is formed by the bodies of twc* monsters ^ whose heads and fore-paws appear at the top of the stone and whose fish- like tails meet together at the bottom, their bodies being ornamented with interlaced- work No. 568. The portion of the slab within tlie zobmorphic ornamental margin is divided into four panels, containing (1) at the top of the slab the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol, beneath it the double disc and Z-shaped rod symbol, both showing traces of spiral decoration, and at the bottom of the panel a neatly cut-out recess - of irregular four- sided shape ; (2) below this a pair of horsemen one following the other ; (3) below this another pair of horsemen riding in the same direction and followed by a couple of hounds at the left-hand ;ipper corner of the panel ; and (4) at the bottom of the slab a Ijoat con- taining six figures, and beneath, a beast with formidable claws attacking a Imll or cow. We are indebted to the Eight Hon. the Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, on whose estate St Orland’s Stone stands, for permission to remove the railing round it and expose the sculpture at the bottom of the slal) which was buried in the sandy soil, for the purpose of having the monument photographed. This stone has been previously illustrated and described in Stuart’s Sciiliitwred Stones of Scotland '^ {\o\. i. pi. 85) and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Scnlptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 15). Eassie.- — The old ruined church of Eassie is situated 4 a mile N.E. of Eassie railway station close to the high road from Meigle to Claniis near the point where it crosses the railway (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 56). The symbol-bearing slab stands inside the ruins of the church near the E. end. It is an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of rectangular shape, but slightly pointed at the top, 6 feet 8 inches high by 3 feet 4 inches wide l)y 9 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus — Front (fig. 231a). — In the middle of the slal) a cross of shape No. 102a, extend- ing the full length of the slab, divided into six panels, containing (1) on the top arm of the cross, interlaced-work No. 693 ; (2 and 3) on the left and right arms, triangular interlaced-work No. 744; (4) on the Ijottom arm, interlaced-work not regular enough to be classified ; (5) in the centre of the head of the cross, square key-pattern No. 1013 ; (6) on the shaft, circular interlaced-work No. 764. The background of the cross is divided into ten panels, containing (1 and 2) on the left and right of the top arm of ^ Compare this treatment with the In Principio initial page in the St Call Codex, No. 51, illustrated in E. Purton Cooper’s Appendix A to RymePs Fmdera, pi. 10. ^ The recess is so carefully formed that it almost looks as if it had been intended to insert a piece of stone in it to make good some flaw in the material. 2 The ornament on the shaft of the cross on the front of St Orland’s Stone is shown all wrong by W. Gibb, who made the plate of it for Dr Stuart. He lias drawn the pattern cor- rectly on the base of the cross, but has erroneously assumed that the same design was con- tinued up the shaft, which is not the case. I'io- “'il ' I'l'oiit. Fig. 231c. — Diagram .sliowing circular Fig. 231i;. — Hack. iiiterlaceil work on lower part of the cro.ss-.sliaft. /’(fgr ■jl'-. Upright cross-slah, sculjiturcd in relief, at Eassie. Not to scale. DESCKIPTIYE LIHT OF MONUMENTS — EOHFAKSHIUE. ■2 1 !) the cross angels or chernbim, each with four wings and doulde spirals where the wings join the body ; (3, 4, 5, and 6) in the circnlar spaces between the arms and the con- necting ring, no sculpture; (7) on the left side of the shaft at the top, a man on foot armed with a spear and rectangular shield ; (8) on the right side of the. shaft at the top, a stag,i under the stag a beast with its tail between its legs, and below it a hound at speed; and (0 and 10) on the left and right sides of the shaft at the l)ottom no sculpture. JkicJc (fig. 231 b). — D ivided into two ])anels, containing (1) at the left-hand uppei- corner, the elephant symbol, and below it the double disc and Z-shaped rod symbol ; below this, again, a procession of three figures in long vestments carrying rods, and in front of them, on a higher level to the right, a pot wdth a tree or flower growing in it, and further to the right a man with a rod over his right shoulder;- (2) at the bottom of the slab, parts of the l)odies of three cows ornamented conventionally with spiral curves, and an arched object at the right-hand upper corner of the panel, the remainder of the sculpture being broken away. The diagram (tig. 231c) shows the construction of the circular knotwork (No. 764) in the lower part of the cross-shaft, on a larger scale. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scot- land (vol. i. pi. 90) and in l\ Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured, Moimmcnts of the County if Anyus (pi. 16). Farnell. — The i\lains of Farnell and the church are situated close to Farnell lioad railway station, on the N. side of the railway near the S. end of Kinnaird Deer Park, and 6 miles S.W. of Montrose (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). The symbol-bearing slal) was found in 1849 in Farnell churchyard, and is )iow in the museum at i\lontrose. It is an upright cross-slab of Old Eed Sandstone of nearly rectangular shape, l)ul, tapering upwards and having a pedimented top, 6 feet 9 inches high by 2 feet 31, inches wide at the l)ottom and 2 feet 1^ inch wide at the top, sculptured in relief on two faces thus — (figs. 232a and 232b). Front. — In the middle a cross of shape No. 99a, extending the full length of the slab and forming a single panel containing interlaced-work No. 658. The background of the cross is divided into ten panels, containing (1 and 2) on the left and right of the top arm of the cross, zoiunorphic interlaced-work ; (3, 4, 5, 6) in the spaces between the arms of the cross and the ring, no sculpture ; (7 and 8) on the left and right of the shaft at the top, zobmorphs ; (9) on the left of the shaft at the bottom, diagonal key-pattern No. 952 ; (10) on the right of the shaft at the bottom, a four-cord plait with double-beaded bands. ’ The body of the stag is ornamented witli conventional spiral curves. - This may be compared with the subject from the Apocryphal Gospels of the youths of the House of David bringing their rods to the High Priest, and Joseph’s rod blossoming in sign of his predestined betrothal to the Virgin Mary. — Gospel of the Nativity, cap. 7. 220 EAHLY CHRISTIAN MONUJIENT8 OF SCOTLAND. Back (fig. 232 b). — T he slab is surrounded by a wide pelleted or jewelled margin, formed by the attenuated bodies of two monsters, whose open jaws, armed with formid- able teeth, and upraised fore-paws, are to be seen at the apex. The sculpture on the Fig. 232a. — Front. Fig. 232b. — Back. Upright cross-slab with sculiiture in relief, from Farnell, now in Montrose Museum. (Not to scale.) middle part of this face has been broken away, but at the top are the remains of the figure of an angel, and at the bottom a cross of shape No. 99, with the temptation of Adam and Eve ^ Itelow it, the figures clothed, standing on either side of the tree 1 Dr J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2nd series, p. 161. Fig. 233.\. — Front. Upnglit cross-slab, with sculpture incised on^tlie back and in relief on the fr. Not to scale. Page 221. out, at Glaiiiis (No. 1). Xo. XXXIX. Upriglit cross-slab, with Fig. 233b.— Back. sculpture incised on the back and in relief on the front, at Glamis (No 11 Not to scale. Page 221. Ko. XL. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— FORFARSHIRE. 221 Eve having an apple in her hand, and the serpent duplicated to fill the vacant spaces on both sides of the central group. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Seuliitured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 86) and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient SculptAired Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 21). Glamis. — The village and church of Glamis ^ are situated 1 h mile S. of Glamis railway station, and a mile S. of Glamis Castle (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 56). There are two symbol-bearing slabs belonging to Class II. here, namely. No. 1, which stands in a wood on the northern slope of Hunters Hill, i a mile S.E. of Glamis church, a little above the 400-feet contour line;^ and No. 2, which stands in the manse garden near the church. No. 1 is an upright cross-slal) of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but with a slightly arched top, 5 feet high by 2 feet 4 inches wide, scidptured partly with incised lines and partly in relief on two faces thus — Front (fig. 233a). — Round the top is a narrow margin of key-pattern No. 887. In the middle is a cross, of shape No. 101a, extending the fidl length of the slab and divided into four panels, containing (1) on the top arm of the cross, triangular inter- laced-work No. 744; (3 and 4) on the left and right arms of the cross, interlaced- work No. 611 ; on the bottom arm of the cross, interlaced-work No. 647b ; in the circular centre of the cross, square key-pattern No. 1013; on the shaft of the cross, interlaced-work No. 692b. The background of the cross is divided into four panels, containing (1) on the left of the top arm of the cross, a four-winged angel or cherub with double spirals where the wings join the body, as on the stone at Eassie ; (2) on the right of the top arm, a beast-headed man with an axe over his right shoulder and part of another figure ; (3) on the left of the shaft of the cross, two deer, one below the other ; (4) on the right of the shaft, two animals with their tails curled up under their legs, one below the other, and at the bottom the triple circular disc symbol and the rtower symbol, one below the other. Back (fig. 233b). — A beast, a serpent, and the remains of the mirror symbol, one below the other, and all incised. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland. (vol. i. pi. 83) and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 10). Glamis No. 2 is an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of approximately rectangular shape, but tapering upwards and having a pedimented top, 8 feet 9 inches 1 Dedicated to St Fergus. 2 Marked on the Ordnance Map, Six-Inch Scale, Sheet 38. 222 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. liigli liy 5 feet G inches wide at the bottom and 4 feet 8 inches wide at the top, sculptured partly with incised lines and partly in relief on two faces thns — Front (fig. 234a). — At the top of the i)edinient a pair of beasts’ heads and a human head between them (?). In the middle l)elow this, and extending right to the bottom of the slab, a cross of shape No. I03a4 divided into five panels, containing (I) on the top arm of the cross, interlaced-w(jrk No. GI3 and a pair of serpentine creatures symmetrically interlaced and biting each other’s bodies; (2) on the left arm, a serpentine creature biting its tail and with its body forming a six-cord plait; (3) on the right arm, a similar serpentine creature"^ to that on the opposite arm but with its body forming interlaced-work No. G04 ; (4) on the bottom arm of the cross, interlaced-work No. 67G; (4a) on the shaft of the cross, circular interlaced-work No. 714 ; (5) in the circular centre of the cross, interlaced-work No. 78G. The back- ground of the cross is divided into four panels, containing (1) on the left side of the top arm of the cross, a beast with its tail curled over its back ; (2) on the right of ’ There are two quadrants of a connecting ring on the left side but none on the right. ^ The heads of these creatures are entirely omitted in the plate given in Stuart’s SrAilpfured Stones of Scotland. Fig 234a. — Front. Upright cross-slab, with sculpture incised on the hack and in relief on the front, at Glands (No. 2). ° Not to scale. I’liije 222. A'o. XI.l. Fig. 234b. — RiiL'k. Uj.nght cross-slab, witli sculpture incised on the back and in relief on the front, at G Not to scale. lamis (No. 2). Page 223. No. XLII. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OE MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 223 the top arm, a eeiitaur holding an axe in each hand (fig. 234c); (3) on the left side of the shaft of the cross at the top, a caldron hanging from a horizontal bar, supported on two vertical forked sticks, and with the legs of two naked figures projecting upwards out of the caldron, and below, a pair of men attacking one another with axes ; (4) on the right of the shaft at the top, the beast’s head symbol and Ijelow it the triple circular disc symbol. Back (fig. 234b). — The serpent, fish, and mirror symbols incised, one below the other, on the natural surface of the stone. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Bciilptarcd Stunes <>/ Scotland (vol. i. pi. 84) and in 1*. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of Au/jus (pi. 11). Inchbrayock. — Inchbrayock, or Kossie Island, is situated in the middle of the river South Esk, near its mouth, dividing it into two channels, the larger of which, on the N. .side of the island, is spanned by a fine suspension bridge. The old burial-ground of Inchbrayock is on the S. side of the island, close to the water’s edge and to th(“, E. of the road from Montrose across the island to Craig. It is f of a mile S.W. of Montrose railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). Three sculptured stones have been found here, one belonging to Class II. and the other two to Class III. No. 1 was found in 1849, and is now in Montrose Museum ; No. 2 was foTind in 1857, and is also in Montrose Museum ; and No. 3 was found imn-e recently, and is kept at the manse at Craig. No. 1 is an upright cross-slab ^ of Old Red Sandstone, of approximately rectangulai- shape but expanding in breadth upwards, 2 feet 5 inches high by 1 foot 7 inches wide at the top and 1 foot 4 inches wide at the bottom by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus — Front (fig. 235a). — In the middle, a cross of shape No. 99a, extending from the top nearly to the bottom of the slab, not divided into separate panels but with a diagonal key-pattern in the centre of the head developing into spiral-work (too irregu- larly disposed to be capable of being classified) on the four arms. The four quadrants of the ring connecting the arms are ornamented with rows of pellets. The background of the cross is divided into eight panels : (1) on the left of the top arm, a reptile like that on the stone from Murthly, Perthshire, now in the National ^luseum at Edin- burgh ; (2) on the right of the top arm, two serpents with their liodies interlaced so as to form irregular l:»roken plait-work ; (3) on the left of the bottom arm, a four-legged beast rampant and a reptile similar to that in panel No. 1 ; (4) a beast-headed man in a long tunic bound round the waist by a belt ornamented with key-pattern No. 887 apparently laying ”liold of the hair of a smaller figure standing in front of him. * The slab is fixed in a modern stone base in the ^Montrose Museum, to which it was pre- sented by the Rev. Robert Mitchell in the name of the heritors. 224 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Back (fig. 235b). — A single panel, containing at the left-hand upper corner a reptile similar to those on the front of the slab, to the right of this a double disc symbol (?) ornamented with spirals ; then a man on horseback armed with a circular shield, spear, and sword ; below the horseman an animal with its feet doubled up underneath the body (as on the stone at Ulbster, Caithness, and on others elsewhere) and a hound ; along the right edge of the slab, another animal with its legs doubled up beneath the body, a l)east with a long curly tail, and a reptile like that on the other edge of the slab ; at the bottom on the left an unarmed figure wearing a long cloak and a cowled hood thrown back off his head, being attacked by a man with long hair, armed with a sword and holding a remarkable object (like a bill-hook furnished with teeth) in his right hand;^ behind, at the bottom right-hand corner of the slab, a bearded figure, ])rostrate, with legs doubled up. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 68) and P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Anyus (extra plate at end). Kettins. — Tlie church of Kettins is situated I-J- mile S.E. of Coupar Angus raihvay station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). The sculptured stone was formerly used as a foot-bridge across the burn of Kettins, and it is now erected in the churchyard on the north side close to the boundary wall. It is an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of approximately rectangular shape, l)ut tapering upwards, 9 feet 2 inches high by 4 feet wide at the bottom and 3 feet 3 inches wide at the top by 10 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front (fig. 236). — In the middle a cross (with the head too defaced for its shape to be determined) extending the full length of the slab. Three panels of ornament, partly defaced, now only remain on the shaft of the cross near the bottom, containing (1) at the top, a narrow horizontal band of interlaced-work No. 656 ; (2) below this, a diagonal key-pattern No. 969; and (3) at the bottom, interlaced-work No. 763. At the right-hand bottom corner of the shaft is a small double spiral. The sculpture on the background is all obliterated except the tail of a fish-monster (one of a pair like those on the Maiden Stone, Aberdeenshire, and cross-slab at Skinnet, Caithness) at the left-hand upper corner of the slalp and four panels on the right side of the shaft of the cross, containing (1) at the top, just below the ring of the head of the cross, a beast with its tail curled over its back ; (2) a winged griffin (?) holding a bird in its mouth ; (3) a figure between two beast-headed monsters (as on the crosses at Moone Abbey, Co. Kildare, Penmon, Anglesey, and elsewhere) ; (4) a pair of beasts placed symmetri- cally facing each other, with their bodies crossed, and biting each other’s tails. 1 Perhaps Samson slaying the Philistines with the jaw-bone of an ass, the fallen figure behind him representing one of the slain. Fig. '23b.\. — Front. Upriglit cross-slab, witli sculpture in relief, from Inclibrayock 'Xo. 1), now in the Montrose Musetitn. Plioto- itraphed from a cast in the possession of ,Vlex. llntcheson, K.sij.. F.S.A.Scot. Xot to scale. .Ye. \l.m. Fig. 235b. — Hack. Upriglit cross-slab, with sculjitiire in relief, fioiii Inchbrayock (No. 1), now in the JIontro.se JInseuni. Photographed from a cast in the posse.'.sion of Alex. Hutcheson, Es(j., F.S.A..Scot. Not to scale. J*^mlptured Sfones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 101, No. 3). Strathmartine No. 4 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sand- stone, 1 foot 3 inches long by 7 inches wide by 2| inches thick, sculptured partly with incised lines and partly in relief on two faces thus — P'ront. Fig. 246. — Fragment of upright cross-slab with incised sculpture on one side and scul])ture in relief on the other, from Strathmartine (No. 4), now in the National Museum of Antiquities at Edinburgh. (R) Front (fig. 24G). — I’ortions of two panels, containing (1) spiral ornament not regular enough to be classified, and (2) portion of an interlaced beast. Fig. 243.\. — Front. Fig. 24.3b.— Back. 1 oitioi. of npiight cross-slab -with sculpture in relief on the front, and sculpture partly in relief and partly mcised on the back, formerly at .Monilieth, nowin the National .Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Not to scale. From a Photograjdi by Alex. A liiMis ]'a(j€ 230 . .Vo. XLVIJI, DESCKIITIVE IJ8T OF MONU.MENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 233 Bacl\ — I’iirt of u beast or perliaps the elepliaiit syml)ol incised. Tliis stone has been illustrated in the 7b-oc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxiii. p. 441). Strathmartine No. 5 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sand- stone, 1 foot 3 inches high by 1 foot 3 inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured on two faces thus (tigs. 247a and 247n) — Front . — Portions of three panels, containing (1) on the left at the top, key- pattern No. 969; (1a) on the left at the bottom, circular interlaced-work No. 700; on the right at the top, the lower part of a beast with four legs ; on the right at the hottom, a beast biting its body (as on the stone at Meigle, No. 5), the junction of the fore leg and the body being conventionally indicated by a single si)iral. Back . — Portions of two double disc, and Z-shaped rod symbols (the disc of one being ornamented with a double S])iral). My attention was first called to this stone by Mr Alexander Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot., but it has not been previously illustrated or described. Strathmartine No. 6 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sand- stone, 1 foot 1 inch long by 10 i inches wide, sculptured on two faces thus (figs. 248a and 248b) — Front . — Part of a cross of shape No. 102a, with key-pattern No. 887 on the quadrant of the ring connecting the arms. Back . — Part of the elephant symbol (the body having a double outline and orna- mented with a double spiral). Fig. •217 a. — F ront. Fig. 247ii. — Back. I’ortioii of upright cros.s-slab sculptured in relief, at Stratlimartine (No. 5). (b) PART III. •2 G 234 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. My attention was lirst called to this stone by Mr Alexander Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot., but it has not been previously described or illustrated. Tealing. — The church of Tealing is situated on the southern slope of Gallow Hill, at a height of 500 feet above sea-level, 4 miles N.E. of Baldragon railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). The sculptured stone is built into the S. wall of the church outside, at a height of about 18 feet above the ground. It is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, 2 feet 7 inches long by 104 inches wide, sculptured on one face ^ thus (fig. 249) — Front . — Portion of a cross of shape No. 101 a, ornamented with a diagonal key-pattern, traces of which alone can be seen. One panel of the background of the cross remains on the right of the shaft containing a fish-monster and a serpent twisted together. This stone has been described and illustrated by Mr Alexander Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot., in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxx. p. 47). St Vigeans. — The church of St Vigeans is situated 14 miles N. of Arbroath railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). Twenty-nine sculptured stones have been foxmd here, six belonging to Class II., and the remaining twenty-three to Class III. Of the six stones belonging to Class II., No. 1, the “ Drosten” Stone, used to form part of the pavement at the bottom of the stairway in the church ; afterwards, at the ^ There may, of course, be sculpture on the back, but it is now impossible to ascertain whether there is or not in the present position of the stone. Fig. 248a.— Front. Fig. 248ii. — B.ick. Portion of an upright cross-slab with sculpture in relief, at Strathmartine (No. S). (J.) DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF .MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 235 time wlieu Dr J. Stuart’s Sctdptwred Stones of Scotland (vol. i.) was published iu 1856, it was standing in the churchyard ; and it is now placed upright in the AV. porch of the church on the S. side of the entrance doorway, against the steps leading into the church. No. 1a, the upper part of the “Drosten” Stone, was found during the restoration of the church ^ in 1872, and is now placed on the top of No. 1 and joined to it hy cement. No. 2 used to form part of the pavement at the bottom of the stairway in the church ; afterwards, when described hy Dr J. Stuart in 1856, it stood in the churchyard ; and at the time of the restoration of the church it was built into the inside of the west wall of the new N. aisle, where it still remains. Nos. 3 and 4 were found during the re- storation, and are now placed on a stone shelf, or ledge, supported on corbels on the S. side of the porch. No. 5 was found in digging a grave at the E. end of the church, and is now within the church. No. 6 was found in digging a grave in the soil con- sisting of rubbish removed from the founda- tion of the apse in 1871, and is now within the church. The remaining stones are described under Class III. St Vigeans No. 1 is the lower part of an upright slab of Old Red Sandstone, of rectangular shape, 3 feet 7 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 7j inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces, and with an incised minuscule inscription on one face thus (figs. 250a and 250b) — ^ For full account of the finding of sculptured stones during the restoration see “Notice of the Fabric of St Vigeans Church,” hy the Rev. AV. Duke, D.D., F.S.A. Scot., in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. ix. p. 481. 23G EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OE SCOTLAND. Front. — In the mkklle the shaft of a cross in one panel, ornamented with donble- beaded interlaced-work No. 647. On the background of the cross (which is not divided into panels), on the left at the top, a reptilian creature shown in plan and a serpent on its left ; below these a serpentine creature biting the tail of the reptile above it, which has a zodmorphic termination, and interlacing with the tail so as to form knot No. 265 (as on St Orland’s Stone at Cossins, Forfarshire) ; and at the bottom a winged dragon (?) with its tail between its legs. On the right side of the shaft of the cross, at the top, a beast with four legs and a swan-like neck ; below this, and facing in the opposite direction, a four-legged beast with formidable claws, showing his teeth ; next, a beast facing the same way as the beast at the top of the slab, with a long, swan-like neck, and three sets of bristles on its back ; and at the bottom a pair of serpents with their bodies twisted together. Back. — At the top of the slab the double disc and Z-shaped rod symbol (the discs l)eing ornamented with interlaced-work No. 783); below this on the left the crescent symbol (ornamented with spiral-work No. 1115) ; and on the right the mirror and comb symbol ; the lower part of the slab containing a group of animals, &c., consisting of a large beast resembling a Ijear (like those on the recumbent stone at Meigle No. 26), a hind giving suck to its young, a reptilian creature with its tail between its legs, an eagle and a fish, a beast witli a large curved horn on its head and its tail curved over the back, and an archer in a cloak with a peaked hood shooting with a cross-bow (?) at a wild l>oar (as on the stones at Shandwick, Ross-shire, Glenferness, Nairnshire, and Meigle (No. 10), l*erthshire). Itight Side. — Divided into two panels, containing (1) at the top, interlaced-work No. 658; (1a) the pattern changing at the bottom of the panel to No. 659; and (2) at the bottom of the slab an incised inscription in Hiberno-Saxon, rounded minuscules in four lines as follows (fig. 251) — drofteri:. i p e u o r e t et tf o r c u r Left Side. — Scrolls of foliage. There are many interesting features in tlie “Drosteji” Stone whicli are deserving of notice. Foliage of the kind seen here is specially cliaracteristic of the Anglian sculp- tured monuments of the ancient kingdom of Nortlmml)ria, which in the ninth century extended from the Humber to the Forth, and it is also found in the portions of Mercia adjoining Northumbria. Foliage was essentially a non-Celtic motive in decorative art, and wherever it occurs in Ireland, Scotland, or Wales, its presence must liave been due directly to Northumbrian or indirectly to Italo-Byzantine influence. The “ Drosten ” Upright cross-slab, with sculpture in relief ami minuscule inscription, at St Vigeans (No. ]). DE8CRHTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FOKFAIISHIKE. 237 Stone affords evidence tliat scroll foliage, the symbols, and spiral ornament of the l)est quality^ were, at all events in this instance, contemporaneous, as also on the upright oross-slal) at Hilton of Cadboll, lioss-shire. In Ireland, foliage and well designed spiral- work are found together on the cross of IMuredach at Monasterboice (a.d. 924), on the cross of King Flaun at Clonmacnois (a.d. 904), and the cross of SS. Patrick and Columba at Kells. According to i\Iiss 1\I. Stokes, the setting in of the decadence of Celtic art is indicated by the disappearance of the spiral motive from the sculptured stones. ' She says in her Early Christian Art in Irela.nd (p. 74), “ After the tenth, and perha])S Fig. 251. — Minuscule iiiscriptiou on the cross-slab of Drosten at .St Vigeans (No. 1). the beginning of the eleventh century, this design (the divergent spiral) disappears from Irish art, and its decay and death may be traced in monuments whose dates have been satisfactorily ascertained.” Since scroll foliage is entirely absent from the earlier group of Irish and Hiberno-Saxon illuminated MSS., its presence on the sculptured stones is looked upon as an indication of comparatively late date.^ The IMS. which comes nearest to the “ Drosten ” Stone in its decoration is the Stockholm Gospels (earlier than a.d. 871), especially the foliage and reptilian creatures on the “ ypt autem ” initial page of St Matthew’s Gospel.^ The “ Drosten ” Stone, therefore, ^ On the crescent symbol on the back of the Drosten Stone. - Dr J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2nd ser. p. 130. ^ Profe.ssor I. 0. Westwood’s Miniatures, pi. 2. 238 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONU.MENTS OF SCOTLAND. belongs to the period before the disappearance of the divergent spiral and after the introduction of scroll foliage, which would he, according to the evidence of the dated examples of sculptured stones and manuscripts, the end of the ninth century or the beginning of the tenth. The interlaced-work on the shaft of the cross on the front of the “ Drosten ” Stone affords a good illustration of the way in which an effective decorative pattern may he derived from a ten-cord plait by making a series of horizontal breaks along the two edges of the plait, and a series of cruciform breaks down the middle. I’lie same design may be seen on the cross at Neuadd Siarnian,^ near Builth, Brecknockshire. The fact that the space left, wherever the four pointed loops meet together in the middle of the pattern, takes the shape of a cross may have something to do with the origin of the design. If the cruciform spaces were to be coloured the decorative effect would be greatly enhanced. Actual crosses drawn in the spaces left by making breaks of this kind in a plait occur on the page of the Nestorian IMS., illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xix. p. 257), in the Gospels of Durrow in the lil)rary of Trinity College, Dublin, and on the side of the stone coffin or altar tomb at St Andrews (No. 1). A somewhat similar instance of the influence of symbolism on geometrical designs is to be found on the Saracenic panelling of the wooden screens in the Coptic churches of Cairo, in Egypt.^ The eagle catching a fish, on the back of tlie “ Drosten ” Stone, is a favourite bestiary subject, the meaning of which is thus explained in the Livre des Creatures of riiilip de Thaun : ^ — “ Eagle is the king of birds ; he affords a very fine example ; — in the Latin tongue we call it clear-seeing, — which will look at the sun when it shall be most bright. — It will look at it so straight, yet it will not wink ; — from aloft into the depth of the sea it sees well the fish swim, — and it comes from aloft flying, seizes the fish as it swims, — drags it to the shore, and does its Avill with it. . . . The eagle signifies the son of Saint Mary, — king over all people, without any doubt ; — and he dwells on high and sees far, he knows well what he ought to do. — The sea represents this world; the fishes, the people who are in it. — For us God came on earth to obtain possession of our souls ; — he came flying to us, from the world by such semblance — he drew us, by right, as the eagle does the fish.” Other early examples of the eagle and the fish occur in the Book of Armagh (a.d. 844),^ in the library of Trinity College, Dublin (where the eagle thus represented is one of the symbols of the Four Evangelists); in the Codex No. 904 of the “ Grammatica Prisciani ” ® (a.d. 841-87), in the library at St Gall in Switzer- land ; on an Anglo-Saxon repousse bronze plate found in the Thames and now in ’ See Archmolo(jia Camhrensis, 5th ser. vol. xvi. pp. 28 and 32. - Stanley Lane Poole’s “ Art of the Saracens in Egypt” (S. K. Mus. Handbooti), p. 163. ^ T. Wright’s Poimlar Treatises on Science during the Middle Ages, p. 109. ^ Sir W. Betham’s Antiquarian Researches, pt. 2, p. 243. ^ Ulster JoimiaJ of Arclueology, vol. viii. pi. 4, fig. 2, and p. 293. Upper part of upright cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 1a). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONU.MENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 239 the British iMuseuni ; and on a sculpture over the doorway of the north aisle in the west front of the church of San IMichele at I’avia.^ The “ 1 Irosten ” Stone has been illustrated and described in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. G9, and vol. ii. pi. 12G); in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculp- tnred Monuments of the Count}/ of Anijus (pi. 1); in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Seat. (vol. i. pp. 81 and 294); in Dr J. .Inderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times (2nd ser. ]). 193) ; and in Hay’s History of Arhroath (p. 9). St Vigeans No. la is the upper part of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sand- stone (evidently belonging to the “ Drosten” Stone and now united with it), of rect- angular shape, 2 feet high by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 7 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (figs. 252a, 252b, and 252c) — Front. — In the middle a cross of shape No. 101a, with portions of interlaced-work on the top and left arm, Init not sufficient remaining for classification. On the background of the cross, to the left of the top arm, an angel (?). Baek. — A hunting scene, consisting of two hounds chasing a stag, a small animal, and portions of others below. Bight Side. — Broken away. Left Side. — Scroll foliage, with a little beast in one of the scrolls. This stone has been described in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. pi. 23, No. 5, and p. 496). St Vigeans No. 2 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape but tapering upwards, 3 feet 8 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot 7 inches wide at the top, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 253) — • 253.— Upright cross-slab sculptured ^ Vo/ m relief, at St Vigeans (No. 2). (^.) P'ront. — In the middle the shaft of a cross extending fiom the top of the slab to within 7 inches of the bottom,^ divided into three panels containing (1) at the top interlaced-work No. 610 ; below this a diagonal See Leader Scott s Cathedral Builders, p. 52. There is a horizontal frieze or band of sculpture built into the wall at the level of the top of the round arch of the doorway. On this frieze to the right is a peacock and the eagle catching fish. ^ This part of the slab was probably buried in the ground when it stood in the churchyard. 240 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. key-pattern No. 967 ; and at the bottom spiral ornament No. 1054. On the back- ground of the cross to the left of the shaft near the top, the mirror (?) symbol partly defaced ; on the right tlie serpent and Z-shaped rod symbol, and below it the bird symbol. The interlaced-work on the top panel of the shaft of the cross affords a good example of a pattern derived from an eight-cord plait by making cruciform breaks in the middle. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (v(d. i. pi. 71, No. 2); and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculphircd Momiments of the Count u of Angus (pi. 3). St Vigeans No. 3 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, 7 inches high Ijy 8 inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 254) — Front. — A portion of the double disc and X "Shaped rod symbol (the disc which remains being ornamented with a meandering band like that on some of the shields of the Bronze Age). This stone has been described and illustrated in the Pror. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. pi. 33, No. 12, and Fig. 254. — Fragment of an upright cross-slab .sculi)tured in relief, at .St A igeans (No. 3). (b) St Vigeans No. 4 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of Old Red .Sandstone, of rectangular shape, 8 inches high by 11 inches long Ijy 2| inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 255a and 255b) — Fig. 255a. — Front. Fig. 255ii. — Back. Portion of an upright cross-slab soul[)tured in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 4). (C) Front. — In the middle of the slab a cross of shape No. 99a or No. 102a, the to)) arm ornamented with a diagonal key-pattern No. 932, and the quadrant of the ring connecting the arms, on the left, with diagonal key-pattern No. 924. On the back- ground of the cross at the left-hand upper corner of the slab is a triquetra knot No. 798, double-beaded. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 241 Back . — At the right-hand upper corner of the slab on the left a figure of an ecclesiastic (?) in a cowl or peaked hood, and behind him on the right a pastoi’al staff and the double-disc symbol. The association of the double-disc symbol with the crozier and the figure in the peaked hood seems to suggest that there is some obvious connection between them ; as also between the ecclesiastics or saints and the symbols on the stones at Dunfal- landy and St Madoes, Perthshire. This stone has been desciibed and illustrated in the Froc. Boc. Ant. Boot. (vol. ix. pi. 33, No. 14, and p. 497). St Vigeans No. 5 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of rectangular shape, 1 foot high by 10^^ inches wide by 2i- inches thick, sculptured m relief on one face thus (fig. 256) — Fig. 256. — Fragment of upright cross-slab with sculpture in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 5). (J.) Back . — At the top the stepped or rectangular (?) symbol (ornamented with vesica-shaped lines and small double spirals, as on the stones at Strathmartine No. 3, Forfarshire, and Monymusk, Aberdeenshire) ; and at the bottom the double-disc and X -shaped rod symbol (the discs being ornamented with a meandering band). This stone has been described by the Eev. W. Duke, and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxii. p. 144). St Vigeans No. 6 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sand- PART III. -2 H 242 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. stone, of nearly rectangular shape but expanding upwards, 4 inches high by 10 inches long by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 257 a and 257 b) — Fig. 257a. — Front. Fig. 257ii. — Bat’k. Fragment of upright cross-slab with sculpture in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 6). (T) Front . — At the top a border of square key-pattern^ No. 899, and below it a panel containing interlaced-work of the same kind as Nos. 587 and 587a. Back . — The middle part of the double-disc 'and Z-shaped rod symbol (the discs being each ornamented with four raised bosses of spiral work No. 1096, on a back- grotmd of trumpet-shaped expansions and vesica-shaped spots as in the best Celtic illuminated MSS., and on the enamelled handles and mountings of the metal bowls of the “ Late-Celtic ” and Anglo-Saxon periods). This stone has been described by the Rev. AY. Duke, and illustrated in the Proc. Boc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxii. p. 145). AA7oodwray. — The site of the old castle of AYoodwray- is situated nearly in the bottom of the valley of the river South Esk on the S. side, 5 miles N. of Aldbar 1 The Rev. A\^. Duke refers to this as “certain incised lines on its edge, which were probably a portion of an Ogham inscription, but so much defaced as to be illegible.” Proc. Sac. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxii. p. 146). Spelt “ AAmodwrae ” on the Ordnance Map. 1 :. Fig. 258a. — Front. Upright cross-slab, sculptured in relief, formerly at tVoodwray, now at Abbotsford. (J). From a Photograph by Mr Ale.xr. A. luglis. Vage 243. Xd. LI. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— FORFARSHIRE. 243 : Road railway station, and 2 miles N. of Aberlemno (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). The symbol-bearing slab was found whilst clearing away the foundatifjns of the old castle of Woodwray, in the floor of the kitchen, and was afterwards removed to Sir Walter Scott’s house at Abbotsford, where it now stands in the garden. It is an upright cross-slab of Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but tapering upwards and having a projection at the top), 5 feet 9 inches high by 3 feet 4 inches wide at the bottom and 2 feet 9 inches wide at the top by 5 inches thick, sculptured on two faces thus (tigs. 258a and 258b)' — Front . — The whole slab is enclosed within an ornamental frame, not divided into separate panels, but with variations in the pattern as follows : — (1) horizontally along the top of the slab and continued vertically down the middle as far as the top arm of the cross, spiral-work No. 1048 ; (2 and 3) vertically down the left and right edges of the slab at the top, triangular interlaced-work No. 723 ; (4 and 5) vertically down the left and right edges opposite the ends of the horizontal arms of the cross, interlaced-work No. 653 ; and (6 and 7) vertically down the left and right edges at the bottom, interlaced-work No. 610. In the middle of the slab is a cross of shape No. 101 with the ends of the arms slightly expanded, and the ornament which was upon it entirely effaced. Below the bottom arm is what may either be looked upon as the shaft of the cross or as part of the frame round the slab. It is not divided into separate panels, but the ornament is varied as follows: — (1) at the top, interlaced-work of the same kind as Nos. 640 to 644 ; (2) Ijelow this, a square key-pattern (No. 914) merging into the interlaced-work above in an ingenious manner, and having knot (No. 661) at the bottom left-hand corner to balance a similar knot at the right-hand upper corner ; and (3) at the bottom, spiral-work No. 1059. The background of the cross is divided into four panels containing at the left- hand upper corner of the slab a pair of serpents twisted together and biting each other’s bodies; (2) at the right-hand upper corner of the slab, a monster (fig. 258c) with four legs and a tail terminating in a serpent’s head,^ swallowing a man (probably intended for Jonah and the Whale, as on the stone at Dunfallandy, Perthshire); (3) at the lower left-hand corner, a pair of four-legged beasts placed symmetrically opposite each other in reversed positions, with their fore-paws crossed over each other’s bodies and biting each other’s hind legs ; and below them a long-necked creature with its head in the open mouth of a beast ; and (4) at the lower right-hand corner a long-necked beast with goggle eyes (like that on the stone at Meigle No. 5, 1 A chimsera (with its name inscribed) sculptured on Geneva Cathedral has a tail ending in a serpent’s head (see J. I). Blavignac’s Hist, of Sacred Architecture (pi. 73) ; on the Norman font in Lincoln Cathedral a griffin is represented with a serpentine tail ; and on the Norman font at Hook Norton, Oxon., a beast with two fore-legs and fins like a fish, which may be intended for a whale, is provided with a similar appendage (see J. R. Allen’s Christian Symbolism, pp. 365 and 370). 244 EARLY CHRISTIAN -MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. i'erthshire) ; below this a beast of prey with tail teniiiuating in a serpent’s head, holding a dead heast in its mouth by a hind leg, and at the bottom, part of the head of a beast. Back . — Divided into two panels containing (1) at the top of the slab on the left Fig. 258ii. — Back. Upright cross-slab sculptured in relief, from Woodwray, now at Abbotsford. (yV) a horseman galloping along, and on the right behind him the double-disc symbol above and the rectangular step symbol (ornamented with vesica-shaped figures as on the stones at St Vigeans No. 5, Strathmartine No. 3, Forfarshire, and Monymnsk, .\berdeenshire) ; (2) below this at the left-hand upper corner of the panel a man on DESCKIPTIVK LIST OF 310NUMENTS — FORFAHSHIRE. 245 horseback, to the right behind liiiu traces of the head of a horse and the fore-part of an animal ; and (2 a) on a fragment broken off from the lower part of this face on the left a bnll above, and below it a reptile or sea monster on the back of a beast which it is seizing by the neck ; the tail of the reptile is interlaced with the two hind legs of the beast, and the body of the beast is ornamented with a double spiral. Fi". 258c. — Panel over right arm of cross with monster swallowing a man. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculi^tured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 98). CLASS 111. Aldbar. — Aldbar Castle is situated 3 miles S.W. of Brechin railway station on the S. side of the valley of the river South Esk. The castle stands on the west edge of a steep ravine with a small stream at the bottom of it which runs in a northerly direction into the river South Esk. The carriage-drive up to the castle is on the E. side of this ravine (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). Two sculptured stones belonging to Class III. are preserved within a small mortuary chapel situated in a most romantic position right at the bottom of the wooded glen below the castle and about a quarter of a mile to the north of it. The chapel is built on the foundations of the ancient church, the lower 4 feet of the old walls being incorporated in the new ones. It is a small rectangular building of red sand- stone. The moulding of one of the windows seems to be of the Early English period. Dr J. Stuart states that one of the stones now in the chapel at Aldbar stood originally in the burial-ground of the old church, and that it was afterwards removed to Aldbar Castle. The other stone with the Virgin and Child upon it is described by Dr 4. Stuart as having been found at Brechin, but is now at Aldbar. Tlie first of these monuments is an upright cross-slab of Old Bed Sandstone of a EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. :24G pinkish colour, of nearly rectangular shape hut expanding upwards, and with a petli- ment at the top, 5 feet G inches high by 1 foot lOi- inches wide at the top, and 1 foot 7 inches wide at the l)ottoni by 5 indies thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 259a and 259r.) — Front— \w the middle and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of .shape No. 99a, terminating at the liottom in a base taking the form of a hollow rectangle. The head and shaft of the cross are ornamented with a six-cord plait, having one or DESCRllTrVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 247 two breaks in the centre of the liead; the four quadrants (d‘ the ring connecting the arms with a square key-pattern No. 892 ; and tlie rectangular base with a squax’e key- pattern No. 908. The background of the cross is divided into nine })anels containing (1 and 2) on the left and right of the top arm of the cross a pair of beasts much defaced ; (3, 4, 5 and 6) in tlie angles between the arms and the connecting ring, no sculpture ; (7 and 8) on the left and right of the shaft, a pair of ecclesiastics or saints in long vestments with a semicircidur hollow in the liem at the Ixjttcnn, holding books in their right hands and with their feet resting on a horizontal l)ar, pex’haps intended for the footboard of a throne or episcopal chair; (9) in the middle of the rectangular base, no sculpture. Back. — A single panel containing at the top of the slab a ])air of enthroned ecclesiastics or saints (as on the stone at St Vigeans No. 11, Forfarshire); Itelow this on the left David rending the Lion’s jaw, and on the left Ids symbols, the shepherd’s staff, the harp, and a horned sheej) (as on the stone at Nigg, lioss-shire) ; then further down a liorseman armed with a circular shield; and at the bottom a Ijeast with a doul)le set of legs, perliaps a conventional way of representing two beasts abreast of each other. This stone has lieen described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scot - land (vol. i. pi. 82); and in 1*. (’halmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the Couidy nf Any us (\)\. 2). Benvie. — The old churchyard with the ruined church of Renvie is situated chxse to tlie border between Forfarshire and Perthshire, 2 miles N.W. of Invergowrie railway station, and 5| miles W. of Dundee (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). The sculptured stone stands in the old cliurchyard. It is an upright cross-slal) of Old Red Sandstone, of rectangular shape, 3 feet high liy 1 foot 11 inches wide by from oh to 5 inches thick, sculptured in relief on 4 faces thus (tigs. 260 A, B, c, D) — Front . — In the middle and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 101a ; divided into five panels, containing (1) on the top arm of the cross a serpen- tine creature with its body interlaced so as to form knot No. 378; (2 and 3) on the left and right arms a pair of serpentine creatures with their liodies interlaced, so as to form knot No. 269 ; (4) on the shaft a serpentine creature with its body interlaced, so as to form a four-cord plait; (5) on the centre of the head no sculpture except a small lozenge with concave sides in the middle. The background of the ci’oss is divided into four panels with a bead moulding round the edge, terminating in little spirals in the hollows between the arms, and containing (1 and 2) on the left and right of the top arm a pair of four-winged angels or cherubim (like that on the stone at Kirrienniir No. 4, Forfarshire, with circular discs at the tops of the wings) ; (3 and pEH Upi'iglit cross-slab with sculpture in relief, at Benvie. (^.) DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 24 ^ 4) on the left and right of tlie sliaft, pairs of beasts twisted together and with the tnfts of hair on the body indicated conventionally in the same way as on the stone at Invergowrie No. 1, Forfarshire. Back. — Divided into two panels surronnded by a bead moulding, and the upper one by an inner border of square key-pattern No. 887, containing (1) at the top of the slab a warrior on horseback ^ armed with a circular shield, a sword and spear, and a dog running beside his horse ; (2) at the bottom, another warrior on horseback armed with a circidar shield, a sword, and spear, and having a helmet with a nasal (as on the stone at Aberlemno No. 2). Both the warriors have heavy moustaches (as on the cross at Dupplin, Perthshu'e), and the upper one is bareheaded and has curly locks. Bujht Side. — A pair of sei’pentine creatures with their bodies interlaced, so as to form a four-cord plait, having a vertical break in two places (No. 513) and with their tails in each other’s mouths. Left Side. — A square key-pattern No. 887. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scididured Stories of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 126). Brechin. — Brechin Cathedral is situated a quarter of a mile W. of Brechin railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). Two sculptured stones belonging to Class III. have been found here. No. 1 was dug up in a garden, formerly a portion of an ancient churchyard, near the Cathedral, and is now in the chapel at Aldbar. No. 2 is preserved in the Cathedral. Besides these there is No. 3, the sculptured doorway of the Eound Tower adjoining the Cathedral. No. 1 is an upright cross-slab of Old Bed Sandstone of a pinkish colour, of rectangular shape, 3 feet 2 inches high by 3 feet wide by 6|- inches thick, with upper and lower edges and the back broken away, sculptured in relief on three faces and with an incised inscription on one face thus (fig. 261) — Front. — In the middle and extending to the top, bottom, and two sides of the slab an equal-armed Latin cross (shape No. 96), divided into four panels thus : (1) in a cir- cular medallion in the centre, surrounded by a pelleted or jewelled frame, the Virgin and Child, with an explanatory inscription in angular Hiberno-Saxon minuscules as follows — ^ maria, mr. (Saint Mary the Mother of Christ) ; (2) on the top arm, a bird, probably intended for the Holy Dove ; (3 and 4) on the left and right arms, a pair of angels supporting the circular aureole surrounding the Virgin 1 The straps supporting the shield should be noticed, and also the peculiar way of treating the eye (as on the stone at Kirriemuir No. 3). PART III. 2 1 •250 EART.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND, and Child; (5) on the bottom arm, two saints with the nimbus round the head, the one on the left holding the key of St Peter (?), and the other on the right with his hand upraised palm outwards. The background of the cross is divided into four panels containing (1 and 2) on the left and right of the top arm of the cross the lower parts of a pair of winged figures, probably two of the symbols of the Four Evangelists; (3) on the left of the bottom arm, the eagle symbol of St John the Evangelist; and (4) the lion symbol of St Mark. Right Side . — In a panel corresponding to the end of the right arm of the cross, a human figure standing. Fig. ' 261 . — Upright cross-slab with scul]>ture in relief ami minuscule inscription incised, from Brechin, now at Aldbar. Left Side . — In a panel corresponding to the end of the left arm of the cross, a human figure standing. We are indebted to the kindness of Mr Chalmers of Aldbar Castle for having procured the photograph of the Brechin Stone, here reproduced, which was taken by his daughter Miss Chalmers. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 138). No. 2 is a recumbent coped monument of Old Bed Sandstone, of semi- elliptical cross-section, 4 feet 9 inches long by 1 foot 6 inches wide by 9 inches high. Fig. 262a. — The ornament in outline. “ Fig. 262b. Recumbent coped monument with sculpture in relief, at Brechin (No. 2). 252 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. sculptured in relief on the two rounded surfaces on each side of the central ridge or axis thus (figs. 262 a and 262 b) — Tof . — At the head of the monuinent a human face with large eyes ; further down towards the foot on each side of the ridge, strap-work ornament of Scandinavian type ; next, on each side of the ridge pairs of dragonesque beasts and serpents looped and inter- laced; and at the foot of the monument, pairs of ecclesiastics with books and croziers. This stone has been described and illustrated in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Scvlj)tured Momiments of the County of Angus (pi. 13); and l)y the late Mr J. Russell Walker, F.S.A. Scot., in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xix. p. 409, from which the figure is here reproduced). No. 3 is the doorway of the Round Tower adjoining the Cathedral. It has a semicircular head and sloping jambs, with a marginal frame 1 foot 3 inches wide, ornamented with rows of pellets on the inside and oiitside, round the whole. The opening is 6 feet inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide at the top and 1 foot 10 inches wide at the bottom. There are six pieces of sculpture in relief round the doorway: (1) at the top in the centre the Crucifixion treated in the ancient Byzan- tine fashion, with the limbs unbent and the head erect ; (2 and 3) on each side of the jambs, at a height of 2 feet above the sill, a pair of ecclesiastics with the nimbus round the head, holding croziers (the one held by the ecclesiastic on the right being Tau-headed); (4 and 5) on the left and right of the sill below the doorway a pair of beasts with their tails ciirled up under the body, and what looks like the leg of a man coming oiit of the mouth of the beast on the left ; and (6) in the centre of the sill a lozenge-shaped piece of ornament defaced. This doorway has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scul2)t2t7'cd Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 1) ; and in Dr J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times (p. 40). Camuston. — Panmure House is situated 4 miles N. of Carnoustie railway station and 2 miles E. of Monikie railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 49). The sculptured cross popularly called Camus’ Stone, or the Cross of Camuston, now stands on a grassy knoll in the middle of the avenue leading from Panmure House to the Panmure Monument, a prominent landmark on the top of the hill a little over 500 feet above sea-level. The cross is a few hundred yards to the east of the Panmure Monument. It is a free-standing cross of Old Red Sandstone, 6 feet 6 inches high by 2 feet 9-]- inches in diameter across the arms and 1 foot 6 inches wide at the bottom of the shaft, tapering to 1 foot 5 inches wide at the top of the shaft and 1 foot 2^ inches wide at the top of the upper arm of the cross by 8 inches wide at the bottom and 7 inches wide at the top, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (figs. 263 A, B, c, D.) — 254 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front. — A cross of shape No. 101 a, divided into three panels containing (1) on the top and two side arms of the cross the Crucifixion with the spear- and sponge- bearers on either side,^ much defaced ; (2) on the top of the lower part of the shaft a Sagittarius ; and (3) at the bottom of the shaft scrolls of foliage. Back. — The cross divided into three panels containing (1) on the top and two side arms Christ in Glory, with the nimbus round the head, holding a book in the left hand and giving the benediction with the right, there being an angel bowing down in adoration at each side ; (2 and 3) on the shaft pairs of ecclesiastics, or perhaps the four Evangelists holding books, and with the nimbus round the head. Right and Left Sides. — Scrolls of foliage. This cross has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 87); and in P. Chalmers’ Sculptured Mommients of the County of Angus (pi. 19). Inchbrayock. — The old burial-ground of luchbrayock is situated on the south side of Eossie Island, at the mouth of the river South Esk, three quarters of a mile S. of Montrose railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). Besides the symbol-bearing slab belonging to Class II. already described, two other sculptured stones belonging to Class III. have been found here. No. 2 was found in 1857, and is now in Montrose Museum ; and No. 3 is kept at the Manse of Craig, a mile and a half S.W. of Montrose railway station. No. 2 is the upper part of an iipright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone of rect- angular shape, 1 foot high by 1 foot 1 inch wide by 3 inches thick, broken away at the bottom and fixed in a modern stone base, and sculptured on two sides thus (figs. 264 A, B) — Upriglit cross-slab with sculjAuie in relief, formerly at luchbrayock (No. 2), now in Montrose Museum. (^. ) 1 These figures are curiously bent or huddled up to fit the space, as in several Irish representations of the Crucifixion. Fig. 264.\. — Froi^. Fig. 264ii. — Back. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 255 Front . — A cross of shape No. 98 a, not divided into panels, and ornamented with interlaced-work No. 601. The background of the cross is divided into four panels con- taining (1 and 2) on the left and right of the top arm of the cross two of the four evangelistic symbols with the bodies of winged men and the heads of the symbolic beasts; and (3 and 4) on the left and right of the bottom arm sculpture broken away. Baxk . — A man on horseback armed with a circular shield and sword. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scu,lphi,red Stones of Scot- la>id (vol. ii. pi. 2). No. 3 is the middle part of an upright slab of Old Red Sandstone, of rectangular shape, 1 foot 1^ inch high by 1 foot wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 265)— Fig. 265. — Slab .sculptured with figures in relief from Inclibrayock (No. 3), now at Craig Manse. Front . — At the top on the left, a large four-legged beast followed by a man on horseback and a hound on the right ; and below, another man on horseback holding a spear in his right hand, chasing a deer with a hound. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Invergowrie. — The old ruined church of luvergowrie is situated a short dis- tance to the N. of Invergowrie railway station, and 34 miles W. of Dundee (Ordnance IMap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). There are two sculptured stones here belonging to Class III., built into a window opening of the old church, one above the other. No. 1 is an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone of nearly rectangular shape but expanding upwards, 2 feet 9 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide at the top and 256 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 1 foot 4^ inches wide at the bottom, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 26 Ga and 266 b) — Front . — The slab is surrounded by a border of square key-pattern No. 887, within which in the middle and extending the full length of the slab is a cross of shape No. 99a, not divided into panels, and ornamented with a six-cord plait having breaks in places. The four quadrants of the ring connecting the arms are ornamented with a square key-pattern No. 887. The background of the cross is divided into eight panels containing (I and 2) on the left and right of the top arm, diaper key- pattern No. 995 ; (3, 4, 5 and 6) in the hollows between the arms and the connecting ring, no sculpture; (7) on the left of the shaft a diagonal key-pattern No. 937 ; and (8) on the right of the shaft a diagonal key-pattern No. 932. Back . — The whole slab is surrounded by a border of square key-pattern No. 887 and divided into two panels containing (I) at the top, three ecclesiastics (?), the one in the middle holding a book in his right hand and a remarkable object (looking like a circular ring or disc suspended by two vertical cords from a horizontal bar) in his left ; and those on each side holding books (one with the right hand and the other with the left), and having on their shoulders discs marked with an equal-armed cross and (2) at the bottom a pair of beasts placed symmetrically facing outwards, with their bodies and hind legs crossed, their ears or crest on the top of the head interlaced, and with their tails in each other’s mouths. The jaws are provided with formidable teeth, and the bodies outlined and ornamented with conventional curved lines representing tufts of hair (as on the stone at Benvie, fig. 260a). This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculi^tured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 88) ; and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 22). No. 2 is the middle part of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of rectangular shape, 1 foot 5 inches high by 1 foot 5 inches wide, sculptured ill relief on two faces (as shown on the upper part of figs. 266a and 266b) thus — Front . — In the middle, a cross of shape No. 98a, ornamented with an eight-cord plait, and with defaced ornament on the four quadrants of the ring connecting the arms. On two of the panels of the background of the cross are (I) on the left of the bottom arm, the head of a beast; and (2) on the right, part of a rectangular object with a handle. Back . — The lower part of one panel and the upper part of another, containing (I) at the top, the lower halves of the figures of two men and an angel ; and (2) the ^ A figure with similar crosses on the shoulder occurs on the metal hell-shrine from Templecross, County Meath, called the “ Corp Naomh” or Holy Body, now in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy in Dublin (see Dr W. Frazer, M.R.I.A., on “Patrick’s Crosses,” in the Jour. Roy. Soc. Ant. of Ireland, 5th series, vol. ix. p. 35). DESCKTPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS -FOUFARSHIRE. 257 upper half of the figure of a man on horseback armed with a round shield, a sword, and a spear. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 89) ; and in P. (diaimers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 22). Kingoldrum. — The church of Kingoldrum is situated 4 miles W. of Kirriemuir railway station (Ordnance iMap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 56). Besides the symbol-bearing slab belonging to Class IL, already described, two other sculptured stones were found here in pulling down the old church, which are both in the National IMuseum of Anti(]uities at Edinl)urgh, namely. No. 2 (Catal. IB. 40) and No. 3 (Catal. IB. 41). No. 2 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of rect- angular shape, 3 feet 3 inches high l>y 2 feet wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Fig. 267. — Upright cross-slab with ornamented cross in relief, from Kingoldrum (No. 2). Front. Front. — A cross of shape No. 101a, divided into five panels, containing PART HI. 2 K 258 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. (I) in the centre of the liead, a triple spiral; (2, 3, 4 and 5) on the arms, key-pattern No. 987. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 49) ; and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Scidptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 20). No. 3 is a fragment of Old Red Sandstone, of irregular triangular shape, 9 inches high by 8 inches wide, sculptured in relief on two faces thus — Front. — Part of a Maltese cross. Back. — Part of a Crucifixion, with a very rude representation of the crucified figure (fig. 268). Fi". 268. — Part of slab with incised Crucifixion, from Kingoldrum (No. 3). (^.) This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 93); and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 20). Kirriemuir. — The town of Kirriemuh- is situated 6 miles N.W. of Forfar (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 56). Besides the two symbol-bearing slabs belonging to Class II., already described, there are three other sculptured stones belonging to Class III., namely. Nos. 3 and 4, which were discovered in the foundations of the old church when it was pulled down in 1787, and are now in the new cemetery on the N. side of the town; and No. 5, which stands in the churchyard. No. 3 is the low’er part of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. Oi •259 Upright cross-slal) sculptured in relief, at Kirriemuir (No. 3). 260 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. rectangular shape, 2 feet 2 inches high by I foot 8 inches wide by 4-^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on three sides thus (figs. 269 A, B, c) — Front . — A cross of shape No. 98a, not divided into panels, ornamented with interlaced-work 1 No. 601. The two remaining panels of the background contain (1) on the left of the shaft of the cross, a serpentine creature with a head at either end and the body forming double-beaded interlaced-work No. 568 ; and (2) on the right of the shaft a similar piece of zoomorphic interlaced-work to that on the left, except that the body forms a four-cord plait. Bach — The lower part of a panel with a border of square key-pattern No. 887 round it, and containing at the top the feet and head of a horse and the point of the spear carried by the horseman ; and below, a second horseman armed with a round shield and a sword and spear, and having the peculiar keyhole-shaped eye which occurs on the stone at Benvie, Forfarshire; in front of the horseman, on the left, is a dog, and behind him, on the right, a piece of interlaced-work. Left Side. — Interlaced-work No. 568 (fig. 269c). This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 44). No. 4 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of Old Eed Sandstone, of rectangular shape, 2 feet high by 1 foot 6 inches wide by 3 inches thick, with Fig. 270. — Upright cross-slab sculptured in relief, at Kirriemuir (No. 4}. (b) the back and left side broken away, but sculptured in relief on the two remaining faces thus (fig. 270) — ^ The evolution of interlaced-work No. 601 from a six-cord plait is here clearly seen, as the knot at the top of the shaft shows the intermediate stage No. 533. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 2G1 Front . — On the right edge, a vertical border of square key -pattern No. .S87, and in the middle of the slab, an angel with the wings treated conventionally in the same remarkable manner as on the stone at Benvie, Forfai’slnre, and witli a I)order of square key-pattern No. 887 along tlie hem of the dress at the bottom. Right Side . — Part of a three-cord plait, douhle-l)eaded. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. ])1. 13). No. 5 is an uj)right cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but tapering slightly upwards, 1 foot 0 inches high by 1 foot 4 inches wide at'- the bottom, and 1 foot 21 inches wide at the top by 31 inches wide at the bottom, and 3 inches wide at the top, scidptured in relief on two faces thus (tigs. 271a and 271b)— Front . — The top and twm vertical edges of the slab ornamented with a border of square key-pattern No. 887, within which is a cross of shape No. lOlA, unsculptured except for a moulding or incised outline round the cross. The background of the cross is divided into four panels, containing (1 and 2) on the left and right of the to]> arm of the cross, knot No. 214, both facing to the right ; and (3 and 4) on the left and right of the bottom arm of the cross, a pair of knots No. 214, one facing upwards and the other facing downwards. Back . — The same as the front, except that the Ijorder round the slab is plain, and the four panels of the background of the cross contain knot No. 214, in all cases facing upwards. This stone has not been previously illustrated or described. 262 EARLY CHRTSTI 2 VN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Lethnott. — The church of Lethuott is situated 7 miles N.W. of Brechin railway station, beyond the great prehistoric stone fortresses of the brown and white Caterthnn (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). The sculptured stone was found in 1884 whilst repairing the floor of the church, and is now in the National IVIuseum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh (Catal. IB. 132). It is a fragment of a cross of Old Bed Sandstone, 9 inches high l)y 4 inches wide by 2 inches thick, .sculptured in relief on one face, and inscribed on one face thus — Fig. 27-2a.— Front. Fig. 272b.— Back. Fragment of cross witli sculpture in relief and incised inscription, at Lethnott. Front. — ^V,t the top, t)rnament defaced; below this, spiral-work No. 1109; and at the bottom, interlaced-work No. 630 a. Bacli . — An incised inscription in the Latin language and in Hiberno-Saxon capi- tals (mixed with a few letters of minuscule form) in three horizontal lines as follows : — DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 2(53 F I L I I M E d I C I 1 (The Cross of . , . the Son of Aledicius This stone has l)een described by Mr Hew Morrison, F.S.A. Scot., and illustrated in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xix. p. .315). Menmuir. — The church of Menmuir is situated 6 miles N.W. of Brechin rail- way station, and lA- S.W. of the White Caterthun fort. The two sculptured stones here, belonging to Class III., are lying against the N. wall of the church, within the railings of the burying-grouud of the Carnegies of Balnaiuoon, descendants of the laird of whom Dean Eamsay tells so many good stories. Fig. 273a.— Front. Upright cross-slab with sculpture Fig. 273b. — Back. in relief, at Menmuir (No. 1). (A.) No. 1 is an upright cross-slab of Old Bed Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but with slightly convex sides, 3 feet 5 inches high by 1 foot 6^ inches wide by 4h to 6 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. A, b) — 2G4 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front. — In the middle, and extending within 5 inclies of the bottom of the slab (this part being buried in the ground when the stone was standing), a cross of shape No. 101a, divided into five panels, containing (1) in the centre of the head of the cross, sculpture defaced ; (2, 3 and 4) on the top and two side arms, a key-pattern too irregular to be classified; and (5) on the shaft, sculpture defaced, except near the bottom, where a piece of irregular plait-work remains. The background of the cross is divided into four panels, containing (1 and 2) on the left and right of the top arm, no sculpture ; (3) on the left of the shaft, no sculpture ; and (4) on the right of the shaft, the figure of an ecclesiastic (?). Back. — At the left-hand upper corner of the slab, a curious coiled-up fish-monster with a large circular eye ; below this, in the middle, a warrior on horseback armed with a circular shield and a sword ; behind the horseman, to the right, a beast with its legs doubled up undenieath its body ; and at the bottom, a second horseman armed with a cix’cular shield, behind the horseman is a figure on foot holding up a staff, or club-like object. This stone has Ixeen described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stories of Scotland {yo\. i. pi. 92); and in R. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 17). No. 2 is a fragment of Old Red Sandstone, of rectangular shape at the top, and with a truncated conical tenon projecting from the bottom, 1 foot 2|- inches high by 1 foot inch wide by 24 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 274a and 274b)— Front. — A rectangular panel suiTounded by a Ixorder of square key-pattern No. 899, and containing a man on horseback. Back. — The lower part of the figure of a man. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Fig. 274.\. — Front. Fig. 274b. — Back. Fragment with tenon, scul])tured in relief, at Menmuir (No. 2). {\.) DESCKIPTIVP: list of xMONUilEXTS — FORFAESHTEE. 2G5 Svctland (vol. i. pi. 132); ami in 1*. Clmlinevs’ Ancient Sculptured Monumeuts of the County of Anyus (pi. 17). Monifieth. — IMonifieth cluuch is situated | mile X.E. of Moiiitieth railway station (Ordnance i\[ap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 49). Besides the three symbol-bearing slabs belonging to Class II., already described, there is a sculptured stone belonging to Class 111. which was discovered in the founda- tions of the old parish church, and is now in the Xational Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh, namely, Xo. 4 (Catal. IB. 25). No. 4 is the shaft of a free-standing cross of Old Red Sandstone, 3 feet 10 inches high by 11 inches wide by 7 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (tigs. 275 A, 15, c, ii) — Front. — Divided into four panels, containing (1) at the top, the lower part of the body of the crucified Saviour (clad in a tunic and with the legs unbent according to the ancient Byzantine way of treating the subject) with SS. John and Mary on each side ; (2) bidow this, a pair of saints (?) or ecclesiastics (?) ; (3) next, a pair of men holding horns in their right hands ; and (4) at the bottom. King David (?) seated on a chair or throne playing a harp. Back. — One panel, containing at the top circular interlaced-work Xo. 696, and at the bottom a beast with an outlined body and the neck bent biting its back.^ Faght Side. — One panel, containing at the top interlaced-work No. 566, and at the bottom a beast doultled up with its tail between its legs. Left Side. — One panel, containing at the top interlaced-work Xo. 661, and at the bottom a reptilian creature. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 80, Xo. 1) ; and in B. Chalmei's’ Ancient Sc^dptured Monuments of the County of An gtis (pi. 13). Murroes. — The church of iilurroes is situated 1 mile Vk. of Kingennie railway station (Ordnance i\Iap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 49). The sculptured stone was found in the course of levelling the churchyard in 1896, and is now in the Xational Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. It is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of Old Bed Sandstone, of irregular 6-sided shape, 1 foot 2 inches high by 1 foot 4 inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — 1 Beasts with the bodies outlined in this way are found on the crosses in the Isle of Man and on pre-Xorman stones in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and Northamp- tonshire. They probably belong to the Viking period, and indicate a comparatively late date, he., after a.d. 900. PART III. S> L 2(36 EAPvLY CHKT8TTAN MONUMENTS OF SOOTLAND. Front . — To the left, a portion of the sliaft of a cross onianieuted with a pair of fish-monsters or serpentine creatures placed facing each other, and their tails forming a piece of looped interlaced-work tilling the circular spaces between their bent bodies (as on the cross-slal) at Shandwick, Itoss-shire). On the background of the cross, to the right of the shaft, the middle part of a beast in a crouching posture. Fig. 276. — Fiagiueiit of upriglit cro.ss-slab with sculpture in relief, from Murroes. This stone has been described by Dr d. Anderson, and illustrated in W\eProc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxi. p. 298). Strathmartine. — Strathmartine church is situated | mile N. of Baldragon rail- way station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). Besides the symbol stone belonging to Class I. and the five symbol-hearing slabs Itelonging to Class II., several other sculptured stones belonging to Class III. have been found here, and after being kept some time at Baldovan House (1 mile E. of Baldragon railway station) have since disappeared. No. 7 was a fragment of Old Bed Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, sculp- tured in relief on one face thus — Front . — A l)east-headed man carrying a cross of the Bussian kind, with double horizontal arms, over his right shoulder. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scot- land (vol. i. pi. 138). It is not known what has become of it. No. 8 was the end of the arm of a free-standing cross of Old Bed Sandstone, 10^ inches high by 1 foot wide by 4| inches thick, bordered by a rope moulding and sculp- tured in relief on three faces thus (figs. 277 a, b, c) — DKSCUIPTIVK LIST OF .MONUMENTS — FORFAKSH I UK. 2G7 Frunt. — Triangular iuterlaced-wurk Xo. 740, douLle-beaded. End. — A man, undrapetl, with his riglit hand on the inside of Ids thigh, and his left on his chin; and below his feet, interlaced-work Xo. 214. Under Side. — Interlaced-work. Arm of a free-standing cross sculptured in relief, formerly at Stratlimartine but now lost, (g.) This stone has l)een illustrated and descriljed in Htwart’s Scnlptur’cd Sfunes of Scot- land (vol. i. pi. 132, and vol. ii. pi. 101, Xo. 2). No. 8a was a fragment of the head of a cross (ay)parently the same one of which Xo. 8 formed part) of Old Red Sandstone, 1 foot G inches high l)y 10 inches wide, by 41 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus — Front . — Part of the t'rucilixion, consisting of tlie right arm of the crucified Saviour, one of the soldiers l)elow with the spear, and the remains of the figure of an angel on the right. Baric . — Traces of spirals iuid interlaced-work. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scothmd (vol. ii. pi. 101, Xo. 1). St Vigeans. — The church of St Vigeaus is situated 11 mile N. of Arbroath railway station (Ordnance ]\Ia]), One-Inch Scale, Sheet 57). Besides the six symbol-hearing slabs belonging to Class II., twenty-three sculp- tured stones belonging to Class III. have been found here, namely: — No. 7, which was standing in the churchyard when described by Dr J. Stuart in 185G, and at the time of the restoration of the church was built into the W. wall of the N. aisle inside; Xo. 8, built into W. wall of X. aisle outside ; Xo. 9, built into luittress at X.W. angle of nave outside; Xo. 10, taken out of foundations of supposed Xorman church during restoration, now broken in two pieces and kept in the tower; Xo. 11, taken out of top of wall of X. clerestory during restoration in two pieces, and now standing- in a wooden frame on the X. side of the porch inside; Xo. 12, found in wall at top of tower during restoration, and now Imilt into W. wall of nave inside; Xo. 13, found during restoration, and now built into W. wall of nave inside; Xo. 14, Fig. 277a. — Front. Fig. 277i!. — End. Fig. 277c. — Underside. EARLY CHRISTIAN 3L0NU.M F:^NTS OK SCOTLAND. 2(38 found during restoration l)roken into three pieces in foundations of K. gahle of nave, and now placed on Hoor of porch inside, two of the pieces joined hy cement; No. 15, found during restoration, and now ljuilt into W. wall of new N. aisle inside, immediately above No. 2; No. IG, found many years ago; afterwards i;sed as footstep for “Drosten” stone, and now standing inside porch on N. side; Nos. 17, 18, 20, 21, and 22, found during restoration, and now placed with Nos. 3 and 4 on stone ledge inside porch on ,S. side; No. 19, found during restoration, and preserved inside tower; Nos. 23 to 28, found during restoration, and preserved inside tower; No. 29, found subsequently forming one of a short bight of steps in the churchyard, and now placed as a lintel over the door of the manse garden. No. 7 is the lower ]>art of an upright cross-slab of (did Red Sandstone, of rect- angular shape, hut cut away at the two sides next the top and at the bottom, 5 feet 6 inches high hy 3 feet wide, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 278) — Front . — A cross of shape No. 101 a (with single spirals on each side of the hollows between the arms) extending the full length of the slab and divided into seven panels, containing (1) in the centre of the head, interlaced-work No. 78G (as at Glaniis dlanse, Forfarshire; and Rossie, Rerthshire) ; (2) on the top arm, interlacetl-work nearly all broken away; (3 and 4) on the left and right arms, a diagonal key-pattern No. 971 ; (5) on the bottom arm, interlaced-work No. G73; (G) on the shaft, spiral-work No. 10G9, with heads of men, birds, and beasts in the centres of the spirals ; and (7) on the base, triangular interlaced-work No. 75G. The background of the cross is divided into four panels, containing (1 and 2) on the left and right of the top arm of the cross, sculpture In’oken away; (3) on the left of the shaft at the top, the lower parts of three figures, the one in the middle appearing as if placed head downwards over a rectangular object, and the ones on each side wearing slippers on their feet and long vestments ; 1 lelow, two monks with tonsured heads and cowls thrown hack, wearing slippers on their feet and long vestments, Ijoth carrying staves in the right hand, and the one behind having a l)ook-satchel slung over his shoulder; and (4) on the right of the shaft at the top, a }>air of enthroned figures holding a circular disc between them, possibly intended for St Raul and St Anthony breaking bread in the desert (as on the cross at Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire); and l)clow, a cow or calf (the body of which is outlined and orna- mented with spirals), with a man kneeling dcnvn in front of it on the left holding a rod in his right hand, and having a scroll-like tongue protruding from his mouth. Back . — The hack of the slab has been also sculptured in relief, and some remains of a cross of about the same size and shape are still traceable, though the scTdpture has been ruthlessly destroyed. This stone has Ijeen described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scnlptarcd Stones of ^ Tlie only other instance on a sculptured stone of this treatment of the centres of the spirals (which is not uncommon in the AISS.) is at Brrnie, Elginshire. 1‘age 20?. Fig. 'iTS. — Front. Upright cross-slab sculptured in relief, at .^t Vigeans (Xo. 7). Xn. LIV. DKSOKIPTIVE LIST OF ^klONUMENTS— FORFAUSH lilE. 2 ()‘) Scotland (vol. i. pi. 70); and in i*. Clialiners’ Ancient Scidptiircd Monuments of the County of Anyus (pi. 0). No. 8 is an oblong narrow slab, or edge of a slab, of Old Red Sandstone, bnilt in the north-west wall of the church with the incised face only exposed, 5 feet G inches long by 10 inches high, scul])tured with incised lines on one face thus (tig. 279) — Fig. 279. — Slab with incised sculpture, at St Vigeans (Xo. 8). (AO Front . — frieze of beasts, representing on the extreme left a stag and a hind followed by a young deer, and being pursued Ijy a dog or other animal with its tongtie lolling out of its mouth; and at the right end of the stone, a bird with an elaborate crest and plumage. 'Phis stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scot- land (vol. i. pi. 72, Xo. 3); and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monumerds (f the County of Anyus (pi. 3). No. 9 is a fragment of the head of a free-standing cross (of shape Xo. 102a) of Old Red Sandstone, 1 foot 1 inch high by 1 foot 10 inches wide, sculptured in relief on three faces thus (fig. 280) — Front . — On the top arm of the cross in the centre, a raised l)oss of conical shape (orna- mented with triangular interlaced-work Xo. 783) surrounded by a sort of escalloped pattern like a fiower with many petals. On the back- ground al>ove the boss is a fish-monster or serpentine creature, the body of which forms interlaced-work Xo. 5GG. Bacd \ — A boss, similar to that on the front, in the centre of the arm on a back- ground of interlaced-work and zoomorj)hs, much defaced. Left Side . — On the outside of the quadrant of the ring connecting the arms of the cross, two bands twisted together with angular bends. Fig. 280. — Part of tlie head of a free-standing cross sculptured in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 9). 270 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stnart’s Sculi^tured Stones of Scot- land (vol. ii. pi. 13). No. 10 is an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, l)ut tapering upwards, and having a pediment at the to}» and a tenon for fitting into a socket at the bottom, 2 feet 1 inch high by 1 foot 2 inches wide at the bottom and 11 inches wide at the top by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (figs. 281a, 281b, 281c, and 281d) — Fiff. 281 a.— F ront. Fig. 281c. — Right side. Fig. 281 n. — Back. Upright cross-slal) sculptured in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 10). (J.) Fig. 281 d. — Left side. Front . — In the centre and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 101a ornamented with interlaced-work composed of knots Nos. 246, 249 and 378. The background of the cross is divided into four panels, containing (I and 2) on the left and right of the top arm, a pair of birds; and (3 and 4) on the left and right of the shaft, within a moulded border, a six-cord plait. Back . — At the top, a crescent-sliaped arch ornamented with a four-cord plait, and beneath it a pair of enthroned figures. lliijht Side. — Interlaced-work composed partly of knot No. 246 and partly of knot No. 249. Left Side . — A square key-pattern No. 888. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ]\10NUMENTS — FORFARSJflKE. •271 This stone has been described and illustrated in the I'roc. Soc. Ant. Hcot. ( vol. ix. ))1. 31, No. 1, and ]). 494). No. 11 is an upright cross-slab of Arbroath pavement, of nearly rectangular shape, but expanding upwards and having an arched top 3 feet 1 inch high by 1 foot 5 inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot 6 inches wide at the to]i by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (tigs. 282a and 282b) — Fig. 282a. — Front. Upright cross-slab with sculpture in relief, at St Vigeans (Xo. 11). (L) Front . — In the middle and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 99a with double spirals at the ends of the arms, divided into five panels, containing (1) on the head of the cross, an eight-cord plait doultle-beaded, the greater part being 272 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMKNTS OF SCOTLAND. defaced; (1a) oii the shaft, a square key-pattern No. 908; and (2, 3, 4 and 5) on the four quadrants of the ring connecting the arms, a square key-pattern No. 908. The background of the cross is divided into six panels, containing (1, 2, 3 and 4) in the hollows between the arms and the connecting ring, no sculpture; (5) on the left of the shaft at the bottom, a saint holding a hook and a triquetra knot No. 798 above his head ; and (6) on the left of the shaft at the bottom, an angel with a triquetra knot No. 798 above the head.^ Baclv . — At the top, a pair of enthroned figures holding floriated sceptres in their right hands and books in their left ; a:id at the bottom, a pair of ecclesiastics (?) (in cloaks with peaked hoods and in vestments with a semicircular hollow in the hem at the bottom) holding staves with large knobs at the top and facing each other. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. pi. 32, No. 2, and p. 495). No. 12 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of rectangular shape but broken away at the top and left side, 2 feet 6 inches high by 11 inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 283) — Front . — In the centre and extending to within 7 inches of the l)ottom of the slab, a cross of shape No. 101a on an arched base (like that on the stone at Fai'.r, Sutherlandshire) ornamented with interlaced-work ^ No. 533, double-beaded on the shaft, and a four-cord plait with occasional breaks on the arched base. The background of the cross is divided into five panels, containing (1 and 2) on the left and right of the toj> arm, sculpture broken away ; (3) on the left of the shaft, scidpture broken away ; (4) on the right of the shaft, a diagonal key- pattern No. 944; and (5) in the middle of the arched base, live small raised bosses. Tliis stone has been described and illustrated in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. pi. 34, No. 3, and p. 498). ^ X > J 1 / Fig. 283.— Uiniglit cross- slab scul])turc(l in No. 13 is a recumbent monument of Old Red Sandstone, {N 0 .V 2 ). of rectangular shape, but broken away at one end and one side, 3 feet G inches long by 1 foot 3 inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 284)— ^ Compare tliese figures with those on the cross of Conbelin at Margam Abbey, Glamorgansbir-e {ArcluBologia Camhrensis, 5tb series, vol. xvi. p. IG). - Tliis also occurs on the side of the large cross-shaft at St Andrews (No. 14); and is the intermediate pattern between a six cord plait and interlaced-work No. COl. (See J. R. Allen in Arc/ncotogia CatnhrenSs, 5th series, vol. xvi. p. 06 .) DESCEIPTTVE LIST OE MONUMENTS — FOUFAKSHIRE. 273 Tof . — A rectangular recessed panel in the centre divided into two panels, con- taining (1) a cross of shape No. 102a beaded round the edge; and (2) a circular medallion ornamented with interlaced- work No. 781, a beast biting his tail, Ijoth his neck and his tail being bent underneath the belly ; and a second cross of shape No. 102a beaded round the edge, with single spirals at the upper corners of the top arm. This recessed panel is surrounded by a border ornamented at each side with a serpentine creature, the body of which forms a four- cord plait with horizontal breaks at intervals in the middle of the plait, biting its tail ; and at the end with interlaced-work No. GOl. This stone is described and illustrated in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. jd. 24, No. 4, and p. 495). No. 14 is a recumbent monument of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but wider at head than at the foot, 5 feet inch long by 1 foot 6 inches wide at one end and 1 foot 2 inches wide at the other, by 7 inches deep, sculptured partly with incised lines and partly in relief on two faces thus (fig. 285)- Top . — At the head of the stone, a border of spiral- work No. 104.3, and next to it a socket for a cross ; extending from this nearly to the foot of the stone, a recessed panel of nearly rectangular shape, with a border of interlaced-work^ No. 553 on each side, and a border of spiral-work No. 1044 along the foot. Fig. 285. — Recumbent monument sculptured in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 14). (jV-) Fig. 284. — Recumbent slab sculp- tured in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 13). (A.) ^ This pattern seems to be peculiar to Perthshire and Forfarshire, and is unknown else- where. PART III. 2 M 274 EARLY CHRISTfAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Side . — Sculpture incised (fig. 285a) representing a man between two beasts (probably intended for Daniel in the Lions’ Den); on the right, a man lying head downwards ; and on the left (not shown in the woodcut), what appear to be the head of a man and a beast (?). Fig. 285a.— Incised sculpture on the side of the recumbent monument, at St Vigeans (No. 14). This stone has been descrilted and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. pi. 31, No. 6, and ]>. 496, and vol. xvi. p. 411). No. 15 is part of the head of a free-standing cross (of shape No. 102a) of Old Red Sandstone, 9|- inches high by 1 foot 2 inches wide across the arms, sculp- tured in relief on one face thus (fig. 286) — Front . — In the centre of the head a quadruple spiral, and on the ends of the three remaining arms a diagonal key-pattern No. 987. This stone has been described in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. p. 496, No. 7), but has not lieen previously illustrated. No. 16 is an erect pillar of Old Red Sandstone, 3 feet 4 inches high by 12 inches wide by 10 inches tliick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 287) — Fig. 286. — Head of free-standing cross sculptured in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 15). (J.) Fig. 287. — Erect pillar sculp- tured in relief, at St Luicu 111 iciici, au o Vigeans (No. 16). (iV') DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUIMFNTS — FORFAllSHIHE. 275 Front . — 111 the ceutre, ;i Latin cross of shape No. 9Ga on a rectangular base, the whole forming one panel containing a diagonal key-pattern No. 9G5 very rudely executed. Tliis stone has been described in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. p. 49G), but has not been previously illustrated. No. 17 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of irre- gular four-sided shape, 1 foot high by 1 foot 1 inch wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 288a and 288b) — Fig. 288a. — Front. Fig. 288b.— Back. Portion of upright cross-slab .sculptured in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 17). (L) Front . — Nearly in the middle, the lower part of the head and the upper part of the shaft of a cross of shape No. 99a, the shaft being ornamented with interlaced- work No. 601. In the background on each side of the shaft is an ecclesiastic holding a book. Bade . — A man on horseback. This stone has been described in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. j). 497, No. 9), but has not been previously illustrated. No. 18 is a fragment of an upright cro.ss-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of irregular four-sided shape, 1 foot 2^- inches high by 1 foot 2 inches wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 289a and 289b) — Front . — In the middle, part of the shaft of a cross ornamented with a square key-pattern No. 914 ; and in the background on each side a serpentine creature, the body of which forms knot No. 249, with its tail in its mouth. Back . — An enthroned figure holding a book with both hands. EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 27 G 'J'his stone has l)een described in tlie Proc. l^oc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. p. 497, No. 10), but lias not lieen pi-evionsly illustrated. Fig. 289 a. — F ront. Fig. 289n, — Back. (jV.) Portion of upright cro.s.s-slab .sculjitured in relief, at St Vigeaiis (No. 18). No. 19 is the left-hand upper corner of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, 1 foot high liy 8 inches wide, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (Hgs. 290 A and b) — Fig 290.V. — Front. Fig. 290n. — Back. Portion of upright cross-slah sculptured in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 19). (L) Front . — The top and left arms of a cross of shape No. lOlA, the top arm being nearly all broken away, and the left arm ornamented with triangular interlaced-work No. 755. Between the arms is a cable moulding, which may be intended for a qua- drant of the circular ring round the head of the cross, and on the background to the left of the top arm is a griffin (?). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 277 Back . — Portions of two panels, containing (1) at the top on the right, a stag with the legs donbled up underneath the body, which is ornamented with conventional spirals. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Froc. Sac. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. pi. 33, No. 11, and p. 497). Red Sandstone, of irregular four-sided shape, 11 inches high by 1 foot 3 inches long by 4^ inches thick, scidptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 291) — Front . — To the right a griffin (?). 'This stone has been described and illus- trated in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. pi. 34, No. 13, and p. 497). No. 21 is a fragment of an upright cross- slab of Old Red Sandstone, of irregular five- sided shape, 7 inches high by 9|- inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (hg. 292) — Front . — Portions of two arms and the quadrant of the connecting ring of a cross of shape No. 99a, ornamented with a diagonal key-pattern too much defaced to be classified. Back . — The head of a horse and a single spiral above. No. 20 is a fragment of Old Fig. 291. — Portion of slab sculptured in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 20). (|.) Fig. 292a.— Front. Fig. 292ii.— Back. Fragment of upright cross-slab carved in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 21). (L) This stone has been described and illustrated in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. pi. .34, No. 16, and p. 498). No. 22 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of rectangular shape but broken away at the top, Ilf inches high by 1 foot 278 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 2 inches wide by 2 inches thick, scnlptm’ed in relief on two faces thus (fig. 293 a and B) — Front . — In the middle, the bottom of the shaft of a cross ornamented with a diagonal key-pattern Xu. 905, Back . — A warrior on horseback armed with a spear. Fig. 293 a. — F ront. Fig. 293ii. — Itick. Upright cross-slab scul]itureil in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 22). (L) This st(me has been described and illustrated in the Frvc. Sue. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. pi. 34, Xo. 17, and p. 49, S). No. 23 is the middle part of an upright cross-slab of (31d lied Sandstone, of rect- angular .shape but chipped nearly all round the edges, 1 foot high Ity 1 foot 2 inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 294) — Front . — The middle part of a cross of shajie Xo. 9 arm of a cross ornamented with interlaced-work. On the l)ackground to the left, the upper part of a beast. Fig. 294. — Portion of upright cross- slab sculptureil in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 23). (^.) DESCRIPTIVE UST OF .MONUMENTS — FORFARSHIRE. 279 'I'his stone has been descrilK'd in the Pruc. Svc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. ]). 498, No. 19), but lias uot been previously illustrated. Fig. 295a. — Front. Fig. 295i!. — Back. Portion of upright cro.s-slah sculptured in relief at .St \'igeans (No. 24). (R) No. 25 is a i'rao'nu'nt of Old Red Sandstone, ot irregular four-sided shape, 1 foot 3 inches high by 1 foot 5 inches wide, sciil])tured in relief on one face thus (fig. 296)- Front . — A man hanging on to the neck of a hor.se or mule. Fig. 296. — Portion of slab sculiitured in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 25). (^.) 'Fig. 297. — Portion of upright cross-slab sculptured in relief, at St Vigeans (No. 26). This stone is described in the Proc. Sac. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. p. 498, No. 20), but has not been previously illustrated. No. 26 is a triangular fragment of Old Red Sandstone, inches high by 4 inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 297) — 280 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front. — Part of the arm of a cross ornamented with a diagonal key-pattern, not enough of which remains to enable it to he classified. This stone has been descril)ed in the Froc. Foe. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. p. 498, No. 27), hut has not Ijeen previously illustrated. No. 27 is a small semicircular fragment of Old Red Sandstone, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front. — A single spiral. This stone has been described in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. p. 498, No. 28), hut has not been illustrated. No. 28 is a small triangular fragment of Old lied Sandstone, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front. — The head of a man. This stone has been described in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix. p. 498, No. 29), but has not been illustraterl. No. 29 is part of a recumbent coped monument of Old Red Sandstone cut into a rectangular shape, 5 feet 11 inches long by 1 foot 9 inches high by 6 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — 2'o2 ). — A row of scales to imitate roofing tiles (as on the coped stone at Meigle, No. 25). This stone has been described by the Rev. W. Duke, and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxii. p. 143). APPENDIX TO FORFARSHIPvE. Metal Object loith SymhoU. Laws, Monifieth. — (A fort, re.semlding a hroch with outworks, situated 400 feet above sea level, 1-| mile E. of Kingennie railway station, and 2 miles N. of Moni- fieth railway station.) A crescent-shaped jilate of bronze was found here some time in the last century, but it is now lost. From a drawing made by Air Charles Roger of Dundee in 179G, it is shown to have had on one side in the middle a V-shaped rod which, when combined with the crescent-shaped plate itself, formed the well-known symbol ; and on the other side in the middle, the double disc and Z-shaped rod, and in the right-hand corner, the beast’s head symbol. The side which bears the V-shaped rod is ornamented with a diaper pattern consisting of squares placed diagonally and liaving a small round pellet in the centre of each, and has a border round the top of the crescent to the left of square key-pattern No. 899. At the left-hand lower corner is a little bit of spiral-work, and to the right of it along the lower border of the crescent, an inscription in later Scandinavian Runes in one line, which reads : — • (G R I) M K I T I L : Th A . . . DESCETPTTVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FORFAKSHTEE. 281 The only ornament on the other side of the plate consists of spiral-work on the discs of the double disc and Z -shaped rod symbol, and at the right hand lower corner of the crescent. Fig. 298.— diverse and reverse of a bronze crescent-shaped plate, with symbols and ornament in relief, found at Laws, Monitieth. Described and illustrated in the Proc. Sor. Ant. Scot. (vol. xiv. p. 268); and in Dr J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times (2iul series, p. 45). Stones with Crosses hut no Ornament. St Vigeans (situated 14 mile N. of Arltroath railway station). There is here preserved in the church a fragment of sepulchral slab of sandstone, with a plain cross of shape No. 101 a, sculptured in relief on one face. Described, but not illustrated, in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. ix.’ p. 498, No. 25). PART III. 2 N •282 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. PERTHSHIRE. CLASS I. Abernethy. — Aberuethy, once the Pictish capital, is situated on the S. of the river Tay, near the point where the river Earn Hows into it. The town is on the S. side of Abernethy railway station, and is 8 miles S.E. of Perth (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). The symbol stone (No. 1) was dug out of the foundation of a house in the town, and is now built into the wing wall of the entrance to Miss Murray’s house, on the E. side of the street leading from the railway station to the Round Tower, a few hundred yards from the tower, and less than j of a mile from the station. Fig. 299. — Stone with incised symbols, at Abernethy. (No. 1.) Scale, linear. It is portion of a slab of granite, trimmed round the edges, 2 feet 9 inches high by 1 foot 10 inches wide, sculptured with incised symbols on one face thus (fig. 299) — Front . — In the centre of the stone, at the top, the symbol resembling a tuning fork ; on the left a hammer ; on the right an anvil (?) ; and below, in the centre, a part of the crescent and \/-shaped rod symbol (ornamented with spirals). This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sc)d2Jfn7'ed Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 49), and Rev. I). Butler’s Ancient Ch%irch and Parish of Ahcrnetliy, p. 67. Bruceton. — Bruceton farm-bouse is situated 3h miles N.E. of Alyth railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 56). The symbol stone stands in a field between the road from Alyth and the river DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF INIONUMENTS — PERTHSHIRE. 283 Isla, ^ of a mile S. of Brucetoii Farm, ou the edge of the low, flat ground at the foot of the hill. It is a few hundred yards from the river Tsla, which here forms the boundary between I’erthshire and Forfarshire. The monument is an upright pillar of irregular outline, 4 feet 0 inches high by 3 feet wide at the bottom and 2 feet 6 inches wide at the top, by from G to 11 inches thick, sculptured with incised syml)ols on one face thus (fig. 300) — Fig. 300. — Stone with incised symbols, at Bruceton. Scale, linear. Front . — Near the top, in the middle, the arch or horse-shoe symbol, and below it the elephant symbol. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 111). Cargill. — Cargill Church is situated on the S. bank of the river Tay, 1 mile W. of Cargill railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). The symbol stone stands in a field on 'Whitefield Farm, \ \ mile S.E. of Cargill Church and 2 miles S. of Cargill railway station. 284 EARf.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. It is a slal) of whinstone of irregular outline, :> feet high by 2 feet 6 inches wide by ] 0 inches thick, sculptured with incised symbols on one face thus (fig. 301) — Fig. 301. — Upright slab with incised sculpture, at Cargili. Front . — On the left a rectangle with a vertical line proceeding from its lower side, and on the right a variant of the rectangle symbol. This stone has been described by Mr Alexander Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot., and illustrated from his drawing in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xviii. p. 316). Dunkeld. — Dunkeld House, the residence of the Duke of Atholl, is situated on the N.E. bank of the river Tay, 2 miles N.W. of Dunkeld railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheets 47 and 48). Fig. 302.— Stone with incised horseman, at Dunkeld (No. 1). Scale, ,V linear DESCTvlPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — PERTHSHIRE. 285 The symbol stone (No. I) lies Hat on the ground, imbedded in it, in the King’s Park, within the grounds of Dunkeld House, 1 mile W. of the palace. The King’s Park is a lovely spot covered with green sward, ferns, and fir trees, lying between the high road from Dunkeld to Pitlochry, just before coming to the sharp bend round the mountains which form the N.E. bank of the river at this point. On the Ordnance Map (One-Inch Scale, Sheet 47) the “King’s Seat” is marked here, and close to it “ St Colme’s AVell.” The monument is a slab of grey sandstone, 3 feet 6 inches long by 1 foot 9 inches wide, sculptured with an incised figure on one face thus (fig. 302) — Top. — Next the right end of the slab, a man on horseback blowing a horn and holding a spear in his right hand. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 16). Fig. 303. — Stone with incised symbols, at Strowan. Scale, linear. Strowan. — The church of Strowan is sittiated on the S. bank of the river Garry, just above the point where the Erechdie Water flows into ib 1 mile E. of Strowan railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 55). 28ank of the river Tay, just above the point where the river Tummel flows into it (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 55). The symbol-bearing moniiment stands in the churchyard at Logierait, near the church, in the part of the burial ground belonging to J. Stuart Robertson of Etlradynate. It is an upright cross-slab of whinstone, broken away at the top, 3 feet 3 inches higlfl by 1 foot 11 inches by 41 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (tigs. 308 A, b) — Front . — In the middle, and extending the full length of the exposed portion of the slab, a cross of shape No. 101a (with four small circular raised bosses in the hollows between the arms and spiral terminations at the bottom of the shaft), divided into five panels, containing (1) in the centre of the head, triangular interlaced- work No. 784; (2) on the top arm, triangular interlaced-work No. 755 ; (3 and 4) on the left and right arms, triangular interlaced-work No. 731, and on the shaft interlaced- work No. 092. The background of the cross is divided into four ])lain panels. Bade . — A single panel, broken away at the top, and containing part of the figure of a man on horseback, and below the serpent and rod symbol. The chief peculiarity of the Logierait slab is that it presents an unique instance- (if we except the imperfect example on the stone at Inverury No. 1) of the serpent combined with a perfectly straight rod instead of one of the usual Z'Shape. The symbol as here treated is not very unlike the dolphin and trident sculptured on a Roman altar dedicated to Neptune found at Newcastle-upon-Tyne and illustrated ia Dr J. C. Bruce’s Handhooh to the Roman Wall (4th edition, p. 45). 1 This is the height above the ground. The total height including the buried portion is 4 feet 1 inch. EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 2{>2 This stone has been described by Dr Arthur Anderson, C.H., F.S.A., Scot., and illustrated by Mr AV. Galloway in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xii. p. 561). Fig. 308 a.— F ront. Fig. 308i!.— Back. Upriglit cross-slab with symbols and ornament sculptured in relief, at Logierait. Scale J liiieai-. St Madoes. — d'he church (jf St Madoes is .situated on the N. side of the river Tay, d a mile S. of Glencarse railway station and 6 miles E. of Perth (Ordnance i\Iap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). The symbol-bearing slab (No. 1) formerly lay in the churchyard, and now stands on a new stone base. The late Mr Muir thus tells ^ — i Irom a IM.S. in Mr Muir’.s handwriting supplied by Dr J. Anderson, and now published for the first time. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— PERTHSHIRE. 293 “ The Story of the Re-erection of the ‘ Danish Pillar ’ in the Burial Ground of St Madoes, Perthshire, on Saturday, December 10, 1853. “ Two or three times i!i the course of my North of Scotland raml)les, I had noticed, lying in tlie burying ground of St ^fadoes, near Perth, one of these curiously pictured monuments popularly called Danish Stones, an outline of which, as it now appears, is represented on p. 32 of Characteristics of Old Church Architecture. “ Seeing at my several visits that the stone was being more and more injured, and that unless removed from its degraded position it would in a short time be defaced and broken, at the suggestion of a mutual friend I wrote to i\Ir Robert Foggo, the parish school-master, telling him that I would set the pillar up in any convenient part of the burying ground, were he to procure for me leave to do so and if obtained, himself give the business of re- edification any little assistance needful on the occasion. The heartiness and glee with which Mr Foggo entered into and perfected my scheme will be learnt from a perusal of the following characteristic letters “St Madoes, Oct. 18, 1853. “Dear Sir, — Y ou must by this time be thinking that my zeal in the service of friendship and archaeology has been very short-lived. Be assured that it is by no means extinct, and has only for a time been hidden under a bushel. On receiving your last letter, I laid the subject of communication before the Kirk Session — the proper authority in all these matters. That august body, whilst they acknowledged the generosity of your proposal, seemed to think we could not accept it Avholesale without some discredit to ourselves, and accordingly recommended that I should Avrite to Sir John Richardson on the subject. This I engaged to do, but on mature reflection saAV it Avould not do. Sir John is at present living Avith his family at Brussels. He is neither rich nor generous, and mortally detests any application for money that is to yield no return. I saAV then that Sir John — uiiAvilling to bear his due share of the contemplated expense and too proud to deliberately acknoAvledge his niggardliness and his duty to a plebeian stranger, Avho had no connection Avith the locality but that Avhich his oavu braA'e heart furnished — Avould almost certainly ansAver that the matter Avas to stand over till he came home — in other Avords, that the project Avas (plashed. “ On the Sunday folloAving I stated my vieAvs to the members of Session present. They acknoAA'ledged their soundness ; but as the principal member, the Minister, Avas that day absent, no conclusion could be arrived at till next meeting. This took place on Sunday last, Avhen the Session, in full conclave, proceeded to the outside of the church and chose a stance for the stone. You Avill have the sole honour and glory of paying the expenses. The chivalrous talk of the Session is over ; the near prospect of a real call upon their courage. ^ I am glad to say, hoAV'ever, that the cost is not likely to be A^ery back-breaking. The cpiality of the stone best adapted for the purpose (of the pedestal) is to be had from the Bannock- burn quarry. Abundance of it comes by raiLvay to Perth. It is easily Avrought, tough, and durable — hardening by exposure to the Aveather. About 16 cubic feet Avould be required, AA'hich at one shilling per foot and four or five shillings for conveyance Avould make the cost of the stone, Avhen put into the mason’s hands, a trifle more than one pound. The subsequent expense Avould at most be one pound more. I did not obtain an estimate from the mason I first thought of, and Avhom I may still perhaps employ ; but it Avas founded upon an erroneous hypothesis respecting the quantity of stone that Avould be needed, and included the entire undertaking. “The memorial stone is 6 feet high, 3 feet Avide at the base, and 10 inches thick. Strength and appearance in the pedestal Avould, I think, be amply consulted by giving it 9 inches of projection beyond the pillar on all sides. I submit the folloAving schemes of ^ “ It was never my purpose to put the courage either of the Session or the Baronet to the test. Mr Foggo, Avishful, perhaps, of complimenting his neighbours and at the same time giAung me a lift, seems to have invited them to take shares in the undertaking ; though in all my letters to him it AV'as distinctly intimated that I Avas to bear the whole cost.” •294 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. dimensions and form. The first two forms, I tliink, preferable, as being made moi'e simple, deti’acting less from the massiveness of the pedestal, possibly costing less, and being less liable to injury. AVaiting your approbation of either form, or your substitution of one different from both, — I am, etc. “ St Madges, 25 Nov. 1853. “Dear Sir, — I have yours of yesterday. I wished before writing to you again to be able to say ‘ Come and see.’ I shall now, however, report progress. “ On receiving your previous letter 1 resolved to conform to your taste in the configura- tion of the plinth ; though I saw that to carry out your conception suitably would require a stone of larger dimensions than that I had already prepared, and would consequently entail considerable increase of expense — for on various accounts the cost does not increase in the mere ratio of magnitude, but in an acceleration. ^ I propose, then, a block 5 feet by 2 feet 10 inches in surface and H feet deep. Thus the block, if used vuthout the scarcement, would project a foot on each side of the pillar. This space I propose to divide equally beUveen the upper and the under part of the stone, giving the ujiper surface 6 inches of projection, the step 6 inches, with a difference of 6 in elevation. I accordingly submitted my scheme to j\Ir MacCurragh, builder, Perth, and on obtaining his approbation of the proportions gave him an order for the block. Time passes and the stone appears not. I write an admoni- tory note, and receive an answer that the stone is lying at Perth station, having been deposited some days previously by the Scottish Central, and now waiting the convenience of the Hundee and Perth Company to furnish a truck for conveyance to Clencarse. Sir John’s steward furnishes horses and cart. The heavy mass is being slowly lifted bj’ crane from the truck ; the chain snaps and nothing more could lie done that day. Notice is received that the chain is mended ; cart and horses forward again. Again the chain snaps, and nothing remains but for the masons and carters, with all the incidental help they could command, to attempt the transfer by common leverage. After much hard work, invigorated by the hint of a bottle of whisky, they accompli.sh the feat, and the block is now ljung in the alley before the church gate waiting the mason’s chisel, which the inclemency of the weather alone detains. When the work is finished it will be a highly creditable foundation. The site assigned, too, is the most signal that the churchyard could afford, so that your good work will be fully seen by men, much more so indeed than if it were set on a hill. I fear, however, that your beneficence will not cost you less than double my previous estimate. I count on something like £-1. Should you propose any modification of the specification given above it is time enough to do so. — I am, etc. “St Madges, 12 Dec. 1853. “ Dear Sir, — I have now to inform you that your pillar stands in state majestic. It was set up on Saturday, and drew the eyes of the multitudes who had for many years previous frequented the holy ground without knowing of its existence. I would have written you on Saturday, had I not been away from home. You may now come over when you find it most convenient. Any time excejit next Saturday will answer me, always premising a warning by the previous post. — I am, etc.” The St Madoes moiiumeut is an u pright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but having the two upper corners cut off at an angle of 45° and surmounted by a pair of beasts facing each other), 5 feet 9 inches high by 3 feet wide at the bottom and 2 feet 6 inches wide at the top, by from 7 to 8 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 309 A, i?) — Front. — In the middle, and extending from the top to within 6 inches of the * “ Mr Foggo’s design for the base of the pillar was a single bevel-edged plinth of moderate height, for which I substituted a heavy, square-edged monolith of two steps, the upper one 6 inches in height, the lower one 12 inches, the plane of the pillar bearing the cross to the west.” DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — PERTHSHIRE. 29;) bottom of the slab, a cross of shape No. 102a, divided iuto eleven panels, containing (1) in the centre of the head of the cross, spiral-work No. 1081 ; (2 and 3) on the top and bottom arms of the cross, diagonal key-pattern No. 971 ; (d and 5) on the left and right arms of the cross, circular interlaced-work No. 717 ; (0) on the shaft at the top, interlaced-work No. 647a; (7) on the shaft at the bottom, interlaced-work No. Xo. 647-V (Repeated). — Diagram showing deviations from correctly drawn design of interlaced-work on stone at St Madoes. 587a; and (8, 9, 10 and 11) on the four quadrants of the ring connecting the arms, interlaced-work composed of knots Nos. 214, 247, and 252, combined in an irregular manner. The background of the cross is divided into eight panels, containing (1 and 2) on the left and right of the top arm, a beast with its head bent round biting its back ; (3 and 4) on the left and right of the shaft, a pair of beasts one below the other (the bottom one biting the one above in the middle of the back, and the ears of the beasts conventionally ornamented with triple spirals) ; and (5, 6, 7 and 8) in the four hollows between the arms and the connecting ring, no sculpture. Back . — Divided iuto six panels, containing (1, 2 and 3) figures of ecclesiastics (?) one above the other (wearing cloaks with peaked hoods or cowls), on horseback (the lowest one having a book-satchel slung over his shoulder ; (4) below the horsemen on the left, the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol (ornamented with spiral-work No. 1117); (5) on the left of this, the double disc and Z-shaped rod symbol (the discs being ornamented with a penanuular device); and (6) below, in the middle, the so-called elephant symbol. A considerable portion of the surface of the slab at eacli side of the panels containing the horsemen and also below the symbols is un- EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 29(j sculptured. The details of the harness-rings, saddle-cloths, bridles, cruppers, and straps are very clearly shown. This stone has been descriljed and illustrated in Stuart’s Stones of Scot- land (vol. i. pi. 55), and by J. R. Allen in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xvii. p. 214). Meigle. — The church of Meigle is situated to the S. of the river Isla, close to the borders of Perthshire and Forfarshire, less than a | of a mile W. of Meigle railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 56). There are nine symbol-bearing slabs belonging to Class II. and twenty-one sculp- tured stones belonging to Class III., all (with the exception of seven that are lost) now preserved in the old school-house adjoining the churchyard, which has been converted into a museum for their reception. No. 1 used to stand in the churchyard on the right side of the gate- way, looking from the outside. No. 2 used to stand in the churchyard on the left side of the gateway, looking from the outside. No. 3 was built into a wall of the old church. No. 4 was found broken into two pieces, in 1858, whilst pulling down an old kiln which stood about 100 yards N. of the church. No. 5 was found with No. 4. Nos. G, 7, and 26 were found at the time when the old church was destroyed by fire in 1869. No. 8 was found in 1889, lying outside the old school-house. Meigle No. 1 is an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, 6 feet high by 3 feet 4^ inches wide by from 6 to 7 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 310 A, b) — Front . — In the middle, and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 102a, divided into seven panels, containing (1) in the centre of the head of the cross, spiral-work No. 1091, much defaced; (2) on the top arm, triangular interlaced- work No. 739 ; (3 and 4) on the left and right arms, interlaced work Nos. 677 and 685; (5) on the shaft at the top, circular-interlaced work No. 764 (like that occurring at Aberlemno and at Eassie, Forfarshire), much defaced; (5a) at the bottom of the shaft, a piece of irregular plait-work ; and (6 and 7) on each side of the shaft near the bottom, no sculpture. The background of the cross is divided into eight panels, containing (1 and 2) on each side of the top arm, a beast with a long snout ; (3) on the left of the shaft, arranged in a vertical row one above the other, a beast with horns like a goat, a beast with its body bent round spirally (like those at Aberlemno), and a sea-horse and a serpentine creature facing each other ; (4) on the right of the shaft, at the top, a pair of sea-monsters with their bodies twisted together and interlaced, and at the bottom an animal with horns and a tail terminating in a Upriglit cross-slab with sculpture in relief at Meiglc. (Xo. 1.) 1 Fij,'. 311 a.— F ront. 1 m ^ r. 31 I 1 !.— r.ack. Upright cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, at Meigle (N’o. 2). I*a1 I '* O CO Upriglit cross-slab, with sculjiture in relief, at Kossie I’riory. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— PERTHSHIRE. 807 E. of Eossie Priory, and is now erected within the old church, which has been restored in order to be used as a mortuary chapel. It is an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but tapering upwards, 5 feet 6 inches high by 3 feet 10 inches wide at the bottom, and 3 feet 3 inches wide at the top by 1 foot thick in the middle and 9 inches thick at the edges, sculptured partly with incised lines, and partly in relief on two faces thus (figs. 322 A, b) — Front . — In the middle, and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 102a, divided into six panels, containing (1) in the centre of the head, interlaced- work No. 786; (2) on the top arm, triangular interlaced work No. 757 ; (3) on the left arm, sculpture broken away ; (4) on the right arm, square key-pattern No. 914 ; (5) on the bottom arm, triangular interlaced- work No. 745 ; (6) on the shaft at the top, circular interlaced-work No. 710 ; and (6a) on the shaft at the bottom, circular interlaced-work No. 700. The background of the cross is divided into eight panels, containing (1) on the left of the top arm, a creature with a beast’s body and a human face (as on the stones at Gask and Dunfallandy, Perthshire) ; (2) on the right of the top arm, a bird, with the tail feathers crossed and curving upwards and downwards (as on the stone at St Vigeans No. 8, Forfarshire), being attacked by a monster, with a human body and a bird’s head, holding an axe with both hands (as on the stone at Papil, Shetland), and below, the bust of a beast, perhaps intended for the symbol of that form ; (3) on the left of the shaft, arranged in a vertical row one below the other, a beast with its tail curved over the back, a naked man being seized and carried away by a beast and a fish-monster or serpentine creature (the former holding the man’s head in its mouth and the latter biting his right ankle), and a pair of beasts with horns like those of a stag, placed symmetrically facing each other and each swallowing a bird ; (4) on the right of the shaft, in a vertical row one below the other, a beast swallowing a serpent (which is interlaced through its body), a beast with goggle eyes and long horns (as on the stone at Gask, Perthshire), and a pair of monsters (with human heads, beasts’ bodies, the fins of a fish, and tails terminating in beasts’ heads, which are biting the locks of hair at the back of the human heads of the monsters), placed symmetrically facing outwards, and with their bodies, necks, and tails inter- laced ; and (5, 6, 7, and 8) in the hollows between the arms and the connecting ring, no sculpture. Back . — The slab is surrounded on the top and two sides by an ornamental border, which is continuous with the top and two horizontal arms of the cross. The pattern of the border along the top and down the two sides as far as the bottom of the horizontal arms of the cross consists of triangular in ter laced- work No. 752 ; and the remainder of the two side borders consists of interlaced-work No. 553. Within the ornamental border, in the middle, and extending the full length of the slab, is a cross of shape No. 101a, divided into six panels, containing (1) in the centre of the ^308 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. head, square key-pattern No 1013 ; (2) on the top arm, triangular interlaced- work No. 742 ; (3) on the left arm, triangular interlaced-work No. 762 combined with two knots No. 250, with an encircling band round each ; (4) on the right arm, triangular interlaced-work No. 762 combined with knots too irregular for classification ; (5) on the bottom arm, at the top, a small piece of interlaced-work (consisting of a three- cord plait and knot No. 247 at each end), and below a man on horseback ; (6) on the shaft, two more horsemen, one below the other. The background is divided into four panels, containing (I) on the left of the top arm, a man seizing a pair of birds by the neck ^ ; (2) on the right of the top arm, an angel with outspread wings ; (3) on the left of the bottom arm, the crescent and V'Shaped rod symbol (the rod being incised) ; (3a) on the left of the shaft, the elephant symbol (the body being ornamented with conventional spirals like those on the Burghead bulls), and below it a beast with its legs doubled up underneath the body, and with its head turned backwards so as to face an almost similar head, which forms the termination of the beast’s tail ; (4) on the right of the bottom arm, two grey- hounds, one above the other ; and (4a) on the right of the shaft, two horsemen, one above the other. The five horsemen, the two hounds, the symbols, and the beast with a zoomorphic termination to its tail apparently all form part of one figure subject, the three horsemen in the middle being seen through the lower arm and shaft of the cross. The same treatment occurs on the stone at Fordoun, Kincardineshire. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculfim'ccl Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 98). CLASS III. Abernethy. — The town of Abernethy is situated less than | of a mile S. of Abernethy railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). Besides the symbol stone belonging to Class I., already described, four other sculptured stones belonging to Class III. have been found here, namely. No. 2 in the churchyard. No. 3 built into the gable wall of a cottage in the town. No. 4 built into the walls of a cottage in the town as the jamb of a doorway. Nos. 2 and 4 were formerly in the possession of the late Dr Alex. Laing, of Abernethy, and are now in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh. 1 This subject may perhaps have found its way into Celtic art from some classical source. It occurs first in Egypt, and was thence transferred to Greece, where it appears on one of the gold objects of the Mykenman treasure from Hilgina, now in the British Museum (see Jour, of Hellenic Studies, vol. xiii. p. 197), and also on a plate of the archaic period from the tombs of Camirus, at Rhodes, also in the British Museum. The Rossie sculpture may also be compared with one of the scenes on the Franks casket of Anglo-Scandinavian origin, in the British Museum, and an initial T of the word “ Tunc ” in the Book of Kells (see Hist. MSS. of Ireland, vol. i.). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— PERTHSHIRE. Abernethy No. 2 is a fragment of Old Red Sandstone, of irregular four-sided shape, 1 foot 3 inches high by 9^ inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief, and with an Ogham inscription incised thus (fig. 323) — Fig. 323. — Fragment with sculpture in relief and Ogham inscription, from Abernethy (No. 2), now in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Scale, J linear. Front . — At the top, the lower parts of two legs of a horse, and immediately below a horizontal raised band with the following Ogham inscription on a stem line, and with the ends of the cross-strokes closed,^ I M N or if read the opposite way, — — Fffif Q M I This stone was first described by the Bishop of Bristol (then the Rev. G. F. Browne, Disney Professor of Archaeology at Cambridge) in the Proc. Cambridge Ant. Soc. (vol. vii., 1891, p. 88); and a reading of the inscription is given by Professor John 1 Prof. J. Rhys calls these tied scores “ bind Oghams. 310 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Rhys, LL.D., in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxvi. p. 208) ; it is illustrated in the Rev. D. Butler’s Ancient Church and Parish of Aberneihy, p. 230. Aberaethy No. 3 is a fragment of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, 1 foot long by 9 inches wide, sculptured on one face thus (fig. 324) — Fig. 324. — Fragment with sculpture in relief, at Abernethy (No. 3). Scale, ^ linear. Front. — Part of a panel of diagonal key-pattern No. 969. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Abernethy No. 4 is the upper part of a cross-shaft of Old Red Sandstone, 1 foot 8 inches high by 1 foot 3 inches wide by 6 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 325) — Front. — At the top, the lower part of the figure of the Crucified Saviour with beast-headed spear and sponge-bearers on each side ; and below, the heads of the Three Maries (?) dressed like nuns. This stone has been described and illustrated in Rev. D. Butler’s Ancient Church and Parish of Abernethy, p. 238. Abernethy No. 5, which was found in a retaining wall by the side of the road near Abernethy in 1896, is a portion of a cross-shaft of sandstone, of regular four-sided shape, measuring 1 foot 5 inches in length, 1 foot If inches in breadth, and 6 inches in thickness, sculptured on the two edges thus (figs. 326 A, b) — Right side. — A running scroll of a conventional stem without leafage. Left side. — Interlaced-work No. 568 wdth double beaded bands. The sculpture has been completely removed from both the broad faces of the cross-shaft. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — PERTHSHIRE. 311 Carpow. — Carpow House is situated on the S. side of the river Tay, a mile and a half N.E. of Abernethy x’ailway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). The sculptured stone was found in use as the lintel of a well in the garden of Fig. 325.- — Cross-shaft witli scul])ture in relief, from Abernethy (No. 4), now in the Edinburgh Museum. Scale, I linear. Carpow House, and is now kept in a small summer-house at Mugdrum, ^ a mile W. of Newburgh, close to the Mugdrum cross on the E. side. It is a portion of an upright cross-slab ^ of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rect- 1 It has four circular holes between the arms of the cross and the connecting ring pierced tlirough the slab, as in the case of the stone at Gask, Perthshire. 312 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Hugular sliape, 2 feet 5 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 6 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (tig. 327 a, b) — Front— Vsixt of a cross of shape No. 102a, the sculpture on which is entirely defaced, with a recessed ornamental border of spii'al-work No. 1045 (as at Cossins, Forfarshire). Fart of a panel of the background of the cross, on the right side of the top of the shaft, still remains containing a pair of sea-monsters biting each other’s tails and their bodies forming knot No. 250 (as also at Cossins). Fig. 326a. — Right side. Fig. 326b. — Leftside. Fragment of cross-shaft witli sculpture in relief, from Abernethy (No. 5), now in the National IMuseum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Scale, ^ linear. Back . — A cross of shape No. 102a with traces of interlaced-work No. 692 on the left arm, and circular interlaced-work No. 408 on the bottom arm. A part of one of the panels of the background on the left of the bottom arm still remains, containing (at the top) a stag surrounded by an ornamental border of interlaced-work No. 653, (and below) an animal of some kind with its body ornamented with conventional spirals. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — PERTHSHIRE. :U3 Hus stone has been described by Dr Alex. Laing, F.S.A. Scot., and illustrated by Mr W. Dalloway in the Froc. Sue. Ant Scot (vol. xii. p. 4G2). Fig. 327a.— Front. Fig. 327b. — Back. Fragment of upright cross-slab with sculpture in relief, from Carpow, now at Mugdruin. Scale, J linear. Crieff. — The town of Crieff is situated on the E. side of the river Earn, close to the point where the Turret Water flows into it (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 47). The sculptured stone stands in a street in the town of Crieff, within an iron railing, | a mile N. of the railway station. It is an upright cross-slab of indurated sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but expanding slightly in breadth upwards, 6 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 10 inches wide at the bottom and 2 feet wide at the top, by 6 inches thick, sculptured on four faces thus (fig. 328 A, B, c) — Front. — In the middle, and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 102a divided into eight panels, containing (1) in the centre of the head, a slightly raised cross of spiral-work branching off into foliage on the four arms ; (2) on the shaft at the top, a diagonal key-pattern much defaced ; (3) on the shaft in the middle, sculpture defaced ; (4) on the shaft at the bottom, spiral-work partially defaced ; (5) on the left hand upper quadrant of the ring connecting the arms, square key-pattern PART III. 2/.’ 314 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. No. 886 ; (6) on the right hand upper quadrant of the ring, 899 ; and (7 and 8) on the two lower quadrants of the ring, background of the cross is divided into four panels, containin Fii inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 329 A, b) — Front. — A single panel, containing a figure subject consisting of (on the left at the top) the busts of two men ; (on the left below) three warriors on foot armed with round targets ; and (on the right) two horsemen armed with spears and each attended by a hound wearing a collar round the neck. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sciolptnred Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 16). Dunblane. — Dunblane Cathedral is situated on the E. bank of the Allan Water, a ] of a mile N. of Dunblane railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 39). The two sculptured stones were found during the restoration of the cathedral, under the staircase at the W. end of the Lady Chapel, and are now preserved in a small vaulted chamber at the W. end of the nave. Dunblane No. 1 is an upright cross-slab of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but diminishing slightly in width towards the top, 6 feet 2 inches high by 2 feet 8 inches wide at the bottom, and 1 foot 9 inches wide at the top by from 7 to 8 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 330 A, b) — Front. — In the middle, and extending nearly the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 102a, divided into five panels, containing (1) on the arms and shaft, no EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 310 sculpture ; (2, 3, 4, and 5) on the four quadrants of the ring which connects the arms, a pattern composed of a row of small single spirals. The top arm and the bottom of the shaft are finished off with single spirals, and the bead moulding round the cross terminates at the bottom of the shaft in two beasts’ or serpents’ heads, with long protruding tongues. The background of the cross is divided into panels devoid of sculpture. Fig. 330a. —Front. Fig. 330b. — Back. Upright cross-slab sculptured in relief at Dunblane. Scale, jV linear. Back . — A single panel, containing (at the top, nearly in the middle) a pair of beasts sitting up on their hind quarters, facing each other and with their fore-legs crossed ; (at the right hand upper corner) a single spiral ; (below the beasts on the left) sqitare key-pattern No. 886 ; (on the right of this) a square figure Vv^ith five raised bosses arranged like the spots on a die ; (next in order going down the slab, on the left) a small cross of shape No. 102a; (to the right of this) a figure resembling a DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — PERTHSHIRE. 317 keyhole plate as much as anything; (then) a horseman armed with a spear and accompanied by a hound ; (below on the right) a circular disc ornamented with a cruciform device, there being traces of a very rudely executed key-pattern on the background; (at the bottom of the slab on the left) a man holding a staff in his right hand ; and (at the right-hand lower corner) a single spiral. I'liis stone has been described and illustrated by .1. R. Allen in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. XV. p. 260). Dunblane No. 2 is a slab of Old Red Sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, 2 feet 9 inches long by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 8 inches thick, sculjitured in relief on one face only thus (fig. 331) — Fig. 331. — Side of slab sculptured in relief at Dunblane (Flo. 2). Scale, | linear. Side .^ — A single panel containing three different pieces of ornament, namely (a) a ten-cord plait ; {b) a diagonal key-pattern of the same class as No. 941, but very roughly executed ; and (c) zobmoiphic interlaced-work. This stone has been described by J. R. Allen in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xv. p. 260), but has not been previously illustrated. Dunkeld. — Dunkeld Cathedral is situated on the N. side of the River Tay, 1 mile N.W. of Dunkeld railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). Besides the symbol stone belonging to Class 1., already described, there are two other sculptured stones here, namely. No. 2, which was used as a gate-post at the entrance to the churchyard, and now stands on the S. side of the cathedral, close to it; and No. 3, which was used as the tombstone of a farmer in 1729, and after- wards formed part of the pavement floor of the cathedral. Dunkeld No. 2 is an upright cross-slab of grey sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, 4 feet 10 inches high by 2 feet 6 inches wide by 1 foot 1| inch thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 332 A, b, c) — Front . — The remains of what appears to have been a cross in one panel, contain- ing a figure siibject consisting of two horsemen riding one behind the other, a row of 1 There is nothing to show which way the stone was placed originally or what it was intended for. 318 EARLY OFIRLSTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. four men, three more men prostrate on the ground and one of them decapitated, a man between four beasts as on the cross-slab at iMeigie (No. 2) (probably intended for Daniel in the den of lions), and the heads of six men in a row. Two recessed panels of the background of the cross (?) remain on each side, containing (1) on the left, ])art of a beast (?); and (2) on the right, a beast witli a long snout, and its tail interlaced with its legs. t’ig. 332a. — Front. Fig. 332b. — Bark. Upriglit cross-slab sculptured in relief, at Dunkeld. (From a rubbing.) Fig. 332c.- Seale, -A linear. -Right side. Back . — Divided into three panels, containing (1) at the top, a figure subject consisting of sixteen or more heads (representing a crowd) and a circular disc^; (2 and 3) rows of six men in each panel. ^ Dr J. Ander.son thinks that this scene may be intended for the destruction of Pharaoh’s host in pursuit of the Israelites crossing the Red Sea, and that the disc is a chariot wheel. It is treated somewhat similarly on a stone sarcophagus at Arles {Scotland in Early Christian Times (second series), p. 156). It seemed to me, when looking at the stone itself, that the subject might equally well be the Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes (as on the cross-bases at Moone Abbey and Castle Dermot, co. Kildare), and that the disc was one of the five loaves. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — PERTHSHIRE. 319 Right side. — One panel only remaining, containing (at the top) a man on horse- back ; (below this) a saint with a nimbus round tlm head ; and (at the bottom) a row of three men. Left side. — Sculpture all defaced except a spiral or scroll of foliage near the top. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 50). Dunkeld No. 3 was a fragment of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of four- sided shape and fractured all round the edges, 3 feet 3 inches high by 2 feet 2 inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front. — On the right, a part of tlie shaft of the cross decorated with diagonal key-pattern No. 967 ; and on the left, a part of the background of the cross with a horse standing on its hind legs. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured. Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 16, No. 2). It seems now to have been lost. At least 1 could not find it when 1 visited Dunkeld. Dunning. — The church of Dunning is situated 2 miles S.E. of Dunning railway station (Ordnance IVIap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 40). The sculptured stone was found some years ago, and is now preserved inside the porch of the church. It is a cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, 3 feet 10^ inches long by 1 foot 7 inches wide by 54 inches thick, sculptured in relief on three faces thus (figs. 333 A, B, c) — Front.^ — In the middle of the length of the slab a wide transverse band, and at each end a cross of shape No. 102a. Both the cross and the background are devoid of ornament. Right and left sides. — Portions of a plait, apparently of four cords. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. I am indebted to Mr Alex. Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot., for having first called my attention to its existence and sent me rubbings of it. Dupplin. — Dupplin Castle is situated on the N. side of the river Earn, 2 miles N.E. of Forteviot railway station (Ordnance Map, One-inch Scale, Sheet 48). The sculptured cross stands J a mile S.W. of Dupplin Castle and 4 of a mile N.E. of Bankhead Farm. The position of the cross is marked on the Ordnance 4Iap (Six-Inch Scale, Sheet 109). The field in which it stands is called “ Cross Park.” It is a free-standing cross of Old Red Sandstone, of shape No. 105a, 8 feet 7 inches high by 3 feet 1 inch wide across the arms, 1 foot 6 inches wide at the bottom 1 On top of the slab was a recumbent moiiunient. 320 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. of the shaft, 1 foot 3^ inches wide at the top of the shaft, and 9^ inches wide at the apex of the cross, by 1 foot 1 inch tliick at the bottom of the shaft, 11^ inches wide at the top of the shaft, and 7 inches wide at the apex of the cross, scnlptured in relief on four faces ^ thus (figs. 334 A, B, c, d) — Front . — The head of the cross is surrounded by a roll-moulding (which makes single spiral curves at each of the points of the cusped hollows between the arms) and has a raised circular boss in the centre ornamented with diaper key -pattern No. 1015, with a sort of ribbed border. The rest of the head surrounding the central boss forms one panel, containing (on the four arms) spiral-work No. 1054, and some other ornament which is too defaced to be made out. The shaft is divided into three panels (the two upper ones being separated by a border of square key-pattern No. 899), containing (1) at the top, sculpture defaced; (2) in the middle, a raised circular boss of intcrlaced-work No. 789, surrounded by four pairs of birds with their beaks ^ I he ends of the anus of the cross and their upper and under sides are consideretl to be one continuous face. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF :srONU:\IENTS — PERTHSHIllE. 321 and legs crossed and interlaced; and (3) at the bottom, David rending the lion’s jaws, and beasts in the background. Right side . — On the top arm two panels, containing (1) at the top, interlaced- work No. 533; and (2) at the bottom, diagonal key -pattern No. 952. On the end of the right arm, a single panel containing diaper key -pattern No. 1004. On the under surface of the right arm, a single panel containing a beast with its head bent back biting its tail. On the bottom arm, a single panel containing a mixed key and spiral- pattern No. 950, witli a narrow horizontal border below it of square key-pattern No. 887. On the shaft, three panels (the upper two separated by a horizontal band of diagonal key-pattern No. 92G), and containing (1) at the top, a pair of beasts sitting on their haunches facing each other and with their paws crossed over on each other’s necks ; (2) in the middle, two warriors on foot, armed with spears and with circular shields slung over their shoulders by straps, and the lower hem of their dresses ornamented with a border of square key-pattern No. 887 ; and (3) at the Ijottom, a triquetra knot No. 802. Bach . — The head of the cross has similar moulding round it to that on the front, and a raised circular boss in the centre, the ornament on which has been defaced. It is divided into two panels, containing (1) on the upper part of the top arm, diagonal key-pattei’ii No. 952 ; and (2) on the remaining part of the head, scroll foliage. The shaft is divided into three panels (separated by Ijands of square key-patterns Nos. 887 and 890), containing (1) at the top, a warrior on horseback armed with a spear; (2) in the middle, four foot-soldiers armed with spears and circular shields ; and (3) at the bottom, a hound and some other animal. Left side . — On the top arm two panels, containing (1) at the top, interlaced-work No. 538 ; and (2) at the bottom, sqirare key-pattern No. 909. On the end of the right arm a single panel containing diagonal key-pattern No. 951. On the under side of the left arm, a single panel containing a beast with its head bent back. On the bottom arm, a single panel containing interlaced-work No. 378. On the shaft three panels (the upper two separated by a horizontal baud of square key-pattern No. 890), containing (1) at the top, a beast biting its tail, which is interlaced beneath the body ; (2) in the middle, a man seated on a chair playing a harp (perhaps intended for King David) ; and (3) at the bottom, a six-cord plait with a single break in the middle. This stone has been described and illustrated in SUiart’s Bcididured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 57). Forteviot. — Forteviot Church is situated ^ of a mile S.E. of Forteviot railway station, on the E. side of the Water of May, which runs into the river Earn ^ a mile to the northward (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). Six sculptured stones belonging to Class III. have been found here, namely : — No. 1, which stands in the churchyard at Forteviot ; No. 2, which was found lying in the PART III. 2 S Fig. 334a.- Front. Fig. 334b.— Left side ]< ree»stauding cros.s with sculpture in relief at Dupplin. Scale j’2 linear. Fig. 334c.— Back, Fig. 334 d.— R ight side. Free-standing cross with sculpture in relief at Dupplin. Scale, linear. 324 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. bed of the Water of ^lay, immediately under Holy IlilM at the W. end of the village, and is now in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh (Catal. I. 36) ; Nos. 3 and 4, which are in the garden at the manse ; No. 5, which is built into the wall of the Mill of Forteviot, on the E. side of the Water of May, just above the point where it flows into the river Earn ; and No. 6, which was built into the walls of one of the outhouses at the Mill of Forteviot, and when the outhouse was pulled down was used in the construction of a retaining wall along the E. side of the Water of May, being now invisible. Forteviot No. 1 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but broken at the top, 2 feet high by 1 foot 6 inches wide by from 6 to 7 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 335 A, C, D) — Fig. 335a. — Front. Fig. 335b. — Right side. Upright cross-slab with sculpture in relief, at Forteviot (Xo. 1). Scale, J linear. Front . — A single panel containing interlaced-work of four different kinds, namely, {a) in the middle at the top, defaced ; (5) forming a frame round this No. 566 ; (c) below in the middle No. 692b ; and {d) a border round the bottom and two sides of No. 553. Right side . — A single panel, containing (at the top) the tails of three serpentine creatures forming a plait ; and (below) the upper part of the figure of a man. Back . — On each side, the lower parts of the slender bodies of two beasts forming the margins of the slab and with their hind legs meeting at the bottom. The beast on the right has a serpentine tail tied in knot No. 214 and terminating in the head of a reptile. In the middle of the slab is a beast with a long horn, which the reptile’s ^ Supposed to mark the site of the palace of the Pictish Kings (see Ordnance Map, Six- Inch Scale, Sheet 109). Fig. 330. — Arolied stone, witli sculpture in relief, from Forteviot '(No. 2). Now in the National Jluseuin of Anticjuities, Edinburgli Fioni a photograph by Mr Alex. A. Ingli.s. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — I’ERTHSHIRE. :3*25 liead is biting, and the beast in its turn is biting the reptile’s neck. The body of the beast is ornamented with conventional spirals. Left side . — A single panel, containing (at the top) interlaced-work No. 691 ; and (below) triangular interlaced- work No. 724. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 119). Forteviot No. 2 is an arched fragment of sandstone (probably the top of a doorway), 6 feet 6 inches long by 1 foot 6 inches deep by 13 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 336) — Front . — A single panel, containing (in the middle) a cross (defaced) standing on a pedestal; (on the right) an animal (apparently a lamb) facing the ci’oss with fore- foot uplifted, probably intended for the Agnus Dei, and the upper parts of three human figures, holding staves or swords across their knees in their right hands, and facing away from the cross ; and (on the left) a complete human figure holding a sword with both hands across his knees ^ ; his feet resting on an animal with a curved horn. The figures are represented as wearing haubergeons or quilted armour conven- tionally indicated by parallel lines, and the one on the left has the hem at the bottom ornamented with square key-pattern No. 887. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 103). ^ Compare the miniature of King Malcolm IV. in the illuminated initial of the founda tion charter of Kelso Abbey, in which he is represented seated, with his sword laid across his knees. Liber S. Marie de Calchou (Bunn. Club), 1846. Fig. -335c. — Back. Fig. 335u. — Leftside. Upright cross-slab sculptured in relief at Forteviot (No. 1). Scale, J linear. 326 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Forteviot No. 3 is a fragment of the arm of a cross of sandstone, of shape No. 102a, and part of one of the quadrants of the connecting ring, 1 foot high by 10 inches wide by 6 inches tliick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 337 a, b) — Front . — A single panel, containing triangular interlaced-work No. 731, the spaces between the bands being filled in with round pellets. Left side . — On the edge of the quadrant of the connecting ring, square-key pattern No. 887 ; and on the end of the arm of the cross, triangular interlaced-work No. 733 with double-beaded bands. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Forteviot No. 4 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of irregular four-sided shape, 1 foot 4 inches high by 1 foot 2 inches wide by 6 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 338) — Fig. 337.V. — Flout. Fig. 337n. — Left side. Fragment of arm of cross with sculpture in relief, at Forteviot (No. 3). Scale, J linear. Fig. 338. — Fragment with sculpture in relief, at Forteviot (No. 4). Scale, J linear. Front . — Part of a panel, containing a man on horseback armed with a s])ear. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — PERTHSHIRE. 327 Forteviot No. 5 is a fragment of sandstone 1 foot long by 0 inches high, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 339) — Fig. 339. — Fragment with sculpture in relief, at Forteviot (No. 5). Scale, i linear. Front . — Part of a panel, containing interlaced-work of the same class as No. 691. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Forteviot No. 6 is lost. Invermay. — Invermay House is situated on the S. side of the Water of Alay, a mile and a half S.E. of Forteviot railway station (Ordnance Map, One- luch Scale, Sheet 48). The base of the cross, the remainder of which was wantonly destroyed some years ago, is still to be seen in North Hallbank Park, on the N. side of the Water of May, not quite half a mile N. of Invermay House. It is marked on the Ordnance Map (Six-Inch Scale, Sheet 109) as “ Standing stone on the site of an ancient sculptured stone.” When I visited the place in July 1891, in company with Mr Alex. Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot., of Broughty Ferry, we were shown three fragments of the destroyed cross by the Rev. Dr Anderson, minister of Forteviot. They were lying in a fir wood, on a heap of stones which had been collected from the adjoining field. The fir wood is marked on the Ordnance Map (Six-Inch Scale) as the “ Long Plantation,” a ^ of a mile N. of the site of the cross and f of a mile S.E. of Forteviot. When the cross was broken up the fragments were thrown away as rubbish into the field, and afterwards, being in the way of the ploiigh, were heaped up with other loose stones in the wood hard by. The ignorance and recklessness which caused the destruction of this early Christian monument is now happily rare in Scotland. Invermay No. 1 is a fragment of sandstone, of irregular four-sided shape, 1 foot 6 inches high by 2 feet wide by 6 inches thick, sculptured on the narrow face only thus (fig. 340) — EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 5-28 front . — Part of a single panel, containing an eight-cord plait with a cruciform break in the middle, No. 403. Fij^. 340. — Fragment of the Inverniay Fig. 341. — Fragments of the Invermay cross joined cross (No. 1) witli sculpture in together (Nos. lA and 1 b) with sculpture in relief. relief. Scale, J linear. Scale, J linear. Invermay Nos. 1a and 1b are fragments of sandstone, of irregular four-sided shape, measuring respectively 1 foot 10 inches by 1 foot 5 inches by 5 inches, and 1 foot 2 inches by 11 inches by inches, fitting together and sculptured in relief on the narrow edges only, making together one continuous piece of ornament thus (fig. 341)— Front . — Divided into three panels, containing (1) at the top, a narrow, horizontal band of square key-pattern No. 887 ; (2) in the middle, diagonal key-pattern No. 952, double-beaded (as on the cross at Dupplin, Perthshire) ; and (3) at the bottom, one corner of a panel of diagonal key-pattern. These fragments have not been previously described or illustrated. St Madoes. — The church of St Madoes is situated ^ a mile S. of Glencarse railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). Besides the symbol-bearing slab belonging to Class II., already described, there is another sculptured stone here belonging to Class III., which was built into the wall of the Session House adjoining the church at St Madoes, and was removed in 1881 and placed in the churchyard. St Madoes No. 2 is the upper part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but split down the middle, 2 feet 10 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus — DESCEIPTIYE LIST OF MONUMENTS— PERTHSJflRE. 820 Front . — In the middle, a cross of shape No. 102a with all the ornament defaced. In the background, on each side of the top arm, is a triquetra knot No. 798. Back . — All the sculpture defaced except a triquetra knot No. 798 with double bands at the right-hand upper corner. Right side . — A single panel, containing a four-cord plait. Left side . — A single panel, containing a four-cord plait with horizontal breaks in the middle. This stone has been described and illustrated by J. E. Alle'n in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xvii. p. 211). Meigle. — The church of Meigle is situated less than a quarter of a mile W. of Meigle railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 56). Besides the nine symbol-bearing slabs belonging to Class II., already described, there are twenty-one sculptured stones belonging to Class III., all (with the exception of those that are lost) now preserved in the Old School-house adjoining the chiirch- yard, which has been converted into a nmseum for their reception. Nos, 19, 20, 21, and 22 were built into the walls of the church and churchyard before 1857. Nos. 23 and 24 were dug out of the foundations of an old kiln about 100 yards N. of the church, which was pulled down in 1858. No. 24 is now lost. No. 27 was found at the tiure the old church was destroj'ed by fire in 1869. PART III. 2 T ;330 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Nos. 28, 29, aiul 30 have not been previously described or illustrated. No. 9 used to rest on a pedestal of modern masonry in the churchyard. No. 10 used to rest on a mound in the churchyard, and is now lost. No. 11 was built into a wall of the old church, inside. No. 12 used to lie in the garden of the manse. Nos. 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, and 19 were built into the walls of the old church, and are now lost, but there is a cast of No. 18 in the National Museum of Scottish Antiquities at Edinburgli. No. 15 was built into a wall of the old church. Meigle No. 9 is a recumbent monument of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but diminishing in height and breadth towards the foot, and with a socket for an upright cross near the head of the stone, 5 feet 11 inches long by 1 foot high at the head, and 9 inches high at the foot by 1 foot 1 inch wide at the head, and 8 inches wide at the foot, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 343 A, b) — Front . — Divided into five panels, containing (1) next the head, a beast; (2) a bird seizing a man by the neck, and with the legs of the bird interlaced with the limbs and body of the man (as on the stone at Monifieth No. 3, Forfarshire); (3) a beast with the head defaced ; (4) spiral-work partly defaced ; and (5) at the foot of the stone, traces of the figures of two men. Fig. 343 b. — B ack. Recumbent monument sculptured in relief on front and back, at Sleigle (No. 9). Scale, A linear. Bade . — Divided into four panels, containing (1) next the foot, a griffin carrying an animal in its beak ; (2) interlaced-work too much defaced to be classified; (3) a beast with its body forming knot No. 215 and interlaced with its legs (the body being ornamented with a conventional spiral) ; and (4) next the head of the stone, a pair of DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — PERTHSHIRE. 331 beasts with two bodies aud a single head, and their tails forming interlaced-work above their backs. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 72, Nos. 1 and 2), and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Scidptured Monuments of the Courdy of Angus (pi. 9). Meigle No. 10 was a part of a slab of sandstone (?), of nearly rectangular shape, but fractured along three edges, 3 feet long by 1 foot G inches high, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 344) — Fig. 344. — Slab sculptured in relief, formerly at Meigle (No. 10), now lost. Front. — A portion of a single panel, containing a figure subject consisting of (on the left) three men in a chariot drawn by a pair of horses abreast of each other ; (below the chariot) a kneeling figure with a bow (as on the “Drosten” stone at St Vigeans, Forfarshire), shooting at a beast; (at the right-hand upper corner) the hind part of a hound with its tail curved between its legs ; and (at the bottom on the right) a huge beast devouring a man, who lies prostrate on the ground and is thrusting a weapon into the beast’s heart ; facing it a hound at bay, behind the archer another hound retreating. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 76, No. G), and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Scidptured Monuments of the County of Angus {\A. 18). Meigle No. 11 is a recumbent monument of sandstone, with nearly vertical ends and sloping sides and top, and a socket for an upright cross at the head, 5 feet 5 inches long at the top and 5 feet 8 inches long at the bottom, by 2 feet 3 inches high at the head and 1 foot 7J inches high at the foot, by 1 foot 7 inches thick at the bottom and 11 inches thick at the top, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 345 A, B) — 1 Dr J. Anderson suggests that this maybe intended for the Ascension of Elijah (Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2nd ser., p. 158). EARLV CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front . — A single panel with traces of ornament on the hordei', and containing a figure subject consisting of three horsemen riding in a row, one behind the other, the one in front (next the head of the stone) being attended by a hound ; and (next the foot) a man with a beast’s head, holding two serpents, one by the neck in his hand and the other in his mouth, the bodies of the serpents being interlaced. Fig. 345a. — Front. Fig. 345b. — Back. Recumbent monument, with sculpture in relief, at Meigle (No. 11). Back . — A single panel with traces of ornament on the vertical part of the Ijorder at the head of the stone, and containing (next the foot) two beasts, the body of the one on the left being interlaced with the hind legs of the one on the right, and their tails forming knotwork ; (on the right) a beast in the middle, and a creature of some kind above and below (all very much worn) ; (next) twelve raised bosses of spiral-work. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— PERTHSHIRE. aiiauged in four horizontal I’ovvs of three ; and (at the head of the stone) seven raised bosses of spiral-work No. 1091, within a circle having round about it on each side a beast sitting up on its haunches, and at the top a man placed horizontally, with his head in the mouth of the beast on the right and his legs in the mouth of the one on the left (as on the stone at Bressay, Shetland). The tails of the beasts form interlaced- work. End next the Head. — Traces of interlaced-work. End next the Foot. — A lozenge-shaped figure recessed. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 76, No. 5), and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 18). Meigle No. 12 is a recumbent monument of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but damaged at the two ends, and having a socket for an upright cross at the Fi„'. .346 a. — T op. Fig. 346c.— Back. Recumbent monument, sculptured in relief, at Neigle (No. 12). Scale, linear. head, 4 feet 9 inches long by 1 foot 7 inches wide by from 10 to 11 inches high, sculpUired in relief on three faces thus (fig. .346 a, b, c) — 334 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Top . — lu the middle a row of recessed lozenges, and along each edge a narrow border of interlaced- work No. 601. Front . — A fish-monster with a long serpentine body and four pairs of fins (nearly all chipped away). Back , — On the left, a stag and a beast biting one of its hind legs, and (on the right) a pair of bulls butting at each other. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 77, No. 7), and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 19). Meigle No. 13 was a fragment of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but fractured along all four edges, 1 foot long by 6 inches high, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front . — On the left, a bit of diagonal key-pattern ; and (on the right) a beast crouching down and with its head turned backwards. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 93, No. 9), and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 30). Meigle No. 14 was a fragment of a slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but fractured along two edges, 9 inches long by 8 inches high, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front . — The right-hand lower corner of a panel, containing the lower part of two human figures. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotlo/nd iyoi. \. 93, No. 10); and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 20). Meigle No. 15 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but fractured along three edges, 9 inches high by 1 foot wide by li inch thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 347) — Front . — In the middle, on the shaft of the cross, interlaced-work ^ No. 533 ; and on the background of the cross (on the left) two beasts biting each other’s bodies ; and (on the right) a beast biting its own back. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured- Stones of Scotland {yo\. i. \)\. 93, No. 11); and in P. Chalmers’ Ancient Seulptured Monuments of the Cott.niy of Angus (pi. 20). Meigle No. 16 was a fragment of a slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but broken round all four edges, 9 inches long by 7 inches high, sculptured in relief on one face thus — ^ Wrongly described as No. 534 in pt. ii. p. 211. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONU:\IENTS — PERTHSHIRE. 335 Front. — Part of the figure of a man on horseback armed with a spear and wear- ing slippers, riding on a saddle-cloth. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of (vol. i. pi. 93, No. 11); and in 1*. Clialmei’s’ Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus (pi. 20). Meigle No. 17 was the upper part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone with a rounded top, 7^ inches high by 1 foot 6 inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front. — In the middle, the top arm of the cross ornamented with interlaced- work No. 613 ; and in the background of the cross (on the left) a beast in a sitting posture ; and (on the right) a beast with its feet doubled up underneath its body. Fig. 347. — Fragment of npriglit cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, at Jleigle (No. 15). This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptwed Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 127, No. 13). Meigle No. 18 was a part of the left side of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, 7 inches high by inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front. — The left arm of the cross ornamented with interlaced-work No. 607. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 127, No. 14). Meigle No. 19 was the upper part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but with a pedimented top, 1 foot 3 inches high by 11 inches wide, sculptiired in relief on one face thus — 3o(5 EARLY CHRISTJAN MO^'UMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 2<^i-ont . — 111 the middle, a cross of shape No. 102a, divided into five panels, containing (1) in tlie centre of the head, triangnlar interlaced-work No. 780 ; and (2, 3, 4, and 5) on the four arms, interlaced-work No. 658a, with extra spiral twist to each knot. There is no sculpture on the background of the cross. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Hcnlftuncl Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 127, No. 15). Meigle No. 20 is a fragment of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape but broken at tlie two ends, 1 foot long by 7 inches wides, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 348) — Front. — Part of a panel, containing diagonal key-pattern of the same class as No. 944. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scalijtured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 127, No. 16). Fig. 348. — Fragment, with sculpture in relief. Fig. 349. — Upright cross-slab, sculptured in at Meigle (No. 20). Scale, yV linear. relief, at Jleigle (No. 21). Scale, A linear. Meigle No. 21 is an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but fractured at the top, 2 feet 6 inches high by 1 foot 2 inches wide by from 3^ to 4^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 349) — Front. — In the middle, and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 102a, not divided into panels, but containing two different pieces of ornament, namely (a) on the top and two side arms, a diagonal key-pattern very rudely executed; and (5) on the shaft, interlaced-work No. 571, with doul)le-beaded bands. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sc^ilphired Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 127, No. 17). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS - PEHTflSlITliE. 337 Meigl© No. 22 is u slal) of saiulstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but fractured along two edges, 2 feet 8 inches long hy 10 inches high hy inches thick, scvdptured in relief on one face thus (fig. ,350) — Fig. .350. — Slab, with scul]iture in relief, at Meigle (No. 22). Front . — In the middle, a triton, or mermaid (?), with a double fish-like tail, forming interlaced-work No. 551, and holding its long coils of hair with its hands on each side, and (on the left and right) a beast. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Seul'ptuTcd Stones of Seotlaiid (vol. i. pi. 132, No. IS). Meigle No. 23 is an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular Fig. 351. — Upright cross-slab, sculptured in relief, at Jleigle (No. 23). shape, but with a stepped top, 2 feet 7 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide hy 5 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 351 A, i?l — PART III. -2 U 3:38 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front. — In the middle and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 102 a without ornament; and on the background of the cross on each side of the sluift, a little human figure. Bach. — A single panel, containing (at the top) a pair of beasts with a single liead and a double body (as on the stone at Meigle No. 9) ; and (below) a pair of beasts with their necks twisted together. Tliis stone has been descril)ed and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured StoncH of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 5, No. 2). Meigle No. 24 (which is now lost) was an upright cross-slal) of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but fractured along two edges), 1 foot 2 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide, sculptured in relief on two faces thus — Front. — In the middle^ the lower part of a cross of shape No. 102 a, divided into three panels, containing (1) on the shaft, diagonal key-pattern No. 967 ; (2) on the left lower quadrant of the ring connecting the arms, diagonal key-pattern No. 925 ; and (3) on the right lower quadrant, a four-cord plait. Along the left vertical edge of the slab is a bolder of triangular interlaced-work No. 722. In the background of the cross (on the left) is the lower part of the figure of an ecclesiastic with a book- satchel slung over his shoulder, wearing slippers, and having the lower hem of his dress ornamented with diagonal key-pattern No. 925 ; (in front of the ecclesiastic, to his right) a circular disc ornamented with interlaced- work No. 779 ; and ( on the i-ight of the shaft of the cross) a similar disc ornamented with interlaced-work 0 . ill, Bach. — The lower part of a cross of shape No. 107 (?). This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sadphircd Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 7, No. 4). Meigle No. 25 is a recumbent, hog-backed monument of sandstone, shaped like ajboat turned bottom upwards (having one end vertical and the other sloping, and with a keel-like ridge along the top), 5 feet long by 2 feet high by 11 inches wide .sculptured in relief on three faces thus (fig. 352 a, b) — Front. — At the end next to the head of the stone, a vertical border of interlaced- work No. 653; (along the ridge at the top) a border of interlaced-work No. 582, the ridge terminating at the top of the vertical end of the stone in a beast’s head ; and (on the sloping face of the stone) three horizontal rows of scales in imitation of roofing tiles. Bach. — The same as the front, except that the ridge, which terminates in a beast’s head, is ornamented with a serpent having an interlaced body. End. — Ornamented with two horizontal rows (4 scales, like those on the front and back. llecuiiibent liog-backcil iiioiiuiiu'iit, sculpturiHl in reliff, at Meif;le (Xo. DESCHIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — PEKTHSll 1 1! E. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculpturaf Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. Meigle No. 26 has been transferred to Class II., and is described at p. dOd. Meigle No. 27 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of irregular polygonal shape, 1 foot 10 inches high by I foot 7 inches wide by d inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 353 a, b) — Front. In the middle, part of the shaft of a cross ornamented with spiral-work No. 10-54; (on the background, on the left of the shaft, at the top) a four-cord plait, double-beaded ; and (below) triangular interlaeed-work No. 731 ; and (on the back- ground on the right) traces of a horizontal band of spiral-work No. 1045. Fig. 353. — Fragment of upright cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, at Meigle (No. 27). Scale, ^ linear. Bad '. — The right-hand lower corner of a panel, containing a figure subject consisting of portions of two enthroned ecclesiastics (?), and behind them, on the right, a man seated on the ground in a doubled-up posture, clasping his knees. This stone has been described and illustrated by W. Galloway in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xii. pi. 27, No. 4, and p. 433). Meigle No. 28 is a fragment of an upright cross-slali of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape, but fractured at the top, 1 foot 4 inches high by A. — Front. 1 !. — Back. 340 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OE SCOTLAND. 1 foot 7 inches wide by 2 inches thick, seulpDired in relief on one face thus (tic:. 254) — Front . — In the middle the lower end of the shaft of a cross devoid of ornament ; (on the background on the left and right of the shaft) diagonal key-pattern No. 9G7 ; and (below the bottom of the shaft) spiral-work No. 1054. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Fig. 354. — Fragment of upright cross-slat), with sculpture in relief, nt Meigle (No. 28). Scale, J linear. Fig. 355. — Fragment of upright cross- slab, with sculpture in relief, at Jleigle (No. 29). Scale, ^ linear. Meigle No. 29 is a fragment of a slab of sandstone, of irregular four-sided shape, 1 foot 0 inches high by 1 foot 1 inch wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 355) — Front . — Part of a panel, containing a figure subject consisting of two ecclesiastics with a crosier between them. The hems of their dresses are ornamented, the one on the left with a four-cord plait with double-beaded bands, and the one on the right with diagonal key-})attern No. 92G. The figure on the right has circular dress- fasteners or brooches near each shoulder (as on the stone at luvergowrie, Forfarshire). This stone has not been ])reviously described or illustrated. Meigle No. 30 is a fragment of sandstone, of irregular four-sided shape, 10 inches high by 7 inches wide by 34 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front . — Fart of a spiral scroll and a serpent’s head(?). This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. I'ig. 356. — Slab, with inscription, formerly at Oieenloaniiig, now at Smitli’.s Institute, Stirling. From a lihotograjih by Messrs Crowe & Rodger, Stirling. I'aije 341. .Yi). L.XX. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — PERTHSHIRE. 341 APPENDIX TO PERTH. Stones with Inscriptions, but no Ornament. Greenloaning. — ^(Situated at the edge of a small roundel of trees in the middle of a large field on the farm of Townhead, ^ a mile S. of Greenloaning I’ailway station ; but now deposited in the Smith Institute at Stirling.) The inscribed monument is stated to have been found in the spring of 1822, at a depth of 1 foot G inches below the surface of the ground, and covering a deposit of burnt ashes.^ It is a slab of dioritic stone of irregular four-sided shape, 4 feet 4 inches high (as it stood in the ground before its removal to Stirling) by 3 feet 3 inches wide by 9 inches thick, inscribed with horizontal lines of debased Latin capitals which read as follows (fig. 356): — (1.) Near the top of the stone Ih BVAHQATTI'DONATl (2.) I;Ower down near the middle of the stone and much more faintly incised VlIRSAMIIBONOTVO Desci’ibed by Prof. J. Rhys, LL.I)., and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxii. p. 330). Doune Lodge. — Two so-called inscribed stones found here were described by Mr E. W. B. Nicholson, Bodley’s Librarian, Oxford, in the Academy for 23rd May 1896, and 27th October 1894, and have been figured in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxi. pp. 397, 398). The markings on them are so obscure that it is very doubt- ful whether they have ever been really inscribed. Abernethy. — The so-called Ogham inscription, with a crown above it and the initial letter N (for Naiton, King of the Piets), and further embellished with the representation of a bird, is obviously a fabrication of quite recent date. (See Lord Sonthesk’s paper in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxix. p. 244.) Stones with Crosses, but no Ornament. Abernethy. — ^(Situated ^ of a mile S. of the railway station.) There is here, standing near the church, a monument, probably the headstone of a grave, which was dug up in the churchyard. It is a slab of yellow sandstone, of nearly 1 The inscription was tampered with by recutting some of the letters about fifty years ago, but a transcript of it as it appeared just after being dug up has been preserved. EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLANJ). 34l> rectangular shape, 2 feet 2 inches high by 1 foot 7 inches wide at the top and 1 foot 6 inches wide at the bottom i)y 4 inches thick, sculptured on one face with an incised cross of shape No. 96a. Described and illustrated in Rev. D. Butler’s Ancient Chtm-ch and Parish of Ahcrncthy, p. 237. Balqullidder. — (Situated at the E. end of Loch Voil, 2 miles W. of Loch- earnhead railway station.) There are in the churchyard here two slabs of irregular four-sided shape, one 5 feet 2 inches long by 1 foot 4 inches wide, sculptured on one face with a simple incised cross having transverse lines at the end of each arm ; and the other 4 feet 6 inches long by 1 foot 6 inches wide, sculptured on one face with an incised cross of shape No. 96a. Described and illustrated in Stuart’.s Scidytnred Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 67, No. 4, and pi. 68, No. 8). Dull. — (Situated on the N. side of the river Tay, 3^ miles W, of Aberfeldy railway station.) There are in the village here three free-standing crosses of shape No. 96a, aboirt 6 feet high by from 2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet across the arms. One of the crosses has a raised boss in the centre of the head with a simple incised cross upon it. Described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scvdjdured Stones of Scotland {yo\. ii. pi. 17). Dunkeld. — (Situated .V mile N. of the railway station.) There are here in the churchyard of the Cathedral two slabs, one 5 feet 2 indies long liy 2 feet 1 inch wide, with a cross of shape. No. 101a, sculptured in relief on one face ; and the other 5 feet 2 inches long by 2 feet 1 inch wide, with a cross having spiral terminations to the arms sculptured in relief on one face. Described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 68 ). Fowlis Easter. — (Situated 1 mile N.W. of Litf railway station, and 6 miles N.W. of Dundee.) There is in the churchyard here a free-standing cross of shape No. 96a. Described and illustrated in the Pruc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. vn. p. 245). Inverhaddon, Rannoch. — (Situated at the E. end of Loch Rannoch, 18 miles W. of Ritlochry railway station.) There is here an irregularly shaped fragment of a slab which was turned up by the plough twenty-four years ago, 1 foot 7 inches long by 2 feet wide, scul])tured in relief on one side with the upper part of a cross of shape No. 101a. Not previously described or illustrated; rubbing taken by Mr Raul Cameron of Ritlochry, sent by Mr Alex. Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FlFESlfTKE. Struan. — (Situated a mile S.E. of the railway station.) There are standing in the churchyard here two nule pillar-stones of quartzose slate, about 3 feet 0 inches high by 1 foot wide by G inches thick, one sculptured with a simple incised cross on two faces, and the other with a cross of sha])e No. 9G, but liaving rounded ends to the arms, on one face. Described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. vii. p. 443). Tumm6l, Falls of. — (Situated on the W. bank of the river Tay, 2 miles N.W. of Pitlochry railway station, and of a mile beyond Clunie Rridge in the direction of the kails of lummel.) There is standing by the road-side here an upright slab of mica slate, 4 feet high by 1 foot G inches wide l)y G inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces with a cross of shape No. 103a. On the west face there are traces of the figure of a warrior at the bottom of the shaft of the cross. Not previously described or illustrated ; rubbings supplied by Air Alex. Hutclieson, F.S.A. Scot., and dimensions by Air E. Towry AVliyte, F.S.A. FIFE. CLASS I. Lindores. — The village of Lindores is situated on the S. side of the Firth of Tay ilia valley between lofty hills, 3 miles S.E. of Newburgh railway station (Ordnance Alap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). The symbol stone is built into a dry rubble wall on the N. side of the road from Lindores to Newburgh, at the end of the garden of the last house in the village, about 100 yards W. of the point where the road divides into two brandies close to Lindores Loch. It is a block of greenstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but rounded at the top), 3 feet high by 1 foot 10 inches wide, sculptured with incised symbols on one face thus (fig. 357) — Front . — At the top in the middle of the stone, the triple disc and cross-bar symbol ; and below, the crescent and V-shaped rod symbol (ornamented with graceful curved lines, a portion of tlie spaces enclosed by these lines being left plain and the remainder shaded or hatched with other curved lines).^ A modern sundial has been cut on the top of the symbols, and there are faint traces of a rectangular figure which intersects both the lines of the sundial and the symbols. ^ This design is very “Late Celtic” in cliaracter, and may be compared witli some of the engraved metal chariot fittings found at Polden Hill, Somersetshire, and now in the British Aluseum. See Arclioeologia, vol. xiv. p. 90. 344 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 102). Walton. — Walton farm-house is situated on the west slope of Walton Hill, 200 feet above sea-level, a mile and a half S.E. of Springfield railway station, and 3^ miles S.W. of Cupar-Fife (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 40). The symbol stone was found on Walton farm, and is now in the possession of Lady Gertrude Cochrane at Crawford Priory, a mile S.E. of Springfield railway station. There is an ancient fort close to Walton farm-house, on the north side of it. Fig. 357. — Stone with incised symbols, eaded bands. Leftside . — A single panel, containing spiral-work No. 1045. Abercromby No. 1a is apparently another portion of the same slab, 1 foot 9 inches high by 1 foot 5 inches wide by 8 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 361c, d) — Front . — In the middle of the slab, part of the shaft of the cross, unornamented; and in the background on each side, spiral-work No. 1045. B. — Left side. a. — Front. i). — Left side. Fig. 361. — Upright cross-slab, sculptured in relief, at Abercromby (Nos. c. — Front. 1 and 1a). Scale, linear. Left Side . — Part of a single panel, containing spiral-work No. 1045. These two fragments have been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 124, No. 1). Abercromby No. 2 is an upright (?) cross-slab of sandstone, of rectangular shape, 3 feet 6 inches high Ity 1 foot 9 inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face tlius (fig. 362)— Front . — In the middle, and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 103a (combined with a ring) with a central boss on the head and traces of panel- ling at the bottom of the shaft. In the background are four panels of ornament, (1) on the left of the top arm, a four-cord plait; (2) on the right of the top arm, square key-pattern No. 898 ; and (3 and 4) on tlie left and right of the shaft next the bottom, square key-pattern No. 898. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONTT:meNTS — FTFESIIIRE. 349 This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Hcul 2 )tare(l Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 124, No. 2). Abercromby No. 3 is an upright (?) cross-slab of sandstone, of rectangular shape, 4 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 5 inches wide, scul])tured in relief on one face thus (fig. 363) — Front . — In the middle, and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 98 a (standing on a semicircular base), ornamented with four small recessed squares, one in the centre of the head, and one on each of the four arms. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart s Scid 2 )turcd Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 124, No. 3). Abercromby No. 4 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab (?) of sandstone, of 350 EA1:LY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. irregular four-sided sliape (l)rokeii round three edges), 2 feet 2 inches high by 1 foot 2 inches wide by 5 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 3G4 a, b) — Front . — Part of a panel, containing a figure-subject consisting of tw'o beasts and a man in a vertical row, one below the other. Right Side . — Parts of two panels of defaced sculpture. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 125, No. 4). Abercromby No. 5 is a fragment of sandstone of nearly rectangular shape, 1 foot 1 inch long by 9 inches wide, sculptured on one face thus — Front . — A double spiral and part of a pattern composed of straight lines. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 125, No. 5). St Andrews. — The cathedral of St Andrews is situated near the sea, half a mile E. of St Andrews railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 49). There are nearly forty sculptured stones here. Seventeen of these (Nos. 1 to 17) are now in the Museum at the United College on the N. side of North Street, between the railway station and the Cathedral. No. 1 was found in the churchyard aljout 13 yards N. of St Rule’s Tower, at a depth of G feet below the surface, forming the sides of a stone-chest filled with human bones. No. 2 was found some years ago embedded in the S. wall of the choir of the Cathedral, near its base. No. 3 was found at a considerable depth below the surface of the ground in digging a grave a few yards "W. of St Rule’s Tower. Nos. 4 to 17 were dug up in 18G0, when a portion of the Kirkhill or Kirk Heugh, which is close to the sea between the DESCUirTJVE LIST OF MONUMFNTS — FIFESlirilE. 351 Cathedi’cil and the harbour, was beins^ levelled in order to pro])are a platform for a gun battery. No. 18 is lying ill a recess inside St Iiegulus’ Tower on the S.E. side of the Cathedral. Nos. 19 to 26 were brought to light in 1891, built into the foundation of the E. gable wall of the Cathedral, where they still remain. No. 27 was dug up in 1895, at a depth of 4 feet below the surface, near the Novum Hospitium in Pends Eoad, within the precincts of the 1‘riory, which stood on the east side of the Cathedral. It is now in the Cirls’ School. Nos. 28 and 29 were found in the course of the restoration of the I’riory by the late Marquis of Bute in 1894. Nos. 30 and 32 were found about 70 feet N. of St Buie’s Tower, at a depth of 5 feet below the surface, on the 14th of February 1898. No. 31 was found about 16 feet S. of the apse of St Buie’s Chapel, at a depth of 4 feet below the surface, on the 29th of July 1898. St Andrews Nos. 1, 1a, 1b, Ic, Id, and 1e are portions of an altar-tomb of sand- stone in the shape of a rectangular box, constructed of four upright slabs (one at each corner), grooved vertically to receive the four thinner slabs which form the panelled sides of the box. The upright corner-posts are 2 feet 4 inches high by from 1 foot 1 inch to 1 foot 2 inches wide and by from 41 to 51 inches thick ; the middle front panel is 3 feet 6 inches long between the uprights by 2 feet 2 inches high Ijy 3^ inches thick; and the end panels are 2 feet 2 inches long between the uprights by 2 feet high by 2^ inches thick. The complete tomb measures 5 feet 9 inches long Ijy 2 feet 11 inches wide by 2 feet 4 inches high. One of the corner-posts, one of the long panels, and one of the short panels (with the exception of a small fragment) are missing. The existing portions are numbered as follows : — No. 1. — The long panel forming the middle of the front. No. 1a. — The short panel forming the middle of the left end. No. 1b. — The upright corner-post on the right of the long panel of the front. No. Ic. — The upright corner-post on the left of the long panel of the front. No. Id. — The upright corner-post on the left of the short panel of the left end. No. 1e. — A fragment of one of the missing panels. The four faces of the altar-tomb are sculptured thus (fig. 365) — Front. — On the long panel in the middle, a figure-subject consisting of (at the right end of the panel) David ^ rending the lion’s jaws, there being a horned sheej) (to the left of his head) symbolising his occupation as a shepherd, and (to the right of 1 David’s stature is made tlie full height of the panel, so as to appear of gigantic pro- portions as compared with the other figures. He is clad in loose-flowing drapery reaching to his feet, and is armed with a dirk in a leather (?) sheath, ornamented with interlaced-work No. 597. The man on horseback may also be intended for David, as the drapery is the same in both cases, and the tails and manes of the lions are treated in a similar conventional manner. 352 fLlllLY CHlilSTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. his lieaair of beasts with interlaced liml)s facing each other, surrounded by a border of interlaced-work No. 607. This altar-tomb has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sadptured Sfo'/ies of Scotland, the following being the references : — No. 1. — Vol. i. pi. 61, No. 1. No. 1a. — Vol. i. pi. 63, No. 3. No. 1b.— Vol. i. pi. 62, No. l,^ and vol. i. pi. 65.^ No. Ic.— Vol. i. pi. 64, No. 5.^ No. Id. — Vol. i. pi. 62, No. 2.^ No. 1e. — Vol. i. pi. 64, No. 4. St Andrews No. 2 is a recumbent (?) cross-slab of sandstone of nearly rect- angular shape (but wider in the middle than at the ends), cracked across the middle, 4 feet 8 inches long by 1 foot 6 inches wide at the broadest part by 6 inches thick, sculptured partly with incised lines and partly in relief on one face thus — Front . — In the middle, and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 102 a with a small incised cross having f-shaped ends in the centre of the head and raised circular bosses in the sunk spaces between the arms. The slab ds very rudely ornamented with spirals and triquetra knots No. 798 scattered indis- criminately over its surface.-"^ This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 9, No. 1). St Andrews No. 3 is the upper part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but all askew), 1 foot 4| inches high by 1 foot 5 inches wide by 6 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 366 a, b)— Front . — Part of the head of a cross of shape No. 101 a, with all the sculpture 1 Called by Stuart the end of his stone No. 1 at St Andrews. 2 Called by Stuart end of his stone No. 3 on pi. 63. ® Only one face of this stone is given by Stuart. Ihid. ^ The engraving given by Stuart shows the design to be much more distinct and well executed than it now ai>pears on the stone itself. PART III. 2 Y 8o4 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OE SCOTLAND. which was on it defaced. On the background of the cross to the left of the top arm are traces of a diagonal key-pattern much defaced. Back . — Part of the head of a cross of shape No. 98a, ornamented with a six-cord plait. On the background of the cross are traces of a diagonal key-pattern much defaced (on the left of the top arm), and diagonal key-pattern No. 1010 (on the right). This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 9, No. 2). A. — Front. B. — R.'U’k. Fi". 367. Uin'iglit cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, at St Andrews (No. 4). Scale, J linear. St Andrews No. 4 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but broken away at the top), 1 foot 3 inches high by 1 foot 6 inches wide liy 5^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces tints (fig. 367a, b) — DESCIUITIVE USX OF MONUMENTS — FIFf:SHll{E. Front. — Oil the left side of a central cross-shaft, part of a panel containing a six-cord (?) plait, the remainder of the sculpture being defaced. Back. — Tlie bottom part of a panel of diagonal key-pattern No. 958 (?). This stone has lieen described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotlcmd{\o\. ii. pi. 9, No. 3). St Andrews No. 5 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but broken at the top), 1 foot 8 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 5 inches thick, originally sculptured partly with incised lines on four faces thus — Front and Left Side. — Sculpture defaced. Back. — The bottom of the shaft of an incised cross (?), with plain panels on each side. Right Side. — The bottom of a panel containing square key-pattern No. 887. A. — Front. c. — side. n. — Back. Fig. 368. — Ujiright cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, at St Andrews (No. 7). Scale, linear. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculjdurcd Stones of Scotland, (vol. ii. pi. 9, No. 4). St Andrews No. 6 is part of a cross-head of sandstone of shape No. 101a, 1 foot high by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 6 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus — Front . — A circular raised boss in the centre of the head, and traces of interlaced- work on the arms. Back. — Traces of spiral ornament No. 1054, much defaced. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland {\o\. ii. pi. 10, No. G). St Andrews No. 7 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but expanding in width towards the top), broken along 356 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OE SCOTLAND. the upper edge, 1 foot 8 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 5^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 3G8a, b, c) — Front. — In the middle, the Ijottom of the shaft of a cross, with the lower parts of panels containing diagonal key-pattern No. 974 on each side. Back. — In the middle, the shaft of a cross of shape No. 102a, and parts of the two lower quadrants of the ring connecting the arms. The left-hand lower quadrant of the ring is ornamented with knot No. 249, and on the background of tlie cross on each side of the shaft is diaper key-pattern No. 995. Itijlit Side. — Diagonal key-pattern No. 920. Lcf^: Side. — Traces of a square key-pattern. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s ScalpUired Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 10, No. 7). St Andrews No. 8 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone. A. — Front. B. — Right side, c. — Leftside. Fig. 369. — Upright cross-slab with .sculpture in relief, at St Andrews (No. 8). Scale, yV linear. of nearly rectangular shape (but broken away at the top), 1 foot 9 inches high by 1 foot 6 inches wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 369a, b, c) — Front. — The shaft and part of the head of across of shape No. 101a, uuorna- mented ; and on the backgrotmd of the cross on each side of the shaft diagonal key- ])attern No. 974. Back. — The shaft and part of the head of a cross of shape No. 98a, with two panels forming the background on each side of the shaft. The cross and the back- ground are both devoid of ornament. Riylit Side. — The ])ottorn of a plain outlined panel. Left Side. — The lower part of a panel containing square key-pattern No. 887. Tliis stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 10, No. 8). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FIFESIIIRE 357 St Andrews No. 9 is ;m upright cross-slab (?) of sandstone, of nearly rectangu- lar shape (but tapering upwards), 1 foot II inches high by 9 inches wide at the top and 1 foot 2 inches wide at the bottom by .3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on three faces thus (fig. 370) — Front . — A single panel, containing (at the top) diaper key-pattern No. 995, and below two human figures of ditlerent sizes, the smaller apparently within an enclosure.^ Rvjht Side . — Diagonal key-pattern No. 92G, a good deal defaced. Left Side . — Square key-pattern No. 887. ■\. — Front. B. — Right side. Fig. .370. — U[)right cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, at St Andrews (No. 9). Scale, ^ linear. Fig. 371. — Right side. Upright cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, at St Andrews (No. 10). Scale, J linear. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidphorcd Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 11, No. 11). St Andrews No. 10 is the upper part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but broken round the edges), 1 foot 5 inches high by 1 foot 6 inches wide by 5 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 371) — Front . — Part of the head'of a cross of shape No. 102 a, with traces of interlaced- work upon it. ^ Dr .1. Anderson suggests that the scene here represented may be the Raising of Lazarus. Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2nd ser. p. 155 358 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Rifjht Side. — A single panel, containing (at the top) a triple spiral, and below diagonal key-pattern No. 945. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculpt, ured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 11, No. 12). St Andrews No. 11 is a fragment of an upright cross-slali of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but broken round the edges), 11 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 3^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus — Front. — In the middle of the slab, part of the shaft of a cross, devoid of orna- ment, and (on the background of the cross at each side) spiral- work No. 1054. Back. — Traces of a small segment of a circle with key-pattern. Right Side. — Diagonal key-pattern No. 92G (?). Left Side. — Square key-pattern No. 887. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, (vol. ii. pi. 11, No. 14). Front. Fig. 372. — Upright cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, at St Andrews (No. 13). Scale, J linear. St Andrews No. 12 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but broken away at the top), 1 foot 11 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 3i inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front. — In the middle of the slalt, the bottom of the shaft of a cross, devoid of ornament ; and (on the liackground of the cross at each side of the shaft) spiral- work No. 1054. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. ])1. 11, No. 15). St Andrews No. 13 is the lower part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but broken away at the top and cracked across), 1 foot 11 inches high by 1 foot 10 inches wide by 4;^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 372) — Front. — The bottom of the shaft of a cross, devoid of ornament, resting on a I). --Left side. a. — Front. ii.--15ack. c. — Right siile. Fig 373.V, n, c, i>. — Cross-shaft, sculptured in ndief, at St Andrews (Xo. 14). From a j>hotogia])li hy Mr T. Rodger, St Andrews. 359 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FIFESIIIRE. plain horizontal band, forming a sort of base ; and (on the background of the cross on each side of the shaft) spiral-work No. 1054. Li'ft Side. — One corner of a panel, the rest all broken away. This stone has been described and illustrat(!d in Stuart’s Smlpturcd Stones of Scotland (yo\. ii. pi. 11, No. 16). St Andrews No. 14 is the shaft of a cross of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but tapering upwards), 6 feet 2 inches high by 1 foot 5 inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot 3 inches wide at the to]> by 9 inches thick, sculj)tured partly in relief on four faces thus (fig. 373 a, b, c, d) — Front. — Divided into three panels, containing (1) at the top, diagonal key- pattern No. 974; (2) in the middle, interlaced-work No. 686 with doubled-beatled bands ; and (3) at the bottom, diagonal key- pattern of the same kind as No. 958. c. — Leftside. -V. — Front. n. — Right side. Fig. 374. — Upright cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, at St Andrews (No. 15). Scale, t linear. Back. — Divided into three panels, containing (1) at the top, interlaced-work No. 638, with double-beaded bands ; (2) in the middle, diagonal key-pattern No. 963 ; and (3) at the bottom, a phiin panel, surrounded by a double incised line. Right Side. — Divided into four panels, containing (1) at the top, interlaced-work No. 685, with double-beaded bands ; (2) below this, diagonal key-pattern No. 946 ; (3) next, a plain panel, with a border of incised lines; and (4) at the bottom, inter- laced-woi'k No. 658. Left Side. — A single panel of interlaced-work No. 533, with doubled-beaded bands. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 11, No. 17). St Andrews No. 15 is the middle part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but broken away at the top and bottom), 1 foot 2 inches 360 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. high by 1 foot 3 inches wide by 4^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on three faces thus (fig. 374a, b, c) — Front. — In the middle of the slab, a cross of shape No. 98a, firnamented with six-cord broken plait-work, having double-beaded l)auds. Plight Side. — Interlaced-work No. 653. Left Side. — Interlaced-work No. 544. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. St Andrews No. 16 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, 10 inches long by 7 inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Fig. 375. — Upright cross-slnl , witli sculpture in relief, at St Amlrew.s (No. 18). Scale, J linear. Front . — Part of the head of a cross of shape No. 93a. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. St Andrews No. 17 is a fragment 9i inches long by 7 inches wide by 3^ inches thick, with traces of sculpture on two sides. St Andrews No. 18 ^ is an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly square shape, 1 foot 7 inches high by 1 foot 7 inches wide by 3| inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 375) — Front . — In the middle of the slab, a cross of shape No. 101a, without ornament, and in the four panels of the Iiackground, spiral-work No. 1054. 1 Inside St Regulus’ tower. Fragments of sculptured slabs ami cross-shafts built into the foundation of the west wall of the Cathedral at St Andrews. From a photograph by Mi- T. Rodger, St Andrews. DESCRIPTTVE LIST OF :»10XUMEXTS— FIFESlllltE. 3(H Back . — In the middle of the slab, a cross of shape Xo. 102a. Neither the cross nor the backgi’onnd are ornamented. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. St Andrews Nos. 19 to 26 are still imbedded in the west wall of the Cathedral as shown in fig. 376; and as only the edges are visible, they cannot be completely described. Xo. 19 appears to be the shaft of a great cross, and the other stones may be either cross-slabs or cross-shafts. The dimensions of the e.xposed faces of the monuments are as follows : — No. 19, 7 feet 11 inches by 11 inches „ 20, 11 „ „ 4i „ „ 21, 1 foot 11 „ „ 4 „ 22. 1 7 „ 6 „ No. 23, 1 foot 9 inches by 4 inches „ 24, 2 feet „ 4 O, 1 26, 2 6 As to ornament, No. 19 is decorated with scroll foliage; No. 20, with diagonal Fig. 377. — Coped or sliriiie-shaped monument, at St Andrews (Xo. 27). key-pattern No. 932, double-beaded ; Nos. 21, 23, 24, 25, and 26, with diagonal key- pattern No. 926 ; and No. 22, with a plain panel. These stones have been briefly referred to and illustrated by a small block in Dr Hay Fleming’s Handbook to St Andrcios (1894), p. 58. St Andrews No. 27 is a recumbent coped or shrine-shaped monument of sand- stone (fig. 377), 3 feet 9 inches long by 1 foot 1 0 inches high by 1 foot in breadth, sculptured on the sloping sides of the top with conventional scales to imitate roofing- tiles, and on each end with a cross of shape No. 80, with expanded ends to the arms, in relief. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Beliquary (vol. i. 1895, p. 187). St Andrews No. 28.— A fragment, 1 foot long by 10 inches wide by 6| inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face with two beasts. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. PART III. ^ ^ 362 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. St Andrews No. 29. — A fragment, 1 foot 4 inches long by 1 foot wide by 7h inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face with three beasts and part of a fourth. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. St Andrews No. 30 is the upper part of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, 1 foot 5 inches in height by 1 foot 4i inches in breadth and -ih inches in thickness, sculptured in relief on two faces and on both edges thus (fig. 378 a, b, c, d) — Front. — The upper part of a cross of form No. 102a, ornamented with interlaced- work No. 533, and in the background, over each arm of the cross, a square of fret No. 964. Back. — Tlie upper part of a cross of form No. 98a, devoid of ornament, and on the background of the cross, over the right arm, a six-cord plait with a single horizontal break, and over the left arm, interlaced-work No. 533. Right Side. — A running scroll, with grape-like clusters on the terminals. Left Side. — A running pattern of fretwork. This stone has not been hitherto described or illustrated, except in the St Andrews Citizen for February 19, 1898. 1 am indebted to IMr Alex. Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot., for having first called my attention to it, and for having sent me rubbings of it. St Andrews No. 31 is part of an upriglit cross-slab of sandstone, measuring 1 foot 9 inches in height by 10 inches in breadth and 3h inches in thickjiess, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 379 a, b) — Front. — A cross of form No. 101a, devoid of ornament. Back. — At the top, a square of interlaced-work No. 731, double-beaded. This stone has not been previously described or figured, except in the St Andrews Citizen for August 6, 1898. Left side. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FIFESllIRE. St Andrews No. 32 is a fragment of a cross-shaft of saiulstoiie, 8 inches high by 7 inches wide by 5 inches tliick, sculptured in relief on two faces with scroll foliage thus (fig. 380 a, n). This stone has not been previously illustrated or described, except in the St Andrews Citizen for February 19, 1898. The illustration here given is from rubbings supplied by Mr .\lex. Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot. Fig. 379. — Upright cross-.slali, with sculpture in relief, at St Amlrews (No. 31). | linear. Crail. — The church of Grail is situated near Fife Ness, half a mile E. of Grail railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 41). The sculptured stone was used as part of the pavement of the church after 1815, and is now built into the wall of the tower inside. It is an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape ( but tapering Fig. 380. — Portion of a cross-shaft sculptured in relief at St Andrews (No. 32). Scale, J linear. upwards), 6 feet 3 inches high by 2 feet 6 inches wide at the bottom and 2 feet 3 inches wide at the top, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 381) — Front . — In the middle, but not extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 102a (with the two lower quadrants of the connecting ring l)etween the arms omitted), terminating at the bottom of the shaft in the lower part of the Itody of EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. ))G4 a man, who thus ap])ears to be caiTviiig tlie cross. The ornament on the cross is all worn away with the exception of faint traces of interlaced-work on the head, a square key-pattern on the shaft, and square key-pattern No. 892 on the right-hand upper quadrant of tlie ring connecting the a.rnis. On the background of the cross (to the left of the l>ottom arm and shaft) are three beasts and a bird peck- ing out the eye of an animal, arranged in a vertical row, one below the other ; and (to the right of the bottom arm and shaft) at the top an enthroned figure, perhaps intended for the Virgin and Child, and below, traces of three beasts. At the bottom of the slab, in a sunk panel in the middle, a later shield of arms has been carved. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scid 2 >tured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. G4), and in Erskine Beveridge’s Churchyard Memorials of Crail, p. 57. Fig. 381. — Upi'iglit cross-slab, sculptured in relief, at Crail. Scale, A linear. From a pihotograph by Erskine Beveridge, Esq., F.S.A. Scot. and is devoid of ornament. Dogtown. — The farm - house of Dogtown is situated 5 miles N.W. of Kirkcaldy and 2 miles N.E. of Cardenden railway station (Ordnance Alap, One- Inch Scale, Sheet 40). The sculptured stone stands in the hedge of a field on a sloping hill- side ]'ust below Dogtown farm-hodse, to the soutli of it, and on the west of the road from Kirkcaldy to Kinglassie. It is the remains of a very much mutilated free-standing cross of yellow sandstone, discoloured with iron stains, still erect on its ancient base. The base measures 3 feet 6 inches long by 2 feet 6 inches wide by 1 foot 3 inches high, of the head are together 4 feet 11 The shaft and part DE8CRIPTIVE LIST OF :\rOXUMENTS — FTFESHIRE. inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 1 foot thick, and are sculptured on four faces tlius (fig. o82) — Front . — All the ornainent defaced except the remains of a panel of diagonal key- pattern No. 994 at the bottom of the shaft. Back . — In the centre of the head of the cross a circular raised boss ; and the shaft divided into two panels, containing (1) at the top, a horse- man armed with a spear ; and (2) at the bottom, two figiu’es of beasts (?), much defaced. Bight Side . — A pair of serpentine creatures, with their bodies twisted together horizontally at intervals, making interlaced-work No. 573 (in the same fashion as on the cross-shaft at Stanwick, Yorkshire). Left Side . — Sculpture defaced. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 53). Dunino.^ — The church of Dunino is situated close to the road from St Andrews to Anstruther, on the E. side of it, about half way between these two towns, and 2-| miles S. of Strathvithie railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 41). The sculptured fragment was found in digging a grave in the churchyard of Dunino, and is now in the United College Museum at St Andrews. It is said to have been broken off from a larger stone which still lies buried. It is a portion of an upright cross-slab (?) of sandstone (broken all round the edges), 11 inches high by 1 foot 7 inches wide by 5 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 383) — Front . — In the middle part of the shaft of a cross (?), ornamented with interlaced- work No. 613. On the background of the cross, to the right of the shaft, portions of figures. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 11). Fig. 382. — Right sule. Cross, sculiitured in relief, at Dogtown. Scale, linear. Inchcolm. — The little island of Inchcolm is situated in the Firth of Forth, 1 mile S. of Aberdour railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 32). There are two sculptured stones here, namely — No. 1, which is preserveil inside the chapter-house of St Colme’s Abbey, and No. 2, which lies in a field close to the Abbey. ' Spelt “ Denino ” on the Ordnance Map. 300 EARLY CHRISTIAX MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Inchcolm No. 1 is a slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but broken at the top), 2 feet 2h inches high by 1 foot wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 384 a, b) — Fig. 383. — Portion of upriglit cross-slat), sculptured in relief, from Dunino, now in the Museum, St Andrews. Scale, linear. Fig. 384. — Portion of slab, with sculpture in relief, at Inchcolm. Scale, -fV linear. Front . — The lower part of a panel, of diagonal key-pattern No. 933. Left Side .- — The lower part of a panel, of interlaced-work No. 568, terminating at the bottom in knot No. 214. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stnart’s Sculphcred Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 125). Inchcolm No. 2 is a recumbent hog-backed monument of sandstone (fig. 385), 5 feet long by 1 foot 9 inches high in the middle by 1 foot wide, with rudely executed zoomorphic ends, and five rows of scales on the sloping sides of the top, to imitate Fig. 385. — Recumbent hog-backed monument at Inchcolm (No. 2). roofing-tiles. In the middle of one of the long vertical faces is a figure of a man, with his arms upraised in the ancient attitude of prayer (as on the hog-backed stone at Heysham, Lancashire). i "1 tig. 38(5 — Cioss. souljitured in relief, at Mugdruin. Xot to ‘■cale. From a photograjili by ^Messrs Valentine & Sons, Dundee. I'wje 3(37. Xo. LXXV. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FIFESIIIRE. o()7 This stone h;is been described and illustrated by Professor J. Y. Simpson in the Proc. boc. A.nt. Scot., vol. ii. p. 496, and by ^Ir -T. Russell Walker, F.S.A. Scot., in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xix. p. 417. Inverkei thing. — The town of Inverkeithing is situated on the N. side of the Forth Bridge, close to Inverkeithing railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet o2). The sculptured stone formerly stood towards the N. part of the parish of Inverkeithing, but is now lost. The illustration of it which has been preserved is not sufficiently good to enable an accurate technical account of the ornament to be given. It appears to have been an upright cross-slab, with figures of horsemen and l^easts on the back. This stone is described and illustrated in Stuart’s Seuliytwrecl Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 131). Mugdrum. — iMugdrum House is situated on the S. side of the Firth of Tay, close to the borders of Fifeshire and Perthshire, \ of a mile W. of Newburgh railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 48). The sculptured stone stands on an elevation within the grounds of IMugdrum House, immediately N. of the lodge gate, on the road from Newburgh to Abernethy. It is a much mutilated free-standing cross ^ of sandstone, still erect on its ancient base. The base is nearly rectangular, and measures 5 feet 6 inches long l)y 4 feet wide bv 1 foot 6 inches high. The shaft and what remains of the head together I/O O measure 11 feet high by 2 feet 5 incbes wide by 1 foot 4 inches thick, and are sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 386) — Front . — Divided into four panels, containing (1) at the top, a man on horseback; (2) below this,- a second horseman, armetl with a spear ; (3) next, two more horse- men ; and (4) at the bottom, several hounds chasing stags, which are represented witli the legs doubled up underneath the body. Back . — Sculpture entirely defaced. Plight Side . — The sculpture at the top all defaced, but next the bottom two panels, containing (1) scroll foliage with winged dragons in the scrolls ; (2) diagonal key-pattern No. 963. Left Side . — Sculpture entirely defaced, and a vertical groove cut all down the right edge. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculgytured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 52), and in A. H. IMillar’s Fife, Pictorial and Historical. 1 The shaft and base are out of the perpendicular, having a very considerable inclination towards the east. 2 There appears to be a horizontal band of diagonal key-pattern at the top of this panel. 808 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Sauchope. — Sauchope House is situated between Crail and Fife Ness, not far from the sea, 1 mile N.E. of Crail railway station (Ordnance i\Iap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 41). The sculptured stone formerly stood on a mound ^ of a mile west of Sauchope House, and ^ a mile N.E. of Crail. In 1851, it was removed to a position a little to the N. of its former site. (See Ordnance IMap, Si.x-Inch Scale, Sheet 20, where it is marked close to the road from Crail to Fife Ness.) The monument is an upright cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but expanding in width upwards), 6 feet high by 2 feet 9 inches wide, sculptured in relief on two faces thus — Front . — In the middle, a cross of shape No. 105a, not extending to the bottom of the slab. The cross is devoid of ornament, but on the background below the bottom of the shaft are two beasts, one above another. Back . — A single panel, containing a figure-subject consisting of two horsemen (the upper one armed with a spear) and a dog. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Bculj^tv.red Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 59). AITENDIX TO FIFE. IMetal Ub.iects avith Symbols. Nome’s Law. — Situated 3 miles north of Largo railway station. Here was found in 1819 a hoard of silver ornaments and mutilated pieces of thin silver plate, some with ornamentation of Pagan Celtic type, and others of Christian Celtic type. Amongst the objects were a pair of similar leaf-shaped plates and a semicircular- headed pin (fig. 387). The leaf-shaped plates are 3| inches long. On one side of each, at the top, is a small raised boss, with lines diverging spirally from the centre, and below the double-disc and Z-shaped rod symbol. The discs aie ornamented with spiral-work No. 1088. The two small crescents with which the connecting bar of the double-disc symbol are ornamented are placed parallel to the middle part of the Z-shaped rod,^ instead of transversely, as is universally the case on the sculptured stones. The beast’s head symbol has a fin like that of a fish, as on the stone at Ehynie, No. 5, Aberdeenshire. On the back of the semicircular-headed pin are engraved a ])alm-branch or floriated rod and a circular disc, with a fleur de lys issuing from it. The front of the head of the pin has a small cross within a circle between two round knobs at the top and some spiral-work below, enamelled. These objects are now in the National IMuseum of Antiquaries of Scotland, Catal. F.C. 30, 33 and 34 1 This remark applies also to the double disc and Z-sliaped rod on the terminal link of the silver chain found at Ayhitecleugh, Lanarkshire. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FIFESHIRE. 3G9 (described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scu^nured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii., Appendix to the I’reface, p. 83 ; the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scut., vols. vi. p. 7, and Fig. 387. — Silver leaf-shaped plaque and pin with engraved s}'mhols found at Norrie’s Law. xviii. p. 240 ; and in Dr J. Anderson’s Scotlcnid. in Eaiiy CJmstio.n Times, 2nd ser. p. 38). PART III. ^ 370 EARLY CHRISTIAN M(3NUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Caves with Sculptured Symbols. East Wemyss. — Situated on the north side of the Firth of Forth, 3 miles W. of Thornton Junction. There are here five caves, with symbols sculptured on the sides, namely, the Glass-house Cave, f of a mile S.W. of East Wemyss, and the Court Cave, Doocot Cave, Jonathan’s Cave, and the Sloping Cave, all within half a mile N.E. of East Wemyss, between it and the Gas Works.^ The entrances to the caves are about lOO yards from the high-water mark of ordinary spring tides, and at a level of between 25 and 50 feet above the level of the sea. The following symbols and other figures are incised on the sides of the different caves (figs. 388, 389, 390). Glass-house Cave. — The arch symbol (repeated three times). Six small crosses. Fi". 388. — Symbols in the Court Cave. Court Cave. — The elephant symbol (?) (repeated twice). Tlie double-disc symbol (?) (repeated twice). Tlie mirror .symbol (?). The crescent 2 and V-shaped rod symbol (?). The rectangular symbol. The arch symbol. A man holding a club (?). Two triangles. ^ The positions of the caves are marked on the Ordnance Map (scale, 6 inches to the mile). Sheet 32. - The crescent is nearly oval, and the V-shaped rod is like a pair of horns. Fig. 389. — Incised sculpturings on the walls of the Doo Cave 390.— Incised sculptiirings on the walls of .Tonathan’s Cave. 373 DEsCUIPTrVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — FTFESHIRE. Doo Cave.— The double-disc and Z-shaped rod symbol and the beast's liead symbol. The flower symbol. The rectangular symbol. The double-disc symbol without the Z-shaped rod (repeated four times). Two small crosses. The elephant symbol. Ihe arch symbol (repeated twice). The S-shaped syml)ol.^ The bird symbol (repeated twice). The mirror-case symbol (?) (repeated twice). The serpent symbol. Jonathan’s Cave. — The fish symb(fi. The bird symbol (repeated five times). The elephant symbol (repeated twice). The double-disc symbol without the Z-shaped rod (repeated four times). The rectangular symbol. The two-legged rectangular symbol (repeated twice). A lion (?). A man driving a beast. Two men. A shield-shaped figure. A fieur de lys. A swastika cross. Five small crosses. A trident. Two crosses (?) like a pricket candlestick. A tiideut and two small circles. Sloping Cave. — The rectangular symbol (repeated twice). The double-disc symbol without the Z-shaped rod. Described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scul 2 ')tured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii., Appendix to Preface, pis. 30 to 34) ; and the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xi. p. 107). Stones with Crosses, but no Ornament. St Andrews. — There are here five monuments of early date, with crosses, but no ornament, namely — 1 This symbol only occurs on the caves and silver chains, and on two stones found at Kintradwell, Sutherland, and one found at Drimmies, Aberdeenshire. 374 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. No. 1. — A slab of sandstone, 1 foot 4^ inches high by 11 inches wide, with an incised cross of shape No. 96a, scnlptnred on one face near the top; now in the St Andrews Museum. Described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. j)!. 10, No. 10). No. 2. — One arm of a cross of shape No. 101a, 1 foot 1.^ inches long by 1 foot 1 inch wide by 5 inches thick ; now in the St xVndrews IMuseum. Described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 11, No. 13). No. 3.— A rectangular slab of sandstone, 1 foot 8 inches high by 1 foot 2 inches wide by .3 inches thick, sculptured in relief, with a cross of shape No. 98a on the front, and a cross of shape No. 101a on the back ; now in the St Andrews Museum. Not previously described or illustrated. No. 4. — A rectangular slab of sandstone, 1 foot 7 inches long by 1 foot 1 inch wide by 6 J inches thick, sculptured on the exposed face with a cross of shape No. 98a; now forming part of the top course of the wall of the old ruined church on the Kirkheugh. Not previously described or illustrated. No. 5. — ^A free-standing cross of shape No. 96a, of sandstone, l)roken into four pieces, 5 feet 6 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches across the arms ; now in St Leonard’s School for Girls. Not previously described or illustrated. Dunino. — Situated 2 miles S. of Strathvithie railway station. There is standing in the churchyard here an early monument, the top of which has been adapted for a sundial dated 1698. It is 2 feet 6 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide l)y 1 foot 3 inches thick at the top and 11 inches thick at the l)ottom, sculptured on one face with a cross in relief, the transverse part of which has, in the centre, a cii’cle roiind the crossing of tw'o diagonal lines drawn saltire-wise from the opposite corners, and on the other face a similar cross, but more defaced. Not previously described or illustrated. Notes and sketches supplied by Dr Hay Fleming. The Skeith Stone. — Situated close to Upper Kilrenny on the south side, 1 mile N.\Y. of Anstruther railway station. There is here an upright slab of whin- stone of irregular four-sided shape, 4 feet high by 3 feet wide, with a cross of unusual shape, enclosed within a circular ring. AYithin the ring are eight lozenge or leaf- shaped depressions, arranged in pairs so as to form a cross. I )escribed and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 124). DESCllTPTJVK LIST OF MONUM FNTS—CLACK.M ANNAN. :57 a II. — Leftside. a . — Front. n. — Back. c. — Riglit side. Fig. 391. — Upright cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, formerly at Tullibole, now in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Scale, iJj linear. The sculptured stone used to stand in the old burying-grouud at Tullibole, and is now in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh (Catal. I.P>. 09). It is tin upright cross-.slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but tapering upwards), 4 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide at the top and 1 foot 6 inches wide at the bottom by from 6 to 7 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 391a, b, c, d) — Front . — In the middle and extending the full length of the slab a cross of shape KINROSS AND CLACKMANNAN. CLASS 111. Tullibole. Ihe old burying-ground of Tullibole is situated between the (..’rook of Devon and Loch Leven, lialf a mile N. of Tullibole Castle, and a mile and a half N.E. of 1 ossaway railway station (Ordnance i\Ia]i, (Jne-Inch Scale, Sheet 40V 376 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 102a, having spiral terminations to the arms, decorated with a six-cord plait. On the background of the cross, to the right of the shaft, is a panel of diagonal key-pattern No. 9371?). Back . — Divided into four panels, containing (1) at the top a man on foot, a horseman accompanied by a hound, and a beast ; (2) in the middle, two circular discs ; (3) at the bottom, on the left, two men wrestling; and (4) at the bottom, on the right, a pair of serpentine creatures, with looped tails, facing each other. Left and Right Sides. — Four-cord broken plait-work. This stone has been described and illustrated by Mr W. Galloway in the J’roc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xiii. p. 316). APPENDIX TO CLACKMANNAN. Stones with Crosses, but no Ornament. Hawkhill. — Situated half a mile east of Alloa railway station. There is here an erect slab (fig. 392), incised on each of its broad faces with a cross of shape No. 101 a. Fig. -392. — U[)right cross-slali, with incised crosses, at Hawkhill, Alloa. Not to Scale. The stone measures 8 feet 3 inches high by 2 feet 71 inches in breadth, and about 9 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — AUOYLr.. inches ill thickness. A\ lien the site was examined in 1829, many human bones were found close to the stone, and at about 9 feet N. of its base was a stone cist, formed of sandstone flags, which contained human Ixmes, and was covered with a Hag, at each end of which was incised a small cross of simple form, but evidently cut with care. Described and illustrated in the iVoc. Noc. Ant. iicot. (vol. iv. p. 88, and vol. xxiii. p. 154), and in Dr J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times (2nd ser., p. 92). WESTERN SECTION. ARGYLI.. CLASS HI. Ardchattan. — Ardchattan House is situated on the N. shore of Loch Elive, 10 miles N.E. of Obaii and a mile N. of Ach-iia-cloich railway station (Ordnance IMaj), One-Inch Scale, Sheet 45). The sculptured stone lies within the private burial-ground of the Campbells of Lochnell in the churchyard of the Priory behind Ardchattan House on the E. side. The burial-ground of Lochnell is surrounded by a high wall, and the gate is locked. The monument is an upright cross-slalj of gneiss (?), of nearly rectangular shape (but fractured along both sides), G feet 6^ inches high by 1 foot 10 inches wide at the bottom and 2 feet 8 inches wide at the top by 6 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 393) — Front. — In the middle, and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of shape No. 102a, not divided into panels, but with the following variations in the ornament: {a) in the centre of the head, spiral-work No. 1111 ; (5) on the top arm, a man holding a book, with the head of a monster on each side at the top and wings (?), forming a four -cord plait with the man’s legs and merging into the spiral-work in the centre of the head ; (c, d, and e) on the left, right, ^ and bottom arms, broad bands of plaitwork beaded along both edges and merging into the spiral-work in the centre of the head ; (/) on the shaft at the top, spiral-work ^ ; (y) on the shaft in the middle, interlaced-work No. 603 with broad bands beaded along both edges; and Qt) at 1 On the right arm the lower part of a face a 2 >pears, which w'as probably Hanked by two monsters like those on the toj) arm. 2 This spiral-work cannot be classified, because, although the sinrals are arranged symmetrically in four horizontal rows of four each, making sixteen altogether, they are not j)roj)erly connected as they should be in sf^iral-work iNo. 10G4. By the introduction of three S-shapod connections the designer has been able to make all the .spirals triple instead of quadruple, trijHe spirals being abvays used in pre-ference to any other kind in Celtic art. PART III 378 EARLY CHRISTIAN 310NUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Fig. 393.— Upright cross-slab with sculpture in relief, at Ardchattan. Scale, Aj- linear. (From a Photo- graph by Ian Munro, Oban.) Ihe bottom, diagonal key-pattern No. 958. Tlie four quadrants of the ring connecting the arms are ornamented with key-pattern No. 889. The back- ground of the cross is dhdded into six panels containing (1) on the left of the top arm, portion of a figure; (2) on the right of the top arm, a beast with its body doubled up in a most singular manner ; (3) on the left of the shaft, portions of figures ; (4) on the right of the shaft, in a vertical row one below the other, two beasts, three ecclesiastics with peaked hoods or cowls seated (one play- ing a harp, another the pipes, and the third an unrecognisable instrument, or possibly holding a crown in his hand), and a wanior on foot armed with a spear and a shield of the same peculiar shape as the one on the altar tomb at St Andrews (No. 1) ; and (5, 6, 7, and 8) in the hollows between the arms, no sciilpture. The broad interlaced bands on the cross, with a bead moulding along each edge and a blank space in the middle, are very unusual, although there is another instance at Farnell, Forfarshire. At four out of the eight points where the plaitwork on the arms of the cross dies away into the spu’al-work on the centre of the head of the cross will be noticed a beast’s head, indicated by an eye in the middle of the band, and a row of teeth along the edge of the bifurcated portion of the band. The three cowled figures — two playing musical instruments and the third holding a crown — may be in- tended to illustrate the account given of heaven in the Revelations (ch. iv.). They may be compared with the three cowled ecclesiastics on horseback on the stone at St Madoes, Perthshire. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — ARGYLL. 371) The Ardchattaii stone Mias been described by Mr U. Lrydall, F.S.A. Scotland illustrated in the Proc. ^oc. ^lut, l^cot. (vol. xxxiii. p. 40). Ardimersay in Islay. — Ardimersay House is situated on the S.E. coast of Islay, 5 miles Mb of Port Ellen (Ordnance *Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 19). The monument is said to have been brought here from Doid .Alhari (Mary’s Croft), near the Port Ellen Distillery. It is an upright cross-slab of slaty stone, 2 feet 9 inches high by 1 foot 2 inches wide at the top and 10 inches at the bottom by 7.* inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 394) — Front . — In the middle, and extending from the top nearly to the bottom of the slab, a cross of shape No. 102a with a small boss in the centre of the head, but otherwise unoruamented. On the background of the cross (in each of the spaces above the arms, and to the left and right of the top arm) a circular raised boss with a depression in the centre, probably intended to represent the sun and mooiM; and (to the left and right of the shaft) a design composed of interlacing bands crossing each other at right angles and terminating at the top in what resembles foliage. This stone is described and illustrated in the Proc. Foe. Ant. Scot. (vol. xvii. p. 280), and in E. C. Graham’s Carved Stones of Islay (pi. 30, No. 107). Balnahard, Oolonsay. — The old church of Kilcabrine, on the farm of Balnahard, is situated at the N. end of the island of Colonsay, 5 miles N.E. of Scalasaig (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 35). The sculptured stone was found in 1880, and was presented to the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh by Sir John C. iM'Neill in 1881 (Catal., I. I). 42). It is a cross, of shape No. 9Ga, of micaceous slate, 2 feet 10 inches high by 10 inches wide by 2 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (lig. 395) — Front . — A cross pierced with four circular holes and outlined, and the outlines filled with rude interlaced-work. Eilean Mor. — Eilean Mor (or the Great Island) is situated opposite the mouth of Loch Sween, 4 miles by sea S.\Y. of Keills in Knapdale, which is 12 miles S.IV. of Crinan by road (Ordnance IMap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 28). 1 My attention was first called to the existence of this niomnnent by Dr I). Christison in June 1890. It was, I believe, discovered by the late Dr Alan Macnaughton, F.S.A. Scot., of Taynuilt. The sun and moon rc[)resented as two orbs, or as an orb and a crescent, and some- times as personified figures, appear frequently over the arms of tlie cross, in early representa- tions of the crucifixion. Compare this stone with tliat from Crnignarget, Gillespie, Glenluce. 380 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. The sculptured stone stands about 30 yards E. of the ancient stone roofed cimrch on the east side of the island, not far from the landing place. ft is a free-standing cross, of shape No. 102a (mutilated at the top and back), of Fig. 394. — Upright cross-slab sculptured in relief, at Ardimersay, Islay. Fig. 395. — Cross with sculpture in relief from Balnahard, Colonsay, now in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. blue slate, 5 feet 7 inches high by 1 foot 11 inches wide by 3i inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 396 a and 39 Gb) — Front . — The sculpture on the head is all broken away. The shaft has a wide border on each side (plain, except for two vertical incised lines) and in the middle the following different pieces of ornament one below the other, but not in separate • n Fig. 39t)A. -- Front. Fig. 396ii. — Hack. Mutilated cross, with sculpture in relief, on Eilean Mor. From a photograph hy Eiskine Beveridge, Esq., F.S.A.Scot. DESCIUPTIVE LUST OF .AIONUMENT8 — AEG V LI.. 381 panels : («) at the top, four beasts placed swastika-fashion with their bodies interlaced and their feet in each other’s mouths; (b) a beast with a large tongue protruding from his mouth, and his ear and tail forming double spirals, with the ears of two of the beasts of the swastika-zoumorph above ; (c) an ecclesiastic in a cowl riding on horseback, and behind him at the back a small raised circular boss of interlaced-work No. 789 ; (d) diagonal key-pattern No. 961 ; and (e) at the bottom, a pair of beasts with human heads, wrestling, and each holding the ends of two interlaced bands with one hand. Bac /^:. — The head of the cross and sculpture on the upper part of the shaft all broken away. At the bottom on each side a border of interlaced-work No. 944 with double-beaded bauds. In the middle traces of the figure of a stag, a piece of ten-cord broken plaitwork with double-beaded liands, and at the bottom a swastika key- pattern. This cross has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 100) ; and in Capt. T. 1*. Whyte’s Arclmoloijical Sketches in Scotland — Kintyre and Knapdale (pis. 29 and 30). Iona. — The island of Ily or Iona is situated at the S.W. extremity of the island of Mull, 45 miles W. of Oban by steamer (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 43). There are at least 15 sculptured stones belonging to Class III. in the vicinity of the cathedral of Iona, which is on the east side of the i.sland, about a | of a mile N. of the landing pier and overlooking the Sound of Iona. No. 1 (St Martin’s Cross) stands on its original base outside the cathedral on the south-west side at a short distance from it. No. 2 stands on its original base almost opposite the W. door of the cathedral, and between it and St Martin’s Cross. No. 3 stands on a stone altar at the W. end of a small enclosure at the N.W. corner of the nave of the cathedral, which is paved with inscribed and sculptured slabs. Nos. 4, 6, 10, 11, and 12 are kept inside St Oran’s chapel, which is on the S.W. of the cathedral, near the road to tlie pier. Nos. 5, 8 to 8f, 9, and 13 lie in the burial-ground of St Oran’s chapel on the S. side of the building against the railing surrounding the row of West Highland sepiilchral slabs called the “ Tombs of the Kings.” No. 7 is kept at the Nunnery, which is to the S.W. of the cathedral, beyond St Oran’s chapel, and close to the point where the road from the cathedral turns off at right angles eastward to the landing pier. Iona No. 1 is a free-standing cross (of shape No. 102a) of red granite, still erect on its ancient base and commonly known as St IMartin s Cross. 382 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. The dimensions of the monument, taken by Sir Henry Dryden, Bart., in 1874-5, are as follows : — Height of base .... 2 feet 5 inches. Height from top of base to centre of head 10 „ 10 )) Height from centre of head to top of cross 3 „ 5 }) Total height of monument, including base 16 „ 8 jj Width across arms .... 3 „ 11 >) Exterior diameter of ring 3 „ 7 >5 Interior diameter of ring 9 " >> 11 Width of base at bottom on E. and W. sides . 4 „ 6 Width of base at bottom on N. and S. sides 4 „ 3 J) Width of base at top on E. and W. sides 9 )) 7 Width of base at top on N. and S. sides 1 foot 8 Width of shaft at bottom 2 feet 3 >) Width of shaft at top 1 foot 10 J) Width of top arm of cross 1 „ 7 >> Thickness of shaft at bottom . 10.1 ?5 Thickness of shaft at top 9i- Thickness of top arm of cross . 8“ 1 ) The base of the monument is made with three steps but has no ornament upon it. The cross is sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 397a and 397b)— Front . — Divided into five panels, containing (I) in the centre of the head, the Virgin and Child surrounded by four angels ; (2) on the top arm, three pairs of beasts (biting each other’s tails, which are twisted together), arranged one pair below the other ; (3 and 4) on the left and right arms, a beast ; (5) on the shaft at the top, arranged in a vertical row one below the other, Daniel in the Lion’s Den, a group of three figures, a group of two figures (the one on the left playing a harp), and a group of four figures ; and (5a) at the bottom, six raised bosses of interlaced-work on a background of twelve serpents placed symmetrically in different positions with their bodies crossed one over the other. Back — Divided into five panels containing (1) in the centre of the head, a raised boss of interlaced-work surrounded by a ring of spiral-work No. 1045 ; (2) on the top arm, a raised boss of interlaced-work on a background of four beasts with long tails ; (3 and 4) on the left and right arms, a raised boss of interlaced-work on a background of three serpents; (5) on the bottom arm, a raised boss of interlaced-work surrounded by six smaller bosses on a background of fourteen serpents in various positions ; and (5a) on the shaft, raised bosses of three different sizes arranged in groups symmetrically round a centre and on a background of serpents, the same design being repeated three times. There are traces of interlaced-work on the four quadrants of the ring connecting the arms. This cross has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scot- land (vol. ii. pi. 40). Cross, sculptured in relief, at Iona (No. 1), knoun as St Martin’s, i'roin a drawing by Sir Heniy Drydeii. Scale, -nV (nearly). Pa(je 382. Fig. 397ii. — Hack. Cross, scul[itured in relief, at Iona (No. 1), known as St Maitin’.s. Fioin a photograph by C. W. Wilson, Aberdeen. Scale, r.\ (nearly). A'o. I..\.NVll. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF :\IONUMENTS — ARGYLI>. 38R Iona No. 2 is the lower part of the sliaft of a free-standing cross of sandstone still erect on its original base of red granite. The base is 2 feet 7 inches high by 4 feet Fig. 398a. — Front. Cross-shaft with sculpture in relief ami plain base at Iona (No. 2). 6 inches wide at the bottom, and 2 feet 6 inches wide at the top along one face, by 3 feet wide at the bottom and 1 foot 6 inches wide along -the other face. The shaft is 5 feet high by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 84 inebes thick. The base is made in three 384 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. steps, and is devoid of ornament. The shaft is sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 398 a, 398b)— Front . — The ornament at the top is altogether worn away ; in the middle is the Temptation of Adam and Eve ^ (treated in the same conventional manner as on the crosses at Kells, Co. Meath, and Monasterboice, Co. Louth) ; and at the bottom, a diagonal key-pattern with serpent’s heads in the stj^uare and triangular spaces between the bars of the fret. Back . — All the ornament defaced except at the bottom, where there are remains of a pelleted border at each side and the lower part of a panel of circular interlaced- work No. 701. Fig. 398b. — Back. Lower part of back of cross-shaft at Iona (No. 2). This cross-shaft has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Seotkmd (vol. ii. pi. 44, No. 1). Iona No. 3 is a mutilated cross-shaft standing inside a box-like arrangement of slabs of stone (perhaps an altar or a praying station). It is 4 feet 6 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot 8 inches wide at the top by 9^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 399a and 399b) — Fronts — Divided by a border of interlaced-work (which is continued along the vertical edges of the shaft) into three panels containing (1) at the top, a design composed of seven large raised bosses and seventy- two smaller bosses arranged in double diagonal rows with little spirals in the background ; (2) in the middle, a design composed of eight raised bosses (each having a depression in the centre con- taining three smaller bosses^) on a background of serpents with their bodies crossed 1 See J. R. Allen’s Christian Symholism, p. 185. 2 In Stuart’s plate this face is shown complete although with a crack at one side. Two large pieces have since scaled off, and when I visited Iona in July 1891 they were lying about on the toj) of the box-like structure on which the cross-shaft stands. 2 This kind of boss is peculiar to Argyllshire, and it occurs only on stones Nos. 8, 8a, 8b, and 9 at Iona, and on the crosses at Keills in Knapdale and Kildalton in Islay. Xj Fig. 400a. Fig. 400b. Cross-sliaft, sculptured in relief, at Iona (No. 4). From pliotograpbs by Kev. J. B. Mackenzie, F.S.A.Scot. DESCETPTIVE LIST OF MONUMFNTS — ARGYLL. 385 iind interlaced ; and (3) at the bottom, a cruciform design composed of lifty-six raised bosses of different sizes arranged symmetrically (four pairs of them having C-shaped connections) with small spirals on the background. Bach.—T\\Q sculpture at top of the shaft has scaled off, leaving only tlie left hand lower corner of the upper panel, containing a diagonal key-pattern of the same kind as that which occurs on stone No. 2 at Iona. The lower panel is complete, and contains a design composed of raised bosses of different sizes ^ arranged symmetrically on a background of serpents (with their bodies crossed and interlaced).^ The work on this cross-shaft and on some of the other stones at Iona is so elaborate that no written description can convey any idea of what the ornament -is like. The bosses probably had spirals carved upon them originally, but the details of the sculpture have now disappeared by the effects of exposure to tlie weather. It is a great pity that so little care has been taken to prevent what must have been one of the most beautiful specimens of Celtic art from falling to pieces. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 45, No. 2). Iona No. 4 is the shaft of a cross of slate (having a tenon at the top for making the joint with the head), 4 feet 2 ^ inches high by 1 foot 7|- inches wide by from 4-^- to 6 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (figs. 400 a and 400 b) — Front. — A single panel containing (at the top) two beasts ; and (below) a design composed of raised bosses, serpents, and spiral-work much worn. Back. — A single panel containing eight raised bosses, and on the background serpents with their bodies crossed over and interlaced. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scul2)htred Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 46, No. 3). Iona No. 5 is a fragment of a cross-shaft of slate, 2 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front. — A diagonal key-pattern of the same class as No. 967, but with the squares and triangles formed by the bars of the fret, some of them filled in with groups of eight small raised bosses arranged symmetrically round a central boss, and others with interlaced-work. This class of work is peculiar to Iona, and occurs on stones Nos. 2 and 3. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 46, No. 4). It seems to be the missing part of the upper panel on the back of No. 3. 1 The larger bosses have a depression in the centre containing three smaller bosses, as on the other face of the shaft. ^ The design of this panel is almost identical with that on the back of the shaft of St Martin’s cross at Iona (No. 1). PART III. 3 C 38G EA11I.Y CHRISTIAN :M0NUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Iona No. 6 is a recumbent cross-slab of sandstone, of nearly rectangular shape (but with rough edges), 4 feet 5 inches long by 2 feet 4 inches wide by 5 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 401) — Top . — In the centre of the slab within a plain rectangular border an ornamental cross formed of double-beaded interlaced bands. Each of the arms consists of two bands, which are crossed over in the centre and combined with a square ring (No. 776) ; and the four arms terminate in knot No. 214, interlaced with a looped ring No. 481. Fig. 401. — Recumbent cross-slab at Iona (No. 6). Fig. 402. — Recumbent cross-slab at Iona Scale, At linear. (No. 7). Scale, linear. This stone has lieen described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Satland (vol. ii. pi. 63); and in J. Drummond’s Sczdptiired Monuments i?i Iona (pi. 9). Iona No. 7 is a recumbent cross-slab of mica schist, of nearly rectangular shape (but with the edges left rough all round), 3 feet 9 inches long by 1 foot 11 inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 402) — DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — xVIUJYLI.. •AS7 Front, 111 tli6 middle and extending to the edges of the slab a cross of shape No. 102a, ornamented with interlaced-work Nos. GOl, 551, and 774a. This stone has been described and illustrated in J. Drummond’s Sculptured Monuments of Iona (pi. 10). Iona Nos. 8 to 8f are the disjecta memhm of what must have been, when complete, one of the finest crosses in Scotland. The fragments are all of slate, and their dimensions are as follows : — No. 8. Part of Shaft 2 feet 6 inches by 1 foot No. 8a. ,, „ Ann . 2 „ 6 f )) No. 8b. M )) ») 1 foot 9 1) )) 1 )) No. 8c. >> )> . 1 „ 5 11 11 1 11 No. 8u. )) J? . 1 „ 9 1, ,1 1 1, No. 8e. 11 . 2 feet 1 inch „ 1 ,, No. 8f. ,, Apex Stone . . 1 foot 8^ inch(;s ,, 1 „ 0 6 „ 1 inch 2 inches 5 „ 7 n n 8 7 7 It has been assumed, from the similarity of the work upon No. 8 to that on the Fig. 403. — Outline of reconstructed cross at Iona, consisting of the fragments Nos. 8 to 8f. other fragments, that it is the shaft of the same cross to which the rest belong. It is sculptured only on one face, and has a tenon 5 inches long liy 1 foot .8 inches wide at one end. Fig. 403 shows the outline of the cross as indicated by the fragments. No. 8a shows the mortice hole (5J inches long by 3 inches wide by 4 inches deep) in which the end of the quadrant of the ring connecting the arms was fixed. Similar mortices are to be seen in Nos. 8c, 8d and 8e. All the fragments are sculptured on two faces. 388 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Fragments Nos. 8a, 8b and 8c afford sufficient data for the restoration of the centre of the head of the cross, and Nos. 8d and 8e tell us what the ends of the arms were like (8e having a complete panel of ornament on both front and back). No. 8 (which is assumed to be the shaft of the cross) has upon it a design con- sisting of raised bosses of three different kinds and three different sizes. The largest boss (in the middle of the shaft) has a central depression containing three smaller bosses ; the bosses next in size have a central depression containing a single boss ; whilst the background is formed of the smallest of the three kinds of bosses arranged in double rows running diagonally (as on stone No. 3 at Iona). In its shape (No. 102 a) and general design the cross bears a marked resemblance to that at Kildalton in Islay. By placing the fragments together in the positions they must originally have occupied, the following dimensions are obtained : — Extreme width across arms Diameter of ring inside . ,, ,, outside Width of arms at extreme end . IVidth of arms at narrowest part outside ring Width of arms at narrowest part inside ring Thickness of head not including raised bosses 7 feet. 1 foot inches. 2 feet 01 „ I foot 5 ,, 1 2 II inches. 7 to 8 inches. The head of the cross was sculptured in relief thus — Front . — Divided into ten panels containing (1) in the centre of the head a circular depression devoid of ornament, perhaps intended for the insertion of a boss of some different material from the rest of the cross ; (2) forming a ring round the central boss a beautifrdly designed wreath of spiral-work ; (3, 4, 5 and 6) on the narrow part of the arms inside the ring four pairs of raised figures of fish, animals, etc., on a background of interlaced-work; and (7, 8, 9 and 10) on the extremities of the arms outside the ring a large raised boss (having a central depression containing three small bosses) surrounded by four smaller bosses on a background of serpents and spirals. The apex-stone has on it raised bosses on a background of serpents, and at the top a pair of beasts facing each other. Back . — The design of the back is similar to that on the front, but the arrange- ment of the bosses is somewhat different.^ It would be very desirable to have the fragments of so beautiful a monument better cared for than they are at present. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Iona No. 9 is the lower part of a cross-shaft of slate (broken away at the top and along the right edge), 3 feet 4 inches high by 1 foot 10 inches wide by 5^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 404) — 1 No. 8a shows the difference in the treatment of the front and back of the ends of the arms of the cross. DESCKIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS- A ROY LI,. .• 581 > iront. Eaised bosses (having central sinkings containing smaller bosses) on a background of serpents. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Iona No. 10 is the upper part of a cross-shaft of slate (broken away at the bottom, and with a tenon for fixing it on to the head at the top), 3 feet 1 inch high by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 5 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 404) — Front . — At the top, the Virgin and Child within an aureole formed by the wings of angels, as on St Martin’s Cross (fig. 397a); and below, large raised bosses (some with a central depression containing smaller bosses) on a background consisting of double diagonal rows of small bosses and spirals in the spandrils. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Iona No. 11 is a cross-arm of slate (with a tenon at one end), 3 feet 7^ inches long by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 7 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus — Front . — -On the end of the arm four raised bosses ; and on the constricted part a man and a beast. Back . — On the end of the arm four raised bosses. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Iona No. 12 is a cross-arm of slate (with a tenon at one end), 3 feet 2^ inches long by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 7 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — Front . — On the end of the arm four raised bosses. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Fig. 404. — Cross-sliaft, sculpture'.! in Iona No. 13 is the mutilated fragment of a ^ ^ (i?rom a rubbing.) cross-shaft of sandstone, 2 feet 9 inches high by 11 inches wide by 5 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus — 390 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front . — Traces of figures of men arranged in groups of three. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Iona No. 14 is one corner of a recumbent cross-slab (fig. 405) of the same design as No. 6 (of four-sided shape, but with two sides broken away), 1 foot 6 inches long by 1 foot 1 inch wide. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Fig. 405. — Fragment of cross-slab at Iona (No. 14). (A.) Fig. 406. — Fragment of cross- slab at Iona (No. 15). Iona No. 15 is the lower part of a recumbent slab (fig. 406) (of four-sided shape and broken away at the top), 1 foot 6 inches long by 7| inches wide, having upon it a cross terminating at the bottom of the shaft in knot No. 214. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Keills. — The ancient ruined church of St Charmaig at Keills in Knapdale (fig. 407) is situated on the N. side of Loch-na-Cille at the S.W. end of Loch Sween, 12 miles S.W. of Crinan (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 32). The sculptured monument stands on a low mound paved with rough stones about a hundred yards to the N.E. of the church higher up the hillside. It is a free-standing cross (of shape No. 101a) of blue slate, 7 feet 4 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches across the arms by 6| inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 408) — Front . — (In the centre of the head) a large raised boss covered with spiral orna- ment, and having a central depression containing three small bosses ; (on the top arm) an angel treading on a serpent, and two small animals on a background of inter- Fig. 407. Ancient cross ami clnircli at Iveill.s in Kna))clalc. A'iew looking S.E., with Loch Sween in the middle distance. From a photograjdi hy Erskine Beveridge, Esq., F.S.A.Scot. ^'1 . Fig. 408. —Gross, with sculpture in relief, at Keills, in Knainlale. From a Fig. 409. — Upright cross slab, sculji- photograph by Erskiue Beveridge, Esl ENTS— AHOY LI.. 403 iMg. 421. — Upright slab, with incised crosses, in the burying-ground at Eilean Xaoindi. From a photograph by Rev. J. B. .Mackenzie. thick, sculptured on two faces with simple incised crosses (fig. 421). Described and illustrated in Dr J. Ander- son’s Scotland in Uarly Christian Times (1st series, p. 96), and here figured from a block lent by Mr D. Douglas. Ford, situated at the S. end of Loch Awe, 20 miles S. of Oban. — There is here on Torrens Farm^ a standing stone (fig. 422), 11 feet high by 4 feet wide by 2 feet 8 inches thick, sculp- tured on one face, with an incised cross of shape No. 96, but with the ends of the y 4J inches thick, sculptured on one face with an incised cross having expanded ends to the arms. Described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. x. p. 615), Dr J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2nd .series (p. 86), and Drummond’s Sevdptured Monuments in Iona (pi. 2). Kilchoman (situated on the W. coast of Islay, 12 miles W. of Bowmore). — Tliere are here, standing in a field near the church, two erect crosses, one like those in Cornwall, with a round head and a Latin cross within the circular ring; and the other having an outline roughly resembling a cross, and in the middle of the slab a Latin cross in relief, with an incised circle in the centre of the head and incised lines with expanded ends along each of the limbs. Described and illustrated in Stuart’s Seulptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 53, Nos. 1 and 2), and Pi. C. Graham’s Carved Stones of Islay (pi. 17, Nos. 54 and 55). 406 EAELY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Kilkenzie (situated on the W. coast of Kintyre, 4 miles north-west of Campbel- town. — There is in the old burial-ground here a slab, 4 feet long, with a Latin cross sculptured in relief upon it. The upper arm and two horizontal arms are con- nected by quadrants of a circular ring. Described and illustrated in Capt. T. P. AVhite’s Archccol. Sketches in Scotland — Kintyre (pi. 5, No. 1). Kilmory of Knap (situated between Loch Sween and Loch Caolisport, 12 miles S.W. of Bellanoch on the Crinan Canal).^ — There are here four early cross-slabs. No. 1 has upon it a Latin cross with a circle in the centre of the head, a ring connecting the arms, and four circular bosses between the arms and the ring. No. 2 is the same as No. 1, except that there is no circle in the centre of the head. No. 3 has upon it an equal-armed cross within a circular ring. No. 4 has a fine cross of the type No. 102 upon it. Described and illustrated in Capt. T. P. White’s Archccol. Sketches in Scotland — Knajidale (pi. 15, No. 3 ; pi. 17, No. 2 ; pi. 23, No. 2 ; and pi. 23, No. 4). Kilmory of Oib (situated on the W. side of Loch Coill a Bharra, 2 miles S.W. of Bellanoch on the Crinan Canal). — There is here, standing by the side of a holy well, an upright slab of slate, 4 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 2 inches wide by 44 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face, with a cross of shape No. 97a, surrounded by either four or six birds, and on the other with an incised Latin cross having expanded ends to the arms. This monument is of doubtful date. Described and illustrated in Capt. T. P. White’s Archccnl. Sketches in Scotland — Knaydale (pi. 46, Nos. 1 and 2). Oibmore (situated at the head of Loch Sween, 4 miles S.W. of Bellanoch on the Crinan Canal). — There is on the farm here, at a place called Ach na Cille, an upright slab 4 feet high, sculptured in relief on one face, with a cross of shape 101a, having the entire head enclosed within a circular ring ; and on the other with a cross of shape 101a, and several circular bosses and two incised crosses on the background. Described and illustrated in Capt. T. P. White’s Archccol. Sketches in Seotlancl — Knaj)dale (pi. 46, Nos. 3 and 4). Taynish House (situated on W. side of Loch Sween, 8 miles S.W. of Bellanoch on the Crinan Canal). — There is in the garden here a stone of triangular s'nape with rounded corners, having on one face an incised cross with transverse lines at the ends of the arms, and on the other a cross of the same shape but with a group of three dots on each side of the top arm. This stone bears a marked resemblance to the one at Eilean IMor (see fig. 419 on p. 402), Dots or groups of dots in the DESCKIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — IIUTE. 407 angles between the arms of the cross are characteristic of the early Christian momunents of Scotland and Walesd Described and illustrated in Capt. T. P. White’s Archccol. Sketches in Scotland — Knapdale (pi. 4.3, Nos. 2 and 3). BUTE. CLASS III. St Blane's. — The ancient church of Kilblaan, or St Blane’s, is situated at the southern extremity of the island of Bute, 8 miles S. of Hothesay (Ordnance ]\Iap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 21). Eight sculptured stones belonging to Class III. have been found here. St Blane’s No. 1 is a free-standing cross of clay-slate (much mutilated), 6 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 7 inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot 4 inches wide at the top, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 425) — Front. — (In the centre of the head of the cross) a raised boss ; (on each side of the shaft) a border of small crosses ; (in the middle of the shaft) a sort of lattice- work pattern ; and (at the bottom of the shaft) a beast with a small cross above it. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Eev. J. King Ilewison’s Bute in the Olden Time (vol. i. p. 221), and in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxiv. p. 321, fig. 31). St Blane’s No. 2 is a fragment of a cross-shaft, 2 feet 6 inches high by 10 inches wide by 2^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 426) — Front. — Divided into two panels containing (1) at the top a warrior on horse- back armed with a spear; and (2) at the bottom, a lattice-work pattern. This stone has been described and 'illustrated in the Uev. J. King Ilewison’s Bute in the Olden Time (vol. i. p. 221), and in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxiv. p. 321, fig. 30). St Blane’s No. 3 is a slab of sandstone, G feet 10 inches long by 2 feet 10 inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 427) — Top. — In the middle of the slab an ornamental equal-armed cross formed of double interlaced bands, terminating in knot No. 214. In the centre of the cross and in the blank spaces on the arms are small fiat circular discs in slight relief. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Rev. J. King Hewison’s Bute in the Olden Time (vol. i. p. 220), and in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxiv. p. 318, fig. 19). 1 Groups of three dots are frequently used in the illuminated pages of the Irish l\Ianu- scripts of the Gospels. They occur also on the terminal ring of the silver chain found at Parkhill, Aberdeenshire (see ante, i>. 199). 408 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. St Blane’s No. 4 is a recumbent monument of sandstone (of nearly rect- angular shape, broken in two pieces, and having at the four corners large round raised bosses flat on the top like the similar examples at Govan, near Glasgow, and Fig. 425. — Cross-shaft at St Blane’s Church, Bute (No. 1. ) Fig. 426. — Part of cross-shaft at St Blane’s Church, Bute (No. 2.) Inchinnan, Renfrewshire), 5 feet long by 1 foot 3 inches wide, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 428) — 'Top . — Divided into three panels containing (1) next the head of the stone, a cross of shape No. 96a; (2) in the middle panel, a diagonal key-pattern; and«(3) next the foot, four pairs of oval rings crossed and interlaced pattern No. 766. DESCKIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — BUTE. 409 ^ly attention was first directed to this stone by Mr It. Weir Schultz, architect to the restoration of St Blanes for the ^larquis of Bute. It has since been illustrated, with others at St Blane’s, from drawings by Mr Pechell, supplied by Mr B. Weir Schultz, in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxiv. p. 321, fig. 29). Fig. 427. — Slab, with incised cross, at St Blane’s Church, Bute (No. 3). Fig. 428. — Recumbent monument, with incised sculpture, at St Blane’s Church, Bute (No. 4). St Blane’s No. 5 is a slab sculptured on one face thus — Top . — In the middle of the slab a device composed of two circular concentric rings, and a looped ring forming interlaced-work No. 772. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Eev. J. King Hewison’s Bide in the Olden Time (vol. i. p. 219). PART III. 3 A 410 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. St Blane’s No. 6 is a fragment of a slab of stoue of nearly rectangular shape (but broken along three of the edges), 1 foot 8 inches long by 1 foot 1 inch wide, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 429a, b) — Front . — A warrior on foot armed with a sword and spear (?) and a circular shield. Back . — A man on horseback. A. — Front. B. — Back. Fig. 429. — Portion of upriglit slab, with sculpture in relief, at St Blane’s Church, Bute (No. 6). My attention was first directed to this stone by Mr E. Weir Schultz, and it has since been described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxiv. p. 320). St Blane’s No. 7 is a fragment of a cross-shaft of Eed Sandstone, which was found in the N. wall of the church, measuring 9 inches in length by 4^ inches in breadth and 2 inches in thickness, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 430a, b) — Front . — Angular interlaced-work of three strands. Back . — Angular interlaced-work of the same character. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxiv. p. 316). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— BUTE. 411 St Blane’s No. 8 is a portion of a cross-.slab (?) of sandstone, wliich was found in the N. wall of the church, measuring 2 feet 2 inches in length hy 11^ inches in width, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 431) — Angular plait-work of four strands ending in circular loops. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxiv. p. 318). St Calmag’s. — The ancient church of St Calmag (now destroyed) was situated in the narrow part of the island of Bute between Etterick Bay and Karnes Fig 430. — Portion of cross-shaft of sandstone, sculptured in relief, at St Blane’s Church, Bute (No. 7). Bay, 4 miles by road N.W. of Rothesay (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 29). This sculptured stone stands on the site of the old burial-ground, all traces of which have now disappeared. It is an upright pillar of trap rock, with an irregular outline and pointed top, 3 feet 7 inches high by 1 foot 7 inches wide, sculptured partly with incised lines and partly in relief on one face thus — Front . — Near the top a cross of shape No. 97a within a circle, the shaft being formed by two vertical incised lines extending nearly to the bottom of the stone. 412 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Ill the centre of the head is a circular medallion containing three small spirals, and on the bottom arm are traces of a square key-pattern and some spirals^ Tills stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. p. 58), and in the Rev. J. K. Hewison’s Bute in the Olden Time (vol. i. p. 116). St Marnock’s. — The old burying-ground of St Marnock was situated on the small island of Inchmarnock, on the W. side of the island of Bute, 4 miles S.W. of Fig. 431. — Portion of cross-slab, sculptured in relief, at St Blane’s Church, Bute (No. 8). Rothesay by road, and a mile across the sea (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 29). The sculptured stone was found on the site of the old burying-ground of the Chapel of St Marnock in 1889 by Mr Charles MThee, the farmer on whose land the chapel formerly stood. 1 This description is taken from Stuart’s plate. Mr Hewison’s illustration differs materially from Stuart’s. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — LUTE. 413 It is a mutilated cross-head of schistose slate (fig. 432), 8 inches long hy 7f inches wide, with the following inscription in Later or Scandinavian Rniies — K R U S ; Th I N E : G U Th L E (I F) “ Guthleif (erected) this cross.” This stone has been described and illustrated hy ]Mr G. F. Black in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scut. (vol. xxiv. p. 438), and in the Rev. J. K. Hewisoii’s Bate in the Olden Time (vol. i. p. 134). Fig. 432. — Mutilated cross-head of slate from St Marnock’s, now in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. MUlport. — The town of Millport is situated on the northern shore of IMillport Bay, on the S. side of the island of Great Cnmbrae, 5 miles by steamer S.'W. from Largs, Ayrshire (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 21). There are two sculptured stones belonging to Class III. Millport No. 1 is portion of a recumbent (?) monument of stone, 1 foot 9 inches long by 9 inches wide, sculptured with incised lines on one face thus — Top . — A single panel containing swastika key-pattern No. 898. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart's Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 74, No. 1). Millport No. 2 is a slab of stone of nearly rectangular shape (but with rounded corners), 1 foot 5 inches long by 10 inches wide, and sculptured with incised lines on one face thus — Front. Next one end of the slab a cruciform pattern composed of straight lines. 414 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OE SCOTLAND, This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Smlptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 74, No. 4). Rothesay. — The town of Rothesay is situated on the E. side of the island of Bute, 16 miles by sea down the Firth of Clyde from Greenock (Ordnance Map, One- Inch Scale, Sheet 29). There are two sculptured stones belonging to Class III. here : namely. No. 1, which was found in 1816 whilst clearing out the rubbish from St Brieuc’s Chapel, and is now kept in a chamber on the left side of the entrance of Rothesay Castle (in the middle of the town a | of a mile S. of the pier); and No. 2, which used to lie in the churchyard (f of a mile from the pier southward along the High Street) on the burial-place of the MacAlisters, and was erected in 1886 on the spot where it was found. Rothesay No. 1 is an upright cross-slab of pinkish sandstone (of nearly rectangular shape), broken into two pieces, one measuring 3 feet 2 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 5 inches thick, and the other 2 feet 10 inches high by 1 foot 8^ inches wide by 4|- inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face and two edges thus — (figs. 4:33 a, 433b, and 433c). Front . — In the middle, and extending the full length of the slab, a cross of irregular shape, with triple spirals on the ends of the arms, and the moulding round the bottom arm terminating on each side in a beast’s head. The cross stands on a rectangular base. The ornament on the head is nearly all defaced, but as far as it can be made out, it appears to have consisted of a circular medallion of spiral-work in the middle of the head, and a pair of similar medallions on the top and bottom arms, the background being filled in with broken plaitwork. The shaft is divided into three panels containing (1) at the top, interlaced-work No. 513 a; (2) in the middle, swastika key-pattern No. 919 ; and (3) at the bottom, an eight-cord plait. The base of the cross is ornamented with square key-pattern No. 923. Part of the sculpture on tlie background of the cross is defaced, but on the left of the shaft at the bottom is a piece of six-cord broken plaitwork,^ and a beast sitting up on its haunches and holding a fish in its paws; and on the right, interlaced-work like No. 551 (but composed of rings of shape No. 482, linked together so as to form a chain) and a beast attacking a man. Rvjht Side .- — A single panel containing three different kinds of ornament — (a) at the top, a chain of rings, double-beaded interlaced-work No. 581 ; (b) in the middle, square key-pattern No. 886 ; and at the bottom, interlaced-work No. 519. Left Side . — A single panel containing a four-cord plait (with double-beaded 1 This illustrates the different ways of making breaks in a plait very well. In the middle of the plait there is a horizontal and a vertical break, and a horizontal break in each of the edges. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — BUTE. 415 bauds) having breaks made in different ways so as to produce the following patterns, viz., interlaced-work Nos. 574, 568, and 522 ; and terminating at the top^ and bottom in knots Nos. 378 and 214. c.— Leftside. a. — Front. is.— Kij'ht side. Fig. 433. Upright cross-slab, with sculpture in relief, at Kothe.saj' (No. 1). From a rubbing. Scale, linear 1 No better example could be given to show the difference between the patterns resulting from making horizontal breaks and those produced by making vertical breaks in the plait. 416 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 72), and in the Rev. J. K. Hewison’s Bide in the Olden Time (vol. i. p. 233). Rothesay No. 2 is the shaft of a cross of mica schist (with a tenon for fixing on the head at the top and mortices for inserting the qiiadrants of the ring connecting A. — Front. B. — Back. Fig. 434. — Cross-shaft, sculjitured in relief, at Kothesay (No. 2). Scale, linear. the arms), 5 feet 7 inches high by 10^ inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot 1 inch wide at the top by from 3^ to 3f inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 434a, 434b) — Front . — Divided into four panels containing (1) at the top, a griffin or winged beast ; (2) below this, a beast with a human face wearing a crown (?) on its head, and DESCRTPTIV^E UST OF MONUMENTS — BUTE. 417 with a tail like a trident; (t?) a pair of birds (with long enrved crests issuing from the tops of their heads) placed facing each other; and (4) at the bottom, a })Iain cross of shape No. 97a on a rectangnlar base. Bark. — Divided into three panels containing (1) at the to}), interlaced-work No. 658 ^ ; (2) in the middle, a horseman armed with a spear ; and (3) at the bottom, an eight-cord plait with two vertical breaks in the middle. This stone has been described and ilhistrated by the Rev. J. K. Hewison in the Ptuc. Sac. Ant. Scot. (vol. .\.\v. p. 410), and in his Bute in the Olden 'rime (vol. i. p. 226). AITENDIX TO BUTE. Stones nvitii Crosses but no Ornament. Millport (sitnated on the S. side of the island of Great Cnmbrae). — There are in the clmrchyard here the following monuments : — (1) The upper part of a round headstone, 12 inches in diameter, sculptured in relief on one face with a cross of shape No. 101, enclosed within a circle. (2) A headstone, 1 foot 8 inches high by 10 indies wide, sculptured in relief at the top, with a cross of shape No. 106, enclosed within a circle. (3) A cross of shape No. 96a, with a beaded edge, 1 foot 4 inches high by 1 foot 5 inches across the arms. (4) A fragment of irregular shape, 13 indies long by 10 inches wide, sculptured on one face, with a small incised cross having expanded eiuts to the arms. Described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 74), Nos. 3, o, 7 and 8. Kilbride (sitnated on the E. side of the island of Arran, 1 mile north of Lamlash). — There is in the old burial-ground of the chapel here a headstone with a quatrefoil enclosed within a circular ring. The date of this monument is doubtful. Described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 122). Caves with Sculptures and Inscriptions. King's Cave (situated on the W. coast of the island of Arran, 12 miles W. of Lamlash). — The cave, which is in the cliff beneath the great Pagan fort of Drum- adoon, measures 120 feet from west to east and 30 feet from north to south. Tlie entrance faces the west, and at the eastern end it divides into two branches. On the 1 In the engraving in the Pror. Soc. Ant. Sacl '. — A single panel of scroll foliage. Right Side. — A single panel of foliage with interlaced branches. 1 On compaiing this pattern with interlaced-work Nos. 527 and 658, the stages by which No. 658 can be evolved from an eight-cord plait are clearly seen. 3 descriptive list of monuments — LINLITHGOW. 419 Left t^idc. (On the part of the lower arm of the cross remaining) diagonal key- pattern No. 958 ; and (on the shaft) a single panel of scroll foliage. Ihis stone has been described and ilhistrated in Stuart’s t)— Front. — Interlaced- work No. GIO. Left Side . — Two bands twisted together. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Photographs and dimeusions have been obligingly sup])lied by .Mr AN’alter Laidlaw, Al)bey Cottage, Jedburgh. Jedburgh No. 4 is the lower part of a cross-shaft of sandstone (fig. 457), 4 feet 4|L inches in height by about .3 feet 3 inches in width and 2 feet 6 inches in thickness. Fig. 457. — Foi'tion of cross-slialt, sculptured in relief at Jedburgh. much mutilated but still showing on one face remains of sculpture in relief of animals, and what seems to be remains of scroll-work or interlacing patterns. It now stands on a wooded knoll near Hartrigge House. OO This stone has been described and figured by Hr John Ale.xander Smith in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. x. p. 452). I Old Melrose. — The farm of Old Melrose is situated in a bend of the river Tweed, 2| miles E. of Melrose railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 25). 43G EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. The stone was dug up by Mr Short, gardener, within 100 yards of the supposed site of Old Melrose Church, and is now in his possession. It is a fragment of sandstone, 1 foot long by 10 inches witle by 9 inches thick, sculptured in relief with a double spiral. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Dr J. Anderson’s attention was called to its existence by Mr James Wilson, of Galashiels, in 1894. DUMFRIES. CLASS III. Oloseburn. — The church of Closeburn is situated on the east side of the river Nith near the high road from Thornhill to Dumfries, 3 miles S. of Thornhill railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 9). The monument was found , and is now erected on a new stone base in the grounds of the Grierson Museum at Thornhill. It is a cross-shaft of white sandstone, 3 feet G inches high by 1 foot 1 inch wide at the top, and 1 foot 2^ inches wide at the bottom by 7 inches thick at the top and 84 inches thick at the bottom, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 458 a, b, c, d) — Front . — Divided into three panels by an ornamental border of twisted bands, which is continued all round the panels. The panels contain (1) at the top, a reptile like a toad; (2) in the middle, a beast with its tongue forming knot No. 214; and (3) at the bottom, beasts defaced. Back . — Divided into three panels containing (1) at the top, sculpture defaced ; (2) in the middle, an angel, or a human figure clad in a tunic and with arms extended, with a nimbus round the head and intertwisted stems with foliage on either side ; (3) the upper part of a figure holding something in the uplifted right hand, and on the left an object with three prongs. Right Hide . — Scroll foliage with birds involved in the scrolls, and pecking at the fruit. Left Hide. — Interlaced-work No. 58G. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Durrisdeer. — The church of Durrisdeer is situated to the E. of the river Nith, 54 miles N. of Thornhill, and 2 miles N.E. of Carronbridge railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 15). The stone was found in the wall of the old parish church at Durrisdeer, and is now kept in the garden of the Grierson Museum at Thornhill. 437 descriptive list of monuments dumiuies. 438 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. It is a fragmeut of a cross head (of shape No. 106a?) of pink sandstone, '2 feet high by 7^ inches wide by 71 inches thick, sculptured in relief on oire face thus — (fig. 459). Front . — (In the centre of the head) a circular raised boss ; and (on the lower arm) some interlaced foliage and a bird pecking at the fruit. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Smdpturcd Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 130). Glencairn. — The church of Glencairn is situated on the N.E. bank of the Cairn "Water, a tributary of the Cluden Water and the Esk, 2 miles E. of Moniave, Fig. 459. — Por- tion of cross- head from Durr i sdeer, now at Thorn- hill. Scale, linear. A. — Front. B. — Back. Fig. 460. — Portion of cross-head, sculptured in relief, from Glencairn, now at Thornhill. Scale, Aj linear. and 7 miles S.AV. of Thornhill railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 9). The monument is said to have been found in the old parish church at Glencairn and is now in the garden of the Grierson Museum at Thornhill. It is the lower part of a cross head (of shape No. 106a), with part of the shaft, of sandstone, 1 foot 9 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide across the arms, and 9 inches wide across the shaft by from 5 to 7 inches thick, sculptured partly in relief and partly with incised lines on two faces thus (fig. 460a, b) — Front . — (In the centre of the head of the cross) a human head (?) ; and (on the two horizontal and bottom arms) scroll foliage with branches forming loops and knot No. 214. Back . — (In the centre of the head) a human face ; (?) (on the two horizontal and bottom arms) triquetra knot No. 798 ; and (on the top of the shaft) the upper part of the body of a beast. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MOXU.MENTS — DUMFRIES. 439 lliis stone lias been described and illustrated in Stuart’s IScidptured atones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 121). Hoddam. Ihe church of Hoddani is situated on the north side of the river Annan, 1^ miles S. of Ecclefechan railway station ((3rdnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 10). Three stones belonging to Class 111. were found in taking down the walls of the old church at Hoddam, of which No. 1 is in tlie National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh (Catal., I.B. 9). Fig. 461. — ^Cross-shaft, sculptured in relief, from Hoddam, now in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Hoddam No. 1 is part of a cross-shaft of sandstone, 1 foot 10 inches high by 8^ inches wide at the top and 10 inches wide at the bottom by from to 04 inches wide, sculptured in relief on three faces thus (fig. 461 a, b, c) — Front . — A figure of a saint (with the nimbus round the head and holding a book) beneath an architectural arched canopy surmounted by a galde and cross with a human head at each side. , Right Side . — (At the top) a dome with three turrets ; (below this) a three-quarter length figure of a saint, with the nimbus round the head and holding a l)Ook in the right hand, and at the bottom a blank panel. Left Side . — (At the top) a dome with two turrets on each side and. a semicircular window in the middle ; (below this) a three-quarter length figure of a saint with the 440 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. nimbus round the head and holding a book with both hands ; and (at the bottom) a blank panel with part of the roof of a shrine or building below. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s HcuVptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 69); and in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. i. p. 11). Hoddam No. 2 is the top arm of a cross of sandstone 9 inches high by 7 inches wide, sculptured in relief on three faces thus — Front .- — -An eight-cord plait, double-beaded. Bade. — A creature with horns on its head, and wings. Right Side.— Interlaced-work No. 661. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Scidptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 69). Hoddam No. 3 was a fragment built into the wall of the church, but now lost (see Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. i. p. 11). A.— Front and right side. b. — Back and left side. Fig. 462. — Base of cross-shaft at Kirkconnel. Scale, linear. Kirkconnel, Nithsdale. — Here there is a mutilated base of a cross-shaft about 3 feet high, 2 feet 5 inches wide at the base and 1 foot 9 inches in thickness, which has on one of its edges at the bottom of a panel near the base three loops of the lower end of a pattern of interlaced-work, and on the opposite edge two oval inter- linked loops. The top of the fragment is hollowed into a rectangular cavity 1 foot 5 inches long by 9 inches wide and about 5 inches in depth (fig. 462a, b). It was found on the glebe lands and set up in the church for preservation in 1897. This stone was brought under my notice by Mr Thomas Ross, architect. Figs. 463, 464.— Fragments of crosses, etc., said to be from Floddam or Luce, now built into a summerdiouse at Knoekliill. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— DUMFRIES. 441 Knockhill.— Knockhill House (?) is situated on the N.K. side of the river Aiinau, 1 mile W. of lloddam church and 14 miles S.W. of Ecclefechan railway station (Ordnance ]\Iap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 10). A number of sculptured stones belonging to Class III. were found in this neighbourhood, probably either at I loddam or Luce, sometime in the early part of last century, and are now built into the walls of a summer house at Knockdiill (fifrs 463, 464). [These stones cannot be fully described until they are taken out of the walls of the summer house.] Penpont.— Penpont Church is situated on the west side of the river Nith on the bank of the Scar Water, 3 miles S.W. of Thornhill railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 9). Two fragments of stones belonging to Class III. were found here and arc now in the Grierson Museum at Thornhill. Fig. 465. — Portion of erect slab, with sculpture in relief, at Penpont (No. 1). Scale, J linear. Penpont No. 1 is the top part of an erect head-stone of pink sandstone, 1 foot high by 1 foot 1 inch wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 465) — Front . — (At the top) two small bits of scroll foliage; (below these) a horizontal row of four crossed and interlaced rings No. 766; and (at the bottom) interlaced- work partially defaced. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Penpont No. 2 is a fragment of a cross-shaft (?) of pink sandstone 1 foot inches high by 11 inches wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 466a, b, c) — Front . — (In the middle of the height of the fragment) two similar pieces of interlaced- work placed horizontally and terminating at each end in knot No. 214, and (both above and below) crossed and interlaced rings No. 766, double-beaded. Bach. — Interlaced-work somewhat similar to that on the front, but much defaced. PART III. 3 K 442 EARLY CIIIMSTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Eight Side . — Portions of two panels containing serpents (?) with knotted bodies. Left Side . — Traces of interlaced-work. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. A. — Front. c. — Right side. n. ■ — Back. Fig. 466. — Portion of cross-shaft, sculptured in relief, at Penpont (No. 2). Scale, linear. Ruthwell. — The church of Euthwell is situated on the north side of the Solway Firth between Annan and Dumfries, G miles W. of Annan and 2 miles S.E. of Ruthwell railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet G). The monument originally stood in the churchyard at Ruthwell until 1G42, when it was overthrown and broken in pieces ; the fragments remained inside the church until some time after 1772, when they were removed into the churchyard in consequence of alterations in the building ; in 1802 the pieces were put together and the monument re-erected in the garden of the old manse, by the Rev. Dr Henry Duncan, minister of the parish ; and it is now placed within the church in a chamber specially built to receive it in the Jubilee year of the late Queen’s reign. It is a free-standing cross (of shape No. 101 a) of red sandstone of the following dimensions : — Height of base Height of shaft Height of head Total height of cross . IVidth of base "Width of shaft at bottom "Width of shaft at top . "Width across arms of cross Width of top arm Tliickness of base Thickness of shaft at bottom Thickness of shaft at top 3 feet 8 inches. 10 „ 6 „ 2 „ 10 „ 17 ,, 0 „ 1 foot 9 ,, 1 1 „ 3 feet 1 „ 9 u 1 foot 6 „ 1 6 The cross is sculY)tured in relief, and has inscriptions in incised Saxon capitals and Anglian Runes round the panels on four faces thus (figs. 4G7a, b, C, d, and 4G8a, B, C, 1 ) — r:,*> Mugeuin of Science and Art in Edinburgh supplied by Mr J. I). Vallance, the Curatoi. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OE MONUMENTS — DUMFRIES. 443 Divided into ten panels containing (1, 2 and 3) in the centre of the head and on the left and right arms, modern devices of debased style ; (4) on the top arm, a man and a bird, probably intended for St John and his symbol the eagle ; (5) on the bottom arm, an archer shooting an arrow up in the air at an angle of 45° ; (6) on the shaft at the top, the Salutation ; (7) below this, Mary Magdalene anointing the feet of Christ; (8) next, the miracle of Christ healing the hlind; (9) on the shaft at the bottom, the Annunciation ; and (10) on the liase, tlie Crucifixion, with the sun and moon and St Mary and St John. The explanatory inscriptions are : — Round the upper arm in Saxon capitals commencing at the bottom left hand corner, continuing round the top and terminating at the bottom right hand corner [IN PRINCIPIO ERAT VERBIVM “ III the begiiming was the Word ” (tlie opening sentence of St John’s Gospel). Round the lower arm, letters defaced. Round the top panel of the shaft, letters defaced, with the exception of one Rune. Round the four sides of the second panel of the shaft in Saxon capitals, commencing at the left hand upper corner and continuing along the top, down the right side, then down the left side and along the bottom : — + ATTVLIT ALABASTRVM VNGVENTI & STANS RETROSECVS PEDES El VS LACRI M IS COEPIT RIGARE PEDES EIVS & CAPI LLIS CAPITIS SVI TERGEB^ “ She brought an alabaster vase of ointment, and standing behind, with tears began to wash His feet, and with the hair of her head did dry them ” (Luke vii. 37, 38). Along the two vertical sides of the third panel of the shaft, in Saxon capitals, commencing at the left hand upper corner, continuing down the right vertical side, and terminating at the right hand lower corner : — + ET PRAETERIENS V I D I [T] [HOMINEM COECVM] A NATIBITATE ET SA[NAVITI [EVM AB INFIRMITATE] “ And going forth he saw a man blind from his birth and healed him of his inlirmity ” (John ix. 1). 444 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Along the top of the fourth panel of the shaft in Saxon capitals ; — [+I1NGRESSVS ANG[ELVS1 “ Tlie angel having entered” (Luke i. 28). Bach . — Divided into ten panels containing (1, 2 and 3) in the centre of the head, and on the two horizontal arms, modern designs substituted for the missing originals; (4) on the top arm, a bird perched on a vine branch ; (5) on the bottom arm, two figures, the one on the right holding a book ; (6) on the shaft at the top, St John the Baptist standing on two globes and holding the Agnus Dei in his left hand ; (7) next in order below, Christ with two beasts beneath His feet ; (8) then, St Paul and St Anthony breaking their loaf of bread in the desert ; (9) at the bottom of the shaft, the Flight into Egypt; and (10) on the base, sculpture entirely defaced. The inscriptions are : — On the top arm in Anglian Paines commencing at the right hand upper corner, continued down the two vertical sides and terminating at the left hand lower corner.^ Kf^M M Pri MM CADMAN ME FAUCEThO “ Cadman me made.” Pound the left vertical side and along the bottom of the top panel of the shaft in Saxon capitals — ADORAMVS “AYe adore.” Pound the second panel of the shaft from the top in Saxon capitals, beginning at the left hand upper corner and reading along the top, down the right side, and then down the left side — + I HS XPS I VDEX AEQVITATIS SERTO^ SALVATOREM M V N D I BESTIAE ET DRACONES COGNOUERVNT IN DE[SERTO] “ Jesus Christ tlie Judge of Righteousness ; beasts and dragons recognised the Saviour of the world in the desert.” Pound the third })anel of the shaft from the top in Saxon capitals, beginning at the left hand upper corner and continuing along the top down the right side and then down the left — 1 This inscription is now practically illegible. ^ This is the end of the word DESERTO misplaced. Fig. 468i).— Left side. Fig. 468a.— Front. Fig. 468b.— Back. Lower part of cross, sculptured in panels in relief, and with incised inscriptions on tlie sides of the panels, at Butliwell, Dunifriesshiie. cast in the Museum of Science and Art in Edinburgh supplied by Mr J. D. Vallance, the Curator. Fig. 468c. — Right siilc. From photographs of the A.>. LXXXVIII ige 444 . DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— DUM FRIES. 445 + SCS PAVLVS ET [ANTONIVS EREMITAE] FREGERVNT PANEM IN DESERTO “ St Paul and St Anthony, lievmits, broke bread in the desert.” Along the top of the bottom panel of the shaft in Saxon capitals — + MARIA ET IO[SEPHVS] ‘Olary and Joseph . . . Right Side . — No sculpture on the head or base. The shaft is divided into two panels containing scroll foliage with birds and beasts involved in the scrolls and eating the fruit. The inscriptions in Anglian Runes are : — ^ Along the right vertical side of the upper panel — N F^XIHXf^l D A G I S G A I Round the border of the lower panel, beginning at the left hand upper corner, continuing along the top, down the right vertical side to bottom, and then down the left vertical side from top to bottom, as on page 44G. Left Side . — No sculpture on the head and traces of foliage on the base. The shaft divided into two panels containing scroll foliage with birds and beasts involved in the scrolls and eating the fruit. The inscriptions in Anglian Runes are : — Round the border of the lower panel, beginning at the left hand upper corner, continuing along the top, down the right vertical side to the bottom, and then down the left vertical side from top to bottom, as on page 447. The Runic inscriptions on the right and left sides of the Ruthwell cross are taken from the Anglo-Saxon poem of the “ Holy Rood,” a MS. copy of which in the Wessex dialect is preserved at Vercelli, in Italy. The readings and translations are as follows : — Right side, top and right hand borders — “ On-geredfE hinse ^ God Almeyottig tha He walde on galgu gistiga modig lore a Use men bug . . .” “On-girded Him God Almighty When He would On gallows mount Proud before All men Bow (durst not)” 1 C. Purton Cooper’s “Appendix B to Report on Rymer’s Eoedera,” p. 101 Vercelli Codex, lines 77 to 84. 446 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. On the top border of the panel. K I X n R n ON GEEE On right vertical border of panel. M D ^ N 1 H I N M M P G 0 N P D A r N L M n X E Yo 1 1 1 T T I M > G Tb P N A H n p E W p t A L M n D E P i 0 N G A r X L G n H U G 1 h t I S T 1 H IGA H P M MOD 1 K IGF p p n ORE p r r A L L [iE] N m MEN BUG On left vertical border of panel. K N A H p}^ 0 F 1 K R I K R 1 1 K i I I K N PAP) ^ K U + 1 J N I Ng K N T K H Ea ^ n i FUN P H M ^ S H r p ^ L A F P R H A R D H p r H ^ L H P 1 K D A I K I 1 M P N I D A R M t P R S T ^ n M M B I S M P R P M ^ R ^ D n h i U U Ng Ant K E T N n t MEN ^ p p t B A ^ T K P M GAD k n 1 K R E I K P F h W tE S M 1 P ^ M I Th B r P M P L 0 D ^ M h t BIST n N 1 EMI H B 1 D B I MPT GOT n 1 p p E N 0 F DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ^MONUMENTS— DUMFRIES. 447 Oil the top border of the panel. + KKIST WAES ON Oil right vertical border of panel. tK P R 0 M 1 D I N P H w n > ETh k R ^ > n Til E R F n H u s ^ r fi F Ea R ^ ^ i R A N A p p K W 0 N n p M U JE M r Th Th I L p 1 1 r ^ T I L p ■}■ n A N U N 1 K M I K t P Th ^ T A r M N L B I H T r H E A L D H p R ri S A R E 1 K ^ P I K AV ^ H N 1 ► SMI Th H P R S 0 R N n M GU AI M 1 M G I D K R CEF I M D On left vertical border of paneL M 1 AI I ^ ii Th S t ^ n T R E r n L U M G 1 I AV n 1 U N H P M D zE D p r n A L E ^ N n G 1) U 1 N 1 F N H I yE N 1 -f F H I N yE r 1 M p L I AI AV X 1 X ^ R I G i F X 1 N yE G I M t P ST 0 M M n D 1) U i N 1 M N H I M F t M yE T H 1 H r 1 I S L I K F h K Ea S NT HEaF M hM D U M E 1 N T B I H Ea PM n L D U tH 1 N H I FP n M Th E R NT R H Ea 1^ n + FUN 448 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLANU. Right side, left-hand borders — “ Abof Ik riiknae kyningk ^ heafuDies hlafard haelda ik ni darstse, bisinaeraedu uiigket men ba aetgadre ik waes with blodse bestemid. bigoten of . . . Left side, top and right-hand borders — “ Krist w®s on rodi.^ hwetbrae ther fusae fearran kwomu. ajththilse til anuin. ik tbaet al bilieald. sare ik wees mith sorgum gidrsefid.” Left side, left-hand borders — “ Mith streluni giwundmd ^ alegdun him hinse liniwaerignEe gistoddum him (set) his likeas heafdum. bihealdun him ther heafun.” “ I upraised the mighty King Heaven’s Lord. Heel over, I durst not, Men reviled us both together, I was with blood besmeared. Poured from [the man’s side].” “ Christ w'as on the Rood Whither there readily (Men) came from afar The Prince to aid I that all beheld Sore I was with sorrow troubled.” “ With missiles wounded. Laid they Him limb-weary — They stood at His corpse’s head. Beheld they there Heaven’s (Lord).” In the Latin inscriptions on the front and back of the Ruthwell cross all the letters are capitals, with the exception of the G, which is of the minuscule form. The letters C O and S are of the angular shape ; and the IM is of the double H pattern, which occurs on the crosses at Llantwit Major, Glamorganshire, and in the early Hiberno-Saxon MSS. The abbreviation for ET is also of peculiar form and quite different from that used at a later period. One of the chief indications of age in the language of the Runic inscriptions is the dual accusative ungket, “ us both.” There are good casts of the Ruthwell Cross in the Museum of Science and Art in Edinburgh, and in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. I am indebted to Mr D. J. Vallance, Curator of the Museum of Science and Art in Edinburgh, for kindly supplying me with photographs of the cast, which are here reproduced. The Ruthwell cross has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Seotland (vol. ii. pis. 19 and 20) ; Prof. G. Stephen’s Old Northern Runic Monuments (vol. i. p. 405) ; Dr J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times (2nd series, p. 233); Vetusta Monumenta (vol. ii. pi. 54, 55); Arehceologia (vol. xxviii. p. 350); Report of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries (1836, p. 87); Memoires de la SocUti Royale des Antiquaires du Nord (new series, 1882-83, p. 348); Arehceologia Scotica (vol. iv. p. 313); Arehceologia JEliana (new series, vol. i., 1856, p. 167). * Vercelli Codex, lines 88 to 97. ^ Ihid., lines 112 to 117. 3 Ibid., lines 124 to 127. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — DUMFRIES. 441> Thornhill. — The town of Thornhill Ls situated on the E. side of the river Nith, 13 miles N. of Dumfries and 1 mile S.E. of Thornhill railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 9). The monument stands within a circular hedge 20 yards S. of the road from Thornhill to Penpont and Moniave, and 200 yards W. of the bridge over the Nith. It is a free-standing cross (of shape No. 106a) of pink sandstone, 9 feet 2 indies high by 1 foot 6 inches wide at the bottom of the shaft and 1 foot 3 inches wide at the top by from 7 to 8 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 469a, V., c, D)— Front . — Divided into nine panels containing (1) in the centre of the head, a circular rosette; (2, 3, 4) on the top and two side arms, sculpture entirely defaced; (5) on the bottom arm, a pair of beasts placed symmetrically facing away from e.ach other; (6) on the shaft at the top, four winged dragons arranged in pairs facing outwards with their bodies crossed over each other, and their tails curved round across the wings ; (7) below these, a pair of beasts placed symmetrically facing away from each other, and witli their tails forming two loops round the fore leg and one loop round the hind leg; (8) next, a pair of winged dragons placed symmetrically facing each other, and with their tails and legs interlaced so as to form knot No. 247 ; and (9) at the bottom of the shaft, a pair of winged dragons placed symmetrically facing away from each other. Back . — The sculpture on the head defaced, and on the shaft, four panels con- taining zoihnorphic and dragonesque designs of similar character to those on the front. livjht Hide . — On the shaft, interlaced-work composed of knots Nos. 258, 259, 264, 266 and 563 (but in a single row).^ Left Hide . — On the shaft, pairs of beasts placed symmetrically opposite each other with their tails forming interlaced-work No. 533. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Hculptured Htones of Hcotland (vol. i. pi. 121). Wamphray. — Wamphray Church is situated on the E. side of the river Annan, 7 miles S.E. of Moffat and 2 miles N.E. of Wamphray railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 10). The monument forms the lintel of the doorway of the church. It is a slab of yellow sandstone, of rectangular shape, 4 feet 2 inches long by 1 foot Ih inches high by 6 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 470)— p.) ^'^P - — 111 the middle of the slab (but not e.xtendiiig to the edges) a cross of shape No. 101a uiioriiamented. On the background of the cross are (above the top arm) a pair of beasts with their tails over their backs, facing each other; (on each side of the top arm) a beast biting the end of its tail; (between the ends of the horizontal arms of the cross and the edges of the slab) a figure of eight ring No. 481 ; (on each side of the shaft of the cross) a four-cord plait; (below the bottom of the shaft) a pair of beasts facing each other and swallowing or disgorging something like a liuman leg and foot (as on the stone at Newton Woods (No. 2), Ilenfrewshire ; and (at the foot of the slab) a man between two beasts, probably intended for Daniel in the Den of Lions. At the head of the slab are traces of interlaced-work of two twisted l)ands. Rifjht Side. — (Ne.xt the foot of tlie slab) a small ]>iece of four-ciord plait; and (b(!tween this and the head of the slab) a procession of five beasts in various attitudes. Left Side. — A procession of six beasts, one with a human face. Etui next Head. — A four-cord plait. End next Eoot. — A fig\ire of eight ring interlaced-work No. 481. This stone has been described and illustrated in Sculptured Stones of Scot- land (vol. ii. pi. 7b), and in the Trans, of the Vxlangow Archoxol. Soc., N.S., vol. iv. p. .‘1!)8. Jordanhill. — dordanhill House is situated on the N. side of tlie Clyde, 4 miles .N.W. of Glasgow. (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 30). The iiKniument is said to have been found when the old church at Govaii, near Glasgow, was pulled down in J7b2, and it now stands in the grounds of Jordanhill, not far from the house. It is a cross-shaft of yellow sandstone, 4 feet high by 1 foot b inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot 5 inches wiile at the top by from 8 to 8J inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 479a, h, c, d) — Eront. — Divided into two panels, containing (1) at the top, interlaced-work of the same class as Nos. 5b3 and 5b5 ; (1a) in the same panel below, interlaced-work Nos. 572 and 579 combined, double-beaded; (2) at the bottom, diagonal key-pattern of the same kind as No. 994; and (2a) in the same panel below, interlaced-work No. 591 in two vertical rows, double-beaded. Back. — Divided into two panels, containing (1) at the to)), a six-cord plait, double- beaded; (2) a man on horseback very rudely executed; (2a) in the same panel below, a ten-cord plait, double-beaded ; and (.3a) in the same panel at the bottom, a six-c'ord plait, double-beaded. Right Side. — Interlaced-work No. 544, double-beaded. Left Side. — A single panel, containing two different pieces of ornament, namely, (a) at the top, interlaced-work No. 598, double-beaded; and (5) at the bottom, inter- laced-work No. 509, double-beaded. 4G0 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 101) and in The Sculptured Stones in the Kirhjard of Govan (privately printed, Glasgow, 1899, pi. 7). Newton Woods. — Newton House is situated between Paisley and Johnstone, 2J miles W. of Paisley and 4 mile S. of Elderslie railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 30). Two sculptured stones belonging to Class III. were found about fifty years ago in a well near the site of the old mansion of Newton and they are now at Newton Woods. Newton Woods No. 1 is a fragment of a cross-shaft of sandstone, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 480) — Front.- — A man on horseback and a beast. Fig. 480. — Fragment of a cro.ss-shaft, sculptured in relief, at Newton Woods (No. 1). Ug. 481. — Fnagment of cro.ss-shaft, sculptured in relief, at Newton Woods (No. 2). Newton Woods No. 2 is a fragment of a cross-shaft of sandstone, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 481) — Front. — (At the top) a beast swallowing or disgorging a human leg ; (below this) a pair of beasts with their forelegs crossed and interlaced, and with a human head between their open mouths; and (at the bottom) a pair of beasts biting their tails. The design of the l)easts resembles that of the beasts on the recumbent stone at Inchinnan No. 3. These two stones, which may possibly be parts of the same cross, have been ■described and illustrated in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxiii. p. 350). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MOXUxMENTS — LANARK. 4(31 Stanlie. — Staulie Green farm was situatt'd 21, miles S.W. of Paisley lailway station (Ordnance i\Iap, One- Inch Scale, Sheet 30). The monument formerly stood near the farm steading of Stanlie Green, and is now erected on the margin of the I’aisley Water Company’s Reservoir, which occu)»ies the site of the farm. It is a mutilated cross-shaft of sandstone, 3 feet 10 inches high by 2 feet wide by from 8 to 9 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus — Front. — Partly defaced, but traces of a four-cord plait, a horseman and two bwists. Back. — Partly defaced, but remains of a pair of boasts at the bottom. Ilidht and Left Hides. — Two bands twisted together. 'riiis stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 117). LANARKSHIRE. CLASS III. Cambusnethan. — The old churchyard of Cambusnethan is situated 2 miles N.E. of Wishaw railway station (Ordnance Map, One- Inch Scale, Sheet 23). The monument stands in the old churchyard, where it was discovered by Mr Alexander Napier of Wishaw in 1898. It is a cross-shaft of sandstone (with a tenon for fixing it into a base at the lower end), 2 feet 10 inches high by 1 foot 4 inches wide at the bottom, and 1 foot 3 inches wide at the top by 6^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 482) — Front. — A single panel containing three different pieces of ornament, namely, (a) at the top, a four-cord plait, double-beaded ; (h) in the middle, swastika key- pattern No. 1009, double-beaded ; and (c) at the bottom, on the right, three tall men with their arms joined and a smaller man passing between the two figures under- neath their arms. Back. — A single panel containing four different pieces of ornament, namely, (a and h) at the top on the left and right, a four- cord plait, double-beaded; (c) in the middle, swastika key-pattern No. 1009, double-beaded ; and {d) at the bottom, a looped band or perhaps a serpent, partly defaced. Fi! ;. 482. — Cross-shaft, sculpturerl ill relief, at Caiuliusnetlian. KAHLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 4f)2 L< ft Side . — A single p;uiel eonlaining scpuire key-pattern No. 887. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Reliquary and Illustrated Arcluvol oyist (vol. v. (1899) p. 49). Govan. — 'J'he olmreh of Govan is situated on the S. side of the Clyde, 3 miles W. of Glasgow (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Seale, Sheet 30). There are thirty-four sculptured stones belonging to Class III. here, namely. No. 1 (the sarcophagus), which was found in 1855 in digging a grave at the S.E. corner of the churchyard at a depth of 3 feet below the surface, and is kept with Nos. 2, 3, and 4 in a small building at the S.K. corner of the churchyard. The others are in tlie churchyard, having been in many cases re-used in modern times as grave-slabs. Govan No. 1 is a sarcophagus or coffin of sandstone, nearly rectangular in shape (but narrower at the foot than at the head), G feet long by 1 foot 4 inches wide at the head and 1 foot 2 inches wide at the foot by 1 foot 3 inches deep (inside dimensions), and G feet 10 inches long by 2 feet 2 inches wide at the head and 2 feet wide at the foot by 1 foot 8 inches deep (outside dimensions), sculptured in relief on four faces thus^ (fig. 483 ABC D) — Front . — Divided into three panels, containing (1) next the head, four serpentine creatures with their bodies forming a twelve-cord plait, double-beaded; (1a) in the same panel on the right, two pairs of beasts facing away from each other, the lower j)air l)eing upside-down and their tails and ears forming knots Nos. 214 and 215 ; (2) in the middle interlaced-work Nos. 587 and 272, double-beaded; and (3) next the foot, a pair of beasts with their necks crossed, the tail of the beast on the right forming interlaced-work No. 593, only in a single row, and terminating in the mouth of the other beast ; above the hind rpiarters of the beast on the left is a triquetra knot No. 798, double-beaded. Baxh . — Divided into three panels,^ containing (1) next the foot, interlaced- work No. 611, double-beaded; (1a) in the same panel on the right, a man on horseback ^ armed with a short sword, hunting a stag and another animal ; (2) in the middle, interlaced- work No. 589, double-beaded; and (3) next the head, a beast (with its body ornamented with a diagonal key-pattern and its tail form- ing interlaced-work terminating in its mouth) trampling on another beast and a serpent. * The sarcophagus has a bevelled edge 4 inches wide all round the top, and tl;ere is a circular liole in the bottom 3 inches in diameter, 2 feet from tlie foot inside. - By V)ands of square key-pattern No. 887. The letter A is incised on the hind quarters of the horse. li. — i>ack. Fig. 483 A, B, c, i>. — Sarcophagus of sandstone, sculptured in relief, at (lovan (No. 1). Keiiroducid, by pertnission, from Sir .1. .Stirling Maxwell Sci'lptHi'fd Stones of Gov'cn. Pwje 462 . .v--. .xriii. Fig. 484a, b. — Hog-backed, recumbent monument, sculiitured in relief, at Govan (No. 2). Reproduced, I)}' permission, from Sir J. Stirling Maxwell’.s Sculptured Monnmcids of Govan. B. — Left side. Fig. 485 a, b. — Recumbent hog-backed monument, sculptured in relief, at Govan (No. 3). Reproduced, by permission, from Sir J. Stirling Maxwell’s Sculptured Stones of Oovan. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — l,ANARK. 4G8 End next Head . — A single panel containing eight-cord brokini plait-work, donlile- beaded. End next Foot . — A single panel containing six-cord broken ))laibwork, doul)le- beaded. This stone coffin has been described and illustrated in Stuart's Smlpturcd .Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 134), and in the Scidptnred .Stones in Govan Kirkyard, jil. 1 Govan Nos. 2, 3, 10, 11 and 12 are hog-backed recumbent moninnei sandstone of the following dimensions — Length. Height. Rreadth. No. 2 6 feet 6 inches 2 feet 3.’, inches 0 feet 11 inches. No. 3 0 ), 6 ,, 3 „ „ 1 „• 3 „ No. 10 ^ )i s ,, 3 „ U „ 3 „ 0 „ No. 11 ) » J > n M ?> n No. 12 n )) No. 2 is shown in tig. 484a, b, and No. 3 in tig. 485a, b. All the monuments are ornamented on the sloping surfaces at the toji with scales intended to imitate rooting tiles conventionally. Nos. 2, 10 and 11 have scales like those on the hog-backed stone at Meigle, Perthshire, and the other two have quite plain rectangular scales. The number of rows of scales varies from three to five. All the monuments have zobmorphic ends except No. 2. Nos. 3 and 12 give the idea of the whole stone being converted into a beast, as there is an animal’s head at one end only, and the paws at the bottom face in the same direction. No. 11 has paws of beasts on the vertical ends of the stone. No. 2 has a horizontal border of debased interlac-ed-work and key-pattern ahmg each side at the bottom; and Nos. 11 and 12 have traces of interlaced-work at each end. Nos. 2, 3, 10, 11, and 12 have been illustrated in the Ecidptured Stones in the Churchyanl of Govan, pis. 2, 4, 0, 5, 3. Nos. 11 and 12 have not been previovisly described (probably because the high railing round the stones made them quite inaccessible); No. 10 is de.scribed and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xix. p. 416); No. 2 in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xix. p. 413), and in Stuart’s Smlptnred Stones of Scotland (vol. i. ])1. 134, No. 1); and No. 3 in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xix. p. 415), and Stuart (vol. i. pi. 134, No. 2). Grovan Nos. 4, 5, and 29 are cross-shafts of sandstone. No. 4 is 6 feet 2 inches high by 1 foot 9 inches wide by 9 inches thick, sculp- tured in relief on two faces thus (tig. 486) — Fr.mt . — In the middle a cross of shape No. 96a (not extending to the l)ottoin 464 EARf.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. of the stone), ornamented on the left and right arms with interlaced-work No. 760,. double-headed, and on the top arm and shaft with a four-cord plait, double-beaded. On the background of the cross (at each side of the shaft) is a serpent with its body forming a twist and the end of its tail in its mouth ; and (below the bottcnn of the shaft) a man on horseback armed with a spear (?). Back. — Divided into two panels, containing (1) at the top, a central raised boss with four serpents issuing from it swastika-fashion ; and (2) at the bottom, triangular interlaced-work No. 730. 'rids stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland {\o\. i. pi. 136, No. 3), and illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govern (pi. 8). Go van No. 5 is 3 feet 9 inches high by 1 foot 3 inches wide by 5 inches thick sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 487) — • Front. — A cross of shape No. 96a with a bead mould- ing round the edge, but otherwise unornamented. Back. — A man on horseback, and the modern initials LA. J.W. 'This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 136, No. 4), and illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 9). Go van No. 29 is 6 feet 6 inches high by 1 foot 8 inches wide at the bottom and 1 foot 6 inches wide at the top by 8 inches thick, sculptured in relief on three faces thus (fig. 488) — Front. — Traces of interlaced-work at the top ; and below a rectangular figure with double projections at each corner. Riylit Side. — Divided into three panels, containing (1) at the top, irregular interlaced-work ; (2) in the middle, interlaced-work No. 574, double-beaded; and (3) at the bottom, interlaced-work No. 598. Left Side. — Divided into four panels, containing (1) at the top, irregular interlaced-work, double-beaded ; (2) Iig. 48/.— Govan (N'o. 5), back, ^ diagonal key-pattern very rudely executed; (3) next, an enthroned figure with another figure offering him a horn (?); and (4) at the bottom, interlaced-work No. 509, double-beaded. This stone has not been previ/msly described, but is illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 10). I DESCEIPTIVE L18T OF MONUMENTS— LANARK. 4G5 Govan Nos. 6 and 9 are recumbent cross-slabs of sandstone witli roiiiuled ends. Tiiis stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 137, No. 9), and in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 11, No. 11). Fig. 489. — Govan (Xo. 9). No. G is 6 feet G inches long by 1 foot 9 inches wide, and No. 9 (which is incomplete) is 3 feet 9 inches long by 1 foot 8 inches wide by 4 inches thick. Only the upper surfaces of the slabs are sculptured. The crosses on both are of shape No. 101a, and do not extend to the t()])s and bottoms of the slabs. No. G is ornamented thus — Top . — On the cross a three-cord plait, tlouble-beaded. On th(^ background of the cross (above the top arm) the modern inscription BELLIY HOUSTON'S; (on each side of the top arm) a three-cord plait; (on the left of the shaft) a chain of rings with bands passed through them at right angles, double-beaded ; (on the right of the shaft) a four-cord (?) plait, double-beaded; and (below the bottom of the shaft) triangular interlaced-work No. 732, double-beaded. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 137, No. G), and illustrated in the Scidptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 17, No. 24). No. 9 is ornamented thus (fig. 489) — Top . — On the shaft of the cross a four-cord plait double-beaded. On the background of the cross (above the top arm) sculpture defaced ; (on each side of the top arm and shaft) a four-cord plait, doublc- beaded ; and (below the bottom of the shaft) ^ tri- angular interlaced-work No. 732, partially defaced w ■ Z by the modern initials : p Govan Nos. 7, 13, 23, 24, 31, 35 and 36 are recumbent cross-slabs of sand- stone with plain raised borders and angle knobs like those on the I’ecumbent stones at Inchinnan, Eenfrewshire, and St Blane’s, Bute. 1 This part of the slab seems to have disappeared since Stuart’s drawing was made. PART III. 3 A' EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 4(;g The dimensions of the stones are as follows; — No. 7 Length. 5 feet 6 inches Breadth. 1 foot 9 inches Thickness. No. 13 . . 4 „ 5 „ 2 feet 3 j) No. 23 . ) J 11 No. 24 5 ,, 1 inch 2 „ 0 11 5 inches No. 31 . . 5 ,, 4 inches 2 „ 1 ,, inch No. 35 M J) 11 No. 36 . 5 9 2 5 j, 11 The crosses are in all cases of shape No. 101 a. Tlie ornament on these monuments with angle-knobs, at Govan, is as follows : — No. 7. — Upper part of cross (fig. 490), and background defaced by the modern I 1 initials R. D. and the name j WILL^ BOGLE | The shaft of the cross is unornamented. On the background, at each side of the shaft, a four-cord plait ; and (below the bottom of the shaft) interlaced-work No. 768. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s ScuLptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 137, No. 7), and illustrated in the Sculptiored Stones in the Kirk- yard of Govan (pi. 14, No. 18) No. 13. — Cross unornamented. On the background (fig. 491) very irregular three-cord broken plait-work, double-beaded. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 11, No. 12). No. 23. — Upper part of slab defaced by modern inscription, lEAMES lEGK MARGET IBSON. Shaft of cross unornamented. On background of cross (on each side of shaft) inter- laced-work No. 574 ; and (below bottom of shaft) sculpture nearly all worn away, but pattern may perhaps be interlaced-work No. 732. Stone not previously described, l)ut illustrated in the Sculptured Stones of the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 18, No. 25). No. 24. — Sculpture all defaced except the figure of an angel at one end of the slab. Stone not previously described or illustrated. No. 31. — Modern initials M E on shaft of cross, and interlaced-work No. 574 on background on each side. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured, Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 17, No. 23). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — EANARK. 467 No. 35. — Cross uuornaineiited, and on background (fig. 492) to the left and right of the cross, interlaced-work No. 574 ; and above and below it, interlaccd-work No. 577, very ingeniously made to merge from the one into the other. Stone not previously described, hut illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 14, No. 17). No. 36. — Faint traces of interlaced-work only. Stone not previously described, hut illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 23, No. 35). Govan Nos. 8, 14 to 22, 25 to 28, 30, 32 to 34, and 37 and 38, are ordinary recumbent cross-slabs of sandstone, nearly rectangular in shape and of the following dimensions — No. 8 No. 14 No. 15 No. 16 No. 17 No. 18 No. 19 No. 20 No. 21 No. 22 No. 25 No. 26 No. 27 No. 28 No. 30 No. 32 No. 33 No. 34 No. 37 No. 38 Length. Breadth. Thickness. 5 feet 6 inche.s 1 foot 10 inches 4 „ 7 n 1 11 7 ,, 5 ,, 3 1 11 9 „ 7 inches. 5 „ 10 1 11 10 „ 4 „ 9 j) 1 11 7 „ 5 „ 4 „ 10 5) 1 11 10 „ 5 „ 6 „ 5 )) 1 11 10 „ 6 „ 8 )> 1 11 10 „ 7 „ 5 ,, 7 ) J 1 11 10 ,, 4^ „ 5 „ 8 5 » 1 11 0 „ 4i „ 5 „ 8 2 11 3 „ 6 „ 6 n 2 11 4 „ 6 „ 0 n 1 11 8 „ 4 „ 9 M 1 11 10 „ 1 „ 0 jj 1 11 8 „ 6 „ 6 „ 0 >> 2 11 1 „ 5 „ 9 11 1 11 9 „ 4 „ 2 11 1 11 9 „ 6 „ 11 11 11 The crosses on all the above slabs are of shape No. 101 a. The ornament on these recumbent cross slabs is as follows : — No. 8. — The cross, devoid of sculpture (fig. 493), and defaced on the horizontal arms by the modern initials M. W. H. background of the cross, at each side of the top arm and above it, interlaced-work No. 509, merging into four-cord broken plait-work, double-beaded ; (on each side of the shaft) four-cord broken plait- work, double-beaded ; and below the bottom of the shaft, interlaced-work No. 579, double-beaded. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 137, No. 8), and illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirk- yard of Govan (pi. 15, No. 20). 4G8 KARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. No. 14. — On the shaft of the cross (fig. 494) irregular plait-work, double-beaded. Ou the background of the cross (to the left of the top arm), plait ; (to the right of the top arm) sculpture defaced ; (to the left of the shaft) iuterlaced-work No. 601, double- beaded ; and (to the right of the shaft) iuterlaced-work No. 598, double-beaded. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 13, No. 16). No. 15. — The upper part of the cross (fig. 495) and background defaced by the modern initials and date ‘ and the lower part of the cross devoid of 1723 ^ ornament. On the background (to the left of the shaft) interlaced-work No. 544; (to the right of the shaft) a four-cord plait; and (below the bottom of the shaft) interlaced-work No. 577.^ Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculphircd Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 15, No. 19). No. 16. — Sculpture all obliterated except traces of a five- or six-cord plait on the left side. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 21, No. 31). No. 17. — The cross, devoid of ornament and defaced by the modern initials and date background (at each side of the top arm and above it) interlaced-work No. 575; (ou each side of the shaft) faint traces of plait-work; and (below the bottom of the shaft) iuterlaced-work No. 732, double-beaded. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govom (pi. 19, No. 27). No. 18. — The cross, devoid of ornament, and the top arm defaced by the modern initials w i. On the background (to the left and right of the top arm, and above it) traces of interlaced-work ; (to the left and right of the shaft) traces of interlaced-work ; and (below the Ijottom of the shaft) sculpture defaced. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Goran (pi. 20, No. 29). No. 19. — The upper part of the cross and background defaced. No ornament on the cross. On the background (above the top arm) traces of plait-work ; (to the ^ The designer has made a mistake in his interlaced-work, where he has tried to join patterns Nos. 544 and 577. 2 This is the earliest date of the appropriation of a Celtic monument for use as a modern gravestone in Govan churchyard. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — I.ANARK. 4G9 left and right of the shaft) faint remains (jf what appears to be interlaced-work No. 544; and (below the bottom of the shaft) traces of interlaced-work No. 732. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Scidpturcd Stones in the Kirkijard of Govan (pi. 22, No. 33). No. 20. — No ornament on the cross. On the background, traces of interlaced- work. Stone not previously described, Init illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 21, No. 32). No. 21. — The upper part of the cross (hg. 496) and background defaced. On the background (to the left and right of the shaft) a six-cord plait ; and (below the base of the cross) interlaced-work No. 611. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 18, No. 26). No. 22. — Sculpture all defaced except traces of plait-work on the background of the cross. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 22, No. 34). No. 25. — Sculpture all defaced except traces of interlaced-work at one end. The slab bears the modern initials W R. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 23, No. 36). No. 26. — The greater part of the sculpture defaced, and the modern initials A S • • .. cut in the middle of the slab. No ornament on the cross; on the back- M ’ ground (to the left and right of the top arm and above it) a fonr-cord plait; and (at the lower right-hand corner) plait-work, double-beaded. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 25, No. 40). No. 27. — The top of the cross (fig. 497) and part of the background defaced by the modern initials J N J A- On the background of the cross (above the top arm) traces of interlaced-work No. 575 ; (to the left and right of the shaft) interl.aced-work No. 568; (below the bottom of the shaft) triangular interlaced-work No. 731. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 16, No. 22). No. 28. — The upper part of the cross (fig. 498) and background defaced by the modern initials and date No ornament on the cross. On the background 470 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. (on the left and riglit of the top arm) interlaced-work No. 645 ; (on the left and right of the shaft) interlaced-work No. 601 ; and (below the bottom of the shaft) traces of plait-work. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 19, No. 28). No. 30. — Sculpture all defaced except traces of plait-work. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones iti the Kirkyard of Govani (pi. 27, No. 43). No. 32.— modern initials The sculpture in the middle of the head of the cross defaced by the T H . ... On the shaft of the cross, traces of plait-work. On the AH ^ background (to the left and right of the top arm) interlaced-work No. 766; and (on the left and right of the shaft) a four-cord plait. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard. of Govan (pi. 12, No. 14). No- 33. — Sculpture all defaced except traces of plait-work on the background to the left of the shaft and below it. Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Seulptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 16, No. 21). I’ig. 499. — Govan (No. 34). No. 34. — The sculpture on the middle of the head of the cross defaced by the modern initials A R.l R- On the rest of the cross (tig. 499), traces of plait-work. On the background of tlie cross (to the left and right of the top arm) a four-cord plait, double-beaded; and (on the left and right of the shaft) diagonal key-pattern No. 945, with circular pellets in the sinkings (as on the slab at Rosemarkie, Eoss-shire). Stone not previously described, but illustrated in the Seulptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 13, No. 15). No. 37. — Inscribed with the modern initials and date A Y 1724’ sculpture defaced except faint traces of interlaced-work at one side. and all the •Leftside. a.— Front. is.— Back. c. — Riglit side, i’ig. 501a, is, c, I). — Cross, sculptured in relief, at Hamilton I’alace. F’roin a pliotograjili by !Mr A. A. Inglis. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS — LANARK. 471 Stone not previously described, but illustrated Kirhjard of Govnn (pi. 27, No. 43). No. 38. — Inscribed with the modern initials „ . , in the middle of the head of the cross. No ornament on the cross. On the background of the cross (to the left and right of the top arm and above it), interlaced-work No. 574 ; (to the left and right of tlie shaft) interlaced-work No. 514 ; and (below the bottom of the shaft) interlaced-work No. 572, double-beaded (fig. 500). Stone not previously described, but illus- trated in the Sculptured Stones in the Kirkyard of Govan (pi. 12, No. 13). in the Seidptin-ed Stones in the Hamilton. — Hamilton i’alace is situated 6 miles S.E. of Glasgow and 4 a mile N.K. of Hamilton railway station (Ordnance iMap, One- Inch Scale, Sheet 23). The sculptured cross stands in the grounds of the Palace near the river Clyde. It is a cross of sandstone (of shape No. 96a), 5 feet high by 2 feet 6 inches wide across the arms, and 1 foot 6 inches wide across the shaft by 11 inches thick, sculptured in relief on four faces thus (fig. 501a, b, c, d) — Front. — (In the centre of the head) a single spiral ; (on the top arm) a human figure between two beast-headed human figures much defaced, and a pair of fish below ; (on the left and right arms) rude ornament composed of parallel straight lines; in the space beneath the spiral towards the right a four-footed beast and (on the shaft) a six-cord plait, double-beaded. Baek.—{hx the middle of the head) a cir- cular raised boss with two serpentine bands issuing from it at each side; (on the top arm) a human figure apparently in a squatting posture ; and (on the shaft) scidpture defaced. Eiyht side. — (On the top arm) a beast-headed man ; (on the end of the 472 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. horizontal arm) a lattice-work design ; and (on the shaft) a human figure, feet uppermost. Left side. — (On the top arm) a serpent coiled up ; (on the end of the horizontal arm) a lattice-work design ; and (on the shaft) two beast-headed men, a beast with a long jaw, and remains of lattice-work defaced. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart's Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 118). Lesmahagow. — The church of Lesmahagow is situated near the river Nethan, 6 miles S.W. of Lanark and 1 mile W. of Lesmahagow railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 2.3). There are two sculptured stones here belonging to Class III. No. 2 was dug up in 186G 1 foot below the surface of the ground in widening a road at JMilltown of Lesmahagow, 500 yards from the parish church. Lesmahagow No. 1 is a cross-base of sandstone sculptureil in relief on one face thus — Front. — Parts of two beasts at the left liaiid lower corner, the remainder of the ornament being defaced. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Lesmahagow No. 2 is a cross-head of sandstone (of shape No. 108a), the circular head being 18 inches in diameter, sculptured in relief on one face thus Fig. 502. — Cross-liead, sculptured in /.e relief, at Lesuialiagovv (No. 2). O'-’-'/ Front. — (In the centre of the head of the cross) a circular raised boss, and (on the ends of each of the arms) knot No. 214. On the end of the bottom arm is also a pair of bands twisted together. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. vii. p. 261. APPENDIX TO LANARK. Metal Objects vnth Symbols. "Whitecleugh, Crawfordjohn.. — Situated on the borders of Lanarkshire and Dumfriesshire, between the Duneaton Water and the Spango Water, 8 miles N. of Sanquhar railway station. Here was found a silver chain weighing 62J ounces, and consisting of 22 pairs of circular links, and a penannular terminal link. The chain is nowin the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland (Catal. FO. 150). On one side of the gap in the penanmdar link (as shown in fig. 503) is engraved the two- DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— AYRSHIRE. 473 legged rectangle symbol, and on the other the donhle-disc and Z-shaped rod synihol. The discs are ornamented with double spirals, and between the symbol and the gap in the link is a band of chevron pattern. Described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xiv. p. 224); and in Dr J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times (2nd ser., p. 44). Fig. 503.— Terminal peiiannular ring of silver chain found in Lanarkshire (actual size), showing symbols. AYRSHIRE. CLASS III. Cairn. — The farm of Cairn, in the parish of New Cumnock, in Upper Nithsdale, is situated about 9 miles from Sanquhar, and 3 miles to the S. of the village of the same name, and about 4 miles to the N. of the village of Kirkconnel. There are here two sculptured stones, both parts of a free standing cross. Cairn No. 1 is the lower part of a cross-shaft found in 1897 in tlie bed of a stream which, coming down from the hill, flows past the farm. It measures 1 foot 10 inches in height by 1 foot 3 inches in breadth and 61 inches in thickness, is sculptured on four faces thus (fig. 504a, b, c) — Front . — A panel of interlaced-work (No. 574) double-beaded, ending in knot No. 214. Back . — A panel, much defaced, but apparently showing interlaced-work making a square of four triangles, with double diagonals interlacing in triangular loops at the bottom, and over that an interlacement of double triangular knots, facing to right and left. Right side . — A narrow panel with a two-cord plait, having a square-ended loop at the bottom. Left side . — A narrow panel with a two-cord plait, having a square-ended loop at the bottom. Cairn No. 2 is an arm possibly of the same cross. In that case it must have been a cross of the form which has a large shaft carrying a comparatively small PART III. 3 0 474 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND c. — Left side. A. — Front. B. — Kiglit side. Fig. 504a, b, c.— Front and right and left sides of broken cross-sliaft found at Cairn, parish of New Cumnock. (From a photograph by iJr J. Mack Wilson.) A. — Front. B. — Back. Fig. 505a, b. — Arm of cross found at Cairn, New Cumnock. (From a photograph by ]\lr J. Mack Wilson.) DESCTJPTIVE LIST OF MONU:\IEXTS — AVRSIIIKE. 475 sizGcl and equal armed cross-head. I'lie cross-ariu has a ropc-inoulding round tlio edge on both sides, and the space within is tilled by knotwork. Ihese stones have been figured and described by Kev. Kirkwood Ilewat, MA., b.S.A. Scot., in the Froc. Soc. A?i(. Scot. (vol. xxxiv. p. 300). Fairlie. — Ihe village of Fairlie is situated on the W. coast of Ayrshire, opposite the island of Great Cumbray, between Ardrossan and Largs, close to Fairlie railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 21). The sculptured stone came from Chapel House farm, a little to the N. of Fairlie Castle, and is now in the garden of the bh-ee Church Manse at Fairlie. Ihe bairlie stone is 4 feet 3 inches long by 15 inches wide, and is sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 500) — Fig. 506. — Stone, sculptured in relief, at Fairlie, Ayrshire. Front . — (On the left) a man, armed with a circular shield and sword, lying in a horizontal position ; (in the middle) a beast proceeding towards the man with its mouth open ready to devour him ; and (on the right) a beast biting the end of its tail. This stone has been described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxviii. p. 234) by Miss Hutcheson, Bnrnsyde, Fairlie. Mansfield. — Mansfield House is situated on the borders of Ayrshire and Dumfriesshire, on the N. side of the river Nith not far from its source, | of a mile E. of New Cumnock railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 15). The sculptured stone was found some years ago in a moss near Mansfield House, in the parish of New Cumnock. It is a portion of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, 1 foot 5 inches high by 1 foot 5 inches wide by 7 inches thick, sculptured in relief on three faces thus — Front . — (In the middle) a cross of shape No. 106 a with a dot and circle in the centre of the head ; and on the backgi'ound (to the left and right of the shaft) a four- cord plait. Right side . — (At the top) a four-cord plait ; and (below) knot No. 214. 476 EART.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Leftside . — Divided into two panels containing (I) at the top a four-cord plait, double-beaded, and (2) at the bottom scrolls of foliage. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculi^tured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 121). KIRKCUDBRIGHT. CLASS III. MinningaflF. — The church of Minningaff is situated on a hill in the angle between the river Cree and the Penkhill Burn on the E. bank of the Cree, a mile Kig A. — Front. B. — Right side. . 507 — Upright pillar — cross sculptured in relief at Minningaff (No. 1). and a half N. of Newton Stewart railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 4). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONUMENTS— KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 477 The two monuments stand inside the old ruined church, wliich is in the church- yard to the S. of the new church. Minningaflf No. 1 is an upright pillar-cross of whinstone (nearly rectangular in shape, but tapering upwards) 2 feet 10 inches high by 6i inches wide at the top and 10^ inches wide at the bottom, sculptured in relief on three faces thus (fig. 507) — Front . — A cross of shape No. 106 a surmounted by a bird and divided into three panels, containing (1) on the head, no ornament e.xcept five small dots in the centre; (2) on the shaft at the top, spiral-work not regularly formed; and (.3) on the shaft at the bottom, triangular interlaced-w'ork No. 733. Back . — A fish or bird monster. Eight side . — A figure of a man, with only the head and none of the details of the body indicated. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Minningaff No. 2 is a pillar of whinstone 4 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 1 inch wide at the top and 1 foot 5 inches wide at the bottom, sculptured partly in relief and partly with incised lines on one face thus — Front . — ( At the top of the stone) a cross like that on the other monument (No. 1), with five small dots in the centre ; and (below) an extremely rude pattern composed of a reticulation of straight lines. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. APPENDIX T(J KIRKCUDBRIGHT. Natnrcd Eock-Snrfaces loitk ScidfUcred Symbols. Anwoth. — Anwoth church is situated on the W. side of the Water of Fleet near the point where it runs into Fleet Bay 1| mile W. of Gatehouse of Fleet which is miles S.E. of Dromore railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 5). The sculptured rock is on the S. side of a vitrified fort, which is on the top of a rocky knoll lying between Anwoth old church and Gatehouse, about ^ a mile W. of Gatehouse. A path leads up from the old church through the woods directly to it. The fort lies to the N. of the Rutherford Monument and Cardoness Castle, being nearest to the former. The sides of the hill on which the fort is placed are pre- cipitous e.xcept on the N., where it is joined to the lower ground by a narrow neck of land. The fort is protected on this side by a rampart and ditch, cutting it off from the lower ground. On the top of the hill on the E. side are remains of a low wall of vitrified stones covered with turf, to defend the less steep face of the hill. The W. side does not seem to require a wall for defence. The sculptured rock — a natural 478 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. surface of smooth slate — crops up above the turf just below the fort on the S. side. It slopes down at an angle of about 45° and faces Gatehouse, which is on the E. The Fig. 508. — Rock -surface, with incised symbols, at Auwoth. Scale, xV linear, rock is protected from injury by a cage of iron bars. A line view over the sea is obtained from the fort, although it is at a lower level than the Rutherford Monument. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONLLMENTS— KIRKCU DBIUGHT. 471) The portion of exposed rock-surface on wliich the symbols occur (Hg. 508) is nearly rectangular, and measures about 0 feet long l)y 5 feet wide. It has a long fissure down the middle. At tlie left hand upper corner of the surface is the double-disc and ^-shaped rod symbol. To the right of this, on the other side of the fissure in the rock, are two figures, one perhaps intended for a fish-monster (like those on the stone at Rrodie, Elginshire), and the other, below it to the left, consists of a semicircle witli spiral terminations combined with a conical spike. At the left hand lower corner of the surface is a human head with two horns ending in sj)iral curves on the top of it. This sculptured rock has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculpf.tired Stones of Scotland (vol. i. pi. 97). Figs. 509 aud 510. Erect stones, with incised sculpture, at Higli Auchenlarie. Scale, iV linear. Stones with Crosses, hut no Ornament. Anwoth.— Situated I mile Vh of Gatehouse of the Fleet, and 6 miles S.E. of Dromore railway station. There is in the churchyard here an irregularly shaped 480 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. slab, 2 feet long by 1 foot 3 inches wide, sculptured on one face with an incised cross of shape No. 96a. Not previously described or illustrated. Auchenlarie, High. — Situated 5 miles S.W. of Gatehouse of the Fleet, and 6 miles S.E. of Creetown railway station. There were two monuments here which have now been removed to the garden of Cardoness House (situated 3 miles S.W. of Gatehouse). They are two monoliths of stone, one 5 feet 11 inches high by 1 foot 4 inches wide, and the other 5 feet 6 inches high by 1 foot 4 inches wide, each sculptured on one face with extremely rude incised crosses (figs. 509, 510). Described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i, pi. 122), and by Mr F. E. Coles in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxxi. p. 187). Daltallachan. — Situated 1 mile N. of Carsphairn and 17 miles N. of New Galloway railway station. There is here an irregularly shaped slab of sandstone 2 feet 9 inches high by 1 foot 3 inches wide, sculptured on one face with an incised cross of shape No. 96a, having a circidar ring in the centre of the head. Described and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. A?it. Scot. (vol. xiv. pi. 284). Kirkclaugh — On the N. side of Wigtown P>ay in the parish of Anwoth, 6 miles S.E. of Creetown railway station. There is here an upright slab of irregular outline, sculptured on one face with a plain Latin cross incised,and on the other with a Latin cross having expanded ends and some reticulated orna- ment composed of straight lines, similar to that on one of the stones at iMinningatf. Described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. i. Fig. 511. — Erect slab, with incised cross, at Daltallachan. pi. 123). WIGTOWN. CLASS III. Craiglemine. — The farm-house of Craiglemine is situated between Whithorn and the sea, 1 mile W. of Glasserton Church and 3 miles S.W. of Whithorn railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 2). DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF MONU.MENTS — WIGTOWN. 481 The monmaeiit ^ was found on the farm of Craigleinine, and is now in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh (Catal. l.R. 121). It is a portion of a cross-shaft of green slate (fractured across and on one edge), 3 feet 3 inches high by 1 foot 6 inches wide by 3 inches thick, sculptured on one face in relief and on tlie other with incised lines thus (fig. 512)— Front. Hack. Fig. 512.— Erect slab, sculptured in relief on the front, and inci.sed on the hack, from Craigleinine, now in the National Alu.seiim of Antiiiuities, Edinburgh. Front . — Part of a panel containing interlaced-work No. 579 a, double-beaded. BojcIx . — Part of a panel containing interlaced-work No. 602. Tills stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii, pi. 97) ; and in the Arclmol. Coll, of Ayrshire and Gcdloway (vol. vii. p. 39). Glenluce. — The church of Glen luce is situated on the N. of Luce Ray, near the 1 Described in Stuart’s Sculptural Stones of Scotland as being at Monreitli House. PART III. 3 /' EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. 48l> point where the Water of Jaice runs into the sea, ^ of a mile S.W. of Glenluce railway station (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 4). Two stones belonging to Class III. have been found here, namely : — No. 1, which was dug up in the chixrchyard of Glenluce many years ago ; afterwards used for a considerable time as a seat at the door of a house in the village; and now in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh (Catal. I.B. 45); and No. 2, which is noticed in the Appendix to Mhgtownshire. G-lenluce No. 1 is an upright cross-slab of graywacke, 5 feet high by 1 foot 2^ inches wide by 5 inches thick, scidptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 513) — Front . — (At the top of the slab) a cross of shape No. 106, with four small raised bosses in the hollows between the arms, and a dot and ring in the centre of the head ; (above the cross) a horizontal band terminating at each end in a spiral, to balance the corresponding spirals at the two lower corners of the cross ; (below the cross) a panel containing interlaced-work No. 577, double- beaded, and with the ends of two of the bands terminating at the toj) in small sjjirals ; and (at the bottom of the slab) a panel containing a four-cord plait. 'I’liis stone has been described and illustrated in the I’roc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xv. p. 9) ; and in the Archccol. Coll, of Ayr and Galloway (vol. vii. p. 37). Kirkcolm. — Kirkcolm Church is situated on the A", shore of Loch Ilyan, 8 miles N. of Stranraer railway station (Ordnance IMap, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 3). The monument was originally taken from the Chapel of Kihnorie, 2 miles S. of Kirkcolm on the road to ,, ^ Stranraer; then used as a lintel over the W. door of I'ront. ’ Fis-.sliaf't, sculiitured in relief, from St Niniaii’s Cave, with Runic inscription at the bottom. Scale, i linear. name of the person who “ wrote ” (wrought) the Punes, or possibly the cross itself. This stone has been described by Sir Herbert E. Maxwell, and illustrated in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol. xxi. p. 138), and in Professor Stephen’s Old Xorthern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England (vol. iv. p. 38). 488 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Whithorn. — The town of Whithorn is situated near the end of the promontory which terminates in Burrow Head, between Luce Bay and Wigtown Bay (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 2). There are fourteen monuments here belonging to Class III., all kept inside the ruined Priory (-^ a mile S. of Whithorn railway station) within the churchyard. Whithorn No. 1 is a free-standing cross (of shape No. 108 a) of green slate, 4 feet 10 inches high by 2 feet 2 inches in diameter across the head, 1 foot 1 inch wide across the shaft at the top and 1 foot 7 inches wide at the bottom by 3| inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 520) — Front. — (On the head) a central raised boss, but no other ornament ; and (on the shaft) a single panel containing interlaced-work Nos. 557 and 528. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 77). Whithorn No. 2 is a mutilated cross-shaft of green slate, 4 feet 4 inches high by 1 foot 0^ inches wide at the top and 1 foot 2i inches wide at the bottom, and sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 521 a, b) — Front. — The lower part of a panel containing interlaced-work No. 587, with three loops enclosing pellets at the bottom, and a slight variation in the crossing of the bands on the left side. Back. — The lower part of a panel containing interlaced-work No. 509. Tills stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptiored Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 97). Whithorn No. 3 is a free-standing cross (of shape No. 108 a) of green slate (with a tenon at the bottom for fitting into a socket), 2 feet 3^ inches in diameter across the head by 11 inches wide across the shaft at the top, and 1 foot 2 inches wide at the bottom by 3^ inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 522) — Front. — (On the circular head) an equal-armed cross with a boss in the centre and four circular sunk spaces in the interstices between the arms ; and (on the shaft) interlaced-work No. 574, double-beaded. Back. — (On the head) a similar equal-armed cross, but no other ornament; and (on the shaft) interlaced-work No. 558, double-beaded. This stone has been described and illustrated in Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland (vol. ii. pi. 122). Whithorn No. 4 was formerly built into a wall of a court behind a house in High Street, but was removed in 1884 to the Priory, where it is preserved with a number of other monuments under the protection of the Ancient Monuments Act. PART III. Front. Fig. fi20. — Cros.s, witli sciilpture in relief, at Whithoin (Xo. From a [>hotograi)li l>y the late .Mr \V. (ialloway. 490 EAKI.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTI>AND. It is an upright cross-slab of green slate (nearly reetangnlar in shape), 2 feet 0 inches high by 1 foot 3 inches wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured partly witli incised lines Front. Back. Fig. 522. — Cross, scnljitured in relief, at 'Whithorn (No. 3). Scale, jV linear. and partly in relief on four faces, and with a IJunic inscription incised on one edge thus (fig. 523) — Front . — (Along the top horizontal edge of the slab) a border of parallel lines, incised, and a small incised cross at the right-hand upper corner ; (along the vertical right edge) a border of incised “ S ” shaped lines linked together ; (on the head of the cross, which is of shape No. 108a, a central dot and circle, but no other ornament ; and (on the shaft) the upper part of a panel containing a four-cord plait, doidde-beaded. Bach — (Along the vertical right and left edges of the slab) a border of incised lines, giving the idea of a double-cable moulding ; (on the head of the cross, which is of shape No. 108a) a central dot and two concentric circles, but no other ornament; and (on the shaft) some very irregular interlaced-work, double-beaded. Right Side ami 7'op . — Square key-pattern No. 899. Lcjt Side . — Tlie remains of an inscription in Anglian Runes in one vertical line as follows: — F E R Th S 'I'his stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Ui>right cross-slat), sculptured iu relief, at Wtiithorii (No. 4). From a photograph by W. (Jalloway. Scale, i linear. Front. I" ig. 524. tragineut of cro.ss-.sliaft, with sciil[itui e in relief, at Wliithorn (No. 5). Hack. From a photograph by W. Galloway. Page 4 !( 1 . No CIV. Fig. 526.— Fiagnieiit of cross-shaft, witli sculpture in relief, at Whithorn ^No. 7). From a photograph hy W. Galloway. DESCKIPTIVE LIST OE MONUMENTS — WKJTOWN. 491 Whithorn No. 5 is a mutilated cross-shaft of green slate (with a tenon at the bottom for insertion in a socket), 3 feet 10 inches high hy 1 foot G inches to 1 foot 7 inches wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured on one face in relief and on the other with incised lines thus (fig. 524) — Front . — The lower part of a panel, containing interlaced-work No. 579, douhlc- beaded ; and (at the bottom of the slab) a horizontal border of key-pattern No. 889. Back . — The lower part of a panel of in ter laced- work No. 515, incised. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Whithorn No. 6 is part of a mutilated cross-shaft of green slate, 3 feet 9 inches high by 1 foot 7i inches wide at the to]) and 1 foot 9 inches wide at the bottom by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 525) — Front . — Part of a panel of interlaced-work No. 627, double-beaded.' In modern times a sunk space with the initials A. M. over a double chevron has been cut through the interlaced-work. Back . — -Part of a panel of interlaced-work No. 601, douI)le-beaded.- This stone has not been previously described or illustrated Whithorn No. 7 is part of a mutilated cross-shaft of green slate, 3 feet 10 inches long by 1 foot 04 inches wide by 4 inches thick, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 526) — Front. — l*art of a panel of interlaced-work No. 516, double-beaded. BacJc . — Part of a panel of interlaced-work No. 580, double-beaded. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Front. Back. Fig. 527. — Fragment of Cross-shaft, scul[itured in relief, at Whithorn (No. 8). Scale, linear. Whithorn No. 8 is a fragment of a mutilated cross-shaft of green slate, 1 foot 1-4 inches high by 1 foot 10 inches wide hy 4 inches thick, .sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 527) — ' In this and some of the other stones at 'Whitliorn the incised lines along the middle of the bands of tlie interlaced-work which produces the double beading stop short of the points where the bands cross each other. 2 Only the inci.sed lines overlap. This is a very peculiar style of work. ^ This is a most instructive example, as illustrating the evolution of knot No. 217 from knot No. 246 (p. 154). They both occur together; also on a coped stone at Ilickling, Notts. 492 EAELY CHRISTTAN M0NUMENT8 OF SCOTLAND. Front . — Part of a panel of iuterlaced-work No. 579, double-beaded. Part of a panel of interlaeed-work No. 579, double-beaded. 'This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Whithorn No. 9 is the middle part of a mutilated cross-head (of shape No. 108a) of green slate, 9 inches high l)y 1 foot 1 inch wide by 2h inches thick, sculptured in relief on one face thus (tig. 528) — Fig. 528. — ilutilated cross-lieail, witli seul]iture in relief, at Wliithorn (No. 9). Scale, J linear. Front . — (In the centre of the liead) a raised boss surrounded by a bead- moulding ; (on each of the narrow parts of the arms) a small boss ; and (on the ends of the arms) interlaced-work Nos. 798 and 760, double-beaded. This stone has not been previously descrilied or illustrated. Whithorn No. 10 is a portion of a mutilated cross-head (of shape No. 108a) of green slate, 1 foot 8| inches long by 111 inches wdde Ity 4 inches thick, with no ornament except a Ijoss in the centre of the head (ui the front. This stone has not l)een ]»reviously described or illustrated. Whithorn No. 11 is a fragment of a mutilated cross-shaft of green slate Front. Back. Fig. 529. — Fragment of cross-slialt, scnljitured in relief on the front and inci.sed on the hack, at Whithorn (No. 11). Scale, linear. Fig. 580. — Fragment of cross-shaft, sculptured in relief, at Whithorn (No. 12). Scale, linear. descrtptivh: i>ist of monuments— w urn > wn. 49;3 (broken iiloiig throe edges), 2 feet Iiigli by 0 inches wiile, scnljdured in relief on one face and with incised lines on the other thus (fig. 529) — Fl oat . — Part of a panel of interlaced-work No. 515, tlouble-beaded. Itach . — Part of a panel of interlaced-work No. 577, incised. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Whithorn No. 12 is a fragment of a mutilated cross-shaft of green slate (broken along three edges), 1 foot high by (S inches wide, .sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 520) — ,v. — Front. b. — B ack. Fig. 531. — Portion of cio.ss-.sliaft, sculptured in relief, at Wigtown. Seale, ,'.t linear. Ji'runt . — Part of a panel of interlaced-work of the same kind as Nos. 525 and 557, double-beaded. This stone has not been previously described or illustrated. Whithorn No. 13 is a portion of the lower part of a cross-shaft of greenish slaty stone sculptured on one face with interlaced- work in a combination of No.s. 246, 247, and 269. This stone has been illustrated in the ArchaoL Coll, of Ai/r and (Talloioay (vol. X. pi. ix.). Whithorn No. 14 is a fragment of a slab of stone ornamented with a panel of interlaced-work of an eight-cord ])lait. 4tured with incised symbol'!, and ogham inscription, at Brandsbutt, Inverurie. From a jihotograph by Mr James Ritchie, Schoolhouse, Port Elphinstone. Brandsbutt, Inverurie. — 'The farm-steading of Brandsbutt is situated about 2 miles N.W. of Inverurie railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 76). The site of the sculptured stone is in a dyke that divides two fields to the W. of the farm-steading. It has been utilised (and partly destroyed) in the construction APPENDIX. 507 of the dyke that runs southwards from the intersection of another a few yards W. of the rick-yard. It is not marked on the One-Incli Ordnance but its position is approximately indicated by the site of a stone circle ; and both the circle and the sculptured stone are marked on the Six-Inch Map, Sheet 54. The late Kev. Dr Davidson had apparently been aware of tbe existence of the stone, but beyond a passing mention of the site, has given no description of it.^ It was brought under the notice of Mr F. U. Coles in September 1899, as recorded by him at that date.- The stone (fig. 551) is a massive block of dark whinstone, triangular in section, the lower part (as it stood in the dyke) measuring 3 feet 6 inches in height, 4 feet 2 inches in width, and about 3 feet in thickness, scidptured on one side in boldly incised lines with (to the right) the serpent and doubly-bent rod symbol, and (on the left) an ogham inscription. Kecently, on the dyke being taken down and searched, additional portions of the stone have been found showing the crescent-symbol with the bent rod or sceptre over the serpent, and some more letters of the ogham inscription, which now reads as follows : — \ ' l~TTTTT“TiTr 1 i: A T A 1) 1) O A IX K X S ... HLGIXSIIIKE. CLASS III. Drainie or Kineddar.^ — The old church of Kineddar is situated about 2J miles S.W. of Lossiemouth railway station (Inch Ordnance ]\lap. Sheet 95). In addition to the fourteen stones already described as having been found here, another stone was turned up in digging a grave in the \ yBB ^ old churchyard in the summer of 1 900, and is ' now preserved in the Museum at Elgin. A \ \Hl ^ ^ RS L photograph of the stone has been kindly sent by Dr W. Craniond, F.S.A. Scot., Cullen. Drainie No. 15 is a cross-slab of greyish sandstone, quadrangular in shape, witli two sides broken away, and measuring about 1 foot square, 55 .^, _Cross-slab, sculptured iu reliei; and 2i inches in thickness, sculptured in relief Drainie, now in Elgin Musenm. “ Scale, J linear. on one face thus (fig. 552) — 1 Davidson’s Invn'urie anti the Gariorh, p. 5. - Pror. Sor. Ant. Scot., vol. xxxv. p. 230. 508 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front . — A cross of shape No. 98, oriiameuted with irregular key-patterns in each of the squares. On the background of the cross on the right side of the lower part of the shaft is a panel of interlaced-work, composed of a figure-of-eight knot with a circle interlaced. PERTHSHIRE. CLASS III. Fortingal. — The church of Fortingal is situated at the village of the Kirkton of Fortingal, 7^ miles W. of Aberfeldy railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 55). Three stones belonging to Class III. were recently found here during the demolition of the old Parish Church, for the erection of a new church on the same site, and one Front. Fig. 553. — Cross-slab sculptured in was found a few years previously in the wall of an old thatched cottage in the neighbour- hood of the church. The church demolished was a pre-Reformation building, and the stones were found in its walls. Nos. 1 to 3 inclusive were kindly brought to the Museum for examination by Rev. W. Campbell, B.D., minister of Fortingal, who also supplied rubbings of No. 4, which had been preserved by the former schoolmaster. Fortingal also possesses a Celtic bell, which has been figured and described in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xiv. p. 105, and in Dr J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times (Second Series), p. 180. Fortingal No. 1 is the upper part of an upright cross-slab of grey sandstone, 1 foot 8 inches in height by 1 foot 5 inches in breadth, and 2^ inches in thickness. APPENDIX. 509 l)roken in three pieces, ami sculptured iu relief ou two faces and two edges thus (fig. 553) — Front . — A cross of shape No. 102a, oruaiueuted ou the shaft and anus with iuterlaced-work of a six-cord plait, double-beaded, with horizontal breaks and a combination of loops facing upward and downward, derived from No. 509 ; the circle connecting the shaft and arms of the cross ornamented with spiral-work of S-shaped curves (No. 1045); and the panels on the background of the cross on either side of the shaft filled with a key-pattern derived from No. 935. Bach . — The upper part split off ; on the lower part portions of the drapery of two human figures, probably ecclesiastics. Rifjht Side. — Key -pattern No. 887. Left Side. — Key-pattern No. 887. Fig. 554. — Portion of cros.s-slab, sculi)tured in relief, at Fortingal (No. 2). Scale, ^ linear. Fortingal No. 2 is a fragment of an upright cross-slab of grey sandstone, irregularly quadrangular, but broken on all four edges, measuring about 11 inches by 10 inches and 2| inches in thickness, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 554)- Front . — Portion of the upper part of a cross of shape No. 102a, unornamented, but with spirals in the quadrants at the intersections, and the remaining part of the circular ring connecting the arms ornamented with interlaced-work, double-beaded, of which only a fragment remains. Bach . — Portion of a similar cross, the connecting ring ornamented with a spiral pattern, of which only a fragment remains. Fortingal No. 3 consists of two fragments of an upright cross-slab of grey sandstone, approximately quadrangular, but with a rounded top, measuring when joined together about 14 inches by 10 inches (the original thickness uncertain, as the back is split off), sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 555) — 510 EARJ.Y CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Front . — Portion of a cross of shape No. 102a, uiiornamented, and part of the ring connecting the arms of the cross, ornamented with a key-pattern derived from No. 901. On the background towards the top edge of the slab is a border of irregular spirals connecting by S-shaped links. Eight Side . — A band of key-pattern No. 887. Fortingal No. 4 is the upper part of an upright eross-slab of grey sandstone, broken on three edges, and measuring about 1 foot 10 inches in length by 1 foot 5 inches in greatest breadth, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 556) — Fig. 555. —Portion oi cro.ss-slab, sculp- tured in relief, at Fortingal (No. 3). Scale, ^ linear. Fig. 556. — Portion of cro.ss-slab, sculptureil in relief, at Fortingal (No. 4). Scale, ^ linear. Front . — A cross of shape No. 102a, but with circular depressions in the angles, and ornamented with interlaced-work of a two-cord plait, double-beaded, with triquetra knots at the endings. On the background of the cross there is part of a triquetra knot remaining of the decoration of the panel on the right side of the upper part of the shaft. FIFESHIRE. CLASS 111. St Andrews. — In addition to the thirty-two stones of Class TIL, and the five stones with ci'osses but no ornament, previously described, there were found on 15th October 1902, in digging a grave in the cathedral burying-ground, about 20 yards to the E. of the E. gable of the cathedral, and the same distance to the N. of St Eegulus’ APPENM)IX. 511 lower, the slabs (Nos. 33 to 37) and three fragments, of which the descriptions and measurements have been communicated by 1 )r Hay Fleming : St Andrews No. 33 is the lower portion of an upright cross-slab of sandstone, 1 foot 2^ inches in height by 1 foot 10 inches in breadth, the original thickness not now ascertainable, as one of the faces of tiie slab has been entirely split oil’; sculptured in relief on the remaining face thus (fig. 557) — Fig. 5.')7. — Lower part of upright cross-slab, sculptured in relief, at St Andrews (No. 33). From a photograph by Mr A. Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot. Above the plain part of the stone, which was apparently meant to be inserted in the ground or in a socket, the lower part of the plain shaft of a cross ; on the back- ground of the ci'oss, at either side, a panel of fretwork and spirals. St Andrews No. 34 is the upper part of a cross-slab of sandstone, 1 foot 3 inches in height by 1 foot 7 inches in breadth, and 3 inches in thickness, sculptured in relief on two faces thus (fig. 558) — From. Back. Fig. 558. — Upper part, of upright cross-slab, sculptured in relief, at St Andrews (No. 34). From photographs by Mr A. Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot. yront . — The upper part of a cross of shape No. 101, the cross unornamented, the background having four panels of irregular key-pattern. 512 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Back . — The upper part of a cross of shape No. 98, the cross plain, the back- ground having four panels of double spirals, one much defaced. St Andrews No. 35 is the upper portion of a cross-slab of sandstone, 1 foot 1 inch in height by 1 foot 2| inches in breadth, and 4 inches in thickness, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 559) — Fig. 559. — Upper part of cross-slab, sculptured in relief, at St Andrews (No. 35). From a photograph hy Mr A. Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot. Front . — The upper part of a cross of shape No. 101, the cross plain, the back- ground having four panels of key-pattern. Back . — The back of the stone is rough-hewn, but shows traces of a border. St Andrews No. 36 is a fragment of a slab of sandstone, with a space 6 inches wide cut out of it along the middle. It measures 1 foot 7 inches in height and 1 foot 8^ inches in breadth, and 6 inches in thickness, one side being slightly longer than the other, and having part of a panel sculptured in relief with key-pattern. On one of the edges there are also remains of what seems to have been a key-pattern. St Andrews No. 37 is a fragment of a slab of sandstone, measuring 1 foot 2 inches by 1 foot, and 3| inches in thickness, with what appears to be part of an incised cross on one face, and pitted with small holes on the other face, which seems too irregular to be the remains of interlaced-work. Fig. 560. — Block of sand.stone with key-pattern on one side (St Andrews, No. 38). From a photograph by Mr A. Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot. APPENDIX. 51 ^ St Andrews No. 38 is a lumpy, tapering block of sandstone (tig. 5G0), 2 feet 5 inches in length by 11 inches in breadth at the wider end, narrowing to 8.( indies at 2 feet 2 inches from the butt end, and from this point tapering to 5 inches at the narrow end. At the broad end it is barely 7 inches in thickness, and towards the narrow end decreases to about 0 inches. Its front or upper side has been dressed to a smooth surface, and is partly covered with an incised key-pattern. Tlie back, sides, and ends have been left rough and undecorated. This stone was found on November 20th, 1902, about 13 yards to the eastward of the north-east corner of St Ivegulus’ Church. The three other fragments showed incised lines, but no detinite ornamentation. These stones have been described by Dr Hay Fleming in the St Andrews Citizen of October 18th and November 22nd, 1902, but have not been previously illustrated. ARGYLLSHIRE. CLASS 111. Keills. — There is in the churchyard here a slab photographed by Kev. J. B. Mackenzie, Kenmore, but not noticed either by Drummond or Capt. White in their descriptions of the stones in that locality. Fig. 561. — Slab .sculptured with a cross of peculiar form at Keills. From a photogiapli by Rev. J. 15. Mackenzie. It is a rudely sculptured slab (of uncertain date) (tig. 501), bearing a cross of the full length of the stone, having a circle connecting the shaft, arms, and summit, and on the background on the left of the shaft a bird, and below it an animal with a very long neck. Sanda.— The upright cross-slab in the old burying-ground of St Ninians, in PART III. 3 T 514 EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. Sanda, which has been previously described (p. 397), is here figured (fig. 562) from a, photograph supplied by Mr John Fleming, Glasgow. Fig. 562. — Upright cross-slab at St Ninians, Sanda. Fig. 563. — Free-standing cross at St Ninians, Sanda. The unsculptured cross of peculiar form which stands in the same burying- ground is also figured (fig. 563) from a photograph by Mr Fleming. ROXBURGHSHIRE. CLASS III. Jedburgh. — Besides the four stones previously described at Jedburgh (p. 433), there is a fifth, found in taking down the old manse, and now preserved in tlie Abbey. Jedburgh No. 5 is a portion of a cross-shaft of sandstone (fig. 564), broken away at botli ends and both sides, 1 foot 4 inches in length by 7 inches in breadth and 4 inches in greatest tliickness, sculptured in relief on one face, with a running scroll of foliage with ovate leafage, the face at right angles to this showing remains APPENDIX. 0 1 O of sculpture of vvliich there is too little left to deteriuiiie tlie ])recise character, and on the angle between the two faces a rope moulding. Photograph and cast supplied by Mr W. Laidlaw, Abbey Cottage, dedburgli. Ruthwell. — Mr Albert S. Cook, of Yale University, in a paper entitled “ Notes on the Ruthwell Cross,” has recently published some interesting particulars and extracts from Bishop Nicolson’s Diaries and Correspondence, relating to his first inspection of the cross in April 1697, and his subsequent visits to it for the purpose of copying and collating the inscriptions.^ From a critical examination of the linguistic features of the inscription in runes, and comparison of its characteristics with those exhibited in the Dream of the Holy Rood, and with such fragments of the early Northumbrian dialect as have been preserved, Mr Cook comes to the conclusion that while the general aspect of the inscription has led many persons to refer it to an early period, it lacks some of the marks of antiquity, and every real mark of antiquity which it possesses can be paralleled from the latest documents. He then goes on to say : — “ If to this we add that a comparison with the Dream of the Rood indicates that the Ruthwell inseription is later than that poem ; that certain of the forms of the poem seem to have been inadvertently retained ; and that at least one word, dorsta:, is in its radical vowel not Northumbrian at all, while it is of the dialect of the Rood, ^ See The Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmoretand Arehceological Society, vol. ii., New Series (1902), p. 195. Kig. 564. — Portion of a cross-sliaft at Jedburgh (No. 5). DUMFRIESSHIRE. CLASS III. 51G EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. we shall not hesitate, I believe, to assume that the Euthwell inscription is at least as late as the tenth century. “ If, now, we seek the opinion of an expert, Sophus Muller, on the ornamenta- tion, we shall find it to this effect : The Euthwell Cross must be posterior to the year 800, and in fact to the Carlovingian Eenaissance, on account of its decorative features. The free foliage and flower work, and the dragons or monsters with two fore-legs, wings, and serpents’ tails, induce him to believe that it coidd scarcely have been sculptured much before a.d. 1000. Vie tor has at length proved that the Ccedmon me fawed of Stephens’s fantasy is non-existent, and thus we are free to accept a conclusion to which archaeology, linguistics, and literary scholarship alike impel.” WIGTOWNSHIEE. CLASS III. Whithorn. — The town of Whithorn is situated near the south end of the pro- montory which terminates in Burrow Head, between Luce Bay and Wigtown Bay (Ordnance Map, One-Inch Scale, Sheet 2). Fig. 565. — Portion of cross-slab at Whitliorii (No. 15). Besides the fourteen monuments belonging to Class III., which have been pre- viously described (p. 488), a fifteenth was found in the summer of 1902 in demolish- APPENDIX. 0l7 ing an old liouse in Whithorn into which it had been built as building material. It was rescued by Mr Ludovic M'Lellaii Mann, F.S.A.Scot., and by him forwarded to the National i\Iuseum. Whithorn No. 15 is a portion of the upper part of a cross-slab of greywacke, 2 feet 4 inches in length by 1 foot in greatest breadth by 2i inches in tldckness, sculptured in relief on one face thus (fig. 565) — Part of the left side of the circular head of a cross, of shape No. 108a, the head plain, with some remains of interlaced-work on the upper part of the sliaft. INVERNESS-SHIEE. CLASS III. Balblair. — The Balblair stone, now at iMoniack Castle, which is figured from a drawing by Mr W. Jolly at p. 95, has since been figured from a rubliing by Mr W. Rae Macdonald in the Froc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxxvi. j). 722, and is now represented here (fig. 566) by a photograph supplied by IMiss Cameron, Moniack Castle, througli Mr Rae Macdonald. Fig. 566. — Stone with incised figure of a man, from Balblair, now at Moniack Castle. From a photograph supplied by !Miss Cameron, Moniack Castle. Fig. 567. — Fragment of stone, sculptured with key-pattern, found at Dores. Dores. — The church of Dores is situated near the north end of Loch Nes.s, about 8 miles S.W, of Inverness railway station (Inch Ordnance Map, Sheet 83). A small fragment of a sculptured slab (fig. 567), having on one side part of :in incised key-pattern resembling No. 977, but not identical with it, was found in 518 EARLY CaiRISTlAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND. October 1900 by Rev. John E. Fraser, Dores, among the stones on the shore of Locli Ness in the estuary of a small stream which falls into the loch within less than half a mile of the site of the stone incised with the figure of a boar (fig. 100, pp. 97, 98, ante), which had been found by the same gentleman in the chimney of a cottage on the farm of Cluue, in the parish of Dores, in 1877. This stone has been described and figured in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxxv. p. 100. I \ D E \ OF THE LOCALITIES OF 'J'llE MONUMENTS. Aliercorn, Linlithgowshire, 418-420. Abercromby, Fifeshire, 347. Aberlady, Haddingtonshire, 428. Aberleinno, Forfarshire, 205, 209. Abernethy, Perthshire, 282, 308, 341. Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire, 188. Achaveidh, Nairnshire, 117. Aid bar, Forfarshire, 245. Altyre, Elginshire, 136. Alyth, Perthshire, 286. Anwoth, Kirkcudbrightshire, 477. Arbirlot, Forfarshire, 205. Ardchattan, Argyllshire, 377. Ardimersay in Islay, Argyllshire, 379. Ardlair, Kennethmont, Aberdeenshire, 505. Ardross, Ross-shire, 55. Arndilly, Banffshire, 151. Arthurlee, Renfrewshire, 454. Auchenlarie, High, Kircudbrightshire, 480. Auquhollie, Kincardineshire, 203. Baggerton, Forfarshire, 206. Balblair, Inverness-shire, 95, 517. Balluderon, Forfarshire, 215. Bahiahard, Colonsay, Argyllshire, 379. Balneilean, Banti'shire, 152. Balquhidder, Perthshire, 342. Barochan, Renfrewshire, 454. Benbecida, Hebrides, 110. Beiivie, Forfarshire, 247. Berneray, Hebrides, 113. Birkle Hill, Keiss, Caithness, 27. Birnie, Elginshire, 118, 136. Borthwick, Midlothian, 422. Bourtie, Aberdeenshire, 157. Brandsbutt, Inverurie, Aberdeenshire, 506. Brechin, Forfarshire, 249. Bressay (Culbinsburgh), Shetland, 5. Broch of Burrian, Orkney, 24, 25, 26. Brodie, Elginshire, 132. Bruceton, Perthshire, 282. Burghhead, Elginshire, 118, 137. Cairn, New Cumnock, Ayrshire, 473. Cainbusnethan, Lanarkshire, 461. Cainuston, Forfarshire, 252. Canna, Inverness, 107, 109. Cargill, Perthshire, 283. Carpow, Perthshire, 311. Cassendeoch, Barlockhart, Wigtownshire, 49 Cat Stane, the, Kirkliston, Midlothian, 426. Chapel Donnan, WiglowiLshire, 498. Cladh a Bhile, Argyllshire, 401. Clatt, Aberdeenshire, 157. Closeburn, Dumfriesshire, 436. Clime Farm, Dores, Inverness-shire, 97. Clynekirkton, Sutherlandshire, 38, 50. Clynemilton, Sutherlandshire, 39. Caves, Fife, 370-373. Coldingham, Berwickshire, 429. Collieburn, Sutherlandshire, 51. Congash, Inverness-shire, 96. Corrachree House, Aberdeenshire, 159. Cossins, F'orfarshire, 217. Covesea Cave, Elginshire, 129. Craiglemine, Wigtownshire, 480. Craigmyle, Aberdeenshire, 159. Craignarget, Wigtownshire, 498. Craigton, Sutherlandshire, 41. Crail, Fifeshire, 363. Creich, Sutherlandshire, 54. Crichie, Inverury, Aberdeenshire, 160. Crieff, Perthshire, 313. Crosskirk, Northmaven, Shetland, 18. Cunningsburgh, Shetland, 16, 17, 19. Daltallachan, Kirkcudbrightshire, 480. Daviot, Aberdeenshire, 161. 520 INDEX. 1 )enshow, Evie, Orkney, 25. Dingwall, Ross-shire, 5(1. 1 lores, Inverness-shire, 517. Doune Lodge, Perthshire, 341. Drainie, Kineddar, Elginshire, 124, 142, 507. Drumbuie, Glen Urquhart, Inverness-shire, 99. Drummies, Inverury, Aberdeenshire, 162. Drumore, Kirkmaiden, Wigtownshire, 499. Dull, Perthshire, 315, 342. Dunachton, Loch Insb, Inverness-shire, 100. Dunblane, Perthshire, 315. Dunecht House, Aberdeenshire, 196. Dunfallandy, Perthshire, 286. Dunino, Eifeshire, 374. Dunkeld, Perthshire, 284, 317, 342. Dunnichen, Forfarshire, 206. Dunning, Perthshire, 319. Dunrobin, Sutherland, 42. Dupplin, Perthshire, 319. Dyce, Aberdeenshire, 163, 189, 196. Fairlie, Ayrshire, 475. Farnell, Forfarshire, 219. Farr, Sutherlandshire, 53. Fetter Angus, Aberdeenshire, 164. Fife Caves, 370-373. Findlarig, Elgin.sliire, 101. Firth, Orkney, 20. Flotta, Orkney, 23. Ford, Loch Awe, Argyllshire, 403. Fordoun, Kincardineshire, 201. Forres, Elginshire, 149. Forteviot, Perthshire, 321-327. Fortingal, Perthshire, 508-510. Fowlis Wester, Perthshire, 289, 342. Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, 164, 194. Gask, Perthshire, 290. Gattonside, Roxburghshire, 432. Gigha, Argyllshire, 398, 403. Glainis, Forfarshire, 221. Glasshouse Cave, Fifeshire, 370. Glencairn, Dunifrie.sshire, 438. Glenferness, Nairnshire, 115. Gleuluce, Wigtownshire, 481, 500. Golspie, Sutherlaiidshire, 48. Govan, Lanarkshire, 462-471. Grantown, Inverness-shire, 126. Hamilton, Lanarkshire, 471. ’ Hawkhill, Clackmannanshire, 376. Hilton of Cadboll, Ross-shire, 61. Hoddain, Dumfriesshire, 439. Holm, Orkney, 21. Huntly, Aberdeeashire, 166, 167. Inchbrayock, Forfarshire, 223, 254. Inchcolm, Firth of Forth, 365. Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, 456. Innerleithen, Peeblesshire, 429. Innishail, Loch Awe, Argyllshire, 404. Inverallan, Inverness-shire, 101. Inveravon, Banffshire, 152. Invergowrie, Forfarshire, 25". Inverhaddon, Rannocli, Perthshire, 342. Inverkeitliing, Fife.shire, 367. Invermay, Perthshire, 327. Inverness (Kingsmills), 103. Inverury, Aberdeenshire, 168. Iona, Argyllshire, 381-390, 399, 405. Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, 433-435, 514. Keillor, Forfarshire, 207. Keills, Argyllshire, 390, 513. Keiss Bay, Links of, Caithness-shire,'^28. Keith Hall, Inverury, Aberdeenshire, 170. Kettins, Forfarshire, 224. Kilbar, Island of Barra, Hebrides, 114. Kilbride, Arran, 417. Kilchoman, Islay, Argyllshire, 405. 1 Kildalton, Islay, 391 . Kilfinnan, Argyllshire, 391. Kilkenzie, Kintyre, Argyllshire, 406. Kilmartin, Argyllshire, 394. I Kilmory of Knap, Argyllshire, 406. Kilmory of Oib, Argyllshire, 406. ^ Kilnave in Islay, 395. I Kincardine, Ross-shire, 85. I Kingoldrum, Forfarshire, 226, 257. King’s Cave, Arran, 417. Kinneff, Kincardineshire, 204. Kinnell, Forfarshire, 225. Kinnellar, Aberdeenshire, 170. Kintore, Aberdeenshire, 171. Kintradwell, Sutherlandshire, 43. Kirkclaugh, Kirkcudbrightshire, 480. Kirkcolm, Wigtownshire, 482. Eassie, Forfarshire, 218. Easterton of Roseisle, Elginshire, 124. East Wemyss, Fifeshire, 370. Edderton, Ross-shire, 57, 83. Edinburgh, Midlothian, 421. Eilean Mor, Argjdlshire, 379, 401. Eilean na Naoimh, Garvelloch Isles, Argyllshire, 402.1 Elgin Cathedral, 135. TNDKX. 52 Kirkcoimel, Nithsclale, Dumfriessliire, 440. Kirkimier, Wigtowii.sliire, 483. Kirkliston, Miillotliiaii, 426. Kirkmadrine, AVigtownsIuro, 494, 501. Kirriemuir, Forfarshire, 226, 258. Kirtomy, Sutherlaudshire, 45. Knock, Wigtownshire, 495. Knockando, Elginsliire, 127. Knockhill, Dumfriesshire, 441. Knocknagael, Invernes.s-shire, 103. Laggangarn, Wigtownsliire, 501. Largo, Fifeshire, 344. Laaswade, Midlothian, 423. Laws, Monifieth, Forfarshire, 280. Lerwick, Shetland, 3. Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire, 472. Lethuott, Forfarshire, 262. Liberton, Midlothian, 424. Lindores, Fifeshire, 343. Linlathen, Forfarshire, 208. Little Ferry Links, Sutherlaudshire, 45. Logie Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, 196. Logie Elphinstone, Aberdeenshire, 175. Logierait, Perthshire, 291. Lothbeg, Sutherlaudshire, 54. Lunnasting, Shetlandshire, 17. Lynchurn, Inverness-shire, 105. Maiden Stone, the, Cha])el of Garioch, Aberdeen- shire, 190. Mansfield, New Cumnock, Ayrshire, 475. Meigle, Perthshire, 296-305, 328-310. Menmuir, Forfarshire, 263. Mid Clyth, Caithness-shire, 36. Migrde, Aberdeeirshire, 191. Mill of Newton, Logie-Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, 179. Millport, Bute, 413, 417. Minnigaff, Kirkcudbrightshire, 476. Mireton, Insch, Aberdeenshir e, 167. Moniack Castle, Inverness-shire, 106, 517. Monifieth, Foifarshire, 228-231 1, 265. Monymusk, Aberdeenshire, 192. Mortlach, Banffshire, 155. Mountblow, Durnbartorrshire, 451. Mrrgdrum, Fifeshire, 367. Murroes, Forfarshire, 265. Murthly, Perth.shire, 305. Newbigging Leslie, Aberdeenshir-e, 177. Newton House, Cidsalmond, Aberdeenshire, 178. Newton Stone, the, Aberdeenshire, 197. Newton Woods, Renfrewshir-e, 460. PART III. Nigg, Ro.ss-shire, 75. Norrie’s Law, Ij*irgo, Fifeshire, 368. North Redhill, Bartlfshire, 154. Oibiitore, Argyllshire, 406. Old Deer, Aberdeert.shire, 162. Old Kiljiatrick, Dtrmfries.shire, 452. Old Melrose, Roxbtrrghshire, 435. Overkirkhope, Selkirkshire, 431. Pabbay, Hebrides, 111. Pajra Stronsay, Orktrey, 24. Papil, Islartd of Burra, Shetland, 10, 15. Park Horrse, Park, Aberdeenshire, 180. Parkhill, New Machar, Aberdeenshire, 199. Penninghame, AVigtownshire, 486. Penpont, Dumfriesshire, 441. Pei cylien, Clatt, Aberdeenshire, 181. Reay, Caithness-shire, 36. Rhynie, Alserdeenshire, 182. Riskbuie, Argyllshire, 396. Rosemarkie, Ross-shire, 63, 85. Roseneath, Dumbartonshire, 453. Ro.skeen, Ross-shire, 61. Rcxssie, Perthshire, 306. Rothesay, Bute, 414. Rothie Brisbane, AberdeeiLshire, 184. RuthweR, Dumfries-shire, 442, 515. Sanda, Argyllshire, 397, 513. Sandnes.s, Shetland, 4. Sandside House, Caithne.ss-shire, 29. Sauchojre, Fifeshire, 368. Scoonie, Fifeshire, 347. Shandwick, Ross-shire, 68. I Sinniness, AVigtownshire, 503. Skeith Stone, the, Fifeshire, 374. Skinnet Chaj^el, Halkirk, Caithness-shire, 30. Sorob}', Tiree, Argyllshire, 397. South Garth, Yell, Shetland, 15. St Andrew.s, Fifeshire, 350-363, 373, 511. St Rhine’s, Bute, 407-411. St Calmag’s, Bute, 411. St Colin’s Chapel, AA'alls, Hoy, Orkney, 25. St Kiaran’s Cave, Argyllshire, 391. St Madoes, Perthshire, 292, 328. St Marnock’s, Bute, 41 2. St Molio’s Cave, Holy Island, Arran, 418. St Ninian’s Cave, AATgtownshire, 487, 502. St Ninian's, Shetland, 18. I St Ninians, Sanda, Argyllshire, 397, 513. St Peter’s, South Ronaldsay, Orkney, 20. St Peter’s Church, Thurso, Caithne.ss-shire, 36. St A^igean’s, Forfarshire, 234-242, 267-280, 281 3 U 522 INDEX. St-anlie, Renfrewshire, 461. Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, 200. Strathniartine, Forfarshire, 208, 230-234, 266. Strathnaver, Sutherland, 55. Strathpeffer, Ross-shire, 59. Stratliy, Sutherlandshire, 55. Strovvan, Perthshire, 285. Stinan, Perthshire, 343. Tarbat, Ross-shire, 73, 88. Taynish House, Argyllshire, 406. Tealing, Forfarshire, 234. Thornhill, Dunifrie.sshire, 449. Thurso Castle, Caithness, 30. Tillytarinont, Rothieinay, Aberdeenshire, 185. Tiree, Argyllshire, 397. Torinain Hill, Ratho, Midlothian, 427. Tnllibole, Clackmannanshire, 375. Tullich, Aberdeenshire, 186, 196. Tummel, Falls of, Perthshire, 343. Turriff, Aberdeenshire, 187. Tyrie, Aberdeenshire, 187. Ulbster, Caithness-shire, 33. Upper Manbean, Elginshire, 128. Uyea, Shetland, 4. Walton, Fifeshire, 344. Wamphray, Dumfriesshire, 449. Wester Delnies, Nairnshire, 117. Whitecleugh, Crawfordjohn, Lanarkshire, 472. Whithorn, Wigtownshire, 488-493, 514. Whithorn Priory, Wigtown.shire, 496, 504, 516. Wigtomi Churchyard, 494. Woodwray, Forfarshire, 242. Yarrow Kirk, Selkirkshire, 432. I’RIXTEU HY NEILL AND CO., LTD., EDINBURGH. r V ■■ GETTY CENTER LIBRARY ^ 3 3125 00761 2423