AHNAS EL MEDINEH (HEBACLEOPOLIS MAGNA) WITH CHAPTERS ON MENDES, THE NOME OF THOTH, AND LEONTOPOLIS BY EDOUARD NAVILLE AND APPENDIX ON BYZANTINE SCULPTURES BY Professor T. HAYTER LEWIS, F.S.A. THE TOMB OF PAHEEI AT EL EAB J. J. TYLOR, F.S.A. , and F. Ll. GRIFFITH, B.A., F.S.A. ELEVENTH MEMOIR OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE. LONDON: Sold at the OFFICE OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.C. and by KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road; B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly ; A. ASHER & Co., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden. 1894 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/ahnaselmedinehheOOnavi AHNAS EL MEDINEH. THE TOMB OE PAHEEI AT EL KAB. EGYPT EXPLOKATION FUND. president SIR JOHN FOWLER, Bart., K.C.M.G. lDice=f>rc0iDcnts. Sir Charles Newton, K.C.B., D.C.L. Prof. R. Stuart Poole, LL.D. (Hon. Sec). E. Maunde Thompson, Esq., C.B., D.C.L., LL.D. Charles Dudley Warner, Esq., L.H.D., LL.D. (U.S.A.). The Rev. W. C. Winslow, D.D., D.C.L. (Hon. Treas. and Hon. Sec, U.S.A.). The Hon. Edward G. Mason (U.S.A.). The Hon. John Geo. Bourinot, D.C.L. (Canada). Prof. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (France). Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia). M. Charles Hentsch (Switzerland). 1bon. ^Treasurers. H. A, Grueber, Esq., F.S.A. The Rev. W. C. Winslow, D.D., D.C.L. (Boston, U.S.A.). Clarence H. Clark, Esq. (Penn. U.S.A.). 1bon. Secretary. Prof. R. Stuart Poole, LL.D. Members < The Rt. Hon. Lord Amherst of Hackney.F.S.A. T. H. Baylis, Esq., Q.C., M.A. Miss Bradbury. J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A. M. J. de Morgan (Directeur General ties Anti- ques de VEgypte). Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D. W. Fowler, Esq. Major - General Sir Francis Grenfell, G.C.M.G., K.C.B. F. L. Griffith, Esq., B.A., F.S.A. T. Farmer Hall, Esq. Prof. T. Hayter Lewis, F.S.A. Mrs. McClure. Committee. The Rev. W. MacGregor, M.A. J. G. Meiggs, Esq. (U.S.A.). Prof. J. H. Middleton, M.A., Litt.D. A. S. Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A. D. Parrish, Esq. (U.S.A.). Col. J. C. Ross, R.E., C.M.G. The Rev. Prof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. H. Villiers Stuart, Esq. Mrs. Tirard. The Rev. H. G. Tomkins, M.A. The Rt. Rev. The Lord Bishop of Truro. Hermann Weber, Esq., M.D. Major-General Sir Charles Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. AHNAS EL MEDINEH (HEEACLEOPOLIS MAGNA) WITH CHAPTEKS ON MENDES, THE NOME OE THOTH, AND LEONTOPOlIS BY EDOUARD NAV1LLE AND APPENDIX ON BYZANTINE SCULPTURES BY Professor T. HAYTER LEWIS, F.S.A. THE TOMB OF PAHEEI AT EL KAB BY J. J. TYLOR, F.S.A., and F. Ll. GRIFFITH, B.A., F.S.A. ELEVENTH MEMOIR OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE. LONDON: Sold at the OFFICE OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.C. ; and by KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road; B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly; A. ASHER & Co., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden. 1894 AHNAS EL MEDINEH (HEEACLEOPOLIS MAGNA). PBEEACE. The present memoir comprises the result of two campaigns ; and it bears testimony to what every experienced excavator knows only too well, that sites which at first sight seem the most promising are often those which cause the greatest disappointment. But still, although I did not find at Ahnas remains of the Xth and Xlth dynasties, as I had hoped, and although Tmei el Amdid and Tell Mokdam yielded only a few monuments, the excavations at those places have by no means been barren. They have materially contributed to the solution of historical and geographical questions, and have thus furthered the progress of Egyptology. Besides, the Byzantine ornaments discovered at Ahnas are quite unique among the products of Christian art in Egypt. I have particularly to thank my eminent friend, Prof. Erman, for the map of Ahnas, which he drew during his visit to the spot with Dr. Schweinfurth. As in the former memoirs, the linear plates have been drawn by Mme. Naville, and the phototypes have been executed from negatives taken by the Rev. Wm. MacGregor and myself. EDOUARD NAVILLE. Malagny, July, 1893. CONTENTS. Heracleopolis Magna — page Its Origin and its Name ......... 1 Divinities of Heracleopolis ........ 7 Monuments Discovered ......... 9 The Necropolis. . . . . . . . . . .11 Mendes 15 The Nome op Thoth 22 Leontopolis ............. 27 Appendix on Byzantine Sculptures pound at Ahnas ..... 32 Indexes ....... 35 HBEACLEOPOLIS MAGNA ; ITS OEIGIN AND ITS NAME. About twelve miles north-west of the town of Beni Suef, the great canal which bounds the cultivated land, i.e. the Bahr Yusuf, makes a strong curve towards the east. There it skirts huge mounds of decayed houses, covered with masses of broken pottery, and a few granite monuments scattered here and there amongst them. The mounds extend over an area of 360 acres. They are popularly known as Omm el Keman, the Mother of Mounds, because of their size. The Copts called the place Almas ; its official name is Henassiet el Medineh, the city of Henassieh, and it has long been recog- nized as the site of Heracleopolis Magna. The greater part of these mounds is waste land, utilized by the inhabitants for sebahh digging only. This is especially the case with the mound called Kom el Dinar. But several hamlets and villages now occupy the site, the most important of them being the one called Melaha. Just in front of this village are four standing columns, called the Keniseh, or church, and belonging to a Roman or Byzantine edifice. Two abandoned saltpetre pits are also to be found. They were used at the beginning of this century in the manufacture of gun- powder for the Mameluks and Mohammed Ali. Although this was the occasion of much dig- ging, it does not seem to have led to the discovery of any antiquities. The place must have been important in the time of the Greek emperors, before the Mohammedan conquest, for it contains the ruins of several Coptic churches — chiefly bases and shafts of columns, some of them very large. But nothing indi- cated the site of an ancient Egyptian temple, and yet there had been more than one. It was by mere guess-work that we discovered the place where the god Arsaphes had his dwelling, and we made many soundings before we hit upon it in a depression west of the Kom el Dinar. One may form an idea of the labour required for discovering and clearing the remains of this temple, when I say that, to this end, I was obliged to remove more than 40,000 cubic metres of earth. We do not know at what date Heracleopolis was founded, but very anciently it was one of the important cities of Egypt. Manetho says that the IXth and Xth Dynasties were Heracleopolitan, and, even from the scanty information which has come down to us, we must conclude that Hera- cleopolis played an important part in the events of that obscure period. The tombs of Sioot, attributed to the Xth Dynasty by M. Maspero and Mr. Griffith, describe the wars waged on behalf of their Heracleopolitan sovereign by the vassal princes of Sioot, pro- bably against rebels from Thebes. Hence, there is frequent mention of the city of Hera- cleopolis in these inscriptions, and even the name of one of the kings who is supposed to 2 HERACLEOPOLIS: have resided there is also given. We might therefore have reasonably expected that our excavations would throw some light on those dark times, and help us to fill up this great historical gap in our present knowledge. Mariette entertained great hopes as to excava- tions in the mounds of Ahnas. He reverts to the subject several times in his last memoir, published in 1879, and which has justly been called his Archaeological Will. 1 " C'est a Almas el Medineh, representee aujourd'hui par des ruines assez etendues, qui n'ont ete jusqu'ici l'objet d'aucune investigation serieuse, que nous devrons essayer de faire revivre des souvenirs des IX e et X e dynasties." But these hopes, in which I also shared, have been com- pletely disappointed ; the oldest remains which I found in the mounds of Ahnas belong to the Xllth Dynasty. One of the most ancient references to the city of Heracleopolis exists in a tale, whose origin may be assigned to the Xllth or Xlllth Dynasty, 2 although the events which it relates are supposed to take place much earlier, under the reign of Nebkara of the Illrd Dynasty. It describes a quarrel between a peasant and a huntsman who had robbed him. The matter was referred to the head of the officials, the high steivard, Merutensa %^ n at Heracleopolis, who declares himself that he will have to report the litigation to the king. If we could rely on the information derived from this tale, it would appear that at that remote epoch Hunensu was not yet a great city, but rather a village belonging to the royal domains, and where the highest authority was invested in the power of the steward or royal agent, the Nazir as we should say now. But we must not forget that this is a tale, a kind of 1 Questions relatives mix nouvelles fouilles ii faire en Egypte, p. 25. 2 Chabas, Pap,, de Berlin, p. 5 ; Tel., Mclanr/es, p. 249 ; Maspero, Contes, p. .'55. romance, and not an historical document. Its description of the city in no way agrees with the eminence of Heracleopolis in mythology, a point which we shall have to consider later, nor yet with the oldest historical text wherein the city is mentioned, and which dates from the Xllth Dynasty. The Xllth Dynasty, which, as we may judge from its important work in the Fayoom, had a special liking for this district, could not well neglect Ahnas, and we have proof that it did not, in a stele engraved on the rocks of Hamamat. 3 It belongs to an officer called Khaui, who relates that in the fourteenth year of his reign, 1 1 ^ _A Jj _A AAAAAA r\_/\_/*l LT1 0 V i l I .0 AAAAAA AAAAAA J J AAAAAA His Majesty ordered him to go to Bohennu (Hamamat), in order to bring the fine monu- ments which his Majesty erected to Her she f (Arsaphes) the lord of Hunensuten. This in- scription belongs to the reign of Usertesen III., but as the king erected statues at Hunensuten to the god of the locality, it is clear that the temple in which they were erected must have existed before them. In fact, the architraves raised by Rameses II., for the construction of the vest ibule which he added to the temple, bear the standards of Usertesen II. I am there- fore quite unable to share Professor Flinders Petrie's opinion, 4 when he says that the blocks with the name of Usertesen II. at Ahnas came from the temple of Illahun, which Rameses II. destroyed in order to build the temple of Heracleopolis. Whatever changes Rameses II. may have made in the sanctuary of Arsaphes, he was not its founder. It is even probable that for this event we must go much farther back than the Xllth Dynasty, for if Hunen- :! Lopsius, Denk., ii. 136, a. 1 Kahun, Gun ib and Hawara, p. 22. ITS ORIGIN AND ITS NAME. 3 suten was the capital under the IXth and Xth Dynasties, how can we picture to ourselves an Egyptian city without its temple, the nucleus of its foundation, the central point around which the inhabitants gathered and built ? The name of Heracleopolis Magna is in with a great number of graphic variants. Several readings have been proposed for the name ; they differ chiefly in the value given to the sign J§) which is polyphonous, and which in many instances is to be read ^ Khen. 5 The /www correct reading seems to me to have been deter- mined by Professor Brugsch, 6 who quotes a variant found in a papyrus of the X VHIth Dynasty, 7 where the name is written jj J^ll ^)©^ Admitting that the two signs ]j_ have been inverted, and should be written j§) !J_, the reading of the whole name would be Hunen- suten, or abridged, Hunensu, whence we can easily trace the origin of the grtHC of the Copts, and the ^Ual of the Arabs. Are we to recognize in this name the city of ^C 1 which is mentioned once in Scripture by the prophet Isaiah (xxx. 4) ? In opposition to the view of the majority of commentators, I believe with Professor Brugsch and Professor Duemichen that the city of Hanes mentioned by Isaiah is to be looked for in the Delta. Let us look at the context, at the circumstances which induced the prophet to speak of Hanes, and at the passage itself as given in the Revised Version. " The plan which the Jews bad bidden from the prophet (xxix. 15) had been matured, and ambassadors had been sent to Egypt with rich 5 Duemichen, Geogr. Inschr., Text, ii. p. 20. 6 Zeitschr., 1886, p. 76. 7 Naville, Todt., ii. pi. 293, Pf. 8 In the name J$ ^ ^ Duemichen, Geogr. Inschr., ii. pi. xxxvi. 13, the sign §\ has the value \ JL. presents. Isaiah makes of this accomplished fact a ground for denouncing the alliance con- cluded in enmity to God, and which will only avail to put the Jews to shame." 9 "Therefore," says the prophet, " shall the strength of Pharaoh be your shame, and the trust in the shadow of Egypt your confusion ; for his princes are at Zoan, and his ambassadors are come to Hanes." The sense seems to be very clear. Pharaoh is willing to side with the Israelites, he will not turn his back against them, on the contrary, he will receive them with every sign of goodwill. His princes, the chief of his troops are in Tanis, not very far from the eastern frontier, and his ambassadors are even farther, waiting for the arrival of the Israelites who come to beg for his support. It seems difficult not to understand the word ambassadors as referring to men sent forward to meet the Israelites, and in that case they must be the vanguard of the king and of his army. If his princes are in Tanis, his am- bassadors cannot be a long way behind ; they must be in advance, at the eastern border of the country. Thus we are compelled either to admit the reading of the Chaldsean version D^Q-T 1 Daphnae, the eastern bulwark of Tanis, or to suppose that there was in the Delta a city called Hanes. This latter alternative seems to me the more probable. If we turn to the great inscription of Assurbanipal, in which the Assyrian king relates his wars against Tahraka, or as he calls him Tarqii, we find that among the cities to which his father had appointed governors there is one called Khininsi. Here again Oppert 1 and other Assyrian scholars have admitted that the name referred to Heracleo- polis. But as it occurs among the names of cities which all belong to the Delta, immediately after Athribis and before Sebennytos, Mendes, u Dillmann, Jesaia, p. 268. 1 Mem. sur les rapports de VEgypte et de VAssyrie, p. 91 ; Haupt, Zeitschr., 1883, p. 86. B 2 4 HERACLEOPOLIS : and Busiris, it would be extraordinary if it applied to a city of Upper Egypt. Therefore we must conclude that there was a Khininsi in the Delta, for which the hieroglyphic equivalent would be Jv/ie?zs,whichProfessorDuemichen considers as being the hieroglyphic name of Daphnae. Whether we admit his conclusion or not, we must give up the idea that Hera- cleopolis is mentioned in Isaiah. Heracleopolis is not named in the Bible. Hanes is not the capital of the XXth nome of Upper Egypt, it is more north, on the frontier of the country. As for the name Hanes, it is probably the same as 'Avvais, which is found in Herodotus. 2 The Greek author mentions it twice, once as being the birthplace of the king of the same name, and again as being one of the cities of the Calasirians, all of which, except Thebes, are cities of the Delta. It is very difficult to determine the exact boundaries of the Heracleopolitan nome. The two authorities on which we must chiefly rely, Strabo and Ptolemy, agree in stating that the nome lay in a great island. Ptolemy gives us the latitudes of the two points where the Nile divided itself into two branches, and where the branches reunited. According to him, the river divided itself at latitude 29° 30', and the two branches met together at latitude 28° 45'. 3 In fact, we must reverse the expressions used by the Egyptian geographer, who describes the nornes from north to south like a traveller going up the Nile. 4 What seems to him the point where the two branches separate is, on the contrary, the place where they again unite, while farther south, the place where the branches are said to meet together is really 2 Her., ii. 137, 166. 3 Ed. Bertius, p. 126. 4 tiro. KaO' o p.ipo<; NeiAou 7roAis /mecroyeios (p. 125). the point of their separation. According to Ptolemy, the island had a length of three- quarters of a degree. It contained two im- portant cities, Heracleopolis, situate on the western branch of the river which embraced the island, and Nilopolis, 5 quite inland. Strabo, 0 iu a somewhat obscure passage, says that near the island on the right was a canal running towards Libya and the Arsinoite nome. It had two openings and cut the island in two. The French archasologist Jomard, 7 who must be credited with the discovery of the site of Heracleopolis and the identification of the city, considers that the canal described by Strabo is the same as the western branch of the Nile mentioned by Ptolemy, consequently he gives the following boundaries : on the east, the Nile ; on the west, the Bahr Yusuf ; on the north and on the south, two transversal canals cut across the valley. He gives the starting- point of both of them ; for the southern, at a place called Harabchent, and for the northern, at Zaiveh, near the present railway station of Wast a. Jomard's argument seems to me to be based on an erroneous interpretation of Strabo. It is impossible to suppose that the canal mentioned by the Greek geographer skirted and limited the island on the west, since Strabo says that it cut through the island, and separated part of it from the rest. Moreover, for Strabo, an island is not artificial, not a piece of land en- 5 I consider that the site of Nilopolis is that of the place now called Aboosir. fi irX-qv £t ttov Tts evrpe'^ei vrjero?, wv a^ioXoyuiTaTY) rj tov 'HpaKXawTLKOv vo/Jibv 7repii)(ovo-a (p. 789). elff 6 'HpaKXewTT]'; vo/aos iv vrycroj p.eydXrj ko.6' rjv f] 8i£)pv£ icrTLV iv 8e£ia cts ttjv AifSvrjv c7rt tov ApcrivotTrjv vofxov, ojcrre kcu Sictto/xov wai tt]v Siwpvya /xera|u fxepovs twos tt}s vrjo-ov TTapijXTTtTTTOVTO'; (p. 809). Merd 8e tov ' ' Kpo-Lvo'irqv koa tov 'HpaKAeaiTtKOf vop.bv 'Hpa- kAcovs ttoXis iv y b 1-^yi.vp.uiv Tt/xarai VTrevavTLus tois Apcn- voirats (p. 812). 7 Descr. de VEgypte, Antiquites, vol. iv., p. 401, ed. Panckoucke. ITS ORIGIN AND ITS NAME. 5 circled by canals ; for him an island must owe its existence to the Nile itself, it must be natural, and due to a division in the bed of the river itself. We must therefore admit that, in the times of Ptolemy and Strabo, the Nile divided into two branches somewhere between the present stations of Beni Suef and Feshn. We cannot consider the description of the two "writers as referring to an island produced by canals ; it was a more important stream, part of the river itself, which formed it. The island | was natural and not made by the hand of man. There are several such islands at the present day. The island of Heracleopolis was much larger, but similar to that which is now in front of the village of Luxor. Traces of a branch of the Nile are said to exist in the valley between Beni Suef and the valley ; but we do not know when water ceased to flow into it. Variations in the course of the river must have occurred frequently, as they do to this day. Branches of the Nile are separated from the main river, and thus islands are formed which do not necessarily last for ever. For instance, the island of Thebes has changed con- siderably from what it was at the beginning of this century. The map of the French savants indicates that in their time by far the most im- portant branch was the western. Now, on the contrary, the great mass of water flows in the eastern branch along the village of Luxor, whereas after the beginning of March it is quite easy to wade across the western river. The island of Heracleopolis was formed by a division in the river itself, and the city was built on the western stream . That branch was not the present Bahr Yusuf. When it reached the desert of Ssedment, it may have followed what has since become the bed of the Bahr Yusuf in its lower course ; but it is evident from Strabo and Ptolemy that, in their time, the important canal known as the Bahr Yusuf did not flow as it does now. If, as is probably the case, its bed is natural and not the work of man, a great part of it would have been silted up in the time of these Greek writers, and according to an Arab tradition it was reopened by the famous Sultan Saladin, who then gave it his name of Yusuf. Ptolemy gives us a con- vincing proof of the truth of this statement. 8 Speaking of the nome contiguous to that of Heracleopolis on the south, the Oxyrynchos nome, he says that its metropolis was inland, jueo-dyeios. But the ruins of the city of Oxyryn- I chos, now called Behnesa, are on the bank of the Bahr Yusuf, exactly like those of Heracleopolis, which are described by Ptolemy as being on the western branch of the Nile. Heracleo- polis was situate on an important stream of water which did not exist at Oxyrynchos, said to be ju,e »-/»'- lower of the King in the inner islands of Tesh. Tesh I consider with Bruo-sch as meaning the region of the lake — das Seeland. 1 The sign ( ? reads (j czd and has as variant k^J, and this leads us to an inscription of a much later epoch, in which are related the high deeds of Horus in his fabled wars against Set. When going down the river, the god reaches the neighbourhood of Heracleopolis, we read this: 2 I I I I I I I I He showed his bravery at Seab, protecting Osiris of Anrudef, in Mesen of the light and Mesen of the left, which are the abodes of His Majesty in the inner islands, We have a detailed description of several parts of the nome in the texts 3 which relate the various episodes of the famous war. We there see that the locality called in the later text Anrudef, was a great sanc- tuary of Osiris, and that part of the temple called _[ ^ @ the eastern abode, or jj J ^ the good abode, was dedicated to Isis, who was considered as protecting Osiris by her enchant- ments. The goddess kept watch over the god for fear that enemies might come by night from the western desert, called 2^ the desert or the mountain of Mer. The eastern abode looked towards the south ; it was to the south-west of the shrine of Osiris, and near to it. This shrine of Osiris Hershef, Arsaphes, is frequently mentioned in mythological and , , . t m /wvw\ religious inscriptions ; it is called a o Nar, from the name of a tree which Brugsch 1 Zeitschr., 1872, p. 89. 2 Duemichen, Temp. Inschr., i., pi. cii. 22. 3 Naville, Mythe (V Horus, pi. xvii. considers as being a kind of acacia, and M. Loret as the oleander. Heracleopolis is mentioned in several texts as being in the neighbourhood of Lake Moeris. We read also of a canal or a river, called 8 <=£^> hun, from which the great basin A AAWv\ * * In this canal or river there § ^5 ZCCZ, which may derived its water, was an opening A/WV\A A/WWN 5 AA/NAAA /WWV\ have been the lock through which the lake was filled, or the mouth whereby the canal emptied itself into the lake. Near this opening was V nn the the beginning of the lake, as we learn from the inscription of Piankhi. 4 Com- paring the hieroglyphic data with what we read in Ptolemy, I am inclined to think that the canal or river called 8 is nothing A /www 1 I but the western arm of the Nile, which, branch- ing off near Beni Suef, formed the island of Heracleopolis. From this either A /WWW -i I at Illahun or at Hawara, issued a canal which flowed into the lake, and which must have conducted a considerable volume of water in order to fill such an extensive basin. The filling of it could take place only when the inundation reached a certain height, as we learn from the Fayoom papyrus. 5 Though it is clad in a mythological garment, we need not despise the information given by that docu- ment, which says that when the rising Nile, called Ra, first showed himself at the column of Heracleopolis, which was used Nilo- meter, it took the god forty-two days to reach the lake, where he arrived on the 23rd day of the month of Thoth. This seems to indicate that Lake Moeris could only be filled after a considerable rise of the river. 1 Line 76. 5 Brugsch, Raise nach der grossen Oase, p. 36 and ff. DIVINITIES OF HERACLEOPOLIS. 7 DIVINITIES OF HERACLEOPOLIS. The tutelary divinity of Heracleopolis, to whom the great temple of the city was dedicated, was a peculiar form of Osiris called Hershef. The Greeks have transcribed it 'Apo-a7]<;, a name which, according to Plutarch, means "bravery." 6 His interpretation is correct, since one syllable of the word is the root ^ ' which means courage, bravery, gallantry. It is natural, therefore, that the Greeks, who, as we may judge from Herodotus, were fond of giving Greek names to the Egyptian gods, should have assimilated Hershef to Heracles, and have called the city of Hershef, Heracleopolis. Hershef, like the god Khnum, to whom he has much similarity, is represented with a ram's head bearing the head-dress of Osiris. In the few representations which have been found in the temple, he takes the form of Osiris, who usually has a human head ; of Harmakhis, with a hawk's head bearing the solar disk ; of Horus neb ma Icheru, Horus the justified, or rather the victorious lord, having a hawk's head with the double diadem ; and also of Turn. All these forms were known excepting ' Horus the justified or victorious lord, which, to my knowledge, is a new form of the divinity. A variant of the name of Hershef gives it quite a different meaning. In a text of the Xllth dynasty it is written ' he who is on or near his lake. 7 This shows the connection of the god of Heracleopolis with Lake Moeris, and it is remarkable that this spelling should be found in a text belonging to the dynasty which is said to have first dug the lake or used it for regulating the inundation. 6 SrjXowros to avfipuov rov ovofiaTos. Pint., De I*. et Os., ell. 37. 7 Lepsius, Devlin, ii. 136, a. Another reading is \\ or lie who is on his sand. It is found in the Book of the Dead. 8 This leads us to mytho- logical legends referring to the god. " He who is on his sand," means the dead Osiris who has been killed by Set. The god has been mum- mified, his body is in a coffin, deposited, as usual, in a sandhill. 0 This reading is used in hymns in which Thoth, or rather the deceased who speaks like the god, addresses Osiris, and restores him to life by his great power. 1 The Hermopolite nome, the nome of Thoth, was only a short distance from Heracleopolis. One of the most common epithets applied to the god, and that from which the name of his shrine is derived, is written in various ways. It is written thus -ju. (J ^\ (j < ^ > in the texts of the XI th Dynasty, 2 and ~/u. ^\ w in the temple (pi. i. ?,.). This latter is found as late as the Saitic epoch. 3 Both these forms must be read anaaref. In the later texts it is written 4 anrudef This name of the god or of the shrine is very often met with in Egyptian mythology, and the god to whom it applies is either a man standing, wearing the Atef head-dress, and holding a sceptre (pi. ii. a), or, more properly, Osiris in the form of a mummy, having in his hands the emblems of judgment. 5 It is in connection with this name that the Egyptians give us a specimen of the etymology, or rather of the pun from which this name was derived : ~ JW ~K\ j\ < ^ > ^ ^ . 6 none of his enemies bind him in his name of Anaaref AA/WV\ /WWAA CD 8 141, 76; 183, 1. 1 Todt., c. 182, 183. 3 Pierret, Mon. du Louvre, i., pi. 17. 4 Naville, My the d' Horus, pi. xv. et xvi. 5 Naville, MytTie d'Horus, pi, xvi. n Mariette, Mon., pi. 21. 0 Todt., vign. to chap i. 2 Lepsius, Aelt. Denk., pi. 32. 8 HERACLE0P0L1S. whicli the pun being in the word (j < ^ means " to bind," 7 or perhaps also "to oppress." The sanctuary of Heracleopolis is very often referred to in the Book of the Dead. It is spelt in the older texts ^ \T2 } / Y [\ AAAAAA Jj^ AA/VWv w /vww\ <5\ ■■o 1 . anaaref, or annaarcf, and once only /WW\A w AA/WV\ A D i , which is very nearly the reading of the texts of later date, ~^~2 = © anrudef. 8 Several cosmogonic and mytho- logical events were supposed to have occurred at Heracleopolis or in its temple. According to the Book of the Dead, it was there that the coronation of Osiris and of his son took place. It is said 9 that the royal crown was given to Osiris on the day when he was ordained to the leadership of the gods, which is the day when the two earths were joined. Horus also was ordained to succeed his father on the day of the burial of Osiris, the beneficent soul which resides in Hunensuten} The expression — the two earths were joined, X ^ " , which is commented upon by this stronger word the two earths were united so as to make a whole, seems to me to imply an allu- sion to an event which many late texts also locate at Heracleopolis, that raising of the firmament which caused the earth to become solid. 2 This seems to me the explanation of another sentence which occurs farther on in the same chapter of the Book of the Dead, 3 7 Brugsch, Diet. Suppl,, p. 11. 8 Brugsch, Diet. Geog., p. 346. 9 Chap. xvii. 83-86 of my edition. I quite agree with M. Maspero that the mention of Hunensuten in 1. 4 is an interpolation. 1 Throughout this passage, the text of the tomh of Horhotep, which has been used by Mr. Le Page Eenouf in his admirable translation, is more corrupt than the papyri of a later date. 2 Duemichen, Geogr., p. 213 and ff. 3 Line 97. A A AAAAAA AAAAAA Shu has beaten the two earths in Hunensuten. A A x AAAAAA AAAAAA which The word used for beating, has been translated "pulverise, to grind to powder," 4 seems to me much rather to mean to beat in order to make more solid, to pound the earth either with an instrument or with the feet, so that it may become harder. This seems quite consistent with what we know of Shu, the uplifter of the firmament, who is seen standing with his feet on the earth, and lifting the sky with his arms. Although it was at Heracleopolis that the solidification of the earth took place, the god of the city was not merely a terrestrial god, he also became one of the inhabitants of the sky which had been "raised on the spot where he was specially wor- shipped. In a hymn to Osiris Hershef, it is said that Tonen places him in the firmament, in order that he may raise water over the moun- tains, that he may cause to grow what comes forth on the mountains, and the crops which grow in the plain. 6 Heracleopolis appears in the famous inscrip- tion of the destruction of mankind. It was the starting-point of the goddess Sekhet when she went out to trample upon the blood of the rebels, after she had destroyed them by the command of Ra. In a chapter of the Book of the Dead 6 which I found in a Leyden papyrus, and which is unfortunately in a very bad state of preservation, there are traces of a narrative having some likeness to that of the destruction of mankind. We read that there were great rejoicings in Hunensuten and Anaaref when Horus inherited the throne of his father and became lord of the whole earth. Afterwards it- is said 7 that Suti (Set) arrived, his head drooping, and, he prostrated himself in seeing what Ra had done . . . falling from his nostril. 4 Piehl, Diet. pap. Karris, p. 96. 5 Chap. 183, line 15. fi Chap. 175. Chap. 175, line 31. MONUMENTS DISCOVERED. Then Osiris covered with earth (lit. ploughed) the blood which came out of Bunensuten. The word plough is used here intentionally. It reminds us of the great festival which was celebrated at Hunensuten, the festival of plough- ing : " I take the hoe, on the day of the festival of ploughing" says the deceased. This festival, in which Osiris was placed on his sledge, was also celebrated at Busiris, and there again there was a tradition of the companions of Set having been massacred and their blood covered with earth. 8 The raising of the firmament was commemo- rated at Heracleopolis by a solemnity called ahh pet. According to Brugsch, 9 it was cele- brated on the first day of the month of Phamenoth, which in the Alexandrian calendar corresponds to the 25th of February. The Book of the Dead gives us some supple- mentary information about the city, and about the divinities considered as inhabiting Hunen- suten or Anaaref. Besides Osiris, there was Shu and Beb or Baba, 1 a typhonic god, who is called the eldest son of Osiris. We read also that there were two great ponds in which Ra, or the deceased, purified himself on the day of his birth. They are figured in the vignettes of Chap. xvii. The entrance through which the deceased went down into the lower world Roset <=> was supposed to be the southern door of Anaaref, the sanctuary where Osiris was buried. In the middle of Anaaref was a pond of fire, over which a monster with a dog's head kept watch. At Bunensu, as at Heliopolis, there was a sacred phoenix. An officer of the Saitic period, called Hor, 2 recounts upon his stele the important repairs which he had caused to be made to the temple. He speaks of two vineyards which he had established there in order to provide wine for s Chap. 18, 25. 9 Myth., p. 306. 1 Pleyte, Zeitsehr., 1865, p. 54. 2 Pierret, Mon. du Louvre, i., p. 14. the god whom he called Buneb. 3 The Ptolemaic texts of Edfoo and Denderah give us further information about the worship which was celebrated in the city, and as to the traditions connected with the worship. MONUMENTS DISCOVERED. After long search and repeated soundings, we hit upon a capital with palm-leaves, in red granite, and we dug all round it to a depth varying from fifteen to twenty feet. We thus cleared what I believe to be all that is still extant of the great temple of Arsaphes. It is a rectangular hall, in the forepart of which is a row of six granite columns (see Frontispiece). The greater side had a length of more than sixty feet, and in the middle there was a door giving access to the temple itself. The row of columns was parallel to the longer side ; the short one, where the colonnade ended, was only twenty-five feet long. This vestibule had a basement of very hard red stone, on which the walls were built in white limestone. A very few fragments of them have been preserved, but except those five or six blocks bearing traces of inscription, the whole of the walls have disappeared. On both sides of the door, on the basement, the following inscription was engraved, with signs more than two feet high : — ^ Ml 1 o e n /VWVA /WWV\ rv ^ ODD The living Bonis, the mighty bull who loves Ma, the lord of Sed periods lilcc his father Phthah Tonen, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Usermara sotep en Ra, the son of Ra, the lord of diadsms, Rameses, who loves Amen, erected these monuments to his father, Bershef, the lord of the two lands. At the 3 Brugsch, Diet. Suppl., p. 852. 10 HERACLEOPOLIS. end of the short sides, on the surface produced by the thickness of the wall, the name of Rameses II., "loving Hershef," is repeated. The god there bears his usual titles, 1 ^ Ul^s the king of the two lands, the lord of the two territories; of East and West, accord- ing to M. Maspero. 4 On both sides of the door forming the entrance to the temple, there are two scenes, and in the middle of each is the cartouche of Rameses TI. (pi. i. a, b). In one it is said of him that he loves Anaaref, in the other the goddess Ma, the goddess of Truth and Justice. Above those cartouches is represented, on one side, Arsaphes giving the sign of life to the goose of the group the son of Ba. On the other side, Harmakhis performs the same task. Below the scene is an inscription saying that the monuments of Rameses are well establish ed in the house of Arsaphes. These last words induce me to think that the building to which this vestibule gave access was the chief temple of the city. It is clear that it was called the house of Arsaphes, ^ nn f u\l . Now if we consult the great Harris papyrus, 5 which recounts the donations made by the king Rameses III. to the various temples of Egypt, we find among them Vfo i <=> L - 1 \> I I I The slaves which he gave to the temple of Hershef, the King of the two lands, 103. It seems to me quite evident that the royal grant was made, not to one of the places of worship of secondary importance, but to the chief temple of the city, to what we should call the cathedral ; and there- fore, considering that the temple to which this text refers is called by the same name as that we discovered, and that both in the papyrus and in the inscriptions Arsaphes bears the same 4 Proe. of the Soc. of Bibl. Arclueology, xiii. p. 409. 5 PI. Gl, 1. 13. title, King of the two lands, we may legiti- mately infer that the edifice that we had so much difficulty in discovering was the great temple of Hunensu. The colonnade which was on the western side of the vestibule consisted of six columns in red granite more than seventeen feet high, with palm-leaf capitals of very fine workmanship. Only one of them is perfect ; it is now in the British Museum (pi. vi.). The shafts of these columns were covered with engravings of scenes of offerings to the local divinities. We have Hershef, the principal of the local gods, with a ram's head and wearing the so-called Atef crown ; Osiris Anaaref with a human head ; Horus neb makheru, whom I believe to be the son of Osiris, who, according to the tradition recorded in the seventeenth chapter of the Book of the Dead, came to the throne on the day of his father's burial. To all these divinities Rameses II. offers frankincense, milk, wine, cakes. We have also Harmakhis the great god, and Turn the lord of the two On, a name which signifies the two parts of Egypt. In the blank space dividing these scenes of offerings, Meren- phthah, the son of Rameses, has inscribed his name (pi. ii. d.). Together with the columns, we found parts of the architraves which they supported (pi. v.). They had been re-used, for they were origin- ally engraved with the name of Usertesen II. Part of the standard name of this king is still preserved (pi. i. d, e). We have already seen that there are historical records of the Xllth Dynasty having built at Heracleopolis, and I suppose that the reason why so little remains of the constructions of Usertesen is that he built in limestone. In several places we have proofs that the Xllth Dynasty built extensively in limestone, a material fore- doomed to certain destruction. Granite only survives. Door-lintels, columns, or archi- traves, as in this case, have preserved the names of the original founders. It was so at THE NECROPOLIS. 11 Khataaneh, where the whole temple has dis- appeared with the exception of a doorway bearing the name of Amenemha III. The Labyrinth is no more, because it was made of limestone ; and so it has been with the great temple of Heracleopolis. Passing through the door of the vestibule we reach a hall with very large columns, of which only the bases remain. They are made of several pieces of limestone, and their diameter is over four feet. Exclu- sive of these few bases, of the vestibule base- ment, and of the columns — which owe their preservation to the hardness of their material — the great temple of Arsaphes has entirely disappeared. In the vestibule were a few statues ; some of them were hopelessly broken, or so much cor- roded by water that they had completely lost their original appearances and were altogether beyond recognition. A granite torso of natural size, without name, should I think be attributed to the XXth Dynasty, to one of the later Barneses (pi. x. a). By far the best monument which we found, and nearly intact, is a sitting statue in hard limestone of Barneses II., of heroic size (pi. x. a, jb). The colour of the monument was remarkably well preserved, and did not disappear after long exposure to the air. The whole body and the face is painted red, and the stripes of the head-dress are alter- nately blue and yellow, as it was in the case of the Barneses II. now at Geneva, when first I discovered it at Bubastis. Whether the colour was not so good in the one case as in the other, or whether it adhered less strongly to granite than to limestone, at any rate, it entirely vanished from the Barneses of Bubastis after a few days' exposure. On the sides of the throne are the usual titles of Barneses II. ; in the inscription below he is said to be the wor- shipper of Arsaphes (pi. i. a). This statue was broken in two, but could easily be mended. Except the beard and a piece of one of the elbows, there was nothing missing. It is of good XlXth Dynasty workmanship, and has been presented to the University of Pensylvania. THE NECBOPOLIS. On the other side of the Bahr Yusiif, towards the south-west, there is a sandy and rocky ridge which separates Annas from the Fayoom, or from what was anciently Lake Moeris. This region is called Gebel Ssedment, from a village situate near the canal, and not far from which are the ruins of a Coptic convent. I am inclined to think, with Prof. Duemichen, 6 that the hieroglyphic name of that region was If llilllll in ^ Menment, the region of mounds /WVWv /WvW\ or of mountains, especially as the Fayoom papyrus 7 connects with that region two locali- ties called i] n.- o o r^^i a \\ till place of sand north of the canal Hun, of the canal which I consider as being the branch of the Nile which limited the island of Hera- cleopolis on the west, and jj j— ^ a ^ , ^ xx jj ^1 ^jf^-j the place of sand south of the canal. The Gebel Ssedment, as its name indicates, is part of the desert, and absolutely barren, owing to its height over the valley of the Nile, which puts it out of reach of the water. This Gebel Ssedment was the necropolis of the city, or at least part of it, for the number of the tombs there is altogether out of proportion with the population of so large a city, and it is quite possible that the main part of it is not yet discovered, and must be looked for farther west or south in the desert. Near the culti- vated ground, in the lower part, are the tombs of the poorer classes. Above, cut in the rock, are those of the rich, which must have been luxurious, for even in ancient times they attracted the cupidity of robbers, were pillaged, « Geog., p. 227. ' PI. L, ed. Pleyte. C 2 12 HEKACLEOPOLIS. and afterwards re-used for burials much more recent than the original ones. The upper tombs generally consist of a vertical pit sunk to a depth which sometimes reaches twenty feet. They are quite plain, without any painting or sculpture ; for they are cut in a calcareous rock so friable that to attempt any engraving or works of art upon its surface would have been futile. The pit opens out on either side into a chamber in which the dead were placed. There are some- times as many as three chambers, all at the same height, and opening from three sides of the pit ; but the usual number is two. The pits are filled with sand nearly to the top, and from their great number we might have hoped to find many interesting burials among them. But after having dug out one or two, we soon perceived that the whole necropolis had been re-used. The original owners of the tombs were gone, and so too were perhaps their first and second successors. They had been re- placed by badly mummified bodies, generally resting on reed mats. As a rule, there were several bodies in one chamber, and the sand falling into the pit had heaped all the bones together into one corner. There were some few remains indicating what the original burials had been, and showing that the tombs were not intended for people of the lower classes, but for rich men and persons of high social standing. We found a great many small fragments of broken tablets of the XVITIth and the XlXth Dynasties, some of them of good workmanship. There were also pieces of cloth carefully painted with scenes from the Book of the Dead. A few things had escaped the plunderers, but they were of no value. No doubt the robbers had left them because they did not find them worth the taking. We found, for instance, a considerable number of ushebtis (funerary statuettes) of the coarsest description, made of wood, painted black, with the names painted on in yellow. Others were in red terracotta, and others again were merely pieces of wood to which the form of a mummy had been rudely given by means of a knife, while the name of the deceased was written with ink in hieratic. We found hundreds of these ugly objects, which I believe to be more ancient than the bodies which were afterwards placed in the tombs. They had not been worth stealing, and they fulfilled the same offices for the later occupants as for the first. We often found, in small niches on the right sides of the entrances to the chambers, little baskets containing the fruit of the dom-palm, poppy- heads, and pieces of bread. Pigeon eggs were deposited in small holes in the walls. The baskets often contained also small implements, such as pins, combs, and kohl-cases. One of the tombs had been plundered imperfectly; there were no coffins, only bones lying on mats. But in the time of the XVIIIth Dynasty, which was also the time of the original owner, it must have belonged to a rich man, for in the sand we found a very fine ushebti made of stone, painted in black with a white enamel inscrip- tion in front. The name of the deceased was <==p' ~vwv% Osiris Hamenna. On the right of the entrance to one of the chambers were two baskets, one of which contained two alabaster pots, a comb, a kohl-case, a pin, a small pot of black earthenware with a handle, and a fine perfume spoon, the handle of which represents a girl among reeds. The other basket also contained a black pot, a pin, a kohl-case, and another fine spoon, the handle of which consists of two Bes gods standing back to back. Beside this was a small square box, in which we found two blue porcelain rings — one of them bearing the name of Amenophis III., the other with an the sacred eye, — a small blue frog, two small scarabs, an ut'a and a little tablet with the name of Menkheperra, Several of these little things were stolen, the box in THE NECROPOLIS. 13 which they were packed having been opened, partially rifled, and closed up again. However, the two spoons, the most valuable of all these small objects, have been preserved, and may be seen in the Egyptian Museum at University College, London. In the lower part of the Necropolis the pits are much smaller, and contained little more than an unornamented rectangular box. Near the box were placed vases of coarse red pottery and sometimes small wooden figures, which seem to have belonged to a boat and its crew ; also plain wooden head-rests, and a hoe — the wooden instrument called ^ mer, which was used for tilling the land. The first coffins we discovered were in large pits where a great many bodies had been thrown in without any order, and apparently with a neglect little in accordance with the feeling of respect which the Egyptians are supposed to have testified towards their dead. Some of them were hardly mummified, wrapped in mats, or in a bundle of palm sticks. Here and there appeared a coffin painted in brilliant colours, and with all the characteristics of a late epoch. The greatest number we discovered were on the top of a hill and quite at the surface. A rudimentary niche had been cut in the rock, and the coffin was covered with rubbish. Some of those coffins were typi- cally very ugly (pi. xi. a.). Most of them con- tained the bodies of women, and the mummies were wrapped in much cloth, without any amu- lets. Some of them had the single ornament of a necklace of small shells and blue beads, from which hung a porcelain image of Bastit. There were no inscriptions giving the names and titles of the deceased. The best mummies found were in the large pits. Some of them were in three cases, the inner ones being of cartonnage, adorned with figures of divinities and scenes from the Book of the Dead (pis. vii., viii.). The two cases enclosing the cartonnage were painted in red. Several specimens have been brought to European museums. On these coffins we see the hands of the deceased crossed on the breast, and wearing as it wore gloves made of net-work (pis. vii., viii.). In two of them the right hand lay by the side, while the left was crossed on the breast (pi. xi. c). Though the name does not appear on these coffins, there are inscriptions referring to the scenes from the Book of the Dead painted upon them, and also this formula, which is exactly repeated on several of the wooden sarcophagi : ° ^ L—a S o © K^=^ \\ J\ ^3? , — . <=4 ^ □ <=> III o \\ cn o I A/WW\ 111 L a AWW\ AA/WW /wvw\ (•=0) <=> □ o in M t — r±a i S\ ' ' A royal offering to Osiris -who resides in the Anient ; he gives that thy ghost may appear and smell the flowers in the days of the festivals of Solcaris. He gives water to thy ghost, flowers to thy body, garments to thy mummy, thou art justified, Osiris for eternity. It is evident that the Necropolis was used in later times. A proof of this remains in frag- ments of Greek tablets which we found in some of the tombs, and I believe most of the coffins must be assigned to Ptolemaic or Roman times. There are a few, however, to which a much earlier date may be assigned, and which, though they contained bodies contemporary with the Christian era, are yet the remains of an earlier, and perhaps of the original Necropolis. I should mention a plain rectangular yellow box, which was found empty and without its lid. It is exactly of the style of the Xlth Dynasty. The inscription, written horizontally along the upper part, reads as follows : ^ ^ ^ (j □ |j ^ K ^ O ^ royal offering to Anubis on his mountains in the Necropolis, the lord of Teser (may he give) a good burial in the Kherneter to the beloved Hunt. Another coffin in 14 HERACLEOPOLTS. sycamore wood, with the arms in very low relief and crossed on the breast, is of much later epoch (pi. xi. b). On the side are painted two Anubis, a god with a human head, and other figures. The inscription is nearly destroyed ; what remains of it reads thus : ■> ' ww « ? n I J AAAAAA AAAAAA L j /WVW\ r j U I LJ , joj o p 1 favour of Hotepha, the son of the priest, the scribe Barnes. I should think that this coffin is later than the XX th Dynasty. Near it were two blue porce- lain scarabs. Thus it is clear that no definite period or epoch can be fixed for the Necropolis of Ssedment. We have here a cemetery which has been used and re-used during centuries, and where we may come across fragmentary remains ranging from the Xlth Dynasty to the time of the Romans. The majority of those fragments, especially of the stela?, points to the XVIIIth and XlXth Dynasties. It is probable that w r e must trace the origin of the greater part of the Necropolis to the time of the great prosperity and power of Egypt, to the age of the Thothmes, the Amenophis, and even of Rameses II. ; however, parts of it must be much older, as we may conclude from the presence of the coffin of the woman Hunt. But even though we trace it as far back as the Xlth Dynasty, there is nothing whatever which we can consider as belonging to the Old Empire. I attribute to the XlXth Dynasty the only statue which I found at Ssedment (pi. xii. b.). It is a broken granite group found in the rub- bish thrown into one of the pits to fill it. It represented a standing priest and priestess. The figure of the priestess is nearly broken off. On the back were two scenes of offerings (pi. i. f.); the priest stood before Arsaphes of Hunensu, and the piiestess Himuri offered two sistrums to Hathor, the goddess of the city. As for the pottery, some specimens of which have been put together on pi. ix., it is difficult to date it with exactness, considering that it comes from a necropolis which has been used at various epochs. However, it is to be noticed that with few exceptions the whole of it was found in the poorest tombs, and even in those bearing unmistakable indications of a very late date. We also found fragments of terra-cotta coffins ; the headpiece of one of them is repre- sented on the same plate as the pottery. All the vases belong to the roughest kind of Egyptian pottery. The bottle-shaped vases, which are sometimes considered as being the oldest Egyptian pottery, were found close to the cultivated land, in that part of the Necro- polis which I described as being the poorest, where there are only rectangular boxes and imperfectly mummified bodies, without any ornament or amulet. Whoever has seen the Necropolis of Ssedment will have no hesitation in considering those bottle-shaped vases as the latest work discovered there, later than the pieces of Greek inscriptions found close by. I Consequently they must belong to Roman times. MENDES The two mounds situate near the present station of Simbillaouin, and separated by a small village, bear the collective name of Tmei el Amdid. Nevertheless, these two mounds mark the sites of two different cities. The southern mound, distinguished by the more markedly Roman characteristics of appearance, was called Temi, ^aZ, in the Middle Ages, and is now called Tell Ibn es Saldm. It is the ruins of the ancient city of Thmuis. The northern mound has a decidedly Pharaonic character. It was known as El Moudld, jjjJuJIj in the Middle Ages, afterwards as Tell Boha, and is the site of the ancient Mendes. These two important cities stood close to each other ; and although they may have co-existed in the time of Herodotus, Mendes was the first, the oldest; it was the capital of the nome, and gave its name to the province. Later on, under the Romans, we find that Thmuis is pre- eminent, while Mendes has fallen into the shade. In the first place, let us consider the infor- mation to be derived from classical sources with regard to these two cities. Herodotus 1 mentions the Mendesian mouth of the Nile as not originating at the apex of the Delta, but from the Sebennytic branch. He also speaks of the Mendesian nome, and of the local cult of the city, and says that this nome, together with several others in Lower Egypt, was allotted to those whom he calls the Calasirians, who constituted a division of the military caste. i Lib. ii., 17, 42, 43, 166. Among the nomes belonging to this military caste, he also mentions that of Thmuis, Qjiov'irqs ; but this is evidently a mistake, and the solitary mention of any such nome. \n his enumeration, Herodotus has given us the same nome twice over under different names. Strabo 2 twice refers to the city and nome of Mendes as being in the vicinity of the city and nome of Leontopolis. Ptolemy, the geographer, gives us the position of the nome of Mendes, to which he assigns Thmuis as the capital. 3 Already in his time this last city had superseded the ancient capital ; and, judging from the extent of its ruins, it must have been a city as large as Mendes. Thmuis is mentioned by Josephus 4 as one of the places where Titus encamped on his march against Palestine. The Roman general used the Mendesian branch of the Nile for the transport of his troops. Its navigation would seem to have afforded an easy access to the sea even for a large fleet, since it was at this mouth of the river that Nectanebo, the last native king of Egypt, fought his desperate battle against the Persian troops of Pharnabazus, under the command of the Athenian general Iphicrates. This battle sealed the fate of Egypt, for from that time onwards the prophecy of Ezekiel was fulfilled, and no native ruler evermore reigned in the land. The prosperity of Thmuis is indicated by 2 P. 802, 812. 3 MevSrycrios vo/xos kou ju.77Tpo7roA.19 ®/x.ov'h. Ptol., p. 124. 4 'AvairXd Sta tov Na'Aou Kara tov MevBrjo-iov v6f*,ov ^XP 1 7roA£o>9 ©fAovew;. Bell. Jud., 1. iv., chap. 42, ed. froben. 16 MBNDES. Ammianus Marcellinus, 6 who says that it was one of the four great cities of Egypt, the other three being Athribis, Oxyrynchos, and Mem- phis. According to the Itinerary of Anto- ninus, 6 it was twenty-two miles distant from Tanis, and forty-four from Heracleopolis Parva, the present Kantarah on the Suez Canal. Thmuis became one of the episcopal seats of Egypt, and the names of two of its bishops have come down to us : that of Serapion, who wrote a biography of St. Macarius, and that of Phileas, who suffered martyrdom under Diocle- tian. Under Arab rule both mounds belonged to the province of Murtahia. I devoted the greatest part of my time to the Pharaonic mound of Mendes. The remains are so scanty that it is hardly possible, from the mere sight of them, to form an idea of what the old city must have been, and of the buildings which it contained. Rightly to judge of their size and importance we must go back to ancient descriptions of the place. An Arab geographer of the fifteenth century, Abul- ' Abbas Ahmed ben Ali el Calcaschandi, gives the following account of the ruins : " The tem- ple of Tumei, in the province el Murtahia, on the north towards the city of Tumei, is in ruins. The common people call it the Temple of 'Ad. Remains of its walls and of the roof, made of very large stones, have been preserved to the present day. Over the entrance is a piece of limestone and gypsum. In the interior there are large cisterns of hard stone and of a very extraordinary description." And further: " Tumei is a city in ruins, in the province of Murtahia, with considerable remains. I saw there a hall with columns of hard stone made of one single piece of a height of about ten cubits, erected on a basement also of hard stone." 7 We find that the place had altered consider- ably by the end of last century, at the time of the French expedition. 8 The French savants speak of it as being covered by a confused mass of broken pottery, granite blocks, and ruined brick walls. The only monument which they found complete was the monolithic shrine, still standing, and to which we shall refer later. Besides the shrine, there were blocks of black granite, which have since disappeared, as well as three falling buildings whose remains covered the soil. Also, at a short distance from the monolith, were twenty-eight large oval-shaped stones, hollowed as for watering troughs, or coffins ; and Jomard, remembering the passage in Herodotus which says that Pan, called Mendes, was worshipped here under the form of a he-goat, suggests that these coffins may have been destined for the embalmed bodies of those sacred animals. They are evidently the " cisterns of extraordinary description " which so astonished the Arab traveller. Another Frenchman, who visited the place about the same time, noticed that the ground had been dug over for the limestone with which the walls of the ancient buildings were made. He also observed that the pavement of the largest temple was of sandstone, and was covered with yellow and red fragments from Gebel Ahmar, the Red mountain near Cairo. Everywhere he found traces of fire, thick layers of charcoal and calcined matter, burnt bricks, and half-vitrified fragments, and as he had seen the same things on other mounds, he concluded that fire had been the chief agent in the destruction of this city. No doubt many of the old Egyptian cities owe their destruction to fire ; but the most de- structive of all fires is that of the kiln, which in modern times has reduced to lime the walls of 5 L. xxii. 1G. e P. 153, ed. Wesseling. 1 I am indebted to the kindness of Count d'Hulst for these curious quotations. 8 Descr. de VEgypte, Ant., vol. ix. p. 369 and ff., ed. Panckoucke. SHE1NE OF AMASIS. 17 a great number of buildings, including the most valuable Xllth Dynasty temples of the Delta. The scanty remains which the French saw at the beginning of this century have for the most part long since disappeared, and except the monolithic shrine, some of the coffins, and a few stray blocks of hard stone which could not be used, nothing remains either above or below the soil of the extensive buildings of the city of Mendes. When I settled there, at the beginning of January, 1892, the only things visible were Drawing found in Lepsius' Papers. the monolithic shrine (see Vignette), a few blocks originally forming the basements of the walls, and the sarcophagi of the sacred rams within the enclosure wall on the north side, besides a very large coffin in black granite with a casing of limestone, which must have been for a high official or even for a king, and which had already been discovered and opened — when, we do not know. It bears no inscription. The shrine is an enormous monolith of red granite ; its height is more than twenty feet, and its width twelve. There is a low roof in the form of a pyramidion with a very obtuse angle. Its granite base rests upon a high limestone basement, which extended not only under the monument itself, but also under- neath the hall which contained the shrine. The shrine was evidently destined to contain the sacred emblems, for it had a door, probably made of precious wood. The limestone base- ment was quarried out not long ago, and a quantity of lime has been made out of it for a pasha's farm ; so that at present the solidity of the monolith is endangered by the deep holes around it, into which blocks of the pave- ment have fallen. This quarrying seems to have been stopped lately, owing to the energy of the Museum authorities, otherwise the shrine would certainly have fallen to pieces, and that the more easily since deep cracks on the sides show that the stone is broken. One of the French explorers, Girard, 9 says that in his time there were traces of erased hieroglyphs on the sides of the shrine. They are no longer discernible. Burton, 1 who visited the place about the year 1825, and who made a drawing of the shrine, could decipher a few signs which were probably on the cornice of the monument. They form the coronation cartouche of King Amasis of the XXVIth Dynasty, who is said in the same inscription to be the worshipper of T P sll ^ W soul of Shu. In the course of the excavations which I made near the monolith, I found the same cartouche with the words (worshipper of) JJ the living soul of Seb, on a granite block. I shall revert later to the worship of Mendes indicated by these words. Whether the shrine was reconstructed by the Saites, or whether those kings merely engraved an inscription upon it, one thing is certain : the 9 Descr. de VEgypte, Ant., vol. ix. p. 375. 1 Excerpfa Jtier., pi. xli. P 18 MENDES. temple itself is older than the XXVIth Dynasty ; for among the stones which belonged to the basement, there are several bearing the name of Rameses II. and of his son Merenphthah. Two of them have been cut into water-basins, both have the name of Rameses II., but on one of them it is written with a variant. I here give the sentence in full 2 AAAAAA AAAAAA /www ooo TI as lasts the shy thy statues last, Usermara sotep en Ba, son of Ra, Barneses, beloved of Amen, the divine chief of On; ™ 3% $ |^ ^ $f " ^ -x AAAAAA &c, with the same cartouches, As long as thou lastest Ba lasts in the shy, King Barneses, the divine chief of On. This title of " divine chief of On," which Rameses II. assumes here, is very rarely met with in his cartouche. It was adopted by several of the later Rameses of the XXth Dynasty. The second stone, which is placed symmetrically to this, has the usual cartouches of Rameses II. The dynasty which seems to have specially worked at Mendes is the XXVIth. We have already seen that the shrine bore the name of Amasis. That of one of his predecessors, Psammetichus II., is on a small fragment of the statue of a priest. To Apries also must be attributed a monument which we have pub- lished elsewhere, 3 and which is now exhibited in the Museum at Ghizeh. It was found in one of the trenches which I opened in front of the monolith, and is a statue representing a standing king, of natural size, and made from the red limestone of Gebel Ahmar. It was broken in two, the head being separated from the body ; the feet are lost. The statue was never finished, it is unpolished, and the traces of the toothed hammer with which the surface was rounded off may still be seen upon it. I believe that it was originally intended to be 2 Mariette, Mon., pi. iv. 3 Arch. Report, p. 2. the portrait of Apries, one of the kings of the XXVIth Dynasty. I came to this conclusion by means of a fragment of the same stone, coming probably from the same monument, and which was found close to the torso. This fragment bears the following inscription : . . . X ^"f" ^ X ® ^> 3^ ' * ' Tilis inscri P" tion is on the middle part of the base of a statue, and as it gives us the standard name of Apries, it is natural to conclude that the statue, which according to all probabilities stood upon that base, was the statue of Apries. But it has not preserved its original character- istics. The face has been remodelled ; the traces of alterations subsequently made in the features are seen, not only in the way in which the features are cut, but also in the colour of the stone. The statue was turned into that of a Roman emperor, whose likeness was sufficiently well indicated for it to be still recognizable, since the sight of the characteristic wrinkles in the forehead enabled Mr. Murray and Mr. Grueber at once to identify this portrait as being that of Caracalla, whose reign was marked for Egypt by a terrible massacre in Alexandria. Another monument of Apries, which evidently comes from the Tell, is to be seen in a mosque of the neighbouring village of Roba. It is a piece of limestone with both cartouches of the king well engraved. I did not succeed in my repeated attempts to purchase the stone and to have it taken out of the wall. Towards the north-east of the monolith are small mounds which are evidently remains of old buildings. Digging in one of them, I found a very fine Hathor capital, which apparently sur- mounted a monolithic column in black granite, of which several fragments are left. This Hathor capital is very different from those I discovered at Bubastis. 4 Instead of a diadem of asps over the hair, it has a small shrine, out of which an asp projects, and the whole capital 4 Bubastis, pi. ix. THE SACRED RAM OF MENDES. 19 is in the form of a sistrum, a musical instru- ment which was one of the emblems of the goddess Hathor. The hair is not so heavy as in the Ptolemaic capital of Behbeit el Hagar ; 5 the face has the aquiline type of the Rames- sides; I should therefore attribute it to the XlXth or XXth Dynasty. I should think that the building to which it belonged was connected with the cemetery of sacred rams ; perhaps it was the hall with columns described by the Arab geographer, where he saw those e< cisterns " of extraordinary shape. Before my excavations, Brugsch-Bey had worked at Tmei el Amdid for the Boolak Museum. The most important result of his work is a Ptolemaic tablet, 6 which, like all documents of that kind, is most valuable, because it gives us a great deal of information about the names of the nome, its cities, its temples, and the worship which was carried on there. The nome of Mendes, the XVIth on the list, was < jj, which Brugsch first read Kha, but which probably has to be read Hamehi ; 7 and its capital was ( ^ 37 22 © Pa ba neb dad, which Brugsch long ago recog- nized as being the origin of the name of Mendes, the Bindidi 8 of the Assyrian inscrip- tions. It is not to be confounded with another city of very similar name, l y 3 jj Pa usar neb Dad, which is the capital of the IXth nome, the present city of Aboosir, near Sama- nood. 9 Mendes was not exactly on the banks of that branch of the Nile to which it had given its name ; the city was joined to the river by a YJ AAAAAA canal a — . Ahen. Besides the holy ram, I\ AAAAAA to which we shall presently return, the divini- 5 Descr. de I'Er/ypte, Ant., vol. v. pi. 30. 6 Zeitschr., 1871, p. 81 ; 1875, p. 33. 7 J. de Rouge, Geogr. de la Basse-Eg ypte, p. 114. s Oppert, Rapports de V Egypte et de VAssyrie, p. 92 ; Delitzseh, Wo lag das Paradies ? p. 316. 9 The Movnd of the Jew, p. 27. ties were : the child Harpocrates, and a goddess — a woman wearing on her head the emblem of the nome. She is called | (j (j ^ |j HameM, the sacred woman who resides in the abode of the ram. The name of this divinity is preserved on a monument which I saw in the house of a Greek in a neighbouring village ; it is the base of a kneeling statue erected for ^ 0 attendant of the high priest of On (Heliopolis), Horut'a, the son of the high priest of On, Haru. 1 His mother is called ^"j /ww* ~=|^ ^ ^ ^ ^ the priestess of Hamehi, Shephont. But the chief divinity, whose animal embodi- ment was kept and fed in the temple of Mendes, was the so-called sacred ram. I will continue to call it a ram in this paper, because that is the traditional name of the animal, although to my mind it is decidedly a misnomer. I believe that the sacred animal of Mendes,whose conventional form, I admit, is more like that of a ram than anything else, is meant to repre- sent not a ram, but a he-goat. It is remarkable that all the Greek and Roman authors who speak of Mendes and of the animal worshipped there invariably call it a he-goat, rpdyo?, and not a ram, Kpios. Herodotus, Strabo, Suidas, Nonnus, Plutarch, are unanimous on that point ; they say that the Greek god Pan was called Mendes by the Egyptians, that it had the form of a he-goat, and that therefore, in the Egyptian language, that animal is called Mendes. 2 On the other hand, the same authors repeatedly mention the ram (k/hos) as being the symbol of Amon, or as the Greeks call the god Zey j( q j( P a Dhuti ap Behuh, the house of Thoth the judge of the Behuh ; Jf^.© the city of Thoth ; ^5= © with many graphic variants, Bah, which we found at Baklieh. I believe that we must add to these three a fourth, Shmun, which has always been inter- preted as referring to Hermopolis Magna, in Upper Egypt, but which in my opinion must also be applied to the Hermopolis near Mendes. Certain monuments evidently coming from Lower Egypt bear the name of Thoth of Shmun, as for instance a cynocephalus in black granite, about one foot high, which I saw in a farm not far from Baklieh, and which was doubtless dug out of one of the mounds of the nome of Thoth. On its base are these words : ^1^11^7 = = © Praise given to Thoth the lord of Shmun. It would be extraordinary if this Shmun applied to the city of Hermopolis Magna, so far away from the spot. Besides, we see that Thoth - who resides at Shmun, occurs among the gods of Lower Egypt 2 who assembled at the great festival celebrated by Osorkon II. at Bubastis. Hence it seems to me probable that the capital of the nome of Thoth in Lower Egypt was also called Shmun Ez°, like Hermopolis Magna, the © capital of the XVth nome of Upper Egypt. I consider that another name of the capital of the nome of Neovr is ^ © the city of Thoth, and " ^ ^ > | ^ | Pa Dhuti Ap rehuh. Ap rehuh, the judge or the guide of the Behuh, is also one of the usual titles of the Egyptian Hermes. We find him called by that name in the sculptures of the hall of Nectanebo I. at Bubastis, where are represented many divinities 2 The Festival Hall, pi. viii., p. 21. THE CITY of Egypt, and where he is shown as standing next to Ramehi, the goddess of Mendes. 3 On the other hand, I consider that Bah © was not the capital, but some other city of the same province, and I have no hesitation in assigning to it the site of Baklieh, from the temple of which came the fragment bearing that name, and also the sarcophagus with the characteristic priestly title. If Bah is at Baklieh, I believe that the capital of the nome, the city of Thoth, the house of Thoth Aprehuh or Shmun as it was called, is to be looked for in the mounds of Tannah, a place often referred to by the natives of Tmei el Amdid. It is about seven miles north of Mendes, and ten miles east of Mansoorah. The fellaheen say that monuments have been found there, and at a short distance from it is the village called Ashmun er Rummdn, which, as Champollion rightly observes, 4 must not be trans- lated Shmun of the Eomans, but Shmun of the Pomegranates. According to the same author, this place was called also Ashmun Thannah. 5 It is probable that the cities built on the sites of Baklieh and Tannah were separated from Mendes by the Mendesian branch of the Nile, which bounded the nome of Thoth on the south-east. I have already mentioned that close to the tell, near the opening in the enclosure wall, there is a large heap of unworked blocks intended for the building of a temple to be erected on that spot, and that these blocks seem to be of the kind of material which would have been employed by the XXXth Dynasty. It is remarkable that we should have a record which may refer to this very temple. In the quarries of Toora, south of Cairo, Brugsch 6 discovered an inscription stating that Necta- nebo II. " opened a good quarry at Toora, in 3 Bubastis, pi. xlv. d. 4 Eijijpte sous les Pharaons, ii. p. 124. 5 Champollion, I.e., ii. p. 152, 351. 6 Zeitschr., 1867, p. 91. OF BAH. 25 order to build in good stone a sacred abode to Thoth Aprehuh, the great god of Bah, and to the gods of Bah." From Toora he could only get limestone, and none of the black granite which comes from Hamamfit in Upper Egypt. But we may conclude from this inscription, that since he intended to build a temple, he would also, when sending the limestone from Toora, order the granite blocks and capitals which were to adorn the halls and the gateways of the build- ings to be brought from the upper country. But the grave events of his reigu, and the abrupt termination of his rule, prevented Nectanebo from carrying out his plans. A monument, which would be interesting if complete, is the basalt sarcophagus of which we have only a fragment. The sculpture is clearly of the Saite style; moreover, the dead man's name of Aahmes is another indication of the same period. Aahmes, or as the Greeks would have called him, Amasis, had different titles. He was first ^. Whether the second sign is to be read a ma, the river-side, the shore, or @ v tep, the field, it seems that he had in either case the superintendence of land. The same office appears to be implied in the predi- cate added to his priestly title ^ ® the felt, the bald-headed on the earth, or on the land. As for the title of we know from the lists that it belonged to the priests of the nome of Thoth ; but the word ® generally means on the earth, living, in opposition to the buried. Here, however, it is clear that it has another sense. These words must also refer to land, and probably mean that the feh Amasis was speci- ally entrusted with the supervision of the land belonging to the temple. A third title, which is very vague, is £=Jjj| superintendent of the temples. We do not know what this title really meant, and whether it gave any authority to the bearer ; it may have been merely honorary, and E 26 THE NOME OF THOTH. only indicative of a certain rank in the hier- archy. I am inclined to think that if it refers to a real employment or office, it denotes a man who has to look after the building itself, its walls, and everything connected with con- struction and repairs. On the upper register of the sarcophagus were figures of the protecting genii of the deceased during the hours of night and day. The lower register gives the names of the hours. On the side which has been preserved we have the names of the second, third, fourth, and fifth hours of the day. The hours of the night were probably given on the other side. It is to be observed that these few names completely differ from those of the lists known up to the present time, 7 even from those in the list given by a Sa'ite coffin of the Leyden Museum. On the Baklieh sarcophagus, the names seem to have been engraved with the greatest carelessness, and by an artistwho evidently did not understand what he was inscribing. He had to engrave on a given space an inscription consisting of the following parts : the number of the hour of the day, its name, and these words : protecting thee Osiris, etc., with name and title. As the space was very limited, he nearly sacrificed the second part, shaping the name of the hour according to the room which was left, omitting many signs and putting in others which had no sense. The second hour is called ^ ptarheh, seeing millions. This name is cor- rectly written, but it generally applies to the third hour. The third, * < ^~ ^ , seems to me to have no meaning at all. Perhaps the last signs * are taken from the usual name of the second hour, which ends with the word the night, 3ff*"=nn=i, and are only inserted to fill up the space. As for the name of the fourth, w } I believe that the engraver mistook for the name of the hour what is nothing but an unusual way of writing " fourth," 1 °, found on the coffin of the sacred ram from Mendes. 8 A good style of sculpture and beautifully engraved characters are not always the guarantees of a correct text, especially in later times. As at Mendes, so too the Saite sove- reigns built at Baklieh. The only cartouche which I discovered there is of Psammetichus II. It is on a piece of limestone (pi. hi. o), which was also built into the walls of the mill-pond from which I took the fragment of the coffin. 7 Brugsch, Then., p. 843. 8 Mariette, Mon., pi. xlvi. LEONTOPOLIS. One of the most beautiful parts of the Delta is the region south of the city of Mit Ghamr on the right side of the Damietta branch of the Nile. There, the lofty date-palms, the mag- nificent sycamore trees overshadowing the villages, the splendid gardens where peach and almond-trees are in full blossom in the month of March — all these natural beauties attract the eye of the traveller and bear witness to the rich fertility of the soil of Egypt. In the midst of this fine country, about six miles from Mit Ghamr, rise extensive mounds known as Tell Mokdam, and covering an area of several hundred acres. In spite of the constant digging for sebakh, they have not yet been reduced as much as many others. Patches which have never been touched tower to a height of more than sixty feet, and the whole mound is a labyrinth of hills and valleys through which it is difficult to find one's way. Tell Mokdam has been known for many years. Excavations were made there in Ma- riette's time, and the fellaheen digging for sebakh had come across an old cemetery among the houses. Two inscribed coffins of late epoch were found. One of them, a very large one' in black granite, is still on the spot. The natives also discovered the base of a statue in black granite, which is now in the Ghizeh Museum, where it was brought last year by Count d'Hulst, at the expense of the Fund. The coffin gives several geographical names, 1 but we are uncertain as to the Egyptian nome 1 Mariette, Mm., pi. lxiii. to which they belonged. The place seems to have been called o ^ © Aakhennu, and to have had as divinities Osiris under the form of a lion, called Arihes, and Amon. The fact of the lion's being worshipped there gives proba- bility to the view expressed by several writers to the effect that we must consider it as being the site of the Leontopolis of Strabo, the more so since the Oxford list of bishoprics gives Saharagt as the Arabic equivalent of the Coptic names SNeorrriorf , ^AJourtTourt . 2 The present village of Saharagt el Koubra, on the Damietta branch of the Nile, about twelve miles from Benha, is close to Tell Mokdam. It is from Saharagt that the Tell is best reached, coming from the south. We do not know with certainty to which nome this city must be attributed. It does not seem to have been the capital of an Egyptian province, though it was certainly a provincial capital in the time of the Antonines, since there are nome coins with the name of Leontopolis. 3 They bear either a lion or a man holding a lion in his hand. I agree with M. J. de Rouge that Leontopolis probably formed part of the nome of Athribis, now Benha. It is to this city that we must apply the information found in Aelianus, as to the worship of lions in Egypt. He says that " in Egypt lions are worshipped, and there is a city which derives its name from that animal . . . the lions have temples and numerous habitations . . . 2 J. de Rouge, Geogr., p. 155. 3 Tochon, /.c, p. 1G9; J. de Rouge, Monnaies, p. 47. E 2 28 LEONTOPOLIS. every day meat of oxen is offered to them, and while they eat people sing to them in Egyptian." If there were sacred lions at Leontopolis, it is to be expected that some day, in parts of the Tell which have not yet been excavated, or at least somewhere in the neighbourhood, a necropolis of those animals will be found. The attention of Mariette and other Egyp- tologists was directed to Tell Mokdam chiefly owing to the discovery made there by the fellaheen of the base of a statue in black granite, bearing near the feet the cartouches of a king who was supposed to be a Hyksos, because it was thought that his name began with the sign of the god Set, the divinity wor- shipped by the foreign invaders. Duveria, Ebers, and others have considered him as being the Shepherd king called Salatis by the chrono- graphers. This name is not the original one ; it is not the first engraved upon the statue, it is that of an usurper. The monument, judging from the style of the sculpture, must be attri- buted to the Xllth or the XUIth Dynasty. It was left on the spot where it was discovered until last year, when it was removed to the Museum at Ghizeh at the same time as two other bases were sent to Europe. But the cartouches which were engraved on each side of the feet have been published by Deveria 1 and by Mariette. 5 In comparing these two publica- tions with mine (pi. iv. b.i B.2), it would seem, if they are correct, that the monument had suffered mutilation since it was first found. All inscription on the left side has disappeared from the group which pre- ceded the cartouche ; even the goose is gone. We have lost a cartouche which was quite illegible, and the words ivho worships the lord of Avaris. I am rather 4 Rev. Arch., Nouv. serie, vol. iv., 259. 5 Mon. divers, pi. 63. The sides are inverted in both publications, inclined to think that there may be a mistake in these publications, and that these words which were thought to be the end of the left line belong to the back of the statue, where the son of Rameses IT., Merenphthah, engraved a dedica- tion to Set of Avaris. The monument bears no traces of recent mutilations. On the occasions of my two visits to Tell Mokdam, in 1885 when I came to see the place, and in 1892 when I settled there to excavate, the monument was almost entirely buried in heaps of potsherds, and I suppose this has been the case ever since it was discovered. Besides, it would be extraordinary to find the city of Avaris, the capital of the Hyksos, mentioned in an inscription which is older than the Shepherd Kings. And after having made several paper casts of the monument, and studied it attentively, I found out that the reading of the name is quite different from what it was supposed to be. The name reads thus : ^| P Nehasi, the Negro. The mis- take arose partly from the 1 which is behind the bird and which, as the characters are not very distinct, was taken for the tail of Set, and partly from the two crests on the head of the bird, which are not unlike the two ears of the typhonic animal. The name Nehasi has been found in other places. In the list of the Turin papyrus it is borne by a king who belongs to the XlVth Dynasty, and it was also found at San by Prof, F. Petrie 6 as that of a royal son, the first- born, the worshipper of Set the lord of Roahtn It is natural to think that the three names refer to the same man, 7 that the royal son of San, the negro who raised buildings fi Tanis, i., pi. iii. 7 It is remarkable that in the Turin papyrus, and on the stone at San, we find the unusual spelling noticed here, KING NEHASI. 29 to Set, was afterwards the king of Tell Mokdam who worshipped the same god ; and as he was the first-born of the royal family, it is clear that he came to the throne by inherit- ance as legitimate king, and not by right of conquest. I have dwelt elsewhere 8 on the conclusions which may be deduced from this fact. If we consider what was the history of the Xllth Dynasty, and also that of the XHIth, as far as we know anything of the reigns of the Sebekhoteps and Neferhoteps, there is no doubt that most of their campaigns were directed against the Nubians and the Ethio- pians. The negroes and the peoples of the Upper Nile must have been more formidable enemies than we supposed, otherwise it would not have been necessary to make war so con- stantly against them, and to erect those fortifications which may be seen to the present day, in places like Semneh. There would be nothing strange if in those troubled times, the history of which is so obscure, Egypt had been for a time under the rule of Ethiopian negroes. This view would agree with the tradition recorded by Herodotus, 9 who says that between Menes and Moeris, who dug the lake bearing his name, there reigned three hundred and thirty monarchs, whose names the priests read to him from a papyrus, and that among them there were eighteen Ethiopians. However unreliable we may. think the figures of Herodotus, it is curious that the number of Ethiopian kings should have been so large ; and it is quite possible that there may have been negro kings like Nehasi, of whose existence we were ignorant, especially as they are not likely to have raised many monumeuts, or to have left extensive and faithful records of their reigns. It would be extraordinary that a king of the XlVth Dynasty should call himself a negro, if he did not belong to the Ethiopian race. s Transactions of the IXth Cong, of Orientalists. Becueil de travaux, vol. xv., p. 97. 9 Lib. ii., cap. 100. The site of the temple at Tell Mokdam is clearly discernible on the eastern side of the tell. It is now a cornfield. I dug several trenches there, but they yielded no results beyond a few frag- ments of limestone, showing that the temple ruins had shared the fate of those at Baklieh, and of most of the sites of ancient cities in the Delta. There could not have been much granite in the building, as that would have been at least partially preserved. On the north side, at the end of the mound, towards Mit Ghamr, in digging for sebakh, the fellaheen had discovered, shortly before I arrived, the base of a statue in red limestone, which they immediately broke in two. I dug in the same place, and found remains of statues of Rameses II. and Osorkon II. in red granite, and another base, also in hard red limestone. The two monuments in limestone have been brought to England ; one of them is now in the British Museum. They both consist of the lower parts of sitting statues of Usertesen III., one of the greatest kings of the Xllth Dynasty. Their workmanship is remarkably good, the hieroglyphs are beautifully cut, and the little that remains of the female figures represented as standing on each side of the throne, against the legs of the king, shows that both statues must have been of great beauty. This only increases our regret that such fine works of art should have suffered most wanton mutilation. One of the seated figures is of natural, and the other of heroic size (pi. xii. c). The smaller one has been usurped by an officer of Osorkon II., while the larger one bears the name of Usertesen III. only. An examination of these statues indicates that they were made for the temple which stood at Tell Mokdam. The king is said to be a worshipper of Osiris, who, as we know from the inscription on the sarcophagus, was the local deity of the place, and there assumed the form of a lion. Moreover, in front of the feet of one of the bases stood the name of a god 30 LEONTOPOLIS. which has been destroyed, but which had for determinative a lion-headed figure. The name of Osiris is on the belt of the larger statue, followed by a geographical name which I could not make out (pi. iv. a). It is remarkable how many statues and monuments of the Xllth Dynasty have been discovered in the course of excavations in the Delta, especially on the eastern border. Tanis, Nebesheh, Bubastis, and other places of minor importance were settlements of the Amenemhas and the Usertesens. Some of them may have been bulwarks against the Asiatics. On the large statue we see the nine bows on which the feet are resting. On both sides of it the titles of the queen have been fairly preserved, but not her name (pi. iv. a.). Almost the identical titles are found on a stele at the Louvre, 1 and there they evidently apply to a person raised to royal rank by her marriage with a member of the royal family. The name itself is no longer legible, so that the wife of Usertesen III. is still unknown to us. On both sides of the two statues are the Nile gods of Upper and Lower Egypt holding a rope tied around the sign ^ which means to join ; they are here emblems of the land of the North and the land of the South, and are supposed to promise to the king eternal life and happiness. The belt buckle of the statue bears the name of Usertesen, and states that he is the wor- shipper of Osiris. The smaller statue is more interesting because it was usurped in the name of Osorkon II. by an officer of the name of Hormes (pi. iv. c. 1 — 5). The usurpation has been made with great care- lessness. On the sides, the cartouches of Osor- kon II. have been cut over those of Usertesen, without the engraver doiug anything to erase the older ones ; hence the two cartouches are confused. On the back two columns of text give us the name and titles of Osorkon II. 1 Lieblein, Did., No. 349. These titles are here given even more fully than at Bubastis. The words a who joins the two halves, r-^m \\ 4V a like the son of Isis, meaning both parts of Egypt, which are determined by the two diadems, I also found on a fragment of a statue in red granite, which may have been made for Osorkon II. The titles of the officer who usurped the statue for his master are interesting. "We see that he was holy father of Amonrasonter, which perhaps shows that there was also a sanctuary of Amon at Leontopolis. He held another office, which I do not understand, and which also referred to " the lord of the gods of Egypt." It may have been that of chief of the officers who had to superintend the ornamen- tation of the temples. Besides, he was head of the sanctuaries, and had it in his charge to repair the temples of Egypt. This last title is very general, it may have referred to a merely nominal employment. Another of his offices was connected with the temple of the city ; he was governor of the house of millions {of years) of Osorkon II. Here wc have the name of the temple where the statues were erected. I should think that it was built by Osorkon, who brought thither some older statues. Whether there was a library in the temple or not, Hormes was head inspector of the hook -writers of the king. In the temple called the millions {of yea.rs) of Osorkon 11. there was a hall or sanctuary specially dedicated to his queen. It was called tJie house of the royal wife Karoamam. We have repeatedly seen this queen accompanying Osorkon II. in the inscriptions of Bubastis, especially among those of the festival. She certainly was his legitimate wife, and although at Thebes Osorkon had Theban wives, con- nected with the priesthood and the worship of Amon, in the Delta we find mention of no other than Karoama. It is not impossible THE XXII nd DYNASTY AT LEONTOPOLIS. 31 that she was dead when he built the sanc- tuary at Tell Mokdam, and that he deified her, even as later on Ptolemy Philadelphus deified his sister- wife Arsinoo. It is to be noticed that here we find her name written \ | <= ~ > ~ ~ Karoamam, whereas in the in- scriptions at Bubastis, where her name occurs so often, we never find the final / Again, at Tell Mokdam, though on a smaller scale, we find further proof of a fact which was so strikingly brought into evidence by the excavations at Bubastis. The two Osorkons, who until a few years ago were thought to have been obscure kings governing a weak and impoverished country, and having great diffi- culty in defending their throne against invaders from east and west, now stand out as wealthy monarchs, fond of erecting temples and great buildings, and who made magnificent gifts to the gods of the land. This could not have been so unless the kingdom had been at peace and prosperous. It was not under the Osor- kons that the great decadence took place which is so marked under the XXIIIrd and XXIVth Dynasties. If it began at all under the Bubastites, it was only under the later ones. In the sanctuary which he built to Osiris and to his queen, Osorkon collected other statues than those of the Xllth Dynasty. There was the base of a standing statue of Rameses II., in red granite, with his cartouches and titles repeated several times, even on his belt. Everywhere among them we find this epithet, Q 0 $ beloved like Phthah. It would 1 <=i in § ^ A have been strange if, amid the ruins of a sanc- tuary containing statues, there had not been found at least one monument bearing the name of Rameses II. APPENDIX. BYZANTINE SCULPTURES FOUND AT AHNAS. The accompanying illustrations are copies of some beautiful photographs (taken by the Eev. William MacGregor) of various sculptures found in Egypt amongst the Mounds at Ahnas by M. Naville, who was conducting excavations there for the Egypt Exploration Fund. Ahnas is about seventy-three miles south of Cairo, and occupies, no doubt, the site of Heracleopolis Magna. A description of it was given by the late Miss Amelia B. Edwards in the special report of the Fund, 1890-1891, and it is further described by M. Naville in a letter which he has been kind enough to send to me, of which I subjoin extracts, so far as it relates to the sculptures. He says : " The site of Ahnas consists of several mounds, between which are depressions, in which generally stood the stone buildings. In one of these were two large bases of columns in red granite, which evidently appeared to be of late Roman or Byzantine times. In digging at the foot of these bases, I found a large architrave and pieces of the columns which stood on these bases, but, as there were only two, it must have been a gateway leading into the church. I was quite certain that the building was a church when I saw the heap of stones found lower down at a depth of eight or nine feet. I say a heap of stones, for, from the state of the ruins, it would have been impossible to reconstruct the plan of the building, except that the apse seemed to have been raised on a platform of burnt bricks, to which access was given by a flight of steps. The stones consisted of a great number of lintels, friezes and cornices in white limestone, with sculptured ornaments, the motives of which are flowers, leaves, and heads of animals, chiefly sheep and hogs. . . . Be- sides these were bases of columns in grey marble, shafts of the same material, and capitals, noticeable from the fact that the central flower in the abacus is replaced by a Coptic cross. . . . " There are the remains of two other churches, which consist merely of shafts of columns of red granite. On some of these the Coptic cross has been engraved, and these columns look exactly like those at Medinet Haboo and in other well-known Coptic churches. They are all of the same kind of work. As for the standing columns and Corinthian capitals, called Kaneseh, the church, I believe they were origin- ally parts of a Roman temple. The style of the capitals seems to me to have less of the Byzantine character which is so strongly marked on the others, especially in the flat capitals which are at the top of the square pillars to the church." I am informed that these sculptures, thus described by M. Naville, are now the chief objects in one of the Coptic rooms at Ghizeh. I was there last in 1890, but I cannot recall them to mind. I have, however, now before BYZANTINE SUULPTUKES FOUND AT AHNAS. 33 me the elaborate work in folio by Mons. Gayet, published in 1889, 1 describing such sculptures as were then in the Museum, and classed by M. Maspero as Coptic. A glance at them will show not only that they are deplorably deficient in merit as compared with those from Annas, but are from an entirely different school. But in classing them all together as Coptic, the Museum authorities would probably include all Christian sculptures in Egypt, from whatever school they might have come, A few of M. Gayet's engravings show, indeed, some fair Byzantine work, and in some few of the others, viz., in the scroll-work, there is some approach to elegance of form ; but the greater part, where any attempt at composition has been made, are the rudest imitation of Roman work. The attempts at sculpturing the figures of birds, beasts, &c, and the human form, are often quite ludicrous, and so are many of the imita- tions of Corinthian capitals and other details. But now, thanks to our energetic explorer, M. Naville, and to the excellent photographs of Mr. MacGregor, we find that the sculptures of the Egyptian Christians may take rank with some of the best of the Byzantine period. I can, in fact, scarcely call to mind any Byzantine carving which is superior to that at Ahnas. The curves in the scroll-work are very graceful, and the foliage, although rather tame in design, is as clearly and boldly cut as in the beautiful works at Constantinople, Ravenna, or Torcello ; whilst the representa- tions of animal life, as shown in the birds (pi. xiv.), and the boar and kid (pi. xv.), are very well carved, and are introduced in the most artistic manner. The large Corinthian capital (pi. xvii.), although in the debased Roman style, is fairly well copied from the antique. This being so, 1 Memoires de la Mission Archeoloyique Frangaise au Caire. Tome troisieme. 3° Fascicule. Paris, 1889. it is somewhat vexatious to find that there are scarcely any portions of the Ahnas sculptures (except the capitals to the columns and and pilasters) to which one can assign any definite position in the building. They were, I understand, put together as shown in the illus- trations, so as to be most easily photographed. M. Naville has no doubt that they formed portions of the ornamental work to a church ; but the plan of the building, so far as one can judge of it, appears to be very different from that of the usual Coptic church. The rough sketch which I here give has been worked out with the kind assistance of Mr. MacGregor, the parts shaded being those which exist. 10 • •I : '< ABOUT 20 FEET- ^ 3 i i o { a t i * : The apse was not placed in the usual easterly position, but was slightly east of due north, the entrance columns being slightly west of due south. The apse had also its circular form showing externally, contrary to the ordinary rule. Further, it will be noted that only one apse, or position of the altar, is described by M. Naville, whereas three eastern altars are required by the Coptic ritual^ and I am assured by Mr. MacGregor that there is no trace of the two side altars having existed. On the whole, I think that it is fair to conclude that this interesting building was not originally designed for the Coptic service, and that Mr. MacGregor' s suggestion is a very probable one, viz., that it was a small chapel like that to the White Monastery, of which a p 3 1 APPENDIX. small plan is given by Mr. A. J. Butler, 2 reduced from that given by Denon, and which faces north and south, with an apse to the north, resembling in both these features the little church of Ahnas. This White Monastery is said to have been founded by St. Helena ; and from the glowing descriptions which Mr. Butler quotes from Mr. Curzon and M. Denon, we may, I think, fairly conclude that much of the substantial fabric of the monastery chapel now remains as she left it. The feature in the photographs which will attract most attention is the headless figure with lion, shown in pi. i., and, as I felt the importance of this, I consulted with Mr. A. S. Murray on the subject, and he has been kind enough to send to me his conclusions, viz., " That this sculptured group must have repre- sented Orpheus, whose appearance is not un- common, apparently, in the early Christian art of Italy. The photograph shows a draped figure seated to the front, and holding at his left side a lyre, which his right hand has been stretched across to play. On the right is a lion springing towards the lyre in a Mycenian attitude. Very probably there was another animal similarly posed on the left. It would, probably, be nearly correct to go back to the fifth century as the date of the chapel at Ahnas." The carved work over the lion, and the very peculiar way in which the lower part of the drapery of Orpheus ends, serve to identify the figure with the style of the other portions of carving, and we may, I think, class them all as being of a date at least as early as the fifth century, the date which Mr. Murray gives for the Orpheus. The carving has the peculiarly sharp cutting of the Byzantine sculptors, and much of it has the well-known character of that style, so that I should not hesitate to class the whole as Byzantine ; but much of the scroll-work is bolder and more graceful in outline than I am accustomed to meet with in examples in other countries, and certainly conveys to my mind the impression that possibly Byzantium owes its decorative carving, as Mr. Butler suggests that it owes its domical designs, to Egypt, and that M. Naville has thus brought to light the earliest example of Byzantine art yet known. T. HAYTER LEWIS. 2 Ancient Coptic Churches in Egypt, vol. i. p. 352. November, 1893. INDEX. PAGE PAGE A Aahmes, priest ... 9a i\ 1 io 1 1 ... ... ..i ,,. 99 90 94 nr 9f> 90 ZZ, ZO, Z1, ZO, ZD, zy /ifccTb, canal ... ... ... ... ... ... 1./ JJalU-IlcdjUcUj lIlCj pi IcfeL 9*? 9P» Alexandria 1 Q lo Behbeit el Ilagar ... ... iy, zz nome of Zo l>lll!l(Jh,l ... ... ... ... 0 jVll_A tA 1 1 * 1 1 lull CoilcilHldl ... ... Q ... ... ... O uvjlllXaj ... ... ... ... 97 ... ... ... Z 1 Ainasis, king ... 1 I, 18 jjclli oner ... ... 1> 5, b Ambassadors 5 Bes, god ... 12 Amenemha III. ... 11 JBi?ididi, city ... 19 Amenophis III. ... ... 12 Book of the Dead ... 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 Anient , ... 13 British Museum... 10, 22, 29 Ammianus Marcellinus ... 16 Brugsch, Prof. H. 3, 6, 9, 19, 25 Amon, god ... 9, 19, 20, 27, 30 Brugsch-Bey, E. 19, 20 horns of ... 20 Bubastis ... 11, 18, 22, 24, 30, 31 Amonrasonter ... 30 Burton ... 17 Anaaref, sanctuary 7, 8 Busiris ... 4, 9 god 10 Buto 23 Anrudef, sanctuary 6, 7, 8 Anubis, god 13, 14 Calasirians 15 ' Avixrts 4 Caracalla... 18 Antoninus, Itinerary of... 16 Chabas, F. 2, note Apis, bull 21 Champollion 25 Apries 18 Cisterns ... 16, 19 Arihes, god 27 Coffin, basalt, at Baklieh 25, 26 Arsinoe ... 21, 31 Coptic churches... 1 Arsino'ite nome ... 4 Cynocephalus 24 Arsaphes, see Hershef. Ashmun er Rumman 25 Damanhoor 23 Ashmun Thannah 25 Damietta branch ... .,, 27 F 2 36 INDEX. PAGE Daninos-Pacha ... ... ... ... ... ... 21 Daphnae... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3, 4 Delta 3, 4, 15, 17, 23, 27, 29, 30 Denderah ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 Deveria, Th 28 Dillmann, Prof. ... ... ... ... ... 3, note Diocletian „.. ... ... ... ... ... 16 Diospolis... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 parva ... ... ... ... ... ... 20 Duemichen, Prof. ... ... ... ... 3, 1, 11 Ebers, Prof. 28 Edfoo 9 Elements, the four ... ... ... ... ... 21 El Mondid 15 Ermopolis, see Hermopolis ... ... ... ... 24 Ethiopians 29 Ezekiel 15 Payoom ... ... ... ... ... ... ...2, 11 papyrus of the ... ... ... ... ...6, 11 Feshn 5 Firmament, raising of the ... ... ... ... 8, 9 Gebel Ahmar 16, 18 Ghizeh, museum at ... ... ... 18, 20, 27, 28 Girard 17 Griffith, Mr. F. LI 1 Grueber, Mr. H. 18 Hamamat ... ... ... ... ... ...2, 25 Ifamehi, goddess ... ... ... ... 19, 25 nome ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 Hamenna, official ... ... ... ... ... 12 Hanes ... ... ... ... ... 3, 4 Harabchent ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 Harmakhis ... ... ... ... ... ...7, 10 Harpocrates ... ... ... ... ... 19 Haru, priest ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 Hathor 14, 19 capital ... ... ... ... ... ... 18 Hawara ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 Hawk ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 He-goat 16, 19, 20 Heliopolis, see also On ... ... ... ... ... 9 Henassieh ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 Henassiet el Medineh ... ... ... ... ... 1 Heracleopolis magna ... ... 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11 island of... ... ... ... 4,5,6 kings of ... ... ... ... ... 1 PAGE Heracleopolis, nome of . .. ... ... ... ... 4 parva ... ... ... ... ... 16 Heracles ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 Hermopolis parva ... ... ... ... ... 23 magna ... ... ... ... ... 24 nome of ... ... ... ... ...7, 22 Herodotus 4, 7, 15, 16, 19, 20, 29 Hershef (Arsaphes) ... 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 20 house of ... ... ... ... ... 10 Hierocles ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 Hor, officer ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 Hormes, officer ... ... ... ... ... ... 30 Horus, god ... ... ... ... ... 6, 8, 9 neb ma kheru, the justified ... ... ...7,10 Hontt'a, priest ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 Hotepka, official .. . ... ... ... ... ... 14 Hours of day and night ... ... ... ... 26 Hun, canal ... ... ... ... ... ...6,11 Huneb, god ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 Hunensu, Hunensufev ... ... ... 2, 8, 9, 10, 14 Hunt, woman ... ... ... ... ... 13, 14 Hunuri, priestess ... ... ... ... ... 14 Hyksos 28 Ibis 22, 23 Illahun 2, 6 Iphicrates ... ... ... ... ... ... 15 Isaiah ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3, 4 Iseum ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 Isis 6,30 Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4, 5 inner ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 Israelites... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 Jomard ... ... ... ... ... ... ...4, 16 Josephus... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15 Kantarah ... ... ... ... ... ... 16 Karoamam, queen ... ... ... ... 30, 31 Keniseh, church... ... ... ... ... ... 1 Khataaneh ... ... v . ... ... ... 11 Khaui, official ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 Khens, locality ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 Kherneter ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 Khininsi, city ... ... ... ... ... ... 3, 4 Khnum, god ... ... ... ... ... ...7,20 Kom el Dinar ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 Leontopolis 15, 27, 28, 30 Lepsius, Prof. ... ... ... ... ... ... 20 INDEX. 37 Library of Thmuis Libya Lion deity Louvre Museum Luxor Lycopolis Ma, goddess Macarius, St. Mameluks Mansoorah Mareotis, lake ... Marie tte ... Marseilles, museum at Maspero, Prof. ... Melaba, village . . . Mempbis... Mendes, city coins of... nome of. . . god Mendesian branch Menes, king Menkheperra, king Menment, locality Mer, mountain ... boe ... Merenplithah Merutensa, official Mesen, locality ... Military caste Mit Gbamr Moeris, lake king Mohammed AH ... Murray, Mr. A. S. Murtahia, province Nar, sanctuary Nebesheb Nebkara, king Nectanebo I. II. Negroes ... Nehasi, king Nile, the... Upper Nilometer Nilopolis... 15, 1 17, 1 19, 4, 5 PAGE ... 21 4 ... 27 ... 30 5 ... 23 ...9, 10 ... 16 1 29 25 ... 23 2, 27, 28 5 , 2 note, 10 ... 1 ... 16 0, 23, 25, 26 ... 20 15, 19, 24 ... 19 15, 25 ... 29 ... 12 ... 11 6 ... 13 10, 18, 28 ... 2 ... 6 ... 15 27, 29 5,6, 7, 11 ... 29 ... 1 ... 18 ... 16 6 ... 30 o ... 24 15, 23, 25 28, 29 28, 29 ... 24 6, 11, 15, 21 ... 29 6 ... 4 Nonnus . . . Nubians ... Oleander ... Omm el Keman ... On, Heliopolis ... Oppert, Prof. Osiris anaaref Hershef Osorkon II. Oxyryncbos nome of Pa ba neb Dad, Mendes Pa en Dliuti, Hermopolis ap Rehuh Palestine... Pan as Mendes ... Panephysis, city... Panithusos, city... Pa usar neb Dad, Busiris Pennsylvania, University of Persian troops ... Petrie, Prof. Fi. Phamenoth, month Pbarnabazus Phatnitic mouth ... Pbileas, Bishop ... Phoenix, sacred ... Phthah Piankhi, king Ploughing, festival of . Plutarch ... Pottery ... Psammetichus II. Ptolemy, geographer Ptolemy Philadelphus . Pa, god ... Ram Barnes, scribe Rameses II. Ill Ravenna, geographer of Roahtu, locality ... Roba Tell Rohennu, Hamamat Roset Rouge, Vte. J. de 6, 7 10, PAGE 19 29 6 1 10, 18, 19 3 9, 10, 13, 21, 29, 30 10 8 24, 29, 30, 31 5, 16 5 19 24 24, 25 15 16, 19 .. 24 .. 24 .. 19 .. 11 .. 15 ..2, 28 .. 9 .. 15 .. 23 .. 16 .. 9 .. 31 6 .. 9 7, 19 12, 14 18,26 4, 5, 6, 15, 23, 24 21, 31 6, 8, 9, 10, 7, 17, 19, 20, 21 21 14 1, 14, 18, 28, 29, 31 10 23 28 18 15 2 9 24, 27 38 INDEX. PAGE Saharagt el Koubra 27 Saladin, sultan ... 5 Salatis, king 28 Saltpetre pits 1 Samanood 19 Sand, he who is on his, god 7 Sayce, Prof. 21 Seat, Temple 6 Sebakh ... 1,22 Seb, god ... 17, 21 Sebennytos 3 Sebennytic branch 15, 23 Sed, periods 9 Sehhet, goddess ... 8 Semneh ... 29 Serapeum 24 Serapion, bishop 16 Set, god ... ... 6,7,8,9,28,29 Shephont, priestess 19 Skmun, city 24., 25 Shrine of Mendes 16, 17 Shu, god ... 8, 9, 17, 21 Simbillaouin 15 Sioot 1 Sokaris, god 13 Spoons, carved ... 12 Ssedment 5,14 Gebel 11 Stephanus Byzantinus ... 23 Steward, high ... 2 Strabo 4, 5, 15, 19, 23 Suez canal 16 Suidas 19 Superintendent of the temples ... 25 Tanis, San 3, 16, 28, 30 Tannah ... 25 Tahraka Tarqu, king ... 3 Tell Ibn es Salam 15 Tell Mokdam 27, 28, 29, 31 PAGE Temi, mound ... ... ... ... ... ... 15 Tesh, region ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 islands of ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 Thebes 1, 4, 5, 20, 30 Theomis, city ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 Thmuis, city 15, 21, 23, 24 Thoth Aprehu 25 Thoth, god 7, 22, 23, 24, 25 nome of 22, 24, 25 the city of 24, 25 the places of ... ... ... ... ... 24 month ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 Titus 15 Tmei el Amdid 15, 19, 22, 25 Tombs at Ssedment ... ... ... ... 11-14 Tonen, god ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 city of 21 Phthah 9 Toora, quarries of ... ... ... ... ... 25 Turn, god 7 Tumei, locality ... ... ... ... ... ... 16 University College, Egyptian museum at ... ... 13 Usertesen II., king ... ... ... ... ...2, 10 III 29, 30 Uzhebtis 12 Was, sacred eye... ... ... ... ... ... 12 Version of the Bible, revised ... ... ... ... 3 Chaldaean ... ... ... 3 Vestibule 9 Vineyards ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 Wasta 4 Yusuf ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 Zaweh 4 Zew's, Amon as ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 Zoan, see Tanis ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 39 INDEX TO APPENDIX. BYZANTINE SCULPTURES FOUND AT AHNAS. PAGE Ahnas, Byzantine chapel of ... ... ... 33, 34 ,, „ ,, compared with that of White Monastery ... 33-34 ,, „ its columns, pillars, and capi- tals 32, 33 „ ,, „ its probable date ... ... 34 ,, described by Miss Edwards ... ... ... 32 „ „ M. Naville 32 site of Heracleopolis Magna ... ... ... 32 three churches of ... ... ... ... 32 „ "position of ... ... ... ... ... 32 Apse, single, of Byzantine chapel ... ... ... 33 Apses, three, of Coptic churches ... ... ... 33 Butler, A. J., his plau of White Monastery ... ... 34 „ „ his Ancient Coptic Churches in Egypt ... 34 Coptic churches, characteristics of ... ... 32,33 „ cross at Ahnas ... ... ... ... ... 32 „ sculptures at Ghizeh ... ... ... 32, 33 Corinthian capitals at Ahnas ... ... ... 32, 33 Gayet, M., his work on sculptures in Museum at Ghizeh 33 Helena, Empress, founder of White Monastery ... 34 PAGE Kaneseh, or " church," at Ahnas ... ... ... 32 Lewis, T. H 34 Lion, sculptured figure of, in Mycenean attitude ... 34 MacGregor, Eev. W., his description of Byzantine chapel ... ... 33-34 ,, „ his ground-plan of ditto ... 33 „ his photographs of the sculp- tures 32, 33 Murray, A. &. } on sculptured group of man and lion at Ahnas ... ... ... ... ... ... 34 Orpheus, in Early Christian art ... ... ... 34 ,, sculptured figure of, at Ahnas .... ... 34 Roman temple, remains of, at Ahnas ... ... ... 32 Sculptures, the, Byzautiue character of ... 33, 31 ,, „ now at Ghizeh ... ... ... 32 „ „ probable date of ... ... ... 34 „ ,, subjects of ... ... ... 32, 33, 34 White Monastery, its chapel compared with Byzantine chapel at Ahnas ... ... ... ... 33-34 CONTENTS OF PLATES. Frontispiece. General View of the Temple discovered at Ahnas. Phot. Rev. W. MacGregor. Plate I. A.B. Inscriptions on the entrance to the Temple (pp. 7, 10). C. Side of a Statue of Rameses II. (p. 11). D. E. Stray Blocks with Standard of Usertesen II. (pp. 2, 10) F. Group of Priest and Priestess (pi. XII. B., p. 14). ■ II. Columns of the Vestibule (pp. 7, 10). III. A.B.C. Inscriptions from Baklieh (pp. 23, 25, 26). D. Inscription from Tmei el Amdid (p. 17). IV. A.C. Statues of Usertesen III. discovered" at Tell Mokdam (p. 30). B. Cartouches of Nehasi (p. 28). Ghizeh Museum. V., VI. Columns and Architraves from the Vestibule of the Temple at Ahnas (p. 10). Phot, Rev. W. MacGregor. VII., VIII. Mummy Cases from the Necropolis at Ssedment (p. 13). Phot. Rev. W. MacGregor. IX. Pottery from the same Necropolis (p. 14). Phot. Rev. W. MacGregor. X. A.B. Statue of Rameses II. presented to the University of Pennsylvania 1 (p. 11). C. Unknown Head (p. 11). XI. Mummy Cases from the Necropolis at Ssedment (pp. 13, 14). XII. A. Baklieh, Heap of Stones for an unfinished Temple (p. 22). B. Group of Priest and Priestess found at Ssedment (p. 14). Ghizeh Museum. C. Statue of Usertesen III. found at Tell Mokdam (p. 29). XIII. Map of the Mound of Ahnas. Drawn by Prof. Brman. APPENDIX. XIV. -XVII. Byzantine Sculptures from Ahnas. 1 The Photographs of Plates X.-XII. were taken by the author. Plate I. IF 2F HERACLEOPOLIS. INSCRIPTIONS ON ENTRANCE OF TEMPLE (A B) ON STATUE OF RAMESES II. (C) j ON STANDARD OF USERTESEN II. (D, E); ON GROUP OF PRIESTS AND PRIESTESSES (F) Plate II. HERACLEOPOLIS. COLUMNS OF THE VESTIBULE Plate VII. MUMMY CASES FROM THE NECROPOLIS AT SSEDMEN T. Plate VIII. MUMMY CASES FROM THE NECROPOLIS AT SSEDMENT. Plate HERACLEOPOLIS. STATUE OF RAMESES II. (A, B); UNKNOWN HEAD (C). MUMMY CASES FROM THE NECROPOLIS AT SSEDMENT. Plate XII. BAKLIEH (A). PRIEST AND PRIESTESS: SSEDMENT (B). STATUE OF USERTESEN III.: TELL MOKDAM (C). Plate XIII. The Mounds — OF s THE TOMB OF PAHEEI AT EL KAB. PEBFACE. The Committee of the Egypt Exploration Fund, taking advantage of the liberal offer of Mr. J. J. Tylor to place at their disposal a selection of his drawings from the tombs of El Kab, decided to provide the subscribers with a complete delineation of that of Paheri, one of the most representative examples existing of its period (the middle of the XVIIIth Dynasty). Not- withstanding that numerous details from the tomb have already appeared in the great works on Egyptian monuments, there has never been any approach to a complete publication of the scenes and inscriptions. Mr. Tylor's materials lent to the Society for this purpose were — (1) An admirable collection of photographs, the negatives of which were taken for him by Mr. Harold Roller in 1892. They are as follows, all except the first four being to the scale of one-sixth actual size : — View of the interior of the tomb, from the entrance. Two views of the facade, and one of the side wall, scale 1 : 16. Two photographs of the fragment that remains of the front wall. A series of fourteen photographs of the left side of the main chamber. A similar series of the right side. A series of seven, of the inscriptions on the back wall. (2) Tracings of the scenes on the sides of the niche, which could not be photographed. (3) Annotated copies of the above photographs. (4) Drawings based on enlargements (to nearly double the scale) of most of the photographs of the scenes. These enlargements were made in order to serve as a basis for Mr. Tylor's own edition de luxe. The plates in the present volume were prepared as follows : — Pis. vi., vii., and the inscription on the back wall in pi. ix., were first traced from the original photographs by a draughtsman, and then carefully corrected and completed. The drawing of the statues on pi. ix. is derived from that in Lepsius' Denkmaler, vi PREFACE. Pis. i.-v. and viii. were traced from the enlarged drawings: this method was calculated to give more satisfactory results, owing to the abundance of detail in the scenes. The services of Mr. Anderson, a skilful draughtsman, especially practised in the delineation of classical subjects, were engaged for this work. Pi. x. is from a drawing founded upon Mr. Tylor's tracing. It has been compared with the copies published in Lepsius 1 Denkmdler, but does not pretend to absolute accuracy of detail. All the above have been subjected to careful revision, by close examination of the photographs and comparison of numerous published and unpublished copies. The method adopted has been to draw the reliefs in outline, and to fill in the incised work in full black. Restorations have been inserted only so far as they arc authorized by the direct evidence of the earlier copies ; and in all cases the outlines of the more recent fractures have been clearly marked within the restorations, so as to indicate their extent at the time that the photographs were taken. No plans of the tomb could be found, excepting a very small and inaccurate one published in the Description de VEgypte. Fortunately, Mr. Somcrs Clarke, F.S.A., who was in Egypt with Mr. Tylor in 1892, had taken some measure- ments, which he was good enough to communicate to the authors, together with some remarks upon the architecture. From these, with the help of the photographs, a useful sketch has been possible, and is shown upon pi. i. The present memoir does not represent the final outcome of Mr. Tylor's work upon the tomb of Paheri. He is now engaged upon a limited edition de luxe, in which the scenes will be reproduced to a larger scale by a collotype process. His drawings for this work are based upon the photographs, and are intended to render the effect of the reliefs in a more natural way than has ever before been attempted. In conclusion, the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Fund desire to express their extreme obligation to Mr. Tylor for the generous manner in which he has placed his materials at their disposal and for the share which he has taken in the preparation of this memoir. CONTENTS. I. Introduction — 1. General description of the tomb of Paheri 2. Previous work at the tomb 3. The nomarch Paheri . •I. Genealogical tables II. Explanation op the Scenes and Inscriptions 1. Fa9ade and wall at side of entrance 2. Front wall 3. West wall South end : the official life of Paheri Centre : Paheri's unofficial life and amusements North end : funerary scenes .... 4. East wall North end : the banquet .... South end : worshipping the gods . 5. Longitudinal inscriptions (frieze and ceiling) 6. Back wall and niche Back wall Statues in the niche Sides of niche Index PAGE l'LATK f. (plan) 10 I. 11 II. 12 12 III. 17 IV. 19 V. 22 23 VI., VII. 25 VIII. 26 III.-VIIL 27 27 IX. 32 IX. 32 X. 33 THE TOMB OF PAHEEI AT EL KAB I. INTRODUCTION. 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMB OF PAHERI. The ruins of the ancient city of Nekheb, now El Kab, lie on the edge of the Eastern desert, and form a square of about half a mile in each direction, clearly denned by an immense forti- fied enclosure of crude brick. It was an important city, worthy of its position as capital of the Illrd nome of Upper Egypt. At some distance to the north-east of the enclosure is a rocky mass of sandstone honeycombed with tombs, and separated from the cliffs behind it by a narrow gulley : this was the main necropolis of the place, and on its southern slope are some interesting tombs, chiefly of the period of the New Kingdom. The first and the most striking of these is the tunnel-like sepulchre of Paheri, dating from the middle of the XVIIIth Dynasty. The dimensions of this tomb, however, are but moderate, the main chamber being only 25-26 feet long and 11| feet broad. The original excavation comprised 1 a levelled plat- form before the entrance, in which the mummy pit was sunk ; a sculptured facade ; an oblong main chamber with arched roof, decorated throughout with sculpture and painting ; and finally, a niche or shrine at the inner end of the last, containing three statues. 1 See Plans, &c, on pi. i. At a later period a neat doorway was cut through the sculptures of the East wall, and two rough-hewn chambers, with a mummy pit, were added. The floor of the main chamber appears also to have been quarried away to some depth, leaving irregular masses in the corners ; while the facade in its ruinous con- dition now affords a wide entrance, which lights up the whole of the interior. The facade of the tomb 2 was cut back in the slope of the hill, leaving a level platform with an almost vertical face of rock on either flank : on the left this rock-face was insignificant, and was perhaps dressed away to free the approach from that quarter, but on the right the wall was broad and high, and displays a figure of Paheri, carved in cavo relievo, kneeling and looking outward, while he pronounces an adoration to the local goddess Nekhebt — a solar deity, and mistress of the South. The facade itself is about 14 feet wide, with the slight "batter" or slope from base to summit that was usual during the New Kingdom. The doorway in the centre of it is now entirely destroyed ; it was flanked by columnar inscrip- tions in large hieroglyphs, with prayers for the ha (ghost) of Paheri, and above it were scenes of adoration. 2 See pi. i. BB 2 THE TOMB OF PAHEKI AT EL KAB. Inside, the main chamber is of very simple form, tunnel-like, with straight sides and arched ceiling ; its dimensions are nearly 26 feet in length, 12 in breadth, and 10^ in height down the middle ; the side walls are adorned with scenes in coloured sculpture, representing on the East wall 1 banquets and worship of the gods, indoors, and on the West wall 2 — first, the out-of-door occupations of Paheri and his serfs, such as harvesting, fishing, loading ships and the like, and at the inner end the funerary rites of the time. The roof being arched, the front and back walls are rounded at the top ; the former 3 shows on the right of the doorway a large figure of Paheri with staff in hand, as if about to walk out of the chamber, and in the arched portion above the level of the door a ship, the whole being surmounted by remains of an emblematic representation ; but the central part over the door and the whole of the left side is destroyed. The back wall, 4 in which the niche is cut, may be compared to an enormous round-topped tablet or stela, and is almost entirely covered by a very long incised inscription in small hieroglyphs ; the upper part of the curved portion is injured, but showed, perhaps, a repetition of the design at the other end, con- sisting of the two jackals of the North and South facing each other, and other emblems such as are commonly represented on stelae of this age. All of these scenes and inscriptions are raised about 18 inches above the ancient floor (which is now much quarried away), and are bordered below by bands of colour. On each of the side walls above the scenes is a line of large hieroglyphs running the whole length of the chamber, 5 and over this, at the rounded spring of the arched ceiling, there is a con- tinuous cornice ornament of khehers 0 , followed by another line of large hieroglyphs. Down the middle of the ceiling runs a similar line of inscription, and the whole of the roof-spaces between the central line and each of the side lines is painted in a somewhat intricate fashion, with rows of diamonds <><><><> formed by zigzag lines of different colours running from end to end of the tomb. 6 The niche or shrine is raised above the floor to the same level as the scenes ; it is rectan- gular, 5|- feet deep by 4^ broad at the ceiling, and 5^ feet high, and is without any archi- tectural features. It contains three life-size statues 7 of Paheri with his wife and mother, seated together upon a bench against the inner wall, and looking down the tomb to the en- trance : they are cut out of the solid rock in very high relief, with their names above them on the wall : as a deceased person Paheri, in the centre, with his arms on his breast, is represented as if mummified, but, like the god Osiris, retaining the flexibility of his joints and a partial use of his limbs ; on the left his wife Henut-er-neheh, and on the right his mother Kem or Kam, place respectively their left and right arms at his back, as though supporting him : the features of all these are defaced. On each of the side walls 8 is sculp- tured a scene of offering, and above is the Wieker ornament. The ceiling is patterned differently from that of the main chamber, but is similarly divided down the middle by an inscribed band, perhaps representing a beam which supports a mat-work roof. 9 The added chambers need not detain us, being of later date than the tomb of Paheri. The execution of the tomb is probably to be dated to the beginning of the reign of Thothmes III., within a few decades of 1500 B.C. The work of it is very neat and regular, but the sandstone did not offer by 1 PI. vi.-viii. 4 PI. ix. 2 PL iii.-v. 3 PI. ii. r ' Shown in pi. iii.-viii. 0 Visible in the photograph of the tomb, but not copied. 7 PI. ix. 8 PI. x. 9 Not copied. INTRODUCTION. 3 any means so fine a surface for delicate sculpture and painting as the limestone of the necropolis of Thebes. The largest of the human figures in the tomb are of about the natural size. Inside, the figures, the hiero- glyphs and the details are all sculptured in low relief, as well as painted, excepting that the small hieroglyphs attached to the figures in the scenes, and those on the back wall, are merely incised and filled with blue paint ; 1 outside, the work is in cavo relievo, the better to resist injury. 2. PREVIOUS WORK AT THE TOMB. This is by no means the first time that the tomb of Paheri has been copied or described. Ever since its first discovery on the 20th Sep- tember, 1799, during Napoleon's expedition, the necropolis of El Kab, and especially this tomb, have attracted the curiosity of travellers and Egyptologists. Cortaz gives a lively de- scription of the excitement which the discovery produced amongst the members of the French Commission, and even recounts with evident gratification the strategy which the Arabs employed to obtain inordinate bakshish from the expectant and delighted savants. 2 While his companions made drawings of the scenes which so clearly depicted the civil life of Ancient Egypt, Cortaz was occupied in describing them. In his own words the tomb was "comme un livre que les anciens Egyptiens nous ont laisse pour nous instruire d'une grande partie des habitudes et des travaux qui compo- 1 In the plates the detailed sculpture is drawn in outline, but the small incised hieroglyphs are represented in solid black. 2 Grottes d'JUlethyia, memoire sur plusieurs arts et sur plusieurs usages civils et religieux des anciens Egyptiens, par M. Cortaz, Membre de PInstitut de l'Egypte (in Description de Vfigypte, 2 me edition, Text, tome vi., pp. 97-156), and cf. Saint-Genis, I.e. tome i., pp. 341 tf. saient chez eux l'economie de la vie civile." Here for the first time were displayed the subjects of the Pharaohs as living persons, in that light which further discovery has made so familiar to us. Cortaz's description is not ill done, though the decipherment of the inscriptions and the comparison of similar representations has put the task, which he undertook for the first time, on quite a different basis. The drawings by Lancret, Chabrol, Jollois, Devilliers, and Jomard might even now be of some service if other copies were not available, but they are quite as bad as most of the antiquarian drawings contained in that great pioneer work on Egypt, 3 and are only better than the wondrous sketches of monuments which diver- sify the pages of Norden and other travellers of the last century. Irby and Mangles, and Belzoni, who were there on August 15th, 1817, have inscribed their names between the sculptures, amongst a crowd of barbarous and ignoble signatures ; but James Burton, in or about 1825, carefully copied the scenes upon the two side walls of the main chamber. 4 In 1828 Champollion and Rosellini made a stay at El Kab. The former drew up a description of the tomb of Paheri, 5 and caused 3 " On s'est attache a copier les hieroglypb.es avec la plus parfaite exactitude" ! I.e., tome x., p. 72. The drawings of Paheri's tomb (" grotte principale ") are published in Anti- quites, tome i., pi. 67, 2 ; 68 (West wall corresponding to our PI. iii.-iv.) ; 69, 1 (a funerary ceremony in our pi. v., arrival at Kher-neter), 3 (servants, our pi. vi., bottom row on left) ; 70, 1 (Paheri and wife with monkey, our pi. vi., on left), 2 (musicians, our pi. vii., bottom row), 3 (ship sailing, in our pi. iii.) ; &c. 4 British Museum, Additional MS., 25,647. The copy is excellent, but the scale is too small to show much detail in a pencil drawing. Fo. 6-9, East side ; 10-13, West side ; 14 contains the end (south) of the East wall and the beginning of the West ; 15, many inscriptions from both sides; 16, musicians in pi. vii. on a larger scale ; 17, inscription over table of offerings on pi. vi., and the long lines of inscription below the frieze. 5 Tomb 1, Champollion, Notices Descriptifs, L, 266-9 and 650-3. BB 2 THE TOMB OF PAHERI AT EL KAB. many of the scenes to be copied ; 1 the latter has published numerous scenes in his Monu- menti delV Egitto e delta Nubia. 2 About the same time Robert Hay of Linplum made a complete copy of the scenes on a larger scale than Burton. 3 Wilkinson did but little work at El Kab. For his Ancient Egyptians he took only one illustration from the tomb of Paheri. 4 His description of the antiquities is to be found in the older editions of Murray's Guide. In 1843 came the grand expedition of Lepsius, whose draughtsmen, E. Weidenbach and Eirund, have given us masterly, though conventionalized, representations of some of the most important scenes and inscriptions. 6 1 Champollion, Monuments, ii., pi. cxli., 1 (winnowing and storing grain, our pi. iii., top row), 2 (ships and weighing gold, our pi. iii., bottom row) ; cxlii., 1 (Pa-behet offering- wine to Her-ari, in our pi. vii.) ; cxliii., 1 (procession of coffin, in our pi. v., top row), 2 (carrying corn to threshing- floor, in our pi. iii., top row) ; cxliv., 1 (chariot, in our pi. iii.), 2 (stands, with jars, coloured, in our pi. iii., right- hand end of second row); cxlv., 1 (offering wine to Arnensat, in our pi. vii., third row) ; 2 (ditto to Mey, in our pi. vii., top row), 3 (musicians, in our pi. vii., bottom row). 2 Text, Monumenti Civili, i., p. 127 ff. Plates, Mon. Civ. xxx., 3 (swine, in our pi. iii., bottom row) ; xxxiii., 2 — xxxiv., 1 (threshing and storing grain, our pi. iii., top row) ; xxxix., 1 (stands with jars, in our pi. iii., second row, on right) ; lxxviii., 1 (serving Her-ari, in our pi. vii., top row), 2 (serving Aahmes, in our pi. vii., second row) ; xcv., 7 (musicians, and serving Arnensat, in our pi. vii., bottom row); ex., 1, 2 (ships, and receiving gold, in our pi. iii., lower rows) ; cxvi., 5 (the chariot, in our pi. iii., third row); exxvii., 2 (procession of the coffin, in our pi. v., top row) ; exxxiii., 3 (nursing Prince TJazmes, in our pi. iv., top row); exxxv., 1 (funerary scenes, our pi. v., four lower rows). 3 British Museum, Additional MS., 29,832, fo. 107, facade; 110-121, Bast wall ; 122-33, West wall ; scale of the scenes \. It is a careful first sketch by the camera lucida, but was never revised or completed in detail, so that all remains vague. Hay seems to have previously begun a copy on too small a scale (about §), now in MS. 29,843, fo. 125-7 (East wall only). 4 Third edition, by Birch, vol. ii., fig. 479 on p. 428 (flax harvest, in our pi. hi., left end of second row). 5 Tomb I., Lepsius, Denkmider, Abth. iii., Bl. 10, a (plough- ing, receiving gold, ships, &c, in our pi. iii., lower half on right), a 1 "" (the chariot, in our pi. iii., third row), b (nursing In 1891 Heinrich Brugsoh published many inscriptions from the tomb in his Thesaurus Inscriptionum Aegyptiacarum. 6 Mr. Villiers Stuart devotes a chapter of his Nile Gleanings 7 to the tombs of El Kab, and gives a coloured plate of the musicians on the East wall of the tomb of Paheri. Professor Petrie copied all the personal names in the tombs in 1887, and doubtless every Egyptologist has added to his note-book here. The useful notice in Baedeker's Upper Egypt (1890) ought also to be mentioned. Of all the copies, the first places for scholarly treatment are of course taken by the publications of Lepsius and Brugsch ; while none show the subjects with great accuracy, most of them are useful for some one point or other. It is clear that little change has taken place in the condition of the sculptured walls since the French discovered the tomb, and none at all, excepting the carving of additional names, till after Lepsius' visit. Before that time many details of the sculpture had been injured, e.g., almost all the faces had been mutilated, pro- bably by the Copts, and cracks in the rock disfigured the scenes on each wall of the main chamber : probably these had been found by the original makers of the tomb, and they had patched them up with cement, and continued Uazmes, in our pi. iv., middle top), c (threshing, in our pi. iii., top row), e (stripping the flax-heads, in our pi. iii., second row to left) ; Bl. 11, a, b (scenes on the walls of the shrine, our pi. x.), c (group from the family of Paheri's wife, in our pi. iv.), d (the vintage, in our pi. iv., top right) ; 1 3 a (inscription on the back wall, and statues in the shrine, our pi. ix.). 0 Band vi., pp. 1528-1534, inscriptions accompanying the scenes of agriculture, &c, on our pi. iii.; pp. 1534-5, inscrip- tion from the banqueting scene on our pi. vii. ; pp. 1536-7, part of the inscription on back wall, our pi. ix., 1. 3G to end ; pp. 1539-40, genealogical inscriptions from sides of nicho (our pi. x.) ; pp. 1540-2, ditto from East wall (our pi. vii.- viii.) ; p. 1542, ditto from West wall, wife's family (in our pi. iv., middle); pp. 1543-4, titles of Paheri, from south end of East wall (in our pi. iii., left). 7 Ch. xxv. and pi. xix. (our pi. vii., bottom row, middle). INTRODUCTION. 5 the scenes over them. Instances of such a practice are frequently observable ; and the decay of the cement has too often destroyed the sculpture upon it. The only important differences now perceptible in the tomb are that the old damage has been wantonly ex- tended by chipping fragments from the sides of the fissures, 1 and three attempts have been made to cut out figures or groups. 2 For the restoration of these the numerous early copies have been of great service, so that practically nothing has been lost to this publication through the recent disfigurements. 3 3. THE NOMARCH PAHERI. The principal value of the tomb of Paheri to archaeologists lies in the scenes with their short explanatory inscriptions ; but we can gather from this tomb and from that of Paheri's ancestor, Aahmes, "son of Abana," 4 so much concerning the family and functions of this wealthy nome-prince, that we must devote a few paragraphs to their consideration. 5 The genealogical tables given below, nearly all of which are derived from the evidence contained in the plates of this memoir, show that there are records of no less than seven generations of Paheri's family, reaching up to his great-great-grandmother and down to his grandchildren. He was nobly descended : 1 See pi. iv., vii. and viii. 2 See pi. iv. and v. 3 Restorations have been inserted only so far as they are authorized by the direct evidence of the early copies ; and in all these cases the outlines of the more recent fractures are clearly marked within the restorations, so as to indicate their extent at the time the photographs were taken. 4 Tomb V., L., D. iii., pi. 12 ; Ch., Not. Desc. I, pp. 272 and 654-658 (p. 658 wrongly printed at the back of p. 6G1). Unfortunately, the sculptures in it were never finished. 5 The mythological allusions in the inscriptions are numerous and important ; it has, however, been deemed advisable to leave their explanation to specialists in this class of Egyptian literature. his maternal grandfather was the celebrated Aahmes, son of Abana, whose biographical inscription is one of the most precious his- torical records of the country. Aahmes fought under each successive king of the XVIIIth Dynasty down to Thothmes I., and was a witness of that splendid growth which first cast off the foreign Hyksos yoke, and, spread- ing rapidly, formed the foundation of a powerful Empire in the south and east. By his wife Apu, Aahmes had a daughter named Kem or Kam, who probably, in accord- ance with custom, inherited the family honours in preference to her two brothers ; she married the scribe 6 Atefrura, no doubt a grandee of the Theban court, holding the office of tutor or foster-father to the prince Uazmes. 7 As yet we have no other account of Atefrura than that which is given incidentally in the tombs of his father Aahmes and his son Paheri : he had a numerous family. Our Paheri himself, or perhaps his brother of the same name, 8 constructed his grandfather's tomb. In it we read : " It was his daughter's son who under- took the works in this tomb-chamber, in making the name of his mother's father to live, the scribe (artist) of designs of the god Amen, Paheri;" and again (a prayer) " for Aahmes, son of Abana, by his daughter's son, making his name to live, the scribe Paheri, deceased (?)." 9 It is remarkable that Paheri bears none of the ordinary list of titles — erpd ha, semer uati, &c. : this may indicate that he was not a courtier. There is an air of simplicity and 6 Ch., Not. Desc. i., 658. 7 PI. ix., 1. 36, &c. s In his own tomb, Paheri is always called the /ia-prince, but he was also a " skilful scribe" (pi. ix., 1. 45), and at his grandfather's decease he may have borne only the title of " scribe of designs of Amen." His brother, Paheri, was likewise a " skilful scribe ;" the occurrence of two brothers with the same name and similar titles is embarrassing. For Paheri II., see the footnote 3 on p. 8. 9 Lepsius, Denkmaler, Abth. iii., Bl. 12, d and a. II THE TOMB OF PAH E RI AT EL KAB. straightforwardness about his titles : he was no lawyer and no courtier, but a rich and business - like countryman, a nomarch en- trusted with some important functions by the king. The abbreviated titles commonly attached to Paheri's name are " the /ia-prince and scribe," and in ordinary language, as we learn from the conversational inscriptions in the tomb, he was spoken of as pa ha, " the /itt-prince," or pa ser, "the noble." 1 He is frequently called ha -prince of Nekheb and ha- prince of Anyt. Nekheb (Eileithyiapolis, El Kab, on the east bank) and Anyt (Latopolis, Esneh, on the west bank) were the principal cities in the third nome of Upper Egypt, called Ten (?), and known to the classical reader as the Latopolite. 2 Probably the nome was halved, forming territories on the east and west banks attached to each of these cities, and Paheri was made prince of both, and so of the whole nome. Esneh is about twenty- two miles distant from El Kab, and their territories probably extended north and south beyond these cities. It is not certain that any of his ancestors were / (] T, is evidently a variant of ^ [\c \\ which is preserved in some MSS. of Burton as a title of Nekhebt in one of the temples of El Kab. 9 ,J Cf. also Brugsch, Dictionnaire Geographique, p. 47. SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS. 11 The facade has suffered severely, the whole of the doorway being destroyed ; at either end are inscriptions, originally about 9 feet in height, containing prayers to various deities — en ha en ha en Nek/ieb Paheri maa-kheru " for the ghost of the prince of Nekheb (El Kab) Paheri, deceased." Of these the two columns on the left are a prayer to " Amen-ra, king of the gods, that he may give his pleasant breeze coming [from the North] " and other blessings, now difficult to understand, in the mutilated text. On the right, in two lines, were prayers to two goddesses, and in the third line a prayer to Osiris (?) and the god of Hieraconpolis, a city opposite El Kab, on the other side of the Nile. The texts are — (1) \te seten hetep Nekhebt hezt Nekhen '] nebt pet henut taui, t-es perert nebt her uteh-es em khert heru ent ra. neb prayer to " [Nekhebt, the white one of Nekhen] (?), lady of heaven, mistress of the two lands, that she may give everything that is offered upon her altar from day to day." (2) [te seten hetep He/her nebt set] usert ah, henut neteru, t-es perert nebt her khat-es em khert hern ent ra neb " [Prayer to Hathor, mistress of the mountain], mighty of heart, mistress of the gods, that she may give everything that is offered upon her table from day to day." (3) Prayer to [ Usdr (?) neb] pet Kemhes (?) her db Nekhen te sen Met nebt henket nebt nebt shesep senu en ra. neb " [Osiris (?), lord of] heaven and Kemhes (?) in Nekhen, that they may give all things, all offerings and the receiving of daily food" to the ka (or ghost) of Paheri." The mummied hawk wearing the crown of Upper Egypt is read by some Kemhes. This deity gave one name to the city of Nekhen, now Kum el Ahmar, opposite El Kab, on the 1 For the restoration of this and the following line, compare pi. ix., I. 1-3. other side of the river, it being known to the Greeks as Hieraconpolis, " the city of hawks." There were probably shorter inscriptions on the jambs of the doorway, which are now quite gone. Above are the remains of inscriptions and scenes of Paheri in adoration ; these formed two rows, but they are too much destroyed for any restoration to be made of them. On the right we can ascertain that the deities adored were " [Anubis of] Ut and [Osiris of] Abydos (Abtu) " — an meh db menkh en neb\-ef an] Paheri maa-kheru " by the excellent satisfier of the heart of his lord, the scribe Paheri, deceased," who is now dressed in a long tunic. The doorway probably reached to the level of the feet of the figure of Paheri. In the passage-way, or, technically, " in the thickness of the wall," there must have existed other inscriptions ; but all this is destroyed. We can now proceed to the interior of the tomb. 2. FRONT WALL. Pl. II. On the East half of the front wall, within a border of coloured rectangles, Paheri is repre- sented wearing a loin cloth, a thin tunic, a broad collar and armlets, holding in his right hand a napkin or handkerchief, and in his left a staff. He is proceeding towards the door — 1. pert em ta er ma dten 2. dn ua. res tep her 3. khert neb-ef, ert-en 4. ar-ef rekhut-ef 5. ha, an, 6. Paheri maa kheru " going out on to the earth to see the sun's disk by the uniquely watchful over his master's interests, one whose pen brought (him) his knowledge, 2 the prince, the scribe, Paheri justified." The wall on the left of the door is destroyed. We may suppose that for the sake of symmetry there once had been a figure of Paheri corre- 2 Or "brought him fame (1)," cf. pl. ix., 1. 27. cc 2 12 THE TOMB OF PAHERI AT EL KAB. sponding to that on the other half, but turned in the opposite direction ; in that case one figure would represent Paheri about to visit the indoor banquet and scene of offering upon the East wall, while the other would represent him "coming out upon the earth," as if cross- ing over to the out-of-door occupations upon the West wall. Above the level of the lintel was an important scene with a boat, but only a fragment of it is preserved over the figure of Paheri, already described : possibly it indicated that Paheri or his ghost was prepared for a voyage on the river. Of a symbolical representation at the top of all, there remains only one sign, pro- bably meaning ah, " the East." 1 3. WEST WALL. Pl. IIT.-V. Upon the West wall of the main chamber are three series of scenes. The first of these (pl. iii.) occupies nearly one-half of the total length, and represents Paheri in his public capacity as scribe and nomarch, pushing forward the operations of agriculture within his district, superintending the yearly stock- taking of the herds, and receiving the tribute of gold for the king. In the second series (pl. iv.) he is in his private domain, receiving game and fish, the produce of his vineyard and gardens, and of the looms &c. in his own house. The last section (pl. v.) is occupied with ceremonial scenes from the funeral ritual. It will be observed that all the scenes on this wall are enacted out of doors. The Official Ltfe of Paheri. Pl. iii. (1) Inspection of Agriculture and Corn, The greater part of the plate (more than two- thirds) is occupied with agricultural scenes, in three registers, dominated by a large standing figure of Paheri. The figure has been altered, 1 Cf, the top of pl. ix. the sculptor having made grievous mistakes about the head. Paheri was probably to be represented exactly as on the front wall, but the aristocratic wig, beard, and profile were forgotten until the stone had already been cut away irretrievably. The plebeian features are still the most prominent, in spite of the efforts made to rectify the mistake. Probably a coating of cement was laid on the surface and the head recut, partly in the stone, partly in the cement ; but the latter having crumbled off, leaves the sorry sight of two profiles, two eyes, two ears and two wigs, neither face being now complete. The inscription reads — ma dtrti shenm dtru pert, henut nebt avert em sekhei an ha en Nek/ieb, ha. en Anyt, drer maa em dht nu a resi, an heseb at Paheri malt kherv, " Seeing the seasons of summer, the seasons of winter, and all the occupations performed in the fields, by the prince of Nekheb, the prince of Anyt, who acts and inspects in the corn- lands of the south district, the scribe of the accounts of corn, Paheri, justified." Accompanying Paheri on his tour of in- spection are three attendants bearing bags, napkins, sandals and a stool, as on the East wall; 2 one of them is the "attendant of the fra-prince en (?). 3 In front waits a chariot with its pair of horses of different colours; the groom Khnemem (kazana Khnemem) stands by holding the reins and his master's bow in one hand, and the whip in the other. The empty bow-case is seen attached to the side of the chariot. The groom endeavours to soothe and steady the impatient steeds — aha. em dr nezeb, 41 pa heter dqer, ha (?) mery neb-ef, aha en pa ha dm-ef en bu neb 2 Pl. vi., bottom row to left. 13 The first sign in the name seems to be incorrectly formed in the original. 4 _n_ ->-^ J seems to be for J ^ , which is found in pl. vii., speech of the servant to Sen-senbet. SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS. 18 " Stand still, be not disobedient, 0 excellent horse, 7ta-prince (?), beloved by his master, and of whom the /^-prince boasts to everybody ! " 1 The construction of the chariot is very primi- tive, the wheel having only four spokes. Horses were no doubt still scarce in Egypt ; they are found, perhaps for the first time, amongst the hieroglyphs in the tomb of Paheri's grandfather, Aahmes, son of Abana, during the reign of Thothmes T. 2 Ploughing and sowing are shown in the lowest of the three rows, reaping in the second, threshing, &c, in the first, and finally loading the corn-ships in a lower corner at the right- hand end of the fourth row. A second figure of Paheri is here introduced : as he goes down to the river to the corn-ships, he passes the ploughmen and bids them be quick. 3 Two ploughs are drawn by oxen in pairs ; with each is a driver, and a man sowing broad- cast. They are singing — Jiru nefer, tutu qebu, na en dhu her dth, ta pet her art en dh-en, bak-en en pa ser " A fine day, one is cool, the oxen are drawing, the heaven is doing according to our hearts, let us work for the noble !" One of the ploughmen calls to the other in front of him — as-tu, pa hati, kher}> na en dhu, mek pa ha aha her peter " Hasten, leader, forward with the oxen ! behold the /m-prince is standing and looking on." Four men are breaking up the clods with hoes. One exclaims — khenems as-tu em baku, te-ek uhu-en er nu nefer " Friend, hasten at the work, let us finish in good time." 1 Translations by Maspero of many of these inscriptions are to be found in the Zeitscfirift fur Aegyptische Sprache, xvii., pp. 58 ff'. Others by Erman, in his Aegypten, and by Brugsch in his Thesaurus, vol. vi., pp. 1528 ff! 2 L., D., iil, 12, 6. 3 His speech is translated below. To which the reply is — du-d er art hau her baku en pa ser keru " I shall do more than the work (due) to the noble : be silent (?)." A plough of the usual form is being drawn in the opposite direction by four men with ropes, an old ploughman guiding it with both hands, and a boy sowing. Probably this is for a different crop, e.g. flax. Behind them is Paheri, who, coming down to the river to see the barges laden with corn, passes by the labourers — uza an ha Paheri ma'a Meru er atep na en usekhu em ta sekhet: zet-ef en na en dhutiu, as-ten, ta aht petet-td, k/ier ya Hap aa urt " The /ia-prince Paheri, deceased, proceeds to load the barges in the (river-) meadow : he says to the farm-labourers, ' Hasten ye, the corn- fields are broken up (?) : the Nile was very great.' " 4 The drawers of the plough, replying — zet-sen dry-en, mek-en ; em dr sent her ta aht, si nefer td urt " say, ' We are doing (so), behold us ; fear not for the corn-fields, they are very good.' " And the old driver, taking up the last word, exclaims — neferui peru en re-ek pay[-a] sherd; renpet nefert shut em setebu, senbet semu neb ; kher na en behesu nefer er Met nebt " Twice excellent is your exclamation, my son ! the year is good, free of ills ; healthy in all herbs ; and the calves are excellent beyond anything." In the next row above is the harvest. On the left we see the flax pulled up by men and women, the earth cleaned from the roots, and the stems tied in sheaves, after which the seed- heads are torn off with a comb. The old man 4 This must be the meaning of the passage, since no ploughing is done just before the inundation. 14 THE TOMB OF PAHERI AT EL KAB. at the comb calls out to the youth who brings him a sheaf — dr dn-eh nd 11009 nuk se-khem-d set " If you bring me 11009, 1 am the man to strip them all." The youth answers — as-tu em dr asha-re, pa aa as en dhutiu " Quick, do not chatter, you old quack of a labourer !" 1 Beyond the flax is the corn. The reapers are at work, holding the corn in their left hands, while they cut it high up with the right. The sickles are red, of wood, the teeth white, of flint (?). One of the reapers puts his sickle under his arm, and refreshes himself with a draught of water. They are singing — khen en usheb, zet-sen ' hru pen nefer per em ta' ' ta mehyt pertd ' ' ta pet her art en db-en ' ' bak-en mert db-en.' " In answering chant they say, ' This is a good day, come out on to the land,' ' the north wind has come out,' ' the sky is doing according to our heart,' c let us work and bind firm (?) our heart.' " There are two kinds of corn — one tall with beards (barley?), the second shorter and not bearded ; and the stalks of the reaped portion seem to be shown also. A woman and a child are gleaning behind the reapers, the former with a heavy load on her back ; another is cleverly carrying a basket and two vessels with provisions. One of them exclaims — dmem nduat tet,mek d-en em mesheru ; cm drna en kehesu en sef, ker em pa lieru " Give me a hand (or a handful ?) ; behold we shall come in the evening, do not repeat the meanness (?) of yesterday, cease it (?) to-day." The comfort of the reapers is not forgotten : a light and artistically constructed shelter is seen on the right, beneath which are placed jars of wine or water; these have rounded bases, and some are supported on ring-stands of pottery, others on wooden frames. Several jars are outside, and an attendant holding a napkin and a large palm-leaf fan stands by, endeavouring to cool them with a current of air, ready for the nomarch's arrival. In the top row we see the short-stalked ears of corn taken in immense baskets to the threshing-floor. The baskets consist of net- work stretched on a frame, and are borne on a pole between two men. An overseer holding a twig in his hand calls out to the carriers — ds-ten, meh r etui-ten, pa mu du, peh-ef na en qendu " Hasten ye, quicken your feet : the water is coming, and (will soon) reach the baskets." The inundation is coming before the harvest operations are complete. The carriers say — du pa Sh u shemu, te-tu en pa Shu sunt dt em remu " The sun is hot, may the sun be given fish in payment for the corn." (The inundation would bring the fish.) A man carrying back the pole of an empty basket, exclaims — en ursh pa nebd her remen-d retui ? sit db-d " Haven't I stuck to the pole all day like a man? That is what I like!" (Lit. "Does not the pole stay-all-day on my shoulder very firmly? That is my wish.") The corn on the threshing-floor forms a circular heap, high at the circumference and with a depression in the middle, in which the oxen are treading it out ; a boy with a branch of a tree or broom of twigs sweeps in the strayed stalks. The oxen are five in number, not muzzled, 2 and are driven by a man with a whip, singing — 1 Literally, " you old fellow, refuse of labourers," but there is a play upon the words as "hasten," and as "refuse." 2 Cf. Deuteronomy, ch. xxv., v. 4. SCENES AND he-ten en-ten (sep semi), dhu, he-ten en-ten, he-ten en-ten; teha er dm, dt en nebu-ten ; em crte urt, en db-ten : tutu qeb " Thresh for yourselves, thresh for yourselves, oxen : thresh for yourselves, thresh for your- selves : straw to eat, corn for your masters : let not your hearts be still : it is cool." The next process to which the corn is sub- jected is the winnowing, which is accomplished by tossing the threshed grain into the air with pairs of shovels shaped somethiug like the sole of a foot. The operators wear cloths over their hair to protect it from the chaff ; one of them is sweeping the grain together for the others to scoop up. After this the results of the crops are measured : " the scribe of the accounts of corn, Tehuti-nefer " is registering, seated on a heap of corn, from which two labourers fill their measures, afterwards to empty them upon a secoud heap. Another labourer stands by, holding a shovel ; probably he is noting the numbers upon his shovel, as a second scribe is generally figured in these scenes. Finally sacks are filled at the second heap, conveyed to the walled granary, and there emptied. Of the granary we are shown the plan of the square enclosure and an elevation of the doorway at one corner, and the crenel- lated ornament at the top of the wall is indicated. It contains a tree (sycamore ?) and four heaps of grain. The material com- posing one of them is quite unlike the grain in the other three, and possibly represents the flax-seed. When the granary is full, the shipment of the supply due to the government granaries is next attended to, in the fourth row. Three boats are here seen just starting on their northward voyage, with the masts shipped and resting on the rudder-post, the pilots in the bows holding their sounding-poles, and a man drawing water ; the grain-compartments are doubtless full. The rudder in all the boats INSCRIPTIONS. 15 is a broad oar turned in a rope bearing by means of a short lever. Close by are four other boats taking in cargo : the stepped (?) gangways are put to shore, and the labourers are emptying their sacks of corn into the barges. The inscription above reads : — atep usekhu em dt beteti : zet-sen 'en du ursh-en her fat at henlx beteti hezt : shenut meh, her nemesmes ahau en re-sen, nan usekhu atep tens, at her set er beru : kher tutu her as-en em shemt, as hati-en en khemt ' " Loading barges with wheat and barley : they say, ' Are we to spend the whole day carrying wheat and white barley ? The granaries are full, and heaps are pouring over their edges, the barges are heavy laden, and corn is jutting out : but the master is hastening us in going, behold our breasts are of bronze ! (i.e. never fear, we are made of iron !).' " Above, on the right, is Paheri " proceeding to load the barges." His words, translated above, 1 might perhaps be interpreted to apply only to the field-labourers who are putting in the cargo. It will be observed that an abundant crop is hinted at throughout this scene ; the cheerful idea of wealth and abundance is naturally implied in all the pictures. (2) Registration of Cattle. On the lower part of the wall, at the left end, is a scene much smaller than the last. Paheri is seated on a stool , writing ; before him is a box, and above it on a tray the palette, a roll of papyrus, and a water-skin. heseb tenut menment dn ha. en Anyt, mer aht nu a resi, meh db menkh en neb-ef shaa em Per-Hether neferyt er Nekheb an Paheri " Counting the numbers of the cattle by the /ta-prince of Anyt, the superintendent of the corn-fields of the southern district, the excel- lent satisfier of the heart of his lord, beginning 1 P. 13. 16 THE TOMB OF PAHERI AT EL KAB. from Per-Hathor 1 and reaching to Nekheb, the scribe Paheri." The animals are driven towards him by their herds in four rows — oxen and cows with their calves in the upper two, and below asses, goats with kids, and swine. The asses are driven by a man with a whip, carrying a staff and a foot- hobble over his shoulder. The oxen lying bound upon the ground in the upper register are waiting to be branded ; unfortunately the scene is imperfect, but one man appears to be heating the branding instrument at the fire, and another to be operating on an animaL The representation of swine is very rare. Paheri 's assistant in counting the animals is — sen-ef mery-ef an dqer en un maa, se-kem nes, dqer nezu [-re ?] Paheri maa k/ieru " his brother, whom he loves, an excellent scribe of very truth, perfect in tongue, excel- lent in conversation, Paheri, deceased." 2 He receives the asses in the two lower rows, and a similar individual is seen in the two upper rows, in one case with traces of the same name, which has here been almost entirely erased. (3) Receipt of Gold. This scene is of the same extent as the last, except that the corn-ships have been intruded into one corner. Paheri is seated, holding staff and baton : he wears a peculiar head- covering, that falls down the back almost to the waist, and a collar (useM) is on his breast. It is unfortunate that the inscription is muti- lated in an important passage, leaving the sense doubtful — ■shesep neb en heru qeru en shesep xhayt em a kherpu nu tenia, pen, an res tep $hu em beki, tern meh[a her~\ tetet em her(i)-ef ha Paheri " Receiving the gold of the chief miners 1 Denderah, sue above, p. 6. - For this Paheri II., see p. 8. receiving what has been ordained from the superintendents of this town, by the prince Paheri, watchful without tiring, not failing in what has been entrusted to him." His brother Paheri again assists, recording the amounts. In the upper row four contri- butors are looking on in a respectful attitude, while the gold rings are weighed in the scales against an ox-shaped weight ; another man, kneeling, Avatches the tongue of the balance, and perhaps the plummet; 3 above are the rings in four heaps. In the lower row three bags of ore or dust are seen, beside rings; a box and a tray are in front of Paheri' s brother, the scribe Palieri II., and apparently one of the four men above is having a taste of the stick, his contribution not being sufficient. The names of two of the others are given, viz., her inert Menu (?) and her inert Heru, the chiefs of serfs Menu (?) and Heru. The inscriptions in the temple of Redesiyeh show that there were certain gold workings in the Eastern desert the produce of which would reach the Nile valley not far from El Kab. On the river are two ships passing each other ; one is going south, with sail up, the other, with mast shipped, is being rowed northward down the stream. The latter is probably bound for Thebes, while the former is just arriving thence for a cargo of bullion. The two ships are exactly alike, each having a deck-house with two windows and look-out platform at bow and stern. A chariot is on the top of the deck-house, and the horses are in the bows behind the pilot ; all this, with the painted decoration fore and aft, shows that they are not mere vessels of burthen, but are fitted up for the nomarch's voyages. At the bows of the vessel sailing southward is a pilot with a sounding-pole to try the depth and avoid the shallows ; over him is written — 3 For the action, tee Petrie, Season in Egypt, pi. xx., and p. 42. SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS. 17 ary-en md mend er Per neb, temd nezem shut " Let us give the signal (or sing the chorus ?), come and moor at Per-nub (the house of gold), a city pleasant of shut (glitter or shadow?)." The steersman replies — em shu em kheru-ek, pa enti em ta hat " Do not shu (waste) thy voice (or, do not fail to speak), 0 thou who art in the bows!" The alliteration of shu with shut is evidently the comic feature of this reply. Paheei's Unofficial Life and Amusements. PI. iv. On this section of the wall 1 we have a series of representations from the private and domestic life and affairs of Paheri. They may for con- venience be grouped round the three large figures of the nomarch — (1) Paheri watching the fishermen and fowlers; (2) Paheri with his wife seated under an awning, receiving fruits ; (3) Paheri, with the little prince Uazmes upon his lap, receiving linen and ointments. (1) Watching the Fishermen and Fowlers. This scene occupies the lower third of the plates: Paheri leans on his staff, and watches — ma seMet a/ptu, ham rernu, se-za her em hat nebt drert em sekhet, an ha Paheri maa kheru " seeing the netting of wild fowl, the capture of fish, rejoicing the countenance with all the works performed in the river-meadows, by the /ia-prince Paheri, deceased." In the lower row a clap-net has been laid in a pool between clumps of papyrus, and the wild fowl have settled over it. 2 An old man 1 On the left side of the plate is seen the fissure in the rock. There has been no fresh injury to its right-hand edge, but on the left there have been two unsuccessful attempts to cut out groups, deep grooves having been chiselled out all round them. 2 The water crowded with birds is faintly indicated in the original, but is not clear enough to reproduce. on the watch behind the reeds gives the signal, and no less than nine men pull the rope which closes the net ; the end of the rope has been secured round a post in the ground. We next see the captives plucked, trimmed with a knife on a sloping board, and put into jars for keeping. A crane is brought straight to Paheri. In the upper row a large net with its floats is drawn ashore, full of fish; the catch is carried up to an old man, who splits each fish and lays it out to dry in the sun. We see also a veteran with a spindle making twine, with which the same or another manufactures the net. The attitudes of these two figures are characteristic of the processes. The one gives the spindle a twist on his thigh, the other grasps the end of the net between his toes. (2) Paheri and his Wife seated under an Awning, receiving Fruits, &c, This occupies the middle of the wall, and may be held to include a vintage scene and a group of the relatives of Paheri' s wife. At the top is a representation of the vintage. The vines are trellised, and the stems banked round at the roots with earth, which is cupped to hold the water and keep the ground moist. The grapes are gathered by men and women, put into baskets, and conveyed to the wine- press. At each end of the wine-press is fixed an upright forked pole, to support a bar laid across ; the men treading the grapes in the trough steady themselves by grasping the ropes which hang from the middle of the cross- bar. Rows of amphorae are seen above, and a man who is no doubt filling them with a jar from the wine-press. The products of the vineyard and gardens, as well as the fish and fowl from the nets, are offered to Paheri and his wife. They are seated together, with her arm round his neck, in an DD 18 THE TOMB OF PAHERI AT EL KAB. arbour. This arbour has a roof of rushes (coloured green), and a mat of the same is on the ground beneath their feet. Henut-er- neheh holds a lotus flower, and vegetables resembling the seed-vessels of the lotus as figured on the monuments. The inscription reads — sekhemkh db ma bn nefer, &c. " Diverting the heart and seeing good fortune by the /^-prince of Nekheb, Paheri, deceased, and the mistress of a house, Henut-er-neheh." Strings of pomegranates, grapes, and the flowers, buds and leaves of the lotus, cucumbers in baskets, and a bottle, presumably full of fresh grape juice (as it figures in the vintage scene), are being brought to them by three men in one row. The bottle is of a very remarkable shape, and is evidently identical with a vessel found by Mr. Petrie at Gurob, which was formed of the egg of an ostrich furnished with a long wooden spout. In the second row we note especially the ducks, lotuses, and papyrus flowers from the marshes. The relatives of Paheri' s wife are looking on as guests, and sit facing the arbour. The principal figures are " his wife's father, the chief superintendent of gold miners, Ruru," "his wife's mother Ta-amey," and "her son, the officer of his majesty, Teta." These are seated side by side on chairs, and are attended by two women with vases of unguents and wine (?) ; one of the attendants, named Khnemt., is so good a musician that she is entitled " the musician of the goddess Ne- khebt" (qemdyt- ent Nekhebt) ; between them is a large jar wreathed with a lotus, over the mouth a round platter (?). Behind the first three were probably eight more members of the family in two rows ; several have been destroyed by the fracture of the rock, but we can trace or restore in the upper row — (l)"hersonSe," (2) ,(3) (sou), (4) "her daughter Usert"; in the lower row — (1) " her daughter Henut-ta-mehu," (2) , (3) (daughter), (4) " her daughter Henut-urt." 1 (3) Paheri Dandling Prince Uazmes. In the top register Paheri is seated, wearing a thin vest, loin cloth and tunic, with the royal child upon his lap. The latter is nude, with an amulet ^ round his neck, and the princely lock of hair on the right side of the head. sekhemkh db em khet nebt, art hru nefer, shesep nezt her, tuat Neheb-hau, an menai en sa-seten Uazmes ha Paheri mad kheru " Rejoicing the heart with everything, making holiday, receiving gifts, worshipping Nehebkau, by the tutor of prince Uazmes, the Aa-prince Paheri, deceased." The figures and inscriptions beyond are now grievously mutilated, but a good deal can be learnt from the copies of Hay and Burton. 2 There were figures of adults and children bringing offerings in two rows, and the in- scription indicates that some of them were Paheri's children. In the shrine (pi. x.) three sons and three daughters are represented, and as there is room for six adult figures in the two rows here, it might be thought that these exactly represented the children of Paheri ; but there are four, if not five, women amongst them, so this is impossible. In the upper row we can recognize the names of Ta-khenemset, Ta-tetetes, and Nebt-taui, the three daughters of Paheri ; the figures in the lower row must have been of friends or servants. The inscrip- tion over the upper row runs — meseb nez- [her an mes]u-ef, mesu mesu-ef, tuat (?)... " Bringing offerings by his children and grand- children, adoring (?) " The figure of one little granddaughter remains ; but her name, if it was written at all, is now lost. 1 The restoration in the Description de VEgypte, Ant. i., pi. 68, is evidently imaginary and incorrect. 2 The complete restoration in the Description de VEgypte is again quite wrong. SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS. 1!' The inscription over the lower row (in which we can see that there was one man offering between two women) reads — meseh [ ] henhet renpet neht, tuat (?) upt renpet " Bringing and offerings and all kinds of flowers, adoring (? or ' on the morning of ?) the New Year. 1 " Funerary Scenes. PI. v. At the inner end of the West wall is a representation of the ceremonies, real or imaginary, which might take place at the funeral of Paheri. Scenes of the same cha- racter are found in several contemporary tombs at Thebes; but those hitherto published, while they throw a great deal of light on the subject, are insufficient to enable one to con- struct a clear statement of the order of events, or to explain many of the strange objects and figures that are met with in them. The cere- monies are represented with great elaboration in the magnificent tomb of Rekhmara at Thebes, dating from the end of the long reign of Thothmes III. and the beginning of that of Amenhotep II., and we have referred con- stantly to the valuable plates of M. Virey's memoir on that tomb 2 in drawing up the following description ; but the variation in detail and arrangement is very great. The ceremonies provided an immense series of subjects to select from, so that probably no two tombs would show all the same. The artist of Paheri' s tomb was compelled by want of space to restrict his selection within very moderate bounds. Professor Maspero has 1 It was customary on New Year's Day for an estate or household to offer gifts to the master. 2 Memoires publies par la Mission Archeologique Frangaise au Caire, tome v., l er fascicule, Le tomheau de Rekhmara, par Ph. Virey. The grouping of the funeral scenes is shown on pi. xix., and the details on the succeeding plates. pointed out in a similar case that an inscrip- tion explaining a scene which the artist has thought good to omit has been wrongly retained, and does duty for a totally different subject. This is possibly the explanation of some apparently inappropriate legends which the reader may observe in the present instance. It may be that all the scenes refer to one long-drawn ceremony, namely, the presentation of the mummy to various divinities and temples, accompanied by symbolical acts and offerings. The hawk in the middle of the scene has been cut out recently, a large circular patch being defaced in the process. The restoration in the plate is from the copies of Burton, Hay and Rosellini. a. In the top row we see the funeral sledge drawn in procession by men and oxen. 3 The rope is attached to a bar fixed upon the horns of the cattle, which are urged on with whip and gesture by the driver. Four men are hauling at the rope, three are chanting (?) with raised arms, one is burning incense ; and there is one group erased. In the parallel scenes of the tomb of Rekhmara these men are styled reth, pat, rekhyt neht, which means, perhaps, " people in general — both the present and past genera- tions," all of whom do honour to the deceased. The erasure of a group is noticeable there also. The sledge is covered by a canopy, beneath which the mummy rests upon an ornamented bier, which itself is placed upon a box or coffin. At the head is the female tert shert, "younger mourner," representing Nephthys, and at the foot the tert dat, " elder mourner," for Isis. The inscription over the procession reads — art qrest nefert en ha Paheri, s-art ha Paheri maa kheru er ds-f en Kher-neter, em hetep, em hetep kher neter aa. TJza em hetep er dakhet, er Sek/iet Aaru, er tuat ; er semt er hu enti ha. Paheri pen dm :! Compare Rekhmara, pi. xxi., bottom row. DD 2 20 THE TOMB OF PAHERI AT EL KAB. " Makiug a good burial for the prince Paheri, conveying the Prince Paberi justified to his chamber of the Kherneter, in peace, in peace before the great god. Proceeding in peace to the horizon, to the Field of Reeds, to the Tuat ; to lead to (any) place where this prince Paheri (may be)." b. Behind the " chief mourner" is kher heb her (ep, "the chief lector," holding a scroll. 1 The vertical line of inscription reads — met dn kher heb her tep, " em hetep, em hetep kher neter aa" " Said by the chief lector, ' In peace, in peace, before the great god.' " Two other persons with larger wigs and long staves close the procession ; they are evidently people of some distinction. In order to preserve the clear representation in profile, and avoid a back view, the artist has chosen to put their staves in the advanced left hands, instead of in the right. The inscription runs — met an shesu " uza em hetep, em hetep, er ds-f en kher-neter ; shesep fu emem uru (aau ?) em shes en neter aa" " Said by the followers (of the procession), ' Proceed in peace, in peace to his (sic) chamber of Kber-neter (the necropolis) ; re- ceive banquets among the nobles (or the aged ones ?) as a follower of the great god.' " c. In the second row the priest (the "officiating priest" in Rekhmara 2 ), with a tall censer (ar seneter " censing "), precedes four persons (who are the semeru " friends " in Rekhmara) bearing a chest supported by poles on their shoulders ; between the bearers are visible the two mourners, with their arms in a characteristic attitude. d. A group of two men dancing, Mebt muu "dancing of the buffoons; 3 four shrines — one between two palm trees, over two rectangular 1 Cf. ReTclimara, pi. xxiii., middle row, for this scene. 2 L.c, same row as last. 3 L.c, pi. xx,, xxi., top row. spaces, the first enclosing two pools (?), the second being a doorway (?). In Rekh- mara this seems to represent the arrival at the temple at Pe (Buto). An officiating priest holding an enormous scroll greets a boat on its arrival — zet an kherheb em hetep em hetep kher neter aa " Said by the officiating priest, ' In peace, in peace before the great god.' " The boat is towed by a semer " friend," sem-priest, and an am khent : it contains a tall chest, against which the two mourners, tert dat and iert shert, have seated themselves, closely wrapped. The same or another officiating priest, holding a scroll and raising his arm in declamation, appears behind the boat, by the side of an upright structure, crowned with JcheJeer orna- ment ^ . Over the boat is the inscription — Sebt ha Paheri em ta heqt ah apfu em alt usekht. Met an kher-heb a rt-nef temd em neter en Anpu em kbt usekht dn ha Paheri maa Meru "Entertaining (?) the prince Paheri with bread, beer, flesh and fowl in (?) the Hall. Said by the officiating priest, ' The prince Paheri, de- ceased, has made for himself a mansion in the temple of Anubis and in (?) the Hall.' " e. Two men holding long papyrus stalks precede a sledge drawn by three others. Upon the sledge is a somewhat shapeless mass, of which more below. The inscription, preserved by Hay and Rosellini, reads — er Amentet, er Amentet, pa ta netem ankh, er bu en unen-ek am-ef yh du me-hi du (The last lines are identical in the two copies.) "To the West, to the West, the land pleasant for life, to the place in which thou art (?) : lo ! come, behold I (?) come." The object upon the sledge is of consider- able interest, for it seems to be the victim for a human sacrifice, enclosed in the skin of an ox. A very similar object laid upon a table, and with a human head and hand projecting from it, is figured in the corresponding scenes SCENES AND of the tomb of Rekhmara at Thebes, 1 and is there called Teknu ; but the connection with human sacrifice is derived from the scenes of the tomb of Mentuherkhepeshef, excellently interpreted by Professor Maspero. 2 In this the Teknu is on the sledge, as in our tomb, crouch- ing, while the hide is carried in front of the sledge ; 3 and he is afterwards 4 included in the contents of a pit, apparently a fire-pit, in which a number of objects were consumed. A real, or perhaps fictitious, human sacrifice is pretty clearly indicated in another of the paintings in the same tomb: 5 the Theban necropolis requires diligent searching for further evidence of the practice. Professor Maspero states that a statue of the deceased is sometimes repre- sented in the sledge-scene in place of the Teknu : if this is certainly a statue of the deceased, and not a figure substituted for the living Teknu, it follows that the Teknu may have been a victim to represent the owner of the tomb in some ceremony of consecrating the tomb before the final interment. The statement of Plutarch, 6 that human burnt sacrifices were offered at Bileithyia (Nekheb), is perhaps no more than a very remarkable coincidence. /. The tall chest is in a boat upon the water, with a large censer burning upon a stand in front of it. 7 One of the female mourners is kneeling in the prow, and in the stern a man stands holding a paddle. The boat appears to be already alongside the bank, for another figure is kneeling outside the boat, holding the same paddle ; the artist has, however, represented the last as if he were 1 Cf. Rekhmara, pi. xxvi. 2 Memoires de la Miss. Arch. Franc., tome v., fasc. 3, p. 435 if. 3 L.c, p. 439. 4 L.c, p. 457. 6 L.c, p. 452. Two non-Egyptians are being strangled. 6 De Iside et Osiride, cap. 73. 7 Cf. Reklnnara, pi. xxvi., top row. INSCRIPTIONS. 21 kneeling in the water. The prow of the boat touches the symbol of the Kher-neter, repre- sented by a mount, in which is fixed a lofty perch with a hawk on the top, while the sign /I\ is at the foot. <]. A figure, apparently Paheri himself, is kneeling before the shrine and image of Anubis, represented as a jackal upon a pylon. 8 Paheri's sarcophagus is in a boat behind him, placed upon a bier, with the mourners at the head and foot, while three men are about to remove the lid (?), or to carry the sarcophagus in their arms. The latter action is perhaps indicated in the tomb of Rekhmara. The inscription is — sper er A.n/pu k/ient neter, te er ta er Abtu an ha. Paheri " Approaching to Anubis in the shrine, landing at Abydos by the prince Paheri." The first part of this inscription relates to the above scene, but the second is applicable only to the ceremonies in the next row. A. The lower row is closed by a large seated figure of Osiris in a shrine, holding the crook and flail : 9 the god is mummified, and wears the crown of Upper Egypt. He is entitled — Asdr khent Amentiu, neter ha, heqa zet " Osiris khent-Amenti, great god, ruler of eternity." Before him are two stands with lotus flowers and two trays piled with offerings, which consist of joints of meat, a goose, a cucumber, cakes, &c. This offering is made by Paheri, who, having removed his wig and tunic, kneels in the simplest costume, and raises his arms to the deity — ha en Nekheb Paheri maa Merit zet-ef : ' dnez her-eh neter pen shepsi, neb ta, ur Abez (?) aa em Abtu : iu-nd kher-ek neb-d em hetep, hetep-ek nd : du nek hetepu, setem-elc nds-d dr-ek zetet-d, nuk ua em tuauu tu' 8 L.c, pi. xxiv., middle row, 9 L.c, pi. xxvii. 22 THE TOMB OF PAHERI AT EL KAB. " The prince of Nekheb Paheri, deceased, he says, ' Hail to thee, O (this) noble god, lord of earth, great of the nome of This, mighty in Abydos : I have come to thee, my lord, in peace, give me peace : there are for thee peace- offerings, hear thou my call, do thou my words : I am one of those that adore thee.' " Behind this the scenes are again on the smaller scale, in two half-rows. i. In the upper half -row is a sledge, closely resembling that in the top row, and containing a tall chest or coffin upon a bier, and covered with a canopy. Two men, preceded by an officiating priest holding a scroll, draw it towards — j. Three palms and two bushy trees over a tank of water, with a small rectangular garden plot (?) above, divided into eight squares for irrigation ; 1 on the edge of the plot are placed six ring-stands (?) for jars of water. This figure is puzzling : Mr. Tylor would explain it as a draught-board with the pieces for play on the edge. 1c. The remainder of the half-row is occupied by ten shrines : three of them are open, dis- closing the deities, one of whom is jackal- headed, the other two human-headed. In the tomb of Rekhmara 2 the shrines are fourteen in number, and the inscriptions show that they belonged to very various deities, mostly obscure, but including the four sons of Horus — Amset, Hapi, Tuametef, and Qebh-senuf — who are well known in funerary scenes. In the lower half-row is, first — I. A structure resembling a gateway, with what may be the rectangular plan of the build- ing to which it gave entrance laid out flat above. In the gateway are two buffoons wearing tall caps formed of reeds tied in a bunch at the top. These buffoons are named muu in the tomb of Rekhmara. 3 1 Cf. Rekhmara, pl. xxvii. 2 L.c, pl. xxvi., top row, and pi. xxviii. 3 L.c, pi. xxvi., top row. m. The two mourners, the elder t&rt dat and behind her the younger t&rt shert, are offering bowls of liquid before four libation- tables (?) or pools of water (?). The scene in the tomb of Rekhmara 4 represents these like pools full of water, and the mourners are there designated by other titles, zemtet and kenut, the last possibly meaning "gardener." n. Behind the mourners is a second shrine of Osiris facing the first (/t). The figure, Asiir neter da, " Osiris, the great god," is represented in the same way as in the larger shrine, but standing instead of sitting. o. Behind the shrine is a rectangular en- closure, ornamented or hedged in with the kheher ^ usually found on the tops of high outer walls or as an ornament for the cornice of roofed chambers ; within it stand four human figures without visible arms. In the tomb of Rekhmara 5 the legend with these figures seems to read, neteru, arm dan, uru, " Gods, keepers of the great gates." 4. EAST WALL. Pl. VI.- VIII. The scenes here are only two in number, and seem from their subject to complete the domestic scenes of the central part of the West wall. They are on a large scale, and are pro- bably enacted within doors, as opposed to the out-door scenes on the opposite wall. The first is a great banquet, of which numerous ancestors, relatives, and friends partake, and to which a formal and probably a funereal character is given by the presence of a robed priest to perform an opening ceremony ; the second is an act of worship to the gods, accom- panied by an inscription which, as summarizing the scenes in the tomb, may be taken for the starting-point or the finishing-point of all the 4 L.c, pl. xxvii. 5 L.c, pl. xxiv., top row. SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS. 23 sculptures. The portions recently damaged have been restored in the plates from the copies of Hay and Burton. The Banquet. PI. vi., vii. The principal personages are (1) Paheri and his wife, whose figures are fully life-size ; they are seated at a separate table, and their son Amenmes performs before them a ceremony of offering that is probably confined to banquets to the dead. (2) Paheri's father Atefrura, and his wife Kem, and Paheri's maternal grand- father, Aahmes son of Abana, and his wife Apu ; these are seated at two tables and are on a medium scale. The rest of the figures are smaller, in four rows, the men in the upper rows separate from the women in the lower; these subordinate personages, maternal relatives and friends, ranging from the great- aunt of Paheri to his brothers and sisters, are seated on mats and are waited on by male and female servants, while a band of musicians entertains the party. Excepting the principal personages, the guests all wear on their heads the peculiar conical objects usually associated with such representations. The name is written over each, and in the case of the women some imaginary conversations are recorded, which, like those on the opposite wall, are instructive if not amusing. Lotus buds or flowers are in the hands of nearly all ; the women invariably have one tied round the head- dress. To proceed to the details. The decorated border on the left is composed of oblong panels of blue, red, yellow, and green alternately, separated from each other by a bar of white between two of black ; the whole enclosed between two green lines which run from top to bottom of the scene. The large figure of Paheri 1 wears a full- bottomed wig, a broad collar, and bracelets. The body is nude to the waist, his dress consisting of the loin-cloth and long trans- parent skirt, and he holds a napkin in his right hand while the left is stretched out to the offerings. Henut-er-neheh has the usual tight-fitting dress suspended from the left shoulder ; the chest and arms are bare except- ing that she wears a broad collar and bracelets : anklets are also visible below the dress ; on her head is the usual covering, which falls over the shoulders : it is tied round with a fillet of rosettes, having a lotus flower between two buds on the forehead. A tame baboon, coloured grey, is tied to the back leg of the chair on which these two are seated ; the animal is helping himself from a basket of fruit, perhaps syca- more figs. The inscription above is — ha mer henu neter en Nekhebt, meh db menkh en neb-ef, an Paheri maa. kheru : hemt-ef mert-ef ent est db-ef nebt per Henut-er-neheh maat kheru " The ha-prince, superintendent of the priests of the goddess Nekhebt, excellent satisfier of the heart of his lord, the scribe Paheri deceased: his wife whom he loves of the place of his heart, the lady of a house Henut-er-neheh deceased." In front of the figures was a table of offerings, which has been neatly cut out by the excava- tors of the later chambers ; the lotus flowers which lay on the top of the offerings alone remain. Above are the names of the offerings in a rectangle spaced for twenty-two in two rows ; amongst them are mu, " water," arp, " wine," bat, " honey," with cakes of various sorts, flesh and fowl. The " determinatives " indicating the nature of each named offering are below the names, and numerals for the quantities (whether one or two of each) are put in separate lines. Amenmes, a favourite son of Paheri, who appears also in the scene of wor- ship, 2 officiates, wearing the leopard skin, as was the custom in important ceremonies of offering. The skin is fastened on the shoulder 1 Pi. vi. 3 PI. viii. 24 THE TOMB OF PAHERI AT EL KAB. in a peculiar way ; besides the skin, Amenmes wears only a loin-cloth, bracelets, and a broad collar. His inscription, partly cut away in front below, can be restored — [art te seten hetep an sa-ef] mer-ef Amen-mes, zet-ef ' en Tea-ten, per kheru em Met nebt, du uab ' " Performance of the (ceremony) te seten hetep by his son whom he loves, Amenmes ; he says, ' For your leas, a funereal offering of every kind of thing : it is pure.' " This formula is generally supposed to have been used only in offerings to the dead, but conceivably it may be a kind of " grace before meals," to be repeated at any banquet. In front of the sitting figures are the words sma er Met nebt nefert udbt, "partaking of all good and pure things." Below this was a row of serfs bringing animals, etc., for the banquet. The cutting of the door has removed most of them, but two remain, with a goat, a gazelle, and a hare. Bey ond the door they are received by the scribe Paheri II., who notes their contributions upon a tablet or papyrus. His inscription must be restored somewhat thus — shesep [nezt her] an sen-ef mery-ef en est dh-ef an doer en tep-heseb Paheri maa kheru kher neter aa " Receiving offerings by his brother whom he loves, of the place of his heart, the excellent scribe of accounts, Paheri, justified before the great god." This brother of Paheri reappears on the West wall 1 with the same name and epithets. Four small figures hold the baggage for the scribe. 2 The shesu Ar-hdt-sen " attendant Ar- hat-sen " carries a roll of papyrus in his hand, and strapped to his back a large object, which may be a water-skin in a frame, with long flexi- ble neck ; the attendant Teta carries the sandals and a bag(?) over his shoulder; the "attendant whom he loves of the place of his heart " {shesu mer-ef en est ab-ef) named Kha, carries the staff and stool, while the seh (?) mer-ef en est ab-ef, " neighbour (?) whom he loves of the place of his heart Aputa," bears two bags and brings up the rear. As Paheri and his wife look down the tomb, the rest of the participators in the banquet are seated facing them. 3 First we have the ancestors at their two tables. The upper group is the famous " chief of sailors, Aahmes, son of Abana," with " his wife, the lady of a house, Apu" — (her khenyt Aahmes sa A-baua, hemt-ef nebt per A-pu) An animal resembling a greyhound is tied to their chair; it has been much defaced. The lower group is Atefrura, tutor of the king's son Uazmes, and his wife Kem. We know from his own tomb that Aahmes, son of Abana, was Paheri' s maternal grandfather, and from this tomb that Atefrura was his father. The lesser personages are dressed much like the ancestors, but have no anklets or armlets. The relationships indicated by the inscriptions are generally with Paheri himself, "his brother," "his grandmother's sister's son," &c; but in the two lower rows "Aer son," "her daughter," &c, refer to the son or daughter of Kem, who, as we have said already, was Paheri's mother. In the top row Paheri's brother Herari "receives all good things and makes holiday" (shesep Met nebt nefert, art hru nefer an, &c.) ; he is smelling a lotus flower, and a servant, uba en pa ha Pa-behet, " the butler of the ha- prince, Pa-behet," offers him a bowl of liquid, while he holds two tiny jug-like vases in his left hand. The bowl is evidently of embossed metal, from the character of the ornament upon it. Behind Herari sits Paheri's second cousin Teta (sa en sent ent met ent met-ef, lit. " son of the sister of the mother of his mother"), who 1 PI. iii. 2 Cf. pi. iii., left-hand end. 3 PI. vii. SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS. 25 was an " attendant of His Majesty." Next is his cousin Mezay-se, of the same degree, and then " his mother's brother " Mey : the last appears to refuse the proffered bowl, and the servant, who holds a deep jar, empty, in his left hand, says, uf-na nekt, uah-a tu, " Command me something, and I will let thee alone." The servants of Paheri are evidently very impor- tunate in their attentions to the visitors, as they should be in the house of so generous a host. The next name is much erased ; we can, however, discern khenems-ef Teta, "his friend A-hotep, son of (?) Teta;" next "his friend the kher-heb Tehuti-mes," and, last in the row, "his mother's brother Meshau." The second row shows us Paheri's brothers — (1) Aahmes ; (2) Pamau, " an attendant of his majesty"; (8) Sen-mes, a " guardian of Amen"; (4) Tehuti-em-hat ; (5) Amen-hotep, an " officer of his majesty "; also, a " friend" with the in- scription erased, and his second cousin Kem. The servant who offers a jar to Tehuti-em-hat is " the butler Teta." We next come to the female relatives. In the third row are three daughters of Kem, viz. [Thu]pu, Nub-em-heb, and Amen-sat; also Paheri's second cousin Nub-mehy, and his three nurses, 1 Hepu (mendt-ef Hepu), Sensenbet, and Thupu. Amensat refuses the bowl, and the servant says jestingly — n ka-et s-urd er tekht, dr hru nefer, d setem net zet tayt art, em dr kelit em azau (?) " For thy lea, drink to drunkenness, make holiday ; 0 listen to what thy companion is saying, do not weary of taking (?)." Her companion and distant cousin Nub-mehy is saying to the servant, " Give me eighteen cups of wine, behold I should love (to drink) to drunkenness, my inside is as dry as straw ! " — 1 Khenems "honoured friend," and menkt "nurse," would almost seem to be used as parallel honorific terms for male and female acquaintances, respectively. dmem-nd xvm en yuru en drp, me-h merer-d er tekht, est dm-d en teha (lit. " the place in me is of straw ") . Another servant addresses Sensenbet. " He says, ' Drink, do not refuse (?) ; behold I am not going to leave you ' " — zet-ef surd, em dr nezeb ; me-t mil du-d er uah-et And Thupu seconds his efforts: "Drink, do not spoil the entertainment : and let the cup come to me : behold it is due to the ha to drink " — surd em dr hua thenf, te-et peh-ud ta setht : me-t nesi pa ha en surd The tone of conversation at these parties is not higher than one would expect from the representations of convivial scenes which Wilkinson copied at Thebes. In the bottom row are the musicians. The harpist wears an ostrich feather in her hair, which is dressed like that of a man ; in front of her is a young girl with clappers, dancing ; a woman playing on the double pipe ; and three women seated, clapping their hands to mark time. Behind the musicians are Amen-Sat and Tetuta, great-aunts of Paheri; the latter is accompanied by her daughters Zab, Ty, and Nub-em-nehebt. Paheri Worshipping. PI. viii. Paheri, represented on a large scale, upholds in each hand a censer with five wicks ; behind him stands his wife and three of their children, the latter on a small scale : they are sat-ef urt mert-ef Ta-tet-es, " his eldest daughter, whom he loves, Tatetes " ; sa-ef mer-ef Amenmes, " his son, whom he loves, Amenmes " ; and " his son Ra-hotep." The first two appear to have been the eldest surviving children ; the order of the names in the shrine 2 indicates that they were born after Takhenemset and Kha-em-uast. * PI. X. EE 26 THE TOMB OF PAHERT AT EL KAB. The inscription in large characters before Paheri reads — hetep em set dmentet, pert em ta er ma dten ; un uaut en da Mi dqer dm Mer-neter; rfet-nef shemt- ef, aq pert em ha ankhy, rtet hekenu en Am tuat, uteri Met nebt uefert uabt en L'a Uru-aaMti en NeMiebt nebt pet, en Het-her hert tept set, en Usdr neter aa, en Anpu neb ta zeser ; te-sen se-sent nej nezem en mehyt ; an, &c. " Repose in the Western mountain, coming forth upon the land to see the sun's disk, opening of the roads to the perfect spirit who is in Kher-neter; may he be allowed to walk out, to enter and go forth as a living soul ; to give offerings to Him who is in the other world (Osiris), and to present all good and pure things to Ra-Horus of the two horizons, to Nekhebt lady of heaven, to Hathor princess of the mountain, to Osiris the great god, and to Anubis lord of the sacred land ; that they may give the breathing of the pleasant breeze of the north wind ; by " the ha-prince Paheri and his wife. This is apparently a summing-up of all the scenes in the tomb : Paheri' s desire for future life was to have access both to the world of the dead and the world of the living, and in the latter he would wish to en joy again the times of prosperity which he had passed through on earth : it was for this reason that he caused them to be represented in the paintings. Beyond the hieroglyphs are four piles of otl'erings on reed mats. The top row consists evidently of jars containing the seven sacred oils, so often represented ; in the next is a gor- geously coloured goose, with the haunch of an animal, a wooden stand with offerings, &c. Tn the third heap is a bunch of onions, and three jars of liquids, placed on ring-stands, are wreathed with lotuses. Behind the offerings four female musicians are standing, holding up in their right hands the sacred rattle |! called by the classical writers sistrum; another instrument, the meudt, formed partly of a string of beads of various hues, hangs down in their left hands. In the third row is a male figure, much injured, holding a branch of lotuses in the right hand and a vase (?) in the left. The signs over his head seem to indicate that he is the " [priest ofj the goddess Nekhebt, Sen " Beneath this scene four men are bringing offerings to the banquet, or to the sacrifice above. 1 The leader of these has a very large bunch of flower-stems (sa en sent ent met ent hemt-ef Kem (?) " Kem (?) the son of the sister of the mother of his wife," in other words Paheri's uncle by marriage) ; next, bearing a jar of wine (?) and a live goose is hauti Sen-nefer, " the gardener Sen-nefer"; and after him "the gardener Uhemu," with white cakes (coloured white) and lotus flowers. Behind these are butchers cutting up two oxen and conveying the joints to the same destination as the others. The seten(?) ("butcher") Then-na is endeavouring, with the help of an assistant, to separate the foreleg from the carcase of one of the animals ; one man is taking some ribs, another a fore- leg. At the south end of the wall is a border of coloured rectangles, similar to that at the northern end, described on p. 23. 5. LONGITUDINAL INSCRIPTIONS (FRIEZE AND CEILING). The line of large hieroglyphs over the scenes on the West wall, from end to end of the main chamber, 2 reads — fe hetep seten Usdr Ment Amentiu, neteru dmu Kher- neter, te-sen se-sent nef nezem en meht, art Meperu em ba anM, en ka en Usdr ha Paheri maa Mieru. Un-elc pequ em shert kemt, te-tu nek met em T on BACK WALL, AND J )F Paheri. N D S i>TUES IN THE NICHE. WEST SIDE. EAST SIDE. SIDES OF NICHE. GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00132 2839 EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLICATIONS. I. The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus. Memoir for 1883-4. By Edouaru Naville. With Thirteen Plates and Two Maps. Third Edition. 1888. 25X. II. Tunis. Part I. Memoir for 1884-5. B y w - M - Flinders Petrie. With Six- teen Plates and Plans. Second Edition. 1888. 2SJ-. III. Naukratis. Part I. Memoir for 1885-6. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. With Chapters by Cecil Smith, Ernest A. Gardner, and Barclay V. Head. With Forty- four Plates and Seven Plans. Second Edition. 1888. 25*. IV. Goshen, and the Shrine of Saft-el-Henneh. Memoir for 1886-7. By Edouard Naville. With Eleven Plates and Plans. Second Edition. 1888. 25.1. V. Tunis. Part II., Nebesheh (Am), and Defenneh (Tahpanhes). Memoir for 1887-8. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. With Chapters by A. S. Murray and F. Li.. Griffith. With Fifty-one Plates and Plans. 1888. 25.?. VI. Naukratis. Part II. Memoir for 1888-9. By Ernest A. Gardner. With an Appendix by F. Ll. Griffith. With Twenty-four Plates and Plans. 1889. 25^ VII. The City of Onius, and the Mound of the Jew, the Antiquities of Tell el YuMdtyeh. Extra Volume for 1888-9. By Edouard Naville and F. Ll. Griffith. With Twenty-six Plates and Plans. 1890. 25^.' VIII, Bubastis. Memoir for 1889-90. By Edouard Naville. With Fifty-four Plates and Plans. 25*. IX. Two Hieroglyphic Papyri from Tunis. An Extra "Volume. Translated by F. Ll. Griffith and W. M. Flinders Petrie. With Remarks by Professor Heinrich Brugsch. With Fifteen Plates. 1889. 5s. X. The Festivul Hall of Osorkon II. in the Great Temple of Bubastis. Memoir for 1890-1. By Edouard Naville. With Thirty-nine Plates. 1891. 25*. XI. Ahnas El Medineh. Memoir for 189 1-2. By Edouard Naville; and The Tomb of Paheri at El Kab. By J. J. Tylor and F. Ll. Griffith. 1894. 25^ Special Extra Reports. The Season's Work at Ahnas und Beni Husun. By Edouard Naville, Percy E. Newberry, and G. Willoughby Fraser. 1891. zs. 6d. Archaeological Report, 1892-3. Edited by F. Ll. Griffith. With Seven Illustrations and Maps. 1893. 2s. 6d. PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT. Edited by F. Ll. Griffith, B.A., F.S.A. First Memoir (to Subscribers 1890-91). Beni Hasan. Part I. By Percy E. Newberry. With Plans and Measurements of the Tombs by G. W. Fraser. Forty-nine Plates. Price 25^. ; to Subscribers, 20s. Second Memoir (to Subscribers 1891-92). Beni Hasan. Part II. By Percy E. New- berry. With Appendix, Plans and Measurements by G. W. Fraser. Thirty-nine Plates. Price 2$s. ; to Subscribers, 20s. IN PREPARATION. Third Memoir (to Subscribers 1892-93). El Bersheh. By Percy E. Newberry. With Forty-eight Photo-lithographic Plates, and Two Coloured Plates. Price 25*. ; to Subscribers, 20s. &01T. ©t«-$icgftmxt for America: CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER, Esq., L.H.D., LL.D. ©tcc-fh-esttmt anrj &on. Crrasium for America : Rev. W. C. WINSLOW, Ph.D., D.C.L., LL.D., &c, Boston, Mass. J