k ^ . m V.AJ Digitized by the internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/detaiis/historyofiapiand02sche I } » i' I iE nlS^OKY OF Lapland ■tannery, Jlapits, (jonjiirations.iu that ^\opU, WriUen John <^hefFeruJ ssor of 9JutoA ahUpsal inSiMdmh Mtthe dTuaiirm Oxon ^'V W ir wl^i 1 -3 / THE HISTORY . 1 V O F : LAPLAND WHEREIN Are fliewed the Original, Manners, Habits , Marriages , , Conjurations , &c. of that People. WRITTEN By JOHN SCHEFFER, Profefor of Law and Rhetoric at Llpfal in Sweden. t / 1 .///Av/ LA ' Z . At the T.H E A T E R in OXF Q M. DC. L X X I V, r Imprimatur July 8. 1674, ■%J.'^ATHV%sr, Vicc-Canc. THE PREFACE. T he Til^der may pleafe to take notice , that the diligent and learned Author of this Hiforjy C to the vpriting of ivhich he was commanded, and therein afifed by the Chancellor of Sweden ') hath in the whole work^ taken care to jufify what hf relates , from the ^ faith of authentic records , the tejiimony of Hiforians^ and the Dfcourfes of Laplanders themfehes, with whom he had ready opportunities of cony erf e. And this he hath don fo precifely , that having in the contexture of his work^ given a full account of what he thought oh^ fervahle in the writings ^ or narratives to which he rc^ fers • he afterwards confantly puts down at length the very words of his Authors , a great part of vphich are in ' the Swedifh Tongue, jfow in this Edition we hawe f pared our f elves the labor offuch repetition pwhich we hope will not be regretted by the %pader , who we f ippof ? would not have bin much edified by them: AstothefubJeBhere difoursd of ^twill not be needfull to give a charaBer of it. A4T lit ary ABion , and thofe public murders in which other Hijlories triumph ^ have no foare here. Hunger ^ cold and folitude are enemies that engage all the fortitude of this Eeople : and where fo much pafsiye yalor is necejjary we may diffenfe with the want of ABive. Amldfl the bar^ barity and darknefs which reign in Lapland, there ap^ pear friBures of light , which will entertain the de of the mof knowing obferver • as the Stars are nolcfs remar^ kable then is the Sun it felf However the %eader will not THE PREFACE, not fail to Meet here mth what may gratify his curio^ fty. JVarmer Climates having all the comforts and ne^ cejfaries of life plentifully hejiowed upon them , are but a more difant home ^ inhere ive have little elfe talked of then rphat we daily fee among oar f elves : but here it is indeed ^ where rat her then in America, We have a new World difcoyered : and thofe extravagant falf ? hoods ^ which haye commonly pafl in the narratives ofthefe Sforthern Countries , are not fo inexcufable for their being lies ^ as that they were told without temtation • the real truth being equally entertaining^ and incredible. THE \ War^hpt^e' SiiRiDntQi^L4 TRINNI*y / T-af1ani Subject te the Slu^covite calLJ hy the edneUrttt BIARMIA f^UHtLahj THF, WHITE 5EA J/Luif'ahhjii^ I I THE HISTORY OF LAPLAND CHAP I- V Of the Jfdme of Lapland. T his Country doth not every where pafs by the fame name. By fomc ’tis called Lappia-, as '\ohamu Magnm in the Preface of his hiftory, and SaxoGrammat, in his 5 '^ book; by others Lapponi/i, as Olaus Magnus in the explication of his Map of Scandinavia^^nd Ziegler in hi* defcription of the Northern Countries, and before thefe Ericus Verfalienfis , and after xhtvR Andr. Buraus. The ufually call the Country in whofe language Mark fignifics Land ; xYit Vanes and Norwegians ^ Laplandia-,3ind ACo FindmarkjajdiS appears from Fetr, CUudus defcription of Norway : for no one can gather any thing elfe but an account of this Country, from his whole 38 '*' Chapt. which himfelf too feems to intimate, when he promifes more about Eindmarkia in his defcription of Lapland. Of i’ts being call’d Findmark^^ I fball fpeak in another place ; Now we will fee w'hy ’tis call’d Lafponia and Lappia., the Etymology of which words is not yet agreed upon by the Learned. Ziegler thinks they were named fo by the Germans., from the dulnefs andftu- pidity of the people, which the v'ord Lappi fignifies amongft them ; but this feems improbable, fince this Country is but of late known to the and none of their antient Writers make any mention of Lappia. Moreover, the Finlanders , Swedes and FuJJlans w^ho differ much in their language from one another, as well as from the Germans, Call it all by the fame name ; and the Germans , who are fo remote from Lapland , could not tranfmit this name to thefe more Northern Countries, tfpecially when they had little or no com- merce with them. Neither are the people fo very dull and ftupid^ as Ziegler him- felf afterwards acknowledges, when he confeffes they are good at the needle, and make delicate embroidered clothes. Neither can I affent to Wexionius’s opinion , that the Swedes gave them this name from their wearing of Skins ; for Lapper and Skinlapper do not fignify skins , but the fame as the Greeks pa'jtpi ( in Englilh Rags ) from whence 01. Tetr. Nieuren, who writ of Lapland in Guftavus Adolphus'^ time , derives their name from their coming into every year with rags /d’/’r about them, which is the fignification of Lapp 'm that A language 2 Of the Name of Lapland. Lnguage. But they do not deferve that name, meerly for this reafon^ any more than the Finlanders and others , for they are generally cloih’d in good Woollen garments , as we (hall fhew hereafter. Grotius thinks they are call’d Lapps from running or leaping^ hwi Lxp a ^ which in the Swedifh language fignifies to run, is writ with a fingle F, and the name of this Country with a double one : and thefe People naturally are no great runners , tho by an art they have of Aiding over the frozen fnow^jthey are very fwift in their moiicns.-Some think that the Inhabitants do net denominate the Country , but the Country the Inhabi- tants , as in the name oLFlofwegians and others, which feems to be ftrength- ned by this , becaufe CU Magnus calls them Lappnmanni the manner ‘FJordmanni , Wellman r, i ^-ANdSudermanni ^ in which words Manni llgnifying Men 5 they vrere call’d Lappomanni , i. e. Men of Letppia, “ Others fancy that the name of the Country is deriv’d from Lappu..-, which in the F innonkk. language is furthernioPl ^ becaufe it lies in the farthefl: part of Scandinavia* There is yet another opinion which may feem no lefs plaufible then any of the former, which agrees as w’ell with the fignihcation of the word Lapp among the Laplanders themfelves ; as the credit given to w’hat has been matter offa«fl, viz,, that ’tw’as call’d Lappia,, not from its Atuation , or other fuch like acci- dent , but from the Lappi that inhabited it. So that I take Lappi to fignify no other than banifh t perfons , which is the genuine fignification of Lapp in the Lapland language j for the Laplanders were originally Finlanders ^ and from leaving their Country may be prefum’d to have took their name ; and that not of their own chooAng,but the Finlanders ^ impofition, with whom to Lapp fignifies to run away ; whence the compellation Teeming fomething fcan- dalous, no perfon of quality to this day will endure to be call’d by it, tho from the Finlanders others Nations, as totGcrmafis ^ Swedes and Mofeovites, have learnt to call them fo. But they of Lappta Vmenfis flile themfelves Sab- mienladti and thofe of Lappia Tornenfis, Sameednan^ from the 'word Sabmi or Same ; the fignification of w^hich, and whence they had it, we Aiall fee hereafter. At what lime this Country and it’s inhabitants w'ere firff diftinguifli’t by thefe names Lappia and Lappi, ’tis hard to prove : ’tis certain ’twas bur of late, for the words are not found in any antient writer, neither in Tacitus, who mentions their neighbours and forefathers the Finlanders , uor'mPtolomy , So- linus , Anton. AuguHus, Kutihus, or others, neither in Authors nearer home ( not to name Jornandes , Paul Warnefrid , &c. ) nor in thofe who have writ the actions of Heraud and Bofa,o: Gcetricus and Rolfus, or King Olafus in the IJlan- dick^, Norwegian or language : we find nothing of them m Adam Bre- menfts , whofe diligence in writing of the Northern Countries, his Scandinavia fufiiciently tefrifies or in Sturlijlnius , who writ very accuratly of thefe parts in his own language. Therefore I cannot be fo eafily perfuaded with Grotius to believe Cluverius, who fays they were mention’d in the Peutingerian Tables, the Author of which is thought to have liv’d at leaft before Theodofius's time, i. e, 600 years before Adam Bremenjis : how then could he, that was none of the beft Geographers, if we may beleive Welferus ,-A\\d very far diftantfrom thefe parts, give us any account of them, lince Adam Bremenfis, who w^as fo near a neighbour, and had commerce with thofe that lived there, could give us none ? Befides , in that Table the Sarmatians are called Lupiones , with whom the Lappi were nothing concerned; neither doth any antient Author fay they were feated fo far Northward : wherefore the Lupiones there dtferibed * Johann, Torn^em, ^ Of, FcW. Nicuron', rl.:nt!n. yan- MS- I exic. Lappen, are Of the Situation of Lapland. are any People rather then the Laplanders^ for at that time, hen the Author writ, they were notfo much as known to any of their neighbours, ih^Gothick. NormgiAn or BanifJ) writers. The firft that mentions Lapland \s Saxo Grawat Hift. Dan. 1 . 5 * 'who lived and vyrote about Ann. 1190, and therefore was after AJam Bremenfis { ho lived Rhout 1077) near 130 years, in which interval this name muft needs come firft in ufe. For Saxo making mention of fuch a Country a great while before, in the time ofFrotho the third contemporary to Alrkus King of Swedland (who they fay lived before Chrift) doth not prove that ’twas called fo then 5 but that that Country might afterwards have had this appellation ; and I am fully perfwaded, that Bremeafs would not have omitted this name if he had had any knowledge of it. Afterward Vpfalienfis fpeaks of it about 1470 i.e. almoft 300 years after Saxo, and 200 before this prefent time. After them Jac. Ziegler made a large and learned defcription of it, by which it came to be known all over Europe. For however we may meet with the name Lajipia in Saxo , none but the Swedes and Finlanders , before Zieglers time , knew any thing of it. And fo much for the names of Lapland. CHAP II ^ Of the Situation of Lapland. T H e true and exaft fituation of this Country the Antients feem not to have fufficiently difeovered. Saxo makes it bordering upon Jamtia, ex- tending its felf as far, or rather lying as it were between Helfingia and Fin- land, hen in thefe words he fays the Yrovinces of the Helfingi , larnberi, lemti, with both the Lappia’s, asUkenife Finnia and Eftia paid annual tribute to one Domarus. Ericits Vpfalienfs feeins to make it a part of Finland, miftaking it for a certain part of that Kingdome fo called , on the one fide adjoining to Swedland, on the other to BuJJia, giving it a place between Carelia and Ny~ landia. Ol.Magn. in his Table, and fo his brother in the Preface of his Hiftcry, place it higher then the weftern Bothnia, making neighbours to it Scrikiinniafixriheft towards the North , and Biarmia towards the Eaft ; though feme ^ think there is no fuch place as Scnkfnnia , as it is certain there is none in thofc parts at this day called by that name. But yet we muft net flightly pafs over the unanimous opinion of fo many learned men , efpecially Saxo, not a little knowing in the Northern affairs , who have all not barely named it , but have deferibed the humours of the Inhabitants, their manners , habits and fafhion of their governments , with other matters’ belonging to them. Inftead of the Sertekfinai or Serkfinni of Johan, and OlMagn. 1 would rather read it Scrito- finni ; and as for Skidfinni as Adr. Bur^e would have it, all the Antients , what ever elfe they differ in, will agree in this, that there muft be an R in the word. Jornandex^caWs them Scretfennae, Fcitl. Warnefrid. and Diacon. Scrito- bmi changing / in b (of which and fome other things of the like nature I will treat in due time and place ) Adam Bremenfis Scritefiani : and the Greeks agree in this writing, fo that we ought not to doubt cf the Latines. Procopius * Burxus in hk defer, of Swidlmd. will 4 Of the Situation of Lapland. will have them fometimes other times 'X)ceA^(plvvs» Eefides *tis mani- feft fince the Scriujxnni are the fame with the Tinni , whofe Etymology in their own language is from leaping, by an art they have, by which with crooked pieces of wood under their feet like a bow they hunt wild beafts ; they could not there- fore take their name from , fignifying the w ooden Ihocs therafelves , but from their leaping, /. e. fwift running with them, which doubtlefs antiently was meant by Skrudn^ and which the Author cited by in the 46 page of his Lexicon confirms, where he relates the form of an oath made by Hafur^ that he would preferve the peace ^amdm 'Finnur skriidar^ i. e. as long as the Finlanders continued their manner of leaping. As for the Etymology that is there given, that it fignifies their wandring up and down, ’tis altogether falfe, for Skridsko at this day denotes thofe wooden Ihocs which they run upon the ice with; neither doth Skirida fignify any thing elfe among the Antients but to glide along the ground, for they do not take up one foot after the other, as in com- mon running , but carrying themfelves fieady upon the frozen fnow , they move forward {looping a little, as fliall be ihewn herealter. And perhaps this is the onely caufe that they arc called Himantofodes ^ People creeping upon their knees; which agrees exatflly with thefe Scntofinni : for they hearing that Skriida was to creep along, what could they fancy the Scrhofinni to be, but People not going like other men , but crawling forward like creeping animalls , but of this I fliall fpeak more at large when 1 come to the gliding upon the ice. That which I would chiefly evince here , is , that there are fuch a people rightly called Scritofinni, and the Country which they inh^hnis Scritofinnia or ScriU finnia , and that there is no reafon we ihould think there was no fuch pl^e, fince there are thofe who are called Scritjinni, i. e. Finlanders^ w^ho run upon the ice with wooden fiioes, whofe Country from thence may well be called ScrU tofinnia. And the fame may be urged for Biarmia againft thofe that will not allow there is any fuch place. Forfirftthe antient Writers making frequent mention of it , as that Author of the Hifiory thereof , calls it often BiarmaUnd in the old Gothick or Ijlandkk language, whoalfo calls the King of it //ereC?;- in Ch. 7. and his two Sons, the one Rcerik. the other Siggeir. Saxo likewifc in his book, fpeaks of a certain King of this place , who reigned in the time of Regner King of the Danes^ making it border upcn Finland^ when he fays the King of Biarmia fled for refuge to Matullus-i who then reigned in Finland. But now granting there were antiently fuch names as Biarmia and Scritfinn/a , it remains doubtfull flill whether they were diflind Countries or no. All Authors except Jokan. and Ol. Magn. feem to make them the fame , Procop. Jornand. Paul. Warn- frid. and Adam Bremenfis fpeak of Scritfnnia^ni none of B:armia^zr\d the North- ern writers do juft contrary, indeed mentions- them both , but not at the fame time: cncein his Preface he names Scritfinnia , leaving out Biarmia^ in other places he names Biarmia omitting the other ; from whence I am almoft of opinion that Tis the fame Country called by native Writers Biarmia by forreign Scritfinnia. We may add further that as Adam Bremenfis makes Scritfinnia next to Helfngia, the Author of the KiRory of fderaud sind Bo/a fets Biarmia in the fame place ,fpeakingof fome Woods in it, and Rivers that emty them- felves into the Sinus Bothnicus or bay of G andui a ntxtio fielfngia. And more- over as the Scritfinm area People of which not onely their name, but an old Chorographick Table commended by doth intimate , diftinguifh- ing the Fenni into the Serhfenni and Redefermi ^ foTis piobable of the Biarmians FauL W'arnefrid, ' Ad, Brtm. Selin, c, 44 . Of the Situation of Lapland. 5 lities that ufually commend Lands for Agriculture. Then as to his urging its as well for their neighbourhood to Helfingla ^ of which before, as for iheii' worfhippiug a God by the name oi Jomala ^ which is a Finland word, de- noting God amongft them to this day. Moreover the Biar miens have many other things like the Finlanders^ as the Art of darting, of Magic, (^r. So that Bi^rmia may be a Colony of Finland^ v. hofe People were called by Strangers, from their skirring along, or gliding upon the rnow,iS’ 6 ';'/ 7 o/««/. But now fuppoling all this true, and that the Biarmia of the Ancients, and S'ct//- finnia were the fame, ’tis a queftion ftill whether Lap land be diftintfl from them or not. Joh.cLT\dOl. Magnus in their Geographic Tables and deferiptions, make them diftinft Countries. But that cannot be 5 for if Scrilftnnia and Biarmia reach one way to Helfingia and Jamtia , on the other to Finland ^ if they lye fo near ihefe Provinces, and extend to the Bay of B')thma {hoih \wmch have bin denionftrated before ) I do not fee where Lapland can have any place at all. And the fame Authors are alio miftaken in putting it South of Biarmia and Scritfihnia , whereas the Antients placed thefe beyond it. For that they mean’c only by Biarmia that which the Swedes now call 7 'm;;?ea,appears to be falfefroin what has bin faid before : for w'here are any Rivers in Trhincs that run into the Bay of Bothnia ? and how is it bordering upon Finland ? Wherefore contrary to Joh. andO/. Magnus^ I think rather that Lapland is the fame that was firft by the Inhabitants called Biarmia, by Strangers Scritfinnia, then changing the name for fome of the reafons here produced, it came to be Lappia or Lapponia', which be- ginning from Jamtia and Anger manni a, goes all about each Bothnia, and at length ends in the extremities of Carelia and Finland, fo as to comprehend all the whole traCt from the North even to the main Ocean, the white Sea, and the Lake Ladekj,\v\iich are the very bounds of old Biarmia and Serkfinnia. But that it went as far as the Ocean, the Antients feem not to have fo well underffood5 nor indeed Johan. andO/. Magnus , who in thofe parts have made Scritfinnia and Biarmia different Countries from Lapland. So alfo Damianus Goes, who , whatever he knew of Lapland, had it from them,, fays it extends it felf to unknown Regions, becaufe he knew not who lived further towards the North Sea. But the Antients have placed there, befides the Scritfinni the Cynocephali ^Bufti, Troglodytes , Pygmies , Cyclops' s,\ and fome others, pafTing by the Mimantopodes^ of whom we have fpoken before : tho in this age none doubts but the Laplanders inhabit it all , and thofe who have failed along thofe Coafts have met with none others hut Laplanders. In fine Charles the 9^^ King of Swedland in the year i6cO, being defirous to know the truth of that Country, fent two famous Mathematicians, A/. Aron. Fo? fius a Swedifh Prefefibur , and Hieronymus Birkr holten a German, wdth inffruments, and all neceffaries to make what difeo- veries they could of Lapla/.d ; who at their return , did certify , and make it our, that beyond the Elevation of the Pole 73 degrees there Was no Continent to- wards the North but the great frozen Sea, and that the fartheft point was Florcum or Florcap , not far from the CaBle oi Wardhoufe, But of this diffant Lapland thofe that are curious may enquire at their leifure , we purpofe to treat here only of that which is fubjeft to the Government of the Svaedes ; and this is a vaft Country , thought by Vaulimts in his hiPory of the North, of equall extent almoft with all Swedland properly fo called. Andr. Burdens fays it contains in length above 100 German miles, and in breadth 90, All this Country comes now under the name oi Lapland, in which all agree that B ever 6 Of the Situation of Lapland. ever dercribed it ; and if we would take an account of the Climate of it by this vaft compafs of Earth , we muft begin from the degree of latitude, and fo to the 7 1; but in longitude it mull: extend at lead: to the 27'*^ Meridian , or more. Moreover if we will compute the longitude fromjcurnies that have bin made thither , all hitherto have unanimoufly put the beginning of it about the 38'^ degree, and the end in the 65^^. And this may fuffice partly for an account of the fituation of Lafland in general ; and partly of that which is fubje(n:to the Swedes. Dam. d Goes ^ a Knight of Fortugall , fets its bounds thus i n his defcription of Spain : LapUnd is divided into the Eaflern and Weftern part , the Bothnick Sea coming between. The extremity of it u Tornia. Eaflward it reaches to the white Lake y towards the North comprehending diverfe Provinces^ and extends it felf be'jond aU knowledge. On the Wefi towards ifand it joins to part of Norway , and on the other fide of Norwaf "tis bounded with Swedland > Finland^ and both the Bothnia’s. But 01 , Betr. Nieuren confutes this of the Bothnia Sea lying between ; for fo part of Lapland would lie in Finland or OHrobothnia , part in Wefirobothnia , which every one knows is falfe; and the very vulgar can tell fo much, that the Bothnia Sea comes not anywhere within i 8 or 20 miles of Lapland', tho this ought not to pafs beyond Damianass time, fince Nieurenius himfelf confeffes in another place, that xhe Laplanders had their feat about the Bothnic Sea , but that afterwards they were driven out , of which I fliall fpeak hereafter, I will only add here a Table of the latitudes and longi- tudes of the chiefeff Places , as they were taken by M. Aronis Forfius and Hie- ronymus Birckholten Ann. 1600. Longit. Latit. Uma 38, 0. 65, ir. Pitha 40, 0. 66, 14, Lula 40, 30. 66, 30. Toerna 42, 27. 67, 0. Kimi 4^> 20. 67, I. Lappijaerf 42, 33. 70 , 9 . Antowarc 44 > 4 * 70,26. Tenokijle 46, 0. 70, SO. Porfanger 44, 2. 7 b 42. Porfanger 43 > 35 - 7I) 35 - Lingcn 37 ? 30.' 70,30. Traenecs 32 ) 30. 70, 25. Euveries 33 ) 35 - 70, 0. Titifare 37 , 55 . 69,40. Piala 41, 40. 60, 15. Siguar 00 68, 59. Tingwar 38, 0. 69,40. Rounula 39, 30. 69, 47 - Koutokrine 42, 0. 69, 17. Waranger 45 , 0. 71,35. Lanzord 45 , 35. 71,26. Hvvalfund 42, 40. ‘ 71, 12. Skrifae 38, 50. 71, 18. Trumfae 35 > 52 . 70, 55 * Andaces 32, 0. - 70, 30. Serghen 32, 20. 69, 3. Wardhus 52, 0. 71,55. Norkaap. 45 » 30. 72, 30. i pro- Of the temperature of the Air^ and foil o/LapIand. 7 I proceed next to the difpofition and nature of the Country, having firft given you a Map of it. CHAP III Of the temperature of the Air ^ and foil of Lapland. W E have fcen how Lapland is fituate ; let us next proceed to other particularities of it. That ’tisvery near the Pole appears from its lati- tude, inforauch that for fome months in the Summer the Sun here never fets,and on the contrary in the Winter it never rifes 5 which Herherflen fays is but forty days, and tho three hours in the night the body of it is fomething darkned, fo that his raies appear not, yet there is fo much light, that they continue their work all the while. Indeed the fame account is not to be taken of the whole Country, fincepart of it lies nearer, and part further diftant from the Pole; and of thefe too fome parts are more Eaft , and fome more to the Weft , from whence ’tis that with fome of them the Sun is fcarce above the Horizon for fo many daies as he pretends. And altho in the Summer it never fets and goes be- low the Earth, yet neither does ic rife much above it , but as it werekiftes and gently glides along the Horizon for the moft part;aslikewife in the Winter when loweft it is not much beneath it: which is the reafon that tho they have one con- tinued night for fome months, yet everyday the Sun comes fo near, that it makesakindoftwilight.70^. Magnus that in the abfence of the Sun there are two twilights , one in the morning, the other in the evening, in which thofe poor remainders of day provide that the night fhould net be utterly deftru(ftive. And by how much the Sun is farther abfent , the light of the Moon is clearer. Hence ^etr. Claud, faies that when the Moon ihines they go a fifliing, and difpatch all other necelfaries that are to be done without doors ; and when it dots not, if the air be clear, even the light of the Stars fo much abates the darknefs, that the horrour of the night is much leflened , and there is light enough for the difpatch of feverall bufineffes , which is farther alTifted by the whitenefs of the Snew. K\x Lapland is cold, but frefh and clear, and confequently very w holefome, being much purified by the winds w’hich are here very frequent and violent. It has bin attefted to me by eye-wiineffes , that there rifes a certain Wind out of the Sea , which beginning to blow raifes prefently fuch thick and dark clouds even in the midft of Summer, that they utterly hinder the fight, and in the Winter drives the fnow with fuch force and quantity, that if any per- fon befurprifed abroad, he hath no other remedy but to throw himfelf on the ground with fome garment over him, fuffering himfelf to be quite buried in fnow' till the fcorm is paft , which don , he rifes up , and betakes himfelf to the next Cottage he can meet, all paths and roads being hid in the fnow. But the ftrongeft and moft irrefiftible winds are upon the Mountains , where they throw down all B i things 8 Vf the ieinperature of the Air , things they meet with, and carry them away by their violence into far diflant places, where they are never feen or heard of afterwards. Their only help againft thefe is to convey themfelves into dens and caves. Here is rain as in other places, fometimes more, and fometimes lefs , but in the midft of Sumaier, this as like- wife the neighbouring Countries have very feldom any at all. Snow they have more often , and fo much that in the Winter it covers all the Country, of which they make this advantage, that they can travel the more fecurely in the night ; for the light of the Moon reflecfled from the fnow , enlightens all the fields , that they can difeern and avoid any pits , precipices and wild Beafirs, that would otherwife annoy them ; fo convenient are the wayes for any journy, that two rein deer will draw' a greater load over the trodden fnow , then a Cart and ten Horfes can in the fields at other times. Thefe fnows in feme places , as on the tops of their higheft: hills , remain perpetually , and are never melted by the ftrongefi: heat of the Sun. In the upper part of LapUndihcre are Mountains riling to fuch a vaft hight , that the fiiow continues upon them Summer and Winter, and is never dilTolved, but in other places the Land is every year over- flown with floods of melted fnow. They have a Ifo very great frofts and mifts, and good ftoreof them , which fometimes fo thicken the air^ that the fight is quite obftrufted, and Paflengers cann’t diftinguifh one man from another to falute or avoid him, tho he be come clofe up to them. It is fo extreme cold here in the Winter , that ’tis not to be endured but by thofe who have bin bred up in it. The fwifteft Rivers are fometimes frozen fo hard, that the ice is more than three or feur cubits thick ^ and their greateft Lakes and deepefl Seas bear any burdens whatever. Nor is the Summer, which to fome may feem incredible, more moderately hot. For tho the Sun be very low, and his raies oblique , yet lying upon them fo long together, their force is flrangely increafi; the only allay being from the vapors rifing out of the neighbeuring Sea , and from the fnows, which as well in Summer as Winter continue undiffolv’d in hollow places between the hills. As for Spring and Autumn they know neither , there being fo very little Ipace between the extremity of cold in the Winter, and heat in Summer, that by Strangers ’lis look’t upon as a miracle to fee every thing fpringing frefh and green , when but a w'eek before all things were overwhelm’d with froft and fnow. OLPetr. Nieure/j. has obferved if as a memorable thing, and which he would not have believ’d from any one had he not feen it himfelf, that in the year 1616, June 24, going to the Church of he faw the trees budding, and the grafs coming up green out of the ground, and within a fortnight after he faw the Plants full blown , and the leaves cf the trees at their perfedion, as if they had known how Ihort the Summer was to be,and therefore made fuch haft to enjoy ir. Their foil is generally neither very fertile nor barren, but between both, full of flints, ftones and rocks, everywhere appearing high, by whofe unevennefs and roughnefs the reft of the ground about is ufelefs. The ground is generally very foftand flabby, by reafon of the many Lakes and Rivers overflowing, yet would it be fit either for tillage or pafture if any would be at the pains and charge of draining it. 01 . Tetrus faics of the Southern part , lying under the fame climate and influence cf the Heavens with Bothnia , that ’tis as apt to bear any grain as the Weftern Bothnia \t felf, but this is not without a concurrence and aptitude likewife of the foil : and he himfelf confeffesin Chap.i2'‘',that the Landis ftony, fandy, uneven, overrun in fome places with briars and thornes, and in others nothing bur hills , moores? fennes andftanding 'waters, which are nor the qua- lities and Soil of Lapland. 9 lities that ufually commend Land for agriculture. Then as to his urging its verdant and rich paftures , it doth not follow that all Land which yields much grafs (hould be equally capable of bearing good corn. Yet doth the Land af- ford plenty of grafs^and that fogood that their Cattel are fatned much cheaper and fooner with it than any other thing , as alfo divers hearbs , but particu- larly his happy in all kind ofpot-hearbs. There are many large Woods and Forefts , efpecially towards Normy , but not very thick ; likev ife fteep rocks and high mountaines called ; upon whole naked tops, by reafon of the violence of the winds to which they are expcfed , never yet grew tree. Below thefe hills lie moft pleafant Vallies , in which are clear fountaines and rivulets innumerable, which emtying themfelves into the rivers , at length are carried into the Bothnic Sea. Their water is clear, fweet and whclefome, only their Forefts abcund with ftinking and ftanding Pods. This Country Winter and Summer hath an incredible number of all kinds of wild beafts, efpecially the lefter forts, which fuffice not only for their own ufe , but to drive a great trade with their neighbours. They have Birds alfo of all forts very many , but Filh in fuch abundance that a great part of the Natives are entirely fed by them. But of all thefe we lhall fpeak in their proper places, I will add no more here but this , that the Defcription of old Finland or Scritojinnia by the Ancients is the fame which hath bin given here of Lapland ; to confirm what 1 faid before that thefe Countries differ only in name, and not in nature and fituation. We come now to its Divifiori. CHAP. I V- Of the T>ivifon of Lapland. T H o s E who have writ of Lapland , mention different divifions of it. Saxo in his 5 '^^ Book , and elfwhere, fpeaks of two Laplands^ and after him Johannes Magnus tells us , that both the Laplands are joined together Souths u>ard. 1 fuppofe in that divifion they had refpedl to their fituation , and meant the Eaftern and the Weftern Lapland: for fo Damianas Goes^ who feems to bcrrow from Joh. Magrnu , expreffes it. Lapland , faith he , is divided into the Eaflern and the Wefiern ^ feparated from each other by the Bothnic Sea, From whence we may gather that that part of the Country which lies on one fide of the Bothnia^vvdLZ called the Eaftern Lapland^ and that which lies on the other, the Weftern. Befides this divifion of Lapland, there is another taken from the places moft frequented by the Inhabitants. For one part thereof, lying along the Coafts of the Ocean , is from thence called Sicefndinarken , that is the maritime Lap- land ; the other lying higher on the Continent , Fi^ldmarken , that is , inland Lapland : tho by fome they are called fimply Findmarken and Lappmarken, This laft divifion Pet, Claud, gives us in his 27^^ Chapter. All the SeaCoafis^ faith he , idorthward and EaHward as far as Findmarkia reaches , are pofefl by the Sixfinni, or maritime Finlanders, but the mountamom and champaign Country.^ by the Lapfinni , from thence named Lapmarkja or Wildfindlandia , that is wild or favage Findland. Where he calls one part of the Country Lapmarckia, the C other I o Of the Divifion of Lapland. other the one lying along the fhore, and bordering on the Sea, the other mountainous,, woody , and favage , upon the Terra firma. And this tco may be worth our notice , that Wildfnhnd with him is that which others call Lappmarkia : 1 fuppofe , becaufe the Natives live by hunting , I'as thofe of the other do by fifliing. For he prefcntly adds , There are many thoufands in that place that feed on nothing but the ^ejh of -ppild Beafls. And indeed Tome there are with whom thofe only pafs for the true Laplanders : as Sam tel Rheen^ who in his 2 ^ Chapter of his forementioned Book , tells us, that befides ihe Scrlckfiftni ( fo he calls them that with Pet. Chud. are Slcejinnes') there are other true Laplanders , live on nothing but rain deer. And fo from the Natives feeding on wild Beafts, Lapland properly fo called, is alfo ftiled Wildjindland ^ in oppofition to Findmarkia , wLoft Inhabitants live both on Filh and Cattel. And yet there may be given another reafon for the impofition of this name, from the many woods of that Country. Olaus Magnus in more places then one calls the natives, men that dwell in w ocds,or Savages : as in the title of his 3^ Chapr. of his 4'^^ Book, which is , Concerning the fiercenefs of the Savages, or thofe that divellinmods, in which Chapter he deferibes the Lap- landers. And in the following Chapter he fays , that the wild Laplanders are clothed with rich skins of fever al Beafls. The Baron Herberflenius alfo in his Hi- ftory of Mofeovy , calls them Savage Laplanders^ who tho they dwelf fays he, on the Sea Coafl in little Cottages ^ and lead abruttfl) kind of life i are jet more civili- zed then the Savages of Lapland : whence ’tis plain , that by the Fmdlanders living near the Sea , he means thofe that others call Sicefnnes^iiXid by the Sa- vage Laplanders thofe that polfefs the inland Country , who he thinks were fo called from their wildnefs and barbarity. And by and by he adds , that by converfe with Strangers ^ who come thither to trade , they begin to lay afide their Savage nature^ and become a Uttle more civilized. Afterwards he calls them Pi 4 .t , which name the Mofeovites give them at this time, as hath been Ihewed elfwhere. There is alfo a 3*^ Divifion of Lapland., that refptds the feveral Princes to whom the Country is in fubjeftion. And thisAndr. Buraus intends , w'hen he tells us , The greatest part 0/ Lapland, viz. the Southern a/.d inland Country^ belongs all to the Kingdom of Sweden : The maritime trabb^ that lies on the Ocean and is called Findmark ( whofe Inhabitants the Sioefinni ^ or maritime F indlanders^ are fo named from their living by fjhing) to Norway. The ref of them that dwell from the Caftle of Warhuus to the mouth of the white Sea , are fubjebb to the Ruffians ’j which part the Swedes call Trennes., the Natives P^hinienni.^ and the Ruffians Tar chan a voLch. Of their fubjedion to.thefe feverall Princes, Wefliall fpeak when we come to treat of their Government 5 and alfo of thofe parts that belong to Norway or Lermark^., and Rufjia. At prefent w'e lhall only mention the divifion of that part which is under the Swedes., and is named by Burreus^ the Southern and inland Lapland and by Pttr. Claud. Lapp- markia properly fo called. This is divided into Bx lefler parts called marker OT lands ^ tho Bur^us chufes to render them Territories or Provinces. Each of thefe have their dilfind names, and are called Aongermandlandslapmark., 7 J malappm.ark.., Pithalappmark^., Lulalapmark , Tornalapmark^., Kiemilapmark. So Samuel Rheen in his firfi: Chapter, That part 0/ Lapland which belongs to Sweden is divided into the Kiemenfan ^ Tornenfian , Lulenftan ^ Vithenfian, Umenftan^ and Angermanlandcnfian Lapmark- Buram mentions but five of thefe Provinces, Of the Divifion of Lapland. i j Provinces , viz. Z> mala if mark, y Pithalaffmark^^ Luhlafmark j TorneUfmarky and Kimilafmark^y cowL^iQhtndmQAngermandlandslafmcrk under Vmdaf marks, not that they are one and the fame Province , but becaufe they are both go- verned by one Lieutenant. Each of thefe Provinces take their name from Ri- vers that run thro the midfi: of them , as Wexionim in his defeription of Srved- /tfwd alTures us. As for their htuation , Angermanlandsla^mark borders upon Andtrmdnnia and Jcmticy to this joins Vmalafmark ^ next to that is fitha- lapmark , and then Laklapmark, all of them lying Weftvi^ard , reaching on one fide to that ridg of Hills that divides Smdland from Norway, and on the other fide to the Weftern Bothnia. Northward of them lies Tornelapmark^^ and extends it felt from the fartheh corner of the Baf of Bothnia all along the North Sea, called by Seamen CapeNoort. Next to this lies Kimilapmarky winding from the North toward the EaR, and bounded on one fide by the Eaft- ern Bothnia , on another fide by that part of Lapland that belongs to KuffPa.^ and on a third fide by Cajania and Carelia. Moreover thefe Provinces we are tpeaking of, are fubdivided into leflfer parts, called by the Smdes Byar , as Samud Rheen tells us , and are equiva- valent to our Shires^ and the Vagi of the Ancients, So in Ciejar we meet with Pagas Tigurinus , and Vagi Smvorum , which were not Villages or Country Towns, but large parts of a Country, fuch as the Greeks called vof^oiy ufed in ancient times in the divifion of^gypt. Hence the Glofary renders the an- cient Toparchi^e , Vagus , vd[x©^. There are feveral of thefe Vagi or Shires in each Province, except Angermanlandslapmark ^ which makes bur one Tagus., vulgarly called Aofahla. Vmalapmarkhath four , VmayLah or Raanby .^Granby , and Vapfieen. PithalafmarkScycUy Graotreskby y Arfwt*. jerfsby , Lochteby , Arrieflogsby, Wifterfby , Norrveflerby , Wejierby. Lulalaf-. mark five , Jochmoch , Sochjoch j Torpinjaur , Zerkijlocht , and Rautomjaur. Tornelapmark eight, Tingawaara Siggervaara ^ Sondejpara ^ Ronolaby , Felle- jerf, Liedkajerfy Manfjalka , Saodankfla , Kithilaby, So that all the Territories or Provinces are divided into 33 Byars. In each of thefe there are feveral Clans or Families , w'hich the Swedes call rakary each of which have a certain allotment of ground affign’d them for the maintenance of themfelves and their Cartel ; not in the nature of a Country Farm with us, but of a very great length and bredth , fo as to include Rivers, Lakes, Woods, and the like , which all belong to one Clan or family. In every Biar there are as many allotments as there are families that can live of themfelves, and are not forced by poverty to ferve others. In the Byar called Aofahla there are about 30 of thefe Clans , or families , in others more or lefs according as they arc in big- nefs , which all have their feveral names, tho ’tis not worth while to repeat them. And thus much fliall fuffice of the third divifion of Lapland y not lately made ( except that under Charles IXforae Clans had certain allotments affign’d them) but derived from very ancient time •, as appears from hence that neither the Laplanders have known , nor the Swedes given them any other , fince the Country hath bin under their fubjedion. Nor are the words modern, or taken from any thing that may give any caufe to fufped them of novelty : which I the rather obferve, that from hence the native fimplicity, agreable to the antiquity of the Nation , may appear. I C 1 CHAP. 12 Of the inclinations , temper , is/c. CHAP V Of the Laplanders in reference to the inclinations ^ temper and habit ^ of their minds and bodies, I T is almoft peculiar to this People to be all of them of low ftature, which is attefted by the general fuffrage of thofe Writers who have defcribed this Country. Hence the learned Ifaac Vojfius obferves j that Pygmies are faid to inhabit here 5 and adds that they are a deformed People : but in truth their feature and proportion is good enough , and that they are not diftorted fuffi- ciently appears from their great agility of body, and fitnefs for a lidate our arguments ; for every one Jinows that diet will much alter the habit of the body, and x.\\t F inlanders \\diVt plenty of good nuriflhng raeats^ of the Laplanders are quite deftitute. And for the courage in war , heretofore they were not fo notable for it , for Tacitm faies they had neither arms nor horfes., by which he implies they knew not at all what belonged to war. Neither are they very expert at it yet , for by daily ex- perience ’tis found when they are likely to be preft for Soldiers they hide themfelves , and by all means decline employment , therefore they are not warlike from their nature, but from their difcipline and arts, and in their natural temper they differ not much from the Laplanders. But what need we go about to prove this by fo many arguments , when they confefs them- felves they are originally fprung from the Finlanders , and ftill keep a lift of the Captains that firft led them forth into Lapland, of whem Miefeho^ giefeh is the chief. The fame is confirm’d by ^ndr. Andrejonim who lived there, and learn’t it from them, only that he faid Thins kpgreh was the cheif Captain , and fodoth Zachar.Flardin. But whatever is faid of either of thefe two Captains , we are not to imagine that they brought the firft Plantation of Laplanders into this Country , for 'tis not probable they fhouid fo long remember their names , W'ho muft have lived before Saxo^ for he mentions this Country, and lived about 480 years before us, at which time the Finlanders themfelves fcarce know what was done, much lefs the Laplanders. And this the name doth fomething prove , which none fhall perfwade me to be an old Finland word, for it is the fame with the Swedes Thinnk , d.x\d the Dutch Thinius , i. e. Antonius , and that the word Anto- nius was known to the Finlanders before Chrijl no man will fufpeft. The fame may be faid concerning the pretended occafion of the Colony oi Fin- landers fetling in Lapland 5 for they themfelves fay , that they left Bro~ karla diVid Rengoarvis , becaufe tliey were oppreft with taxes and pitcht firft in a wood in Oiirobothnia c'oX[t.d Tavaftia near the Endic bay. But all this, as hath bin fhew’d the very name of Lapp:, which fignifies banifh’t perfons, fuff- ciently confutes. Flantin diUd Peter Nkuren, pretend that though the landtrs voluntarily removed to Tava/lia, they w'ere forc’t to their prefenr habitation : for the Natives of Tavaftia, griev’d to fee them in a florilhing condition, wearing rich clothes, fareing deiicioufly , and abounding ima 11 man- ner of w'ealth , chofe them a Captain called Matthias Turk. , and with a great number invaded their quarters , killing and plundering ail they met with, nor defifting till they had quite drove them as far as the Rivers Kimi and Tornei and not long after perceiving they lived too happily there , they fet upon E rbem 1 8 Of the Original of the Laplanders. them the fecond time, dealing fo cruelly with them , that leaving their Cartel they were forc’t to fly into thofe barren Countries they now inhabit, carrying with them only their nets. Plantin. adds further that Andr. Andrefonius he faw fome ancient letters, in w hich mention was made of Ki^rk^a. Governour of the Laplanders : but as for his other name of Matthias , it is plain it was poftnate to Chriftianity, fince whic^^ time if v;e fiiould imagine the Laplanders firft to have come into thefe parts, -,*'e muft alfo fuppofe the Country to have bin till then uninhabited, whereas we have all reafon to believe that the EiAr- mi and Sendfinni lived here before Ch,ifi , the latter of which feem by their name to have bin only a Colony fent out o’i Finland', and mention is made of Finlanders in thefe parts in the time o^tiarald the fair , or Harfaper King of Norway , and his Son Fncifs Bod/exe , who lived long before the times of Chriftianity, and went down into Finmark and Biarmia, and obtained a great vitTtory over them. Now if he went by Sea Northwards of Norway to come to Finmarky F inmark, then muft have bin near Norway , as lying North of it near the Sea, that is the fame Country that is now named F inmark which becaufe then inhabited by Finlanders as appears by the name jit is not to be believed that it was firft poflefs*t by the Laplanders that were drove out of South-Bothnia by Matthias Lurk- Neither are they called Lappi from being diiven out then , for they were fo called in .StfAr^’s time , and there is little reafon to believe that Matthias Murk's, expedition was before him, efpe- cially from that infeription which mentions fince that in thofe times they knew not fb much of writing as to record any thing in it. Wherefore we muft find out fome better authority to confirm to us the originall of the Lapps , for we may believe that the Finlanders more then once march’t out into Lapland ^ which is evident from the feveral namesof their leaders,whom fome called Thinns-Kogre.^ others Miefehogiefehe, The firft and moft ancient is that from whence the Biarmi took their originall , whom I conclude to have defeended from the Finlanders.^ from calling their Gods by Finlandifh names. Befides in their nature and manners they agree with the ancient Finlanders : and laftly are called by all Strangers Scrldfinni.^ i. e. Finlanders going upon frozen fnow, which, the ancient knowing none elfc to go fo, took to be the Biarmi, But the name of Biarmi was given them by the Finlanders from their going to dwell upon the Mountains , from the word Varama.^ which fignifies a hilly Country: now becaufe Strangers knew from the Swedes they ufed wooden fhoes to go upon the fnow, w^hichby the Swedes are called Att Skgtida^ not knowing the name they called them Scridfinni : and becaufe the Finlanders and Biarmians were of the fame originall , they were often fubjed to the fame Prince , as to Ctfo in King Holters time. What the occafion w’as of this leaving their Country is yet doubtfull , except itw^as for fear of the Swedes who in the reign of King Agnus invaded Frojie King of Finland.^ and haraffed the whole Country. The fecond time of deferting their Country was when the Ruffians en- larged their Empire as far as the lake Ladog. For fearing the cruelty of thefe People they retired into Lapland : which I am apt to belcive becaufe the Ruffians call them Kienni., as has bin faid before from their pafTage through Majania into Lapland., which they could not have known but by their own experience ; and their wars with them , efpecially thofe of Carelia and Cajania being fo ignorant both in hiftory and other Countries, that they fcarce know any thing of their own, that is of any antiquity. And this proves what we have Of the Original of the Laplanders. 19 faid of their fecond leaving their Country , which was about the 6^^ age after Chrifi'.znd thefe perhaps are they which are fimply called Fimi by the Danes, Swedes, and t^orwegims, or with the addition of or F/>/d,obrolete words of the Biarmuns , becaufe they were more then they in number , efpecially- after Harald Harfger King of Norway , who almoft deftroyed all the Biarmi in battle. In the mean while the Finlanders lay fecure in Finmark,^ and all the Biarmi being extind , the name of F 'tnni obtained , and the name and credit of the Biarmi was quite abolilh’t and forget. And thcle are all the times they left their Country before the/ were called LaPpi, for till after this they were never called otherwife than Finni, Scritofinni , and Biarmi, But in after ages we find them w^xwtdhappones , of whom Adam. Bremenfis makes no mention who lived in 1077, but doth , that lived in 1200; and therefore ’tis probable that in that intervall of time, after they were call’d Lappofies, they made their third migration. But any one that will examine the hiftories of that time^ will fcarce find any thing that fhould move the Finlan- ders to leave their Country, Ericas SanBm hath made it appear in that Expedition in which he brought them under the Swedift) Government , and planted among them the Chriftian Religion, which he made in the year 1 1 50, when no fmall number of them the third time feem to have defected their Country, and gone into Lapland. And the reafon is plain, having bin fubjcA’d to Strangers, and forc’t to be of a_ Religion different from that of their Ance- Rors, which thereupon washatefull to them, and therefore no wonder fome of them fought out a place where they might live free : which is aS good a reafon too why they were called Lapps by thofe that ftayed, for they fubmitting to theSwedes^dnd embracing Chriftianity, looker upon them as defectors of their Country, whom fear only of a good Government, and better Religion, had made exiles , efpecially when the King had put forth an Editfi: that all fhould be accounted banifli’t that would not renounce Pagan Superftition; therefore they were juftly called Lappi , and care not to hear of the name to this day. And this is my opinion of their originall and migrations , out of which I fhallnotbe perfwaded by thofe learned men who believe they rather came from the Tartars , for w e never read of any of them going into the North. Moreover the Tartars live altogether by war and plunder, whereas the Lap- landers \\\t by hunting and grafing , abhorring nothing more than war. Be- fides the cheif delight ot the Tartars is in having many ftately Horfes,of which the Lapps are fo ignorant, that in their whole language they have not a word to fignify an Horfe; the language alfo of the two Nations is fo different that one cannot poflibly be derived from the other. And altho fome learned men, who pretend they underftood both languages of Finland and Lapland, confidently aver that they are altogether diverfe : yet it will be eafy to produce diverfe men as well skill’d in them^ as they that fay the contrary. Befides ’tis no con- fequence becaufe there area few differences between test Finland and Lapland languages, that they are therefore utterly diverfe, when this difagreeing may rather proceed from the length of time than any diverffty of the Tongues at firft, as we find now many words that do not at all agree with thofe now in vogue, which yet do net conffitute a new language. And their faying the Laplanders could not come from the Finlanders , becaufe they alwaics bated one another , is of little force, when the reafons of their hatred arc enough explained already. But it fignifies lefs that the Finlanders have feve- rall Cuffoms and Manners notinufe Laplanders the way of E % building 20 Of the Original of the Laplanders. building houfes, cferr. for thefe were to accommodate themfelves to the nature of the place whither they came , and to forget thofe things which would net be of any ufe to them. And moreover, there remains ftill a memoriail cf thofe that came out of Finland^ where they firftfate down in the v oods of Tavafiia^ near a Lake which they call Laffidkairo , that is the Fountain of the Laplanders , who when their neceflfary food grew fcarce, went further up into the Defarts, and the Finlanders purfuing them in Tavafiia^dnty retreat’d to \d\t Bothnic bay, where they might be morefafe, and have more conve- niences for living: and this is that migration yet in memory which Tlar- tin, fpeaks of, vix^ that the Laplanders lived here for an age , cr more, till the time of King Magn, Ladulaos^ An. 1272, who to get them under his fubjedlion^ promifed any one that could efFe(ff it, the Government of them, which the\B/>- karli , i. e. thofe that lived in the allotment or divifion of Birkala^ undertook^ and having for a great while cunningly inlinuated themfelves into them, under a pretence of friendlliip , at laft fet upon them unawares , and quite fubdued them. But before this they were infefted by the Tavajli under the command of Burk-) which if we would ftriftly examine , we fhould find it of later date than about Chrifts time, contrary to feme mens opinions. As it happens in things that are taken upon ti uft , the Laplanders confound the more modern with the ancient , making but one hiftory of all that happen’d [in the diftinft times of Bricm SanHus^ Magnus LadulaeSi-^iih. fome other Kings before and after , and that fo confufed and lame, that it is hard for any one to underftand it. 01 . Petr, mentions at large one Matthias Captain of the Finlanders., when they fubdued and drove out the Laplanders into the furtheft and moft defc- late place of the North, whom feme think to be a noble Family of the Lurks in Finland., and that* he ceafed nor, by frequent in redes upon them, to moleft them, till they promifed to pay him yearly tribute, which he at length weary of the long and tedious journey exchanged with fome of Birkarla in Tavahia for a part of whence followed what is moft true, that the Laplanders to the year 1554 paid'annuall tribute to the Bir 4 _ 4 r// , befides whom it was not lawflill for any others fo trade with them. There are thofe now living who fay they have feen the letters and conditions of the Burks kept in Erfnees , an allotment of Lulalapmark.-i by one Jo, Nilfon. Which things are fo far from being immediatly after the birth of Chrtfi., that they may be reafonably thought to have bin fince.^4^. Ladulaos, unlcfs wx can imagine that 01 . Petr, by his Tavajli and Buraus by Birkarli meant the fame people, fince there w^ere other Birkarli inhabitants of T avails a .yW’\\o chofe them a Captain named Burk-) under whom they drove cut the Laplanders out of the Borders of the Eaftern Bothnia , and made them tributary , and the let- ters may not be al^cnhtd to Bur k.-> but to Ladulaos.^ in which he had granted the Birkarli the priviledge to receive tribute of the Lapps, and of trafficking w ith them , for it is not probable that Burk., though he was their chofen Ca- * ptain, w'as to have all the benefit of the Laplanders toh.m\(e\{,^o as bycon- traft totranferto t\itBirkarli)n\s right.Forthe7<2t;4f?// were either a free Pcc- pleandfo lhared among one another whatever they got, or elfe under fome Prince , and fo could not give another what was not their owm , but their Mafters. Befidesifthey did give /\//r;^:„any thing, as fome Villages , or the • like, it was not from any bargain that they were to receive in its ftead tri- bute from tine Laplanders , but as a reward to himfeif for his pains and con- dud in the war. But whatever may befaidof Axr^and the Tarafii, his certain the Of the Religion of the Laplanders. 2i the Laplanders never came originally from the KuJJians^ nor as others think from the Tartars^ but from the Finlanders^ having bin driven out of their Country , and forc't to change their habitations often , till at length they fixf in this Land where they now live : and that Country , which from the remove of its inhabitants was called LapUnd^ had the fame name continued by the Svpedes^’w'oo had conquered the greateft part thereof. For after the Swedes had learnt from the Finlanders that they were called Lapps , they al fo gave them the fame name, then the Vanes took it up : then Saxo, afterwards , then Coej, who had the account which he gives cf the Lap- landers from 0/. and Joh» Magn. andfo at laft all the Country was called Laplandivovt[X\\t"2>iiy of Bothnia Northwards, efpecially after it was made fubjeA to the Swedes, except only that part which lies on the Coafts of Nor- way, which retained its antient name of Finland', as alfo that part towards the white Sea, called by iht ^ofcovites , Cajanica, altho thefe fometimes call the inhabitants Loppi, which without doubt they took from their neigh- bours the Finlanders* CHAP. VII- Of the ^B^igion of the Laplanders. H a V I N G feen the rife and Original of the Laplanders , we come notV to fpeak more diftindly of them , but firft of their Religion; not only what is now, but alfo what was before Chriftianity came to be receiv’d there. For there were Laplanders , oratleaft fome Inhabitants of Laplandhtfore the Chriftian Religion was introduced : fuch as the Finni^Lappofinni, Scrid- fnni^ or Biarmi, as is above faid i but it was very long before the Laplanders properly fo called embraced the Chriftian Religion. At firft there is no doubt they were Pagans , as all the Northern Nations were, but being all Pagans were not of the fame Religion , it may be enquired which the Lap- landers profeft. And I fuppofe it could be no other then that of the Fin- landers^ from w hom they derive their original , and confequently their Re- ligion too. But what the Religion of x\\o Finlanders yezs is very uncertain, fince we have no account of the ancient affairs of that Nation. Therefore wc muff make our conjeftures from the Biarmi, and Scrtdfinni, as alfo from fome remains among the Finlanders Laplanders. We have already prov’d the Biarmi to be the firft Colony that the Fin- landers fent into Lapland , of whom this is chiefly recorded in ancient Mo-* numentSjthat they worfliip’d a certain God whom they called "Jumala: which Jumala or Jomala is manifeftly a different word from what is mentioned in the Hiftory of St. Olaus King of Norway , and of Herrodus , for they relate it as peculiar to the Biarmi , and unknown to themfelves; who being either Goths , Norwegians or it cannot poflibly be any old Gothic word , but of fome other Country , and therefore moft probably of Ftn* land, where it is new in ufe. For Cod, which is by the Swedes, and all of the fame original termed Gott, cr Gudh, is by them called Jumala ; F cuftora 22 Of the Religion of the Laplanders. cuf^om without doubt prevailing that the fame name,whertby in ancient times they called the falfe God, was tranflated to the true One, both by the rinUnders ^ the Biarmizndtht Laflandtrs alfo. who came out oif 'inlandt and being joined with the Biarmi made one Nation. Btiidcs Jumala it feems the Laplanders had a God whom the Smdes call Thor , which may be gathered, not only becaufe they worlliip one Thor at this prefent among their idols, as lhall be lliewn hereafter, but alfo becaufe in the number of Gods which the old Finlanders , efpecially the TavaFii adored, there was reckoned Turrifas , the God of War and Vidory , which was no other then Thor. This Twrifas is put in one word for Turrk^As ( i. e.) Jiirris^ Tur/us^ or Torus tor fo his name is diverfly written} the Prince of the or Aflat ics, for thofe who in former times came out of Afia into thefe parts were called Afes, of whom this Turrus was the firft , who from that time was w’or- fliipped by the Finlanders by the name of Turrifas\ which may farther be proved from Arngrmus Jonee , w'ho faies the ftrft King of the Finlanders was Torrits one of the Predeceffors of King Norus, from whom fome think Norige^ ( i. e. ) FJorway , quafi Nori Rige , to take its denomination , it being frequent for the ancient Kings to take upon them the names of their Gods. Thus among the ancient Greeks we find many who were called by the names of Jupiter and Neptune^. So Torrus the King was fo called from Torus the ancient God of the Finlanders , from whom without doubt he was derived to the Laplanders together with their language, worfhips, and other cufioms. T o thefe two ( if they are tw’o ) Jiimala and Thor , may be added the S'//-'? , W'hich I gather from this , becaufe he is Kill reckoned among their Gods.Befides he is generally worfliip’d in all barbarous and pagan Countries, and if he be adored for his light and heat by thofe People, w-ho enjoy the benefit of a warm air and temperate climate , how much more by the Lap~ landers , who for no fmall fpace endure the hardfliip of continual night and bitter frofis ? but I lhall fpeak more concerning the Sun hereafter. Thefe are the chief Gods of the Laplanders^ whether they had any of lefs note may be queftioned, tho I doubt it not ; becaufe at this day they wor- fliip fome others, which the FinlarAers did before them, and probably brought with them into Lapland, Of thefe the Carelii had Rongotheus the God of Ky ^ R cllonpsko of Barly, Wierecannosof Oats , Egres of Herbs, Peafe, Turnips, Flax, and Hemp \ Vko^'n\\ his wife Rome of tempefis ; Kakrt the Proietfior of Cattel from wild beafis 5 Hyfe had the command of Wolves^ and Bears, Nyrke of Squirrel-hunting, of Hare-hunting. Some of thefe the Laplanders worlhipped; efpecially thofe whofe help they Rood chiefly in need of to the performing of their bufinefs , as the gods of hunting and preferving their Cattel from wild beafts , and fuch like : others pro- bably they neglected as ufelefs, becaufe they neither plowed nor fowed. But I cannot fay under what names they worfhipped them, becaufe I find nothing of certainty thereof, either in their ancient records , or modern cuftoms. Next we muff confider what kind of worfhip they pal’d their Gods, which we have already mentioned; but efthis alfo we are in great uncertainty, unlefs we make our judgment from the prefent times , and deliver thofe rites which are now ufed by the Laplanders in their religious performances, but of this we fliall fpeak more when we come to treat cf the prefent ftate of their Religion. We fliall only note here what is read of Jumala. He was heretofore Of the Religion of the Laplanders. 2 3 heretofore reprefented in the image cfa man fitting upon an Altar ^ witha Cro'v\m on his head, adorned with twelve gems, and a golden Chain about his nech, which was formerly cf the value. cf 3oo,Maj.ks;tho whether the w^ord in the Hiftory doth fignify a chain, or may better be rendred a Jewel , ’cis , uncertain 5 for it is faid that Charles lifting his Ax, cut the collar w'hereon it hanged: which Ihews that it was rather geld artificialiy carved and fet with jewels, which was ( I fuppofe } the feafon why Herrodus doth not fet dowm its weight, as is ufual in the valuing of chains , but its price. This Jewel called Men from Mene the Moon whofe figure it reprefented, w as, as I imagine, tied to a collar about the neck , and hanged down upon the breft of the image , as is ufual in all fuch ornaments at this day. But whether this were a chain or locket, it is certain the other parts of his habit were agreeable to our defeription of him ; wherein he was not much unlike the Smdes God Thor , as he is delcribed in our Hiftory of Vpfal : forhe alfo was made fitting witha Crown on his head, adorned with, btars, disjumda with jewels, each to the number of twelve, from whence I am almoft perfwaded that the Biarmi -i and after them the Laplanders , either worftiipped one God under two names, or if they were two Gods,, they ufed their names promifeuoufly. For the true God, whom they knew partly by reafon , and partly by tradi- tion, was by them called : but after the mmeofThor began to be famous , they either called Jttjpala by the name of Thor , or gave Thor the name of Jumala : which I gather from hence , becaufe at this day the Lap- landers attribute that to their Thor^ which queftionlefs formerly they did to Jumala , mx^ the power and command over the inferior Gods, eipecially the bad and hurtful : alfo over the air , thunder , lightning , health , life and death of men, and fuch like; as fhall be ftiewn hereafter. What his im g- was made of, is not known, but I fuppofe it was wood , becaufe Charles is faid to have cut off his head with his Ax , when he only defigned the ending of the collar that held the aforefaid jewel, which he could hardly have don, had it bin either filver or gold, Befides, to prove it w as wood , it was burnt to afties, together w ith the Temple, and all its furniture, excepting fome gold, and other precious things ; with which geld particularly they did ho- mage to their God : for the Biarmi in their ceremonies \o Jumala^ did caft: gold as a facred offertory to him into a golden difh , of a vaft weight and bignefs , which ftcod upon his knees. This Veffel , in the Hiftory oiOlaus^ is faid to be of filver , and full of filver coin, for a little before his time both bafin and gold were loft, and the Bwmi never had an opportunity of get- ting more. They did not worfliip JtmaU every w’here , but in fome few places, or perhaps only in that one , where in a thick remote w'ood he had a kind of a Temple, not as they are ufually built with walls and roof, but only a piece of ground fenced as the old Roman Temples were 5 trom hence one might look every way , which could not have bin don had they bin cover’d at the top. As in the form of their Temples, fo in the fituaiion of them they did imitate the ancients, who for the moft part chofe groves to w'orftfip their Gods in, and there built their Temples. So much of fumala^^nd the an- cient manner of worftiipping him amongft the Biarmi, as it is tranfmitted to us by ancient Writers; but of Thor, the Sun , and the other Gods , there is nothing read but what belongs to the times of Chriftianity, and the fu- perftition ftill remaining amongft them, of which we fliall fpeak particularly in the following Chapter. CHAP, 24 Of the Religion of the Laplanders. C H A P V 1 1 L Of the fevond^or Chrijlian Religion of the Laplanders. I A p L A N D among other Nations , after a long night of Paganifin, _^was enlightned with the Chriftian Religion : of which I lhall now ipeak. In the firft place w'e muft enquire how and when they firft began to bear’d of Chrifts name : but this will be very difficult, becaufe all Writers are filent herein. ’Plantiniud.ttd affirms from their report, that they firft hear of the Ghriftian Religion inthelaftage^ from whence he concludes that they came out of F inland htf ore' Finlanders 'wtvt converted. But for all this w e can hardly yield our affient to him ; for it is certain on the contrary that they knew, and Tome of them embraced, the Chriftian Religion in the time of Ziegler ^ who lived in the very beginning of the precedent age, and w^as prefent at the deftru which Religion they neither wholy embraced, norwholy refufed, but retained it with an inveterate , and as it were Jewiih prejudice , not out of any zeal, or preferring it as mere neceffary for their welfare before their former Re- ligion ; but outw^ardly only and in Hiew , efteeming it the befl means to gain their Princes favor, and to prevent thofe evils which threatened them , if they fhculdperfift in their obfliiiacy. Hence it was that they were married by a Chriftian Prieft, and baptifed their children according to the ceremo- nies of Chrlflianity, which were the two chief things wherein their ChriRiah Religion ccnfilfed ; and the only things mention’d by Ol.ais M, For the ufe of catechifing, or preaching cf the Gofpel , and other information in the heads of ChriRian Religion were wholy unknown to them , as may be prov’d from the ancient records of Bifhopricks , wherein there is no mention of any Lapponian Diocefs , or Church , or of any Diocefs to which Lapland might belong. Laftly , if it had not bin fo , what need was there of Lricits his exprefs to Vpfah that they wculd fend Priefls into Laplnnd< , and whatfoever elfe Ziegler alledges for the flow advance of Chriflianity in Lapland ^ Olaus 'Magnus endevors to evade; but at length isfore’e to cen- fefstbat the Northern parts thereof are not yet reclaimed , and therefore hopes for their converfion. This was the State of Chriflianity in Lapland till the times of CuRavus^ diiferingfrom their ancient Paganifm only in name, and a few externa! rites, whereby they labored to make the World believe that they were ChriRiansj which gave D ami anus a (J^?f5(tho a friend and contemporary ofjokannes and Olaiis Magnus ) very good reafon to complain that there was no kncwledg of God and Chrifl in the Land. From hence we may underftand how to in- terpret Olaus M» when he faies that by the earneft and pious exhortations of the Catholic PrieRs, great part of thefe wild People were, and more were likely to be brought over to the ChriRian Religion. But when Gujla7)us came to the Crown , as he took greater care then his PredeceRbrs for pro- moting cf the true Religion in other parts of his dominions , fo he did in Lapland alfo; and as the chief means to effetRthis, he rook the peculiar charge of them upon himfelf. Whereas heretofore they vere rather tributa- ries of the then the Kings of Sweden', and confequently negletRed by thofe Kings *, how at fome fet times in the Winter , they w'ere obliged to meet together in a place appointed, where they were to pay their tri- bute to the Kings Officers , and be inRrucRed in the Gofpel by thePrieRs, and alfo to give an account of what they learnt the year before. This cu- Rom muR needs have its beginning in G»^^z;z^'s time, for he was the RrR King that demanded tribute of the Laplanders , and conrequeiitly that af- fembled them together for the paying of it. Befides Olaus M. mentions no fuch inRitution ; which he would have don had it bin received in his time. Nay heconfefles that if the Laplanders had a mind to have their Children baptifed, they wereforcT to carry them on their backs two hund^d Italian miles to a ChriRian Church, in fome of their neighboring Countries , as Amgermannia , Helfmgia, and the like, and if they negleded this duty, G there 26 Of the Original of the Laplanders. there was none to reprove them for it. This made Guflavus complain in a Letter dmtddii Stochnlme^ July 24. 1556, that there were many among them, who were never baptifed , which proceeded from an opinicn that thofe who were baptifed in their riper years, would dy within 7 or 8 dales after; but when Giifiavm together with his Cclle^ors fcnt Priefts into Lapla/id-^ their children were baptifed , and they inftrufted at home. Nor were they obliged only to a bare hearing of the word, but to a diligent atten- tion, becaufe they were to be catechifed aftenvards , and ‘give an account of their progrefs; fo that now^ it was that they began to be Chriftians in good earneft , and in this refpedl it might with fome reafon be faid that in this laft age the Gofpel began to be preached among them , and that before they were wholy ignorant of the means of their falvation. Now it W'as that they had certain Priefls appointed to inftru< 5 l them, the 6rft whereof, or at leaft fince the reformation , was one Michael ^ whom Guflavus in his before mentioned Letter earneftly recommends to them , giving him efpecial com- mand by pious exhortation to reduce them to the true knowledg of God, and the Chriflian Faith. But this was more eflfetflually don in the fucceeding times of Charles Gm~ fiavus Adolphus , and Chrifiina ; who firfl: endowxd Schools and Churches; thofe two firm fupports 5 without which Religion can neither maintain its prefent ftrength , nor acquire more. Charles the 1 X, about the latter end of his reign was the firfl; that caufed Churches to be built in everyone of the divifions or Marches at his own peculiar charge; tw’o of them are mentioned in Lapponia Tornenfis^ viz. Teaotekjs and Juka6]/erff' ^ whereof one was built, ann, 1600, the other 5 years after. Chrijlina having found a filver mine there, followed his example; and by a public Charter ordered the building of four more , in Arwitfieff\ jirieplog^ Silbo]och^ and Nafajiell,3.ni\, 1640. then were Chriftian Churches built in Lapland \iCc\f ^ and there are now reckoned in Lapponia Aonger^ mannia one, called in Lappo?iiaZlmenfis one C2\\tdLyjefala\ in Lap* fonia Pithenfis four, whofe name are Graatratsk^ ArwHferfs , Stord fawgcks^ and Arieplogs ; there was alfo a fifth called Silbopchs , but this was long ago demolifhM and burnt by the Vanes. In Lapponia Luhlenfis there is one call’d Jochmoch, There was alfo another called Nafrilocht ,but this was burnt ac- cidentally not long lince. In Lappon/a Tornenfs there are reckoned three, 'Juckochfierfs Rounala., znd Enotaches. In Lapponia Kimenfis only Enare. All of them being 13 in number, except Silbojochs and Nafrilochs , are kept in good repair, and frequented by the They all own the Kings, and efpecially Charles the lX,for their Founders , excepting only Kounala^ which was built and adorned with a bell at the foie charge of 3 brothers Laplanders , whofe piety herein is the more commendable becaufe they were forc’t to fetch all the materials requifitfor fuch a W'orkthro long and trouble- fome waies, out of Norway wfith their Rain-dears. A memorable example which moftmen in our dates, tho defircus enough to feem pious and reli- gious , are fo far from equalling , much more from exceeding, that they ne- ver attemt to follow it. The manner of building their Temples was plain indeed , but fit enough for the ufe they were defigned to, the matter of them is the fame timber wherewith the Swedes ufually build their houfts. Adjoin- ing to their Churches they have belfrys, and houfes for the ufe- of Priefts and Of the Religion of the Laplanders. 27 and the convenience of t^ofe who living at a great diftance from the Church, have the liberty r f refrefliing thetnfelvf^s here in the Winter lime by the tire. This conftitution v as tirk m, de by ann. 1640, ccmmanding the Priefts to be alwaies refident , whereas before they living a far olF, came but atfomefet tinirs of the year. Schools were t.rft inftituted by Gufiavm Adolf hm ^ and I fuppofe in the town of fomerh’ng before the year 1619, for in that year Nicolaus Andrea , Minifier of Pithen^ dedicates his Ritual to him , in token of thanks and commendation for this his piety. The reafon why Gufiavus Adolf hm founded Schools, was chiefly becaufe he faw the Laflanders'pro^xtd very little under the Swedifli Priefls preaching in a forreign language , as they had hitherto den. Befides,the harflinefs of the air , and courfnefs of the diet killed great part of the Priefls , who had bin ufed to a better climate, and made the reft more unwilling to undergo this hardfhip : therefore was the firfl: School inflituted in Tithm-i and committed to the charge of Golam Andrea , who was alfo commanded for the better promoting of knowledg there , to tranflate the me ft ufeful and neceflTary books out of the Swedifli into the Laplandifli tongue. For the Laf landers before this were wholy ignorant of letters , and had not a book writ in their language ; the firft , which I fuppofe they had , was the Primer^ fuch as children ufe to learn containing the chief heads of Chriftian Religion , the ten Command- ments, Apoftles Creed, Lords Praier, and the like compiled by the afore- Paid Nicolaus , as himfelf witnefles ; he likewife was the firft that publiftied the Ritual in the Laplandifh tongue , the book is now extant printed at Stockholm by Ignatius Meurer^ with this title , Liber Cantionum quomodo ft celebranda Mtjfa Sermone Laffico, Thefe were the elements wherein they were firft to be inflriiifted, afterwards there were other books printed, amongft which was a z^z7«/zzz/tranflated out of Sw'edifh by Joannes Tor?iaus^ Minifter and School -mafter of Tornen ^ containing the Pfalms of Vaxjid^ Song of Solomon , Proverbs, Eccicfiaftes , Ecclefiafticus ^Luthers Catechife, facred Hymns , Gofpels , and Epiftles , with the folemn Praiers. The hi- ftory of Chrifs Paflion , and deftruftion oVJerufalem,^ the Ritual:, and Praiers of all forts. In the next place , for an encouragement to thofe that would fend their children to School , Guftavus Adolf bus allowed money , not only for their diet , but alfo for their clothes , and other neceflaries , with a ftipend foi the School-mafter : with thefe helps the Laf landers began more ferioufly to confider of the Chriftian Religion, which was now, preach’d to them in no other language then their own : heretofore their Minifters ufing only the Swedifli tongue, they learnt fomthing but underftcod it not, and mut- tered fome Praiers, but they knew not what : for fomtimes there ftood under the Pulpit, an Interpreter who explained to the People as w ell as he could what the Minifter faid at length. By the benefit of thefe aforefaid books they began to underftand what they praied for, and fome of the Youth oiLaf-- Und having ftudied at the Univerfity of ZJffaU made fo good progrefs in . the knowledg of the Liberal Arts and Sciences , and of the Chriftian Re- ligion 5 that they were entrufted with the Miniftery. ' Hitherto we have taken a view of Gufiavus Adolf bus his firft care for the advancement of Chriftianity in Laf land but as all things in their begin- G 2 nings 2 8 Of the Religivn of the Laplanders. nings find fome oppofuion , fo did the preaching of the word of God here; hrfl: of all it was a matter of great difficulty to maintain a School v.irhcut the confines of , to which the Youth of that Nation ffiould refort, therefore in the fecond place itwasadvifed by that famous man Joannes Skytte , free Baron of Di{dsrhoff-\ and Senator of the Kingdom , who to his immortal praife obtained that a School might be eredted by the King in LapUnd it fclf, in the Province of , near the Church Lykfda^ from whence the School took its name. This w^as the fecond School the Laplanders had , and by Gnftavus Adolphus , then engaged in a tedious war in Germany the charge of it was committed to the aforefaid Joannes Skytte , by a Roial Charter 5 and fetled upon his Family forever, allowing the School-mafter the whole Tithe, after the ordinary charges deduced; but Rill retaining to the Crown the fuperintendency of the benefaction. The form thereof is as follows, \]\l Gustavus Adolphus by the Grace of God King of the Goths and Vandals , isrc. declare that alt ho our dear Father Charles of blefj'ed memory ; ct 6 Ukevcife we our felves , after we were by the Divine Providence placed in the Throne of thk Kingdom^ have earnefily endevof d that cur Northern SubjehUs called Laplanders Jhould be infiruFied ^ in Arts and Letters ; and be informed in the grounds of Chri- fiian Religion ^yet the difir aPiion of the prefen t time , hath hitherto hindred our religious purpofe : but leafi our attemt jlould he utterly frufirated , we ordain and appoint our jaithfull Senator^ Chief Go- . vernor e/ Livonia , Ingria, and Carelia, the illufirious Lord John Skytt L. B. in Duriderhoff, Governor and Vifitor of a School to be ereSied in Umalappmark, he having undertaken that Charge * We farther ordain that the Government of the /aid Schoof fiall from time to time continue and belongto the Succeffors , in his family :'and that the Mafier and Scholars in the fchool aforefaid ynay have a confiant maintenance , we grant unto them the Tithes which the inhabitants of that divifion , do yearly bring into the Store- houfe of Uma , after the ordinary paiments are dedulded. ' Thefe Tithes^ with other gifts and benefahiions which the aforefaid Lord John Skitt ffoall by his diligence acquire for the faid charitable ufe; Jhall be diffojed by him for the benefit of the faid Schcof referving to our felves andfuccejfors thefupreme regulation of the fame. In wit- nefs whereof we have fet cur hand and Seal. Given in old Stetin in Pomerland , June 20. Ann. 1^31. Of the Religion of the Laplanders. This School had fome peculiar advantages over others 5 bccaufe its fetle- mcnt was firmly eliabliflicd, having for its Vifi tor, not the Minifter of the Parilh jbut a Senator of the Kingdom. Befides here was not only a falary allowed to theMafter and Scholars, but alfo an order to receive it out of the Tithes oiVmai, whereas the other had indeed a fetftipend, but be- caufe it was not certainly decreed where they fhould receive it, it was not duely paid aS the tithe and their neceflities required, which Was no fmall difadvantage and impediment to their defign. But all inconveniences were here remedied and the falary moft firmly fetled ; and not only fo, but alfo full aUtority granted unto the Illuftrious Lord John Skytte to find out and confirm any other means, which might conduce more to the good of that foundation. Neither was that eminent man wanting out of his fingular piety to God, and love of learning, to make this his whole bufinefs ^ till at laft he gathered a fum of five thoufand Dollars, partly thro his Own , and partly thro his friends liberality , which he delivered to the Queen ChrU fiina for the ufe of a Copper Mine, that in lieu thereof the School of VmA might yearly receive the whole revenue of the Crown , due from certain Towns in that Province. This requeft of his the Queen eafily granted, and two years after iffuM out her Letters patents, and a new Charter by the Protctflors of the Kingdom , whofe worthy Commemoration is not to be omitted. The words of the Charter are as follow ^ \ggE ChR I S T I N A by tht Grace of Goj Queen eleSi and hereditary Princefs of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals, Queen of Finland , Efthonia , Carelia, and Ingria , do declare^ that wherea 6 0ur dearly beloved Father ^fomtimes King of S wed- land, did out of fingular z^al and religious affePlion for the promoting of the Church of God^ effecially in the Northern parts of his Dominions^ inftitute a Laplandijh School in the Province o/Uma, and did confiitute our trujly and well beloved Senator the illuftrious Lord John Skytte, Senator of the Kingdom of Sweden, Prefident of our Roial Council in Gothland, Chancellor of ourVniverfityofUphl^ High Commijfioner of South-¥in\znd^ free Baron of DuderhofF, Lord of Grxnfia , Sfratnifrum and Skytteholm , Knight , to be fupervifer of this worKt fetling the fame power upon his Pofterity after his deceafe , dnd bountifully allow- ing to this defign out of the fores of Lima the yearly Tithes due' to the Crown ; We therefore by vertue of thefe Letters patents to not only confirm that wholfom Conflitution of our pious Father deceafed^ but do alfo certify that the illufriws Lord John Skytte hath brought in the fum of 5000 Dollars of filvet given by him- H fetf 3© Of the Religion of the Laplanders. felf and bis pom friends for the ufe of the Laflandijb School^ which entire fum be hath faid to the C opper -Company^ humbly intreating that the faid fum may remain in that Company to Vs and our Crown^ and that We for the yearly inter efi of the faid money allowing 8 per Cent ^ would give to the Laplandijb School the ufe of certain Villages in Norlands , that the irth obit ants thereof may pay their taxes to the aforefaid School ; which We gracioufly approving , do give ^ as a fecurity^ the benefit and profit of thefe following Villages belonging to Vs and our Crown in the Provinces o/Uma and Wefi Bothnia; Roebeck 12 Farms Sta^kfive 2. h. Clabbiler 3. Baggaboelet 2. Knddis 2. Braeneland 2. Thefe Farms [hall yearly pay to the Laplandijh School all their ordinary and extraordinary taxes which are hitherto impofed , which their inhabitants are hereby commanded to do without intermijfion , du- ring the time that we retain the aforefaid fum of 5000 Dollars^ paid to the C opper -Company ^until We Jhall have refiored the fum entire to the Laplandijh School, Wherefore We command our Offi- cers^ and all whom it may concern , that they fubfiraSl not from the faid School the aforefaid fum given infecurity^ before fich time as the money may be refiored ; and that they do not offer nor fuffer to be offered any injury or prejudice to the aforefaid School^ con- trary to this our EdiSi y in confirmation whereof Ours and the Kingdoms Protedorsand Adminifirators have hereto fet their hands,y and fealed it with the Roial Seal, Dated at Stockholm Novemh, 5. 1^34. The Perfoiis that fubfcribed were , Gabriel Oxenftern , Guflavi F, R, Drotfetus, jacobus de la Cardie High Marflial. Carolus CaroH Gyldenhielm High Admiral. Yetrus Baner Deputy Chancellor. Gabriel Oxenftern Tre- furcr. This is that School to which the Laplanders ow their Progrefs in the knowledg and love of Chriftian Religion, which appears from thofe many ufeful and eminent Perfons who have bin there bred ; alfo the fuccefs may be feen from the teftimonials of the Examiners , who were conftitutcd in the fame year that the School was endow’d by the aforefaid Roial Charier, the words are related by Braxjus as follow , Of the Religibn of the Laplanders. 31 w E , whofe names are underwritten , do tefiify that we were called by the Reverend and Learned M. Olaus our Raflor of the Church of Uma./o he prefent at the examination of the Lap- landijb Toutb frequenting the School of Lykfa in the Province of Uma ; we alfo teftify that we did hear them examined by their Re- Lior our aforefaid Paflor, Firft ^ they altogether fang the Pfatms of David tranflated into the Swedijb language , ob they are now ufed in the Church : next they all ^ and fingular repeted the Primer, containing not only the Elements of Speech , but the Lords Praier^ ten Commandments ^ Apoflks Creed ^ the words ufed in admini- firing the Sacraments of Baptifm , and the Lords Supper ; alfo the Graces before and after meat , together with the Morning and E~ vening Praiers, This Book^they all read according to the manner prefcribed in other Schools , and the more ingenious of them did difiinPlly and without hefitation repete the little Catechifm made by Luther : Befides thh^ they read the Goff els for Sundaies and Ho^ ly-daies as they are puhlifbed in the Swedijh tongue , this was the iask^ of all the Scholars, Only 8 of them being of flower part s^ did neverthelefs emulate the more ingenious according to their abilities. Now they all begin to learn the Fundamentals in the Laptandijh Idiom , that they may inftruLi their Country-men in their own mother tongue. This fchool exercife and the fruit arifing from thence as it exceeded our expebfation , to fee the illiterate Touth in a floor t time by the bleffmg of God,, learn the Principles of our falvation , which better Scholars have bin much longer in attaining to,, fo ought we to give fingular thanks to Gods who hath made their endevors fo fuccefsful. Nor mufi we omit the deferved Commendation of thofc pious men , who by their bountiful largeffes founded and endowed the School , and at this time maintain it \ altho for the reward of their piety they mufi expeCi the bleffing of God^ according as he hath promifed, IVitnefs our hands and Jeals, Bated in the place afore,^ (aid hxm, 1634. Jacobus Andrew Burxus. Petrus Jona?. An- dreas Hacquini. Jacobus Nicolai. Olaus Olai. From this teftimony it appears that the School was frequented by no H 3; fmall 5 2 Of the Religion of the Laplanders. fmall number of the Laplandifli Youth , alfo that they were not wholly unfit for the ftudy of learning and Religion ; making it their chief care to learn thofe things which are efpecially ncceflary to the improving of a Chriftian life. Laft of all, the readinefs of the Laplanders to fend their children to School : fo that now there appears another face of Religion in Lapland then what there was in former ages , becaufe the Kings have taken greater care in providing for Churches, Schools , Books , Minifters, and School- mafters. The Priefts in like manner are more careful , being now for the moft part Laplanders , or skilful in that tongue , whereof there is in Lapponia Vmenfis one, in Lapponia Pithenfis 3, mLapponta Luhlenfisont^ whofe trouble is the greater, becaufe the Country is large and the inha- bitants difperfed. In Lapponia Tornenfs^wd Kiemenfis they have both Laplandilh and Swed- ifh Pricfts , who once a year at their public Fairs in February vifit the Country , baptifing their children , and preaching to them in the Tinntjh language, which they feem to underftand. For their reward they have one third part of the Rain-dears, which the Laplanders are bound to pay to the Crown ; and whereas every Laplander was obliged to pay for a tax ei- ther two pair of fhoes, ora white Fox, or a pound of Pike, this is now equally divided between the King and the Prieft ; which makes not only the Priefts more chcarful in doing their duty , but. the People alfo more di- ligent in their performances. Hence it is that they pay their Minifters fo much honor and refpc keep great numbers in a leathern bag, and difpatch daily fomeof them abroad. Of thefe he relates a ftory, thatj happened in his time: an Inhabitant cfffelieland.^'whois ftill alive, going towards the mountains in Norivay to hunt Bears , came to a cave under the fide of a hill , where he found an image rudely lhapen , which was the Idoli of fome Finlander', near this ftood a Ganeska , or magical fatchel : he opened this, and found in it feveral blewifh flies crawling about, which they call Gans-i or fpirits, and are daily Pent out by the Finlanders to execute their devilifli defigns. But he Teems to intimate no more by this word Gan j then that very thing which endangers mens health , and lives. For he faies that thefe Finlanders cannot live peaceably , except they let out of their Gcn- eska or Ganktid^ which is the fatchcl , every day one of the Gans, that is a fly or devil. But if the Gan can find no man to deftroy , after they have Pent him out , which they feldom do upon no account at all , then he roves about at a venture , and deftroies the firft thing he meets with j fometimes they command it out to the mountains , to cleave rocks afunder ; however thefe conjurers will , for very trivial caufes, fend out their Gan to ruine men- This word Gan fignifies no more then what Zeigler meant by his dart, for the term by which they exprefs its going out is de Skiuda deris Gan , that iS, he as it were Ihoots out his Gan like an arrow , for Skiuda is only proper to the fhooting out of an arrow. This is the third thing belonging to their magic , which they life as well againft one another as ftrangers-, nay foiiletinies againft thofe that they know are their equals in the art. Of this kind there happened a notable paflage betwixt two Finlanders , one of which was called Asbioern Gan- konge , from his great knowledge in the art , the other upon Pome final! difference concerning their skill, or Pome fuch trifle , would have deftroyed Asbioern , but was ftill prevented by his too powerfull art , till at Lift finding an opportunity , as Asbioern lay fleeping under a rock , he immediately difpatcht away a Gan, that cleft the rock afunder, and tumbled it upon him. This happened in the time of Petrus Claud, not long before he wrote his Hiftory. Some of the Conjurers are contented only with the power to P 2 expel] ^0 Of the magical Cer monks expell that Gan out of men , orbeafts, w hich others fend. This is remar- kable among them, that they can hurt no man with their Can , except they firft know his parents name. Now all that the Finlanders and Finlapfers of t^orjpay efFeA by their Gan , the Laplanders do by a thing they call Tyre. This Tyre is a round ball 5 about the bignefs of a wallnut 9 or fmall apple , made of the fineft hair of abeaft, or elfe of mofs, very fmoothj and fo light that it Teems hollow 5 its colour is a mixture of yellow , green , and alh , but To that the yellow may appear moft. I had one of thefe given me by M' John Otto Silverfiroem , Warden of the Colledge belonging to the metals , and Mafier of the Mines at Saltzburg and Frahlune. This is the figure of it» This Tyre they fay is quickened and moved by a particular art ? it is fold by the Laplanders^ To that he that buies it may hurt whom he pleafes with it. Tney do perfwade themfelves , and others , that by the Tyre they can fend, either Serpents, Toads, Mice , or what they pleafe into any man , to make his torment the greater. It goes like a whirlewind , and as fwift as an arrow , and deftroies the firft man , or beaft , that it lights on , fo that it often miftakes. Of thefe we have too many inftances in this time, which are too long toinfert here: having therefore done with all, or at leaft the chiefeft matters concerning their facred , and fuperftitious rites, or worfhip ; we proceed to other affairs. CHAP- XIL Of the Golpernment of the Laplanders. W E come now to their fecular affairs, which are cither public or private ; we will treat firft of the public , to which belong the form and conftitution of their Government. This in former times, before they were named Laplanders , was in this manner 5 they were fubjeft to no neigh- bouring Country, but were governed among themfelves, yet foas to be fubjetft to a King, they chofeout of their own Nation. Moft of them, or at leaft thofe which bordered on Norway , and dwelt near the Sea , w ere under this kind of Government , in the time of Harauld Harfager King of AV- vpay cotemporary with Erim the Conqueror, King of the Swedes this was poo years after Chrift ; he conquered the greateft part of Norway , except thefe Finlanders, The King that reigned over them at that time, was of the Laplanders. 6 i was named Mottle. This account was queflionlefs taken from Haralds ex- pedition imo Biarmia , and his ruining all that Ccuntrey , except the part belonging to tbefe finlanders. In thofe times the name of Laplanders vjslS neither ufedj nor known, as I have fliewn elft where , but they retained that of their anceftours , which was alfo common to all of the fame extra- dion. Their condition was not much altered , after that they took this name; which was when they firft fent cut Colonies into the inland Countries, on the farther part of the mountains , w hich divide Sjf>edland from Llorway, For they that w'cnt out had certainly fome Leader , whom without doubt they chofe for King, after they had taken poffefllon of thofe Countriesj and I believe they would fcarcely fubmit to any other power whilft that he was living 5 and this feems the more probable , becaufe no one in thofe daies would undertake the conqueft of a company of poor beggarly fu° gitives> who dwelt among Woods and Deferts, in continual fnow and the greateft extremity of cold. This w as the Mofeovites opinion of them, who tho they dwelt near them , fcarcely knew their nature and difpofition, and thought it madnefs to fet upon them with a fmall party , and an adven- ture of little profit, and lefs honour to raife an Army againft a Country already diftrefled by poverty. For this reafon Laplanders enjoied their own cuftoras for a long time. The firft King of Sweden that had any thoughts of conquering them w^as Ladulaus the great , who florilhcd about the year 1277, who becaufe it feemed difficult to bring them under the Crown of Sweden , promifed thofe that would undertake the conqueft , the government over them. He thought it too expenfive to make a public war upon them^ when they were to be dealt with as wild beafts ; yet however could not endure that a neighbouring People , dwelling alraoft in the heart of his Country , for they pofiTefled at that time as far as the Bay of Bothnia., fhonld refufe obedience to his Kingdom. Wherefore he thought upon the before mentioned projeft, and propofed great advantages to private perfons, upon which the Sirkarli, their neighbours, readily engaged thenifelves, and effetfted their enterprize no lefs fucccfsfully. In this defign , the plot of a particular perfon was inoft remarkable , as is related by Encus , and recorded by John Burdens. One fingle man of the Birkarli 'Vftnx to- wards Lapland to way-lay the Laplanders in their return from Birkala , ( at this time no one inhabited on the North fide of that allotment ) and ordered his wife to cover him over with fnow, in the middle of the way where the Laplanders muft necefiarily pafs over him. They came in the night time , and by their palfing over him he knew there were fifteen , which were the chief among them , and to whom the reft w ere in fub- jeftion ; when they were gone , he immediately arofe out of the fnow , and going fome fhorter way , fet upen them at unawares , as they palfed by, one by one , which is their ufual way in travelling , and flew them one after another. None of thofe that followed perceived the firft men flain, it being in the night time , and each of them at fome diftance from the others ; till thelaft man finding his fellows killed, made a ftout refiftance , but the Birkarla by the aififtance of his wife got the vitftory , and flew him like- wife. Thus the moft powerfull of them being (lain , the reft readily fub- niitted. Some think the Birkarli deluded them by a pretended truce, and CL that 6 2 Of the Government that before it was expired, they aflaulted them, not fufpeAing then the leaft danger, and killing feveral , fubdued the Countrey , fas far as the North- ern and Weftern Oceans. We may eafily colletH: from the truce mentioned here, that before their fubjetftion to the Swedes by the Ei/karU^ there was fome kind of war betwixt both ; befides,it was fhcwn above, that LadttUus could not bring them under his Crown, This perhaps may be Zeiglers meaning, when he defcribes them as a warlike People , and free for a great time, that they alfo withftood the Arms of Norway and Sweden^ till they were forced at laft toyeildj but what Zeigkr imputes to their valour , proceeded only from the contemt they were then in , as is plain from the opinion tht Mo/covites g^'ve of them. And there is little reafen to fuppofe the Swedes were not of the fame , fince they were overcome only by the allotment of Birkala ; and Ladttlaus did not conquer them out of any fear he conceived of their forces, but by fleighr, forefeeing the fmall advan- tages he fliould receive would not quit the charges of an Army. Thus the Laplanders were brought in fubjetftion by the fubcilty and expence of private perfons. About the year of our Saviour 1277, the had the autority over them ; yet fo as to acknowledg their depcndancc on the King of Sweden. Now whether all of them were thus overcome , as thofe that lived beyond the mountains of Norway , near the Sea , which are the Finlanders., or Lappofinni is flill in doubt , except we colledf it from this, that all from the Northern and Weftern Oceans were certainly fubjeded. But whatever difpute may arife concerning that, it is manifeft the Swedes were the firft Conquerours of Lapland., but afterwards the Norwegians and Mofeovites following their example , put in alfo for a part ; thus they became fubjed to thefe three feverall Princes. But to pafs by the others, the Swedes enjoyed , for fome former ages , half the dominions from forden to Walangdr , over the Lappofinni ^ or maritime Finlanders. This Was given by Charles the IX, in his inftrudions to his Embafiadors, fent to the Kingof Dafiemark wherein he made it appear that the Swedes\\^ 6 . from former times , till then , enjoied half the rights , both facred and ci- villj whether as to tributes, punifliments, men, or fiflierie , with the Crowns o^ DanemArk. 'dnd Norway. But the kept only a third part from Malanger to Waranger , thofe ot Norway and Mofeovy laying claim to the other two, till in the year I5P5, the Mofeovites , by a League, de- livered up their part , but the Swedes alwaies poffeffed the mountainous and more neighbouring phet^hom Ladidaits's time, for near four hundred years, and exercifed their autority over them. The Government after the conqueft was in the hands of the Btrkarli ^ according to the grant given them by LaduUiis^ who ruled over thofe that dwelt near the Bay o^ Both- nia , impofed taxes, trafficked with them, and received all the profit of the Salmon fifhing, and all other advantages arifing from them 5 but in acknowledgement to the King, as Supreme, they paid a certain number of gray Squirrils skins. The Laplanders ., by common confent , received and honored the Bergchara , that is men of the mountains, or Birkarliy as their Governours , and paid them very rich skins , and feverall forts of fifh, both for their tribute to the King of Sweden yd^nd their own proper ufes. Neither were there any other commiffioned by the King in thofe times to govern them , as will appear afterwards. He, that was their Governor was honored of the Laplanders. honored by them with the title of King, his autority was confirmed by the Crown of Sivedai , he wore a red robe, as the token of his Roialty ; now from this fort of garment, by which the Birknrli were diflinguifhed from others, it is evident they were the firft rulers in thofe parts; and perhaps only one governed them , whilft they dwelt near the Bay of nia ^ but when they enlarged their pofTefilons farther into the Land, and were divided into feverall Counties, eachdivifion had its particular Go- vernor. And that it wasfo, is manifefied from the Letters of Gufiavus x\\t firft, where he divides the Birkarli into Luhlians ^ V’jthtans ^ and Tor- mans^ over which accordingly there were feverall Governors. It may per- haps now be a difpute , who thefe Birkarli were , by whom the Swedes fubdued Lapland ; Bur^us faies they were the Inhabitants of the allotment, of Birkala-t but OUus Magnus is of a different opinion , and calls them Bergchara^ that is, men of the mountains, from^ and Luhla , according to the Swedifh Law s, andtoproted them from all injuries. -There are atprefent in Lapland three Governors, and as many Courts of Judicature ; the firft is cdWtd Ammdfteeenfe ■, ov Anger- manfian -y the other V hmenfinnyLtthenfian and Luhlenfian , the other is the Torne^flan, d^nd Kjemenfian. Over thefe are particular Governors, who in the Kings name pafs Sentence , but in the prefeiice of a Judge and a PrieK; where it is obfervable that they added Priefts to the Governors , to retrain them from doing injuftice by tlie autority of their prefence. Now as to the UEie when thefe Courts were called , it is a doubt , but 1 believe it was at the Fair times , when they met about all public bufinefs ; this was com- monly twice in a year, zjix^m Winter and Summer, according to 2tn order of the ninth’s. It is now in January dnd February. They were held in the fame places where they kept their Markets and Fairs, which were determined in each particular County, as will appear by and by. R Now ^6 Of the Judicature and Tributes Now wc come to the Tribute they paid, which atfirftwas only skins of beafts , paid not by the Laplanders , but the BirkarlL y^t only as an ac- knowledgement of their fubjedlion to the Crown of Bur^eus calls it nnogra timber graoskin ^ graoskdn fignifies gray Squirrils skins , ofwhich color the Squirrils were ccnfiantly in the Winter ; timber denotes the num- ber of the skins, which were fourty , tied together in a bundle. It is un- certain how many cf thefe bundles x\\t Birkarli gave, but in the Contra< 5 l with Gujlavus the firft , thofe of Luhla and Bitha were engaged to pay 8, which makes in all 3^0 skins, bcfides two Martins skins. Thofe alfo of Tbrwe were taxed with the fame number;and fliortly after this number was doubled, by an agreement made in 1528. But after the Birkarli had loft their pri- viledges, for the forementioned reafons , and the King received the tax by CommilTioners for himfelf,it is very probable fome more alteration were made. In the year 1602 they paid inftead of skins every tenth Rain-deer, and one tenth of all their dried fifh ; which is clear from the commands given by Charles tc*his Deputies Olaws Burman and Henry Benegtfon , at Stockholm on the 22*^ of July in the fame year, to require the tribute in this manner , that fo the Laplanders might know what and how much they were to pay : for it feems that from Gnftavns the firft’s time , till then, the Governors ufed no conftant method in raifing it , but fometimes de- manded skins, at other times other forts of goods that feemed moft necef* fary for prefent ufe; fo that by this uncertainty the tribute grew very heavy upon the Inhabitants, and their Governors took occafion from it to exaft what they pleafed under pretence of the public account , for their own proper ufes. Yet this cuftom continued not long, being thought perhaps too burthenfome to the Laplanders , and very prejudiciable to their herds 5 wherefore it was ordered in 1^06, that everyone which w'as then 17 years of age, fliould pay either two Bucks, orithree Does out of their herds of Rain-deers , and eight pound of dried filh ; as alfo every tenth Fawn out of their ftock , and every tenth tun from their filhery. This tax was alfo im- pofed on Birkarli that had any trafic with them. This order w^as kept a long while, and renewed again by the fame King in i 5 io. The tribute they pay at this time is either mony. Rain-deers , or skins , either plain or fitted up for ufe. Thefe they pay according to the largenefs of the Provinces in which they dwell , the largeft of which , they fay , are een heel skntt , that is , they pay the full tribute; the lefler een half s ’'att , that is , half tribute; and fo likewife for the reft. He that poircffeth a Province of the whole tri- bute, pays two Patacoons^ which they call Skattadaler ^ and others that have lefter pofiTclfions and half tribute, give one Patacoon^, thofe which w^ant mony, pay filh or skins , which arc commonly of Foxes or Squirrils, of thefe 50, of the others one with a pair of Lapland flioes, are equal to a Patacoon: two pounds alfo of dry fifli are of the fame value ; now to every pound of dried filh they allow five over,becaufe fo much is commonly loft in the drying. They call this pound with its addition Skattpund, that is the pound for tribute. They value their Rain-deers at 3 Dollars a piece, and pay the tenths of them, not each family, but every hundred. 1 have fet the prices down here , becaufe if any one had rather keep hisCattel, he can be forced to no more then after this rate. Now concerning the tenths they pay of skins , every houftiolder is taxed one white Foxe’s skin , or a pair of Lap- land cf the Laplanders. land llioes ; if he hath neither of thefe , half a pound of dried Jack. This is the Tribute yearly received by the Crown of Srpeden from Lapland ^ of which the greateft part is commonly by the Kings gracious favor allowed for the maintenance cf their Priefts, as Was ihewn in another place. Now becaufe it is fo far beth by Sea and Land, before thefe commodities can be brought to the Kings Scorehoufes , befides the ordinary tax they give a pair of Lapland Ihoes , which they call Haxapalka ^ that is the price for carriage. This is all they pay to the King of Sweden , but befides they are tributary to the Crown of j and the great Duke of Mofcovy^not as Subjeds to thefe Princes , but upon the account of their receiving fe- veral advantages from their Dominions in their hunting and filhing. Thofe that arc thus, are all the allotments of Tornahtyoxxd the mountains, who by reafon of the liberty they have to bring down their Cattel from the mountains into the vallies in the Summer time, near the Sea fiiore, and taking the opportunity from thence of filhing, are taxed by the Danes^hut not at above half the rate that they pay to the Swedes. Thefe allotments zvG Koutokewe Au]ouara Teno^t zndVtziocki. Tht Laplaoda s clICo of the allotment of Lnare in Kkmi.,2.xt in the fame condition , who for filhing and hunting pay both to the Danes ^nd Mofeovites as well as to the *S'»>ecles and Norwegians ^ on the other the Finlanders , Ruffians , and Mofcovites. Neither was it othcrwife in old times, unlefs when they were under the power of the Birkarli^ who endeavouring to get all the trade into their own hands, did more narrowly watch thofethat were nigheft Sweden^ that lb they might exclude all but themfelves from trafficking in any part of Lapland. The power that we read was given the Birkarli over the Laplanders by Ladulaus the great King, I fuppofe , chiefly confiftedin this ; for the other fpeciall rights and priviledges, which they and their anceftors for a long time pofielfed , Cti* flavus the firft hath fet down , as I have in another place declared. And this we mayalfo gather from the prohibition of the ninth,’ denying the Birkarli the priviledge of trafficking in Lapland^ as they had formerly done. The words of the injunftion publilhed in the year i6oz are to this purpofe ^ And we do utterly forbid the Birkarli any more to trade for skins or other commodities.^ as they have formerly ufed. Before this time therefore they were either the only, or chief Merchants in Lapland whi- ther when they had brought their nterchandifejthey went round the Country purchafing all the skins they could, of which afterwards they made great fums of mony. And this they continually did till the time of Gu^iavus the firfl: , when that priviledge began to be denyed them ; by which they were grown fo rich and powerfull , and what is the common confequent thereof, proud and haughty. But neither could Guftavui provide againft' all their arts and evalions | for tho he took from them all power tiVQv tht Laplanders .y yet they being better skilled in the commodities of the Country and conftitution of the People then others ^ did ftill , tho not fo openly , keep correfpondence and trafic with them, till in the year 1^02, in the time of Charles ninth, they were forbid by the forenientioned injuntflion , at any time , or in any place , to hold any commerce with them , and the monopoly of all skins was annext to the Crown 5 a certain rate being fet at which they were to be fold. The words of the Edi Gent* Man Albma 55 Woman Hair r 55 Niffum 'Waopt • ^ the Mouth Nialbme the Chin Kaig R the Heart s Waibmi the Flefh Ogge a Wolf Seibik a Bear , Muriel a Fox. 1 Riemnes "Auringa. Taiw'as Weft Sade Lumi Ihminen Mies Waimo Hiuxi Suu Lcuca Sydaon Liha Sufi Karhu ^Kettu. And the Difference between thefe and the like words without doubt was that which gave occafion to fome to think that anciently the Laplanders had a Speech peculiar to themfelves, and quite different from that of Finland^ of Laplanders. 75 of which ancient Language thcfe relids did remain , and for this they give this reafon ; that the Laplanders were forced to frame to therafelves a new Language, for fear^leaft being underftood by their neighbours the FinlandcrSy they fhould fall into their fnares. So OlaUs Petri faies that oftentimes they found fpies about their tents in the nighty hcarkning after their Councels, now for this reafon , according to the Policy of their Forefathers , flying into the allotment of Rengo , in the Province of R'olnenfe , they there agreed upon, and framed to themfelves a Speech quite different from that of tand. So that there are very few words found to agree in both Languages. Now by the Spies he there talks of, he underffands the FinlanderSy'who being driven out of i\[t\YQo\imTyhy Matthias Kurkins ^ndthtTavaJliaKSi roved up and down , Peeking where they might mofl: conveniently fettle, as may appear from what goes before in that place. Others think that thefe are the relifts of that Language which they firff brought into Lapland^ which they fuppofe to be no other but that of the But how falfethis is, may appear from the vaft difference between thofe Tongues, in which there is not one word that fignifies the fame thing in both Languages. And that you may not think I fay this without any reafon , I will give you a few in fiances. the Sun Gynefch Heaven Gioech Fire Atafch Air Jufger Water Sauf a Lake Danhis i Ice Biiiis the Earth ler or toprak a Hill Dagda a Man . . Adam Hair 'S Sadfeh the Eye Gios the Nofe Burnum a Beard an Arm Beichlar ' ^ JEhl a Hand , Vj Cholun R a Foot Ajach a Heart Jurek a Bow W an Arrow Och Father Babam Mother Anaffe Brother Cardafeh Sifter Kifcardafche a V/olf Sirma a Bear Ajuf a Fifh 1 ^Balich Beiwe Aim Tulla Biigga Tziatz iEnnam Ware AolmaitZ Waopta Tzialmc Nierune Sicmao Kiettawerdi Kietta Iwobge Waimao Taugh Niaela Atziae JEnnx Wisely Aobbe Kurt Kwopiza Kwele. 76 Of the Language And indeed there is as great incongruity in all the reft of the words as in thefe , fo that this opinion is not only foolifli , but ridiculous. And neither is the other , which pretends they framed a Language to themfelves, ground- ed upon any greater truth then this former. For firft why Ihould they only have changed Tome words and not all ? And then thefe words which do agree in both Languages are not the names of things lefs known , or not fo ordinarily ufed , as other things , but of fuch as were as common as life, light, or breathing: wherefore I am clearly of the other opinion , and do belcive that thefe differing words areas much Finnonickasany ofthe reft. But they who from the difference of thefe words infer the independency of the Speeches , do not at all confider that , then which there is nothing more common and incident to Languages, to be changed and altered according to the times , and fo much the more by how much the People have greater commerce with other Nations. And this is plain from the example of the JJlanders and Norwegians 5 for that the Jflanders fprung from the Norwegians is by the Hiflories of both Nations made fo clear that no man can doubt of it. But now the IJlanders ufe many words which thofe of Norway are quite ignorant of; and yet I hope no man will thence fay that the Jjlanders have a Language wholly independent and different from that of Norway ; for the one living by themfelves , and having little or no dealings with other People, do to this day keep entire the fame Language which they firft brought , and which they received down from their anceftcu's ; but it was quite otherwife with the Norwegians^ who together with their Em- pire loft alfo their ancient Language. The fame feems to be the cafe of the Finlanders^ who being brought under the Jurifdiftion of others, and holding more frequent commerce with their neighbours , left much of their ancient manner of fpeaking, which the Laflanders on the contrary living a more folitary life , it is probable , do ftill keep.mneorrupt. Wherefore it is no wonder if in their language we meet with many words, which compared with thofe of the modern Finlanders , feem to have nothing of likenefs 5 tho happily one that is well skilled in the dialed and propriety of the Finno- nick Language, will find enough to make him conjeefture that there are many words which , as they, are now ufed feem quite different , yet are very agreeable in the original. And this islikewife the common fate of other lan- guages, as for example of the German^ in which a little too raftily the learned Olaus Wormius in his liter atura Runica^ as he calls it, Cap. 27, hath taken notice of fo great a difference. For in thefe daies not only nach^ but eff'ter is ufed , as may appear aff'terred^ afterdam &c. And fo likewife the Ger^ mans ufe not only Ge/icM y but alfo Antlitxj, not ox\\y Verftand ^ hmVer- nnnff't ; and as w'ell effen , anfangen , Schnjf^ Alter ^ Gef^ngnm , auffthun^ Bett^ &c. 2.S ^ As ^ beginnen , k^eimen , uralt^ haffte ^ entdeckyn , L^gerfiadj locken^m all which they agree with the ancient Germans. In my opinion therefore the difference of a few words, is not authority enough to prove that the Laplanders in ancient times had a peculiar language. But it fhews rather that they are not all of the fame antiquity , but that fome came from Finland longer ago , who brought thofe obfbletc words with them , and fome of later daies , who now ufe the new ; and this I think to be the beft ac- count of the Language of the Laplanders. Of which this alfo is obfervable, that it doth not in all places alike agree with it felf, but hath its feveral different of the Laplanders. jj -different DialeAs , and is (b various, that thofe that live in one part of the Country , can fcarce underftand thofe of the other. There are efpecially three Dialetfts , the firft ufed by the TJmenfes 'dXid Pithfnfcs in the Weff, the 2^ by the Luhlenfts in the North , the laft by the Tormnfts and JiU menfes in the Eaft. And the variety of thefe Dialeds was doubtlefs caufed by the difference of times in which they came into Lapland \ fome coming fboner, fome later, fome fettling in one part, fome in another. Now of all thefe Dialed, there is none more rough or unplefant then that of the Luhlenfes ^ who as well in their life and manners, as in their way offpeak- ing, are far the moft ruftick andclownifli of all the Laplanders. But that you may fee what a difparity there is between thefe Dialetfts, I will fee down a few example: t^e^Pithenfes^dy Juhmel^ iht T omen f es yimmd Pithenfes fay Jocki , Warra , Olbmo , n'ipm , skaigkj , kjift^ pardeU muriet , reppi ; for which the Tormnfts put, virte ^ taodar^ almai. kab^ katotza, raopka., kaap ^ alik, ojpre , kops, riemnes. Now aS the Language of the Lapf<- landers is varied according to the diverfity of the Territories and Marches^ juft as it is in other Nations, particularly in Germar.y , where the Stvave- landers.^ Saxons Belgians^ fpeak all different tongues, fohaih, it this alfo common with dthcr Countries , vix^ that the nigher the Territory tends to any other People , fo much the more do the Inhabitants participate of their Language; and fothe Tornenfes dud Kimenfes ^ who border upon the Finlanders y do at this day ufe very much of their fpeech: nay they go yet farther, and make it their bufineft to learrt the Language of their Neigh- bours, fo the Tornenfes and Kimenfes get the Finnonik^., x\\t Luhlenfes ^Pi- thenfes ^ and efpecially theZJmenfes the Swedifh Language 5 and that man that is skilled in thefe Tongues hath not little conceit of himfelf , and is indeed much efteemed among his neighbours. It is therefore no wonder if there be many Swedifli words found among the Laplanders : for it could not otherwife happen but that this People , Who were fupplied by others in many things which they had not themfelves , fhould with Forreign com- modities receive alfo and ufe Forreign naniesj and of this 1 could give many inftances , but it is not the bufinefs in hand. Now of this kind we ought to efteem thefe words follcwing ; in Lapland., Salng fignifies bleffed., which the Swedes call Saligh :Niip a knife , the Swedes call it kpdfi Fieeloy a rafter with the Swedes tiltOy and many more of the like nature. Of all which the R. and learned Johan. Totnam gives this account, that the ufe of Forreign words was introduced partly by necefllty , and partly by converfing with Strangers; and upon this account it is that they that converfe with the Swedes do oftentimes ufe Swedifh words. The like may be faid of thofe that deal with the Finlanders , and with the Germans in ISIorwaJ , and this is the reafoh why one and the fame thing is often called by divers appellations , as for example , the Swedes call a Horfe Heefiy the Finlanders , ftapoitss , the Ger- mans ^ Kofs which alfo is the name the Laplanders give the beaft , for they 'having no Horfes of their own were forced to borrow i name from the Country from whence they had them. Now wfiat Torn^us ohftrves concern- ing the word Rofs^ 1 beleive may be applyed alfo to the v ord Porcusy which I fuppofe they had rather from the then LatineS, for the Germans call a Barrow-Hog , Bork , now their Swine they had all out oi Norway ^ and it is very probable they did then.ee borrow that appellation alfo. And not 7 8 Of the Language to trouble our felves any farther, this will hold true in all the reft of that kind. Wherefore fetting apart other confiderations , and looking upon- this Language , not as it contains in it forreign words , but only fuch as they alwaies ufed within themfelves , and were ever received among them , it remains that we conclude it to be not a mifcellany or collc'cftion of Latin, German , Swedilh feraps, and the like, neither as a peculiar fpeech, different from them altogether, but fuch as originally took its rife from the Finlanders^ tho time hath brought it to pafs that perhaps few of them nhderftand it: This Tongue, as well as others, hath its Declenfions'^, Coinparifons, Conjugations, Moods, Tenfes, c^c. and perhaps it may hot beamifs if I ihould here infert fome examples : I will therefore firft decline you a Lap- landifti Noun , and afterwards give you the Finnonick Leclenfion of the fame , that by comparing both ydii may better underftand the parity and difparity ofthefe Languages. This Noun lhall be for fo the Tor* nenfes call it, tho other fay Jubmel Finlanders terms it and it fignifies God* Lappon. Finlappon. Singiil, N. Immel. C, Immele. D. Immela. A. Immel. T, 6 Immel. Immelift. Plural. N. Immeleck. G. Immeliig. D, Immewotb, A. Immeliidh. 6 Immseleck. A Imm«eliie. SinguU N. Jumala. G. Jumalan. D. Jumalalle. A. Jumalaa. F. Jumala. A. Jumalafta. Plural. N. Jumalat. G. Jumalden. P. Jumalille. A. Jumalat. K 6 Jumalat. A. Jumalilda. I will add one more Noun, that the cafe may be more clear, and that fliall be Olmat, which fgnifies a man. Singul. N. Olmai. G. Olma. P. Olmas. A. Olma. V. 6 Olmai. A. Olmaft. Plural. N. Olmack. G. Olmaig. P. Olmaid. A. Olmaig. T. 6 Olmack. A. Olmaija. And after this manner it is in all the reft. Adjedives have their terminations in comparifon , as Stoure , great ^fiourapo , greater , flour avnus , greateft. Enach , much , enapo , more , enamus , moft. Vlze, little, utzapo , lefs, utzamus, leaft. ^ The comparative for the moft part ends in po , the Superlative in mus. They have alfo their Articles, but feldom ufe them before Nouns, as it alfo in other Tongues. In the Mafc. and the Fern. Gender the Article hath the fame termina- tion, but differs in the Neuter; for tott fignifies bic dsrbac, torvt ^ boc. Their Pronouns are mun, I, tun, thou, Cun, he, mii^ we, fli, you , tack ^ they. The of the Laplanders. y<^ The Verbs alfo are conjugated in their Tenfes, and Perfons , as in the Indicative mood thus , Sing. Mm pvpQ 7 -aIfan I love, tumprvoraSiack thcu loveft , fun fmrafia. Plur. Mii fworaflop we love ^ fii pjvorofi ycu love, tavk. ptvroif. And after this manner do they -d^linfe their other Verbs. Sing, mun Urn lam, tunlack.-^ thou art , //kz he is. Plur. mn l£p we are , fit la you are, UckJ^ they are. Thefe will ferve to give us fome light into the nature of this Language^ at leaft as much as is to our purpofe , who did not undertake to v. rite a Grammar^ but only give fome fmall defcriptron. Now the Laplanders have a peculiar way of pronouncing words '7 iiccord- ing to which it is impofllble to exprefs theiti in letters , for they do mbuth out all their words, fo that the vowels might be heard loud enough, but the other letters come very foftly out;they do alfo quite cut off and drcwn the laft Syllables , efpecially of Nouns. Letters they neither have, nor ever had any, and in this they agree with their anceffors the T inlander : the Calendar which they ufe, is no other but the Swediih in letters. And this alfo, before they came to have commerce with the S^edes^ and had learned of them the obfervation of Holy-daies, was never in ufe among them. Johannes Buram tells us that he heard from perfons of goed credit , of certain grave -ftones and monuments, which had femetimes bin found in Lapland Q more where- of perhaps might be found ) on which were engraved Runick. Char^fters. But fuppofe we this true , it is not , 1 hope , therefore neceffary that We fhould conclude that thefe were formerly the letters of the to which indeed , as well themfelves as their forefathers the Finlanders arc e- qually Strangers. But we have more reafon to think that the Swedes coming thither in ancient times, either by force of arms, or otherwife , in\iabited there abouts, and left thefe ffones. To this day both the Laplander and Fin- lander ufe the Latine letter *5 in the fame Character the Swedes and Germans make them, altho the number of them that can read among them is but very fmall, and of them that cart write, a great deal lefs , and are only fuch as they cal] great Scholars, Now this Speech being only uftd among the Laplanders , and there being none that defire to learn it but themfelves, in ail negotiations with others , they are forced to ufe the help of Interpreters , of whom upon this account there are great numbers , as I have formerly faid : tho thefe Inter- preters fpeak all Languages , but the FinmnieJf very barbaroufly, which is alfo the fault of all Laplanders ^ who dve very hardly brought to learner pronounce any other Tongue, and much given to confound one with ano- ther. So that they which traffic in Norway , and border upon that Country, do in their fpeaking mingle together the Speech of the AW wepians and Swedes^ as for inftance , jeghkii^Tni^ for kom-, jeg gaong^ for jag goar. So for , they fay koona^ for min myfsa^ mitt hofwnd^SiC, But of the Lan .guage of the Laplanders let this fuffice. V 2 C H A 8o Of the Houjes of the Laplanders. CHAP. XVI Oj- the Houfes of the Laplanders. H itherto we have treated of the Laplander as he hath relation to the Common-wealth , we fiiall in the next place fpeak of him as a private perfon. And this we fhall do firft , confidering the things they have need of. Secondly , their imployments. And thirdly their leafure and paftimes. All neccflary accommodations are either fuch as are to defend us from ill inconveniences , or to give us ncceflaries. Of the firft fort , are Houfes and Cloathcs, of the 2*^5 Meat and Drink. We fhall begin with their houfes , or places of aboad. The Laplanders have not any houfes like other Northern People, it having bin their cuftom to wander up and down, and fo, fometimes in one place and fometimes in another , to fet up fmall flicds for their prefent ufe ; fo that they had no certain habitations, but having eaten and confumed the fifti and beafts in one place , they march to another, carrying their flieds or tents with them. But this liberty of wandring up and down the Country , was in a fpe- cial Edidt forbid them by Charles the ninth , in the year 1602, and a certain place of habitation afligned to every family. The words of the Edift are to this purpofe : ** We do in the firft place command that in every Lap- mark an account be taken of all Fen ns, Rivers, Lakes, and who “ they are that have hitherto had the benefit and ufe of them , with the names “ of all fuch : and then that the number of the families be compared with ‘‘ that of the Rivers , dsre, and fo equally divided that one family fhall not “polTefs more Rivers and Fenns then are for its ufe. Laftly every '‘'"mark being thus divided, it fhall be committed tohoneft and good men, “who, without either favor or prejudice, fhall afllgn to every family its “ juft portion : and thenceforth it fhall not be lawfull for any Laplander^ “ at his plefure to wander up and down all marches, as hath formerly bin “ ufed. From the time of this Edidf the Laplanders had their certain bounds and limits affigned them fufficient for the fufiaining of their families. Nei- ther was it afterward lawfull for any one to invade the propriety of an- other, or to wander where he pleafed. Notwithftanding , that cuftom of removing their fheds from one place to another was quite abolifhed , but is yet ufed among them , tho now they move not out of the bounds afligned them. So that they have no certain man- fion, but as the Seafon of the year offers it felf, either for fifhing or hunting, fo do they order their habitations accordingly on the fide of fome River, Wood , or Mountain , and having fpent there fome daies or weeks , remove' their tents again to a more feafonable place. To this agrees alfo cur modern writer Sam. Rheen. This wandring is chiefly caufed by their manner of getting their living , for the Laplanders having all their livelihood from Rain-deers , Fifh , and wild beafts , they are forced to live where they may have fufficient paftures for their Rain-deers, and plenty cf other beafts, and Of the Houfes of the Laplanders. 8 i and fifhes forlthemfelves^ and yet to take care that they deftroy not the breed. But this cannot be done if they fliould live alwaies in one place, and therefore it is that 'Bur Am faies, they order their habitations according to thefeafonsof fiihing, hunting, cjsrc. Now this conveniency cannot be in all places at all times alike , for filh do abound moft when about the time of their fpawning they are gathered together , which fome fifli do at one time, and fome at another , and one fort in one Lake , and another fort in another Lake; fo that they that are of this trade cannot alwaies live in one place. In like manner it is alfo with their Rain-deers: and therefore Sam.Kheen faies they take their journeys either to provide paflure for their Rain- deers, or to fifli : for at that time, when fiflies generate either in this or that Lake or River , then the Laplander ^ with his houfe and family , takes his journy. But this journeying is not fo as that they Ihould forfake and never return again to their former places; but they do, as it were, go in a circle : fo that in the fpace of a year, the paflure being again grown that was before confumed, they return into the fame feats again. This is the cuffom of the Laplanders that live in the Mountains: but they that live in the Woods, do not only once a year, but ofitier return into the fame places. For they leave and return to their habitations feverall times in a year, viz>, as often as occafion is offerred either of fifhing, fowling , hunting, ds-c. Now they do fo order their journeys , that the Fifliermen at thofe times when the fiflies do fpawn , do alwaies live on the fide of fome River, They that take care of, and trade with Rain-deers, do in the Winter live in the Woods , but in the Summer afeend towards the mountains of Nor^ way : for in the Winter they cannot abide on thofe Mountains, where there are fo frequent ftorms , great Snows, and no Wood. At thatfeafon there- fore they defeend into the nighefi: Woods, where by reafon of the depth of the Snow they can eafily keep their Rain-deers together; fo that from Chriftmas untill the Feaftofthe Annunciation they remain for the mofl: part in one place , at which time the Snow beginning to melt , they march nigher andnigher again towards the Mountains, where they remain till S- Eriem's day; about which time becaufe the female Rain-deer ufe to bring forth , therefot^e they remain in the fame place untill the feafl: of S. Jahn^ or Midfummer-day. Afterwards, when, as well in the Mountains as Vallies, the grafs»and paflure do moft flcrifli , they proceed farther and farther, fome on the tops of the higheft Mountains, where the Rain-deers are lefs infe- fted with flies and gnats , in which Mountains they wander up and down till the feafl of S. Bartholomew , when by little and little they betake them- felves to the Woods again , and then Chrifimas coming they do again as we told you in the beginning. And thefe are the circuits of the Laplanders^ and reafons why they cannot flay in one place , together with the times of their feverall removes. But now thefe journeys fometimes are for many miles, and of a far longer fpace of time, fo tha.t fometimes they march for 20 miles and farther. Now becaufe fome of them live in the Mountains , fome among the Trees , efpecially Pine-trees , nigh the Rivers and Lakes ; there- fore are they accordingly called by different names. Some are called fiAl! Lapper, becaufe they live in the Mountains nigh Norway , which are called fidll. Others are termed Graan Lapper , becaufe they live among the Pine trees, which are called by the Swedes and Norwegians ^ Graan. For their X journeys 32 Of the Houfes of the Laplanders. journeys in the Summer they make different preparations from what they do in the Winter; in the Winter they ufe fledges ( of which I will fpeak hereafter ) but in the Summer they go on foot, the Rain-deers carrying their goods on pannels and pack-faddles , and fometimes their Infants alfo. So that in the Winter they put their houfliold-ftuff in one fledge , and their tents in another , and fo march from place to place, but in the Summer they ufe pannels which they make after this manner : They have two lathes fomething broad , but flexible , made offirr , of which for the moft part Boxes are made, thefe lathes they joyn icgcther at the top, putting the one end into a mortice made in the other end , and fo make «i kind cfa circle, then by that part where they are joyned together they hang them on the Rain-deer , one on the right-flde , the other on the left, andfo againc by withes ty them under the beafls belly, that thty may be the more Of the Houfes of the Laplanders. 8^ more fteady. Now thefe are placed fo to fupport their dorfer^ made of th& fame wood , bended into an oval figure much like a drum, if both ends were round. Thefe dorfers at the bottom they draw together with twiggs of birch, placed in the form of a grate , and the tops of them they tye with thongs, or cords, which they loofe as often as any thing is to be put in, or taken out 5 and leaft any thing fhould fall out , they »cover thefe dorfers all over with bark of birch , or fome skins. Thefe dorfers they hang by ropes or thongs to the tops of the forementioned lathes, which they call Tobbii^ n fo that they may hang down on both fidcsthe Rain-deer, the tops being outward, and the bottoms turned inward toward the belly of the beaft,; And thus they load their Rain-deers, hot only with their goods and houf- hold Ruff, but alfo with their Infants, which cannot walk themfelves. For on one fide of the Rain-deer they often hang their cradles , and children in them , of which I will fpeak hereafter. Now in thefe journeys they have a certain order which no one without caufc ought to difiurb ; for in the firfi: place marches the Mafter of the Family , having fome Rain-deers after him, loaded after the forefaid manner , afterw'ards follows his wife in like man- ner ; then the whole herd of Rain-deers , which his Children and Servants drive foftly on. Lafi: of all brings up the rear^ he that carries the Drum. Now thefe pack-Rain-deers they do not ufe to drive yoked or joyned to- gether , but in a long line one after another , that which follows being al- waies tied to the pannels of that which went before , and the Laf ladder leading the foremoft by a rope tied about his neck , and fo they march cn till they come to the place intended, where they fet up their Iheds again j and remain for fome weeks , which are to them infiead of houfes. Bur now there is fome difference in the fheds of the Laplanders that live in the mountains, and are called FUllafper^ and thofe that live in the Woods, who are called Graan Lapper ; for the one coming to the fame place but once in a year, doth not build this fhed of fo durable fluff as the other : the former, when he departs, almoft deftroying his habitation, and the latter leaving it Handing. The former build their Iheds thus , firfi, at four corners they erecR four pofts, upon the tops of which they place three rafters , fo that there fhall be one on each fide, and one behind , but none erofs the formoft pofts; upon thefe rafters they afterwards place long poles, fo that with their teps they may lean upon, and fupport one another, whereby the whole form feems to be like a quadrilaterall houfe , which afeending like a Pyramide, is narrower at top, and broader at bottom. Thefe poles fo placed they cover with courfe woollen cloth, which we before called Waldmar \ but the richer fort over this woollen cloth place linnen alfo , by both which they may be the better defended from rain and florms. Thefe are the flieds[of the Lap- landers th^t dwell in the mountains, for the moft part made of clothes, &c, which when they leave any place they take with them , and ere(fl: in another. But your Graanlapper , or Wood- Laplanders , make their fheds for the moft . part of boardandpofts, that at the top meet in a Cone, which they cover with the boughs of Firr and Pine-trees, or elfe with the bark of thofe trees, and fometimes with turff. That they covered them with the barks of trees, Herberfien 'm witnefTeth; Andraas Burseus faies that thofe barks were of birch trees, to whom alfoaflents Olatts Petri^ who only adds , that they did a long time boil thofe barks to make them more flexible, olaus Magnm^ Lib. 4. X 2 Cap, 84 Of the Houfes of the Laplanders. Cap. 3. adds alfo skins , and thefc were the houfes Lomenitts Comes faw, and defcribes in his Itinerary to be made of long poles and barks of trees. Sam. Rheen defcribes the tents of the Wood-Laf landers to be made of boards with fix fides or walls, covered with boughs ofFirr,cr Pine-trees, fometimes with the barks , and fometimes only with turffs. Wexhnim increafes the number of fides , and faies that they were odogons , fomewhat broader to- wards the bottom, and five ells high, and efpecially thofe tents of the Ki* menfes, Olaus Petri tells .us the fame of the Pithenfes. Now thefe Tents they do not pulldown or carry with them , but leave them in the fame place, only when they come again they add new boughs, &c. where they Were decayed, and to fit them for their ufe. Befides thefe two forts of Tents, Olaus Magnus reckons up another , for in this , Lib. 4. Cap. 2. he faies part of them place their Tents in trees that grow in a fquare figure , leaf!: in the fenny Countries they Ihouldbe choakedwith the great fnows, or devoured by thevvild beafis, which come together in great troops. What he means by trees that grow in a fquare figure I cannot tell , but 1 fuppofe he intends only that they did ufe to eredf their Tents between 4 trees which grew fo, that each of them might be the corner prop , cf the four fquare fhed , but this fort is to us quite unknow. Tacitus faies the Fenni ufed to dwell among a company of boughs, and perhaps that gave occafion to our Author to talk thus. He hath alfo got a 4^^^ fort which he could have no where clfe but from Zieglerus for Zieglerus \\^d called them Amaxohios ^ from whence Olaus Magnus faies they dwelt in Waines and Carts ; and therefore Olaus in- duced by this word of Zieglerus , thought the Laplanders had bin fuch. But this is quite falfe, for Waggons and Carts were utterly unknown to the Laplanders , for whom it was impoflible to ufe them , by reafon of the flip- perinefs of the Ice , and depth of their fnows. Neither was it indeed in that fenfe that Zieglerus c^Ws them Amaxiobks ^ but becaufe they wandred up and down like the Amaxobii , who are a known Nation of the Scythians. There remains therefore only thefe two forts of fiieds, which I have men- tioned, for the , -which Paulus ^ovius reckons, w^as either upon fudden occafions , or ufed only by thofe that were under the dominion cf the Mof- covites : the words of this Author are , '‘Thefe People lie in caves filled with dried leaves, or in trunks of trees made hollow' either by fire cr age. But in both our forementioned forts , things are fo ordered that every Tent had two doors 5 one, aforedcor, and the other, a backw'ard ; the former bigger and more ordinarily ufed , the latter lefs, through which they ufe to bring in their provifions , and efpecially the prey they took in hunting, alfo Birds , Beafts , Fifhes , which it was unlawfull for to bring in at the forecloor. Thefe are the two doors with the ufe cf both , efpecially the back-door, through which it was unlawfull for any woman topafs, becaufc, asifaid before , women were forbidden to go into the back part of the Tent , the reafon of which I think to be partly this, becaufe in that part they placed Thor and facrificed to him , and partly this , becaufe it was efteemed an ill . omen for a hunter to meet a woman. And hither may we refer what Zie* gler us Chics of that door, that it w'as unlawfull for the Woman to go out of the door of the Tent that day her husband w’as gone a hunting, which cannot be underftood of any door but the back-door , the ufe of w hich was not only that day but alwaies forbid women. The Laplanders have no Chambers Of the Hdufes of the Laplanders. 85 Chambers, but only certain fpacesjwhich they determine and bound by loggs and pofts laid along on the ground, of which we ihall next fpeak. The whole fpace of ground within the Tent was fo ordered, that in the middle there might be a hearth , furrouiided with Hones , in which there was a continual fire, except at midnight^ behind the hearth, toward the back part of the tent, they place three Idggs, with which they bound that fpace , of wLich we but now fpoke. In the middle of this fpace is the little door, at which only men muft enter j which they call right overagainft that is the common door, which they call Ox\ but that fpace we told you w as bounded With thefe three loggs , they call , lops ; this place therefore is only proper to men, and it is unlawfull for any woman to pafs thofe loggs , and go into it. Sam. Rheen faies about the kettle hanging over the fire , they place the 3 blocks, upon which , with a hatchet, they divide their flefii, fifli, or other things they intend to make ready. He faies here indeed the fpace is called Fojje., but underHands chiefly the fpace of the door , for that was properly called the other fpace being called Lops. The common door they ufed to make to- wards Che South, and the other towards the North. The fpace on both fides, and the fides themfelves they called Loide\\itve they made their bed chambers, the husband v^ithhis wjfe and children lying on one fide, and the fervants on the other. Olaus FetrH^iGS only the daughters lay on the fide of the husband and wife, I believe, that their Parents might have them alwaies nigh them , and fo take greater care to fecure their honefiy , whilft the fonsin the mean time lay with the fervants: but now thefpaces that remain towards the doors they call Fitta , and are ordained for the ufe of the women , for in the fpace nigh the common door they are brought to bed. But that you may the better underfland all this, I will here infert a defcription 6f the Area. A is the little door they call po(fe,B and C is called lopps., as is the place where the men lay up their hunting inftruments. D and E are called Wtr, whereof one is the appartment of the Ma- fter of the Family and his wife, the other of the fer- vants. F. G. is kitta e the women are converfant. H. is the hearth, I, the door called ox 5 thofe three logs upon which they divide their flefii are the tv?6 that lay along towards 1. and the 3*^ crofswaies diftinguiflies from other parts the mens appartment , or pojjfe. The 3‘i thing w^e arc to note in th(*fe flieds, is that they ftrew their floors with branches of Birch trees , leaft by the rain they fiiould be wetted, and Y they 86 Of the Houfes of the Laplanders. they ufe no other kind of pavement 5 cnly upon the boughs , for cleanlinefs fake, they lay skins of Rain-deers , on which they fit and lie. And thefe are the dwelling houfes of the Laf landers , befides which they have alfo Store- houfes in which they keep their commodities , efpecially flefh , fill , and fuch other provifions 5 thefe they call A^4//tf,and make thus : they cut the upper part of a tree off, fo that the body remain four or five ells from the ground high 5 upon this trunk they place two rafters in the figure of an X, or S'^ Andrews Crofs , and upon thefe they build their repofitory , making a door to it, and covering it with boards. There is one thing peculiar to thefe Store- houfes , which is , that the door is not in the fide, but bottom of them, fo that when the Laplander is come down, the door falls too , like a trap-door , and all things are fafe. To thefe they go up by ladders which they make of the trunks of trees , in which they cut great notches like flairs. Now the reafon why they place them fo high , is becaufe of the Bears and other wild beafls, who oftentimes pull them down , and to the great dammage of the Mafler cat all his provifion 5 they ufed alfo to cut off the bark of the tree, and anoint the flock , fo that neither mice nor wild beafls could be able to climb up for flipperinefs. And perhaps thefe are the houfes Olaus magnus meant, when he faid , they placed their houfes upon trees for fear of vv ild beafls. But that you may the better conceive thefe Store-houfes alfo , I lhall here give you the Figure of them. CHAP. Of the Garments of the Laplanders. 87 CHAP XVII Of the Garments of the Laplanders. A mong the Laplanders the men and vomen wear different kinds of Garments, which they alter according to the Weather, and place : for they wear one fort of clothes in the Winter, and another fort in the Sum- mer, one kind at home, and another abroad. Let us firft confider the Gar- ments of the men : Thefe in the Summer have troufes , or brougs , reaching down to their feet , clofe to their body , upon which they wear a gow'n, or rather a coat with fleeves , which comes down to the middle leg , which they tie faff with a girdle. And in this refpedt it was that Zlegkrits in his time wrote, that they ufed clofe Garments fitted to their body, leaft they fhould hinder their work. He calls them clofe becaufe of their troufes , and fitted to their body becaufe of their being girded. Thefe they wear next their bare skin } without fuch linnen fhirts as the ufe , they having no flax in their Country. Thefe Garments are of courfe home-fpun woollen cloth called Waldmar , of a white or gray color, fuch as the wool is of be- fore it is dyed. The wool they have from Swedland ^ and buy it of the Merchants cdWed Birka^lt but the richer fort wear a finer cloth, and not of the fame color , but fometimes green or blew , and fometimes red , only black they abominate. Tho fometimes in dirty works, and at home they wear the meaneft clothes , yet abroad , and efpecially upon Feftivals and Holydaies , they love to go very neat. Their girdles are made of leather, which the richer fort adorn with filver finds, and poorer with tin. Thefe ftuds flick out like buttons in a femicircular figure. At this girdle they hang a knife and fheath , and a kind of fquare bag, tho fomething longer then broad, alfo a leathern purfe, and then a cafe with needles and thred in it. Their knives they have from Norway , the fheath is of the skin of the Rain-deers ,fewed together with tin wire, and in other parts with "the fame adornments , at the end of which they ufe to hang rings : the bag is alfo made of the skin cf the Raindeers , with the hair on it , on the out- fide of which they alfo place another skin , equall to the bag , and make it fafl by three knots , and this skin they cover again with red cloth . or of fome other color , adorned alfo with wire. In this bag they keep a ftone to ftrike fire, not of flint, but chriftall, as I will fhew hereafter. Alfo a fleel , with fome brimeflone to light a fire where ever they come: as alfo Tobacco and other odd things. The leathern purfe is alfo made of the fame skin in an oval figure like a pear, in which they keep their mony , and other more choice things, and at this alfo they hang rings. Their needle cafe is of a peculiar fort , they have a Angle cloth with four fides , but the upper part is much narrower then the lower, fo that it is like an oblong triangle cut off at the vertical angle, and to make it ftronger they bind about the edges with leather , and fo flick their needles into it , this they put into a bag of the fame fhape , adorned with red , or fome other colored cloth , and Y 2 wire, 88 Of the Garments of the Laplanders. wire, drawn together by a leathern ftring , by which they hang it to their girdle. Befides thefe , they have Alchymy chains , with a great company of rings of the fame , thefe they hang about all their body , the bag they hang before , nigh their navel , all the reft they fling behind them. And thefe are the Garments and ornaments of the body : their head they cover with a cap, over which the richer fort wear a cafe of Fox, Beaver, or Badgers skin , they are very like our night-caps, it is made of red or other colored tloth, or of the Hares fur, firft twiftedinto a thred, and then knit almoft like our ftockins ; or laftly of the skin of the bird called Loom^ with the feathers on it; fometimes they fo order it, that keeping alfo the head and wings of the bird , they make not an unbecoming cover for the head. Olaus MAgnu6 in his 4. Book, Cap. 3. faies they make their caps of the skins of Geefc, Ducks , Cocks, which, as well as other birds, are there in great abundance. But he doth doth not here mean common Cocks , but the Vro^ gain 1 01 Heath-Cocks; however he gives us the pid:ure in his 1 7 Book, Cap. 26. They have ordinary gloves , but fhoes of a peculiar make , they are made of the skin of the Rain-deer with the hair on, out of one piece, only where they tread they few both ends together , fo that the haires of one part may lie forward , and the other backward , leaft if they lay all one way they fliould be too flippery : but neither is there any more leather on the bot- tom then on other parts, as it is in our flices, only there is a hole at the top in which they put in their feet : the toe bends upwards, and ends as it were in a point. Upon the feame they place feme narrow pieces of red , or other colored cloth : thefe flioes they wear on their bare feet , and bind them twice or thrice about the bottom with a thong , and leaft they Ihould be too loofe, they fill them up with a fort of long Hay , which they boil and keep for that purpofe. But now let us come to the garments they do not fo ordinarily Wear, but only on fome occafions , which both for the men and women are made alike , and all of leather, tofecure them from the gnats. But in the Winter time the men have breeches to defend them from the weather , and coats which they call Mudd. Thefe are not all alike , but fome better, fome worfe ; thebeft are of the skins of young wild Rain-deers , juft when they have caft their firft coat, in the place of which comes a black one, which is about the Feaft of James ^ and thefe are very foft and delicate. Their feet they defend with boots of the fame skins, and their hands with gloves or mittens of the fame , and their heads with a cap , which reaches down and covers part of their flioulders alfo , leaving only a fpace for them to fee through. All thefe Garments they wear next their skin without any lin- nen underneath, and tie them round with a girdle, only their boots and gloves they ftuff with hay , and fometimes in the Winter with wool. And this is that Johannes Torn fnits of their cloathing, that their gar- ment is made of the Rain-deer, the skin ofthebeaft fuppJying them with coats, breeches, gloves, fandals,lhoes, &c. the hair being alwaieson the outfide, fo that they feem to be all hairy. And hence we may underftand Zieglerm^ when he faies their Winter garments were made of the skins of Bears and Sea-Calves , which they tied in a knot at the top of their heads, leaving nothing to be feen but their eyes, fo that they feemed to be in a fack, only that it was made according to the fibape of their members 5 and hence, faies Of the Garments of the LaplanderSi 89 fdks he 5 I beleive they came to be fuppofed all hairy like beafts ^ forrie reporting this out of ignorance , and fome delighting to tell of ftrange wonders they faw abroad. And truly it is not without reafon that he gathers the fable of hairy men toberaifed from their hairy Garments, which fort of monfters whether there be in other Countries I cannot tell, but I find the Cyclops i with one eye in their forehead by Adamus Bremen fis to be placed here upon the.fame account, becaufe they had only a hole in their cap through which they looked, all the reft of their body feeming hairy , and therefore this hole they feigned to be an eye. But whereas he faies the skins were of Bears and Sea-Calves , he is a little miftaken , for thefe skins were not fo common among the Laplanders , and are by then! defigned quite for another ufe. However thefe Garments they ufed after their fafiiion to adorn with pieces of red , or other colored cloth , and embroider them with wire, in flowers , ftars , &c. as I will hereafter declare more at large. But I Come to the habit of the women , which alfo was of one fort in the ' Summer, and of another in the Winter. In the Summer they wear coats which cover their breafts , arms , and all their body, about the middle they are gathered , and fo hang down , thefe they call ^olpi, Thefe gowns they alfo wear next their skin, for the ufeoffmocks is no moreknoWn among women then the ufe oflhiris among men: and they horribly impofed upoil Lomenius Comes y that made him beleive otherwife. Lomenius faies thus , they have fmocks , not made oflinnen, but of the entrails of beafts ^ which they firft fpin into a thread , and afterwards wear them : but all this is quite falle.i The entrals indeed they do fpin into thred , but of that they make neithei? cloth nor fmocks , but ufe it to few their skins; but womejn of the common fort wear courfe cloth , and the better fort finer , as it is with the men, which for themoft partis Englifli cloth , richly wrought. They have alfd a girdle, but different from that of the men, for it is much larger, and fometimes three fingers broad , and then alfo it is adorned not with ftudr, but plates of a fingers length ; or rriore , which are engraved with divers fhapes of Birds, Flowers, &c. and thefe they faftenupon a leathern fillet fo nigh one another , that the girdle is almofl: covered with them. Thefe plates are moft commonly made of tin, from whence Sam. calls them tin girdles , but thofe for the better fort are made of filver. Upon thefe girdles they hang many Alchymy chains , upon one of which they hang a knife and fheath , upon another a pouch or purfe , upon another a needle cafe, and upon all a great company of Alchymy rings , according to the fafiiion of the men : Thefe things they do not hang by their fides , as vi^omeh among us ufe, but before them. The weight of the trinkets they carry about them, doth commonly weigh twenty pound, a pretty heavy burden, and fuch as a man would wonder they fliould be able to bear : but they are very much delighted with it , efpecially with the number of the rings , the gin^ gling of which is very gratefull to their ear, and as they think no fmall com- mendation to their beauty. tVexionias imkes the chains and rings to be tin, which I beleive is hardly true , commonly I am fure they were made of AN chymy , and if they had bin of tin they had neither bin durable, nor w ould they have made a noife. They have alfo another ornament for their breaft, which they call Kracha , it is made of red , or fome other colored cloth. And firft it goes about their neck , and then on both fides comes dowm upon ' Z their of the Garments of the Laplanders: their breaft , and a little below their breafk ends in a narrow point. Thi$ cloth, efpecially before, and fometiines about the neck, they adorn with ftuds , engraved with divers forms , as alfo with bracelets , which the richer have ofifilver and gold , the poorer of tin and Alchymy. After this manner, in fhbrt afe he ufes>, 'Johannes Torn^us defcribes them, the women do fo deck themfelves with gold and filver that their breafts lliine like fheitds , but thofe that carinot reach filver , ufe copper and Alchymy. Now thefe ftuds they ufe to have not only about their neck, but upon their gowns where they draw them together, and lace them; and not only in fingle but double and triple rows. They cover their heads with a low kind of kcrcheif, plain at top, round, and of red color, fome of the richer fort on extraordinary times add alfo a ftrip of linnen for ornament, as at their Fairs, Weddings, and Feafts. Upon their legs they wear ftockins , which reach no lower then their ankles , but that only in the Summer. Their Ihoes are like the mens, and fo alfo bound to their feet with thongs. The womens habit in the Win- ter is almoft the fame with the mens , for they have the Muddas made of the skins of Rain-deers , and at that time wear breeches too ,' by reafon of the deep SnoWs , ftorms, and badnefsof the waies : nay and cover their head with the fame caps men do , which fort of caps they wear alfo fometimes in the Summer to defend them from the gnats : thefe caps they tie about their heads, and the lower part, which would otherwife fall about their jfhoulders, they make to ftandout like the brims of our hats. And thefe are the garments as well of Virgins as married women , for both ufe the fame attire , neither is there any fign in their habit whereby to difiinguifii them . Befides thefe garments wherewith they clothe themfelves in the day, they have alfo other which they ufe a nights, fuch as are called night-cloathes, for they have no feather beds : and without all doubt Olaus Magnus is mis- taken who in his 4 Book faies they had. Their night garments were of 2 forts , fuch as they lay upon , or fuch as they did cover themfelves with, which alfo differ according to the Summer and Winter Seafons. Thofe they lie upon are Rain-deers skins , 2 or 3 of which they fling upon fome birch leaves, which they ufe inftead of matts , without beds, upon the ground, that they may lie fofter , fo that they lie upon the skins without fheets,of the ufe of which they are quite ignorant. They cover themfelves in the Summer with blankets, which they call raaner or ryer , and with thefe blan- kets they cover not only their whole body , but alfo their heads too , to avoid the gnats, with which they are extremly infeftedin the night time. But that they may breath with more freedom , and not be inconve- nienced with the weight of thefe blankets , they fometimes hang them up over their head with ropes faftned to the top of their Hut. Thefe are their Summer coverlets : but in the Winter they firfi: throw about them the skins of Sheep or Rain-deer , and on them the blankets now mentioned. And there is one thing more worth our notice , that they lie under thefe both Winter and Summer ftark naked , and make no ufe of linnen. And fo much for th*e Garments of the Laplanders. I (hall add the Figures of both Sexes habited after their manner. The woman hath a child in her arms , in a Laplandifli Cradle. CHAP. Of the Garments of the Laplanders. 9 ^ ■I ■ ir.l . ■ ‘ • ! »___ CHAP. XVIII- Of the 'Diet of the Laplanders. « H Avi NG dircourfed of their Garments, I proceed to fpeak of their Diet. Their food is not the fame amOngft them all, bnt different according to the places they inhabit. The Mountaineers live almoftt^ holly on their Rain-deers, that furnifli them with Milk , Cheefe jand Flefh : tho fometitnes they buy from the neighboring parts of t^orway Sheep , GoatSy and Oxen, which they milk in the Summer, and kill in the Winter, be» caufe they have neither Pallu-re nor Stable room for them to keep them long. And for this reafon they buy but very few of them, and feed almoft al- Z 2 together 92 Of the Diet cf the Laplanders. together on their Rain.deer, which they have in great abundance. The flefli of thefe they feed on in the Winter , and that alwaies boiled , but in the Summer their diet is Milk, Cheere,and dried flefli. Their dainties mofr in elfeem with them are the tongue and marrow of their Rain-deers, and with thefe they are want to entertain their Priefts. One odd kind ofdifli thefe of the Mountains have, and that is the bIcod of their Rain-deers boiled in water to the conflftenceof a hafty pudding. The others that dwell in the Wocds feed partly on Filb , and partly cn Birds and Beafts , and that too both Summer and Winter, bnt more frequently on Fifli. The flefli of Beares they prefer before all other , and with that they feafl: their dearefl: friends. They have alfo fome kind cf Sawces of Black-berries, Straw-berries, and other peculiar ones cf their own ^ as alfo wild Angdica , and the inner rine of the Pine-tree. The ufe of Bread and Salt is almofl: unknown to them , and when they have any of the later , they ufe it very fparingly. In- ftead of bread they cat dried ffli , w’hich by grinding they reduce to a kind of meal, and.inftead of Salt the inward rine cf the Pine-tree, prepared after an odd kind of manner. They pull the bark off firft , and then they take the inward rine , and divide it into thin skins like parchment, making it very clean ; thefe they dry in the Sun, and then tearing it into fmall pieces they put it up in boxes ma.de of the barks of trees : thefe they bury under ground , and cover them with fand. When they have bin dried about a day, they kindle a great fire over the hole where they put their boxes , and by that means the rines acquire a red color, and a very pleafant tafl:. On Fri- daies they eat no flefli but feed either cn fifli , or milk , having retained this cuflom from their Roman Catholic Priefts. They boil all their frefli flefli, but not very much; that their broth may be the better and fuller of gravy: and fometimes they put alfo fifli into the fame kettle. Their milk they either boil with fome quantity of water, it being oficfelf to thick, or elfe they let it ftand in the cold , to freeze into a kiiidofCheefe ,that it may be kept longer for ufe. Their fifli they cat fometimes frefli as foon as they catch them *, fometimes they dry them in the Sun , and being hardned by the wind and air , they may be kept feverall years. Their fweec meats , w’hich ferve them inftead of Apples , Nuts , and the like, are preparations made of feverall forts of Berries. When their Straw- berries begin to be ripe , they gather them, and boil them in their own juice , without the addicicn of water , with a flow fire , till they are very foft ; then they fprinkle them over wfith a little fait , and putting them into a veflell made of birch-bark , they bury it in the ground : and in the Au- tumn and Winter when they haveoccafion for them, they take them out as frefli as if they had bin newly gathered : and thefe ftand them in good ftead when no other Berries are to be had. Sometimes whilft they are frefli they put them to the flefli of Fifli, and make an odd kind ofdifli , after this manner. Having boiled the Filh they firft bone them , and then add Straw- * berries to them, and beat them together in a wooden peftle toamafli, and foeat it with fpoons. And this difti they make alfo with all other kinds of Berries. Another Kicklhaw that pleafeth them very much, they make of Angelica. They take the ftaulks before it feed, and feraping of the outward skin, they put the reft upon coals , and fo cat it broiled. They have alfo another Of the 'Diet of the Laplanders. 93 another way of preparing it , and that is to boil them in whay for a whole day till they look as red as blood. But this fort of meat is very bitter of it felf, but by cuftom becomes plefant enough to them, efpecially fince they are perfwaded ’tis a great prefervitive of health. They likev- ife boil forrell in milk 5 as alfo the rine of the Pine-tree , which , as was faid be- fore , being prepared , ferves them inftead of fait. I come next to fpeak of their drink , which is ordinarily nothing but water; Lomenius calls it dijfolved Ice : but certainly he is miftaken , for having fuch plenty of Rivers and Lakes, for all the Ice they can hardly want water. And to prevent its freezing , they have alwaies fome hanging over the fire in a kettle ; out of which every one with a fpoon takes what he pleafes , and fo drinks it hot , efpecially in the Winter time. Befides common water, they often drink the broth I fpokeof, made of flefh and filh , which they call Labma , and alfo whay , if you will belcive Olaus, Thefe are their ufuall drinks ; for Ale and Beer is utterly unknown to them. That which they drink for plefure , is fpirit of Wine and Brandy , with a little of which you may win their very fouls. This they buy from Nor- way at their Fair times , and ufe it efpecially at their folemn Feafts and Weddings. 1 had almoft forgot Tobacco^ of which they are very great ad- mirers 5 and traffic for it as one of their cheif commodities. In the next place let us fee the manner of their eating. Their dining room in the Winter time is that part of the Hut where the man and his wife and daughters ufe to be , and is on the right hand as you go in at the foregatc; but in Summer without doors upon the green grafs. Sometimes too they are want to fit about the kettle in the middle of the Hut. They ufe not much ceremony about their places , but every one takes it as he comes firfi. They feat themfelves upon a skin fpread on the ground crofsdeg’d in a round ring; and the meatisfet before them in the middle, upon a log or ftump inftead of a table ; and feverall have not that, but lay their meat upon the skin which they fit on. Having taken the flefh out of the kettle , the com- mon fort put it upon a woollen table cloth called Waidmar , the richer on a linnen ; as for trenchers and diflies they are quite unknown to them. Bat if any liquid thing be to be ferved up , they put it in a kind of trey made of birch. Sometimes without any other ceremony every one takes his lhare out of the kettle , and puts it upon his gloves , or his cap. Their drink they take up in a wooden Ladle , which ferves inftead of plate. And it is farther obfervable that they are abominable gluttons when they can get meat enough; and yet hardy too to endure the moft pinching hunger when they are forc’t to it. When their meal is ended they firft give God thanks , and then they mutually exhort one another to Faith and Charity , taking each other by the right hand, which is a fymbol of their unity and brotherhood. Samuel Rheen tells us they lift up their hands firft , and then fay Grace after this manner. All thankj be given to God^ who hath provided this meat for our fufienance. This is their Grace in Pithilapmark: InTornelapmark their Grace is a little different ; they fay in their own Tongue, Piaomaos Immel U- gos kilomatz, piergao odeji ndde misg mofea sicken l^gge:-n taide k.o mig Ux tegnafion^ that is , Good God praifed be thou for this meat: make th^t which we have at thk time eaten give Urength to our bodies. And fo much for their Diet, and manner of eating. A a CHAP. 94 Of the Hunting of the Laplanders. CHAP XIX Of the Hunting of the Laplanders. H AvING fpoke of ihofe things that relate to their Meat, Drink, Cloathing , and other neceffities , the fubjed of our next difcourfe will be their employments , which are either rare and more folemn, or daily and more ufual : thefe latter too are of t^^ o forts , either common to both Sexes, or peculiar to one. ’Of thofe that are proper to men Hunting is the cheif , for in this Countrey that exercife is lawfull to none but men.* Olaus Magnm is of the contrary opinion, and faies Lib. 4. Cap. 12. that there is here fuch a multitude of Beafts, that the men alone, without the help of women , dare not go out to hunt ; and therefore they are as adive in this fport 5 if not more than men. I beleive he had not this from any good tradition, or his own knowledg,bur rather followed the authority of fome ancient Writers, as Trocofim Lib. 2. Gothic, or Tacitus de mor.Ger. for whatfoever they fay concerning the Femi and Scrtifinni , is fo far from being true of the Laplanders ^ that they do not permit women fo much as to touch their hunting weapons or beafts brought home , and debar them all paflage at that door thro which they go to that fport , as will be ftiewed hereafter. They obferve in hunting many things with great fuperftition , as not to go out upon ominous daies , fuch as Marks ( whom they call Can- tepaive) S' Clements and S. Catharines they believe on thefe daies fome misfortune will happen to their weapons , and that they fhall have no good fuccefs all the year after. They think they cannot profper, unlefs they have firft confulted their Gods by their Drum , which they ufe before their going out, andhave therefore feverall beafts pitftured upon it. This is chiefly before the hunting a Bear. The third obfervation is that they will not go out at the ufual door, but at,one in the backfide of the houfe called ^Pq^, I fuppofe it is to avoid women , the meeting of whom is an ill omen to huntfmen, and therefore they are forbidden to come on that fide of the houfe where this door is, as 01. Matthias aflTured me while I was writing this, who was very well acquainted with this Country. faies the fame, tho fomething obfcureiy , that a woman is not to go thro this door that day her husband is hunting ; but it is not only that day , but at no time elfe. All thefe things are by way of preparation. The hunting it felf is va- rious according to the time of year , and ieverall fizes of beafts. In the Summer they hunt cn foot with Dogs, w hich are very good in thefe parts, not only for their fcent, but that they dare fet upon any thing, being ftill tied up to make them more fierce. In the Winter they themfelves run down the game , Aiding over the fnow in a ,‘kind of fcatcs , which I lliall defcribe more fully in another place. Little beafts they chafe with bow and arrows, the greater with fpearsand guns; tho fometimes they ufe other arts. That fort of beaft they call HermeUnes , they take in traps as w'e do Mice, which* are fo contrived of w ood that the touching of any part makes them fall; fometimes Of tht Hunting of the Laplanders. 95 fonietiniea in pits and holes covered with fnow , to hide the deceit 5'as alfo with Dcgs that will gripe them to death. Squirrels they fhoot with blunt darts, that they may not do an injury to their skins, which they very much efteem. After this manner alfo they take Ermines. Other beafts, as Foxes, Beavers , they kill with Javelins fpiked wit!i iron : but if they meet with a beaft that hath a pretious skin , they are fo expert at their weapons , as to direft the blow where it wdll do it leaft harm. Foxes are frequently tempted with baits upon the fnow ftrowed upon twigs over deep pits , or caught in gins laid in their ufuall haunts , or elfe poifoned with a fort of mofs, which is peculiar for this ufe, but is feldome made ufe of where there are abundance of field Mice , which are the Foxes generall food. They faften fnares to boughs of trees to catch Hares in , and fome of the above mentioned beafts ; and if any one find any thing fall: in thefe, he is obliged to give notice to the owner. I come now to the larger beafts, of which Wolves are moft commonly caught in holes, but fometimes fhot with bullets : thefe are their game frequently becaufe they have the greateft plenty of them , and fuffer the moft dammages by them : and for their greater deftrudion , Sithes are often hiden under the fnow to cut off their legs. After this manner too Leopards and Gulo’s are deftroyed , w hich is now" a daies almoft left off, becaufe the Countrey is fo well furnifhed with guns , with w hich they alfo kill Hikes when they can find them. But with greateft care and diligence they hunt Rain-deers and Bears , the former w ith all kind of weapons. Ac their rutting time in Autumn , about S. Matthews day , they entice them to their tame does, behind which the Huntfman lies to fhoot them. And in the Spring, when the Snow is deep, the men them- felves Aide after them, and eafily rake them , or fometimes drive them into traps w'ith Dogs : or laftly they fet up hurdles on both fides of a way, and chafe them in between them, fo that at laft they muft neceffarily fall into holes made for that purpofe at the end of the work. The hunting of the Bear follows, which, becaufe it is done with the moft ceremonies and fuperftitions , will require the more care and accuratenefs in the re- lating of it. Firft of all , their bufmefs is to find out where the Bear makes his den againft Winter. He that finds it is faid hafwarmget bioern^ 'i.Q. to encompafs the Bear. He ufually after this goes to all his friends and ac- quaintance with much joy, to invite them to the hunting as to a folemn and magnificent feaft , for, as is before faid, this beafts flefli is a great delicacy.. But they never meet before or Aprils till they can ufe their Aiding fhooes : .at which time he choofes the beft drummer among them, and by his beating confults whether the hunting will be profperous or no, which done they all march into the field in battel array after him that invited them as Captain , who muft ufe no other weapon then a club, bn whofe handle is hung an Alchymy ring, Next him goes the drum- mer, then he that is to give the firft blow, and after all the reft as their office requires, one to boil the Aefh, another to divide it , a third to gather fticks and provide other neceffaries : fo they ftriftly obferve that one fhould not incroach upon anothers office. When in this order they are come to the den , they fet upon the Bear valiantly , and kill him with fpears and guns, and prefently fing in token of viftory thus, Kittulk pourra\^ A a 2 hittulis ^6 Of the Hunting of the Laplanders. KiVulk it skada tek^mh foubbi ialla zaiitiy that is, they thatik^the Bear for €ommg , and doing them m harm in not breaking their weapons y in the finging of which their Captain is the cheif Mufician. After celebration of their vidory , they drag the Bear out, beating him with ftaves , whence they have a Proverb , Jl.io bioern med rm , that is , the Bear k beat , which figures he is killed. Then putting him upon a fledge , they draw him with Rain-deers to the Hut where he is to be boiled, flnging/i faha talki oggiOy ii faha talka fharonky that \Sy they be fetch the Bear that he would not raife tempekis againft them ^ or any 'way hurt them that killed him. This they fay by way of jeft, unlefs we will ruppofe them ( as fome of them really do ) to ima,gine the killing of fome kind of wild beaft portends ill to the hunter. Samuel Rheen fpeaks of a different fong from this we have mentioned , much to this pur- pofe, that they thank God for making beafts for their fervice , and giving them ft rength and courage to encounter and overcome fo ftrong and cruel a creature, and therefore 1 beleive they may join them together and flng both. That Rai n -deer that brings home the Bear is not to beuled by Women for a year, .and fome fay, by any bodyelfe. Ifthere beraaterialls, near the place where the Bear is kill’d, they ufually build up a hovel there to boil him in, or if not, carry him to a place that is more convenient, where all their Wives ftay to exped them, and as foon as the men ceme nigh them they fing Laibi ia tmli fufcOy that is they ask their wives to chew the bark of the Alder Tree and fpit it in their faces. They ufethis rather then any other Tree, becaufc when ’tis bruifed between their teeth, it grows red, and will dy any thing, and the men being fpdnkled with this,as if it were the Bears blood, feem to have gone through fome notable exploit not without danger and trouble. Then their wives aiming with one eye through an Alchymy Ring fpit upon them: Samuel Rheen s tyfimovi differs only in this , that but one woman fpits in the Captains face. This ce- remony is not done in the Hut where the Bear is kill’d, but at the back door: for they build two Tents, one for the men where tlteBearis to be dreft, and the other for the women in which they make the feaft : where as foon as the men come in, the Women fing Kittulhpouro tookoris^ that is, they thank their husbands for the fport they had in killing the Bear: fo they fit down men and women together to eat, but not of Bears flelh. Supper end- ed the men prefently depart into the other boufe, anddreffing the Bear provide another meal : and it is not la\vful forany ofthofe Hunters to ly with his wife in three daies after, and the Captain in five. The Bears skin is his that firft difeovers him. They boil the flefli blood and fat in brafs Kettles, and what fwims they skim off and put in wooden veffels ^ to which are faften’d as many Alchymy plates as there are Bears killed. Whilftthe meat is boiling they all fit down in orderaboutthe fire, the Captain firft on the right hand, then the Drummer, and next he that ftruck the firft blow^ on the left hand firft the Wood-cleaver, then the W ater-bearer, and after the reft according to their place. This done the Captain divides it between the Women and Men. In the divifion the Women muft have none of the pofteriours, for they belong only to the men; neither is it lawful for a Wc- man to come and fetch their divifion, but ’tis font them by two inen,who fay thus to them, Olmai Fetti Sueregijlandiy Folandi y Engelandiy Franktchky i.e, that they came a great way off, fiom Swedlandy Poiandy LngUndy or France^ Of the Hunting of 'the Laplanders. 97 France ; thefe men the women meet, and {iv\gOlmai Fottl Sweregljlandi^ Po- landi^ Engtlandi , Frankichts^ Kalka Kauhjis laigit touti tiadnat^ u e. ybil men that come from Swedlanf Poland^ England^ ax France', we will bind your legs with a red lift, and fo they do. But if we believe Rheeni\iQ Drummer divides the mens part to every one an equal portion. Wh:n all the meat is eaten, they gather up the bones, and bury them to- gether ; then the Captain hangs up the skin upon a pole, for the women blindfolded to Ihoot at, they linging all the Vv'hile Batt Olmai Potti Smre* giflandi^PJandi, Engelandi^Frankichis, i. e- we willfliootat him that came from Sjvedland, &c. but fhe that hits itfirft gets the moft credit, and they believe her husband will have the beft fortune in killing of the next Bear. She is alfo obliged to work in cloth with wire as many croftes as there are Bears kill’d, and hang them upon every one of the hunters necks, which they muft wear three whole daies. It is the opinon of the aforefaid A uthor, thatall the women do the fame, and the men w^ear them four daies; hefaies alfo that the that brought home the Bear muft have onecrofs. I cannot as yet find any other reafon of this ceremony, but that they fuppofe thefe croftes to be prefervatives aginft all the dammages they can receive from the Gods of the Woods for killing their Bear: for to this day they are of the opinion that fome Gods have taken charge offomebeafts, efpe- cially of the Bear , becaufe he in this country is King over all the reft. Af- ter t^ie time of abftinence is exfpired, theclofeof all this folemnityj is the mens returning to their Wives, which is thus; All after one another take hold of that rope, to which they hang their Kettle, and dance thrice round the fire, and fo run out ofihe mens Tent into the womens, where they are met with this fong, Todna Balka Kaino oggio, we will thro a (hovel full of allies upon your legs. Samuel Rheen^'ptulimg of this cuftome , faies the men muft not go to their wives till it be done, as if it were an expiation for their unclean- nefsin killing a Bear. Thus you fee with how many Laws and fuperftitions they Hunt this Beaft, fome of which are common in hunting ofothers, as the not admitting w’omen to the fport, and debarring them from touching the prey when it is taken, as alfo that the men return home through the back door. And here ’tisobfervable that they never carry in Beafts, Birds, or Fifties, but throw them in before them, without doubt out of fuperftitioii that they may feem to drop from Heaven and be fen t by providence: tho moft ofthem know not the original of fuch fuperftitious ceremonies, but on- ly follow the example of their forefathers. In fine nothing is accounted here a greater credit or honor to a man then the killing of a Bear, and there- fore they have public marks for it, every one lacing his cap with as many wires as he has kill’d Bears. I come now to their fowding, which is proper alfo to men, and is alterable according to the time of year or largnefs of the fowl, for in the Summer they shoot altogether, but in the Winter catch in Snares and Springes, efpe- cially the Lagopm call’d by the Swedes Sni^enper. They make kind of hedges with abundance of holesin them, inwhichthey fetSpringes, fo that this Bird being moft upon the ground, and running about, is eafily caught in them: as for the taking of other Birds there is nothing w'orth a particular obfervation. Bb CHAP 98 Of the Laplanders Weapons , C H A p. X X. Of the Laplanders JVeafons^ and other injlruments of Hunting, B y the former Difeourfe it plainly appears that in hunting they ufe feverall Inftruments and Weapons, in our next therefore it will be requifite to give fome account of them. The firft and moft frequent is a bow three ells long, two fingers. broad, and an inch thick, being made of Birch and Pine ( which by reafon of the refine in it is very flexible ) and covered over with Birch bark , to preferve both from the weather. What Lomenim faies of its being made of Rain-deers bones, muft needs be falfCjfince no bone can be fo pliable as is required in the making of a bow ; his words are thefe, Rangiferi a/perantur ofj'a in cultros curvantur in arcus congenerihus feris trucidandis^ if he had left out ds' curvantur in arcus he had fpoke more to the purpofe : but I believe he had this, befides many other things, to fill up his Journall from Olaus Magnus , who among the utenfils thefe People have from the Rain-deers, faies the Fletchers much defire their bones and horns, from whence Lmenius colle<9:s that bows are made of them. But it is evi- dent that Olaus meant not this bow, but a kind of crofs-bow termed by the Germans and the French ArbaUVirt ^ which is impoflible to be made of bone, but the handle might be adorned with it , becaufe in thefe Northern parts they have no mother of Pearle, which other Countries per- haps make ufe of to this purpofe. It was then a good plain wooden long-bow, which would not require an engine to bend it , but might be drawn with an harid only. And fince I told you it was made of two pieces of wood, we will fee next how they were joined together, which is with a kind of glew made of Perches skin well fcaled , that melts in ufing like ours. They have alfofteel- bows, which arc fo ftrong,that when they bend them they muft put their foot in a ring for that purpofe at the head of them, and draw the ftring up to the nut, made of bone in the handle, with an iron hook they wear at their girdle. From their bows I pafs to their darts and arrows, which are of two forts, either pointed with iron to kill the larger beafts, or blunt without it like bolts, to kill thefnialler. Thefe points are not alwaies made of iron, but fometimes bones, which are faftned with glew into a hole bored with a hot iron at the end of a ftaff, and afterwards fharpened with a knife , or on a whetftone. But befides they ufe Guns , which they ( as hunters do in other places ) with a great deal of fuperftition enchaunt that they fhould never mifs. Thefe are made at Soederhambn ^ a town in Helfingia^ famous for weapons , from whence the Eothnmns buy them , and fell them to the Laplanders: hence they have Gun-powder and bullets, or at leaft lead to make them : and fometimes Norjvay furniihes them with all thefe. Spears they ufe only in hunting Bears, and are fo little different from ours that they will not need a defeription. I come now to their other inftruments relating to and other inftruments of Hunting, 99 to this (port t the cheifefl: of which are their fhoes, with which they Aide over the frozen fnow, being made of broad planks extremely fmcoth 5 the Northern People call them Skider , and by contradion Skkr ( which agrees fomething with the Germans Scheitter ^ that is, cleft wood) and fometiines Andrer or Ondrur or Skiidh, Their lhape is , according to Olaus Magnus^ five or fix ells long, turned up before, and a foot broad; which I cannot believe, becaufe I have a pair which are a little broader , and much fhorter and Wormius had a pair but of three ells long. And thofe are much fhorter which are to be feen at Leiden^ which Frifius faies are juft feven foot long four inches and a little more broad : anditmuft needs be fo to hold with Olaus Magnus , and every bodies opinion , that t>ne flioe muft be longer than the other by a foot , as if the man dr woman be eight foot high , one muft be eight foot, and the other nine. Frifius faies they are both of a length at Leiden , and Olaus Wormius takes no notice of any difference in his, but I believe then thofe w’ere of two Parifhes, for my biggeft is juft fuch an one Frifius deferibes covered over with refin or pitch, and the fhorter plain. But becaufe the larger is of greateft ufe , it is no wonder that one or two of them were fent abroad for a pattern , but fince thbfe at Leiden are both the biggeft , they were not made for men fb tall aS FrU fius fpeaks of , they fitting men of fix foot, which is a ftature fometimes met with in Lapland, They are fmcoth and turned up before , not behind , a§ they are pictured in Wormius^ not by the fault of the Author, but the Painter, for the Original in his ftudy Ihews them otherwife ; I have obferved in my longer ihoe that it is not quite ftrait, but fwellsup a little in the middle where they place their fcot. Frifius did ill in giving a pitfture bur of one ' and in that nothing of this bending, I will therefore deferibe both , and a Laplander Aiding in them, Thefe fhoes are faftned to their feet by a with, not run through the bor- B b 2 toip I 00 Of the Laplanders Weafons^ is^c, tom but by the fides, that it might not hinder their Aiding, or wear out with often uAng, which is notcxpreffedin Pi(5lure, this is diredly in the middle, and ti’d to the hinder part of the leg, as you may fee in the figure. That which is often in Olaus Magnus, and fet forth by Frifius, is a meer fancy and figment of an Italian Painter, that could not underfiand what thefe Aioes were, but by defcribing them like long wooden broags turning up with a Aiarp point before : which is very idle , becaufe the foot goes into it at the hinder part, and agrees not with Olaus s other cuts; for if the place of the foot were there, it could not endure fo great a weight before it, or effed that for which this Ihoe was firft invented •• for they muft tread firm upon the Snow, which they could not do if all the weight lay at one end; but when ’tis in the middle, that which is before and be- hind will keep the foot from finking in.The way of going in them is this:they have in their hand a long ftalf, at the end of which is a large round piece of wood faften’d, to keep it from going deep into the Snow, and with this they thruft themfelves along very fwiftly. This way of running they not only ufe in plain and even, but in the muft rugged grounds, and there is no Hill or Rock fofteep,but with winding and turning they can at laftcome up to the top, f' which Pope the Third could not believe ) and that which is a greater Miracle will Aide down the fteepeft places without danger. Thefe fihoes they cover with young Rain-deers skins, whofe haires in their climb- ing run like briAes againft the Snow , and keep them from going back. Wormius faies they were cover’d with Sea Calf’s skins, but I believe he talk’d of thofe, that the Siafinni, or the Maritime people ufe. And this is the firft inftrument of hunting, which they ufe as well in other bufineATes in wintertime, for they can pafs no other way over the Snow, at which time they can out run any wild beaft. The other inftrument they ufe is a Aedg, which altho it is fit for any journy, they ufe it in hunting efpecially the Rain-deeres, the deferiptioh of which, becaufe *tis fit for all manner of carri- ages, lAiall defer to another place. CHAP. XXI- Oj- the Laplanders Hdndy craft ^trades. B e s I D E s hunting, which is the cheifeft, they have many other emploi- ments relating to their lives and fortunes, of which Cookery is the firft: for whatever food they get by fiAiing, fowling, or hunting, the mendrefs and not the women. They thereforeare quite ignorant of this Art, (which, the men are not very expert at ) and never ufe it but upon necclTity, and in the abfence ofmen. Thefecondis the boat-makers , which they make of Pine or Deale boards, not faften’d w Vh nails but few'd together with twigs, as among the ancients with thongs, aus Magnus and Johannes Tornaem fayes with roots of trees, but moft commonly with Rain-deers nerves. When they launch thefe boats they I 01 Of the Laplanders Handy-craft'trades, they caulk them with mofs to keep out the water,, and urefometimes two, fometimes four oares, fo faften d to pegs in the (ides , that one itian may row with two. The third trade is the Carpenters, to make fledges, which are not all of the fame fhape , thofe they travel in, call’d ^Pulca being made in the falhicn ofhalfaboat, having the prou about a fpan broad turned up, vithahoie in it to run a cord thro to faflen it to a Ram-dter^ and the poupe of cneflat board: the body is buift of many, which are faften’d with wooden pegs to four or five ribs ; they never go upon wheeles, but are convex and round, that they may roul any way, and more eafily be drawm over the Snow. This defeription agrees with that fledg which I have, and the Teftimcny of Htr- berSltnius^ Olaus Magnus^ and Johannes Torn H aving fpoken of their ordinary emploiments, it will not be amifs here to annexfomething of their Divertifemcntsiwhere firft we may note, that the people of this Country are generally difpos’d to idlenefs, not willing to take any great paines, unlefs when meer neceflity conftrains them to provide againft want. This they feem to derive principally from their Anceftors the Finlanders , as is elftwherefaid. To which as well their cold conftitution by reafon of the ftarpnefs of the Air in this Country (that it felfisfufficient to difpofe men to lazinefs , ) as the length cf their Nights, and indulgence to much fleep. may contribute not a little; In fine, that I may omit their many other infirmities, whereby they are incapacitated to undergo any confiderable hardftip , they are lovers of floih and wholly given up to it. But further, to confider how they beftow their vacant time D d 2 from io8 Of the Laplanders 'Diver tifements, from bufinefs^ ’tis the general and moft recieved accompt , that making and receiving vifits, and familiar converfaiion become the greateft part of their recreations. For whereas their manner of life fo nearly refembles folitari- nefs, that each family Teems confined to its own hut, they can take no great- er fatisfa Could J but know amidfi what FlowerSy Or in what (hade fhe flaks , The gaudy Bowers With all their verdant pridey Their kloffomcs and their Jf rales ^ which make my Miflrefs difappear-. And her in Envious darknefs hidcy I from the roots and bed of Earth would tea)\ Of the Laplanders Contrails ^ U^on the raft of clouds tde ride which unto Orra fy » dth Ravens I would borrow wings ^ And all the feathered In-mates of the sky • But wings alas are me denied ^ The Stork and Swan their pinions will not lendi There* s none who unto Orra brings^ Or will by that kind conduit me befriend. Enough enough thou hafi delaied So many Summers daiesy The bejl of dales that crown the year , which light upon the eielids dart ^ And melting joy upon the heart: But Once that thou Jo long hajl flaied^ They in unwelcome darknefs d/fappear. Tet vainly doJl thou me for fake j I will purfue and overtake* ( ^ ■ what jlronger is then bolts of feel ^ what can more furely bind? Love is fronger far thenft*^ Upon the Head in triumph jhe doth ft : Fetters the mind , And doth controulf The thought and fouh ) A youths defre is the defire of wind , All his Ejfaies Are long delaies , No iffue can they find. Away fond Counfellors , away ^ No more advice obtrude: Tie rather prove , The guidance of blind Love To follow you is, certainly to fray : One fingle Counfel tho unwife is good. F f 2 . Of the Laplanders ContraHsi, &c. As they come to vifit their MiftrefTes, they arc necefii rated to bring a- long with them fome fpirit of Wine, as a lingular and moft acceptable pre- fent , and Tobacco too. But if in the meanwhile, as it often falls out, the father intends not to beftow his daughter upon the man that hath made pre- tenfions to her, he feldom refufes them , but defers the pofitive anfwer till the year following, that he may the ofther entertain himfelf with the fpirit of Wine the Suiter brings along with him. And thus he delaies his anlwer from one year to the other , till the Suiter perceive himfelf cheated , and be conftrained to require at his hands his charges made to no purpofe. There is then no other remedy to be taken, then bringing the bunnefs be- fore the Judg, where the Maids Father is feptenced to refund either the 'entire fum, orhalfofitj as the cafe ftands. Where withal we muft obferve this, that the expences made by tht Suiter on the Spirit of Wine, at his firft arrival, do not fall under this compenfation, but he alone Hands to the lofs of that. But if after the downright refufal of the Maid, he of his own accord will Ihow his liberality, he may try what luck he will have at his own pe- ril. If all things happen conformable tohiswiflacs, then fome fet day is appointed for the wedding. The day before it, all the kindred and Neigh- bors as well of the Bridegroom as Bride refort to her parents hut, and the Bridegroom pfefents them all with wedding gifts, about which they had agreed, and of which mention is made above. The Bridegroom is bound to prefent the Father with a filvercup, to drink in ; this is the firft of thofe they call Styckf. The fecond is a large Kettle, either of Copper or Alchy my. The third, a bed or at leaft hanfom bedding. The prefents for the Mother are, firft a girdle of filver, fecondly a Robe of honor fuch as they ufe to call Voffi. Thirdly a Whisk, which they wear about their neck, andlet it hang down to their breft, interlaced all about with bolfes of filver, and this they call JKraks. Thefe are the prefents for the Father and Mother; befideshe beftows upon the Brothers, Sifters, and all the near kindred, filver fpoons, filver bofies, and fome other fuch kind of things of filver, for each of them muft beprefented with fome gift by the Bridegroom, if he mean to obtain his Bride. Thefe are the prefents, which the Bridegroom is more efpecially bound to make to his Father and Mother in law that are to be, and the reft of the kindred. Andhe makes them in his father in laws hut, in the fight of all there. The day following the wedding is celebrated, firft by the ceremonious joining of the Prieft in the Church, afterwards by a fee dinner. The new Wife together with the Bridegroom walk along, both drefs’d in the beft clothes they can pro- cure at their own charges. For ’tis looked upon among them as unhanfom to make ufe of the borrowed cloths ofothers,unlefs it be wool as 1 have elswhere ftiown. They cake faies Tornaus fo great pleafure iii good cloth of what ever color, that as far as their patrimony will permit,they procure their extraor- dinary apparel and feftival Garments of that kind : who declares exprefsly that their feftival apparel, or that which they wore on more folemn daies, was not of skins but rich cloth. Thefe Garments the Bridegroom girds up with a filver girdle, but the Bride firft loofes her hair ; and the fillet where- with fhe bound it up togetherbefore, file gives to the Virgin that is next a kin to her: afterwards, on her bare head, andioofe hair file puts a kind of a filver fillet gilt over, or two fuch as i,s the womens cuftom to wear at o- Of the Laplanders ContraSis-^ isfc, i i j ther times befides, inftead of a Garland or Coronet, fo that by how much this fillet is loofer, then to environ only her head; fo much it hangs down the more behind: likewife about her middle they put on a filver girdle. This is the Brides apparel, unlefs that fometimes they put upon her head fomethingof linnen, infleadbfa veil, which at other times the v\omen ufe when they have a mind to make themfelves extraordinary gallant, for as for what appertains to their garments, we have before obferved, that both the Bridegroom and Bride wear their own, and thofe their beft, and fuch as on feftival daies they deck themfelves withal. We have ihown in another place, that the womens w^erc called and were made either of wool, or the richer fort of cloth, fo that neither about this does OUtts Magnus in his place a forecited, concerning the Lapland y fufficienily agree with their cuftom at this day. They fet the Bride faies he, apparell’d in Ermins and Sabks skins on a Rain-deer. At this day both drefs’d very fine are carried to the Church or Prieft, to be joined in Marriage 5 this was not the cuftom in old times, jf we give credit to Olaus Magnus, for then they were joined at home, not by the Priefts but the Parents, his words are in Lib. 4. Cap. 7. in which place he treats of the Laplanders weddings, as the Title of the Chapter informs us. In the prefence of friends and kin- dred 5 the Parents folemnly ratifie their Childrens Marriages, and that tod by theftrikingoffire with a flint and fteel, particularly there he makes the Parents joining them, and adds moreover the manner, viz. by fireftriken out of a flint, which without doubt as fome other things, he culPdout of Zeigler-i but as for the parents doing it, Zeigler has nothing of that, the manner of [heir joining he explains in thefe words, They ratifie their Mar- riages, and begin them in a ceremony of fire and flint, fo pata conjugal myfterie, that they think nothing can be more agreeable, for as the flint con- ceals within it fclf fire, which by concuftlon breaks forth, foin both fexes there is life hid, which by the mutual coupling of marriage is propagated at laft to be a living ofspring. And juftfo Olaus has it, fo that there can be no doubt made but that he followed When they arrive near the Church, they obfervein their proceftidna certain order, firftwalk theMenj the Women follow. The Men are led up by a Laplander, whom they call Automjvatze, or foreman, then follow^s the Bridegroom, after him the reft. Some number of Virgins lead Up the womens company, after them comes the Bride led betw'een a man and a w oman, next to her follow the reft of the w’omen* Tis here to be obferved that the Bride like one ftrugliiig againft: it, and endeavoring the contrary, is dragged along by the man and woinaij that are to wait upon her, and would fccni to admit of her marriage with great unwillingneis and relutftancy j and there fore in her countenance makes Ihew of extraordinary fadnefs anddejeftion: fo after v/ards in the Church they are joined together by praiers and beneditftion according lO the Chri- ftian rite. After the fame manner dcts-yohnTorn£us relate this bufines, on- ly that he faies the Bride is led by two men , her Father and Brother, if alive , or otherwife by her two next Kinsmen. The portrai^lure of the Bride in her wedding apparel, and wdth her tvro leaders you have in the next page. After the foleninity of the marriage is ended , there fol- lows a wedding feaft, that is made in her Parents hut, and as for the pro- vifion,eachof the perfons invited centributes his fliare of the visuals, tht? G g they 1 1 8 Of the Laplanders Centrals y isfc. they bring it not thither ;uft then, but the day before : when the Bride- groom diftribures his pre- fents to the Brides parents and kindred , then every one brings his vidluals that will be ferviceable to thefeaft. But becaufe the meat they bring is ordinarily raw, they deliver it to a Laplander:, on purpofe appointed to that office, viz, to receive it of every Perfon that brings, and afterwards to boil it , and laftlyto diftribute it among the guefrs , tho commonly the greateft part of the pro- vifion be made, by the Bride- grooms as well as Brides pa- rents. In their fitting at ta- ble they keep this order, in the uppermoft places fit the Bridegroom and Bride next to one another, then follow in order the relh, as the parents, and kindred. At the table no perfon helps hirafelf, bnt receives his meat from the hands of a L aplander ywho is both drefferand carver of it.Firftofallhe ferves the Bride- groom and Bride with ffieirportion,and in order the reft.Now they who by reafonof the fcantinefs of room in the hut, cannot be admitted to the feafl’, fuch areboiesand gifles, climb up to the roof of the hut, and from thence let down threds with hooks tied to them, to which theyfaften pieces of meat, and the like, fo that they alfo enjoy their lhare of the banquet. The entertainment ended, they give thanks, as at other times they ufe, and fhakc hands one with another. The laft thing wherewith they fhut up the merriment of the feaft, is drinking Spirit of Wine, which if they can light upon, they then are fure to buy ; firfi: the Bridegroom drinks, then the Brides parents, then each man ffiifis for himfelf, and fo they make merry, but this enfiom the richer fort only obferve, and thofe too who have the opportuni- ty of buying, by theprefence of thofe who fell thefe commodities ; as for the meaner fort they are accuftomedto divert themfelveS with talk. When the Wedding is over , the Husband may not take along with him his Wife with her goods and fortune, but mufi: remain for an whole year in fer- vice with his Father ; when that time is paB, if he fees convenient he may fet up for himleJ f, and turn houfekeeper 5 and then the Father beflov^ s up- on his Daughter at her departure, the Ram-deer^ w'hich are her due, becaufe given her in her younger years; he gives her alfo other gifts befides, and what furniture will be rcquifire for theneW married ccuple, particularly he gives for her dowry an hundred or more aslikewife filver, copper, Alchymy, a rent, bedding, and other hcufficld-fiuff. And ftexc all the kindred, the Brothers and Sifters, and Whoever have received of the Bridegreom bis gifts of refperi, are iikewife obliged to return him back again. Of the Laplanders Contra^s^ (f>c. 1 1 9 again fome prefent, fo that he who had received one or two markes of fil- ver, returns for a gift again one or two Rain-deers : fo that it comes ro pafs, that the Laplanders^ who can gratifie the friends and kindred with numerous prefents, if they wed a rich Laplanders Daughter, come to great wealth in Ratn-deer by this kind of marriage. Thefe are the cheif things the Laplanders in their contradsand marriages, which before we quite leave, we may rake notice firft, that it is unlawful among them, to marry a wife too near in blood. And they have fo fpecial a regard to the degrees cf confanguinity and affinity, that they never requeft marriage in the pro- hibited ones. And again ’tis unlawful, having one wife to marry another, orw^henone is married to put her away, by Divorce. Pblygamy arid Di- vorce were never heard cf among the Laplanders^ neither in the timb of Laganif^^^dits Torn£us-) nor afterwards, but they alwaies obferved marri- age honeftly and like Chriffians; yet in former daies perhaps they did not altogether abhor the communicating their wives, whom they permitted to ftrangers efpecially and guefts. So indeed writes Herberfienius. But Jokri Torneem mentions an inftance of later date^ and the Teftimony too ofa Laplander Luhla ^ tho he doubts to give credit to him. 'Tw’as reported to me, faies he, that in the time of my Predeceflbr of Lnhla-Lapmark ^ a certain immodeft Laplander^ came to lo'dg with another , in Torne-Lap‘ markt a civil honefl: man, as was his whole family , who could read books, and lived a pious life, for which he was ftiled by fcorners Zitan Bt/f):)p. Then the Man of Lubla^ when he had diforderedhimfelf with drinking Spirit of Wine, addrefled himfelf to his hofts wife, in hope of debauching her, but becaufe there were there prefent two officers, who had Spirit of Wine to fell, the Ziran Biliiop caiTd for them, and told them the fellows defign, defiring likcwife that they being Miiiiftcrs of the State, would apprehend and bind him; iney immediately bound him to a Tree, and left him there fora whole Winter night together, to be frozen with cold. Atlafthe was forced to regain his liberty with mony , and pleaded it as an excufe, that it was the cuftom in Luli-Lapmark , that if any perfon vifited another, the entertainerpermiited fuch familiarity with his wife. Thus faies Torneeus^ but doubtingly, for the fellow might have only framed this for his own excufe, ^is certain no Other perfon has taken notice of it in them of Luhla , and the ether Laplanders are fo ignorant of this communion of their wives, that they cannot endure they fliouldlook upon other Laplanders d^ tU ling towards Norway at the river Torna are fo jealous , that if a Woman chance to meet a man, and fpeakbuc a few words to him, they immediatly fail into a fufpicion of her. 120 Of their Child-beartrig , is^c. CHAP. XXVI. Of theit Child-bearing , and the Education of their Children. N Ext to Marriage it will be expedient to treat of their Child- bearing, and their Children. Where we may note firft, that they wifh for nothing more, and that they take no greater plefure in any thing then fruitfull Matrimony. And hence it is, I fuppofe, they are fo prone to luft, as is elfewhere fliown rbutaltho they defire this fo ardently , yet they are very feldome fruitfull in Children , for they can fcarce beget more then eight , which number is the greateft , and ufually they beget but one, two, or three. An occafion of this their barrenefs, Sam. Rheen imagines their bad diet, as likewife the extreme coldncfs of the ^Country, which I think may be very true. He moreover adds Gods anger, which he colleds from this, bteaufe tho they are not worn away with War or Plague, yet notwithftanding their Country is never the more populous, and their Na- tion wafts rather daily. The motive of this anger he fuppofes to be their ob- ftinatenefs in maintaining their ancient impieties. They ufe indeed at this very day , not only in Child-bearing , but other affairs too , to be folicirous concerning the events, and to fearch after them by their fuperftitious rites. Their firft care is concerning the fex, for as foon as they perceive the wife to be big with child, they have an opinion that they can inform themfelves whe- ther it will prove a Boy ora Girl, after this manner ; they forthwith view the Moon ( for they imagine that a Child-bearing woman bears fome refem- blance to the Moon , as we (hall hear ) if there be a Star juft above the Moon, they thence colled that the burden will prove of the male fex, if below, of the female. But I wonder they make a coraparifon between the Moon and a woman with child. For can there be any account given of their refem- blance ? is it, that like the Moon , (he grows big with her burden , and wh en that is laid , leffens again ? I rather fuppofe that thefe are the re^i^ues of their Pagan fuperftition , vs'hich made the Moon the tutelar Goddefs to women with child. Forfo raoft of the Pagans did account other, which opinion being outdated, they yet pretend fome refemblance between them. Their fecond care is touching the health or ficknefs of the child, which thing alfo they fuppofe the Moon will inform them in. For if a Star be juft be- fore the Moon, they take it fora fign that the child will prove healtlifull, and grow up to be a man. But if it comes juft after her, they thence pre- fage that the child will be a very fickly one, and not long lived. The woman with child laies her burden in a hut , but ( which any body may underftand ) a fufficient incommodious one , efpecially if the time of her delivery happen to be in the Winter, for tho they have a fire kindled in the middle of the hut , yet that can give her but little warmth. After her delivery , her firft reftorative and cordial , is a good draught of Whales fat, Of the IVornens Child-bearing ^ (src, l2t fat , which they procure out of Norway , the taft of which is as ftrong and ill favoured as of a Sea-calves lard, when dried. The child, as foon as brought forth is wafhed over as in other Countries, but it is a peculiar cuffoni cf the Laplanders firfi they do it with cold water or fnow, and then afterv/ards • dip them in hot water, when it begins to fetch its wind^andcan fcarcely draw breath. Andalfo they ufe to dip in the water all the other parts of the body, the head only excepted 5 They heat water , files Sam.Rkecn^ in a Caldron, and in that they fet the infant Ifreight up to his neck, but they let no water come upon his head, before fuch time as he is bapti- zed by the Prieff. The new born Babe is inftantly wrapped up in an Hares skin , inftead of linnen fwadling clothes. The woman l>ing in, hath her peculiar place affigned her in the hut where fhe ledges, till fhe recover her health. And it is juft by the dcor ii- fually on the left hand : there is no other reafon given for it then that this part of the hut is lefs frequently diftuib'd by company , and there they have all things needful! for them adminiftred. Tho this feldom refort thither be rather, by reafon of the womans lying in in that place , either becaufe they would not difturb her with their company, or, which I rather fup- pofe, becaufe they look upon her at that time as unclean. But the women of Laplar.d feldom keep their beds long after their delivery, and in that while are extraordinary carefull touching the Baptifm of their Infants: for after they began more diligently to be inftruded in the Chriftian Reli- gion , they take the greateft pains imaginable to have their Children bapti- zed as foon as polTibly may be. In former times it was otherwife , moft of them then were baptized very late , and at their mature age ; fotne deferred it for altogether. Of this GuSiavm the Erik is a witnefs , in his Charter, the words whereof I have cited elfewhere. As touching the former GuHa'ma AdoL phus in an other Charter and Preface, premifed to that which he publifhed Anno 1634., in which the State of the Religion in Lapland is declared at larger Biptifm , faies he, is adminiftred indeed to them but only at Winter* if their young children can live till then , it is well 5 if not , they die with- out Baptifm. Some of their children come to years of Diferetion before it, fo that with thofe that are grown up, there is no fmall p'ines to be taken when they are to be baptized. The time of Baptifm being the Winter time, was becaufe they have Sermons then preached to them , and the Sa- crament adminiftred, and that no oftner then twice; once about New-years- day , arf^l againe at Lady-day , of which I have treated in another place. Before thefe times there was not fo much done as that , but the Laplanders were fain to come with their Children to the neighbouring Churches of the Swedes in Angermannia and Bothnia , of w’hich Olam Magnus muft be underftood to fpeak, when he faies Lib, 4. c. 17. Once or twice in a year they vifit the Baptifmall Churches , and bring along with them their fucking Babes in Baskets tied to their backs, to be baptized. But at this day thofe women that are able, and not impeded by fome grievous fteknefs, carry their Children tothePrieft themfclves,about a fourtnight after their deli- very 5 that by him they may receive Baptifm. So much good hath building Churches in Lapland done, and having Sermons there , not in a ftrange Tongue , but the Laplanders proper own : and fo zealous are they fof haftening their Childrens Baptifm , that the Mother fcarce lying in above H h a 122 Of the Womens Child-hearings iyc, a week or fortnight 3 afrer her delivery , will undertake a moft tedious journy , over the tops of Mountains , thorough wide Marlhes and high Woods with her Infant to the Priefl 5 for the women of this Country are naturally hardy, and able to endure any thing without trouble , and there- fore, tho they feed upon courfc food in their fickneffes, and drink nothing elfe but water, yet they recover again quickly. They carry their young Infants to the Prieft, one way in the Summer time, and another way in the Winter. In Winter they lay it upon a fledge. In Summer they put it in a Pannier faftned to the back of a Rain-deer. The' Infant is not fet upon the back of the Raindeer , but is tied in his cradle , and faftned to the pack faddle after this falkion. Magnus makes them put in Baskets , as his words afore quoted do intimate , and thofe Baskets too to be tied at their backs , and the PitHiure he makes of them reprefents not only the woman, but the man too fo laden , each with tw o Children a piece : fo that together they travcll with four Children , and with w ooden flioes on their feet ; but here I am afraid the Painter followed his own fancy tco much. Certain it is that the Baskets there reprefented , bear no refemblance to thofe of Lapland. The Laplanders are wholly ignorant of this fort of Baskets , ihar«are car- ried at ones back. Nor are their Baskets like wooden fquare Boxes, fuch as his figure reprefents them 5 but of a round compafs , and one part fhut down upon the other, as I have Paid elfewhere. But to return to their Baptifm, in it they give their Children names, according to the names of fome of their friends and kindred. Samuel adds that they afFed to put Pagan names upon them , fuch as Thor , Guaarnis Finney Fagge ; but that the Priells avert them from fo doing as much as poflibly they can. And this is peculiar with them, that they often change their names , and put others upon them then thofe that were given them at their Baptifm , for the love they bear to fome friend or kinfman deccafed , wiiofe memory thereby they defire to preferve. too avouches the fame thing , and ifat any time in their younger years they fall into ficknefs , then they ufe' the name given them Of the Womens Child-heat in g^i^c. 125 them in Baptifin inftead of a furname, efpecially they obferve this in boies. But altho the Laf landers wives are hardy, fo as to be able to undertake a journy a wxek or two after their delivery, and to go about other eniploi- ments, tho they have made their public appearance, and haVe been church- ed by the Pricft, yet by their husbands they are looked upon as unclean, till lix weeks be accompiiflicd, fo that they admit of no familiarity or conjugal fociety with them for all that fpace of time. And thus much of their child- bearing. I proceed next to their Education of them, the firfl: thing that occurs here is their Nurfing, which is alwaies by their own Mothers milk, for the Laplanders make no ufe of Nurfcs. And this they do not only for fome fmall lime, but ufuall for two years, three or four together ; bur if ficknefs or any other occalion happen, fo that they cannot themfelves fuckle their young ones, they give them the Rain-deers milk, which is grolTer and thicker, then they can well draw out of a fuck-bottle, ( as at fometimes they are accuflomed to do, elswhere) and for that reafon, if the neceflity be urgent they give it in a fpoon. Befides their Mothers milk, they inftantly accuftom their young Infants , to cat fle/li , for they thrufl: into their mouths a piece of Rain-deers flefli, that they may fuck the gra vie out of it, and fo get nurifhment. The rocking the infant in his cradle, follows next, whereby they get him afleep. Their Cradles are made of the Rock of a tree hollowed, like a boat: thefe they cover with leather, and at the head they eretfr an arched kind of roof, of leather likewife.In fuch a cradle they lay & tie in the Infant, without any linnen clothes or lheets,inftead of which they lay hiin on a fort of fofcmofs,ofa red color, which they dry in Summer, and have great plenty of it. When the Infant is to be rocked, they let the cradle hang by a rope from the roof of the hut, and by thrufling the cradle and toflfing it from one fide to the other, they lull him a fleep. They ufe likewifc to pleafe their young children with fome certain baubles, for at their cradles they tie fome rings of Alchamy, to make a noife and clinking. To thefe rings which ferve inftead of rattles they moreover add fome emblems, wherewith their chil- dren may be timely admonifhed of their condition and future duty. If it be a boy, they hangup at his cradle a bow and arrows, and a fpear made very artificially out of Rain-deers horn, whereby they fignifie, that their chil- dren iiiuft: diligently pradife to be expert and ready in ufing the bow and fpear. If it be a girle ; the wings, feet, and beak of a white Partridge, which they call Smaripa , and is call’d Lagopus having feet like the feet cf an hare, thereby implying, that their Daughters muft: carefully learn to be cleanly, and like thofe birds nimble and adive. Asfoonasthe children come to fome age, they inflrutR them in all neceftary arts, the Fathers the boies, the Mothers the girles, for they have no School -maffers among them, but each perfon is his own childerns Mafter, and they are fo far put on by their parents as to be able to perform any w orks in ufe among them. T heir boies they cheifly teach the Art of Shcoring, and hitting marks w ith an arrow, becaufe in old time they were nccellitated to get their living by the help of bow and arrows, whereas the greateft: part of them maintain tiiemfelves by hunting, and therefore when they have pradifed never fo little the ufe of the bow', the boies viduals are kept from chem, till they can H h 2 hit 1 24 Of the Laplanders Difeafis , i^c. hit a mark s\ith an arrow, and as it was thecuftom anciently among the Bakares , and fo now among the Laplandirs , their boies earn tlieii food every day by their dexterity in lliooting, and thereby atlaftthey prove mcli: excellent marks-nien. OUits Magnus makes mention of this their pratHiice, and wonderfully extolls their dextroufnefs herein, and avers that he himfelf has feen fome of them who could exadly hit a farthing or a nedle, recatfuch a diftance off as would juft let them fee it. On the boies, that they may take more care to hit the mark, when they have hit it, they beftow a white girdle, wherein they take huge delight, andfometime a new bow. But as the Laplanders do look to their children in time to teach them arts reciuifite to get their living, foalfo to provide them means to maintain them- felves withal, where it will not be impertinent t6 mention, that tis a cu- ftom with them to beftow upon their infant a female Rain-deer, Toon after its birth or Baptifm, if it be of female Sex, and upon the horns of it they ingrave her mark, fo to prevent all controverfies or quarrels, that may arife concerning her right. She receives likewife another, when Ihe cuts herfirft tooth. Which they call Pannikeis, that is, the tooth Rain-deer. John Torneem writes as if thefe gifts were given only by women. The Wo- man faies he, that firft fpies a tooth in his mouth, is fain to honor him with aprefent of a Rain-deers Calve. This cuftom might probably have its rife thus, becaufe, when the infants have gotten teeth, they have need of more folidmeat, therefore they ftock them with Rain-deer as being their cheif- eftfood. That Rain-deer then, and whateverencreafe comes ofit, are pre- ferv’d to the future ufes of the child, as may appear by what we have elfe- where faid, in the Chapter of their marriages, and fo likewife of the other Rain-deer which parents give the child befides, fortisufual among them to fnperadd one to the former, and this they call TVaddom, that is, the gi- ven one. And this is the chief care of the Parents towards their children, but if they die, inftead of them are fubftituted Guardians, as among other nations, ou t of their neareft kindred, who manage all thefe affairs for them. CHAP. XXVII- Of their T>ifeafes, ‘Death 'and ‘Burial. T H O the Laplanders lead a miferable and hardy kind of life, yet 'they enjoy their health perfe(ftly well. They have not fo much as heard of moftdifeafes, and are not all infeded with thofe, that elswhereufe to de- populate whole Countries. There are no acute and burning feavers among them, no plague. And if any infedlion be brought among them, it inftantly lofes its force. Some years fince an infetftion was brought into Lapland in hemp, but none were.burt by it, befides the women that in fpinning chew- ed it, for the Northern cold eafily diffipates the poifonous vapors. The or- dinary and frequent difeafe among them is, foreeies, from whence not feldom proceeds blindnefs. The caufe of this may be, that from their infan- cie they for the moft part are forced to be in fmoak, wherewith their Huts arc Of the Laplanders Difeafes^ iSfC. r2’5 arefiird both in Summer and Winter. EricusFlantinus fame rea- fon j and moreover adds the light of the fire to be a caufe of it. And this gives them the greateft trouble imaginable , that their old age ufually ends in blindnefs. They are often troubled alfo with the Pleurefy and inflam- mation of the lungs, ftiches in the backhand dizzinefsin the head. The fmall Pox likewife fometinies takes them. Now as difeafes are rare among them, fo Phyfick is altogether unknown. Againft all difeafes inwatdly they ufe the root of a kind ofMofs, which they call yere/f , Or in the failance of that , the ftalke of Angelica , which they call Fadno , and is any w'here to be found. For this ufe they boil the Angtlica with the whey of Rain-deers milk , as I faid it was a cuftom among them before , in the Chapter of their food , and fo prepared it is made ufe of as a fpecial Medicine. If they feel any pain in their joints , they apply fome fired chips to the place ill aflfe- died s that the ulcer then made may attraft the vicious hUmors > and fo mi- tigate the paine. They cure wounds with no other ointment or plaifler then of refiti , which the trees fweat Out : if a member be benummed with cold , the Cheefe made of Rain-deers milk affords the prefeiuefl: remedy to it \ they thruft a red-hot iron into it , and with the fat of the Cheefe that inffantly diftills from iti they anoint tfte part affedled with incredible fuccefs. Others ap- ply the Cheefe it felf, flicing it thin like a plate Or leafe. This Cheefe fo boiled in milk is extraordinary good fora cough , and what Other diftempers^ either of lungs or breaflarife from cold, if it be taken fo heated. It helps the ftomach when difatfedled by their drinking water. Becaufe difeafes are fo rare among them, moft of themcome to extreme old age. Nay Sam. Rheen fdies there are fome among them that live to be above an hundred years old, and that moft of them ufually reach 70, So, and 90 years^ and at this age he faies many ofthemare ftill fufflciently brisk and lively^; able to manage their bufinefs with expedition, to take a journey, to courfe thorough Woods and Mountains, and to perform other fuch labour; and laftly that they grow not grey-haired either foon or eaflly ; fo that old age difpatcheS more of them then difeafes do* But if any be fo dangerOufly fick as to keep his bed, either worn With age , or fome diftemper , they firft enquire concerning him by their Drum i whither he will recover his health againe or die, as I have in another place fliewn this to be one of the ufes Of the DrUm^ and Cl. M. Matthias Steuchius in his Letter to me tells us the fame j / remmher faies he , / vfas once told by a Laplander that they can tell the very houre and mm- ner of any mans death by thofe their Drums. When they perceive any one neer death, then if there be prefeht any welldifpofed perfons,and verfed in the Chriftian Religion , they exhort him in his agonies to think of God and Chrift. If they are regardlefs of Religion, they inftantly abandon the fick perfon ^ carefull only about the funeral banquet, which they begin fometinies to celebrate before the perfon departing is quite dead. Steuchius confirms this by a Story ; There was a rich Laplander named Thomas who when he was taken with a dangerous fitt of ficknefs , fo as to loofe all hope of recovery , he fummohd before him his friends and acquaintance they when they perceived him to be def- perate , they hafted to the Vitftuallers that keeps the Inn towards Not-jvay and famftland Ranger , by the Coth , Rangifer by the Germans^ Ellend.^ by the Mofcovites ^ Lozzi , ani fome Books fay that in Norway they were named Ret)en : what Books he means I am igrtorant , but lam fure the Elks , whichthe Germajfs call were never called Kf- hen , but JElg , or ^Igar , which is now the common name through all the North ; neither can I think otherwdfe of the Mofcovites Loztpi for it is the fame with the Lithuanian Lojfo., as Herbeflenm obferves. That which the Lithuanians call Lofs the Germans call Ellend many in Latin Alee. So that To/}, Lozzi Lilted is the fame Beaft , but quite different from the Rain-deer, contrary to what Scaliger thought. For firft it excells the Rain-deers in bulk not a little , being as high as any Horfe ; its horns are fliorter , but above two palms in breadth, (hpoting outafew,tho not many young fprouts. His leggsare not round,, but long, efpecially the forenioft : he engages very fmartly , and his lharp hoofs enable him to en- counter all Men and Dogs that eppofe. He hath a long head, and huge thick lips alwaies hanging down; his color is not fo white, but all over his body it inclines to a dark yellow mixt with affen : w’hen he walks he makes no noife with his hoofs as all Rain-deers do ;"’w,hoever fees both Beafts ( as I have often ) will perceive fuch difference,that he will wonder how any one fhould miftake. There is no great breed ofthefe in Lapland., but they have them from other places, efpecially Lithuania, Charles the ninth, by , a public Proclamation claimed aH the skins of thofe that were killed for his Ex- chequer, as I rmentioned in another place. Olaus faies that they, continue altogether in the South of Lapland., and are taken moft frequently by running them down , or hunting ; in other places they are rarely found: but it is maiiifeft that twice a year they fwim in great Herds outofC^ 2 - rt-Z/tf, over the River , to v,dt , in the Spring to go mto Carelia and in Autumn to return into Ruffia. Some few Stags have bin feen in Lapland, S. Ki6re« mentioning the chief Beafts which have bin found there, reckons feverall fpecies of four-footed Beafts , as wild Rain-deers , Bears , Stags, L 1 Wolves, ,134 Laplanders wild Beafis. Wolves , Gluttons , Beavers , Otters , Martins, Squirrels ; but thefe Stags are but few and little , fuch as they call Damacervi, or Platicerotes ^ which fince they have nothing peculiar from thofe in other Nations , let it fuffice that they are named. To thefe I may add wild Rain-deers, but becaufe they differ from the tame ones only in bulk , being bigger , and in color fomewhat blacker, 1 will likewife pafs them over. Sam. Rhtm after the Stags mentions Wolves , of which there is a great number, diftinguiflic from thofe in other Countries only by their color, fomething whiter, whence they are often called white Wolves: their hair is thicker, longer and rougher. Thefe moft of all molefi: the Rain-deers , which are armed againft them with their horns. I find in fome^Papers of Buraus that the Wolves did never affault the Rain-deer if it was bound to aftake: the reafon maybe becaufe he fears fome trap when he fees the rope that binds the Raindeer: for the Wolf is a very fufpicious creature, and thinks every thing he fees to be a fnarc to catch him. Befides he may fufpfed that men lie hidden to kill him, whereas the Rain-deers are only bound for the better conveniency of milking them. Ncverthelefs , the V/olves venture not only on Beafts , but on Men and Women, efpecially thofe that are big with child. Travellers are forced to go armed , particularly Wonien near their time , for the Wolves take their feent and watch more greedily for them , therefore no Woman is per- mitted to travel! without a guide alfifting her. The next are the Gluttons, which are frequent here , they have a round head , ftrong and fharp teeth, like a Wolfs , a plump body , and feet fhorter than the Otters .* their skin is of a very dark color , fome of them refemble Sables , only they have foftcr and finer haire ; this Beaft lives not altogether on Land , but many times in the Water, like the Otter, tho much bigger and ftronger : fome compare it to the Otter , but it is far greedier than he, for thence it gets its name. For Olam tells us that it is called by the Swedes , by the Germans^ Wildfras: but this German name doth not denote the Beaft to cat much, but to devour what it finds in the Woods, for wild figmdcs any thing in the Woods-, wherefore either Scaligcr did not underftand the word , or elfe the Printer did not follow his copy : which appears more plaineIy,from that the Gw/o doth not only infeft wild Beafts, but tame (as hath bin often known in Smdland) and Water creatures too , being it felf accuftomed to the Waters. There are abundance of Beavers in becaufe the Nation abounds with plenty ofFilh, whence they have fiore of food; thinks that the plenty of them proceeds from the quietnefs of the Waters , which are never troubled with Ships, as the Rhine and Vanow are. I add nothing of thefe be- caufe they are not diftinguilh’d from the vulgar fort, neither are the Otters. Next to thefe Sam. Rheeh fpeaks of the Foxes , as being numerous , and of feverall forts over all £afland. He reckons up, befides the common ones, thofe that are black , brown, afti- colored, white 5 and thofe that are marked with a crops. The black are moft valued becaufe they are rare : in Mofeovy Men of honor and preferment have their Caps made of their skins , which are fold, as HerberRenius for io,fometimes 15 pieces of gold. Thole that are marked with a crofs, -Johnfion calls Cruciger^^ and de- feribes them thus ; they have from their mouth , over their head and back to Of the Laplanders wild Eeajls, 135 to their tail a black ftreak , another crofllng their back , and down to their forefeet, which two lines do refembleacrofs. Thefe are preferred before the common red Foxes , being bigger , and having thicker hair. The aflieii'colored Foxes are thofe which Johnfton calls Ifatid^ ^ their color is niixt of afh and blew , fuch as is the color of the woad , tho this color is not fpread all over his body , nor is any fingle hair wholly of this color, for the longeft hairs are black at the end, the fliorteft white, from both which this color refu Its. OlamcaWz thefe Celeftine^ or shy-colored Foxes, where too he tells us that they are of lefs worth than the reft , and the white ones too , becaufe their color is fo, without the lintfture of any other, fuch as Conies ufe to have. The reafon is becaufe their number is great, and their hair not durable: but that there is fuch abundance of thefe skins happens becaufe the Foxes are more eafily taken , not living in the Woods, but on the naked Mountains between Norn^ay 2iT\(iSrvedlcnd, After the Foxes the Martins arementioned. Thefe too are frequent in Lafland ^ and indeed no Nation doth afford more or better skins than this doth. But thefe differ too , thofe that have yellow on their throat being preferred before the white : but this is obfervable that the Laplanders have no Martins but in the Woods , and they have alfo a particular fort of meat, for they feed on Squirrels and Birds. In the night time, faies Olam^ by the advantage of their (harp claws they can eafily climb any Tree, where they make a prey of the Squirrell, who is quite as nimble, tho not fo ftrong, and therefore can fometimes fave himfelf by skipping round the arm of a Tree: this the enemy cannot imitate , efpecially if the Squirrell leads him up to the tep branches, otherwife he cannot efcape, and leap from the top of one Tree to another. The Martin is not injurious only to the Squirrel , but to both fmall and great Birds, which hefeizes on as they are at rooft: if they be the greater Birds they prefently betake themfelves to flight wdth him fitting on their backs , andperfifting to bite fo long, till they drop down dead. Next are the Squirrels , which are incredibly numerous. Thefe parti* cularly change their color every year. When Winter draws on they turn from red to grille , which color is valued in the skin ; this color the fur- ther the Beaffs are Northwards, is the purer , and lefs mixtwith red, and is fo too the farther the Seafoii is from Summer , at vhich time they are never hunted , but all in the Winter. Tho they do fo abound , yet they are wont to go away in fuch troops, till there are fcarce any left. The reafon of their departure is not known *. fome think it is becaufe they fear hunger and forefee the want of meat. Others think it is to avoid the injury of the weather. Rheen and 0 /. Let, deferibe their march on this wife. They go to the brinks of a River, where they find the bark of Pine , or Birch trees, on which they truft themfelves, and venture to launch forth, prick* ing up their tailes for fades. Thus they are carried at the mercy of the wind till it overturns them and their bark. Their body is of that nature that if will not fink , but being drowmed, is driven to fiiore, where very often great numbers are taken up , and their skins , if they are found foon enough are as fit for ufe as ever: but tho fuch an accident , as this , fweeps away nioft of them, yet the few that are left preferve the fpecies , and multiply very foon , for each Squirrel brings forth 4., 5 , or more at a time. And thofe are all the Beafts which Rjjeen mentions, But I '^6 Of the Laplanders Wild Beajls, But befides thefc, there are others, fuch as are the Sables which OJaus Ma-‘ gnus calls Zabelli^ their skins Johnfton in his Hiftory of Animals commends, Olaus faith that their skins were made ufe of by the Lafland Women, efpe- cially by the Brides to adorn themfelves with ihemjand that there is but fmaii plenty of them in thefeparts. Some make this beaft like a weezel, others efpecially like the Martin, and indeed he feems to be in the right both to the bulk and lhape of it. Their color the nearer it comes to black is the more efteemed. There are found feveral all white, fuch as we have of- ten feen the Mufcovlan Embaffadors bring over to theKingfora moftfingu- lar prefent. By which Adamus Bremenfis in his Scandinavia feems to have un^ derftood white Martins. There arealfo Ermins which are found only among Laplanders. JoviusBv^i'^ YOit of them that they were good exchange forany fort of Merchandize. Thefe Ermins are nothing but white weezels having the end cf their tails black, Johnflon takes notice thereof out cf Albertus Magnus.^ hecalleth the beaft which is the fame thing with Armelinus and Hermelinus , differing neither in bignefs nor nature from the weezel, the color argues nothing, for he has that only in Winter, but in Summer is of a bright yellow. It is as greedy of Mice as the Weezels are, whence the Smeds call it Lekat. 1 am unwilling to call it with a Swedland Mouce. Among thefe I had rather reckon a little fort of beaft which they call Lemmus^ which Olaus Magnus faith the Ermins feed on. Samuel Rheen fpeaks of a fort of Mice found in which they call Mountain Mice or LembUr., which Wormius deferibes with fliort tails and ftaring hair, and not unlike a Mouce. I will fpeak little of their color, which faies is various, Samuel Rheen affirms it red, who obferves too that they come of a fudden, and coverthe ground w ith their multitude. Olaus obferves that this is alwaies in ftormy weather, and thinks that it rains thefc creatures, but is all together in a doubt, whether they are brought thither by the winds, or bred in the clouds. Wormius thinks plainly that they ai e bred in the clouds ; but the learned Ifaac Voffius in his notes to Pomponius corrects him, and faies the reafon why thefe animals are fuppofed to fall from the Clouds isbecaufe they ufe not to appear , but immediatly after rain they creep out of their holes, either for that they are fill’d with w’ater, or becaufe this creature thrives much in rain, which opinion feems moft probable tome. Thefe creatures are very bold, never making their efcape when Paffengers come by, but keep on their way, and make a noife like the barking of a dog: they fear neither club nor fword, but ifany one ftrike at them, they turn again and bite. It is obfervable in them that they ne- ver go near or do any mifeheif in any hut, fometimes they fet upon one anot^'er, being divided as it were into tw o armies, this the Laplanders take to be an omen of future war in Swedland^ and gather w hence the enemy will come, by obferving whence thofe animals firft moved that provoked the reft. Thefe creatures have their enemies too, firft the Ermines as I men- tioned before, then the Foxes, which bring a great number of thefe into their holes : hence the Laplanders have nofmall difadvantage, for the Foxes ufingthis fort of food moft, regard not the baits which they lay to catch them. Thirdly the Rain-deers devour them, and laftly the dogs which eat only the fore part of them. Thefe creatures never live, if they chance to cat any herb grown after they had tafted it before ; fometimes they perifli other- Of the Laplanders Birds and Fifh: i 3 7 othcrwife, as being choaked in the Hedges or dropping into water. The laft fort of beafts are hares, which are efteemed for their white skin, tfpe- ciallyin the winter, at which time they are as white as the Foxes ; they change their color every year,alwaies turning white towards this feafon j for which tho many reafons may be given, I think this is moft confiderabJe, that Nature and Providence defigned it, leaft when the ground was quite co- ver’d with Snow, theircolor might eafily difcover them , and they being equally opprefled by manandbeaft fhould be quite deftroy’d. For which reafon too, probably feme birds at that time are white. Olaus Magnus tefti- fies the fame of hares, that immediatly after Autumn they begin to grow white, and at that time are frequently taken half white and half not, but in the raidfi: of the Winter they are all white as before. CHAP. XXX- Of their ^irds and Fijh. I COME now to the Birds, of which here is great Pore. Samuel Rheen. mentions thefe, Swans, Geefe, Ducks, Lapwings , Snipes , all forts of water Birds, and wild fowl , as Hcathcocks, Stock-doves, Partridges, Woodcocks 5 he makes a diftintJfiou between w'ater fowle and tbofe that arc bred in Woods, and proves that they abound with each fort, becaufe the country has fo many pools, ponds, and woods. Of thefe birds, fomeare in other countries, fome only in thefe Northern parts. Swans, Geefe and Ducks, are known every where: he means wild ducks, for they have no tame ones. Olaus Tetri takes notice of the fame thing. It is remarkable in thefe wild foul, that they come from the South into the North, where they build their nefts, hatch and breed up their young ones, which is not frequent elfe- where. 1 believe it is becaufe they do not find fuch fecurity nor plenty of food in other places. The Snipes I fuppofe are fcarce found any where elfe, their back and head are black, and moft part of their wings, white on their breafl: and belly, red bills; very long, and fet with teeth, fhort feet and red with skin between their claws, as all water fowle have. As you may fee in the next page. To this we may add that fort of Bird called Loom^vfKich Samuel Rheen omitted, unlefs he comprehended them under the waier-fowle in general, for there is fuch a number of them, and fo various, that the particulars would take up too much time : Olaus Wormius has a draught of this bird, it is no fort of duck, as appears by its bill, which is not broad but fliarp. This bird peculiarly goes not upon land, but alwaies either flies or fwims, it hath feet very fliort for the proportion of its body, and Banding fo much back, that tho they are very convenient for fwimming, yet it cannot fo poife its body on land as to be able to go : hence it is called Loome^ which fignifies lame or unable to go. Of the v iid fowl that which Samuel Rheen calls KUder and we render fVogallony intimating the biggefl: fort, is named Cedron near Treaty MGefnet iM^y be credited, who deferites the reft very probably : but as to M m the 138 Of the Laplanders Birds and Fijh, the color of the Hen, which he affirms does differ nothing from the Cock, he ismiftaken; for the color is quite yellow with black fpecks. The fame may be obferved of the Stock-doves v hich he calls the leffer Vrogalli^ for the hen differs from the cock, he being all black, and fhe yellow, like the hen of the Heathcock, from which ffie is diftinguift by nothing but bignefs. O/4- us Mcgnus becaufe the color was not exactly yellow, called it affien, for fomeiimes it is compofed of both ihefe, moft enclining to an affi. There are no other fcrt of wild cocks, then thofe the Speeds cd\\ Orrar^nd the Latines Tetraones oTVrogalli m'morts \ their combs are the fame with the ZJrogalll^ placed not on the top cf their heads, but above each eie, v. hich the painter not underftandingdrew them from his own tame cocks. Some call ihele birds Pheafants, but whoveer compares them, will difcern two diftindt fpecies. Both fcrtsare found in Lapland^ but the latter not fo frequent ; nor are the others equally plentiful every year,for in fome there are none. I come now to the woodcocks, which I think is the right name; the Swedes have a bird which they cedXjarpe^ and the Gerntans Hafelhim^ but it is doubted whether thefe are the fame with the woodcock, for they do not frequent mardies as the woodcocks do, but live altogether in woods and groves, whence Rheen rec- kons them among that fort offowle which inhabit the woods. However, there is plenty ofthefe birds in and they afford good meat for the in- habitants^but no birdabounds there more then the White Partridge, not on- ly in the woods but on the higheft Mountains, even then when they are co- vered with Snow. I call it Lagopos which Samuel Rkeen fometimes Fialriipor or iS’w/oeri^or, the Germans and efpecially the Helvetians term is Sthnahuner^ i.e. Snow-hens, or Shnecvoigil^ i.e. Snow-birds, becaufe they delight in Snow and to dwell on the top of the Alpes. They have a kind of hair inftead of Feathers, and hears feet, whence they are called Lagopodes. Samuel defcribes them thus, that in the Winterthey areas white as bnow , having not one black feather, but that which the Hen has under her wing; when fpring comes they turn grey like hen pheafants, and keep that color till Winter. Olaus Magnus mentiens a fort of fnow birds, which naturally changes its white into alhen, but I can fcarce believe he means the Lagopades^ becaufe he fpcaks of their red feet, fuch as Storkes have, whereas the Lago- podes Of the Laplanders Birds and Fijh, 139 podesmnch differ. Another thing SamttelRheenoh?€Y\QS^ that the des never fit ( n trees , as Olaus his Snow-birds arc painted, but are al- waies on the ground very adive, fcarce ever fitting ftill. Their fhape is this. The next is their Fifh, of which they have incredible ftore ; ZelglerusTaies their draughrs are fo great, that they are forced to tra'nfport fbme of them into other Ccunrrics, Jonjius fpeaks too of great plenty they reap from the S^as, becaufe he is deferibing thofe Laplanders which live nedir Mufeovy: whereas the reft can have plenty enough out of the rivers. The beft fort they have isSaln'on, ior Olaus Magnus ^'^hh there is not better fishing in any part cf Europe^ then in the Bothnic towards Lapland ; whbfe moun- tains fend down vaft rivers of frelh water, agaiiift which the Salmons come in fuch fhoales, and with fuch vigor, that the Fifhermen find them at the head of the river on the top of the mountains. Samuel Rheen loo thefe fifh before all the reft, and faith that they fw im up aH rivers that they are able, and come down again about S' Matthews tide. Aiid that it iS much worfe when it returns, then when it went up, which feeras to be, becaufe tis wearied and fpent in ftrugling againft the ftream, and engendring 5 which it alwaies does in thofe pans of the river which are moft remote from the Sea; w hen he comes up the river they call him Salm-, at his return lax* The 2^ fort offilh are Pikes, Olaus Magr.us fpeaking of this faith, that in there are marfhes of frtlh water, 400 miles in length, and looinbredth, in which there is fuch ‘abundance of Pike and other fifh, that they do not only fupply 4 Kingdomes,butare dried and tranfported farther intc Germany 10 be fold: thefe fifh alwaies ufe frefh water, and are every where kn wn having long heads, the lower jaw hanging cut, many fharp teeth, which the Germans call Hecht. They are found fometimes to exceed men in length. Olaus affiriiis, that if they have frelh water and food enough, they will attain to 8 foot in length. Mm2 The 140 Of the Laplanders Bir^s afid ViJfj, - The 3** Tort are thofe which the Swedes cA\’ Syck-, not much difftring from the Carp ; only they have longer mouths, and not fo broad, they are com* monly notfo big as carps, but in Lapland they are found extraordinary, fometimes weighing 10 or 12 pounds. The 4^^^ fort is Abhor which is with us a perch : this is very plentiful too, and frequently of an incredible bignefs. There is to this day in a Chappel at Ltthlah^ kept one of their heads dried, w hich is from the top to the under jaw 2 fpans thick. There are found water-weezels red and w hue, chiefly in the pool* near the Sea. Samuel Rheen fpeaks of 2 forts which the Swedes call Rading^ and JErlax ; whether they are any where elfe found I know not. Rheen thus dcfcribes the firfl: fort. Rading^ has its name from the red color on the lower part of its belly. The latter is very like a Salmon but not fc big. Some take them for Salmons not come to theirfull growth, but this is an er- ror, forthefe fiflies are taken in pools, which are on every fide parted from the Sea, and are known never to have any Salmons. I had rather refer them to the trout, ovTrutta^ becaufe it fcarce differs in fliape, only the Trouts flefli is redder and fofter. Befides thefe there are many other filhin Lap- land., but not regarded, becaufe they ferve not for focd, fbr w hich reafon I pafs them over : only Olaus Petrus gives us this doubtful account of their names, S alarm .^CobhU^Barbatula., Rubellio^ Borbocha ocutala, Frafinus^ ^ypri- ms.y Cobitis aculeata. This Country breeds not many reptiles, no ferpents : but this is meant of the upper Regions towards the Norway Mountains, for in the low woody places they are found tho not many. There are but few in- fetfls ; as for fleas they are quite unknown*, but they receive much injury fromgnats, which infeft man and bealf, efpecially the Rain-deers, which upon that account are driven away to the top of the higheft Mountains. The men arm themfelves againft them by keeping a continual fmoak in the houfe. If they fleep, they put a blanket over their body and head : when they go a- broad they put on a garment made of hides, and on their heads cloth caps. I have bin told by the Natives, that many to defend themfelves from this in- fe Rheen exprefles in thefe words , which , tho tedious , I thought fit to tranfcribe that we might have his exact opinion it. There grows ( faith he) an herb which they call CaU ceolum Lapponicum becaufc its flower is like the Laplanders fhoe, it is of a blew colour with three rowes of feed in the pod, it has larger leaves than the vulgar cabbage, itsflalk is a finger thick and the root bitter: it grows extra- ordinary faft , and rifies to three cubits in height,. and fomtimcs more; it is thought a bad and unprofitable herb becaufie no beafl: will taft of it. There is another herb very ufiefel and wholefome , and of great efteem among them, which Olaus Pet. take to be like a carrot, he fays it is called Mofaraoth^ have- ing the tafl and flower of Pimpervel growing in marfhy grounds to an ell in height, Mo far aoth is not a Lapland but Swed'if!) name, from maofa which fignifies marfhy places where mofle grows , what the inhabitants call it, I cannot yet learn. And thcfie are the peculiar herbs which this country hath : I have not met with any one that could help me to the exadf fliape of them. But altho this foil beare fome peculiar herbs, yet there are not many fpecies of them, which Olaus Pet. gathers from the mfi-Bothnla , which borders on Lapland^ for in that place there are found but very few. I come now to Mofle, which is of diverfe forts. The fiifl: is tree Mofle , with a kind of long wool , hanging down from the boughs, efpecially of the Pitch tree, andfomtimes from others. The 7.^. which is very plentiful and affords food for the raindeers in the winter is ground Mofle, of a v/hite colour, with long thin leaves growing a foot high. The 'f. is ground mofle, but fofter of a more del icjte yellow green ; this is pernicious to the foxes , which the in- habitants cut fmall and mix with their baits to catch them. The4'h. isalfo ground mofTe, fliort and foft, of a very fine colour, which becaufe it is fo fine they ufe inftead of feathers to lay under Infants new born. 1 hear of a 5''’. fort with larger and longer leaves , which they ciW Fathne good againft faint- ing if it be bruifed and drank in broth , but 1 doubt whether this be Mofle , I had rather believe \x. Angelica cm fmall prepared and boiled under ground. The laft thing which is to be mentioned is Grafle, which is of diverfe kinds, the beft fort is that which is found in thevallies near the mauntains called Fells being lliort, foft, and juicy 5 that which grow's in other places is thicker, rougher, and dryer. There is a fort thin and (lender which the inhabi- tants ufe for ftufling of their (hoes, and gloves, to defend their feet and hands from the weather. And thefe arc all the trees, flirubs, and herbs of Lap- land, CH A P. Of their Mettah, 143 C H A P. X X X I L ‘ ( Of their Mettals, T Hac mettals grow in Lapland and the outermoft parts of Scandivaviay is only a conjedure of the Antients, and there is no certainty ofit j therefore none of them make any mention of them. Otaus M. flatly denies that to his age there were any Iron, Copper , or Silver mines found , there- fore they were forced to fallen their boats with ofiers , without any nails becaufe they had no Iron, but in the 35. year of this age, in Quztn Christinas reign, a filver mine was difeovered by the Inhabitants of Tithax^tu Naja- fialo not far from the mountains which divide Swedeland from Norway, this was the firft mine known in Lapland found by Loewj Perfon an inhabitant of Pitha. In the year 1^45. Themofi Illufiriom Ericu^ Pitmining L, Baron of Lais^ nojf> Senator of the Kingdomt^ arid Prefident of the comp an) of Mines , firft caufed it to be opened, and a melting-houfe built with convenient neceftaries. There is alfo a vein of Lead richer then the Silver and eaficr work’t. Pheen faith that the mountain is opened, not with Pickaxes or any Iron inftruments: but they bore a hole, which muft be fill’d with Gunpowder ; when the mouth is well ftopt they apply fire thro another little hole, which touching the powder breaks the hardeft ftones in pieces. But the ufe of this mine lafted no long time , for in tlie war between the Swedes and Danes in Carolus Guftavus his reign about the year i^58* it was fpoiled by oaQ yan Anen the Danifli Kings Governour, from which time no man would go to the expence ofeiean- fingand repairing the mine, becaufe it would require a vaft charge , before they could get any profit by it , which was too much for men of mean eftates to undertake. The 2‘i Silver mine is in Ltihla-Lapwark^nzmed Piedlkievafi ioundhy Jo- nan Petri living in Torptnjaur about the 60. year of this age. It is in the middle of the Village Torpenjaur^ on an high mountain 2. miles from the top^ 6. miles from Radflad a village of Norway^ between Radftad and Keidlkitvafi there is a famous high hill called Daorfial in the road that leads from the mine to Norrvay : the foul weather in the winter flops all paflage over this mountain. The mine is rich enough and very broad, continuing the fame all over, lodged in a hard Marcafite. It has this inconvenience that there are no woods near it, but they are forced to fetch their fuel a mile and a half off 1 they ufe powder inftead of digging it, ( as before ) the melting-houfe Hands 5. miles off in a pleafant place near the concourfe of feveral Rivers, cfpe- cialiy Darijock. nnd Qrickfck^ which laft gives the houfe its name. Here is a very fpacious wood and great plenty ollhrubs, efpecially currans , and all forts of herbs. The river affords abundance of the heft fort of fifh as Salmon, Trout, Perch, &c. diftant 27. miles from Taorne difeovered in 1655. by an nhabitanc who was flio wing the to Lrictis E ruf mi ns y, ho firft difcov'ered N n 2 it. 144 Stones^ and ? earls. it. It is very rich and not drofly, only necefl’ary’s are conveyed thither wit^ fome difficulty. There is another 3. miles northward called Wittange ^ found by a Laplander in 1668. The vein is not fo good becaufe mixt with Iron , wherefore they do not dig it fo willingly as the other 5 from thefe mines the ore is fliipt away to the melting-houle at Koenge to be melted and thence brought to Tama. There are Iron mines too, one in Tome. Lap mark joyning to the Copper mine, another in the fame Lapmark^czWQdJunefuando found in 1^0. by Laurence an inhabitant there, about 22. miles diftant from Tornuy whether it is carried to be beaten into bars and rods at the forge at Koenge. A 3*^ vein of the fame mettal is found in Telxmachtn at Lulha^ but of thefe the two firftonly are digged. I heard in 1671. of a Golden mine-, but becaufe there was no certainty , I will not infift upon it. I mention it becaufe iher^ are fome that affirm that it was found in Smdeland in the time of Gttftavus thefirft, but this was divulged by an uncertain Author, as appears by thee* vent, for to this day nothing more has bin heard of it. CHAP XXXHI. Of their Stones , Jewels , and Pearls. I Come now to their ftones, which are very large and many , of an afh co- lour but rough hard and intradable, not to be reduced by any inftrumenc to fhape for ufe. Befides thefe there are others often found on the fhores which reprefent the fhape of an animal. Thefe the inhabitants efteem much and adore them for Gods, under the name of Stoorjuncare. In Torne-Ld^mark. near the mine June^uando , on the banks of Torm , there are found yellow plain ftones ‘of a circular figure like mony, about the bignefs of a half crown, which look like dirt, but are as hard as flints. Dn. Grape in his papers makes mention of them. 1 will fet down a draught of them marked with the letter B. In the mine it felf there are found ftones in the perfedl ftiape of Odaedra, poliflied and worked by nature herfelf,but very fmall not exceeding the big- nefs of a nut, and fonitimes lefs. 1 have put down their figure with the letter C It is not certain whether the loadftone be found in this Country, tho Olaui Mag. fpeaks of mountains under the pole which'fome have thought do breed the ftone: his words feem to intimate loadftones as big as mountains, but ’tis certain he cannot mean Lapland^ for that has nonefuch, yet there are thofe who affirm that the loadftone is found there. As for pretious ftones they have them frequently , Burltivls. In like man- ner there are many other of their names in the other parts of this Country , but becaufe it is hard to meet with them all, and not fo much to our pur^ pofe, wee'l end now. Oo z THE THE CONTENTS CHAP. I. O F the Name of Lapland. P2g< i . Of the Situation of Lapland. p. 3. Of the Temperature of the Air^ and foil of Lapland. p, 7, Of the Divifion of Lapland. p. 9» Of the Laplanders reference to the incllnationSi temper and hahity of their minds and bodies. p. 12. Of the Original of the Laplanders. p. I 5 « Of the Keligion of the Laplanders. p. 21, Of the fecondy or ChriHian Religion of the Laplanders. p. 24. Of feme remains of Pagan fm in Lapland at this time* p. 34. Of the heathenifh Gods of the Laplanders , and their manner of mr/hip P' 37 - P- 45 - p. 60, p.65. p. 67. P- 72. p. 80. p. 87. P- 91. P-P 4 - P-5>8. p. loo, p. 103.- p. 1 05* p.107, p. no. p. 1 20. p. 124. P- 129, p.133- P- 137 - p* 141. p. 143. p- 144. p. 146. P- 147- at this dap. of the magicall Ceremonies of the Laplanders. Of the Government of the Laplanders. Of the Judicatures and Tributes of the Laplanders. Of the Laplanders FairSy and CuBoms in Trading* Of the Language of the Laplanders, Of the Houfes of the Laplanders. of the Garments of the Laplanders, Of the Diet of the Laplanders. Of the Hunting of the Laplanders. Of the Laplanders Weapons^ and other infruments of Hunting. Of the Laplanders Handp-crafutrades. Of the Womens Emploimenls, Of the Emploiments common to both Sexes. Of their Divertifements. Of their ContraBs and Marriages. of their Child-bearings and the Education of their Children, of their Di/eafeSy Death and Burial. Of their Cut tel. of the wild BeaBs of the Laplanders. of their Birds and Fifh. of the Laplanders Trees and Plants, of their Mettals. of their StoneSy Jewelsy and Pearls, of their Rivers. Of their Mountains, FINIS. ■m i A. ■ , _ \ -> 'j? r\ * • ' » > I SpftilSL i /'/(^■?3' 'N* ^ ; tr * %