AN 
 
 HISTORICAL DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF 
 
 ANCIENT AND MODERN 
 
 ROME i 
 
 ALSO OF THE 
 
 WORKS OF ART, 
 
 F ART ICULARLY IN 
 
 grcfrfteftute, ©culture, anU pafattn& 
 
 TO WHICH ARK ADDED, 
 
 A TOUR 
 
 THROUGH THE CITIES AND TOWNS IN THE ENVIRONS 
 OP THAT METROPOLIS, 
 
 AND AN 
 
 ACCOUNT OP THE ANTIQUITIES POUND AT GABIAo 
 
 Carefully collated with the beft Authorities, 
 
 By J. SALMON, Antiquary* 
 
 LATE OF ROME, 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES. 
 Embellifhed with beautiful Engravings from original Drawings.*- 
 VOL. I. 
 
 LONDON: 
 Printed for the Author by S. Gofnell, Little Queen Street t 
 And ibid by J. Taylor, High Holborn ; Meffts. Rivington, St, Paul's 
 Church-yard ; J. Robson, New Bond Street | and J. White, 
 Fleet Street, 
 
 MDCCC, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Of all clafTes of reading travels are the mofl univerfally 
 interefting. Uniting hiftorical fa&s with the adventures 
 and incidents of life, and affording an inexhauftible fource 
 for the reflection of the moralift, they yield delight and 
 inftru&ion to every one whofe genius, though amufed and 
 interefted in tales erf fi£tttious happinefs and misfortune, 
 is capable of foaring above the uninftruclive page of a 
 novel or a romance. 
 
 In this delightful field of literature, no path is more 
 pleafant or inftructive than that which leads to a 
 comprehenfive view of ancient and modern hiftory, 
 not merely confined to the events and revolutions of 
 ftates, but including the great .eras of advancement in the 
 human mind, and the irrefiftible influence of the vaft 
 engines of policy, which have fucceflively fubjugated the 
 world, to a city, a fenate, an emperor, or a pontiff. 
 
 Such is the hiftory of Rome ; a city where every ftone 
 fpeaks to the antiquarian, the philofopher, and the ftatef- 
 manj to the jurifprudent, the general, and the divine j to 
 
 A 2 the 
 
iv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the painter, the architect, and the fculptor ; to the man 
 of letters, and the man of general tafte and refined fenfi- 
 bility; the living language of the remoteft periods and 
 moft diftant countries. It exhibits a vaft collection of 
 exquifite productions of art, which, though continually 
 plundered and dilapidated by barbarians of every age, 
 Hill remains the firft, the moft perfect, the moft inftructive 
 collection of the various fpecimens of the fuhlime and 
 beautiful, the world has ever difplayed. 
 
 The claffes of readers to whom the following work 
 •will be interefting and permanently ufeful, are fo nume-» 
 rous, that it will not be furorizing mould an enumeration 
 of fo vaft and ramified a detail of the fine works of art, 
 collected and accumulated through iuccefiive centuries, by 
 princes, nobles, pontiffs, and religious communities, mould 
 be fometimes tedious to thofe who cannot feaft their eyes, 
 with beholding all they foe defcribed in the following 
 pages. But on thefe occafions the author has recollected 
 the peculiar wants, the urgent demands and felicitations 
 of men of tafte.. who, during his twelve years refidence 
 at Rome, conftantly complained to him that fo magnifi- 
 cent a cicy, fo vaft a repofitory of the arts, mould be 
 totally deftitute of any work adapted to the Englifh con- 
 noiffeur : a work which he might carry with him to the 
 various objefts, that ancient city prefents, and derive fome 
 affiftance, as from a guide, to direct his refearches or his 
 
 ftudies, 
 
INTRODUCTION. V 
 
 fhidres, among thofe beauties he had travelled fo far to 
 admire, or in purfuit of that tafte, it was his defire to 
 form and to correct. 
 
 To thefe he would point out a few of the fined: models 
 felefted by artifts for their peculiar ftudy, and particularly 
 thofe on which architects have fixed their eye. 
 
 The firft and pureft fpecimen of the Corinthian order 
 is exhibited in the three columns of the Campo Vaccino, 
 fuppofed to have belonged to the temple of Jupiter Stator. 
 Both their proportions and their execution juftly render 
 them archetypes for ftudy, fince even Palladio has be- 
 fro wed on them the higheft encomiums of admiration. 
 
 The columns of the Temple of Concord are the only 
 eminent fpecimens in Rome of the Ionic order, where 
 the volutes of the capital ftand in a diagonal direction. 
 Had they been equally well executed with fome other 
 remains of ancient magnificence, they would have been 
 perfect models. From them Scamozzi compiled his 
 Ionic capital, fo generally admired and adopted. The 
 Arch of Titus is a work of moft excellent fculpture : the 
 baflo-relievos that adorn it exhibit the true forms of the 
 facred veflels brought from Jerufalem, and its columns 
 are the beft models of the Compofite order. 
 
 The 
 
vi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Pantheon is by many efteemed a perfect model of 
 a peculiar ftile of architecture : while in works of utility 
 the aqueducts and other public buildings demonftrate the 
 great and permanent advantages arifing from a national 
 attention to national accommodation. 
 
 The beft modern fpecimens of architecture are thofc of 
 Michael Angelo, Vignola, and Sangallo. The defigns of 
 feernini were grand and full of effect, though he led the 
 way for many innovators. The foremoft of thefe was 
 Borromini, whofe extravagant works are disfigured by 
 caprice and a conftant thirft for novelty. 
 
 In fculpture, one of the firft and boldeft fpecimens 
 among the moderns is the Mofes of Michael Angelo, in 
 the church of St. Peter in vinculis. 
 
 In painting, the antique frefco of a Roman marriage, 
 at the Villa Aldobrandini, and the arabefques copied by 
 Raphael and his fcholars at the Logie of the Vatican, 
 which laft are clofe compilations from antiques, exhibit the 
 fame fuperiority in compofition, defign, and execution, 
 pofleffed by the ancients in architecture and fculpture. 
 Among the moderns, the paintings and frefcos of that 
 immortal artift are the finefl ftudies. In his School of 
 Athens and his Heliodorus are difplayed the grandeft 
 compofition with the pureft outline and moil elevated 
 
 expreflion. 
 
INTRODUCTION. y» 
 
 expreflion. In Michael Angelo's fine paintings in the 
 Cappella Siftina are many fubllme and accurate figures. 
 The Defcent from the Crofs by Daniel da Volterra, the 
 frefcos of Domenichino in the churches of St. Andrea 
 della Valle and St. Carlo Catinari, together with the 
 Aurora of Guido, and his picture of the Trinity in the 
 church of Trinita de' Pelegrini, are works deferving the 
 moft critical examination. 
 
 No hiftory-painter fhould neglect to ftudy the general 
 ftile of architecture in Rome, particularly that of the 
 middle ages. The forms it exhibits may be copied as 
 claffical, and are well adapted to back grounds through 
 an extenfive range of hiftorical painting. It is thus that 
 Nicholas Pouffin has adorned moft of his works with ' 
 excellent fuccefs and effect. 
 
 It would be impoffible here to detail complete rules for 
 the ftudy of the artift, or pourtray the fainteft idea of Co 
 varied, fo comprehenfive a colleaion of antiquities, as ftill 
 remain in- Rome, once the metropolis of empire, afterwards 
 of religion, and ftill of the arts. 
 
LIST OF THE PLATES. 
 
 V Frontifpiece 
 
 d?iazza del Popolo zo 
 
 v Column of Antoninus 36 
 
 Bafilica Antoniana ■ ib. 
 
 N/Campidoglio • ■ 59 
 
 % ' Ruins of the Roman Forum ' 98 
 
 ^Ditto — ib. 
 
 Temple of Peace ■ » 107 
 
 Arch of Titus — * ib. 
 
 «j Amphitheatre •— • •■ 1 1 5 
 
 ■J Arch of Conftantine ib* 
 
 v Church of St. John Lateran — — r 
 
 v Porta di S. Giovanni 1 ib. 
 
 * Church of S. Maria Maggiore < 160 
 
 4 .. Trinita ai Monti 2 12 
 
 'Fountain of Trevi % • 1 227 
 
 Trajan's Column ib. 
 
 ; Quirinal Palace ■ 230 
 
 J Ruins of the Forum of Nerva ~ 262 
 
 ^Temple of Pallas ib. 
 
 v Pantheon ■ — — 285 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Pages 22, 27, 35, 51, for Maratti, read Maratta. 
 
 ■ 93, line 19 — - Luco — Luca. 
 . 95, — 17 — contains contained, 
 .1 1 12b, — 14 infert built. 
 
 , 154, — 1 for Trophy read Trophies. 
 . 196, — 28 — Lamontano — Lament ant. 
 
 %* The Roman Palm is 7-*- inches, Englifh meafure. 
 
P R £ F A C E, 
 
 ALTHOUGH it is believed by many of the learned, 
 that the received account of the origin of Rome is fai 
 bulous, and full of fuperftition, yet the moft authentic of 
 the ancient writers, who have beft inveftigated the truth, 
 almoft uniformly agree in relating a feries of facts, from, 
 which therefore we fhall not prefume to deviate. 
 
 In the part of Italy where Rome ftands, we read there 
 1vas a colony of Sicilians, who were foon driven out by 
 the Aborigines, a people from Arcadia, a province of 
 Greece, Under Enotrius, fon of Licaon j with thefe joined 
 other Grecians, called Pelafgi, and many exiles and vaga- 
 bonds of ThefTaly. Thefe uniting together, preferved the 
 name of Aborigines, of whom Saturn, having refigned his 
 kingdom of Crete to his fon Jove, and arrived in Italy, 
 became king : where, having fhewn Janus, who at that 
 time reigned on the hill Janiculum, the art of cultivating 
 the vine and the ufe of the fickle, he was afTociated with him 
 in the kingdom. Janus dying a fhort time after, Saturn 
 reigned alone. It is faid that fixty-four years before the 
 Trojan war, Evander came with a company of Arcadians 
 from the city of Palanteum, that they were kindly received 
 by Faunus, king of the Aborigines, and a fituation on a 
 hill near the Tiber allotted them, where they built a town, 
 which, from their former city in Arcadia, they called Pa- 
 
 Vol. I. B latium, 
 
2 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 latium, now a part of Rome, and called Monte Palatino. 
 Carmenta, his mother, being a wife woman, taught the 
 Latins the ufe of letters. Afterwards came other Greeks, 
 under the conduct of Hercules, who were received in the 
 city of the Aborigines, and affociated with them in their 
 laws and facrifices. In the reign of Latinus, who was 
 born of a daughter of Faunus, came iEneas. The king 
 oppofed the Trojans, and armed againft them;, but, before 
 they began to engage, Latinus demanded a conference. 
 He was furprized and aftonifhed to behold a people full of 
 generofity and valour. Inftead of treating them as enemies, 
 he received them as companions, and made their leader 
 his fon-in-law, by giving him his daughter Lavinia for a 
 wife. iEneas, in gratitude for his great kindnefs, ordered 
 that the Trojans, like the Aborigines, mould in future 
 take the name of Latins, from his faiher-in-law Latinus, 
 and built a city, called Lavinium, in honour of his wife. 
 After his father-in-law's death, he reigned alone four years, 
 and was fucceeded by his fan Afcanius, who, thirty years 
 after the foundation of Lavinium, built Alba, where his 
 defcendants reigned till the time of Romulus, near four 
 hundred years. Towards that period, Procas, the 
 father of Numitor and Amulius, dying, the latter 
 expelled his elder brother Numitor, and endeavoured 
 to fecure the kingdom, by confecrating his only child, 
 Rhea Silva, a veftal ; but me was a fhort time after 
 delivered of twins, whom he ordered tp be thrown 
 into the Tiber, and the mother put to death. But they, 
 being left in a marfh by the fide of the river, were found 
 by a wolf, who fuckled them, till they were difcovered 
 by the ihepherd Fauftulus, who took them from the wolf, 
 brought them to his wife, Acca Laurentia, and gave the 
 •name of Romulus to the one, and of Remus to the 
 
 other. 
 
PREFACE* 3 
 
 Other. Being brought up among fhepherds, they became 
 ftrong and bold by continual labour, and frequently de- 
 fended the country againft robbers. It happened that 
 Reniu?, being taken prifoner, and fent to king Amulius, 
 was accufed of ftealing the fheep of Numitor} for which 
 the king ordered him to be delivered up to his accufer, 
 to be punifhed for his offence. Numitor, fcruck with the 
 noble afpecr. and magnanimous fentiments of the youth, 
 called to remembrance his grandchildren. When Fauf- 
 tulus appearing with Romulus, and declaring the origin of 
 the youths, he recognifed his grandfons, and liberated 
 Remus ; who, arming, together with his brother and a few 
 companions, killed Amulius, and placed Numitor, their 
 grandfather, on the throne. Having gained many fol*. 
 lowers, they built a city near the Tiber, on the fpot 
 where they had been expofed. A conteft arifmg between 
 the brothers, which mould reign, and a tumultuous battle 
 enfuing between them and their partisans, Romulus killed 
 his brother, and wounded Fauflulus. 
 
 On the twenty-firft of April, in the year of the world 
 4447, according to the Roman chronology, and according 
 to that of Giovanni Lucido, in the year 3?o8, in the 
 fourth olympiad, feven hundred and fifty-three years 
 before Chrift, in the reign of Ahaz, king of the Jews, 
 four hundred and thirty-two years after the deflruclion of 
 Troy, Romulus, in his eighteenth year began building 
 his city on the Palatine hill. But it is believsd there was 
 a city built on the fcite of Rome long b fore Romulus, 
 by a perfon called Roma, daughter of Ulyfles and Italia, 
 and that this city being deftroyed, Romulus rebuilt it; 
 beginning to mark out the walls with an ox and a cow 
 yoked to a plough, in the Ara Maxima, where afterwards 
 was the forum Boaxium, now the churches of St. George 
 B a in 
 
4 
 
 PREFACE.- 
 
 in Velabro and St. Anaftafia, thence through the Circus* 
 Maximus, and turning to the left, towards the church of St. 
 Gregory and theColoffeum, through the garden of St. Mary 
 la Nuova, in a ftraight line to the hill of Saturn, now the 
 Campidoglio, and returning to the left, to the fpot where 
 he began ; thus forming a fquare, which, enclofmg the two 
 fore-mentioned hills, and the fpace between them, was 
 capable of containing many more inhabitants than he had 
 with him at that time. This new city was called Rome, 
 that is, in Greek, fortrefs, in Hebrew, great. When it was 
 finifhed he had an army of three thou fan d foot and three 
 hundred horfe ; and at his death, which happened in his 
 fifty-fourth year, and the thirty-fixth of his reign, he had 
 forty thoufand foot, and near a thoufand horfe. In 
 memory of this event, the Romans kept an annual fefti- 
 val. The emperor Philip, in commemoration of it, in- 
 ftituted fecular games. And the fenate and people of 
 Rome have full an inviolable law, by which a vacation is 
 obferved in all their tribunals, to celebrate its memory. 
 
 ASYLUM ERECTED BY ROMULUS. 
 
 Romulus, fpeedily to people his city, opened an afylum 
 on the hill of Saturn : that is, a temple, where he gave 
 protection to great numbers of fugitives and libertines, 
 whereby the number of his fubje&s rapidly increafed. 
 The city had three gates, fome fay four ; the firft, where 
 the church of St. Francefca Romana (lands, called Mu- 
 gonia; the fecond, near the Circus Maximus, called 
 Romanula; the third, Janualis, from Janus, which was 
 not to be opened but in time of war ; the fourth, Car- 
 mentalis, at the foot of the Campidoglio, towards the 
 Tiber, where Carmenta, the mother of Evander, lived: 
 fcut the city insreafmg, the other hills were fucceffively 
 
 joined 
 
PREFACE* 
 
 5 
 
 joined to it, viz. by Numa Pompilius, the Quirinal hill ; 
 by Tullus Hoflilius, Mount Celius ; by Ancus Marti us 
 the Aventine, and by Servius Tullius the Viminal and 
 iEfquiline hills. 
 
 Romulus, feeing the increafe of his citizens, and confi- 
 dering that, for want of women, his city would laft but a 
 fliort time, invited the inhabitants of the neighbouring 
 cities to contract relationfhip, and give their daughters in 
 marriage to his citizens ; but he received for anfwer that 
 he might alfo open an afylum for vagabond women, that 
 fuch only were fit affociates for his fugitives. The Ro- 
 man youth, enraged at thefe taunts, were for flying to 
 arms ; but Romulus evaded their inftances, and diffembled 
 for the prefent the affront, that he might wait a more 
 convenient time to be revenged. He therefore refolved 
 to inftitute fome folemn games, called Confualia, in ho- 
 nour of Neptune ; endeavouring to celebrate them with 
 the utmoft life and fplendor, in order to awaken the 
 curiofity of the women. This novelty foon became 
 known in all the neighbouring towns. Befides other 
 ftrangers came a vaft crowd of Sablnes, with their wives 
 and daughters, defjrous alfo to fee the new city. Romulus 
 having given the fign agreed on, during the hottelt part 
 of the games all the women were feized for wives. This 
 brought on a furious war, that would have lafted a long 
 time, had not the fame women, in the heat of the battle, 
 with their hair dimevelled, ran between them, crying, that 
 .they mould rather kill them than their hufbands ; which 
 was not only the oecafion of peacs, but of fo ftrici nn 
 alliance that the Sabines united v/ith the Romans, forming 
 one city of the two, and giving Rome the command. This 
 fo increafed the Roman force, that it made them more 
 courageous ; and they began to make themfeives mafterfi 
 fucceffively of all the neighbouring territorv. 
 
PREFACE* 
 
 THE LAWS OF ROMULUS, AND His DEATH, 
 
 As the new city increafed in population, that no one 
 friisht be ufelefs to the ftate, Romulus difcouraged the 
 youth from learning fuch trades as required much fitting, 
 but on the contrary had them inftruSed in the military 
 «rts, that they might be always ready, in cafe of war : 
 giving the aged the care of the commonwealth, with the 
 title of Fathers or Senators. And that every thing might 
 proceed with regularity and order, he inflituted the fol- 
 lowing laws. 
 
 That nothing be undertaken without firft confulting the 
 augurs. 
 
 That the nobles alone govern the facred things. 
 
 That the plebeians mind the work of the fields. 
 
 That the people ele£t the magiftrates, and that they 
 learn the laws : the patricians only to interfere with the 
 facred things, and to have the care of them j the king 
 alone to difpofe of them. 
 
 Not to wake the guards in the night time. 
 
 He that kills his father or mother to fuffer death. 
 
 Not to fpeak indecently in the prefence of women. 
 
 That eveiy one in the city wear along cloke extending 
 to the heels. 
 
 That it be lawful to put to death children not born with 
 a human form. 
 
 No one to go out or come into the city, but at its gates. 
 
 The walls of the city to be facred and inviolable. 
 
 That wives be efteemed the companions of their huf- 
 feands, and the minxerTes of their property. 
 
 That daughters inherit of their fathers, and wives of 
 their hu (bands. 
 
 That 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 7 
 
 That it be lawful for a hufband or brother to punim a 
 woman taken in adultery. 
 
 If a woman drink wine in the houfe, without the con- 
 fent of her hufband, to fuffer the fame punifhment as for 
 adultery. 
 
 That fathers have liberty to punim, fell, or put their 
 children to death. 
 
 Laflly, he regulated all the affairs of the city, and go- 
 verned it during fix and thirty years. At that period, as 
 he was haranguing the people, on the feventh of July, 
 near the palus Capreae, there fuddenly arofe a furious 
 tempefr, with fo thick a fog, that it obfcured him from 
 their fight, when fome ran one way, fome another. When 
 the air was clear, and they reaffembled, Romulus was no 
 more to be found. The people fufpecled the nobles had 
 put him to death ; upon which two reports were circu- 
 lated in Rome ; one, fpread by Proculus Julius, the fena- 
 tor, who faid he himfelf had feen him, with a majefiic 
 afpecl, in the Quirinal valley, afcend into heaven, and 
 that he ordered him to announce to his people the glorious 
 monarchy they would enjoy over the whole world ; the 
 other was, that the fenators, impatient of the great rigour 
 of Romulus, had taken that opportunity to kill him, and 
 conceal his body. 
 
 GOVERNMENT BY KINGS, CONSULS, AND EMPERORS. 
 
 After the foundation of Rome, it was fucceflively 
 governed by feven kings, viz. Romulus, who reigned fix 
 and thirty years; Numa Pompilius, forty-three; Tullus 
 Hoftilius, thirty-two; Ancus Martius, twenty-four; Tar- 
 quinius Prifcus, thirty-eight; Servius Tullius, forty-four; 
 Tarquinius Superbus, twenty-five, who fubjugated many 
 
 B 4 cities 
 
8 
 
 PREFACE, 
 
 pities and nations round Rome. At this period, the royal 
 dignity being fupprefied, the government by coufuls was 
 introduced, who were elected every year by the people. 
 They extended the confines of the republic, increafed the 
 population, and enlarged the city, inclofing one hill after 
 another, as Strabo writes, both to fecure themfelves from 
 their enemies, and to make room for the people, who came 
 far and near to live in Rome. The firft walls are be- 
 lieved only to have been marked out by thorns and rub- 
 bifh, which was the occafion of the law that made it 
 death for any one to go in or out but at the gates. Tarquin 
 the Protjd built them of fquare ftones, and wanted to ex-, 
 tend them as far as Ponte Moile, but the Aufpices oppofed 
 it, faying there mould be a fpace near the city, to mufter 
 the foldiers, afiemble the council, and e'ecl the magistrates, 
 which it was not lawful to do within the city, and muft 
 be done in the Campus Martius. 
 
 After the kings, who reigned about two hundred and 
 forty-four years, Rome was governed, during the follow- 
 ing four hundred and fixty yeais, by confuls, who in that 
 pme extended their power and dominion not only in Eu T 
 rope, but in Afia and Africa. At length liven hundred 
 and five years after the foundation of the city, the Em- 
 perors affuming the diadem, continued to ^dorn it with 
 the fpoils of all nations, till it became fo magnificent, that 
 the firft time Conftantius Auguftus faw it he was quite 
 aftonifhed, and exclaimed, that it was aggrandifed with 
 every thing valuable in the wo Id. The hills being all 
 built on, it Was called the city of feven hills, and was 
 extended to the confines of the Janiculum, the Vatican and 
 Pincian Mounts, with all the Campus Martius. It was 
 alfo fortified with ftrong towers, which ftill remain, having 
 beer» reftored by Belifarius, Narfetes, and different popes. 
 
 At 
 
At that period, the city, as Vopifcus writes, with the 
 fuburbs, w*s fifty miles in circuit. According to Sueto- 
 nius, Nero warned to extend it to Oftia, and make it a 
 maritime city ; others fay he extended it as far as the place 
 Hill called Prin.a Porta, where is now the Ofteria on the 
 Flaminian way, and the ruins of a triumphal arch, then 
 the firft: entrance to Rome, and therefore called the 
 firft: gate. In the reign of Auguftus the inhabitants were 
 numbered at four millions one hundred and feventy-three 
 thoufand, and in the time of Claudius at fix millions nine 
 hundred and lixcy-eight t oufand, And the mod: precious 
 things of all naiions being brought there, it rofe to the 
 greateft magnificence, boch in public and private edifices. 
 
 FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 The city increafing in riches and greatnefs, and the 
 empire extending to fuch a degree that it became diiHcuIt 
 to govern, Convtantine, theref .re, in order to refide in the 
 ceritie of his vail dominions, removed the feat of eovern- 
 ment to Byzamium, from him called Conitantinople, and 
 at his death, in the year of Chrift 364, the empire de- 
 volved on his fons. Through their diflenfions the empire 
 Was divided into Faft and Weft, and Rome being left 
 without force or defence, was feven times miferably ra«. 
 vagecj, plundered, and fubjecl:ed to various barbarous na- 
 tions. Its magnificence and riches, acquired by fo many 
 heroes, were buried in its afh.es, and loft for many ages. 
 The firft of theie invaders was Alaric, king of the Vizi- 
 goths, in the year of Chrift 420, who facked it during 
 three days; the fecond was Genferic, king of the Vandals, 
 in the year 455, who plundered it during fourteen days of 
 every thing precious j the third was Theodoric, king of 
 
 the 
 
IO 
 
 n E P a c ti- 
 
 the Goths, in 493, who ruined it in many places, but 
 afterward* ; pretended to repair it ; the fourth was Totilas, 
 king of ti ie Goths, in 547, who deftroyed the wall, burnt 
 the Capit ol, Forum, Aventine and Quirinal Mounts, and 
 the fuburbs. Finally, Gilbert, called Clement the Anti- 
 pope, with the affiftance of the emperor Henry III. burnt 
 great part <of it ; and laftly, great part was deftroyed by 
 Robert G'uifcardo, who came to fuccour Gregory VII. 
 Not only by ftrangers and enemies, but often by friends, 
 and its c wn citizens, has it been burnt and ruined; many 
 other d'dfafters it has alfo fuffered, but always rofe from 
 its ruins, like the phoenix from its afhes ; and the ftatues 
 and prec ious things that are continually dug up are ftili 
 confidere d as ornaments to the moft opulent kingdoms. 
 
 ROMS IN ITS PRESENT STATE. 
 
 The eld walls of Rome are frill preferved and kept in 
 repair. They are about fifteen miles and a half in 
 circumference; and the city retains its ancient divifion 
 of fourteen wards, great part occupied with villas, gardens, 
 and vineyards, full of the furpriiing ruins of temples, 
 baths, palaces, aqueducts, and many other confpicuous 
 buildings, tthat have withftood the devaluations of enemies 
 and time. The part inhabited at prefent contains little 
 more than o ne hundred and fixty thoufand people, diftri- 
 buted into ei ghty-two parifhes, one hundred and twenty- 
 five religious houfes and convents, fifty-five monafteries 
 and confervat ories for -women, forty-three colleges and 
 feminaries, and thirty-two hofpitals and houfes for paupers 
 and pilgrims, erected with a magnificence emulative even 
 of the ancient buildings. It has at prefent twenty gates, 
 fcut in the time of Pliny it had twenty-four, and fix 
 
 hundred 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ir 
 
 hundred and forty-four towers. This metropolis ftill 
 retains that noble emulation of the ancients, which, united 
 with moJern grandeur, makes it more pleafant and deni- 
 able to all naaons than any other city in the world. 
 
 Such is, in few words, the outline of the origin and pro- 
 grefs to empire and to decay of a city which has ever 
 excited the aftonifhment of the philofopher and politician, 
 as well as of the traveller. To view it has always been 
 a favourite object with the man of tafte and leifure, and 
 is well worth the whole of the grand tour befides. It is 
 the fchool of the artift, the library of the hiftorian; and 
 to inveftigate its treafures is to become acquainted with 
 its viciflitudes, and imprefs its moft important revolutions 
 for nearly the iaft two thoufand years in the moft agree- 
 able manner. And it is hoped that to detail its beauties 
 will be efteemed the genuine union of the i( utile dulci'* 
 
 DESCRIP- 
 
DESCRIPTION 
 
 O F 
 
 ANCIENT & MODERN ROME. 
 
 It is with a pleafure enlivened by the importance of 
 antiquities to hiftory, and of the hiftory of Rome to that 
 of man, that we undertake to defcribe every part of this 
 interefting, this celebrated city. And in order to arrange fo 
 amazing a variety of objects in the moft convenient 
 method for the reader, we mall begin with the Tiber, 
 which the Roman hiftory has rendered fo famous, and 
 which the travellers of moft nations muft pafs before they 
 enter Rome. This river was firft called Albula, from the 
 whitenefs of its waters; then Tibris from Tiberinus, 
 King, or Captain, of the Tufcans, who was drowned in 
 it; and laftly in Latin Tiber. It rifes near the Arno, in 
 the Appenine mountains, and in the courfe of one hundred 
 and fifty miles receives forty-two fmall rivers, the principal 
 of which is the Anio, now called Teverone. Being thus 
 increafed, it pafles through part of Rome, and is navigable 
 about forty miles ; it divides Etruria from Umbria and 
 Sabina, and about twelve miles from Rome enters the 
 Mediterranean. It was lined on each £de with large 
 
 ftones, 
 
14- DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 ftones, by Tarquinius Prifcus and Marcus Agrippa* to 
 withftand the impetuofity of the water in winter. Being 
 choked with mud, it was cleaned by order of Auguftus j 
 and Aurelianus fortified it with a ftrong hriclc wall as far 
 as the fea, and put the river under the care of a magiftracv, 
 whofe officers were called Curatores Viarum : each fide 
 was adorned with villas, gardens, porticoes, and ftatues. 
 The water is very healthy, efpecially for bathing, from 
 the many mineral fprings which unite with it. 
 
 There are five ancient bridges over this river : the firft-, 
 called Ponte Molle, nearly two miles on this fide of the 
 city, is of fimple flrudlure: over this bridge the victorious 
 generals paflTed on their return to Rome from the con- 
 quered kingdoms and provinces, bringing kings and cap- 
 tains prifoners in their train ; as alfo did the tributaries, 
 who came to do homage to the Senate and People. The 
 ancient name of this bridge was Pons Emilianus, from 
 Emilius the cenfor, who built it; but it was afterwards 
 corrupted into Ponte Milvio, and at length into Ponte 
 Molle. Of the ancient ftructure no more remains than 
 the tower built by Belifarius, and the piers, on which 
 Nicholas V. rebuilt the bridge : it was deftroyed in the 
 battle between Conftantine and Maxentius, who was 
 drowned here. The road over it was much frequented by 
 Nero, and rendered famous by the martyrdom of many 
 faints. On the bridge is venerated a fmall pitlure of the 
 blefTed Virgin, and a ftatue of St, John Nepomucenus, 
 done by Agoftino Cornacchini, by order of Cardinal 
 Alvato. 
 
 VIA FLAMINIA, OR THE FLAMINIAN WAY, 
 
 So called from Caius Flaminius, conqueror of the Ligu- 
 rians, who at his own expence made this road from Rome 
 
 to 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 to Rimini, where ended Cifalpine Gaul, in the 5 33d year 
 of the city, from which time it has never changed its name. 
 It reached to the Piazza di Seiarra, where it imi ted with 
 the Via Lata. At that time it was adorned with arches, 
 and ftatues of illuftrious men, limilar to the triumphal. 
 At a little diftance from the bridge is the ftatue of 
 St. Andrew the Apoftle, which was placed there i n 1462, 
 by order of Pope Pius II. in memory of his facired head 
 having remained there one night when brought f rom Pc- 
 loponnefus to the Vatican. For the Ottomans had. invaded 
 that country, and Demetrius, the governor, fearing the 
 faint's head might be loft, brought it with the greateft care 
 to Rome, and refted here till a folemn proceffio.n of car- 
 dinals with palms, and the clergy and people of Rome 
 with thirty thoufand wax candles, met and accompanied 
 it into the city. A fmall cupola is. erected over the flatue, 
 fupported by four marble pillars, and adjoining to it is a 
 chapel, under the care of a hermit- A little farther is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. ANDREW THE APOSTLE. 
 
 About half way from the bridge is this fmall church, 
 built after the much efteemed defign of Vignola, and 
 engrave d, for the advantage of iludents in architecture. 
 When Rome was plundered in the reign of Clement VII. 
 his holinefs, wifhing to deliver the city from its enemies, 
 fent them four prelates as hoftages. But they,, believing 
 theft priefts to be rich, wanted to extort money from 
 them, and, threatening to put them to death, conducted 
 them to Campo di Fiore, but {hewing companion to Car- 
 dinal Colonna, who gave the guards a fupper, and made 
 them drunk, they efcaped up the chimney. Xhis being 
 on St. Andrew's day, the Governor of Rome, who was 
 one of the hoftages, and afterwards Pope, by the name of 
 Julius III. dedicated the above church to this fciint. 
 J^ear it is the 
 
6 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CASINO AND VINEYARD OF POPE JULIUS'. 
 This noble cafino was built by the above Julius III. after* 
 the defign of BaldazzarePeruzzi, and finifhed by St.CharleS 
 Borromeus, in the reign of Pius IV. his uncle. Oppofite' 
 is the famous Ofteria, of the fame name, now belonging 
 to the houfe of Colonna* 
 
 PALACE OF THE CAMERA APOST OLICA; 
 
 At fome diftance up the lane, on the left, is this noble* 
 palace, built by the fame Pope Julius, after the defign of 
 Vignola. Here are fome pictures by Zuccheri, and fome 
 ancient marbles, lately repaired by order of Clement XIV. 
 becaufe the Cardinals and ambaffadors ftop here when they 
 make their public entry into Rome, to receive the com- 
 pliments of the nobility. To the right is an arched way, 
 with an image of the bleffed Virgin, under the care of a 
 hermit. 
 
 Through this, at a little diftance, is the celebrated Acqua 
 Acetofa, fo called from its acid qualities, and efteemed 
 ufeful in many diforders. Continuing by the Via Fla- 
 minia, after paffing feveral villas, houfeSj &o we arrive 
 at the Porta del Popolo, anciently called Porta Flaminia.. 
 Its prefent name is by fome attributed to the church ad- 
 joining it ; by others to the poplar trees, in Latin populi, 
 that furrounded the maufoleum of Auguftus, and extended 
 nearly to this place. This is now the principal gate of 
 Rome, not only becaufe it is the nobleftj but becaufe moft 
 foreigners pafs it in entering the city, whether Ambafla- 
 dors, Kin^s, Emperors, or others. It was renewed by 
 order of Pius IV. after the defign of Vignola; and Buo- 
 narroti placed here the two ftatues of St. Peter and St. 
 Paul, done by Mochi for St. Peter's church : the part 
 
 within 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME'. 
 
 *7 
 
 within the city was done by order of Alexander VII. after 
 a defign of Bernini, for the folemn entrance of the Queen 
 of Sweden. 
 
 All this fpace, encompafTed by hills on one fide, and 
 by the Tiber on the other, was anciently called Campus 
 Martius, having been dedicated to Mars by Romulus, 
 as a place for exercifing the youth in the military 
 art; and for holding the commitias for the election of 
 magiftrates ; for which reafon it was not lawful for any 
 one to inhabit it, though it was full of magnificent public 
 buildings, fuch as the circus, naumachia, theatres, tri- 
 umphal arches, obelifks, temples, porticos, and ftatues of 
 illuftrious men without number, befides the famous mau- 
 foleum of Auguftus. Aurelian, not to leave fo much 
 magnificence expofed to the infults of enemies, enclofed it 
 within the walls of the city. To the left, as foon as you 
 enter this large place, is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MAR V DEL POPOLO. 
 
 This church is built where the fepulchre of Domitian 
 flood, and Nero and his family were buried, over whom 
 was the following epitaph, as mentioned by Gruter : 
 " Offa Neronis Csefaris Germanici Caes : F< Divi Au- 
 " gufti Pronep. Flamin. Auguftalis Quaeftoris." The 
 earth wafhed from the hill having buried it, a large Walnut 
 tree grew over it, and was conftantly occupied by a 
 raven, believed by the people to be a demon, that 
 infulted whoever palled. Pafqual II. in the year 1099, 
 after three days fafting, and many prayers, faid he had a 
 revelation that this malignant fpirit guarded the bones of 
 that wicked emperon He therefore came in proceffion to 
 the place, and was the firft who began cutting down the 
 tree, while thofe who accompanied him rooted it up, 
 
 Vol. L C burned 
 
l8 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 burned it, and threw the bones and aflies of Nero into 
 the Tiber. In its place an altar was built, which was 
 confecrated by the fame pope, with the afliftance of ten 
 cardinals, four archbiftiops, ten bifhops, and many prelates, 
 as is mentioned in the hiftory of the church. This caufe 
 of trouble being removed from the people of Rome, they, 
 for an eternal memorial of the benefit obtained, built this 
 church at their own expence, in 1227, which, on ac- 
 count of this popular contribution, was called St. Mary del 
 Popolo: and, to increafe their devotion, Gregory IX. 
 with a folemn proceflion, brought the image of the fame 
 from the holy chapel of Laterano. It is built with three 
 aifles, and was firft put under the care of a confraternity, 
 and afterwards given to the Auguftine friars of Lombardy. 
 Sixtus IV. reftored it after a defign of Pintelli, and, 
 confirming what his predecefiors had done, appointed fix 
 penitentiaries, in the fame manner as at St. Peter's, but 
 fubordinate to the latter. Julius II. ennobled it with 
 paintings, and other ornaments. Gregory XIII. came in 
 proceffion on foot, in 1578, with his clergy, for the prefer- 
 vatio\i of Rome, then in imminent danger from the plague 
 (which however foon happily fubfided), as Sixtus V. had 
 done in a fimilar time of peftilence, to St. Sebaftian's. 
 Laftly, Alexander VII. renewed it- after a defign of Ber- 
 nini. 
 
 There are two noble chapels in this church, befides the 
 high altar; the one to the right is Cardinal Cibo's; that 
 to the left is Auguflino Ghigi's. The Nativity, in the 
 firft chapel on the right, and the others are painted by 
 Pintorecchio. In that of Cardinal Cibo's, which is highly 
 ornamented with marble and fculpture, over the altar, is 
 the Conception, with four faints, by Carlo Maratti : that 
 on the fide is by Monf. Daniel, the other by Morandi. 
 
 The 
 
Ancient and modern rome* ig 
 
 The paintings in frefco in the cupola are by Luigi Garzi 2 
 the two bufts of the cardinals are fculptured by Cavallini. 
 St. Auguftin, with the bleffed Virgin, in the next chapel, 
 is by Pintorecchio ; and the Vifitation of St. Elizabeth, 
 in the other, is by the fame Morandi. The Angel to the 
 right is fculptured by Ercole Ferrata : that to the left by 
 Antonio Mari. St. Thomas di Villanova, in the follow- 
 ing, is by Fabrizio Chiari. The paintings in the cupola 
 of the church are by Vanni. The noble high altar, where 
 the image of the blefled Virgin is kept, was erected by 
 order of Urban VIII. after a defign of Cav. Rinaldi. 
 The two fepulchres in the choir are by Sanfovino. The 
 picture of the Aflumption in the following chapel is by 
 Annibal Caracci. That on the fide is by Michael Angelo 
 da Caravaggio ; and the paintings round it are by Tac- 
 coni, the reft are by Novara. The paintings and ftatues 
 in the other chapel are by Mazzoni. The picture on the 
 altar, in the crociata or nave, is by Mei. The Arigel on 
 the right is the fculpture of Raggi ; and that on the left 
 by Mauri. The paintings in the following chapel are 
 by Fiammingo j and thofe in the other are by Giovanni da 
 St. Giovanni. The picture over the altar is by Maffucci j 
 and the monuments are done after a defign of Algardi : 
 the portrait is by Monet. Next to this is the celebrated 
 chapel of Auguftino Ghigi, from a defign of Raphael da 
 Urbino. The picture over the altar is by Fra. Sebaf- 
 tiano del Piombo.. The Mofaic in the cupola is taken 
 from one of the cartoons of Raphael. The lunette is by 
 Vanni. The ftatues of Elias and of Jonas, are done 
 by Lorenzetto, from a defign, and under the direction, of 
 Raphael, to appear like antiques. The other two, together 
 with the monuments, are by Cav. Bexnini. The top of the 
 altar, with the baflb-relievos and the candlefticks of bronze, 
 
 C 2 are 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 are by Lorenzetto. The picture in the laft chapel is by 
 Rofli. Among the other paintings and fculptures the 
 monument of Card. Albani, on the laft pilafter of the 
 right aifle, fculptured by Paracca, deferves particular no- 
 tice. That on the left, by Giacomo della. Porta, and that 
 of the Princefs Ghigi on the column, is a fancy defign of 
 Car. Pofi ; the Medallion and Putti are by Penna ; the Lion 
 and Eagle are by Franzoni. Laftly, this church abounds 
 with ftatues, ftuccos, &c. of excellent workmanfhip. The 
 two angels over the middle door are by Ercole Ferrata* 
 The St. Terefa, and St. Catherine of Sienna, over th« 
 firft arch on the right, are by Rolli. The St. Pudenziana, 
 over the next, is by Morelli; St. Praffede by Naldini ; 
 St. Urfula and St. Cecilia, over the third, by Antonio de. 
 Mari ; St. Martha and St. Agnes, by Roffi ; the two An-» 
 gels that fupport the coat of arms of Alex. VII. in the 
 arch of the cupola, are by Raggi, as are alfo the others, 
 together with the St. Appollonia and St. Tecla, over the 
 firft arch on the other fide. The St. Agatha and St. 
 Dorothy are by Perone; the St. Barbara and St. Catherine 
 by Raggi ; arid the St. Scolaftica and St. Clare by Fer- 
 rata. In the cloifter of the convent is the monument of 
 the Bifhop of Anglona, treafurer to Paul III. done by 
 Gugiielmo della Porta. The garden of this convent is 
 very fpacious and large, inclofing great part of thePincian 
 hill. 
 
 PIAZZA DEJ*. POPOLO, AND THE EGYPTIAN OBELISK. 
 
 The obelifk in the middle of this place is efteemed one 
 of the moft ftupendous works of the kings of Egypt. It 
 was reduced to this form by Semneferteus, who reigned 
 five hundred and "twenty-two years before Chrift. - Its 
 height is an hundred arid eight Roman palms,- and, includ- 
 ' ' ■ - - . ing 
 
22 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 churches of beautiful architecture, and forming a moft 
 magnificent entrance, worthy of the firft city of the world. 
 The middle ftreet, leading to the Piazza di Sciarra, was 
 formerly called Strada Flaminia, but the horfe-races, in- 
 troduced by Paul II. in the time of the carnival, has fince 
 given it the name of the Corfo. Of the two fore-men- 
 tioned churches that to the right is dedicated to 
 
 ST. MARY DI MONTE SANTO. 
 
 In 1662 this church was given to the Carmelite friars 
 of the province of Monte Santo in Sicily, who at that 
 time had a fmall church near it, and begun the new one 
 from a defign of Cav. Rinaldi, under Alexander VII. It 
 was carried on by Card. Gaftaldi, under the direction ©f 
 Bernini and Fontana. It is ornamented with marble, 
 paintings, and ftucco gilt. The principal picture is that 
 of the Crucifixion, in the firft chapel on the right hand, 
 by Salvator Rofa. Thofe in the next chapel are by Ber- 
 retoni, that of St. Alberto, by Avellino. The high altar 
 is adorned with fine marble, and columns ; the two angels 
 are by Carcani, the bufts of the four Popes in metal by 
 Lucenti j the picture in the following chapel, which is alfo 
 adorned with precious marble, is by Carlo Marratti, and 
 thofe on the fides, the one by Garzi, the other by Monf. 
 Daniel ; and the other paintings around by Chiari, 
 The facrifty of this chapel merits obfervation on account 
 of the paintings of Baciccio and Chiari. The Santa Ma- 
 ria Maddalena de' Pazzi, in the laft chapel, is by Gemi, 
 niani, and the ftucco, and four ftatues in the niches of the 
 Cupola, are by Carcani. 
 
 The Conventual Church on the other fide of the Corfo 
 belongs to the reformed French monks, of the third order 
 of St, Francis, who, when rebuilding their convent, gene- 
 
 roufly 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 23 
 
 roufiy determined to adopt a defign correfponding herewith. 
 It is called 
 
 ST. MARY DE' MIRACOLI. 
 
 Thefe monks had a fmall church near the Tiber, with 
 an image of the blefled Virgin, called the miraculous. 
 That it might be kept with greater dignity and reverence, 
 Alexander VII. gave orders to build this church after a 
 defign of Rinaldi. That Pope dying, the building was 
 carried on by Cardinal Gaftaldi, under the direction of 
 Cav. Fontana, who reduced it -to an oval figure, with a 
 cupola and portico, like thofe of the church oppofite, 
 and in 1628, in compliance with a petition of Cardinal 
 Barberini, the fucceeding Pope gave it to the French. 
 The four angels that fupport the picture of the blefled. 
 Virgin on the high altar of this church, are by Raggi, 
 who alfo did the two Virtues in marble at the fides of 
 the monuments of Cardinal Gaftaldi and his brother. The 
 bufts of bronze are by Cav. Lucenti ; the two paintings 
 of St. Francis by Father Lione, and St. Anthony by 
 Monf. Gafcard; the ftatues in the front of the church 
 are by Morelli, Carcani, and others. 
 
 Proceeding a little way up the Corfo, on the right, is the 
 
 CHUR6H AND HOSPITAL OF ST. JAMES, OR S. 
 GIACOMO DEGL' INCURABILI. 
 
 Cardinal Pietro Colonna, defirous to complete the 
 original plan of his uncle Cardinal Giacomo Colonna, 
 who had built that part towards the Ripetta, where the 
 arms of the family are ftill to be feen, left a large legacy, 
 in 1338, to build the remainder of this hofpital and the 
 church. At firft it was called in Augufto, from the mau- 
 fojeurn of that Emperor, near which it ftands. It is now 
 
 called 
 
24 
 
 DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 called the Incurables, from the kind of patients whd are 
 admitted. Cardinal Salviati, being its Protector, in i6co 
 enlarged the hofpita], and rebuilt the church, from a 
 defign of Francefco di Volterra. It was finifhed by Carlo 
 Maderno, in an oval form, with a cupola. In this church 
 are fome paintings and fculptures worthy of obfervation. 
 The picture in the firft chapel on the right is by Ron- 
 calli : the fine baftb-relievo in marble, in the fecond, and 
 the Angels, with other ornaments in ftucco, are -by Monf. 
 le Gros. The two pictures at the fides by PafTeri. The 
 Baptifm of our Saviour, in the third chapel, is by Paffi- 
 gnani : the Laft Supper with the Apoftles, on the high 
 altar, and the paintings wound it, are by Novara, who alfo 
 did the Trinity in the cupola. Melchifedeck, with the 
 other figures at the fides, are by Vefpafiano Strada : that 
 with the manna, and the others round it, by Nappi : the 
 Nativity, in the following chapel, by Grammatica : the 
 ftatue of St. James, in the next, fculptured in marble, is 
 by Buzi di Vigu ; and the pidure in the laft is by Zucchi. 
 St. Philippo Neri frequently vifited this hofpital, and 
 brought the diholute youth to vifit it, and obferve the 
 variety of illnefs caufed by licentioufnefs. Here St. Ca- 
 millo de Lellis, inftitutor of the minifters of the infirm, 
 firft gave proofs of his fanctity ; and here, at certain 
 times in the year, a quantity of bread is given to the poor. 
 Clement VIII. granted to the minifters and fervants all 
 the privileges and indulgences enjoyed by the other hof- 
 pitalsjn Rome. It is divided into two parts, one for 
 the men and the other for the women, with every conve- 
 nience for the infirm, as alfo for the officers and minifters 
 that belong to the inftitution, belides fourteen chaplains 
 and two curates, who officiate in the church. It has a 
 cardinal protector, and is governed by four guardians- 
 one 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 25 
 
 one prelate, one advocate, and two gentlemen. It has 
 alfo two findics and two chamberlains. 
 Near this fpot is the 
 
 PALACE RONDANINI, 
 
 in which is a noble ftair-cafe, and apartments enriched 
 with pictures, ancient ftatues, bufts, a cele'brated antique 
 head of the Medufa, and many baflb-relievos, fitted up to 
 the particular tafte of the prefent Marquis. 
 
 THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY NAMES OF JESUS AND 
 MARY. 
 
 In 1640, the reformed friars of St. Auguftin built this 
 convent and church in honour of the holy names of 
 Jefus and Mary, after a defign of Carlo Milanefe ; but it 
 was finifhed by Cav. Rinaldi, chiefly at the expence of 
 Monfig. Giorgio Bolognetti, Bifhop of Rieti. It confifls 
 of one aifle, or rather main body, with feven altars, all 
 adorned with marble fculpture, paintings, and ftucco gilt, 
 together with feveral monuments. The firft monument 
 On the right reprefents Death, and is by Dominico Guidi: 
 the next, with the buft of Sig. Bolognetti, is by Aprile. 
 The picture of St. Nicholas, in the fccond chapel, is by 
 Bafilio Francefe. The third monument is by Cavallini. 
 St-Anthony the Abbot, in the third chapel, is by Girolamo 
 Pefce. The Coronation of the blefled Virgin, on the 
 magnificent high altar, is by Giacinto Brandi, who alfo 
 did the paintings over it. The two ftatues on each fide 
 are by Mazzoli ; and the two Angels that fupport the 
 Globe is by Naldini. The others are by Cavallini, who 
 alfo did the monument of Monfig. Bolognetti. The paint- 
 ing in the chapel adjoining is by Aleflandris : the blefled 
 Virgin, St. Jofeph, and the other paintings in the next 
 
 chapel. 
 
26 
 
 DESCRIPTION 0? 
 
 chapel, by Brandi. The monument near jt is by Michele 
 Maglia. St. Thomas di Villanova, and the other paintings 
 in the laft chapel, by Ottoni. The laft monument to the 
 left of the door is by Ferrata. The ftatues and ftucco 
 above are by the fame : the paintings around by Brandi. 
 The altar in the facrifty, and the three pictures near it, 
 are by Lanfranco : the other paintings by Palermitano, a 
 monk of this convent j and the bleffed V.irgin, with St. 
 Auguftin, in the choir, by Lelli. 
 
 THE CHURCH AND MONASTERY DELLE ORSOLINE. 
 
 In the third ftreet on the left is the monaftery «f St. 
 Urfula, built in 1684, by Laura, Duchefs of Modena, 
 mother of a queen of England, together with a fmall 
 church dedicated to St. Jofeph. Benedict XIV. enlarged 
 the monaftery with every convenience for a children's 
 fchool, where the nuns aft as teachers. The Martyrdom 
 of St. Urfula, and the other paintings in this church, are 
 by Pozzi, a Jefuit. Near this monaftery, in the Corfo, is 
 
 THE CHURCH AND HOSPITAL OF ST. AMBROSE AND 
 ST. CHARLES OF LOMBARD Y. 
 
 This church, in point of magnificence, merits the 
 name of temple, or cathedral, and is under the care of 
 the Milanefe. Till the year 147 1, they had a fmall 
 church called St. Niccolo del Tufo, which, together with 
 the hofpital, was given by Sixtus IV. to the Lombards, 
 who, with great prefents from the Milanefe prelates, and 
 ftill greater from the King of Spain, at that time their 
 fovereign, built this grand temple, after a defign of Onorio 
 Lunghi. But the building was afterwards carried on by 
 Martino his fon. The cupola, nave, and tribune, or part 
 behind the high altar, are from a defign of Pietro da 
 
 Cortona ; 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. ^ 
 
 Cortona : and it is ornamented in every part with gilded 
 ftucco, by Cofmo and Giacomo Fancelli. It was dedi- 
 cated at firft to their prote&or and biftiop St. Ambrofe, a 
 noble Roman; and in 1610, St. Charles Borromeus, who 
 likewife greatly contributed to the edifice, being canonized^ 
 it was dedicated in honour of both. On the high altar is 
 the celebrated picture of Carlo Maratti. The tribune, 
 the angles of the cupola, and the paintings on the cieling 
 of the middle aifle, are by Giacinto Brandi ; all the baflb- 
 relievos, angels, and figures in ftucco, with many gilded 
 ornaments, are by Cofmo and Giacomo Fancelli j the 
 ftatues in the niches are by Cavallini ; the termini above 
 the cornice of the tribune are by Gramignoli. On the 
 cieling of the two fide aifles are various paintings. In 
 the chapel of the crucifixion, on the right hand fide, is a 
 large picture of St. Charles praying for deliverance from 
 the plague, and an angel in the air putting his fword in 
 its fheath, by Cav. Perugino. Thofe round it are by 
 Albertoni. The paintings round the next are by Toppa : 
 the next, with St. Barnaby preaching, by Mola; and the 
 paintings round it by Cav. Benafchi. The noble .altar 
 in the nave of the church is a defign of Cav. Pofi : the 
 Mofaic is taken from that of Maratti in the ehurch of 
 St. Mary del Popolo. The ftatue of David is by Le 
 Brun ; and Judith by Pacilli. The firft painting on the 
 cieling round the tribune is by Carlo Aflenzi : the others 
 by Boncore. Behind the high altar, in an oval, is the 
 heart of St. Charles : the glory is by Garzi. The next 
 painting is by Chiari : the fecond by Geminiani. That 
 in the next chapel by Rofli ; and thofe round it by Garzi. 
 St. Philippe Neri, in the other, is by Francefco Rofa, who 
 alfo did the paintings round it, and St. Henry on his knees 
 in the laft chapel. The others in the cieling are by Pio 
 
 Paolini, 
 
DESCRIPTION 01 
 
 Paolini. In the oratory are fome fine fculptures in marble 
 by Tommafo della Porta; and in the facrifty two bufts 
 "by Cornacchini. Of the palace adjoining, a part is em- 
 ployed as a college, a part for the relidence of twelve 
 chaplains, who officiate in the church, and the remainder 
 includes every accommodation neceflary in an hofpital for 
 the infirm Milanefe. The whole is governed by a cardi- 
 nal, a prelate, and other Milanefe ; and it was many times 
 honoured with the prefence of St. Charles, who performed 
 with the greateft humility the loweft and moft ordinary 
 fervices, in company with St. Philippo Neri. A little 
 farther to the left is 
 
 THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY IN STRADA 
 C0ND0TTA. 
 
 In the year 1 741, this church and convent were built, 
 after a defign of Rodriguez, a Portuguefe, but finimed 
 by D. Jofef Herrnofilh, a Spaniard, for a legate of 
 D. Diego, Archbifnop of Lima and Viceroy of Peru, to 
 efhblifh in Rome the Spanifh friars of the order of Rif- 
 catto, to which he belonged. This church is dedicated to 
 the Trinity, but the name of the ftreet is added to diftin- 
 guifh it from others of the fame name. It is of an oval 
 figure, and contains feven chapels. In the firft on the 
 right, St. Catherine and the bleffed Virgin are painted by 
 Cafali ; St. Felix de Valois, in the fecond, is by Lambert 
 Fiamingo. The third, of the Conception, is by Preziado, 
 a Spaniard : that of the high altar is by Giacquinto ; the 
 fides in frefco, and the cupola, by Valafquez, a Spaniard. 
 The good Paftor, over the firft altar on the other fide, is 
 by the fame: St. John de Matha, in the next, by Gaetano 
 Lapis; and Beato Simone near it by Trevifani. The St. 
 Asnes, in the laft, is by Cav. Benefiali. The paintings 
 
 in 
 
■ 
 
 ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 29 
 
 in frefco round the choir, and in the facrifly, are by Gu- 
 glielmi: the fmall picture on the altar is byPreziado; 
 aud the fculpture in marble by Gafparo Sibilla. On the 
 other fide of the Corfo is the large 
 
 PALACE OF RUSPOLI OR GAETANI. 
 
 This magnificent palace was built after a defign of 
 Ammannati, for the noble family of Gaetani, but is now 
 in the pofTelnon of the family of Rufpoli. It is remark- 
 able for the ftair-cafe of Parian marble, every ftep of 
 which coft eighty crowns. It is divided into four parts, 
 *of thirty fteps, each ten feet long and two broad. The 
 apartments contain many ancient ftatues, bufts of emperors 
 and philofophers, baffo-relievos, and a variety of pictures 
 and precious furniture. Under the portico in the yard is 
 a coloffal ftatue of Alexander the Great. On the flairs 
 is a ftatue of Bacchus, a Conful, an Adrian, an Apollo, 
 a Mercury, and a woman in the habit of Hercules, of 
 Greek fculpture, fuppofed to be Iole. 
 Near this palace is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. LAWRENCE IN LUCINA. 
 
 . This is the parochial church of the largeft parifli in 
 Rome, and has the title of the firft cardinal of the 
 priefts order. It is believed to have been built by St. 
 Sixtus III. in 440, on the ruins of the ancient temple of 
 Juno Lucina, faid to have flood by a facred wood, called 
 in Latin lucus ; and hence it is fuppofed this church is 
 diftinguifhed from others dedicated to the fame faint by 
 the aforefaid addition to its name. Others account for 
 that appellation given to Juno, from her being called the 
 goddefs of light, lux, or, in Italian, luce. Be that as it 
 may, Juno Lucina was fuppofed to aiEft in bringing chil- 
 dren 
 
DESCRIPTION Ofr 
 
 dren into the world, whence, on the calends of every month, 
 the Minor Pontifex performed a facrifice to Juno in that 
 temple, and celebrated the feftival of the Matronalia, when 
 a number of matrons offered flowers and chaplets to the 
 goddefs. But this appellation is referred by others to a 
 Roman matron of that name. 
 
 This church was thoroughly repaired by Benedict II. 
 Sergius I. and Adrian I. In 1 196 it was confecrated by 
 Celeftin III. Card. Hugo, an Englifhman, and Card. 
 Innico Avalos, a Spaniard, all titulars of the fame church, 
 repaired it; and Paul V. in 1606, gave it to the regular 
 clergy, who had the cieling painted, and the gilded ftucco 
 made to reprefent the effigies of divers faints, whofe re- 
 liques are preferved here. It has eleven chapels, adorned 
 with paintings and fculpture. The high altar has two 
 pillars of fine black marble, after a noble defign of Cav. 
 Rinaldi. Here is alfo the famous picture of the Crucifix- 
 ion by Guido Reni, left to this church by the Marquis 
 Angeletti. In the chapel adjoining is a picture of St. 
 Margaret of Cortona and St. Francis, by Cav. Benefiali : 
 that in the next is by Alexander Veronefe: that of St. 
 John Nepomuceno, with the bleffed Virgin and St. Mi- 
 chael, are by Avellino, a Neapolitan ; and the St. Charles, 
 in the laft, by Carlo Veneziano. The picture in the 
 baptifmal chapel is by Nafini : the Refurrection, on the 
 cieling, by Greuter, a Neapolitan: the others are by 
 Spadarino and Piccione ; and the paintings in the portico 
 are by Garzi. The St. Lawrence, in the firft chapel on the 
 right, is by Tommafo S*lini : St. Jofeph and St. John 
 Baptift, in the triangles round it, in frefco, are by Luini : 
 the other two by Speranza. The St. Anthony, in the fecond 
 chapel on the fame fide, is by Cav. Maflimi. The paint- 
 ings in the lunette are by Vafconio ; and thofe underneath, 
 
 by 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 31 
 
 by Miele. The oval over the altar is by Rinaldi : that 
 in the third chapel is by Arrigo Fiammingo : that agairift 
 the wall, with St. Lucina, is by Avanzio : the other by 
 Borgiani. The Annunciation, in the fourth, is copied 
 by Geminiani, from the original of Guido. The hiftory 
 to the right is by Borgognoni ; and the other to the left 
 by Geminiani. The architecture is by Bernini. 
 
 This church, on occafion of the peftilence in 1625, was 
 one of the feven vifited by Urban VIII. inftead of St. 
 Lawrence's out of the city. The fame pope placed under 
 the high altar the bodies of the martyrs Ponziano, Eufebio, 
 Vincenzo, Peregrino, Gordiano, and Felicula. Here are 
 alfo many more reliques preferved in rich cafes in the 
 facrifty, together with a phial with the blood of St. Law- 
 rence, and a vafe with fome of his body as it was con- 
 fumed by the fire, and part of the gridiron on which he 
 was burnt. In this church alfo was buried the celebrated 
 painter Nicholas Pouffin. 
 
 In digging the foundation of the facrifty, was difcovered 
 great part of the gnomon and dial of the Orologio Solare. 
 The gnomon is an obelifk, called Obelifco Solare, and 
 dedicated to the fun, by whofe motion it {hewed the hours 
 of the day, together with its increafed or diminifhed 
 length, on lines of bronze in a pavement of irmrble, fome 
 of which were alfo found. This obelifk, together with 
 .that in the Circus Maximus, was brought by Auguftus 
 Csefar from Hcliopolis, after he had conquered Egypt. It 
 was 116 feet high ; but when found was broken infix 
 pieces. It bore this infcription, « Gefar Divi Jul. F. 
 <c Auguftus Pontifex Maximus Imp. XII. Cof. XI. Trib. 
 " Pot. XIV. iFgypto in poteftatem Populi Romani reda&a 
 " Soli, Donum Dedit." Pliny writes that it was (landing 
 in his time, but that for three hundred years it had not 
 
 juftly 
 
3* 
 
 DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 juftly fhewn the hours, which he attributes to a change 
 in the heavens, an earthquake, or the inundations of the 
 river. It was found in 1748, and placed in the yard of 
 the palace Vignaccia. 
 
 PALACE OF FIANO. 
 
 To the right of the above-mentioned church is this 
 ancient palace of the titular cardinal of the fame. It 
 firft belonged to the family of Peretti, then to that of 
 Ludovifi, now to the Duke di Fiano Ottoboni. It is faid 
 to have been built in 1300, by an Englifli Cardinal, on the 
 ruins of a grand edifice, called the Palace of Domitian - y 
 contiguous to which was a triumphal arch, vulgarly called 
 Arco di Tripoli, perhaps from the trophies with which it 
 was adorned, or on account of the victory that emperor 
 gained over three cities, agreeably to the etymology of the 
 word. It was alfo called Arco di Portogallo, from a car- 
 dinal of that nation, who lived there. Nardini is of opi- 
 nion, that the balfo-relievos it bore fhewed it to have been 
 defigned for Marcus Aurelius. It remained till the reign 
 of Alex. VII. who had it demolifhed in order to enlarge 
 the Corfo, placing a ftone in memory of it on a houfe 
 oppofite to its fite, and the baflb-relievos in the flairs at 
 the Campidoglio. 
 
 A little farther is the Palace Teodoli ; oppofite to which 
 is that of Raggi. Near this is 
 
 THE CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF ST. MARY MAG- 
 DALEN. 
 
 Honorius I. built this church in honour of St. Lucia, 
 the Virgin and Martyr of Syracufe ; and Leo X. in 1520, 
 gave it to the confraternity della Carita. Paul V. added 
 to it a conferv-atory for poor female penitents, repaired the 
 
 church*, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 33 
 
 church and dedicated it to St. Mary Magdalen. It is now 
 appropriated to religious virgins, under the regulation of 
 St. Auguftin. In this church are fome fine paintings. 
 On the firft altar is the Crucifixion by Giacinto Brandi j 
 and, on the fecond, a St. Lucia by the fame. St. Mary 
 Magdalen, on the high altar, is by Guercino. The Hiftory 
 of St. Lucia, and the Adoration of the Magi, are by Cav. 
 Marazzone : the Nativity, the Vifitation, and the Flight 
 into Egypt, by Strada: the St. Mary of Egypt by 
 Sigifmond Rofa; and the blefled Virgin^ with other faints, 
 by the fcholars of Julio Romano. 
 
 In the ftreet to the right is the fquare, and the cele- 
 brated 
 
 CHURCrf AND MONASTERY OF ST. SILVESTER 
 IN CAPITEi 
 
 This church is believed to have been built on the ruins of 
 the baths, or Naumachia of Domitian, by St. Dionyfius, 
 who was Pope in 261, with all the parfimony and feCrecy 
 required in thofe early times. But the perfeCution of the 
 Gentiles ceafing, it was by Paul I. rebuilt with great mag- 
 nificence, and made collegiate. It afterwards became the 
 refidence of fome monks, fugitives from Greece; but 
 they being reduced to a few, in 1286 the church and mo- 
 nastery were given to the nuns of St. Clare, who, having 
 repaired both the monaftery and the church, magnificently 
 adorned the latter with marble, gilded ftucco, and feveral 
 paintings. Among the many famous reliques here pre- 
 ferved, is an image of our Saviour, faid to be the fame 
 he himfelf fent to king Abagaro in Edefla: alfo, as is 
 faid, the head of St. John the Baptift, from which it has 
 its name in Capite. 
 
 Vol. I, P This 
 
24 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 This church, on account of its noble ornaments, and 
 quantity of plate, is efteemed one of the richeft in Rome, 
 The cieling, painted in frefco, and reprefenting the Af- 
 fumption of the blefled Virgin, with St. John the Baptift, 
 St. Silvefter, and other faints, is by Brandi : the baflb- 
 relievos by Gramignoli, who alfo painted the Apoftles 
 in the lunette over the organ: the frefcos in the nave 
 by Cav. Roncalli, Agellio, and Confolano. The Baptifm 
 of Conftantine the Great in the tribune behind the high 
 altar, is by Geminiani : St. Anthony in the firft chapel on 
 the right, and the fides of the fame, by Chiari : the groupe 
 in ftucco by Rufconi : St. Francis, in the fecond, by Pi- 
 fano j and the fides by Garzi. The picture in the third 
 is by Ghezzi. Of the two following, containing the 
 blefled Virgin, St. Jofeph, and other faints, the firft is by 
 Tarquin of Viteibo, the fecond by Terenzio da Urbino, 
 and the ftucco by Rufconi. The Conception in the next 
 is by Geminiani, and the fides by Cav. Mazzucchelli. 
 The following chapel is by the fame Geminiani : the ftucco 
 by Ottoni : the Crucifixion, and the paintings on the 
 fides, by Trevifani. The front of the church is from a 
 defign of Roffi. 
 
 Returning to the Corfo, oppofite the ftreet in which 
 this church ftands, is the 
 
 PALACE VEROSPI. 
 
 ^The architecture of this palace is by Onorio Lunghi. 
 It merits the particular attention of the connoifTeur on 
 account of its precious collection of ftatues and ancient 
 bufts. In the court yard are fome fine ancient ftatues of 
 the emperors Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, and 
 Adrian ; a Diana, an Apollo, and various baflb-relievos. 
 
 The 
 
 / 
 
ANCIENT And MODERN ROMEi 3S 
 
 The Galatea, painted under an arch, is by the fcholars of 
 Aibani: the gallery on the firft floor is painted by him^ 
 ielfc Here alfo is a flatue of the goddefs Nasnia, very 
 rare ; an Egyptian idol, and three antique heads, befides 
 that of Scipio. Among the butts is a fcarce MacrinuSj 
 of Greek fculpture. The harmonical machine is a won- 
 derful performance of art, conftru£red at an immenfe 
 expence, and forty years of labour, by Todini. It con- 
 tains feven inftrumerits, that formerly played by media* 
 nifm. Near this edifice is the 
 
 PALACE GHIGI. 
 
 The principal entrance to this magnificent palace is iri 
 the Corfo, but the chief front is in the Piazza Colonriaj 
 It was begun on a defigrt of Giacomo della Porta, car- 
 ried on by Carlo Maderno, and finifhed by Felice della 
 Greca, for the nephew of Alex. VII. In this palace are 
 many admirable piftures, and ancient bufts of great value, 
 particularly on the firft floor. Among the piaures are 
 fome celebrated pieces of Titian, Aibani, Domenichino, 
 Baffano, Garacci, Guercino, Pouflin, Guido Reni, and 
 others : alfo Several fmall battle pieces by Michael Angelo, 
 and fome of larger fize by Borgognone, together with 
 many landfcapes by Claude Lorraine, and various hiftorical 
 piaures by Paul Veronefe, Pietro PeruginOj Tiritoret, 
 Pietro da Cortoria, Carlo Maratti, Brahdi, and Salvator 
 Rofa. The Guardian Angels are by the celebrated Cor-* 
 tona : the portrait of Aretino by Titian : Alexander VII. 
 by Bernini j and the Eridymion by Baciccio. In thefe 
 rooms is a quantity of rich furniture embroidered with 
 gold, beautiful tables, &c. On the- fecond floor is the 
 celebrated library, coniifting of fome thoufand volumes, 
 and fome hundreds of manufcnpt codices, particularly m 
 D % Greck * 
 
36 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Greek, of great value, and a milTal of Boniface VIII. co- 
 vered with filver, and remarkable for its antiquity and 
 beautiful miniatures, as well as for a genealogy of Chrift, 
 written in the fourth century : alfo the life of Sixtus V. 
 in manufcript. On a table in one of the rooms of this 
 floor is the globe which was formerly placed on the top 
 of the Solar Obelifk, and bears fome curious aftronomical 
 figures and lines. The ground floor is enriched with 
 feveral ftatues, among which are four gladiators of the 
 natural fize in different attitudes of fighting and one 
 in the agonies of death : four ftatues of youths in various 
 exercifes : a Ceres and a Silenus : ten ftatues of various 
 pagan deities : a buft of Caligula on a table of porphyry : 
 two alabafter columns, and two of giallo antico: fome 
 termini : a ftatue of St. John the Baptift, fculpiured by 
 Mochi : feveral buffs of Alexander VII. and other re- 
 markable individuals of the Ghigi family, done by Ber- 
 nini and other celebrated fculptors. 
 
 PIAZZA COLONNA. 
 
 This fquare, as well as the Rione, or ward where it is 
 fituated, takes its name from the ftupendou6 column which 
 adorns its center. This fuperb column was erected by 
 the fenate and people of Rome, and dedicated, as is be- 
 lieved, by the emperor Marcus Aurelius, to Antoninus 
 Pius, whofe ftatue he placed on the top. But as that em- 
 peror had never atchieved any thing of confequence in war, 
 he had it fculptured with his own actions in that againft 
 the Marcomanni, and that againft the Moravians and 
 Bohemians, among which is the miraculous rain given to 
 the prayers of a legion of Chriftian foldiers. This trophy of 
 Roman magnificence is one hundred and feventy-five palms 
 high* and is furniflied with one hundred and ninety fteps 
 
 within 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 37 
 
 within it, and forty apertures for light. It was found 
 much damaged by time, but Sixtus V. in 1589, had it 
 repaired after a defign of Cav. Fontana ; and in lieu of 
 the emperor's fratue crowned it with one of St. Paul, 
 nineteen palms high, of gilt metal, from the model of 
 Tommafo della Porta. Gregory XIII. ornamented this 
 fquare with the fountain of Trevi, from a defign of 
 Giacomo della Porta. Alex. VII. reduced it to its prefent 
 form, and built the palace for the refidence of theVicegerent 
 of Rome, with offices for the four notaries of the Camera 
 or Chancery, and thofe of the Archivio Urbano. 
 Adjacent to this is the 
 
 CURIA INNOCENZIANA ON MONTE CITORIO. 
 
 This little hill was called Citorio, or Citatorio, being 
 the fpot in the Campus Martius where the Centuriae were 
 cited to aflemble previous to entering the Septi and giv- 
 ing their votes in the election of magiftrates. This grand 
 edifice was begun in the reign of Innocent X. after a 
 defign of Bernini, and finifhed by Fontana, under In- 
 nocent XII. who eftablifhed here the hall of juftice, called 
 after his own name, Curia Innocenziana. It contains 
 apartments for the treasurer, the auditor of the camera, 
 the judges, and fubordinate officers. There are offices 
 alfo for the notaries, and the banco de curfori. Here the 
 moft important civil caufes are tried. 
 
 Clement XII. had the fmall buildings that incumbered 
 this fpot, removed, and, after a delign of Cav. Fuga, 
 formed a large fquare, furrounded by regular buildings. 
 The pedeftal which flood in the centre, together with the 
 column of Egyptian granite, fixty-feven palms and a half 
 high, was dug up in 1705 from the fpot now occupied by 
 the houfe of the miffionary priefts. Clem. XI. the then 
 D 3 reigning 
 
3« 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 reigning pope, intended to have had it fet up as it formerly 
 •ftood, but finding it damaged by fire, and broken in fe-, 
 yeral places, abandoned the defign. Benedict XIV. wifhed 
 to reftore fo valuable a monument of Roman antiquity, 
 and to add it to the ornaments of his metropolis, but he 
 only raifed the pedeftal, It was completed by the prefent 
 pope. This column was erecled by the emperors Marcus 
 Aurelius and Lucius Verus, to the memory of their father 
 Antoninus Pius, as the following infcription imports. 
 " Divo Antonino Augufto Pio, Antoninus Auguftus, et 
 " Verus Filii." The bafib-relievos on the three other 
 fides exhibit the apotheofis, or deification of the fame 
 emperor, with many horfe and foot foldiers marching 
 round the funeral pile. The principal figure of the apo- 
 theofis appears well prefer ved and of a fine form. In the 
 middle is a youth flying, fuppofed to reprefent the genius 
 of the deceafed. On his moulders he bears Antoninus 
 holding a fceptre in his right hand, on the fummit of 
 which is art eagle* Near him is Fauftina his wife, with 
 her head veiled, and on each fide an eagle flying. Under-r 
 neath, to the right hand, is Rome mourning. She appears 
 extending one hand, pointing to the genius, and refting 
 the other on a mield, which bears the fymbol of the city, 
 Romulus and Remus fucking the wolf. Thefe baflb^ 
 relievos are now removed to the Vatican Mufeum, 
 Returning to the Piazza Colonna, on the right is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW DE BERG AM AS CHI. 
 
 This church was built in 1561, by a pious fociety, 
 under the title of St. Mary della Pieta, together with an 
 hofpital for infane paupers ; but that building being too 
 imall, Benedict. XIII. removed them to the Lungara near 
 %he, hofpital of §pirito Santo ; and in the reign of Clem, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 39 
 
 XII. the church and hofpital were given to the religious 
 confraternity of Bergamo eftablifhed at Rome, who re- 
 paired the former, and dedicated it to St. Bartholomew 
 and St. Alexander. The pifture on the high altar is by 
 Durante di Borgo: that on the right hand by Valtellino ; 
 and that on the left by Milani. Tne hofpital and college 
 are limited to their own nation. 
 
 Beyond this church is the Palace Niccolini (the archi- 
 tecture of Paparelli) ; and on the other fide of the Corfo 
 is that of Spada, now let out to any foreigners of rank 
 who come to refide in Rome. 
 
 In the ftreet to the right is the 
 
 CHURCH AND CONVENT OF ST. MARY IN VIA. 
 
 Cardinal Capocci, in 1253, in the rei § n of InnocentlV. 
 built a fmall church on this fpot, in confequence of a 
 miracle laid to be performed by an image of the bleffed 
 Virgin painted on a tile, which fell into a well near the 
 cardinal's palace, when fuch a quantity of water inundated 
 the liable as to endanger the horfes. The fervants feeing 
 the image fwim on the water, immediately informed the 
 cardinal of the circumftance ; on which he came, with all 
 his attendants, and, devoutly taking it up, placed it in the 
 chapel in his palace ; and afterwards, on the fame fpot, 
 he built a church, and, inclofed the well. , 
 
 Leo X. gave this church to the Serviti friars, who, in 
 1594, rebuilt it after a defign of Martin Lunghi. The 
 front is by R'maldi. Card. Baronio, being titular in 
 1604, had the choir finifhed, and the church painted round 
 by Piaftrucci. In the fir ft chapel to the right, where the 
 miraculous image is kept, is the well, formerly in the 
 public way, for which reafon the church is called in Via. 
 Among the paintings that adorn it, on the fide of the 
 
 D 4 fecond 
 
4« 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 fecond chapel is one by Caravaggio, from a drawing of 
 Andrea Sacchi, reprefenting a naked figure going to be 
 drefled in the habit of a faint That oppofite is by Luini. 
 The Annunciation in the next chapel is by Cav. d'Ar- 
 pino, as are alfo the paintings in frefco, Thofe around it 
 are by Zucca. The Trinity in. the laft chapel on this 
 fide is by Confolano : that on the right fide by Alberti : 
 the other, oppofite, by Lombardo. The only pifture 
 worthy of remark on the other fide of the church is the 
 St. Pellegrino, in the laft chapel, by Montefanti. 
 
 To the right of this church is a fmall fquare, and the 
 
 CHUltCfr OF ST, CLAUD AND ST, ANDREW DE BOR- 
 G0GN0NI. 
 
 This church was rebuilt from the foundation by the 
 Burgundians, in honour of the faints their protectors, 
 after a defign of Monf. Derife. The picture over the 
 firft altar on the right is by Placido Coftanzi : that of the 
 Titular Saints on the high altar by Pietro Barberi : and the 
 Refurre&ion on the left by Monf. de Troy, director of 
 the French Academy. The fiatue of St. Andrew is by 
 Monf. Breton ; and that of St. Claud by Monf. Grazia, 
 quiet. 
 
 Returning to the Corfo, above the Piazza Colonna, is 
 the Palace Buonacorfi, and the 
 
 PIAZZA AND PALACE DI SCIARRA. 
 
 This fquare takes its name from the palace of the 
 Prince di Carbognano of the noble family Colonna di 
 Sciarra, and is much frequented by the nobility on account 
 of the coffee-houfe. Jn the palace of Maffimi near it is 
 a gallery painted by Breccioli. The palace was built after 
 a defign of Ppnzio : the gateway is a beautiful fpecimen 
 
 of 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 At 
 
 of the architecture of Vignola. It is remarkable for the 
 amazing large {tones dug up here in the reign of Pius IV. 
 when, on digging the foundation, were alfo found fome 
 pieces of baflb-relievos of the emperor Claudius ; and in 
 1641, on digging in the fquare at the depth of twenty- 
 three palms, was found the ancient pavement of the Via 
 Flaminia, which at that fpot united with the Via Lata. 
 There were alfo found fome broken columns of African 
 marble, a piece of a capital, part of a ftone with an in- 
 fcription of Claudius, and a gold medal of the fame em- 
 peror, with his name and effigy on one fide, and on the, 
 other an arch with an equeftrian ftatue, from whence it 
 appears that the marble had been part of the arch of tfeat 
 emperor, which croffed the Corfo near the 
 
 PIAZZA DI PIETRA. 
 
 This place was firft called Piazza de' Preti, from an 
 hofpital of invalid priefts, which was Handing in the reign 
 of Julius II. but its name is now changed to that of 
 Pietra, fuppofed to be derived from the great quantity of 
 ftones and marble dug up there. In this fquare alfo are the 
 wonderful remains of an ancient edifice, with eleven large 
 columns of the Corinthian order, fuppofed by fome to be 
 the temple of Mars, and by others that of Neptune ; but 
 fome typifications of the provinces fculptured in marble, 
 that had adorned the lower part of the columns, having 
 been found in the reign of Paul III. it appears to have 
 been the Bafilica Antoniana ; for Vittore writes, Bafilica 
 " Antoniana, ubi eft, provinciarum memoria." A piece 
 of this marble is to be feen in the Campidoglio, and feveral 
 more in the fecond court of the Farnefe palace. 
 
 Cav. Fontana, by order of Innocent XII. adapted this 
 edifice for a Dogana di Terra ? or land cuftom-houfe ; and 
 
 the 
 
^2 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the fame pope affigned its revenues to the hofpital of in- 
 valid paupers at the Ripa Grande. 
 
 Turning into the lane on the right, the next object is 
 the 
 
 MAGNIFICENT CHURCH OF ST. IGNATIUS. 
 
 This fpot was formerly occupied by a fmall church 
 dedicated to the Annunciation ; but when Ignatius Loyola, 
 the founder of the Jefuits' order, was canonized, Card. 
 Ludovifi, nephew of Greg. XV. in 1626, built this grand 
 temple, which is the architecture of P. Gram, from a 
 defign of Domenchino. Its noble front is by Algardi. 
 The cardinal dying, left two hundred thoufand crowns to 
 carry on the building. In digging the foundation, towards 
 the church of St. Macuto, was found a flatue of Minerva, 
 and part of an aqueduct, fuppofed to be that of the Acqua 
 V ermine, lined with marble, and ornamented with ftatues 
 and columns. 
 
 This church was finifhed in 1685, and the cieling, the 
 tribune, and the high altar, adorned with paintings by 
 Andrea Pozzi, as is alfo the falfe cupola. The paintings 
 in the chapels are by P. Pietro Latri, except that of St. 
 Jofeph, with one by the fide of it by Trevifani. The 
 other is by Chiari ; a cupola by Garzi ; and St. Joachim, 
 in the following chapel, by Sfephano Pozzi, who alfo did 
 the painting in the firft chapel to the right. The nave of 
 this church is remarkable for two fimilar altars erected 
 after a defign of P. Pozzi, ornamented with precious 
 marbles, lapis lazuli, and gilt metal ; efpecially that where 
 the body of St. Luigi Gonzaga is kept. The grand 
 bafib-relievo in marble is by Monf. le Gros : that of the 
 Annunciation oppofite by Philippo Valle : the two Angels 
 on the baluftrade by Bracci : the two on the other by 
 
 Ludovifi 1 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 43 
 
 Ludovifi ; and the paintings around by Mazzanti. The 
 monument of Greg. XV. after a defign of Monf. le Gros, 
 is alfo worthy admiration. The fame artift fculptured 
 the portrait of Card, Ludovifi. The two Fames are by 
 Monf. Mono: the four coloffal ftatues in the niches by 
 Rufconi. Of the other four near the facrifty, the Faith 
 is by Simone Giorgio ; the Hope by Lavagna ; Charity 
 by Nuvolone; and Religion by Rinaldi. Here is alfo 
 the model of the St. Ignatius in St. Peter's church, by 
 Rufconi. The altar of the Cruciftxion is adorned with 
 two columns of giallo antico, and many oriental ftones of 
 great value. To the left is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MACUTO, 
 
 This church belonged to the Bergamafchi, and is cele- 
 brated not only on account of its antiquity, but frill more 
 for an Egyptian obelifk that flood near it. It is now 
 united to the Roman feminary. 
 
 Near the Corfo is the 
 
 ORATORY OF ST. FRANCIS XAVIER, DEL P. CARA- 
 VITA. 
 
 P. Pietro Caravita, in i6ii, built this oratory for fpi- 
 ritual exercifes, to be performed every night, and a ge- 
 neral communion once in each month. The high altar 
 is painted by Cav. Conca, and in the portico is a painting 
 by Baldi, To the right is the 
 
 PALACE DE CAROL LS. 
 
 This noble palace was built after a defign of Specchi, 
 for the family Carolis, nowextind. 
 
 Oppofite 
 
44 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Oppofite to this is that of Mellini, or Cefi, lately mo- 
 dernifed with the fine architecture of Tommafo de Mar-i 
 chis; and adjoining this is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARCELLUS THE POPE. 
 
 On the fite of this church was the temple of Ifis Efo- 
 rata, and afterwards the houfe of St. Lucina, the Roman 
 matron, and a public {table for horfcp, to the care of 
 which this pope was fentenced by the tyrant Maxentius. 
 This very ancient and much celebrated church was built 
 by the matron St. Ciriaca, on the place where his holinefs 
 fuftered martyrdom under the fame emperor. At firft it 
 was a collegiate church, having feventeen others under its 
 jurifdiclion ; but in 1369 Urban V. gave it to the Serviti 
 Friars. Various benefactors have at different times re- 
 paired it. The Iaft was Monfig. Boncompagni, who added 
 a new and noble front, after a defign of Carlo Fontana. 
 The two ftatues in the niches are by Cavallini ; and the 
 baffo-relievo over the door by Raggi. The Romans pay 
 great devotion to a crucifix, which, when the church was 
 burned, remained untouched. Befides fome of the wood 
 of the holy crofs, preferved in this church, under the 
 fame altar are the bodies of St. John the prieft, St. Blaze, 
 St. Dionyfius, and part of the body of St. Longus, who 
 is faid to have pierced the fide of Chrifr when on the 
 crofs i and under the high altar are the bodies of St. Mar- 
 cell us and St. Foca, both martyrs. 
 
 The Annunciation in the firft chapel to the right is by 
 Baldi and the paintings around by Tarquinio da Viterbo. 
 Underneath the altar in the fecond chapel are the bodies of 
 St. Degna and St. Emerita. The paintings round are by 
 Baldini. The third chapel is by Novara, except the 
 paintings in front, which are by Salviati, The Creation' 
 
 of" 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 4-5 
 
 of Adam and Eve, and the two Evangelifts, St. Matthew 
 and St. Luke, in the fourth chapel, are by Pierin del Vaga: 
 the reft by Daniel de Volterra. The Angels with the 
 ci-ofs, forming a fcreen before the crucifix, are painted on 
 wood by Garzi. St. Pelegrino, with the reft of the 
 paintings in the fifth chapel, are by Milani. The monu- 
 ment of Card. Paolucci, who ornamented this chapel with 
 marble, is fculptured by Bracci. The paintings that 
 adorn the tribune of the high altar are by Novara, as well 
 as the hiftory round the aifle of the church. Of the two 
 ftatues by the altar, one is by Michele, and the other by 
 Philippo, fcholars of Ferrata. St. Philip Benizi and the 
 paintings in the firft chapel on the other fide near the high 
 altar are by Cav. Gagliardi : the Converfion of St. Paul 
 by Frederico Zuccheri; and the paintings in frefco by 
 Taddeo, his brother. Of the bufts in marble, three are 
 by Algardi, and three are antiques. The painting in the 
 third chapel is by Baldini, the fides by Corvi : the St, 
 Mary Magdalen in the other by Parifini : that in the laft, 
 reprefenting the founders of the church, by Mafucci ; the 
 fides by Salviati ; and the monument near the door by 
 RoiTi. Behind this church is the 
 
 ORATORY OF THE CRUCIFIX OF ST. M ARCELLUS; 
 
 This chapel having been conftituted a confraternity in 
 honour of the above-mentioned crucifix, Card. Alex. 
 Farnefe, being their protector in 1568, provided the bro- 
 therhood with a place wherein to perform their facred 
 functions, building this oratory after a defign of Vigoola. 
 The hiftory of the holy crofs is painted on its walls. 
 That part to the right is by Pomarancio, that to the left 
 by Nebbia, and that below the choir by Nogari. 
 
 Return- 
 
46 
 
 DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 Returning to the Corfo, and a little farther on, is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY IN VIA LATA. 
 
 This church takes its name from the celebrated ancient 
 Via Lata, formerly much frequented, being out of the city, 
 and adorned with magnificent public edifices and markets, 
 for the ufe and accommodation of foreigners, who were 
 not admitted to the privilege of citizens. There is an 
 ancient tradition that St. Peter lived in one of thofe 
 houfes, with St. Mark and St. Martial, and that they built 
 an oratory, where the apoftle celebrated the divine 
 myfteries, and adminiftered the facraments. Hence it was 
 long called the oratory of St. Marziale. It is alfo faid 
 that St. John the Evangelift, St. Luke, and St. Paul, 
 lived in this place, and that here the latter wrote his de- 
 fence, and great part of his epiftles ; for which reafons 
 this church is highly venerated. Under it is preferved a 
 memorial of the above apoftles, as the infeription over the 
 door imports. They are reprefented in a marble baflb- 
 relievo, together with an image of the blefled Virgin, by 
 Francelli. Here St. Paul is faid to have baptized great 
 numbers of difciples, fome of them of the emperor's 
 court. But water not being at hand, his prayers were 
 anfwered by an angel, who caufed it to fpring from the 
 fpot now formed into a well, in the corner of the church. 
 Here alfo the Holy Ghoft is faid to have infpired him to 
 write his Epiftle to the Hebrews, and St. Luke to write 
 the Acts of the Apoftles. And here, it is faid, the latter 
 executed a painting of the blefled Virgin, believed to be 
 that in the church, and gave it to St. Paul. 
 
 It is faid that Conftantine built the church, and that St. 
 Silvefter confecrated it. In the year 700 it was rebuilt 
 from the foundation, and the new church confecrated bf 
 
 Sv 
 
ANCIEjNT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 47 
 
 St. Sergius the Pope. In 1485 it was again rebuilt by- 
 Innocent VIII. whio united to it the celebrated monaftery 
 of St. Ciriaco, then reduced to a college. It has alfo been 
 feveral times repaired. It is now encrufted with marble, 
 and enriched with paintings. The cieling is by Brandi, 
 who painted the firft altar-piece on the right. The St. 
 Nicholas, St. Blaze, and St. Jofeph, on the fecond, are by 
 Ghezzi. The high altar is compofed of fine marbles 
 and gilt metal, from a defign of Pietro da Cortona. The 
 paintings in the tribune are by Camaflei. The blefied 
 Virgin, St. Catherine, and St. Ciriaco, in the chapel at the 
 other fide, are by Odazzi : the St. Paul, in the next, by 
 Ghezzi: the blelTed Virgin, with St. Anthony, St. Law- 
 rence, and other faints, by Pietro di Pietri. The two 
 firft ovals in the aifle at the right are by Mafucci : the 
 third and fourth by Pietri : the fifth by Piaftrini ; and the 
 fixth by Mafucci. The firft oval in the other aifle is by 
 Piaftrini : the fecond and fifth by Mafucci : and the third 
 and fourth by Pietri. All thefe ovals, the pavement, which 
 is of fine marble, the two chapels at the fides of the high 
 high altar, and the gilt ftucco around, were done at the 
 expence of Card. Pamphili. The architecture of its noble 
 front and. portico is by Pietro da Cortona. 
 
 Behind this church, and adjoining that of St. Ignatius, 
 is the 
 
 ROMAN COLLEGE AND SEMINARY. 
 
 This magnificent edifice was built by Greg. XIII. 
 after a defign of Ammanati, for the education of young 
 men deftined for the learned profeflions, and endowed by 
 the fame pope with large revenues. Here are taught the 
 Latin, Hebrew, and Greek languages, and the fciences of 
 ethics, rhetoric, mathematics, philofophy, and theology. 
 
 The 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 The ftudents alfo of other colleges conftantly attend the 
 lectures here. In 1774 the ancient Roman Seminary 
 (built by Pius IV. in 1565) was removed hither, and was 
 the firft that was founded in conformity to the conftitution 
 of the Council of Trent. It is called Roman, becaufe it 
 is the feminary for the clergy of the ecclefiattical ftate. 
 Here is a copious and celebrated library, and an efteemed 
 mufeum of antiques. Oppofite the college is the 
 
 CHURCH AND CONVENT OF ST. MARTHA. 
 
 This convent was built by Ignatius Loyola, for 
 poor abandoned women, who were willing to reform. 
 But they being removed in 1561, this edifice was given 
 to a fifterhood of nuns under the regulation of St. Auguf- 
 tin ; on which occafion the church was repaired, and 
 enriched with marble, gilded ftucco, and paintings. 
 The Transfiguration over the firft altar to the right is by 
 Grimaldi.: the painting in the fecoid by Albertoni : St. 
 John the Baptift, in the third, by Cosza : the three Marys 
 at the fepulchre, and the paintings ty the fide of the high 
 altar, by Garzi : and that oppofite byChriftofori. The St. 
 Mary Magdalen, and St Martha, in company with Chrift, 
 is by Cortefe, called Borgognone. Tie blelTed Virgin over 
 the next altar is by Geminiani : the >ther, with the Child, 
 and St. Auguftin, by Giacomo dd Po : the Guardian 
 Angers in the laft chapel by Francefco Roia ; and the 
 paintings round it by Baciccio, exept the figures, which 
 are by Albertoni, and the two circles att the top and bot- 
 tom by Toppa. To the right is the grand 
 
 PALACE OF PAMPHIL3 JJtORIA. 
 
 Approaching this magnificent palare from the convent,, 
 the firft part is the architecture of Birrwmini* but accord- 
 ing; 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 49 
 
 lug to others of Pietro da Cortona, being carried on from 
 the fame defign by Paolo Amalfi. The other part in the 
 Piazza Venezia, and that in the Corfo, are by Valvafoli. 
 It ic one of the largeft and moft fuperb palaces in Rome, 
 celebrated not only on account of its magnificent archi- 
 tecture and beautiful quadrangular gallery, but for the 
 richnefs of its furniture, and its fplendid collection of 
 ineftimable pictures, by the moft eminent matters; of 
 which a full defcription would exceed the limits of this 
 work. Here are alfo two libraries, one of belles 
 lettres, the other of law. Oppofite to this palace, in the 
 Corfo, is the 
 
 FRENCH ACADEMY. 
 
 This edifice was built by the Due de Nivernols, after 
 a defign of Cav. Rinaldi, and endowed by Lewis XIV. 
 for French ftudents, who are inftrudted in painting, 
 fculpture, and architecture. To omit nothing towards 
 the completion of its object, he furnifhed it with carts of 
 all the beft ftatues in Rome, and the reft of Italy. The 
 celebrated Cav. Bern,i n i was the firft director of this 
 academy, with an income c f two thoufand crowns a year ; 
 but now that office is a i wavs filled by a native of France. 
 A little farther, on tlh e ot h er fide of the Corfo, is the 
 
 P A.I,ACE OF ASTI. 
 
 . This palace is fitu^d at the corner of the Piazza di 
 Venezia, towards which is its noble front. It was built 
 after a defign of Rcffi, and is now the property of the 
 Marquis Rinuccini, of Florence. In this place is alfo 
 the 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 E 
 
 PALACE 
 
5« 
 
 13ESCRIPTI0N OP 
 
 PALACE BOLOGNETTI. 
 
 This palace was built by Signori Biganzini, from a 
 defi<m of Cav. Canevari. It has fince been purchafed 
 by Count Bolognetti, who enlarged it after a defign of 
 Gianfimoni. 
 
 PIAZZA DI VENEZIA. 
 
 In this fquare finiihes the Corfo. It takes its name 
 from the noble palace belonging to the republic of Ve- 
 nice, built in 1464 by Paul II. from a femi-Gothic defign 
 of Majano. Before the pontifical palace on the Qyirinal 
 hill was built, the popes came to refide here in the Cum- 
 mer, as did Charles VIII. king of France, when at Rome. 
 Pius IV. gaye it to the republic as a refidence for their 
 ambaflador. Since that period they have made many 
 alterations, efpecially in the adjoining church of St. Mark. 
 
 To the right of the Palace of Afti is the third part 
 of the 
 
 PALACE PAMPHILI. 
 
 This part of the palace was built in 1743, by the laft 
 prince of that ancient family, now extincl ; in confequence 
 of which it has defcended to the houfe of Doria. 
 Beyond is that of Sig. Gottifredo, the archite&ure by 
 Arucci j and a little farther is the magnificent 
 
 PALACE ALTIERI. 
 
 This is one of the largeft palaces in Rome. It was 
 built by Card. Altieri, and enlarged by Card. Paoluzzo 
 Altieri in the reign of Clem. X. after a defign of Roffi. 
 Among the ornaments that decorate the apartments, 
 
 the 
 
ancient and modern rome. 5s 
 
 the ftucco on the ground floor, by Ercole Ferrata, 
 is worthy obfervation. In the chapel are fome fine 
 paintings in frefco by Borgognone j and in the rooms are 
 two ftatues of Venus, a head of Pefcennius Niger, a 
 Rome triumphant of verde antico, a looking glafs fet in 
 gold and adorned with gems, hangings of filk and gold 
 cloth, rich damafk, and other tapeftry, with two tables of* 
 lapis lazuli. Among the many valuable pictures, the moft 
 remarkable are, the four Seafons by Guido, two battle 
 pieces by Borgognone, Venus and Mars by Paul Vero- 
 nefe, St. Gaetano by Carlo Maratti, the Slaughter of the 
 Innocents by Pouflin, a" blefled Virgin by Correggio, and 
 a laft Supper by Muziano; befides fome paintings in the 
 hall, begun by Maratti. In the upper apartments is a bed 
 of great value, and the celebrated library of the above- 
 mentioned pope, enriched with many books, medals, 
 cameos, and fcarce manufcripts. Near this is the 
 
 CHIESA DEL GESU, OR JESUITS* CHURCH. 
 
 This church was built by Card. Alex. Farnefe, and the 
 houfe adjoining by Card. Edward Farnefe, in order to 
 favour the undertaking of Ignatius Loyola; but the order 
 of the Jefuits inftituted by him being fuppreffed by Clem. 
 XIV. in Auguft, 1773, it was given to the fecular priefts, 
 who live according to the rules of the Jefuits. This fpot 
 was formerly occupied by two fmall churches, dedicated, 
 the one to St. Mary in Aftalli, the other to St. Andrew. 
 The foundation of the houfe was laid in 1543, and that 
 of the church in 1568, from a defign of Vignola. The 
 front is by Giacomo della Porta, his fcholar. 
 
 This church is admired, not only on account of its 
 magnificence, but frill more for its painting?, marbles, 
 fculptures, and gilt ftucco; its deling, tribune, and. 
 
 E a cupola, 
 
$Z DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 cupola, painted by Baciccio; and the magnificent chape! 
 of St. Ignatius, enriched with precious marbles, filver, 
 and metal, executed with the greateft art. The St. An- 
 drew the Apoflle, with other paintings in the fifft chapel 
 on the right, are by Ciampelli : St. Francis Borgia in the 
 fecond by P. Pozzi, the paintings in frefco by Cav. Celio i 
 the feven Angels and other paintings in frefco in the third 
 by Fred. Zuccheri, except the Abraham and the three- 
 Angels around, which are by Cav. Salimbeni. The Angels 
 of marble are by LungOj Flaminio Vacca, and others : 
 the St. Francis Xavier in the nave by Cav. Maratti : 
 the altar is the noble defign of Pietro da Cortona : the 
 painting above by Carloni : and in the oval of gilt metal, 
 fupported by an angel, is kept the arm of that faint. The 
 next chapel of St. Francis d'Aflifi, with its marble co- 
 lumns, is the defign of Giacomo della Porta. The paint- 
 ing on the altar is by Vecchi : the cupola by BaldafTare 
 Croce ; and the landfcape and birds by Paul Brilli. The 
 paintings below are by Peniz and others. The high 
 altar, with four columns of giallo antico, is a defign of 
 Porta, as alfo the next chapel, in which is a Circumcifion 
 by Muziano. Under the altar are the bodies of the 
 martyrs Abondio and Abondanzio. The monument of 
 Card. Bellarmine was done by order of Card. Edward 
 Farnefe, under the direction of Cav. Rinaldi. The 
 ftatues of Religion and Wifdom are by Pietro Bernini : 
 the Angels in the cupola of the next chapel by Pozzi } 
 and the paintings below by Gaetano. 
 
 The grand altar of St. Ignatius in the nave is a 
 defign of P. Pozzi, and holds the very firfl rank, on 
 account of its four large columns encrufted with lapis 
 lazuli, its ftatues and baflb-relievos of marble and gilt metalj 
 and the fuperb ftatue of the faint in folid filver, thirteen 
 
 feet 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 53 
 
 feet high. It appears in the habit of a prieft, and is 
 covered with precious ftones. It was caft after a model 
 of Monf. le Gros. The groupes in marble at the fides 
 are alfo worthy admiration. That reprefenting Faith, and 
 the barbarous nations adoring Chrift, is by Teudone : the 
 other, of Religion thundering againft the Heretics, by 
 Monf. le, Gros : the Trinity above by Reti : the two 
 Angels over the niches by Monot ; the bafto-relievo of 
 the Canonization of the faint by Cametti, and the other 
 by Rofli. The figure in the angle on the right over the 
 door is by Francefco Maratti : the other by Ottone ; and 
 the two figures under the organ by Rufconi. Over the 
 altar are thefe words frequently ufed by the faint — « A4 
 tc majorem Dei gloriam." In an urn of precious marble 
 under the altar is preferved the body of Ignatius Loyola, 
 and part of the body of Ignatius the bifliop and martyr 
 of Antioch. The moveable fcreen, or picture on wood, 
 before the filver ftatue of the faint, is by Pozzi. On 
 public feftivals, this altar is covered with thericheft plate. 
 Its fteps are of porphyry, and its pavement very beautiful. 
 The mouldings of the baluftrade are of giallo and Afri- 
 cano antico. The two fmall tables are of flowered 
 alabafter, and the reft of oriental. Here are alfo many 
 Other ornaments of filver, lapis lazuli, and other precious 
 marbles. The chapel adjoining is painted by Cav. d'Ar- 
 pino : the Trinity in the next by Baftano :- the Creation 
 of the Angels by Salimbeni : the Baptifm and the Tranf- 
 figuration of Chrift by Durante Alberti. The Creation 
 @f the World was a defign of P, Fiammeri : and the 
 paintings in the chapel of the b.lefled Virgin are by Ro-» 
 manelli. The paintings above the cornice are by Poma- 
 rancio: the ftatue of Juftice by Fancelli ; and the othera 
 by Guidi and Lanzoni. The buft of Monfig. Cerri is 
 
 E 3 by 
 
54 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 by Valle : the Hiftory of St. Peter and St. Paul in the 
 laft chapel by Mola, and the paintings around by Poma- 
 rancio. Laftly, the ftucco, the cherubims, and the figures 
 over the grand cornice, are from defigns of Baciccio, 
 Reti, Raggi, and others. 
 
 Befides the fore-mentioned reliques, this church is faid 
 to contain part of the body of St. Francis Borgia, Duke 
 of Candia, the monk and third fuperior of the Jefuits, 
 who died in this houfe in 1572; an arm of Lazarus, 
 brother of Mary Magdalen ; one of St. Luke, and one of 
 St. Lewis, King of France, with other reliques, kept in 
 hollow bulls and cafes of filver. In the facrifty are fome 
 pictures by Ciampelli. The St. Francis Xavier on the 
 altar is by Annibal Caracci; and the Ecce Homo by 
 Guido. Every Saturday evening the litany of the 
 bleffed Virgin is performed in this church ; and from 
 the lafl Sunday in the Carnival to the end of it is a 
 grand expofition of the hoft. 
 
 Oppofite is the Palace Petroni, and next to it thofe of 
 Aftalli and Muti Buffi, Near the latter is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. VENANZIO AND ST. ANSOVINO. 
 
 This church was formerly called St. John Baptift in 
 Mercatello, from a market in this place, fince removed to 
 Piazza Navona, In 1542 it was given by Paul III. to a 
 religious fociety of gentlemen felecled by St. Ignatius to 
 inftrucSt novices and Catechumens. This eftablifhment, 
 being removed to a building near the church of St. Mary 
 a Monti, in 1635, they were fucceeded by the Bafilian. 
 Monks of Grotta Ferrata. Laftly, in 1674, the Camerinefi 
 obtained it. By them it was repaired, and dedicated to the 
 feints their patrons, The high altar is painted by Garzij 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 55 
 
 the fides by his fcholars, and the other two altars by the 
 fcholars of Maratti. 
 
 The fountain in the fmall fquare was made by order of 
 the Roman Senate, from a defign of Porta. The ftreet 
 was opened by Paul III. when the emperor Charles V. 
 came to Rome, and is called Strada Capitolina, becaufe it 
 leads to the Campidoglio. In this ftreet, among other 
 palaces, is that of Rufpoli, and that of Maffimi ; and in 
 the ftreet oppofite is the church of St. Biagio, or St. Blaze, 
 the bifhop, the front of which was renewed after a defign 
 of Fontana. This church was fince dedicated to B\ Rita 
 da Cafcia, by a religious company of her nation, who has 
 obtained it. Adjoining hereto are the grand 
 
 MARBLE STEPS AND CHURCH OF ST. MARY IN ARA 
 
 CELL 
 
 This church is highly celebrated, and very confpicuous, 
 for which reafon we fliall be particular in our account of 
 it. Thefe marble fteps were brought from the ruins of 
 the magnificent temple of Quirinus : and the fpot where 
 the church ftands is believed by moft antiquarians to be 
 the fite of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus; but by 
 others that of Jupiter Feretrius, built by Romulus, on 
 account of the vi&ory he gained over the Casninenfes, 
 after having killed Arco their captain. On this occafion 
 he brought the fpoils on a pole, and, placing them in form of 
 a trophy againft the trunk of an oak, confecrated them, under 
 the name of Spolia Opima, as a public monument of his 
 valour. Here he built the firft temple in Rome, and gave 
 to Jupiter the name of Feretrius a feriundo, on account of 
 his having wounded and killed his enemy. This temple was 
 enlarged by Ancus Martius, and decorated by Julius Caefar, 
 Awruftus, his fucceffor, erected the altar from which the 
 E 4 church 
 
56 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 church takes its name. In this temple it is fuppofed flood 
 the twenty-two columns that now fupport the middle aifle, 
 great part of which are Egyptian granite. Of thefe the 
 third on the left bears this infcription : A cubiculo 
 «< Auguftorum :" which may probably apply to them all. 
 This is further confirmed by the ancient denomination 
 Which the church retains, as well as from the concurrence 
 of hiftory : for Jefus Chrift being born in the reign of 
 Auguftus, it is faid, that emperor was informed of it by 
 the Sybilline oracle, and in confequence creeled an altar 
 in this temple, with the title of Ara Primogeniti Dei. 
 Dio. and Suetonius alfo relate, that the Campidoglio 
 being at that time often ftruck with thunder, Auguftus, 
 in order to purify it, had recourfe to the oracle of Apollo 
 at Delphos, which anfwered in the following verfes. 
 
 Me puer Hebraeus Divos Deus : ipfe gubernans, 
 Cedere fede jubet, triftemque redire fub Orcuni j 
 Aris ergo dehinc tacitus abfeedito noftris. 
 
 It is fuppofed the ifolated altar now in the nave of the 
 Church occupies the fame fpot as that above-mentioned, 
 and that it was afterwards ornamented, in 113Q, by Ana- 
 clete the Antipope, with four pillars of porphyry, and a 
 fuperb urn of the fame marble. In 1603, th e Bifhop 
 Cavaglonefe built the cupola, and fupported it by eight 
 pillars of marble. This temple was ftill in exiftence in 
 the time of Gregory the Great, who purified it from the 
 profanation of the Gentiles, and converted it into a church 
 in honour of the bleffed Virgin, with the title of Ara 
 Coeli. This is one of the twenty privileged abbies 
 of Rome, and was for a long time in the poffeffioij 
 of the Benedictine Monks. In 1253 Innocent IV. gave 
 it to the Francifcan Friars. But thefe being divided into 
 
 Con- 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. $J 
 
 Conventualifts and Obfervants, in 1445 Eugenius IV. 
 gave it to the latter. In 1464, Card. Caraffa repaired it. 
 And becaufe in this church the Confervatori of the Roman 
 people ufually take p.ofleflion of their office, they had the 
 grand cieling gilded, in gratitude to the blefled Virgin for 
 the viftory gained on the 20th of Oaober, 1572, by the 
 Chriftian army over the Turks. In this church are 
 feveral chapels, adorned with marble, and enriched with 
 fculpture and paintings, ancient and modern. The pic- 
 tures in the firft chapel to the right are by Pintorecchio, 
 a difciple of Raphael : that in the fecond, with the dead 
 Chrift, by Marco da Sienna: the reft by Cav. Roncalli. 
 The St. Jerome and the other paintings, in the chapel 
 next to that of the blefled Virgin of Loretto, are by 
 Vecchi. Beyond tlhe chapel of the Crucifixion are the 
 monument and portrait of P. Marcellino, both by Gae- 
 tano : and on the altar a St. Matthew and paintings by 
 Muziano. The St. Peter of Alcantara, and other fculp- 
 lures in the next chiapel are by Maglie Borgognone : the 
 ftucco by Cavallini 5 and the paintings by Marc- Antonio. 
 The fepulchjre in tthe next chapel, with the buft of the 
 Marquis Saluzzo, aire by Dofio, a Spaniard : the St. Paf- 
 ehal beyond the door by Vicenzo Vittoria, a nobleman of 
 Valencia : the otheir paintings by Soiter, and the figures 
 in ftucco by Cavailiini. The St. Francis over the altar 
 in the crofs aifle, b y Trevifani, adorns the chapel of the 
 noble family Savellli, whofe two fepulchres bear various 
 portraits of the ancient popes it fumifhed. The next 
 chapel, dedicated too St. Rofa of Viterbo, is painted by 
 Roffi : and the St. Francis Solano in the next by Gherardi, 
 who alfo defigned tihe ftucco. The blefled Virgin, with 
 the four circles, without the chapel, are by Ghezzi. The 
 yidure of the Virgiin on the high altar is attributed to St. 
 
 Luke. 
 
5* 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Luke. The imitation of it in the choir is by Raphael : 
 and the paintings on the pilafters by Vecchi. The Au- 
 gufhts, the Sybils, and St. Luke, are by Pafiari, and the 
 other paintings round by Pefaro. The picture 0 f the 
 bieffed Virgin, with St. Giaeomo della Marca, and St. 
 Francis Solano baptizing the Indians, is by Vicinelli : 
 that of St. Giovanni da Pardo by Rertofi; and the St. 
 Gregory and St. Francis, with the Conception, in the 
 chapel adjoining, by Semenza. On the pilafter oppofite 
 Is the monument of the Queen of Bohemia. The bleffed 
 Virgin of Loretto beyond the door of the facrifty is by 
 Colantonio, whole father did the Arabefques on the pi- 
 lafters. The St. Margaret of Cortona in the next chapel 
 is by Barbieri, and the fides by Benefiali. The St. 
 James, St. Stephen, and St. Lawrence, in the next, are 
 by Buoncuore; and the bufts and cherubims on the 
 fepukhre by Bolognefe, as are alfo the angels oppofite. 
 Hie Death's-head is an antique. The Aicenfion, and 
 fome of the paintings in the next chapel, are by Muziani : 
 the reft by Pefaro; and the fepulchral defign and ftucca 
 by Onorio Lunghi. The St. Paul in the next chapel is 
 by the fame Muziani ; and the paintings at the fides and 
 thofe around by Roncalli. The picture in the next cha- 
 pel, which has been lately repaired, is by Lupi ; that in 
 the next, dedicated to St. Antony di Padua, by Pefaro ; 
 the lunette by Muziani j and the reft by his fcholars. 
 The Transfiguration in the laft chapel but one is by 
 Sermoneta ; and the paintings in the laft by Pefaro. ' Thq 
 head of Chrift on the altar of the xMadonna is by Cav, 
 d'Arpino : the Cherubims of metal by Lorenzetti : the 
 paintings over the cornice by P. Ottavio, a monk of this 
 convent; and the ovals in the middle aifle by others of 
 the monks. The lunette in the cloifter is painted by 
 
 Roflettio 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 5$ 
 
 Roffetti. Among the many objects of veneration In this 
 church, is the Bambino, or child Jefus, in filver, richly 
 adorned with precious ftones. It is expofed from Chriftmas 
 till Twelfth-day, and reforted to by a great concourfe of 
 people. 
 
 THE CAMPIDOGLIO. 
 
 This hill was firft called Mons Saturnius, from Saturn, 
 who firft lived here ; and, in the time of Romulus, the 
 Rock or Fortrefs. But we fhall foon prove that the rock 
 was only that part towards the Tiber. It was called 
 Capitolinus from a human head found here in digging the 
 foundation of the temple of Jupiter in the time of Tar- 
 (juiniuslPrifcus, and is now corrupted into Campidoglio. 
 
 Among the many celebrated edifices that formerly 
 occupied this hill, the principal was the Afylum, erected 
 by Romulus in order to people his new city. The houfe of 
 Romulus was compofed of canes, ruflies, &c. and every 
 year the priefts fuperftitioufly repaired it with fimilar 
 materials. Here was the Tabularium or Archive, where 
 were depofited the laws and confulta of the fenate, and 
 every other, public a£t, written on tables of bronze. 
 Vefpafian repaired the Capitol, and had three thoufand 
 new tables made, the former having been defaced, when 
 the library and other buildings were deftroyed by light- 
 ning. It is fuppofed to have ftood where the arches and 
 doric columns are now feen, behind the Senators' Palace, 
 towards the Campo Vaccino. In the lower apartments 
 was a fchool for the liberal arts, called the Athenian 
 fchool, and inftituted by the emperor Aurelian. The 
 Library was eftabliflied by Domitian, and is faid to have 
 been burnt in the civil war againft Vitellius. Here was 
 the Curia Calabra, where the minor pontifex ufed to con- 
 voke 
 
6o 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 voke the people, and proclaim the feftivals from the 
 calends to the lunar nones. Here alfo flood the houfe of 
 Manlius, the defender of the rock, deftroyed on account 
 of the treachery of its mafter. The temple of Juno 
 Moneta was built on its fite. The number of temples 
 on this hill was very confiderable : fome make them 
 amount to fixty. But the great quantity of ftatues in 
 marble, metal, filver, and gold, erected to heroes who had 
 jdeferved well of the republic, caufing great confufion, Au- 
 guftus removed great part of them to the Campus Martius. 
 
 All thefe nob,le edifices, once the ornament of the 
 miftrefs of tl?e world, have fallen a victim to the ravages 
 ©f time, and the {till moredeftruc'tive plunder of invading 
 barbarians. At jfirft this hill was only acceflible from the 
 fouth; but fince the Campus Martius was inhabited, 
 another road was opened towards the north. The firfl: 
 among the moderns who promoted the decoration of the 
 Carnpidoglio was Pope Paul III. who, after a defign of 
 Buonarotti, conftructed the fpacious fteps. 
 
 The two LionelTes of Egyptian marble at the foot of 
 thefe fteps, whofe mouths ferye for fountains, were brought 
 from the temple of Ifis. The torfo or trunk of a ftatue 
 in porphyry, with admirable drapery, is fuppofed to be a 
 Roma. The two grand coloflai ftatues of Greek marble 
 3t the top of the fteps, one reprefenting Caftor, the other 
 Pollux, with their horfes, were found in digging the 
 foundation of a fchool for the Jews. The two grand 
 trophies of Marius, on the baluftrade on each, fide the 
 fteps, finely fculptured in marble, were brought from the 
 .Caftello dell' Acqua Marzia, near the church of St. Eu- 
 febius, on the Efquiline hill. The other two ftatues are 
 the fons of Conftantine, and were found in his baths. 
 Of the two columns that follow, one is the miliariurr^ 
 
 from, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN HOME. 
 
 fr om which were reckoned the miles on all the roads. It 
 was erected by order of the emperor Vefpafian. The other, 
 with the metal ball, is faid to contain the aflies of Trajan. 
 
 In the middle of the fquare is the equeftrian ftatue of 
 Marcus Aurelius, of Corinthian metal, found in a vine- 
 yard near the Scala Santa in the time of Pius IV. and 
 then fet up in the Piazza del Laterano. But Paul IIL 
 in 1530, had it removed hither by Buonarotti, and placed 
 on this large pedeftal of marble, brought from the baths 
 of Trajan. 
 
 The three palaces belong to the Roman magiftrates* 
 Thofe to the right and left are ornamented with porticoes, 
 within and without, from a defign of Buonarotti. That 
 to the left was appropriated by Clem. XII. for a gallery of 
 ftatues, bufts, baffo- relievos, and other antiquities; and 
 the colle£tion was increafed by Bened. XIV. with many 
 other fcarce and beautiful marbles. Oppofite the entrance 
 is the famous recumbent ftatue of Marforius, fo called 
 from the Forum of Mars, where it was found. It forms 
 the principal figure of a fountain, over which are four 
 ftatues in the habit of Veftals. In the niches at the fides 
 are two antique Satyrs, with bafkets of grapes on their 
 heads. To the left is a ftatue drefled in the Toga Confu- 
 laris. In the door-ways are two Termini, and three 
 Confular Fafces, with a head of Plato over each door- 
 frame. To the right of the entrance are many praetorian 
 infcriptions, a Sow fuckling her young found in the Via 
 Appia, and a Tripod of fine Parian marble, of exquifite 
 workmanfhip, found in Adrian's Villa at Tivoli. Under 
 the architraves at the fides are two large Egyptian idols, 
 one of bafalbes, with a turret on her head, and hierogly- 
 phics on her back and fides ; the other is of red oriental 
 granite, with the flower lotus on her head, reprefenting 
 
 Ifis, 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Ifis. It was found in the Villa Verofpi, i n the VU 
 Salaria. Here alfo are many fepulchral marbles and 
 fome urns, bearing infcriptions. To the left is the 
 large tomb of marble, in which are faid to have 
 been dcpofited the aihes of Alex. Severus, and Julia 
 Mammea his mother, found in the time of Urban VIII. 
 in the Via Tufculana. It is ornamented with hiftorical 
 baflb-relievos. On the cover are the figures of the fame 
 emperor and his mother in a recumbent pofture, finely 
 executed. The front is fuppofed to reprefent the alliance 
 between the Romans and Sabines. The principal figures 
 are Romulus fitting in the curule chair, and Tatius. On 
 the right is an Augur fitting, with other perfons looking 
 on; and on the left a groupe of armed foldiers. Near 
 this is a fragment of one of the eight ftatues that adorned, 
 the triumphal arch of Conftantine. Oppofite to this is a 
 bronze foot of coloffal fize. In the middle of the front 
 is a pedeftal with a baflb-refievo, and a figure with an axe 
 in the left hand, reprefenting the province of Hungary, 
 
 as may be feen from the following infeription « Imperii 
 
 " Romani Provincial and on the bafe « Ungaria?." 
 Towards the flairs leading to the gallery, in a niche on 
 the right* is a ftatue of Pomona, with a mufical inftru- 
 ment in her right hand, a bunch of grapes in her left, and 
 another inftrument under her foot : all demonftrating her 
 joy at the abundance of the harveft. In the niche on the 
 left is a fine ftatue without a head, fuppofed to be an 
 Apollo. At the feet of thefe ftatues are two urns, on 
 Qne of which is fculptured a female figure furrounded by 
 fea-raonfters ; and on the other a hunt. Next to thefe are 
 two altars. On that to the right are exprefled in baflb- 
 relievo the labours of Hercules; and upon it is a Sybil's 
 head. Contiguous) to this is a fepulchral marble, with a 
 
 foot 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 63 
 
 foot of Hercules and a fragment of the Hydra. The 
 other altar to the left is fculptured with the birth of 
 Jupiter, and upon it is the ftatue of Endymion with his 
 dog. Then follows a naked Jupiter, and a. ftatue of 
 Minerva. At the fides are two pedeftals with inferiptions 
 found in the Pyramid of Caius Ceftus. On thefe pedef- 
 tals are two ftatues of Amaxons of excellent workman- 
 {hip; and next to thefe a cippo or cinerary urn. On« 
 iide bears the infeription " Salvos venire," and a woman 
 fitting with the helm of a (hip in her right hand, and a 
 cornucopia in her left : on the other fide is a woman on a 
 car, with a fliield in her hand, and the words " Salvos ire," 
 Next to this is an altar with fome half relievos, and upon 
 it another Minerva. 
 
 At the fides of the middle entrance of the court-yard 
 are two ftatues of women ; and near them two fepulchral 
 marbles, with inferiptions and baflb-relievos. To the 
 right, on another fuch marble, is a ftatue of Diana, with 
 her dog ; and near it another Diana of larger fize, with 
 other fepulchral marbles underneath; and in a niche a 
 Jupiter Tonans, or Thundering Jove. On the other fide 
 is a fitting ftatue of Silvanus or Pan, and a child recum- 
 bent at his feet. In the following niche is the ftatue of the 
 emperor Adrian in a prieft's habit, with his head covered, 
 a patera or bowl in his right hand, and a ferowl in his 
 left. Oppofite the flairs is a ftatue of Pyrrhus in armour, 
 efteemed an unique. On the right is a fmall column 
 fculptured with various tools ufed by mafons. It was 
 found in the Campo di Fiore, where thofe artifans ufed to 
 afltemble. Near this is a column of oriental alabafter, 
 nineteen palms high, and two and a third in diameter, found 
 in the bank of the Tiber, under the Aventine hill. In 
 that fpot it ftood on an ancient fquare altar, adorned with 
 
 hiftorical 
 
DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 hiftorical bafTo-relievos. In the front of it is a womaif 
 fitting, holding in her right hand the helm of a (hip, and 
 In her left the cornucopia, to fhow that from navigation 
 arifes abundance. On one fide is a Caduceus between 
 two cornucopia of fruit, reprefenting peace and plenty ; 
 and on the other feveral inftruments ufed in facrifice. 
 Here alfo are four ancient meafures of the Roman foot, 
 various tools ufed in building, fculptured on two ftones, 
 and a fmall bafTo-relievo in the wall, with an infcription 
 of Benedict XIV. ftiewing it to have been one of thofe 
 taken from the Vatican ; another from the villa Mattei ; 
 one from the palace Altieri; and one from that of 
 Marquis Capponi. In a niche to the left is a large 
 cinerary, with a bafTo-relievo, and an infcription on its 
 bafe, by which it appears to have adorned the fepulchre 
 of an architect. To the right is a room with feveral 
 idols of black Egyptian marble, found in Adrian's Villa. 
 In the middle is the famous crocodile of white marble ; 
 and near it, on a pedeftal, a fine idol with two faces, one 
 reprefenting Ifis with the flower lotus on her head, and 
 the other Apis. Next to this is an altar with the infcrip- 
 tion « Ifidi Sacr." ornamented with bafTo-relievos. To 
 the right is an Egyptian marble covered with hierogly* 
 phics, a buft of the Emp. Adrian, the Cynocephalus, 
 with the flower lotus on his head, an Anubis, and a 
 Canobus on a fmall fluted column of bafaltes. In the 
 niches are various idols of black Egyptian marble ; and 
 in the middle niche is a large ftatue, fuppofed to be an 
 Ifis, of paragon marble, of which the drapery is finely 
 executed. On the flair-cafe is the plan of ancient Rome 
 in marble, a gift of the King of Naples. Here alfo are 
 two bafTo-relievos from the arch called Portogallo in the 
 Via Flamjnia, the one reprefenting Marcus Aurelius 
 
 haranguing 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 65 
 
 haranguing the people, with a youth drefled in the toga 
 ftariding before him, fuppofed to be Lucius Verus ; the 
 other the deification of Fauftina. The two fine ftatues 
 in the niches are* Fauftina in the character of the Goddefs 
 of Modefty, with the word Pudicitia engraved on the 
 bafe, and Juno Sofpita, found in the ancient city 
 of Lavinia. At the top of the flairs is a large lion 
 of white marble, who appears tO guard the door, over 
 which is a bull of Meleager, finely fculptured. To the 
 left is a baflb-relievo, reprefenting a prieft with inftruments 
 of facrifice j and underneath a cinerary with baflb-relievos* 
 on the fides: on the front are fculptured feveral car* 
 penters' tools. Oppofite to this is an infcription com- 
 memorating the liberation of Vienna, with the affiftanee 
 of John Sobiefki, King of Poland,- plated here in the 
 time of Jnnocent XI. Near this isl a banc-relievo* 
 with a fick man making his will) under which is 
 a round piece of iVIofaic, in the center of a baflb-relievo of 
 the hiftory of Achilles ; another baflb-relievo, reprefent- 
 ing the Peace of Palmyra, an ancient piece of Mofaic* 
 with Hercules overcoming the lion,- and two' Coloffal 
 feet. 
 
 In the firft room the Walls are lined with fragments 
 and infcriptions,' with a cornice uniting them together, 
 diftributed according to the order of time from Tiberius* 
 to Theodofius. One hundred and twenty- two are 
 marked With the Imperial numbers, and Over the door is 
 an infcription in large characters-—" Augufti. Augufta-o 
 « Cefares et Confules." Each of thefe infcriptions has 
 furnifhed much fubjcct of inveftigation and ftudy to 
 antiquarians. They are a fpecie of medals to eftablifh 
 hiftorical facts, and many are the learned works to which 
 they have given rife. Turning to the right is an urn, on 
 
 Vot. L F which 
 
66 
 
 DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 which is reprefented Time, with his dogj and in his arm§ 
 a youth given over as dead, and fuppofed to reprefent 
 Adonis, or rather Endymion. Near him Diana defcends 
 from her car, led by Cupid, with his face averted, and 
 Venus points to him as to her lover. The three holes 
 in the cover were probably made to receive the funeral 
 libations. In the corner is a column of oriental marble 
 of various colours^ bearing a buft of Plautina. Next to 
 this is another urn, on which is reprefented Diana de- 
 fcending from her car to feek Endymion, who is fleeping, 
 furrounded by Cupids or Genii; and alfo the fame goddefs 
 returning to her can The cover is likewife adorned with 
 feveral figures; Next to this is a cinerary with infcrip- 
 tions of the lower ages, done for Probus Petronius* 
 of the family Anicia, infcribed with the confulfhip 
 of Valentine and Valentinian. The ftatue on it is of 
 coloffal fize, compofed of two pieces fo ingenioufly united 
 that the joint is invifible. It was found in Adrian's 
 Villa, and is fuppofed to reprefent Antinous coming from 
 the bath. On another urn are beautifully fculptured the 
 nine Mufes. To the right of thefe is Socrates ; and be- 
 fore him a female figure, veiled, reprefenting Philofophy, 
 in converfation with him. On the left, oppofite to her, is 
 Homer prefenting a volume, as an emblem of Poetry. 
 Round the cover are reprefented the pleafureS of the 
 Elyfian-fields. In the corner near the door is a column 
 with two infcriptionSj the one relating to Maxentius, 
 the other to Annia Regilla, wife of Herod. Next 
 to this is a marble with X figure of Cupid, and another full 
 of infcriptions, bearing a Mufe. Between the win- 
 dows is a large urn, with the battle of the Amazons in 
 baffo-relievo ; and upon it a Jupiter Ammon, or a Satyr, 
 with a mafk, To frhe left of the door is another 
 
 *rrn ? 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 6/ 
 
 tirn, in the baflb-relievo of which are reprefented the 
 different penods of huiman life, expreffed by the 
 rifing, the meridian, and the fetting Sunj in a car 
 drawn by four horfes; and in another car on the left 
 is Diana . veiled^ reprefenting night, the fymbol of death. 
 Prometheus forming a man of clay, is affifted by Minerva, 
 the goddefs of wifdom, who places a butterfly on his 
 head, reprefenting the infufion of the foul. Above 
 is a figure very attentive to thefe tranfacYions, and 
 thence forming the horofcope. On one fide, Cupid 
 and Pfyche embracing indicate the union of the foul with 
 the body. Here alfo are reprefented the elements) as 
 the food of life; viz. .^Eolus, king of the winds; a 
 fiver god recumbent, with the helm of a fhip in his right 
 hand ; and a woman with a cornucopia. Under the car 
 of Diana is a dead body, with another butterfly on the 
 wing, to denote the departure of the foul. A Genius 
 ftands by its fide, looking downwards, and holding a 
 garland in his right hand. A figure near the dead body 
 unfolds the volume) in which are regiftered the heroic 
 actions of the deceafed. The foul, reprefented as before 
 by Pfyche, is conducted by Mercury to the Elyfian-fields ; 
 and Prometheus tied to the tree, with the vulture feeding 
 on his bowels, reprefents future rewards and punifhments. 
 On the cover is a youth fleeping, with two poppies in his 
 hand, fuppofed to be fymbols of death, and guarded by a 
 dog. Hence it is thought that this figure reprefents 
 Diadumenus, fon of the Emp. Macrinus, who, through 
 the cruelty of Heliogabalus, was put to death at twelve 
 years of age, together with his father. 
 
 Here alfo are other cineraries with infcriptions, among 
 which is one bearing the buft of a youth, with the bulla 
 F 2 aur'ea 
 
£8 DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 aurea hanging from his neck ; and another of a round 
 form, with a cover, that belonged to the Colombario of 
 the Freedman of Livia. The noble vafe of white mari 
 ble which ftands in the center of the room on an altar$ 
 that ferves for its pedeftal, is executed with great delicacy 
 and beauty, and is believed to have Contained the allies of 
 fome illuftrious perfonage. It was found in the Via 
 Appia, near the fepulchre of Cecilia Metella. The altar 
 that fupports it is one of the fineft Etrufcan models. 
 The baffo-relievos round it reprefent the twelve greater 
 Deities. 
 
 The waits of the fecond room are alfo lined with 
 fragments and infcriptions, difpofed in chronological order, 
 and divided into clafTes, under .diftincT: titles. To the left 
 of the entrance, over the window, begins the title Sacra 
 et Sacrorum Miniftri. Twenty-one ftones compofe this 
 clafs. The next are entitled Praefecti Urbis et Milites, of 
 which there are twenty-eight : the next, Populi et Urbis, 
 confifts of twenty-feven : the Studia et Artes of fifteen ; 
 and the Publica ac Privata OfEca et Minifteria, of 
 twenty-nine. The Signa Figulinar. are enchafed in the 
 wall, and reprefent the merchandize of the figularia or 
 potters' (hops. Among thofe of the laft title, Lex Regia, 
 is ari ancient arid very celebrated infcription in bronze, 
 taken by Greg. XIII. from the Lateran, and placed here, 
 as the infcription over it mentions. It weighs 2147 
 pounds ; and many works have been written concerning 
 it, particularly by Gravina. The baflb-relievo over the 
 window reprefents the Forge of Vulcan, and the fabrica- 
 tion of the fhield of Mars. The fecond over the door 
 reprefents four cars loaded with vafes for facrifice, drawn 
 by griffins, tigers, ftagS, and various other animals, guided 
 by winged Genii. The third over the hall door exhibits' 
 
 a groups 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 a groupe of children, with the infcription, " Aurelia Sufilia 
 « Mater fecit Filiae Materne in Pace." To the right is a 
 groupe of two ftatues, fuppofed to be Mars and Venus : 
 then follows a ftatue of Apollo with his lyre, and a griffin 
 at his feet; a drunken Bacchanal, with a vafe of wine; a 
 cinerary, with inscriptions, executed at the college Tibi- 
 cini and Fidicini of the Romans : alfo a child, of excellent 
 fculpture, fitting on a goat's-fkin, and putting the mafk 
 of a bearded. Siivanus on his head ; and a Hercules de- 
 ftroying the Hydra by a flaming torch which he holds in 
 his hand. Then follows a ftatue of Pfyche, found in 
 Adrian's Villa: a Child and Swan on a fine cinerary j 
 and a young Hercules, on a fmall pedeftal, ftrangling 
 two ferpents. Underneath is a cinerary of four fides, 
 with the infcription " Soli San&iffimo Sacrum." On 
 one of the fronts is reprefented the God himfelf, with 
 his car drawn by four Griffins. Near this is a ftatue 
 of Politimus, a hunter and freedman, with a hare in 
 his right hand, and in his left a fpear. Next to this 
 is a moft beautiful groupe,. of exquifite workmanfhip, 
 faid to reprefent Caro and Bibbina embracing: they 
 are however generally fuppofed to be Cupid and 
 Pfyche. Near this is a terminus of a young woman 
 laughing, wrapt in a veil, with an infcription in Greek 
 characters, $« Mlh Patrophila.' ' By the fide of the 
 window are three round altars for facrifices, and in the 
 middle of each is the beak of a fhip. Under the beak of 
 the firft is fculpturcd /Eolus, with the infcription " Ara 
 « Ventorum " Under the fecond is a (hip, with the words 
 « Ara Tranquilitatis." Under the beak of the third is 
 Neptune, and the infcription «. Ara Neptuni." On thefe 
 altars ftand three heads of fine workmanfliip, the firft fup- 
 pofed. to be Hercules, the fecond Plato, and the third uiw 
 
 F 3 knowr*, 
 
7 o 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 known. Thefe three altars, as Volpi writes, were found 
 near the ancient fea-port of Antium. The two Fauns, 
 with their inftruments, are of excellent workmanfliip j 
 and in the corner is a terminus, reprefenting a Silvanus 
 wrapt in a lion's-fkin. In the middle of the room is the 
 celebrated ftatue of Agrjppina fitting, of which the drapery 
 is extremely fine. 
 
 The large hall is decorated with door-frames and pilaf- 
 ters all round. Only three of the doors are real. Thefe 
 are adorned without and within with fine marble, and the 
 falfe doors with fhicco, and bufts over them, to cor- 
 refpond with the others; but their*fubjecls are unknown. 
 This hall contains thirty valuable ftatues, on noble 
 pedeftals, difpofed with beautiful fymmetry around. On 
 the left of the entrance is the ftatue of the bona Dea, 
 with a patera in her right hand, and a fpear in her 
 left, found on (he Aventine-hill, where her temple flood. 
 The four between the firft and fecond windows are, 
 Venus, Leda embracing Jupiter in the form of a Swan, a 
 dancing Faun, and a Ptolemy Apion in the character of 
 Apollo. The four between the fecond and third windows 
 are, an Amazon pointing to a wound in her breaft x a 
 Diana, a Juno in the character of a Mufe, with a diadem 
 on her head, holding a flute in her right hand and a; 
 mafic in her left, and a. Pandora holding a vafe with both 
 hands. In the corner is a Juno, of mafterly workmanftup, 
 holding a fceptre. Near this is a Faun found in Adrian's 
 villa, a Clem. XII. in bronze, modelled by Pietro Bracci, 
 ?i Marius in the confular toga, a naked Auguftus, as a 
 God, holding the globe in his right hand and a fceptre in 
 his left, a ftatue fuppofed to be Lucilla daughter of Mar-* 
 cus Aurelius and wife of Lucius Verus, holding a lighted 
 ^orch in her right hand and fome poppies and ears of corn 
 
 in 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. Jt ' 
 
 in her left, an Antinous, a naked Adrian, with a helmet 
 -an Apollo, with a fwan at his feet, and a Julia Pia 
 in the character of the goddefs Modefty. The door 
 leading to the gallery is decorated with two columns 
 of giallo antico, each fupporting a buft. In the angles 
 over the door are two Victories, fupporting the arms of 
 Clem. XII. with one hand, and with the other holding a 
 palm branch, both taken from the Arch of Marcus Au, 
 relius. In the fpace over the door is a bafTo-relievo re- 
 prefenting the river god Tiber, with the wolf fuckling 
 Romulus and Remus. The following ftatues are, an Ifis, 
 with fhe flower lotus on her head, the fyftrum in her 
 right hand, and a jug in her left ; a Ptolemy, naked ; a 
 Marcus Aurelius in the military drefs; an old woman, 
 fuppofed to be a Praefica, or hired mourner; and a Mi- 
 nerva, with the Grecian helmet on her head, the regis on 
 her breaft, the fpear in her right hand, and the ftiield in 
 her left. The next is fuppofed to be Hygeia, or the God- 
 defs of Health, with a ferpent in her right hand, and a 
 patera in her left. Then follows a woman, fuppofed to 
 be the goddefs Flora, with a garland of flowers in her 
 hand, and the flower lotus on her head. The metal flatus 
 of Innocent X. is the work of Algardi. 
 
 In the middle of the room is the Egyptian idol Siris, 
 The ftatue to the right is Harpocrates, the God of 
 Silence ; and that to the left Antinous, of admirable 
 Greek workmanfhip. By the fide of thefe are the two 
 Gladiators : that to the right, which is recumbent, is called 
 Mirmillo. This figure is fingularly beautiful, and efteem- 
 ed a model of perfection. He is reprefented as mortally 
 wounded, and in the agonies of death, of which the ex- 
 preflion is wonderfully natural. The mufcles are fo well 
 executed, that it excites aftonifhment in every admirer of 
 F 4 the 
 
*]% DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the fine arts. The other to the left appears falling in 
 the combat. Here alfo are two pieces of Mofaic pave*> 
 ment, of the hall of the Emp. Adrian at Tivoli, converted 
 into tables ; and two Centaurs in paragon marble, with 
 their hands tied behind them, found in the fame place. 
 Around the. room are thirty-eight bufis, moftly of un- 
 known perfonages, but of very fine fculpture. 
 
 In the next room, which is ornamented with fome 
 baffo-relievos, is a collection of huffs and heads of philo- 
 fpphers, orators, poets, and other illuftrious men. Begin- 
 ning with the upper row, the firft is Apuleius, the next 
 Virgil » then Afclepiades, whofe name is infcribed in 
 Greek characters ; three bufts of Pithacus, one of Demo- 
 critus the Abderite, Ariftotle, Agatho of Eretria, and a 
 Poffidonius. Then follow, two unknown bufts, two of 
 Heraclitus, two of Democritus, three of Socrates, an Al- 
 cibiades, Carneades, Ariitides, Hippocrates, and Seneca ; 
 five of Plato, two of which bear his name; a Junius 
 F^ufticus, Theophraftus, Dionyfius Udicenfis ; Marcus 
 Aurelius, at once an emperor and a philofopherj Dio- 
 genes the Cynic, Thales the Milefian, and firft of the 
 feven wife men of Greece; Theon, a Platonic philofopher; 
 Mago, a Carthaginian i two of Pythagoras ; Hiero, King 
 of Syracufe; -an unknown head, an Ariftophanes ; two 
 termini of Terence; two bufts of Pindar, Perfeus Flac- 
 cus, Anacreon; an unknown buft, two termini, three 
 heads of Aratus the poet of Cilicia, and three termini, 
 fuppofed to be of Euripides. Beginning the next row, 
 after a terminus unknown, and a Philemqn, follow three 
 bufts and two termini, all unknown ; two more termini, 
 fuppofed to be of Pergamus ; four more, believed to be 
 pf. Homer, Afpafia, Cleopatra; a terminus of Sappho, 
 Anftpmachus, another terminus of Sappho, Leodemus, 
 
 with. 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 jvith his name infcribed ; Euripides, Lyfias the orator, 
 Ifocrates, Metius Epaphroditus, Herodotus the celebrated 
 hiftorian, Thucydides, two termini unknown, an excellent 
 ihtue of Zeno the ftoic, two termini unknown, Pytha- 
 dorus, a celebrated Athleta, with that word infcribed in 
 Greek characters ; three termini unknown, four unknown 
 heads, a buft of Cicero, a Ptolemy king of Egypt, and a 
 Bacchus : two unknown heads, a Bacchanal, an Archytas 
 of Tarentum, and an Archimedes. In the middle of the 
 room is a terminus with two heads, one of Epicurus, the 
 other of Metrodorus, and a fon and daughter of Niobe. 
 The baflb-relievo, with beaks of fhips, heads of oxen, 
 garlands, feftoons, and inftruments for facrifiqe, adorned 
 the temple of Neptune in the Campo Verano, now the 
 church of St. Lorenzo without the walls. Over the 
 door is the death of Meleager, with his father Oenus 
 weeping, and Afalanta and others mournfully attending 
 him. Among thefe is a woman, who puts in his mouth the 
 obolus, or money to pay his paffage to the Elyfian-fields. 
 The fecond on the right reprefents the Comic Mufe, fit, 
 ting with a mafk in her hand. Below are two naked 
 figures, with their hands tied. The third is Diana with a 
 dog, and the head of a boar. The laft baffo-relievo on 
 this fide is Apollo, with a Mufe. Oppofite the window 
 are three more. The firft reprefents a dead man carried 
 out. The fecond reprefents the ceremonies performed in 
 burning the dead, while a corpfe is carried by two men, 
 accompanied by female mourners. In the third is an 
 jEfculapius fitting, and a woman refting on a fmall co- 
 lumn, with a large ferpent at her feet, from which cir- 
 cumftance fhe is fuppofed to be Hygeia. On the fourth 
 wall of the room are four more baflb- relievos. The firft 
 feprefents a Victory on a triumphal car. On the fecond, 
 
74 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 is a female figure, fculptured in roffo-antico, with a fer- 
 pent eating out of a patera me holds in her hand. At 
 her feet is a woman in a fupplicating pofture, offering an 
 apple, with a vafe of liquor, foppofed to allude to the 
 orgies of Bacchus. The third reprefents three women 
 following a naked Faun, blowing a horn. Underneath is 
 the name of Callimachus, from which it is fuppofed this 
 is the baffo-relievo Pliny fpeaks of, lib. 34, cap. 8. Over 
 the door leading to the collection of the Gcfars, is a baffo- 
 relievo, fuppofed to have belonged to fome fepulchral urn. 
 It reprefents Hecate cutting the thread of life. In the 
 middle are Jupiter and Minerva, with a Matron, who 
 prefents a child to the latter, and a figure with another 
 on its back, laughing and ftretching its hands towards 
 heaven. By the window are two more baffo-relievos. 
 O^e of them reprefents a woman playing the lyre and 
 finging, and a cat leaping at two ducks on a branch of a 
 tree. That to the left reprefents a, fmall temple, with- 
 many buildings around. 
 
 The next room contains bufts of emperors, baffo- 
 relieVos, &c. The firft baffo-relievo over the window re, 
 prefents children or genii playing with a car, or putting 
 themfelves in bacchanalian attitudes, The companion 
 to this, over the firft window in front, reprefents feveral 
 figures, together with fatyrs, lions, and tigers. In the 
 middle of the fame fide of the room is a baffo-relievo 
 rcprefenting a boar-hunt; and over the fecond window is 
 another, with elephants and other animals. In a niche 
 handfomely decorated is the celebrated buff of Jupiter 
 della Valle, To called becaufe it was over the door of the 
 palace of that family. Between two baffo-relievos (the 
 one reprefenting Andromeda liberated by Perfeus from 
 the Monfter, the other Endymion fleeping, and his dog 
 
 barking 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 75 
 
 barking at the moon), is the coloflal buft of Marcus 
 A^rippa ; and over the door a votive table, on which are 
 fculptured Hercules and Mercury. Under this is a river 
 God. On the left fide are two Nymphs carrying a youth 
 with a vafe in his right hand, and in another three 
 women arm in arm, reprefenting the three Graces. The 
 ftatue of black bafaltes reprefents a young Hercules naked, 
 with the lion's (kin on his head, and was found in the 
 Aventine-hill, where a temple dedicated to him is faid 
 to have ftood. This ftatue is very valuable on account 
 of its beautiful fculpture. That of white marble repre- 
 fents a young Sabine in the chara&er of Flora, of the 
 beft workmanfhip. The other is a Venus, well executed. 
 The bufts of the emperors in the upper row are thofe of 
 Julius Caefar, Auguftus, his nephew Marcellus, two of 
 Tiberius, his brother Drufus, a woman, fuppofed to be 
 Antonia his wife, Germanicus and Agrippina his wife, 
 two of Caligula, a Claudius, two women, fuppofed to be 
 Meflalina and Agrippina his wives, two of Nero, Poppaea 
 his fecond wife, a fine Galba, an Otho, Vitellius, Vefpa- 
 fian, Titus, his daughter Julia, Domitian, and Domitia his 
 wife, Nerva, two of Trajan, Plautina his wife, Marciana 
 his filler, and Matidia his daughter ; three of Adrian (one 
 of which is of oriental alabafter, except the head), Julia 
 Sabina his wife,. iElian the adopted fon of Adrian, Anti- 
 nous, Antoninus Pius, two of the elder Fauftina his wife, 
 and four of Marcus Aurelius, two of which were done in 
 his youth. In the fecond row are the younger Fauftina, 
 Annius Verus, Lucius Verus, a fine Lucilla his wife, 
 a Commodus (when young), two heads and a buft of 
 Chriftina his wife, Pertinax, Manlia Scantilla, Pefcennius 
 Niger, Clodius Albinus, three of Septimius Sevetus (one 
 of which has the buft of agate), Julia Pia his wife, two 
 
 of 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 ©f Caracalla, Geta his brother, M. Opilius Macrinus, a 
 very fine Diadumenus his fori, the buft of which is of 
 alabafterj Heliogabalus, and Annia Fauftina his wife, 
 Maxirninus and his fbn Maximus, the two Gordians 
 (father and fon), Pupienus, Gordianus Pius, Philip the 
 younger, Trajan Decius, Erennius and Hoftilianus his 
 fons, Trebonius Gallus, two of Volufianus, a head and a 
 buft of Gallienusj Cornelia Salonina his wife, Cornelius 
 Salonius his fon ? M. Aurelius Carinus, and Julian Apof- 
 tate. 
 
 Entering the gallery, its walls exhibit one hundred and 
 eighty-eight ftones belonging to the Colombario of Livia 
 Augufta, found in the Via Appia, and publifted by the 
 learned Monfig. Bianchini. The Roman numbers, with 
 which they are diftinguifhed, denote the order in which 
 they were found j the Arabic number, the form and feries 
 in which they are defcribed by the above prelate. Over 
 them,, in large characters, is the following infcription :■ 
 tt TituK Veteris Columbarii Servor. et Libert. Li via? 
 w Auguftae." Oppofite the hall door are two fluted 
 columns of a marble called by the moderns porta fanta, 
 and by the ancients lapis Chius, from the ifland of Scia 
 or Chios, in the Archipelago * They are twelve palms 
 high, two and a half in diameter, and of the Compofite 
 order. They bear two heads, one of Hercules, the other 
 a Bacchanal. To the left of the door, near the columns, 
 are two monuments with figures on their cineraries, which 
 fkand in the window, and exhibit, befides infcriptions, a 
 patera, vafe, and other fymbols. Next to thefe is the 
 ftatue of Ceres covered with a vefr, tied under her breaft, 
 with ears of corn and poppies in her hand. It is placed, 
 
 * Vide MytincIIi, 
 
 on 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN RO^E. *}J 
 
 bn an altar ornamented with bafib-relievos on its fides. 
 Near this is a buft on a pedeftal, refembling Trajan, and 
 one of Adrian with a mafk, of oriental alabafter. Then 
 follows an Apollo, and a fine buft of Antoninus Pius. 
 On each fide of the large window are two ifuperb columns, 
 fupporting two heads of Juno. Between them is a large 
 urn, with a beautiful baffo-relievo reprefenting nymphs 
 and fea-monfters. On a pedeftal on the other fide is a 
 large buft of Trajan d retted in armour, with a crown of 
 oak on his head, and a ftatue of Bacchus wrapt in a 
 goat's (kin, holding a bunch of grapes, with a tiger at his 
 feet j a buft of Scipio Africanus, and another, fuppofed to 
 be Lucretia. The Conful fitting placed on a round altar 
 is fuppofed to be Lucius Sylla : the next in a niche is 
 Diana Lucifera. At the feet of this ftatue are two fepul- 
 chral urns, with their infcriptions. Near thefe is a half 
 ftatue of a Mufe, with her ears bored, affording a teftimony 
 of the ancient ufe of ear-rings, fome of which have 
 been found in fepulchral urns. Then follows a pair of 
 uncommon ftatues of negro-antico, found among the ruins 
 of the ancient Antium : one "of thefe reprefents JECciHa.- 
 pius with his ferpent, and the other Jupiter holding a 
 thunderbolt, botli placed on ancient altars, with reprefent- 
 ations of facrifices. On each fide of the door is a vafe, 
 and near them another half figure of a Mufe, and a 
 ftatue of a woman, who appears to be coming out of a 
 bath, partly covered with drapery, and fuppofed to be 
 Marciana, fitter of Trajan. At the foot of this ftatue is- 
 a fepulchral urn, with a bafto-relieVo reprefenting the 
 rape of Proferpine by Pluto. They are in a car drawn 
 by horfes, guided by Mercury, while Ceres purfues them 
 in another car drawn by ferpents. Above this is a fmall 
 ftatue of a river god, fuppofed to reprefcnt the Nile ; and 
 
 sear 
 
?8 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 near it is a cinerary with a fmall baftWelievoj infcripj 
 tions, &c. Near this are two fmall ftatues, one of 
 Rome, the other of Juno, facing each other; a Mufe in 
 a niche* and fome fepulchral marbles oppofite. 
 
 To the left of this collection is the laft room, contain-* 
 Ing mifcellaneous heads and bufls, partly duplicates and 
 partly unknown, together with fome ftatues. The walls 
 are covered with ancient fepulchral ftortes and infcriptions. 
 To the left of the entrance is a head bearing the name of 
 Gabriel Faernus Crem, , a man of great eminence j and a 
 head of Jupiter Serapis. The firft in the fecond row is 
 a head of Silvanus, and a buft of Ariadne, daughter of 
 the king of Crete. In the upper row towards the court- 
 yard is a head of Mercury. Then follow four more 
 heads, a buft of alabafter, the head of which is white 
 marbtej and five bufts unknown. The two firft heads 
 on the middle row are fuppofed to be veftals : then follow 
 a head of Paris, a buft and two heads unknown, a Jupiter 
 Ammon, with ram's horns, two bufts unknown, a buft 
 with the words « M. Aurelius Anaielion," on the bafe, 
 a head unknown, and a Cecrops. In the lower row 
 are a woman unknown, a cinerary with inferiptions* 
 a fmall buft of Plato, another cinerary with infcrip- 
 tions* and a head of a woman unknown. On the 
 firft row towards the window is a head unknown, a 
 buft of Domitius Ahenobarbus, father of Nero, a head 
 unknown, a ftatue of a child playing with a dove, a 
 head and a buft unknown, a fmall head of fmalt, with 
 the eyes of filver, fuppofed to be a Venus ; a buft of ala- 
 bafter, a buft of Marcus Brutus, unique, a buft and head 
 unknown, a fmall ftatue of Alexander the Great, of 
 beautiful fculpture, very fcarce; a head of Trajan, a 
 fcarce buft of Torcio, with the name of the artift, and 
 
 Plautina 
 
ANClENf AND' MODERN ROME. 
 
 79 
 
 Hautina the wife of Trajan. In the fecond row are fix 
 bufts unknown, a Diana., and feven more unknown bufts. 
 In the third row is a cinerary with infcriptions, a buffe 
 unknown, a cinerary, with a fmall baffo-relievo occupy- 
 ino- the middle, two heads unknown, the head of a Gla- 
 diator, with an iron guard j a cinerary with infcriptions, 
 a buft unknown, and another cinerary with infcriptions. 
 In the door-fpace oppofite the window is a fragment of a 
 foot, with the head of a tiger, of oriental alabafter. 
 Near this is the Agrippina fitting with the infant Nero 
 in the Prsetexta, the bulla aurea on his breaft, and a 
 book in his hand. To the left of this is a terminus with 
 the head of Plato. An unknown head begins the next 
 upper row : then follows a fmall ffatue of the Ephefian 
 Diana, with extended arms, originally an Egyptian 
 goddef?, and called by fome Terra ; an unknown head, 
 a buft of Pan, a half-relievo with Agrippina, a head of 
 Auguftus, another fmall ftatue of the Ephefian Diana 
 fimilar to the former, except that the head, hands, and 
 feet are of metal. Near this is an unknown head, a half 
 relievo of Nero, a fcarce buft, fuppofed to be Pompey the 
 Great, a head unknown, a Satyr covered with the fkin 
 of a goat, and another head unknown. The head of an 
 Amazon begins the fecond row, then a head with an 
 infcription, a buft and two heads unknown,- a buft of 
 Lucilla wife of Lucius Verus, a head unknown, a head of 
 Cato, two bufts unknown, and the head of an Amazon. 
 The third row begins with a head unknown, a cinerary 
 with infcriptions, a Janus, another cinerary with infcrip- 
 tions, and two heads unknown. In the door-fpace oppo- 
 fite the window is a Ceres fitting, with a double terminus 
 on each fide: and in thelaft divifion in front, on the upper 
 bafement, is a head unknown, a Bacchanal, a Venus, and 
 
 a Juno, 
 
So 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 a Juno, with another unknown; and on the lower base- 
 ment a head of a Faun, a Bacchanal, a coloflal head of 
 Alexander the Great of excellent fculpture, a Bacchanal^ 
 and a Bacchus. In the middle of the room is a ftatue of 
 that rare and valuable marble roflb-antico, reprefenting a 
 Faun with grapes in his hand, the fkin of a goat on his 
 fhoulder, another goat at his feet, and one foot on 
 a bafket ; and a fmall Diana Triformis of bronze, on a' 
 pedeftal ornamented with porphyry and other precious 
 marbles. In the window is an ancient ftatera, with 
 weights, reprefenting a Roman teftina } a metal tripod, 
 and other utenfils of the fame materials, various weights 
 of marble, an ancient metal eandleftick, and a large vafe. 
 In the Wall by the fide of the window is a piece of metal 
 with infcriptionSj addreffed to the Errp. Septimhis Severus. 
 On the other fide is a reprefentation of Homer's Iliad,' 
 with figures and characters,, of very delicate workmanfhip ; 
 and to the right of the entrance is a very celebrated and 
 moft beautiful Mofaic, reprefenting three doves drinking 
 out of a bafon, compofed of ftones fo fmall as to be fcarce 
 difcernible, or the whole diftinguifhed from the moft 
 delicate painting. Four volumes in folio have been 
 written on thefe wonderfully fine iculptures,- and it 
 requires full half a day to examine them with atten- 
 tion. 
 
 The above-mentioned ftatues of Antinous, Apollo, the 
 groupe of Cupid and Pfyche, the dying Gladiator, a 
 Veftal, a Juno, an Egyptian ftatue,. a Faun, a Venusi» 
 Flora, Zeno, Urania, Ceres, an Egyptian figure, an 
 Alexander, the bufts of Ariadne, Horner,- and Marcus 
 Brutus, the Tomb of the Mufes with its cover, that 
 reprefenting the Triumph of the Marine Gods, and the- 
 grand Tripod,, are now removed to Paris. 
 
 The 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 The palace in the middle of the Campidoglio} now 
 the refidence of the fenator of Rome, was built after a 
 defign of Duca, a Sicilian, and fcholar of Buonarotti, who 
 alfd defigned the double flight of fteps, and the fountain^ 
 With the fitting ftatue of Rome in' porphyry, and two 
 river-godsj one of the Nile, the other of the Danube. 
 
 In the hall are the ftatues of Carlo d'Angio, king of 
 Naples and fenator of Rome; of Paul III. and of 
 Greg. XIII. who added the tower to this palace, and 
 furnifhed it with two large bells, one of which being 
 ftruck with a hammer gives notice of a general council^ 
 the other of an audience or trial before the Tribunale 
 Capitolino, that court being held in the hall. It has 
 a prifon underneath. 
 
 In the palace on the right the Roman magiftrates afTem- 
 ble, and give audience. The rooms under the portico 
 are appropriated to an academy of arts. In the court- 
 yard of this edifice, the firft ftatue on the right is Julius 
 Caefar,with this infcription, " S. P. Q^R. C. Julio Caefari, 
 " Diet, perpetuo." To the left is that of Auguftus, with 
 this infcription, " S. P. Q.R.-Imp; Csefari Divi F. Au-* 
 " gufto." At the further end of the court-yard, under 
 the portico, which is by Buonarotti, is the ftatue of Rome 
 fitting, on the pedefhl of which, in baffo-relievo, are 
 reprefented the fubjugated Dacians. To the right and 
 left are two captive kings without hands, of admirable 
 workmanfhip, in black marble : alfo two Egyptian idols, 
 found at the Porta Salaria. In the court-yard . are two 
 coloftal heads, one in Grecian marble of Domitian, the 
 other in metal of Commodus, and a hand of the fame. 
 The two feet and a hand, of Greek marble, are fuppofed 
 to be parts of a coloffal ftatue of Apollo, thirty cubits 
 high. The lion feizing a horfe was found in the water 
 
 Vol. L G near 
 
B2 
 
 iiE6CRiPTI0N OF 
 
 near a mill out of the gate of St. Paolo, and is of fine 
 Grecian workmanfhip. Farther on is a piece of marble 
 on which are delineated the meafures of merchants and 
 architects. The fepulchral marble, with the infcription 
 of Agrippina, wife of Germanicus, is faid to have contained 
 her afhes. At the foot of the flairs is the columna 
 roftrata, formerly erected in the forum as a trophy in 
 honour of C. Duillius, for his victory over the Carthagi- 
 nians, he being the firft who obtained a naval triumph. 
 Here alfo is a baffo-relievo reprefenting Curtius plunging 
 into the gulph* Higher up is a lion in marble, a ftatue 
 of a Mufe, and two more of Urania and Thalia. In the 
 wall of the fmall court-yard are four baflb-relievos from 
 the triumphal arch of Marcus Aurelius. In one of thefe 
 he is represented returning to Rome triumphant, after 
 having obtained a victory over the Parthians. In the 
 next, the fame prince is offering facrifice before the temple 
 of Jupiter Capitolinusj In the third he is on horfebaclc, 
 difcourfing with his Praetors. The laft is the figure of 
 Rome, fubmitting the globe to the imperial government. 
 Higher up on the left are the tablets of the magiftrates, 
 ancient and modern, among which are fome reprefenting 
 the magiftrates in the time of Pertinax. 
 
 In the large hall in the apartment are the ftatues of 
 four popes. Sixtus V. of bronze, was modelled by Fon- 
 tana, and Caft by Landini. Urban VIII. in marble, is 
 by Bernini : Leo X. by Duca, a Sicilian ; and the other 
 Paul IV. Here alfo are the bufts of the Queens of 
 Sweden and Poland, who died in Rome. Near thefe, and 
 fixed in the wall, is a fturgeon of marble, which was an 
 ancient meafure for that fifh. The heads of all fturo-eons 
 
 O 
 
 brought to Rome, that meafured this length, were given 
 to the Roman magiftrates ; a cuftom ftill obferved with 
 
 the 
 
Ancient and modern rome. 
 
 the greateft rigour. The hiftorical paintings in frefco 
 are by Cav. d'Arpino. One of them reprefents Romulus 
 and Remus with the wolf, as found by Fauftulus under 
 the Ficus Ruminalis, at the foot of the Palatine-hill, 
 together with his wife Acca Laurentia. The others 
 pour tray Romulus following the plough, marking out the 
 limits of Rome; the facrifice of Numa with the Veftals ; 
 the rape of the Sabine women ; the terrible battle between 
 the Romans and the Veientes, the former under Tullus 
 Hoftilius, and the latter under Metius Suffetlus; and 
 the battle of the Horatii and Cufiatii in fight of both 
 camps. 
 
 In the fecond room, many heroic actions of the Romans 
 are painted in frefco by Laureti, a Sicilian. The firfr. On 
 the left reprefents the hiftory of Mutius Scaevola : the next 
 Brutus, the firft conful, driving Tarquin the Proud from 
 Rome. Then follow Brutus and Collatinus. Below 
 thefe is a youth beheaded, with a woman in a fupplicating 
 attitude, begging for the life of his brother, who is about 
 to undergo the fame fate : the female figure is the wife 
 of Brutus, and the youths are his fons, condemned by their 
 father for having confpired to replace Tarquin on the 
 throne. The laft reprefents Horatius Qocles fighting 
 againft King Porfenna and all his army, on the 
 Sublician bridge. The ftatues are, Alexander Farnefe, 
 Duke of Parma, and Governor of Flanders : Carlo Bar- 
 berini, a general in the reign of Urban VIII. Francefco 
 Aldobrandini, a general in the reign of Clement IX. and 
 Marc' Antonio Colonna, a general in the reign of Pius V. 
 The burrs are faid to be, Julius Csfar, Adrian, Caracalla, 
 and Lucretia, the pedeftals of which are ancient mea- 
 fures of wine, oil, and corn. The fine columns of verde 
 antico were found in the priifon of the Campidoglio, on 
 G 2 the 
 
INSCRIPTION OF 
 
 the capitals of which are the heads of Septimius Severus, 
 and another unknown. Here is alfo a buft, of Virgilio 
 Cefarini, a portrait of Flaminius Delphinus, a terminus, 
 and a wolf of ancient marble, with Romulus and Re- 
 mus. 
 
 The frieze of the next antichamber is painted in frefco 
 by Daniel da Volterra, with the triumph of the conful 
 Marius. Here is the fine groupe in bronze of the Wolf 
 with Rornulus and Remus, found near the church of St. 
 Theodore, and which, at the death of Julius Caefar, was 
 faid to have been ftruck by lightning in the hind foot, 
 where the mark of it may ftill be feen. Next to this was a 
 bronze ftatue of the celebrated courier Gneus Pecorarius, 
 called by fome Martius, taking a thorn from his foot, after 
 having run to Rome and informed the Senate of the approach 
 of the Gauls, for which they decreed him this ftatue. 
 Near this was a fcarce head of Junius Brutus, the firft 
 Roman conful,* and the ftatue of one of the twelve Ca- 
 milli that faved Rome from fire in the time of the Re- 
 public, both of bronze with filver eyes. Next to thefe is 
 a fmall ftatue of a veftal, fuppofed to be Rhea Sylvia, the 
 mother of Romulus and Remus : two bufts, one of Carfar, 
 the other of Adrian : a baflb-relievo reprefenting the 
 temple of Janus, and the four feafons : a groupe, confift- 
 ing of three figures, reprefenting Diana Triformis, or 
 Luna, Diana, and Hecate : a half figure of Apollo, and 
 the buft of Meflalina, wife of Claudius : the picture of 
 St. Francefca Romana, done in an excellent manner, faid 
 to be by Romanelli : Chrift taken down from the Crofs, 
 painted on flate by Cofmo Piazza ; and two fingular 
 bufts in niches. 
 
 * Both thefe are now ren oved to iWis. 
 
 In 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 S'5 
 
 In the room called the gallery are many pieces of marble 
 fixed in the wall, with various defignations of the 
 ancient magiftrates till the time of Auguftus, feveral frag- 
 ments of confular fafces, a head of Mithridates, and a fine 
 trophy over the chimney, with two fmall metal figures, 
 fuppofed to be Penates, or houfehold gods. Underneath 
 are two fmall ftatues of marble, reprefenting Genii ; and 
 at the fides a buft of Pallas, one of a Bacchanal, and 
 two bufts unknown. Here are alfo infcriptions comme- 
 morating the victory of Marc' Antonio Colonna over the 
 Turks in the year 1571, finely ornamented with a baflb- 
 relievo: the other the victory obtained by Alexander 
 Farnefe. 
 
 In the next room, where the magiftrates give audience, 
 are bufts of Appius Claudius, of Egyptian marble; a 
 Medufa, a Michael Angelo, with a head of bronze, a 
 Lucius Verus, two metal Geefe found in the ruins of 
 Mount Ccelius, a curious vafe, with a head of Ifis in 
 metal, found in the garden of Salluft; two unknown 
 bufts ; thofe of Scipio and Vulpius Trajan, confute ; 
 a picture of the Holy Family, by Julio Romano ; and on 
 the frieze of the room are painted in frefco the Olympic 
 games. 
 
 The frieze of the next room, which is hung with, 
 tapeftry, is finely painted with the actions of Scipio, by 
 Annibal Caracci. In the corners are four fine bufts: a 
 Sappho, Socrates, Ariadne, and Poppasa the wife of 
 Nero. 
 
 The paintings in frefco in the next room, called the 
 Hercules, are by Pietro Perugino, one of which reprefents 
 Rome triumphant : the next, Hannibal on an elephant, 
 paffing the Alps to enter Italy: another, the fame general 
 fitting, and holding a council of war with his, officers ; 
 
 G 3 the 
 
86 
 
 DESCRIPTION QF 
 
 the fourth reprefents the naval battle between C. Lutatius 
 Catullus the Roman commander, and Hamilcar the Car- 
 thaginian: and the fifth the triumph of Lutatius. Here 
 are the fine ftatues of the god of filence fitting, a Sibyl, 
 and a Ceres : the hufts of L. Cornelius the Praetor, and 
 Adrian : two confular ftatues of Latin fculpture, one faid 
 to be Virgil (with a modern head by Fancelli), the other 
 Cicero. But that which above all merits observation is 
 the famous ftatue of Hercules in bronze, found in the 
 Jtorurn Boarium, on the fite of the Ara Maxima. In the 
 niches are five ftatues of youths, and fome modern 
 inferiptions. The chapel of the Confervatori is beautifully 
 decorated, and enriched with paintings, among which is 
 the altar-piece by Perugino. 
 
 Adjoining this is a gallery of about three hundred, 
 pictures by the moft celeb; ated artifts, collected by Benedict 
 XIV. fome of which adorned the palaces of Prince Pio di 
 Carpi, and that of the Marquis Sacchetti. On the firft fide 
 of the room is a large picture of Bacchus and Ariadne in 
 the ifland of Crete, with other figures, by Guido Reni. 
 St. Helen with the Crofs by Paul Veronefe. The blefTed 
 Virgin, St. Ann, with the Angels, by the fame. The Perfian 
 Sibyl by Guercino. The Magdalen by Francefco Albano. 
 Another Magdalen by Tintoret. Queen Efther before 
 Ahafuerus by Mola. Hagar and Ifhmael by the fame. 
 St. Francis d'Affifi by Ludovico Caracci. The Holy 
 Family by Mignard. St. Sebaftian by the fcholars of 
 Guido. Another of the fame by L. Caracci. A portrait 
 of two Children by the fcholars of Guido. A portrait 
 of a Woman by the fcholars of Titian. A portrait 
 by Dofio da Ferrara. Two portraits by the fcho- 
 lars of Titian. St. Jerome by Guido. Another by 
 Albano. A portrait of a Man and Dog by L. Caracci. 
 
 A por- 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 87 
 
 A portrait of a Woman, a blefied Virgin and Child, 
 St. Catharine, St. Jofeph, and St. Francis, by L. Caracci. 
 The holy Family, with St. Catharine, by Garofalo, 
 Another holy Family by the fame. St. Cecilia by Ro-* 
 manelli. The Communion of St. Jerome by L. Caracci. 
 A fmall picture, with the Marriage of St. Catharine, by 
 Raphael da Reggio. Another, with the Virgin and Child, 
 by Annibal Caracci. St. Cecilia playing the Organ, with 
 the Virgin, Child, a Carmelite Saint, and an Angel, by 
 the fame. Chrift carrying his Crofs, with other figures, 
 by the Florentine fchool. Charity by L. Caracci. A 
 
 portrait of Julius II. and another of a Senator. On 
 
 the next fide is Sampfon with the Lion by Pietro da 
 Cortona. A Virgin and Child by the fame. A half 
 figure of one of the Marys by the fcholars of Caracci, 
 Orpheus playing the Lyre, with Nymphs, Animals, &c, 
 by Paolo Brilli. David with the head of Goliah by Ro-* 
 manelli. Bathfheba in the Bath by Palma the younger. 
 Three Philofophers by Cav. Calabrefe. Lot and his 
 Daughters by Palma. The Rape of the Sabines by Pietra 
 da Cortona. Romulus and Remus, with the Wolf and 
 Fauftulus, by Reubens. A Magdalen, with a Crofs by 
 Guido." The Nativity and Shepherds by Annibal Caracci, 
 The Nativity, with Angels and God the Father, by Fer-, 
 rari. A head of the Virgin, and one of a, Youth, both 
 copied from Correggio. A half figure of St. John the 
 Baptift by Quercino. Laban with Leah and Rachael by 
 Ciro Ferri. The Difpute of St. Catharine, with feveral 
 other figures, by Giorgio Vafari. A head of a Youth 
 from one by Titian. An Ecce Homo by Barocci. 
 The Prefentation in the Temple by Bellino, with a por-. 
 trait of the artift. Judith with the head of Holofernes 
 in the manner of Julio Romano, Lot and his Daughters 
 G 4 by 
 
88 
 
 BESCR1PTI0N OF 
 
 by Canini. A half figure of a Woman by the fcholars 
 of Raphael, the drapery by Pietro da Cortona. The 
 Parting of Jacob from Efau, with various figures, by 
 Raffaellino, fcholar of Pietro da Cortona. Europa by 
 Guido. A holy Family by Andrea Sacchi. The Virgin, 
 Child, and St. Francis, by the Venetian fchool. St. John 
 the Baptift by Guercino. A head by Titian. The Na- 
 tivity, with feveral figures, by Ferrari. The goddefs 
 Flora in «. triumphal car, with various figures, by Ni r 
 cholas Pouflin. The Judgment of Solomon by BafTano. 
 A half figure with a Dove by Romanelli. A portrait by 
 Caracci. St. Cecilia playing the Organ by L. Caracci. 
 A View of the Ponte Rotto by Vanvitelli. A View of 
 the Temple of the Sun by the fame. Poliphemus by 
 Guido. The Marriage of St. Catharine by the fcholars 
 of Barozzi. A holy Family by Schiavone. Alexander 
 the Great with his Soldiers by the fcholars of Pietro da 
 Cortona. St. Peter by the fcholars of Caravaggio. The 
 Soul of a Saint by Guido. The Adoration of the Magi 
 by Scarfellino. A half figure with a vafe by p'urino. 
 A holy Family by the Ferrara fchool. The Virgin and, 
 Child by Ferrari.-— Over the door are Circe and UlyfTes, 
 with other figures, by Sirani, a fcholar of Guido. The 
 Angels appearing to the Shepherds by BafTano. The 
 Virgin, Child, and St. Jofeph, by Giorgione. The 
 Adoration of the Magi by BafTano. Various figures 
 mafked by Dofio. A half figure of a Woman by Guido. 
 The holy Family by Carofelli. An Architect in chiaro- 
 fcuro by Polidoro da Caravaggio. The blefTed Virgin 
 among the Doctors of the Church by Garofalo. A View 
 of the Grotta Ferrata by Vanvitelli. A view of Neptunia 
 by the fame. A portrait of a Child and Dog in the 
 Flemifh manner. A bleffed Virgin, Child ? St. Catharine, 
 
 ' St, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 89 
 
 St. Jerome, St. Francis, and other faints, a copy by 
 Bonatti, from Paul Veronefe. A Satyr and a Woman 
 by Dofio da Ferrara. A half figure of the Virgin by 
 Guido. A portrait of a Man in a rage by Bronzino. 
 A figure in chiaro-fcuro by Polidoro da Caravaggio. 
 A landfcape by Orizonte. Another by the fame. The 
 Adoration of the Magi by Garofolo. Simeon with 
 the child Jefus in his arms by Paffignani : and two 
 
 feftoons of flowers., . On the other fide is Chrift 
 
 difputing with the Do&ors by Valentino, a fcholar of 
 Caravaggio. An Allegory of three figures by Vouer. 
 David fighting with Goliah by Pietro da Cortona. David 
 returning triumphant with the Giant's head by the fame. 
 A dead Chrift by the fcholars of Caracci. An Ampi- 
 theatfe, with men and flowers, by Pordenone. Bathftieba 
 in the Bath by Palma the younger. Two portraits by 
 Giorgione. Jofeph fold by his brethren by Pietro Tefta, 
 A Triumph of Bacchus and Silenus, with Satyrs, by 
 Pietro da Cortona. A portrait by Andrea Sacchi. A 
 Magdalen by Dofio. St. Benedict by Cav. d'Arpino. A 
 Magdalen by Guido. Cleopatra by the fame. A head by 
 Sveziano. A portrait in profile by Mantegna. St. Lucia 
 by Garofalo. A Battle by Pandolfo, fcholar of Bor- 
 gognone. Another by the fame. A holy Family by the 
 fcholars of Raphael. A Flemifli Fair by Brughels. A 
 holy Family, with St. Jerome, by Garofalo. The Nati- 
 vity of the blefied Virgin, with feveral figures, by Albano. 
 The blefied Virgin among the Doctors of the Church by 
 Garofalo. A portrait of Guido, painted by himfelf. 
 The Coronation of the Virgin, with St. John the Baptift. 
 A head by Domenichino. Lucretia by Guido. The 
 Marriage of St. Catharine, St. Jerome, and St. Agnes, by 
 the fcholars of Fsrrara. A Virgin and Childj St. Peter, 
 
9 o 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 St. Andrew, St. Francis, and other faints, by Perugino. 
 The three Graces by Palma the younger. Two Philoso- 
 phers by Car. Calabrefe. Dalilah with Sampfon by* 
 Palma the younger. The Sacrifice of Iphigenia by 
 Pietro da Cortona. A Virgin and Child, St. John, and 
 St. Catharine, copied by Pietro da Cortona from an 
 original of Titian. A portrait by Velafco. The Soul 
 of a Saint by Guido. The parable of the Labourers in 
 the Vineyard by Feti. The Triumph of the Crofs by- 
 Polemburgh. St. Francis by L. Caracci. St. Chriftopher 
 with the Child by Tintoret. A Baptifm of Chrift by 
 the fcholars of Caracci. A Nativity unfinjflied by Fer- 
 rari. Judith with the Head of Holofernes, copied by 
 Carlo Maratta from the original of Guido. David cut, 
 ting off the Head of Goliah by Pietro da Cortona. St. 
 Francis kneeling by Pomarancio. A woman, reprefenting 
 Vanity, by Titian. The Pharifee entertaining Chrifr, 
 with the Magdalen, in miniature, by Madam Tibaldi 
 Subleyras. 
 
 The fecond gallery. On the firft fide is a pidure 
 reprefenting the Rape of Europa, with feveral figures, by 
 Paul Veronefe. The Battle of Alexander and Darius by 
 Pietro da Cortona. A Virgin and Child, with two Saints, 
 by the fcholars of Correggio. A Magdalen by Gennari, 
 nephew of Gueicino. A Bifhop by Bellino. St. Sebaf- 
 tian by the fame. A Cupid fitting, with flowers in his 
 hand, by Sirani. A Virgin and Child, St. Jofeph, St. 
 Jerome, and two more faints, by Hugo da Capri. Chrift 
 carrying the Crofs, and St. Veronica, by Cavedone : and 
 
 two portraits by the Venetian fchool., On the next fide 
 
 is a Youth by Caravaggio. The Scourging of Chrift 
 by Tintoret. Chrift crowned with Thorns by the fame, 
 A Sibyl by Domenichino. A portrait of a Woman by 
 
 Gior« 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROMfi. 
 
 Giorgione. A Study in the Venetian manner. A Land- 
 scape^ the manner of Pietro da Cortona. An Annun- 
 ciation by Garofalo. The Rich Man, with Lazarus and 
 Do2S, by Cav. Cairo. Cupid in armour, with his 
 torch, by Guido. St. Francis by L. Caracci. The 
 parable of the Samaritan by Palma the elder. The 
 Marriage of St. Catharine, with the Virgin and Child, 
 by Garofalo. A portrait of Bellino by himfelf. Another 
 by the fame. A Virgin and Child, and St, Francis, by 
 Annibal Caracci. Another by Albano. Two fmali 
 landfcapes by Polemburgb. A.fmall view by Vanvitelli. 
 The Adoration of the golden Calf by Luca Giordano. 
 Mark Antony and Cleopatra by Guercino. St. John 
 with the Lamb by Mola. Two landfcapes by Crcfcenzi, 
 a fcholar of Pouffin. St. John the Evangelift by Cara- 
 vaggio. A naked Youth by the fame. St. Sibaftian by 
 the Scholars of Gentilefchi. A Virgin and Child by 
 Civoli. Two Virtues, and two more at a diftance, with a 
 naked figure reprefenting Idlenefs, by Paul V eronele. The 
 Nativity of the bleffcd Virgin by Scarfellino. St. Jerome 
 by Facini. The Child Jefus, with St. John, by Guido. 
 The Baptifm of Chrift by Titian. The Nativity, in his 
 beft manner, by Bellino. A fmall landfcape by Claude 
 Loraine. A Virgin and Child, with St. John, by Titian. 
 Another of the fame by Garofalo. The holy Family, 
 with St. F/ancis, by the Lombard fchool. Samuel the 
 Prophet, and King Saul, by Mola. God the Father 
 encircled with glory by Baffano. A fruit piece. Chrift 
 driving the Profaners from the Temple by Baflano. The 
 Virgin and a dead Chrift by Pomarancio. Erminia find- 
 ing the Shepherd by Lanfranco. St. Felice the Capuchin 
 in the manner of Cav. Calabrefe. Chrift and the Adul- 
 terefs by the fcholars of Titian. A Virgin encircled with 
 
 glory? 
 
9* 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 glory, with the Child and two Saints, by Garofalo. A 
 head in the Venetian manner. Another in the fame man- 
 ner. Chrift and the Virgin kneeling by Scarfellino. A 
 crown of flowers by Marco. The Rape of Helen by 
 Pietro da Cortona. The Slaughter of the Innocents by 
 Polemburgh. A holy Family, with St. Catharine, by 
 Schiavone. An old Woman fpinning by Teudone. An- 
 other with a Peafant by the fame. St. Paul falling from 
 his Horfe by Scarfellino. A Soldier by Salvator Rofa, 
 
 and a Witch by the fame Over the entrance is the 
 
 pifture of the Forge of Vulcan by Baffano. Rinaldo 
 with two Warriors abandoning Armida by Bonatti. An 
 Annunciation by Scarfellino. St. Sebaftian by Garofalo. 
 Three figures reprefenting an Allegory by the fcholars 
 • of Caracci. A Virgin and Child, with St. Jerome, in 
 the manner of Campi da Cremona. A Virgin and Child 
 by Carlo Cignani. A Galatea of Raphael copied by 
 
 Pietro da Cortona. On the other fide is Sifera, with 
 
 other figures, by Bonatti. Two half figures by Civoli. 
 A fea view by Agoftino Taffi. A Man and a Youth in 
 the manner of -Caravaggio. The Flight to Egypt by 
 Scarfellino. St. George by the fame. The Afcenfion, 
 with the Apoftles, by Paul Veronefe. The Virgin, with 
 the Apoftles, and the Defcent of the Holy Ghoft, a com- 
 panion to the fame. St. Matthew, with Angels, by 
 Guercino. A Virgin and Child, with St. Jofeph, by 
 Falini. An Ecce Homo, with Soldiers, by Baflano. 
 Chrift difputing with the Doclors in the ancient manner 
 of Dofio. The Nativity by Scarfellino. St. John the 
 Baptift, with the Lamb, in the Lombard manner. The 
 Adoration of the Magi by Scarfellino. The Car of 
 Venus in the firft manner of Pietro da Cortona. Chrift, 
 and the.Adulterefs, by Ferrari. The Pharifee entertaining 
 
 Chrift, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME." 
 
 93 
 
 Chrift, and the Magdalen at his feet, by Bafiano. A 
 picture of "Architecture, with many figures, by Tafii. A 
 Hunt by Scarfellino. Endyrnion fleeping by Mola. St. 
 John the Baptift by Daniel da Volterra. A Woman with 
 a lighted torch by Paul Veronefe. A Mufe by the fame. 
 Fortune by Guide A Virgin and Child, with two 
 Angels, by Pietro Perugino. A Virgin and Child, with 
 St. John, the Magdalen, and another faint, by Parmegiano. 
 A view of a Bath, the architecture of Viviani, with 
 figures, by Cerquozzi. Another view by Pietro da 
 Cortona. Chrift difputing with the Doctors by Dofio 
 da Ferrara. A Virgin and Child by Ferrari. A head of 
 an old Man by Baflano. A Sibyl, the Virgin, Child, 
 and Auguftus, in the manner of Garofalo. The Marriage 
 of the Virgin in the ancient Ferrarefe manner. The 
 portrait of a Man by F. Sebaftiano del Piombo. The 
 Difpute of Chrift in the Temple in the ancient manner 
 of Lippi. Mofes producing Water from the Rock in the 
 firft manner of Luco Giordano. A landfcape by Cref- 
 cenzi. Chrift on the breaft of God the Father by Scar- 
 fellino. Chrift in the Garden by the fame. The Virgin, 
 Child, St. Jofeph, and two faints, in the manner of Man- 
 tegna. The Baptifm of Chrift by Tintoret. St. John 
 the Baptift kneeling by Caravaggio. A Magdalen kneel- 
 ing by Paul Veronefe. The Battle of the Hebrews by 
 Nicholas Pouflin. The Queen of Sheba vi firing Solomon 
 by Allegrini. St. John the Baptift by Guercino. A 
 head by Bellino. St. Bernard by the fame. Diana by 
 Cav. d'Arpino. * A landfcape, with a fmall figure of St. 
 Sebaftian, by Domenichino. A Virgin and Child, St. 
 Francis, and Angels, by Annibal Caracci. Two figures 
 by Cerquozzi. Another by the fame. St. John the 
 Baptift in the Defert by Calvart. A landfcape with 
 
 fmall 
 
DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 fmall figures, and a Hercules fitting, by Domentchirfd 
 Andromeda tied to the Rock by Cav. d'Arpino. Chriil 
 at the Pool Probatica, with many figures, by Domeni- 
 chino. Six fmall views of Rome by Vanvitelli : and '4 
 portrait of Urban VIIL by Pietro da Cortona. The 
 Fortune by Guido, and a holy Family by Garofalo, are 
 taken from this collection to Paris. 
 
 Here is alfo a ftudy, or an academy of drawing, built by 
 the above-mentioned Benedict. Behind this building 
 is the 
 
 PALACE CAFFARELLI ON THE ROCK TARPEL/f. 
 
 This palace, belonging to the noble family Caffarelli 
 appears to be built on the Tarpeian rock, as we find no 
 fign of it in any other part. This precipice was towards 
 the theatre of Marcellus, as Livy, Plutarch, and many 
 other ancients inform us. It is now about eighty 
 feet high. In ancient times it was furnifhed with one 
 hundred ffteps, and from the top criminals were precipi- 
 tated. This hill had two more afcents, one by the Hof- 
 pital of the Confolatton, the other by the Arch of Sep- 
 timius Severus, where the triumphant generals, &c. origi- 
 nally afcended the capitol. It was called Tarpeia from a 
 Sabine virgin killed there by the foldiers of Titus Tatius, 
 becaufe (he introduced the enemy. It is now called 
 Monte Caprino, becaufe, being uninhabited for ages, goats 
 were kept there. Till the reign of Innocent VII I. 1484, 
 criminals were ftill executed here. 
 
 Before we take leave of this celebrated hill, it will be 
 neceffary to give fome account of it. We read that as 
 Rome increafed, this hill being found the fecureft and 
 moft elevated place in the city, Tarquinius Prifcus 
 chofe that fpot for preferving the facred depofits; and, 
 
 that 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 9$ 
 
 that it might not appear unworthy of the gods, he inclofed 
 it with a wall, and fortified it wi h towers formed of large 
 fquare ftones. Tarquinius Superbus alfo contributed to 
 its beauty, and employed all the treafure gained from the 
 plunder of the Volfcian city Pometia in building the 
 temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, which Tarquinius 
 Prifcus had vowed. Accordingly, on the foundation alone 
 Were expended forty thoufand pound weight of filver. 
 But that prince being expelled from Rome on account of 
 the violence offered to Lucretia by his foil, it was rimmed 
 and dedicated in the following year by the confuls Horcu- 
 tius and Valerius Publicola. This edifice was two hun- 
 dred feet fquare ; and in the front towards the fouth were 
 three orders of columns, and one in the fides. It con- 
 tained three chapels of equal fize, one to the right 
 dedicated to Minerva, one to the left to Juno, and one in 
 the middle to Jupiter Optimus Maximus. It contains 
 many precious ornaments, and an infinite number of ftatues; 
 among which was a ftatue of maflive gold of the Emperor 
 Claudius, ten feet high, and a Victory of the fame metal, 
 weighing three hundred and twenty pounds, given by 
 Hiero, King of Syracufe. The bronze tablets placed in 
 the temple and portico amounted to near three thoufand. 
 The fine ftatue of Jupiter was of clay ; but when the 
 Romans conquered Afia, it was replaced by one of ivory, in 
 imitation of that of Jupiter Olympius ; and laftly, in the 
 time of Trajan, or, as Donati, fays, after the reftoration of 
 Sylla, a ftatue of maftive gold was caft, with a crown of 
 the fame in the form of rays, and a thunderbolt in his hand. 
 This ftatue was commonly arrayed in a triumphal toga. 
 Here alfo were fix cups or bafons of emerald, brought to 
 Rome by Pompey, and various ftatues of marble and metal, 
 as well as fhields and fpoils of enemies, gems, and maffive 
 
 gold, 
 
g6 
 
 Description of 
 
 gold, all prefented by triumphant generals, magistrate?;; 
 fenators, emperors, Icings^ and Grangers, through devotion,* 
 as vows, and innumerable other gifts. In the temple was 
 a cell or fecret place referved for the priefts, where two 
 crowns of gold were kept, one of twenty philippics, given 
 by the ambafladors of Pamphilia, the other fent by the 
 Carthaginians on account of the vi&ory gained by the 
 Romans over the Samnites. In the wall of the chapel of 
 Minerva was annually driven a large nail, whereby to 
 commemorate, in thofe days of ignorance, the number of 
 years fince the foundation of the city, and to fhew the 
 date of the year. Thefe were dedicated to that goddefs, fhe 
 being efteemed by the Romans the inventor of arithmetic j 
 and the nail was called clavis annalis. Here was an altar 
 dedicated to Youth, and over it a picture of Profer- 
 pine. . In a marble arch under the temple were kept the 
 books of the Sibylla Cumana, under the care of ten 
 magistrates Called decemviri, and where they were pre- 
 ferved till the hundred and fifty-third Olympiad. At that 
 time the fire that deftroyed the capitol burnt thefe? 
 archives, as Dionyfius informs us. Here alio was kept 
 the purple cloke of Aurelius, a prefent from a king of 
 Perfia. This temple was frequently burnt, together 
 with other magnificent buildings ; but it was always 
 rebuilt with increafing fplendor, and Ve'fpafian himfelf 
 helped to bring the ftones and begin the work. Domitiart 
 added all the ornaments necefiary to their religious func- 
 tions, and the grandeur and dignity of the empire. If 
 the accounts that -have reached us can be relied , on, the 
 ftatues of the pureft gold were held as the leaft important 
 of the riches it contained, when compared with its mag- 
 nificent columns, its walls covered with precious {tones, 
 and its Mofaic pavement of enamel of mofl beautiful 
 
 work- 
 
ANCIE^if AND MODERN ftoMg* tff 
 
 Workmanfhip. The eye W^s aftonifhed at the quantity 
 and beauty of its ornaments) brought, from every part of 
 this vaft empire as trophies acquired from the conquered 
 nations. The roof was covered with bronze gilt, by 
 order of Quintus Catulus, reflecting the fun's rays 
 like burnimed gold to an immenfe diftance. Of the fame; 
 materials were the three porticoes, all the bafes, capitals, 
 cornices, frontifpiece, and other ornaments, both within 
 and without, together with the ftatuesj baflb-relievos, and 
 other works of art, all of bronze, the gilding of which, 
 according to Plutarch in his Publicola, coft twelve thou- 
 fand talents^ that is, feven million two hundred thoufand 
 crowns. Hence it was called auratum or golden. The 
 doors were alfo of bronze, covered with meets of gold. 
 The Romans had fo much veneration for every thing 
 facredj as to bury them in cells under the temple when 
 they were decayed, or become ufelefs by age. It alfo 
 contained citterns ufed in facrifices, and to extinguiih 
 fires. The flight of fteps to this temple is faid to have 
 begun in the Forum) and that Julius Caefar and Claudius 
 afcended them on their knees, the former on account of his 
 triumph over the Gauls, and the latter over the Englifh. 
 Many of the ftatues were removed from hence to the 
 Campus Martius by Auguftus, but were thrown down 
 by Caligula. This temple was burnt in the civil wars of 
 Marius, and rebuilt by Sylla in his dictatorfhip. It was 
 again deftroyed by fire under Vitellius, and rebuilt by 
 Vefpafian. It was ruined a third time under Titus by 
 lightning, but repaired by Domitian with increafed mag* 
 nificence. This rich and noble edifice was however in a 
 tuinous ftate in the time of St. Jerome, who was co- 
 temporary with Honorius, a circumftance attributed to 
 the Goths, when they plundered Rome, and deftroyed 
 Vol. I, H many 
 
" DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 many of its celebrated edifices. The defcent from this hill, 
 by the fenators' palace, leads to the 
 
 CAMPO VACCINO. 
 
 This fpaciolis opening takes its name from the market 
 t>f oxen and other animals now kept there, as it was 
 formerly in the Forum Boarium. This was the molt 
 magnificent part of ancient Rome, as appears by the 
 juins that {till remain. We mail begin from the 
 Senators' Palace, which commands the whole. The 
 arches in the wall of that building are fuppofed to be 
 the ancient Tabularium, where the laws infcribed on 
 tablets of bronze were affixed. The thyree half-buried 
 columns, with .their fine capitals and cornices of Corin- 
 thian architecture, were part of the temple of Jupiter 
 Tonans, erected by Auguitus on account of a thunder- 
 bolt falling near his litter in the night as he was 
 " travelling in Spain, when he efcaped unhurt, though all 
 his fervants were killed. The eight columns of Egyptian 
 granite, with Doric capitals and cornices, are the remains 
 of the temple dedicated to Concord by the conful Camil- 
 lus, on account of the peace made between the plebeians 
 and patricians, after the former had retired to the Mons 
 Sacer, or facred mount. The half-buried triumphal arch 
 near them, which is entirely compofed of faline marble, 
 and decorated with baflb-relievos, was erected by the 
 fenate and people to Septimius Severus, on account of his 
 victory over the Parthians, Arabians, and other barbarous 
 nations* But Nardini afierts that it was built by Cara- 
 calla, after his death. This opinion perhaps he derived 
 from the infcription " E. P. Septimip Getce nobiliiFimo 
 *j Gefari O. P." having been defaced, and that of 
 « Options fortiffimifque Principibus," fubftituted in its 
 
 place, 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 was called Tullianus, as appears by the writings of" Livy 
 and Plutarch ; for which reafon it is confidently believed 
 that the apoftles Peter and Paul were confined nine months 
 by Nero in this fub.terraneous dungeon, previous to their 
 execution. Here is the miraculous fountain, which, 
 it is faid, St. Peter caufed to fpring up by his prayers, 
 when he baptized the keepers Procerus and Martinianus, 
 with forty-feven more Gentiles, who, being converted to 
 the faith, were foon after all put to death; on which 
 account, tradition fays, it was confecrated by St. Silvefter, 
 and dedicated to thofe apoftles. This place is held in 
 great veneration, and fteps have been added defcending 
 into it. Originally the only accefs was through a 
 circular hole in the arched roof, by which the prifoners 
 were let down. At the fide of the prifon is the Scala 
 Gemonia, by which the executioner, after having put the 
 criminals to death, drew them up, and left them before the 
 prifon expofed to public view. At other times they were 
 put to death here, and afterwards thrown down the ftairs. 
 Others were left to ftarve to death in the prifon. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. GIUSEPPE. 
 This church was built in 1596, by a fociety of 
 carpenters, after a defign of Giacomo della Porta, and 
 dedicated to their patron St. Jofeph. It contains fome 
 paintings which merit obfervation. That of the Nativity 
 is faid to have been the firft public work of Carlo Ma- 
 ratta. The St. Peter on the firft altar to the right is by 
 Parefe, the next by Speranza, St. Jofeph on the next 
 by Palombo, the Annunciation on the arch by Novara, 
 the Marriage of St. Jofeph on the high altar by Bianchi, 
 the Angels above by Viviani, and thofe around by Senefe. 
 The paintings in the .finaU choir are by Puglia, and the 
 
 picture 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. Joj- 
 
 pi&ure on the laft altar by a fcholar of Baldi. Thofe 
 in the oratory are by Tuilio ; and that on the altar by 
 Ghezzi. Oppofite this edifice is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. LUKE AND ST. MARTINA. 
 
 This church was anciently called in Tribus Foris,. 
 from being fituated between the Roman Forum, which 
 was oppofite to it, the Forum of Csefar by its fide, and that 
 of Auguftus behind. On this fpot a temple dedicated to 
 Mars was erected by Auguftusj where that Emperor ufed 
 to affemble the Senate, when war was to be the fubje£t of 
 their deliberations j for which reafon it was called the 
 Secretarium Senatus. It was afterwards converted into a 
 church, and confecrated to St. Martina. Alex. IV. i a 
 1256, rebuilt it, and confecrated it anew, affigning two 
 cardinals as its redtors ; but in 1588 it was given by 
 Sixtus V. to the painters and architects, who eftablifhed 
 their academy here, and dedicated it to their patron St. 
 Luke. In the reign of Urban VIII. the body of St. 
 Martina, who fuffered martyrdom in 230, under the Em- 
 peror Alexander Severus, was accidentally found under 
 ground That pope ordered it to be removed, and his 
 nephew to rebuild the church from its foundation, after 
 a defign of Pietro da Cortona, who, through devotion for 
 this faint, gave up part of his houfe in order to enlarge 
 the church, and alt his own expence conftruded the noble 
 vault in which that facred relique is preferved. He alfo 
 adorned the chapels with the fineft marble, and at his 
 death left great part of his fortune for the fupport of 
 the building, and its numerous chaplains annually to 
 celebrate the feftival 0 f the faint. The famous piaure of 
 St, Luke on the high altar is by Raphael, the recumbent 
 #atue of St. Martina by Menghini, the painting of St. 
 
 ft 3 Lazarus 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Lazarus the monk in the fide chapel by Baldi; and thofc 
 of the Affumption and St. Sebaftian in the other by Cay, 
 Conca. The four ftatues in the vault, of St. Sabina, 
 St. Euphemia, St. Theodora, and St. Dorothy, are by 
 Fancelii, after a defign of Cortona, as alfo the twq 
 baflb-relievos of alabafter. In an urn under each of thefe 
 ftatues are preferved the reliques of the faints. The 
 baflb-relievos of clay, in the chapel to the left, are by 
 Algardi : the painting on the right by Baldi ; and that cn 
 the left by Cortefe. The noble altar of gilt bronze, 
 where the body of the faint and thofe of three other 
 martyrs underneath are depofited is caft by Pifcina. In 
 the roqms above, the painters, feulptors, and architects; 
 have an academy, and a mufeum of pictures, models, 
 and defigns, comprehending a collection of portraits of 
 celebrated painters j and in a glafs-cafe is the fkull of 
 Raphael, To the right of this church formerly lay the 
 llatue of Maiforio, from which the ftreet; takes its 
 #ame, 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. 'ADRIAN. 
 
 This church is faid to be built on the. fpot where, before 
 the time of Romulus, flood an altar dedicated to Saturn^ 
 and which Tullius Hoftilius fur rounded with columns in 
 the manner of a temple. Here were accumulated the 
 rieafures of many rich citizens, as in a place of perfea 
 fecurity. The public treafure was alfo depofited in this 
 temple. As the empire increafed, the treafury was en- 
 larged, not only on account of the quantity of money, 
 but alfo of the numerous tablets of the public ads and 
 decrees- of the fenate. The Elephantin books, contain- 
 ing a regifter of the thirtyrfive tribes of the city, were 
 prelbrved in this edifice. It is (aid Paulus ^milius, 
 • aftqf 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. I03 
 
 after he had conquered Perfeus, King of Macedonia* 
 brought fuch vaft riches to Rome, and depofited them in 
 the public treafury, that there were no public contribu- 
 tions or taxes till the confulftiip of Panfa. And Pliny 
 informs uSj that previous to the third Punic war the 
 treafury contained . 1 1,200 pounds weight of gold, and 
 92,000 of filver, befides a large affemblage of vafes, and 
 military fpoils of great value. Here alfo were depofited 
 a twentieth part of the public revenues, referved for 
 occafions of emergency, and the archives, in which 
 the names of all the ambafTadors who came to Rome, 
 were regiftered. This temple was firft converted into a 
 church by Honorius, in the year 600. But Adrian I, 
 enriched it in 780 with various gifts, and Anaftafius III. 
 in 912 repaired it, It then firft became a collegiate 
 church ; hut Sixtus V. gave it to the Friars della Mer~ 
 cede, who renewed it after a defign of Martin Lunghi 
 the younger. In 1600, the bodies of the martyrs Papia, 
 Maurus, Domitilla, Nereus, and Achilleus, were found 
 here. Thefe laft were taken to the church of thofe two 
 faints. Among other reliques are faid to be the three 
 children of Babylon. Here were formerly two large 
 doors of bronze, now removed to the Lateran church. 
 On each fide of the high altar is a large column of porphyry, 
 very highly efteemed. The painting is by Tortorelli : 
 that of St. Peter Nolafcus, the founder of this order ? over 
 the altar near the facrifty, is attributed to Guercino. 
 The St. Charles on the oppofite altar is by Borgioni ; the 
 next, of St, Raymond Nonnatus preaching to the infidels, 
 by Veneziano ; and the others by a fcholar of Maratta. 
 Oppofite this temple was the Miliarium Aureum, of 
 golden column, fet up by Auguftus, from which the miles 
 |o every city in the Roman dominions were meafured* 
 ' - H 4 On 
 
i©4 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 On the top was a ball, reprefe.nting the world, of whi#h 
 Rome was the head; and the column being gilt it was 
 called the golden miliary, Part of this column now 
 ftands on the Campidoglio. 
 
 THE TEMPLE OF ANTONINUS PIUS AND FAUSTINA, 
 NOW THE CHURCH OF ST. LORENZO IN MIRANDA. 
 
 Of this temple there remain ten magnificent column* 
 pnd a fupeib entablature, within which the church is 
 built, Some years ago more of thefe columns, and other 
 pieces of marble and antiquities, were found, It was 
 called in Miranda, from the beautiful public buildings 
 with which the forum was ornamented. This was at 
 firft a collegiate church. In 1430 Martin V. granted it 
 to the apothecaries, At firft there were fome chapels 
 between the granite columns, with an hofpital for the 
 poor of their profeffion. But when Charles V. came to 
 Rome, the magiftrates ordered every modern building to 
 be removed, that the beauty of the ancient might be 
 more apparent. In confequence of which the fame com- 
 pany, in 1602, rebuilt the church after a defign of Tor- 
 riani, within the ruins of the temple. The Martyrdom 
 pf St. Lawrence 011 the high altar is a fine painting by 
 Pietro da Cortona: that in the chapel of the hlefled 
 Virgin, with St. Philip and St. James, by Domenichino,. 
 has been fpoiled by Vanni, who attempted to reftore it. 
 before this church flood the arch of Fabian the Cenfor, 
 and here begun the celebrated Via Sacra, leading in a 
 direct line to the amphitheatre. It was called facred, 
 from the facnrices and ceremonies performed here by 
 Romulus, and Tatius king of the Sahines, in confirmation 
 pf the peace and alliance they had formed. Oppofite to 
 this, at the extremity of the Palatine-hjU? entering the 
 
 forurfy 
 
ANCIENT AND, MODERN ROME. 10$ 
 
 forum v was the Grecoftafis, a portico where the ambafla- 
 dors of foreign nations, and particularly of Greece, 
 lodged previous to their admiffion to the fenate, and 
 waited their dccifion. Ambaffadors from hoftile nations 
 were not admitted here, but had another place affigned 
 them. At a little diftance was the Senaculum and the 
 Bafilica of Opimus : the firft appropriated for affembling 
 the fenate, the other for patting the decrees. Near the 
 temple of Romulus was the houfe of Menius, upon the 
 lite of which was built, at the public expence, the Bafilica 
 Portia, afterwards deftroyed by fire. Near this was the 
 Columna Meniana, or Roftrata, fo called from the fame 
 Menius, on account of his naval victory over the ancient 
 Latins. This celebrated warrior fold his houfe to Cato 
 and Flaccus the cenfors, in order to build the Bafilica ; 
 but referved this column, on the top of which he made 
 feats to fee the gladiatorial combats exhibited near this 
 place, 
 
 THE CHURCH OF ST. COSMUS AND ST. DAM I AN* 
 
 This ancient and celebrated church is believed to have 
 been built in 528, by Felix IV. on the iite of the temple 
 of Romulus and Remus. Sergius I. in 689, covered it 
 with flieeis of bronze; and Adrian I. in 780, rebuilt it, 
 enriching it with metal doors, and two antique columns 
 of porphyry. This church being formerly under ground. 
 Urban VIII. in 1632, removed the earth, and reduced it 
 to its prefent form. Julius II. gave it to the friars of the 
 third order of St. Francis. Card. Farnefe, when deacon, 
 obferved that on the marble pavement was delineated the 
 plan of ancient Rome; and to preferve fo precious a 
 monument without injury, he removed it to the palace 
 Farnefe ? and replaced it by a new pavement. There it 
 
DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 was kept till lately. But the King of Naples having 
 given it to Benedict XIV. that pontiff removed it to the 
 walls of the ftaircafe of the Mufeum Capitolinum. In 
 I582, in renewing the firft chapel to the left were found 
 the bodies of the martyrs Marcellinus, Tranquillinus, and 
 Pope Felix II. depofited together under the fame altar; 
 and fome time after, in repairing the high altar, were 
 found the bodies of the martyrs Abondio°a prieft, and 
 Abondanzio a deacon, which were removed to the 
 Jefuits' church. The two antique columns at the fide 
 of this church, one with a capital, the other without, 
 are above half buried, and equally with the church prove 
 how much the ground has accumulated. In the f&$ : 
 chapel to the right are various tranfadions of the life of 
 Chriit painted by Speranza. The fecond is by Cav. 
 BagHoni. The St. Anthony in the third is a copy by 1 
 Veneziano, from an original of Caracci. The frefcos are 
 by Allegrini, who alfo painted the two chapels at the fides : 
 of the high altar, St- Barbara in the laft is a copy by 
 C«v. d'Arpino ; and the paintings round the church, over 
 the chapels, as alfo the cieling, reprefenting various trans- 
 actions of the martyrs, are by the brother of the fame ' 
 arttfl. Before we leave this church, it is neceflary to ' 
 mention the fubterranean vault, which is full of facred; 
 monuments. Here Greg. IV. fecreted himfelf, in 828, to 
 avoid being made pope ; but he was found by the people* 
 who conducted him to the church of St. John Lateran, 
 and obliged him publicly to accept the pontificate. Be- 
 iides the bodies of the martyrs Cofmus and Damian, under 
 the high altar, there are thofe of feveral other martyrs 
 depofited in an urn of porphyry under the altar of the 
 Crucifixion. The ftupendous ruins near this church are 
 failed tbe 
 
 TEMPI£ 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME, I©? 
 
 TEMPLE OF PEACE. 
 
 Three immenfe arches, defpoiled of all their fplendid 
 ornrnaments, are the only remains of this celebrated and 
 mamagnificent temple, formerly one of the richeft and largeft 
 in n. Rome, begun by the Emperor Claudius, on the ruins 
 of >ff the houfe of Nero, and finifted by Titus the fon of 
 V^efpafian, after he had conquered Judea. To afford 
 rocoom for this magnificent, this truly fublime edifice, it 
 wwas neceffary to deftroy the houfe of Julius Caefar, and 
 fefeveral other buildings, It was near three hundred feet 
 lolong, and about two hundred broad, the whole divided 
 iniiritp three aides, fupported by eight fluted Corinthian 
 ctcolumns of fine marble, of which one only remains, 
 fchaving been removed by Paul V, to St. Maria Maggiore, 
 aiarid let up in front of that church, bearing a bronze 
 Statue of the blefled Virgin. The infide of this fplendid 
 p temple was covered with fheets of gilt bronze, and 
 d decorated with many fine ftatues by the moft celebrated 
 t fculptors of the time. One of thefe of bafaltes or 
 1 Ethiopian marble, reprefenting the river Nile, with its 
 I fixteen boys, was removed to the Vatican Mufeum. 
 3 But the principal was that of Venus, to whom Claudius 
 : firft dedicated the temple. It was the workmanfhip of 
 the celebrated Timanthes. Here alfo were the molt 
 celebrated paintings, and among them the image of Hyali- 
 phus by Frotogenes, with the famous dog: befides which 
 it was moft profufely adorned with gold and filver. This 
 kuilding was ufed as a treafury by the richeft citizens,- 
 as well as for the public treafure. Vefpafian enriched 
 it with the vafes and moft precious ornaments of 
 the temple of Solomon, except the purple veil and the 
 j>epk of the law, which were kept in his palace ; and it 
 
 received, 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 received the riches of which the Romans defpoiled their 
 conquered provinces. Thefe treafures were carried into 
 Africa by Genferic, king of the Vandals. Many years 
 after that period they were taken by Belifarius, and ex- 
 pofed to public view in his triumph at Conitantinople ; 
 but the Emperor Juftinian distributed them among various 
 churches at Jerufalem. The ark of the covenant re- 
 mained in Rome, and is faid to be preferved in the church 
 of St. John Lateran. It is fuppofed to have been ftript 
 of the filver with which it was covered, by the barbarians. 
 This temple was deftroyed by fire in the reign of Com- 
 laodiis, about a hundred years after it was built, together 
 with that of Vefta, but whether by accident or otherwife 
 is unknown. The ornaments and precious ftones of in- 
 eflimable value, and ail the treafure of the Roman people 
 here accumulated, were irrecoverably loft; and the de- 
 vouring flames yielded only to . an unexpected ftorm of 
 rain. It was never afterwards rebuilt. 
 
 THE CHURCH OF ST. MARIA L A NUOVA AND 
 ST. FRANCESC A ROMANA. 
 
 This ancient church is faid to have been built near the 
 veftibule of the golden houfe of Nero, by St. Silverier, 
 in memory of the apoftles Peter and Paul, they having 
 Jcnek and prayed in this place, when Simon Magus, 
 failing in his attempt of flying to heaven, in prefence of 
 Nero and the people, fell precipitately to the earth, half 
 dead;* .in con'fequence of which a final! church was 
 erected in honour of thofo apaftles. It was rebuilt, in 
 
 * Tradition informs us that this man invented a machine for flyings a»i 
 that this was a public exJwbifioJi of its powers, intended to prove the incapacity 
 «)f the ayoSJcs. 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ftOME. 
 
 order to receive a picture of the blelTed Virgin brought 
 from Troas in Afia Minor, by Leo IV. who gave it the 
 name of St. Maria la Nuova. It was deftroyed by fire 
 in the time of Honorius III. by whom it was rebuilt in 
 1 216; and Greg. V. depofited in it the bodies of the 
 martyrs, Nemefius, Lucilla, Symphronius, Olympius, 
 EfTuperia, and Theodolus. Before the high altar, in a 
 noble fepulchre defigned by Cav. Bernini, decorated with 
 precious marble, and jafper columns, and enriched with 
 gilt bronze, is the body of St. Frances. By the fide of 
 the altar is the monument of Greg. XL who on the 
 17th of January, 1377, reftored to Rome the apoftolical 
 chair, after it had been feventy years removed to Avig- 
 non. The baflb-relievo is by Olivieri. Near this in the 
 wall is a flone, faid to be that on which St. Peter knelt 
 to pray when Simon Magus flew in the air. The paint- 
 ing of the Trinity, with St. Benedict, is by Brandi. The 
 St. Frances is modern. The St. Bernard is by Canuti 
 Bolognefe. The front of the church was done by the 
 monks of Mount Olivet, who officiate there. Here, in 
 the time of Romulus, was the gate Mugonia. In the 
 garden are the ruins of the temple of the Sun and Moon, 
 dedicated by Tatius, king of the Sabines. Some believe 
 ft to be that of Venus and Roma ; others that of Ifis and 
 Serapis. The next objecl: is' the 
 
 AKCit OF TITUS AND VESPASIAN. 
 
 This celebrated monument of antiquity is much injured 
 by time. On the fide towards the Colofleum is the fol- 
 lowing infcription : " Senatus Populufque Romanus Divo 
 " Tito Divi Vefpafiani F. Vefpafiano Auguflo;" and on 
 the fides under the arch are ballo-relievos reprefenting the 
 candleftick of feven branches, the tables of the law, and 
 
 the 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the trumpet by which the jubilee was publifhecf, and 
 other facred implements ufed in the temple of Jerujakrrif 
 and exhibited in the triumph of Titus and Vefpafiany 
 from which it appears that this arch was erected by 
 the Roman Senate to that emperor for having conquered 
 Judea: a conqueft which, befides immenfe numbers of 
 Jews led in triumph, and condemned to dig metal for' 
 the public works, coft the lives of one million one hun- 
 dred thoufand of that nation, who perifhed in the contefti 
 Over the figure of Titus hovers a Victory, holding the 
 palm of Idumea in his left hand, and with her right 
 crowning her favourite with the triumphal laurel. On 
 the other fide of the arch was another infcription, which 
 was found near the fpot, as follows : « S* P. Q. R. Impj 
 " Tito Caef. Divi Vefpafiani, Filio Vefpafiano Aug. 'Pontf 
 «<Max. Tr. Pot. X. Imp. XVII. XIIII. P.P. Principi 
 " fuo qui praeceptis Patriae, confilifq. et aufpiciis g'entem 
 " Judeorum domvit et Urbem Hierofolimam omnibus ante 
 " fe Ducibus Regibus Gentibus aut fruftra petitam aufc 
 * l intentatam delevit." Near this arch are the 
 
 ORTI FARNESIANI, OR FARNESIAN GARDENS. 
 This delightful garden is fituated on the celebrated 
 Palatine-hill, where Romulus built his city, and occupies 
 part of the fite of the imperial palace. It was converted 1 
 into a garden by PaulTII. after a defign of Buonarotti; 
 It was carried on under the direction of Vi'gnola, who 
 executed the noble gateway, of which an engraving is 
 gublifhed; and finifhed by Giacomo della Porta. Among 
 the fountains that adorn thefe gardens, that of the Pioggia" 
 is the fineft ; and among the ftatues, that of Agrippina^ 
 the mother of Nero. The workmanfhip of this figuro 
 is fo excellent, that the fpectator fe,ems to dive into he? 
 
 reflections- 
 
ancient and modern rome. ui 
 
 reflexions on her approaching death. This ftatue is now 
 taken to Naples. A few years back feveral rooms were 
 difcovered incrufted with the fineft marble, and a hall 
 with columns of porphyry, verde-antico, and other beau- 
 tiful marbles, all defaced and injured by fire, tn this 
 garden is a fubterraneous room decorated with painted 
 figures of a fine defign. To the left is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY LIBERATRICE. 
 
 Here was anciently a church called St Salvatore in 
 Lacu, perhaps from the lake of Curtius, which was near 
 this fpot. The church is called Liberatrice, becaufe ia 
 the firft ages of Chriftianity there was a deep cavern 
 near the three columns, in which St. Silvefter is faid, by 
 means of prayer, to have confined a dragon that infe£ted 
 the air with his peftilential breath, and occafioned a great 
 mortality. The church, being rebuilt and dedicated to 
 the blefled Virgin, was at firft given to fome Benedi&ine 
 nuns ; but they being removed elfewhere, in 1550 Julius 
 III. gave it to the nuns of Tordefpecchi, who have the 
 •charge of it, and maintain the chaplains. Card. Lanti, 
 in 16 17, repaired it in its preient form, after a defign of 
 Onorio L/unghi. In this church are fome modern paint- 
 ings. The blefled Virgin and St. Francefca Romana are 
 by Monf* Parofel. That on the right is by Gramiccia ; 
 and that on the left by Ceccarini, who alfo painted the fide 
 Walls in the chapel of St. Michael. All the paintings in 
 the facrifty are by Parofel. The three large columns 
 before this church are fuppofed to be the remains of the 
 portico belonging to the temple of Jupiter Stator, built at 
 firft by Romulus, in confequence of a vow he made in 
 the battle with the Sabines, but afterwards magnificently 
 rebuilt with thirty columns fimilar to thofe of the portico. 
 
 Near 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Near this Is fuppofed to have flood the column where th* 
 apoftles Peter and Paul were feourged^ and which is now 
 in the church called Trafpontina, near St. Peter's. The 
 large piece of wall by the fide of the church, now built 
 up and made a granary, is fuppofed to be part of the Curia 
 Hoftilia, where the fenate met in council. This building 
 was reftored by Sylla, and deftroyed by fire in confequence 
 of the ceremony of burning the body of Publius Clodius, 
 the tribune of the people, and a great enemy to Cicero. 
 The fire was fo violent, that it not only confumed the 
 Curia, but melted many ftatues of bronze. In confe- 
 quence of this, the Curia Julia was built. Near this were 
 the Roftri Vecchi. Of thefe there were two, one fituated 
 between the Comitium and the Forum, the other below 
 the palace of Auguftus. The ancient roftrum was a 
 fimple tribune on a large pedeftal, with a feat on the top : 
 It had its name from being adorned with the beaks of 
 Ihips taken in the Punic war. In this tribunal they 
 publiflied and expounded the laws, harangued the people, 
 and pronounced the funeral eulogies of great men. On 
 this were expofed the heads of profcribed citizens and 
 executed criminals. It once bore the head of Cicero, 
 before whofe houfe it flood. Near the fame fpot was a 
 column, with a folar dial. Between thefe was the Comi- 
 trum and the Lupercalej and not far from thence the 
 Ficus Ruminalis, under which Fauftulus found Romulus 
 and Remus fucking the wolf, whofe den was near this 
 fpot. Hence a temple was built there, and dedicated to 
 them, now the church of St. Theodore. Among other 
 magnificent temples was that of Apollo, with a portico 
 and library, by the fide of the palace of Auguftus, who 
 dedicated another temple near it, and not inferior in mag- 
 nificence, to . his wife Livia. From the church of St. 
 
 Theodore 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. X 1 3* 
 
 *T heodore to that of St- Lorenzo in Miranda j and from 
 the arch of Septimius Severus to the church of the Con- 
 folazione, extended the Roman Forntm. Near the above* 
 mentioned three columns was the lake of Curtius, 
 where that Roman knight devoted himfelf for his country, 
 and plunged into a gulph, which immediately clofed. 
 Others relate, that Metius Curtius, a Sabine, being deter- 
 mined to pafs this way on horfeback in the war between 
 Romulus and Tatius ; and the land lying very low, a lake 
 had been formed, in which he was drowned. It was 
 afterwards filled Up, and an altar erected on the fpot, which 
 was removed by Julius Caefar, in order to make room 
 for the gladiatorial combats. In the fame place was 
 planted a vine and an olive-tree. On the part formerly 
 occupied by the lake was placed the grand equeftrian 
 ftatue of Domitian in bronze* near, which Galba was 
 killed by his foldiers. Here alfo was the Cloaca Maxima. 
 Near it was the Doliolum, a particular fpot where it was 
 not allowed to fpit or throw filthy beCaufe the bones of 
 fome of their dead* and other things deemed facred, be- 
 longing to Niima Pompilius* were here depofited. At 
 firft the forum contained many {hops 5 but the number of 
 bafilicas, temples, porticoes, and curiae increafing, the 
 fhops were at length reduced to five. It contained fome 
 fchools for children; and, before the building of the 
 amphitheatres, the gladiatorial combats were performed 
 there. The number of ftatues in the forum was incredi- 
 ble. Among them were the twelve gilt images of the 
 Divi Confentes. Six of thefe were males* and fix 
 females; viz. Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Neptune, Vul- 
 can, Apollo; Juno, Vefta* Ceres, Diana, Minerva, and 
 Venus. Near the lake of Juturna was the temple of 
 Caftor and Pollux, and that of Julius Csefar. The 
 Vol. I. I Pila 
 
DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 Pila Horatia was in this forum. It confined of a 
 pillar* to which were affixed the fpoils of the Curiatii, 
 killed by Horatius. Many other columns were in like 
 manner ereded as trophies, this cuftom being much 
 more ancient than the ufe of ftatues. The Puteal of 
 Libo here, was a court of juftice built by a Roman 
 citizen of that name. Others fay it was an altar erected 
 over a well into which the razor ufed by Tarquinius 
 Prifcus in cutting the whetftone, according to the di- 
 re&ions of Attius Naevius the augur, was thrown. Many 
 other remarkable objecls, of which no veftiges remain, 
 formerly occupied this interefting fpot. Proceeding, how- 
 ever, towards the arch of Titus, and not far from it on the 
 afcent to the left j is the church of St t Sebaftian in Pallara, 
 built on the fite of the Imperial Hippodrome, becaufe that 
 faint was beaten and mot with arrows in this place. 
 This church was rebuilt in 1623, by Urban VIII. The 
 painting on the high altar is by Camaffei, and the frefeo 
 by Gagliardi. A little farther on is the villa Spada* now 
 belonging to the Marquis Magnani, containing fome of 
 the wonderful ruins of the Imperial Palace. In a fmall 
 houfe are fome paintings worthy of obfervation, particularly 
 a Venus with two Cupids, fuppofed by Raphael ; and an 
 antique balcony modernized, from which the Casfars are 
 faid to have given the iign for beginning the race in the 
 Circus Maximus. Near this is the 
 
 CHURCH AND CONVENT OF ST. BUONAVENTURA. 
 
 This fpot was given to the reformed Spanifh friars, 
 eftablimed in Spain by St. Peter of Alcantara, and intro- 
 duced in Rome in 1675. With the aid of charitable 
 contributions, and particularly from Card. Barberini, the 
 monks built this church and convent. The painting over 
 
 the 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. H5 
 
 fe firft altar is by Cav. Benafchi : the fccond by Calan- 
 tfrucci : the St. Anthony of Padua by Garzi : the high 
 altar by Michaele : the Annunciation in the next, and the 
 Angel driving out Lucifer in the laft, by Benafchi. The 
 frefcos in the Via Grucis leading to the church are by 
 Bicchierari. On the fate of the convent were found the 
 remains of many noble edifices, with fragments of flatties, 
 bufrs, and floors of oriental alabafter. Under the 
 garden, and round about it, were found many ftatues, 
 baflb-relievos^ columns, and a metal key weighing ninety 
 pounds. 
 
 AMPHITHEATRE OF FLAVIUS, NOW CALLED THE 
 COLOSSEO. 
 
 This wonderful monument of the magnificence and 
 luxury of the ancient Romans, ftands on the fpot formerly 
 occupied by a pond enclofed within the walls of Nero's 
 palace, of which Suetowius writes, " Ad inftar maris 
 " circumfpe&um, edificiis ad urbum fpeciem." This lake 
 being dried up, Flavius Vefpafian, in the year of Chrift 
 -72, began this celebrated edifice, for public exhibitions 
 and feftivals, on a plan formed by Auguftusj nearly in the 
 then center of the city. It was finifhed by his fon Titus 
 in five years^ and was the work of thirty thoufand Jews, 
 brought by him to Rome as flaves. He dedicated it to 
 the memory and name of his father. At the opening of* 
 this ftupendous pile* on the day of dedication, five thoufand 
 wild beafts were killed, and that cruel fpe&acle was 
 repeated for a hundred days fucceffively, while gold to tha 
 amount of ten millions was difpcrfed among the people. Its 
 architecture is wonderfully fine, being compofed of very 
 large ftones, and confifting of four ranges of arches, 
 decorated and fupported by very thick columns of the 
 I 2 Doric, 
 
1*6 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Compofite orders. The 
 portico that furrounded it was 2350 feet in circumference, 
 its longer diameter 845, and the tranfverfe 700 ; the arena 
 or fpace in the middle allotted to the combats 410, and 
 its height 222. It had feats for eighty-feven thoufand 
 perfons, and ftanding room for twenty thoufand more, 
 without incommoding each other. The numbers over the 
 arches marked the entrance affigned to their reputed 
 ranks ; and at every four arches was an interior flight of 
 fteps, alfo numbered to prevent confufion. To defend 
 the fpeclators from the rays of the fun, it was covered 
 with a fheet of cloth, fupported by large beams of 
 metal acrofs the building, refting in the holes round 
 the top, and from which odoriferous waters were 
 ihed, and fell in a refrefhing mift among the people. 
 In the upper arches were ftatues; and in fome places 
 the fine ornamental ftucco ftill remains. The middle 
 was paved with large ftones, covered with fine fand. 
 This pavement is now buried twenty-five feet under 
 ground. Round the arena were dens for the wild 
 beafts. The feats for the fpeitators were ranged 
 like an infinite number of fteps furrounding the whole 
 arena, afcending one above another to the fummit of the 
 building. On the firft and moft commodious for viewing 
 the combats was the throne of the Emperor, fuperbly 
 decorated ; and adjoining to it other balconies for th6 
 princes of the imperial blood. By the fide of thefe were 
 placed the magiftrates, viz. cenfors, confuls, prsetors, 
 aediles, tribunes of the people, pontifices, ambafladors, 
 and other foreigners of diftincYion. Next to thefe were 
 the fenators and Roman knights. The reft of the amphi- 
 theatre was occupied by the people. There were two 
 large flights of fteps on the outfide, for the further conve- 
 nience 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. Ii; 
 
 nience of the fpeclators, and to divide the crowd. The 
 prefent remains of this magnificent work are faid to be 
 lefs than half the original pile. The reft is ruined, partly 
 by the injury of time, but much more by the Goths, when 
 they plundered Rome, and by the Romans themfelves, on 
 account of the valuable pieces of metal by which the ftones 
 were faftened together, in the fame manner as the arches 
 of Titus and Conftantine. But plunder was not the only 
 caufe of the ruin of this fuperb monument of antiquity. 
 At a period when fuperftition had driven fcience from the 
 mind, this noble ftru&ure, erected for public pleafure and 
 amufement, was dilapidated by the Romans, who afked 
 permiffion of Theodoric the Goth to repair the walls of 
 the city with its materials ; but after having proceeded to a 
 confiderable extent, it was obferved that the licence granted 
 was directed to the magiftrates and people of Catania, fo to 
 employ the antiquities of that place. Afterwards, under 
 Paul II. the church of St. Auguftine and the palace of 
 St. Mark were conftru&ed with the fame materials; and 
 Card. Riario built the Cancellaria, and Card. Farnefe the 
 Farnefian palace, out of its ruins. Jofephus informs us, 
 that in the middle of this amphitheatre was an altar dedi- 
 cated to Jupiter Latiaris, on which it was the cuftom to 
 faci ifice in honour of the fubjecl for which the games were 
 celebrated, This fpot is now occupied by a crofs. Thir- 
 teen fmall altar pieces furround the arena, reprefenting the 
 paflion of Chrift ; and a chapel, built with the charitable 
 contributions of pafTengers and ftrangers, under the care 
 of a hermit, is erected under the farther gate, in honour of 
 the martyrs who have fuffered here, as Juftin the philofo- 
 pher, and a celebrated defender of the Chriftian fyftem, 
 Ignatius Bifhop of Antioch, who difputed with Trajan, and 
 an infinite number of others. Benedift XIV. introduced 
 
 I 3 the 
 
1 1$ DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the exercife of the via crucis, by a brotherhood, whq 
 have an oratory contiguous to the church of St. Cofmus 
 and St. Damian. It was called {he ColofTeum from a 
 coloflal ftatue of Nero, which ftqod near it. This ftatue 
 was one hundred and twenty feet high, and furrounded 
 with folar rays of twenty-two feet, for the Emperor pre- 
 tended to refemble that grand luminary. After his death, 
 Commodus removed the head, and replaced it with his 
 own. The middle of the amphitheatre was fometimes 
 filled with water, and fometimes even with wine, for the 
 tyaumachia or fea fights. At that time, however, 
 the Romans were fo cprrupt as to confider it a luxury 
 to view gladiators fighting, fometimes with each 
 other, till one of each pair was killed ; fometimes with 
 beafts, under the fame inviolable cuftom. Thefe gladia- 
 tors were flaves, fupported at the expence of their pro- 
 prietors, and trained to the art of fkirmim'mg, firft to do 
 honour to the funeral pomp of great men, and afterwards 
 to increafe the popularity of their matters, by contributing 
 to the amufement of the public. They fought with 
 fvvord and fhield, fometimes naked, fometimes armed 
 from head to foot. At length the cuftom of indulging the 
 public in this amufement increafed to fuch a degree, that 
 the emperors caufed them to fight by thoufands. This 
 barbarous practice was at firft confined to criminals or 
 flaves; but in later times, Roman citizens, knights, and 
 even fenators, not only comprqmifed their dignity, but 
 facrificed t;heir lives to flatter the emperors, by fwelling this 
 ignominious profefiion. Among thefe was Commodus, 
 Who acquired the name of Prince of Gladiators. Of the 
 flaves and criminals, he who killed his adyerfary gained 
 his liberty, amid the univerfal acclamation of the fpe£fa-» 
 £prs, Sometimes they divided into troops ? and fought til} 
 
 th<? 
 
ANCIENT jAND MODERN ROME. 
 
 "9 
 
 the total deftrudtion o»f one of the parties decided the 
 conteft. When they fomght for hire, as many did in later 
 periods, their pay was (Called Auctoramentum ; thofe who 
 received it, Auctorati ; and thofe who recovered their 
 liberty by their valour, Exauctorati. The fighting of 
 men with beafts was not lefs horrid than that of man 
 with man ; for, their natural ferocity being further irri* 
 tated by the attacks of their adverfaries, they made a moft 
 bloody flaughter of the combatants, 
 
 THE ARCH OF CONST ANTING AND META SUDANTE, 
 In this place was anciently a ftone called lapis fcelera* 
 tus, on which itood a menial fervant with colours, while 
 malefactors were fold as flaves, for fums proportioned to 
 their crimes ; and here the Chriftians were fcourged, be- 
 caufe the place itfelf was efteemed an addition to the 
 ignominy. But there now remains only a ruinous cir-s- 
 cular mafs of brick, the miferable relics of the celebrated 
 Meta Sudans, formerly an elevated fountain, fo called 
 becaufe the water fpread over its conical furface, falling 
 in a (lender fheet into a bafon, where the people refrefhed. 
 themfelyes during the fpedtacles in the amphitheatre. 
 
 The magnificent arch of Conftantine the Great was 
 erected by the fenate and people of Rome, in memory of 
 the celebrated victory gained by that Emperor over Max- 
 entius near Ponte Molle. On this monument of gran- 
 deur was an infeription, importing, that the Emperor 
 overcame the Tyrant, inftinflu diyinitaiis, and thereby 
 gave peace to Rome. This fuperb arch is eonftrudted of 
 marble, and decorated with columns and baffo-relievos. 
 Thofe in the upper row are very highly efteemed. The, 
 fine arts being already greatly decayed in the time of 
 Conftantine, thefe were taken from the arch cf Trajan, 
 I 4 They 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 They reprefent triumphal ornaments, trophies, and vie* 
 tories, defcriptjve of the events of the war. There are 
 alfo eight ftatues, the heads of which were fecretly ftolen 
 away by Lorenzo de' Medici, and carried to Florence j 
 but they have been recently replaced, and the whole 
 repaired, by order of Clem. XII. with the workmanfliip 
 q{ Bracci. This artift replaced one entire ftatue that was 
 Wanting, as well as a column that had been taken away, 
 and made fome other repairs which the injuries of time 
 had rendered neceflary. On both fronts is the following 
 inferjption : 9 Imp. Ccef. Fl. Conftantino Maximo, P. F T 
 " Augufto S. P. Q^R. quod inftindu Divinitatis, mentis 
 u magnitudine cum exetcitu fuo tarn de Tyranno, quam 
 " de omni eius fadtione uno tempore juftis Rempublicam 
 " ultus eft armis, Arcum Triumphis infignem dicavit.'* 
 We read alfo votis x. votis xx. fignifying the public 
 vows made by the Roman people, from ten to ten 
 years, for the health and prefervation of that prince. 
 This cuftom began in the time of Auguftus, who, to 
 prolong his reign without giving too much offence to the 
 Romans, accepted the empire only for ten years, an4 
 when thefe were paft, the Senate repeated their requefl: 
 for another ten years, or a longer period of time, which was 
 called votum decennale. The other words, fic x. fic xx, 
 allude to the fame circumftance. The moll confpicuous 
 object on both fides is the figure of Conftantine performing 
 various warlike exploits, with this motto, *' Liberator} 
 * 4 urbis, fundatori quietis." Hence it appears this arch 
 was erected foon after his victory over Maxentius. The 
 figures on the fides under the arch are Trajans, having 
 been brought from his triumphal arch, as well as the 
 medallions taken from the buildings in his forum, and 
 reprefenting the Dacian captives. The four large baflb- 
 
 relievos 
 
\ 
 
 ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 121 
 
 relievos were at firft united in one. That towards the 
 north reprefents Trajan in the curule chair, furrounded 
 by feveral ftandards and fatrapae. At his feet is the 
 youthful Parthamafiris, without a crown, humbly fup- 
 plicating the Emperor to reftore to him the- kingdom 
 of Armenia he had ufurped from his father Pacorus. 
 The next reprefents the fame prince, with the toga 
 and pallium, on a roftrum furrounded by fenators and 
 feveral families, alluding to an eftablifliment of that 
 Emperor for the relief of all Italy. The third, with a 
 woman lying on the earth half naked, leaning againft a 
 coach wheel, alludes to the road of Trajan from 
 Rome to Brundufium, for which the Roman people 
 erected a triumphal arch to that Emperor at Beneventum. 
 The fourth reprefents Rome extending its empire as far 
 as the Euphrates, and from the Tigris to the ocean, with 
 Trajan fettling thefe vaft dominions, and a Victory 
 hovering round him, and crowning him with laurel, 
 accompanied by Piety and Health, with her fymbolical 
 ferpent, and the horn of Amalthea. The four medallions 
 between the columns of giallo-antico, reprefent facrifices 
 and hunting parties, to which Trajan was very partial. 
 On the fouth fide is the fame Emperor arriving in the 
 famous Ctefiphon, to elect Parthenafpas king of Parthia, 
 who attends here with a mantle, and the Roman military 
 bringing feveral infignia of victory. The fecond repre- 
 fents a fugitive, fent into Myfia to kill Trajan, which 
 confirmed the treachery of Decebalus. The third is an 
 allocution of the Emperor with the praefect of the fol- 
 diers, and feveral ftandard-bearers. The fourth exhibits 
 the fame prince with his head uncovered, and the patera 
 .jn his right hand, performing the facrifice called Sueove- 
 laurilia, that is, a bull to Jupiter, a hog to Mars, and a 
 
 goat 
 
|22 
 
 DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 goat to Janus Quirinu?, attended by the Aufpices who pre* 
 tended thofe deities watched over the profperity of the 
 empire. The firft medallion exhibits a facrifice of Hercules, 
 the fecond fome hunters with their dogs and horfes, the 
 third a facrifice to Diana, the fourth a bear-hunt. All the 
 other fculptures belong to Conftantine, that is, the vic-» 
 tories, river-gods, prifoners, ftandard-bearers on the bafes 
 of the columns, the difmiflal of the people, his conference 
 with the fenate, the fcaling of the walls, and the triumph. 
 The medallion with the figure of this Emperor, and a 
 monogram on the helmet, formed of the letter P and an 
 X acrofs it, which he always wore after his vi&ory over 
 Maxentius, denoted his piety, and readinefs to fight in 
 defence of the Chriftian religion. The arches at a fmall 
 diftance from hence are a part of the aqueduct that con^ 
 veyed water to the Palatine-hill. On the other fide of 
 the amphitheatre, part pf which was once ufed for an, 
 Jiofpital, is the; 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. CLEMENT THE POPE. 
 
 This is one of the moft ancient churches in Rome, 
 and faid to be built in the houfe of this faint, who lodged 
 St. Barnaby the apoftle when he came to Rome ; for which 
 reafon it was one of the firft that had the title of Cardinal 
 Pri ell annexed to it, and was always kept in a fuperior 
 ftile, as may be obferved by the ancient prefbytery and 
 pulpit of marble, where the epiftle and gofpel were read 
 to the people in the high mafs. Clem. XI. without 
 removing any of thefe antiquities, repaired and adorned 
 it with paintings, and gilded the cieling, after a defign 
 of Stefano Fontana. This church was firft pofTefTed by 
 fecular priefts, and afterwards by fome Benedidines and, 
 monks of St. Ambrofe, whofe order being fupprefied, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. , 12$ 
 
 P'rban VIII. gave the church and convent to the Irifii 
 Dominican friars. The painting in the middle aifle, 
 reprefenting St. Flavia and St. Domitilla, is by Cav. 
 Conca ; that of the titular faint, with the miracle of the 
 water, by Gregorini ; the fame faint, with the anchor 
 tied to his neck, by Odazzi ; the tranflation of the 
 fame, and the death of St. Servolo, by Chiari j St. Ignatius 
 the bifhop, who fuffered in the amphitheatre, by Cav. 
 Ghezzi ; St. Clement on the cieling by Chiari ; and the 
 blefled Virgin and St. Servolo by Piaftxini. The paintings 
 in the chapel of the paflion by MafTuccio, are much 
 efreemed for having been done before the time of RaphaeJ. 
 St. Dominic in the firft chapel to the right is by Roncalli ; 
 the nativity of the blefTed Virgin by the fcholars of 
 Caracci ; and the ftatue of our Saviour by the high altar 
 is an antique. 
 
 This church is faid to contain the bodies of St. Igna- 
 tius the bifhop and martyr, B. Ciril the apoftle of the 
 Moravians, Sclayonians, and Bohemians, and B. Servolo 
 the paralitic. By the door is the eulogy of St. Gregory 
 £he Great. In this church are many ancient columns of 
 granite and porphyry. Afcending the Monte Celio, the 
 firft object is the 
 
 CHURCH OF THE QUATTRO SANTI CQRONATI. 
 
 This church is faid to have been built by St. Mel- 
 chiade the pope, predeceflbr of St. Silverier, on the fpot 
 where the four brothers, Severus, Severianus, Carpoforius 4 
 and Victorinus, fuffered martyrdom, whofe bodies, with 
 fhofe of five others, are preferved in ancient marble tombs 
 under the high altar. It was repaired by Honorius I. in 
 630 ; but in 1084 all this part of the hill was deftroyed 
 ^n driving away (he trpops pf Henry III. who were 
 
 belieging 
 
124 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 befieging Greg. VII. in the cattle St. Angelo, at which 
 period this church fuffered with the reft. Pafqual II. re- 
 built it from the foundation, and adorned it with many- 
 antique columns. He alfo built a palace adjoining, which 
 the popes inhabited for fome time. Laftly, Pius IV. con- 
 verted it into a confervatory for poor orphan girls, who are 
 maintained and educated under the care of Auguftine nuns, 
 till they take religious orders or marry. In the portico is a 
 chapel dedicated to St. Silvefter, which, by its paintings and 
 other antiquities, appears to be very ancient. The church 
 was adorned with paintings by Card. Mellino. Some 
 paintings in frefco on the outfide are attributed to Raphael 
 da Reggio. The Nativity over trie firft altar to the right 
 is painted by Naldini ; thofe over the altar of the crucU 
 fixion are by an unknown artift; thofe in the tribune, 
 with feveral martyrs, are finely executed by Giovanni da 
 St. Giovanni ; St. Sebaftian on the other fide is by Cav, 
 Baglioni, and the Annunciation by Giovanni. In this 
 place was a Campus Martius, where the equeftrian games 
 were held when the other was inundated by the Tiber. 
 Here is the fmall church of St. Mary Imperatrix, fome, 
 times called in Marzio. In this is an image of the blefied 
 Virgin, preferved with great veneration, and faid to have 
 fpoken to St. Gregory. Turning to the right, and then 
 proceeding through a gateway on the left, made in the waU 
 the aquedudl of the Acqua Claudia, is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. STEFANO ROTONDO, 
 
 This chut ch, fo named from its circular form, is 
 fuppofed by fome to have been dedicated to Faunus, and 
 by others to Claudius. Simplicius L in 470, purified it 
 from the profane rites of the Gentiles, and confecrated it 
 to God in honour of St. Stephen. To the right of the 
 
 entrance 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. I25 
 
 entrance is a ftone chair, on which it is faid St. Gregory 
 recited a homily to the people. The church is ornamented 
 with marble and Mofaic work, and round it are two orders 
 of columns. But being in a ruinous ftate, Nicholas V. 
 repaired it in 1453. None of the ancient part is now in 
 exiftence, except the fecond row of granite columns, 
 thofe in the firft having been walled up. They amount 
 to near fixty. Greg. XIII. gave it to the German college 
 at St. Apollinare, which here fupports a prieft. The 
 paintings around, reprefenting the various tortures fuffered 
 by the firft Chriftians, are by Pomarancio j that over the 
 high altar, by Tempeft, being much injured by damp, 
 has been retouched; the landfcapes are by Matteo da 
 Sienna; the Annunciation by Pozzi; and the artificial 
 tabernacle in the middle of the church, made of cyprefe 
 wood, is well executed by a Swedifh baker. 
 
 This church is faid to contain the bodies of the martyrs 
 Primus and Felicianus. Near this were the veftiges of the 
 monaftery of St. Erafmus, built by St. Benedia, in the 
 houfe where St. Placidus was born. To the left, in the 
 middle of the grafs-plat, is a fmall marble boat, fuppofed 
 to be one among many found here, which had been given 
 as vows by mariners to the temple of Jupiter Redux* 
 built by the foldiers who had quarters here, in gratitude 
 for their happy return to their country. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY IN DOMNICA, AND ST. THO- 
 MAS IN FORMIS. 
 
 This church is on the top of the hill, and called in 
 Doranica, or irt Ciriaca, from a religious matron, who 
 buried the deacon St. Lawrence, and who had a houfe 
 here, where fhe aflifted and relieved the Chriftians in the 
 time of the perfections.- It was confecrated and con- 
 verted 
 
126 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 verted into a church, of which that martyr is faid to have 
 been made deacon, and to have there exercifed his miniftry 
 in relieving the poor, and diftributed to them, by order of 
 Fope Sixtus, the treafures of the church. It was repaired 
 by Pafqual I, with two much admired orders of columns 
 of black and green granite. Leo X. rebuilt it after a 
 defign of Raphael. Julio Romano and Pierin del Vaga 
 painted the frieze, and Baldi the altar*piece by the fide of 
 the h'gh altar. All thefe are now much decayed. The 
 church is called Navicella from the fmall marble boat 
 before it. 
 
 To the left of this, towards the Colofleum, is the fine 
 door- way of the very ancient church of St. Thomas in 
 Formis, of marble and Mofaic, by St. John de Matha, 
 founder of the order for redeeming flaves, who died here. 
 His body was preferved in the church for fome ages j 
 which at the time the popes refided at Avignon, was 
 deferted by thofe friars, and was given by Boniface IX. 
 to the chapter of St. Peter's. In 1395 it remained un- 
 occupied. However, the memory of the church is preferved 
 in a fmall chapel under the arch, where, on the feaft of the 
 apoftle, the above-mentioned chapter officiates. It is called 
 in Formis from the arches of the aquedu£t of Claudius 
 that ftill remain. The infcriptions in ftone and brick 
 near the arch, are very curious. A little farther on is the 
 ancient and noble 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. JOHN AND ST. PAUL. 
 
 The Curia Hoftilia of Tullius Hoftilius is by many 
 fuppofed to have flood on this fpot. Its remains appear 
 under the tower, and in the garden are nine or ten arched 
 compofed of large ftones, fimilar to thofe of the amphitheatre,, 
 upon which it is fuppofed to have been conftrucled. By 
 
 others' 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. I27 
 
 ethers it is thought to have been the palace of that king. 
 This fpot was afterwards occupied by the houfe in which 
 the two noble brothers, its patrons, refided, and fufltred 
 martyrdom under Julian the Apoftate. It has fince been 
 employed for a church, and dedicated in honour of both 
 thofe faints. The monaftery was built by St. Pamma* 
 chiuSj a monk of the fourth century, and was then called 
 the feminary of faints. It has been frequently repaired 
 by its titular cardinals. Nicholas V. gave it to the Jefuits. 
 The Engliih Cardinal , of Norfolk obtained it of Clem. 
 X. for the Irifli Dominicans. Clem. XI. gave it to the 
 miflionary priefts ; and laftly Clem. XIV. gave it to the 
 Pafiionifti, friars. Card. Paolucci repaired it after a 
 defign of Canevari. It confifts of three aides, with fbme 
 fine columns of ancient marble, and an inlaid pavement 
 of porphyry and fine marble, upon which is a ftone fur- 
 rounded with an iron railing, whereon the two faints are 
 faid to have been beheaded. Their bodies, with that of St. 
 Saturninus and twelve other martyrs, are preferved under 
 the high altar. The: marble bulls of Innocent XII. at 
 the entrance to the ffacrifty, are by Bracci ; St. Francis 
 de Sales painted oveir the firft altar to the right is by 
 Barbault : St. Pamma ic hius on the fecond, and the martyrs 
 Silitani on the third., by Milani ; St. Saturninus on the 
 fourth by Cav. Bene&ali ; and that on the high altar by 
 Giacomo Triga. The altar and tribune are a defign of 
 Ferrara; the paintings in the tribune by Pomarancio j 
 that to the right by Barbieri, and that to the left by 
 Piaftrini. Th« paintings above are by Pomarancio, St. 
 Vincent de Paulis over the firft altar on the other fide 
 by Simon Polacco; that on the next by ToreUij the 
 Conversion of St. Paul on the third, and St. Jofeph on 
 the fourth,' by Milani. The organ is fuppoxted by two 
 
 Very 
 
\2% DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 very fine columns of black and white marble ; and in ttld 
 garden and houfe are many antique monuments. 
 
 VILLA MATTEL 
 
 The principal entrance to this villa is by the church of 
 St. Mary in Domnica. This noble Cafino was built by 
 the Duke Ciriaco Matteo, in 1572, and Contains a variety - 
 of columns, ftatues, bufts, heads, and other antiquities of 
 great value. Over the door is a bronze head of Nero. 
 Within are a Seneca, an Apollo with Marfias, Adrian on 
 hbrfeback, Antoninus Pius, an Amazon, a groupe of two 
 heads very fine, a Satyr, a Silenus, two fcenical mafks, 
 two fcarce heads (Portia and Brutus), the heads of Adrian* 
 Jupiter Ammon, and one much celebrated of Cicero } a buft 
 of Lucius Verus, the ftatues of Agrippina and Antinousy 
 and in the laft room the heads of Marcus Aurelius, Anto- 
 ninus Pius, Caracalla, and Adrian* The ftatues are* 
 Marcus Aurelius and Fauftina the younger,' a vafe of 
 oriental jafper, various cinerary urns, and fcarce tables 
 of porphyry and verde-antico. The garden is adorned 
 with fountains, ftatues, a labyrinth, a great variety of 
 ancient infcriptions, a large buft of Alexander the Great, 
 and a green plat, laid out in the form of an ancient 
 circus, in the middle of which is an Egyptian obelifo, 
 full of hieroglyphics, given by the Roman people to the 
 Duke Mattei, as a public demonftration of their attach-* 
 ment. It was found in a garden belonging to the friars 
 of Ara Coeli, and is thirty-fix palms high. It was exe^ 
 cuted in the reign of Ramefes king of Egypt. Iff 
 this villa every year, on the laft Thurfday in the Carni- 
 val, refremment is given to a eoncourfe of near fix thou- 
 fand people, who vifit the feven churches with mufical 
 
 inftru* 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROM& 12$ 
 
 in'flxuments and Tinging, by the priefts of the congfegation 
 dell' Oratorio, in imitations of St: Philippo Neri, theif 
 founder. ~ 
 
 This hill took: the name of Caelius from a captain of the 
 Tufeans, who brought fame troops to Romulus in the waif 
 againft TatiuS; arid afterwards lived there. In this un- 
 inhabited quarter are- many celebrated churches, almoft 
 without cure or congregation, in confequence of the dei 
 folafi-ons -tKis city ha3 fuffered, particularly in 1084, when 
 Robert Guifcard came with his army to liberate Greg. VIL 
 who was befieged in the eaftle by the Emperor Henry. 
 This great warrior came in at the gate of St. Giovanni* 
 and fought the Imperialifts in this part of the city, theft 
 the molt populous, and burnt and deftroyed it ; in con- 
 fequence of which the Romans deferted it, and afterwards 
 occupied the Campus Martius, and the part near the 
 Vatican. The £eal of the pious alone refcued the 
 <hurcb.es- from the fame fate. 
 
 AQUEDUCT OF THE. AQUA CLAUDIA. . 
 
 From the letters formed of brick near the door- way of 
 {he church of St. Thomas m Forrrfis, thefe ancient and 
 ruined aqueducts are fuppofed to have been built by Nero ; 
 but it was Claudius who brought- the water through this 
 part of the city to the Palatine-hill,- -and to his celebrated 
 Mica Aurea, which formerly occupied- the fite of the 
 prefent Villa Mattel. Returning by the fmall church of 
 St. Mary Imperatrix, and farther on ! to the right, are 
 the ■ 
 
 CHURCli AND HOSPITALS OF ST. ANDREW* 
 
 Adjoining to this fmall church are two large hofpital% 
 •ne for men, the other for women. That of the men 
 V»l, L K ■ *-m& 
 
tge description or 
 
 was built in 1216 by Card. Colonna* and provided with 
 an ample income, fince inereafed by other benefa&QTS> 
 It is appropriated to the reception of the infirm of all 
 nations. In that for men are one hundred and twenty 
 beds ; and in that for women, on the oppofite fide of 
 the road, fixty. The apartments are furniihed with every 
 thing neceflary for the fick. It has a buiying-ground* 
 and many fervants and priefts attend it. Both thefe 
 eftablifhments are under the care of the confraternity of 
 St. Salvatore. 
 
 PIAZZA OF ST. JOHN LATERAN, AND THE EGYPTIAN 
 OBELISK. 
 
 The uncommonly large obelifk in the middle of this 
 fquare is one of the moft celebrated. It Was executed by 
 order of Ramefes king of Egypt, and coft as much gold as 
 would have built a city. It was placed in a vafr. temple 
 in ThebeSj and dedicated to the fun ; and Cambyfes extri* 
 Gated it from the ruins of that city with the greateft care. 
 Ammianus defcribes it as being in his time much larger 
 than at prefent ; for which reafon Auguftus, confidering 
 its extreme magnitude* was afraid to remove it; but 
 Coriftantine had it brought down the Nile td Alexandria, 
 where a large raft of three hundred oars was prepared to 
 convey it to Rome. That emperor dying before he 
 had effected his defign, it was executed with fafcty by his 
 fon Conftantius, who brought it up the Tiber, and placed 
 it in the Circus Maximus. It is of red granite* ornamented 
 with Egyptian hieroglyphics and fymbols, and is about 
 one hundred and fifteen feet long, without the bafe and 
 pedeftal, and nine and a half by eight thick. In 1588 
 it was dug out of the ruins of the circus by order of 
 Sixtus V. being buried fourteen feet uncter ground* an4 
 
 • broke 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROliiE. I3I 
 
 Woke in three pieces. It was joined, and placed as an 
 Ornament to the Bafilica Conftantiniana, oppofite the 
 portico of the Benediction gallery* after a defign of 
 Gav. Fontana* On the 10th of Auguft that pontiff 
 dedicated it in honour of our Saviour as the true fun of 
 jufticej having crowned it with a metal crofs nine feet 
 and a half high. Thus from the bafe to the top of the 
 crofs is two hundred and four feet. A little way down 
 the ftreet, towards St. Mary Maggiore, on the left, is 
 the ancient 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. PETER AND ST. MARCEtilNOS. 
 
 This church was built in the early times of Chriftianity 
 in honour of thefe two martyrs. Greg. III. rebuilt it* 
 as did Alex. IV. Being again in a ruinous ftate under 
 Bened. XIV. that pontiff rebuilt it from the foundation 
 after a defign of the Marquis Teodoli, repaired the mo- 
 naftery, and gave it to the nuns of St. Terefa. The 
 painting on the high altar is by Gaetano Lapis, that of 
 St. Terefa is copied from one of Domenichino, and the 
 St. Gregory oppofite is by Evangelifta. In the vineyards 
 to the left are the ruins of the famous baths and houfe of 
 Philippus, as is conjectured froni the following infcrip- 
 tion : " L. Rubrius Geta cur P. cccxxii. D. N. Philippi 
 " Aug, Therm." Near them were the magnificent baths 
 •f the Meruli, from which the following church takes its 
 name. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MATTEO lit MERULANA. 
 
 This once celebrated church was built about the year 
 600: St. Gletus the Pope having reduced the number of 
 cardinals to twenty-five, they all refided in this quarter 
 near his own houfe. That pontiff built the h>fpital 
 
 K % 
 
DESCRIPTION Ot 
 
 for pilgrims who travelled to Rome, giving the care of it to 
 a confraternity who, from wearing the crofs on their 
 fhoulders, Were named Crociferi, and continued to exercife 
 this charitable office till the time of Gregory the Great. 
 But in confequence of the repeated defoiations of Rome, 
 this rich endowment was ruined. Pafqual II. about the 
 year 1099, rebuilt it, dedicating it to St. Andrew the 
 apoftle ; and in the time of Innocent III. two Roman 
 gentlemen repaired the hofpital, which continued till 
 1430, when this order was fupprefled by Sixtus IV. who 
 gave the church to the Irifli Auguftin friars. The paint- 
 ings on the two altars are by Lelli. Returning to the 
 
 BASILICA LATERANA. 
 
 Chriftianity being at length completely eftablifhed, and- 
 the church enjoying tranquillity and repofe, the pope 
 refolved to add folemnity to the celebration of its moft f ici\ d 
 myfteries. For this purpofe he chofe this as the principal 
 and moft celebrated church of the five Bafiliche, and calledi 
 it Bafdica Patriarchale, and the palace adjoining Patriarchie. 
 This church had fir ft been called Conftantiniana and 
 Aurea, becaufe it Was magnificently built and enriched 
 with precious gifts by Conftantine the Great. It is called 
 Lateranafrom being creeled on the grand palace of Plautius 
 Lateranus, who, under pretence of his having conlpired' 
 againft Nero, was put to death by that emperor, in order to' 
 enjoy his riches and eftates. Hence that palace pafled into 
 the hands of his fucceflbrs ; and Conftantine, about the 
 year 312, gave part of it to pope St. Melchiade. That 
 emperor, from having feen a crofs in the fky previous to 
 his victory over Maxentius, and the peaceful enjoyment 
 of the empire, - Tent "for Pope Silverier, then concealed on 
 Mount Sor;itte,and declared his determination to give peace 
 --"■ " - , ; • • & A to 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. I33 
 
 to the Chriftians, and to honour their God. With this 
 view he built this magnificent church, which wasfolemnly 
 confecrated by St. Silvefter, on the gth of November, 
 about the year 324, in honour of our Saviour, St. John 
 the Baptift, and St. John the Evangelift; and it was then 
 hy the^ papal and imperial decree declared head of all the 
 qther churches in the world, as the following verfes. 
 round. the building import. 
 
 f? Aula Dei hsec fimilis Synai facra jufTa ferenti, 
 " Ut lex demonftrat, hie. qua? fuit edita quondam* 
 . <c Lex hinc exivit, mentes quae ducit abifnis 
 fi Et vulgata dedit lumen per climata faecli, 
 
 "/Flavius Conftantinus, felrx, victor, magifter utriufque 
 " militiae, patricius, et conful Ordinarius, et Padufia 
 ' " illuflris fcemina, ejus uxor, voti compotes, de proprio 
 *• " fecerunt." 
 
 Apud Panv. Sept. Ecc, p. 137. 
 
 Nothing was wanting on the part of the emperor to add 
 to its magnificence and riches by the moft precious gifts. 
 He ordered the roof to be entirely covered with 2025 pounds 
 weight of filver, and gave a ftatue of Chrift fitting 
 of-mafiive filver, weighing 330 pounds, another ftanding 
 of; 140^ four angels fet with precious ftones weighing 
 1 130, the twelve apoftles 140 each, four crowns of gold 
 10 pounds each, a pix of gold where the hoft was kept of 
 500 pounds weight, feven altars of 200, three vafes of 
 300 each, forty-five lamps 30 each, one of gold 230, and 
 many fmall ones, in all of which oil of fpilcenard was 
 burned: There were, befides, fifty chalices of gold 
 weighing a pound each, five hundred of filver of two 
 pounds each, acrofs of filver of 2Q pounds, and many other 
 K 3 treafures, 
 
134- DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 treafures, defcribed by Anaftafius. But all thefe being 
 confumed by time, qr carried away in the many defeca- 
 tions of the city, we mall giye an. account of what now 
 remains, beginning with the 
 
 BAPTISMAf FONT. 
 
 Till the Chriftian religion acquired ftability, and was 
 adopted by an emperor, baptifm was performed in the 
 open air, in any convenient ftream or pool. But on this, 
 occafi'on pope St. Silvefter erected a magnificent octan- 
 gular edifice, near this church, in the middle of which 
 was placed the facred font, wherein Conftantine, hi 
 the year of our Lord 324, and the eighteenth of his 
 reign, received baptifm from £he hands of that pontiff, 
 Through the fame emperor's liberality ? on part of whofe 
 palace it was built, it was adorned with pprphyry, 
 and covered with 3080 pounds weight of filver. In 
 the center of the font was placed, on a column of por- 
 phyry, a vafe of gold weighing 50 pounds, anfi a lamp 
 with an afbeftos wick, and conftantly fed with balfam, 
 It alfo contained a lamb of gold weighing 30 pounds, 
 through which the water was conveyed. To the right 
 was a filver ftatue of Chrift, five feet high, and weighing 
 170 pounds, and another of St. John the Baptift of the 
 fame diraenfions and weight, bearing this infeription in his 
 hand, >« Ecce Agnus Dei. Eccc qui tojltt peccata mundi," 
 There were alfo feven flags of filver, each of which 
 was a fountain and weighed 80 pounds, a vafe of gold for 
 perfumes weighing 10 pounds, whofe rim was ornamented 
 with forty-two emeralds and fapphires, and many other 
 ornaments of great value. The fame emperor brought to 
 Rome feveral very fine columns of porphyry to adorn this 
 font; but thefe remained without being fet up for many 
 
 ages 3 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 ages, till Sixtus IV. employed eight of them to fupport 
 the octangular cupola. The modern font is of Egyptian 
 marble, with the baptifm of our Saviour in bronze on one 
 fide, and that of Conftantine on the other. Here the popes 
 formerly baptized children and adults on the eves of the 
 Refurredtion and of Pentecoft. Latterly they baptized Jews 
 and Turks on the eve of the Refurre&ion. Tbis build* 
 ing has been repaired by Greg. XIII. Clem. VIII. Urban 
 V III. and Innocent X. The paintings of the hiftory of 
 the blefled Virgin round the cupola are the fine produc- 
 tions of Andrea Sacchi. Of the two fmall chapels, that 
 of St. John the Baptift was erected by St. Hilary the pope, 
 and repaired and adorned by Clem. VIII. The ftatue of 
 the faint in bronze is by Donatello, the paintings to the 
 left by Andrea Commodo, and the fine grotefque by Alberti. 
 Reliques of the apoftles James, Matthew, and Jude, and 
 of the two fitters Martha and Magdalen, are faid to be 
 preferved in this chapel, which enjoys a ptfrpetual indul- 
 gence ; but from entering which women are prohibited. 
 It is faid to have been at firft a chamber of Con- 
 ftantine. The other chapel was rebuilt from the founda* 
 tion by Clement VIII. in 1597, and adorned with paint* 
 ings, Mofaic, and gilt ftucco. The ftatue of St, John the 
 Evangelift is by Gio. Battifta della Porta. The hiftory 
 of the faint is painted by Tempeft, and the two pictures 
 by Cav. d'Arpino. Of the frefcos round, that reprefenting 
 Conftantine with the crofs in the heavens was coloured 
 by Gemtniani. The battle and the triumph are by 
 Camaffei. That with the ruin of the idols is the firft 
 frefco painting of Carlo Maratta. The laft, reprefenting 
 the burning of the writings, is by Carlo Magnoni, as are 
 alfo the cherubims and medallions. The two women 
 painted green are by Maratta. Adjoining are two more 
 K 4 chapels. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 chapels, one erected in 1253 by Anaftafius IV. dcdicate4 
 •to two fitters, St. Ruffina and- St. Secunda, and containing 
 their bodies, which were found in a tomb of Grecian 
 marble in digging the foundation, together with the bodies 
 of. fix other martyrs, placed around them. Chrift crown- 
 ing the two faints, hi frefeo, was done in the time of the 
 above pope. The two marble monuments were erected, 
 one. for Card. Lercari, fecretary to Benedict XIII. 
 the other for Monfig. Lercari, deacon of the Lateran 
 Chapter. The two bufrs are by l^ighi. In the middl? 
 is the family fepulchre. The chapelof the martyrs Cyprian 
 and Juftina, is adorned with marble by the canon Borgia, 
 whofe fepulchre is there. Under the altar are the bodies 
 of the above Hunts* The other was erected by John IV. 
 in 640, to receive the body of St. Venantius, brought 
 from Sclavonia by his order, with other martyrs, and 
 placed under the altar, on the tribune of which they are 
 reprefented in Mofaic. Near this is a noble altar de t 
 dicated to the bleffed Virgin, ' and ornamented with 
 monuments of- marble, after a defign of Algardi. The 
 eherubims are by Naldini, and the portraits by Fancelli. 
 :On the outfide are four large columns of porphyry, with 
 fbme fragments of antiquity. - 
 
 From hence we enter- the Ba'filica, through a noble 
 portico, at the fide of the building, built by Sixtus V. 
 from the foundation, after a defign of Cav. Fontana, and 
 • &dorned> with ftucco gilt and paintings (ef'pecially the 
 tippdr part),>by Cav.'vSalimbeni, deftined for the pope to 
 give benediction to the people,- as the infcription on the 
 front importer " Xiftus Papa/V. ad benedictiones extruxit 
 4 ^anno Domini '1586.^ Piiis IV. added* 1 the two towers. 
 The metal ftatue of Henry. IV. of France, who, in 1648, 
 gatfe to this chapter the celebrated abbey of Clairac, 
 
 po^Tefje^ 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. I^y 
 
 jpoffefTed by the Benedi&ine monks, was placed here* by 
 the canons as a memorial of gratitude, and is the work- 
 rhanfhip of Cor'dieri. ; This church fuffered by fire in 
 1308, while the papal chair was at" Avignon, when the 
 church, the palace, and the canonry were burnt. Clem. 
 V. ordered it to be rebuilt, with the canonry, on a more 
 fpacious and convenient plan. Greg. XI. having reftored 
 the apoftolical chair to Rome, after its having been feventy 
 years at Avignon, and finding this palace in a ruinous 
 flate, as it had not been inhabited for a long time, removed 
 to the Vatican. Entering the church on this fide, over 
 the door is a magnificent organ by Luca Blafi Perugino, 
 Supported by two precious columns of giailo-antico, and 
 ornamented with excellent carving by Montano Miianefe. 
 The arms of Clem. VIII. with, the Angels, are by Val- 
 folino j and the mufical trophies, and two half figures of 
 Dav-id with his harp and Hezekiah with the organ, are 
 -by Malvicino. The apoftles in frefco near the deling 
 "are,- St. Jude by Gentilefchi, St. Thomas by Nebbia, and 
 St. Philip by Baglioni. The St. Barnabas oppofite is by 
 Novara, St. -Bartholomew by Nogari, St. Simon' by Po« 
 marancio, and all the feftoons, fruitSj and cherubims, by 
 Cav. d'Arpino. The hiftory of Conftantine fending' to 
 feek St. Silverier in Mount Soratte is by Nogari, and the 
 other of the faint baptizing the emperor by Pomafancio. 
 That oppofite, "reprefenting the building of the church, is 
 by Nogari, and the confecration of it by' Ricci. ' The 
 Mofeic in the tribune is by Nicholas" IV. the figure 
 pf Chrift in the 'middle ■ is "iaid to 'be of the fame 
 form that appeared to the people, when St. Silvefter 
 confecrated the church. Its fuperb deling was gilded by 
 •prder of the fame pope. The apoftles beyond the tribune 
 ?.re, St. James, painted by Nogari, and St, Paul by Nebbia, 
 
 whe 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 who alfo did the four doctors of the church. The 
 St. Peter is by Cefari, and St. Andrew by Novara. The 
 triumph of Conftantirtfc is by the above Cefari, and the 
 other, with St. Peter and St. Paui appearing to the fame 
 emperor, by Nebbia. Of the two oppofite, one reprefents 
 the apparition of Chrifr, to the people, by Nogaii j the 
 other, with the prefents of gold and filver vafes given 
 by Conftantine to the church, is by Gav. Baglione. The 
 nine Angels of half-relievo, fculptured in white marble, 
 are by Cordieri, Vacca, Maderno, and others. The 
 altar of the facrament is from a defign of Olivieri. 
 The architrave and the canopy of bronze gilt, are fup- 
 ported by four fluted columns of the fame metal. Some 
 fay they were made from the beaks of the Carthaginian 
 /hips taken by the Romans, and put up in the temple of 
 Jupiter Capitolinus. Others are of opinion they were 
 brought by Vefpafian from Judea, with the triumphal fpoils, 
 and that they are full of earth from Mount Calvary and other 
 holy places at Jerufalem. The Angels of the fame metal 
 gilt were modelled by Mariani. The tabernacle, compofed 
 of precious ftones of ineftimable value, with many gilt 
 figures, is by Targoni. The large baflb^relievo of maffive 
 filver, reprefenting the laft fupper of Chrift with his 
 apoftles, was modelled by Vigu, and caft by Curzio Vanni. 
 The ftatue of Elias in the niche is by Mariani, that of 
 Mofes by Vacca or Fiamingo, Aaron by Silla Milanefe, 
 Melchifedeck by Fiamingo, and God the Father painted 
 on the frontifpiece by Cav. d'Arpino. The chapel of the 
 Colonna family, by the architect Rinaldi, and ufed as 
 a choir in winter, is adorned with paintings, marble, and 
 bronze gilt. The picture on the altar is by Cav. d'Ar- 
 pino, and the paintings round by Stefano della Croce. 
 The monument of the princes Colonna, of marble 
 
 and 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 $nd bronze gilt, adorned with columns of paragon, is 
 J^y Laurenziani, aftter a defign of Cav. della Porta. lit 
 the femicircle behind the tribune full of noble monu- 
 ments, is a table, (aid to be that on which Chrift eat his 
 laft fupper with his apoftles. It is now decorated with 
 three filver lamps eonftantly burning before it. In the 
 facrifty are many pictures ; that on the altar is by 
 Gaetani, the Annunciation by Venufti, drawn by Buo- 
 narotti, the St. John by Cav. d'Arpino, the Apoftles in 
 the boat (though an excellent painting) by an unknown 
 artift, the Trinity by Ciampelli, the metal buft of Clem. 
 VIII. by Laurep^iano, and that of Paul V. by Cordieri, 
 In the facrifty approprjate4 to the canons is a fine 
 marble altar, with a picture of the Crucifixion, the 
 blefled Virgin, and St. John, by Michael Angelo T Its two 
 fides are painted by Ciampelli, the one with the miracle 
 pf the water, the other with the martyrdom of St. CJe T 
 ment. The perfpectjye round, with its ornaments, are 
 by Albertj and his brother. 
 
 Returning to the church, among the many monuments 
 in this part is that of Monfig. Filipucci, defigned by 
 Coftanzi, and fculptured by Cametti. This prelate was 
 pelebrated for his legal fcience, and for refufing the dignity 
 pf cardinal. This edifice ajfo contains the monuments 
 pf the two celebrated painters Andrea Sacchi and Cav, 
 d'Arpino; and in the chapel near the organ is a 
 Nativity, which, with the paintings round it, are by 
 Pefaro. Turning towards the principal entrance, the 
 ancient ftrudture of the Bafilipa, with its five ailles, as, 
 built by Conftantine, ftrikes the view. Innocent X. re- 
 paired and adorned this part of the temple after a defign 
 of Borromini, who inclofed the antique columns that 
 Supported F it within the large pilafters, in which are 
 
 niches 
 
niches adorned with marble^ forming a facred gallery with 
 columns of verde-antico. Above is reprefented the 
 paflion of Chrift in bafib-rclievo by Algardi, Raggi, and 
 Roffi. In the niches below are the twelve apoftles in 
 tnarble, twenty-one feet high, executed by order of Clem. 
 XI. St. Peter and St. Paul are by Monot, St. Andrew, 
 St. John, St. James the elder, and St. Matthew, by R-uf- 
 coni, St. Thomas and St. Bartholomew by le Gros, St. 
 James the younger by ftofli, St. Philip by Mazzolij St. 
 Simon by Moratti, and St. Jude by Ottone. Thefe ftatues 
 are valued at five thoufand crowns each. The fame pope 
 employed the bell artifts of his time to paint feveral of the 
 prophets of the Old Teftament in the ovals above. Ifaiah 
 is by Cay. Luti, Jeremiah by Cav. Conca, Habakkulc by 
 Trevifani, tzekiel by Melchiori, Daniel by Procaccini, 
 Hofea by Odazzi, Joel by Garzi, Amos by Cav. Nafini, 
 Obadjah by Chiari, Jonah by Cav. Benefiali, MiCah by 
 Cav. Ghezzi, and Nahum by Muratori. They were 
 completed at the expence of Card. Panfili. In the 
 firft chapel in the fide aifle, is St. John the Evangelift 
 fey Baldi. The fecond chapel belongs to the Maffinu 
 family, and is a defign of Porta. The painting is by 
 Sermoneta. The St. John Nepomuceno in the third is 
 by Cav. Conca; the Conception in the fourth, with 
 St. Barbato, St. Fedele, and St. Jofeph the capuchin, 
 By Placido Co'ftanzi. In this aifle are the fepulchres of 
 the' popes Boniface VIII. SJIvefrer II.- Alex. Ill, and 
 5ergius IV. The figure of Boniface reprefents him in 
 the a& of publifhing the bulla of the jubilee or holy year 
 (1300), of which he was the inftitutor. It is painted by 
 Giotto. The fkelcton, with other figures, is by Filippa 
 Romano. In the middle aifle is a monument in bronze 
 of Martin V. by whofe orders the beautiful inlaid pave- 
 ment 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 14* 
 
 mcnt of fine marble was executed. The partition is 
 painted by Pifano. The papal altar, which is of Gothic 
 Work and in marble, was erected by order of Urban V.. 
 Under this is faid to be the altar on which St Peter 
 officiated. At firft, in the time of the perfections, the 
 altar confifted of a wooden box, that it might Us .quickly 
 removed, and on fuch the firft popes, officiated till the 
 time of St. Silvefter. In the oratory of this bafilica the 
 heads of the apoftles Peter and Paul are faid to have 
 been long preferved, till Sr. Silvefter divided their 
 bodies between the two churches dedicated to them. 
 When this Gothic tabernacle was erected, they were 
 brought hither and enclofed in two bulls of filver, whofe 
 fronts were covered with jewels, to which Charles V„ 
 king of France, added a golden lily of great weight, with 
 fome diamonds and other valuable gems. The celebrated 
 Jane of Navarre gave a crofs of gold enriched with large 
 pearls, and Jane Queen of Sicily prefented a hat covere4 
 with precious ftones and gems. Greg. IX. in 1239, being 
 greatly alarmed for thefe reliques, when the church was 
 threatened with ruin by Frederick II. had them carried in 
 proceffion to the Vatican, himfelf walking barefoot, as 
 Honorius III. had done before. In 1308, when Clem. 
 V. was at Avignon, the church accidentally took fire, 
 and all the roof was burnt, together with the rooms of 
 the canons, the portico, and the palace; a great quantity 
 of ornaments of gold and filver, facred vafes, and habili- 
 ments. That pope repaired it at his own expencc, in a 
 ftill more fuperb mariner. But the. chapel of St. Law- 
 rence, called the Sanclum San&orum, where the heads; of 
 the apoftles are faid to have been kept, remained .uninjured*. 
 In the above-mentioned Gothic tabernacle, which was 
 decorated by Alexander. VII. befides. thefe. reliques, are 
 
 faid 
 
t 4 i fcESCfcimoN or 
 
 (aid to be preferved the head of Zachams, father of SU 
 John the Baptift, and that of St. Pancras the martyr, pare 
 of St. Lawrence, a tooth of St. Peter* the chalice from 
 which St John the EvangeVift was fentenced to drinjc 
 poifon by Domitian, his tunic, and the chains he wore 
 When led to prifon at Ephefus and Rome* the hair gar-> 
 fcent of St. John the Baptift, fome clothes of the blefled 
 Virgin, the tunic of Chriftj the cloth made ufe of to 
 Wipe his apoftles' feet, the purple garment (in which he 
 was arrayed for derifion) ftained with his blood, a napkiri 
 that formed part of his grave clothes, a piece of his crofsj 
 fome reliques of the Magdalen, and many others. The 
 St. Hilary painted in frefco in the firft chapel on this fide 
 is by Borgognone. Near it is a fmall door which leads 
 to the ancient cloifter belonging to the monaftery of the 
 canon regulars of St. Auguftin, inftituted by Gelafius I; 
 about the year 493. They continued to enjoy it till the 
 year I 3 oo, when Boniface VIII. gave it with all its 
 endowments to the fecular canons. Round this closer 
 are feveral antiquities worthy of obfervation. To the 
 right is a large marble flab, refting ori four columns, 
 and (hewing the ftature of Chrift. The next object is a 
 marble altar, celebrated for a miracle relating to the Oftia 
 or Hoft. Near this are two columns that formerly 
 flood before the palace of Pilate, a column faid to have 
 divided in two at the death of Chrift, a piece of porphyry 
 on which the foldiers eaft lots for his reft; a chair of 
 marble and two of porphyry from the ancient baths, on 
 one of which it is faid the new elefted pope fits to take 
 pofieffion. Here are alfo many infcriptions in Hebrew* 
 Greek, and Latin. 
 
 Adjoining to this building is the monaftery of the 
 friars obfervants of St. Francis and pemtentian«s of the? 
 
 church* 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN R0ME. 
 
 church, to which we now return. In the fame aifle 
 to the right is the chapel of Prince Lancellotti, from 
 a defign of Vol terra, finifhed by Maderno, and dedicated 
 to St. Francis, Who is painted over the altar by Puccem. 
 The baflb-relievo, angels, and hiftory in ftucco, are by 
 Carcani. The next chapel is the architecture of LunghL 
 The fine marble crucifix is by Ciolli, and the paintings 
 round it by Baccio Ciarpi, mafter of Pietro da Cortona. 
 The monument of Card, St. Severino is by Finelli, that 
 of Card. Cafanetta by'Le Gros, and that of Elena Savelli 
 with the baflb-relievo of bronze are fine productions of 
 Duca, a fcholar of Buonarotti. The death of the blefled 
 Virgin in the next chapel is a copy of the ancient painting 
 behind it. The Aflumption in frefco with St. Dominic 
 and St. Philippo Neri, was begun by Odazzi, and finifhed 
 by Stern. The magnificent portico towards the eaft, and 
 the noble chapel dedicated to St. Andrew Corlini, were 
 ere&ed by order of Clement XII. who was of that family. 
 It is ornamented with ftatues, marble, ftucco, and gilt 
 metal, after a defign of Galilei. The grand baflb-relievo 
 of marble over the altar, reprefenting the faint with a 
 fword hovering over the Florentine army in the battle of 
 Anghieri, with Niccolo Piccinino, is by Cornacchmi. 
 The ftatues of Religion and Penitence over the frontifpiece 
 of the fame are by Pincellotti. The Mofaic altar-piece 
 reprefenting St. Andrew Corfini is a copy from Mafucci's 
 full fizedcopy of Guido's original in the BarOerini collec- 
 tion. The cornice is of alabafter and bronze, richly gilt, 
 and decorated and fupported by two fine columns of 
 verde-antico, with bales and capitals of gilt metal. The 
 fine porphyry urn was brought from the portico of the 
 Pantheon, where it lay long neglected. It is now the 
 fepulchre of the above- mentioned pope, whofe metal ftatue 
 
 was 
 
fcESCRIPf IOR ot 
 
 tt&s modelled by Maini, and caft by Giardoni. The iw& 
 marble ftatues at the fides^ one representing Magnifieenc6^ 
 the other Abundance, are by Monaldi. The oppofite 
 monument of Card. Corfini, uncle to the pope, is by 
 Maini. The fides of both thsfe monuments are fup- 
 ported by columns of porphyry, with bafes and capitals- of 
 gilt metal. In the four larger fpaces on the fides are 
 marble urns, on each of which is a ftatue of marble, and 
 a bafib-relievo of the actions of the faint. The figure of 
 Prudence at the corner of the altar, with the cherubims 
 on the urn, are by Cofnacchini. The baffo-relievo above 
 is by Bracci. The Juftice on the oppofite is by Livoni> 
 and the bafib-relievo over it by Adami. The figure of 
 Temperance on the left is by Valle, the bafib-relievo 
 over it by Benaglia, and the Fortitude by Rufconi. In the 
 angles of the cupola are baflb-relievos in ftucco by Corfini 
 arid Ludovifi. The pavement is of fine marble of various: 
 colours. Under the grate in the middle is a fubterranearv 
 chapel, on the altar of which is a groupe in marble repre- 
 fenting Chrift and his mother by Montauti. The gates, 
 which are of gilt metal, are very magnificent. The grand 
 portico in front of the church is fupported by twenty-four 
 large columns of marble. The architraves of the four leiTef 
 doors, as well as that of the palace, are of white marble, and 
 that of the facred door of verde and . giajlo-antico. Over 
 two of thefe, as well as over that towards the palace, are 
 baflb-relievos. The firft reprefents Zacharias giving a 
 name to St. John tt;e Baptift, .by Ludovifi j the fecond is* 
 his preaching, by Maini ; and the third where he is repre-- 
 bending Herod for cohabiting with his brother's wife, by 
 Bracci. The ancient bronze doors were brought from 
 the church of St. Adrian in Campo Vaccino. Their 
 snarble frame is African . and verde* anticOi The ftatue of 
 
 Con-. 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 Conflantine, done in his life-time, was found with thofe 
 of his fons in the ruins of his baths on the Quirinal-hill. 
 The upper portico, from whence the popes gave their 
 benediction, is fupported by four columns of red oriental 
 granite, and on the frontifpiece are two angels in marble 
 by Campi, fupporting a crown of laurel, which encircles 
 a figure of Chrift in Mofaic. In this church are three 
 hundred and thirty-five columns, large and fmall, moftly 
 ancient. Above the outfide front is the ftatue of Chrifl 
 thirty feet high, and ten ftatues of faints twenty-feven 
 feet high, each of the fame kind of ftone. Conftantine 
 and many other emperors and Icings gave various pre- 
 fents to this churchj as did afterwards Valentinian> Charle- 
 magne, the kings of France, Spain, and Portugal, and 
 many other princes and popes ; but great part of them 
 have been deftroyed by time, by fire, and by the barba- 
 rians. This church is alfo celebrated for the number of 
 councils held in it, between the generals or heads of the 
 different orders of friars and provincial prelates. Of 
 thefe the twelfth was called by Benedict XIII. in 1725. 
 This bafilica being patriarchal and head of the world, the 
 patriarchs and popes take pofTeflion of it immediately- 
 after their election arid coronation, with a folemn caval- 
 cade; and being one of the four principal cathedrals, 
 the chapter of cardinals is held there on the 6th of July, 
 every year, which concludes the octave of St. Peter and 
 St. Paul, when, after dinner, the Roman fenate, with 
 all the officers and minifters of the camera and of the 
 Tribunale Capitolino, come in ftate to pay homage to 
 the heads of the two apoftles, which are then expofed, 
 and to clofe the ceremonies of the octave. 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 L 
 
 THE 
 
1^6 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 THE LATERAN PALACE. 
 
 Conftantine having built the bafiHca, gave this palace 
 of Faufta his wife to St. Silvefter for a refidence ; and 
 there the popes continued to refide above a thoufand 
 years ; during which time they enriched it with the fcarceft 
 and moft magnificent antiquities. But after the removal of 
 Clem.V. to Avignon, this palace was much injured by fire ; 
 and when Greg. XL returned to Rome, he found it almoft 
 in ruins. That pope died before he executed his defign 
 of repairing it, and Boniface IX. having fortified the 
 maufoleum of Adrian, determined to refide near that in 
 the Vatican. This palace ftill contained many beautiful 
 apartments, built by Urban V. but being abandoned by 
 the pontiffs, it went to decay. Paul III. and Julius III. 
 demoliftied it. In 1586, Sixtus V. rebuilt it, after a 
 defign of Fontana. The two compartments bearing his 
 arms were finittied before his death; the other, towards 
 the city gate, was completed by order of Clem. XII. from 
 a defign of Galalei. The fine flair-cafe, its gilt -deling, 
 and the frefco paintings of facred and papal hiftory, by 
 Cr.oce, Nogari, Salimbeni, Novara, and others, are worthy 
 of admiration. Greg. XIII. erected it into an hofpital or 
 confervatory for poor-orphan girls, who are employed in 
 various works adapted to their fex, and fupportcd by a 
 revenue from the cuftoms. On the ruins of an ancient 
 aqueduct, which ftill remain, flood the palaces of the 
 Cardinal Camerlengo, vice chancellor, receiver of the 
 cuftoms, and other minifters of the popes. Of thefe 
 nothing now remains but a few fmall houfes near the 
 portico of the 
 
 SCAI/A 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 147 
 
 SCALA SANTA. 
 
 Thefe ftairs are called holy, becaufe they are faid to •have 
 been thofe leading to Pilate's palace in Jerufalem, and 
 which Chrift often afcended and defcended, for which 
 reafon they are held in great veneration. When firft 
 brought to Rome, they were kept in the adjacent palace. 
 But Sixtus V. erected this edifice for them in 1589, after 
 a defign of Fontana. The holy flairs are placed in the 
 centre, and four other flights of ffeps, two on each fide. 
 The devout afcend them on their knees. They contain 
 twenty-eight fteps of Grecian marble, which, from the 
 great number of perfons continually doing penance there, 
 are much worn. They are now covered with planks of 
 wood. In the fpots marked by pieces of iron, drops of 
 blood are faid to have fallen from Chrift. Above the 
 fteps is the ancient chapel of the popes, dedicated to 
 St. Lawrence, called the Sanctum San&orum, becaufe 
 it is full of facred reliques, particularly an image of 
 Chrift feven feet high, faid to be made without handsj 
 which was cafed in filver by Innocent III. There is a 
 tradition that it was thrown into the fea by St. Germaine, 
 patriarch of Conftantinople, in order to fave it from 
 the impiety of the Emperor Leo Ifauricus, and that it 
 came to Rome of itfelf. It is alfo believed by the people; 
 that it was begun by St. Luke and finifhed by angels. 
 Under the altar St, Leo is faid to have depofited three 
 cafes of reliques of martyrs, with this motto, " Sancla' 
 " Sandorum," from which the chapel takes its name. 
 This chapel is alfo faid to contain the body of St. Anafta- 
 fms the martyr, the heads of St. Agnes and St. Praxede, 
 cafed in filver, the manger where Chrift was born, part 
 of the'crofs, foine bones and other reliques of John the 
 
 L ± Baptift, 
 
fyS DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Baptift. No one is permitted to enter this building, arid 
 therefore a large flab of marble, faid to have been brought 
 from the palace of Pilate, clofcs the door- way. The 
 facred hiftory painted round the top of the flairs is by v 
 Novara, the Paflion by Stella, that of Adam by Andrea 
 da Ancona, and that of Mofes by an unknown artift. 
 Adjoining, on the left, is the fmall oratory of St. Mary, 
 where the confraternity of the facrament adminifter it to 
 the parifh. Near this edifice is the 
 
 TRICLINIO LEONIANO. 
 
 The celebrated Triclinio Leoniano, fo called from its - 
 founder Leo III. confifted of a tribune, two fides, and a 
 door. Leo IV. repaired it, after an interval of fixty 
 years. But in the time of Urban VIII. the tribune alone 
 was (landing; and it continued in that ftate till Clem. XII. 
 removed it, in order to enlarge the opening before it. In 
 1743 Benedict XIV. reunited and reftored it in Mofaic, 
 preferving exactly the fame form. Near this was the 
 houfe of Marcus Aurelius, where his equeftrian ftatue, now 
 on the Campidoglio, was found. 
 
 PORTA DI ST. GIOVANNI. 
 
 This gate was anciently called Ports Cadimontana, and 
 was repaired by Greg. XIII. It takes its prefent name 
 from the church near which if ftands. It opens on the 
 road to Naples, on the left fide of which, at the diftance of 
 a mile, is an ancient edifice, ftill entire, containing the 
 veftiges of fome antique paintings, ar.d a Mofaic pave*, 
 ment neatly executed. It is fuppofel to have been a 
 fepulchre, from the number of its cinerary urns. A little 
 farther on the right is a bath called Acua Santa, efteemed 
 very falutary in many diforders, and nucb frequented in 
 
 the 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 149 
 
 the fummer, both for bathing and drinking the waters. 
 In the other road leading to Frafcati, about a mile from 
 the city, is the villa Carolis, now called Villa Santa Croce, 
 and farther on are the remains of an aqueduct, part of 
 which is kept in repair, and part abandoned. Beyond 
 thefe are the ruins of the maufoleum of the Emperor 
 Alexander Severus, difcovered two centuries fince, with 
 a fine marble farcophagus within, and a famous urn con- 
 taining the afhes of that emperor. The farcophagus has 
 been removed to the Campidoglio, and the urn to the 
 Palace Barberini. Returning to the city, within the gate 
 to the right, and contiguous to the wall, is a fmall chapel 
 dedicated to St. Margaret, and a little farther are the 
 ruins of the 
 
 AMPHITHEATRUM CASTRENSE. 
 
 Sqme remains of this amphitheatre appear in the exte- 
 rior part of the wall, with columns of various orders. 
 It was in a ruinous condition when Paul HI. ordered it to 
 be taken down as far as the firft order, as it now appears. 
 Not far from this, and near the aqueduct that conveys the 
 three waters, Julia, Tepula, and Marcia, a circus was 
 built by Aurelian, veftiges of whofe feats are ftill vifible. 
 Till the time of Urban VIII. fome pieces of an obelifk, 
 ornamented with Egyptian characters, lay there ; but that 
 pontiff had them removed to the Palace Barberini. The 
 amphitheatre was probably called Caftrenfe from the 
 Caftrum Pragtoriutn near it, where thofe foldiers were, 
 exercifed i n fighting with beafts, 
 
 BASILICA DI.S. CROCE IN JERUSALEM. 
 
 This church was built with great magnificence by the 
 £mperor Conftantine ? at the defire of his mother St. 
 
 Helen, 
 
|5© DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Helen, in her palace Seflbriano, to receive the holy crof$ s 
 brought by her, together with other facred reliques, from 
 Jerufalem, from which circumftance it took its name. 
 It was confecrated by St. Silvefter, and has been repaired 
 by various popes. In this church Sixtus III. and Sim- 
 machus held two councils. Benedict VII. who is buried 
 there, repaired both the church and convent. In 1369 
 Urban V. gave it to the Carthufians, who enjoyed it till 
 1560, when Pius IV. affigned them the celebrated church 
 formed out of the baths of Dioclefian, giving this to the 
 Ciftercian monks, who ftill poffefs it. Benedict XIV. 
 renewed it after a defign of PafTalacqua, and ornamented 
 it with gilded ftucco and paintings. The two Angels on 
 the new front are fculptured by Ludovifi. The frefcos 
 round the crofs aifle of the church and the fides of the 
 tribune, are by Giaquinto. The painting of the difco- 
 very of the head of St. Cefareo, over the firffc altar on the 
 right, is by Bonatti.' The fecond, which is St. Bernard 
 compelling Vittore the antipope to fubmit to Innocent II. 
 is copied from an original of Carlo Maratta, in the library 
 of this monaftery. The third of St. Robert, inftitutor of 
 the Ciftercian order, by Vanni ; and that of the difcovery 
 of the crofs, in the tribune, is in the manner of Perugino, 
 At the fmall door on the right is a flight of fteps de-» 
 {tending into a chapel, which is divided into two parts, 
 one dedicated to our Saviour, the other to St. Helen the 
 Emprefs, which was filled by her with earth brought 
 from the fpot where Chrift was crucified. No women are 
 permitted to enter it. The three pictures over the altars 
 are by Rubens, and the frefcos by Pomarancio. The 
 iVIofaic is by Peruzzi, and the baflb-relievo of the Pieta 
 $)y an unknown author. • The other paintings are by 
 Kappi and Nanni, and the monument of Card. Befozzi 
 
 by 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. J $% 
 
 by Spinazzi. Returning to the church, the St. Silvefter 
 over the firft altar as by Garzi, and the St. Thomas over 
 the laft by Pafleri. The high altar was totally renewed 
 by Benedict XIV. with four columns of fine marble, and 
 enriched gilt metal. In the urn of bafaltes the bodies of 
 the martyrs Cefareo and Anaftafio are faid to be preferved. 
 In the two fmall choirs on each fide, where reliques. 
 are exhibited on holidays, fome large pieces of the holy 
 crofs are faid to be preferved in an altar, together with 
 one of the nails, two pieces of the crown of thorns, part 
 of the fpunge, one of the pieces of money for which 
 Chrift was betrayed, and the finger which St. Thomas 
 put into his fide. This is one of the feven privileged 
 churches, and of the nine that are particularly frequented. 
 In the convent is a good library, and a collection of 
 manufcripts. It is painted by Pannini. Oppofite the 
 entrance is a St. Helen by Rubens. The ftatue of Bene- 
 dict XIV. is by MarChionne. The grove of trees lead- 
 ing to the Lateran was planted by order of that pontiff. 
 The large ruins in the vineyard on the right are fuppofed 
 to be the remains of the temple of Venus and Cupid. 
 A little further is the 
 
 PORTA MAGGJORE. 
 
 This gate is faid to have been anciently called Porta 
 Nasvia, from Naevius, whom Feftus mentions to have had 
 a wood near it. By others it was called Labicana and 
 Praeneftina, becaufe it led to thofe cities. Its ancient 
 ornaments are the remains of the caftle of the aqueduct 
 ©f Claudius, where it palled over this gate in its way 
 from Subiacum, forty miles from Rome, having been, 
 fubterraneoufly conveyed thirty miles of. that diftance. 
 ^bjs aqueduct is faid to have, coft 1,385,500 crowns of 
 
 L 4 gold, 
 
l$% DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 gold, and its workmanfhip to have excelled that of all the 
 Others. Its tunnel is faid to have been large enough for a 
 man to pafs on horfeback. It extended to all the hills in 
 the city, and was divided into ninety-two refervoirs. 
 This gate was called Maggiore from its magnificent arch, 
 formed of large ftones without cement, upon which are 
 three long infcriptions, one of Claudius, one of Vefpafian, 
 and another of Titus, by which it appears thofe emperors 
 repaired it. There is another of Honorius on the outfide, 
 informing us that he repaired the walls 'of the city. In 
 lieu of the Aqua Claudia, which feems to have been 
 entirely loft fince the aqueduct has been ruined, that of the 
 Aqua Felice, which Sixtus V. brought to the Piazza di 
 Termini, occupies this paflage. The ancient aquedu&s 
 furpafled, in utility, magnificence, and extent, every other 
 public work, however celebrated. During 441 years 
 after the building of Rome, her inhabitants dranfc the 
 waters of the Tiber and of wells ; but in the time of 
 Dioclefian nineteen different flreams were brought to 
 Rome. The Goths are unjuftly accufed of having de- 
 ftroyed the aqueducts and many other public buildings. 
 The fact is, the inhabitants, through ignorance of their 
 value and importance, or from lefs excufable motives, 
 robbed them to build their houfes and to wall their vine- 
 yards. The road from this gate is called Strada Labi- 
 cana, and at the diftance of two miles on the left are thq 
 ruins of the 
 
 CHURCH OE; ST. MARCELLINUS AND, ST. PETER. 
 
 This church was built by Conftantine, on the fpot 
 where thofe faints fuffered martyrdom j the firft being a 
 prieft, the other an exorcift. It was a magnificent edifice, 
 and is fuppofea! to have occupied the fite of the Temple 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 *53 
 
 of Quies, erected by that emperor as a maufoleum for his 
 mother St. Helen, whofe body was preferved in a precious 
 tomb .of porphyry, now in the Vatican mufeurri. This 
 church, on account of the many facred cemetaries near it, 
 and the bodies of its titular faints and many other martyrs, 
 which it contained, was held in fuch high veneration, 
 that about the yjaar 565 John III. refuted there a long time, 
 and eftablimed feveral endowments. But in 860, the 
 incurfions of the barbarians having ruined it, the bodies 
 Were removed by fome French pilgrims, and are faid to 
 be now in Maeftricht. After that period it was entirely 
 abandoned, and fell down. The part of the wall now 
 ftanding is vulgarly called Torpignattara. In order to 
 preferve the memory of the burying place, as well as 
 that of the church, called in ec$lenaftical writings inter 
 duos Lauros, Urban VIII. built a chapel, which he con- 
 figned to the care of the Lateran chapter, who maintain 
 £ prieft there. 
 
 Returning to the city, and continuing, the fame road, 
 \il a vineyard to the right is the. 
 
 TEMPLE OF MINERVA MEDICA. 
 
 This edifice is of a circular form, and built with 
 brick. It is complete, except towards the eaft. It is 
 fuppofed to be that of Hercules Callaicus, ereaed by 
 Junius Brutus in confequence of having fubjugated the 
 Galicians, a people of Spain. Near this temple was the 
 famous Argini of Seryius Tullius, enlarged and fortified 
 by Tarquin the Proud in defence of the city. Of thofe 
 fuperb towers and ftrong walls no veftiges appear. No- 
 thing remains but fragments and ruins of the aqueducts, 
 that united in the Caftellum, the remains of which arc 
 jlanding a\ the top pf this road, and are called the 
 
 TROPHY 
 
DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 TROPHY OF MARIUS. 
 
 No one denies this to have been the Caffellum of the 
 Aqua Martia. But it has been doubted that the trophies 
 of Marius for his victories over the Cimbri, Teutoni, 
 and Jugurtha, which were thrown down and ruined by 
 Sylla, were in this fpot Thofe monuments were 
 reilored by Caefar, and fet up in the fame place. They 
 now adorn the Campidoglio. The Aqua Martia was 
 brought by Quintus Martius, called Rex or King, from 
 the lake Fucinus, now called Celano. Frontino fup- 
 pofes it began in the Via Valeria, thirty-theee miles from 
 Rome. Its waters were very wholefome, and ufed by 
 the whole city for drinking, being conveyed to two diftinct 
 fpots. In fome parts of the aqueduct was found a fpecies 
 of fine marble, called alabafter, compofed of petrified water 
 and earth. To the right is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. EUSEBIUS. 
 
 This edifice was erected on the fite of the houfe of this 
 faint, who was a noble Roman, and being confined in on$ 
 of the rooms, only four feet long ? by order of Conftantius 
 fon of Conftantine, for not adhering to the Arians, 
 died there for want of food. This church was repaired 
 by feveral popes, particularly by Greg. IX. in 1238, who 
 again confecrated it' in honour of the martyrs St. Eufe- 
 bius and St. Vincent, whofe bodies are kept under the 
 high altar, together with thofe of St. Orofius and St, 
 Paolino, who were alfo martyrs. It was repaired in 17 n 
 from the foundation by the CelefHne monks, after a defign 
 of Fontana, who executed the front and the fine choir of 
 carved walnut. Laftly Card. Henriquez rebuilt it from 
 
 the 
 
ANCIENTf AND MODERN ROME. I55 
 
 the foundation after a defign of Piccioni. The painting 
 over the high altar is by Croce, the Crucifixion by Rof- 
 fetti, and the St. Benedict near it by the fame. St. Peter 
 Celeftine is byRuthard, a monk of the order : and the frefcos 
 around by Mengs, the celebrated painter to his Catholic 
 Majefty. In the garden of this convent were the ruins 
 of the palace of the Emperors Gordiani, ornamented on 
 each fide with two hundred columns, and fome veftiges of 
 their villas and baths, in which was found the oriental 
 alabafter column in the Vatican library. This was a 
 fuperb edifice, and efteemed an unique. " Therma?, 
 Xi quales praeter urbem ut tunc, nufquam in orbe terra- 
 " rum." It contained their celebrated library, confifting 
 of fixty-two thoufand manufcripts, left by Serenus 
 Sammonicus. At the bottom of the lane by the fide is 
 the 
 
 CHURCH OF 6T. BIBBIAN. 
 
 This church was built by the holy matron Olimpia, 
 pear the Licinian Palace, where the titular faint lived, 
 and where ftie buried her mother St. Dafrofa and hef 
 fifter St. I)emetria, both martyrs. In 362, in the time of 
 Julian Apoilate, her body was brought here from the 
 Forum Tauri. It was confecrated in 470 by Pope Sim- 
 plicius. In 1224 Honorius III. rebuilt it, together with 
 the monaftery, for the Dominican fillers. It was called 
 Ad Urfum Pileatum, that being the ancient name of this 
 fpot. In 1625 Urban VIII. renewed it after a defign of 
 Bernini, who fculptured the admirable ftatue of the faint, 
 the body of whom, with that of her fifter and mother, are 
 depofited under the high altar, in a precious tomb of 
 oriental alabafter. At the bottom of the church is the 
 column to which St, Bibbian was tied and fcourged. 
 
 Under 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Underneath the church is the cemetary of Pope Anaftafius, 
 where five thoufand two hundred and fixty-fix martyrs 
 were buried, befides women and children. But the en- 
 trance to it is unknown. The paintings in frefco on the 
 cornice to the right are by Ciampelli, and thofe to the 1 left 
 by Pietro da Cortona. The pidlure in thefirft chapel is 
 by the above Ciampelli, thofe in the other by Cortona, 
 and the St. Monica by Verona, This church now be- 
 longs to the chapter of St. Mary ,.Maggiore, who come 
 Jiere to celebrate the feaft of the faint on the 2d of De- 
 cember. 
 
 To the left of the trophy is a fmall church dedicated to 
 $t. Julian, which was the firft pollened by the Carmelite 
 friars in Rome, when St. Angelo came from. Paleftine, 
 On the right hand fide of the road is the, 
 
 VILLA ALTIERI. 
 
 This villa, with the cafino, was conftru&ed in the 
 reign of Clem. X They are both adorned with ancient 
 and modern ftatues and bufts, and fevcral ancient paintings 
 taken from the fepulchre of the family Nafoni, which was 
 difcoyered in that reign, In the villa are feveral fine 
 fountains and pleafant walks, and a labyrinth. 
 
 In ancient times the gardens of the Variani, Pallantini, 
 Torquatani, and others, were in this quarter, and were 
 ornamented with magnificent porticoes and bafilicas, 
 ere&ed by Auguftu's when he adopted Cai us and Lucius, 
 fons of M. Agrippa, and Julia his daughter. Thefe edi T 
 fices contained many very precious marbles, new fpecies of 
 which are frequently difcoyered. Returning into the city, 
 and pafling the church of St. Julian to the arch of GaU 
 Jienus, adjoining to that edifice is the 
 
 CHURCiJ 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME* 157 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. VITUS AND ST. MODESTUS. 
 
 This church is very ancient, and occupies the fite of the 
 Livian Butchery. It was called Scellerato from a thief 
 who refided here, and was condemned to death, and his 
 houfe, which was very large, deftroyed. A portico was 
 afterwards erected in honour of the emprefs Livia, toge- 
 ther with other conveniences for tradefmen, and was 
 called Maceilo Liviano, to which Sifinius added a bafilica 
 for civil caufes. On this fpot a great number of Chrif- 
 tians were martyred, in confequence of which the church 
 was ere&ed, and the bodies deported there, together with 
 the ftone on which they were put to death, like beafts 
 in a flaughter-houfe. Hence this place took the name 
 of Macellum Martyrum. The two filters, St. Praxede 
 and St. Poterrtiana, wiped away their blood, removed 
 thefe pious victims, and gave them an honourable 
 burial. In the time of the fchifm of Urfinus againft 
 Pope St. Damafus, it was deprived of its privileges on 
 account of a facrilege, and was for a long time deferted. It 
 Was rebuilt in 1477 by Sixtus IV. in honour of the above 
 martyrs, and conftltuted a parochial church. In 1566 it 
 was going to decay, when the monks of the order of St. 
 Bernard obtained it. But they being removed, the procura- 
 tor general of the Ciftercian order fucce^ded, together with 
 other monks, who fHll refide there. The painting on the 
 high altar is the firft work of Marini, and the two Angels 
 in ftucco over the frontifpiece by Rufconi. The ftone 
 fupported by two fragments of columns, inclofed by an 
 iron grate, is that on which the Chriflians were put to 
 death. To the right is a confervatory for poor girls, 
 called Viperefche, built in 1668 by Livia Viperefche, a 
 Roman lady, from whom it received an endowment of 
 
 three 
 
158 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 three hundred crowns a year, for the fupport of a number 
 of poor girls of decent families, till they are married or 
 take the veil. When fhe died me devifed all her property 
 for their fupport. A little farther is a monaftery of Ge- 
 noefe nuns, called Batteftine. 
 
 The ftone arch adjoining the above church was erected 
 by M. Airrelius, a Roman citizen, in honour of the Em- 
 peror Gallienus, fort of Valerian* The plainnefs of it* 
 furface is attributed to this emperor having done nothing 
 worthy of notice during a reign of fifteen years. To the 
 chain on the top, the keys of the ancient Tufculum were 
 attached, in memory of the victory obtained over that 
 city by the Romans under Honorius V. in 1191. Not 
 far from this is the 
 
 CHURCH AND HOSPITAL OF ST. ANTONY THE 
 ABBOT. 
 
 This edifice, and the modern hofpital contiguous to ity 
 are built on the fite of the ancient church called St. 
 Andrea in Barbara. It contained a tribune ornamented 
 with Mofaic, built by St. Simplicius about the year 468, of 
 which fome veftiges ftill remain; but being" granted to 
 the monks of St. Antony, the new church and hofpital 
 were built in 1250^ with a legacy left by Card. Capocci, 
 to receive burned and fcalded paupers. The paintings 
 in the chapel of the titular faint, with that to the left of 
 the high altar and thofe in the cupola, are by Pomarancio. 
 The life of the faint around the church is by Lommardelli, 
 The large chapel on the fide, which is newly repaired and 
 beautified, was painted by Monf. Parofel, as were alfo the 
 two fmall altar-pieces. The Crucifixion is by Odazzi. 
 The granite column before the church, with a metal 
 crucifix, was erected in I5951 in memory of the abfolu- 
 
 tion 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME* 1$$ 
 
 tion given by Clem. VIII. to Henry IV. of France, with 
 a canopy over it, fupported by four columns. This 
 column falling down, Benedict XIV. replaced it, as ap- 
 pears by an inscription underneath, with the arms of the 
 Pope, the King of France, and the Dauphin. 
 
 Near this fpot was the delightful and juftly celebrated: 
 garden of Maecenas, brother-in-law to Auguftus, and the 
 famous tower on which Nero played and fung the 
 burning of Troy while Rome was in flames. Maecenas 
 generoufly gave the people of Rome liberty of entrance, 
 and opened a public literary academy in his palace, ren- 
 dering his garden as it were a new Parnaflus for the 
 learned, and an afylum for the fciences, while Auguftus 
 frequented it on account of his health. Maecenas might 
 have obtained the higheft dignities from the republic, but 
 his noble and elegant mind defpifed the oftentation of 
 titles, and contenting himfelf with the Ample name of 
 knight arid Roman citizen, lived in happy retirement, 
 amid his gardens, palling his time in the company of vir- 
 tuous men, by favouring, protecting, and aflifting whom, 
 his name became more glorious than that of Caefar or 
 Auguftus, and is itill held in the greateft honour. 
 
 In this celebrated palace was a fpacious and magnificent 
 hall, appropriated to academicians, and particularly to 
 poets, to whom Maecenas was extremely partial, and 
 whofe compofitions he heard with the greateft pleafure. 
 Their fatires in particular were affixed to the temples of 
 Pan or of Priapus, who was called the patron of thefe 
 gardens J fo that Auguftus might read the opinions of 
 individuals on the affairs of his vaft government as he 
 entered. Near this fpot was the houfe of Virgil, thofe 
 of the learned Propertius and Horace, and the Lamiani, 
 ©ften inhabited by Caligula, who was. buried there. 
 
 THE 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 4 
 
 THE BASILICA OF ST. MARIA MAGGIORE. 
 
 This mod magnificent edifice is ere&ed on the top of the 
 Efquiline-hill, and on the fite of the temple of Juno Lucina. 
 This is one of the principal churches in Rome, being 
 among the five patriarchal, the feven privileged, and the 
 four churches that are vifited in the jubilee. It is called 
 Maggiore becaufe it is the largeft and the firft bafilica that 
 was built, and is confecrated to the blefied Virgin. 
 
 The large Corinthian column oppofite the weft front 
 was brought from the Temple of Peace by Paul V. and 
 is the only one that has efcaped deftru&ion. That pontiff 
 placed the #atue of the blefied Virgin in gilt metal, 
 modelled by Bartolot, on its capital. The fountain at the 
 foot of the column was executed by Maderno. 
 
 This bafilica is called ad Nives* and alfo Liber iana, 
 becaufe it was built by Pope iLiberius, in confequence of 
 a vifion faid to have appeared in the night of the 4th of 
 Auguft, 352, to Giovanni Patrizio and his wife, ordering 
 them to go to that hill and to build a church on the part 
 they found covered with fnow. The next morning, 
 having found it miraculoufiy covered with fnow, as the 
 vifion had informed them, they applied to the pope, who 
 had a fimilar vifion the fame night, and who with all his 
 clergy came in proceflion to vifit the fpot, when that 
 pontiff marked out the foundation y and the above Gio- 
 vanni built the church at his own expence. In 353 the 
 fame pope confecrated it in honour of the blefied Virgin. 
 It is called ad Prsefepe becaufe the cradle of Chrift is laid 
 to be preferved there. This edifice is alfo faid to contain 
 the body of St. Jerome, brought from Bethlehem. The 
 firft church being very fmall, Sixtus III. rebuilt it on its 
 nrefent magnificent plan in 342, in oppofition to the feci 
 
 of 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. l6t 
 
 of Neftorius, who denied that the Virgin was the mother 
 of God, and fupported the middle aifte with forty antique 
 columns, and a'dorned it with Mofa'ic. He endowed it 
 with an ample revenue, and enriched it with vafes of 
 gold, filver, &c. as did alfo Greg. IX. Adrian I. and Leo 
 III. Butj according to Anaftafius, it is improbable that 
 fo much gold filver and jewels were given by the 
 popes to this church as is affirmed of thofe above-men- 
 tioned, as well as of Pafcal I. arid Greg. IV. in the 
 cfefcription of the feVen churches by Severani. In 1188 
 Clem. III. built the adjoining palace, and Greg. X. the 
 towers. In 1286, Nicholas IV. having repaired the palace* 
 refided there fome time; and the precious ornaments 
 in the church made by his predeceffors having been 
 removed, the Mofaic in the tribune, and that over the 
 portico, were executed by his orders. 
 
 Laftly, in 1743 Benedict XIV. r6bullt the front, ana 
 the gallery of the benediction, after a defign of Cav. Fuga* 
 with two fpacious afcents uniting the habitations, one 
 built by Paul V. for the cardinal arch-prieff arid canons* 
 the other by Card. Negroni, and fmifhed by Benedict, by 
 whofe orders the ftatues on the front were executed, a* 
 well as that in the middle, of the Virgin arid Child, by 
 Lironi. The groupe with the Holy Ghoft is by Valie. 
 The others of the faints are by Ludovifr, Corfini, Valle, 
 Bracci, &c. The metal ftatue in the portico, of Philip 
 IV. King of Spain, the pro'te&or and benefa&of of this> 
 church; is caft by Cav. Lueenti. Th'e firft baflb-relfevo 
 over the door is by Ludovifi, the feCond by Bracci, the 
 third by Maini, and the fourth by Lironi. Entering the 
 church, the columns of Greek marble, which were at 
 firft rough and Unequal^ are polifhed and reduced to equal 
 proportion. To the right is the monument of Nicholas 
 . Vol. I M IV, 
 
EESCRIPTION Of" 
 
 IV. done by or4er of Card. Perctti, afterwards Sixtus V a 
 from a defign of Dom. Fontana. The ftatue is by Sar= 
 zana. The monument of Clem. IX. was executed by 
 order of Clem. X. who was created a cardinal by that 
 pontiff. It is a defign of Rinaldi, and the flame of thq 
 pope is by Guidi, that of Faith by Fancelli, and the, 
 Charity by Ferrata. He was by his own order buried, 
 in the earth under t^e large ftone in the middle of the, 
 church. The painting in thi firft chapel to the right, 
 of the blefTed Virgin appearing to Giovanni Patrizio, is 
 by Baftardo. Near the entrance of the facrifty are the 
 metal ftatue of Paul V. by Sanquirio, and fcveral other 
 monument^ among which is that of the ambaffador of the 
 K n^ of Congo, fjulptured by Bernini, in i62p, by order 
 of Urban Vill. The frcfcos around are by Pallignani, as 
 well as thofe in the chapel of the choir, except the 
 AflTumption, which is by Baftardo. The baflb-relieyo 
 over the altar is by Bernini, the painting of the holy 
 family in the next chapel by Mafucci, and that of B. 
 Niccolo Albergati by Pozzi. In the chapel of the cru- 
 cifixion, adorned with preciyus marble, are a number of 
 reliques, among which is the cradle of Chrift, in a filver 
 cafe of fine worlcmanfhip, with a child in filver on the 
 top, furrounded by angels. The cradle confifts of five 
 pieces of wood, prefented by Margaret of Auftria, Queen 
 of Spain, in 1606. Beyond the chapel of the Annunciation, 
 painted by Battoni, is that of the holy Sacrament, executed 
 with the greater! magnificence by order of S.ixtus V. in. 
 1586, after a dehgn of £)om. Fontana, and ornamented 
 with marble, fculpture, paintings, and giit metaj. Qf 
 the four Evangditls ov.er the entrance, two are by Andrea, 
 d'Aneona, and the other two by Orvieto. The Angels 
 with the four Sibyls are by pQZizi,, and thofe on the arch 
 
 by 
 
ANCIENt AND MODERN ROME. I63 
 
 t>y Bolognefe. The tabernacle in the middle fupported 
 by four angels with wax torches in their hands continually 
 burning, is of gilt metal, modelled by Riccio and Sonzino. 
 The four angels and fine gates are attributed to Torrefani. 
 The altar underneath, called Prefepio, confining of feveral 
 large ftones^ upon which Chrift is faid to have been laid 
 by his mother immediately after his birth, is faid alfo to 
 contain the hay on which he lay. The baflb-relievo 
 over the altar is by Cecchi. The ftatue of St. Gaetano 
 with the Child in his arms, in the niche under the fteps, 
 was placed there in memory of an apparition to that 
 faint when he pafled the night of the nativity in this 
 fpot contemplating the myftery of the birth of Chrift. 
 The chapel to the right, dedicated to St. Lucia, is painted 
 in frefco by Nogari, and the murder of the innocents on 
 the fide by Pozzi. The St. Jerome in the chapel oppo- 
 fite is by Salvator Fontana, and the paintings over it 
 by Fontana, Brefciano, Pozzi, and Nogari. The noble 
 monument of Sixtus V. adorned with four fine columns 
 of verde-antico, is a defign of Fontana. The ftatue of 
 the pope on his knees, the baflb-relievos of the coronation 
 and the hiftory of the charity, are by Valfoldo j that of 
 Juftice on the other fide by Niccolo Fiamingo, and the 
 other two baflb-relievos by Egidio Fiamingo. The 
 ftatue of St. Francis is by Flaminio Vacca, the hiftory 
 above by Pozzi, the ftatue of St. Antony di Padua by 
 Olivieri, the hiftory over it by Bolognefe, the paintings: 
 above the cornice by Angelo a fcholar of Nebbia, the 
 chorus of angels in the oval on the middle of the arch by 
 Pozzi, the ftatue of Pius V. on the other fide by Sarzana, 
 the baflb-relievos on the fides by Cordieri, the coronation 
 by Silla Milanefe, and the bafib-relievoS on each fide 
 by Egidio. In the tomb of gilt metal under the ftatue of 
 M 7, the 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the pope, was depofited that pontiff's body, by order of 
 Innocent XII. The ftatue of St. Peter the martyr is 
 by Valfoldo, the hiftory above by Zoccolino, the ftatue 
 of St. Dominic by Gio. della Porta, the hiftory above by 
 Pozzi, the figure on the light fide of the window by 
 Arrigo Fiamingo, the other by Bolognefe, the chorus of 
 angels in the oval on the middle of the arch by Pozzi, 
 the Ephraim and Aaron underneath by Fiatr.ingo, and the 
 Qbed and Ruth on the other fide by Nogari. On the 
 principal front to the right of the falfe niche is a St. Peter 
 entering Rome, with the crofs in his hand, painted by 
 Pozzi* The St. Paul, and St. John the Evangelift, on 
 the other fide, the Nativity in the middle, and the two 
 hiftories, are painted by the fame. The ftatues of the 
 apoftles Peter and Paul in the niches are by Sarzana, the 
 hiftory in frefco above by Ancona, and that oppofite by 
 Pozzi. The Solomon and Rehoboam aboVe the 
 cornice are by Nogari, Oziah and Jotham by Orvieto* 
 Abijah and Afa by the fame, Jehofaphat and Joram by 
 Brefciano, Jefte and David by Nogari, Ahaz and Heze- 
 kiah by Nebbia, Azor, Sadoc, and Achim by the fame, 
 and Tamar Veiled, with her two children Phares and 
 Zara, by Bolognefe. The facrifly of this chapel is orna- 
 mented with gilt ftucCo, and painted by feveral of the above 
 mafters, except the landfcape, which is by Paul Brilli„ 
 To the right of this chapel, among other monuments is 
 that of Card. Gonfalvo, created by Boniface VIII. bifliop 
 of Albano, who died in Rome in 1299. It confifts of a 
 recumbent ftatue at the foot of a picture of good Mofaic* 
 done by Turrita, a fine painter of that age, who has 
 reprefented the blefied Virgin and Child, with St. Mat- 
 thias and St. Jerome, the firft of which holds a fcroll 
 with thefe words, " Me tenet Ara prior^" and the fecond 
 
 *' Recubo 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. i65 
 
 a Recubo Praefepis ad antrum." This monument is an 
 authentic memorial that the bodies of thofe two faints 
 were never found. Next to this is the papal altar oppo- 
 fite the tribune, the canopy of which is fupported by four 
 columns of porphyry. It is ornamented with other 
 works of gilt metal, and was executed by order of 
 Benedict XIV. The top of the altar confifts of a large 
 piece of porphyry, and under it is a tomb of the fame, 
 admirably executed, and faid to have been the fepulchre of 
 Gio. Patrizio and his wife, the founders of this church. 
 The four cheiubims that fupport it are done in bronze 
 by Tofani, from a model of Bracci, who did the four 
 angels and the two cherubims in marble on the 
 canopy. Under this altar many reliques are depofited, 
 particularly a body faid to be that of St. Matthias the 
 apoftle, and which are expofed to view on Eafter Sunday. 
 The painting over the altar in the choir, adorned with a 
 fine cornice of giallo-antico, is by Manfini. Near it is a 
 fmall column of very fcarce marble, called white and black 
 antico, which is ufed to bear the pafchal candle. The 
 Mofaic is by 'i urrita. The great arch was erected by 
 order of Sixtus III. in 438, when he renewed the churchj 
 with all the reft of the Mofaic, and placed his name on 
 the fummit, in triumph, after the council of Ephefus, 
 which condemned ihe blafphemy of Neftorius, and ac- 
 knowledged the blefled Virgin to be the mother of God. 
 Hence too the Mofaic work on the arch and round the 
 middle aifle was executed by order of the fame pope, 
 reprefenting feveral hiftories of the Old Teftament rela-, 
 tive thereto. It was afte wards repaired, and the paintings 
 between the windows executed, by order of Card. Pmelli^ 
 as well as the ftucco work, the four Evangelifts, and the 
 .jfour doctors between the tribune and the areh, Two of 
 M 3 thq 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the Evangelifts are by Nogari, and the other two, as well 
 as the four doctors, by Ricci. The firft painting between 
 the windows is the Conception of the blefTed Virgin by 
 Faenzo. The Prefentation is by Croce, the Marriage 
 by the fame, the Annunciation by Salimbeni, the Vifita- 
 tion by Ricci, the Angel appearing to St. Jofeph by 
 Ferrau, the Nativity by Ancona, the Adoration of the 
 Magi by Croce, the Circumcificsn by Gentilefchi, the 
 Flight to Egypt by Ferraii, the Return by the fame, 
 Chrift difputing with the Doctors by Salimbeni, the 
 Marriage of Cana by Ricci, Chrift carrying his Crofs by 
 Ferrau, the Crucifixion by Croce, and the taking down 
 from the crofs by the fame. The Refurrection is by 
 Ancona, and the Afcenfion by Ricci. The cieling is. 
 finely carved, and gilt with the firft gold brought from 
 India, and prefented by Philip VI. King of Spain, as the 
 firft fruits of his newly acquired territories. It was re- 
 paired by Benedict XIV- In the fide aifle near the door 
 is a monument of Monfig. Merlini, from a defign of 
 Borromini. 
 
 The magnificent chapej near it is that of Paul V, 
 of the family of Borghefe, whence it is called Capello 
 Borghefiano. If was built, in 1611, after a defign of 
 Flaminio Ponzio, and dedicated to the blefled Virgin. 
 The principal altar is very richly ornamented with hard 
 jafper, lapis lazuli, agate, and other precious ftones. This 
 altar is a defign of Rinaldi, and the four fluted columns of 
 oriental jafper are by Targoni. The pedeftals are alfo of 
 jafper and agate t the bafes of the columns, the capitals, 
 the cornice, the frontifpiece, and other ornaments, are all of 
 gilt metal, as is the grand bafio-relievo reprefenting the 
 miracle of the fnow. The picture of the bleffed Virgin 
 is faid to be by St. Luke. Oyer it is a crown of 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 167 
 
 gold, adorned with precious ftones. The angels and other 
 Ornaments that fupport it are modelled by Mariani, and 
 caft by Ferreri. The dea.h of the bleflc-d Virgin is 
 painted by Croce. The Angels in ftucco are by Buon- 
 vicino, and the ovals with the four dolors of the church 
 by Cav. Baglioni. The chapel of St. Carlo on the right is 
 painted by Croce, and that of St, Franc efca Roman* oppo- 
 fite by Baglioni, as are alfo the paintings over the firl 
 arch between the chapels. The ftatue of Cle m. V HI. on 
 the noble monument of that pontiff is by Silla Milanefe. 
 The baffo-relievos on the right are by Buonvicino, thofe 
 on the left by Mariani, and the Coronation above by 
 Pietro Bernini. The baffo-relievo on the right is by 
 Bufcio, that on thfc left by Valfoldo. The four figures 
 that ferve for termini are by Bernini, the paintings in 
 frefco by Sordini. Thofe on the fides of the windows 
 above the cornice, with thofe on the arch, the Greek 
 faints, and the Emprefs on the fide, are by Guido ; the 
 ftatues of St. Bernard and Aaron with the cenfor by 
 Cordieri, the ftatue of Paul V. oppofite by Silla, the baflb- 
 relieVo on the right by Maderno, that on the left by 
 Malvicino, the Coronation by Buzio, the baflb-relievo to 
 the right by Valfoldo, and that to the left by Stati. Two 
 of the figures that ferve for termini are by Ferucci, the 
 other two by Buzio. The paintings in frefco are by 
 Sordini, thofe on the fides of the windows and on the 
 arch by Guido, except the blefT.d Virgin, which is by 
 Lanfranco. The ftatue of St. Bafil, and that of David, 
 are by Cordieri. The paintings over the cornice, the 
 oval in the middle, and the four angles, are a noble pro- 
 duftion of Cav. d'Arpino. The four Angels in ftucco 
 are by Buonvicino. The cupola and God the Father 
 are painted by Civoli. The ftatue of St. John the 
 M 4 Evan-, 
 
168 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Evangelill over the fide door is by Mariani, and the St. 
 Jofeph over the other by Buonvicino. This chapel lhas 
 its particular facrifty, executed after a defign of Ponzuo, 
 and adorned with gilt ftucco. The painting on the altar, 
 and thofe around, are by Cav. Paffignani. It is very rich 
 in precious jewels, filver ftatues of the apoftles, bufts, 
 Candlefticks, reliquaries, vafes, &c. of the fame mettal. 
 The next chapel, belonging to the Sforza family, is the 
 architecture of Buonaroti. The Aflumptiqn on the altar> 
 and the two portraits on the monuments are painted, 
 by Sermoneta: tlje others in frefco are by Nebbia. 
 St. Francis in the next chapel is by Coftanzi. St. Leo 
 kneeling before the bjeffed Virgin in the next is by Cec. 
 carini. The laft chapel, belonging to the Cefi family, 
 Was bujjt by Card. Cefi, after a clefign of Lunghi. The 
 painting on the altar is by Sermoneta, that of St. Peter 
 and St. Paul by Novara, that of St. Catharine by Gentile, 
 J,hat oppofite by Carlo. Cefi, and the Saint difputing with 
 the Doctors by Canini. The fepulchre of the above car- 
 dinal, and that of Card. Frederic Cefi, with the tomb of 
 paragon marbje and the recumbent ftatue in bronze, are, 
 fey Guglielmo dejla Porta. Thofe of Monfig. Santarelli 
 and Co/tanzo Patrizi are fine productions of Algarch", 
 The fepulchre of Monfig. Favoriti is a defign of Gemi-* 
 niani : the ftatue is by Carcani. The two bufts of % 
 cardinals over fhe monument of Monfig. Sergardi, near thq 
 holy door, are by Algardi, 
 
 Returning through the church towards the city, the 
 putfide of the Paolina chapel prefents itfelf, adorned by 
 Paul V. with ftone ftatues, after a defign of Ponziq, 
 The ftatues of the faints are by Valfoldo, Mochi, Ma- 
 «3erno, &c. The exterior part of the grand tribune was 
 begun by order of Clem. JX. and. finished under Clem. 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. l£>£ 
 
 JjL after a defign of Rinajdi. The ftatues on it are by 
 Eancelli, 
 
 The Egyptian Obelisk in the middle of the fquare was 
 eredted by order of Sixtus V. in 1587, by Fontana the 
 architect. It is one of the two made by order of Smarres 
 pnd Efres, princes of Egypt, and brought to Rome by 
 Claudius, together with that which adorned the maufoleum 
 j©f Auguftus. It has fuffered great mutilation from the 
 injury of time and the barbarians, and lay many ages in 
 the earth, between the maufoleum and the Tiber. It is 
 thirty-two palms high and fix large, bearing a metal crpfs on 
 the top> in memory of its dedication. To the right, on the 
 fame hill, is the 
 
 CHURCH PE ST. PRAXEDE, 
 
 This ancient church was built over another, In thr 
 baths of Novato, near the Vicolo Laterijsio, confecratejl 
 by St. Pius, about the year 160, at the requeft of thp 
 titular faint, becaufe her houfe ftood there, in which at 
 the time of the perfecutions (he concealed and fupported 
 all the Chriftians fhe could colled, thinking herfelf fecyre 
 on account of her being related to the emperor Antoninus. 
 By order of that emperor, however, they were all brought 
 out and put to death. After having given them an 
 honourable fepulture \a the fame place, fhe died with grief 
 and horror : whence this fpot was held in the higheft: 
 Veneration- After the perfecutions had ceafed, this cjiurch 
 was rebuilt with greater magnificence. But being in a 
 ruinous ftate in the time of Pafcal I. who was its titular 
 cardinal, he rebuilt it about the year 8 1 7, and adorned it with 
 columns and Mofaic, of which fome remains are ftill to be 
 feen in the tribune, and on the chief arch. He placed a 
 canopy of filver weighing 810 pounds, and a crown of 
 l^old fe$ with jewels, oyer the altar. He? adorned the 
 
 fepul- 
 
lyo t>£scRl1?TlON OF 
 
 fcpulchre with ornaments of filver weighing 300 pounds, and 
 placed a ftatue of filver, weighing 99 pounds, over the body 
 of the faint. He alfo brought frdr* various cemetaries the 
 bodies of one thoufand three hundred martyrs, and erected 
 the celebrated chapel of St. Zeno, which he adorned with 
 Mofaic, as it now appears. This chapel or oratory ii 
 Called the garden of Paradife, and bears this infcription, 
 «* S. Maria, libera nos a poenis inferni." In this chapel the 
 fame pope placed the bodies of two hundred and thirty 
 martyrs. Under the round ftone in the pavement, and in 
 the altar are thofe of the martyrs St. Zeno and St.Valentine. 
 In the year 223, under Honorius III. the jafper column to 
 which Ohrift was tied and fcourged, was brought to Rome 
 and fet up here by Card. Colonna, who had been legate 
 in the eaft. No women are permitted, to enter this 
 fanctuary. The ancient image of the bleffed Virgin in 
 Mofaiq over the altar was placed there on account of a 
 <tfifion faid toliave been feen by Pafcal I. when celebrating 
 tnafs, of the Virgin carrying the foul of his nephew into 
 Paradife ; for which reafon the mafs is always celebrated 
 by this window. This church has been repaired by 
 feveral popes and cardinals. St. Charles Borromeus, 
 Who was its titular, lived near this fpot when in Rome. 
 He added the fteps, ere&ed the front and high altar, 
 adorned the tabernacle (which was of maflive filver) with 
 four columns of porphyry, and placed on each fide of it 
 the ftatues of St. Praxede and St. Pudentiana her fifter, 
 tyhofe bodies are under the altar. Card. Medici, after- 
 wards Leo XI. had the myfteries of the paflion painted 
 in the middle aifle. The prayer in the garden is by 
 Cofci, as are the angels and the eight apoftles on the 
 pilafters. Chrift conducted to Pilate and to Caiaphas are 
 by MafFei. The chiaroscuros are by RoiTetti, the An-* 
 
 nunciatioa 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME, 171 
 
 nunciation over the door and the Apoftles by Pieri, the 
 (courging of Chrift by Ciampelli, the crowning with 
 thorns by Croce, the Ecce Homo by Ciampelli| Chrift: 
 carrying the Crpfs by Cofci, and the paintings oyer the fide 
 door, and the Angels oyer the holy water, by Ciampelli. 
 St. Bernard in the firft chapel to the right is by Luti, an<J 
 the fides by Soccorfi : the dead Chrift in the fecond b^ 
 Vecchi, the paintings round by Bprgognone, and the twd 
 fides by Ciro Ferfi, The portrait of Monfig. Santori i§ 
 fculptured by Cav. Bernini. The picture in the middle 
 of the choir is by Muratori, the four Angels on the 
 canopy by Rufconi, the Cherubims, the Holy Ghoft, and 
 the Apoftles Peter and Paul, by Bjcchierari. The blefTed 
 Virgin and Child over the door of the facrifty is by 
 Ciampelli. Within is the picture of the fcourging of 
 Chrift, a fine work of Julio Romano. The St. John 
 Gaulbert in the next chapel is by Cprtefe, the altar-piece 
 in the next by Frederic Zuccheri, and the other paintings 
 by Cav. d'Arpino. The altar-piece in the next chapel 
 dedicated to St. Charles js by Parofel, and the fides by 
 Stern. The table is that on which the faint fed the poor, 
 and his chair ftands near it. The paintings in the laft 
 chapel, dedicated to the family of St. Praxede, are by 
 Severoni. The ftone at the bottom of this aifle is that 
 on which the titular faint ufed to fleep, and on which {he 
 died. The well in the middle of the church is a monument 
 of that in which fhe buried the bodies and blood of the 
 martyrs. This church has been poflefled about five 
 hundred and fifty years by the monks of Valombrofa. 
 Turning to the right towards the modern fuburbs, near 
 the iron gates on the left f is the moft ancient 
 
 CHURCH 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARTI NO A MONTI. 
 Jhis edifice is feppofed to have been built by Con^ 
 flantine on the foe of the baths of Trajan, at the defire 
 of St. Silvefter, who, as it is faid, had before that con- 
 ducted a fubterranean oratory, where the ChriRians ufed 
 to conceal tbemfelves r and celebrate divine worfhip. In 
 this oratory, about t h e year 324, the fame pope held a 
 council of two hundred and eighty-fix bifhops, aiMed 
 ly Conftantine, At that council the herefy of Hippolitus, 
 deacon to Califtus and Vittorinus, was condemned. Part 
 of the ancient pontifical chair of marble is ftill preferved 
 in the fubterraneous oratory, which was divided into three 
 aiiles, with a Mofaic pavement, and a large crofs in Mofaic 
 m the middle aifle. On the only altar erected there was 
 a figure of the blelTed Virgin in Mofaic, with St. Silverier 
 praying at her feet. This image was inclofed in a niche 
 hy Card. Barberini, and a copy placed above it, at his 
 own expence, to preferve its memory, as it was going to 
 decay. Simmacus the Pope, about the year 500, rebuilt 
 it on a higher fpot, where it now ftands, and dedicated it 
 to St. Martin, Bifhop of Tours, then celebrated for his 
 miracles; and St. Silverier (Sergius II.) being titular, in 
 S46. repaired it, depofited the bodies of a great number of 
 martyrs there, and prefented it with great treafures of 
 gold and filver. Leo IV, having been a monk in this 
 convent, adorned it with fine columns, and placed a ftone 
 with the names of the martyrs on the right of the defcent 
 to the ancient church. Thefe bodies are believed to be 
 under the large ftab of porphyry oppofite the fteps. 
 Boniface VIII. gave it to the Carmelite friars,, together 
 with the cure of the parifh. When St. Charles Borro- 
 meus was titular, the cieling was gilt by his order, as was 
 
 the. 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 the choir by that of Card. Paliotti, the high altar by 
 Paolo. Santocroce, and laftiy, in 1650, P. Filippone^ 
 general of the order, expended feventy thoufand ■crowns 
 in poliftiing the columns and ornamenting the churda 
 with ftucco and paintings, and the effigies of fome faints 
 whofe bodies were found in the old church, but hal 
 been loft, and donfigned to oblivion. He repaired arid 
 beautified this church fo completely^ that Card. Theatinus,' 
 when titular, ufed frequently to pray in this fubterranean 
 oratory for many hours, and when he died gave orders 
 to be buried there. The view of the -middle aifle is 'by 
 the architect Gagliardi, the figures on the oornice by 
 Naldini, except St. Antony and St John the Bapttft, 
 which are by a Fleming : the painting of St. Stephen 
 near the fmall door by Canini, the St. Martin by ChiatL, 
 St. Terefa by Greppi, St. Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi by 
 Palombi, the Baptifm of Chrift by Chiari, the Baptifna 
 of St. Cyril on the other fide by Miele, St. Angelo the 
 Carmelite by Pietro Tefta, St. Albert by Muziano, and 
 St. Bartholomew on the high altar by Canini. The laft 
 chapel on this fide is painted by Maflei. The St. Sil- 
 verier and St. Martin on the other fide of the high altar 
 are by Cav. Baglioni. The tribune, and the painting of 
 the Council near the facrifty, are by Galeazzoj and the 
 landfeapes by Gafpar and Nicholas Pouffin his brother, 
 except two of large dimenfions by the fides of the altar 
 of St. Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi, which are by Bolognefe. 
 The fronts of the two ancient bafilicas (the Vatican and 
 Lateran) are by an unknown artift. Defcending the 
 noble fteps that lead to the fubterranean altar, where 
 the bodies of the popes St. S lvefter and St. Martin, with 
 many others, are faid to be enclofed, the magnificent 
 architecture here difplayed, and adorned with numerous, 
 
 col ura us 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 columns and beautiful ikreens, demonstrate the vaft talents 
 of Pietro da Cortona, who in fo fmall a fpace has ftiewn 
 the greatnefs of his ideas, which he has alfo difplayed in its 
 majeftic entrance. A little farther down the ftreet is the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF ST. LUCIA IN SELCI. 
 
 This church was formerly called in Orphea. It was 
 fcuilt in a flreet then called Clivus Subterraneus,- 
 paved with large ftones called Selci, from which it takes 
 its name. It is very ancient, as Simmacus the Pope was 
 deaconjpf it about the year 500. Sixtus V. transferred 
 its title, on account of its ruinous ftate, to another 
 church. Some years fince it was rebuilt after a. defign 
 of Maderno. The monaftery was at firft poflefTed by 
 the Benedictines, afterwards by the Carthufians, and 
 now by the Auguftines. The St. Lucia over the firft 
 altar to the right is by Lanfranco, and the St. Auguftirt 
 ever the fecond by Speranza, who painted alfo St. John! 
 the Evangelift. The Annunciation on the high altar, the 
 St. Monica, and St. Nicholas Tolentino, are by Cav. 
 d'Arpinoj who alfo painted God the Father over the door. 
 The frefcos around are by Lelli. This monaftery is 
 remarkable for its convenience, and the pleafantnefs of its 
 garden. A little farther down is the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF THE PURIFICATION. 
 
 This church and monaftery were built in 1589, by 
 Mario Orfini, a noble Roman, who endowed it with a 
 fufficient income for a certain number of nuns of the 
 order of St. Clare. It contains a fine picture by an un- 
 known artift. The baths of Trajan (or rather thofe of 
 Titus, enlarged by that emperor) are faid to have ex- 
 tended from the church of St. Martin to this fpot. Of 
 
 thefe 
 
ANCIENT AND MOBERN ROME. tJS 
 
 thefe many ruins ftill appear in the vineyard to tfaf 
 left. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. PETER IN VINCUI»IS. 
 
 This church is much celebrated, becaufe it is faid tct 
 have been the firft that St. Peter built in Rome in honour 
 of Chrift, and where he. celebrated the divine myfteries 
 with the greateft privacy, fo neceflary at that period. It 
 was burnt in the great fire of Nero. The prefent edifice 
 was built about the. year. 44,2, by Eudoxia, wife of Theo- 
 dofius Emperor of the Eaflr, who, having gone on a pil- 
 grimage to vifit the holy places, of Jerufalem, was pre- 
 fented, by Giovinale, patriarch of that city, with the 
 two chains with which St. Peter was loaded, whan im- 
 prifoned by Herod, together with other reliques. One of 
 thefe was fent to Rome by that emprefs, to her daughter 
 Eudoxia, wife of Valentinian Emperor of the Weft, who 
 gave it to St. Leo the Great. That: pontiff comparing 
 it with the. other chain, by which St. Peter was fecured 
 in the Mamertine prifon in Rome, they miraculoufly; 
 united, and formed but one chain, as is related by Sige- 
 bert in his chronicle. In memory of that miracle this 
 magnificent church was erected and adorned with antique 
 columns at the expence of the emprefs : and the pope 
 ordered the firft of Auguft to be celebrated as a perpetual 
 feftival in memory of that miracle. In 555 Pope Pelagius 
 repaired it, and is faid to have placed with his own hands 
 under the high altar the bodies of the feven Maccabees. 
 In 1073, Greg. VII. being elected pope in this church, 
 lived there in great humility. Julius II. gave this church 
 to the canon-regulars of St. Salvatore, and renewed it after 
 a defign of Buonaroti, by whom that pontiff's monument 
 was erected, but his remains, were never brought from the 
 
 V atican 
 
t1& DESCRIPTION of 
 
 Vatican to be depofited there. The fame artift was' the 
 fculptor of the ftupendous ftatue of Mofes, reprefented id 
 looking with admiration on the ancient and modern works 
 of art. The four ftatues on each fide are by his* 
 fcholar Raphael da Moritelapo. St. Auguftin 6ver the 
 firft altar on the right, together with other figures, are by 
 Guercirto. The fepulchre of Card. Margottt, with his 
 portrait, as well as that on the other monument, are by 
 Domenichino. St. Peter in prifort over the altar, and 
 the half figure of St. Margaret da Cortona in the next 
 ehapel, are by the fame. On the high altar is kept 
 the miraculous chain, and m the facrifty are marly reliques, 
 with ornaments of filver, among which are the heads of 
 St. Taurino, St. Coftantiaj and" St. Emerentiana, and aii 
 arm of St. Agnes. The frefcos in the tribune, repre- 
 fenting the hiftory of St. Peter, are by Copph The 
 picture of B. Canetolli in the chapel of the facrament is 
 by Santf. The dead Chrift with his Mother m the' 
 chapel to the right of this, and the picture in the next 
 chapel with the paintings around, are by an unknown 
 artift. The St. Peter in prifon over the next altar and 
 the fides are by Nogari, and the fepulchre of Card. Vec* 
 ehiarelli by two Neapolitans. Next to this is an altar 
 with an image of the blefled Virgin, very ancient, and a- 
 St. Ssbaftian in Mofaic : it was erected in 680, a periocf 
 when Rome was defokted with a long continued peftilence^ 
 in confequencej as: is faid, of a revelationy that when an ; 
 altar was erected there to this faint it would ceafe. This 
 is by fome believed to have happened, and on this account 
 the Roman magiftrates annually bring offerings, as was then? 
 vowed, on the firft of Auguft. The monument of Card- 
 Aldobrandini alfo merits obfervation, as does that of Cardv 
 de Cufa kneeling before St. Peter* in white marble,- doiiks 
 
 in 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME, 17? 
 
 In 1465. Near the door is a painting on the wall by 
 Pollajolo, and his monument, and portrait in marble, 
 with that of his brother. .On the. wall above is painted 
 the hiftory of the. peftilence. The cieling "was done in 
 1705, by order of Prince Panfili, after a defign of Fon- 
 tana. The picture of the chain healing a man poflefTed 
 was dcuie by Parotti. The monaftery of canon-regular's 
 was built after a defign of Sangallo. The ruins near it 
 are called the baths, of.. Titus. The part called the fette 
 fale, of. which however there were nine, is fuppofed to be 
 the refervoir of the water for the Naumachia of Nero, 
 which occupied the fite of the amphitheatre. A few 
 years back* twenty-five ftatues^ all entire* with fome 
 col umns of great Value$ and feveral rooms adorned with 
 ancient paintings, which were immediately engraved and 
 Coloured, were found near this, fpot, In the time of 
 Leo X. the celebrated ftatue of the Laocoon was found 
 in the fame fpot, which was the fame where the houfe of 
 Titus formerly flood. And in the reign of Innocent X. 
 a room was difcovered with a pavement of lapis lazuli, and 
 fifty-four ftatues, one of which was that of Rome fitting* 
 Oppofite the church is the houfe of the Maroniti monks* 
 of Mount Libano. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. FRANCESCO DI PAOLl Al MONTI. 
 
 This church and convent were built in 1623, by a prieft 
 of Calabria, for the monks who were countrymen of this 
 faint ; and to this were transferred the parifh of St. SergiuS 
 and St. Bacchus. The whole was repaired by P. Zava». 
 foni, general of the order, after a defign of Berrettoni. 
 The fir ft altar-piece to the right is painted by Luti, and 
 the frefco around by Avellino. St. Francis di Paoli is a 
 copy of that in the choir: the fides b^. Chiari, St. Fran- 
 
 Vol,. I*. K sis 
 
|}8 DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 els of Sales in the third chapel, and the fides, are by 
 Grecolini. The monument of the prelate Pallavicino was 
 erefted by Benedia XIV. after a defign of Fuga: and the 
 buft is by Corfini. The high altar is a defign of Roffi. 
 In the facrifty, which is beautifully ornamented with walnut 
 repofi tones, is the ftatue of the faint. The paintings 
 round it are by Saffbferrato. St. Francis ftanding in the 
 prefence of the king, the children prefented to the faint 
 by the tjueeni and the three following, are by Mafucci. 
 The faint with the burning coal in his hand, and the other 
 reprefenting him when pafling the pharos or light-houfe 
 on his mantle, are by Luti. St. Michael in the next 
 Chapel is by S. Perugino, the fides by Triga. The 
 Conception with the other paintings are by Pozzi, who 
 did the fides of the laft chapel. The St. Jofeph over the 
 altar is by Avellino : and the paintings in the convent are 
 by Pozzi. Returning towards the church of St. Mary 
 Maggiore, near that edifice is the 
 
 PHILIPPINE MONASTERY* 
 
 • This fndnaftery was firft ereaed for poor girls* who 
 were maintained partly by their own work and partly by 
 charity. They have now given place to the nuns of the 
 reformed order of St. Auguftin, who have, however j, no 
 public church. Near this is the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY DELLE TURCHlNE* 
 
 This edifice was built about the year 1675, by the 
 princefs Orfini, and called Turchine from the blue 
 coloured drefs worn by the women* They live under the 
 reformed regulars of St. Auguftin* The princefs alfo 
 took the drefs, and lived here till her death, as it is very 
 pleafantly fituated. The church is dedicated to the An- 
 nunciation 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. I 
 
 riuriciation. The St. Gertrude and St. Paul over the high 
 altar are by Ghezzi. The fpot occupied by this monaftery 
 and the neighbouring houfes is fuppofed to be that where 
 the houfe of Servius Tullius^ fixth king of the Romans, 
 ftood, near which was the temple of Mephitis, the god of 
 odours, erected in order to deftroy the fmell afifing from 
 the fepulchre of the poor^ who were buried in this hill 
 before the cuftom of burning the dead was introduced. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. PUDENTIANA* 
 
 This ancient church is in Strada Urbana, formerly 
 tailed Vicus Patricius, becaufe it was then inhabited by 
 the nobility; and St. Pudens, fenator of Rome, had a 
 palace and private baths on the fpot now occupied by 
 the church. In the year 44,^ when St. Peter firft came to 
 Rome, he was very hofpitably received and lodged by this 
 fenator, who, with his family, were the firft whom that 
 apoftle converted to the faith and baptized, together 
 with his children, Novato and Timothy, Pudentiana 
 and Praxede. He lived there feven years, and celebrated 
 the divine myfteries, ordained the firft paftors St. Linus 
 and St. Cletusy who fucceeded him, and fent preachers 
 to various parts of the world. In 156^ Pius I. at 
 the intreaty of St. Praxede, converted the palate into a 
 church, of which fhe was co-heir With her two brothers 
 Timothy and Novato. Of this church they were made 
 paftors, and dedicated it in honour of their fifter St. Pu- 
 dentiana. And as the fame pope often came to perform 
 mafs and baptize converts to the faith, : the baptifmal font 
 was eredted, and enriched with various gifts^ for which 
 reafon it was preserved with great care in the time of the 
 perfections, and ftill more after peace was, reftored to the 
 church, when it was decorated with Mofaic. Being 
 
 N 2 ruined 
 
Description of 
 
 -r.uined when the city was plundered, it was repaired by 
 Adrian I. And in 1130 Innocent II. gave it to the 
 canon-regulars of Bologna. Card. Gaetani renewed it in 
 its prefent foim, and erected the noble chapel dedicated 
 to the adoration of the Magi, with the burying place 
 his family. Pius V. appropriated it as a habitation for 
 the Dominican penitentiaries of St. Mary Maggiore ; and 
 in 1586 S xtus V. gave it to the monks of St. Bernard, 
 who built the convent on the fpot where the grotto Nepo- 
 tiana is fuppofed to have flood, in which pope St. Stephen 
 bap ized eighty Gentile converts, and in which the 
 Chriiii,ms who carried provifions to St. Lawrence were 
 feeraed in the perfections. The noble chapel dedicated 
 to th.t f .hit is a defign of Volterra. The Adoration 
 of the Magi over the altar is fculptured by Olivieri. 
 The firft ftatue to the right is by a fcholar of Guidi, 
 the next by Loretufe, that oppofite by Mari, the other by- 
 Malvafia. The Angels are by the fame, and the Mofaic 
 around by Rofetu, from the cartoons of Zuccheri. The 
 guardian Angels in the firft chapel to the right are a copy 
 from a picture of Grammatica. The paintings in the 
 fecond dedicated to the bleffed Virgin, are by Baldi ; St. 
 Nonnafo in the third, and St. Lutgard, by a Piedmontefc, 
 the fides by Cippitelli, and St. Pudens baptized by St. 
 Peter, in the chapel by the fide of the high altar, by 
 Neeci. The cupola of the high altar is painted by 
 Pomarancio, and the Mofaic is an imitation of the ancient. 
 The figures in ftucco are by Reti, the Angels under the 
 organ by M./mi, the ftatue of Chrift giving the keys to 
 St. 'Peter by Gio. Battiffa della Porta, and the frefcos by 
 Bagliorri. Within the altar is faid to be preferved another 
 of wood, on which St. Peter and St. Clement his fuc- 
 ceffor officiated. The well near the :pilafter is Lid to 
 
 contain 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 contain the bodies of three thoufand martyrs, brought by 
 St. Pudentiana and her fifter St. Praxede from the neigh» 
 bouring Efquiline-hill. St. Praxede in ftucco is by 
 Reti, and the pictures of the two fifters collecting the 
 blood of the martyrs by Ciampelli. This church enjoys 
 the title of Cardinal Piieft, and a chapter is held in the 
 octave of the apoftles on the 3d of July, 
 
 THE CHURCH AND MONASTERY DEL BAMBINO GESU, 
 
 Oppofite the above edifice is this monaftery, erected in 
 1 66 1. The church was built by Clem. XII. after a 
 defign of Fuga, in the form of a Greek crofs, with a 
 cupola in the middle, and three altars. The St. Augufiin 
 on the right is painted by Muratori, the Nativity over 
 the high altar by Evangelifta, and St. Andrew' oppofite' 
 by Zobolu Thefe nuns do not live in cloifters, but have 
 an inftitution peculiar to themfelves, for the inftru&ion 
 of children gratis, during eight days previous to their firft 
 receiving the communion, and for the fpiritual cxercifes of 
 pious women. They have alfo a fchool for poor girls ; 
 but as thefe could not come from every part of Rome, 
 Alex. VII. opened fchools, in 1 665, in every divifion of 
 the city, under the care of approved miftrefles, (killed in 
 every kind of female work, who have an income of three 
 crowns per month, and are obliged to inftrucl: them 
 gratis, and every month to diftribute bread. Near this 
 is the 
 
 VILLA NEGRONI OR PERETTI* 
 
 This villa occupies above two miles of ground, and 
 was formed by Sixtus V, when cardinal, for ' his retire- 
 ment, being called from him Peretti and Montalto. 
 Bvt.when elected pope, he gave it to his lifter - s and in 
 N 3 1096 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 1696 it was fold to Card. Negroni. In this villa are 
 two cafinos, one by the Piazza di Termini, the other 
 oppofite the gate. It boafted many fine ancient ftatues, 
 bufts, baflb-relievos, &c. but of late years the whole has 
 been fold. On the left, in the ftreet made by Sixtus V. 
 called Strada Felice, is the church of St. Mary della 
 Salute, with an habitation for the eaftern bifhops, now 
 converted into a college for the conventual friars. A 
 little farther js the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. PAUL THE FIRST HERMIT, AND THE 
 PREMOSTRATENSE COLLEGE. 
 
 This church is a defign of Orlandi. The St. Stephen, 
 King of Hungary, on the firft altar to the right, is by 
 Concioli ; the ftatue of St. Paul, the firft hermit, on the 
 high altar, by Bergondi ; and the guardian Angels on the 
 other by Borgognone. The adjoining convent is the 
 jefidence of the Hungarian and Polifh hermits. Oppofite 
 to this edifice is the Premoftratenfe College, containing .the 
 chapel of St. Norbert, and two pictures painted by Pozzi. 
 In the lane to the left is the garden and cafino of the Duke 
 of Strozzi, ornamented with ancient and modern ftatues, 
 and other curiofities, worthy of obfervation. Returning 
 to the Strada Felice, the cafino of the Cardinal Duke 
 of York is on the right, and on the left that of Card. 
 Albani. To the left of this was the celebrated Quirinal 
 Valley, fo called from a temple of Romulus, built here 
 forty years after the foundation of Rome, in confequence 
 of the declaration of Proculus the fenator, who folemnly 
 attelred in the prefence of the people, that he faw Romulus 
 majeftically afcend to heaven from this place, and that he 
 had ordered hi;n to declare to the people, that his empire 
 ^yould extend over the greateft part of the world; in 
 
 confe« 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 confequence of which Numa Pompilius ordered a fplendid 
 temple to be ere£ted in honour of him, and adored him 
 as the god Quirinus. Contiguous to this temple was a 
 magnificent portico, with the fine marble fteps now before 
 the church Ara Cceli, and a folar dial, the ftrft in Rome, 
 Two myrtles, one called patricia, the other plebeia, grew 
 near it, which, as Pliny writes, flourimed or withered as 
 the power of the nobility or plebeians increafed. Fulvius 
 relates that this temple was always (hut, becaufe it was 
 uncertain whether Romulus was buried in. Rome or 
 received among the gods. In this fpot the popular 
 negotiations were carried on. This valley, now fille4 
 with gardens and vineyards, retains no veftige of its 
 ancient monuments, except the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST, VITAUS. 
 
 This church was built in 405, by a devout Roman 
 matron called Veftina, niece of Innocent I. in honour 9f 
 two brothers, Gervafe and Protafe, fons of St. Vitalis, 
 who Were buried alive becaufe they fupported the faith of 
 Chrift. It was at firft collegiate; and in 1475 was 
 repaired by Sixtus IV. It was afterwards deferted, till it 
 was nearly in ruins. In 1595 Clem. VIII. united it to 
 that of St. Andrew del Noviziato, It was nearly rebuilt 
 by Ifabella della Rovere, Piincefs of $ifignano, The 
 reprefentation of the inftruments ufed by the Gentiles to 
 tqrture the Chriftians, in the portico, is coloured by 
 Fiammeri, who did the two oil paintings on each iide of 
 the high altar. The hiftory of Chrift carrying his Crofs, 
 attended by Angels and the two martyred Saints, in the 
 tribune, are by Andrea Comodi ; the martyrdom of St, 
 Vitalis, by its fide, by Ciampelli; and the other paintings 
 on the partition walls of the church by Comodi, 
 N 4 In 
 
BESCRlPTlON Of 
 
 In this church bread is dtftributed to the poor every Fri- 
 day, from an annual charity bequeathed by Francefco 
 gilla. 
 
 Returning to the Strada Felice, on the left is the chur ch 
 of St. Denis the Areopagite, built in 1619 by fome 
 French friars of the order of the holy Trinity, inftirured 
 for ranfoming captives. The blefied Virgin in the firft 
 chapel on the right is by Monf. Danfi j the founder of 
 the order in the next by Monf. David ; and the Concep- 
 tion on the altar, with St. Quirico and other figures, by 
 Carlo Geli. Thefe monks have a pleafant garden, called 
 Orto del Greco, from a Greek of Scio, who firft fowed 
 celery there in the reign of Clem. VIII. Oppofite this 
 church is the 
 
 PALACE ALBANI. 
 
 This edifice was built by Card. Maflimi, after a defign 
 ot Fontana, but is now in the pofleflion of Prince Albani. 
 In the court-yard are feveral antique infcriptions and 
 baflb-relievos, and in the apartments many pictures by 
 the firft matters. The gallery is painted by Paolo di 
 Piace'nza, and the apartment by Abecci. The molt 
 fingular ftatues are a Bacchus and an Apollo. This 
 palace contains a much efteemed Ubrary of twenty-five 
 thoufand volumes, 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. CARLO A LIE QUATTRO FONTANE. 
 
 This church, together with the convent of the reformed 
 Spanifh friars foi ranfoming captives, occupies the oppofite 
 corner of the ftreet. It was erected in 1640, after the 
 ingenious and beautiful d Jign of Cav. Borromini, at the 
 expence of Card. Barbern.i. The Crucifixion, with the 
 faints in the firft chapel on the right, is by Milanefe ; the 
 
 painting 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 185 
 
 painting in the next chapel, and that oppofite, by Cav, 
 Perugino; that on the high altar, and the Annunciation 
 over the door, by Mignard; the bleffed Virgin in the 
 next chapel by Romanelli, and that in the library by 
 Borgiani. To the left is the church of St. Ann, where 
 the two lunettes over the fide altars are by Pietro Nelli, 
 the large picture over the cornice of the cupola by 
 Vicinelli, and that on the altar to the right, on entering 
 the church, by Barocci. A little farther, on the fame fide, 
 is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. ANDREW THE APOSTLE. 
 
 This church was built in 1678, by Prince Panfili, after 
 a defign of Cav. Bernini, who, notwithstanding the fmallnefs 
 of the building, has (hewn the greatnefs of his talents. 
 It is of an oval form, and highly decorated with precious 
 marble, gilded ftucco, and fine paintings. The St. 
 Francis Xavier in the firft chapel to the right, and the 
 fides are by Baciccio j St. Vincent de Paulis in the next 
 by Bracci, and the fides by Brandi ; the paintings round 
 this and the other chapel by Bracci, and St. Andrew on 
 the high altar by Borgognone. The ftatue and Angels 
 are by Raggi. The next chapel merits particular ob-r 
 fervation, on account of its fine marble and other orna- 
 ments. The picture reprefenting St. Staniflaus and the 
 blefTed Virgin is a fine work of Carlo Maratta. The 
 fides are by Mazzanti, and the paintings around by 
 Odazzi. Under the altar, in a precious urn of lapis 
 Jazuli and gilt metal, is the body of the faint. The St. 
 Ignatius in the laft chapel is by Mazzanti, the fides by 
 Monf. David, and the paintings around by Chiari. The 
 noble facrifty is painted by Gio. di Borde : the altar- 
 piece and the blefled Virgin by Pozzi, In the houfo 
 
 is 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 is the room where Staniflaus died, now converted into a 
 chapel, which merits attention on account of its fine 
 paintings, and ftill more on account of a ftatue of the 
 dying faint, in marble of various colours, by Monf. le 
 Gros. 
 
 Returning to the Quattro Fontane, and beyond the 
 palace Albani, is the monaftery of St. Terefa, erected in 
 1627 by Catharine Cefi ; and adjoining to it is the 
 
 CONVENT OF THE INCARNATION, CALLED BAR" 
 BERINI. 
 
 This convent was built by Urban VIII. by a cardinal 
 of which family it was governed, for thefe nuns, who 
 live under the mitigated regulations of St. Terefa. The 
 paintings in the church are by Brandi, and thofe in the 
 portico and on the front by Bernini. Near this is 
 the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. CAIUS, 
 
 This church is built on the fite of the hqufe of this 
 pope and martyr, called inter duas domus, that is, between 
 the houfe of St. Gabinus his brother and of St. Sufanna 
 his niece. Urban VIII. rebuilt it from the foundation, 
 after a defign of Paparelli, and placed under the altar the 
 reliques of the faint. Alex. VII. gave it to the nuns of 
 the Incarnation. The pidture of St. Caius on the high 
 altar is by Speranza, St. Bernard by CamalTei, and the 
 Magdalen by Mario Balaili, all much efteemed. To the. 
 right is the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF ST. SUSANNA. 
 
 This church was built on the fite of the houfe of St, 
 Gabinus, father of the titular faint, and brother of Pope 
 
 St, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 187 
 
 St. Caius. It was confecrated about the year 290, with 
 the greateft fecrecy, the pious virgin to whom it is dedi-^ 
 cated having fufFered martyrdom here. Her blood was 
 collected in a cloth by her relation the Emprefs Serena, 
 and, together with the body, concealed in a grotto in the 
 Via Salaria, and was not made public till the perfecutions 
 of the Gentiles ceafed. Various popes have decorated 
 this church. Leo III. when titular, chofe to be crowned 
 here, and in the year 800 rebuilt it. The Mofaic in the 
 tribune was executed by his orders, as well as the pref- 
 bytery and baptifmal font, and he enriched it with many 
 other gifts. After having been frequently repaired, the 
 noble front was executed after a defign of Maderno, the 
 cjeling gilt, and many paintings in frefco, by order of 
 Card. Rufticucd, when titular, The hiftory of St. 
 Sufanna from the Old Teftament is by Croce, the per- 
 fpedtive by Teatino, the ftatue of ftucco by Valfoldo, the 
 martyrdom of St. Sufanna on the high altar by Laurenti, 
 the paintings in the tribune by JvTebbia, the martyrdom 
 on the altar to the right with other paintings by Nogari, 
 thofe oppofite by Croce, St. Lawrence in the other chapel 
 by Nebbia, and the reft by Pozzi. In the middle altar, 
 befides the bodies of St. Caius, St. Gabinus, and Sc. 
 Sufanna, are part of the bodies of St. Felicita and her 
 fons. In the monaftery adjoining the nuns of St. Bernard 
 refide, having been placed there in. the time of Sixtus V. 
 Qppofite is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. BERNARD ALLE TERME. 
 
 This is a highly beautiful and magnificent part of the 
 remains of Dioclefian's baths, and was converted into a 
 church in 1598, by Catharine Sforza, Countefs di St. Fiora, 
 and dedicated in honour ©f this faint. She began the convent 
 
 for 
 
i8S 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 for his reformed monks, who finifhed it by voluntary 
 contribution; To the left of the high altar is buried 
 Fra. Gio. Barriero Abate Fulienfe di Tolofa, and 
 reformer of this order. The two large pictures are 
 painted by Odazzi, the eight large ftatues of ftucco in the 
 niches are by Mariani and Mochi, and that of St. Francis 
 in the fide chapel with other fculpture by Fancelli. In 
 the convent is a valuable library, and a fnall mufeum ; 
 and in the garden are fome ruins of the baths in form of 
 a- theatre, but now converted into a chapel, and dedicated 
 in honour of St. Catharine. 
 
 PIAZZA DI TERMINI. 
 
 Thefe celebrated baths occupied much more ground 
 than this large fpace. They were begun by Dioclefian 
 and Maximianus, who kept forty thoufand Chriftians 
 conftantly at work on them, and finifhed by Coftantius 
 and Maximinus, adopted fons of Dioclefian, who adorned 
 them with ftatues, porticos, fchools for the fciences, 
 fencing, mufic, wreftling, and horfemanfhip. There were 
 feparate accommodations for near three thoufand perfons to 
 bathe, and many other objects of magnificence that might 
 rival the immortal works of Egypt, and give them a place 
 among the wonders of the world. From the Greeks the 
 Romans learned the ufe of baths for the prefervation of 
 health, which at firft were built . at a moderate expence ; 
 but when that people became fupereminent in riches and 
 power, their baths grew into works of national magnificence 
 and pride. Sergius Orata informs us, thatValerius Maximus 
 rendered his baths magnificent and luxurious to acquire 
 credit among his countrymen j and thence the nobles, 
 wifliing to exceed the magnificence of a Ample citizen, 
 determined to employ their riches and power in collecting 
 
 materials 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. igg 
 
 materials and works of art the moft admirable and fuperb, 
 to adorn their baths. The emperors exceeded the nobles, 
 and f welling the tide of luxury and pleafure, erected the 
 moft fuperb edifices, with magnificent galleries fupported 
 by different orders of columns, and adorned them with 
 lakes and fountains, and extenfive groves. The moft 
 precious marble and porphyry, the fcarceft alabafter, the 
 moft celebrated ftatues, and the moft exquifite pictures, 
 brought from the civilized and luxurious nations whom 
 they conquered were appropriated to adorn the baths, 
 which, being frequented both for pleafure and learning, 
 contained the choiceft libraries. But the only remains of 
 all this magnificence now confift of the pope's granary, 
 the cafino of the villa Negroni, the garden of the monks 
 of St, Bernard, and, on the opposite fide of this opening, 
 the • 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY DEGl' ANGIOLJ A TERMINI. 
 It was firft propofed by a Sicilian prieft to confecrate to 
 God the ruins of thefe baths, built originally by Chriftian 
 hands, who, when the work was finifhed, were all put to 
 death, on account of their religion, near the three fountains. 
 The magnificence -of thefe baths was fuch as almoft to 
 defy deferiptionj- and can only be conceived after obferv- 
 ing the great extent of the ruins, which ftill adorn the 
 gardens around, and the magnificent church, in which are 
 the eight immenfe columns of Egyptian granite, each of 
 one piece, and ftill entire. At firit this hall was occupied 
 by a hermit i but the Carthufians having obtained it, 
 they, with the income bequeathed to them in 1362, by 
 Count Niccolo a Neapolitan of the Orfini family, built 
 the adjoining extenfive cOnvent ; and Michael Angelo 
 formed, out of the rains- of the b<iths, this vaft temple-, 
 
 in 
 
X§0 DESCRIPTION Ct 
 
 in form of a Greek crofs. Pius IV. in confequence ct * 
 vifion faid to have appeared to the above prieft, confe- 
 crated it in 1561 in honour of the Queen of Angels.- 
 Monfig. Bianchini, obferving the great extent and ftrength 
 ©f this edifice, and confidering the great weight it had 
 fuftained for many ages, ordered the meridian line to be 
 delineated in the pavement, with all the figns of the 
 zodiac, and a fmall aperture above for the rays of the 
 fun to fall upon it. Benedict XIV. ordered this grand 
 temple to be adorned after a defign of Vanvitelli, and 
 brought the original altar-pieces from St. Peter's, which 
 were there replaced with exadr. copies in Mofaic. Hence 
 this immenfe hall now refembles a fuperb gallery of 
 facred paintings. The monument of Carlo Maratta or* 
 the right is fculptured by his brother Francefco Maratta,, 
 2nd that of the celebrated Salvator Rofa on the left by 
 Bernardino Fioriti. The Crucifixion with St. Jerome in 
 the firft chapel is by a fcholar of Volterra, the Magdalen 
 with Chrift, oppolite to it by Fiamingo. St. Bruno in 
 the next chapel on the right, and Chrift giving the keys 
 to St. Peter oppofite to it, are by Muziani. In the grand 
 aifle, which contains the above-mentioned celebrated 
 orio-inals, the firft on the right is the crucifixion of St. 
 Peter by Ricciolini. The fecond is the fall of Simon 
 Magus, copied from that by Vamvi in St. Peter's, by 
 Monf. Tremolier. The altar-piece in the chapel of B. 
 Niccolo Albergati is by Graziani, the fides by Trevifani^ 
 that above by Bicehierari, and the reft by Mezzetti. 
 The third, reprefenting St. Peter raifing Tabitha, is a 
 copy from Baglioni. The fourth is an original by Mu- 
 ziani. The blefied Virgin in the fmall chapel near ity 
 with the other paintings, are by Baglioni : the prefenta- 
 tion in the temple by Romanelli, the martyrdom of St* 
 
 Sebaftiau 
 
ANCIENT AND, MODERN ROME. IQ8 
 
 Sebaftian by Domenichino, that over the altar by Monf, 
 Daniel, and the reft by Bicchierari. The ornaments 
 round the altar, and the fculpture in marble are by Ludo- 
 rifi. The monument of Pius IV. and that of Card. 
 Serbelloni his nephew, are from a defign of Buonarotti. 
 The altar-piece in the facrifty, and the medallions, are 
 by Odazzi, who alfo painted thofe in the Corridor. The 
 choir is finely painted by Garzi. The Angel in the 
 niche on the fide of the entrance to the cloifters is by 
 Ludovifi. Near the facrifty is a fmall chapel, entirely 
 erected by Card. Cibo. It is viewed through the iron 
 grate in the church, and is enriched with the precious 
 depofits and facred vafes that adorned his domeftic chapel, 
 together with many other facred reliques, arranged with 
 great fymmetry in every part. A defcription on three 
 papers is affixed, from which it appears to contain a 
 relique of every faint in the calendar. The picture on 
 the altar is by Ricciolini. Under this chapel is an altar 
 of white marble, round which are fix fepulchres of differ- 
 ent prelates, and in the middle that of the cardinal. 
 Returning to the church, the firft picture is the baptifm 
 of Chrift by Carlo Maratta. The St. Peter and St. 
 Andrew, with the death of Ananias and Sapphira, is by 
 Roncalli. The holy Infant accompanied by Angels, in 
 the next chapel, is by Moriana; the St. Michael by Pia- 
 centino, and the others by Fiamingo. The Conception 
 is by Pietro Bianchi, the next by Placido Coftanzi, the 
 altar-piece of St. Bruno by Odazzi, the Evangelifts by 
 Procaccini, and the two large ones on each lide by Trevi- 
 fani. The fall of Simon Magus is by Battoni, and the 
 Greek mafs of St. Bafil by Subleyias : the paintings 
 above by Bicchierari, and thofe between the windows by 
 Ricciolini and Procaccini. It is cuftomary for every 
 
 pope, 
 
tgt DESCRIPTION oi* 
 
 pope, at his election to the pontificate, to give a univerfal 
 jubilee, to obtain divine afiiftance in the govern- 
 ment of Chriftendom, going in proceflion on foot 
 from this church, with the college of cardinals and 
 Roman clergy, to St* Mary Maggiorei The cloifters of 
 this convent are more remarkable than any in Rome, 
 on account of their extenfivenefs and beauty, being 
 adorned with one hundred columns, and containing a 
 gallery of fcarce and fine prints, much efteemed. The 
 public granaries were erected by order of Greg. XIII. 
 and enlarged by other popes* Returning to the Strada 
 Pia, is the 
 
 FOUNTAIN OP THE AQUA FELICE A TERMINI^ 
 
 This ftream, which was brought to Rome by Sixtus 
 V. is the fame as the ancient Aqua Martia, which 
 originated in the fpring of Agrippa, twenty-two miles 
 diftance, and now called Felice from the name of that 
 pontiff^ by whofe orders this noble fountain was erected, 
 after a defign of Cav. Fontana. The ColofTal ftatue of 
 Mofes in the middle is by Brefcianoj Aaron 'and the 
 Ifraelites in baflb-relievo by Gio. Battifta delta Porta$ 
 Gideon with the foldiers' by Flaminio Vacca. Of the 
 two Angels that fupport the arms, one is by Vacca, the 
 other by Porta, and the four lions, two of white porphyry 
 and two of black granite, were brought from the Pan- 
 theon. This water was conveyed by the fame pope, at 
 a great expence* to the Quirinal and Pincian hills, and 
 the Campidoglio. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY DELLA VITTORIA. 
 
 To the right of the fountain is this church, built in 
 1605 Paul V. in honour of St. Paul, with a colleg* 
 
 for 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 for the miflionary friars of St. Terefa. Thefe being 
 removed to a building near the church of St. Pancras, 
 this was rebuilt with great magnificence, after a defign of 
 Maderno, in honour of the blefled Virgin, under the title 
 of Vittoria, to receive an image of her, brought by the 
 Dominicans from Germany in 1621. This picture is 
 furrounded with many precious ftones of great value, and 
 other ornaments, given by feveral emperors and princes 
 for victories obtained, efpecially againft the heretics and 
 Turks, which are commemorated by ftands of colours 
 hung up in the church. A feftival is held there on 
 the Sunday in the octave of the nativity of the blefled 
 Virgin, inftituted by Innocent XI. for the liberation 
 of Vienna on the 12th of September, 1683; and 
 another on the fecond Sunday in November, for the 
 celebrated victory obtained over the Turks in the Ionian 
 fea, on the 7 th of October* in 157 1. This church is 
 incrufted with beautiful marble, gilt ftucco,- fine paintings, 
 and noble chapels. St. Mary Magdalen over the firft 
 altar on the right is by Mercati, St. Francis and the 
 two fides by Domenichino r and the baflb-relievo in the 
 next by Ferucci, who executed the Duff Of Card. Vidone. 
 The two grand correfponding altars in the crofs aifley 
 adorned with fine fculpture and marble, are a defign 
 of Cav. Bernini, who executed the much admired 
 ftatue of St. Terefa with the Angels wounding her. 
 This fplendid chapel was built at a great expence by 
 Card. Cornaro, vvhofe buft is by Bernini ; and among 
 many others near it are five bufts of cardinals of the fame 
 family. The Holy Ghoft encircled with glory and Angels 
 is by Abatini ; the St. Jofeph oppofite, with the Angels, 
 by Domenico Guidi j the baflb-relievos on the fides 
 by Monf. Monot ; and St. Jofeph in frefco by Lamberti. 
 V«l. h Q The 
 
INSCRIPTION Oi" 
 
 The high altar, where the image of the bleffed Virgin i9 
 placed, is moft richly adorned. In the choir is an An- 
 nunciation by Baroccioj and St. Paul by Gherardo Olan- 
 defe. The paintings in the cupola are by Cav. Perugino. 
 The picture in the firft chapel beyond the' crofs aifle$ 
 which is enriched with precious ftones, is by Guercino; 
 the Crucifixion on the fide, and the painting oppofite, by 
 Guido Reni, and the frefcos by Bolognefe. The next 
 chapel, dedicated to St. John of the Crofs, is painted 
 by Lorenefe. The two Angels over the frontifpiece are 
 fculptured by Mazzoli. The dead Chrift in the laft 
 chapel, with his mother and St. Andrew, is by Cav* 
 d'Arpino, and the paintings on the cieling by Orazi. 
 The pilafters are covered with Sicilian alabafter by the 
 Contributions of the devout; and the fine marble pave- 
 ment, in the middle of which are the arms of Card. 
 Tanara, deacon of the facred college, who was buried 
 here in 1724, has been lately executed. His noble mo- 
 nument was erected by Benedict XIV. after a defign of 
 Fuga: the buft is by Corfini. The facrifty is rich in- 
 precious furniture and plate for the ufe of the church. In 
 the road leading to the gate are feme fine villas and pleafant 
 gardens, among which that of Prince Paleftrina is moft 
 worthy of obfervatiom Near this fpot is the. 
 
 J»orta 'pi a.. 
 
 This gate, anciently called Nomentana and Figulenfis, 
 Was thus named from Pius IV. who repaired it after a 
 defign of Buonarotti ; but being ftill imperfect^ it . was 
 continued by Cav. 'Bernini, who alfo left it unfinifhed. 
 To the left of ' it was the celebrated ancient Caftrum 
 Praetorium, and near it theVtvarium* the walls of which 
 are ftill vifible. Four miles from the city, between the 
 
 roads 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. ig^ 
 
 £oads Nomentana and Salaria, was the fine villa of Phaon, 
 Nero's freedman, where the caftle called Serpentario now 
 itands, which is near the villa Spada, and contained two 
 caverns, in one of which Nero is fuppofed to have killed 
 himfelf. Near the fame fpot were the Celebrated villas 
 of* Seneca, Ovid, QuintiuSi and Martial, which produced 
 the beft wine. To the right, near the gate, is the 
 
 CASINO AND VILLA PATRIZI. 
 
 This houfe and villa is delightfully fituated, and con- 
 tains pleafant walks and fome flatties and paintings* 
 Farther on are the villas Lancellotti, Bolognetti, and 
 others j and at fome diftance further in the country is 
 the 
 
 GfcURCH OF ST. AGNES. 
 
 This church was built by Conftantine, on the fpot 
 where that virgin-martyr was buried,, in compliance with 
 the requeft of his daughter Conftantia, who had been 
 healed by her before fhe was converted to Christianity^ 
 and who built a houfe in this fpot in the manner of a 
 monaftery, whither fhe retired^ with fome female compa- 
 nions, from the flattery of the world. This religious 
 cuftom continued for above a thoufand years, till Julius II. 
 removed them into the city. The church has been fre- 
 quently repaired. In 630 Honorius I. adorned the tri- 
 bune with Mofaic, and placed a canopy of copper gilt 
 over the high altar. Paul V. adorned it with marble and 
 four columns of porphyry. He alfo renewed the altar, 
 where the body of the faint is preferved, and that of St. 
 Emerentiana, and placed over it the fine ftatue of ala- 
 bafter and bronze gilt, executed by Cordieri. Thirty-, 
 fix fteps lead to this church, which is under ground, in 
 
 O 2 ths 
 
t$6 DESCRIPTION 0# 
 
 the catacombs where the above bodies were found, witr* 
 fome Chriftian fepulchral infcriptions. It is adorned with 
 two orders of columns, fome of which are of very 
 fcarce marble, and much admired on account of their 
 beauty. The portrait of Leo XI. in the chapel on the 
 right is by Salviati. Near this edifice is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. CONSTANTIA, OR TEMPLE OF 
 BAGCHUS. 
 
 *This church contains a very fine tomb of porphyry, 
 fculptured with Bacchanalian figures and grapes, erro- 
 heoufly called the fepulchre of Bacchus, as was the temple, 
 from the Mofaic figures round it, reprefenting grapes and 
 inftruments ufed in the vintage; The building is of 
 a circular form, with a cupola in the middle, fupported 
 by a double row of granite columns, and fuppofed to be 
 built either for a fepulchral edificej or a baptifmal font. 
 About the year 1256 Alexander IV. dedicated it to St. 
 Conftaiitia, whofe body, together with that of St. Agnef, 
 was pieferved in the above tomb for fome time. Paul II. 
 Ordered it to be brought to St. Peter's for his fepulchre ; 
 but dying before it arrived half way* it was carried back 
 to its original fituation. This churchj with that of St. 
 Agnes and the ancient monaftery, are under the care of 
 the canon-regulars of St. Salvatore. 
 
 The large ruins in the valley below are fuppofed to be 
 the Hippodrome of Conftantine. The temple of the 
 gdddefs Nenia Was near this fpot. About a mile further 
 is the bridge Nomentanus, corruptly called Ponte Lamon- 
 tana, built over the river Aniene, and forming part of the 
 celebrated road of the fame name, by the fide of which 
 are feveral burying places. Returning to the four fountains, 
 and at fome diftance to the right, is the 
 
 PALACE 
 
r 
 
 ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME, 
 
 197 
 
 PALACE BARBERINI. 
 
 This magnificent palace is fuppofed to have been built 
 ®n the ruins of the houfe of Numa, by Urban VIII. after 
 a defign of Maderno and Bernini, who exerted their 
 utmoft talents, as well in the internal plan as in the 
 great hall and magnificent exterior. Though this edifice 
 has no cojirt, it is decorated with a grand portico and two 
 flights of fteps, between which is an afcent intended for 
 coaches. That to the left is adorned with ftatues and baflo- 
 relievos, at the top of which is a fine antique lion. This 
 afcent leads to the grand faloon, which contains a feries 
 of many cartoons of Andrea Sacchi and Fietro da Cortona, 
 with a fine copy of the Transfiguration of Raphael by 
 Carlo Napolitano. But the admirable paintings on the 
 cieling by the fame Cortona furpafs all the reft. In the 
 apartments are a great number of fine pictures by the 
 firft mafters, antique ftatues, bufts, &c. In the firft anti- 
 chamber are the ftatues of an Amazon with very delicate 
 drapery, a youth in the adl of running, a Hercules, Brutus 
 and his fons, Ceres, and Fortune : the heads of Minerva, 
 and Plautina wife of Trajan, and fome fine columns of 
 marble ; alfo fome fine pictures, among which is a Niobe 
 by Camaflei, and a portrait of a cardinal by Andrea 
 Sacchi. In the next antichamber are three large pictures 
 from a defign of Romanelli, the firft reprefenting the 
 Gods, the fecond a Bacchanal, with the fabulous hiftory 
 of Ariadne and Bacchus, and the third the battle of 
 Conftantine with Maxentius, copied by Carlo Napolitano 
 from an original of Julio Romano, in the palace at St. 
 Peter's ; two famous bufts of Marius and Sylla, and a fine 
 head of Jupiter. In the firft room to the right are two 
 bufts of giallQ-antico, a fcarce head of Alexander the 
 O 3 Cjreatj 
 
I98 DESCRIPTION 0* 
 
 Great, and another of Antigonus. In the fecqnd the 
 heads of Adrian and Septimius Severus, of metal, and the 
 effigy of Urban VIIJ. by Andrea Sacchi. In the third a 
 fine pi£ture of the blefTed Virgin by Titian, a Diana, 
 with the bqdy of oriental agate, and a fmall antique ftatue 
 of the Ephefian Diana. In the firft room of the apart- 
 ment towards the garden are a St. Sebaftian by Lan- 
 franco, Lot with his daughters by Andrea Sacchi, a facri- 
 fice by Pietro da Cortona, two Apoftles by Carlo Maratta, 
 and a bleflecj Virgin by Perugino. In the qther rooms are 
 a famous picture of Noah by Sacchi, two fine hxads, the 
 one of Julius Casfar in Egyptian marble, and the other of 
 Scipio Africanus in giallo-antico, a buft of Urban VIII. 
 in porphyry, with the head of bronze, from a defign of 
 Bernini, and a picture of Herodias by Titian. In the 
 Jaft room is a Venus on a beautiful fountain of metal ? 
 fome antique bufts of Nero, Septimius Seyerus, and the. 
 Other Casfars; a ftatue of a huntrefs, the blefled Virgin 
 by Guercino, a portrait of a cardinal by Maratta, and 
 two glafs cafes full of curiofities. In the two next anti- 
 chambers are fome celebrated pictures by Andrea Sacchi, 
 Calabrefe, Romanelli, and others. The frefcos in the fine 
 chapel, and in the next antichamber, are by Sacchi. 
 
 Defcending from the grand faloons, and in the fecond 
 room, are two paintings of Venus, the one by Titian, the 
 other by Paul Veronefe, and a harper by Lanfranco. In 
 the third are a portrait of a friend of Raphael painted by 
 liim, two pi&iires by Claude Veronefe, the child Jefus 
 with St. John the Baptift by Maratta, and Lucretia by 
 Romarielli. In the fourth are a player on the flute, a 
 party at cards by Caravaggio, and fome heads by Parme- 
 giano. In the fifth are a beheading of St. John the Baptift 
 fey Bellino ? the Roman Charity by Barocci, the Magdalenj 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. X99 
 
 by Titian, and an antique head of Scipio Africanus. In 
 the fixth the baptifm of Chrift by Sacchi, St. Gregory 
 by Guido Reni, and St. Rofalia by Maratta,. In the 
 feventh a famous Magdalen by Guido, the Samaritan by 
 Caracci, the blefled Virgin by Raphael, much efteemed, an4 
 three ftatues of Silenus, Faunus, and Venus. In the eighth 
 Germanicus by Niccolas Pouflin, befides many other cu- 
 riofities, which adorn this and the other rooms, In the firft 
 chamber on the ground-floor are feveral cartoons by Pietro, 
 da Cortona and Romanelli, representing the hiftories of 
 Chrift and of Conftantine the Great j and two large urns 
 of Greek marble, with fine baflb-relievos, and a very large 
 granite flab entire, In the next chamber are the ftatues of 
 Apollo and Agrippina, a head of the Emperor Caracalla, 
 a mafic ufed by the ancients »n comedy, the goddefs of 
 health with the ferpent, fome of the Apoftles by Cortona 
 and Maratta, the laft Supper by Dofli di Ferrara, the 
 facrifice of Diana by Cortona, a dead Chrift furrounded 
 with Angels by Brandi, a groupe of three children 
 flceping, a baflb-relievo reprefenting an ancient hunt, two. 
 Angels by a modern artift, and a Seneca, three Egyptian 
 idols, the Ifis in granite, the Sun in paragon, and the 
 Abundance in bron?e ; a portrait of Cecilia Farnefe by 
 Scipione Gaetano, four Bacchanals by Titian, and many 
 portraits of ancient learned men by the fcholars of Rar 
 phael. In the next room is Herodias by Leonardi da 
 Vinci, and a Virtue by Romanelli, with portraits and 
 various paintings, and a baflb-relieyo reprefenting an 
 ancient funeral. In the laft is the famous fleepiqg Faun, 
 a moft Angular ftatue, a youth fitting on an ancient urn 
 of oriental alabafter, a work of great value, and a flave 
 eating a human arm, with many baflb-relievos, In the 
 firft room to the right are the ftatues of Marcus Aurelius, 
 , ■ • Q 4 (he 
 
20© 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the Ephefian Diana, and Ifis, fome heads of Satyrs, a 
 pi&ure of an Angel and Jacob by Caravaggio, the three 
 modes of time paft, prefent, and future, by Wett. In the 
 fecond are a fine ftatue of V enus, a Bacchus lying on an 
 ancient fepulchre, the celebrated picture of the Magdalen 
 by Guido, St. Francis and Poverty by Sacchi, and St. 
 Stephen by Garacci. In the third are, a dead Chrift by 
 Caracci, another by Barocci, the blefled Virgin by 
 Maratta, a portrait of Cola di Rienzo, a bronze ftatue of 
 Septimius Severus, the celebrated Narciflus in marble, a 
 buft of the Gountefs Matilda, various baflb-relievos repre- 
 senting feveral Dukes of Milan, fome bufts of cardinals, and 
 Prince Thaddeus Barberini fculptured by Ottone. In the 
 fourth a model in frefco of the famous Cyclops by Anni- 
 bal Caracci, painted in the Farnefian Palace ; a fragment 
 of Mofaic reprefenting Europa, taken from the ancient 
 temple of Fortuna Praeneftina ; and a child in frefco by 
 Guido. In the laft are feveral portraits by Titian, 
 that of Raphael fuppofed to be coloured by himfelf, and 
 another of Card. Antonio by Sacchi : a blefled Virgin 
 fuppofed to be by Raphael, and the ancient ftatues of the 
 three Graces. 
 
 In the upper apartment is a copious library, in which are 
 about one hundred thoufand books, and feveral thoufand 
 much efteemed manufcripts; alfo a cabinet of cameos, 
 intaglios, and precious {tones, with a very valuable col- 
 lection of medals, and many fmall ftatues, among which 
 is a fcarce one of Bacchus in marble, and a vafe, highly 
 efteemed on account of its valuable marble and excellent 
 workmanfhip, which contained the afhes of the Emperor 
 Alexander Severus, and is ornamented on the outfide with 
 figures fymbolical of his death. The garden occupies the 
 ancient fite of the Circus of Flora and the ancient Cam- 
 
 • pidoglioj 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 2©r 
 
 p-Idoglio, which was a temple, with three diftina cells or 
 chapels, one dedicated to Jupiter, another to Juno, and 
 the third to Minerva, the deities worfliipped in the grand 
 temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This edifice was diftuw 
 guifhed by the name of the old Campidoglio, and was. 
 built by Numa. 
 
 PIAZZA BARBERINI. 
 
 In this place is a fine fountain erefted by order of 
 Urban VIII. after a defign of Bernini, and called the 
 Triton. Antiquarians are of opinion the Pila Tiburtina 
 and the famous vermilion (hops were near this fpot, as 
 alfo a temple dedicated to Quirinus by Auguftus, and 
 decorated with feventy-fix columns, the number of years 
 he had then lived. 
 
 THE CHURCH OF ST, ANDREW AND COLLEGE OF THE 
 SCOTCH. 
 
 This church and college were ere&ed by Clem. VIII. 
 "in 1600, in the Strada Felice, oppofite the Barberint 
 palace, to preferve the flender remains of the Catholic 
 religion in Scotland, and dedicated to St. Andrew the 
 apoftle and patron pf that kingdom. The painting over, 
 the firft altar on the right is by a Pole, that on the left 
 by Lorenefe, and the martyrdom of St. Andrew on the 
 hjgh altar by a fcholar of Borgognone. In the piazza to 
 the right is the 
 
 CHURCH AND CONVENT OF THE CAPUCHIN FRIARS. 
 
 This order was inftituted by Matteo Bafli Zoccalante, 
 in 1524, approved by Clem. VII. and confirmed by 
 Paul III. The firft church and convent of that order in 
 Rome was at St. Croce de* Lucchefi, where they refided 
 till the reign of Urban VIII. who granted them a more 
 
 commo- 
 
J6ESCRIPTI0N Of 
 
 commodious aifcl folitary filiation. The titular cardinal 
 ctf St. Onofrio, brother to the pope, and of the fame 
 order, buried here in 1624, as may be read in the 
 infcription over the door, built this church and convent 
 ffter a defign of Cafoni, over another dedicated to St. 
 4ntony, in honour of the Immaculate Conception. The 
 pope himfelf placed the firft ftone, granted it many indul- 
 gences, and enriched it with celebrated paintings and facred 
 reliques. In the firft chapel on the right is the celebrated 
 picture of St. Michael the archangel by Guido Rem. 
 The St. Francis in the fecond is by Muziani, the 
 Transfiguration in the third by Mario Balafli, Chrift 
 praying in the garden in the fqurth by Baccio Ciarpi, 
 and St. Antony in the next by Andrea Sacchi. The 
 Conception on the high altar is by Lanfranco ; and under 
 the altar is kept the body of that great philofopher 
 Juftin Martyr. St. Francis on the fide is by Domeni, 
 chino, who prefented it to this church. In the choir is a. 
 St. Luke by MafTari. St. Francis by Caravaggio, St. John 
 the Evangelift by Lunelli, and a Magdalen with Chrift 
 in the garden by Sermoneta. The two fmall pictures of 
 the blefied Virgin and St. Jofeph in front are by Titian, 
 the Annunciation by Sermoneta, St. Mark by Chiarini, 
 and the head of St. Matthew by Guido. In the facrifty 
 Is an Ecce Homo by Palma, and a St. Jerome on paper 
 by Muziani. 
 
 Returning to the church, on this fide is the monument 
 of Prince Sobiefki, fon of John III. King of Poland, 
 who died at Rome in 17 14; the fculpture of which is by 
 Camillo Rufconi, who is aifo buried here in the chapel 
 of St. Antony. The blefled Virgin with St. Buonaven* 
 tura in the next chapel is by Andrea Sacchi, the Nativity 
 hy Lanfranco, th$ dead Chrift with his mother and tha 
 
 Magdalen 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. SOJ 
 
 Magdalen by CamafTei, St. Felix the Capuchin in the 
 next, whofe body is under the altar, by Alexander Vero- 
 nefe, and the Converfion of §t. Paul in the laft by 
 Pietro da Cortona. Over the door is a cartoon, being a 
 copy of the celebrated Navicella of St. Peter painted by- 
 Giotto, and replaced in Mofaic at St. Peter's. In the 
 convent is the cell where St. Felix died, after having 
 lived there forty years. The burying-ground is very 
 curious, confifting of feveral cells, where the bodies of 
 the friars are preferved in their dreftes, and placed in 
 niches around. • 
 
 In the ftreet to the left of the convent js the churca 
 and houfe of the monks of St. Bafil, for their refidencc 
 when they come to Rome from their convent of Grotta 
 Ferrata ? near Frafcati. A little farther to the right i$ 
 the 
 
 CHURCH AND CONVENT OF ST. NICHOLAS DA 
 TOLENTINO. 
 
 This church, with the convent, occupied by the bare- 
 footed Auguftin friars, was built in 1614 by Prince Pari- 
 fili, after a defign of Baratta, a fcholar of Algardi, and 
 ornamented with marble, ftucco gilt, paintings, and baflb- 
 jrelievos. St. Nicholas di Bari over the firft altar to the 
 right is by Laurenti, and the fides by Ventura Borghefi. 
 The picture in the next chapel is by Baldi, the paintings 
 in the third by Baldini, and the picture on the altar by 
 Guercino. St. John the Baptift on the altar in the 
 crofs aifle is by Baciccio, and the ftucco by Ferrata. 
 The high altar is a defign of Algardi. God the Father 
 and St. Nicholas in marble on the altar are by the fame 
 Ferrata, the blefled Virgin by Domenico Guidi, and the 
 Angels b|y Baratta, who alfo did thofe under the organ. 
 
to4 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 The cupola is painted by Coli and Gherardi, and the 
 Angels by Baldini, who painted the (mall cupola on the 
 right. St. Agnes on the next altar is a copy from Guer- 
 cino, and the ftuCco by Ferrata. The noble chapel next 
 this is a magnificent defign of Pietro da Cortona, of whom 
 the paintings round it were the laft work in frefco. They 
 were fmiftied by his fcholar Ciro Ferri. The baflb- 
 relievo on the altar, of the miracle of the Madonna di 
 Savona, is a fine work of Cofmo Fancelli. The ftatue 
 of St. John the Baptift is by Raggi, that of St. Jofeph 
 by Ferrata, and the portrait of Sig. Gavotti, who erecled 
 this chapel, by Fancelli. In this chapel every year, on 
 the 18th of March, is celebrated a ftimptuous feftival, 
 with folemn mufic, at the expence of this family, in 
 honour of the above Madonna. The St. Philippo Neri 
 in the laft is by Creo. In the choir is a picture of the 
 blefled Virgin, fuppofed to be by Raphael, and in the 
 faerifty one by Caldana. 
 
 In this valley is faid to have flood the Circus of Flora, 
 furnamed Ruftica, to diftinguifh it from another in the 
 Vicus Patritius. She was. born at Nola, of the family 
 of Fabius Metellus, and was a celebrated courtezan, to 
 whom Pompey the Great was much attached. Having 
 acquired great riches in her profeflion, fhe left the Roman 
 people her heirs, with the condition that they fliould build 
 a circus in honour of her with the firft produce of her 
 eftate, and every year, on her birth-day, celebrate the 
 Floreal games and facrifices. They were accordingly 
 celebrated naked, and carried to the greateft licentioufnefs 
 both in words and actions, As a cloke for this practice, 
 the Romans pretended (he was the goddefs Flora, who 
 prefided over corn and trees, and whom they muft take 
 this method to pleafe ia order to profper. The form of 
 
 th§ 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. SOJ 
 
 the feats ftill appears j and in the vineyard of Mandofi 
 Was her temple. 
 
 PORTA SALARiA. 
 
 This gate has had many names. It was called Quirl- 
 nalis, becaufe it led to the hill of that name, or from a 
 fmall temple near it ; Agonalis, becaufe when they could 
 not celebrate thofe games in the Circus Flaminius on 
 account of the inundation of the Tiber, they were per* 
 formed out of this gate j and laftly Salaria, which it Hill 
 retains. 
 
 Near this was the Campus Sceleratus, fo called becaufe 
 the .veftal virgins were buried there alive when they 
 profaned their virginity, an action which the Gentiles 
 held in the greateft horror : and the ceremony of their 
 burial was not lefs curious than exemplary. 
 
 They were firft degraded, and ftripped of the veftal 
 drefs, then, being tied on a bier with their faces entirely 
 covered fo as neither to fee nor hear, they were in 
 that manner carried about the city, followed by a crowd 
 of people, in profound filence, with a degree of folemnity 
 which it was impoflible to exceed : nor was there any 
 fpeclacle at which the people were more afflicted. In 
 this manner was the veftal carried to the above fpot 
 and depofited in a fubterraneous fepulchre, confifting of 
 a fmall room with two little recedes, in one of which 
 was a fmall lamp, in the other an earthen vafe with a 
 mixture of water, milk, and honey, and on the ground a 
 fmall bed. At this fpot fhe was untied, and the high 
 prieft, after reciting fome facred words, always raifing his 
 hands towards heaven, conducted her down the ladder 
 blindfold, while the people crowded about the tomb, til 
 the fame prieft, having drawn up the ladder, clofed the 
 
 fepulchre 
 
DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 iepulchre with a large ftone, and covered it with earthy 
 that no mark of the fpot might appear ; after which the 
 crowd difperfed with groans and lamentations, which the 
 moft devout continued the reft of the day. Thus fuffered 
 Porphyria, Minutia, Seftilia, and Emiliaria with two com- 
 panions, arid many other young Women at different 
 periods. In the Vigna Mandofi is an ancient edifice 
 called Tempio Scelerato, in the inferior part of which is 
 faid to be the fepulchre of thefe virgins. 
 
 Thofe who feduCed the veftals were alfo punifhed: 
 for, as Livy informs us, Lucius Caniflus, Chancellor of 
 the Pontifex, was beaten to death with rods in the Co- 
 mitium, by order of the Pontifex Maximus. And in 
 confequence of the difhonour of Paulina, not only on 
 account of her high birth, but of her exemplary chaftity, 
 the priefts who confpired to deceive her were all put to 
 death, to the number of one hundred and forty-eight, and 
 their temple deftroyed. 
 
 Two miles out of this gate is the famous bridge called 
 Ponte Salaria,- over the Aniene, called alfo the Teverone, 
 with the celebrated infeription by Narfetes, general of the 
 Emperor Juftinian, after his victory over the Goths. 
 Near this bridge one thoufand two hundred and fixty 
 Chriftians were condemned by Claudius to dig fand, and 
 buried in the hill Cocomero. Near this fpot is the facred 
 kill, whither the people of Rome withdrew when dif- 
 gufted with the tyranny of the Patricians. About half a 
 mile from the gate is the 
 
 VILLA ALEANI, 
 
 This moft noble cafino and delightful villa, fo univer* 
 fally and fo juftly celebrated, were erected with the 
 greateft tafte and magnificence by Card, Alexander Albani. 
 
 n 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. $,0f 
 
 It was formed out of a vineyard, and contains a great 
 number of ancient monuments, ftatues, bufts, baflb- 
 relievos, infcriptions, alabafter columns, and many other 
 curiofities, difpofed with fuch order and beauty that its 
 magnificence aftonilhes every fpectator. This houfe has 
 a fpacious portico, which is fupported by Egyptian 
 columns, and adorned with fine baflb-relievos, and the 
 ftatues of the Caefars, among which that of Domitian 
 merits particular obfervation, being the only entire one of 
 this emperor. In the middle of each of the large rooms, 
 on each fide is a vafe of flowered alabafter, ten palms in 
 diameter, placed on bafes of granite. To the right is the 
 chapel, which is adorned with gold and precious marble. 
 Under the altar is the body of the martyr St. Anticolo. 
 To the left of the principal Hairs, in an oblong hall, zr$ 
 two maffive columns of giallo-antico, finely polifhed ; an4 
 in the gallery are two ftatues of goddefles, one of them 
 the fineft Pallas extant, the other reprefenting Junq 
 nurfing Bacchus, whom fhe holds in her arms. By the 
 fides of the ftatues are the fcarceft baflb-relievos, with 
 figures almoft as large as life. On the pilafters are fome 
 very fine antique Mofaics, and over the doors are 
 two baflb-relievos, companions, in which are repre- 
 fented various kinds of ancient armour, of unrivalled! 
 workmanfhip. The cieling is painted by Cav. Mengs. 
 The apartments adjoining this gallery are adorned 
 with the fineft productions of art, the ancients or 
 moderns could boaft. That on the left finifhes with a 
 cabinet enriched with ftatues, figures of bronze, bufts of 
 alabafter, baflb-relievos, large vafes of porphyry and of 
 alabafter, and adorned with a pavement of ancient Mofaic. 
 The other on the right finifhes alfo with a cabinet finely 
 ornamented. Defcending to the two lateral porticos, which 
 
 are 
 
£o5 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 arc alfb fupported by granite columns, and full of firad 
 ftatues, we find between the columns of one of the por- 
 ticos bufts of the moft celebrated generals of antiquity* 
 and in the other thofe of ancient philofophers, poets, and 
 rhetoricians. In the room on the left are two large 
 columns, one of which is of flowered alabafter in one 
 piece, and the room is ornamented with baflb-relievos 
 and termini of alabafter. This leads to another chamber 
 Very rich in figures, baflb-relievos, infcriptions, and other 
 pieces of antiquity. Adjoining this is a fmall Ionic 
 temple of the Ephefian Diana, whofe ftatue is placed on a 
 bafe of figures in relievo. The femi-circular portico in 
 the other part of the garden is fupported like the former 
 by columns of granite and marble, and in the middle are 
 fix ftatues of Egyptian bafaltes, and one of alabafter twice 
 the natural fize. Under the fountain in the middle of the 
 garden are four very curious figures of Atlas, fupporting 
 on their Ihoulders a large bafin of Egyptian granite. 
 Returning to the palace, within the iron railing are three 
 compartments. In the two fide ones, which are fupported 
 by columns, are fome recumbent ftatues of river gods, with- 
 large vafes, of which the middle one is the rker Nile. 
 The eieling is fupported by two very fine Cariatides. Ir* 
 the upper garden are three fifli-ponds,- of which the middle 
 one has a large, bafin of Egyptian granite in ks center. 
 The gardens are every where decorated with ftatues, and 
 columns fupporting bufts, and the fteps adorned with 
 Sphinxes. Two hundred columns of various forts of 
 marble are difperfed throughout the villa, which is fuppofed 
 to be an exact reprefentation of an ancient country 
 habitation. Returning to the city, and in the road to the 
 light is the 
 
 Y1L&A- 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 209 
 
 VILLA LUDOVISI. 
 
 This pleafant villa was formed by Cardinal Ludovifi, 
 nephew of Greg. XV. who built the two cafinos, after 
 a defign of Domenichino. It is above a mile in circum- 
 ference, and has feveral fine walks, ornamented with 
 ftatues, bufts, baffo-relievos, columns, and other marbles 
 of great value, among which is a labyrinth, fet out like a 
 gallery, and adorned with a great number of fimilar 
 works of art. Of thefe the molt remarkable are the two 
 captive barbarian kings, a fine Silenus deeping, a groupe 
 of a Satyr with a fmall Faun, another of Leda, a very 
 curious Nero dreffed as a prieft, another Satyr, and a 
 large head of Alexander Severus. In the principal walk 
 and round the fountain are many ancient ftatues, and 
 in that leading to the houfe are feveral ftatues of 
 idols. The front of the cafino is adorned with baffo- 
 relievos, bufts, and fmall ftatues. In the firft chamber 
 are ftatues of Apollo and jEfculapius, a fine groupe of 
 Partus and Arria, another groupe fuppofed to be Papirius 
 and his mother, a fine coloffal head of Juno, a head of 
 the Emperor Claudius in bronze, a buft of Pyrrhus, and 
 four columns of porphyry. In the fecond chamber are, 
 a Gladiator with a Cupid, fuppofed to be the lover of 
 Fauftina, a Mars with another Cupid, another Gladiator, 
 and fome baffo-relievos, among which is one apparently 
 of Greek fculpture, reprefenting Olympia the mother ot 
 Alexander the Great. In the third is a table of a very 
 valuable ftone, much admired, a ftatue of Sextus Marius, 
 the groupe of the Genii, fymbolical of peace, Pluto and 
 Proferpine by Bernini, Apollo intended for a vow, the 
 two philofophers Heraclitus and Democritus, Arion by 
 Alo-ardi, and Virginius killing himfelf. In the fourth are, 
 Vol. I, F 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 a coloffal head in baflb-relievo, a Bacchus, and four ftatues 
 from the life. In the fifth is a fine ftatue of Marcus 
 Aurelius, and a bronze .head of another ftatue, of which 
 the body and feet are of porphyry. 
 
 In the other cafino, which is furrottnded with ancient 
 ftatues, the cielings of the rooms are adorned with fine 
 paintings in frefco by Guercino, among which is his 
 Celebrated Aurora. In one of the rooms is a bed, very 
 much admired, the pofts and counterpane of which are 
 compofed of various, very fine y and extremely valuable 
 marble, being richly adorned with emeralds, rubies,, 
 and other precious Hones. In a cafe is a petrified 
 man, fent as a prefent to Gregory XV. and in the 
 other rooms are the heads of Claudius and Marcus 
 Aurelius, with many other curiofities. In this villa was 
 found the Egyptian Obelifk with hieroglyphics, forty-one 
 feet long and feven broad, which flood in the circus of the 
 garden of Salluft. Part of the lite of this garden, which 
 extended to the valley leading to the church of St. Sufanna 
 and to the walls of the city, is occupied by this villa. It was 
 produced by the money, that Roman acquired when Praefedl 
 in Africa, and was fo magnificent and fo pleafantly 
 fituated that it became the fcene of recreation and 
 amufement of many emperors. Tacitus informs us that 
 Nero retired there one evening as he returned from the 
 Pons JEmilianus, and that Nerva died there. And Vo- 
 pifcus fays, this prince difliked the Palatine-hill, but 
 delighted in this garden. Fauno mentions, that in his 
 time many vafes containing bones were found here, and 
 among the reft a very large fcull, fuppofed to be of one 
 ©f the two giants buried there in the time of Auguftus, 
 who were above ten feet high. At the top of the lane, to 
 'the right of the Capuchins, is the 
 
 CHURCH 
 
Ancient and modern rome. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. ISIDORE. 
 
 This church was built in 1622, for the reformed Spa- 
 nifti friars of the order of St. Francis, after a defign of 
 Bizzocchieri ; but was fince converted into a college for 
 the Irifh Obfervant friars. In the church are fome good 
 piftures. The altar-piece on the right, reprefenting the 
 marriage of* the blefied Virgin with the fides,' are the firft 
 work of Carlo Maratta ; the fecond of St. Ann is by 
 Baldini. The Conception in the fmall chapel by the fide 
 of the high altar is a fine work of Maratta : the monu- 
 ment is fculptured by the fon of Bernini. St. Ifidore on 
 the high altar is a fine work of Andrea Sacchi: St. 
 Auguftin and St. Francis in the fide chapel is by the 
 Spanifli fchool ; the fculpture of the monument of Monf. 
 Borani is by Rofli, St. Antony of Padua with the fides by 
 Domenico Perugino, the lunette by Egidio Ale, and the 
 Crucifixion with the fides in the laft chapel by Maratta. 
 Near this church is a houfe of fome miflionary priefts. 
 Returning to the Strada Felice, and on the left, is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. ILDEFONSO* 
 
 This church was built in 1619, by the Spanifh bare- 
 footed hermits of St. Auguftin, and ornamented after a 
 defign of Paglia. The Nativity on the high altar, fculp- 
 tured in baflb-relievo, is by Francefco, a Sicilian ; and on 
 the fides are fome paintings, very minutely executed, by 
 an unknown artift. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. FRANCESCA ROMANA. 
 
 A little farther on the right is this fmall church, built 
 in 1614 by the Spanifh friars of the holy Trinity, where* 
 among other pictures, is that of the blefled Virgin witfc 
 P % two 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 two Angels, one of the beft works of Cozza. At the 
 end of the ftreet is the 
 
 PALACE OF THE QUEEN OF POLAND. 
 
 This palace was built for their own refidence by the 
 Celebrated painters Taddeo and Frederico Zuccheri* who 
 painted the fine frefcos. Maria Caflimir, Queen of Poland, 
 wife of John Sobiefki, refided there fome years ; and here 
 their fon Prince Alexander died. Near it is the 
 
 CHURCH AND CONVENT DELLA SS. TRINITA AI 
 MONTI. 
 
 This church Hands on the pleafanteft part of the Pincian 
 hill. It was built in 1494, by Charles VIII. King of 
 France, at the entreaty of St. Francis di Paola, for the 
 French Minimi friars; and in 1595 was confecrated by 
 Sixtus V. It contains feVeral fine paintings; St. John 
 the Baptift in the firft chapel on the right, and the fides 
 in frefco, are by Naldini ; St. Francis of Sales in the 
 fecond by Chiari, and the paintings in the third by Daniel 
 da Volterra, who executed the Prefentation in the temple on 
 the fide. The cartoons of the murder of the Innocents 
 were painted by Alberti, the hiftory around by Marco da 
 Sienna and Pellegrino da Bologna, the Nativity of the 
 blefTed Virgin in the lunette by Bizera, a Spaniard, St. 
 Michael the Archangel in the next by Corvi, and the 
 other paintings by Nogari. The Nativity, with the 
 accompanying paintings, are by an unknown artifh The 
 cieling of the crofs-aifle, on which was painted the day 
 of judgment by a Sicilian fcholar of Buonarotti, was 
 demolifhed to build the chapel of St. Francis. The high 
 altar is a defign of Monf. Sciampagna, a fcholar of Bernini, 
 who executed the ftucco reprefenting the hiflory of the 
 
 Trinity, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 213 
 
 Trinity, and the ftatues of St. Lewis and St. Francis di 
 Paola on the fides. The picture in the fmall chapel on 
 the right is by Piccione, the Coronation of the bleflTed 
 Virgin in the other fmall chapel by Frederic Zuccheri, 
 and the paintings in the crofs-aifle by Pierin del Vaga. 
 The Aflumption and the Apoftles and Prophets, begun 
 by Thaddeus Zuccheri, were finiflied by his brother Fre- 
 deric. The chapel of St. Mary Magdalen, with the 
 painting in frefco in the lunette and others around, are 
 by Julio Romano, aflifted by his coufin Francefco j the 
 fides, with the pool Probatica and the Refurredtion of 
 Lazarus, by Pierin del Vaga; the celebrated taking down 
 from the crofs, with thofe near it, by Daniel da Volterraj 
 the Annunciation, with the Creation of Adam and Eve, 
 by Cefare Piemonte ; the Nativity oppofite, with the 
 altar-piece of the blefled Virgin, by Cedafpe, a Spaniard ; 
 and the Crucifixion in the laft chapel by Nebbia. The 
 fepulchre of Pierin, with the two cherubims, are by Lo- 
 renzetto. 
 
 In the cloifter of the convent are other paintings. 
 The Canonization of St. Francis by Leo X. is by Cav, 
 d'Arpino, the faint healing a ficlc man by Roncalli, fome 
 actions of the fame by Nogari, the admiflion of his 
 monks by order of the King in the Council of Paris, 
 and his reception by the fame King, both in frefco, by 
 Ssmenza. The other a&ions of the faint are by Marco 
 da Faenza, and the Kings of France by Nucci. The 
 paintings in the upper corridor are by P. Nicerone, of 
 this order. In the botanical garden are the moft ufefuj 
 fimples and other plants that can be raifed in this climate, 
 which are employed by the apothecary, who refides and 
 keeps a fliop in the convent. Oppofite the church is the 
 
 P 3 Egyp* 
 
214 
 
 DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 Egyptian Obelifk, found in the garden of Salluft ? fet up 
 by the prefent pope. 
 
 VILLA MEDICI. 
 
 This noble palace and garden was erected by Card. 
 Ricci about the year 155P, after a defign of Annibal 
 Lippi ; but Card. Ferdinand de' Medici, afterwards Leo 
 XI. magnificently adorned it with ancient ftatues, bufts, 
 baflb-relievos, and paintings, befides a fmall obeliflc, and 
 two uncommonly large bafins of oriental granite. All 
 thefe fine antiquities are now removed to Florence. The 
 chapel of St. Gaetano in the villa was once the refidence 
 of that faint. To the left, on quitting the garden by the 
 fide door, is the 
 
 PORTA PINCIANA. 
 
 The magnificent palace of Pincius, a Roman fenator, 
 near this fpot, gave name to this hill and gate, which was 
 robbed of its marble ornaments by Theodoric the Goth, 
 to adorn his palace at Ravenna : that palace where Beli- 
 farius avenged the Emprefs Theodofia againft Pope St. 
 Silverius, by {tripping him of the pontifical habit, and 
 fending him in the habit of a monk to the ifland of 
 Pontus, where he died for want. At the diftance of half 
 a mile is the celebrated 
 
 VILLA BORGHESE. 
 This villa, which once belonged tq the Duke Altems } 
 was purchafed by Card. Scipio Borghefe, nephew of 
 Paul V. who built its moft magnificent and highly orna- 
 mented cafino, after a defign of Fiamingo. The gate- 
 way of the villa, erected on a defign of Lunghi the elder, 
 |s decorated with the bafTo-relievo of a bull prepared for 
 
 facri- 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 facrifice. In the entrance of it is another bafib-relievo 
 representing the apotheofis of one of the emperors, and two 
 termini adorned with flowers and fruits, defigned by Ber- 
 nini, and fculptured by his fon. The front of the palace 
 is encrufted with the fineft baflo-relievos and ancient 
 flatues; and among other ornaments are fine bufts of 
 Trajan and Adrian. On the fides are the ftatues of 
 Marcus Aurelius and Marc-Antony on marble bafes. 
 The baflo-relievos reprefent various tranfacYions of the 
 ancient Romans, and other hiftory, as the peace with 
 the Sabines, Romulus and Tatius, a boar-hunt of excel- 
 lent fculpture, feveral Bacchanals, the equeftrian ftatue 
 pf Robert Malatefta, captain-general under Sixtus IV. by 
 Paolo Romano, Curtius plunging into the gulf, and on 
 the balcony a fcarce buft of the Emperor Geta. The 
 front towards the north is adorned with baflo-relievos of 
 Bacchanals, facrifices, &c, and over the door a fcarce 
 head of Bacchus. The eaft front is adorned with the 
 fineft veftiges of Roman magnificence, the mod remarkable 
 of which are, a marble vafe with a baffo-relievo of a 
 bacchanal, and the ftatue of Marl us. Before the portico 
 is a vafe with baflo-relievos, and under it the ftatues of a 
 Satyr, a Mufe, Jupiter, Venus, Galba, and a captive King 
 of Parthia in porphyry. In the hall are twelve much 
 admired columns of granite, porphyry, verde and giallo 
 antico; the bufts of the twelve Caefars, the heads of Scipiq 
 Africanus and Hannibal, and a Bacchus on an antique 
 fcpulchre, fculptured with the death of Meleager, bqfides 
 many fine paintings on the cielings. In the firft room is 
 a David with his fling by Bernini, a Seneca in the bath, of 
 paragon, a wolf in red marble with Romulus and Remus, 
 an ancient baffo-relievo with Venus and Cupid, fuppofe4 
 to be by Praxiteles, a Queen in marble with the drapery 
 
 " P 4 of 
 
2l6 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 of porphyry, two vafes of tranfparent alabafter by Silvio 
 Galcio, and many ancient bulls, among which is one of 
 Macrinus, very highly efteemed. In the next are three 
 fine ftatues of Apolline, Narciflus, and Icarus, the Far- 
 nefian bull in metal, and a head of Alexander the Great 
 in baflb-relievo. In the third are two groupes, iEneas and 
 Anchifes carrying off Afcanius, a fine groupe of Daphne 
 changed to a laurel when purfued by Apollo, both by 
 Bernini, with the following diftich on the bafe, compofed 
 by Urban VIII. when young: 
 
 Quifquis amans fequitur fugitivae gaudia formae, 
 Fronde manus implet, baccas vel carpit amaras. 
 
 Here alfo are bufts of Auguftus, Lucius Verus, and 
 St. Charles Borromeus, a table of oriental alabafter, ano- 
 ther of paragon, and fome portraits painted by Fiamingo. 
 In the gallery are four columns of porphyry, two tables 
 of the fame, two ancient urns of alabafter and two of 
 porphyry by Nizza, eight large antique heads, among 
 which thofe of Plato and Pertinax are much admired, four 
 ftatues, a Diana, a Gypfy, Caftor, and Pollux, a buft of 
 Hannibal, Hercules Aventinus with the head of a bull, 
 the groupe of Fauftina and her lover Carinus, a gladiator; 
 another gladiator of fcarce and beautiful Grecian fculp- 
 ture by Agatius the Ephefian, a bacchanal in paragon 
 fculptured by Fiamingo, a Chrift in porphyry by Buona- 
 rotti, a Moor of black ftone with a ftiirt of alabafter, a 
 ftatue of Agrippina, a head of Adrian, a fine Silenus 
 holding a young Bacchus in his arms, other ftatues and 
 columns of ancient marble, and a Hercules killing Antaeus 
 painted by Lanfranco. In the gallery are ftatues of 
 Flora and Venus, bufts of Marcus Aurelius, Claudius 
 Drufus, Liciaus Valerianus, and Apollonius Tianeus, the 
 goat Arnalthea that fuckled. Jupiter, a wounded gladiator, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 217 
 
 and a head of Cleopatra. The paintings are by Lan- 
 franco, except thofe of Vulcan and Venus, which are 
 by Julio Romano ; a fine bull of black marble on a table 
 of alabafter, two Egyptian idols, a gladiator, a centaur, 
 the effigy of Auguftus, a ftatue of Diogenes, an Ifis of 
 Crete transformed to a male, fculptured by Bernini ; the 
 heads of Fauftina, Antonia, Augufta, Ottacilla, Trajan, 
 Decius, Gordian us, and others ; two fine ftatues of Venus, 
 a pidure of St. Jerome by Pailignani, a Chrift by Caracci, 
 a Venus with Cupid and a Satyr by Titian, the ftatues 
 of Trajan, Antoninus, a Gypfy of black marble, with the 
 head, hands, and feet of bronze, a Bacchus, a Faun, and 
 a fea nymph; the heads of Livia and Berenice, many 
 pictures by Doffi di Ferrara, Scarfellino, and others ; an 
 Harpocrates, the centaur Neflus bearing off Deianira, 
 another centaur carrying a Cupid on his moulder, with 
 a groupe of little Loves ; the heads of Nero, Septimius 
 Severus, and Julia Mefa; a very ingenious fcrutoire, 
 a ftatue of Vefpafian, and another of Nero, a head of 
 Alexander the Great, and a child fleeping by Algardi; a 
 fine head of Florianus, a Diana painted by Lorenzino, 
 Sampfon by Fra. Sebaftian del Piombo, the celebrated 
 groupe of the three Graces, the ftatue of a Moor dreiTed 
 in white, a youth taking a thorn from his foot, and a Have 
 crying ; another head of Livia, and one of a prieftefs ; 
 the buft of Card. Borghefe by Bernini, fifty-two portraits 
 of ladies of various nations painted by Scipio Gaetani, a 
 Madonna by Guido Reni, two heads by Raphael, a 
 Jofeph by the fame, the Magi by Alberto Duro, God the 
 Father by Cav. d'Arpino, a Madonna by Pietro Perqgmo, 
 and many other works of art and remains of antiquity. 
 The houfe and gardens have been newly fitted up in a 
 moft fplendid manner by the prefent prince. The park 
 
 and 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 and gardens are about three miles in circumference, and 
 are adorned with beautiful fountains and a great number 
 of ftatues, bufts, and termini ; temples, lakes, elegant 
 walks, aviaries, grottoes, four hundred pine-trees, groves, 
 flirubberies, &c. Palling through the park, by another 
 noble cafino, towards the Porto del Popolo, is the cele- 
 brated wall of the city called 
 
 MURO TORTO,' 
 
 Being a large piece of the ancient wall, apparently falling, 
 though it has continued in that ftate from the time of 
 Belifarius, in 538, who wiihed to repair it when the 
 Goths befieged Rome. But the Romans replied, that St. 
 Peter defended that part of the city ; in confequence of 
 >vhtch he left it unguarded, as Procopius relates in his 
 account of the Gothic war : and during the whole of that 
 long fiege the enemy is faid never to have attempted this 
 part. Under this wall the impenitent are buried, and 
 £here the church of St. Felix in Pinciis is fuppofed to 
 have flood. 
 
 The celebrated villa of Pompey is faid to have occu- 
 pied all the adjacent parts, he having bought it in the year 
 of Rome 692, after defeating the Armenians, Parthians, 
 Aflyrians, and Mjthridates. They were fo extenfive and 
 piagnificent as to be divided into fuperior and inferior, 
 containing delightful gardens, fountains, and edifices, 
 prnamented with works of art of the greateft value. 
 There were places for the athletic exercifes and other 
 diverfions, to which the people were admitted gratis. In 
 order to conceal fo great a purchafe, it was given out to 
 be bought by Demetrius his freedman and favourite, whq 
 was very much efteemed by him on account of his abili- 
 ties, though he often infoleutly abufed his good fortune; a 
 
 rniftake. 
 
ANCIENT AND MOPERN ROME. 2I9 
 
 mjftake, as Plutarch obferves, ufually committed by low- 
 ered, ill-born plebeians. Entering the Porto del Popolo 5 
 on the left is the 
 
 STRADA BABUINA. 
 
 This flreet takes its name from a defaced recumbent 
 llatue, leaning over a fountain adjoining to the palace in 
 the middle of it. To the right is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. ATHANASIUS, AND THE GREEK 
 COLLEGE. 
 
 This church and college were built in 1577 by Greg. 
 XIII. for Greek ftudents, who there learned the fciences, 
 and preferved the ufe of their ancient rites and ceremo- 
 nies. They were erected after a defign of Giacomo della 
 Porta, and the front by Lunghi. The Crucifixion 
 and the fecond altar-piece are by Cav. d'Arpino, and the 
 others by Tibaldi. Befides the officiating priefts, the 
 national bifhop refides there, and performs all the rites 
 and ceremonies of the Greek church. In the lane to the 
 Jeft is the 
 
 THEATRE OF ALIBERTI, CALLED ALSO DELLE 
 DAME. 
 
 This theatre takes its name from its erector, and is. 
 diftinguifhed from all thofe appropriated to the muflcal 
 drama. This part of Rome is fuppofed to have been 
 once occupied by the Naumachia of Domitian, which 
 was above four miles in circumference. As foon as the 
 naval combats, there exhibited for the entertainment of 
 the people 1 and to exercife the youth in maritime engage- 
 ments, were finifhed, and the veflels drawn up, all the 
 water was almolt inftantly let into the Tiber, to the great 
 
 aftonifh- 
 
22© 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 aftoniftiment and amufement of the fpedtators, giving 
 place to the gladiatorial combats, afterwards performed 
 on its arena of fand, which became immediately dry. 
 This immenfe body of water was brought, by a tunnel 
 under ground, from the vineyard of the friars of St. Mary 
 del Popolo, at the top of the Pincian-hill, where it was 
 colle&ed in two refervoirs, one a hundred and eighty-five 
 feet long by forty-five broad, and eighteen deep, the other 
 fifty feet long by twenty broad. This Naumachia was 
 furrounded with ftrong walls, and is fuppofed to have 
 occupied all the plain, including the 
 
 PIAZZA DI SPAGNA. 
 
 This piazz'a is inhabited principally by foreigners, for 
 whofe accommodation -it contains many good lodging- 
 houfes, while antiquaries and guides, or Ciceroni, flock 
 around it. The grand flight of fteps up to the church 
 was conftru&ed by the French under the aufpices of 
 Lewis XV. after a defign of Santi. They form a mag- 
 nificent and majeftic approach to the church of the holy 
 Trinity. At the foot are two fine capitals of columns 
 the remains of ancient fplendor, with half-relievos of later 
 fculpture, the one of St. Lewis of France, the other of St, 
 Francis di Paola. The large fountain, called la Barcaccia, 
 becaufe in the form of a boat, was executed by Bernini, 
 by order of Urban VIII. and conveys the celebrated Aqu,a 
 Vergine. 
 
 The ftreet leading from hence to the Clementine Col- 
 lege is called Strada de' Ccndotti, from the ancient con- 
 duit of the Aqua Vergine fuppofed to have pafled there, 
 and from the college to the caftle del Orfo. A little way 
 from the fountain, on the right hand fide of the ftreet, js 
 the palace of the Ambafiador of Malta \ and oppofite to 
 
 it 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 22* 
 
 k that of the Marquis Nunez, from a defign of Rolfi, in 
 which are fome fine paintings in frefco. Returning to 
 the piazza-, on the right is the 
 
 PALAZZO DI SPAGNA. 
 
 This noble palace is the refidence of the Spanifli Am- 
 baflador, and contains fpacious apartments for his fuite. 
 Card. Acquaviva, when minifter, built a noble theatre 
 within it for the performance of mufical compositions on 
 the royal feftivals, and adorned the rooms with ftucco-gilt 
 and paintings in frefco by Cav. Benefiali. 
 
 COLLEGE DE PROPAGANDA FlDE. 
 
 This grand college was begun in 1622, by Greg. XV/ 
 to favour the promulgation of the Catholic religion ; and 
 Urban VIII. completed it, after a defign of Bernini, and 
 collected ftudents from the eaftern nations, to learn the 
 fciences and the rites of the church, that they might 
 afterwards propagate them in their native countries. 
 Alexander VII. enlarged and finiftied it under the direction 
 of Borromini, who did the whimfical front of the church 
 within the college, in which are fome fine paintings. 
 The Converfion of St. Paul in the fir ft chapel on the 
 right is by Pellegrini, the defign by Bernini ; St. Charles 
 and St. Philippo Neri in the fecond by Carlo Cefi j the 
 Eaftern Kings on the high altar, to whom the church is 
 dedicated, by Geminiani ; the painting over it of Chrift 
 giving the keys to St. Peter by Baldi, and the Crucifixion 
 on the other fide by Geminiani. The Apoftles carting 
 the Net is a copy of Vafari, the ftucco-work over the 
 high altar by Fancelli, and the frefcos in the chapel 
 above by Ventura Borghefe. Befides a copious library, 
 this college contains a complete printing-office /or 
 
 every 
 
222 
 
 DESCRIPTION 0* 
 
 every eaftern language. Books in thefe and all other 
 languages are fold there, and matters of all the fciences' 
 and languages refide there for the inftru&ion of youth, 
 A little farther to the left on the hill are the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF ST. JOSEPH A CAPO' 
 LE CASE. 
 
 This church is called a Capo le Cafe, becaufe in the 
 laft century the houfes finifhed there. It was built in 
 1590, together with the monad ery, by a Spanifti prieft 
 and other pious perfons, for the bare-footed Carmelites. 
 Being in a ruinous ftate thirty-eight years after its found- 
 ation, it was rebuilt and enlarged by Card Lanti, and 
 adorned with fome celebrated paintings. The St. Terefa 
 over the firft altar on the right is by Lanfranco, that on 
 the high altar by Andrea Sacchi, and that on the other by 
 a friar of this monaftery. St. Terefa in frefco over the 
 door of the monaftery is by Sacchi, and retouched by 
 Carlo Maratta, and St. Jofeph over the church door by 
 Luini. Hiftorians inform us, this fpot was once occupied 
 by the gardens of Lucullus, which were much frequented 
 "by the Caefars, and contained aviaries flocked with the 
 fined finging-birds that could be procured. After the 
 deceafe of Lucullus, this garden came into the poiTeflion 
 of the emperors, and it was there, Meflalina the wife 
 of Claudius was put to death by his order. A little 
 lower is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. ANDREW ALLE FRATTE. 
 
 This church takes the name of Fratte from the thorns- 
 and rubbifti that encumbered the neighbouring ground in 
 the laft century, this part of Rome not being then much 
 inhabited. The church and convent belonged to the 
 
 Scotch 
 
ANCIENT A^D MODERN ROME. 22J 
 
 Scotch before they abj ured the Catholic religion. After 
 fhat event, the Roman family of Bufalo obtained them, 
 together with their endowments. Sixtus V. gave it to 
 the Italian Minimi friars of St. Francis di Paola. Leo 
 XI. ordered it to be rebuilt from the foundation; but 
 that prince dying, Ottavio del Bufalo finiftied it with the 
 income left by the Scotch, after a defign of Guerra, 
 except the cupola and tower, which are by Borromini, 
 and frill remain unfinilhed. The firft chapel on the right 
 is painted by Geminiani ; the feeond, dedicated to St. 
 Charles and St. Francefca Romana, by Cozza; and St. 
 Francis of Sales and St. Valefia in the third by RomolL 
 The monument of Card. Carafa is a defign of Pofi. 
 Near the entrance of the cloifter is the monument of 
 Prince Lorenzo of Morocco, who died at Rome in 1739, 
 and was buried in this church. This prince was nephew 
 to the Emperor of Morocco, and was made prifoner in a 
 conteft for the diadem. He had efcaped when at the 
 point of being put to death by his furrounding enernies r 
 and took refuge in Spain, where he abjured Mahometanifta 
 and received baptifm; after which he was conftantly fup- 
 ported by Ckm. Xii. and the nobility. Oppofite to this 
 monument is that of the Duke of Bavaria, who died in 
 Rome in 1734. The architecture of the noble chapel of 
 St. Francis di Paola is by Bargioni : and the two Angels 
 with the inftrumems of the paffion are the fculpture and 
 the prefent of Bernini. St. Andrew on the high altar is 
 by Baldi, the painting on the right fide by Trevifani, 
 that on the left by Leonardi, and the frefcos in the tri- 
 bune and cupola by Majini. The next chapel, which is- 
 decorated with fine marble, is a delign of Vanvkelli. 
 The picture of St. Anne is by Bottani, the fculpture by 
 Maini, and St. Jofeph by Cozza. St. Michael in the 
 
 next 
 
£24* DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 next is by Geminiani. The chapel of the Cracifixittl 
 merits attention on account of its fine marble ; and the 
 paintings in the laft are by Nucci. Thofe in the facrifty 
 are by Triga, and the Crucifixion on the altar by Ge- 
 miniani. Near the door are two monuments, that of the 
 Cardinal Calcagni by BraCci, and that of the Duchefs 
 Avello by Cav. Queirolo. And iaftly, in the cloifter is 
 painted the life of the founder by Cozza and Gherardi, 
 In the ftreet oppofite is the 
 
 CrtURCH OF ST. JOHN IN CAMPO MARZO. 
 
 This church is fo called beCaufe the Campus Martius 
 extended hither. This fmall church was nrft dedicated 
 in honour of the bleffed Virgin, by the company of the 
 Dottrina Chriftiana, and afterwards, by Urban VIII. given 
 to the bare-footed friars of the order of Mercede. The 
 frefcos of the Nativity, the Prefentation in the Temple, 
 and the two Angels, in the choir, are by Nogari } the 
 Coronation, the Trinity, and the Angels around, by 
 Stella; the two Sibyls over the arch by Ancona, and St, 
 Raymond by Triga. The St. Jofeph is a copy of Ma- 
 ratta, and St. Martin on the wall is by Baglioni. To the 
 left of the church of St. Andrew is the 
 
 NAZZARENE COLLEGE* 
 
 This college takes its name from the Afchbimop of 
 J^azareth, Card. Tonti, who founded it in 1622 j or from 
 his dedicating the chapel to the bleffed Virgin, with the 
 title of Nazareth. It is under the dire&ion of the fathers 
 of the Scuole Pie, and enjoys an income fufficient to 
 maintain twelve poor ftudents of any nation, two of 
 which muft be from Rimini, which was his native place. 
 They are under the direction of the cardinal vicar, an4 
 
 are 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 21% 
 
 are taught all the fcieraces from the firft rudiments of 
 grammar. It has fince been much enlarged with a handfome 
 building decorated with paintings, gallerieSj and a noble 
 hall, where an annual meeting of the academy is held in 
 honour of the Nativity of the blefled Virgin, and attended 
 by many cardinals, prelates, and the firft nobility. Other 
 fittings are held on particular days concerning Roman 
 antiquities. In the court-yard of this college are fome 
 remains of the ancient aqueduct of the Aqua Vergine, 
 but confiderably more in the yard of the oppofite houfe, 
 where is a long inscription to that effect. A little further 
 on the left is the 
 
 CHURCH OF SS. ANGELt CUSTODI. 
 
 In the pontificate of Paul V. a confraternity ufed to 
 affemble, in honour of the guardian Angels, in the church 
 of St. Stefano del Cacco. They were afterwards removed 
 to that of St. Venanzioj but in 1680, at which period this 
 church was built after a defign of Felice del Greco, they 
 Were removed hither. The high altar is a defign of Rinaldi, 
 the painting by Brandi. St. Antony of Padua on the 
 right is by Luca Giordano, and the bleffed Virgin oppo- 
 fite by a fcholar of Maratta. At fome diftance on the 
 right is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY OF CONSTANTINOPLE* 
 The Sicilians, aflifted by Philip II. King of Spairi$ 
 and Card; Tagliavia^ built this ehureh about the 
 year 1515, in honour of the bleffed Virgin, under the 
 name of Idria, an ancient title much celebrated in 
 Constantinople, whence the picture was brought by the 
 Sicilians. St. Francis Xavier over the firft altar on the 
 right is by Qualiata, St. Rofalia on the next by Vaierio, 
 Vol, I. d St. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 St. Conrade oppofite by Vitale, St. Leo on the other by 
 Pietro del Po, and St. Agatha and St. Lucia on the fides 
 by Ragufa. The high altar is newly repaired, and hats a 
 representation of St. Agathus the pope, with fome Siciliian 
 faints adoring a picture of the blefTed Virgin, painited 
 in frefco by Sciacha, a Sicilian. The ftatues of St. Peter 
 and St. Paul are by Pacetti. Adjoining is an hofpital for 
 the infirm poor of that nation, and their oratory. Fartlher 
 to the left is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. NICHOLAS IN ARCIONE. 
 This church is fuppofed to be built in the ancient 
 Archimonian Forum, from which it takes its name, cor- 
 ruptly called Arcione. It was anciently a parifh-church, 
 but Sixtus IV. gave it to the prior of the Senviti 
 friars of St. Marcellus ; and Benedict XIII. added a con- 
 vent for the friars of the fame order, who have repaired and 
 adorned the church with paintings. The St. Antony of 
 Padua over the firft altar on the left, and the St. Francis 
 on the fecond, are by a fcholar of Andrea Sacchi ; St. 
 Nicholas and St. Philip on the high altar by Sigifmundo 
 of Lucca; St. Lawrence over the next on the other fide 
 by Gentile ; that on the next by Cav. d'Arpino, and the 
 kft by Maratta. The paintings on the cieling, and the 
 cherubims near the high altar, are by Palferi. Near this 
 church was the houfe of Martial. 
 
 On the left in this ftreet is the church dedicated to St. 
 Mary della Neve, with the houfe for the Fuglienfi monks. 
 The palace Grimani is a defign of Fontana. 
 
 Returning to the right, in the fecond ftreet is the 
 college and fmall church of St. John de Maroniti, fo 
 called becaufe the youth of that place, who come to 
 Rome to purfue their ftudies, refide here. It was 
 
 founded 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME, 
 
 founded in 158-b Greg. XIII. and endowed with a 
 liberal .income, increafed by Card. Caraffa, whofe patri- 
 mony affords ample fupport to fifteen ftudents, under the 
 direftion of the Roman College, till they are ordained 
 and return home* Service is performed three times a 
 year in this church in Syriac, viz. on the feaft of the 
 titular faint, on the 9th of May, which is that of St. 
 Marone their abbot, and on PaJm-Sunday. In the ffreet 
 on the left is the Palace Panfili or Cornaro, built after a 
 defign of Duca, a fcholar of Buonarotti, and a little 
 farther that of Colligola, where is a flight of flairs by 
 Borromini. Near this is the 
 
 FOUNTAIN OF TREVI. 
 
 The water of this magnificent fountain is celebrated 
 for its falubrity. The fpring which fupplies it having been 
 ftiewn by a young girl to fome Roman foldiers, who were 
 feeking for water, received the name of Aqua Verginis ; 
 and when its good qualities were known, Marcus Agrippa 
 brought it in a mott magnificent aqueduct to his baths. 
 It rifes on the -Salona eftate, eight miles from Rome, into 
 which it was conveyed by the Porta Pinciana. The 
 conduits being ruined, either by accident or otherwife* 
 Trajan repaired them. At that time its fountain did not 
 occupy its prefertt fituation, but was near the baths of 
 Agrippa. When Rome was plundered by barbarous nations, 
 this aqueduct was deftroyed ; and for above a thoufand 
 years the city Wis deprived of this water, till Nicholas V, 
 repaired the edifice -and built a fountain, which was perhaps 
 called Tiivia from the three places where it difcharged 
 itfelf, and fince corrupted into Trevi. But the fountain 
 being too fmall to correfpond with the magnificence of 
 Rome, Clem. XII at an immenfe expence, repaired the 
 
 % aqueducts, 
 
228 
 
 DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 aqUedufls, and had this grand front executed, after a defigfl 
 Of Niccolo Salvi. It was fini(hed under Clem. XIII. and 
 decorated with ftatues, baflb-relievos of marble, and co* 
 lumns of the Corinthian, Ionic, and Compofite orders. 
 The ftatue in the cei tre reprefents Oceanus {landing 
 on a marine Car, drawn by two large fea-hoifes, guided 
 by Tritons, one full of ferocity and impatience, the 
 other of calmnefs, as a fymbol of the fea^ which is fome- 
 times tempeftuous, fometimes placid. They are fculptured 
 by Bracci. The ftatue reprefenting Abundance, on the 
 right of Oceanus, and that of Health on the left, are by 
 Valle. The baflb-relievo on the right, with the Emperor 
 Trajan contemplating a plan of the new fountain, is by 
 Bergondi ; and that on the left, with the girl fhewing the 
 fpring to the foldiers, by Groffi. The firft of the four 
 upper ftatues, with the cornucopia, is by Corfini : the 
 fecond, of Fertility, by Ludovifi; the third, with the 
 grapes and bowl, fymbolical of autumn, by Queiroloj 
 and the laft, crowned with flowers, by Pincellotti. The 
 two Fames fupporting the Pope's arms are by Benaglio. 
 Adjoining to this fountain is the palace of the Duke di 
 Poli, in which are fome fine paintings ; and on the right 
 is the oratory of St. Mary in Via, where the picture on 
 the altar, reprefeniing the Holy Family, is by Trevi- 
 fani, 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY A TREVI. 
 
 All that is known of the antiquity of this church is, 
 that it was repaired by Belifarius, that celebrated general 
 under Juftinian, as a penance for having depofed St. Sil*. 
 verius from the pontificate, in the year 527, at which 
 perjod it was called in Fornice, fignifying an arch of the 
 Aqua Verging This was formerly a parochial church, 
 
 and 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 22Q 
 
 and united with that of St. Marceilus, but has fince been 
 granted by Greg. XIII. to the ancient Cruciferi friars, 
 who in 1 57 1 repaired it after a defign of Duca; but 
 Innocent X. fuppreffed this order, and gave it to the 
 minifters of the infirm. The fine paintings on the deling 
 are by Gherardi; thofe around the Crucifix by Fran- 
 cefco Bolognefe, St. Camillus by Serenari, the Cruci- 
 fixion on the next altar by Palma, the picture on the 
 high altar by one of this order, the Nativity by a fcholar 
 of Palma, and the Magdalen on the laft by Scaramucci. 
 In the facrifty, in an oval, is reprefented a miracle by 
 Gherardi, and behind the high altar is a Pieta and other 
 works in frefco by Morels 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. VINCENT AND ST, ANASTASIUS 
 A TRE VI. 
 
 Oppofite the fame fountain is this church, which was 
 granted by Paul V. in 1612, to the friars of St. Jerome, 
 in exchange for one oppofite the Quirinal Palace, 
 demolifhed by order of Pius IV. to enlarge that opening. 
 Clem. IX. after having fuppreffed this order, gave it to 
 the minor-regulars, who rebuilt the houfe. In l6oo 4 
 Card. Mazzarini, in whofe parifti it flood, erected the 
 noble front after a defign of Lunghi. The Crucifixion 
 over the firft altar on the right is by Pietro de Pietri, St. 
 Thomas on the fecond by Procaccini, St. John on the 
 third and the titular faints on the high altar by Francefco 
 Rofa, St. Jofeph on the next by Tomaft da Pefaro, and 
 St. Antony on the laft by Rofa. This is. the parifh 
 church, and includes the pope's palace, whence it is 
 called Parrocchia P'apale. It contains the interlines of 
 fifteen popes, who died in this palace ; a facl: which is 
 commemorated on a ftone by the fide of the high altar, 
 
 0,3 In 
 
2^0 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 In the ftreet on the left is the afcent to Monte Cavallo, 
 to the right of which is the ancient convent of Capuchin 
 friars, inhabited by the pope's attendants. Oppofite to 
 it is the 
 
 DAT ARIA APOSTOLICA. 
 
 Urban VIII. having rendered the afcent to this hill, 
 anciently called Clivus Salutaris, more eafy, ere£ted this 
 habitation for the Datario Apoftolico, with the offices for 
 regiftering the inveftiture of benefices and ecclefiaftical 
 dignities, together with accommodations for fome minifters 
 and officers, Clem. XIII. repaired and enlarged it after a 
 defign of Cav. Pan, extending it to the firfl: entrance 
 pf the 
 
 PONTIFICAL OR QUIRINAL PALACE ON MONTE 
 CAVALLO. . 
 
 This hill takes its name from the Quirinal Temple, 
 which flood near it, but is now called Monte Cavallo, 
 from the two magnificent and highly coloffal ftatues 
 facing the paLce, in the attitude of taming two large 
 hones. Thefe ftatues were brought to Rome from 
 Alexandria by Conaantine the Great, and put up in his 
 baths, near this fpot, but were removed by Sixtus V. to 
 adorn this place. From the infcription they bear, they 
 were fuppofed to be the work of Phidias and Praxiteles 
 in emulation of each other, to reprefent Alexander the 
 Great taming his Bucephalus ; but as thofe fculptors were 
 pnor to Alexander, they are thought either not to repre- 
 fent him, or to be the work of more modern artifts, who 
 have aflumed their name and credit. The prefent pope 
 has had the pedeftals altered to a larger angle, the hinder 
 part being contiguous, in order to fet up the Egyptian 
 
 obelifk, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 23I 
 
 obelilk, found near the maufoleum of Auguftus, between 
 the horfes' heads. 
 
 The pontifical palace was begun by Paul III. on 
 account of its elevated fituation and the falubrity of the 
 air"; whereas that of the Vatican lying low and damp, 
 is rendered unhealthy in fummer by the vapours, fo dan- 
 gerous in the country round Rome. Greg. XIII. carried 
 on the work with great magnificence, placing it under 
 the direction of Ponzio, and afterwards of Mafcherino, 
 who executed the noble flair-cafe, adorned with columns 
 in the manner of the celebrated palace of Caprarola by 
 Vignola. The portico, the gallery, where the clock 
 is placed, and the noble apartments, are by Fontana, who 
 executed them under Sixtus V. and Clem. VIII. and 
 the whole was completed under Paul V. particularly the 
 grand hall, the chapel, and the gallery of benediction, by 
 Maderno. The garden was furrounded with ftrong walls 
 by Urban VIII. and Alex. VII. added the apartments 
 for the attendants in the Strada Pia, after a defign of 
 Bernini, which was extended by Clem. XII. to the four 
 fountains. The ftatue of St. Peter over the principal 
 door is by Maderno, that of St. Paul by Bertholot, and 
 that of the blefled Virgin by Ferucci. The court-yard 
 of this magnificent palace is furrounded with a portico one 
 hundred and fifty feet long and feventy-five broad, to the 
 right of which is the pontifical flair-cafe, confifting of 
 two branches, one leading to the hall and the pope's 
 apartments, the other to the chapel, where he officiates 
 in public. The other flight of fteps leads to the 
 private apartments. On the front is a clock, with 
 an image of the HefTed Virgin and Child giving 
 their benediction, in Mofaic, by Conti, from the picture 
 of Maratta. In the grand hall, where the public coil- 
 ed 4 fiftorie* 
 
232 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 fiftories are held, is a perfpe&ive by Taffi, with the Vir- 
 tues coloured by Gentilefchi, and feveral cartoons of 
 facred hiftory by Andrea Sacchi, Pietro da Cortona, and 
 Ciro Ferri, for models to the inferior cupolas at St. 
 Peter's. The chapel in form of a Greek crofs was 
 painted by Guido, as alfo the Annunciation on the altar. 
 The other pictures are fine productions of Albani. In 
 the following rooms on the fide next the garden are 
 feveral paintings in frefco on the walls. The other pic- 
 tures are alfo efteemed, particularly a St. John the Baptift 
 by Raphael. In the room called the Madonna is the large 
 ,pi£ture of the Virgin by Maratta, from which the Mofaic 
 under the clock was executed. In the apartments built 
 by Greg. XIII. are feveral gilt cielings and friezes, by 
 Cav. d'Arpino, who has alfo painted various hiftories, in 
 one of the chapels, of St. Gregory the Great. The fmall 
 gallery near it was ornamented by Urban VIII. with 
 deligns of his buildings, accompanied by fine views and 
 landfcapes by Bolognefe. After patting fome other rooms, 
 we meet with a picture of the blefled Virgin with a 
 fleeping Chrift by Guido. The grand gallery is orna- 
 mented with events of facred hiftory, painted by order of 
 Alexander VII. and the cieling is finely carved. The 
 Nativity on the principal fide between the two fmall doors 
 was painted by Maratta. Over the firft window is the 
 Creation of Man, painted in frefco by Egidio Scor : and in 
 the firft pier is the driving of Adam and Eve from Paradife, 
 in the fame, by Canini, The facrifice of Abel in the oval 
 of the fecond window is by the above Scor j and the Ark 
 pf Noah in the next pjer by Paul Scor, his brother, who 
 alfo painted the Deluge in the other oval. The facrifice 
 of Abraham in the pier is by Canini, Ifaac and the 
 $ngel by Bolognefe, Jacob and Efau in the laft pier by 
 
 Chiari^ 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 233 
 
 Chiari, and Jofeph fold by his brethren in the laft oval by 
 Bolognefe. Jofeph receiving his brethren, painted on the 
 jiext fide, is by Mola \ the burning bufli in the firft oval 
 towards the quadrangle by Bolognefe, the paflage of 
 the Red Sea between the windows by Miele, the promifed 
 land in the other oval by Bolognefe, and another hiftory 
 of the paflage of the Red Sea, coloured by Borgognone. 
 Gideon taking the dew from the hair of a goat in the 
 oval of the third window is by Salvator Rofa, and David 
 with Goliah in the next fpace by Baldi. The Judgment 
 of Solomon in the third oval is by Carlo Cefi, and the 
 hiftory of Cyrus coloured by Ciro Ferri, who alfo painted 
 the Annunciation in the laft oval. The figures and 
 ornaments of chiaro-fcuro that unite the above paintings 
 are by Chiari, Canini, and Cefi ; and the perfpeclive and 
 columns by the two Scors. Benedict XIV. decorated 
 this gallery with feveral vafes of fine china on gilt pe- 
 deftals. The apartment by the chapel called principi is 
 adorned with excellent pictures, and the frieze painted by 
 Cati da Jefi, except the fmall room towards the gallery, 
 painted in frefco by Annibal Caracci. This apartment 
 leads to the pontifical hall, which is richly decorated, 
 the cieling carved and gilt, and the pavement compofed 
 of various marbles. On the frieze are painted hiftories 
 from the Old Teftament by the beft painters of the 
 time. The part towards the chapel, and that oppo- 
 fite are by Lanfranco, and the two others by Carlo 
 Veneziano. The bafTo-relievo of marble, with Chrift 
 wafhing the feet of his Apoftles, is a celebrated work of 
 Landini. The Angel on the right of the pope's arms is 
 by Bertholot, the other by Pietro Bernini. The pictures 
 and the cartoons are defigns of Carlo Maratta, for the 
 
 Mofaic 
 
234 
 
 DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 Mofaic in the cupola of the Prefentation chapel in St. 
 Peter's j and the picture of St. Petronilla is an original 
 of Guercino. This is now removed to Paris. The 
 noble chapel adjoining is ornamented with gilt ftucco, 
 after a defign of Algardi and other celebrated artifts. 
 Defcending to the large quadrangle on the fame ftairs 
 is a fine ancient picture by Melozio. This picture was 
 in the now demolimed church of the Apoftles, and its 
 hiftory is explained in an infcription. At the foot of the 
 ftairs are the iron gates leading to the garden added to the 
 palace by Urban VIII. who levelled that part of the hill, 
 and laid out the walks and flower-gardens. Succeeding 
 popes have adorned it with ftatues and furprizing foun- 
 tains, with water- works artfully difpofed under ground, fo 
 as to a'flail the unguarded fpe&ator. Among the reft is a 
 contrivance for playing the organ by water. Benedict: 
 XIV. built the cafino of repofe after a defign of Fuga, 
 adorning it with paintings and fcarce monuments of 
 antiquity, and the front with a quantity of bufts. The 
 cieling in the room to the right, together with the four 
 ovals, are painted by Pompeo Battoni, and the two land- 
 fcapes by Orizonte. The cieling of the room to the left 
 and the ovals are by Mafucci, and the perfpective by 
 Pannini. In the angles ftand fine fpecimens of ancient 
 china, well arranged, and here, in November, 1744* the 
 fame pope received Don Carlos, then King of the Two 
 Sicilies, and afterwards Charles III. of Spain. Returning 
 to the piazza, on the left is the 
 
 PALAZZO DELLA CONSULTA. 
 
 This palace was built by Clem. XII. after a defign of 
 Cav. Fuga for the Tribunale della Confulta, with accom- 
 modations 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. I^S 
 
 modations for the fecretary, under fecretary, fecretaries of 
 briefs, and other officers. On the right of the entrance 
 are the quarters for the Cavalleggieri, and on the left for 
 the Cuirafliers. 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF ST. MARY MAGDA- 
 LEN. 
 
 Oppofite the fecond door of the palace is this monaftery 
 of the Dominican nuns, founded in 1581 by Magdalen 
 Orfini, a noble lady, who was herfelf the firft that entered 
 it, under a more rigorous difcipline than any monaftery 
 of this order. The church was entirely rebuilt by Clem. 
 XT. The picture on the high altar is by a fcholar of 
 Caracci, and the frefcos by Garzi. 
 
 Near this is the church and monaftery of St. Clare 
 delle Capuccine. This fpot was given to the nuns of 
 St. Clare in 1575, by the princes of Arragon, who with 
 the charity they collected built the church and monaftery. 
 Thefe nuns cannot poflefs any property, and are never 
 feen with their faces uncovered, even by their relations. 
 Andrea Brugiotto, a bookfelier who is buried here, left thirty 
 crowns a month to buy bread. St. Francis over the door 
 and St. Clare on the fide are painted by Cav. Roncalli, 
 as is the Coronation of the blefled Virgin on the upper 
 part of the church. The Crucifixion on the middle altar 
 is by Venufti, and the paintings on the other two by 
 Conte. 
 
 Between thefe two monafteries formerly ftood an 
 ancient temple, fince ftripped of its marble ornaments 
 to form the fteps of the Ara Cceli. It was fuppofed 
 to be the fame as that built by order of Numa in 
 honour of Romulus, and called Quirinus or Curius, 
 from the name of a Sabine city, or from the word 
 
 Curis, 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Curis, a Sabine word for a fpear or lance, the principal 
 weapon ufed by them in war. 
 
 STRADA PIA SUL QUIRINALE. 
 
 The general opinion of antiquarians is, that this cele- 
 brated hill took its name from the above temple, though 
 others refer it to the Quirini who came from Cures, a 
 Sabine city, with Tatius, and fixed their refidence at 
 Rome, in the fifth year of the reign of Romulus, in order 
 to revenge the rape of the Sabine women, when he took 
 the rock by treachery, by means of the governor's daugh- 
 ter Tarpeia; after which, in the hotteft of the conflicl, 
 a peace was brought about in confequence of the women, 
 who had become wives of Romans, throwing themfelves 
 between the combatants. This hill was the firft that was 
 joined to Rome, being taken in at that time, and inha- 
 bited by the Sabines. Numa, fucceflbr of Romulus, fixed 
 his refidence there, and built a temple, as before mentioned, 
 with three cells, called Campidoglio Vecchio. 
 
 The fine ftreet on this hill is above a mile in length, 
 and was formed by Pius IV. from whom it takes its 
 name. It was anciently called Alta Semita, where fome 
 very remarkable edifices have left thofe ruins which have 
 employed a former part of this work. Among thefe 
 veftiges of antiquity are the ftables called 
 
 SCUDERIA PONTIFICIA. 
 
 Urban VIII. enlarged this place by deftroying fome 
 remains of an ancient temple, fuppofed to be that of 
 Health, which flood near the ftatues, and to a fine fountain, 
 fince demolifhed by Innocent XIN. to ered this new 
 building for ftables, which was begun from a defign of 
 Specchi, and finifhed by Clem. XII. after a defign of 
 
 Fuga, 
 
ANCIENT AMD MODERN ROME. 237 
 
 Fuga. It is divided into three parts, with places for one 
 hundred and twenty-eight horfes, as well as accommodations 
 for grooms and quarters for foldiers. Near this is the 
 Colonna garden, which will be defcribed hereafter, together 
 with the palace. On the other fide of the ftreet is the 
 
 PALACE ROSPIGLIOSI. 
 
 This magnificent palace was begun by Card. Scipio 
 Borghefe, after a defign of Ponzio, and finifhed by Card. 
 Mazzarini, after defigns of Vanfanzio, Maderno, and 
 Venturi, upon the ruins of the baths of Conftantine, but 
 is now in the poffeffion of Prince Rofpigliofi. Here 
 were found the aftonifhingly fine ftatues and horfes on 
 the neighbouring hill, and that of Conftantine now in. 
 the portico at St. John Lateran, as well as the two on the 
 Campidoglio fuppofed to be his fons, though of coarfe 
 fculpture, the fine arts being at that time much decayed. 
 In the principal rooms are many much admired pictures, 
 as the twelve Apoftles by Rubens, an infant Jefus with 
 Angels by Albani, a Bacchanal by Pouffin, Sampfon by 
 Domenichino, St. Philippo Neri by Maratta, Clem. XL 
 by the fame, and many others by Caracci, Guido, Lan- 
 franco, Cortona, and other eminent mafters. in the lower 
 rooms are fome ancient paintings, and in the gallery over 
 the garden the nine Mufes in frefco by Gentilefchi, and a 
 perfpecYive by Taffi. The landfcapes and the fable of 
 Pfyche in the other gallery are by Paul Brilli and Luigi 
 Civoli. Among the paintings in the fmall cafino towards 
 Monte Cavallo is the much celebrated Aurora by Guido, 
 the two cavalcades on the frieze by Tempefta, and the 
 landfcapes by Brilli. The hiftory of -Armida finding 
 Rinaldo afleep is by Baglioni, and the fame in his car by 
 faflignani. Oppofite is the 
 
 v CHURCH 
 
DESCRIPTION or 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. SILVESTER A MONTE CAVALLO* 
 This church was anciently parochial, being given by 
 Paul IV. in 1555, to the regular Theatine clergy, who* 
 with the afliftance of benefactors, repaired and adorned it 
 with marble and paintings. St. Silvefter in the firft chapel 
 on the right is by Nucchi, as are the fides of the fecond, 
 in which is the altar-piece by Palma. The paintings 
 employed as ornaments to the image of the blefled Virgin 
 in the third are by Geminiani, the frefco by Nebbia; 
 the St. Gaetano and St. Andrew Avellino on the altar 
 in the crofs-aifle by Baiba Lunga, and the ornaments by 
 a friar of the order. The firft paintings round the high 
 altar are by Alberti, except the part towards the choir, 
 which is by Zoccolino, and the figures by Agellio. St. 
 Gaetano in the choir is by Baldi, and the difpute with the 
 doctors by Biagio Bctti, copied from an original of Leo- 
 nardo da Vinci. The Virgin and Child is a fine work of 
 an unknown artift. The Aflumption on the other altar 
 in the crofs-aifle is a celebrated work on flate by Scipio 
 Gaetani ; as are alfo the four angles of the cupola, painted 
 by Domenichino. The ftatues of St. John and of the 
 Magdalen are by Algardi ; the buft on the monument 
 of Card. Bandini by Finelli, the Nativity in the next 
 chapel by Venulti, and the reft by Raphael da Reggio, 
 The blefled Virgin, St. Dominic, and St. Catharine of 
 Sienna, in the next, are by Albertinelli ; the hiftory of the 
 Magdalen on the fides, and the fine landfcape, by Polidoro 
 da Caravaggio ; and the paintings around by Cav. d'Ar- 
 pino. The paintings in the laft chapel are by Novari, 
 and thofe over the principal door by Cafelli, except the 
 Angels by Galletti j thofe between the windows by Pozzi, 
 
 and 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 239 
 
 and the others in the library and the refeaory by Botti. 
 Farther on, and on the left, is the 
 
 GARDEN AND CASINO ALDOBR ANDINI. 
 
 This laft part of the Quirinal-hill is fuppofed to have 
 been the celebrated Collis Mutialis, on which was the temple 
 of the Deus Fidius of the Sabines, being an idol brought 
 to Rome by Tatius, worshipped under the names Sancus 
 and Semo, and often invoked in attefting the truth. This 
 fpot is now called Monte-magnanapoli, being the ancient 
 fite of the balnea Pauli, or baths of Paul, the ruins of 
 which are in the gardens of the palace of Ceva, being 
 built with brick in form of a theatre. The cafino i« 
 this garden, now belonging to the family PanfiJi, was 
 repaired by Carlo Lombardo, who added the large entrance 
 with the balcony over it. The building is decorated 
 with baffo-relievos, bufts, and antique ftatues, among 
 which is a coloffal figure of Rome, found on Monte 
 Cavallo. In the apartments are many fcarce and fine 
 pictures, particularly the portraits of Bartolo and Baldo 
 by Raphael ; a Bacchanal, a Judith, and a Magdalen, with 
 St. Lawrence and St. Jerome, by Titian ; the Coronation 
 of the bleffed Virgin, and the Pfyche with Cupid fleeping, 
 by Annibal Caracci ; another Bacchanal by Bellino, a 
 portrait of a Queen by Leonardo da Vinci, with other 
 portraits by Correggio and Julio Romano, and the cele- 
 brated antique frefco, i*o highly admired for the elegance 
 of its compofition, as the moft perfea and moft beautiful 
 production of the pencil of antiquity. It is called from 
 its late poffeffor the Nozze Aldobrandine, its fubje<3 
 being the nuptials of a Roman. It was found, together 
 with other curiofities, in the baths of Titus. Behind this 
 is the 
 
 CHURCH 
 
DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 CHURCH or ST. AGATHA DE* GOTl* 
 
 This very ancient church was built near the temple 
 of Silvanus by Flavius Ricimerus, a noble Romari 
 conful, and was much celebrated till the time of Sr. 
 Gregory, as he mentions in his epiftles. Being profaned 
 by the Goths, the fame pope repaired and confecrated it 
 anew. Leo III. granted it to the Benedictines, and Greg. 
 XIII. to the Olivetans of Monte Vergine. Being again 
 in a ruinous ftate, it was repaired by Card. Barberini* 
 after a defign of Ferrari. In the tomb under the high 
 altar are the bodies of feveral martyrs, whofe inferiptiors 
 it bears. The paintings in the tribune and the middle-aiflej 
 reprefenting the fufFerings of the martyrs, are by Peru- 
 gino, the fcholar of Cortona. The two faints with the 
 image of the blefied Virgin are by Francefi, a Neapolitan, 
 and the monument of Card. Bichi is a defign of Domi- 
 nicis. Oppofite this church is that of St. Bernardino,* 
 with the monaftery of the Francefcan nuns. The cupola 
 is painted by Gagliardi j St. Clare, St. Agatha, and St. 
 Antony, over the fide door, are by Cav. Baglioni ; the 
 others on the fide and round the high altar are by Majoli, 
 and St. Helen with St. Diego by Vecchi. Returning to 
 the hill, and on the left, is the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF ST. DOMINIC AND* 
 ST. SIXTUS. 
 
 This monaftery was built by Pius V. for the nuns of 
 the order of St. Dominic, who were firft fituated near 
 the church of St. Sixtus, by die Thermae Antoniana?* 
 from whence they brought a pi&ure of Chrift, faid to be 
 painted by St. Luke, which now adorns the high altar. 
 The monaftery being occupied by the offspring of the 
 
 firfl- 
 
Ancient and modern Rome. 241 
 
 fi'rfr nobility, Urban VIII. enlarged it; and rebuilding 
 the church after a defign of Vincenzo della Greca, de- 
 corated it with marble and paintings. The firft chapel 
 on the right is a defign of Bernini, and the ftatues of 
 Chrift and the Magdalen by Raggi. St. Peter the martyr 
 in the next is in imitation of that at Venice by Titian. 
 St. Dominic in the third is by Mola, the paintings in the 
 tribune and thofe on the arch by Canuti Bolognefe, the 
 battle by Balding the hiftory oppofite, and thofe on the 
 front near the image of the blefled Virgin, by Gentile. 
 The Crucifixion in the chapel to the left is attributed to 
 Lanfranco, the picture in the next is by Allegrini, and the 
 bleffed Virgin in the laft by Romanelli. Near this fpot 
 are the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF ST. CATHARINE OF 
 SIENNA. 
 
 This monaftery was alfo built for the Dominican nuns 
 about the year 1563, who at firft refided in a fmall con«i 
 vent near the temple of Minerva, where St. Catharine 
 lived and died 5 for which reafon the church was dedicated 
 to her. It was renewed after a defign of Soria, and 
 ornamented with marble and paintings. The Magdalen 
 on the firft altar to the right, and thofe round it, are by 
 Luti ; the feeond altar-piece by Garzi ; St. Dominie 
 raifing a child on the third by Piecini, and the frefcos by 
 Vafconio. The high altar is a defign of Melehiorre 
 Cafa, who fculptured thz relievo of St. Catharine. The 
 other baffo-relievos are by Bracci, the paintings by Rofa, 
 and the ovals by Garzi. The Virgin in the next chapel 
 is by PafTeri, the paintings around the chapel near the 
 facrifty by Speranza, and thofe under the arch by Ruggieri, 
 The three Angels are by Corgna, the paintings around 
 
 Vol. I. R by 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 by Gio. Paolo, and the St. Nicholas in the laft by Nelli. 
 The cieling of the church is painted by Garzi, and the 
 two flatues of flucco in the portico by Roffi. 
 
 TORRE DELLE MILIZIE. 
 
 This large tower, built as is faid by Innocent III. who 
 Was of the houfe of Conti, to defend the palace of his 
 family, which flood here, forms a part of the above- 
 mentioned monaftery. Others fay it was built by Greg. IX. 
 It is called Milizie from an edifice of Trajan that flood 
 near his forum, though believed by others to have flood 
 elfewh; rr, as we (Hall mention in its place. In the garden 
 of the paLce of Ceva, on the declivity of the hill, are the 
 ruins of the baths of Paulus iEmilius, in the form of a 
 circus j and on the other fide near the Tre cannelle is the 
 
 ORATORY OF ST. MARY DEL CARMINE. 
 
 This edifice belongs to a confraternity aflbciated in 
 honour of the bleffed Virgin* under the title of Mount 
 Carmel. Some years back it was deftroyed by fire, but 
 is fince rebuilt in a good flile of architecture by volun- 
 tary contribution, and decorated with flucco and good 
 paintings. Near this fpot is the magnificent 
 
 COLUMN OF TRAJAN. 
 
 This grand, this ftupendous column, was erected in the 
 centre of the celebrated Forum of Trajan, by the fenate 
 and people, in honour of that emperor. It was the work 
 of the celebrated architect Apollodorus, and is admirably 
 lculptured in bafib- relievo with his battles in the Dacian 
 war, againft Decebalus and others. On the fummit was 
 his ftatue in gilt metal, with a fcepter in one hand, and a 
 globe containing his afhes, in the other, He died of a 
 
 flux 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 243 
 
 flux in Seleucia before it was finiflied, when returning 
 from war. This trophy of magnificence, which is com- 
 pofed of thirty-four pieces of marble, is one hundred and 
 twenty-eight feet high, and furniflied with a hundred and 
 eighty fteps within, and forty-three apertures for light* 
 The fculpture of this column is far fuperior to that of 
 the Antonine; and Raphael, Julio Romano his difciple, 
 and others, have ftudied from it. The two thoufand five 
 hundred figures it contains are near three feet high each, 
 and appear to be fculptured by the fame hand. The 
 earth having accumulated round this column, and com- 
 pletely buried its bafe, Paul III. ordered it to be cleared, 
 and thus expofed to view the following infeription: 
 
 " Senatus Populufque Romanus Imp. Caef. Divi Nervas 
 " F. Nervae Traiano Aug. Germanico Dacio Pont. 
 « Max. Trib. Pot. XVII. Imp. VI. Cof. VI. P. P. ad 
 " declarandum quanta? altitudinis. 
 
 " Mons 
 " Et locus tantis Ruderibus 
 " Sit egeftus." 
 
 Another infeription defcribes the viaories of the fame 
 emperor. Donati, in his defcription of this column, cap, 
 24, mentions two lingular fails here pourtrayed ; the firft 
 regarding the rage of the Dacian women, who were fo 
 exafperated againft the Roman foldiers, that, flapping 
 their prifoners, they burnt them to death with torches ; 
 the fecond on the valour and magnanimity of the Romans, 
 who, to avoid flavery, after having burnt the enemy's 
 city, run to meet death, prefenting each other with poifon, 
 which every one extends his hand to receive, while many 
 are lying dead, and others expiring. In 1588, Sixtus V. 
 
 R 2 ordered 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Ordered Fontarta tO repair this column, and let up) the 
 ftatue of St. Peter, of gilt metal, from a model of Tom* 
 maf> della Porta, in lieu of that of Trajan. Among all 
 the forums in Rome, this was the moft diftinguifhed., for 
 its riches, beauty, and magnificence, which exceeded 
 all defcription* It was defigned by that aftonillhing 
 architect, Apollodorus of Damafcus ; and the columms of 
 the portico that fUrrOunded it are faid to have been of 
 equal height and fize to that of Trajan's ; fo that the 
 aftonifhed fpectator imagined it muft have been the work 
 of fuperhuman beings. The cornices and arches around 
 it are aflerted by Paufanius to have been of bronze, as 
 were moft of the ftatues that adorned it. This forum, 
 like other fquares of that name, was furnimed with a 
 bafilica, a temple, and a library. The fame architect: 
 was the ConftrUctor of the celebrated ftone bridge over 
 the Danube in Lower Hungary) the longeft ever feen 
 in Europe, being a mile in kngth. A man of fuch 
 rare and fublime talents might expect to enjoy the fame 
 favour and efteem with Adrian as with his predeceffor 
 Trajan; but the great honour he had acquired created 
 jealoufy and envy in that emperor; and as the architect 
 did not underftand the art of adulation, he was exiled 
 from Rome, -and tyrannically put to death : foon after 
 which the emperor ordered the bridge to be deftroyed, 
 under pretence that it afforded an opportunity to the 
 barbarians to invade the empire, though Trajan had 
 ftrongly fortified it at both ends. 
 
 Among other decorations of this forum were an infinite 
 number of ftatues of great men, collected from all parts 
 of the world by Alexander Severus, many of which were 
 of bronze gilt, together with ftandards and other enfigns 
 of war. On fome of their pedeftals were fculptured the 
 
 words 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 245 
 
 words " ex manubiis," importing that they were erected 
 with the produce of the fpoils of enemies, to diftinguifh 
 them from others erected on account of virtue or merit. 
 When Conftantius, fon of Conftantine, came to Rome, 
 and vifited this forum, he was ftruck with the moft lively 
 admiration and aftonifhment at the fplendor and magnifi- 
 cence of fo vaft an aflemblage of architectural grandeur, 
 that beggared every pre-conceived idea even of that 
 imperial youth. The celebrated equeftrian ftatue of 
 Trajan, in bronze, adorned the center of the court of the 
 bafilica. Ammianus relates, that Conftantius boafting he 
 would make a fimilar ftatue to that unequalled horfe, 
 Ormifda, the Perfian architect who accompanied him 
 gravely replied, that it was neceffary firft to make a liable 
 worthy of fuch a horfe. In addition to the temple built 
 by Trajan, Adrian erected a fecond, which he dedicated 
 to his memory. Dio writes, that in this forum were two 
 libraries, one of Greek, the other of Latin works ; but 
 they were removed by Dioclefian to his baths, where by 
 degrees every clafs of ftudy as well as exercife was con- 
 centered, In this forum the ftatues of Claudius, Marcus 
 Aurelius, the three Sidonii, and all the nobles who fell in 
 the German war, feemed ftill to breathe. An Auguftus 
 in amber, Nicomedes (King of Bithinia) in ivory, and 
 the poet Claudianus, erected by order of the emperors 
 Arcadius and Honorius, at the requeft of the fenate, 
 formed a part of this auguft affembly. After this un- 
 paralleled magnificence was dilapidated, Pope Simmacus 
 and Boniface III. built three churches and three towers 
 among the ruins, with the fcattered {tones, and foldiers 
 being lodged there, they were called Milizie. In 1765, 
 a very fine granite column was difcovered eight feet and a 
 half below the furface. However, it was not removed, 
 R 3 being 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 being above forty feet high, and a houfe built over \U 
 A fragment of another, eighteen feet long, gave rife too a 
 difpute with the fenate, who were defirous to preferve it 
 entire, in confequence of which it was left in its origimal 
 place. 
 
 CHURCH OF THE HOLY NAME OF MARY- 
 
 In the fame piazza or forum of Trajan formerly ftood 
 a fmall church, dedicated to St. Bernard, under the care of 
 a confraternity of devotees, who paid great adoration to 
 the holy name of Mary. Innocent XI. inftituted a ntew 
 folemnity for the Sunday in the octave of the nativity of 
 the blefTed Virgin, to commemorate the liberation of 
 Vienna. And on the following Sunday this confraterniity 
 make a folemn proceffion to the church of St. Mary deilla 
 Vittoria, and, as they pafs the Quirinal Palace, receive fthe 
 pope's benediction. In 1 740 the church was rebuilt aftter 
 a defign of Monf. Alise, who executed the double cupolla, 
 which would be an ornament worthy of a much larger templle. 
 The St. Lewis on the firft altar to the right is by Nelffi, 
 St. Ann in the large chapel by Maflucci, St. Jofeph in tlhe 
 third by Pozzi, St. Bernard in the next by Ricciolimi, 
 and the picture in the laft by Lorenzo, fon of Mafucci. 
 
 PHURCH OF ST. MARY DI LORETTO* 
 
 This fmall church was built in 1507, after a defi^gn 
 of Sangallo, and over another of great antiquity, by a 
 company of Italian bakers, together with an hofpital ffor 
 their fick. The cupola is a defign of Duca. The Mio- 
 faic in the firft chapel on the right is by Rofetti, and tlhe 
 Adoration of the Magi is attributed to F. Zuccheiri. 
 The next chapel, which is decorated with columns amd 
 marble ftatues, is the architecture of Lunghi. The celle- 
 
 bratce4 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 247 
 
 brated ftatue of St. Sufanna is by Fiamingo, the two 
 Angels by Maderno, St. Cecilia by Finelli, and the twp 
 pictures by Cav. d'Arpino. The Crucifixion in the next 
 is attributed to Naldini, and St. Charles in the laft 
 and the fides by the fame. The paintings in the cupola 
 are by Michele, and that over the door by Chiari. To 
 the right is the 
 
 PALACE BONELLI. 
 
 The front of this noble palace is in the Piazza de' XII. 
 Apoftoli. It was built in 1585, after a defign of Paga- 
 nelli, a Dominican friar, but remains imperfect, the noble 
 court being incomplete. It now belongs to the emperor, 
 and is inhabited by the cardinal chamberlain. Here is a 
 felect library, open for the ufe of ftudents and of the 
 public. 
 
 PALACE COLONNA. 
 
 Among the palaces in this piazza, the moft confpicuous 
 is that of the Grand Conteftabile Colonna, not only on 
 account of its vaft extent, but of the valuable monuments 
 of the arts which it contains, particularly the old and new 
 gallery, though the latter is unfinifhed. This palace is 
 very ancient. It was begun by Martin V. and finifhed 
 by Sixtus IV. who granted the ufe of it to Andreas 
 Peleologus, Emperor of Greece, It was afterwards occu- 
 pied bv Julius II. and by St. Charles Borromeus. The 
 lower apartments are adorned with paintings by Tempefta, 
 Pouflin, and others, Among the many ancient ftatues, buft?, 
 and balfo-relievos it contains, the Deification of Homer, 
 fome Venufes, a Flora, and Germanicus Drufus, chal- 
 lenge admiration. It is alfo decorated with many pictures 
 by Pouflin, Guercino, Guido, and Salvator Rofa, and has a 
 
 R 4 room 
 
DESCRIPTION Or 
 
 room painted to refemble an hermitage by Seor. On 
 the flairs is a fine ftatue of a king, a buft of Alexander 
 the Great, and a head of Medufa in porphyry. The 
 grand hall is painted by Lanfranco, and furrounded 
 with portraits of illuftrious men of the Colonna family. 
 In the gallery near the hall are various paintings of 
 principal cities. The chief apartment is not only 
 enriched with paintings, but contains much coftly furni- 
 ture, and is decorated with fix pictures by Brughels, a 
 Chrift by Raphael, a Madonna by Titian, and two fine 
 cabinets or fcrutoires, with many antique cameos. The 
 new gallery is one of the wonders of Rome. It was 
 begun from a defign of Antonio del Grande, finifhed by 
 Girolamo Fontana, and fumptuoufly ornamented with 
 precious marble, columns, and gilt ftucco, after- a defign 
 of Paolo Pofi. It is three hundred and twenty-eight feet 
 f long, by fifty broad, and contains many fine pictures. 
 At the farther end is the garden, extending to the Qui- 
 rinal-hill, the paflage to which is by four bridges oyer 
 the ftreet. In the upper apartments are many other fine 
 pictures, among which the facrifice of Julius Caefar by 
 Maratta is particularly admired ; the Virgin by Perugino, 
 St. Francis by Titian, Adam and Eve by Domenichino, 
 the Pieta, and the Europa by Albani, and feveral pi&ures, 
 by Rubens, 
 
 COLONNA GARDEN. 
 
 This delightful garden is fituated on the fide of the 
 Quirinal hill, and merits notice not only on account of 
 its pleafant fountains, walks, and ftatues, laid out on a 
 modern plan, but ftill more on account of an enormous 
 fragment of a marble frontifpiece of moft excellent work- 
 manship, which appears to be the remains of fome moi\ 
 
 magnificent 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 249 
 
 magnificent edifice- Some antiquarians are of opinion, 
 that the tower of Maecenas occupied this fpot, and was the 
 place where Nero played his lyre while Rome was burn- 
 ing. This, however, is erroneous. Others afTert that it 
 was the Senaculum of the women, where the matrons 
 ufed to meet, to confult on their domeftic affairs. It is, 
 however, generally fuppofed to have been the temple of 
 Health. The ancient walls on the fide of this garden 
 were, according to Serlio, part of this Jaft-mentioned 
 edifice, which itood on the hill, and was approached by a 
 magnificent portico and flights of Iteps. Perhaps, how- 
 ever, this portico was merely an approach to the baths of 
 Conftantine. 
 
 CHURCH OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES. 
 
 This chur.ch adjoins the Colonna Palace, and is faid to 
 have been built by Conftantine, near one of his palaces. 
 It was at firft collegiate; but Pius II. granted it to the 
 Conventual friars of St, Francis. It has been at various 
 times repaired by popes and titular cardinals, and received 
 the name of bafilica on account of its antiquity and the 
 facred reliques it contained. On this account it was 
 much frequented in the time of St. Gregory, who recited 
 two homilies there. Martin V, rebuilt it from the 
 foundation; and the ftatues of Chrift and his twelve 
 Apoftles on the front were executed at the expense of 
 Card. Brancato, who belonged to this order. Sixtus V. 
 enlarged the convent and founded the college, endowing it 
 for twenty ftudents and a fuperior, and granting it many 
 privileges and an ample income. In 1702, this temple 
 having gone to decay, it was rebuilt with greater magnU 
 ficence, after a defign of Fran. Fontana. Clem. XI. 
 placed the firft ftone, depofiting at the fame time various 
 
 medals 
 
3£ 0 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 medals of gold and filver, ftruck in commemoration of 
 this event, and left the friars three thoufand crowns to 
 advance the building. Prince Panfili affigned them about 
 four thoufand more, and the reft was defrayed by the 
 order. It is divided into three aifles, the middle one 
 being three hundred and eighty feet long by eighty broad. 
 In the firft chapel on the right, which is incrufted with 
 beautiful marble, are piftures of the blefled Virgin, St. 
 Buonaventura (whofe feaft is held there), and B. Andrea 
 Conti, by Niccolo la Piccola. The Conception in the 
 fecond is by Giacquinto, and the memorial of Maria So- 
 biefki on the pilafter, and the xim of verde-antico con- 
 taining her entrails, are by Valle, with this infcription : 
 
 « Hie Clementina? remanent prascordia ; nam cor coeleftis 
 « fecit, ne fupereffet, amor. Mariae Clementinae 
 « Magnse Britanniae, &c. Reginae, FF. Min. Conven- 
 <c tuales venerabundi PP." 
 
 She died in January, 1735, m the palace Muti, in which 
 her family lived, and was buried in great funeral pomp 
 in St. Peter's. The third chapel, belonging to the family 
 of Odefcalchi, is alfo decorated with fine marble, and a. 
 fmall cupola painted by Nafmi. The St. Antony of 
 Padua, whofe feaft is held there, is by Cav. Luti. Under 
 the altar are the bodies of the martyr Eugenia, and Claudia 
 her mother. The firft ftatue at the entrance of the chapel 
 of the Crucifixion is by Peroni, the other by Guidi. In 
 this chapel are three altars. The paintings on the right, 
 reprefenting B. Salomeo and St. Hyacinth, are by Luca- 
 telli ; and that in the middle by Muratori. The martyr- 
 dom of St. Philip and St. James, on the high altar, 
 whofe feaft is held there, is by Muratori ; and under it 
 are faid to lie part of their bodies. In the well are a 
 
 great 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 great number of bodies of the martyrs, brought by Ste- 
 phen II. from the Cemeterio Aproniano, without the Porta 
 Salaria. The picture of the Afcenfion in the facrifty is 
 by Ricci ? and that on the altar by the fon of Andrea 
 Sacchi. It alfo contains many rich filver vafes and 
 reliquaries, among which is faid to be the leg of St. 
 Philip which Chrift wafhed and kifled, ^nd the tunic of 
 $t. Thomas. The precious oftenforio for the expofition 
 of the facrament was given by the Marchionefs Muti, 
 who had it fet in all her own jewels, valued at eighty 
 thoufand crowns. Near this is the monument of the late 
 pope, Clem. XIV. the celebrated Ganganelli. St. Francis 
 in the next chapel, which belongs to Prince Colonna, 
 and where that faint's feaft is held, is by Chiari. The 
 marble monument on the light is fculptured by Grofli, 
 and that on the left by Ludovifi. St. Thomas of Canter- 
 bury in the next is by Parafele, and the painting in the 
 laft by Sermoneta. ' The frefcos on thecieling, reprefent- 
 ing the triumph of the Francifcan order, are the laft 
 work of Baciccio ; and thofe in the tribune are by Odazzi. 
 In the fmall cloifter is a large marble vafe, which for- 
 merly adorned the ancient portico. Thefe friars give 
 lodging to twelve poor widowers, in honour of the twelve 
 Apaftles. 
 
 PALACE MWI. 
 
 To the right of the convent ftands this palace, built 
 after a defign of Rofli. In the lane near it is the college 
 and garden of the Conventual friars, and the other palace 
 Colonna, in digging the foundation of which were found 
 fratues and ancient Mofaics of great value. Antiquarians 
 have affigned this fpot to be the Forum Suarium, for the 
 (ale of pigs, fqme remains of which appear in the Colonna 
 
 garden. 
 
252 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 garden, though commonly reputed the palace of CorneHius. 
 In the ftreet to the right is the 
 
 CHURCH OF THE SS. CROCE DE' LUCCHESI. 
 This church was firft dedicated to St. Niccolo di Ban, 
 and called in porcihus, by contraction from porticibus, or 
 the porticoes of the fteps in the Colonna garden. It was 
 rebuilt in honour of St. Buonaventura, with a convent for 
 the Capuchin friars. Thefe being removed by Urban V III. 
 this church, with the houfes adjoining, was, in 1631, 
 granted by the feme pope to the monks who were natives 
 of Lucca. By them it was dedicated to the holy crofs 
 and the above faint, and repaired after a defign of Rofiu 
 In this are two fine chapels, that on the right being 
 remarkable for its variety of precious marble, the painting 
 by Baldi, and the cherubims by Ottone: the other, which 
 is the chapel of the Conception, being a defign of Coftanzf, 
 and the painting by Puccini. St. Frediano on the right 
 is by Tintoret, and St. Lawrence Juftinian on the left 
 by Muratori. The bleffed Virgin, St. Jerome, and St. 
 Francis, in the chapel on the other fide, are by a fcholar 
 of Domenichino; and thofe on the grand cieling by Coli 
 and Gheraldi. On the right, towards Monte Cavallo, 
 is the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF ST. MARY DELJ,* 
 UMIIiTA. 
 
 This church was built in 1603, for the Dominican nuns, 
 by Francefca Orfini, in honour of the humility of the 
 bleffed Virgin. The front is a defign of Fontana, the 
 bafTo-relievo by Felice, a fcholar of Guidi, the ftatue in 
 the church by Raggi, St. Dominic and the other paintings 
 in the firft -chapel on the right by a fcholar of Allegrini, 
 
 i that 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 253 
 
 that on the high altar and thofe in the tribune by Nappi, 
 St. Michael by Allegrini, the fculpture in the other by 
 Cavallini, and the paintings around by Cerruti. 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF ST. MARY DELLE 
 VERGINI. 
 
 This church and monaftery were built in 1604, by 
 fome pious perfons, and given to the Auguftin nuns, who 
 have lately decorated the high altar with fine marble and 
 fculpture, after a defign of Roifi. The Aflumption and 
 the frefcos around are by Geminiani, the ftatue of St. 
 Jofeph and that of St. Auguftin by Carcani, the baflb- 
 relievos by Cavallini, and the painting on the altar on the 
 left by Mercati da Borgo. Returning to the piazza de' 
 SS. Apoftoli, and on the right, is the 
 
 PALACE ODESCALCHI. 
 
 Oppofite the church is this magnificent palace, built 
 after a defign of Bernini, now in the pofleflion of the 
 Duke of Bracciano. Its extent was afterwards doubled, 
 after a defign of the fame architect. The apartments are 
 adorned with ancient ftatues, bufts, pictures, and other 
 curiofities. But its moft remarkable treafure is the 
 admirable mufeum of medals, gems, and cameos, of in- 
 eftimable value, formerly the property of the Queen of 
 Sweden, among which is a buft of very fingular work- 
 manfhip, in oriental agate, near a foot high, by fix inches 
 broad, with the head of Alexander the Gieat, and his 
 mother Olympia. In the portico are the ftatues of 
 Maximinus, Claudius, Ceres, Apollo, and one unknown ; 
 and at the foot of the flairs that of Thaleftris, Queen of 
 the Amazons. In the lower apartment are eighty-four 
 columns of various precious marbles, with feveral bufts 
 
 of 
 
454 
 
 jDESCRIPTlON 0* 
 
 of emperors. In the firfr room is a fcarce flattie of 
 Cleopatra, one of Julius Ca?f.r, Auguftus, Adonis, art 
 ox and a cow, a Faun, and a buft of D. Livius by 
 Baratta. In the fecond are the ftatues of Apollo and the 
 Mufes, and columns of giallo-antico, bearing the bufts of 
 the twelve Casfars. In the third are two columns of 
 verde-antico, and the fine ftatue of Clytia changed by 
 Apollo into the flower heliotropium, a fable founded in 
 that flower conffantly turning to the fun. In the fourth 
 are the ftatues of Caftor and Pollux, a Venus finely 
 Sculptured, the drapery of which is very delicate, the 
 bufts of Alexander the Great, Antinous, and PyrrhuSj 
 two Cupids by Guidi, and two columns of alabaften 
 In the fifth a ftatue of Caefar, with the body of agate 
 and the reft of bronze gilt ; another of Auguftus, with 
 the bpdy of oriental alabafter ; a ftatue of Ptolemy, King 
 of Egypt; two of Venus, a buft of the Queen of Sweden, 
 two columns of agate, a fmall ftatue of Seneca, an ancient 
 farcophagus, ufed as a fountain, and two columns of 
 marble decorated with flowers, in very fine ftone< Among 
 the curiofities in the fmall garden, the bronze head of 
 Alexander the Great and an ancient altar are the moft 
 remarkable. 
 
 In the apartments up ftairs are five cartoons by Julio 
 Romano, reprefenting feveral actions of Jupiter j three 
 pieces by Rubens, the martyrdom of St. Apollonia by 
 Bonatti, fome landfcapes by Bonavilla, and a fine portrait 
 of Guftavus, the father of the Queen of Sweden. In 
 the anti-chamber, among other pictures, is a Virgin and 
 Child by Albani, two Venufes and the Adultrefs by 
 Titian, a Bacchanal by Maratta, five hiftorical pieces of 
 Cyrus King of Perfia by Rubens, a portrait of Sir 
 Thomas More by Vandyke, five pieces reprefenting fables 
 
 by 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 255 
 
 by Correggio, and twelve more much admired paintings 
 by Paul Veronefe. In the winter apartment are thirty-fix 
 pieces of tapeftry, wove with gold, reprefenting the 
 hiftory of Czcfar, Mark Antony, and Cleopatra, eight of 
 which are defigned by Raphael, twelve by Julio Romano, 
 and the reft by Rubens. In the ftreet to the right, 
 before entering the Corfo, is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. ROMUALD, AND HOUSE OF THE 
 MONKS OF CAMALDOLA. 
 
 In the reign of Greg. XIII. thefe monks built this 
 fmall church in honour of their founder, who is finely 
 painted on the high altar, attended by fome of his monks, 
 by Andrea Sacchi. The flight into Egypt is by Turchi, 
 and the Martyrdom oppofite by Pavone. In the ftreet to 
 the right of the church of St. Mary di Loretto is the 
 
 ARCO DI VENEZIA. 
 
 This arch, which joins the Venetian palace, was built by 
 Paul II. for the accommodation of the popes, who refided 
 there, that on any fudden tumult they might efcape to the 
 Campidoglio, which was then fortified with ftrong towers, 
 which ftill remain in the friars' convent, and are called the 
 pope's apartment. Next this is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARK. 
 
 This church is very ancient, and we read that St. Mark, 
 who in the time of Conftantine was made pope, was 
 ordained prieft there; from which it is fuppofed this was 
 at firft a private oratory, and that the faint built a confi- 
 derable church in 336, which Conftantine enriched with 
 filver and endowed with an ample revenue. In 830, 
 Greg. IV. rebuilt it from the foundation, with three 
 
 aifles 
 
256 tESCRIPTiOIf 6r 
 
 aides fupported with antique columns, and decorated the 1 
 tribune with a Mofaic. It has been many times repaired 
 and adorned by its titular cardinals } and laftly, Card; 
 Quiring a Venetian, ornamented the whole with marble* 
 and added the prefent high altar* where the body of the 
 titular fainfj as welt as thofe of the Perfian martyrs 
 Abdon and Sennen, and fomC reliques of St. Mark the 
 Evangelift, are preferved. The firft painting on the right 
 in the middle aifte is by Mola, the; fecond by Allegrini, 
 the third by Canmi, and the laft by Cortefe, as is the 
 firft on the other fide ; the fecond being by Ganini, the 
 third by Allegrini, and the laft by Chiari. The two 
 new paintings are by Bicchierari. All the paintings in the 
 fide aifles are by Cav. Gagliardi, the battle-piece over the 
 door by Cofmo (a Jefiut)* the cherubims and the other 
 frefcos by Gagliardi. Returning to the front door, the 
 firft altar-piece on the right is by Palma, the fecond by 
 Gentile, the third by Maratta, the fourth by Gagliardi. 
 St. Mark in the chapel of the facrament is by Pietro 
 Perugino, the architecture by Pietro da Cortona, and the 
 other paintings by Borgognone, as are each fide of the 
 tribune; the holy Evangelift in the middle being by 
 Romanelli. The two altar-pieces beyond the facrifty are 
 by Mola ; the third, of St. Martin, is by Ciro Ferri ; 
 Giovanni Barbarigo is by Cav. Mazzanti, who painted 
 the bleffed Virgin over the baptifmal font; and the frefcos 
 of Prudence and Innocence, and thofe around, by Maratta. 
 The fculpture of the monument of Card. Vidman is by 
 Fancelli, that of Card. Bragadino by Raggi, and that 
 of Card. Bafadonna by Carcani. The baffo-relievos of 
 flucco over the columns are by other artifts. 
 
 Againft the fide of this church is a chapel dedicated to 
 the bleffed Virgin, creeled by one of the ambafladors, 
 
 adorned 
 
ANCIENT AND) MODERN ROME. 
 
 257 
 
 adorned with marble and ftuceo gilt, after a defign of 
 Contini. The blefled Viirgih on the altar is by Ga- 
 gliardi^ the Angels and other fculpture by Carcani, the 
 Nativity by Bolognefe, the Annunciation by Alberti, and 
 the flight into Egypt, and the Aflumptidn by Bolognefe. 
 Near the fide door is a fountain, with a fine bafin, found 
 in a vineyard without the walls, near the church of St« 
 Lorenzo. On the left in the ftreet oppofite the church 
 is the oratory of St. Gregory Thaumaturgus, and at a little 
 diftance the 
 
 riOUSE OF PIETRO DA CORTONA. 
 
 The houfe of this celebrated painter is principally 
 noticed on account of its excellent architecture, fome 
 part of which is ftill preferved, particularly the large 
 window, the door, the fmall portico, and court-yard, 
 which he formed of the Doric order. This is in the 
 vicolo called Petacchia, on the left of which is the 
 
 PIAZZA DI M ACELLLO DE' CORVI. 
 
 In this fquare, Which is very fmall, a market is held 
 for meat and vegetables. Opinions are various concerning 
 the origin of the name of this place. It is far from 
 improbable that it was derived from the houfe Corvina, 
 which many affirm to have Hood in this vicinity. The 
 fepulchre of Caius Publicius Bibulus, iEdile of the Ple- 
 beians, on the arigle of the afcent called Marforio, is 
 Worthy of notice 1 , though its infcription is almoft defaced : 
 *< Cajo Publicio L.F. Bibulo, .flSdil, Pleb. honoris virtutif- 
 " que causa, Senatus Con. Populique jufTu, locus monu- 
 " mento, quo ipfe, pofterique ejus inferrenter publice datus 
 " eft." Whence it fhould appear that in confideration of his 
 virtues and public conduct while iEdile in the 545th year 
 
 Vol. I. S of 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 of Rome, a fepulchre was granted to him and his de- 
 scendants (contrary to cuftom) within the city. But 
 Nardini only fays, a public place was affigned him , but 
 whether in or out of Rome, the infcription does not 
 determine. In the neighbouring lane is the church called 
 Lorenzolo, becaufe it has never been enlarged from its 
 original fize. On the altar is a painting by Alberti. To 
 the left is the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY DELLO SPIRITO SANTO. 
 
 This church and monaftery were built in 1432, by a 
 Roman lady of the family Capranica, for the Lateran 
 CanonefTes, inftituted in 813. It has been fince granted to 
 fhofeiof St. Auguftin, who were under the protection of 
 the King of France, as grand mafter of the order of the 
 Holy Ghofr, to whom this church is dedicated. In 1582 
 they repaired and decorated it with gilt ftucco and paint- 
 ings. Thofe in the chapel of the bleffed Virgin are by 
 Croce, the others in the chapel of the Crucifixion by 
 Vecchi, thofe around by Mario Arconio, and that on the 
 high altar by Garzi. 
 
 Beyond this is the church and confervatory of St. 
 Euphemia, for poor orphan girls, erected by Card. Ba- 
 xonio, who fuinifhed it with proper miftrefTes to teach 
 works adapted to the fex, and religious exercifes. Farther 
 on is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY IN CAMPO CARLEO, AND 
 THAT OF ST. URBAN. 
 
 This finall and obfcure church was anciently parochial, 
 and called in Campo Carleo, from the palace and piazza 
 of Carlo Leoni ; and Spolia Chrifli, from an image of 
 Chrift reprefented as ftiipped by the Jews. The painting 
 
 on 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 259 
 
 6'n the wall of this church is by Milani. In the ftreet ort 
 the left, called Strada Aleflandrina, is the church and 
 rnonaftery of St. Urban, built in 1264 for the nuns of 
 St. Clare, called Cappucinelle, to which are admitted, by 
 the intervention of the Card. Baronio, the poor girls of 
 St. Euphemia, who are defirous of becoming nuns of 
 this order. The Annunciation on the firft altar on the 
 right is attributed to Muziani. St. Urban and St. Clare 
 <5n the high altar are by Ceccarini : and St. Charles, 
 St. Nicholas, and St. Francis* by Ottavio Padovano. This 
 ftreet is called Aleflandrina from a cardinal of that name, 
 nephew of Pius V. who built the firft of the houfes that 
 formed it. In the middle of this ftreet is a fine portico 
 fupported by two columns, a defign of Mario Arconio, 
 a painter and architect, to whofe houfe it formed the 
 entrance; and near the end of the fame ftreet, towards 
 the Temple of Peace, is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. AGATHA DE* TESSITORI. 
 
 This church was anciently called in Macello Marty- 
 rum, becaufe near that fpot ftood the temple of Tellus, 
 Where great numbers of Chriftians were butchered ; and, 
 according to tradition, the well within the church con- 
 tains their bodies. At firft it was dedicated to St. Mary 
 degl' Angeli; but in 1517 it was granted by Leo X. to 
 the company of weavers, who gave it the title of St. 
 Agatha, their patronefs. Nearly oppofite to this are fome 
 noble remains of the temple of Pallas, beautifully deco- 
 rated with columns of the Corinthian order. On the top 
 Pallas is represented with her helmet and fhield in half- 
 relievo; but this edifice is now very much ruined, and half 
 buried in the earth. 
 
 S 2 The 
 
Description of 
 
 The Forum of Caefar, which ftood near this fpot, wa$ 
 feparated from that of Auguftus by a fingle ftrcet. On 
 one fide of the fumptuous bafilica in this forum, Caefar 
 built a magnificent temple to Venus Genetrix, from 
 whom he pretended to be defcended, through lulus the 
 fon of iEneas, for which reafon a celebrated ftatue of that 
 goddefs was fet up therein, and another fent to Cleopatra. 
 Before the temple ftood the equeflrian ftatue of Caefar of 
 bronze giltj with an effigy, by Lyfippus, of his very An- 
 gular horfe, that would carry no other rider than Caefar, 
 and had nails on his fore hoofs in the form of human 
 fingers. Among many other fine ftatues was one of 
 Caefar armed with a coat of mail ; and among the moll 
 celebrated pictures, that of Ajax and Medea, by Timo- 
 macus of Byzantium, which was fold for eighty talents. 
 Pliny aiterts (lib. ix. cap. 34), that Caefar dedicated to 
 this goddefs a cuirafs of perle Britanniche, and fix other 
 jewels of great value. . Suetonius informs us that this 
 forum coft above two millions and a half, which Pliny 
 confirms. 
 
 The Forum of Auguftus was behind the church of St. 
 Martina, but was very fmall, becaufe that emperor was 
 averfe to obliging owners of houfes to abandon their 
 habitations. His motive for building it arofe from the 
 number of debates, for which the other two forums were 
 not fufficient. The temple of Mars was made ufe of 
 for this purpofe before it was finifhed, and a mandate 
 was ilTued, that here all public caufes ftiould be fpeedily 
 brought to trial and decided. He alfo ordered the fenate 
 to meet in this forum, when they were to deliberate on 
 War, or to receive the conquering generals, who returned 
 triumphant to Rome, loaded with fpoils and the dazzling 
 infxgnia of victory. It was furrounded on two fides with 
 
 porticoes, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 26l 
 
 porticoes, and, together with the temple, was, both within 
 and without, decorated with an infinite number of ftatues 
 of gods, kings, and Roman generals, from /Eneas down 
 to Romulus, including all the generals who had triumphed, 
 arrayed in their triumphal habits. The bafilica was 
 equally worthy of admiration. It contained two very 
 fine tablets, on which were painted an army drawn up 
 in battle array and a triumph. The temple of Mars was 
 circular, and built in confequence of a vow of the fame 
 emperor to avenge Caefar ; but Suetonius declares it was 
 built on occafion of the battle of Philippi againft Brutus 
 and Caflius. It was adorned with the ftatues of the gods, 
 and above the cornice were hung the arms and fpoils of 
 the enemy. In this edifice were an Apollo in ivory, and 
 two pictures by Apelles, one reprefenting Caftor and 
 Pollux, together with Alexander the Great j the other a 
 figure of war, whofe hands were tied behind, with Alex- 
 ander triumphant. This forum was reftored by Adrian j 
 and, as Pliny writes, was deemed one of the four moft 
 magnificent edifices of Rome, and the flneft building of 
 that emperor. Near this is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. QUIRICUS AND ST. JUDITH. 
 
 The two martyrs to whom this church is dedicated 
 were mother and fon. Of its origin and hiftory nothing 
 more is known than that it was a collegiate church, and in 
 a ruinous ftate when Sixtus IV. rebuilt it and granted 
 it to fome canons, who being afterwards reduced to a 
 fmall number, Benedict XIII. transferred it to the 
 Dominican friars, who have the cure of the parifh. The 
 picture of St. Mary and St. John is by Speranza: the? 
 others are of little account, On the left is the 
 
 S 3 ARC* 
 
DESCRIPTION Op 
 
 ARCQ pe' pantani, and monastery op the; 
 
 ANNUNCIATION. 
 
 This arch was anciently called Pantani, from the bogs 
 or marfhes near which it flood. It is compofed of un»- 
 commonly large ftones, and extended nearly to the church 
 pf St. Adrian. It was called Forum Neryae ; and, 
 Jsecaufe it led to the Forum Romanum, Forum Tranfir 
 torium, being adorned with a fuperb portico, one parf 
 of which was deftroyed by fire. There ftill remain 
 fome very large fluted columns of Grecian marble, 
 with their capitals and architraves of the Corinthian 
 order, which now fupport the tower of the monaftery. 
 Domiiian began this forum in order to rival thofe of 
 Caefar and Auguftus. Nerva enlarged and adorned it, 
 and from him it took its name. LafHy, it was decorated 
 with fine ftatues and bronze columns by Alexander 
 Seyerus. It is faid to have been dedicated to Nerva 
 by the fenate, after his death, in commemoration of his 
 virtues, he having reigned but one year. On thefe 
 ruins are built the church and monaftery for the monks 
 pf St. Bafil, afterwards granted to the Knights Templars. 
 In 1562 Pius V. transferred it to the Neophites, who 
 Jive under the regulations of St. Dominic; for which 
 reaf m the church was dedicated to the Annunciation, of 
 which a painting adorns the high altar, from an original 
 of Guido. St. Bafil, with St. John the Baptift and St. 
 John the Evangelift, are by C-qnfolano, and the frefcos by 
 $ ul!i,q f 
 
 Oppofite this edifice is the palace Grillo, adorned with 
 a tower and a celebrated fountain, whofe water is remark- 
 ably falubrious | and in the ftreet is the Irifh college, 
 
Rlb&fhal as t/x Act direct' Ju^"if^oS 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 263 
 
 built in 1628 by Card. Ludovifi, who bequeathed to 
 it an income of one thoufand crowns, and a vineyard at 
 Cartel Gandolfo. Returning to the ftreet oppofite to 
 this edifice is another tower, called Torre de' Conti, built 
 in 858 by Nicholas I. who was of that family. He was 
 much pleafed with the fecurity it afforded, there being no 
 fortrefs at that time in Rome. A little farther is the 
 Piazza delle Carrette, and on the right is the confer^ 
 vatory of poor mendicant girls. 
 
 Oppofite this, and towards the church of St. Peter in 
 Vinculis, was the ancient V icus Sceleratus, fo called on 
 account of the more than favage inhumanity of Tullia, 
 daughter of Servius VI. and wife of Tarquin the Proud, 
 who fo eagerly defired to reign, that not contented with 
 having caufed the death of her father, (he ordered the coach 
 in which me was fitting to pafs over his murdered body, 
 which lay in the middle of the ftreet. Near the upper 
 end of it is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. ANDREW IN PORTO GALLO, AND ST. 
 PANT ALEON AI MONTI. 
 
 This fmall church, now corruptly called in Porto Gallo, 
 was anciently called by the general name of this part of 
 Rome, ad Bulla Gallica, perhaps from the Gauls who 
 were there entombed after the flaughter of that people by 
 Camillus. It was anciently parochial; but in 1607 was 
 granted to the confraternity of huclcfters. In the lane 
 to the left is the fmall church of St. Pantaleon, anciently 
 parochial, and at firft panelled by fome monks of 
 St. Bafil. But Benedict XIV. granted it to a confra- 
 ternity, who have placed on the high altar a picture of 
 the blelTed Virgin, copied from one worfliipped at Gen- 
 fano under the title of Buon Configlio. In the garden of 
 
 S 4 the 
 
264 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the church of St. Biagio (or St. Blaize), now united to 
 that of St. Pantaleon, many ftatues and other precious 
 antiquities, fince removed to the Farnefe palace, as enu y 
 merated by Fauno, were found in an urn, in the year 
 1565 ; particularly a Fauftina of chalcedony, with a 
 pedeftal of the fame ; a terminus without a head ; the 
 goddefs Nature, with a pedeftal of agate ; another and a 
 Mercury of the fame materials ; a Cupid, a Venus and 
 Cupid lleeping, and a figure of Silence, all of yellow 
 amber j a figure of black amber, with the pedeftal broke j 
 a large Jupiter, and one fmaller, of agate ; another, with 
 a pedeftal, and one fmaller, of chalcedony ; a Venus, two 
 of the goddefs Nature, of the fame ftone ; a Jupiter of 
 lapis lazuli, a Mars of chalcedony ; a Silenus, a very fine 
 Domitian, another of that emperor, and a Trajan, all of 
 agate ; a figure of cryftal, with a pedeftal ; two heads of 
 chalcedony ; a Monkey, a head of Alexander, a head of 
 Socrates, a fmall head, and the head of a poet, all of the 
 fame ftone ; a head of cryftal, a mafk of jafper in three 
 pieces, a large mafk, two fmaller, and a Tiger, all of chal- 
 cedony; a Lion of black amber, an Eagle with a ball of 
 agate, a fmall Elephant of amber, a little Dog of chalce- 
 dony gnawing a bone, a little Pig of foft ftone; two 
 vafes, a cup, two fmall vafcs, and three more broken in 
 feveral pieces, all of agate ; a round piece of chalcedony, not 
 worked, a ball of yellow amber, a piece of white coral, a 
 bail of fine ftone, a medal with figures, a fpoon of chalce- 
 dony, a fmall filver vafe for perfumes in two pieces, two 
 large apples of cryftal ; the pillars of Hercules, a branch 
 with a leaf, a pedeftal, a fmall vafe, four cups, two fpoons, 
 a fmall%roken chain, a ring engraved with a victory, an4 
 many more fragments, all of cryftal. 
 
 Farther. 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 26$ 
 
 Farther to the left is the ancient parochial church of 
 St. Salvatore ai Monti, with the college of the Neophites % 
 and near it is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY DE* MONTI. 
 
 This church was built about the year 1579, a ^ ter a 
 defign of Giacomo della Porta, in confequence, it is faid, 
 ,pf a miracle performed here by the bleffed Virgin. Its 
 expence was defrayed by the pious contributions of an 
 immenfe concourfe of people, whofe devotion foon fur- 
 nifhed fufficient funds to build this fine church and 
 facrifty, and penfion a number of priefts to officiate there ; 
 the name of Monti being added becaufe it ftands between 
 three hills. It is decorated with marble, gilt ftucco, and 
 good paintings. Thofe in the firft chapel on the left, 
 dedicated to St. Charles, are by Giovanni da St. Giovanni : 
 the marriage of Cana over the door by Guidotti. The 
 Pieta in the next chapel is copied by Lorenzo of Bologna. 
 The fcourging is by Lattanzio, the carrying the crofs by 
 Nogari, and the Refurre&ion, with the other frefcos, by 
 Lombardelli. The paintings on the high altar and the 
 cupola are by Confolano, the blefied Virgin and the 
 Vifitation of St. Elizabeth by Croce, the AfTumption by 
 Guidotti, the Nativity by Muziani, the hiftory around 
 by Nogari, and the reft by Nebbia. The Annunciation 
 in the laft chapel, with the reft, are by Durante Alberti ; 
 and the other paintings arpund the church by Confolano. 
 By the fide of this edifice is the 
 
 COLLEGE FOR THE NEOPHITES AND CATECHU- 
 MENS. 
 
 This college was built in 1635, by the Card. St. Ono- 
 frio, brother of Urban VIII. after a defign of Vecchi, to 
 
 inftruft 
 
*66 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 inftruft Catechumens, and Neophites. The above church 
 and college were lately granted, together with all their 
 income, to the clergy called Pii Operari. 
 
 In the lane oppofite is the monaftery of the Cappucci- 
 nelle nuns, with the church dedicated to the immaculate 
 Conception, in which is a picture by Romanelli. In the 
 fmall piazza on the fide is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY DEL PASCOLO. 
 
 This fmall church was firft dedicated to St. Sergius 
 and St. Bacchus, and was then parochial ; but an image 
 of the bleffed Virgin, found concealed behind the plaifter 
 of a wall, and by order of Clem. XI. cut out and brought 
 to this church, has fince changed its name. Here are lodged 
 fome priefts, and the Refident of the Rhodians, who 
 officiates according to the rules of that church. The 
 paintings around the church are by Ceccarini, and the 
 two altar-pieces of St. Bafil, and of the faints Sergius 
 and Bacchus, are by Stern. The fountain in the fmall 
 fquare was erected by order of Sixtus V. to fupply this 
 part of Rome with water. 
 
 On the right of the ftreet of the nuova fuburra is a 
 fmall church, called St. Saviour, now in the cure 
 of the confraternity of St. Francis di Paolo, and where 
 is prefer ved the body of St. Severus. In the Strada 
 Urbana is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. LAWRENCE IN FONTE. 
 
 This church is much celebrated, being built over 
 the prifon of that faint, near the houfe of St. Hippolitu?, 
 a Roman knight, who had him in cuftody, and, together 
 with Lucillus, whofe fight he reftored, was converted 
 by that pious deacon : upon which they were both 
 
 baptized. 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 267 
 
 feaptised, water having miraculoufly fprung up in confe, 
 quence of the faint touching the earth with his finger. 
 Hence the church took its name in Fonte. The fountain 
 is ftill preferved, and its water drunk by the devout. 
 The painting on the high altar is by Speranza, who 
 executed the other paintings, except the Bifhop and St. 
 Francis, which are by Cav. d'Arpino ; thofe in the firfl: 
 chapel are by Cipolla. Urban VIII. granted this church, 
 to the confraternity de' Cortegiani, who erected the ad- 
 joining hofpital for their brethren. On the left, toward 
 the tribune of St, Mary Maggiore, is the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF ST. LAWRENCE IN 
 PANISPERNA. 
 
 Various opinions have been given concerning the ety- 
 mon of this name, yet none of them are fatisfaclory. 
 This church, according to ecclefiaftical writers, is built 
 on the fite of the Olympian baths, where this pious deacon 
 was roafted alive on a gridiron, though the time of the. 
 foundation is uncertain. It was one of the twenty pri- 
 vileged abbeys of Rome, and Anaftafius II. repaired it 
 about the year 498 ; but its principal repair was in 1300, 
 by the family Gaetani, when it was granted to the nuns of 
 St. Clare ; and Leo X. annexed to it the title of Cardinal.. 
 It was all renewed in 1575, and decorated with marble, 
 gilt ftucco, and paintings. St. Clare in the firft chapel is 
 by Maflini, the Sts. Crifpin and Crifpinian in the fccond 
 by Gio. Romano, the third by Ranucci, the Martyrdom 
 of the faint on the high altar by Pafqual Cati, St. Michael 
 over the door of the facrifty unknown, that over the 
 other door and thofe around the church by Bicchierari, 
 St. Bridget by Montanari, and St. Francis in the laft by 
 Niccolo la Piccola. St. Bridget often frequented this 
 
 church 
 
*68 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 church during her ftay in Rome; and an arm of the 
 martyr is faid to be preferved there, as well as part of 
 the bodies of the Sts. Crifpin and Crifpinian. 
 
 Having vifited the prifon of the faint and the j>lace of 
 his martyrdom, we proceed to the Porta di St. Lorenzo, 
 anciently the Porta Efquilina, near which was the cele- 
 brated Argini, erected by Tullius IV. king of Rome, as 
 a defence to the city, and the fepulchres of the poor. 
 Before going out of this gate, on the left is the caftello 
 of the Aqua Felice, erected by Sixtus V. and at about a 
 mile diftance is the 
 
 BASILICA OF ST. LAWRENCE FUORI DELLE MURA. 
 
 This facred bafilica is in the Campo Verano, where St. 
 Hippolitus and Juftin the prieft buried that pious deacon, 
 and where St. Ciriaca, a Roman matron, buried the almoft 
 innumerable bodies of her cotemporary martyrs. It was 
 built by Conftantine, about the year 330, at the requeft of 
 St. Silvefter, by whofe orders the fteps round the body of 
 St. Lawrence were added, and the tribune covered with 
 porphyry and enclofed with gates of fine filver. He alfo 
 placed before it a gold lamp, with feven lights, of twenty 
 pounds weight; and before his remains a filver repre- 
 fentation of his fufferings, with two lamps of thirteen 
 branches, weighing fifteen pounds each, a vafe of gold of 
 one hundred and fifty pounds, and various other orna- 
 ments. Sixtus III. added an altar of filver, weighing 
 fifty pounds, with columns of porphyry, and feveral 
 bars of filver of three hundred pounds weight, together 
 with a ftatue of the faint of the fame metal, weighing 
 two hundred pounds ; and that the church might be ufed 
 and kept in repair, St. Hilary built a monaitery for the 
 monks. In the fepulchre of the titular feint the body of 
 
 St, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 20$ 
 
 St. Stephen, or part of it, was depofited. Of the tranf- 
 lation of it we have various accounts, of which the moft 
 probable is that of Bede. In 493, Eudoxia, wife of the 
 Emperor Theodofius II. going to Jerufalem, the bifliop 
 prefented her, among other reliques, with part of the body 
 of St. Stephen, which flie brought to Constantinople, and 
 placed in a church {he built there. But in 557, being 
 transferred to Rome, Pelagius I. joined it with the body of 
 St. Lawrence; and tradition aflerts that the bones of 
 themfelves drew to the left to make room for St. Stephen's. 
 Part of the gridiron is alfo faid to be here preferved, toge- 
 ther with a ftone on which his body was placed, marked 
 with his blood ; the head of the martyrs St. Hippolitus 
 and St. Roman ; an arm of St. John, and one of St. 
 Apollonia, a virgin and a martyr, with many other reliques. 
 Pelagius II. adorned the fubterranean altar with a number 
 of lamps, conftantly burning; and St. Gregory the Great 
 aflerts, in a letter to Conftantia the Emprefs, that the 
 fame pope wiming to add other ornaments to the fepulchre 
 of the faint, and not knowing exactly where his body lay, 
 accidentally difcovered the fepulchre in digging, which the 
 workmen opening, they, and the monks, and all that touched 
 it, died in the cpurfe of ten days. The church has been 
 repaired by many other popes, and decorated with marble 
 and paintings. It is one of the five patriarchal churches, 
 has three aifles, and is preferved with magnificence. The 
 fluted marble columns of the Corinthian order are very 
 fine, efpecially thofe in the choir, and thofe of porphyry. 
 In the middle aifle are the large pulpits of marble, 
 anciently called ambones, on which were read the epiftle 
 and gofpel to the people during the high mafs, and 
 twenty-two columns of oriental granite. In the time of 
 Sixtus IV. this church was granted to the canon-regulars 
 
 of 
 
tjO »ESCRlfTION O* 
 
 of St. Salvatore of Bologna, who brought it into its prefent 
 form, and ere&ed its feven marble altars. The fame 
 privileges were granted to it by Sixtus V. as are enjoyed by 
 the churches of St. Peter and St. Paul. Near the entrance 
 of the church are two Gothic fepulchres with well executed 
 baflb-relievos. The picture on the firft altar on the right, 
 reprefenting fome of the faints, is by Sottino ; St. Ciriaca 
 on the next burying fome of the martyrs by Savonanzio ; 
 St. Lawrence on the third by Sottino, and the frefcos by 
 Rinaldi. The fubterranean altar on the right of the 
 tribune is much celebrated, as being the firft that was 
 privileged. Near this is the cemetery of St. Ciriaca, 
 where fhe buried the bodies of the martyrs. The paintings 
 of St. Lawrence diftributing the treafures of the church to 
 the poor, and the beheading of St. John the Baptift, are by 
 Serodine of Ancona ; the blefled Virgin with other faints by 
 Sottino ; the frefcos by Gio. Antonio and Gio. Francefco, 
 Icholars of Vanni; and the two monuments near the 
 cemetery by Fiamingo, from a defign of Pietro da Cor- 
 tona. The infide of this church and its portico were 
 repaired by Honorius III. The fame pope here crowned 
 Peter, Count of Auxerre, in 1217, Emperor of Con- 
 ftantinople, together with his wife Joel. He was the third 
 of the Latin Emperors, and is painted on the wall, as are 
 feveral hiftories of the holy Levite St. Lawrence, who in 
 one of thefe is reprefented baptizing St. Roman, by 
 pouring the water on his head out of a bronze jug, 
 preferved in this church. Returning to the Piazza del 
 Popolo, and on the left of the Corfo, is the 
 
 STRADA DI RIPETTA. 
 
 This ftreet, fo called becaufe it runs near the Tiber, 
 and partly along its lower bank, was, together with the 
 
 adjacent 
 
ANTCIENT AND MODERN SOME. 271 
 
 adjacent parts., formerly diftinguiflied by the name de* 
 Kchiavoni, becaufe in 1453 the eaftern empire falling 
 into the hands of the Turks, many Chriftians of that 
 nation, averfe to living under their tyranny, came to 
 Rome, and inhabited this part of the Campus Martius. 
 A little way up this ftreet, after paffing the palace Cap- 
 poni, ornamented with fame ancient marble, is the 
 
 CONSERVATORY DELL A DIVINA PROVIDENZA. 
 
 This confervatory is appropriated to poor orphan girls, 
 who are fupported by their own induftry and the charity 
 of the devout, whence it is called Providenza. The chapel 
 is dedicated to St. Michael, and the three altar-pieces are 
 painted by Placido Coftanzi. On the left of this is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY PORTA PARADISI. 
 
 This church, which, though fmall, is nobly ornamented, 
 Was anciently called in Augufta, from the celebrated 
 maufoleum of that emperor, near which it ftands ; but the 
 origin of its modern name is unknown. It was renewed 
 in 1628 by a legacy of Matteo Caccia, doctor of the 
 neighbouring hofpital ; and is ornamented with marble, 
 paintings, and baflb-relievos. That over the altar on 
 the right is by Rofli j that oppofite, with the monument 
 of the doctor, by Fancelli ; thofe on the middle altar by 
 Brunette ; the paintings in the cupola by Baldini, and 
 the others underneath by Greuter. 
 
 MAUSOLEUM OF AUGUSTUS. 
 
 A little farther on in the Strada Pontifici rs the palace 
 Corea, in the court-yard of which are the miferable 
 remains of this celebrated maufoleum, built in the Jixth 
 Confulihip of that emperor, for himfelf and his family, as 
 
 well 
 
DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 well as the emperors his fucceflbrs, with fo much magni- 
 ficence as even to rival the fupercminent fplendor of the 
 firft building which obtained that name, ere&ed by 
 Queen Artemefia for her deceafed hufband Maufolus, 
 King of Caria. It was of a circular form* as are its 
 remains, but was originally much more extenfive, had 
 twelve doors, fymbolical of the twelve celeftial figns, 
 Was covered with white Hone, marked with lines like net- 
 Work, and divided into three ftories. It was two hundred 
 and fifty cubits high, and on the fummit was placed a 
 metal ftatue of Auguftus* It contained rooms with fmaU 
 niches for urns, as may ftill be obferved* It was planted 
 round, from the bottom to the top, with fuch trees as 
 afforded a perpetual verdure, and furrounded with three 
 walls, with a gate, and an obelifk on each fide. Behind 
 it was a large portico, fhaded by a grove of poplars, laid 
 ©ut in pleafant walks. But its only remains now confift 
 of the central pile. From this building all that part of 
 Rome was formerly called in Augufta. One of the 
 Egyptian obelifks that adorned it now {lands on the Ef- 
 quiline hill, and the other on the Quirinal. On the left* 
 in the Strada Ripetta, is the 
 
 CHURCH AND HOSPITAL OF ST. ROCHE. 
 On this fpot formerly flood a fmall church, built in 14995 
 by a confraternity of bargemen, publicans, and coopers, 
 in honour of this faint, who was their patron ; and, with 
 other analogous trades, they added the adjoining hofpital 
 for their poor. This confraternity was approved, and 
 indulgences granted them, by Paul III. In 1657 Paul V. 
 rebuilt the church after a defign of Rofli. It confifts of 
 three aifles, adorned with marbles and paintings, St. 
 Francis di Paola in the firft chapel on the right is by 
 
 Arriorofi ; 
 
 / 
 
ANCIEftf AND* MODERfl ROME. 
 
 Aniorofi ; that in the fecond, with St. Roche and St. 
 Antony, by Baclccio; the third by Fiamingo, and thofe 
 in the chapel of the bleffed Virgin by Carofi. The St. 
 Roche on the high altar is by Brandi, the St. Martin on 
 horfeback by Formello, St. Antony of Padua by Gregorlo 
 Calabrefe* and the paintings in the fmall cupola and 
 lunettes by Francefco Rofa. The piclure in the chapel 
 of the Nativity is by Peruzzi, but has been retouched ; and 
 the St. Vincent in the laft by Crecolini. Cardinal SalViati 
 added an apartment for poor women of decent family* 
 and even for reduced noble women who had not conve- 
 niences for lying-in at home, providing it with a fufficient 
 income for thefe benevolent purpofes. 
 
 PORTO DI RIPETTA. 
 
 Oppofite this church is the port for barges that come 
 down from Sabina and Umbria* fo called to diftinguifti it 
 from the other port for veffels coming up the river from 
 the fea. Thefe barges bring charcoal, wine* oil, &c. for 
 the confumption of the capital. Its commodious fteps 
 were made by order of Clement XL after a defign of 
 Specchi. The column placed near them fhews the height 
 of various inundations of the river. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. JEROME DEGLI SCHIAVONI. 
 
 Here once flood a fmall church, dedicated to St. 
 Marina* under the care of a hermit, this part of Rome 
 being then uninhabited. Having been given to one of the 
 Sclavonian nation, he introduced the devotion of the 
 titular faint. After this the Chriftians, who fled from 
 that province on account of the oppreflion of the Turks, 
 comirig to Rome* Nicholas V. granted them this church* 
 to which they added the hofpital in 1450. Sixtus V. 
 
 Vol. I. T rebuilt 
 
2 7 4 
 
 DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 rebuilt it after a defign of Lunghi the elder, rendered it 
 collegiate, and decorated it with paintings. That over 
 the fifft altar on the right is by Baftardo, the ornament9 
 on the fecond by Bracci, th« faints on the third by Van«» 
 golini, t.e paintings on the high altar reprefenting the 
 life of St. Jerome by Viviano and Andrea di Ancona, thofe 
 around by Nogari, St. Matthew in one of the triangles of 
 the cupola by Cav. Guidotti, and the others by Nucci. 
 St. Jerome in the next chapel and the dead Chrift in the 
 Other are by Baftardo, and the frefcos by Ancona, who 
 alfo painted the Nativity. The pi&ure in the laft chapel 
 is by Cerruti. To the left is the 
 
 PALACE BORGHESE. 
 
 This magnificent palace is, on account of its form, 
 which refembles a harpfichord, called the Cembalo di 
 Borghefe. It was begun in I590, by Card. Deza, a 
 Spaniard, and finiflied by Paul V. for his nephew. The 
 part towards the Ripetta is after a defign of Ponzio, and 
 that towards the fquare by Lunghi the elder. The large 
 court-yard is ornamented with a double portico, fupported 
 by one hundred antique columns, all of oriental granite, 
 of the Doric and Ionic orders, with the ftatues of Julia, 
 Fauftina, and an Amazon, and fome fmall ones in the 
 garden, which is remarkable for its ftucco work and 
 fountains. The lower range of rooms contains an 
 immenfe collection of original pictures, among which are 
 a Venus with two Nymphs by Titian, a David by Cav. 
 d'Arpinoj the bleflcd Virgin and Chrift by Raphael, Chrift 
 at the column by Caravaggio, a Pieta by Leonardo da 
 Vinci, the Sts. Cofmus and Damian by Dolfi di Ferrara, 
 St. Jerome by Vafari, Chrift and the Virgin by Scipio 
 Gaetani, Chrift with the crofs by Fra. Sebaftiano del 
 
 Piombo,. 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME* 275 
 
 Piombo, tie burning- of Troy by Barocci, two buffoons 
 by Giorgione, a Venus by Andrea del Sarto, David kill* 
 ing the giant by Julio Romano, St. Peter by Annibal 
 Caraeci, a Fieri by Zuccari, Adam and Eve by Bellino, 
 a Mufe by Domenichino, Diana with her Nymphs by the 
 fame, St. Antony by Pietro Perugino, Lucretia and a 
 Venus with a Satyr by Titian, feveral other Venufes by 
 Albani, Diana bathing with fome Nymphs and Satyrs 
 by Cav. d'Afpino, Sampfon by Piombo, Sufanna by Ru* 
 bens, a Soldier fhewing Julia the bloody robe of Pompey 
 by Gentilefchi, a country dance by Guido, Hercules with 
 the bull by Antiveduto, Venus blindfolding Cupid, and 
 the two women by the fide of the bath, by Titian, a laft 
 fupper by the fame, the celebrated Crucifixion by Michael 
 Angelo, and many others. In the next room is a noble 
 bath of porphyry, and a very fine table of oriental jafper. 
 The adjoining room is decorated with ftucco, Mofaics, 
 many looking-glaffes, adorned with figures by Ciro 
 Ferri, and flowers by Stanchi, Brughels, and others ; two 
 alabafter fountains, and various heads of the Caefars in 
 porphyry. In the laft room are a great number of fmall 
 and highly efteemed pictures, among which the molt cele- 
 brated are the blefTed Virgin and an Angel by Guido, 
 St. John the Baptift by Leonardo da Vinci, the Magi by 
 Alberto Duro, the Adultrefs by the fame, a girl with 
 flowers by Raphael, St. Catharine by the fame, the Mag- 
 dalen by Correggio, the Adoration of the Magi by Luca 
 Olandefe, Chrift in the garden by Paul Veronefe, the 
 Virgin and Child by Perugino, St. Peter cutting off the 
 ear of Malchus by Arpino, St. Antony the abbot by 
 Annibal Caraeci, a Madonna by the fame, a Madonna 
 reading by Caravaggio, &c. This room alfo contains 
 Come looking-glafies, painted by Mario and Brughels. 
 
 T 2 The 
 
DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 The following room is painted by Stanchi, and the Mez- 
 ^anini apartment or Entrefol by Arpino, Lauri, Poufiin, 
 and Tempefta. 
 
 On the firft floor are a great number of rooms, the 
 friezes of which are painted, by Giacomo Piazza, with 
 the hiftories of the Queen of Sheba, the rape of the 
 Sabines, &c. Among the many precious pieces of 
 tapeftry of gold and filk, and other extremely rich furni- 
 ture, is a cabinet of ebony, with baffo-relievo hiftories in 
 gold and gems. The domeftic chapel alfo merits atten- 
 tion, on account of its many reliques 4 richly fet in jewels. 
 This palace has a library in the upper apartment* 
 •where are three flabs of white marble almoft fimilar to 
 the faline, but of a totally different texture, being elaftic 
 in every part, and inftantly returning like a cork to their 
 former ftate, after being prefled. They were dug up in 
 1763, in the villa of Monte Dragone, above Frafcati. 
 They are four palms high, two and a half broad, and 
 were brought here for the examination of naturalifts. 
 The noble building oppofite which is an appendage to 
 the palace, is a defign of Baptiftis. Farther on is the 
 
 CLEMENTINE COLLEGE, AND CHURCH Of ST. GRE- 
 GORY. 
 
 This college takes its name from Clem* VIII. who 
 •built it in 1595 for the Sclavonian ftudents then refident 
 at Rome; but fince removed by Urban VIII. to Loretto. 
 It now receives ftudents of noble birth of any nation, 
 who are inftrucled in all the fciences. The noble chapel 
 is a defign of Fontana, where, on the Sunday in the 
 octave of the Aflumption, are recited various compofi- 
 tions, and an oratorio of facred mufic. In the ftreet to 
 
 the 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 277 
 
 the left is a fmall church dedicated to St. Gregory, built 
 by a company of mafons in 1527, and in the ftreet. to 
 the right is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. LUCIA DELLA TINT A. 
 
 This church takes its name from the ancient temple of 
 Dis and Proferpine, afterwards dedicated to St. Lucia, a 
 Roman matron, who with- St. Geminiano fuffered martyr- 
 dom there. It is parochial, and was formerly collegiate, 
 but has long poffeffed only the cure of the parifh. 
 After various repairs, being modernized in 1628, Cav. 
 Ricci added a fmall college of canons, half of which arc 
 dependent on Prince Borghefe. It contains fome good 
 paintings by an unknown artift. Of the temple of Dis 
 and Proferpine, we read in various ancient authors, 
 that it contained a fubterranean altar twenty feet under 
 ground dedicated to Pluto, which was ere&ed by the 
 Romans in the war with the Albans; and that every 
 one except the Romans might remain ignorant of it, it 
 was covered with earth, and opened only at the fecular 
 games, when a feftival was celebrated with facrifices ar>4 
 other ceremonies for three fuccefiive nights. In the lane, 
 on the right is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. IVES OF BRITTANY. 
 
 This church is ftill of its ancient fize, confiding of 
 three aifles, fupported by ten columns of Egyptian granite. 
 It was firft dedicated to St, Andrew ; but in the year 1456 
 Calliftus III. granted it to a confraternity of Bretons, or 
 natives of Bretagne, in France, who dedicated it to the 
 faint their patron. Greg. XIII. united it with the French 
 church of St. Lewis. The pavement of this edifice being 
 lower than the ftreet, affords one inftance among many 
 T 3 bow 
 
2J$ 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 how much modern Rome has rifen above its original 
 level, in confequence of its frequent dilapidation and the 
 inundations of the Tiber. The picture on the high altar 
 is by Triga, the Annunciation by Lamberti, and St. Jofeph 
 by Carlo Maratta. Near this church is the noble 
 
 PALACE DI FIORENZA AND CHURCH OF ST. BIAGIO. 
 
 This palace, belonging to the Grand Duke of Tufcany, 
 has lately been modernized. The profpedt in the court- 
 yard, from a defign of Vignola, k worthy obfervation, 
 and the other parts are of fine architecture. In this are 
 paintings by Primaticcio and Profpero Fontana, 
 
 The fmall church in the lane to the left is Hill more 
 remarkable. It was firft dedicated to St, Cecilia, becaufe 
 it occupied the fite of her houfe, which was fanctified by 
 her devotions ; a fact commemorated by an infcription on 
 ailone found here in 1575, when the church was repaired. 
 It was then granted to the confraternity de\ Mate- 
 razzari, who dedicated it to their patron St. Blaize. 
 The tefiilated pavement and the fmall Gothic tower are 
 remains of the old church, It alfo contains a picture by 
 Placido Coftanzi. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. NICCOLO DE PERFETTI. 
 
 This church is very ancient, In 750 pope Zaccary 
 affigned it for the relief of the Bafilian nuns, who were 
 at that time recently come as refugees from preece. In 
 1568 Pius V. granted it to die Dominican friars, under 
 condition of adminillering to the parifh, They repaired 
 it, and decorated it with feveral paintings. St. Vincent 
 over the firft altar on the right, and St. Dominic on the 
 next, are by Ferrari ; that on the high altar by Baldi, 
 St. Nicholas on the other by an unknown artift, and the 
 
 frefcos 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 279 
 
 frefcos and the myfteries by Triga. A little farther 
 towards the ftreet on the left is a ftone fixed on the 
 corner of a houfe to commemorate the difcovery of the 
 magnificent 
 
 OBELISK OF AUGUSTUS. 
 
 This obelifk was found in the Campus Martius, four- 
 teen feet under ground, having been executed by order of 
 Sefoftris King of Egypt, in red granite, and infcribed 
 with hieroglyphics. It was erected by Auguftus in this 
 place, where the Romans ufed to celebrate their feftivals 
 and games; and indicated the hour by the motion of 
 its fhadow on a graduated pavement. Returning by the 
 Palace di Fiorenza, and in the oppofite ftreet to it, are the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF THE IMMACULATE 
 CONCEPTION IN CAMPO MARZO. 
 
 This much celebrated monaftery was built for the 
 Bafilian nuns, who came from Greece in 750, to avoid 
 the perfections of Conftantine Copronimus, and brought 
 with them, on camels, the body of St. Gregory Na- 
 zianzen, the head of St. Quirinus, biftup and martyr, 
 fome images of the blefled Virgin, and other reliques. 
 When they patted a fmall church on this fpot, dedicated 
 to the blefled Virgin, the beafts (topped, and refufed to 
 go any farther ; for which reafon the facred reliques were 
 there depoftted, and the monaftery and a new church 
 erected in honour of St. Gregory, in which his body was 
 placed. Thefe nuns, in confequence of their great 
 devotion, and their refpedt, to the popes, as well as to 
 other princes and kings, acquired great credit and 
 riches, receiving frequent donations of villages and 
 cftatesj and many Roman ladies and children coming to 
 T 4 live 
 
a8c 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 live with them. But a difficulty arifing concerning the 
 propriety of officiating in Greek, they changed their 
 order to that of St. Benedict. In 1564, thefe two 
 churches being found too fmall for the concourfe of 
 people who frequented them, they were confined to the 
 life of the religious within the monaftery, and a new one 
 built by D. Caterina Colonna, a nun of the fame order. 
 In 1580 Greg. XIII. removed the body of St. Gregory 
 to St. Peter's, but left an arm here, with other reliques. 
 This monaftery has been lately modernized, and the 
 church decorated with marble and good paintings. The 
 St. Gregory and St. Benedict over the door of the monaftery 
 is by Speranza, and the Madonna by Sermoneta. The 
 colofial ftatue of St. Benedict in ftucco, in the portico, is 
 a model of that at St. Peter's. St. John the Baptift in 
 the chapel of the crofs aifle of the church, and the fides, 
 are by Marini ; St. Gregory in the next by Garzi, the 
 frefcos in the tribune by Coftanzi, the taking down from 
 the crofs by an unknown artift, St. Benedict and the fides 
 by Baldi, and the paintings in the chapel of the Cruci- 
 fixion by a fcholar of Cav. Conca, who painted a picture 
 in the refectory. A little diftance on the left from the 
 fide door is the 
 
 PHURCH AND HOUSE OF THE MISSIONARY PRIESTS. 
 
 This houfe was built in 1642, by Urban VIII. for 
 the fpiritual exercifes, conftantly performed there, par- 
 ticularly for the ordinatioi> of priefts, who officiate in 
 Rome and the fix bilhoprics. The Duchefs d'Aiguillon 
 gave ten thoufand livres towards building the church, and 
 to inftruct the poor peafantry. Card, de' Conti Guidi 
 gave fifteen thoufand crowns to purchafe the houfe ; and 
 it hiis been much enlarged by the charity of others, efpe? 
 
 dally 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 2$t 
 
 tfially of Innocent XII, who afligned a fund of forty 
 thoufarid crowns for the chaplains, befides the abbey 
 Qf St. John and St. Paul ; in gratitude for which, thefe 
 fathers placed an infcription under his buft in the hall. 
 Here after dinner every Tuefday is held a eongrefs of 
 priefts, called the ecclefiaftical conference. In 1740 
 Card. Lanfredini rebuilt the church within the cloifter 
 (for which reafon women are not permitted to enter V 
 and adorned it with good paintings ; and at his death left 
 them all he was pollened of. St. Francis of Sales in the 
 firft chapel, and St. Jane of Chantal, are by Monf. Vienne ; 
 the painting in the fecond by Zoboli, St. Paul in the third 
 by Monofili, the Trinity on the high altar by Cav. Conca, 
 the fides and the paintings in the facrifty by Milani, the 
 Alfumption in the next chapel by Monofili, St. Vincent 
 of Paulis in the next by Milani, and St. Philippo Neri 
 and St. Charles Borromeus in the laft by Pietro Veronefe. 
 In the fmall ftreet oppofite the above church in the 
 Campus Martius is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. SALVATORE DELLE COPELLE. 
 Of the ancient form of this fmall church are only 
 preferyed the three aifles and the Gothic tower. It was 
 called Copelle from fome earthen-ware fhops that formerly 
 flood near it, and was dedicated to our Saviour in 1195, 
 by Celeftine III. The painting on the high altar is by 
 Lelli, and the monument ornamented with marble and gilt 
 metal by Ludovifi. In the ftreet to the left is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN, AND CONVENT 
 DE' MINISTRI degl' INFERMI. 
 This church is very rich in paintings, in marble, and 
 gilding, and was defigned by Carlo Quadri. The founder 
 
 of 
 
282 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 of this religious order, St. Camillus de Lellis, was firfl a 
 foxier, and of a gay life ; but was converted in confe- 
 quence of a wound in his leg, and of being appointed to 
 attend the fick in the hofpital of St. Giacomo, and was 
 promoted to be mafter of the houfe, in confideration of 
 his piety and benevolence. The patients in the hofpital 
 being in great want of priefts and attendants, and the 
 hofpital at that time very poor, he formed a congre- 
 gation of pious men to remedy that inconvenience. 
 Sixtus V. gave his fanction to this inftitution, in confi- 
 deration of its utility ; and Clem. VIII. confirmed it. 
 Thefe fathers make a folemn vow not only to wait on the 
 fick in the hofpitals, but alfo on thofe in private houfes, 
 even in time of the plague. The painting of St. Lorenzo 
 GiufHniano, the firrt patriarch of Venice, is by Luca 
 Giordano, and St. Camillus de Lellis by Coftanzi. The 
 faint's body is depofited under the altar, the frefcos over 
 which are by Cav. Conca, and the fides by his fcholars. 
 The architecture of this chapel is by Nicoletti. The 
 Magdalen on the high altar is by Gherardi, and the baflb- 
 relievos on the fides by Gefuelli. The architecture of 
 the next magnificent chapel is by Bizzaccheri. St. Ni- 
 cholas on the altar is by Baciccio, the iides by Lamberti, 
 and the monument by Mazzoli. The cornice and cieling 
 are painted by Cerruti, the cupola and the angles by 
 Parofel, and the preaching of Chrift round the tribune by 
 Milani. The organ is remarkable for its great variety 
 of flops, imitative of the tone of different inftruments. 
 In the convent is a room where the pious founder lodged, 
 now converted into a chapel. Near the fide door is 
 the 
 
 CHURCH 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. MARY IN AQUIRO, AND COLLEGE 
 CAPRANICA. 
 
 This college, which was the principal in Rome, was 
 founded in the year 1400, by Card. Capranica, who 
 devoted to it part of his palace. It was endowed for 
 thirty-two poor ftudents, who after feven years ftudy arc 
 obliged to take orders, or at leaft to live in celibacy. 
 
 By the fide of this edifice is the church of St. Mary in 
 Aquiro, fuppofed to have been built by Anaftafius I. 
 about the year 400, on the ruins of the ancient temple of 
 Juturna. Greg. III. in 740, rebuilt it from the founda- 
 tion, and, in 1 1 59 Alexander III. confecrated the altars. 
 At that time it was collegiate, and had a cardinal deacon ; 
 but in 1540 Paul III. ereded an hofpital on the fame 
 fpot for the poor orphans collected by St. Ignatius Loyola. 
 In 1 59 1 Card. Salviati not only rebuilt the church from 
 the foundation, after a defign of Volterra, but added the 
 houfe for the children, and the college for the ftudents. 
 St. Charles in the firft chapel on the right is by a Lom- 
 bard, the painting in the fecond by Pavone, the frefcos in 
 the third by Veneziano, and the painting on the altar is 
 attributed to Nappi. The architedure of the high altar 
 is by Rolfi, and the picture by Buoncuore, who executed 
 the frefco round the tribune. The paintings of the 
 pafiion of Chrift in the laft chapel but one are by Spe- 
 ranza, the altar-piece and the fides by Flamingo, St. 
 Sebaftian in the laft by Lombardo, and the pidure in the 
 facrifty by Rocca. 
 
 This church is called in Aquiro, perhaps from the 
 equiri games performed near this fpot ; but more probably, 
 as Anaftafius fuggefts, from the water-courfe near the 
 temple of Juturna, to which the duck of bronze alludes, 
 
 which 
 
284. DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 which is related by Fulvius to have been found here 
 when Pope Anaftafius began to build the church. It 
 miobt have been called in Aquiro alfo from the arches of 
 the Aqua Vergine, whofe principal difcharge was near 
 the church of St. Ignatius 5 whence Nardini fuppofes this 
 to have been the termination of one of the porticoes of 
 the Septi, ereded by Lepidus or Agrippa, in which was 
 held a continual fair or market of precious merchandize. 
 Farther on is the 
 
 PALACE OF THE ROMAN SEMINARY. 
 
 This feminary, which was erefted in 1565, is a noble 
 fpecimen of the architecture of Ammannato, for the 
 reception of an hundred ftudents intended for the church, 
 who there learn the difcipline and the fciences fuited to 
 the ecclefiaflical life. But the order of the Jefuits, who 
 governed this feminary, having been abolifhed in 1774* 
 the pupils were removed to the Roman college, and this 
 large edifice purchafed by the Monte della Pi eta, who 
 have reduced it to a private habitation. Returning 
 from this fpot, the next object is the Palace Serlupi, the 
 archite&ure of Giacomo della Porta; and near this the 
 
 PIAZZA DELLA ROTONDA, 
 
 This fquare having been reduced to a heap 0 ruins 
 by the deflations of Rome, Eugenius IV. had it cleared: 
 at which period were found before the portico of the 
 temple the two lions of bafaltes now at the fountain 
 of Sixtus V. a' termini, the precious porphyry tomb 
 of Clem. XII. in St. John Lateran, a head of Agrippa 
 in bronze, a foot of a horfe, and a piece of a wheel 
 alfo of metal, fuppofed to have belonged to the tri, 
 umphal car placed within the pediment of the temple, 
 
 Greg, 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 2%$ 
 
 Greg. XIII. added the fountain, and Clem. XI. fet up 
 the obelifk, after a defign of Barigioni. At prefenit a 
 permanent market is held there for all the necefiaries of 
 life j which takes the name of Rotonda from the circular 
 form of the 
 
 PANTHEON, NOW THE CHURCH OF ST. MARY AD 
 MARTYRES. 
 
 This wonderfully beautiful and fuperb temple is the 
 only one whofe entire form has furvived the defolations 
 of the barbarians. Its original architects are unknown. 
 Michael Angelo writes that three were employed, 
 one of whom built the temple as far as the cornice, 
 the fecond covered it with a capacious dome, whofe 
 circumference is that of the temple itfelf, and the 
 third added the portico, which is fupported by fixteert 
 uncommonly magnificent columns of oriental granite, 
 near fixty-fix palms high, including their capital and bafe, 
 above fix in diameter, and furniftied with beams of 
 metal to fupport the roof. But though the names of the 
 architects are loft, that of their employer, M. Agrippa, will 
 live as long as the Pantheon itfelf fhall have admirers. 
 This unrivalled model of architecture received its name 
 in confequence of being dedicated to all the gods. It is 
 now confecrated to St. Mary and all the faints. In the 
 right niche near the door flood the ftatueof Auguftus, and 
 on the left that of Agrippa. The temple is two hundred 
 palms high, two - hundred " and eighteen in diameter, 
 and has one hundred and ninety fteps leading to the 
 cupola, the opening in the center of which is thirty-eight 
 palms and three quarters in diameter. In the infide are 
 many grand columns of Numidian, giallo-antico and other 
 fine marbles. This temple was dedicated by Agrippa to 
 
 Jupiter 
 
286 
 
 DESCRIPTION or 
 
 Jupiter Ultor, in confequence of the victory obtained by 
 Auguftus over Mark-Antony and Cleopatra. It was 
 alfo confecrated to Cybele, mother of all the gods. In 
 the tribune was the coloffal ftatue of Jupiter, on a pedeftal 
 of equal fize with thofe of the columns. In the compart- 
 ments now occupied by the altars were the ftatues of the 
 celeftial gods, and in the intercolumniations the terreftrial, 
 with that of Cybele in the center. Of thefe the ftatue 
 of Venus was decorated with the celebrated pearl of 
 Cleopatra, counterpart to that which fhe fwallowed, after 
 having diflblved it in vinegar, when fupping with Mark 
 Antony, each fupper being faid to have coft about two 
 hundred and fifty thoufand crowns of gold. Fauno alfo 
 enumerates a ftatue of Minerva in ivory, executed by 
 Phidias, of fuperb workmanftiip ; and in the fubterranean 
 vault, to which a fpacious flight of fteps defcends, though 
 now covered with the pavement, were placed the ftatues 
 of the infernal gods. Probably neither the original 
 founder of this temple, nor the motive of its erection, are 
 known; but being fituated in the loweft part of the 
 Campus Martius, it might have been erected to preferve 
 the memory of the Palus Capreae, near which Romulus- 
 was killed and fecretly buried; for which reafon the 
 Romans preferved it with the profoundeft fuperftition, and 
 dedicated it to all the gods, that they might affift them in 
 their undertakings, and fecure them in the enjoyment of 
 their conquefts. 
 
 This temple muft have been very rich, as it was 
 entirely incrufted with large plates of filver fheeting, 
 both within and without, which were firft injured by 
 lightning, and afterwards taken away by Conftantius, 
 nephew of Heraclitus, in 636, who removed the ftatues 
 and other precious remains of antiquity from Rome, in 
 
 order 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN! ROME. 2$J 
 
 order to adorn Conftantinople : but that prince dying on 
 his return to Syracufe, his numerous fleet was taken 
 by the barbarians, and carried into Egypt. This emperor 
 is faid to have committed more depradations on Rome in 
 feven days than the barbarians in two hundred and fifty 
 years. Hence this temple was deprived of every orna- 
 ment, and at length almoft buried in ruins, infomuch 
 that fteps were necefTary to dcfcend into it. 
 
 In 607, Boniface IV. in order to eradicate the fuper- 
 ftition of the heathens, performed the ceremony of puri- 
 fying it, and on the 14th of May confecrated it to 
 God in honour of the bleffed Virgin and all the martyrs, 
 removing twenty-eight cart loads of their bones from 
 various cemeteries, which he depofited here under the high 
 altar ; wheneeit is called St. Mary ad Martyres. But being 
 fo much frequented every year by pilgrims who aflembled 
 there to celebrate the feaft of all faints, as to occafion 
 great inconvenience, this feftival was by Greg. IV. in 
 S34, made univerfal in all churches. This temple was 
 held in fuch veneration, that the portrait of our Saviour, 
 imprinted on the veil of St. Veronica at the time of his 
 paffion, was long depofited there, but is fince removed to 
 St. Peter's. In the chapel of St. Jofeph is a great quan- 
 tity of earth, brought from feveral holy places at Jeru- 
 falem; for which reafon Paul III. granted it all the 
 indulgences acquired by vifiting thofe places. In the 
 time of Eugenius IV. the cupola being in danger of 
 decay, he ordered it to be repaired. The beams of metal 
 in the portico were removed by Urban VIII. They 
 weighed 45,000,250 pounds, and the nails 9,374. One 
 of thefe laft is in the Barberini colleaion, and another in 
 England, weighing forty-feven pounds. Alexander VII. 
 lowered the ground of the fquare, replaced the two large 
 
 columns 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 columns that were wanting, and repaired the inftde iinde# 
 the direction of Paglia. Clem. IX. added the iron work 
 in the portico. Clem. XL renewed the tribune, and 
 brought the pidure of the bleffed Virgin, called la Mi- 
 racufofa, faid to be painted by St. Luke: and laftly 
 Benedict XIV. repaired the whole, together with the 
 columns and metal doors, which are too fmall for the 
 entrance, and appear to have belonged to fome other 
 temple. The original doors, whofe furfaces were baffo- 
 relievo, were taken away by Genferic, King of the 
 Vandals, and loft in the Sicilian fea. The flabs of 
 African marble on each fide of the entrance are remark^ 
 able for their extraordinary fize. 
 
 This temple is decorated with paintings, ftatues, and 
 bufts of marble. The firft pidure on the left is by 
 Camafiei, the ftatue of St. Jofeph by Vincenzo Fioren- 
 tino, the paintings on the fides and God the Father above 
 by Cozza, the two baffo-relievos by Monaldi, the head 
 of Taddeo Zuccheri by his brother Frederic, and that of 
 Flaminio Vacca by himfelf. The ftatue of St. Agnes in 
 the next is by Felice ; the painting of St. Michael is 
 attributed to Ceccarini, the ftatue of the bleffed Virgin 
 in the third by Lorenzetto, under the direction of Ra- 
 phael > the buft of Annibal Caracci and that of Raphael 
 by Nardini, at the expence of Carlo Maratta, to which 
 an epitaph is added, compofed by Monfig. della Cafa, and 
 a diftich by Card. Bembo. 
 
 Ille hie eft Raphael, timuit, quo fofpite, vinci, 
 Rerum magna parens, & moriente, mori. 
 
 It contains alfo the bufts of Pierin del Vaga and Giovanni' 
 da Udina, who brought grotefque painting into ufe- 
 Thefe are by Mochi i and thofe of Pompeo Zuccherino 
 
 and 
 
ANCIENT AND' MODERN ROME. 3&<) 
 
 iinci Camillo Rufconi are fine productions of his nephew 
 and difciple Giufeppe ; and the ftatUe of St. Cefareo in 
 the fourth chapel by Cametti. Beyond the high altar the 
 firft ftatue is that of St. Athanafius, by Moderati ; in 
 the next chapel is that of St. Ann by Ottone ; then follow 
 the bufts of Albano the poet and Roffi the architect. St. 
 Thomas in the next chapel is painted by Gobbo ; and 
 the St. Lawrence and St. Agnes by Majoli, a fcholar of 
 Romanelli. 
 
 CHURCH AND CONVENT OF ST. MARY SOPRA MI- 
 NERVA. 
 
 In the fquafe before this church i$ a fmall Egyptian 
 bbelifk, found in the garden of the convent, one of 
 thofe brought from the temple of Ifis. It was placed 
 by Bernini on the back of the elephant, by order of 
 ^Alexander Vll. in honour of the blefled Virgin, to 
 whom the church is dedicated; It takes its name from 
 being built on the ruins of the temple of Minerva,, 
 ere£led by Pdmpey the Great, in confequence of his 
 numerous victories during ten fucceffive years. Popa 
 Zacharias gave that fmall church and convent to the 
 nuns from Greece, who Were afterwards removed to the 
 Campus Martius. About the year 1370 it Was given to 
 the Dominican friars, who, with the afliftanCe of feveral 
 benefa&orsj built this noble Gothic church in its 
 jdacej in which were inftituted four confraternities : that 
 t)f the Rofary founded by St. Dominic ; the Annuncia- 
 tion, in 1460, by Torrecremata, a Spaniard; that of 
 the Sacrament, inftituted by Stella; and that of our 
 Saviour, in 1596. In this church are fome paintings 
 and fculpture worthy of notice. St. Lewis in the firft 
 chapel on the right is by Baciccio, and the fides by 
 
 Vol. I. U Cello. 
 
g^Q DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Gelio. The whole of the next, with St. Rofa, is painted 
 by Baldi j St. Peter the martyr in the next by Lam- 
 berti ; the paintings in the next, except the altar-piece 
 and thofe above, by Franco ; and thofe on the arch and 
 pilafters by Muziano. The chapel beyond the fmall 
 door, dedicated to the Annunciation, is painted by Neb- 
 bia, and the ftatue of Urban VII. by Malvieino. Next 
 to this is the Aldobrandini chapel, highly decorated with 
 marble and ftatues, being a defign of Giacomo della 
 Porta, flniflied from the Cornice upwards by Maderno. 
 The altar-piece is the laft work of Baroccio, and the 
 paintings around are by Alberti. The ftatue of the pope 
 and that of Juftice are by Buzio ; and thofe of St. 
 Peter, St. Paul, and Religion, with a Cherubim finely 
 executed, by Mariani. The ftatues of the father and 
 mother of the pope, and St. Sebaftian, are by Cordieri, 
 . and the two Angels on the altar by Malvieino. The 
 fculpture of the other monument is by Maderno. St. 
 Raymond in the next chapel is by Maggi, and St. Ca- 
 tharine and St. Agatha on the pilafters by Vcnufti or 
 Sermoneta. 
 
 The Crucifix in relievo in the fmall chapel of the 
 crofs aifle is by Giotto, and the two Cherubims of metal 
 on the monument are fine works of Landini. The 
 painting in the next chapel is by Lippij thofe around by 
 Raffaellino del Garbo, and the Annunciation is attributed 
 to Gio. da Fiefeole. The ftatue of Paul IV. in marble 
 of various colours, is by Caflignola, the picture in the 
 •next chapel by Carlo Maratta, the paintings above by 
 Baciccio, and the marble bufts by Fancelli. The fifteen 
 myfteries, reprefented in the fame number of paintings in 
 the chapel of the Rofary, are by Venufti j the acts of 
 Sti Catharine of Sienna by Vecchi, the crowning with 
 
 thorns 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. igi 
 
 tnorns by Veneziano, and the picture of the blefled 
 Virgin on the altar is attributed to Fiefole. As St. 
 Catharine ufed frequently to vifit this altar in 
 her life-time, her body was Buried here, and is now 
 venerated under the altar. The ftatue of the blefled 
 Virgin by the pilafter of the 'high altar is by SicilianO ; 
 the monument of Leo X. and that of Clem. VII. in the 
 choir by Bandinelli; the ftatue of Leo by Raphael di 
 Monte Lupo, and that of Clement by Baccio Bigio* 
 The celebrated ftatue of Chrift by the other pilafter is 
 the admirable Work of Michael Angelo. 
 
 In the chapel ufed as a paffage are three monuments of 
 cardinals. That over the door is a defign of Rinaldi, the 
 ftatue in the middle by Ferrata, the Charity by RomanO, 
 Religion by Michele, the other by Mari; a fcholar of 
 Ferrata, and thofe fitting by Fancelli and Roffi. The 
 monument with its recumbent ftatue is a defign of Gia- 
 como della Porta; and fculptured by Silla da Vigu. That 
 oppofite is a defign of Bernini. The ftatue of Charity is 
 by Raggi, the other by a brother of Mari, and the reft 
 by Ferrata and others. The buft on the monument m 
 the next chapel is by Mochi, the picture of the Magdalen 
 on the altar by Pavone, and St. Hyacinth in the fmall 
 chapel oppofite by Lioni. The chapel of St. Dominic, 
 Which is decorated with wonderfully fine marble columns, 
 was finifhed by Raguzini, by order of Benedict XIII. 
 That pope's fepulchre is a defign of Marchionrri,- who 
 fculptured the baflb-relievo, and the cherubims that fup- 
 port the coat Of arms. The ftatue of the pope, with 
 that on the right, are by Bracci j and that on the left 
 by Pincellotti. The picture on the altar is by Paolo de 
 Matteis, and the paintings around by Roncalli. The 
 picture of Pius V. in the next chapel is by Procaceirci, 
 U 2 the 
 
INSCRIPTION 0? 
 
 the fide by Baldi, thofe around by Cerruti, and the firte 
 picture over the door of the cloifter by Venufti. The 
 monument of Ubaldini on the laft pilafter in the middle 
 aifle, with a portrait in Mofaic, is by Calandra; that of 
 Maria Raggi oppofite is a defign of Bernini ; and that 
 with two medallions is a defign of Pietro da Cortona. 
 St. James in the next chapel is by Venufti, St. Vincent 
 Ferrari by Caftelli, the two fmall ftatues in the chapel 
 -dedicated to our Saviour by Mino da Fiefole* the paint- 
 ings in the laft chapel but one by Nappi, the Magdalen 
 in the laft by Venufti, the ftatue on the monument of 
 Francefco Fontebuoni by Mino, and that of his wife by 
 Verocchio. The monument of Cav. Pucci near the door 
 is a defign of Giacomo della Porta, and the head on the 
 other by Donatello; 
 
 In the facrifty is a painting of the Crucifixion by 
 Andrea Sacchi, and various others by Speranza, Thofe 
 around it are by a Fleming. In this facrifty Eugenius IV. 
 in H33> and Nicholas V. in 1447, were eleaed popes, 
 the conclaves being held in the convent. Formerly the 
 inquifitors ufed to fit here every Wednefday. The 
 frefcos of the Annunciation, the St. Pius V. and the 
 battle, in the cloifter, are by Valefio; the Prefentation 
 and the Vifitation by Paglia and Lelli, and the reft by 
 Nappi and others. Next to the Vatican library, this 
 convent boafts the raoft valuable collection of books, 
 bequeathed to it by Card. Cafanatta, together with a fund 
 for fupporting and increafing it, being kept open for the 
 public. The ftatue of St. Dominic in ftucco in the 
 dormitory is by Algardi, and that of marble in the library 
 by Le Gros. 
 
 Oppofite this church is the college of noble ecclefiaftics, 
 called Pizzardoni, in which are received young men of 
 
 every 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 2£J 
 
 every nation, who are admitted at the age of twenty-one. 
 In the ftreet to the left of the former is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. STEPHEN DEL CACCO. 
 
 This edifice was built on the ruins of the ancient 
 temple of Ifis and Serapis, which was burnt by the 
 Emperor Claudius. Jofephus relates, that a youth called 
 Mundus, perfonating the god Anubis, violated the honour 
 of Paulina, a chafte noble matron, betrayed into his hands 
 by the prjefts of this temple, who pretended their god. 
 was in love with her; for which crime that emperor 
 ordered them to be put to death, and the youth condemned 
 to perpetual exile. This temple was rebuilt by Alexander 
 Severus, and ornamented with Egyptian figures and 
 fymbols, among which were the two river gods in the 
 Vatican Mufeum, and the two (phinxes at the Campido- 
 glio, with many other antiquities. In 1565 this church 
 was granted to the Silveftrini monks, who repaired it, 
 and preferved its ancient form of three aifles and two 
 orders of columns. The dead Chrift is by Pierin del 
 Vaga, the frefcos in the tribune by Confolano, and the 
 others by Baglioni. In the fmall ftreet near the fide door 
 is the 
 
 CHURCH OF ST. JOHN DELL A PIGNA. 
 
 This fmall church was granted by Greg. XIII. to the 
 confraternity della Pieta, aflbciated for the releafe of 
 prifoners, who in 1582 repaired and beautified it. The 
 St. John on the altar is by Croce, the Pieta by Garzi, 
 and St. Elutherius by Zoboli. On Chriftmas and Eafter 
 eves, among other pious works, this confraternity liberate 
 perfons confined for debts, by paying the fums for which 
 they are imprifoned : an objedt for which Sixtus V. 
 
 U 3 affigned 
 
2<J4- DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 afiigned them an income of two thoufand crowns. They 
 alfo fupply them with bread, and fend every day to vifit 
 them, and provide them with neceflaries. Oppofite is the 
 
 PALACE ESTENSE, NOW MARESCOTTI. 
 
 This palace was built by Sig. Maflei, after a defign of 
 Giacomo della Porta. It fince became the property of 
 the Duke d'Efte of IVlodena, and was lately purchafed 
 by Sig. Marefcotti, who has enlarged it after a defign of 
 Fuga. The ruins in the ftreet oppofite are thofe of the 
 famous baths of M. Agrippa, in which was formerly a 
 fmall dome called Areo della Ciambella, whence this part 
 of Rome now takes that name. Agrippa, when aedile, 
 gave the people gratuitous accefs to one hundred and 
 feventy private baths, whofe number was increafed in the 
 reign of Nero to eight hundred and fixty, exclufive of 
 the twelve public baths, called the Caefars, and illuminated 
 at night with large bronze lamps. Among the ftatues 
 was that of a youth ftripped and ready to leap into the 
 water, the exquifite work of Lyfippus, which Tiberius 
 removed to his own palace, though the clamours of the 
 people afterwards obliged him to reftore it. Agrippa 
 bequeathed his baths and gardens to the people, and they 
 were afterwards repaired by Adrian. On the left of the 
 palace is the 
 
 £HURCH OF THE WOUNDS OF ST ? FRANCIS. 
 
 Here formerly flood an ancient church dedicated to 
 the forty martyrs, which, being almoft deferted, was, 
 about the year 1 595, granted to the Confraternity delle 
 Stimate ; and, on account of its ruinous ftate, Clem X. 
 rebuilt it, after a defign of Qontini, which was completed 
 by Canevari. Among the paintings, the fcourging at the 
 
 pillar 3 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. 29$ 
 
 pillar, by Cav. Benefiali, which adorns the fide of the 
 firft chapel on the right, is much admired. The blefled 
 Virgin on the altar is by Mancini, the crowning with 
 thorns on the other fide by Muratori, the blefled Virgin 
 in an oval 3n the next chapel by Cav. Conca, and St. 
 Michael is copied from the Mofaic in St. Peter's by 
 Laurenti. St. Jofeph Calafantius in the next is by 
 Capizzoni, a fcholar of Benefiali ; St. Francis on the 
 high altar by Trevifani, who painted the St. Antony in the 
 next chapel ; St. Pafcal Baylon in the next by Laurenti ; 
 the martyrs in the laft by Brandi, and the paintings round 
 the cieling by Garzi. 
 
 Oppofite is the Palace Strozzi, remarkable not only 
 on account of its great extent, and the fcarce pictures 
 with which it is decorated, but ftill more on account of 
 its celebrated mufeum, in which are gold medals of the 
 twelve firft Caefars, and a quantity of fcarce and very 
 fingular ftones, with many antique intaglios, and a figure 
 of a child, one of the moft celebrated works of Titian. 
 Returning {a the arch, and in the ftreet on the left, is 
 the oratory of St. Benedict and St. Scolaftka » and on the 
 right is the 
 
 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF ST. CLARE. 
 
 This monaftery was built in the year 1563, by Pius IV. 
 for female penitents ; but in 1628 thefe being removed near 
 the church of St. Giacomo in Lungara, were replaced by 
 young girls under the regulation of St. Clare, The church 
 is built after a defign of Volterra, and dedicated to the 
 aboye faint, who is reprefented on the high altar between 
 two prophets by Baldaflare Croce. The frefcos are by 
 Volterra, and the other altar-pieces are copies. In this. 
 
 rnorAaftery. 
 
296 
 
 DESCRIPTION, &C. 
 
 monaftery are fome farther ruing of Agrippa's baths, and 
 
 oppofite is the 
 
 ORATORY OF ST. CATHARINE OF SIENNA. 
 
 This faint haying lived and died on this fpot, a fmall 
 monaftery was eredted for Dominican nuns, who in the 
 time of Pius V. were removed to Monte Magnanapoli, 
 and this ecjifice converted into a college for Neophites ; 
 after which, thefe being remoyed to a fpot near the church 
 of St. Mary de' Monti, the confraternity of the Annun- 
 ciation brought their archives hither, and built a relidencc 
 for the members of their body, who every year portion a 
 hundred poor girls for marriage or the convent. This 
 noble chapel, eredled in memory of the above faint, is 
 decorated with marble and paintings, of which this con ? 
 fraternity have the care; and in the yard is a very lar^e 
 marble Sarcophagus, 
 
 BMp OF THE FIMT VOLUMS„ 
 
INDE X. 
 
 A. Page 
 
 .CAPEMY of drawing at the Campidoglio 94 
 N . .u — of France for the fine arts .. . 49 
 
 Amphitheatre of Flavius, called the Colofleo ■ 1 ■ 115 
 
 — — -Caftrenfe i , 149- 
 
 Aqua Acetofa — ■ ■ - . ■ — ig 
 
 Aquedu£l of the Aqua Claudia i 123 
 
 Vergine - 227 
 
 Arch of Conftantine the Great and Meta Sudante 119 
 
 « of Gallienus ■ • . . igg 
 
 de* Pantani m ■ ■■■ • . v .- 262 
 
 — of Septimius Severus ■ .. g$ 
 
 ■ of Titus and Vefpafiaii ■ • . -■ 109 
 
 ■ di Venezia ■ — — 255 
 
 Afylum eretted by Romulus — — . - 4. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bafilica Antoniana ■ — — - . 41 
 
 - di S. Croce in Jerufalem ■ j 49 
 
 — Laterana ■ ■ 132 
 
 i *r of S. Maria Maggiore » .. . ■" 160 
 
 C. 
 
 Campidoglio *m > ■ — — 59 
 
 Campo Marzo, and its magnificence . jy 
 
 Scelerato ■ ■ 205 
 
 > Vaccino, and its antiquities — gg 
 
 Cafmo of Pope Julius - . .. . , 16 
 
 Caftrum Praetprium . . .. 194 
 
 Church of St* Adrian . 102 
 
 - of St. Agatha de' Goti . 240 
 ■■ — ; de' Teflitori ... 259 
 
 — — — — of St. Agnes — — . jgg 
 
 ■ of St. Ambrofe and St. Charles — 26 
 
 - pf St, Andrew alle Fratte 222 
 
 Church 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Church of St. Andrew a Monte Cavallo — — 185 
 
 a Monte Caelio, and Hofpitals 1 29 
 
 . - -a Ponte Molle ■ 15 
 
 . . in Porto Gallo — — 263 
 
 of the Scotch 201 
 
 . of SS. Angeli Cuftodi — 225 
 
 — — — of St. Antony the Abbot — — 158 
 
 ,., , ■ of St. Athanafius ■ 219 
 
 — — r- of the SS. Bambino Gefu, - ■ ■ 181 
 
 _J of St. Bartholomew de* Bergamafchi 38 
 
 , , ■ ■ of St. Bernard alleTerme — • 187 
 
 . j, .. of St. Bernardino .— r- — — 240 
 
 . of St. Biagio in Campo Marzo 278 
 
 near the Campidoglio 5 5 
 
 _ of St. Bibbian 155 
 
 . of St. Buonaventura ■ -> — - 114 
 
 , of St. Caius ■ 186 
 
 . of St. Carlo alle Quattro Fontanc n — » 184 
 
 of St. Catharine of Sienna « 241 
 
 1 of St. Clare — — 295 
 
 of St. Claud de Borgognoni -rr-r- 40 
 
 «, of St. Clement * •. ■»-«— 123 
 
 of the Conception at the Capuchins 201 
 
 in the Campo Marzo 27c 
 
 of St. Conftantia e 196 
 
 of St. Cofmus and St. Damian - J 05 
 
 of St. Croce in Jerufalem ■■ . . - 149 
 
 — de'Lucchefi jt- — I 252 
 
 — of St, Denis the Areopagite 
 
 — of St. Dominic and St. Sixtus 24a 
 
 — of St. Eufebius 154 
 
 — of St. Francefca Romana « 21 1 
 
 of St. Francefco di Paola ai Monti 177 
 
 — oF(the Wounds of) St. Francis — Uii 294 
 
 — delGefu — 5 l 
 
 — of St. Giufeppe —. — - »6o 
 
 of St. Ildefonfo Mj 211 
 
 of St. James, and Hofpital of the Incurabili 23 
 
 — . of Jefus and Mary . — — ■ 25 
 
 — of St. Jerome • 273 
 
 : of St. John in Campo Marzo — — 224 
 
 ., ■ ■ . -■ - Lateran — — j ■ 133 
 
 de'Maroniti 226 
 
 . . and St. Paul ■ 126 
 
 — ^ — „«— - «, della Pigna 293 
 
IUDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Church of S. jofeph a Capo le Cafe *J — 222 
 
 ■ — delle Orfoline « ■ • 26 
 
 — of St. Ignatius ■ ■ ■- 42 
 
 -of St. Ilidore • ■> cit 
 
 jtJi — t— of St. Ives of Brittany « — — 277 
 
 of St. Lawrence in Fonte 266 
 
 1. — ■ ., »■ in Lucina — — 29 
 
 . . in Miranda mi J04 
 
 . — ■ fuori delle Mura — < — 268 
 
 in Panifperna • 267 
 
 of St. Lucia in Selci 174 
 
 dellaTinta — — • 277 
 
 of St. Luke de' Pittori and St. Martina 101 
 
 of St. Macuto 43 
 
 of St. Marcellinus and St. Peter -m-~ j 5S 
 
 of St. Marcellus « * 4^ 
 
 of St. Mark 255 
 
 of St. Mary degl'Angioli a Termini < 189 
 
 in Aquiro « 283 
 
 — . — in Ara Coeli 55 
 
 — — ■ in Campo Carleo 25$ 
 
 of Conftantinople 225 
 
 -. — in Domnica, and St. Thomas i 2 «j 
 
 — — „ Imperatrix ■ 124 
 
 „ . Liberatrice * 111 
 
 — , — di Loretto ■ ■ 246 
 
 — . Magdalen in the Corfo 32 
 
 — . Magdalen a Monte Cavallo 23g 
 
 , . Magdalen de' Miniftri degl' Infermi 281 
 
 Maggiore ■ • 160 
 
 ad Martyres — 285 
 
 — fopra Minerva ■ ■ ■ 289 
 
 — 1 de' Miracoli 23 
 
 . de' Monti — — 265 
 
 , di Monte Santo 22 
 
 — ■ 1 la Nuova and St, Francefca Romana 108 
 
 del Pafcolo »■■ 26$ 
 
 — — - del la Porta del Paradifo — — 271 
 
 — ■ ■■ . del Popolo ■ j 7 
 
 — — — •— — della Purificazione 174 
 
 — — - .... . a Trevi — — ■ , ... 228 
 
 — — delle Vergini . r 253 
 
 . in Via 39 
 
 in Vialata 46 
 
 — j.i - ddls Vittoria 192 
 
 Churc% 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Church of St. Mary dell* Umilta. 
 
 — * of St. Martha near the Roman College 
 
 of St. Martino a Monti 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ■ of St. Matteo in Merulana 
 
 ■ of St. Nicholas in Arcione 
 ' de' Perfetti 
 
 — '$ i ■ i. ■ daTolentino 
 
 ■ of the holy Name of Mary 
 
 ■ i of St. Paul the firft Hermit 
 
 — ■■ of St. Peter in Carcere . . . 
 
 and St. Marcellinu* 
 
 in Vinculis 
 
 of St, Praxede 
 of St. Pudentiana - 
 of the Quattro SS. Coronati 
 of St. Quiricus and St. Judith 
 of St. Romuald . 
 of St. Roche . 
 of St. Salvatore delle Coppelle 
 of St. Sebaftian in Pallara 
 of St. Silvefter in Capite 
 
 a Monte Cavallo 
 
 dello Spirito Santo 
 of St. Stefano Rotondo 
 St. Stephen del Cacco — — 
 of St. Sufanna — 
 of the Twelve Apoftles 
 of the Trinity in Strada Condottj 
 
 •■■ - - - della Miflione 
 
 ai Monti 
 
 of St. Venanzio and St. Anfovino 
 
 of St. Vitalis , . 
 
 of St. Vitus and St. Modeftus 
 of St. Vincent and St. Anaftafms 
 of St. Urban , 
 
 Circus of Aurelian 
 
 1 of Flora Ruftica 
 
 College Capranica and Salviati — . - 
 — — — Clementine, for the Nobility 
 
 ■ of the Greeks . 
 
 ■ 1 Nazarene - 
 — — for the Neophites ■ 
 
 Pizzardoni , 
 
 Premoftratenfe — — 
 
 — de Propaganda Fide — — 
 
I N D E X* 
 
 College of the Scotch _ ^ P ^ 
 
 * 1 '— - Roman, and Seminary . - 
 
 Column of Antoninus — — „ *g 
 
 - of Trajan n-, . „ ^ 
 Conservatory della Divina ProVidenza , a Z t 
 Curia Julia and Hoftilia ■ r 
 
 Innocenziana, on Monte Citorio ■ ^7 
 
 Dataria Apoftolica , , Q 
 
 F. 
 
 F all of the Roman Empire — — , t _ 
 
 Fountain of Termini . . x ~ 
 
 H of Trevi — _ a j[ 
 
 Forum of Auguftus J 2 gg 
 
 - of Casfar , A a 
 
 — » Roman, and its magnificence n a 
 
 G. 
 
 Gallery of ftatues £ki 61,82 
 
 — ofpidures 8 86 
 
 Oarden of Aldobrandmi — + .. 2g() 
 
 — - of Colonna — . , 2 ^» 
 
 - ■■ '" — of Maecenas -- - ^ 
 
 « Pontifical on the Quirinal hill U 2 £? 
 
 ofSalluft ^ . ^4 
 
 Government of Rome by Kings, Confuls, and Emperors \ 
 
 H. 
 
 257 
 
 Houfe of Pietro da Cortona 
 
 L. 
 
 Lake of Curtius — — . - - x 
 
 Laws of Romulus, and his Death 5 
 Library, Cafanatta , _ 
 
 — Imperial, in the Palace BoneHi . 
 
 M. 
 
 Maufoleum of Auguftus — -1 . 2<>1 
 
 Monaftery delle Barberini . ■ , _ 
 
 . ... delle Cappuccine — — — 2ae 
 
 « delle Philippine 
 
 — delle Orfoline — — , \q 
 
 delle Turchine 
 
 178 
 Monte 
 
INDEX. 
 
 "Monte Gapitolino or Mons Saturnius 
 
 Celio • ~ 
 
 j — Efquilino — ! 
 
 Palatino ■ — — 
 
 Quirinale, new Monte Cavalla 
 
 Muro Torto 
 
 6. 
 
 Obelifk of Auguftus in the Campus Martius 
 
 £2 in the Piazza of St. John Lateral* 
 
 . — — del Popolo 
 
 Oratory del P. Caravita — — 
 
 . of St. Catharine of Sienna 
 
 4 of the Crucifix of St. Marcelkts 
 
 Orti Farnefiani 
 
 P. 
 
 Palace of Albani -— 
 .. of AUieri * 
 
 • Late ran ■ , _ 
 
 ■ on the Monte Quirinale 
 
 of Afti, now Ranuccini 
 
 « of Barberini s 
 
 «. of Bolognetti — — 
 
 t of Bonelli • — 
 
 4 of Borghefe — — 
 
 i ofCaffarelli — 
 
 of the Camera ■ ' '■ • 
 
 , of the Campidoglio - 
 
 #~ Carol is .. "• ■•■* 
 
 u of Colonna — — 
 
 . della Confulta • * 
 
 — of Fiano — — •' - 1 t — 
 
 di Fiorenza * ! — 
 
 of Qhigi — — 
 
 ±z of Marefcotli -* 
 
 . of Mellini »- • 
 
 .„ of Muti - 
 
 of Odefcalchi • ■■ -' 
 
 - , of Pamphili in the Corfo 
 
 — »- in the Piazza diVenezia 
 
 of the Queen of Poland 
 of Rondanini 
 of Rofpigliofi 
 
 Page-' 
 
 99' 
 1 29 
 
 160 
 
 1 10 
 
 23c? 
 
 8t8' 
 
 2 79 
 130 
 20 
 43 
 
 2d6 
 
 45 
 1T0 
 
 184 
 
 50 
 146 
 230 
 
 49 
 »97 
 
 50 
 247 
 274 
 
 94 
 16 
 81 
 43 
 2 47 
 234 
 32 
 278 
 
 35 
 294 
 
 44' 
 251 
 
 253 
 48 
 
 5° 
 
 212 
 
 2 5 
 
 237 
 Palace 
 
INDEX. 
 
 £alade of Rufpoli — — 
 
 1 ■ — of Sciana Colonha « • ■ - 
 
 - — di Spagna — — 
 * of Strozzi - ' ■ ■ 
 
 ■ di Venezia «• •• 
 
 * — di Verofpi . - ■ ■ ■■ 
 
 Pantheon of Agrippa, called the Rotonda 
 
 Piazza Colonna — — — . . . •< ■ ■ 
 
 Km — Barberini — — - ■ - 
 
 — di Macel. de' Corvi . 
 
 ~ del Popolo - - 
 
 - delta. Rotonda ■ 
 
 *■' ■'- di Sciarra » -n . 
 
 1 di Spagna ■ ■ 
 
 ~— ■ di Termini » ■ - 
 
 ; ■ di Venezia » • 
 
 Ponte Molle, or Milvio — — . 
 
 Porta S.Giovanni 
 
 — j — • S. Lorenzo 
 
 ■ Maggiore — . - 
 
 -.- Pia, or of St. Agnes 
 
 1 Pinciana r » 
 
 ■ - del Popolo, olim Flaminia 
 
 Porto di Ripetta ■ — — 
 
 R. 
 
 Rome in its prefent ftate , 
 
 Roftri Vecchi, e Nuovi ., 
 
 S. 
 
 Scala Santa « 
 
 Scuderia Pontificia — — 
 
 Seminary, Roman ., 
 
 Strada del Babuino , 
 
 «— — del Corfo ■ . . 
 
 Felice 
 
 Pia, or Alta Semita . 
 
 • di Ripetta - 
 
 T. 
 
 Tarpeian Rock — — . - - 
 Theatre di Alberti, for mufical drama 
 Temple of Bacchus 
 
^Temple of Concord — — ■> 
 
 ■ of Antoninus and Fauftina 
 ■' of Jupiter Capitolinus • • 
 
 — FeretriuS — — 
 
 — Optimus Maximus 
 
 — Stator ■ 
 
 — Tonani — '— 
 
 of -Minerva Medica 
 
 of Peace 
 
 of Pallas 
 
 of - Quirinus 
 
 of Romulus and Remus 
 
 of Saturn 
 
 of Venus and Cupid 
 
 Terme or Baths of Conftantine the Great 
 
 ■ .. ■ - • ■ ' ' ■ of Diofclefian — — 
 ■ i. - • ■ ■ of Paulus "iEmilius 
 
 — of Titus, enlarged by Trajan 
 
 Tiber, its origin and courfe 
 
 Torre delle Milizie — — 242 
 
 j . .. - Pignatara, or Temple of Quies 1:53 
 
 Trielinio Leoniano — - 148 
 
 Trophies of MariuS — - < *54 
 
 V. 
 
 ViaFlaminia — — * -a— 14 
 
 Villa of Albani — — — — «— 206 
 
 of Altieri — — — — — i$Q 
 
 — of Borghefe — — -** — — 214 
 
 ■ " i ■ of Ludovifi s*» — ■ ' 269 
 
 of Mattei — — — — — 1 28 
 
 •— — of Medici — — 214 
 
 — of Negroni — — — . — — 181 
 
 — -ofPatrizi — « ■ — — 195 
 
 • of Pompcy — m — — . 218 
 
 — — ofSpada - — — <— 114 
 
1