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A N 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 In Defence of 
 
 Ancient Architecture 
 PAR A L L E L 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Ancient Buildings with the Modern : 
 
 SHEWING 
 
 The Beauty and Harmony of the Former, 
 and the Irregularity of the Latter. 
 
 With Impartial Reflections on the Reafons of the Abules 
 introduced by our prefent Builders. 
 
 To which is Annexed, 
 
 An Infpeftional TABLE, univerfally Ufeful. 
 
 1 11 uftrared with Sixteen Copper-Plates. 
 
 By Robert Morris, of Twickenham. 
 
 Learn hence for Ancient Rules a juft Efteem , 
 
 To copy Nature is to copy them. Pope on Criticifm. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for D. Browne, at the Black-Swan, without Temple-Bar ; 
 W. Bicker ton, in D evereaux -Court , near Temple-Bar y 
 ]. Pote, at the Golden-Door, againft Suffolk- ftreet, neat Charing* 
 Crofs 5 and J. Walt ho e, at Richmond. M.dcc.xxviii. 
 
 S# • 
 
( iii ) 
 
 THE 
 
 DEDICATIO N; 
 
 TO ALL 
 
 Encourage? s and Practitioners 
 
 O F 
 
 Ancient Architecture. 
 
 S Architecture has been efteem’d worthy of 
 the Study and Care of the greatefl Men in 
 all Ages fince its firft Inftitution, fo the pre- 
 fent feems not totally depriv’d of generous 
 Patrons to fupport the beautiful Remains of it, with the 
 moft vigilant and ardent Zeal for its Prefervation, by 
 
 A Z their 
 
( iv ) 
 
 \ 
 
 their own Practice, and the Encouragement of others; 
 whofe difcerning Judgments are capable to diftinguifh 
 the immenfe Difproportion which there is between the 
 Beauties of the ancient Practices of Architecture, and 
 the Productions of our prefent Executions in the Prac- 
 tice of Building. 
 
 But as the Enemies of ancient Architecture as far fur- 
 pafs the Number of thofe more noble and judicious En- 
 couragers of it, as the Beauties of the one are preferable 
 to the Deformity of the other, and the continual In- 
 curfions and Inroads daily made in its Progrefs uniting- 
 ly confpire, to deftroy and erafe the Foundations of its 
 Beauties ; we cannot but expeCt they are as capable of 
 giving it as total an Overthrow, as it received from the 
 barbarous Goths and Vandals , whofe Proceedings but 
 too much refemble the unhappy PraChces of our pre- 
 fent Enemies to the Buies of the Ancients. But to trace 
 down to our prefent Time, from its firft Appearance, the 
 mod authentick Records of its Rife, Progrefs, Fall, and 
 Revival, let us obferve with what Honours Architecture 
 has been receiv’d and practis’d ; and more efpecially 
 thofe Beauties of it, which are the SubjeCt of the enfu- 
 ing Treatife. 
 
 As to its firft Appearance, which was in Greece about 
 the End of the third Age, Cecrops the firft King of 
 Athens, (the Nurfery of Sciences) founded that City in 
 which D&dalus was born, of the royal Family of the 
 Race of the Kings of Athens, about the Year of the 
 
 World 
 
( V ) 
 
 World 1600 ; and 100 Years before the DeftruCHon of 
 Troy, he founded a School for the InftruCfion and En- 
 couragement of Architects, as Pliny relates, Lib . 26. 
 Ch. 4. 
 
 When Dadalus fled from Crete to Sicily , to fave him- 
 felf from the Anger of Admos, he was for the fake of 
 his Knowledge very well received by Gonfales the King 
 of chat Ifle, whom he inftruCted in the firft Principles 
 of Architecture: This was Ann. Ad. 1645, as related by 
 Viodor. Lib. 4. 
 
 Pliny , Lib . ^6. Ch. 6. fays, that the Excellency of the 
 Grecian Architecture was fo great, that Scvlla caufed the 
 Columns of the Temple of Jupiter Olympus built at 
 Athens (by the Architect Libon , as Paufanias fays in 
 Eliac.) to be taken away to adorn the Temple of Jupiter 
 Capitolinus at Rome . 
 
 Plutarch in his Life of Pericles tells us, that he was 
 one of the greateft Lovers of Architecture among the 
 Grecians , and was fo careful in the Edifices he caufed to 
 be built at Athens , that in the Time of Trajan, wherein 
 this Author writ, they feem’d but as newly done : They 
 were likewife fo very agreeable, that they feem’d every 
 day more and more beautiful. 
 
 Thus Architecture continued in Greece in its full 
 Height, not only during the Time of the Grecian Re- 
 publicks and Kings, but alfo under the Reign of the 
 Roman Emperors, and particularly under that of Adri- 
 an , who built feveral famous Edifices at Athens : Vi- 
 truvius 
 
( VI ) 
 
 truvius enumerates many great Perfonages and Build- 
 ings amongft the Grecians ereCted to their Honour, from 
 whence Rome was furnilhed with all thole noble Ex- 
 amples which have been fince the Glory of the Roman 
 Empire. 
 
 Architecture came to Rome (which was built Anno 
 Mundi 3330, according to Vigenere in the Tables of 
 Philojlratus, 431 Years after the DeftruCtion of Troy) 
 about 461 Years before Marcellus : but they had not 
 the right Genius for it, nor a true Relifh of the Art, till 
 after his conquering Sicily, from whence he brought it. 
 Then it grew more and more perfect at Rome, which 
 is demonftrated by the Theatre which he built, which is 
 one of the fined: and moil regular Pieces of Architec- 
 ture which the Ancients have left; he likewife built a- 
 Temple to Virtue, and another to Honour, as Plutarch- 
 in the Life of Adarcellus relates. 
 
 Pliny fays, Lib- 34- Ch-l'j. that Marcus Scaur ms's Son- 
 in-law embelifhed Rome with furprifing Edifices; he 
 built a Theatre which could contain eighty thoufand 
 Perfons, in which were Marble Columns 38 Foot high : 
 There were likewife many noble Buildings of regular 
 Architecture made by feveral Confuls before the Em- 
 perors, as the Amphitheatre of Pompey, and a Temple 
 of Victory which he built. Likewife in the Confullhip 
 of Quintus Catulus , nothing was finer than die Marble 
 Buildings to adorn the City of Rome , in which were 
 
 IOO 
 
( vii ) 
 
 100 Palaces, equal in Beauty to that of Lepidus ; as re- 
 la ted by Tacitus , Lib. 14. and Pliny , Lib. 36. Ch. if. 
 
 Thus, as tlie firlt Appearance of Architecture was at- 
 tended by a vigilant and diligent Care for the Preferva- 
 tion of it in its Execution among the Romans during 
 the Time of the Repifblick ; fo the Beauties of it were 
 carefully preferv’d and executed under the feveral Em- 
 perors, till Conflantine and Conflantius his Son. 
 
 Plutarch, in his Lite of Julius Cafar, takes notice, 
 that he adorn’d Pome with feveral publick Buildings ; 
 among which were the Temple of Apollo in his Palace, 
 the Porticus , and a Library, which he fill’d with Greek 
 and Latin Books ; the Maufoleum ; and likewife farther 
 finifhed the Temple of Jupiter Olympus, begun long 
 fince at Athens. 
 
 Tacitus, Lib. 3. P 134. fays, that the Romans were fo 
 much given to Building, that it was the Cuftom for 
 noble Families to {hew their Pomp and Magnificence in 
 building publick Edifices, for noble and" ornamental 
 Ufes, as Temples, Galleries, ©V. for the Ufe of the 
 
 City, thereby to tranfmit their Memories, and that of 
 their Family to Pofterity. 
 
 Pliny, Lib. 36. Ch. if. takes notice of the Beauty of 
 the Temple of the Pantheon built by Agrippa. Like- 
 wfe in the Time of Auguflus Ctfar, the magnificent 
 Buildings were in very great efteem; whole lalt Words 
 teftify this, when he faid, he found Rome built with Brick 
 but left it built with Marble : And likewife his Gene- 
 
 rofity 
 
( viii ) 
 
 rofity in being a Patron to the Books of Architecture 
 writ by Vitruvius, fufficientiy demonftrate the Preferva- 
 tion and Honours juftly due to fo noble and beneficial 
 a Science. 
 
 Nero, though otherwife tyrannical to Mankind, had a 
 Veneration for Art, which appears by the Palace call’d 
 the Gilded Houfe, the Remains whereof are of the fineft 
 Architecture of Antiquity. The Excellency of it con- 
 tinued under Vejpajian, and Titus, as is feen by the Am- 
 phitheatre and triumphal Arch they caufed to be made. 
 Plutarch, in his Life of Puhlicola, mentions Domiiian 
 as a prodigious Admirer of Building, who rebuilt the 
 Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus more magnificent than it 
 had been before; he like wife built the Temple of Mi- 
 nerva, and that of Flavius I might name the great 
 Atchievements of Adrian, who himfelf was a Prac- 
 titioner of Architecture, (as Paufanias relates in his 
 Attic.) Marcus Aurelius, and his Son Commodus , Se~ 
 verus, Caracalla , Gordian, Aurelian, and Vioclejian : but 
 - their beautiful Remains fufficientiy demonflrate the Per- 
 fection and Splendor Architecture was in, and with what 
 Honours it was protected, till after the Reign of Con - 
 fiantine , and Conftantinus his Son, when it began to de- 
 cline, and there were no more skilful Architects left, nor 
 Princes whofe Curiofity led them that way : This was 
 about the Year of our Lord 310, as related by Nardini, 
 pag. 407. 
 
 Anti - 
 
( i* ) 
 
 Antiquit, di Po&z,uolo, di S. Ma&zella, fays, that Ala- 
 ricus King of the Goths ravag’d Italy , and took Rome ; 
 after him Genfericus King of the Fandals laid it wafte, 
 and almoft quite defolate: But their greateft Buin was 
 by Tot ilia King of the Goths in 545, who burnt and 
 confumed the City, and laid all its fumptuous Edifices 
 almoft in Allies; he demolilh’d the proudeft Struc- 
 tures, and left it quite ruin’d and eras’d. So far’d it 
 with all the Cities of Italy , and Architecture fell a 
 Victim to the facrilegious Barbarians, and lay buried 
 in Oblivion for the fpace of 1100 Years ; but at laft re- 
 viv’d again by the Vigilance and careful InfpeCtion of 
 thole great Genius’s who flourilh’d in the 14th and iyth 
 Centuries. 
 
 The famous BrumlefcH and Ghiberto carefully f ur - 
 vey’d the decay’d Ruins of Antiquity, and brought 
 Architecture from that rude Gothick manner, which 
 had been every where practis’d down to 1400: 
 they eftablilh’d at Florence the Ufe of the Dortch 
 Ionick, and Corinthian Orders in all their Purity, accord- 
 ing to thole juft Rules they had form’d from the Survey 
 of the beautiful Ruins of the ancient Buildings at Rome. 
 
 Next followed Baftifta Alberti , who purfued their 
 Footfteps, and died in 1480. Donatello, after him, re- 
 viv’d and brought the ancient Ruins into a regular and 
 juft manner; he died in 1484. The famous Bramante , 
 befides the Beauty of the Orders which he brought into 
 
 - - a ufe 
 
( X ) 
 
 ufe again, made the Defign of the great Church of 
 St .Peters at Rome-, he flourifh’d in the Time of Pope 
 Julius II. intruded Raphael in Architedure, and died 
 in 1514, aged 70 Years, buried in St. Peters Church, as 
 reported by Vejari, Vit. del. Eramante. 
 
 Raphael Vrbin, that great and happy Genius, befides 
 his wonderful Performances in Painting, was an excel- 
 lent Archited, died at 37 Years of Age in 1 510, and 
 was buried in the Rotunda. Anthony de San Gallo next 
 follow’d ; he had the Management of St. Peters after the 
 Death of Bramante , he died 1534. Contemporary with 
 him was Baldajjere of Sterna ; he continued Architec- 
 ture in its Excellency at Rome , and likewife Painting 
 and Perfpedive. (Among other of his Difciples was Se- 
 baftian Serlio, who compos’d thofe Treat ifes now extant, 
 under the Name of Sebafliano Serlio Bolognefe.) Baldejjere 
 died in 1 53 6 , and was buried near Raphael in the Rotunda , 
 aged 7 6 Years. 
 
 Next followed Julio Romano , who advanced Archi- 
 tedure and Painting to a great Perfedion ; he died at 
 the Age of 45 Years in 1546. At this Time in Verona r 
 in the Republick of Venice , were many Reliques of fine 
 Architedure, and many great Genius’s ; amongft whom 
 Was Joconde , call’d Fryer John Joconde, becaufe he wore 
 the Habit of the Dominicans , one of the Surveyors of 
 the Fabrick of St. Peters , with Raphael and sinthony 
 Sangallo. Budms fays in honour of him, that he ex- 
 ceeded 
 
( xi ) 
 
 ceeded Vitruvius. Michael San Michael , another Veronefe 
 Architect, and likewife Falconette, both very famous for 
 infpedting into the ancient Buildings at Rome. Sanfo- 
 ' vim , a Florentine, Contemporary with thefe, likewife ad- 
 vanced Architecture to a very great Perfection : he died 
 at Venice, aged 78 Years. 
 
 Amongft thefe may be reckon’d the great Michael 
 Angelo, who advanced Architecture to its higheft Per- 
 fection at Rome and Florence ; his Productions are too 
 many to enumerate, among others he made a new Mo- 
 del of St . Peters Church, which was finifli’d according 
 to the feme Defign. He gain’d the Affection of all the 
 Princes of Italy, and fery’d feven Popes ; he died at 
 Rome, Feb. 17. 156% aged near 90 Years; whence he 
 was fetch’d away privately by the Great Duke of Tufcany, 
 and fumptuoufly interred at Florence in the Church of 
 St. Crofs. 
 
 After him fucceeded P. Ligorio, who fo palfionate- 
 ly loved ancient Buildings, that lie fill’d near 40 Books 
 full of Defigns at Naples and Rome, and all the Pro- 
 vinces where there were any of thofe old Buildings, or 
 Fragments remaining. He was chofen, with Vignola, af- 
 ter the Death of Michael Angelo, to furvey and manage 
 the Building of St. Peter ; but finding fault with Michael 
 Angelo's Defign, he fo offended Pope Pius V. that he 
 difmifs’d him of his Employ, and chofe Vignola, who 
 was Contemporary with him, to carry on that great De- 
 
 a z fign 
 
( xii ) 
 
 fign alone, who was not only a great Architect, but a 
 skilful Painter ; he died at Rome in 1575, a S e ^ 66 Years, 
 as Egnatio, who wrote his Life, obferves. With thefe 
 was likewife Contemporary, that great Architect An- 
 drea Palladio, whofe Works teftifying his Genius, it 
 feems needlefs to praife : he died in 1 580, with all the 
 Honours and Marks of Greatnefs from the Encourage- 
 ment of his Superiors. About the fame time appear’d 
 Maderni , he finilhed the Front of St. Peters, and after 
 him Dominick Fontana, under Pope Sextus the Vth, 
 chofen firft Architect and Engineer to the Kingdom of 
 Naples. 
 
 It would be almoft endlefs to mention the many 
 great Encouragements and great Genius’s which have 
 been fince them in the Year 1600 in moft Parts of Eu- 
 rope, or its arrival in our own Country in the laft Cen- 
 tury, when the rude Gothick way began to be defpis’d, 
 and true Architecture flourifli’d under the Conduit of 
 Inigo Jones, and that happy Genius Sir Christopher 
 Wren ; whofe Works teftify the Greatnefs of their Judg- 
 ments, and their juft Ideas are but fo many Marks of 
 their Knowledge, which will be as lafting in Time, as 
 their Judgments were unlimited in Extent. 
 
 As our prefent Times are infinitely indebted to their 
 careful Practices and Prefervation, fo future Ages will 
 ever be engaged to remember the Right Honourable 
 the Earl of Burlington, the Honourable Lord Her- 
 bert, 
 
( x hi ) 
 
 bert, and Sir Andrew Fountaine, as the principal 
 Practitioners and Prelervers of it in fo critical a Juncture, 
 when its Enemies are invading and undermining its 
 Beauties, with an Intent to dellroy thofe Remains of 
 ancient Architecture with as vigorous a Purfuit, as the 
 others endeavour carefully to preferve it. From the Ex- 
 ample of fo great Protectors of Antiquity, I have pre- 
 fumed publicity to defend thole little Remains of it de- 
 fcrib’d in the enfuing Treatife, the Product of fome va- 
 cant Flours from my Employment; and whatever the 
 cenfuting Part of Mankind may conjecture of it, I have 
 Rill the fecret Satisfaction within myfelf of feeing that 
 my Time, whilft thus employ’d, has not been (like moll 
 of thofe of my Age and Station) loll in a Circle of 
 Follies. 
 
 It is a Task, I mull confels, very difficult in its Un- 
 dertaking; but as I have drawn my Arguments from 
 Nature itfelf, and the Concurrence of felf-evident Proofs, 
 they feem more perfualive to the Bulk of Mankind, and 
 are more adaptedly correfpondent to their Ideas, than 
 all the various Turns of Eloquence, or the principal 
 Fundamentals of a critical Demonllration. 
 
 As fuch are the only Motives which induced me to 
 my prefent Vindication of Antiquity, which naturally 
 arife from an unprejudiced and lincere Principle ; fo to 
 fuch I humbly offer this enfuing Treatife, hoping that 
 the Intention will be received candidly, and that the 
 
 De- 
 
( xiv ) 
 
 Defe&s will be favourably conftrued; which will be Sa= 
 tisfattion enough to me, to think that I am worthy to 
 be efteem’d 
 
 Tour mo ft Obedient , 
 
 And Humble Servant , 
 
 * 
 
 Robert Morris. 
 
( %Y ) 
 
 THE 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 READER. 
 
 ■ ||||MONGST the many Beauties we daily difi 
 |||p cover and behold, there feem none more 
 I* immenfely great, than thofe which are uni- 
 »rt8l!^§§l ted in the Pradice of Architedure; which I 
 take to be of the higheft Rank, either in confideration of 
 its natural, or with a View to its artificial Extent. Now 
 the Signification of Architedure I fuppofe to be no 
 other than an Objed, whole regular and united Com- 
 pofitions form that Symmetry which is univerfally e- 
 fteem’d as beautiful. 
 
 Now 
 
( xvi ) 
 
 Now Beauty, I imagine to be founded, or chiefly to 
 confift in two principal or neceflary Rules, which are 
 Order in Difpofition, and Variety in Matter : Thefe me- 
 thodically united, and juftly intermix’d and proportion’d 
 with a natural Conformity to each other, give Grace to 
 every ObjeCt which is accounted harmonious or beauti- 
 ful This, in fhort, feems to be the whole general Te- 
 nor of Architecture, taken with a View to itfelf, either 
 in Divine, which are the Beauties of natural, or Human, 
 the ProduCt of artificial, ObjeCts. 
 
 X might here indeed defcend to define wherein the 
 Beauties of Nature confifted, even in forming a corn- 
 pleat Piece of Architecture in infenfible Bodies, or in- 
 animate Beings, in which are an infinite Number of Har- 
 monious Compofitions, that by the regular Connection 
 of the fmalleft Fibres, (or the minuteft Parc of it, invi- 
 fible to the naked Eye) if duly confider’d by a nice Spe- 
 culation, is nothing but a moft beautiful Model of di- 
 vine Architecture. 
 
 Or to raife our Ideas to a more advanc’d View in na- 
 tural Architecture, that is, in refpeCt to ourfelves, (the 
 moft noble Part of the Creation) every ObjeCt, whofe 
 Members and agreeable Features, and Lineaments, form 
 that Difpofition which naturally afFeCts and pleafes the 
 judicious Eye, and by this Rule is univerfally efteem’d 
 as beautiful : I cannot but conceive it in this Senfe to 
 be no other, than a fine-proportion’d and a lovely Piece 
 of Architecture. But as this is an InfpeCtion top cu- 
 rious 
 
( XVii ) 
 
 rious for my Talent, and more properly adapted to the 
 Studies of thofe whofe Contemplations are the Ideas of 
 natural Phiiofophy ; I Ihall leave it to be defin’d by thofe 
 whofe Judgment and Genius is more aptly apply ’d to 
 the Study of Divine or Natural, to confider the Beauties 
 of mathematical or human Architecture, in that Part of 
 it which relates to Building, and in this chiefly to the 
 external Pofition. 
 
 In fliort, Reader, the following Piece is a Treatife of 
 Architecture, or rather a Defence of thofe beautiful Ex- 
 amples and Rules which were prefcrib’d by the ancient 
 Practitioners of it, through which I have kept myfelf 
 entirely to the Subject of my Title-Page, having vary’d 
 no farther than what Neceflity feem’d to require : Nor 
 need I by way of Preface enlarge upon the infinite 
 Beauties of the PraCtice of the Ancients, in companion 
 of thole wretched, deform’d, and bale Practices of our 
 modern Builders ; fince almolt every Page is lo plain 
 and intelligible, that nothing leems deficient to excite 
 us to the Practice of the former, and the utter Detella- 
 tion and Abhorrence of the latter. But as it is the na- 
 ture of fome to be ever condemning what is not con- 
 formable to their own Practice, or contrary to their Sen- 
 timents, I Ihall in this place anfwer two or three Objec- 
 tions which may be rais’d againft the Work by thofe of 
 a cenforious Nature and Temper, and like wile make ule 
 of fome particular Remarks in Defence of the Antiqui- 
 ty of Architecture. 
 
 b 
 
 But 
 
* 1 ^ * ** - • — • g 
 
 ifut before I enter upon anfwering the Objedions 1 
 before hinted at, I mud beg leave to obferve to you, 
 that there is fo near a Conformity, fo Arid an Adhe- 
 rence, and fo natural an Affinity between Self-Opinion 
 and Error, that we ever find them united as infeparable 
 Companions ; and fo fatal are its Tenets, fo dangerous 
 its Ends, that it is impoflible to difeover any thing in 
 its true Light, while poffefs’d with fo prejudicial a Prin- 
 ciple : for how can we in reality, with an impartial View, 
 difeern the Blemifhes of another, when at the fame time 
 the Beam in our own Eye obdruds the Sight of the far 
 greater Defeds in ourfelves ? I {peak this by way of Pre- 
 caution, to thofe who are too apt to loofen the Reins of 
 their Inveteracy upon any thing which does not exadly 
 quadrate with their own unhappy midaken Principles : 
 but as thefe are not the fingle Enemies I have to en- 
 counter with, I fhall obferve feme different Degrees of 
 Criticks of this kind, and how unworthy they are of the 
 lead notice of thofe who ad in a Conformity to the 
 Principles and Virtues of our Ancedors, thofe noble Pre- 
 deceffors who left us fo many lading Monuments of 
 their Glory, that even Nature itfelf feems to dired us 
 to immortalize their Judgment, by the drided Adhe- 
 rence to the Pradice of thofe unerring Rules, thofe per- 
 fed Standards of the Law of Reafon and Nature, found- 
 ed upon Beauty and Neceflity, which they left us to 
 condud and guide us fafely through the intricate Laby- 
 rinths 
 
( x ix ) 
 
 rinths of a perfect Knowledge in found Building But 
 to my Subject : 
 
 There is a particular erroneous Folly, which feems to 
 be a Principle imbibed in Minority, which too many 
 (who are Readers only) are guilty of: It is not only 
 that unaccountable Error in difplaying their Judgment 
 by proceeding to read in or near the latter End of a 
 Treatife before having perus’d the Beginning ; but from 
 thence falling into a more unpardonable Fallhood, which 
 is to judge from that place only of the Truth or Falfe- 
 hood, the valuable or invaluable Parts of it, when per- 
 haps they’ve not been at the trouble of fo much as ex. 
 amining the Title-Page. There is likewife a Proceeding 
 as unjuftifiable as the former, which is, pretending to 
 judge of a Work by even the Name or Bufinefs of an 
 Author ; and as thefe are in their efteem, fo they either 
 praife or condemn, it may be, what they’ve nevr feen 
 much llefs examin’d. 
 
 There is another fort of Men which are, if poffible, 
 more reproveable than our former, (who pin their Faith 
 upon another’s Sleeve ;) that is, thoie who judge of the 
 Works of others by hear-fay only, catching the Decilion 
 from the Mouth of another, and fo difplay their pre- 
 tended Knowledge to the Ignorant, in difpraifina or 
 valuing it, as they’ve receiv’d Information from another, 
 and he too perhaps in the fame cafe as himfelf. And 
 laltly, another fort of pretended Criticks that can fcarce 
 repeat the Letters of the Alphabet in a diftind and re- 
 
 b 1 gular 
 
 . 
 
( XX ) 
 
 gular Method, that can difpute (as felf-knowingly) from 
 the common Judgment of things, and are as afpiring in 
 their Sentiments to an Equality with a Man of the 
 greateft Knowledge in Letters, when in Con ver fat ion 
 with the Illiterate, like themfelves, they endeavour to 
 illuftrate their Difcourfe, to appear fomething, repeating 
 Leflons (in their own deceiv’d Imagination) in Gram- 
 mar, when at the fame time they cannot define the Sig- 
 nification of a Noun. From finch Cenfurers as thefe, be- 
 ing fo frequent, I cannot but expe<ft to (hare the fame 
 falfe Gloifes and Expofure with others who appear to 
 the Publick ; but as they are unworthy the confuting, or 
 indeed more eafily condemn themfelves, I fhall turn my 
 Obfervations to the nature of a true Judge, and fhall 
 endeavour to clear two or three Paflages which may be 
 conducing to myfelf, in relation to the Subject I am now 
 upon. 
 
 The Talent then, in brief, of a true Critick, feems to 
 be to examine thoroughly the Intention, Defign, and 
 End of the Things propos’d or taught: To confider the 
 Rules and Methods, if juft and pure, to take the Refult 
 of the whole Piece, to fee if conformable to Truth or 
 Reafon, if genuine and free from Theft. A Knowledge 
 ought to be had of the Subject itfelf, and the Sciences 
 or Rules which have the minuteft Relation thereto: 
 Without a juft Regard to thefe and other Accomplifh- 
 ments requifite to form a compleat Judge, we may ex- 
 tend our Rage to the moil advanced height of Centure, 
 
( x xi ) 
 
 and become not Judges of the Works of others, but 
 moft worthy the Juftice of being condemned ourfelves. 
 Nay, by fo expofing others, we more unwarily expofe 
 ourfelves in our own Failings, and dig the Pit which we 
 fall at length into ourfelves. From hence we may con- 
 clude, that this Obfervation is fufficient to curb the un- 
 ruly Pa ill on s of the Cenforious, and of force enough 
 to fufpend the Judgment of the more Knowing, till a 
 thorough Examination is neceffary to give you a per- 
 fect Idea of the good and bad Rules and Methods pre- 
 fcrib’d, and an intelligible Conceivement of the Ac- 
 complifhments, to compleat a true Judge of this kind 
 of Writing, or the Endowments of the Mind, requifite 
 to form in the moft elevated Senfe a perfect Idea of 
 the Beauties of ancient Architecture. 
 
 Qbjett. I. But to return, it may be objected, That 
 there are Books of this kind daily publifli’d, which treat 
 more fully, and give a more ample Definition of this 
 Science, than what I can pretend to do. But 1 think 
 very few appear but with an affeCted Air of Singularity, 
 engrafting by a different Difpofition of Materials new 
 Inventions of their own, without regard to the more 
 neceffary Parts and Branches of Building which guided 
 the Ancients : Which, I muft confefs, has been my chief 
 Aim in the moft minute Part of it. Likewife this con- 
 fifts rather in Defence than InftruCtion, and if I have 
 been too tedious in Definition, it is chiefly to inform 
 
 thofe 
 
( xxii ) 
 
 thofe who are unappriz’d of the minuter Proportions, 
 to inftruct them in an abfolute Neceffity of an Adhe- 
 rence to them, by avoiding that dangerous Enemy to 
 it, Novelty and Singlenefs, which are the moft penetrating 
 in an early Accefs to Knowledge : likewife to inculcate 
 a ftronger and more lively Idea of it, by different Views 
 and Turns of Variety in the SubjeCt, fo that they may 
 ftill keep in mind the End of the Thing propos’d; which 
 is, that we may have that Practice of the Ancients in Ar- 
 chitecture arrive to fuch Maturity, that it fhould be above 
 the reach of its Enemies to deftroy. 
 
 Objett. II. It may be likewife objected, (but admit 
 the former to be anfwer’d) that this is compos’d with 
 Speculation, which is lefs perfuafive than Practice of Ex- 
 ample : Building is chiefly adapted to a Mechanick Ta- 
 lent, fo I imagine the InfpeCtion may be the more per- 
 fect, when the Imagination is rais’d by a Variety of De- 
 fcriptions, it feems more imprinted on the Mind, than 
 that which is receiv’d by the Eye. The Eye can only 
 Purvey, and is confined to a narrow Limit ; whereas the 
 Ideas conceiv’d by a lively Defcription, or a bare Re- 
 prefentation, imprint on the Mind a lading Impreffion : 
 For if the InfpeCtion be genuine and true, if fupported 
 by rational Arguments, by natural Allufions, and the 
 Concurrence of felf-evident Proofs, the Impreffion is 
 ftronger by far than an ocular View. When Reafon is 
 the Support and Guide to our Defires, they are more 
 
 perfeCt 
 
( xxiii ) 
 
 perfect and pleafing in the Survey, than all the intricate 
 Labyrinths of Self-Opinion, in Practice, and are more 
 acceptable to the fupple Part of Mankind, than the cri- 
 tical Do&rine of ocular Demonftration. But I muft let 
 the Work anfwer for itfelf, whether it be thus far va- 
 luable or not, for being only infpe&ional. 
 
 Objett. III. It may be likewife objected, that it is a 
 Task too afpiring for one whofe Talent is chiefly de- 
 pendant upon, and adapted to the laborious Exercife of 
 the Body. I muft obferve, that none are more capable 
 of judging the Soundnefs of Materials, the Compo- 
 fition or its Matter, or the Capacity of its Duration, than 
 the Peifon who daily experimentally proves their Force 
 and Effects : but neverthelefs, as this Part I have treated 
 of is chiefly dependant upon the external Difpofition of 
 me Materials, or that which chiefly relates to Beauty , 
 
 I muft acknowledge it is a Task more particularly adap- 
 ted for thofe who move in a higher Sphere, fiiperiour 
 to that where bodily Exercife has the greateft fhare, and 
 whofe Support is fuftain’d by a Labour far lefs pleafing 
 than that of the Mind. 
 
 I might here indeed defcend to more particular Ob- 
 fervations in refpecft to rnyfelf j ftich as a too clofe Ap- 
 plication of divine and natural Architecture, that I have 
 been too tedious in Definition, & c. but this would de- 
 tain me too long from my Defence of the Work itfelf, 
 again ft thofe who would object the Perfection of Anti- 
 
 quity, 
 
( xxiv ) 
 
 quity, by imagining it to be lefs valuable than thofe 
 Practices of our modern Builders, or as our own Judg- 
 ment dictates, or that the Grecians were not its Inftitu- 
 tors, or thofe which gave it its final Perfections. I fliall 
 be as expeditious as poffible in the Remarks, by obferv- 
 ing, that Antiquity has the more engaging AfpeCt : For 
 doubtlefs a Succeffion of Practice is the moft evident 
 Proof of the Infallibility of our Judgment, and in this 
 cafe nothing has been more convincing ; for through all 
 Ages of Hiftory this Science has been by fome of the 
 moft Learned and Knowing, practis’d with a fure and 
 certain Succefs of Beauty and Duration. Look into the 
 many Inftances of Examples produc’d by our famous 
 modern Writers, (amongft whom Palladio ) nothing can 
 be more convincing how perfect the Ancients left thofe 
 Footfteps, of which he has given us a full Idea ; the 
 many Temples ereCted by the Romans , imitated from 
 Greece , to their fictitious Deities, were accounted fo ex- 
 ceeding rare, that nothing feem’d wanting to compleat 
 the Performance of that Art invented and perfected by 
 the Grecians ; which I come next to confider. 
 
 Object. IV. The Time of its Duration is above two 
 thoufand Years, fince Hiftory has remark’d upon its Beau- 
 ties, and thofe of Greece as the Founders ; for the Names 
 of the very Orders were deriv’d from the Countries where 
 they received their firft unpolifh’d Form. I fhall a little 
 open the Remarks from a Paftage in the 6th Book of Ho- 
 mers 
 
( xxv ) 
 
 mrs Iliad , where, even in thofe remoter Ruins of loft 
 Ilium, he defcribes the Palace of Paris juft before that 
 tender Epifode of the parting of He&or and Andro- 
 mache, in this manner : 
 
 Verfe 305* Rais'd on arch'd Columns of ftupendous Frame . 
 Again, 390. Himfelf the Manfion rais'd. 
 
 This, with other Defcriptions of Temples fcatterd in 
 his Works, give us a full Idea of its Beauties, and an 
 entire View of its Antiquity. But whether thefe were 
 fidtitious or no, I am not now to determine ; if in reality 
 we admit they were, and that no Troy or fuch Place had 
 ever been, yet in his Time there muft neceftarily have 
 been feme Productions of this nature, elfe there could not 
 have been a Poflibility of fo lively a Reprefentation. 
 
 Flomer had likewife, no doubt, a regard to immorta- 
 lize his own Name, as well as the Fame of his Country, 
 firft to flhew his own Judgment, and the perfedt Know- 
 ledge of Greece in a Science To noble and ufe fill to 
 Mankind: For this purpofe, he contrives to make Paris 
 himfelf the Architedf, to raife his Country’s Glory, by 
 giving us leave to imagine, that Paris (whofe natural 
 Genius lay in Study and Knowledge) when left foie 
 Matter of his beloved Helena , made, no doubt, an In- 
 fpedfion into the Cuftoms and Manners of the Grecians , 
 as to their Knowledge in Buildings; and the more to 
 engage his beauteous Objedt (after his departure with 
 him) to have a more noble Efteem for himfelf, builds 
 
 c this 
 
( xxvi ) 
 
 this Palace for her Reception and Entertainment, every 
 way conformable to the Practice of the Grecians , that 
 by a conftant View of its Beauty, fhe might fee that.it 
 was with a majeftick Grandeur, equal to that of her own 
 Country, that fhe was receiv’d ; and likewife to fhew her 
 that nothing fhould be wanting in Art to make her 
 every way as compleatly happy, as when in the Palace 
 of Menelaus. 
 
 As to the Character which Homer raifes to the Im- 
 mortality of the Grecians , there feems likewife room to 
 conjecture, that he had fome view of eternizing his own 
 Name; for doubtlefs he would have been very cautious 
 of mentioning any thing to advance his own or Coun- 
 try’s Character, barely from the original Fountain or Ap- 
 pearance of a Science in refpeCt to its Perfection ; be- 
 ing too well acquainted with natural Reafon, not to 
 know that every Art improv’d fo in its Minority, that if 
 imperfeCl, or afterward to be improv’d, it gave room 
 for diftant Ages to condemn an Affertion in refpeCt to 
 its PerfeCtnefs, which inftead of advancing the Charac- 
 ter of the Author, feems rather prejudicial and condem- 
 nable : From which we may conclude, that very little 
 could be added to make it more perfect or compleat, 
 even in the Days of Homer . What diftance that is from 
 our own Time, you may fee in Mr. Pope's Life of him, 
 in his Preface prefix’d to his Iliads . 
 
 If, notwithftanding all thefe Affertions to prove the 
 Antiquity of Architecture; it may be alledged the Afler- 
 
 tions 
 
( xxvii ) 
 
 lions are only fuppoficional, I fhall here infert a Paffage 
 from Milton, which feems obliquely to hint, not only 
 at the Antiquity of Architedfure, but is likewife to the 
 eternal and juft Honour due to the Grecians ; where 
 fpeaking of the Palace of Pandemonium , in his firft Book 
 of Paradije Loft, he fays, Line 714. 
 
 Built like a ’Temple , where Pilaflers round 
 Were fet, and Dorick Pillars overlaid 
 With Golden Architrave ; nor did there want 
 Cornice nor Freeze.- 
 
 Here it feems evident, that Milton might have given 
 the juft Character or Honour due to another Country, 
 had it been that Greece was not in reality the firft In- 
 ventors : for a little further, in fpeaking of the Architedt 
 Vulcan, he has the following Remark: Line 738. 
 
 Nor was his Name unheard or unadord 
 In ancient Greece. 
 
 Since what has been remark’d on the foregoing Heads, 
 is, I doubt not, fufficient to give you an Idea & of the 
 Antiquity of Architedfure ; I fhall now proceed to enter 
 on tile oubjedt before us, with this final Conclufion, 
 That notwithftanding this fhould be condemn’d by all 
 Mankind, 01 taat they fhould univerfally confpire to an- 
 nihilate or deftroy the Remains of it j yet it fhall ftill for 
 
 me 
 
( xxviii ) 
 
 me continue free from Difturbance, by fuch an Adhe- 
 rence to the Practice of it, as fliali be equal to its Va- 
 lue : Which I’ve defcrib’d, or at lead endeavour'd fo to 
 do, in the following Treatife of the Beauties of ancient 
 Architecture. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 P Age 4. line 27. read Architectural, p. 8. 1 . 1 r. r. hut what is. p. 15- 1 * 
 
 r. even in , &c. p. 17 . 1. 23. r. of thefe uniting y dcc. p. 3d. 1. 23. r. for whom. 9^ 46. 
 1 . 1 1. r. or the Semi , &c. p. 74. 1 . 1 6. r. they more , &c. p. Bo. 1 . 19. r. defining 
 the. p. 81. I.27. r. Stuff, p. 84. in the Chap. Title, r. a Front ; and 1 . 4. ior 
 
 tzvo Profiles , r. a Profile . 
 
A N 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 In Defence of 
 
 . Ancient Archite&ure, &c. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 A General Introduction. 
 
 H E moft exalted Happinefs of Man’s Life, 
 confifts in the Satisfaction arifing from 
 a Contemplation of the Hand of God, 
 fo clearly difplay’d in the vifible natural 
 Works of the Creation, (that is, the won- 
 derful Beauties of Nature effected by the immediate 
 Hand of Providence, and aififted originally, and en- 
 
 B tirely 
 
( 1 ) 
 
 tirely actuated and directed by the Supreme Being alone) 
 and from Arc, in Imitation of this fupernatural Power, 
 from which flows a Senfibility and divine Admiration of 
 that Power, whofe beautiful Operations adorn every 
 part of the Univerfe with natural, as well as artificial 
 Architecture. 
 
 I fliall here, in a particular manner, give fome Rea- 
 fons why I endeavour to draw a Conformity between 
 natural and artificial Architecture ; between that which is 
 the Produd of human Architecture, and that which is 
 the Handiwork of Nature. Firft, That no Science but 
 Architecture is, or has been permitted to contain the 
 facred Deity, for which we are furniflr’d with the nobleft 
 Buildings that have adorn’d the_feveral Countries of the 
 World : It is this which lias fet Men at work on Temples 
 and publick Places of Worfliip, not only that they might, 
 by the Magnificence of the Building, invite the Deity 
 to refide within it, but that fuch flupendous Works 
 might at the fame time be Competitors with the great- 
 eft Structures of Nature : Befides, it likewise opens the 
 Mind to vaft Conceptions, and fits it to converfe with 
 theDivinity of the Place ; for every thing that is tnajeftick, 
 imprints an Awfutnefs and Reverence on the Mind ot 
 the Beholder, and ftrikes it with the natural Greatnefs 
 of the Soul. Secondly, Becaufe Works of this kind are 
 more pleafant, the more they referable thofe of Nature;, 
 they receive a greater Advantage in the beholding of 
 them, becaufe the Similitude is not only pleafant, but 
 the Pattern more perfeCf. There is generally in Nature 
 fomething more grand and auguft, than what we meet 
 with in the Curiofities of Art; when therefore we fee 
 tills imitated in any meafure, it gives us a more noble 
 
 I 
 
( 3 > 
 
 and exalted kind of Pleafure, than what we receive from 
 the nicer and more accurate Productions of Art. Third- 
 ly, Architecture was drawn originally from the Foun- 
 tain of Nature. Fourthly, That the greateft Beauties of 
 Nature (till adorn its Performance now perfected. And, 
 Laftiy, That God, the World’s Architect, (as Milton and 
 feveral other divine Writers frequently call him) has 
 more than once been pleafed to direCt Mankind in the 
 attainment of it, as by the Example of Noah in Naval 
 Building, and Solomon in Templar and Domal Archi- 
 tecture. But to return. 
 
 So great is the unfathomable Depth of natural Ar- 
 chitecture, that the feeming loweft contemptible InfeCt, 
 the fmalleft Mite, or the very Atoms of the Air, is a 
 myfterious ACt of Divine Wifdom ; or whether we con- 
 fider the Theories of the Earth, or Heavens, the Difco- 
 veries they have made by Glaffes, or any other Con- 
 templations on Nature : 4 We are not a little pleas’d, 
 
 fays a great Author, 4 to find every green Leaf fwarm 
 4 with Millions of Animals, that at their largeft Growth 
 4 are not vifible to the naked Eye ; or to enlarge the 
 4 Ideas of the Imagination by degrees on the Contem- 
 4 plation of Nature, in the various Proportions which 
 4 its feveral ObjeCts bear to each other, when we com. 
 4 pare the Body of Man to the Bulk of the whole Earth, 
 4 the Earth with the Circle it defcribes round the Sun, 
 4 the Circle to the Sphere of the fix’d Stars, the Sphere 
 4 of the fix’d Stars to the Circuit of the whole Creation, 
 4 the whole Creation itfelf to the infinite Space that is 
 4 every where difFufed about it ; we are loft in the La- 
 4 byrinths of Worlds, and confounded with the Immen- 
 4 fity, and Magnificence of Nature : Or to bend the 
 
 B z 4 Ima- 
 
( 4 ) 
 
 4 Imagination downwards, to confider the Bulk of a 
 * human Body, in refpeCt of an Animal, a hundred 
 4 times lefs than a Mite ; the particular Limbs of fuch 
 4 an Animal, the different Springs which aftuate the 
 4 Limbs, the Spirits which fet thofe Limbs a going, and 
 4 the proportionable Minutenefs of thefe feveral Parts, 
 4 before they have arriv’d at their full Growth and Per- 
 4 feCtion : and if, after all this, we take the leaft Par- 
 4 tide of thefe Animal Spirits, and confider its Capacity 
 4 of being wrought into a World that fhall contain with- 
 4 in thofe narrow Dimenfions a Heaven and Earth, and 
 4 Stars and Planets, and every different Species of liv- 
 4 ing Creatures, in the fame Analogy and Proportion 
 4 they bear to each other in our own Univerfe, and to 
 4 difcover in the final left Particle of this little World, 
 1 a new inexhaufted Fund of Matter, capable of being 
 4 lpun out into another Univerfe . 5 I fay, fuch Specula- 
 tions as thefe raifed in the Imagination, in the Con- 
 ftruCtion of Nature, are capable of opening the Ideas 
 to an immenfe Scene of Beauties : Nay, we muft be de- 
 generated into the utmoft State of Perdition and Apo- 
 ftacy, muft wholly over-whelm the Faculties of the Soul 
 with total Ignorance and Infenfibility, and debafe the 
 Dignity of human Nature to Brutality itfelf, to be du- 
 bious and unconvinced of the immediate Beauties of 
 Nature, and the Hand of a Divine Power alone, in the 
 architeftual Creation of the World, and all its Works. 
 
 Thus as we daily difcover frefh Beauties to admire in 
 the Order of Nature, fo has Art likewife its adorable 
 Perfections; the firft Productions of which being always 
 accounted exceeding rare, it being fo difficult to invent? 
 fo vaft is the Extent of Art, and fo narrow and limited 
 
 the. 
 
( 5 ) 
 
 the Judgment of Human Kind, by Afliftance we form to 
 ourfelves a true Idea of things ; which, if we were to 
 commence with firfl of ourfelves, we might make no 
 farther a Progrefs in the Difcovery, than to what the 
 Judgment of another might extend upon the fame 
 Theme, (I fpeak of fuch who have not communicated 
 their Sentiments or Ideas of Improvement in an origi- 
 nal Scheme;) and yet perhaps the Thoughts or Ideas 
 taken fingly, might be fomething wide, or far different 
 from each other; though thefe methodically united, 
 would make a farther Infpedlion into the Reafonablenefs 
 of their only fuppofitional Judgment. To obviate this 
 Paffage in a very familiar Inftance ; let us confider 
 what noble Improvements have been made amongft the 
 Royal Society of London within thefe few Years, how vaft 
 an Immenfity of ufeful Difcoveries has been delivered 
 to the World by their mutual Afliftance of each other ; 
 It is eafy for us to be wrought into a belief, that had 
 the greateft and mod knowing of the whole Society, or 
 the mod learned Perfon in the whole Univerfe under- 
 taken fingly what thefe have effected together, they 
 would have been at as great a lofs to difcover the ulti- 
 mate End of their Defires, as when the firfl Foundation 
 was laid to the imperfedl Embrio. 
 
 Thus we find that the Improvement of all Sciences 
 is chiefly dependant upon the Afliftance or Ideas of a 
 Community, and that the State of all Sciences in their 
 Infancy have been imperfect, and that no one has yet 
 perfected the original Foundation of his firfl Sentiments 
 in any Art or Science whatever, but eadi has or may 
 have had Improvements from a Communication of our 
 Thoughts to each other ; without which, human Society 
 
 would 
 
( <5 ) 
 
 would be ufelefs, Art would ceafe to be, and every 
 Man would fall fhort of the attainment of even a fatif- 
 fadtory Definition of thefe his firft Ideas of Inven- 
 tion. 
 
 And yet we fee Man, that noble and ftupendous 
 Strubture, that lively Image of his Maker, involv’d in as 
 many prejudiced Notions of Abfurdity, as it is poffible 
 for himfelf to conceive; Pride, Avarice, Self-Conceit, 
 and fuch bafe Faculties as thefe, take up the greateft 
 fhare of his Time to adt them in, whilft the oppofite 
 Virtues are buried in the Oblivion of Unthoughtfulnefs; 
 nay, To fuperlatively befotted is he, that he makes thofe 
 Caufes which were appointed for his Happinefs, to be 
 his own perpetual Mifery ; he abts in a diredt Oppofi- 
 tion to his own Judgment, flifles the firft Motions of 
 Reafon, and ufes that Talent of the Mind (which ought 
 to be employ’d in the Abtions which the Dictates of his 
 natural Opinion teaches) to draw upon himfelf the gene- 
 ralCaufes of all the Misfortunes he is liable to be afflicted 
 with: all the Cafualties fo incident to frail Man, are too 
 generally brought on himfelf by that contradibtory 
 Spirit that rules over him, and is ever the Forerunner of 
 moft of thofe Afflictions naturally arifing from a mo- 
 rofe and inflexible Temper, which is always by Judg- 
 ment determin’d to be the Foundation of Error and 
 Simplicity. 
 
 Now the Effedts of fuch Folly is belt difcovered in a 
 due Confideration of the general Calamities or Troubles 
 wherewith it is attended; fuch likewife are of a two-fold 
 Nature, either publick or private: A publick includes 
 a whole Body, or general Society, and is of an unlimit- 
 ed Extent, and where all are concerned in a Reproach 
 
 or 
 
’ ( 7 ) 
 
 or Scandal, or are branded with Infamy, that confe- 
 quently is of all others the moft fatal : A private may 
 poflibly be repair’d, by a double Force of Diligence, 
 Care, and Infpe&ion. But when once the Bulk of Man- 
 kind fhares in it, fuch is the irreversible Decree of Fate, 
 that the moft vigilant and watchful Guard of our Atftions 
 can never be of force enough to extinguifh the Fury of 
 its Rage, or to root out the Dregs of Infamy once fet- 
 tled in a publick Community. 
 
 Such an Unhappinefs beyond difpute is then the 
 greateft, and we have the moft reafon to fufpecft the 
 Encroachments of Vice upon the Minds of the Popu- 
 lace, when they can lie dormant whilft the Danger is 
 known to be hanging over their own Pleads, and which 
 has likewife imprefs’d on it the moft vifible Marks of 
 finking them inevitably paft redrefs into the deepeft: 
 Abyfs of Contempt : for the Force of a juft Scandal 
 may be compar’d to the Weight, which, being let fall 
 fome diftance from the Earth, the nearer the Center of 
 Gravity, the Rapidity of its Motion adds Force to its 
 Weight; and Gravity adt s upon itfelf, till at length, like 
 a Rock, it becomes firm, fix’d, and immoveable. 
 
 Such is the Force and Effefts of furreptitious Folly, 
 thus dangeroufly fpring we on to our own Ruin, when 
 we are certify’d, that Scandal is a fatal Brand upon the 
 Perfon it loads : nay, how often do we fee even a caufe- 
 lefs one the utter Ruin of many private Families ; for 
 all Mankind (if the Impreffion is very clofely apply’d) 
 are very cautious of entering into Commerce with him, 
 or even Society, (I fpeak of fuch whole Dependance is 
 lodg’d in Society and Commerce, which is the Bulk of 
 Mankind.) This deprives him of the Means of Suite- 
 
 nance;* 
 
 / 
 
( 8 ) 
 
 nance, and that which others account the Felicities of 
 human Life, are even burthenfome to him. There are 
 t'nofe who will likewife add to the Breach, and make 
 the Weight generally too grievous to bear ; nay, how 
 often does it put him upon unwarrantable ACts to retrieve 
 the Misfortune ? When thefe have prov’d ineffectual, 
 it at laft perhaps drives him to the utmoft Exigencies 
 of Fortune, nor does it leave him even in death itfelf ; 
 for ’tis very obvious, that the Error is intail’d by Inhe- 
 ritance upon his Pofterity, nor Time itfelf can fcarce 
 erafe the Breach. This is indeed a fatal Load, but is 
 yet far beyond all Virtue, even Virtue itfelf is too of- 
 ten funk under this heavy Misfortune, by being only 
 too nearly ally’d to the unhappy Perfon. 
 
 I could enumerate many Inflances of the EffeCts of 
 Infamy, or Scandal, even in private Affairs ; but I pro- 
 ceed rather to obferve, that if thefe are fo fatal in them- 
 felves to private Men, what mud be the Event of a juft 
 Reproach unhappily branded upon a publick Commu- 
 nity, where every one is dependant upon each other in 
 point of an univerfal Character, even the Scoff of our 
 Enemies, and the Jells of our Friends ; Derifion from 
 abroad, and Mirth to Merit, to fee the Bulk of Man- 
 kind involv’d in danger, and yet driving to get deeper 
 in the Mire, dill pufhing who dull plunge himfelf far- 
 thed into the Arms of Scandal, and more clofely em- 
 brace the contemptible Infamy branded upon their own 
 Heads ; pleas’d to be edeem’d boorifh, rude, and yn- 
 polifh’d in their Difcipline and Manners, and contemn- 
 ing the Rules of unquedion’d Authority to be their 
 Guide in mod of their Actions. This is doubt- 
 lefs the greated, the mod fatal, and deplorable State 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 of all others, and Teems to be the unhappy Lofs which 
 I before hinted was irreparable, 
 
 I could in this place prove from natural Reafon, that 
 die Decay of the State and Government of a Kingdom, 
 is dependent upon the Decay of publick Buildings ; and, 
 on the contrary, fhew what an immenfe Addition it is 
 to the flourifhing Profperity of it, fuch as Credit from 
 abroad, and Tranquillity at home: for while that’s fe- 
 cur’d, publick Trade increafes ; and, ‘vice verfa, while 
 that’s finking, the other cannot long continue : So de- 
 pendent is publick Bufinefs in Trading, Merchandize, 
 & c. upon the flourifhing Condition of publick Build- 
 ing, that while this is declining, the other muft inevi- 
 tably fall. But this Speculation rather drives me from 
 the Subject propos’d, which I fhall now endeavour to 
 purfue, by obferving that we have the greateft room to 
 imagine our own cafe bears too true a Refemblance to 
 my Taft Affertion, from the vifible Abufes and publick 
 Follies introduced by our modern Builders : for rhofe 
 bafe and contemptible Inventions, thofe deform’d and 
 irregular Compofitions, thofe flight and groundlefs Pro- 
 ceedings, we have every day an ocular Demonftration 
 of, gives the moft occafion of Cenfure to thofe whofe 
 great Ideas are more aptly apply ’d to a direct oppofite 
 Pradtice. 
 
 That which more ftrengthens and confirms me in my 
 Opinion, is, the ftill unwarily perfifting in irregular 
 Tenets. To be fond of an amazing Dulnefs and Stu- 
 pidity in our Actions, argues our Weaknefs of Judg- 
 ment, or our acting in a direct oppofition to the Dic- 
 tates of natural Reafon : Methinks a Train of Melancho- 
 ly, Detractions, Calumnies, and cenforious Slanders, are 
 
 C die 
 
( 10 ) 
 
 the juft Deferts of the growing Evil ; in fhort, we muft 
 be entirely loft to all Senfe of Shame, be deaf to all the 
 Intreaties of Reafon, and be incapable ot receiving the 
 leaft Satisfaction of Life, if we cannot be mov’d at fuch 
 an Unhappinefs ; or even if Self-Love is not of force to 
 induce us to defend thofe little Remains of Honour and 
 Greatnefs, which is in the higheft danger of being wreft- 
 ed from us by our neighbouring Nations. They appear 
 to have a more advanc’d Tafte of Judgment in found 
 Building than ourfelves, a more beautiful Idea of it ; 
 and above all, a juft Value and Efteem for the Excel- 
 lency of Order inftanced in the numerous and fur- 
 prizing Copies of Art brought hither from amongft 
 them, as if on purpofe to degrade us with the Abfur- 
 dity of our bafe and fupine Negligence and Sloth, (in 
 continuing in the illegal and groundlefs Practices which 
 our modern Purfuers of Folly produce in Building) by 
 oppofing the Beauties of ancient Architecture, which is 
 of fuch an exalted Efteem amongft thofe of the higheft 
 Rank, both in Merit and Honour. 
 
 It is very natural to a rational Being, to conjecture 
 that all Mankind cannot poflibly be fo ftupid and in- 
 fenfible of their own Indifference to the Love and Prac- 
 tice of Truth : but we may as aptly affirm, that where 
 the Generality yifibly bears the Sway without oppofition, 
 the Whole contents, if not adheres to their injudicious 
 Proceedings : for if moftMen are eafy and contented, whilft 
 a vifible impending Folly or Error (which has the appear- 
 ance of fo great danger imprinted on it) flourifties and 
 becomes the favourite Practice of the Bulk of Mankind, 
 we may undoubtedly conclude, that very few can have 
 power enough to range their Ideas fit for Conftruction. 
 
( II ) 
 
 Ah ! fad unhappy Scene ! was Man ever plung’d in- 
 to more Follies, or was' ever a Misfortune of this kind 
 more publickly great ? or made a deeper Impreflion 
 upon the Minds of the Populace, than thofe Errors we 
 fee every day increafing in the execution of Building. 
 The melancholy State of Architecture, during the favage 
 Outrages of the Goths and Vandals , was not more da- 
 ringly and barbaroufly abus’d, in relpect to the Inequa- 
 lity of Time and Knowledge in which both Scenes were 
 aCted ; the one, in its Minority, almoft in refpeCt of our 
 prefent Barbarians : likewife fuch Attempts were from 
 a rude, favage, and unpolilh’d People ; now from a more 
 knowing and polite ; from thofe chiefly for Rapine and 
 Pillage; from thefe for Novelty, Singlenefs and Ma- 
 lice: they had fome finifter View ana Self-end in the 
 vile Maflacre ; but thefe, like Nero, with no other view 
 but to pleafe themfelves in the fight of its Ruins. Had 
 ever Merit more reafon to vindicate the Juftnefs of a 
 Refentment arifing from the Encroachments of an op- 
 pofite Folly, occafion’d by every Upftart in Building 
 and Sciences, who railes mere Mountains of Shadows in 
 his wandring Imagination, conceives in his own delu- 
 ded Judgment that he has acquir’d a fufficient Compe- 
 tency of Knowledge in Architecture (or rather in Defor- 
 mity) to capacitate himfelf for the indifputable perfor- 
 mance of his own illegal Practices ? Nay, fo blindly am- 
 bitious is he in his Extravagancy, he conjectures no Art 
 or Science is extended beyond the Limits of his Sphere 
 to attain to, nor the practical Execution of ’emanyNovelty. 
 This, in reality, is the Character many of our modern Ar- 
 chitects aflame to themfelves, and boaftingly launch 
 into the Field of Art, furrounded with a whole Circle 
 
 Cz -of 
 
( II ) 
 
 of Follies and Extravagancy, and daringly purfue the 
 falfe glaring Ignis fatuus , which leads them through fo 
 many erroneous Paths, that at laft they fit down in a 
 Pit or Quagmire, to attend the approaching Rays of 
 a more benevolent and ufeful Light ; when they 
 find themfelves to have wandred a long, forlorn, 
 uncomfortable Way, through many Dangers and Errors, 
 and far diftant from the firft dangerous and falfe Path 
 in which they fet out. 
 
 But notwithftanding, to keep up his own affumed 
 Character I before hinted at, he finds out fuch prepo- 
 fterous Inventions, fo odd and wild in the Defign, fo 
 flight and groundlefs in the Execution, fo repugnant to 
 Reafon, but withal fo exactly fuited to the Tafte of the 
 Illiterate and Ignorant, that not fo much as the necefi 
 fity of a Conformity to Rule or Order is once thought 
 of. Headed by a Perfon of greater Diftin&ion in 
 Wealth than Merits, as extravagant in his Notions as 
 himfelf, he gains fuch Acquaintance as Intereft byafles, 
 who being prejudiced in his favour, as abfurdly con- 
 defcend to advance and eftablifh their unproportioned 
 Novelties. Such as thefe generally gain all the Appro- 
 bation and Applaufe of the Vulgar, whilft Men far fu- 
 perior in Judgment, and endow’d with an unlimited 
 Gift of Knowledge, are too much necelfitated to be con- 
 formable to their ExcefTes, by not appearing in open 
 defiance of fuch Proceedings. Nay, fo far are they con- 
 ftrain’d by the Exigencies of Life, that they often adt 
 almoft in a diredt Oppofition to Reafon and the Dic- 
 tates of their own fublime Genius’s, to get Suftenance 
 to keep up the Decays of Nature, and to lhare a fmall 
 part of thofe Encouragements which they receive from 
 
( ) 
 
 the illiterate Benefactor, which are due only to them-" 
 felves from thole of a direCt oppofite Practice and Na- 
 ture. 
 
 By fuch too frequent Eruptions and Inundations as 
 thefe, and fuch repeated Follies, the original Beauty of 
 Order decays ; that vifible and unbounded Extent, that 
 Noblenefs and Grandeur, that Sweetnefs and Harmony 
 in the Compofition of ancient Architecture is fo unre- 
 garded by our modern Builders, that Deformity is by 
 them deem’d Regularity ; Difproportion is Riled Com- 
 pleatnefs ; a lumpilh Solidity, Airinefs ; in a word, they 
 are fuch Bigots to their own unwarrantable felfilh Opi- 
 nions, that they can’t diice rn Light from Darknefs, Truth 
 from Fallhood, nor the beauteous Paths which point 
 out the true and undoubted way to attain a competent 
 Knowledge in found Building. 
 
C H A P. II. 
 
 Of the general Extent of Architecture, as it 
 relates to the Pra&ice of the Ancients. 
 
 AV I N G in my preceding Chapter fhewn the 
 Affinity between artificial and natural Architec- 
 ture, and the unwarrantable Performances of our 
 Moderns in Building ; 1 Ifiall in this confider the Gran- 
 deur and Extent of the Practices of the Ancients in 
 Building, without entring into thofe Rules, in this place, 
 which thofe great Mailers have explained in number- 
 lefs Treadles on this Subject. Now, Architecture, or 
 Order itfelf, is a beautiful and harmonious Production 
 arifing from the Ideas of an unlimited Judgment; and 
 where artfully compos’d and happily executed, nothing 
 can raile the Mind to a more advanc’d Pleafure, than to 
 behold the agreeable Symmetry and Concordance of 
 every particular feparate Member, centred and united 
 in theOeconomy of the Whole; with the confentaneous 
 Agreement of apt Materials, regulated and adapted in a 
 due Proportion to the dillinCt Order propos’d, in liich.a 
 variety of Beauties, whofe Difpofitions are likewile con- 
 curring with the Rules prefcrib’d by its ancient Practi- 
 tioners, which were ever founded upon Reafon. 
 
 But 
 
( 1 5 ) 
 
 But of the different ways of gratifying our Curiofity 
 in Works of this kind, nothing more pleafes the Ima- 
 gination than thole Produds which have a near Affinity 
 to the Practice ot the Ancients, in relation to the Bulk 
 and Body of the Structure, or the Manner in which it 
 was built. The Greatnefs or Manner of Architecture 
 has fuch force upon the Imagination, that a fmall Fa- 
 brick, when thus compiled, gives the Mind nobler 
 Ideas than one of twenty times the Bulk, where the 
 Manner is ordinary or little. Nay, even the fame 
 Quantity of Superficies may be fo aptly difpos’d of, 
 that the Grandeur of the Manner of the Ancients, and 
 the Method of our Moderns, fhall appear not only dif- 
 ferent in Beauty, but feem to be, even their Quantity of 
 Superficies, of a greater Magnitude. The Methods of 
 the Ancients appear folemn and great from the Divi- 
 fions of the principal Members, confiding but of few 
 parts of a bold and ample Relief; and the Moderns, in 
 a Redundancy of thole (mailer Ornaments, which di- 
 vide and fcatter the Angles of Sight into fuch a multi- 
 tude ot Rays crouded together, that the whole appears a 
 pei led Comufion. 
 
 it has been efteem’d by thofe Praditioners of the an- 
 cient Methods and Rules neceffary to execute the Per- 
 formance of found Building, that it requires a more 
 than common Capacity fully to comprehend ; it is a 
 Study which foars above the reach of thofe mean and 
 ignoble Souls, who imagine it to be confin’d only to the 
 grofs and perilhing elemental Materials wherewith it is 
 compaded ; when, on the contrary, its Profefiors are 
 by an abfolute undeniable Necellity conftrain’d to call 
 forth the whole Reafon of Geometry and Architedure 
 
 to 
 
( i<5 ) 
 
 to affift them in the execution of their unlimited Fancy ; 
 and whatever is produc’d reverfe or unconformable to 
 the Rules of thele Sciences, is a Proceeding as unjufti- 
 fiable, as to aft in a direct oppofition to the common 
 Law of Reafon : for without a compleat Knowledge, or 
 at lead a competent Judgment in Geometry, we fhall be 
 unable to demonftrate the Strength and Solidity of the 
 Building, the Ufefulnefs or Neceilicy of each Support, 
 the Weaknefs of one Buttment, or the Force and Ef- 
 fects of another; or to produce a Plan which fhall be of 
 a fufficient Magnitude to fuftain the Mafs of Weight a- 
 nfing from itfelf, in confideration of the Vacuities which 
 weaken and abate the Force of the fame. 
 
 As for the Knowledge (requifite to the performance of 
 found Building) in relation to Architecture, or that which 
 correfponds to Beauty ; it will be ufeful to confider, that 
 without this we can never give our Work a true Propor- 
 tion or Grace. But here it will be neceffary for me to 
 obferve to you, that by Architecture itfelf 1 don’t mean 
 an undeniable or abfolute Neceflity for the Execution 
 of Columns and Pilafters in every of our Performances ; 
 but whatever may fall under the Denomination of Or- 
 der, I include within the Limits of its Rules : Such as 
 Proportions of Doors, Windows, Architraves, Keyftones, 
 and the like; Chimneys, Magnitudes of Rooms, Niches, 
 Intercolumniations, ©V. all which are but as feparate 
 Branches of Order, and to which a due regard ought 
 to be had, and a ftriCt adherence to the allotted Pro- 
 portions prefcrib’d by the ancient Practitioners. 
 
 Thus far, by a general Obiervation, we may plainly 
 difcover what is neceffary to be underflood in relation 
 to the Ufefulnefs, Afliftance, or Neceflity of thefe 
 
 Sciences ; 
 
( 17 ) 
 
 Sciences; without which, it will be altogether irnpof- 
 fible to give either to the exterior or interior Orna- 
 ments or Difpofition, that Beauty or Harmony which is 
 fo requifite in the Performance of found Building. The 
 beautiful Extent, then, of Architecture, is unlimited ; 
 for while the Imagination or Ideas can, by a various 
 Dilpolition of the fame Materials, form new Beauties 
 in the Compofure ; fo long the Extent is unlimited: for 
 the Ideas may be wrought into fuch an elevated Frame, 
 that Order may feem to be carried beyond its Bounds, 
 both in Grandeur and Beauty ; yet while thefe may be 
 improv’d, the Extent of Architecture, or Building in 
 general, may be. faid to be unlimited ad infinitum. 
 
 But, yet how few are there now, but who, ambitious 
 to be thought compleat and underftanding Matters 
 of this Science (by difdaining to follow thole famous 
 exemplary Authors of Antiquity) produce fuch low 
 and mean Objects, fo contrary to thofe excellent Rules, 
 fo difproportionate and repugnant to its Precepts, that 
 they are unworthy the very Name of Building ; and 
 ought by Lovers of true Art to be efteem’d as bafe and 
 contemptible as the Authors of them, who pyrating 
 one Member of this Order, another of that, thefe uni- 
 ting a hideous Medley of Deformity (juft as to take the 
 feparated Members of feveral Men and unite them all 
 in one Body, each to its proper place, though never fo 
 dilproportionate) attribute the Compofition to their 
 own Genius, and as ambitioufly as extravagantly term it 
 a Defign entirely new, and their own ? Such Folly ! as 
 if Art conlifted in that, and not in the general Diftribu . 
 tion of the whole Work. Such as thele never arife even 
 to the univerfal Knowledge of Order, for want of 
 
 D Abi- 
 
( 18 ) 
 
 C 
 
 Abilities; but by Neceffity are conftrain’d to flop there, 
 inceflantly repeating and pradjjtifing fucfa poor little de- 
 jected Ideas of ObjeCts, as their own mean and miferable 
 Fancies furnifh them with. '» 
 
 Thus are they funk beneath the lowed: degree of 
 Contempt, and ftifled in their own dull Imagination ; 
 whereas, on the contrary, Minds fill’d with Ideas truly 
 great and noble will produce nothing but what in effeCt 
 is fublime : nay, oftentimes in their Imaginations they 
 foar even above themfelves in the Execution : but ’tis 
 thofe only to whom Nature has been propitious, and 
 endow’d with a more clear Judgment to difcern the true 
 and effential Beauties of Order, and that it confifts 
 not in the reparation of Members, but rather refults 
 from the Symmetry and Oeconomy of the Whole, in 
 the joint Union and Concordance of them all, agreeably 
 centred and united in the appearance of one diftinft 
 Body ; which produces the moft vifible Harmony, and 
 infufes itfelf even to the Souls of thofe whofe Ideas are 
 open’d with the real Knowledge of Beauty and Art, and 
 judging what is worthy Efteem, and to be term’d true 
 Architecture or Order in all its Beauties ordain’d by the 
 original Inftitutes of it. 
 
( 19 ) 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the Antiquity and general Caufes of the 
 Decay of ArchiteBure. 
 
 S Architecture has no Limits nor Bounds to its 
 Beauties, fb likewife its Continuance hitherto has 
 no Determination of Time affixed, from Records, 
 to its Rife and Foundation. Should we trace it back to 
 the fuppos’d Time of its firft Invention, Ihould we 
 fearch the greateft Writers of all Ages who have en- 
 deavour’d to clear this Point; they fb disagree in their 
 Sentiments and Conjectures, that it will Be impoffible 
 to difcover rhe Certainty of the Time of its primitive 
 Inftitution. But beyond difpute, the Grecians were the 
 firft happy Inventers, they extracted the beauteous Ideas 
 of it from rude and unlhapen Trees, the Product of 
 Nature, and embellifli’d it, by degrees of PerfeCtnefs, 
 with thofe neceflary Ornaments, which have been fince 
 praCtifed by thofe of the moft fublime Genius’s in all 
 Ages. From hence Rome herfelf was furnifhed with all 
 thofe excellent Gifts fhe fo anciently enjoy’d ; thofe di- 
 vine Ideas of moral Virtue and Philofophy, feem to 
 have been firft modell’d and fram’d by the Directions 
 and Rules of the ancient Grecians : Or whatever elfe 
 
 D 2, has 
 
( 10 ) 
 
 has ftamp’d on it the diftinguifhing Character of Virtue 
 and Beauty, here, and here only had its original Perfec- 
 tions. 
 
 As no Footfteps of the Grecian Buildings now re- 
 main, we muft of neceflity have recourfe to the Anti- 
 quities of the Romans , who received the Rules and Me- 
 thods immediately from the Grecians . When the juft 
 Sente due to Virtue began to decline in the Grecians , 
 fo did their Nation, Sciences, and Architecture fink, and 
 were over-whelm’d with it in its Ruins; till the induftri- 
 ous Vigilance of the Romans transferred it to Rome y 
 where it continued long in its native Drefs, free from 
 all the falfe Gloffes introduced fince, in all its natural 
 Innocency it was adorn d with all the Perfections which 
 Art or Nature were capable of furniftiing her with. 
 How beautifully pleading and perfect are the never- 
 dying Remains of its endlefs Glories, collected by the 
 indetatigable Care and Induftry of Palladio ? How bold 
 and engaging in the Appearance ? How pure and inno- 
 cent in the Execution, withal mix’d with an Air of De- 
 licacy and Sweetnefs in the whole Performance. Such 
 are evident Proofs how preferable the Beauties of an- 
 cient Architecture are to the illegal Practices of our mo- 
 dern Builders. 
 
 Thus long it continued in its primitive Purity till a- 
 bout the fifth Century, when the barbarous Inhumanity 
 of the Goths and Vandals (who over-run the greateft 
 part of Chriflendom) and the continual Divifions a- 
 mongft themfelves, totally eras’d all the Remains of its 
 Beauties. 
 
 But with thefe was fatally mix’d the moft prejudicial 
 and deftroying Enemies of it, Novelty and Singienefs ; 
 
 Thofe 
 
( 21 ) 
 
 Thofe began to fpread and extend themfelves, and the 
 foft Infection eafily gain’d upon the Minds of the Mul- 
 titude. Its Profeffors being io prejudiced and byafs’d by 
 Intered and popular Applaufe, and their own unhappy 
 redlefs Tempers, and deprefs’d with the Infenfibility of 
 what was truly great and noble ; they utterly, nay, fhame- 
 fully and openly declared againd it, rejeded its fubiime 
 Principles, and treated it with fo much malicious Bar- 
 barity, that the original Beauties of Architedure were 
 almod extind and loft. Thus the decaying Principles 
 of Novelty and Singlenefs were as dedroying in their 
 Nature to Art, as all the Barbarifm and Ruins of the de- 
 drudive Wars of the Enemies of the Romans-, and were 
 more conducive to the Decay of all Sciences, than the 
 unhappy Divifions among themfelves. 
 
 It may not be unfeafonable, in this place, by way of 
 Remark, to explain the true Senfe and Intention of 
 thofe open Enemies to our Subjed, by confidering, 
 that in nothing we feem more effeminate than by being 
 fo blindly fond of every little Novelty offer’d to our 
 view. Some fet fuch an inedimable Value upon any 
 thing which has the lead appearance of Novelty, that 
 the mod indefatigable Indudry is not wanting to attairy 
 their Defires of fomething which has a Correfpondency 
 orRefemblance to it in its formal Difpofidon. Thus are they 
 led infenfiblyinto erroneous Principles by the prejudicial 
 Sentiments of others •. A Third after every thing which? 
 has the Charader of Original imprinted on it, is judly, 
 by the Enemies to Art, adapted to the general change- 
 able Difpofitions of Mankind; for this reafon, fuch Suc- 
 tefs always attends thofe Produdions, whofe Birth and 
 Appearance is of the lated Date. Singlenefs is like- 
 
 wife 
 
( 11 ) ... 
 
 wife as dangerous in its Tenets, and as prejudicial in 
 its Principles, as the other. Some appear fingle in their 
 felfilh Opinions, by being ever contradictory to the Evi- 
 dences of Truth and natural Reafon : Some there are 
 who appear fingle in Opinion, only to be continually 
 oppofite to the common Judgment of Mankind. Some 
 again, by the Inftability of Fortune, a View to Prefer- 
 ment or Favour, or even a publick Applaufe, appear 
 fingle in their Judgments, and aCt reverie to their own 
 Ideas and Sentiments. 
 
 Many more Inftances of both kinds might be enu- ' 
 merated : But to haften to my SubjeCt, I fhall only ob- 
 serve, that doubtlefs that which has been by Practice 
 and convincing Arguments from Nature and Reafon, 
 prov’d by many in all Ages to be perfect and pure in 
 its Principles, mud be preferable to a Novelty direCtly 
 oppofite; and which is fpread by one (perhaps) whofe 
 Judgment is as Ihort and limited as the Date or the In- 
 fection he fpreads ; and to appear fingle for the fake of 
 Singlenefs or Neceffity, falls farther Ihort of Perfection, 
 and leaves us no room to imagine that any thing but 
 Folly can be produc’d by thole who have the Agreement 
 of no other (skilful) Judgment but their own; and 
 that too fo contradictory to Truth and the commonly 
 received Opinion of the oppofite Virtue : and where Con- 
 ftraint obliges us to aCt, we can certainly expeCt nothing 
 but what is lame and diforder’d. 
 
 This has fo true a refemblance of our prefent Con- 
 dition, that I cannot but believe, that the farther we ap- 
 pear to be from the Centre and Original of Truth, or 
 the Inflitution of thofe juft and pure Rules prefcrib’d 
 by the Ancients in the Perfection of their Sciences, the 
 
 farther 
 
('*$ ) 
 
 farther we deviate from the true Path itfelf, till it leads 
 us at length through fo many myftick Ways, and fuch 
 unfearchable Labyrinths, that we unhappily mi flake the 
 fleeting Shadow for the real Subftance, But to return 
 again to our SubjeCt. 
 
 Architecture, by thefe uniting Caufes, fell a Victim 
 (with its Fellow-Sciences, Painting and Sculpture, &c.) 
 to the facrilegious Barbarians , and lay long buried in 
 the Alhes of Oblivion, till about the latter end of the 
 thirteenth Century, without the leaft Pity or AfFeCtion ; 
 till the Love of Virtue encouraged that great Genius 
 Bramante , in the Time of Pope Julius II. to revive the 
 Beauties of it, by a due Obfervanon of the ancient Edi- 
 fices, and the Practice of it in a Conformity to the 
 Rules and Methods he found made ufe of in the Exe- 
 cution. Michael u 4 ngelo, Ligorio , and many others 
 were great Afliftants and Encouragers of the Revival 
 and Practice of it; amongft whom Palladio bears away 
 the Palm. How great is his Manner, how elevated his 
 Ideas, and how bold in the Execution, is belt difcover’d 
 in thole noble Productions he left as Examples for our 
 Imitation. He flourifli’d with a Grandeur equal to the 
 infinite Beauties of his Studies, which was in the fix- 
 teenth Century, and died in the Year 1580. 
 
 In them we fee the lively Images of Antiquity riling 
 from Heaps of Ruins, where all the Luftre of Beauty 
 and Art confpire to raife our Sentiments and Ideas to 
 that height, that we may eafily perceive the immenfe 
 difference between thofe ancient beautiful Productions, 
 and the lame and diford er’d Performances of our Mo- 
 derns. All who have the leaft Tafte of Art, cannot be 
 infenfible how great a Degree of Pleafure arifes from a 
 
 bare 
 
( H ) 
 
 bare Reflection of the Imagination alone, in relation 
 to the Noblenefs and Grandeur of the former, and the 
 deprefs’d Ideas of the latter. Thefe, though unregarded 
 by the unthinking part of Mankind, neverthelefs cannot 
 detract from the Ming Tokens of their Greatnefs, 
 where even the molt piercing Caufes of Decay, nor 
 even Time itfelf will hardly ever deface their Memory 
 in the Breafts of the Practitioners of ancient Architecture. 
 At length, through various Scenes and Changes, it (be- 
 ing again revived) fafely arrived on thefe diftant Shores; 
 yet not fo far placed from Nature’s Eye are we, but 
 tome Notions of Art fprung or at leaf! remain’d in the 
 Breads of her polite Sons. Barbarity and Ignorance were 
 Ihook off, and a due Senle of Virtue and Knowled a e 
 were placed in their room. Here, in her Infancy (to 
 us) Architecture was nourifh’d with a degree of Tender- 
 nefs and Care, fuitably adapted to its Noblenefs and 
 Value, cherilh’d with an agreeable Fondnefs, folid, fin- 
 cere, and naturally apply ’d to the real Beauty of the Ob- 
 ject itfelf; firft, like true Friendlhip, it gradually found 
 Succefs in the open Franknefs of its Nature ; and by its 
 Beauties and engaging AfpeCts, it at lnft fo far remov’d 
 all its Enemies, that nothing feem d wanting (except 
 Encouragement for its Profeflors from Men (5' Wealth 
 and Power) to make it appear in fuch a Degree of Per- 
 fection, that it might even vie with the Ancients, in re- 
 fpeCt of its CorreCtnefs; though as yet little appear’d of 
 it difpers’d amongft the Britifh Genius’s. 
 
 But not out of due time arofe that Ever-renowned Pro- 
 feflor, who traced ba^k all the pleafing Paths of Anti- 
 quity in Architecture, with all the Care and induftrious 
 Vigilance that was poffible to give him any Ideas more 
 
 con- 
 
( *5 ) 
 
 conducive to Pleafure and Beauty in the Survey, in 
 which his Imagination furpafs’d even a Defcription, his 
 Judgment arriv’d to the moil elevated Height of Per- 
 fe<5 tnefs, his Soul being aptly fram’d for the reception 
 of all thofe noble Sciences and Beauties of the Mind, 
 which human Nature can be capable of receiving : He 
 had in himfelf fomething peculiar, a fine Manner of 
 introducing thofe Mafter-Strokes of Art, which are the 
 more beautiful and pleafing, as they molt refemble 
 Nature in the Defign and Execution ; in fhort, he has 
 left fuch lively Reprefentations of a fublime Genius, 
 that none amongft the Worthy but acknowledge him to 
 be an Example fit for our Imitation, and Guide to 
 lead us through the unerring Rules of ancient Architec- 
 ture : I mean, the Britifh Palladio, Inigo Jones. 
 
 Not to detrad: from the juft Honour due to that 
 great Genius, but rather to add Luftre to his Name, I 
 muft beg leave to remark upon the deferving Character 
 of a Competitor of his, which was Sir Christopher 
 Wren. It is not a little conducing to the Juftice due 
 to fo great and noble a Soul, to fee one of fo prodi- 
 gious an Extent of Knowledge as the Latter, guided as 
 it were, or in fome meafure confirm’d in his Judgment 
 by the Examples of the Former. Behold with what da- 
 ring Flights of Art he raifes his own and Country’s Fame ! 
 and that too even in his Youth, what he attempted he 
 happily executed. In a word, there’s nothing which has 
 imprinted on it the true Character of Great and Noble, 
 but was centred and lodg’d in the Breaft of this vene- 
 rable and worthy Man. 
 
 Likewife, I muft beg leave juft to touch upon two or 
 three Inftances of his Knowledge, amongft the many 
 
 E beauti- 
 
C i<s ) 
 
 beautiful Ideas of his Imagination, which are unobferv *d 
 by many, who we may imagine have not a true Tafte, 
 or at leaft any Notion of the Beauty and Harmony of 
 this Art. One of thefe Examples, is Bow-Church in 
 Cheap fide. What a Sweetnefs is there in the whole Piece ? 
 How bold in the Performance ? how eafy and airy in the 
 laft Degree l Every articulate Member confentaneous 
 to its Place and Defign, every Vacuity adapted to the 
 Force of the Solidity, every Part proportionate and ne~ 
 ceflary, ufeful and ornamental j there fee ms nothing 
 wanting to make it perfedl or compleat. Another is 
 St. Dmftaris in the Eaft ; what a bold and glorious At- 
 tempt is there in that fingle Spire, erected onfofeeming- 
 ly feeble Suppeditors ? This is, beyond all Contradiction, 
 the Refult of a beautiful Imagination, and a finilh’d 
 and entire Compofition of Geometry. 
 
 Laftly, what Soul except his own could have been 
 capacious enough to have contain’d that ftupendous 
 Edifice of St. Paul's, within itfelf ? or who can behold 
 fuch a fweet Surprize without being mov’d at the Gran- 
 deur of that miraculous Building l Here is that Union 
 and vifible Concord centred in one diftinct Body, 
 which produces the moffc charming Harmony that Art 
 can give us in the view of it ; it raifes us to the moft 
 agreeable Pleafures, and gratifies every Senfe of the 
 whole Man ; but nothing except the true and genuine 
 Beauty of Order can have this effedt, nor can any one 
 be fenfible of the Pleafure in the Enjoyment, unlefs he 
 likewife participate of the true Knowledge of Architec- 
 ture. A late Author, on another Subjedt, has obferv’d, 
 u That a grave and ftudious Man exceeds a Debauchee 
 w in the Enjoyment of a Woman of whom he is be- 
 
 u lov’d, 
 
 l- n ' 
 
( 17 ) 
 
 44 lov’d, and whom he paflionately loves” The Excefs 
 of Pieafure makes a deeper Penetration in the Mind, 
 and the Felicity becomes more pleafing, by a thorough 
 Senfibility of the Caufes of the Pieafure we receive in 
 the purfuit of the Enjoyment. 
 
 We may a little refled upon the great Blefling this 
 worthy Genius enjoy’d, in having his Life happily pro- 
 long’d to fee this Production entirely finifh’d : A Life 
 replete with Virtue and honourable Age, a quiet and 
 peaceable End, free from the noify Fatigues of national 
 Bufinefs, and the Incumbrances of worldly Affairs. ’Tis 
 a melancholy Confideration, that he was no more ho- 
 noured and dignify ’d by his Country, nor refpeded by 
 the unthinking part of Mankind : But now his venerable 
 Plead lies down in Peace, let us preferve, while Time 
 fhall laft, that truly honourable Name of Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren. 
 
 If the major part of our modern Builders were not 
 irrecoverably loft to all Senfe of Shame, abandon’d in 
 the ftrideft Senfe to the common Law of Reafon; nay, 
 to all the Motives to Virtue ; they would without di£ 
 pute be reclaim’d from their guidelefs, ungrounded, and 
 thoughtlefs Fancies. Without doubt, if they had any 
 Value even for themfelves, any Senfe of their own 
 Weaknefs and Infufficiency (and how openly they ex- 
 pofe their Follies to the Cenfure of the Learned and 
 Judicious Imitators of Antiquity) they mitft certainly 
 acknowledge, that the old Paths are the fafeft ways to 
 tread in, the ancient Guides the mod fure to follow ; 
 jfince fo many noble and worthy Men, who penetrated 
 into the Value and Beauty of Antiquity, have not dif- 
 dain’d to be efteem’d as Admirers, Encouragers, and 
 
 E z even 
 
( 18 ) 
 
 even Profeffors of it ; contenting themfelves, without airy 
 Flights of Seif-Opinion, to be led by the moft ancient 
 and fafe Rules, accounting them furely the moft exem- 
 plary which have been follow’d by fo many preceding 
 Ages of the World, fo perfectly and ftrenuoufly, and 
 with fo much Vigour, that neither all the Encroach- 
 ments of Novelty, all the Efforts of Singlenefs, nor all 
 the exafperated Malice of its open Enemies could for 
 fome time make any Breach in its Excellency and Vir- 
 tues. 
 
 But alas! what Power, what Force or Afliftance can 
 elude the Incurfions, or withftand the Attempts of that 
 never-failing fatal Law, the Law of Liberty l This is the 
 Source and Foundation, the Spring which flows fo plente- 
 oufly with Novelty and Error : From this Stream, and 
 this alone, arofe the Floods of Follies we fee every day 
 unhappily flowing in upon us, and driving and bear- 
 ing all the beautiful Ideas of Knowledge into the 
 Gulph of Simplicity and Error. Such Proceedings give 
 us reafon to imagine that the Nature of things are 
 chang’d, every thing is reverted from its firft Intention, 
 and Reafon (only becaufe it was the Guide and Prac- 
 tice of the Ancients in the Execution of Order) is laid 
 afide, as a principal Enemy to the Conduct of their 
 injudicious Practices. In a word, whatever is unworthy 
 Efteem, or undeferving our Notice, or whatever has 
 branded on it the Marks of Contempt, is the only 
 Product (of the Generality at leaft) of thofe whole 
 Capacities are unaptly difpos’d for the Practice of 
 Building. 
 
 In one place, even where "they endeavour to imitate 
 Order, we find what fhould be Proportion, elevated to 
 
 a 
 
( *9 ) 
 
 a prodigious Size ; in another, deprefs’d beneath Scorn ; 
 this mangled and robb'd of its Ornaments, and the 
 other loaded and funk under the heavy Burthen of a 
 monftrous Lump of Deformity. I can fcarce allow 
 myfelf the liberty of thinking, that the Works of our 
 judicious Anceftors, or the beautiful Examples of Art, 
 purfued in former Ages, are once thought on, unlefs 
 it be to load ’em with all poffible Defamation and Scan- 
 dal, by entitling them Gothique and Ridiculous ; nay, all 
 the bafe Terms that Novelty and Ignorance can load ’em 
 with. 
 
 Who can be filent ? who can conceal their Refent- 
 ment of fuch ungovernable Proceedings ? Can Men 
 endow’d with noble Minds be thus funk under thefe 
 Follies ? Can Infenhbility gain an abfolute Maftery 
 over Truth itfelf l Then may we with reafon con- 
 clude our Wounds are incurable. But rather let us 
 imagine, that a prefent Remedy may in fome mea- 
 fure mitigate the Fiercenefi of the Difeafe : An Ap- 
 plication of proper Antidotes, with Inftrudtions, may 
 perhaps, if timeLy apply’d, conduce to the Relief of 
 our Grievances, notwithftanding all the Methods which 
 may have been already ufed r have prov’d unfuccefT- 
 ful, (though fuitable and agreeable Ideas of Judg- 
 ment, extracted from the Fountain of Art ;) which are 
 fo rejected, defpis’d and infulted over T that we have 
 too great reafon to conjecture, that our modem Buil- 
 ders have fully determined, or are at leaft united in 
 one Mind, to have Fallacy, Errors, and groundlefs 
 miftaken Follies be their Guide and Condudt in what- 
 ever is the Refult of their Imagination, or Practices in 
 Building. 
 
 C H A P. 
 
( 30 ) 
 
 t§§§@§©@§§^§§^§§§§§§§§0§§§§§§«fem^^ 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Touching the Orders in general. 
 
 AVING in my preceding Chapters given fome 
 general Hints of the Reafons of the Decay of 
 ancient Architecture, I fhall now endeavour, by 
 the mod convincing Arguments (not in expofing the 
 particular Follies of our Moderns, but) by fhewing the 
 Beauties of Order, both in a verbal and ocular Demon- 
 ftration, to prove the erroneous Practices of their Inju- 
 dicious Productions : But to confine myfelf a little to 
 the Orders in general, I {hall in this Chapter alledge 
 fome Reafons for my proceeding in this Method ; and, 
 then, urge the abfolute Neceffity of being conform’d to 
 the practical Rules of the Ancients. 
 
 And herein I cannot but imagine, by inferring and 
 pointing out the particular Indecorums of modern Per- 
 formances, I might give room for fome to imagine 
 they are not fo illegal and groundlefs as in reality they 
 are ; for to remark only upon Particulars, would in 
 fome meafure admit a part to be juftifiable; or to con- 
 demn a part only, fhe ws a Poffibility of fome parts be- 
 ing as regular, proportionate and beautiful, as thofe o- 
 jther parts are irregular, difproportionate and deform’d, 
 
 elle 
 
C P ) 
 
 elfe why are the Cenfures rather extended to the whole 
 Work : fince if a part is unproportion’d or irregular, it 
 confequently deforms the whole. Bur, as Mr. Pope has 
 obferv’d in the regular and harmonious Symmetry of & 
 fine Face \ 
 
 “ ‘Tis not a Lip or Eye we Beauty call , 
 a But the joint Force , and full Refult of all 
 
 So that a Part being irregular or abfurdly executed 
 and difproportionate, it argues the whole to be of the 
 fame Species ; for if a Part is irregular, and a Part beau- 
 tiful, it proves the Beauty to be Chance, and not Judg- 
 ment, elfe the Whole would have been beautiful : and 
 if the Whole is deform’d, it argues naturally the Inven- 
 tor’s Ignorance, that not a Part could have appear’d to 
 have been the leaft conformable to the Rules of Anti- 
 quity. 
 
 It is an Abfurdity to think, that if part of an Edifice 
 is irregular and difproportionate, (though the other Parts 
 are conformable to the Rules of the Ancients) that the 
 Whole is or can be term’d a regular Structure : For 
 this Art, which is founded on Flarmony and Propor- 
 tion, like Truth itfelf, admits of no Medium. Nor is 
 there a Poflibility of uniting Beauty with Deformity, or 
 Truth with Falfhood ; but that which is Beauty becomes 
 deform’d by being of too near a Relation to be feparated : 
 the Beauty cannot make the Deformity beautiful, but 
 the Deformity makes the accidental Regularity of the 
 fame Species with itfelf. 
 
 Who would fo expofe himfelf to the Cenfure of the 
 judicious, if knowing more beautiful Methods, as to 
 
 act 
 
( 52 . ) 
 
 adt diredtly oppofice to thofe Rules, and endeavour to 
 {hew his Talent in the Execution of Deformity? It is the 
 natural Rule of Reafon from hence to infer, that the 
 Inventor’s Cafe was Ignorance, and not Choice; and if 
 a Part were regular, why not the Whole ? Beauty is 
 far more pleafing and commendable than Deformity, 
 but this, like the former, proves to be Chance, and not 
 Judgment. From hence we may naturally, with Reafon, 
 conclude, that if the Whole is not diredtly in every 
 Part beautiful and regular, it is not to be fo efteem’d 
 when united in one Body, though thefe taken fingly, 
 may be in reality beautiful ; yet the Connection of Ir- 
 regularity makes that which in reality is beautiful, to be 
 like itfelf irregular, becaufe it is not a Part conftitutes a 
 Beauty, but the Refult of the Whole. 
 
 That which deters me from pointing out the parti- 
 cular Fallacies and Errors in our modern Performances, 
 proceeds likewife from a natural Confideration, which 
 feems more plain and open in its view : That is, the way 
 to incite us to the abhorrence of Vice, is belt done by 
 Ihewing the Beauty and Rewards, the Felicity and Con- 
 tentment contain’d in the Practice of the oppofite 
 Virtues. 
 
 Like our firft unhappy Parents, we naturally covet to 
 enjoy that thing which we are bid to abftain from ; in 
 this cafe, Nature has been almoft a cuftomary Law. It 
 is poffible to believe, that had we never known that 
 the Truft we break is linful or unlawful, becaufe for- 
 bidden, we fliould never have minded or coveted after 
 it; but becaufe the Injunction is impos’d on us by Re- 
 straint, we naturally are the more eager in the purfuit 
 of the Enjoyment : and in this cafe, the two former pre- 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 judicial Principles which I obferv’d were fo erroneous, 
 ’viz*. Novelty and Singlenels have a great Power in the 
 Action. 
 
 Daftly, if when knowing the Danger of a Difeafe, the 
 tick Man juft expiring for want of a fpeedy Redrefs by 
 the Application of prefent proper Remedies ; I fay, if 
 we Ihould juft then tell him the general Caufes of his 
 Malady, the many Incidents natural to fuch Diftem- 
 pers, the fatal Effects of them, and the Malignity of 
 them, how little availing would fuch Difcourle be to 
 the Benefit of the languifhing Patient ? Juft thus is the 
 Cafe of the Difeafe before us, which I ftiall now briefly 
 open, and be as expeditious in the Application as pof- 
 fible. 
 
 But before I thus proceed, I muft beg leave to clear 
 myfelf from the Imputation of Cenfure, by informing 
 you my prefent Defign is free from the leaft thoughts 
 of ambitious Oftentation in appearing to the Publick. 
 For an Author Ihould confider, that in Writings of this 
 nature to the World, everyone infpedts into the Verity 
 of his Proceeding ; and if it is not entirely free from 
 the moft common way of modern Writers, whofe Com- 
 politions are for the moft part made up with the Studies 
 of other Men, it expofes him to all the Cenfure and 
 Defamation that fo injudicious a Condudt deferves. 
 And here likewile I would not be thought to prefcribe 
 Rules of Confinement, as to the minuter Proportions, 
 as accounting them fo abfolutelv neceffary in the per- 
 formance of the Execution ; but muft leave that to the 
 difcerning Judgment of the more knowing Architect in 
 fo nice an Oblervation. My chief and ultimate Willies 
 
 F tend 
 
( 34 ) 
 
 tend only to the Prefervation of declining Architec- 
 ture, to have it done in a Conformity to thole excellent, 
 fare, and undeniable Rules prefcrib’d by its ancient 
 Practitioners. 
 
 This is that beauteous Practice I would endeavour 
 to recommend to your ferious Confideration ; that 
 Study which prevail’d fo much upon the Minds of the 
 Ancients, and induced them by a frequent and clofe 
 Application to bring it to an entire Perfection. There 
 is not one kind of Building whatever but may be erec- 
 ted by thofe Rules and Methods which they left for our 
 PraCtice, to lead us through the various Scenes of Beau- 
 ties we encounter within their Productions. Such a 
 Multiplicity of ProfpeCts which arife by diftant Reflec- 
 tions, cannot but incite us to the framing fuch an E- 
 fteem for it, as fhall bear an equivalent Proportion to 
 the Beauty of the QbjeCt. 
 
 The three Greek Orders are of themfelves fufficient to 
 raife the greateft, nobleft, and moft magnificent Structure 
 that Mankind can poffibly invent, without the leaft A£ 
 fiftance of the Latin or Roman \ which are borrow’d 
 from the Excellencies contain’d in the former, and 
 when compar’d to the Antiquity of the other, but of 
 modern Extraction. For as the learned Monfieur Freart r 
 Author of the Parallel of the Ancient Architecture with 
 the Modern , obferves, (and to whom 1 am indebted for 
 feveral Remarks) there are but three forts of Building ; 
 fo the three Greek Orders furnifh us with the three 
 different kinds to execute them ; as the Solid with 
 the Dorick , the Medium between the Strength of 
 the Dorick and the Airinefs of the Corinthian , per- 
 form’d 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 form’d with the lonick, the Delicate with the Corin- 
 thian. To thefe I fhall adhere, and difcourfe of 
 them in their turns, without touching upon the o- 
 ther two ; leaving it for thofe to defend, who fhall, 
 by perhaps a more difcerning Judgment, better com- 
 prehend their Ufe and Beauty in the Practice of 
 Building. 
 
 The Neceffity of being conformable to thofe Pro- 
 portions in our Practices, is feen from their being prov’d 
 to be founded upon Nature and Reafon. This was not 
 only the Foundation of their Practices, but alfo the 
 Fountain of Order in general, and the Refult of the 
 Executions of the Ancients. Reafon is in reality the 
 Root of a mathematical Definition, which when con- 
 vinc’d by fuch a Definition as appears concurring with 
 Pofiibility, it readily contents to a belief of the Truth. 
 As for inftance, as Columns are more advanc’d in 
 height, fo confequently of lefs power to fuftain the 
 Bulk of the Weight with thofe whofe Diameters are 
 equal, and of a lefs Height. Reafon induces us to be- 
 lieve, that a Column of ten Feet high cannot fuftain 
 fuch a Weight as one of five Feet height of the lame 
 Diameter; for the Force of the Solidity becomes of 
 left Power to fuftain in Proportion to its Height, becaufe 
 the Power of Gravity has the greater Depreftion upon 
 itfelf, when it is augmented in a Progreffion of Height 
 upon the fame Diameters ; which confequently muft be 
 left capacitated to fupport, not only the Weight arifing 
 from itfelf, but alfo the Power which Gravity has on the 
 Action of all Bodies, whofe Solidity requires a fufficient 
 Quantity of Matter to fuftain the fame. Thus ought 
 
 F Z we 
 
( 3 6 ) 
 
 we to confider in every Part of our Speculations, 
 that Realon fhould be the firft Ground-Work of our 
 Intentions; and when thus founded, we ftiall appear 
 only to be Imitators of the Ancients in their Practices 
 of Architecture, in relation to the Execution of found 
 Building. 
 
 Nature, or natural Reafon, is fuch a felf-evident 
 Conviction of the ObjeCt of our Contemplation, or 
 the Senfibility of its confiding in a Conformity to our 
 Ideas, that we may confent to believe without ma- 
 thematical Enquiries. In this cafe, I would alledge, 
 that by placing a Column with the upper Part of the 
 Shaft of it downwards on its Capital, and reverting 
 its Bafe upwards, and the greater Diameter of the 
 Shaft with it, feems to be as unconformable to ma- 
 thematical Reafon, and as inconfiftent with natural, 
 as it is to believe that a Man (hould from his In- 
 fancy continually walk on his Hands, and ufe his Feet 
 as naturally in all Actions, as others generally ufe 
 their Hands. 
 
 Reader, it may feem altogether incoherent with the 
 Stile of modern Writers, to draw fuch plain, though 
 obvious Allufions ; but when you refleCt from whom 
 defign’d, the Meannefs of the Drefs anfwers the Ob- 
 jection, in reference to the Tafte of the Bulk, of Man- 
 kind. It is not intended for fuch whole Ideas re- 
 quire a Superfluity of eloquent Rhetorick, fet forth 
 with a fimooth and graceful Turn of Thought in eve- 
 ry Line, to convey by foftning Language, conformable 
 to their J ud g ment, every minute Circumftance : but 
 for fuch whom Fortune has placed in a lower Sphere, 
 
 b 7 
 
C 37 ) 
 
 by whom I Hope I fliall be clearly underftood in 
 this plain intelligible Method of Reafoning; which 
 I have endeavour’d to render as obvious to the 
 meaneft Capacity, as the Practice of ancient Archi- 
 tecture is preferable to that of our Moderns. 
 
 CHAP. 
 

 ( *8 ) 
 
 *• 
 
 ® ® ® ® # & & & ® & # & & &&' &&& ® & &&• $> ® ® ® ® &> 0 0 £> 
 
 C HAP. v. 
 
 The Dorick Order defin'd \ in a verbal De - 
 monfir at ton, in relation to its minuter Pro- 
 portions and Divijions . 
 
 B | H E Dorick being the firft regular Idea of Archi- 
 | tedfure, and the Foundation of Order in gene- 
 ral, it is therefore neceffary to begin with it. 
 I fhall in this place only juft obferve, as to its Symme- 
 try, That it has a beauteous (though (olid) Afpedt, its 
 Members adapted to its Strength, and its Entablature, 
 whole Altitude is ever ; of the Height of the Co- 
 lumn (with its Safe and' Capital) is in a Geometrical 
 Proportion conformable to the Force of the Solidity. 
 
 I fhall, in this and the following Chapter, make a 
 diftindt Definition of the Names and fettled Propor- 
 tions of its feparate Members, as pradfis’d by the An- 
 cients, fiom the Plinth of its Bafe to the Regula, the 
 uppeimoft of the Cornice. But in fpeaking of the 
 Bale, I muft not omit the following Obfervation, viz* 
 That 1 cannot agree with Monfieur Freart, the afore- 
 mention d Author of the Parallel , in not introducing 
 Bafes to the Columns of this Order; for there is as 
 
 feeming 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 feeming a Neceffity that they ffiould be executed in this 
 as the other ; the firft and principal Member, the Bafe, 
 being always practis'd by almoft all who have writ up- 
 on this Subject and Order : Notwithftanding whatever 
 may be aliedged from the mod antient Example, 
 whcfe Bafis might, by a long Continuance of the Struc- 
 ture, be conceal’d beneath the Ruins of itfelf; and its 
 decay’d Parts united with the Soil, might, for want of 
 due learch after it, be pafs’d by, and fo be a means to 
 give rife to this unreafonable Point of Judgment. 
 
 My reafon for this Conje&ure is founded upon this,, 
 that the mod ancient Pieces being the mod valuable,, 
 thole whole Studies lay in Infpe&ion were more cu- 
 rious in the Obfervations of thofe principal Members 
 above the Eye, and more exadt in the Calculations ; 
 and the Surface of the Earth, or its united Ruins being 
 above the Bafe, might be difficult to remove, or per- 
 haps too much Trouble : So they were contented to 
 admit a Bafe proportion’d to the Magnitude of the Di- 
 ameter of the Column, and probably omitted that part, 
 becaule they themfelves had not feen it. I will not fo 
 much infill: upon abfolute Neceffity, becaule I have no 
 Example for the Authority of the Aftertion; yet in the 
 Bath of Dioclefian at Rome, a very ancient as well as 
 beautiful and regular Compofition of this Order, the 
 Author before cited will not pofitively affirm whether 
 the Column of this Profile was without its Bafis. Fronv 
 whence we may conclude that this, and two or three In- 
 ftances feemingly concurring with his Diftafte,occafion’d 
 him fo much to inveigh again!! them. 
 
 But I cannot pafs by, without remarking upon Palla- 
 dio , the greateft Reformer after the Decay of Architec- 
 
 * ture,. 
 
( 40 ) 
 
 cere, and die Introductions of thofe prepoderous Errors 
 which endued, and like wife to whom Monfieur Freart 
 gives fo reputable a Character. I cannot but imagine 
 that he made a deep Infpedion into the original Beau- 
 ties of Order, and the Practice of the mod ancient Ex- 
 amples ; and found they were fo undeniably beautiful, 
 requilite, and neceffary to compleat the Performance, 
 that he raided his own Doric k Compofition upon a Bafis, 
 which, without difpute, . was in Conformity to the 
 Practice of the Ancients, both in the Proportion and 
 Difpofition of its feparate Members. Upon this fo un- 
 quedion’d Authority of Example, I deem lefs worthy 
 of Cenfure, in maintaining the Necelfity of a Bafis, 
 whofe Proportions I come now to confider. 
 
 The moll: part of thofe who have been Practitioners 
 of Architecture, univerfally agree in this Point as to 
 Proportion, to allow for its Height thirty Minutes, (which 
 I would otherwife term the Semi-Diameter of the Co- 
 lumn, the Whole being divided into fixty equal Parts, 
 term’d Minutes for the more eafy Divifion of its fepa- 
 rate Members) from the lowermod Part of the Plinth 
 to the upper Part of the upper Torus, which is the 
 Height of the Bale. 
 
 The firft or lowed Member (properly beginning 
 with the Foundation) is the Plinth or fquare Block, 
 the mod neceffary and principal Member of the whole 
 Bade ; for if the red of the Bade was of Wood, this, if 
 the Work was expos’d to the Injuries of the Weather, 
 was always made of domething more durable, fuch as 
 Stone; or originally, a Tile might be the Matter to dup- 
 ply the Deficiency of Stone, to hinder the Penetration 
 of the Damps, or other decaying Principles, from having 
 
 any 
 
(4i ) 
 
 any Force or Effect upon Wood, whereby it mi'ffit en- 
 danger the whole Fabrick, by the Sinking or Weaknefs of 
 that which was done with regard to Neceffity as well as 
 Beauty. The Height of this Block, or Plinth, is ten Mi- 
 nutes, that is, ten of thole Sixty Parts into which the 
 Diameter or Width of the Column below is divided, 
 and on which refts the 
 
 Lower Torus, to diftinguilh it from the upper. This 
 Member well refembles the Edge of a Cufliion, by the 
 y t, which is conceiv’d to be occafion’d Co 
 by the Prefliire of Weight lying upon it. In Imitation 
 likewife of the natural EfTed:, its Height is 8 Minutes 
 to the 
 
 Small Fillet, or Lift, or Band, which is the next 
 Member that we meet with in courfe, lying upon the 
 aforemention d lower Torus, which feems to be a Band 
 to the fame above, as the Plinth is below. The Thick- 
 nefs or Height is i Minute and £ to the next, generally 
 term’d J 
 
 Cavetto, Trochile , or Scotia , which is that Conca- 
 vity between the two Torus's. Its Refemblance is fimi- 
 lar to a Pully, from whence it is by fome call’d Rundle. 
 
 Its Height is 4 Minutes and;; which leads me to an- 
 other 
 
 Fillet or Band, between the upper Torus and Sco- 
 tia aforementioned. Its Height, as the other, is I Mi- 
 nute and -, to the uppermoft and laft Member of the 
 Bafe, call’d the 
 
 Upper Torus, whofe Height is 5 Minutes. This is 
 in a manner juft form’d after the other; and thefe are 
 all the Members included in this Cafe, which is ufually 
 teimd tne stttique, or rather jintio^ue. Their Propor- 
 
 G tions 
 
( 4* ) 
 
 lions added together, make the. Semi-Diameter of the 
 Column below, which I before obferv’d was 30 Mi- 
 nutes; and this Bale is fuitably enough apply’d to the 
 other two Orders, and looks extreamly well when exe- 
 cuted, and indeed has been practis'd in the Corinthian * 
 Order, in very ancient Examples, with great Succefs of 
 Beauty, but as others of the' fame Date have fome- 
 thing vary’d, and have differently adapted Safes to the 
 refpedtive Orders, fo I fhall not fcruple what is in the- 
 leafl conformable to their undoubted Judgments, fince 
 nothing can be more perfedt, than the Rules and Pro- 
 portions they prefcribe. 
 
 Now proceed we to the Shaft, Trunk, or, as the* 
 French term it, Tige, which fignifies originally the Body 
 of a Tree; and this I rather imagine to be more pro- 
 perly adapted to the thing itfelf, than k Fu^ the Shank, 
 (as fome term it) becaufe perhaps from thence it had its 
 Original. The Shaft then, or bare Column itfelf, which 
 is to be underftood between die upper Torus of the 
 Safe and the Freeze of the Capital, (the Necking or 
 Aftragal being always included in the Shaft) its Height 
 is 7 Diameters; a Proportion agreeable to the ancienteft: 
 Practices, of which we are not totally depriv'd of Ex- 
 ample. The firft remarkable Member is a Fillet, reft- 
 ing on the upper Torus , and which feems as a Band,, 
 and which I conjecture was originally made to confine” 
 the Column to its ftated Limits the Height is 1 Mi- 
 nute and 
 
 This leads me to fomething obfervable in the Shaft, 
 (feparate from its Necking and Fillet) which is its Di- 
 minifhing. This had its firft Buies given from Nature ; 
 for as Columns were originally made of unfhapen Trees* 
 
 that 
 
 / 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 that is, rude and natural, according to their Growth : 
 So by a frequent Pra< 5 tice they found its Difpofition 
 harmonious and beautiful. Of diminifhing Columns, there 
 are three kinds, of which that which is mo ft correfpon- 
 dent with Nature, is the moft agreeable and neceflary ; 
 that is, fwelling from j of ics Height, which is concur- 
 ring with Nature in the Growth of a Tree well ihapen. 
 Some make them diminifh ftreight from the Bale to the 
 Necking, and fome ftreight from j to the Necking : but 
 this Swelling is of a more harmonious Nature, and 
 likewife conformable to a geometrical Proportion, and 
 the Evidence of natural Reafon. 
 
 For the Preflure which lies on the Capital feems to 
 force and bear down that Part which regularly fwells, 
 (although within the Extremes of the Diameter below) 
 and by this gradual diminiihing in a circular Form, it 
 has a greater Force to fuftain the Solidity it fupports : 
 for were it ftreight from : of its Height to the Necking, 
 and the Diameter at top equal to that Diameter which 
 is fwelling, there is lels Subftance in the ftreight Co- 
 lumn at \ of its Height, than there is in that which is 
 fwelling, and confequently lefs capacitated to fupport 
 the Solidity it muft fuftain : for the greater the Diame- 
 ter, the more apt to difcharge its Office, than one of a 
 left Diameter of the fame Height. To perform which, 
 confult Palladio , who, by a plain and intelligible Me- 
 thod, has prefcrib’d an univerlal Rule for this purpole ; 
 which leads me to the top of the Shaft, whofe Diame- 
 ter is 50 Minutes, or 25, the Semi-Diameter ; from 
 whence, as at the Bale, is a Cavetto or Walh beneath 
 the 
 
 G z 
 
 Neck- 
 
( 44 ) 
 
 Necking, which confifts of an Aftragal and Fillet, 
 (in the other two Orders like wife.) To the Fillet, which 
 is next in courfe above the Cavetto, is allow’d, as to 
 the other, I Minute and \ m , and to the Aflragal, (or as 
 the Trench more properly term it, Chapelet) a String or 
 Band, 3 Minutes and^. If duly confidering its original 
 Inftitution, it feems the moft infeparable Member of 
 the Column itfelf in all the Orders, becaufe it was or- 
 dain’d, when the Columns were of Wood, to hinder the 
 penetrating Effe&s of the Sun, which by the Excefs of 
 its Heat occafion’d the Particles of the Wood to con- 
 trad themfelves into a more clofe Range, and by be- 
 ing attack’d by Air, open’d the Separation of the Par- 
 ticles (which were difunited by the ftronger Power) for 
 the reception of Rain and fiich decaying Principles, 
 which by repeated entrance occafion’d a certain 
 Decay: they were lefs durable in their Nature by the 
 reception of oppofite Elements, and confequently en- 
 danger’d the whole Building. This Necking, like a 
 Band or String, therefore was ordain’d to confine the 
 Shaft to its natural Limits, in refped to itfelf, and is 
 ever plac’d as a Seal to the 
 
 Capital ; (I conceive it to be deriv’d from the La- 
 tin Caput , which fignifies the Head;) fome term it 
 Chapter, whofe Proportion I proceed next to confider. 
 The moft ancient Examples extant, generally adhere to 
 allow for its Height, as to its Bafe, 30 Minutes, or the 
 Semi-Diameter of the Shaft at the Bafe. I mufl here of 
 neceffity obferve to you, that this Divifion of the Di- 
 ameter into Minutes at the Bafe, is the Standard to the 
 whole Work for the Divifion of the feparate Members : 
 For by this all the diftindl Members are proportionally 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 regulated and divided ; and as the Diameter of the Co- 
 lumn is enlarg’d or contracted, fo is every feparate 
 Member magnify’d or diminifhed, in a proportion con- 
 formable to the Diameter of the Column at the Bafe. 
 But to proceed, this Divifion of the Capital in its di- 
 ftinCt Members, is extremely regular in its feparate Mem- 
 bers, which I now proceed to define : And firft the 
 Freeze of the Capital, (which is always fo term’d, 
 to diftinguifli it from the Freeze above the Architrave) is 
 that fuperficial Surface that is ever perpendicular with the 
 Shaft of the Column next to the Aftragal or Necking: 
 Its Height is from the fame 9 Minutes to the 
 
 Three Annulets, or fbme make a Bead with a Ca- 
 vetto or Hollow at the Foot ; but as this is the mod an- 
 cient, as well as mod beautiful, I rather admit of this in 
 the Execution, to which is allow’d 4 Minutes, the whole; 
 which being equally divided, is I Minute and j each. 
 There are ever below the 
 
 Ovolo, or Echinus, fometimes carv’d with (what are 
 generally term’d amongft Workmen) Eggs and An- 
 chors, refembling a quarter Round in its Figure, though 
 not in reality fo, becaufe its Projection is lefs than its 
 Height, which is 5 Minutes and f from the upper An- 
 nulet, at the Foot of it, to the 
 
 Abacus ; which is a quadrangular Dilpofition of the 
 upper Part of the Capital, to defend the reft of the 
 Work beneath from the Injuries of the Weather : its 
 principal Members are the Plinth of the Capital, Cy- 
 rnatium, and Fillet. Thefe are contain’d in the Abacus*, 
 of which the firft is the 
 
 Plinth of the Capital, fo term’d to diftinguifh it 
 from the Plinth of the Bafe, from whence it derives its 
 
 Name, 
 
( 4 * ) 
 
 Name, becaufe, like that, it is ever executed fquare in 
 this Order^ its Height is 6 Minutes and j to the 
 
 Lysis, 'Cymatium, or, as feme term it, (Vee 
 which refembles a Wave, as rolling from the Lift that 
 crowns it, to the Plinth of the Capital. This is the 
 upper Member likewife in the Irnick Capital, which is 
 3 Minutes and * high to its infeparable and laft, the 
 
 List, or Fillet. This is x Minute and | high ; thefe 
 united, produce a very agreeable Afpedt, and conforma- 
 ble to the exadt Proportion I before delcrib’d, which is 
 30 Minutes of the Semi-Diameter of the Shaft of the 
 Column next the Bale. 
 
 You fee, Reader, that I have been very exact in the 
 verbal Definition of the minuteft Member contain’d in 
 the Bale, Shaft, and Capital in the Dorick Order, with the 
 Proportidn of the Height of the fame ; it now follows, 
 that I proceed to examine the Entablature in the fame 
 Method ; but before I enter upon this, I muft obferve to 
 you, that as its Column has a lefs Height than thole of 
 the other two Orders, fo its Solidity is in a greater Capa- 
 city adapted to fuftain a more mally Entablature. The An- 
 cients, no doubt, were alfur d of this fo natural a Reafbn, 
 for they allow’d r part of the Height of the Column, with 
 its Bafe and Capital, and to the lonick and the Corin- 
 thian Had it been with relpedt to the Diameter of 
 the Column, the Corinthian Entablature would have 
 been a piodigious deal more than the Dorick, provided 
 the Proportion were adapted to theDiameter equally; and 
 as its Column is more advanc’d in height, fo ot left capaci- 
 ty to fuftain it than the other two : As for inftance, the 
 Suppofition of a Column being z Feet Diameter of the 
 Do- 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 Dorick Order, the Entablature of the fame \ of the 
 Height of the Column (8 Diameters) is 4 Feet ; where- 
 as, if the Corinthian Column (whofe Height is 9 Dia- 
 meters and ;) were 1 Feet Diameter, j of the Height of 
 the Column is 3 Feet 9 Indies and So the more ad- 
 vanc’d in height you fee the Columns Entablature a- 
 bated, in a Proportion taken from the Height of the 
 Column, and not the Diameters, though of an equal 
 Magnitude. But this Obfervation having detain’d me 
 from considering its Proportion feparately, I haften to 
 the next Chapter ; with this Conclufion, That in every 
 Part and feparate Branch of Order, the Ancients had a 
 peculiar regard to have it in a Conformity to the Refult 
 of a geometrical Definition, and confonant to the Dic- 
 tates of natural Reafon. 
 
( 4 ? ) 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 The Proportions of the Entablature of the 
 Dorick Order confiderd ; with RefleBions 
 upon the Caufes which introduced its Ene- 
 mies, Singlenefs and Novelty. 
 
 EFQRE I enter directly upon the Definition 
 requir’d, I muft here remark to you by way-of 
 Inlpection, the Subtilty of Novelty, with what 
 deceiving Policy it Hole upon the fettled Proportions 
 of Order. This, as concurring to my purpofe, cannot 
 but give you lome Idea of our having the moft reafon 
 to condemn that, and ftrictly adhere to the Rules pre- 
 Icrib’d by the Ancients for the Execution of even the 
 minuter Proportions of Order in our Practices. 
 
 And for this purpofe, it will be requifite to obferve, 
 that Liberty firft began to make Inroads, and Fallhood 
 by degrees eras’d the very Foundation of thole Rules, 
 which had been the long and tedious Study and Prac- 
 tice of thofe, who, by the Afliftarice of each other, 
 brought Architecture to that entire Perfection in which 
 I have before defcrib’d it. But Error did not extend 
 itfelf but by a gradual Progreflion \ its Follies made no 
 deep Impreffion to outward appearance, till it had 
 
 gain’d 
 
( 49 ) 
 
 gain’d an abfolute Madery over Truth : it at fird ,by 
 Moderation and Difguife, by Flattery and falfe Appea- 
 rances, dole infenfibly upon the foft and effeminate 
 Bread; and by an eafy and Teeming gentle Deportment, 
 fo clouded and obfcur’d the Rays of Light, that the 
 Deceit could not be difcover’d, till it had almod ex- 
 tinguifh’d the true Senfe of Order, which it druck at, 
 both in Root and Branch. 
 
 Had it boldly and voluntarily proceeded, o* vifibly 
 and openly at once appear’d, it could never have made 
 the lead Impreflion upon the Minds of even the Gene- 
 rality of fufceptible Mankind ; for by being appriz’d of 
 its Encroachments, they would have been able, by a 
 defenfive Podure, to have maintain’d Order dill in that 
 Purity and Beauty, which was indituted by the difcerning 
 Part of Mankind, who fird gave Archite&ure her ori- 
 ginal Perfe&ions : but, alas ! little Incurfions made open 
 a way for greater, and fmall Beginnings took their de- 
 fired JEfFedt upon an unguarded Virtue, and when, per- 
 haps, lead fufpedfing fuch rude Attempts from even the 
 mod prejudic’d Minds. 
 
 The Theft of one fmall Member, with the Addition 
 of another difproportionate one, Teem’d but of little 
 importance to the Affidance of its Enemies ; but that 
 enlarged a Way for greater and more unhappy Confequen- 
 ces which follow’d : for then, being unregarded, a Foun- 
 dation was laid for the pillaging and dedroying it, as it 
 were, of almod all its beauteous Ornaments. Every 
 one then leffen’d or enlarg’d, added to or diminifh’d 
 even the mod neceffary Members, as his erroneous Fan- 
 cy dictated ; and by a frequent Practice of their repeat- 
 ed Follies, did (I doubt not) edeem the greated Falf- 
 
 H hood, 
 
( 50 ) 
 
 hood, the moll daring Irregularities, and the moft ab-, 
 furd Errors for the harmonious and undeniable Truth, 
 and the unerring Virtues and Beauties of ancient Archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 Reader, I have thus far caution’d you of the Danger 
 of entertaining the leaft Notions of Self-Praife in the 
 Alteration of your Members, either in Proportion or 
 Figure, unlefs in fome particular Cafes there is a feem- 
 ing Neceffity, which very feldom happens, it ought fo 
 to be with the utmoft Care and InfpeCtion; but continue 
 them in the Form and Proportions here prefcrib’d, 
 which will be the moft conducing Caufe to attain a 
 juft Character amongft thofe of Merit and Judgment. 
 To thofe I write who are young Proficients, and unap- 
 priz’d of the Nature, Defign, and Proportion of Archi- 
 tecture; fo the more eafily deceiv’d and drawn from the 
 Paths of Truth, by a natural and eager Purfuit after No- 
 velty and afpiring Singlenefs, and a propenfe Defire of 
 following moft of the preceding Follies I have already 
 hinted at; and given you, I hope, fufficient Reafons to 
 deteCt. But at laft I am arriv’d at the defir’d Haven, 
 and now will proceed to the Proportion of the 
 
 Entablature, or, as the French term it, Entablement, 
 from whom probably it was deriv’d. This is part of 
 the Height of the Column, which is eight Diameters ; 
 fo the Height of the Architrave, Freeze, and Cornice 
 (which makes the whole Entablature) confifts of two en- 
 tire Diameters. I flrall proceed, firft, with the 
 
 Architrave, which, in the moft ancient Examples, 
 is 3° Minutes in height, and for the moft part divided 
 into two Fafcia’s, though fome admit but one ; (but this 
 
 feems 
 
( 5i ) 
 
 feems too plain, and favours too much of the T Iff can.) 
 The French term it Cordon , which fignifies fuperficial or 
 flat, which is properly enough adapted to the Situation 
 of the 
 
 First Fascia, or lowermoft, always refting on the 
 Capital, and is ever in this (and the other two Orders) 
 perpendicular, with the Shaft of the Column juft below 
 the Necking, or perpendicular with the Freeze of the 
 Capital. And likewife you muft obferve, that the Freeze 
 above the Architrave is perpendicular with the firftFafcia, 
 the Height of which is 1 1 Minutes from the horizontal 
 Surface of the Top, or uppermoft Member of the Ca- 
 pital to the 
 
 Cimatium, or, as fome call it, Gold. The French term 
 it Cymaife , (from whence I conceive it to be deriv’d) 
 which fignifies likewife a Wave that it refembles in its 
 Figure. Some omit this Member, and have only the 
 fecond Fafcia, projected one Minute beyond the Perpendi- 
 cular of the firft, without any Separation ; but I chufe ra- 
 ther to admit of this for variety, and having fufficient 
 Example : The Height is i Minute and ; to the 
 
 Second Fascia, in which I muft obferve there are 
 certain Gutt & , deriv’d from the French Goute , which fig- 
 nifies a Drop, and by fome fo call’d, by others term’d 
 Bells, which are fix in number, always placed under the 
 Triglyph of the Freeze, and I think ’em its infeparable 
 ornamental Companions : They feem from Nature to 
 be form’d like Drops of Ice, congeal’d by the occafion 
 of Rain trickling down the Channellings of the Tri- 
 glyphs. They are executed fometimes flat in fhape like 
 the Fruftum of a Pyramid ; or circular, like that of a 
 Cone ; difunited by a perpendicular Line through the 
 
 H z Centre, 
 
( 51 ) 
 
 Centre, or refembling a Bell, from whence fo call’d. 
 They are crown’d with a fmall Annulet, or Band, whofe 
 Proportions together make 5 Minutes and both with- 
 in the fecond Fafcia, whofe Height is likewife 13 Mi- 
 nutes to the 
 
 Tenia. This, like a Band, feems to confine the Ar- 
 chitrave and Freeze together. I take it, from the afore- 
 laid Obfervation, to be deriv’d from the French Tenir 
 to keep. To its Height is afcrib’d 4 Minutes and f to 
 the next Divifion of the Entablature, the 
 
 Freeze ; the French term it Frife, which fignifies flat 
 or fuperficial, whofe height is 45 Minutes, or | of the 
 Diameter from the Tenia of the Architrave to the up- 
 per Tenia, fo term’d to diftinguifh it from the afore- 
 Paid. Some call it the Capital of the Freeze, which I 
 imagine conftitutes a part of the Cornice, though other- 
 wife underftood by fome who make it a part of the 
 Freeze ; but I muft obferve to you, that there is an in- 
 feparable Member, that we term the 
 
 Trigl^ph, which is ever the Height of the Freeze, 
 and whofe Width is the Semi-Diameter of the Column, 
 or 30 Minutes. Thefe are firft divided in twelve equal 
 Parts for the Divifion of the Channellings, (fome fay 
 in imitation of A 'polios Lyre, the firft Temple of this 
 Order with Triglyphs in the Freeze being dedicated to 
 him) which are two whole Channels, three Spaces, and 
 two half Channels ; to the two outward, or Semi-Chan- 
 nels, is allow’d one part of the twelve to each, and to 
 the Spaces between the Channels, which are three, is 
 given two Parts each ; and to the whole Channels, the 
 fame Proportion of Width as the Diftances between 
 
 them, 
 
( n ) 
 
 them, which is two Parts each. Thefe added, make up 
 the twelve Parts, as I before obferv’d, for its Divifion. 
 
 I muft juft obferve to you likewife, that the Metopes 
 or Diftances between the Triglyphs, are, or ought al- 
 ways, as near as poflible, to be the fame in Width, as 
 the Height of the Freeze ; or, in other terms, that the 
 Triglyphs ought to be placed fuch a diftance from each 
 other, that the Vacancy between them fhall be as high 
 as the Freeze, or perfectly fquare; which, when execu- 
 ted, appears very agreeable to the Eye, and what was 
 always the Care of the Ancients in their Performances. 
 This brings me to my third and laft Divifion of the 
 Entablature, generally call’d the 
 
 Cornice; the French term it Goutie're, or Spout, 
 which conveys the Water, or defends the Work beneath 
 it from the Injuries of the Weather. This Divifion of 
 the Cornice confifts of four fuperiour Members, •viz,. 
 Upper Tenia, Bedding Molding, Corona, and, laftly, 
 the Cornice, (although the whole is fo term’d;) which 
 I would diftinguifh from the other by the Name of In- 
 feriour, or the Cornice of the Corona. Thefe are again 
 divided into lefs Divifions, whofe Proportions I proceed 
 now to confider : I lhall commence with the 
 
 Superiour Tenia, or Capital of the Freeze, the firft 
 Member above the fame; which is a flat Fillet or Band, 
 like the Tenia of the Architrave : It leems to bind or 
 confine the Work whereto it belongs ; its Height is five 
 Minutes to the firft Member of the 
 
 Bedding Molding, which in this place is a Cavetto, 
 or Hollow ; the Height is fix Minutes to the Fillet, 
 which is between this and the Oajolo. The Fillet or Band is 
 one Minute to the laft Member of the Bedding-Molding, 
 
 whicli 
 
( 54 ) 
 
 which is the Echinus or Ovolo aforemention’d. (There 
 is to this likewife a Fillet or Band, but it is not mea- 
 sured with the Ovolo, becaufe it is hid in the Cavity 
 under the Planchere, when the Eye is level with the un- 
 der part of the Corona j) the Height of which is eight 
 Minutes to the third Divifion of the fuperiour Cornice 
 the 
 
 Corona: This is a Member fb neceflary, that we 
 never find it omitted in the three Orders, unlefs (I 
 think) in what they call the compos’d Order at the 
 Caftle of the Arco de Leoni at Verona ; likewife by Alberti , 
 in his Corinthian , taken, I conceive, from the Temple of 
 Peace at Rome . Thefe are the only three Examples 
 where we find the Corona deficient : the Reafcn they 
 may alledge for not being executed in thefe Orders, is, 
 that the Modillions form of themfelves a Corona, or De- 
 fence from the Injuries of the Weather, which is their 
 only Intention. But in the Dorick and Ionick Orders, 
 where Modillions are feldom executed, to omit the 
 Corona would be a prepofterous Error : And as thefe are 
 the only Inflances, I oppofe to them the numberlefs 
 other Examples of Beauty extant, and the Argument 
 falls Ihort ol its Force, fince fo many more ancient and 
 greater Examples have ever been adorn’d with this fo 
 neceffary and ornamental a Part of the Cornice ; whofe 
 Height is nine Minutes to the uppermoft and laft Divi- 
 fion of the Cornice, term’d the 
 
 Inferiour Cornice, or the Cornice of the Corona : 
 This confifts of a double Cymaise, or Cymatium, where 
 the lowermoft is always inverted, and the other Redta 
 to the Cymatium Inverted, is given 5 Minutes, and 
 its Regula (feparating it from the Refta) 1 Minute 
 
 and 
 
( 55 ) 
 
 and \ to the Cima-Recta, whofe Height is 7 Minutes 
 and j, to the uppermoft and laft Member of the whole 
 Entablature, call’d Regula, or List, or Cincture, al- 
 ways executed in the three Orders ; its Height is ’two 
 Minutes. & 
 
 I have now confider’d the fuperiour Cornice in its 
 four Divifions, the Proportion of every feparate Mem- 
 ber of the fame, which are as follow: The Tenia 5 Mi- 
 nutes, the Bedding-Molding 15 Minutes, to the Co- 
 rona 9 Minutes, and to the Inferiour Cornice 16 
 Minutes ; which, when added together, makes 45 Mi- 
 nutes. Now to this add the Freeze 45 Minutes, and the 
 Architrave 50, produce 1 10 Minutes or z Diameters ; 
 or, as I before obferv d, the whole Entablature confided 
 of Part of the Height of its Column in the Dorick 
 Order ; which being 8 Diameters in height, is the fame 
 as two Diameters. Thus far have I compleated my firft 
 
 Propofition, and now proceed we briefly to define the 
 Method of Execution. 
 
 But before I thus proceed, I muft juft obferve to 
 \ou, that without a due Obfervation of the neceftary 
 1 lOjccft uies, or a peiiecf (conception how to execute 
 this Part fo, that the Work appear regularly difpos’d of, 
 our Compofitions will appear very difproportionate and 
 deform’d. I for this purpofe, as the moft approv’d of 
 Method, divide the greateft Diameter of the Column 
 (which is from y of its Height downwards to the Bafe) 
 into 60 equal Parts, term’d, as I have before obferv’d, 
 Minutes , from the Centre of which, or at Minutes, 
 
 I eieff a perpendicular Line quite through the whole 
 Height of the Column and the Entablature, from which 
 central Line I take the Projection of each Member. As 
 
 for 
 
( 5<S ) 
 
 for inftance, from the aforefaid Centre, to the utmoft 
 Projection of the Safe, which is the lower Torus, or 
 Plinth, is Minutes; or to the Extent of the Projec- 
 ture of the Corona in the Cornice, is 60 Minutes from 
 the faid central Line, and fo of the reft of the Mem- 
 bers. This brings me to my former Propofition touch- 
 ing the Execution. 
 
 And firft, you muft confider whether your Confine- 
 ment in the Execution is to the Column itfelf, or to 
 the Entablature ereCted thereon : If the Limits of your 
 Confinement is to the Column only, divide your 
 Height by 8, (as your Column confifts of 8 Diameters 
 in height) and the Quotient of your Divifion fliews you 
 the Diameter of your Column, that is, the Width of 
 the Shaft at the Bafe ; if it is to the Entablature that 
 your Height of Confinement extends, divide your Height 
 by IO, (as the Entablature is two Diameters more) and 
 the Quotient is your Diameter; allow 1 of thofe ~ Parts, 
 or £ for your Height of the Entablature, and the remain- 
 ing r 0 is the Height of the Column. 
 
 I muft obferve to you, that if you are confin’d in 
 Height, either to your Column, or to the Entablature 
 erecfted thereon, you cannot determine or know the 
 Diameter, without this Divifion of your Height, as be- 
 fore obferv’d for the Dorick Order ; or if your Diameter 
 is given by multiplying the fame by 8, it gives the 
 Height of the Column only ; or the Height for the En- 
 tablature is known by multiplying the Diameter by IO, 
 as the whole Height confifts of IO Diameters. The 
 other two Orders are entirely correfpondent with the 
 fame Rules and Methods : Firft, confider the Height of 
 die Column, then its Entablature next your Confine- 
 ment, 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 merit, if to the Column itfelf, or to the Entablature 
 thereon erected : Then by confidering if the Confine- 
 ment is to the Diameter, by reverting thofe Rules, that 
 is, multiplying, £fc. you know the Height from the 
 Diameter given. But to make this more facile and 
 eafy, I have, at the End of this Treatife, annexed an In- 
 IpeCtional Table, with an Explanation, whereby all thefe 
 feeming Difficulties are plainly calculated and demon- - 
 ftrated, and made eafy to the meaneft Capacity. 
 
 Now I fliall proceed to give you an ocular Demon- 
 ftration of what I have fo long been defining in a Ver- 
 bal. I have adapted the Compofitions to the Capaci- 
 ties of fuch whole Knowledge Hands level with my 
 own; there the whole Orders are executed in a plain 
 intelligible Method, in different Views of Variety in* 
 the Defigns: We muft firft open the Scene by degrees 
 of Perfection, that in elevating the Ideas by a gradual 
 Progreilion, we may the more plainly difcover the Beau- - 
 ties, rather than in expofing the molt perfeCt. For if 
 we were to commence with the mod perfeCt of our 
 Compofitions, how dull and indifferent the other Parts 
 would appear, though equally Praife-worthy, in propor- 
 tion to its Compofition or Beauty ! And likewife the 
 Beholder fo fpends the Force of his Imagination upon 
 the firft Beauty, that the Train of Ideas are exhaufted, 
 and he has nothing left to fay of the others, though * 
 deferring his Commendation in a degree fuitahle to 
 their Perfections. It likewife depreffes the Fancy, and 
 the other Compofitions appear naked and imperfeCt. 
 
 We muft, on the contrary, open the Scene by various 
 Beauties, arifing in a degree of Perfection one above 
 another; we then gradually draw forth the Train or 
 
 1 Ideas 
 
( 58 . ) 
 
 Ideas which are link’d together, we give every Beauty 
 its juft Praile, the Fancy is elevated, and our view ter- 
 minates in a fecret Satisfaction arifing from the Refult 
 of the Imagination, rais’d by a Train of Beauties in a 
 gradual Progreffion : Whereas the other Method would 
 have a clear contrary Effect ; we fhould lole the firft Ob- 
 ject by a Depreftion of the Fancy, and the Ideas of 
 thole inferiour Beauties, and our imagin’d Satisfaction 
 would terminate in Dulnefs and Irregularity. 
 
 The firft is the Method in which I fhall proceed with 
 the Dorick Order, as the moft ancient original Fountain 
 of Order, and the Foundation of the other two; by 
 whole majeftick Beauty we may frame a more advanc’d 
 Idea of the Harmony and excellent Compofitions of 
 the Ionick and Corinthian. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( 59 > 
 
 
 «v/VA/ft $VV-<>V3 AAl^V fV'-V» -1 
 
 2®5JS6§^Safe^S^ 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 The Dorick 0n&r examin'd , from the 
 
 Profiles. 
 
 OW, Reader, let us pals to the Demonftration 
 I before premis’d in the preceding Chapter, and 
 take a fhort View of the Dorick Order, as you 
 fee it here executed. The general and minuter Pro- 
 portions I have already confider’d, as to their Magni- 
 tude ; their Diftributions I am now to examine, as tend- 
 ing to add Luftrc to the Rcfult of the Whole. 
 
 And herein there feems no farther Neceffity of Ob- 
 fervations or Defence, than what is conducing to clear 
 the Regularity of their Compofition. This is (o founded 
 upon unexceptionable Authority, that they clear them- 
 felves from the Calumny of Cenfure : The Form or 
 their Diftributions I cannot but acknowledge to be ex- 
 ceedingly deficient of the Grandeur ot many Compo- 
 fitions of the fame Species or Order; but when, as 
 confidering the Force of Reafon, and how aptly ap- 
 ply ’d to the Neceffity requir’d, they in fome meafure 
 clear themfelves from the Afperfions that may be call 
 
 I z upon 
 
( rfo ) 
 
 upon the Defigns of thofe of an unthinking Genius. 
 Or to return to an Apology, you’ll find in my fourth 
 Chapter, that my ultimate Willies tend only to the Re- 
 fuft of the Whole, to have thofe regulated Propor- 
 tions executed conformable thereto. To this I have 
 ftrittly adher’d, and muft freely fatisfy the World, that 
 Palladio has not been a little affifting to me in regula- 
 ting the Proportions, the Form and Diftribution of the 
 feparate Members; from vvhofe Judgment I account the 
 general Unity fo regular and perfect, that there is no- 
 thing left us to defire, but to fee the Practice of them, 
 as clofely and ftridtly adher’d to, as ever the Ancients 
 were ambitious of performing the Refuit oi theii own 
 .beautiful Imaginations. 
 
 ’Tis from the two Scales in the Profiles before you, 
 ■that I have executed the other two Orders; likewife (as 
 to the Proportions of their Diameters, which are equal) 
 in the fame manner I have treated of the Duruk. 
 Tne three Frontilpieces I have compos’d in three dif- 
 ferent Forms, but all propos’d rn be executed with - 
 Columns, as you fee in the Plan of this Durick ; the 
 more plain, I conceive, the more beautiful in things 
 of this nature. But however, a particular regard ought 
 to be had in adapting them to a proper Station, or 
 Place. 
 
 Since what has been already faid on this Subject 
 may fuffice for future Neceffities, I (hall endeavour to 
 be as expeditious as poffible in the Remarks, and fliall 
 fo explain the different Views of the Profiles in an 
 ocular Demonftration, that there will be little occa- 
 sion for a verbal, any farther than to give you an intel-. 
 
 ligible 
 
(6i ) 
 
 ligible Conception of the Beauties of the ancient, and 
 the Deformity of modern Practices. Which leads me 
 to confider the Propofition, by entering on my next 
 Chapter, touching the lonick Order. 
 
 > 
 
 * ^ 
 
 * 
 
 / 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
< 6i ) 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Remarks on the Ionick Order. 
 
 H E Vorick Order, by a frequent and clofe Ap- 
 plication to the Practice of it, being brought to 
 a regular Compofition ; at leaft fo far, that the 
 Execution became practicable by a common Rule or 
 Standard: The Ancients thought it neceffary, by a 
 changeable Diftribution of other Members, to add fome 
 Luftre to its Foundation, by the Addition of more airy, 
 more foft and effeminate Materials; that by a Variety 
 of Matter in the Execution, it might be adapted to the 
 common changeable Tempers of human Nature. 
 
 And in this too, they fo far faw the Neceifity of an 
 univerfal Law of Proportion, by the repeated Inftances 
 of its Foundation, that they gave as abfolute Argu- 
 ments, founded upon the Law of natural Reafon, for the 
 Adherence to the Practice of them, as there was a Pof- 
 fibility of imagining there might be given for the Ne- 
 ceflity of being conformable to the Rules and minuter 
 Diftributions of the feparate Members in the Execution 
 of the Dorick. At laft, they fo adorn’d its united Com- 
 'pofition with the Addition of beautiful Reprefentations 
 of Perfection, and the difuniting of more grofs and folid 
 Members, that there was little wanting to add to its 
 
 Re- 
 
I 
 
 ...**> ■• » tj%~. ■ -V 
 
 ' • ..'.r »*< 1 ' 
 
 
 ‘ :^r- V-V-‘ 
 
 I — I 
 
( 6 ; ) 
 
 Regularity and Harmony, but an univerfal Approbation 
 of its Compleatnefs in the general Proportions they had 
 given it, as a Law undeniably ufeful in the Execution. 
 And here the Ionians feem to bear away the Palm from the 
 Founders of the Dorick, by producing fuch a Compofition 
 (altho’ founded upon the fame Rules and Diftributions, a- 
 dapted to the more graceful Varieties of Beauties) that 
 became a means of an- everlafting Honour to the Coun- 
 try from whence it had its Original and primitive De- 
 nomination. 
 
 This, in Ihort, feems to be the Refult of their Change 
 which we have now before us. As for its more perfedt 
 Unity in preference to the Dorick, I am not now to 
 confider ; fince if I was feemingly conftrain’d to apo- 
 logize touching this Point in my preceding Chapter, 
 this Profile of the Ionick carries with it its own Defence, 
 as to the general compacted Divifions of the Whole ; it 
 being taken from a very ancient and almoft as beauti- 
 ful an Example as Antiquity has produc’d, which any 
 who are Judges of this kind can eafily difeern. 1 
 
 The Column, with its Bale and Capital, is 8 Diame- 
 ters and j in height, and its Entablature is \ of the 
 Height of the Column. But indeed in the aforemen- 
 tion d Example, altnough this is the general Proportion 
 given, yet in the minuter Diftributions it is deficient of 
 that by five Minutes, which is but inconfiderable. But 
 to evade Refledtions that may ariie by Examination, I 
 have endeavour’d to redtify the feeming Miftake, by ad- 
 ding one Minute to the Architrave, one to the Freeze, 
 and three to the Cornice ; placing the additional Pro- 
 portions in fuch a Station, where Neceffity feem’d moil 
 to require; which may be poflibly lefs perfedt than the 
 
 original 
 
( ) 
 
 original Example : but this I chofe rather to concur in, 
 than to fall fhort of the general Proportions. 
 
 The chiefeft Remark of Diftindtion in the Perfor- 
 mance feems wholly dependant upon the Capital, (and 
 a (mall Bead upon the upper Torus of the Bale, to make 
 fome difference from the Attique more peculiar to the 
 Vorick ;) which is a Proceeding that requires a De- 
 fence, and what I fliall endeavour to clear, by fir ft' con- 
 fidering, that the diftance of Time fince its primitive 
 Inftitution to that of our prefent, may in a great mea- 
 fure be a conducing Caufe of making it to pafs under 
 the Title of Antique *. For whatever is produced as an 
 Original beyond the Limits of our own Knowledge, (an 
 Age, or two hundred Years, as this is diftant in Time) as 
 to its Foundation and Appearance, may properly e- 
 nough be term’d ancient. 
 
 Next, the Authority of the Judgment of the Perfon 
 who recommends its Practice by his Invention and Ex- 
 ample, (no lefs than Vincent Scamoz^zA, Competitor, 
 with, and but little inferiour to Palladio himfelf) can- 
 not but be a fufficient Caufe to fatisfy thofe who will 
 readily condemn a Proceeding of this nature, was it not 
 for the laft Confideration, which is, its infinitely more 
 beautiful Compofure, in refpeft to thofe Pra&ices before 
 his Time : For whatever Structure of Grandeur or Efteem 
 has fince its primitive Invention been ere&ed according 
 to the general Proportions of this Order, has been with 
 a peculiar regard to the Execution of this Capital, whole 
 Volutes in an angular Difpofition might face equally 
 each oppofite Side of the Column : A Remark peculiar 
 to Scamo&Zji alone, who feems here to have fully per- 
 fected that which was the ultimate Endeavours of its 
 
 origi- 
 
( 65 ) 
 
 original Inftitutors, by the Addition of this fingle Mem- 
 ber of fuch Force, although Beautiful before, yet not 
 compleatly fo, till this had gain’d Admittance and an 
 univerfal Applaufe. 
 
 If from thefe Confiderations I pafs not uncenfur’d, I 
 muft have recourfe to my general Introduction, which 
 you’ll find is a fufficient Explanation that I am not fuch 
 a Bigot to Antiquity as fome may imagine : For as the 
 original Production of Artis exceeding rare, fo itsCom- 
 pofition is doubtlefs imperfeCt, till by the frequent Suc- 
 cefs of Execution, and convincing Arguments, we attain 
 the defir’d End of our propofitional Intentions. 
 
 This may ferve, in fome meafure, to define the gene- 
 ral Obfeivations I premis’d to fpeak to, and likewife to 
 raife our Sentiments to an Idea more elevated than that 
 of our former in the Speculation of the Dorick ; like- 
 wife to prepare, by a gradual Spring of our Judgments, 
 to the opening a greater and more perfeCt Scene of 
 Beauties, united in the Compofition of that which 
 cannot admit of any Addition ; nor has it (fince from 
 Corinth it i fiued in its utmoft Splendour) received any 
 perfeCler Graces : which I Ihall prefent to your view in 
 the next Chapter. 
 
 K 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( 66 ) 
 
 & &&&& gMMyyyyyij 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Remarks on the Corinthian Order. 
 
 ERE, Reader, we are arriv’d within fight of 
 Shore, and, like Hercules upon his Pillars, we fee 
 engraven JSle plus ultra : VVe have here a view of 
 Architecture in its full Perfection, in a manner far dif- 
 ferent from the leffer Beauties of the Compofition of 
 the Dorick and Jonick Orders. From never-dying Corinth 
 it firft arofe, from the Genius’s of an Age remarkable for 
 its Perfections in almoft every Science, and moral Vir- 
 tue j from hence the mod defirable of Studies and Im- 
 provements ; from hence Rome came to be, and was in- 
 ftruCted in their Principles and Knowledge. But alas . Am- 
 bition and Novelty little improv’d in this Science, fince 
 all their boafted Judgments terminated in a very infe- 
 riour Compofition, founded upon unwarrantable Alte- 
 rations, and additional Irregularities, unconformable to 
 the Refult of Reafbn. What heavy Volutes from the 
 more folid Jonick are difpos’d upon fuch tender Bran- 
 ches ! The Difpcfition of the Freeze from the fame, and 
 a more maffy Entablature, than either that or the Corin- 
 thian plac’d upon a Column a Semi-Diameter higher 
 
 than that of the Corinthian j cannot but appear very ab- 
 
 lurd 
 
( *7 ) 
 
 furd to the Judicious, as well as prove that the Romans 
 could not then, as well as others fo many hundred Years 
 fince, add any Luftre to its Beauty : And indeed fo per- 
 fect is it, and compleat in the Performance, that no- 
 thing can make its way more directly to the Soul ; it 
 immediately diffufes a fecret Satisfaction and Compla- 
 cency through the Imagination, it ftrikes the Mind with 
 an inward Joy, and fpreads a Chearfulnefs and Delight 
 through all its-Faculties : But we find that the Beauties 
 of the Dorick and Iomck Orders do not work in the Ima- 
 gination with that Warmth and Violence as the more 
 perfect Beauties contain’d in the Corinthian ; for the un- 
 bounded Magnificence of the one, gives the Mind no- 
 bler Ideas than wha* can be poffibly rais’d by lefs beau- 
 tiful or confin’d Productions of the other. But not to re- 
 mark farther on the Order itfelf, concerning the extenfive 
 Limits of its Beauties, I fhall only, by this ocular De- 
 monftration, give you fuch an Idea of it, as fhall be more 
 likely to explain itfelf, than by the Dullnefs of a ver- 
 bal, where Conftraint will oblige me fo to make myfelf 
 underftood, that the Refult will be altogether ufelefs, 
 and terminate in an unintelligible Definition. In a 
 word, the Column’s Height, with the Bafe and Capital, 
 is 9 Diameters and \ ; and its Entablature’s Height is j of 
 the Altitude of the Column. 
 
( <S8 ) 
 
 QCZ^Q Q CI5Q5C^QQCsi^QQ^a=^QQ€S)QQCi^QQC=s^QQC^C > QC < 5QQQB=^QS^=^QS^ ^Q 
 
 ^4 , 4 t 4 t 444'4444 t 4444444 t 44444^444’44444'44^444444444 t 44444-44'44444444444'4' 
 
 feoeoScboooosooooQQboeoSQoocooeboosoooos 
 
 C H A P. X. 
 
 Remarks upon a Profile of Stone of a Fron- 
 tifpiece , executed in 1724. 
 
 Conceive it very neceffary, after this Defence of an- 
 cient Architecture, to fhew fome reafon for my fo 
 ftriCtly adhering to the Practice of it, in difcover- 
 ing the manner of our modern Judgments in Building, 
 by an ocular Demonftration of the erroneous and falle 
 Executions they continually expofe to the View of not 
 only thofe who have no Knowledge of the Science, but 
 thofe too who have Tafte enough to diftinguiih be- 
 tween good and bad, regular and irregular, or true and 
 falfe Productions of this kind ; and how unwarrantable, 
 even from natural Reafon, Proceedings of this nature 
 are to be efteem’d. 
 
 To difplay its Irregularities in particular, to open 
 all the bale and heavy Scene, would, in a word, be on- 
 ly dilfeCting a monftrous Lump of Deformity, which 
 has neither Judgment, Order, nor Beauty, even in the 
 minuter Materials which contribute to make the Unity 
 of the Whole one entire Species with the common mo- 
 dern Practices. For 
 
 ■Mg- 
 

-Jfa-r-is J) e/in 
 
( *9 ) 
 
 Judgment, founded upon natural Reafon, cannot but 
 induce us to believe that fo weak a Foundation is not 
 fufficiently capacitated to fuftain, not only a mafly 
 Entablature, but an additional Weight of itlelf ; as ex- 
 emplified both in the View of the Front and End of 
 the fame. To imagine fo weak a Support (and that too 
 in a direCt Unconformity to the Rules of a geometrical 
 Definition) is in any meafure able to difcharge in a pro- 
 portionate manner the Burthen of itfelf, argues the Au- 
 thor of the Production to be very infenfible of die Qua- 
 lifications requifite to compleat any Performance wor- 
 thy of Efteem, or an Applaufe, only from thole who di- 
 ftinguilh the Trudi from Fallhood by a bare Light of 
 natural Reafon. And for 
 
 Order, there can be no regulated Proportions, no 
 univerlal Standards (of abfolute Neceflity) particularly 
 adapted to the Execution, becaufe Fancy alone lias had 
 the Superiority over Truth and Reafon, in the extrava- 
 gant Oddnefs of the Compofition, the Production of 
 Novelty and infenfible Singlenefs. What Polfibility is 
 there of forming a true Method of Divifions in the mi- 
 nuter Parts, when the Whole is the Refult of an entire 
 Independency upon even the general Rules and Me- 
 thods of the Ancients, and repugnant to its Precepts ? 
 And likewife the leparate Parts themfelves are direCtly 
 oppofite to thofe necelTary Laws which contribute, by 
 an united Connection, to form that Compofition which 
 is univerfally approv’d as beautiful 
 
 So there can be no Beauty, I conjecture, in whatever in 
 this kind is perform’d in a reverfe Method to the Practice 
 of the Ancients ; but more efpecially when oppofite to the 
 Dictates of natural Reafon. Al though I am not infenfible 
 
 that 
 
J 
 
 ( 7 ° ) 
 
 -that there are irregular Beauties, as well as thofe which 
 are more regularly compos’d : but thefe being chiefly 
 in the Products of Nature, are to be accounted felt 
 evidently convincing ; which in Art has directly another 
 View, and inftead of becoming fufficient of themfelves, 
 to clear the ill Difpolnion of the feparate Parts which 
 form the Unity of the Whole, they become felf-condem- 
 nable, by being the Refult of human Productions. For 
 Beauty, in human Productions, is founded upon the 
 Symmetry and Proportion of Parts, in the juft Arrange- 
 ment and Difpofition of Materials, or in a regular Mix- 
 ture and Concurrence of all together : In a word, this 
 modern Folly cannot be imagin'd to fall under either 
 of the three former Denominations, Judgment, Order, or 
 Beauty ; fince it carries with itfelf its own Condemnation, 
 if Impartiality is left to be Judge of fo particular an Ex- 
 ample of Deformity. Which feems the Defign, no 
 doubt, of thofe who are little acquainted with either, 
 or at leaft fuch who fall under the Denomination and 
 Number of fome whom I have taken notice of in my 
 preceding Chapters, to be continually undermining and 
 endeavouring to deftroy the Remains of Architecture, by 
 the Executions of their own ungrounded Fancies; the 
 Effects of a want of due Consideration, and the cherifh- 
 ing of thofe felf-flattering Companions, Novelty and 
 Singlenefs. 
 
(7i ) 
 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 Touching fome general Proportions regulated 
 in a Conformity to the PraBice of the An- 
 cients in Building. 
 
 T is not without a juft regard to the Practice of 
 the Ancients in Building, that I ftiall here lay 
 down the general Proportions of peculiar Orna- 
 ments, adapted to the feparate Stations of the exterior 
 Difpofitions of the Materials therein united : for which 
 purpofe, I have propos’d fome different Defigns after 
 the Compofitions of the moft beautiful Examples of 
 thofe who infpebted into the Rules of the Ancients, ad- 
 hering to the Proportions of the feveral Ornaments, as 
 you will find, after a verbal Definition, to be concurring 
 with the Examples themfelves. I united thefe in oppo- 
 fition to a modern Example, the more to convince you 
 of the Beauty and Excellency of ancient Architecture, 
 when compar’d with the Follies and abfurd Proceedings 
 of our Moderns. 
 
 Bat before I remark upon the extravagant Errors of 
 the enfuing Example, 1 think it will be neceflary to pro- 
 ceed on the Proportions I before premis’d, the better to 
 
 difcern 
 
( 7* ) 
 
 difcern the Deformity of it, by comparing the one to 
 the other, in having recourfe to the Profiles themfelves ; 
 which 1 have clofely confin’d myfelf to, in the Execu- 
 tions of each, in a different manner, according to the 
 Quality of the Compofitions. But briefly to proceed; 
 
 After a due Examination of apt Materials adapted to 
 the Quality of the Building itfelf, as concerning the 
 Soundnefs of their Compofition, the Durablenefs of 
 the Matter, and the Nature of the Soil, we are next 
 to have a Ariel regard to the Magnitude of the Founda- 
 tions, whofe Solidity ought to be proportion’d to the 
 Grandeur of the Execution, in fuch a manner that they 
 may have Force enough to effedt the End of their In- 
 ftitution. 
 
 And herein I cannot but obferve how inconfiderately 
 fome proceed, without firft examining the perfedt Di- 
 ftribution of every Room and Apartment, or neceflary 
 Conveniences of the Whole, and how conformable 
 they ought to be in a Proportion to the Magnitude of 
 the Defign. Before the Foundation is laid, they ought, 
 like a Statuary, who fees in a folid Block of' Marble 
 a moll beautiful Figure perfedtly compleated in every 
 Limb and Feature, and nothing wanting to difeover its 
 Beauties to the World, but by feparating thofe rough 
 Particles which are connedted together, and hinder the 
 naked Eye from difeovering thofe hidden Charms, which 
 are to be view’d only by thofe who fee by the Eye of 
 Knowledge; I fay, like thefe, every Architedl, or at leaft 
 fuch who profefs themfelves fo to be, ought, by the 
 difeerning Judgment he has of the Science, fo to con- 
 ceive in his imagination, by feeing every part of a Build- 
 ing as regular and compleat, both in the interior as well 
 
 as 
 
( 73 ) 
 
 as exterior Difpofition of every feparate Part or Mem- 
 ber, which forms the Compleatnefs of the Unity of 
 the Whole, before the Foundation is laid out, as well as 
 when the whole Fabrick is executed by the Hand of the 
 Artift. 
 
 This then being an Accomplifhment requifire in the 
 Defigner, we have little occafion to examine whether 
 this is the Pradlice of our Moderns; fince their Compo- 
 fitions are convincing enough to fatisfy us that they are 
 To far from Confiderations of this nature, that they 
 Teem to think not at all, or in fuch a manner as plainly 
 demonftrates their Weaknefs of Judgment, and Deficiency 
 of Knowledge in the repeated Inflances of their Execu- 
 tions, which generally are nothing but thofe which are 
 exteamly lame and diforder’d. To fee fo felf-evident 
 Demonftrations of their erroneous Pradtices, which arife 
 from the Effects of Ignorance, is fatisfadtory enough to 
 the Knowing and Judicious of their Defedts in this one 
 Point of necefTary Knowledge ; for what Abfurdities has, 
 or rather what has not been daily expos’d to the View 
 of all Mankind to ftrengthen this Affertion ? But to re- 
 turn to our Subjedf : 
 
 I before confidered the Necefiity of Foundation in a 
 proportion’d Magnitude, conformable to the Grandeur 
 of the Defign : Now let us proceed to the Examination 
 of each Part, where Necefiity lays a Conftraint upon the 
 Execution. And here note, that by the Vacuities, or 
 Windows in the exterior Difpofition, the Solidity, or 
 the Effedts of it, becomes weaken’d by the continual 
 Prefiure of the united Connedtions of the Materials, fo 
 as little Weight as pofiible ought to be added to itfelfj 
 or the Efiedts that may occafion the Decay. And here- 
 
 L in 
 
( 74 ) 
 
 in the Moderns vary very much from the Ancients in 
 their Sentiments and Practice on this Head ; the An- 
 cients had always a peculiar regard to difcharge the ex- 
 terior Walls from the Weight of the other neceflfary 
 Parts belonging, that they always made their inner or 
 partition Walls, when any CClifiderable diftance from 
 each other, of a Magnitude equal, if not larger than thofe 
 of the exterior Part ; that thefe being more iolid and 
 durable by the lefs Number of the Vacuities, by the lefs 
 Force of the Air, Wet, and other penetrating Caufes of 
 Decay : and by the natural Connexion of the inner 
 Walls to thofe of the exterior, which like a Band con- 
 fine them from the Decays which the Weight lying on 
 might occafion, in forcing to give or fettle either way ; 
 I fay, when the Weight thus lies on the inner Walls 
 more firm, folid, and laftingly, becomes a means of longer 
 Duration by far, than when the more prefling Force of 
 the Weight lying on the exterior Part adds to the Decay 
 of itfelf, and abates the Power of its Continuance. Like 
 the Rapidity of a Stream, when in its PafTage againft its 
 Banks, which limits its Bounds and Extent by mceflant 
 Motion, and the Concurrence of infe parable Caufes, it 
 at length wears and gains Ground, that all the Obftruc- 
 tions of the Matter on which it a£ts, cannot withftand 
 its united Force, to keep the Duration or Bounds pri- 
 marily aflign’d. 
 
 Now for a fettled Proportion, according to the Mag- 
 nitude of the Defign, feems dependant upon the more 
 advanc’d Greatnefs of the Rooms and Apartments, or 
 Diftances from each other : But of this no general Pro- 
 portions, as I know of, being yet alfign’d, I fhall con- 
 clude with this oneRemarkin general; That as Buildings 
 
 differ 
 
( 75 ) 
 
 differ in Magnitude, interior Difpofitions, and the like, 
 fo ought likewife a due Regard to be had to the adap- 
 ting a Foundation or Bafis fuitable to the Force of the 
 Solidity in this Method, rifing in a gradual Contraction 
 in each Story. The Effects of the Practice will anfwer 
 your Defires and Expectation. 
 
 I think thus much may fuffice for a general Obferva- 
 tion on the interior Part, in relation to that Neceflity of 
 the Magnitude of the Walls : Proceed we now to the 
 exterior Part of the Edifice, and take a View of its Beau- 
 ties, where every fingle Part has its Force in pleafing 
 the Imagination of the Beholder ; which, when united, 
 produces the mod agreeable Afped : for if taken fingly, 
 ’tis only the bare Reprefentation of that Ornament (tho’ 
 beautiful in itfelf) which is of infinite affiftance, when 
 other wife' beheld with an equal Conformity to the Re- 
 fult of the Whole. 
 
 But before I thus enter upon the Definition itfelf, I 
 muft obferve to you, that the following Defigns being 
 of the moft beautiful Compadnefs, and the Imitation 
 of the Prod ucfs of thofe of an unlimited Judgment in 
 this Science ; I could not better frame a Reprefenta- 
 tion of my Sentiments, than by concurring to form fuch 
 Compofitions, that the World may fee I am pleas’d to 
 confefs myfelf as a Copyer of thofe more honourable 
 Encouragers of Antiquity, who are almofl as few in 
 number, as there are Profiles of the fame Species with 
 thefe. This Acknowledgment will, I hope, anfwer a 
 Defed of Judgment, and you will from thence impute 
 the Appearance to the World to be nothing more than 
 a warm Defire of feeing Architedure flounfh, and be- 
 come the Study and Pradice of every Genius whom Na- 
 ff Z ture 
 
( 7 <5 ) 
 
 ture has defign’d for Speculation this way, that the Bri- 
 tish Sons may become fo perfect in all Arts and Scien- 
 ces, (but more especially this) that Greece itfelf (hall 
 not want Competitors to fhare of their immortal 
 Glory. % 
 
 We are now entering on the external Difpofltion, as 
 I before premis’d, which in Country Seats are generally 
 divided into three Stories, or different Apartments ; as 
 the Ground or Basement for Conveniency or Ufe, the 
 State for Pleafure and Delight, and the jittick for Sleep 
 and Retirement, or Study. Thefe I fhall confider fepa- 
 rately, as to their general Methods of Execution, accord- 
 ing to the following Defigns \ and from thence pats to 
 an ocular Demonffration. 
 
 And fird, for the Bafement or Ground-Floor ; there 
 generally is, as a Band to the whole Building, a Plinth* 
 whofe Difpofltion might, from natural Reafon, feem to 
 tie or bind the Bafis from extending beyond the Limits 
 primarily aflign d, whofe Height is generally J or £ of 
 the Height of the Bafement-Story, mod times about 9 
 or IO Feet high : And in this a particular Beauty of ne- 
 ceflity likewife is adapted to fuit with the EfFedts of the 
 Solidity, which is the regular Divifion of the whole 
 Height, into an uniform Difpofltion of equidiffant Ca- 
 vities, term’d Rusticks; whofe fird Intention, founded 
 upon natural Reafon, I fhall now confider. 
 
 The Neceflity of this peculiar Ornament adapted to 
 the Bafement Story alone, feems to be judicioufly agree- 
 able to Reafon itfelf, in the fil'd place reprefenting So- 
 lidity, and fecondly an abfolute Neceflity ; which latter 
 defines the Execution of the former : for where Con- 
 draint, founded upon Reafon, is the chief End of the 
 
( 77 ) 
 
 Intention, Beauty itfelf is a natural united Connexion 
 dependant thereon. To adhere to the latter Definition, 
 we muft confider that Buildings Were as ufual of Stone, 
 which, by the continual Preflure of Weight anfing from 
 the Bafement-Story, and peculiarly dependant upon it, 
 occafion’d, by the Settlement of the Work, a Fra&ure on 
 the Edges of the Joint, from the horizontal uniting of 
 the Materials when the Sides were at Right Angles*. And 
 herein they found it neceflary, by cutting off thofe ir- 
 regular Edges or Fradlures, to form to the Extent of 
 the Breach a Line equidiftant from the Center of the 
 Joint, both above and below, that it might appear re- 
 gular and uniform. And this was undoubtedly per- 
 form’d after the Solidity, by its Preflure, had occafion’d 
 the Neceflity of forming the whole Species regular ; and 
 after the Ancients had prov’d the abfolute Conformity 
 of Reafon in the Execution, and the Infinity of its Ufe. 
 I am led and confirm’d in this way of thinking, by the 
 Indication of a Friend, whofe Authority of Judgment I 
 can fafely rely upon. 
 
 Its general Proportions are, when the Cavityforms each 
 way an Angle of 45 Degrees, or the 
 
 Angle, when A B is the Bale, and 
 AC the Perpendicular; or when AC is the Bafe, and 
 AB the Perpendicular. This is the general Method of 
 its Execution, which I fhall leave with this Remark, that 
 
 united Adherence of both are at 
 right Angles in this manner ; from 
 CAB is an Angle of 90 Degrees, or 
 a right Angle from the Joint A to B 
 an Angle ot 45 Degrees, and A to C 
 an Angle of 45, equal to a right 
 
 the 
 
(■78 ) 
 
 the original Inftitution of Rufticks was entirely adapted 
 to the Ground-Floor, as a peculiar Representation of 
 Solidity; andlikewife how neceffary it is to confider, that 
 Reafon itfelf, founded upon geometrical Definitions, 
 was always the Guide of our Anceftors. This leads me 
 to the next Obfervation, which is the Magnitude of the 
 Windows of this Floor, which I find in my Examples 
 to be in height the diagonal Line of the Square of the 
 Width, as reprefented in the following Plate, Fig. 4. 
 whofe Height is the Line A B. 
 
 Laflly, the general Proportion of the Key-Stone, pe- 
 culiar to this Story alone, I fhall thus define : The Width 
 of your Key-Stone at the Top A B, is ~ Part of the O- 
 pening or Width of the Window. The Width of the 
 Window likewife generally regulates the Length, which 
 is l of the Opening : if the Key be double, the Side-Key 
 is l of the Width of the Top AB, and its Sommering 
 is from the Centre, which is double the Length of the 
 Key from the Top, as is feen in the following Plate. 
 This being an ealy and plain Method, becomes more 
 intelligible than by the Divifion of more minute Diltri- 
 butions, whole Calculations anfwer very nearly the fame 
 Proportion. 
 
 I fhall from hence proceed to the next, or State- 
 Story, where is moft generally refting on the Bafe- 
 ment a Bale or Band, which continues itfelf generally 
 round the Building : It conlifts of three diftinct Divi- 
 fions, which are regulated according to the Proportions 
 of the Diameters of the Windows; thefe, like the Te- 
 nia’s of the Architrave and Freeze, bind and confine the 
 Fa-brick like a Band, by which Connection it is obftruc- 
 ted from extending its due Limits ; the three Divilions 
 
 are 
 
( 79 ) 
 
 are the Base, Body, and Capping, or Sill of the Win- 
 dows. The Bale is l A of the Diameter of the Window, 
 the Body ; of the fame, and the Capping \ or \ of the 
 Bale. 
 
 Now let us confider the Proportion of the Windows 
 in the State-Story, which in the enfuing Examples are 
 two Diameters in height ; to which is generally annexed 
 a peculiar Ornament to grace the Execution : which is 
 an Architrave, Freeze, and Cornice, proportion’d like- 
 wife to the Diameters of the Windows. The Archi- 
 trave is \ Part of the Diameter or Opening in width ; the 
 Freeze is § of your Width in Height, and the whole 
 Width of the Cornice feldom exceeding \ of the Dia- 
 meter of the Window. Thus the Windows themfelves 
 regulate all the Proportions of the peculiar Ornaments, 
 which unite to beautify and add Luftre to the whole 
 Execution. Likewife the Receffes or Diftance from the 
 firft Face of the Architrave, to the Surface of the Safh- 
 Frame inwards, is \ of the Opening, or the Width of 
 the Architrave. 
 
 The Attick-Story, or upper, we come now to con» 
 fider; where is little difference in the exterior Orna- 
 ments, fave only the Proportions of the Windows, which 
 are generally fquare : That is, the Width and Height 
 equal the Magnitude of the Architrave, which is regu- 
 lated by the former Pvules 1 have already defcrib’d. I 
 (hall only alledge fome fuppofitional Reafons which 
 might induce the Ancients to this Practice : for the Bafe- 
 ment Story or Windows thereto belonging, I obferv’d, 
 were in height the diagonal Line of the Square ot the 
 Width, which may be reafonably fuppos'a arofe from 
 the Senfibiiity of its Ufe in the interior Part; which be- 
 
( So ) 
 
 ing for Conveniency or fervile Ufes only, a moderate 
 Light feem’d the moll neceffary : as likewife the State- 
 Story, two Diameters in height, from the lingular Ule of 
 Pleafure ; fo a larger Light more neceflary to difcover 
 the Objects of Art and Nature in both the celeftial and 
 terreftrial Beauties. The ylttkk Windows, whofe Height 
 is equal to the Width or Square, are extreamly well a- 
 dapted to the Occalion which this Part requires; for 
 Sleep and Study being the moll ufual Allotments of 
 this Story, fo a fmaller Light, reprefenting Solitude and 
 Retirement, feems the moll aptly apply ’d to this Sta- 
 tion. Thefe and others were, or might be the Reafons 
 on which the Ancients founded this general Practice for 
 the Conveniency of the interior Part, as well as the 
 agreeable Beauties of its Appearance in the exterior; 
 where the Parts I fo delcrib’d become fo infinitely ne- 
 celfary and ornamental, that they need no Defence but 
 what they themfelves bear with them in the Execution. 
 
 I need not here be at the trouble ol defiling the Ex- 
 ecution of the Orders themfelves, any farther than this 
 following Remark, which is concerning Pilallers, which 
 are in effect nothing but fquare Columns. The diffe- 
 rence is chiefly, that as Columns are never executed lels 
 than | of their Diameter, to appear upon the Surface of 
 a Wall; fo a Pilaller never ought to exceed - A of the 
 Width when alone. This was originally contriv’d, I ima- 
 gine, to leflen the Projection of the Entablature from 
 the Surfrce of the Walls; being neceflitated to have 
 larger Intercolumniations for the Difpofitions of their 
 Windows, than what was in reality practicable when ex- 
 ecuted with Columns themfelves ; whofe Projections, 
 where the Vacuities being large, and the Columns far 
 
 dillant 
 
( s« ) 
 
 diftant from each other, could not poflibly have power 
 enough to fuftain the Magnitude of the Entablature : 
 which projecting fo far, was confequently lefs capable 
 of fupporting or difcharging its Office, than by con- 
 tracting the Weight, by laying it more on the Walls, to 
 free the Pillars from that Burthen which they could not 
 be conceiv’d to fuftain, from the bare Ideas arifing from 
 natural Reafon alone. 
 
 Before I conclude this Chapter, I mu ft juft explain 
 to you the fourth Figure in the foregoing Plate concern- 
 ing Fluting or Grooving. There are feveral Examples 
 extant of the kind of Fluting I have here treated of, 
 which I cliufe rather to adhere to, than to the French 
 Canelure , or Shamfering. And firft obferve, the Column 
 is divided into twenty-four Flutes, and the fame Num- 
 ber of Fillets, (a Pilafter ufually feven.) To form the 
 Divifion upon the Plan, after having taken the Diameter, 
 form the Column anOCtogon, each Side contains three 
 Flutes, two whole Fillets, and z ; Fillets ; which I only 
 fuppofe to be of Wood, and chiefly for the interior Part 
 of the Building : and here obferve, at the Connection 
 of the Angles, the Wood has a greater Thicknefs than 
 when the Joint is in the Flute, which would be funk 
 down, and confequently in Wainfcoat be more apt to 
 difcover the Grains of each Wood at the uniting. And 
 this is difcover’d by the dotted Lines of the Plan, which 
 fhew 7 the Thicknefs of the Staff, and are an ocular Demon- 
 ftration of this verbal one : but as this is chiefly adapted 
 to the interior Part only, (when executed with Wood) 
 fo likewife I conjecture Fluting is too foft and effeminate 
 for the exterior Ufe, which feems to require a more 
 bold, plain, and folid Afpech 
 
 M 
 
 Bin 
 
( ) 
 
 But to return to the interior Part of the Edifice, I 
 {hall juft obferve to you, that the Proportions of the 
 Doors are generally two Diameters, not exceeding j Part 
 more ; the Architraves round them are j of the Open- 
 ing or Width; the general practical Members are re- 
 prefented in Fig. z. in the foregoing Plate, which is on- 
 ly to reprefent an Architrave divided into thirty equal 
 Parts, to enlarge or contradt the fame, as Neceftity re- 
 quires, that fhall bear a Proportion equivalent to the 
 Example, by Lines drawn parallel to each other from 
 the Square of the Members given : It lays down the 
 Magnitude of each feparate Member and Divifion, and 
 likewife the Thicknefs of the fame, which is ( of the 
 Width of the Architrave ; the Recedes in the Rooms are 
 j of the Opening (or Width) of the Door. 
 
 Thefe are the general Proportions (before defcrib’d) 
 of the exterior and interior Ornaments, which contri- 
 bute to add fuch Beauty to the pleafing Pradtices of the 
 Ancients; in which I muft acknowledge, I am at a lofs 
 in many things of this kind, for want of Opportunities 
 to improve, and Examples for Speculation. But as the 
 foregoing are now what occurs to my prefent Enquiry, 
 1 have been very exact, and duly fearch’d into the Prac- 
 tices of the Ancients ; and find, that not only the Rules, 
 but likewife the Beauties therein contain’d, require a 
 ftridt Adherence to them in the Befult of our Per- 
 formances. 
 
 To conclude ; If I have been too tedious in a verbal 
 Definition, fo many Occurrences offer themfelves to 
 view, and fuch a Variety of Ideas relating to the Sub- 
 ject, that I cannot pafs by all unobferv’d : And indeed 
 1 cannot but conjecture, that fo plain and intelligible 
 
 Defi- 
 
( 8j ) 
 
 Definitions will be ufefully acceptable to the Capacities 
 of the Perfons for whom chiefly intended ; where a ver- 
 bal Definition more eafily demonftrates the Aflertions 
 we would juftify or explain, than an Axiom or Profile, 
 though otherwife explaining themfelves, to thofe whole 
 Judgments and Genius’s are capacitated to receive the 
 Elements of Geometry as explain’d by Euclid , and the 
 Elements of Architecture as delineated by Palladio. 
 
 Yet if this, when oppos’d to the Examples of thofe 
 whom Nature has more pleafingly provided for, appear 
 diforder’d and imperfeCt, I have not fo far Ipent the 
 Force of my Imagination, but that, if Neceflity requires, 
 I Ihall have Courage enough to appear to the Publick, 
 when it is for the fake of Truth, or a farther Vindica- 
 tion of thofe Rules and Practices of the Ancients, which 
 relate to the Execution of Architecture. 
 
 M z 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( ) 
 
 CHAP. XII 
 
 A Profile of two Fronts and the lehnography 
 of the Plans, compos'd according to the fore- 
 going Rules , or the Practice of the An- 
 cients. 
 
 laid down in the preceding Chapter, with what 
 Exadtnefs, is beft difcover d from Infpedtion ; fo near as 
 to difcern the Concurrence of the JDefign to the Pro- 
 portions given in a verbal Definition from the two Scales,, 
 the one is Feet and Inches, the other is the Diameter 
 of the Pilafters. For the Divilion of its peculiar Orna- 
 ments, how obvious they are in their ufe, need not be 
 defined ; nor fliall I have much occafion to remark on 
 
 as it is concurring with the Practice of the Ancients, fo 
 it anfwers the Objections of thofe who would charge 
 me with introducing modern Examples for an Inftance 
 of the Beauties of the Ancients, when I have hitherto 
 been defending Antiquity. If the Rules are exactly 
 correfpondem, the Variety of Difpofidon alters not the 
 Rules, which are ever unchangeably the fame ; it is not that 
 
 jfp .-have here before us the Execution of two Pro- 
 |j^ files, in a conformity to the Proportions I before 
 
 the Compofition any farther than the Invention, which 
 
 in 
 
( 85 .) 
 
 in reality the Ancients Rules of Building are Co perfect and 
 pure, for the Distance of Time fince the Foundations were 
 laid • but becaufe they were founded upon geometrical 
 and reafonable Demonftrations, concurring likevvife to 
 add Beauty to the Refult of the Whole, where the Cor- 
 refpondency and Agreement of every Part to the Unity 
 of the Whole, are but as fo many difiindt feparate Beau- 
 ties, connected together in one harmonious Body, cor- 
 refpondent to the eftabliflied Laws on which Beauty is 
 founded: And laftly, the Beauties arifing from the Ex- 
 ecution is fo far preferable to the deform’d Pradhces of 
 Moderns, which adds the greater Value to the Practice 
 of the Ancients. 
 
 In fhort, I could with, or may I dare without Offence 
 to affirm, That if all our modern Profeffors (or at leaft 
 f U ch who adt fo oppofite to Reafon) in Architedfuie 
 (or rather whofe Pradfices are the Execution of Defor- 
 mity in Building) were but to cufengage themfelves 
 from their erroneous Produdtions, and but endeavour 
 as flrenuoufly to compofe their Performances conform- 
 able to thefe Methods, as they do to go beyond, or to 
 outdo each other in the Pradtice of irregular Follies ; I 
 ffiould not in the lead doubt, but that I might fee 
 Architedfure as flourifhing, and brought to fo great Per- 
 fection, that we might even (land almoft Competitors 
 with the Ancients, or be emulous of their deferv’d 
 Praifes : which feems more juftly due to our neighbour- 
 inn Countries, where Art becomes fo much the more 
 effeem’d, (by our own Nation who have, feen their Pro- 
 dudtions) by being the more nearly cotr.efpondent to 
 the Practice of the Ancients, and of more perredt 
 and beautiful Compofitions, than thole ill-grounded 
 
 Pro- 
 
( S<5 ) 
 
 Proceedings, which thofe of our own Nation produce 
 ana continually and daringly repeat, to the utter Over- 
 throw of Architecture, 
 
 It i5 certainly the greatefl Difhonour to that Country, 
 whofe Son s , by Nature, are capacitated to convince the 
 Woild, that nothing is wanting but a due Senfe of the 
 Neceflity of the Practice of ancient Architecture, and 
 how beneficial it would in reality be to the publick 
 Community to have that Science flourilh on which molt 
 of the Commonwealth depend : which due Confidera- 
 non would foon convince the unthinking Part of Man- 
 kind, how preferable the Diftributions of the Proportions 
 and Methods of thole Rules, aflign’d by the Ancients 
 
 vm j* c^n- difagreeable Practices of Fancy alone, whofe 
 blind Sen-Conceit has the uniting of every Part; which 
 is confequently the Practice of Deformity, as you will 
 readily difcover in the following Chapter. 
 
 CHAP- 
 
( 8 7 ) 
 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 A modern Profile, executed in 1724. 
 
 T is to me a fufficient Theme of Wonder and 
 Surprize, to fee fo odd a Compofition of Defor- 
 mity, the Refult of even the moft ignorant Pre- 
 tender to Knowledge of Building, as this is. There is 
 not a Angle Object in the whole Execution, but is in a 
 direbt Oppofition to the Rules of ancient Architecture : 
 for inftance, look on the Pediment what a falfe Bearing, 
 or rather what Bearing at all has it ? How irregular is 
 it in the Difpofition, how contrary even to the moft 
 common Notions is the Pitch of it, the Roof; with the 
 Windows, how difproportionate are they with their ill- 
 difpos’d Pediments, the Returns of the Cornice in every 
 Part, the irregular Breaks, and likewife the difagreeable 
 Affinity they have to each other, the difproportionate 
 Correfpondency of the Windows adapted to the fame, 
 and likewife the Abfurdity of Example, and Defign in 
 the Magnitude of the Windows throughout the Whole ? 
 In fhort, the deform’d Unity of the entire Piece, fhews. 
 itfelf to be the Production of thofe whole Talent is apt- 
 ly apply’d to Compofitions chiefly of this nature. The 
 Plan is likewife of the fame Species with the Profile, if 
 
 not 
 
(*8 ) 
 
 not much worfe, which I had not opportunity of taking; 
 but the Profile I have here defcrib’d, is the fame as 
 when the Inflection was made in March 1*7x5. 
 
 It was from a modeft and ferious Reflection upon the 
 Folly of this, and too numerous Examples, (as worthy 
 of Condemnation) that I began to fee how fenfibly Er- 
 ror was cheri fil’d, and what a vaft Progrefs it has made 
 in the overthrow of Architecture, even to the difannul- 
 ling whatever may have a tendency of bearing the Title 
 only of its Proportions or Graces. To fee Productions 
 of this kind vindicated and defended, cannot but move 
 the mod mild and gentle to appear in behalf of a Science 
 vifibly decaying, and over-run and trampled on by in- 
 fulting Barbarity and Ignorance. 
 
 Look but with an impartial Eye upon this and either 
 of the other Profiles, or even the feparate Materials of 
 themfelves, or the agreeable Concordance of the Whole; 
 and you will, doubtiefs, difcover the immenfe difference 
 Between ancient Architecture and modern Follies, be- 
 tween the Beauties founded upon Reafon, and the Irre- 
 gularities dependant upon nothing but Fancy, or them- 
 felves. Thus ocular Demonftration, I hope, will con- 
 vince you, that what I have been hitherto defending, 
 is not unfeafonably adapted to our prefent Circumftan- 
 ces, where there is a daily Application of combined 
 Force to deftroy that Beauty, Sweetnefs, and Harmony 
 united in the Compofition of ancient Architecture, by a 
 continual Spring and Circulation of Follies ; which are 
 in a Series of falfe Appearances connected together, and 
 difguis’d by artful Softnefs of Definition, and Varieties of 
 incoherent Parts, confiding of no Foundation, but the 
 Emptinefs and Shadow of Appearance ; this, and this 
 
dp vfocf 
 
fli kl 
 
 Ik. 
 
 
 
 
 
 * „ 
 
 ;i. .*■ 
 
 ■ • '• ,\ . t 
 
 7 
 
 ( 
 
 :•*. 
 
 
 - 
 
 *•-- t 
 
 
 /f 
 
 if 
 
 
 ; . ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 
 
 ,-S- f,...); , 
 
 V ■*&■-**: if •»■• 
 
 ■i# 
 
 J ' ' 
 
 1 P&! 1M M f*f :f I, ' ' • v' T : :, : ■;•' : r f?l W" : j". : 
 
 ■w- **»*v - • «9W tf** *> >;-***«***?. 
 
( 89 ) ' 
 
 only, being the Grounds and Practice of moft of the 
 Productions of our Moderns in Building. 
 
 To conclude; Was it poflible I could lay down all 
 thofe falfe Practices, and difcover to you all the irregu- 
 lar Proceedings of our Moderns, it would be extremely 
 tedious to you to be detain'd from the Satisfaction you 
 cannot but receive from the Defcriptions of thofe Ex- 
 ecutions, which are perform’d conformable to the Prac- 
 tice of the Ancients : And befides, the former Reafons 
 I have alledged* concerning this Point, are a fufficient 
 Demonftration, that this alone is enough to give you an 
 intelligible Conceivement of the Value of Antiquity, 
 the Practices founded upon Reafon, and the unvaluable 
 Deformities of Singlenefs and Novelty. Frorn hence, 
 to leave the Mind full of more pleafing Ideas, let us 
 proceed to our next Chapter. 
 
 N 
 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( 9 ° ) 
 
 
 
 CHAP. xi v. 
 
 An lonick Profile , according to the Prattice 
 
 of the Ancients \ 
 
 S my prefent Defign is to fpeak only of fuch 
 Buildings which are private, and of thefe like- 
 wife chiefly for retir’d Situations ; I (hall here 
 range fome Ideas together, to fhew wherein the Beauties 
 of the ancient Practices confift. For this purpofe, I have 
 chofe this lonick Example, as a fit Compofition to re- 
 prefent the Methods the Ancients ufed in their Execu- 
 tions. To enlarge by verbal Demonftration on the Ne- 
 ceflity of a Conformity to fuch Practices, I think need- 
 lefs ; which may be better conceiv’d, by confidering the 
 oppofite Proceedings of our Moderns. 
 
 I have obferv’d,. that the Compofitions of our Mo- 
 derns are chiefly a Sett of Ideas fitly reprefenting fo 
 many Lanthorns of a different Form, an Error which 
 juftly fuits with the many others link’d together in the 
 fame Difpofition of the difproportionate Unity of their 
 Magnitudes. How prejudicial fuch Proceedings are, and 
 how additional to the Decay of the Building, need not 
 be defin’d ; not only in refpedt to the weakening the 
 Solidity of it, but likewife as they are fo many Inlets 
 
 to 
 
1 * 3 4 S 
 
 ±tnr 
 
 jictfevtus s ttai'T'/y 
 
 /?<iS 
 
 ± 
 
 JO 
 
 vi» 
 
( 9 1 ) 
 
 to Air, and fuch decaying Principles, which by the in- 
 cedant Unity of their Penetration confiderably abate 
 and weaken the Strength of the Materials. And how 
 ufelefs fo great a Superfluity of Light is to the interior 
 Difpofition, I think is diffidently demonftrated by the 
 vifible Proofs of their prejudicial Executions. 
 
 The Ancients, who well forefaw fuch unjuft Proceed- 
 ings, and the Neceflicy of the oppofite Pradice, were 
 ever careful of ading fo indifcreetly ; their Ideas were 
 always fuch as bore a Conformity with Reafon ; and as 
 they were evidently convinc’d that their Executions were 
 convenient, fo they never extended them beyond what 
 was neceflary. It is very probable, that had not the An- 
 cients been diffidently fenfible of the Unjuftifiablenefs 
 of Proceedings of this nature, fome Footfteps would 
 have remain’d of their Executions, which might bear 
 fome Conformity to them : But among all the Remains 
 extant, there is none which has the leaft Refemblance, 
 either in the Magnitude or Proportion of our modern 
 Windows, or the Diftribution of their Diftances from 
 each other. They feem like fo many ufelefs Eyes, plac’d 
 only for Cuftom-fake; whereas, thofe of the Ancients 
 are but juft fo many as are neceflary and ornamental. 
 
 I have often refleded on - the ufelefs Frames of the 
 Windows, which our Moderns (hew, to convince the 
 Thoughtlefs that they are neceflary to be feen, to inform 
 them that they are made for Concavities for theWeishts. 
 This, I think, is as injudicious an Error, as the Diftribu- 
 tion of the Windows, and even contradidory to their 
 own Intentions : for if they alledge the Neceflity of 
 Light, thefe obftrud, and take off generally Part of 
 
 N z the 
 
( 9 1 ) 
 
 the Light in the Diameter of the Window, as in the mo- 
 dem 1? i cfile is exemplify ’d, and which likewife enlarges 
 the Opening fo much more than is neceftary. For were 
 the Frame let in Recedes, and only juft fo much of it 
 feen as is neceftary, the general Opening would be con- 
 traded l Part of the Width of the Window at leaft. So 
 that for want of confidering, even in the Difpofitions 
 of their Windows, they add fo much more Vacuity to 
 abate the Force of the Solidity. 
 
 Thefe and fuch are the Efteds of the want of due 
 Confideration, which hqw neceftary it is in the Applica- 
 tion to Building, is thus evidently prov’d. I have in 
 my other Defigns vary’d the Compofitions as different 
 Situations and Neceflity require ; and {hall remark on 
 the neceftary Pradices, as they relate to different Situa- 
 tions : But as the Ancients were careful to avoid what 
 was ufelefs in the Executions of their Ideas in Building, 
 fo I muft take care to evade ufelefs Refledions, that we 
 may be capable to frame our Judgments fit for Con- 
 ftrudion. 
 
a: ZT 
 
( 93 ) 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 A Profile conformable to the PraBice of the 
 
 Ancients . 
 
 lg||gT is eafy to difcern that the Compofition of my 
 {I Defigns are of one general Frame, in relation to 
 the Method of Execution ; and herein it may not 
 be ufelefs to obferve, the greatefl Force of the Application 
 is, as the Ideas are, juftly correfpondent to Nature and 
 Reafon. As to the prefent Deign, (to which I have ad' 
 ded a Plan of the Offices with the great Apartment) I 
 fhall leave the Names and Ufes of the Rooms to the 
 Judgment of others, to employ each in his own way of 
 thinking ; my prefent Remark fliall be only to the Roofs 
 of this and the other Profiles preceding, whofe Execu- 
 tions are conformable to the Ideas of the Ancients. 
 
 It is not my fingle Obfervation, that the Moderns are 
 naturally apt to vary from the Ancients in their Defigns 
 as much as poffible, but chiefly too in their Roofs ; 
 where we fee one Roof whofe Executions are as in my ■ 
 foregoing, we meet with ten which are flat. I cannot 
 but imagine that the Error is chiefly owing to Self- 
 Opinion and Singlenefs; for it is evident from natural 
 
 Reafon, that a Roof whofe Pitch is as in the Method I 
 
 have 
 
( 94 ) 
 
 have proceeded* is far more conformable to the Necefi 
 fity of its Execution, than the Practices of our Moderns. 
 
 For as a continual Excels of heavy Snows or Rain, 
 or fuch prejudicial Principles, are an occafional Decay- 
 fo the lodging and receiving fuch Matter to adt upon 
 the Materials, muft be of an additional Force by its 
 Preffure ; provided the Vacuities were capable to con- 
 vey Rain from the Root : yet a continued heavy Snow 
 is capable of doing great Prejudice at the time of its 
 diffoiving; foi at the Reception of fuch large Quan- 
 tities of Liquid, the Concavities are apt to fill, which 
 pioves often a great Injury to the Building, provided 
 me Pipes are not capable of emptying themfelves fail 
 enough to leceive the Quantity of Matter as it is con- 
 vey’d to them. 
 
 For this reafon, we find that the Ancients generally 
 avoided every thing which might bear the lead Ten- 
 dency to the Decay of their Execution; no doubt, to let 
 their Work be lading Monuments of their Glory: a 
 Thought oppofite to our Moderns, whofe. Executions 
 are generally (landing Monuments to their Shame. 
 
 It hence arifes, that fuch was the Care of the An- 
 cients in the Compofition of their Roofs, that nothin** 
 fhould be lodged or received, which might be a means 
 of adfing to the prejudice of their Executions. And in 
 this Cafe, in Countries Northern, or Climates more 
 cold, or where Snows are more frequent and of a lon^er 
 continuance, the Roofs are more acute in their Pitch, 
 and differ almod gradually in Proportion to the more 
 frequent Accedes of the Matter which adts upon them. 
 
 And as the more warm and Southerly Climates in 
 Europe, are not fo neceffitated, fiat Roofs are more 
 
 3 fie- 
 
( 95 ) 
 
 frequent, though not fo many by far as in England. It 
 would feem to us an Error as Prepollerous, to fee a flat 
 Roof executed in Norway or Lapland, as it does for 
 Spaniards or Italians to fee them Executed here. It is 
 not without a juft regard to neceflrty, that fuch things, 
 which are to remain as Monuments of our Character, 
 Ihould be duly weigh’d; and even my felf am very 
 cautious to aflert any thing which is not in reality jufti- 
 fiable, or in a conformity to Truth and Natural Reafon. 
 
 Were it portable to conceive or lay down an im- 
 menfe Scene of Ideas, fitted and framed for the Ima- 
 gination to define, or to draw endlefs Trains of Beauties, 
 Reafons or Arguments form’d from the force of Art, it 
 would be ufelefs ; for if fudi Ideas, which are natural 
 and the moft familiar, are not capable to convince the 
 Moderns of their Errors, neither will all the Eloquence 
 of Rhetorick, nor the moft Beautiful Scenes of Art, be 
 of power enough to inform them that their Ways are 
 erroneous and impeded, while they refufe to ad in a 
 conformity to the Pradice of the Ancients. 
 
(. 9*0 
 
 
 CHAR XVI. 
 
 A Profile of the Corinthian Order , compos d 
 in a Conformity to the Praffice of the An - 
 * dents. 
 
 E have here in this Profile a View of. Architect 
 ture in a different manner from two of the fore- 
 going Examples of the lonick Order; which yet, 
 neverthelefs, bear the fame Conformity to the Propor- 
 tions I before defcrib’d in the former Compofitions. 
 One View plainly difcovers its Beauties, or at leaf! thofe 
 contain’d in the original Piece, which I have endeavour’d 
 to imitate in the general Diftributions, from the Ex- 
 ample of a Compofition of that great Genius, Palladio. 
 There feenis to be united in one Body a Grandeur ex- 
 ceeding the Refult of my firft lonick Example, which is 
 > likewife a Copy of a Defign after his Method of Prac- 
 tice ; we may with reafon conclude, that every Practi- 
 tioner of the Rules of ancient Architecture is not a 
 little indebted to him for opening the way, and clearing 
 the Path in fuch a manner, that it becomes eafy, plain, 
 and obvious to walk in, without danger of being ob- 
 ftruCted in the Paffage by the Intricacies and Labyrinths 
 
 - t - „ that 
 
 ^7 
 
 
7/V7J- 
 
 'S***<? I I — III rm 
 
( 97 ) 
 
 that were before great Impediments to a true Conception 
 of the Rules prefcrib’dby the Ancients, and the Beauties 
 which naturally attend its Practice. 
 
 I {hall conclude with my Wilhes, that the Love of 
 Virtue may become the Practice of our Nation in ge- 
 neral ; I mean, fucli a Virtue as is contain’d in the plain 
 and obvious Rules defign’d by the Practitioners of an- 
 cient Architecture, founded upon the Refult of natural 
 Reafon: I fay, may thefe flouriJh and remain in that 
 Purity and Beauty, that Harmony and Amiablenefs which* 
 even recommends itfelf by its agreeable AfpeCt, to be 
 our conftant ardent Care and Study to attain. If this 
 was our Endeavour, I believe that nothing but the final 
 DilToliition of Nature could have power enough to de- 
 ftroy the Remains of ancient Architecture. But by a fe- 
 tious Confideration of my following Chapter, we muft 
 defpair of ever feeing it reviv’d, or brought to fuch a 
 State, as we may now boafl: fome Remains are yet ex- 
 tant, to the fhame of our modern Builders. 
 
 O 
 
 CHAP. 
 
— 3Q3&-^-3QQ^ B ^QQd 1 ^QQC^Q Q dI5QQC=^QQCsa^C ? Q^==^QQC-— ^©Q^~— 3QQkLl3Q 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^ 4444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444444 ' 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 Some impartial Reflections on the Reafons of 
 the Decay of ancient Architecture, by the 
 'uifible Abufles in the Practice of our Mo- 
 derns. 
 
 HERE is oftentimes a Poffibility (by reafonable 
 and convincing Arguments, by plain and obvious 
 Methods, and by the Force of Judgment de- 
 liver’d) to convince and draw from their erroneous Prac- 
 tices and Notions thofe who are in full purfuit of the 
 moft dangerous and ungrounded Follies : Nay, fo far 
 effectual have thefe Methods prov’d upon the Minds of 
 even the moft obdurate, that they have as much abhor’d 
 and detefted that dark way they were in, as once they 
 moft vigoroufly, and with the moft ardent Defire ftrove 
 to find, and be led by it : Such is the Effedl of plain 
 Argument, founded upon Truth, and that convincing 
 Evidence natural Reafon. Thefe are the chief and only 
 Motives which have power to foften and allay the moft 
 irregular and ungovernable Paffions \ ’tis thefe that can 
 change even the Difpofition of habitual Practice, which 
 has become almoft a natural Law, and thefe only can 
 
( 99 ) 
 
 have force enough of themfelves to reclaim the un- 
 grounded Practices of our Moderns in the Executions of 
 their publick Performances in Building. 
 
 But here I muft flop the Current of Defire, and leave 
 this Performance to be compleated by thofe whom Na- 
 ture has more generoufly furnifh’d with Language, and ' 
 Knowledge capable of undertaking fo hazardous an En- 
 gagement. It is not the want of Sincerity and ardent 
 Defire which deters me from a Proceeding of this na- 
 ture, but a Deficiency of Accomplifhments requifite to 
 g° through fo difficult and daring a Defign ; but as I 
 doubt not I have already rais’d myfelf many Enemies 
 for fpeaking the Truth, I {hall now have Courage e- 
 nough to difplay the illegal Practices of our modern 
 Builders, and alledge fome Reafons for the Decay of 
 Building in general, and Architecture in particular, ari- 
 fing from their vifible Abufes practis’d and impos’d on 
 the Publick by the Bulk of our modern Profeffors. 
 
 It feems to be needlefs here to repeat the Judgment 
 of the learned Vitruvius concerning the Duodecim Necej- 
 Jctria , or thofe twelve neceffary Accomplifhments re- 
 quifite in the forming a compleat Architect ; or likewife 
 to prove how far fhort of thefe many of our Moderns 
 come: where, if we can find one that can practically de- 
 fine fix of thefe Sciences, there are fix to that one who 
 can fcarce form a real Idea of two of them. A Redun- 
 dancy of fuperficial Talk, with the Addition of Free* 
 dom, otherwife Confidence, in the Behaviour, too often 
 among the Illiterate makes a meer ignorant Pretender 
 pafs for a true Judge. Look upon the falfe Glofles of 
 his Knowledge, or fearch the Foundation of his Practices, 
 reafon from plain Ideas and Demonftrations, or dif- 
 
 O z courfe 
 
( 100 ) 
 
 courfe upon the foundational Laws of Beauty and Pro- 
 portion, and the Power of Lines : you will find too 
 many meer empty Ihadowy Vapours; and inftead of 
 giving you a plain Refult of their Notions or Knowledge, 
 ’tis odds but you plainly difcover that they have none 
 at all. 
 
 This is an Impofition which every one who intends 
 to build ought to take a particular Care of, that they 
 are not only deceiv’d in the Accomplilhments of the 
 Perfon, but likewife in the Determination and Execu- 
 tion of his general Pradtices ; whofe Duration is gene- 
 rally impair’d by the continual, repeated, and vifible 
 Abufes daily feen in the Refult of his Performances : 
 which I ihall briefly endeavour to open by the general 
 Obfervations following, which 1 have occafionally re- 
 mark’d on, for the greater Benefic of the Publick, than 
 what will from thence accrue to myfelf No Self-Ends 
 or finifter Views induced me to the Speculation; but a 
 publick and general Concern for the Benefit^ oi a de- 
 caying Science, worthy of greater and more affecting In- 
 ftances of Defence, than what I can poflibly give to the 
 World, with all the obvious Demonftrations of their In- 
 gratitude and illegal Pradtices. 
 
 But before I thus proceed, it may not be unneceflary 
 to obferve, that the Perfon intending to build be either 
 fufficiently accomplifh’d to perform the Refult of his 
 Intentions, or provide one, who, by a conftant Study 
 and Practice, has fufficiently demonftrated his Know- 
 ledge ; one whofe Executions and general Character re- 
 commends him after the Refult of the Expence, whiui, 
 as I think, is or ought to be the firff thing propos’d. The 
 Surveyor forms fuch a Compofition adapted to the Sum 
 
( 101 ) 
 
 by the Magnitude, Plainnefs, or Enrichments both in 
 the internal as well as external Difpofition, the Com- 
 pofition of the Apartments and the like, which by apt 
 Materials regulated and proportion’d, fhall be perform- 
 ed nearly to the Sum fpecified by the Builder. This 
 being approv’d on, he is chofe to take care that, every 
 Part, both general and particular, be perform’d with 
 found Materials, neatly and ingenioufly wrought, and 
 united artfully by the Hands of the Artifts ; likewife that 
 every Part be proportion’d with an exadt Conformity to 
 the Defign agreed to, and approv’d on by the Builder. 
 
 And likewife that no Impolition be laid on the Buil- 
 der by the Workmen concerning the Prices of Work, 
 bad Materials, or falfe Meafurement, and the like; thefe 
 and fuch like are the general Duties of the Perfon em- 
 ploy’d to Purvey and diredf theTradefman concern’d in the 
 Building; who, for his Care, Infpedtion, and Trouble, 
 is or ought to be equivalently gratify ’d by the Builder. 
 To proceed farther than this, is very illegal ; not only as 
 it is repugnant to the Laws of Nature and Reafon, to 
 Juftice, and a Regard to the publick Good ; but chiefly 
 as it is the unhappy Practice of our Moderns, who not 
 only impofe upon the Publick, by engrofllng to them- 
 Pelves the Profit or moderate Gain due juftly to others, 
 but likewife impofe upon and deceive the Perfon who 
 employs them, by uniting Materials chiefly conducing to 
 the Decay of the Building; which 1 fhall open. in the 
 manner following. 
 
 And firft, the Builder himfelf, for want of due Con- 
 federation, becomes the Occafion of the Decay of his 
 own Building, by employing Perfons incapable of ex- 
 ecuting the Performance conformable to the Rules of 
 
 Geome- 
 
( IQ 2. ) 
 
 Geometrical Reafoning ; and again, by putting it in 
 the power of fuch Perfons to a<5t according to their own 
 Jud gments for Self-Ends, and a View to Self-Preferva- 
 tion. 1 am fpeaking now in general of that illegal 
 Practice of Undertaking ; for the Builder, after having 
 employ’d one or more Perfons to furvey the Plat, gives 
 Deligns and Eflimates of the Expence and Charge of 
 the Whole : he pitches upon that which to him, by the 
 exterior Difpofition, feems the nroft compleat, or lefs 
 expenfive ; perhaps without regard to the interior Part, 
 which is contriv’d in fuch a manner, as is very incon- 
 liftent with Conveniency, Ufe, or Beauty, and likewife 
 repugnant to the Rules and Precepts of a Mathematical 
 Demonftration. 
 
 Thus inconfiderately refolving without due Examina- 
 tion, he imagines the Perfon or Defigner to be fuffici- 
 ently capacitated to compleat the Performance in a man- 
 ner conformable to his Sentiments : And here obferve, 
 to draw from himfelf the Incumbrances of Infpe&ion, 
 Examination of Bills, and fuch Fatigues, he agrees with 
 this Perfon for the Sum of Money fpecify’d in the Efti- 
 mate, to build after the Defign given, leaving the whole 
 Execution to the Undertaker, (that is, the Burier of Ar- 
 chitecture) to fee it perform’d in a Method concurring 
 to the Defign agreed on. Here it is vifible the Power 
 is put into the hand of the Perfon who is to execute 
 (that is, to fpoil) the Building, to make ufe of fuch Ma- 
 terials as fhall be a conducing Caufe of Decay to the 
 Building; and not only that, but the DefeCt of Judg- 
 ment or Knowledge of the Builder in tire Science or 
 Prices of Materials, and the like, is putting it in the 
 power of the Undertaker to exaCf fuch an Overplus of 
 
 the 
 
( IOj ) 
 
 the whole Expence, that might be fufficient to defray 
 the Charge of a much greater Concern. Here it is ob- 
 vious, that Self-Ends will induce the Undertaker by 
 nearer Methods of Proceeding to enhance to himfelf a 
 Profit from each feparateTradefman concern’d ; who, by 
 the Smallnefs of the Prices, the Badnefs of the Materials, 
 and the Employment of illiterate Workmen, all con- 
 ducingly unite to the general Caufe of the Decay of the 
 whole Fabrick. 
 
 But here it is to be obferv’d, that where this Power is 
 not given to the Surveyor, he, to keep up the juft Cha- 
 racter due to his Care in the InfpeCtion, will take fuch 
 a due regard of every Part being perform’d with the 
 moft found Materials, and the moft artful Compofition, 
 that the Refult of the Performance will, inftead of the 
 oppofite Practice, add Force to the Duration : Befides, 
 the Builder will then be appriz’d of the particular Ex- 
 pence of each feparate Part of the Work, both interior 
 and exterior ; and be fatisfy’d with the Fidelity of the 
 Perfon employ’d to infpeCt, and of his vigilant Dili- 
 gence in feeing no Impofition be laid on the Builder, 
 either by Extortion in Prices of Work, or unfit Mate- 
 rials. The Method of proceeding this way will (befides 
 the more found and folid Duration of the Execution) 
 be fo much lefs expenfive than that of letting it to an 
 Undertaker, as will fufficiently fatisfy the faithful Sur- 
 veyor, for his clofe Application and Care in feeing the 
 Execution juftifiably perform’d. This is the Cale of 
 due Confideration in the Perfon who intends to build,* 
 to employ one capacitated to fee that every thing be 
 perform’d in a Conformity to the Refult of an Architec- 
 tural or Geometrical Definition. 
 
 Yet, 
 
( *04 ) 
 
 Yet; how contrary to this Method do our prefent 
 Builders proceed ! who employ thole who are perhaps 
 neceflitated by an Overfight of the general Expence in 
 the Eftimate, or a Deleft of Judgment, fo to make him- 
 ielf whole, that every feparare Tradefman concern’d 
 mult be conftrain’d to contribute to the Decay of the 
 Building : firft, by doing his Work at fuch a Price as he 
 himfelf mult have a Profit as well as the Undertaker ; 
 fiecondly, by the Badnefs of Materials, which are moil 
 cheap, although iefs durable; thirdly, by the Employ- 
 ment of mean, inferior Workmen, whofe Wages .are adap- 
 ted to his Abilities. Thefe and the like are the Methods 
 by which the Undertaker draws Profit to himfelf, and 
 adds to the general Decay of the Building. 
 
 We find that Neceility, or rather Covetoufnefs, firft' 
 enforces the Undertaker to engrofs a Profit to himfelf 
 -by employing mean illiterate Mafters, who, to gain the 
 Name of Bufinefs, perform their Work in fuch a manner, 
 that no Profit can accrue from the Performance: or elfe 
 it muft be fo bafely and unartfully wrought, and the 
 Materials fo bad, that they greatly contribute to the 
 Decay of the Beauties of Architecture, and the Rules of 
 found Building. Admit that the Workmanflup were 
 well perform’d, yet the Materials muft confequently be 
 bad, or elfe no Profit would arife from the Performance, 
 by being conftrain’d to work for the Undertaker for fuch 
 low Prices, or the inferior Workmen muft contribute to 
 the Decay, (admit the Materials were good:) for to give 
 more, or fo much as common Wages to the Workmen, 
 is altogether inccnfiftent with Reafon to imagine, fince 
 the aforemention’d Neceility is the Caufe of that uni- 
 verfal Law of Nature, Self-Prefervation. This is fo plain 
 
( 105 ) 
 
 and evident, and withal fo common a Practice, that 
 every one who has the leaft View of plain and natural 
 llealon can eafily difcern. 
 
 Thus much may (uffice for a general Obfervation on 
 the united Caufes of the Decay of Building, where Ne- 
 celfity enforces the Undertaker to employ mean inferior 
 Mailers, by giving or allowing them but mean Prices : 
 This obliges him to employ illiterate laborious Men, 
 whom Nature has been pleafed fo to furnifh with out- 
 ward Knowledge, that they are capable for nothing but 
 fTavifh Drudgeries, and confequently unable to perform 
 any thing beautiful, regular, or conformable either to 
 Judgment or Order. But admit this is not fo, yet the 
 fame Reafons oblige him to provide fuch Materials, as 
 lhall be leaft expenfive, and lefs durable. This is the 
 plain Cafe, and the repeated Practice of our Under- 
 takers, who employ meanPerfons to perform the Work 
 to gain a greater ftiare of Profit to themfelves ; not 
 confidering the Injuftice of the ACtion to the Perfon 
 who employs him, in deceiving him fo vifibly fl mav 
 fay) in the Execution. ' 
 
 But to difcover another more fatal and common 
 Practice, let us proceed to remark on another Method, 
 now much in ufe among our Undertakers ; which is in 
 a greater meafure a more conducing Caufe to the Decay 
 of Building in general, and Architecture in particular, 
 than our former. 
 
 We before obferv’d the general Reafons on each fide 
 conducing to the Decay, fuch as DefeCt of Judgment, 
 Overfight in the Calculation, (after confider’d) ^Cove- 
 toufnels, Selt-Prefervation, and the like ; which are fo 
 evident, that the Confideration admits of no Objection, 
 
 f but 
 
( io<5 ) 
 
 but more efpecially, when we duly examine this latter 
 uniting Caule of Decay ; which is, oh ! fatal Mifchief, 
 the Undertaker’s finding Materials himfelf. Here it 
 appears plainly, that one of the aforemention’d Caufes 
 induce him to this illegal Practice If it is a DefeCt of 
 Judgment, how unfit is he to provide proper Materials ? 
 If Overfight in the Calculation, how unthoughtful of 
 the Affair in hand ? If Covetoufnefs, what view is 
 there of imagining the Materials to be good, or artfully 
 wrought ? If Self-Prefervation, who muft the Burthen 
 fall on ? Thus far the Events will readily convince us, 
 how improper it is for thofe who build, to proceed in 
 this injudicious manner. 
 
 If in the Undertaker’s finding Materials, either of the 
 former Caufes induce him to this Practice, let us a little 
 infpeCt into the Abilities of the Perfon employ’d ; it may 
 be perhaps a Perfon fufficiently capacitated to carry on 
 and execute the Work in aConformity to the Rules requi- 
 fite to compleat the Performance, (and indeed there is 
 too many fuch, who deferve better Encouragement : ) 
 but to do this himfelf, feems altogether inconfiftent 
 with Senfe to imagine. And we before confidei d, that 
 our former Mailers were incapable of employing Per- 
 fons above the moft common Capacities ; what muft 
 be thofe whom our new Mafter employs, whole Profit 
 accrues only from the Labour of his Hands, no Ad- 
 vantage of Materials to afford the Workmen fcarce 
 common Wages ? It muft confequently follow, that he 
 muft neceftarily produce Work of the fame Species with 
 his Prices, if not with the Materials likewife : for if the 
 Materials are good, and unartfully wrought, it is evident 
 that either the" Architecture or the Building muft decay. 
 
( 107 ) 
 
 Yet how are all thefe Things confider’d by the Builder ? 
 How injudicioufly does he aCt, when Reafon is wanting 
 to determine the Refult of his Ideas and Actions ? 
 
 Now, after all that has been faid, if it fhould be ob- 
 jected that neither of the aforemention’d fuppos’d Rea- 
 fons are the Refult of the Performances of our Under- 
 takers ; yet, laftly, another following may more plainly 
 demonftrate, how poffible it is to deceive the Builder, 
 by the Illegality of the Intention, and the Refult of 
 the Practice, that is, the interfering in each other’s Bu- 
 finefs. This is fo plain a means of the Decay of 
 Building in general, that it felf-evidently demonftrates 
 the Barbarity of the Practice : for what Correfpondency 
 is there between Bricklayers and Joiners, Carpenters and 
 Mafons ? Of c . And yet we fee they are fo confufedly 
 mixed, that nothing of confequence is performed but 
 under each other; Things fo contrary, fo foreign to the 
 Infticution of Trades : And likewife how common, is 
 
 befl feen by the continual Methods of Undertaking ; 
 which is not, who fhall do the Work moft conformable 
 to the Rules of Proportion, Of c. but who fhall perform 
 it with lefs Expence either to the Builder or himfelf. 
 
 What Folly, what Madnefs, or rather what Ignorance 
 does it argue? for Men thus to ftrive, not only to ruin 
 each other, but likewife agree to deftroy that Science, 
 which we fhall never fee perfected amongft us, but by 
 every one’s aCting in his own Calling. Thofe whom 
 Nature has more particularly fitted for accomplifh’d Ar- 
 chitects, ought to execute their adapted Office in another 
 manner, not enhancing Profit of this nature ; but give 
 every Man, according to his Calling, a free Liberty to 
 make that reafonable Ufe of his Bufinefs, which Oppor- 
 
 P Z tunity 
 
( io8 ) 
 
 tunity may offer to him. Then every Man would en- 
 deavour to gain Credit, as well as Profit, in the Execu- 
 tion of his Part, that the Whole might become a 
 Building worthy to be fo call’d, by the Soundnefs of 
 the Materials, the Neatnefs of the Performances, and 
 the Beauty of the Whole : Youth then would have 
 
 encouragement to ftudy, and each would ftrive who 
 fhould excel, and become moft acceffary to the Accom- 
 plifhment of antient Anchitecture. 
 
 If any thing proves more obvious or intelligible, or 
 more abfurd and common, than the Affertions and 
 Arguments laid down, it is, that by repeated Practices 
 they are become an univerfal Law, and Teem to be fo 
 ftedfaftly fixed, by the Practitioners of late, that we 
 may as well hope to fee all Men in general become 
 Practitioners of Virtue, as Practitioners of antient Ar- 
 chitecture, or the Rules of found Building. 
 
( 109 ) 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 Concerning the Ufe of the InfpeBional Table , 
 calculated for the general Proportions of 
 the Diameters, and Heights in Feet and 
 Inches. 
 
 Have in the fixth Chapter juft remark’d upon 
 Tome general Obfervations, which this Table 
 explains : that is, if the Confinement of the 
 Height of your Column is given, you have likewife 
 the Proportion of the Diameter in Feet, and Feet and 
 Inches, in the three Orders. If the Confinement of your 
 Height is to the Entablature, when erected on the Co- 
 lumn, the Diameter of your Column is given in Feet 
 and Inches. Again, if the Diameter is given in Feet 
 and Inches, by the fame Rule or Table you likewife 
 know the Height of your Column alone, or the Height 
 of the Entablature when eredted thereon in the three 
 Orders; and that by having recourfe to this Table, 
 whole Meafure comes moft within the Limits of com- 
 mon Execution, which, if otherwife, will be only dou- 
 bling or halving a Number anfwering the Number given. 
 
 The 
 
( no ) 
 
 The Heights of Confinement are from 5 Feet to Z 5 in the 
 Execution ; and the Diameters given, are as follow : 
 
 When the Confinement is to the Column aftrrie, 
 
 Inches , Feet, Inch . 
 
 In the Dorick Order, from 7 to 5 : 1 1 . 
 
 In the lomck Order, from 7- to z : io~. 
 
 In the Corinthian , from 6 ~ to z : ~j%. 
 
 When the Confinement is to the Entablature, when 
 executed on the Column, your Diameters given are as 
 follow : 
 
 Inches , Feet , Inch. 
 
 In the Dorick Order, from 6 to Z : Sk- 
 in the lonick Order, from 5 ~ to 1 : 4J7. 
 
 In the Corinthian, from Sh to 1 : z b 
 
 The Meafures and Proportions of the Diameters are 
 all within the Limits of this Calculation, which are the 
 two Extremes that rife in a gradual Afcent not exceed- 
 ing | of an Inch. The Realons why I reduced them, as 
 you fee each Order, to a vulgar FfadUon of a common 
 Denominator, is becaufe the Fraction comes neareft 
 that Number: I have reduced the Divifor into its lowed 
 Terms for a common Denominator, and every Remain- 
 der fo reduced, becomes a new Numerator. Thefe are 
 moft readily reduc’d again into a lower Fraction, near 
 enough to infpedt into the minuter Proportions for 
 common Ufe; as fuppole ~ of an Inch, it we were to 
 call it ; an Inch, the Denomination of the Fra&ion is 
 
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( III ) 
 
 the neareft Proportion to and may be ufed without 
 danger of Cenfure by future Infpe&ion. 
 
 I am naturally induced to conjecture, that this is a 
 Table or Method which will fave a world of Trouble in 
 Calculations, but more efpecially will be of lingular 
 Ufe to Workmen, who are oftentimes by thefe Confine- 
 ments involv’d in a Labyrinth of feeming Intricacies 
 for want of due Confideration, or a Deficiency of Know- 
 ledge; who oftentimes (by the Neceffity which thefe 
 two Rules bear with them) produce very erroneous Ex- 
 ecutions, unproportionate in themfelves, and in a di- 
 rect Unconformity to the Beauty requilite in the general 
 Tenor of the Whole. To give you exemplary Inftances 
 of the Aflertion, take the following as fuppofitional 
 Confinements, whereby the Magnitude of the Diame- 
 ter, or the Height fought, is inftantly refolv’d. 
 
 You find the Table divided into two general Parts, 
 and thefe again divided into feven Columns. The Pro- 
 portions of a given Height from 5 Feet to 15, are the 
 Contents of the firft, which rife by a gradual Afcent of 
 three Inches ; the fecond Table or Divifion contains the 
 Proportions of a given Height from 15 Feet to 25, by 
 the fame Afcent as the firft. 
 
 The firft Column is the Height of Confinement given 
 in Feet and Inches, the three next following Columns 
 are the Diameters of the given Heights, when the Confine- 
 ment is to the Column alone ; and of thefe, the firft is the 
 Dorick, the fecond the lonick, and the third the Corin- 
 thian Order. The three next Columns are the Diame- 
 ters of the given Height, when the Confinement is to 
 the Entablature’s Height, when ereCted on the Column ; 
 the fecond Table, or general Divifion, is the fame with 
 
 this, 
 
( III ) 
 
 this, and needs no other Explanation. We Ihall now 
 proceed to Inftances : 
 
 Suppofe the Height of the Confinement to your Co- 
 lumn alone was 14 Feet 3 Inches, the Order to be ex- 
 ecuted was the Dorick : look for 14 Feet 3 Inches in 
 the given Heights, and in the next Column you fee the 
 Diameter given is 1 Foot 9 Inches and f. Suppofe that 
 the fame given Height was to be executed with the 
 Jonick Order, look in the fecond Line of the three Divi- 
 fions for the Diameters, and over-againft 14 Foot 3 Inches, 
 you will find for the Jonick Diameter 1 Foot $ Inches 
 and f 7 : For the Diameter of the Corinthian Order to the 
 given Height in the next Column, you find 1 Foot 6 
 Inches ; thefe are the Diameters of the given Height 
 14 Feet 3 Inches, when the Confinement is to the Co- 
 lumn alone. 
 
 Now let us proceed to the Diameters, when 14 Feet 
 3 Inches is the Height of Confinement given to the 
 Entablature. We before obferv’d, that the three next 
 Columns were the Diameters given for the three Or- 
 ders when the Confinement was to the Entablature. The 
 firft of thefe three laft Divifions is the Dorick Order, 
 where over-againft 14 Foot 3, you will find in the fifth 
 Column (which is the fame) for the Dorick Order, the 
 Diameter is 1 Foot 5 Inches and £ ; in the next, for 
 the Jonick Order, the Diameter is I Foot 4 Inches and 
 v (a Fraction of fomething more than - an Inch.) In 
 the laft or 7th Column, for the Corinthian Order, the 
 Diameter given is 1 Foot l Inches and (which may 
 properly be term’d and executed 1 Foot 3 Inches.) 
 Theie are the Diameters of the given Height, when the 
 Confinement is to the Entablature in the three Orders. 
 
 By 
 
(US ) 
 
 By the fame Methods, you may eafily find the Diame- 
 ter of any given Height ready calculated, when the 
 Confinement is to the Column itfelf, or the Entabla- 
 ture eredted thereon. 
 
 As I have confider d the foregoing Methods, as re- 
 lating to the Pi oportions of the Diameters from a 
 given Height, let us juft remark on the reverfing the 
 Ufe of the Table, by finding by the fame Method 
 the Height from the Diameters given, either as it re- 
 lates to the Column itfelf, or the Entablature thereon 
 eredted ; as for example, fuppofe your Diameter given 
 be i Foot, and the Execution be to be perform’d with 
 the Dorick Older, look for i Foot in the fecond Co- 
 lumn, which relates to the Dorick Column alone, and 
 in the firft Column of given Heights, over-a^ainft one 
 Foot, you will find 8 Foot the Height, the lonick ditto, 
 I Foot the Height, 8 Foot 6 Inches, &c. 
 
 Since the Proportions of the Diameters like wife re- 
 folve the Height from the fame Rule, as it relates 
 either to the Column or its Entablature eredted there- 
 on, the way is opened, and becomes univerfally ufe- 
 ful j what other Improvements may be made for the 
 publick Benefit, either in this Part, or any of the Trea- 
 tife in general, will be to me Satisfaction enough, to 
 fee that ancient Architecture is become the Study and 
 Delight of our own Nation, ' 
 
 I fhall conclude with this hearty Defire, (and 
 with the moft ardent Zeal it is delivered) That I hope 
 we may endeavour to become as afliftant to the Ex- 
 ecution of it, conformable to the Rules prefcribed 
 
 a in 
 
FINIS. 
 
Ho mas Heath, at the Hercules , next door to 
 
 the Fount ain- < Ta r vern in the Strand , makes and 
 
 fells Wholefale and Retail, all forts of Mathematical In- 
 ftruments; In Silver, Brafs, Ivory, Wood, c. perform’d 
 according to the lateft Obfei vations of Philofophers and 
 Pradticers of the Mathematical Arts; whereby they are 
 render’d moft neat, portable, accurate and expeditious. 
 
 Whether they be for Geometry, Surveying, Naviga- 
 tion, Gauging, Meafuring, Dialling, Geography, Aftro- 
 nomy, Cf c . 
 
 As Sedlors, Scales, CompafTes, Drawing-Pens, Land 
 Quadrants, Theodolites, Circumferentors, Plane-Tables, 
 Water-Levels, Meafuring-Wheels, Dials (portable or 
 fix’d) Sea-Quadrants, Foreftaffs, Nodfurnal Teiefcopes, 
 Piifms, Drawing-Boards, Sliding-Rules of all forts, & c. 
 Together with Books of their Ufes. 
 
 Alfa an accurate Architedlonick Sedtor, readily and 
 univerfally obtain’d for the Fluting Pilafters and Co- 
 lu inns, drawing the Geometrical Plans and Uprights in 
 any of the Orders of Architecture, with feveral other 
 ufeful and convenient Scales, and a Treatife of its Ufe. 
 He likewife fells Books relating to the Mathematicks. 
 
BOOKS printed for Dan. Browne, W. Bickerton, 
 
 and J. Pote. 
 
 NIGO JONES'* mod notable Antiquity of Great 'Britain, 
 
 JL vulgarly call’d Stone-Hewg, on Salisbury-Plain, redor’d. With 
 Dr. Charlton's Anfwer to Jones, and Mr. Webb's Vindication in An- 
 Iwer to Charlton \ with' the Life of Inigo Jones . Adorn’d with 
 four new Views of Stone’ Heng y and above 20 other Copperplates* 
 and an Index to the Whole. 
 
 II. The City and Country Purchafer, and Builder’s Dictionary • 
 or, the Compleat Builder’s Guide. The 2d Edition, with Additions. 
 By Bichard Neve. %vo. Price 41. 
 
 III. Roma Illuftrata , or, a Defcription of the mod beautiful 
 Pieces of Painting, Sculpture, and Architefture at and near Rome. 
 The 2d Edit. Price 2 s. 6 d. 
 
 IV. Memoirs of a certain Ifland adjacent to the Kingdom of Uto- 
 pia. Written by a celebrated Author of that Country, and now 
 rendred into Englifh. The 2d Edit. With a compleat Key, 2 vol. 
 
 V. The Secret Hidory of the prefent Intrigues of the Court of 
 Caramania . The 2d Edit. With the Key. 
 
 . VI - Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput. Written by Capt. Gul- 
 liver. Containing an Account of the Intrigues and fome other par- 
 ticular TranfaCtions of that Nation omitted in the 2 Volumes of his 
 I ravels. Pubiilh’d by Tnicas Bcnnet - 
 
 VII. La Belle JJJemblee , or the Adventures of Six Days : Bein^ 
 a ColleCHon ot remarkable Incidents which happened to fome of the 
 fird Quality in France. Written in French for the Entertainment 
 of the King, and dedicated to him by Madam T>e Gomez. Trans- 
 lated into Englifh , compleat, in 2 vol. The 2d Edit. 
 
 VIII. Nunnery Tales. Written by a young Nobleman, and trans- 
 lated from his French Manufcript into Englifh. 
 
 IX. Gordon's Itinerarium Septe 7 itrionale , or Journey over the 
 Northern Parts of Etigland and Scotland . Illudrated with many 
 Cuts. 
 
 X. Hidory and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Canter- 
 bury, and the once-adjoining Monadery ; with Profpe&s of the 
 Church and Monuments curioufly engraven.