Ulrich Middeldorf I ' OOK.V DOS LrD. SWISS COTTAGE < clv ; ( ^ V ' ot^^vv ;4 Jws M %$%& /.^>/,4 5*4 5/<45>a45*4 5/*< 5*4 »<4 5*4 5*4 THE Author's T RE F AC E TO THE Duke of SAVOY. MONO thofe excellent Conferences held daily byTour Highnefs , the Queflion was put to me (as I rentember^con- cerning thofe Things which were in ZJfe among the Ancients , but art now difcontinued and in Difufe among us \ and alfo concerning Modern Inventions , fince the Ruin and Decay of the Roman Empire . Now being very ambitious of ' ferving Tour Highnefs , it hath been my conjfant Endeavour to prefent Ton with A 3 fome- The Author’s Preface jbmething, , which might he grateful to Tort* I have made a Collection, i. Of thofe f Natural Productions, of which , being * utterly loft, we have no Knowledge. 2 . Of 1 the Buildings of the Ancients , and of l other ZJfiges and Cujloms among them , which are now laid afide and quite extinB. j< g. Of fome Modern Arts and New In - J vent ions , recommended to the World in 1 ihefe lafi Ages. J That by Plutarch/ Example Tour 1 Highnefs may draw a Parallel, and make ^ d Comparifon between the Latter and the [ Former, and conjider with Tourfelf whe- j fher is the greater , our Gain or our Lois $ j juft as Merchants compute their Receipts 1 on one Page, and their Disburfements - on the other, that by balancing their Ac - j compts , they may know their Condition 1 whether they gain or lofe. The/e Alterations and changes we aferibe to Providence, which , as it hath appointed a Turn, or Vicifjitnde in all fublunary Things, that fome fould die, and others be born $ fo hath it ordained, that fome certain Kinds of them , and alfo fome Arts , fhould make their Exit, and others jhonld enter to th: Duke of SAVOT. nter on the Stage of the World 3 and all his to infpire ns ( befides other Monitions ) vith Meditations on the End of this Drefent Life, and with vigorous Brea- kings after the Eternity of a Future. 1 have prefented Tour Highnefs with i Catalogue , not of all (which was impof* %le to do ) but of Things mo ft remarkable, l he greatejl Part whereof I have obferved tnd fet down . As for thofe that concerts Religion and Laws, I have purpofety mitted them 5 they were fuperjiitious , and thefe required a particular Volume . Hera Tour Highnefs may fee , not only the Ma* kfiy and Grandeur, the Glory and Great** nefsof Rome, but of the whole Univerfe “ And may be versd in thofe Secrets y the Knowledge whereof will not ( I prefume J be ungrateful to Ton. At Tour vacant Hours , when releas'd from the Strefs of more important Concerns , I befeech Tour Highnefs to vouchfafe an Eye upon this (lender Piece , which I devote to Tonr Service , and which may relieve Ton, when: fatigu’d with weighty Affairs, and re* frefh Tour Wearing}, tinder the Preffu re A -4 °f The Author s Preface, tffc. of that Government that lies upon Tour Shoulders . May the Divine Providence for ever preferve you in perpetual Peace and prof perous Glory. I devote myfelf wholly and entirely to Tour Highnefs , with all due and humble Reverence and Submijjion . THE PREFACE OF THE TRANSLATOR. H E Author of this Treatife was a Learned Italian , Pro- feffor of Civil-Law in the Univerfity of Fadua ; where- in the Year r/87. S A L- MUTH his Commentator heard him' (as he tells us) with much Plea- fure and Profit, and where he had the Ap- plaufe both of a numerous and an Intelli- gent Auditory. He is beyond the reach of Cenfure and Cavil, and not liable to the Attack of any Objection. I fhall there- fore make no Apology for him, as if I re- canted and was afham ? d of my Choice • for he hath no Blemifhes to abafh, but ra- ther Beauties to charm, his Ingenuity and Parts rather merit an Encomium, than paint a Blufh. His The PREFACE • His Subjed is as, noble* as himfelf is com- mendable* bein£ enrich'd with Variety of excellent Matter* molLcopioufly pleafant ^ fo that I am fo far from excufmg the Ver- fion* that I wifii l had a Polyglot into which I might render it ; it being a Book worthy to be perus’d by all Nations* and juftly de- ferves the Univerfal Language. ’Tis pity fuch a Volume fhould lie by* imprifon’d in a Library* lock’d up in Latin, as faft as in Chains 5 for this is a L o s s far greater than any it makes mention of. A Work fo big: with Diverfion* and fo exceeding Ufeful* is too good a Morfel for Moths and Worms ; and (if it can perifti) deferves a better Grave than Duft and Rubbifh. This is one Reafon why I taught it EngUJh * being not a little defirous to blazon its Worth, and to refcae it from the Ignominy of fa ignoble a Fate. When! faw it firft* I found it loaded with a very large Comment* fpread very thick upon it by a German Hand* a voluminous Paraphrase not agreeing with the fquea- nrlfhnefs of an Oxford Stomach* made an- ingenious Gentleman of that famous Uni- verfity exprefs in fome Company his nau* feating of it. The Nicety of his Palate put me upon the Experiment of Tailing,, which when I had done, I did not fub- fcribe to his Opinion* •viz,. That there was no Relilh at all in his infipid Notes* as he was The P RE F A C E was pleafed to term them, which I found to be very lavcury* being cook’d with Va- riety of palatable Learning ; for S A L- MUTH, his Commentator* hath highly deferved of the Scholaftick World* and is to be admir’d for his Reading* and unwea- ried Induftry, in amafling together fuch choice Collections and curious Remarks, fome of which are very pertinent and pro- per to the Subject before him. I have par’d off the Excrefcences of his luxuriant Style, and have pick’d out of his Notes the moft pat Iiluftrations ; to which I have added fome Hiftories of my own, and fome Obfervations and Remarks* fuch as I have met with in my flender Reading, and which I thought agreeable to the Ar- gument in Hand. I do not take this Col le&ion to be a per- fect Monopoly of all that Matter, which belongs to this Subject ; there are (doubt- lefs) feveral Things that lie fcatter’d in Tliny and Solinm * in Diofcorides and others, which are not to be found in this our Au- thor. There are alfo many Ceremonies defund: and obfolete Superftitions relating to the Religion of the ancient Pagans, and feveral Sandions of primitive Law-givers, which have efcap’d the Inventory of cu- rious ?ANC IROLLUS. And as for the modern Ilfues of Art and Nature* they are fo numerous* that a bare Index The PREFACE. Index of them would fwell a Volume. Who is able to reckon up the vaft Improvements of Learning in this laft Age ? How many Rarities hath that great Genius of Phyiofo- phyy the Honourable Mr. BOTLE found out in Nature ? which hath con-feis’d ftrange Secrets, when tortur’d on the Rack of in- quifitive Experiments. In every Science we find a Columbus , who enriches hisProfeffion withfreftiDifcoveries. The Aftronomer boafts his Variety of Sys- tems and new Appearances. And the Phy- fician glories in the Circulation of the Blood. It would be tedious to inftance in the Lo* garithms of Arithmetic^ and in the Sines and Tangents of Geometry. In the Glaffes of Opticks, and in a thoufand other Inven- tions of all Arts both Liberal and Mecha- nical • all which were Terra Incognita to ignorant Antiquity. My reference of the Reader to Mr. GLAN- VILL’s Vim Ultra , and to the Vhilofophical TranfaBions y may excufe me from enlarging on fo copious a Subject. They have hap- pily anticipated all Thoughts and Dif- courfes that may be had concerning it : Wherefore, after an humble Recommenda- tion of this Copy to the candid Perufal of all thofe who either have not, or do not under- ftand the Original. I take leave to withdraw from giving the Reader any farther Trouble. THE THE CONTENTS OF THE Firft Book. SECT. Productions I. O F Natural loft. Chap. I. Of Purple , II. Of Purple Ink, HI. Of Obfidian Stones or Jet, IV. Of Asbeftine, or unquenchable Flax V. Of Silken Flax call’d Byffus, VI. Of Specular Stones, VII. Of Murrhine, YIIL Of Aurichalcum, which are utterly i Page i 6 ) ™ ) XI f 3 18 20 Chap. IX, The CONTENTS. Chap. Page IX. Of Cinnamon, 22 X. Of the Indian Leaf call'd Folium Barbaricum, and of other Perfnmes . 24 XI. Of Amomum, Coftus, Malobathrum, CajQa odorata, the Indian Perfume, and La let; 25 XII. Of Myrrh, Stade, Bdellium, and Balia- 2 9 32 34 35 37 44 mum, XIII. Of Indian Iron , called Azzalum, XIV. Of Ammoniack Salt, ' XV. Of Marbles , XVI. Of Precious Stones, XVII. Of Fruits, SECT. II. I. Of Buildings , 47 II. Of the Great Cirque or Shew-Place . Of Build- ings call'd Bafilicae. Of Exchanges , Burfes y or Places for Merchandise, call'd Tabernar. Of Bridal- Houfes, call'd Nymphsea, 54 III. Of the Fora of the Ancients , 62 IV. Of the Roman High-ways 64 V. Of Libraries, 68 VI. Of Private Buildings , 72 VII. Of Statues of Marble Fragments » 82 VIII Of Cellars , 83 IX. Of Wrejlling and Running-Places , 86 X. Of Baths, 88 XI. Of Triumphal Arches, po XII. Of the Pillars of Trajan and Antonine, 91 XIII. Of the Mole of Adrian, and the Tomb of Ceftus, pz XIV. Of Obelisks, ps XV. Of the Egyptian Pyramids and Labyrinth , 99 Chap. XV L; The CONTENTS. Chap. Page XVI. Of Sphinx, Egyptian, Theks, the Seven Wonders of the World , 104 XVII. Of the fhining Pyropus, 112 XVIU, Of Corinthian Brafs, 1 14 XIX. Of incombufiible Oil. 1 15 XX. Of DuaHe Glafs, 116 XXI . Of Paper, 1 18 XXII Of the Four and Five-oard Gallies of the Ancients, call’d Qpadriremes and Qtiinque- remes. 1 1? SECT. III. I. Of Muficl, 122 II. Of Silent and Hydraulid Mufid, 12 5 III. Of Attion , 128 IV. Of the Char abler s of the Letters ufed by the Ancients , 13 1 SECT. IV. I. Of the Habits and Garments of the Ancients , 140 II Of the Clafp or Fibula of the Ancients , 145 III. Of the Habit of Emperors , IV. Of the Manner of J dating Emperors , V. Of a Diadem , VI. Of Hor feSy VII. Of the Teftudo. VIII. Of Silver Furniture y IX. Of Sellers of Oily Wine 3 and other Liquors by Me afar e„ 174 X. Of the Manner of eating ufed among the An- cients, 17’ t Chap “ 159 163 164 166 168 170 The CONTENTS. Chap. Page XI. Of Military Cu/loms ufed by the Ancients, 192 XII. Of Cufioms ufed by the Ancients in their Armies. 200 XIII. Of Military Crowns be flow'd on Soldiers, 203 XIV. Of the Armories ( now called Arfenals ) of the Ancients . 205 XV. Of Triumphs , 206 XVI. Of Ambaffadors, 215 XVII. Of Marriages , 221 XVIII. Of theGamesaf the Ancients, 22 6 XIX. Of thofe that were condemned to the Mines , 231 Funeral Rites and Ceremonies , 233 Nomenclators, 236 Prefents . 238 240 THE ( * ) PANCIROLLUS. SECT. I. Of Natural Productions which are utterly CHAP.I. Of Purple . F all thofe Things, which have now no Being or Exigence in Nature, that which is mod worthy our Notice, and in the fir ft Place to be obferv'd , is Purple ; which is counted the chief, and is reckon'd (as it were) the King of all Colours. B 2 PANC1R0 LLTJS. Book I. of Princes, Magiftrates and Senators rvere wont to be dy’d with it. As for its Original, it proceeded ( b ) from a kind of Shell-Fifh, i.e. from a white Vein it carries in its Jaws ; out of which, being cut, there flows this Juice or precious Gore, which Wooil and Purple-Silk, for the making of Gar- ments, were tindhir’d with. lam inclin’d to believe, that this kind ofShell- Fifh may be found even now a days, in regard no Species of Things are quite loft, though per- haps it would be ufelefs, becaufe no body knows how to take out that Vein. This Blood they boil’d with the Vein it fdf, firft open’d in a leaden VelTeJ, putting to it a little Water of a moderate Heat, which was convey’d to it through a Funnel from a Fire at fome pittance. From thence arofe that fhining and middle Colour between red and black, like that of a Clove-Gillyflower, which, I believe, no other Coloqr doth more refemble. There did appear alfo another kind of Colour, which they call’d a violet Colour. The Reafon of the Lois of Purple, I prefume is, becaufe the Turks, a barbarous People, are Mafters of Syria , and all thofe Places where it was wont to be found. The COMMENTARY. (4) [ The Robes of Princes, Magift rates, Sena - nators , were wont to he dyd with it.~] Hence in Pliny , Purple is often put for the Chief Magiftrate; and therefore when the Ro- man Government was advanc’d to a Monarchy, their Princes, who were ftil’d Emperors (becaufe the Name of King was odious to the Romans) did Sea. I. Of Purple. 3 did retain Purple for their Imperial Enfign. And the Emperor Alexius Comnenas, when he had ddign d his eldeft Son John for the Empire, and gave him the Title of Emperor, he is faid by Nicetas , to have beftow’d upon him a Pair of Purple Shooes. That it was of fo great Efteem in former Times, as that none but Kings and their Favourites might wear the fame ; appears from Dan . «$. 16. If thou canfl read the writing , &c. thou /halt be cloaihed mth Purple : And From 1 Maccab. 10. 20, 2 6. [From a kind of Shell-Fijh .] Which Shell-Fifti is call’d in Latin, Purpura ; whereof formerly great Store hath been found near the famous City of Tyre : The Inhabitants whereof found out that' precious Liquor or Juice, fo Angularly ufeful to the dying of Cloaths, and therefore called Tyrius Color . Some Hiftories tell us they muft be taken alive , and that chiefly in the Spring Seafon, at which Time this Juice is molt plentiful in them. And that when they are gather’d, they mu ft be thrown together on an Heap ; that fo by their continual Motion, they may vent out this rich Liquor together with their Spirit; which done, in lome near Place or other provided for the clean keeping of it, it is taken up, and pre- ferv’d for neceflary Purpofes. This is another way of getting this Liquor mentioned by Au- thors. (b) [As for its Original , k proceeds from a kind of Shell-Fijh.] The Invention of Purple is aferibed to Here* - les y who walking along the Shore with a Dam- fel he lov’d, by chance his Boy had feiz d on one thrown up by the Sea* and fmear’d his B 2 Lips 4 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. Lips vvith the Jin&ure; which fhe admiring, refus’d to be his, until he had brought her a Garment of that Colour, who not long after aecomplifh’d it. Among feveral forts of Shell-Fifh, there is not, only that which we call the Purple, to be found, but alfo another kind pfFifh, which is called Murex ; which though it differ from the former, yet it is taken (like that) in the Spring time, and fends forth by Attrition, a kind of clammy, vifcous Humour, which (if we believe Vitruvius) is called Oflrum . He tells us that thofe kind of Shell-Fifh, after they are, caught, are cut and flafh’d with certain iron Inftruments, out of whole Wounds, this Pur- ple Matter, by pounding the Filh, doth flow and ifTpe, and is call’d O/lrum. Hence we read j in Virgil , Lib, i. zAZneid. Arte labor at# vefles , oftroque fuperbo. “ On Tyrian Carpets richly wrought they dine. And Oflro perfufa vefles , Garments tin&ur’d with this Liquor. And we find in Propertius , Oftrina Tunica. This kind of Shell-Fifh doth abound mdi in Africa, in Tyre and Sidon ; and Tyrian Purple is commended for the beft. The Tongue of the Purple Fifh is about a Finger’s Length, and is fo fharp and hard, that it can eafily pierce any fort of Shell-Fifh. And from hence fprung the Proverb concerning Glut- 1 tons, who are faid to be (Purpura vor adores) more devouring than the Purple. 1 heir Vo- racity is the chief Caufe of their being taken > for the Fifhermen knowing the Purple to be greedy of Shell-Fifh, they call abundance of them Se&.L Of Purple. 5 them into the Sea , in Weels or Bonnets for that Purpofe, to which they faften a long Rope ; fo that the Purple feeing its defir’d Prey, and thrufting its Tongue betwixt the Rufhes of the Wed, pierceth the Fifh, which confulting their Safety upon the fenfe of the Smart, do contradf themfelves, and by clofing their Shells, hold it fo fad, that the Purple is caught ; which being enfnar'd after this manner, through its own Greedinefs, As an Hieruglyphick of a Gormandi- zer punifh’d for his Gluttony; of whom you ! may fee an elegant Emblem extant in Alci at : And the Slanderer is reprefented by the^Pi'diire of a Purple with its lorted-out Tongue, as Pierius notes in his 28m Book. The Tyrians , by taking away the Shells of the greater Purples, do come at that noble Juice, which lurks in a white Vein in the midR of their J iws. But the leffer Fry they dafh once againrt a Stone, and fo luddeniy-rtrike out their Purple Moirture ; but if they do not kill at one Blow, in vain they rtrike a fecond Time ; for ! the Blood, through the Pain, being diffus'd, and rtreaming through all Parts of the Body, will vanifh aiid dilappear. Hence Virgil tells us in the pth of his z^ieids, that they breathe out their Purple Souls, who fall by the Anguilla of a great Wound: In this Particular, copying Homer , who calls the Death of fuch, a Purple Death ; and zAPlian informs us, that the Purple was diipatch’d at one Blow, that io it might yield a better TinCfure. As for the Colour of this Juice, which Pliny affirms to be a duskifh Roly, a clouded Flame (as it were) and Plato , a Rednets, corrected and qualified with a pale white : ) It is from the Fifh B 3 call’d 6 FA NCIR OLLZJS. Book I. call’d Purple. And fo is Conchylium and Mure X, as we may fee in Firgil, Tyrioque ardebat murice Lend , &c. “ A Purple Scarf, with Gold embroider’d o’er, “ (Queen Dido's Gift) about his Wafte he wore. And Juvenal prefents us with another In- fiance Horum ego non fugiam Conchylia f i. e. Shall I not avoid tlieir luxurious Robes drunk with Purple and Tyrian Dye ? Hence Plautus mentions Conchyliata Tapetia , fo call’d from that Colour, which is a Compound, and a Mixture of blue and red, and refembles the azure of March Violets. This Purple Colour is call’d in Latin, Ofirinus , and Sarranm : Hence we read in Propertius , of Ofirinus 7 or pu , a Purple Bed ; and Virgil in his Georgich hath this Exprcffion — — Sarrano dor- miai Oflro , i. e. Let him flee^ in Tyrian Purple. For Tyre was call’d Sarra , from a certain Filli call’d Sar. And thus Sidonms Apollinaris calls a Palm-embroider’d Garment drunk mtb Sar - ran , i. e. Tyrian juices, when it had imbib’d only the Tindlure of this Purple Moiftuie. CHAR II. Of Purple Ink* THere was wont to be made of Purple , a cer- A tain kind of Ink, which was call’d Encau- fium (c). It was us’d only by the Emperors in fubfcribing their Patents and Letters, and was prohibited all others, under Pain of Treafon 5 who, befides Confifcation of Goods, were capi- tally punifh’d, as oft as they us’d it. This is con- Seft. I. Of Purple Ink. 7 confirm’d by Nicetas , who, in his Fir ft Book of the Life of Manuel , tells us, that in the begin- ning of his Empire, he wrote Letters to Conftan- tinople , with the Biood of the Purple-Fifh, and feal’d and fecur’d with a red and golden colour’d Wax, and a filken Strihg. And he tells us al- io, That Saltan, a Perfian King, upbraided the Emperor of Confiantinople , with his empty Pro- mifes of noble Prefents (written in ruddy Cha- racters) whereas he beftow’d but mean and Ben- der ones. From whence ’tis evident, that the Emperor was wont to ufe no other Ink : But in cafe the Emperor was in his Minority, then his Governour was wont to write Letters with (d) a Green Colour, as the fame Nicetas affirms of Alexius Protofebajtusy who was Tutor or Guardian to Alexius Comnenus. I am inform’d that your Highnefs hath anEdi& of Michael Paleologus , fubfcribed with this kind of Ink; and being ask’d not long fince what it was made of (which perhaps was not wholly this Encauftam) I anfwer’d that it was thus pre- par’d : The Purple-fhell of the Purple was beat to Powder, to which was added (omewhat of its Colour boil’d out of it, and alfo melted together with it ; and then the liquid Matter being thickned into a Confidence fit for wri- ting, ’twas called Encaufiam ; as tis fo exprefs’d in a certain Law, which I believe is the only Law in the World, which both teachcth the making this Encauftuw, and gives it a Name. From hence comes the Word Jnchioflro , which we corruptly call Ink . (cc) And from hence was the Original of that Encaaflick Picture mentioned by Pliny , Lib. 3^. Cap. it. which was wont to be made of this Encauftum ; but I know not B 4 whe- 8 PANC IROLLVS. Book I. whether anybody elfe has given the fame In- terpretation. This kind of Ink, call’d Encauftum, is, together with Purple, grown quite out of Ufc. The C O M M E N TA R Y. (c) It is very well known that Princes were wont to fubferibe their Letters and EdiCis with their own Hands; fo that Leo the Emperor or- dained and decreed, that tnofe only fhould be called Writs, which were fubferibed by him- felf, and that with a peculiar kind of Ink made of the Purple reduc’d to Powder. He forbad all Infcriptions on facred EdiCis, but thofe of Purple , and commanded them all to be fign’d with that Colour, Which he made unlawful for any private Perfon to ufe. From whence tis apparent, that all Imperial Writs were wont to be written in Vermilion and Purple Characters ; and that becaufe they could not be eafily coun- terfeited, and becaufe Princes mud do things after a more pompous Manner than inferiour Perfon?. Befides thefe Examples mentioned by Panel - rollm, Cohftantinus Manajfis gives in his Annals other Infiances of Emperors of Conftantinople , who fublcribed their Names in Vermilion in any Papers that were prefented to them, and after- wards did authenticate and confirm the writing in Purple Characters. And another Author af- firms, that he law a certain Patent written with this Purple Encaujiuw, which at feveral Pofi- tions would reprefent the Appearance of va- rious Colours, as of red, black, golden, and the like, according as the Inffrument was mov’d snd turn’d, And we read that Paleologns , Se6h I . Of Purple Ink • 9 Emperor of Constantinople , left at Rome an Obli" gation or Bond, written with the Blood or Juice of the Purple. (cc) [ From this Encauttum, the Pifturefo call'd, mentioned in Pliny, receiv'd its NameC] Pamphilus , Apelles his Matter, is faid to have been the firtt that taught the Art of making this PidLure, which was firtt made in Wax Ta- ble?, or Ivory made hollow, or engraven. Af- terwards it w r as cover’d with Hair or Brittle?, fpread upon the Tables, and then burnt with the Coals of Galls (and then with clean Linen, fo that it had a Glofs, and w’©uld (bine like Mar- ble) which Pt&ure, drawn on Ships, will ne- ver be defaced by the Injuries either of Sun or Wind. Hence he is called Encauftes , who is drawn in burnt Colours. Martial hath an Epi- gram to this Purpofe. * Encaufles Phaeton tabula tibi piftus in.hac eft. Quid tibi vis? Dipyrcn qui Phaetonta facis. As if he fhould have laid, The Painters did ill in burning Phaeton , who was burnt before. (d) [Green-Char after sft\ Nicetas , in his feventh Book of the Life of Alexius Comnenm , tells us, that Alexius Sebafto- crator , the Son of Manuel , defiring the Empire, had obtained an Edidt containing thofe Things, which the Emperor ( viz*. Comncnus ) had fubfcri- bed to with his own Hand, and that they could not be ratify ’d and confirm’d, before Alexius Comnenushad feen them, and (ubfcribed in Green Colour thefe Words [Rata fun^,'] B 5 C H A P. 10 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. CHAP. III. Of Obfidian Stones or Jet. 0) QBfidian. Stones are black, but very (hining. Looking- GlafTes are wont to be made of them. They are found on the Coafts of Arabia Felix. There are now none to be had, whatever the Eaft-lndian Merchants boa ft of their finding them, pliny tells us, that many of thefe Ob * fidians are wont to be inferted like Precious- Stones into Rings, and that in one of them was cut the inti re Image of Augufius, who being much delighted and taken with thefe Stones, caus’d four Elephants to be made of them. The COMMENTARY. ( e ) Thefe Stones have their Name from one Obfidm , who fir ft found them in Ethiopia. They are very black, and fometimes trai\fparent, but they look a little dull, and reprefent only the Shadow for the Pi&ure. There is a Sort ©f Glafs alfo of the fame Colour call'd Obfi - dian, from thefe Stones, of which you may lee more in Pliny , in the 26th Chapter of his 36th Book ; from whence it appears, that there is a fort of natural Obfidian Glafs, which is rather to be rank'd among Stones, than Metals ; for 'tis as palfive as the former, endur- ing the graving Tool, and receiving Images, and is diaphanous or pellucid, tranfmitting (like Glafs) all Forms and Shapes. 'Tis generated in thiopia , of which the Sepulchres of the No- bility are ufually made after this Manner 5 They take a great Piece of it, and make it hollow ; 2 ~ and Seer. I. Unquenchable Flax . 1 1 and in that Cavity include the Corps, where ’tis not only preferv’d, but (as it entomb d in Glafs) may be apparently feen, neither doth it fend forth any ungrateful Scent. CHAP. IV. Of Asbeftine, or Unquenchable- Flax. nr HERE was anciently a certain kind of ' Flaxen Subftance, which the Grech called (/) Asbeftin , i. e. inextinguifhable ; and the Latines , Linum vivum, live Flax. Whole Webs and Coats are wont to be made of it, which were fo far from being confum’d by Fire, that being refin’d from their Drofs, they were cleans’d and purify’d into a greater Luftre , than if they had been wafh’d with Water.— The C orps of Kings were ufually burnt in thofe Kind of Coats, left their Royal Afhes fhould be pro- phaneiy blended with common Duft. Pliny tells us, that this kind of Flax, the beft that is to be found in the whole World, is hard to come by, and not eafily weav’d, by realon of its fhortnefs : But when once it is found, it equals the Value of the moft precious Jewels. ’Tis reported, That Nero had a Napkin or Towel made of it. ’Tis no where to be had cow. The COMMENTARY. CD That this unquenchable Flax, or Cloth made of it, will not be confum’d, but cleanfed by Fire, Pliny proves at large in the Firft Chap- ter of his Nineteenth Book. Agreeable ii PANCIROLLVS. Book I. Agreeable whereunto is that which Strabo relates of Linum Creticuw , which he tells us r is a Stone; which being ground to Powder, and fifted and rid of its terrene Matter, its remanent hringy Subdance may be fo comb'd and teaz’d, as to be weav'd into a Web, which being thrown into the Flames, will not be confum'd, but be only cleans'd from its Dregs and Corruption. Podocattarus , a Cyprian Knight, who publish'd the Hiftory of that Ifle in the Year 1566. fhew'd Tome Cyprian Flax, which he had at Venice, which being caft into the Fire, he receiv'd again, only refin'd by the Flames, being altoge- ther invulnerable, even in the raidd of the Embraces of that devouring Element. But this is the greated Wonder of all, that thefc kind of Contextures are not made of Vegetables, but of the Stone Amiantus , generated in the Ifle of Cyprus ; which being beaten to Powder, and re- fin’d from its grofs and earthy Matter, its threaddy Subdance may be weav'd into a Web, w hich cad into the Fire, is not confumed, but (Salamander like) remains inviolable in the xnidft of Fire. The Emperor Conjiantine order'd an incombu- flible Sort of Linen to be made of this Stone, that might always burn in his Lamps, which were in his Baths at Rome, And Ludovicus Fives (in his Scholia on St. Auj}in de civitate Dei) tells us , That he law feveral Lamps at Paris , which would never be confum’d. And at a Fead at Lovain, there was a Napkin thrown in- to Fire, which was redor'd to the Owner, cleaner and brighter, than if it had been rins'd in Water, or lather'd with a Wafh-ball. At Sed. !. Of Silken Flax. *3 At Heidelberg in the Prince Palatine ' s Clofer, a late Traveller tells us, That he law a Purfe made of Alumen Plumofum , call into a Pan of burning Coals, till it was throughly ignite; and when taken out and cool, he could not per- ceive that it had received any Harm by the Fire. Not much unlike this is that Stone, ge- nerated at Caryfitm (one of the Cyclades ) which the Inhabitants do comb, fpin, and weave, and o: which they make Towels and Napkins, which, when they are foul, they cleanfe and wafh them (as it were) with Fire.. CHAP. V. Of Silken Flax call'd ByfFus. (/) (~QT S SU S was a fine fort of Fla*, ^ which grew in Greece , of which choice Garments were wont to be made ; it was of fo great a Value, that the third Part of a Dram was exchang’d for four Denarii , i. e. for half a Crown of our Englijh Money : But it’s utterly unknown at this Day, and fo is a certain kind of Linen call’d iff") Carbafis , which is ri- tually brought out of the Indies, as may be gathered from Martianus the Lawyer, and from the Sixth Book of f r irgir^^y£neids r Cm tenuis glauco velabat awittto 'Vlirbafus 11 An Azure Robe was o’er his Body fpread. The' COMMENTARY. (/) Next to inextinguifhable, in worth and efteem, is that precious kind of Flax call’d Byf- Sw, which was wont to grow about Elis in AchaU 14 PJNCIROLLVS. Book I. Acbaia, and was agreeable to the Delicacy and Finenefs of the fofter Sex. Ifidorus affirms it to be very white and foft, and fome think it to be that delicate Down, and woolly Subfiance, which Ricks to a certain kind of Shell-fiih call’d Pirn, and is of a dirty Colour, whence are made a fort of Garments call’d Byffine , of that mod curious and delicate Wooll, which is of a clayilh Colour inclining to black, but as bright as Gold. Pliny mentions another Sort of Linous Sub- fiance, which he calls in the Firfi Chapter of his Nineteenth Book, Wood ; and Ulpian i. e. becaufe it grows on the Apple or a certain Arabian Shrub, and is kemb’d and teaz’d by tiie Inhabitants like Wooll. This Shrub bears Fruit like a Malacotoon , and is lo call'd by fome. The Linen made of this Matter, is very erroneoufiy and falfly call’d Silken , whereas ac- cording to Pliny and Perotus , it fhould rather be call’d Cotton . There is no kind of Flax more white and foft ; and therefore Pliny tells us, That Gar- ments made of them were very acceptable to the •^Egyptian Priefis, which Beroaldus underfiands, not only of their common and ordinary Cloaths, but of their /acred Habiliments in their holy Minifirations ; and tells us withal, that Orpheus and Pythagoras , and the Difciplineof the tAogyp- tians, held woollen Vefiments to be unfeemly and profane in Divine Matters, becaufe Wool! is the Produbl of an Animal ; but linen Habili- ments they thought Pure and Sacred, becaufe Flax is the Fruit of the Earth, all whofe OfF- fpring is reputed clean $ and therefore, the Priefis Seft. 1. Specular Stones 15 Priefts of Ifis being chd in Linen, are ftyl’d Li - nigeri commonly by the Poets. So Tings Ovid. Nunc Dea linger a colitur celeberrima turba. Ov. Linigeri fugiunt calvi , fijlrataque turba. Mart. Cuigrege linigero circumdatus & grege calvo. ]uv, -—Attended by his Choir in white, The Bald-pate Tribe runs madding thro’ the Street. (jf') \_A certain kind of Flax call'd Carbafus.] Pliny tells us, That ’tis very thin and fine; and Paufanias , that ’tis incombuftible. Hence Garments and Linen made of this Subftance, are call’d Carbafef Wind, it was eafily crowded into very final V Folds, which Afaro in his Eleventh Book calls Carbafeos. Croceam chlamydemque finufque crepantes , Carbafeos fulvo in nodum colleger at auro, Pittus acu tunicas , & barbara tegmina crurum . Gold'weav’d with Linen on his Thighs he wore, With Flowers of Needle- work diftinguifh’d o’re. With golden Buckles bound and gather’d up before. Becaufe the Sails of Ships were made of this Stuff fir ft found in Spain (as Pliny relates) there- fore are they call’d Carbafa . C H A P. VI. Of Specular Stones . ( g ) CPecular Stones were a fhining kind of ^ Subftance, arid ( according to Bafil J tranf- 16 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. tranfparem like the Air. the Ancients made Windows of them, as we do of Glafs. Pliny mentions them in his 36th Book, and 22d Chap- ter, and lo do Civilians. Nero built the Temple of Fortune with thefe Stones, wherein whol'oever w sfhut, might eafilv be feen without, and (as Pli y writes) the Gates being fhut, the Light leem’d included within, rather than tranfmitted from without. Thefe Speculars are now no where to be found. I had a Chryftal presented me, notunlike thefe Stones, but tw r o Fingers thick, fo tranf- parent that you would think you faw nothing but the Air. It had a Water-Snake within it, gaping as if about to devour a young Lamb, which oppo^d it with . a Crols. a Twas very exactly done. I had it from Martin Gerftman afterward Bifhop of Brejlaw . The COMMENTARY. (g ) Pliny ( in the 22d Chapter of his 36th Book) tells us ( according to l'ome) that a Specular Stone is a certain kind of Juice, or Humour of the Earth congeafd like Chryftal, and hardened into a Stone, and is pellucid like Glafs, and may be eaftly cleft. It is of a mcft tranfparent Purity, if it be genuine and fincere* and if no Way lullied, and without a Flaw, it nearly refembles the Air in Jfucidity. From this they were call’d Speculars , letting in the Sun and Light into Houles, as Glafs and Paper do now among us. They were fo call’d, becaule they were made of this Stone, and fet in the Windows ; but that in fuch a Man- ner, that they might be remov’d at Pleafure. They Seft. I. Of Specular' Stones. IJ They were put to feveral Dies ; fome- times Part of the Houfe, and foinetimes their Walks in the Garden were covered with them, and all for the Advancement of Luxury and Pleafure. Such perhaps was that Specular Chamber of Horace , wherein his Curtezans | were fo dilpoied, that where ever he look’d, the very Ad of Generation was reprefented to 1 him. Pliny tells us in bis Epiftles, that the Parlours I where they fupp’d, were excellent Harbours again ft Storms, and Tempers, ih regard they were fo fortify’d with thele Specular s againfl all Violence and Injuries of the Weather, if you will believe the Diftick of witty Martial , Hibernis objeBa not is fpecularia pur os Admitttunt foies, & (i me foie dies * It will not be impertinent to mention here, the Lapis Phofphorus , or the Bononian Stone, which if expofed a while to the illuminated Air, will imbibe the Light, lo that withdrawn into a dark Room, and there look’d upon, it wall appear like a Burning Coal, but in a fhort Time gra- dually lofeth its fhining, till again expos’d to the Light. The Chymill who fhew’d it my Friend at Bologne , told him it acquir’d this Qua- lity by being calcin’d in a lmall Furnace, laying the Pieces of Stone upon, an Iron Grate over a Fire of Wood : But there is fomething more of Myftery in it ; for he try’d it, and it would not fhine. CHAP. A JSIC IRULLUb' &a. I. IB C H A P. VII. Of Mnrrhine . ( h ) AAUrrbinum was a kind of white Sub- (lance, fpeckled with Purple Spots. It was found in the Earth, and was fuppofed to be a Juice or Humour condens'd there by Heat. It was not diaphanous, but was clear and bright, odoriferous and fragrant, of which Veffels were made very convenient to eat and to drink in. It was very muchefteem'd for the variety of Co- lours wherewith ’twas adorned , as White, and Cinnamon, and Violet, and the like. Pompey the Great, after his Triumph over Afia and Pontus , brought Cups from thence, and a Pair of Tables made of two Gems, three Foot broad and four Foot long, which would open and (hut, and alfo Dice and Men of the fame precious Materials. But now a-days, neither is this thing call’d Myrrhimm , nor thofe remarkable Jewels to be found any where ; ( "i ) nor any Pearls like Cleo- patra?, which could not be match'd by any in the World. She valued them at 20000 Sejlertia y which amount to 500000 Crowns. The C OM M E N T A RY. (Jo) Mnrrhine , Veffels had their Name from the Gem call’d Mttrrha , which Pliny in the 2d Chapter of his 37th Book , affirms to be an Humour condensd by Heat in the Earth, which was ihining, but faintly, and had rather a Bright nefs y than a Splendor. 'Twas the Va- riety of its Colours that made it 16 valuable. I Seft. I. Of Murrhine 19 i its Spots moving themfelveS into a Purple, * White, and a Third Colour, the Refult of them both. t VefTels made of it are call’d by Proper tins , j diarrhea, Murrheaque in Parthis Pocala cotta I focis, in which Verfe he feems to think them Earthen, becaufe he faith, they were harden’d I or bak’d in Parthian Chimnies ; from which 1 Pliny differs, who holds it to be an Humour con- dens’d by Heat, and a Stone ( as it were ) wrought and carv’d into VefTeis, which Papi - nius fnnply calls Marrhas ; and fo doth Martial in his 4th Book, Si calidum pot as, ardenti Marrha Falerno Convenit , & melior fit fapor ille mero . In which Difiich the Poet facetioufly tells us,’ by way of Jeft , that the Wine may grow warm, from the Colour of the Murrhine Cup, becaufe its Spots are ( as it were ) enflam’d and kindled by the Purple Hue $ he promifeth from thence, alfo a better Taffe, in regard the Odour in Murrhine was a commendable Smell. But this Difference may be eafily reconcil’d, if we fay with Scaliger , that the Word [ Marrha'] was anciently uled for a Gem • and doubt- lefsthe firft Part of that Verficle, — Et gemma bibat ,& farrano dormiat ofiro , is to be under- flood of this Myrrha we are fpeaking of. (z ) [ Nor any Pearls like Cleopatra\f. ] Cleopatra told Mark Antony , that fhe had (pent at one Supper an hundred Sejhrces ; which he thinking impoffible, fhe made next Day (Wagers being laid) a moll fumptuous Entertainment,* which when he derided, and . requir’d an Account of the Cofl and Charge, She 20 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. She made anfwer, that that was but the alias, or a Trifle by the 'Ey, and told him withal, that fhe would ipend and continue as much as fhe had promifed, and therefore immediately commanded the fecoiid Courie to be brought in. And when the Servitors by her Order, had let before her but one Sawcer of Vinegar, Mark Anthony obferving, and looking what fhe would do, foe took a Pearl from her Ear, and plung'd it into the Veffel, which being prelently melted (for Vinegar 'will diflolve with its Acrimony Masgarites , and Jewels) fhe drinks up at a Draught $ fhe laid hold on another, intending to take it off, as (he had done the Former j But Lucius Plancus (Umpire of the Wager) would not iuffer her. The Pearl that was left, was cut in i wo, and was hung at the Ears of V ends ' in the Pantheon at Rome. C H \ P, VIII. Of Aurichalcum. (k) / XJrichalcum was a fort of Brafs refem- bling Gold, and of which were made thofe fort of carv’d Works, v hich the An- cients iuppoled to be of Corinthian Brafs, but falfly; fox Corinthian was a Mixture of Brafs, and Gold ; but thofe Torcumata being melted, had nothing of Gold or Silver in them ; and therefore 1 believe they were made of Aurichal - cum. Pliny tefls us, in the 2d Chapter of his 34 Book, that this kind of Metal hath not been in Being tor a long Time, by realonof the Barrenneis of tile feeble Earth. But 'tis clear and 21 Seft. I. Of Latton. and manifeft that Mar'tiams the Lawyer ( who flouii iu i.i the Time of Alexander Sever m the Emperor in the Year 225 ) made mention of it, as i it Lad been to be found in ins Days. That Lat.on or Aurichalcum now in Ule, is not right Aurichalcum , but Brais , which fprinkicd with fome Lowdtrs, doth ufurp its Spjendc ur ; as we ihali obierve hereafter. The COMMENTARY. (£) That which the Greeks call ’Op many in Latin call Airichalcum , which is a a mungrel Word derived from both thole Lan- guages , fuppofing it to be a compound of Gold and Brafs. That there may be luch a Thing even Scaliger himlelf denies not, but he laith, ’tis not this 'Op el%tKM of which we fpeak. Some therefore think that the Word may better have its Original from *0^ which Egnifies a Mountain, and which figni- [ fies Brafs', fo that it is a kind of mountainous | Metal, dug out of Hills, and not a Mixture of I Gold and Brais, but only meer Brafs, which [ had the Colour of Gold, and did fomewhat re- j femble it. Twas of fo great Value among the Ancients, that though it was no where to be had, yet (as j if it were in being) it was accounted more pre- cious than Gold. ! Pliny tells us in the third and fixth Chapters ; of his 23d Book, how to gild or adulterate Brafs, fo as to make it look like Gold, which was done after this manner, 'they made tile Brafs red hot, and then quench d it in Vinegar and Allumi afterward, they fpread it with thin Leaf - 22 PANC 1R0 LLZJ S. Book I. Leaf Gold , which the prepar'd Brafs receives in fuch manner, that they moft clofely unite and flick together : And laflly, if the Brafs chance to look pale, under the Leaf-Gold, they fmear'd it over with the Telk of an Egg, which takes away the Colour of the Brafs. CHAP. IX. Of Cinnamon. OTAlen informs us in his Firft Book of Anti-' ^ dotes , that Cinnamon is very rarely to be found, tinlefs in the Cabinets of Princes. Pliny tells us, that a Pound of it was worth a thou- fand Denarii , and alfo that its Price was inhanc’d, after the burning of the Woods of Arabia and India . But that Cajfia, which the Latins call Ltg- nea, woody, is liken'd to the worft Cinnamon, and is call'd by the Italians, Canella. We have no Knowledge of true Cinnamon, nor yet of the Xyh-Cinnamon , which is only the Wood of the Tree, but the Cinnamon is the out- ward Bark of it. The CO M ME N T A R T. (/) Pliny y in the 19th Chapter of his 12th Book, hath a large Defcription of Cinnamon ; which Solinus having abridg'd, tells us, That it is a fhort, low Shrub, not above 2 Ells high ; and that the fender er it is, it is the more efleem'd, and that the more thick and bulky is of a lefs Account. Monfieur Thevenot fays, that the Tree (from which they have this Bark) is flrait, and pretty like Seft. i. Of Cinnamon. 23 like to the Olive-Tree ; that it bears a white Flower of an excellent Scent, and the Fruit of it is round ; that they take off the Bark in the Summer time, and that when they cut it, the Smell is fo ffrong, that the Soldiers (who are to guard the fame) fall almoft fick upon it. Linfchoten tells us, that the Cinnamon-Trees fpring up of themfelves, without planting in the open Fields, like Bufhes ; that the Tree from whence the Bark is taken, they let Band, and within three Years after, it hath another Bark, as it had before. Solomon mentions it in the 17th Verfe of the 7th Chap, of his Proverbs ; I have perfumed my Bed with Myrrh , Aloes and Cinnamon. Martia- i nus the Lawyer obferves out of Pliny and Diof- corides , that the prime Virtue of this Shrub is in j its Bark or Rind. There is an Ointment made | of it, call’d Cinnamimm , which of ail Un- I guents is the moff craffe and thickeff. A Modern Traveller (Mr. Ovington) in his Voyage to Surat , tells us, that Ceylon is the chief Place for Cinnamon, and that ’tis cut off from a Tree cloath’d with three Barks, two whereof are ftrip d off, which are the Cinnamon ; the third and mod inward, which inclofeth the Body of the Tree, is never touch’d, becaufe an 1 Incifion in it kills the Tree. After three Years time, the extreme Barks are renew’d, and cover I the Body of the Tree again, and are fit to be i pull’d off As for the Place of its Growth, it formerly flourifh’d in fuch great Plenty in Ethiopia , that we find the Southern Part of it was call’d by Ptolemy the Geographer, Reno Cinnamomifera , from the Great Quantity of that Spice, which then 24 PANCIKULLVS. Book I. then grew there ; though now there is not a Tree of it to be found in all this Country, as the Portuguefe, who have narrowly look’d for it, , do affirm. It comes now from the Ifland of Ceylon , which produceth the beff. [V* i try rarely to be found , mlefs in the Cabinets of Princes .] Cinnamon was fo fcarce in Galen s Time, that he fays (Lib, i. de Antid.) no Man had any but the Emperor. But Scaliger is of Opinion, that the Cinnamon, which we now ufe, is very dif- ferent from what was in Galen s Days. {But that Caffia, which the Latins call Lignea, &c.] There is a great Difpute concerning the Diffe- rence between Coffin Lignea and Cinnamon. Some fay they are both one, differing only in Names; others, that they are the lame, but differ only in Place; others, that they come both off the fame Tree, and fo call the outward thickeff Bark, Cajjta Lignea , the inward thin Bark, the Cinnamon : Others lay, that they come off different Trees, that are very like; lo that the Caffia may be made a Cinnamon-Tree by Tranfplantation. But doubtlefs, the Shop Cin- namon, or Canella , is the true Caffia of the An- cients; and if we muff diftingujfih, you may call the thicker Bark, Caffia, and the thinner Cinnamon . C H A P. X. Of the Indian Leaf call'd Folium Bar- baricum, and of other Perfumes, A Mong many Kinds of choice and precious I*- Spices, brought from the Indies to Alex- andria , S eft. I. Of Antomum, &c. tf audria, Martians the Lawyer makes mention of this Leaf. It was a certain Perfume, from a very fweet Root (call'd Baccbar) and a Com- pound alio of Spikenard , Myrrh , Balfam and Coftus (call’d Herb a Maria) and other Vegeta- bles ; of which, fee Pliny , in the 6 th Chap, of his 21 ft Book, where are mentioned many other OJours ; which becaufe they have now no being in Nature, I therefore omit them, and for .brevities fake fhall pal's them by. I have named only this, becaufe the chiefeft and moll eminent of all ; which being brought from the Indies i is therefore called Barbaricum, Barbarous. The COMMENTARY. Marti anus the Civilian, makes mention Of this Indian Leaf, in his Book De Publicanis & V eftigdibus. CHAP. XL Of Amomum, Coftus, Malobathrmn, Caffia odorata, the Indian Perfume and Lafer. («)T HE Herbs Amomum and Coftus , were moft fragrant and noble Plants, of which, formerly were made moft precious Perfumes of very great Value. They are not to be had now a days ; but Perfumers and Apothecaries ufe others in their ftead, viz. Pfeudocoftus , i. e. Faffo and counterfeit. Of thefe two Plants, were made a Perfume call’d Coft amomum, which was brought alfo from the E aft- Indies. Martiamu C men-. fiS PANC1R0LLVS. Book I.' mentions it as a moft precious Thing • but this ialfo is quite loft. And fo is alfo the Herb (») Malobathrum, -and fragrant Cajfia, which fome fuppofe to be ■Spikenard. Thele Plants were exceeding fra- grant, out of which was fqueez’d a moft fweet Oil. Martianus alfo in the afore-cited Place, fpeaks of MMathrum, to which he adds the Indian Perfume, which was a ipoft odoriferous Froth, ifluing from Indian Canes. He mentions alfo Lafer, which was a fweet Juice or Gum, proceeding from a Plant call’d Laferpitium , of which Pliny difeourfeth in the 3d Chap, of his 19th Book. The COMMENTARY. ( m ) Martianus makes mention of all thefe Herbs, whofe Natures, Virtues and Properties, *tis worth our while to under ftand from Pliny and Diofcorides. However, in the Interim , we may obferve thus much of Perfumes in general, that the An- cients, who were nicely ftudious of Neatnefs in Attire, and Curiofity of Drefs, were wont to bathe their Heads in fragrant Ointments, made of boil’d Perfumes, as Pomponins tells us. Hence Lucretius calls them, . — -- Mixtos in corpore Odores 9 Concott of que lt Behold fweet Odours mix’d i’th Body dwell, lt And boil’d Perfumes breathe forth a fragrant Smell. They were wont to be fodden in leaden Vef- fels in the Shade, as Pliny informs, in the 2d Se&. I. Of Amomum, &c. 27 2d Chap, of his 13th Book 5 and we read in Se- necas 90th Epiflle of the Shops of thofe that boild Odours. To which is pertinent that of “ Horace . Ovis mdta gracilis te Puer in rofa, 'Perfnfus liquid is urget Odor tbits i “ What (lender Youth in Rofe-buds, all Perfume, “ invites thee to his eager Arms to come ? Some underhand thefe Odours of certain Ointments, that are great Provocatives , and take away that filthy Hant-gouft, which Breams from the Body, wherewith not only Limbs of Strum- l pets, but their Beds alfo were wont to befmear’d, according to that of Catullus. — — Cublle clawat Scrtis 9 & Tyrio fragrans odore. u The Bed is crown’d with Garlands fweet, “ And Tyrian Odours in the Noflrils meet. Hence thofe Phrafes are frequent in the Poets, to bathe , anoint , perfume , and uvajb die Head and Body in liquid and flowing Ointments (#). Horace , in the 7th Ode of his 2d Book, exprefly mentions this Indian Leaf, CoronatHS nitenies Malabathro Tyrio Capillos “ My Head with Garlands crown’d “ Of Indian Leaf They were flyl’d dry Ointments by Pliny 9 which were made of drying Perfumes, and were call’d Diapafmata , which was a great Enemy to 1 that foetid Smell, breath’d from the Pores of a i nafty Body. Hence they were wont to apply it C 2 to 28 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. ' to the Groin, Armpits , and other Parts of thofe Goatijh Perfons that imell fo rank. The manner of ufing Unguents, was brought from Greece to Rome, whole Luxury was (o ex- travagant in a fhort time, that to i e. An Ointment made of Wax was diffolved in Oil, and which (uppled their Athlete , was fold at the Price of 800 Sefterces, which is above fix Pounds of our Money. As to fine If facet is the Property of a foft and delicate Man, fo to /link like a Goat, is the Trick of a nafly and filthy Beaft; fuch a one as 'Mavins was, whofe Ranknefs is recorded by Horace . j, Gravis hirfutls cubat Hircw in alls . «« A Rammifla Stench his Arm-pits do exhale. Of the Author, Caufes, Goodnefs, 0 V. and alfo of the Manner of making Ointments , you may read in Athenaus, in the 14th Chap, ot nis ^ Belides thefeDaones, they had (doubt lefs) their liquid Ointments too, which they mingled both with their Wine and Viands; wherewith they did not only moiften their Pates , but their Whlftles too ; fo that they drank, and tippled them with the greateft Luxury. Pliny is of Opinion, that O I N T M E N T S were ufed long before the Battel of TROY ; ror Jacob fent fome to his Son Jofeph in Egypt : And Mofes, who was 350 Years before the Siege of that City, makes mention of Ointments about the Sanctification of the Tabernacle and the Priefts of the Old Temple. Plmy and Soltnm report, that Alexander y when he conquer d Barms Army, found among other Jewels^and Sett. I. Of Myrrh, Statte, &c. 29 Spoils, and other valuable Things, a Casket of Unguents, which he highly efteem’d. But He- rodotus affirms, that they were frequently us’d before Darius's Time ; for Cambyfes fent Bmbaf- fadors to tAEihiopus^ King of the M aerobians , with great Prefents, one wherof was a Box of Ointments. It is not certain when they were firft ufed in Rome; but we find in Pliny (Anno 565 . U, Cond.J Antiochus being vanquifh’d, Pub. Licinhs Crafts, and Julius Cafar, then Cenfors, com- manded that no foreign or ftrange Infection of Ointments fhould be fold in the City. C H A P. XII. Of Myrrh , Statte, Bdellium and Bal- famum. 00 A/TTrhh, is a Drop or Tear, diftill’d from LVJ ~ a Tree in Arabia Felix , fo call’d, be- caufe produ&ive of everything that is odori- ferous. (p) Stacie is extracted from Myrrh, which yields a more precious kind of Liquor. (?) Bdellium, a 1 fa is a Tear, dropping from a certain Tree that grows in Battria. (r) Balfamum (a Tiling more famous than truly known) is the Juice of a certain Vegeta- ble (like a Vine) that grows in Judaa, in the Valley of Jericho. Thefe kind of Plants aj£ not now to be had, but only the Counterfeit. Tis faid that the Turks have found in Egypt fome of them, from which they yearly receiv’d iome few Drops, 50 PANCIRO LLV S. Book I. otherwife they are not to be found in any Part of the World befides. For when the Mahome- tans (Enemies to all Order and Neatnefs) had dellroyed all the Vineyards in (s) Jericho , "tis no Soloecifm to think that this kind of Plant hath no Exigence, and confcquentiy that there is no fuch Thing as Balfam in being, nor brought into Europe; or if there is, "tis fo little, that "tis as good as none. The C O M M E N T A R T. (o) The beft Myrrh is produc’d in Ara- bia ; before it is cut, or fuffers an Incifion, it j /mats forth Drops of Moillure, call’d (p) StaCle, from the Greek Word to difti!, which denotes a Drop of Liquor, wherewith they were wont, out of Wanton nefs, and for their Pleafure, ,to anoint their Hair, according to that of Ovtd. Non Arabtim nofler rore capilks olet . “ Arabian Devy doth not befmear “ The Locks of our negledted Hair. By which he means, Arabian Myrrh , a Drop or the Stacie whereof did bedew the Hair, tho Statte relates not only to Myrrh , but to other Juices and Tears diftilling from Trees, as Rhodo - ginus obferves in the 27th Chap, of the 24th Book of his Antiquities. (q) [ Bdellium and Balfam.'] Of Bdellium, you may read in the 10th Chap, of the 1 2th Book of Pliny, and concerning (r) BalfamtiWy in the 25th Chap, of the fame Author. TisaShrub, formerly growing but in one Part of J tid xa, and only in two Gardens there, and Seft. I. Of Myrrh, Stafte, &c-. 31 and refembles rather a Vine than a Myrtle*” Tis fet in Stalks or Twigs like Vines, and o'er* fpreads the Hills as they do, fupporting it felf without any other Afliftance. It bears within three Years, and never (hoots up above two Cubits; ’tis the Prime and Chief of all other Ointments. The. Juice of it is called Opobalfa * mam, and Xylo-Balfamnm y which Juvenal men* tions in one of his Satyrs. — Hirfato fpirant Opobalfawa cotlo. “ ------ What Perfume (trikes the Air, “ From your molt rev’rend Neck o’ergrown with Hair. Xylo-Baljnmnm , is the Wood or Sprigs of the Ba 1 fa m-Tree, which are foifted into Shops in the room, and inftead of the Juice it felf. The greateft Indication of the Genuinefs of it,, is the curdling of it, and the leaving no Stains and Spots in Garments. The manner of drawing this Juice* call’d Opcbalfam , or this Gum of the Ballam-Tree, ac- cording to Tbeopbrajlns and Diofcorides y is as fol- lows. They cut and wound the Tree with iron Hooks, which Clatidian hints in the Epithdaminm of Palladius. Gemmaiis alii per totum Balfama reBum , Ejftidere cadis , dnro qua fancies tmgue y Niliactis pingai defudat vulnere cortex. Though Pliny and Tacitus will have its Veins to be open’d with Glafs, Stone, or Knives of Bone, in regard (as they fay) this Tree will be afraid, nay, will dye, at the Violence and Force of Iron. C 4 Strabo 32 PANCIROLLVS. Book L Strabo tells us in his Geography, that Balfam was only to be had in judaa, and the Word indeed fiiggefts as much in Arabick, Baljamin , h e. the Prime and Chief of Oils, it being fill'd in Exodus, the beft of Spices, Chap. 30. 23. Juflin tells us in the 36th Book, that the Wealth and Riches of the Jewifh Nation, did arifefrom an Impoft laid on Balfam, which on- ly grows in that Country, (s) There is a Val- ley call’d Jericho, of 200 Acres, wherein there is a Wood as fruitful as pleafant, fet with a Mixture of Palms and Balfam ; the Trees where- of refemble Fir, only they are lower, and are drefs’d like Vines, and at a certain Seafon they fweat Balfam. CHAP* XIII. 0/ Indian Iron, call'd Azzalum. was formerly Azzalum, a certain kind of Iron call'd Indian, though really and in Truth, it was the Produd of the Coun- try of Gres, which we now call China . It was the noblefi of all forts of Iron , which Pliny mentions in the 14th Chap, of his 34th Book ; and fodoth Martianns in the afore- cited Place. When made into Tools, it had fo good an Edge, and was offo firm a Temper, that it would cut through any Iron. It is not t o be had now a days, but was very much efteem’d when it was in Being. The CO M ME N T A R Y. 0 ) I fuppofe ’tis Indian Az,z,alum, which Marcellinns calls Indian Iron. Pliny fiyles it in A the Sefr. I. Of Indian Iron, &c. 33 tke Place afore- cited, Ferrtm Sericum, and pre- fers it above all kinds of Metals. Touching the Ufe of Iron in general, *t is a thing exceeding necefTary in .taming and fubdu- ing the Obftinacy of Matter, which othervvife would remain intr affable and ftubborn in the Hands of Artificers. All Arts by this are ena- bled to perform their feveral Operations ; from whence their Infiruments havefome Hardncfs to engrave, others Solidity to knock, and the reft fome other Faculties for their leveral Functions. With Iron we rip up the Bowels of the Earth,, and with Iron we fet its Surface with Trees; by the help of Iron we plant Orchards, and retrieve the Youth of decaying Vineyards : By vertue of this Metal, we ere& Fabricks, polifh Stone, and make it fubfervient to a thoufand other Occa- fions. But the Abufe of this Mineral is as pernicious and fatal, as its right Ufe is beneficial ; for it af- fifts in Wars, Thefts and Murders, and that not only near at hand, when brandijfid with our Arms, but afar off, and at a diftance, when breath'd from a Cannon; nay, that Death might attack us with greater fpeed, we haften its Flight with iron Wings, Before the Ufe of IrptvFifts and Feet, Teeth and Batton-s (as Lucretius tells us in his fifth Book) were the only Inftruments of War, Vulcan having no.t forg'd any other Weapons. Brafs anciently fupply'd the room of Iron, ef* pecially in the Days and Times of Heroes , where^ in (as Hefiod tells us) Iron was hot in life. And fo is that of Virgil to be undtrftoodt — Telis y & luce corufcus Ahena , i. e. did glitter in Brawn Armour, Ammiarwf Marcellim* fa ith. Iron was ? C5 - firft 94 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. fir it dug out of the Earth by the Chalyhes , a People near Pontus : But Diodorus affirms, that the Daily li, i. e. Cybele s Priefts, did fir ft forge It, being taught that Art by the Mother of the Gods. Theodoras Samius is reported to be the firft that melted it, and made Statues of it, as Calius Rhodogmusy in the 5th Chap, of the 18th Book of his Antiquities informs us. The facred Pages (Gen. 4.) make Tubal -Cain to be the Author of Iron Manufactures. It is not always melted like Brafs, which will flow and run, but fometimes it fiftens, as Virgil tells us in the 8th of his zALneids, V ulnificufque Chalybs vafta Fornace liquefcit. “ A Flood of deadly Steel in the large Fur- nace rowls. And *tis to be obferv’d, that they that would mollify it, do dip it into Oil, but thofe that would harden it, plunge it into Water. M CHAP. XIV. Of Ammoniack Salt. f Athiolus conceives (u) Ammoniack Salt , which was dug in (w) Cyrene (a Province of Lybia) to be utterly loft, and not at all now to exift in Nature. That which your Apothe- caries do expofe and fihew us, is fittitious and counterfeit. The CO M ME NT A R T. in) Ammoniack Salt , according to Pliny and Diofcortdesy is a Saltnefs of the Earth, which at fhc Moon’s In ere afe, boils up in the Sands of Sed. I. Of Marbles. 35 LybU, not much unlike a Fijfde kind of Allum, call’d [Schiftoni] It lies in long ftrait Veins, but not clear and pellucid ; ’tis ungrateful to the Tafte, but ufe- ful in Phyfick. (») Tis chiefly to be found in that Part of Cyrene which is near to the Temple of Jupiter H ammon , from whence it had its Name, though it may be fo called from the Sands wherein ’tis found* which the Greeks call CHAP. XV. Of Marbles. (*)T Am perfuaded, that at this very Day there are to be found Veins of the moll noble forts of Marble , as Porphyry , (7) Ophites , Ba- ftard Serpentine , Parian , Grecian, and others of a mod excellent Nature. . But becaufe thofe Veins are in the Pofleflion of the Turks, Serpentine , and the others that we have, mu ft needs be very ancient, being found in old ruinous Buildings, and of fo great a Hardnefs, as not to be cut or engraven. ‘ They have contracted their Hardnefs from their long Duration • for they were not lb hard at fir ft as not to yield to the Chizel, and admit of Sculp- ture. Thofe Marbles therefore may feem utterly loft, in regard there are no Veins of them open now. It is manifeft that a great Part of them was cut in the Ifland Paros, The whiteft Pa - Marbl$ is to be found in Caryftm, Donyfa 7 Naxos, g 6 PANCIRO LLV S. Book I* Naxos , and other Iflands of the’ Cyclades. Mar- ble is got in Egypt. The C O M M E N T A R T. (x) You may read of feveral kinds of Mar- ble, in the 6th Chap, of the 56th Book of Pliny , and in the 5 th Chap, of the 1 6th Book of Ifido- rtts. Amongft thefe, as the Parian is the mo8 innocently white, fo the Lacedamonian doth boaft the greateft Verdure, and doth recreate moft with the Excellency of its Greenefs. Mar- tial means this in the 84th Epigram of his firlf Book, Qnifquis pitta colit , Spartani frigoraSaxi. j. e. Mahfions of the Nobility are adorn’d with Laconick Marble ; and becaufe Lacedemonian or Spartan Marble was Party-coloured (as it were) with Skales , therefore he calls them painted. Ophites is fo named, becaufe ’tis fpeckled like a Serpent. As for the Manner of cutting Marble, it is done with Sand though it feems to be done with Iron, viz. a Saw (the Inventrefs of which Inftrument, and alfo of the Compafles, was Perdixy the Daughter of Dadaltts ) prefling the Sand in a very Bender Line, being drawn to and fro, cuts it with the very Track. In that magnificent Stru&ure of Solomon , there is men- tion made of Stones faw’d with Saws within and without, 1 Kings 7. 9. C H A P. Se&. I. Of Precious Stones. 37 CHAP. XVI. Of Precious Stones. { [4 ) HP HE Gems and Precious Stones of the An- ^ cients, are pretty well known, efpccial- j ly thofe that retain their old Names, as Dia- 1 monds and (£) Emeralds , Chrysolites and the Sa - | phyr , the Topaz,, and the like. But as for the I reft, as the Phrygian and Thracian , the Arabian, i Mephites or Egyptian Stone, and others, they t are altogether unknown. Many are of Opinion that (c) Alabafter , I wherein odoriferous Ointments were preferred, I is not to be had now 5 for that, whereof many 1 kinds of VefTels are made, as Bafons, Candle- flicks, &c, is not true, but counterfeit. I (hall not forbear to mention that admirable } Gem of King Pyrrhus, call’d in Italian (^) Agata , I and in Latin Achates ,* wherein was a Vein re- 1 prefenting Apollo playing on his "Harp in the 1 Middle of the Choir of the (e) Nine Mufes, as ( Pliny tells us, in the firfl: Chapter of his 37th ) Book. Though that was the only Jewel in the I World, yet I do not reckon it amongft the an- I cient Pearls which are now wanting, neither is I it falfc what is reported of that Stone. There is a Marble to be feen at Ravenna, which reprefents a Prieft going to offer to the I Sacrifice of the Mafs, and elevating the moft fa- y cred Hoft. Pope Paulas the third lcrap’d it with I his Knife, fuppofing it to have been painted, but I he found thofe Veins to be natural , and foto be « the Workmanlhip of Divine Wifdom. The 38 PJ NCIROLLVS. Book f. The COMMENTARY. {a) Among the many Things, which arc conceiv’d in the Womb of our common Pa- rent, and which as its natural IfTue, do pro- ceed from thence, certainly Pellucid Jewels and Precious Pearls fo rich in Luflre, and offo divine a Purity y feem juftly to challenge the greateft Dig- nity. They are made of the mod refin’d Earth, compa&ed into an excellent Tranfparency , which produce various Effects, and are endow’d with very extraordinary Vermes* The Variety and Beauty of their Colours make them extremely admir’d by moft Men. Gems are the*SV4r^of the Earth , and fhine in competition with thofe of the Firmament , dis- puting with them for Splendor, Beauty, and Glory. Nature produceth nothing more Rich, and Sufficiently confeffeth it in her inoft care- ful laying them up, and hiding them in her private Cabinets, and Repositories in the inner Parts of the Earth ; So that they are not eaSy to be come by, but their Value and Price make them worth the Searching for, even thro* the Bowels of the World. Tho’ Some dilfinguifh Gems and Stones from Margarites , which are rather a part, and the ifTue of a Shell-Fifh ( Concha ) than of a Pearl or jewel ; yet the Name in Latin is us’d pro- mifcuoufly for all Three : For Margarites which Jerome calls Grains of the Red-Sea, Martial Ryles Lapilli Erythrai , i, e. Stones or Gems of the Same. Some make this Difference betwixt Gems or Margarites, and Precious Stones , The former ( they Say ) are a Pellucid Subftance, as Eme- rald s* c e &. I. Of Precious Stones. 39 raids, Chryfolites , Am e thy [Is, &c. But the latter are not tranfparent, as Objidiani , V eietant, &c. [ But Margarites are neither Gems nor Stones, I but ( Concha vel Uniones ) Pearls of Shell-Fifh generated in the Red Sea, and in many others. Z marat in the 3d Book of his Annals, men- tions a Margarite or Pearl, which Peroz.es King I of Perjta being reduced to extremity of Danger, i in his Expedition againft the Huns, took from his right Ear, and* threw away, leaf} another : fhould wear it after him, or ne fhould be dif- cover’d to be the King. This Jewel being found afterward , J uftinian the Great would, fain i have redeemed it with a vaft Price from the Hands of the Barbarians, but he could not do it ; the Savages refufing to let him have it, who I defign’d to keep it, as a Token and Monument of Perfian Folly. Egnatius in his Journal of China tells us, that in the Kingdom of Bifnaga , there was found a Jewel of fo great Value, that it was fold to a neighbouring Prince for ioocooo Crowns. Columbus in. his third Expedition to America in the Year 1498, brought into Spain from the Ifle Cubagua , a great Quantity of Pearls,, where they were fo cheap (being daily fifh’d for ) that an Indian Woman gave to a Spaniard for a crackt Earthen Diin, four Bracelets of Pearl * from whence it is manifeft, that the Red-Sea only cannot Boafi of this kind of Wealth and Riches. ( b ) [Emeralds.] The Scripture makes mention of this Stone as of a precious Jewel, and placeth it among tkofe which the High-Prieft was wont to wear 40 PANCIROLLVS. Book I wear in his Ephod, and thofe which adorn ed the New Jerufalem . Heretofore the Eme- rald was in great Efteem, and was next ir worth and Value to the Pearl ; but the great Quantities of them brought Yearly from the Indies, "have leflen’d their Price in the Opinion ol the World. The Truth is, Men fo highly account of Things that are Rare , that they quite under- value Things that are Common. At the fir ft Difcovery of the Weft Indies, a Spaniard in Italy demanded of a Lapidary the Price of an Emerald, who told him it was worth about ioo Ducats ; whereupon the Spaniard being very glad, carry'd him to his Lodging, and fhewed him a Cabinet full of fuch Stones. The Italian feeing fo great a Number, faid, they were worth about Crowns a-piece ,• Thus it is with all Things which Plenty makes Cheap, and to which Scarcity and Rarity add a Price. Pliny tells us, among diveis Excellencies of this Precious Stone, that there is nothing more delightful or recreative to the Sight, than the re- freshing Verdure of a grateful Emerald ; and reports withal, that a Roman Lady, Lollia Pan* Una , Wife to Caligula , had Head* Tire and a Gown embroidered moft richly with Pearls and Emeralds, in which ihe laid out to the Value and Charge of 400000 Ducats. Her Pride and Vanity might have had as many now a-days, for lefs than half that Sum of Money. Many are found in l'evera l Places of America*, and the Kings of Mexico . who highly efteemed them, were wont to hang than in their Noftrils. They put them alfo on the Faces of their Idols. The Places where they have, and where to this Day they ftill find them in greatefi abun- \ fiance. Se£h I. Of Precious Stones. 41 dance, are the New Kingdom of Granada, and Peru near to Manta and Portviel There is to- ward that Place, a Territory call’d the Land of Emeralds , in regard of the great Number to be found there, but hitherto this Region hath not been fully conquer’d. The Emerald is bred in Qyarries juft as the Cryfial , and runs along (as it were) in a Vein, and grows finer and finer, and thicker and Thicker by Degrees. We fee fome half White and half Green ; fome ail White, and fome all Green, and moft perfe& and entire. Some we fee of the Bignefs of a Nut ; yet^ none can come near the Greatnefs and Figure of the Plate or Jewel at Genoa, unlefs we give Cre- dit to and believe Theophraftus , who allows four Ells in Length, and three in Breadth to that Eme- rald which the King of Babylon prefented to the King of Egypt : And who doth further re- port, that there was in the Temple of Jupiter an Aguglia Needle, or Pyramid made of four Stones of Emerald 40 Cubits long, and in fome Places 40 Cubits broad. And that at his Time, there was at Tyre in the Temple of Hercules , a great Pillar of Emerald, which perhaps was nothing elfe but a green Stone, that was a Baftard- Emerald, to which they gave falfly this Name. As fome fay, certain Pillars of the Cathe- dral Church of Cordoua are of Emerald-Stones, and were put there fince the Time it ferv’d in- ftead of a Mofque to the Kings of the Moors , who reign’d in thofe Places. In the Fleet which came from the Indies in the Year 1587. there were two great Cheftsof Eme- ralds 42 PANCIROLLVS. Book.L raids, from whence we may judge of the great Quantity which is found in America . In a Word, as there is nothing but Rarity, which ftamps a Value to Things, fo the Price of the Emerald , would be much enhanced if it were as Icarce as the Diamond. (c) [ Alabafier. ] Pliny faith, That wet Perfumes were beft pre- ferv’d in Alabafier , and dry Perfumes in Oil. St. Jerome on the 26th of St. Matthew , takes the Alabafier for a. kind of Marble. The Greeks for a Stone Pot for Ointments, w i i e. without Handles, or which, becaufe of their fmoothnefs , can fcarcely be taken hold of From whence comes the Name of the Alabafirites. And we read in Demofihenes of the Alabaflrothec* pro myrothecis, i. e. for Boxes of Ointment. (<0 1 Agate. J Authors tells us, That an Agate is a dark Jewel, chequer’d about the Middle with black and white Spots, and that it fomewhat refem- bles the Hamatites or Blood-Stone; and that Magicians were wont by the Perfume thereof to calm Tempefts, and to Bop the Courfe of Rivers. Wilhelmus Parijienfis tells us, That an Agate reduc’d to Powder, was wont by the Britains to be put into Beer, which whofoever drank that was not a Virgin, was forc’d to Vomit. There is a large Defcription of this Stone in Langius his Medicinal Epifiles, who faith, that an Agate is a black Stone, compared of ful- phureous Bitumen at the Mouth of Gads, a River of Lycia : which when it is burnt, fmells of Bi- tumen Seft. I. Of Precious Stones. 43 tumen. Tis not very ponderous, yet a foflile Subftance. There is a larger Defcription of it in the 36th Book of Pliny, who among other Things, fays this of its Scent, That it hath a Knack of difcovering the Falling-Sicknefs, and Virginity. Some think that Achates, that faith- ful Blade Aineas’s Companion, had his Name from this Stone, tho’ fome derive ii from* &%>{& i. e. a confet udine Dolendi , from a Cu (lo- in ary Grief. A very trivial Etymology. , O) [Apollo in the middle of the Nine Mxfes.~} Of that Ring of King Pyrrhus enrich’tLand adorn’d with an Agate , not only Pliny makes mention, but Solinus alfo in his 2d Chapter, and Jikewife Alexander ah Alexandro , lib. 2. Genial . Dicr . and Simon Majolus in Colloq. Cantic* Dicr. of which lings Mardebams. Rex Pyrrhus digito geffljje refer tur Achaten. Cujus plena novem fignabat pagine Mu fas, Et flam in medio cytnaram tangehat Apollo . “ Pyrrhus his Ring an Agate had fo fine. “ It held engraven all the Mufes Nine, “ Apollo (landing in the tuneful Choir, “ And fweetly touching his melodious lyre. Which Verfes Radertts quotes in his Commen- tary on the 1 2 Epigr. in the 4th Book of Mar- tial, and thinks that Stella the Poet had a Ring, that had ten Lades ingrav’d upon it Why the Mules are laid to converfe with Apollo , Pierius ingenuoufly (hews in the 17th Book of his Hieroglyphich . And Mac robin* (hews in the 3d Chapter of the 2d Book of Scipio's Dream , that Apollo was call’d Mkji \y 1 Q-, the Captain ( as it were ) and the Leader of the Mufes, by which were fignified the celellial Orbs. CHAP. 44 PANCIRO LLZJS. Book I. CHAP. XVII. Of Fruits . ^ HOUGH we have a pretty many of the A Fruits which the Ancients had, yet the great Diverfity of their Kinds, is the Reafon why we know not what they were, except fome few, which ftill retain their ancient Names, as Quinces, and Apples called Apiana, Rofcinda , Melimela , i. e. Sweetings. Of others we have no knowledge ; no, nor of Pears neither ; for behdes that which is call’d Apiamm and Mufchactilum , the Musk- Pear, which is called alfo the Proud- Pear, and a few more, we know no other. Many would have that to be the Crri/}umiunt> which is call’d at this Day in Italian , Ghiaccivolo , but 1 believe that to be a corrupted Word, and fuppofe that Pear to be the fame, which is now in Ufe, and is call’d Perobfton Cbriftiano, i.e. the Bcon Chri[Uan y q. d. Pyrum Chrnftumanum . The Name of this and of two more, Firgil expreffeth in one Verfe. CrujUtmiis, tyriifqtte Pyris, gravihifquevulemis. “ Nor the fame Branches bear. “ Wardens , Cruftumians , and the Syrian Pear. neither doth he mention any other kind of Pear? as Pliny obferves. The lame Author in divers Places fpeaks of three kinds of Apples, viz,, of Pomam Rofcidum Cotonenw , i. e. the Quince, which he calls the Golden ; and the NaranzjO, i. e . the Orange, which he ftiles the Happy Apple. We Seft. I. Of Fruits. 45 Wc have alfo no knowledge of Grapes, but only of a few, which we find remaining in the ancient Nomenclature , as the Rhetica , Bumafta, Purpurea (the Purple) Precia , Apiana, now called the Mufcatell ( a Mufcarum tells ) from the Stings of Infers, and not from Adojchos, Musk, as fome conceive. The Ancients call’d one kind of Grape A- piana, from A pis, a Bee ; becaufe that In left did often vifit, and did much delight in that Sort of Fruit. That celebrated Wine, which is call’d Faler- num , is a Greek Wine brought from Vefuvius , and ( as fome will have it ) ’tis call’d Magna Guerra As for other Fruits, we know nothing of them, I am perfuaded there are many Sorts loft, and others have rifen, and fprung up in their Room. The COMMENTARY. VArro and Macrobius treat of feveral Sorts of 1 Fruits, the one in his Book of Husbandry , and 1 the other in the 3d Book of his Saturnalia. The 1 general Name of all Fruit, whether hard or halt, is Pomum , as Pomarium is taken for every : Orchard where Fruit -Trees grow, and Pomona is faid by Ovid , to be the Goddefs that prefides ] over all Gardens. But concerning the Kinds of Apples and Peats I mention’d here by our Author, and alfo of 1 feveral Sorts of Grapes , and of the Variety of Wines that are made of them, the Reader may be pleafed to confult the learned Comments of 1 George Berfman , Ludovic.de la Cerda , and Frederick Tatwman on the £d Book of Virgil's Georgicks . , 1 Pomum 4 6 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. Pomum is divided into two Kinds, Malum and Nux ; the former fignifies any Fruit which is not covered with a Shell, though it have fome- times within either Stones as Peaches , &c. or be full of Kernels, as Pomgranates. The latter hath a Shell , and a Kernel within, as /Wacrobius defines it ; though fometimes Nux is compre- hended under the Name of Pomum , as when Martial calls Pine- Nuts Poma , in the 25th Epigr. of his 13th Book. Poma fumas Cybeles procul hinc difcede viator , Ne cadat in miferum nofir a ruina caput . Whereupon hangs a Story, That when Fan- nins being about to play a Prize, and being fore afraid of being pelted with Stones (as often had happened ) he defired it might be ena&ed, that none fhould throw any Thing but only Apples ; wherefore at that Juncture, one ask’d Fagellms the Lawyer, whether a Pine-Nut was an Apple. Yes, (faith the Advocate) if you call it at Fatima* : For the Man was generally hated by all, and therefore Fagellius had a Mind that he fhould be foundly pelted with thole Nuts as with Stones. Seft. 47 ^*44444444 44444444444 44444444444 44 ** 444444 * ********* 44 4 * 44444444 * SECTION II. Of artificial Things in life among the Ancients, but now loft. CHAP. I. Of Buildings. [ E Manner of Building both conveniently and hand Jowly, had been quite loft, had not there remained fbme Foot- heps of the Art, and had not iome ancient Fabricksbeen preferv’d Banding until this Day ; which are luch, as not only fall Jhort of that Magnificence and Beauty, but are aifo fuck whereof now there is no Ufe ; as Theatres and Amphitheatres , of which there is but one entire one to be feen in all Italy, and that is at V °.rona, wherein Lions and other wild Beafts were wont to be (lain, and where- with fometimes Men did encounter and engage. The Form of an Amphitheatre was this: It was furrounded on every Side with Stone-Stair?, every one of which being of a larger Circum- ference than another, it did (as it were) amount and rife upward into an handfome Wideneis, and afforded a great deal ofRoom for the Specta- tors to fit in, and commodioufly to behold the i Recreat on 48 PA NCIROLLVS. Book I. Recreation of Hunting, and other Sports exhi- bited therein. It wasfupported with very high and inoft (iately Portico 3 s, and was pervious Be- low with a Number of Doors, lb that there was Space enough for every one to enter, with- out Moleftation, or the leaR incommoding one another, It was certainly a moft wonderful Work, which hood negle$ed about oo Years, and was only an Harbour and Receptacle for Har- lots, till the Inhabitants of Verona bethought themfelves, and cleans’d it, and rettored it to its priftine Beauty. I here is yet Banding a Part of the Wall wherewith it was encompafsd, but ’tis almoft demolifh’d and utterly ruin’d, and ferv’d for no other Ufe, but to hang a Covering on, to (belter from the Weather. This Amphitheatre was built by a private Per- fon, as may be gather’d from thelnfcription. A King in this Age would have enough to do to cre£t fu-ch a Fabrick. At a little DiRance from Turin, near the Road to Pignerol , there is to be feen a fort of a round Rampart: There had formerly been an Amphitheatre, in that Place, whofe Stony Foundations are yet to be feen, from whence the Stairs did arife, and fpread upward into a good handfome Widenefs, Some think that Hannibal encamp’d his wholeArmy and quarter’d it there, not confidering that it could fcarcely contain 200 Men. There was in that Town a Roman Colony, which defigning to make a new City, rais’d and built, (as Varro tells us) fuch kind of Fabricks and Stru&ures as thefe. And lienee it is, that not only the Amphitheatre at Verona Bands almoft entire, but forne Foot-Reps j S eft. II. Of Buildings, 49 and Remains alfo of the Campus Marrius are ftifl to be feen ; the fame Remains are to be found at Rheggio , Vicenza, and in other Cities, and therefore was that Amphitheatre built at Turin, and other Edifices of this Nature, which are | now demolish’d, and utterly raz’d. (g) A Theatre is the Semicircle of an Amphi- theatre, wherein were reprefented Comedies and Tragedies - the Scenes were rich and magnificent, of which, fome were fupported by Marble Pil- lars. Pliny tells us in the 15th Chapter of his ,36th Book, that M. Scaur us. Sc fid s Son*in- ;law, eredded a Theatre of 360 Pillars, which had a treble Scene, one above another. The I lowed confided of Marble Pillars (of 3 6 Foot) jthatin the Middle was made of Giafs, and the ihigheft had Columns covered with Gold, be- twixt which were plac’d three hundred Statues* The Area of this Theatre would hold and con- tain fourfeore thoufand Perfons; its other Fur- niture were rich Tapdtries, and mud eixquifi&e Pictures. M . Curio , who dy’cl in the War ’twkxt Ccefar and Pompey , devis’d a Piece of Art more inge- nious than that ; He built and erected two The- atres of Wood, moving with an equal Poife on iron Hinges, in which, being mutually turn’d from each other, there were added in the Morn- ing Several Plays ; fo that they who fat in one, ■could neither iee nor hear thole that were in the other. Afterwards, both thefe Theatres being wheel’d about, together with the People in jthem, and both the Semicircles being clap’d to- gether, reprefented the Figure of an Amphithea- tre, wherein they fawall the Sports and Hunt- lings that were (hewn to the Spedtators. It 50 PANC1R0LLZJS. Book!. It was certainly a miraculous Contrivance, and a moft Hupendous Work, which no Prince in our Age is able to parallel; and yet the In- vention deserves rather Cenlure than Praife, and that; even in an Heathen ; much more then is it worthy to be condemn’d in Chrijlians ; And therefore Pliny difplaying its moft exquifite Mag- nificence, is very fevere in his Cenfure of it. There were four Theatres at Rome , and two Amphitheatres; there was alfo in LJfe another kind of Theatre, call’d (/>) Odeum , a Place pur- pbfely defign’d for Mufick and Singing, as Pan- Jamas tells us in his firll Book, and Vitruvius in the pth Chapter of his Fifth. Saidas faith, that Pififiratus built fuch a one at Athens , and (as Dion informs us) Trajan erected fuch another at Rome , by the Art and Skill of Apollodorus the Architect, whom Adrian , out of Envy and E- mulation, firll banifti'd, and then kill’d. Ter- tullianztfo mentions this Fabrick in his Treatife of the Refurre&ion. The COMMENTARY Lip fins hath wrote fo copioufly and plainly of Theatres, that nothing can be added or dimi- niftfd from his Treatife. That Amphitheatre, celebrated fo much by Martial , whpfe Remains are yet to be feen at Rome , was built by V'efpa- fian y and dedicated by Titus. Lipfws tells us it was begun by the former, and nnifh’d by the latter, who had the Credit of building it, ii being ufual with the Romans to father a Struc- ture upon him that dedicates it. The flattering Poet ralfely aferib’d it to the Emperor Dorn tia% Seft. II. Of Buildings* 5 1 (/) [And that is at Verona.] Tis not certain who was the Founder of this Amphitheatre, as Lipfius tells us, though he | i'u ppofeth it was built before Auguflus s Time. It is commonly reported to have been built by I that Emperor, but others attribute it to Maxi- milian . Tis a noble Remnant of Antiquity, but one of the leaft of all the Romans built, but ; the be ft prefer v’d ; for moft of the great Stones of the Out- fide are pickt out, and the outward i Wall is very ruinous, yet Care hath been taken fto keep the Seats whole and entire, of which there are forty Rows, every one of which is a Foot and a half high, and as much in breadth; fo that a Man fits conveniently in them, under the Feet of thofe of the higher Row ; and al- lowing every one a Foot and a half, the whole Amphitheatre can hold twenty three thoufand Perfons. In the Vaults under the Rows of Seats, were the Stalls of the Beafts that were prefented to entertain the Company : The Thicknefs of the Building from the outward Wall to the loweft Row of Benches, is 90 Foot. At each End of theJVmphitheatre, between the Seats, is a Gate of 25 Foot high, for an Entrance into it out of the Street ; and over each Gate a kind of Plat- forms 20 Foot long, and 10 broad, enclofed before, and on the Sides with Rows of Marble Ba lifters. (g) [. A Theatre is the Semicircle of an Amphi- theatre, &c.] An Amphitheatre conftfts of two Theatres: if Now a Theatre bears the Figure of a Semicircle, i top’d into Horns, which Horns of two Thea- D 2 trot 52 PA NC I R OL LVS. Book I. tres uniting into a Circle, do make an Amphi- theatre. Amphitheatres and Theatres, were certain Places, as Scaffolds with Pentifes, wherein the People of Athens Rood to behold the Interludes that were fhew’d ; and they were made like an half Circle, with Benches one above another, that they might, without any Impediment, fee the Plays. Dionyfas did firft inftitute them in Athens. In the midff of the Scaffold or Theatre, flood the Stage, whereon Comedies, Tragedies, and other Shows, were exhibited to the common Sort; of whom the Romans took the Example to make fuch Scaffolds. Theatres were at firff but temporary, and for a Time. Afterwards Adarcus Scaurus built one to continue for 30 Days ; and laftly, Pompey the Great eredfed one at Rome., to be perpetual, and for ever; for which Tacitus faith he was blam’d by the Senate; but certainly, therein he con- fulted their Advantage, it being Ids chargeable to have fixt Seats in a Theatre, than every Year to be making neve ones. This w^as the rnoff flupendous Work that ever was effeded by the Art of Man, as Pliny affirms, in the 15th Chapter of his 36th Book. And therefore when Nero was about to (hew to the German Nobility, an Inftance of the Roman Grandeur and Magnificence, he brought them into this Theatre befet with People. After this, there were feveral other Theatres, which though at firff they were built for Feats of Adivity, and other robuft Exercifes, fhewing Strength -and Swiftnefs, yet afterwards they were made 2 Seft. II. Of Buildings. ufe of for Comedies and Interludes, and fuch like fcenical Entertainments. [Marcus Curio devifed a Piece of Art more in* genhus than that.'] Marcus Curio, at his Father’s Death, built two Theatres of Timber after Inch a Fafhion,. that they might, in the Time of Interludes, , ftand one contrary to another in fuch wife, that neither Play fhould difturb one the other. And when it pleas’d him, he turn’d them together, and made an Amphitheatre ; which was around- Scaffold, full of Benches of divers Heights, wherein he fet forth a Game of Sword-Play- ers. ( h ) [Another fond of Theatre, call'd Odeum.] This Word frequently occurs in Cicero, and in Hiliories. Paufanias tells us, that in the Odeum- in the Lobby to the Athenian Theatre, there were placed the Statues of the Egyptian Kings : And Scaliger tells us in his Book of Poetry, that Pla- ces without the Theatre dedicated to the Mules, were call’d by the fame Name; fuch as was that at Athens , defjgn’d by Pericles for Mu Heal Con- forts, whofe inward Part had many Seats and fillars ; the Roof was arch’d and fteep, point- ing into a Cone or Pyramid at Top. There were four of thefe Mufick-Houfes in Rome ; the firft was upon the Aventine Hill; the fecond, between the Palatine and the Ccelian ; the third, near Pompey s Theatre, and the fourth near Dominant. Ot the Mulical Theatre ot Tra- jan , and why Adrian commanded the Death of Apollodorus , his Architeft, you may read in Xi z philin , in the Life of Adrian . Di CHAP. 54 PANCIROLLVS . Book 3 . CHAR II. Of the Great Cirque, or Shew- pi ace of Buildings , call'd Ba filial. Of Exchan- ges, Burfes 5 or Places for Merchandife y call'd Taber n a? . Of Bridal-Houfes , call'd Nymphaea. (0 jD Elides the afore-mentioned Theatres, there was alfo a great Cirque, in the Center whereof were 7 Meta, or Pillars, and in its whole Compafs 12 Doors. They were wont here to run with Chariots, which driven about the Goals or Meta , did de- note the 7 Days of the Week ; and then paf- fing through the 12 Doors, did fignify that thefe 12 Plays were inftituted in Honour of the Sun, as Cajfiodorus relates. The Spedlators fat round about in Galleries, as they did in the Amphitheatre. There were 8 Cirques at Rome, but now there are none; inftead of that Sport, Running ofHories for a Mile was inihtuted; a Recrea- tion not very pleafant, for he that feeth the Beginning and the Middle, will never be able to fee the End. And this Play they call’d \Ad Pallium Carcere~\ q. d. A Mantle Courfe, in regard the Conqueror was prefented with Linen to make fuch a Garment. (£) There were alfo certain Fabricks, call’d Bafilica , of which at this Day we fee noufe ; though formerly they were in every City, as Suetonius teftifies in the Life of Augufius, in thefe Words Sed. II. Of the Great Cirque, &c. 55 Words [Corpus Decuriones municipiorum , &C.J i.c* The Decuriones of the municipal Towns and Co- lonies, convey’d his Body from Nola to Bovilla , marching folemnly by Night (by reafon of the Heat of the Weather) repofing it in the Day- time in the Bafilica , or Chief Palace or Temple of every Town they palTed through. (/) There were one and twenty of thefe kind of Buildings at Rome, though Pub. Vitior men- ! tions but nineteen, two being decay’d and quite I ruinated. But that which excell’d them all, was that built by Julius Cafar, and call’d from his Name, Julia. ’Twas built like our Churches, and was fupported with a hundred Pillars, di- vided into four Rows, every one having twen- ty five ; and thefe hundred Pillars made two Piazzas on each fide, over which was an open and airy Walk, as Vitruvius delcribes it. Nay, according to the Defcription of Theodofius and Valentinian, it was enrich’d with Gold, and adorn’d with Marble. Virgil mentions it in his 7th took, and though he aferibes it to a Latin King, yet he really mentions this Julian Bafilica, of which he thus lings. TeFtum auguftum, ingens , centum fublime columnist \Jrbe Suit jumma, Laurentis Regia. Pici, Horrendum Sylvis, & Religione parent um. Hie Sceptr a accipere , & primos attollere Fa fees. Regibus omen erat : hoc illis curia Templum. ‘ s Rais’d on a hundred Pillars ’midll the Town, Xi Stood Picas' Court and Palace of Renown. “ Awtul with Groves and Myfieries profound, “ Here Kings firft Scepters had, and firft were crown’d. D 4 “ This 5 6 FANCIROLLVS. Book I. “This was to them theirTempleand their Court, “ Here they at facred Festivals refort. In which Piece of Poetry, he doth not only defer ibe a Bafilica, but gives the Re a fin of the Name, and tells the Ufe for which it was de- fign’d. Bafilfca is a Greek Word, fignifying in Latin, Regiam , the Court, /. e. the Royal Seat of the Roman Kings ; for there they were wont to receive the Enfigm of Royalty, viz,. The Sceptre, the Axes and the Rods, the Purple Gown, &c. In thefe Places they gave Audience to EmbalTadors, and adminifirred JuRice ; for as Quintilian tells us, there were 13 Tribunals, and as many Prators, or Judges, (m) It may here be noted, that Chri Rians built their Chur- ches in Imitation of thefe Bafilica, being fup- jaorted in the Middle with Pillars ,• and there- fore thofe Churches that are fo, are call’d in Latin Bafilica , and the reR are ftyled AZdes. (») There were alfoat Rome certain Places for trading and merchandizing, call’d Tabern&, de- fign’d for no other Ufe than for Fadiors and Dealers to walk under, that they might commo- dioufly bargain with Safety in the Shade, free from the Annoyance of Weather, and the Di- ffurbance of the People Rill pa (Ting by. One of thefe was call’d Argent aria (0), from Argentum , Silver, becaufe therein only Gold and Silver Plate, Necklaces, Rings and Bracelets of that Metal, and the like, were expos’d to fale. Thefe are alfo mentioned by fome certain Civil Law's, fuch as perhaps are but little minded, and lefs underRood by them that read them. ( [p ) BeGdes thefe Bafilicae , there were alfo at Rome eleven other Edifices, call’d Nymphaa, as Pub, Piftor informs us. They were fpacious Halls, Sed. II. Of the Great Cirque, d°/. 57 Halls, made ufe of for Nuptials, by. thofe that had no Conveniency of their own for fuch So- lemnities. And for this end (as Z onnras declares in the Life of Leo the ‘Great) thefe Nymphaa (I fuppofe) were fupported with Pillars. They were built with Kitchens, Parlours, Clofets, and the like, wherein they laid Towels and Napkins, Bowls and Difhes, and other Utenfils, and were call'd Nymphaa, becaufe the Greeks call’d the Bride a Nymph. Capitolinas tells us, that Gordian the Emperor join’d Baths to his Nymphaa, for the Ancients did frequently bathe before Supper ; and ’tis eafy to gather as much from two Laws of Theodofiu * and VaUntinian. Saidas faith, that the Water was brought to thefe Bridal- Houfes from a Fountain, call’d now, Enneacrunos , and former- ly, Cal Ur r hoe. Thefe Nymph&a had alfo moft (lately and am- ple Piaz>z,as y large enough to walk in ; one whereof Auguftus built in the Place where the Houfe of V edius Pollio (whofe Heir he was) was ruinated, and infcrib’d it with the Name, not of Pollio, but of Livia, as Dion writes* And many others built glorious Porticos. The COMMENTARY. (r) There was formerly at Rome a great Cirque of an Oval Figure, refembling the Heavens; in the Center whereof (food an Obelisk for the Sun, and on each Side three Meta or Marks, or Pil- lars, dire&ing the Race for the other fix Planets. There were alfo in it Car ceres, or Barriers, Pla- ces, out of which came the running Chariots, fo call’d, becaufe the Horfes were kept in them, D ■> till $8 PA NCIROLLVS. Book I, till fuch Time as the Magirtrate gave -the Signal* Hence Virgil in his Georgicks, Lib. i. — Carceribus fefe effudere Quadriga, And in the 5th of his y thefe Nymphaa we under Band as well Baths for Women, as Nup- tial Chambers? Some fay that Brides were call’d Nywphs y am vCv tis thought) Religion and Piety were propagated by Nymphs to Mankind, in regard po Rite or Worship was ever perform’d without their being mentioned. The Deities that prefi- ded o’er the Waters, were called Naiades ■ •and becaufe thefe Naiades were Nymphs in Cor- pora tendentes , therefore Soholis propaganda, caufa , New-marry'd Girls were term’d Nymphs, CHAP. Ill, Of the Fora of the Ancients . {q) f \ U R Fora differ much from the Antients, and are not fo elegant, fine and (lately. The Greeks form’d theirs into a perfect Square, furrounded on all Sides with double Porticos ; whofe upper Floors were fpacious Walks, a- dorn’d with Marble Pillars and Epi/lyles of the fame, i. e. little Pillars let one upon another, or Chapiters of Pillars. The Romans built theirs in an oblong Square, a third part longer than broad: They were alfo encompafs’d with Porticos , which though but fingle ones, yet were they very large. In thefe the Bankers and Ulurers had their Shops. In the upper Floors were certain Galleries and prominent Buildings, call’d (r) Moeniam, from the Inventor Menus , very convenient for fee- ing the Combats of the Gladiators, which were formerly exhibited, and (hewn in the Fo- rum. The Form of this Forum was neat and handlome, and being very commodious againft 4 the Se&.II. Of the Fora, &c. 63 the Rain and Sun, we may eafily conje£hjr e what a one it was. The CO M M E N T A R Y. There are various Acceptations of the Word Forum , which is fometimes taken for a Place of Trade , of buying and felling, which we call a Market, a Ferendo, from carrying of Wares and Goods thereunto ; and in this Senfe it is always attended with fome kind of Adje&ive, as Forum Boarium , the Beaft- Market, Forum Pifcarium, the Fifh Market. Sometimes it is taken for a Place of Judicature, where the Governour of a Pro- vince doth affemble his People, and dilpence Juftice according to Law; whence a Man is faid. Forum agere , that keeps the A fftzes. Sometimes jj it is taken for a Court of Pleadings , where Suits in Law are judicially determin'd, and where Orations to the People were ufually fpoken. At firft, of this Sort there were only three, xht Roman, Julian , .and that of Augujlus : After- ward the Number was increafed to fix difthuft Forums ; for to the three former, were added the Forum of Domitian , founded by that Empe- ror ; the Forum of Trajan , built with a Rate ly Column or Pillar, of an 140 Cubits high, ha- ving all the noble Exploits of that Emperor en- graven upon it. I a Illy, the Forum of Salujl, becaufe purchas'd by him, with adjacent Gar- dens, fince called Horti Saluftiani. But that Forum, which excel I'd all the reft, was call'd the Roman, and the Old Forum , or ablclutely the Forum by way of Eminency, as if there was no other. And here we muft note. 64 PANCIR0LL7JS. Book I. Senfe, i. e. for a Pleading- Place, it is fo by ver- tue of the Figur e Synecdoche. (r) [Prominent Buildings, call d Moeniana.} Mceniana vhofe Eves dropt into the High- way, and were built in Fafhion of a Tortoife were call’d Do- wns, and thefe were the moll Magnificent and Stately. Wherefore Pub. Fiftor tells us, that in the Days of Arcadius and Honor ins , there were Jn Rome 4662 of thefe InfnU, and 1780 of thole called Dorn ns. Their Gates were fiudded with Nails of the ttfighteft Iron after the Qumcnncian Manner, as the Latins term it. Thele Nails were often rubb’d according to that of Plautus in Afinaria , {JujJine in fplendorew dart has Balias Foribtts no - jfris'f] f c. Did I bid thee to brighten thefe Iron Bofies Seft. II. Of Private Buildings. Bodes or Nails upon the Door? They were open’d both Ways according to that of Virgil in the 4th id.— Concedunt tettis bipatentibus, and were generally ihut, as may be gather’d from Plautus, Terence, and Plutarch in the Life of Publicola. ( b ) The Gates of great Perfons open’d out- wardly, the L'oor being thrown into the pub- lick Street, which before it was open’d, there rung a Bell, to preyent any Offence to Pafien- gers before it, as Plutarch tells us, in the Life of Publicola , and Pliny in the 36th Chapter of his 15 th Book. Note , This appears to have been in the meaner Sort of Houfes as well as greater. In Terence # ! the Perfons that come out, knock at the Doors* The C O M M E N T A R Y. That elegant Buildings do grace our Towns , and that handfome Dwellings adorn our Cities , is a ! Thing fo manifeft, that we may (pare Pains to evidence the Matter. But ihefe Beauties are ow- ing to Skill in Architecture, which not only \ ennobles both our Publick and Private Edifices with Statelinefs and Magnificence, but with Pomp and Ojlentation ; and with ftupendous Corf, hath rais’d thole Seven Prodigious Structures, which the World admires, as the only Wonders of Humane Induftry : Wherefore, this Art may iuftly be fiyl’d the Ornament of the Univerfe. For what City or Town, what Cattle or Tower can boat! any Excellency, without the Afiiftance ofthisnobleScier.ee. Till Building was found out. Men liv’d at firtt like wild Bealls, in Caves and Dens, and fed on Fruit, and Roots of the Earth ; but being E 2 once f6 PANCIROLL VS. Book L once fenfible of the necefiary Uic of Fire againft the vehement Extremity of Cold ; iome began to edify Cottages of Boughs and Trees, and others dug Caves in the Mountains ; and by often experiencing fuch Means, they attain'd to a great Perfection in Building with Walls, which ;they got up with long Props, and wound them about with finall Rods, and fo daub’d them : And to -keep out the Storms, they* cover’d them with Reeds, Boughs or Fen Sedges. Thus in procefs of Time, they came to the Art of BUILDING, which (as Diodorus faith) is afcrib’d to Pallas : But we are rather to believe, that either Cain, or Jubal tiie Son of Lamech found out this Art. (w) [ 'There ■ was alfo a Pluteus-, Sic. where the PiEtures of their Anceftors , &c.] Pluteus is properly taken for a Desk and Fi- guratively for a Study , or the Books in it. A Manufcript Commentary on the 2d Satire of Juvenal takes it in the iirft Senfe, telling us that anciently they were wont to draw the Pi- tftures.of Learned Men upon their Desks, where- on they writ. The Scholiaft takes it according to the fecond for a Study. But the whole Difficulty may be remov'd, by taking ^Notice of the Cuffom of the Romans^ ■who ordered feveral Sorts of Images, into feveral Places. The fir ft of which was before their Gates , where they plac’d the Images of their Anceftors. The fecond was in their Halls , as in a confpicuous Part of their Houfes ; and here they fet the like Statutes, but curioufty wrought in Wax. The Third was in their Chambers , where they placed their Lares , then the Images of thofe Friends , who were mo ft dear unto them, 2 as Sift. II. Of Private Buildings. 77 as alfo the Deities which had the Care of the Marriage- Bed. The Fourth Place, was their Pinacotheca , fry the Comparifon of the Ufe, we may call it *a Gallery of Pictures, and in this they placed the Reprelentations of their Gods and .Her oes, an frhke- wile painted Fables and Hijlories. The Fifth and I all was their Study, wherein they kept the Images of learned Men. Some are of Opinion, that Platens fignifies Pinacotheca ; but that cart- n.t be : For fence the Images of learned Men were- kept only in their Studies , and not in their Galleries ; and that Platens according to them- feives, fignifies the Place, where fuch linages are kept j it follows, that Platens here can’t feg- nify Pinacotheca , but Bibliotheca. Platens rnay conveniently be taken for a Study, or the Books in it, the Figure and the Senfe bearing both. Thofe Romans, who were famous for the Glory and Nobility of their Ancefbry, drew the Pictures of their Progenitors in jail Proportion, that prefervingtke Line and Series of their Pe- digree, and rep-re fen ting every Man’s Virtue to- gether with his Image, they might imitate and tranferibe thofe excellent Copies. Every Parent had thefe Ornaments and Statues, that every one might read in his own Figure his glorious Atchievements, and the Honour and Reputation he had reflected on the Publick. Thefe Reprefentatives of the Deceas’d were plac’d in the mod eminent Places of their Dwel- lings, and were carried about in little wooden Houles, or Models of Buildings, which at Pub- lick Solemnities, they did at once both open and curioufly adorn , as Polybius informs in the 5.1 fi Chapter of his Sixth Book. E 3 (*) 78 TANCIROLLVS. Book I. ( x ) [ Tennis-Courts , Sphaerifteria ] Thefe were Places, wherein the Ancients were wont to play at #*//, in which Recreation they took much Delight, as appears from theEpifflesof Sidoniia Apollinaris. There were three forts of Balls. (i.) Harpafta,, which we Englijh a Foot-Ball , this being laid in the middle, two young Men did violently contend, which fhould drive it through the others Goal. (2.) Pila , which fig- nifies a diftindt kind of Ball, fo call’d from the Flair it was huffed with. ( 3. ) Tollts , a light kind oF Ball, fo call’d, becaufe fill’d with a Bladder , wherewith both old Men and Children were wont to Play. (4.) Trigonal is, the Rea- fon of which Name, is taken from the Form of the Tennis Court , which was Triangular . Near thefe Tennis Courts were their Dicing - Houfes , where the Gameffers refrefh’d themfelves, when weary with Ball-Playing. And hence it is, that thefe Spharifieria do fignify a round Place in their Baths , which were defign’d by the An- cients for Frittions or Rubbings, and feveral other Exercifes, which Suetonius mentions in the life of V ejpafian . O) [Who tells ns alfo that the Ancients had no Chimnies , Szc. Here we feem to have a Defcription of an Jieiiocaminw, i. e. a Soller fet in a Sunny- Place to receive the Heat of the Sun, which Bud&us calls Solar Furnace : For the better undemanding of this, you muff know that the Ancients had their Zeu, i. e. little Chambers with Windows on three Sides to receive the Heat of the Sun, and thefe they call’d Helio-cawini^qA.Stoves of theSun. They w r ere certain Places in feveral Parts of the Houfe, whereunto the Fumes of Water either Seft. II Of Private Buildings. 7^ (either hot or cold) fprinkled on the Floor, did afcend and rife through certain Pipes or Paflages (call’d Tubal ij either to warm or cool the Room, according as the Seafon of the Year re- quired. 1 hey are not now in Ufe, but were very much formerly. W IBecaufe we meet with the Words Vaporarium and Camrnus, &c, ] The Word V aporariam occurs in Cicero's Epiftle to Quintas F r. and Papinius Statists makes men- tion of Camimts, Siculis an conform at a caminis Effigies lajjam St er open , Brontenqae reliqait . [ Cavadium. ] I am at a Lofs how to tranfhte this Word, we having nothing commonly in our Houfes to anlvver it. Though it be call’d Aula , Yet it was not properly an Hill, which in all our great Houfes is the hr ft Room, whereas this was an inner Apartment, as appears by the Name, which is writ by fome Cava ^£dium ; it feems to have been a Chamber of State, where they received their Vifits. Sidonists Apollinnris elegantly defciibes ‘a Chim- ney, when he faith, We pa fled into the Winter Dining-Room , which the Fire, quench'd in the bending or crooked Chim- ney, had made black with Smoke . So that hence may be confuted the Opinion of thofe, who held that the Ancients had no Chimneys , the Exiftence of which may alfo be proved, from thefe Words in Suetonius in the Life of JFitelluu. Nec ante Pratoriam rediit, quam flagrante tri - clinio ex , concept a Camini , u e> u When he “ return’d to the Pratorium, he found the “ Chimney of the Room he din’d in on Fire. E 4 Which Bo PANCIROLLVS. Book L Which is an Argument that they had Chim- neys in their Chambers; but not the fame with curs, which Manutms makes out in the icth E- piftle of his 7th Book Ad Famil. — For that we call a Chimney, which, as a Pipe or Gutter, re- ceives the afpiring Smoke, and conveys it lately out of the Houfe : But thofe of bur Ancefhors were not made hollow within the Walls, as ours are, but were made in the middle of the Winter- Chamber. And therefore faith Cato (in the iSth Chap, de re Rtifika.') Focum purum circumvcrjum , priufquam in- cubi- tum eat , babe at. i. e. “ Let him have a Fire as is hinted by O Nat a mecitm Confute Manila Tefia, &c. [ft Great V ejfel called': La ecus.] , .Tf/ knhLaccus was a VeiTel that receiv’d Jie Mult as it flow d from the Wine-prefc but erroneoufly and falfly } in regard (according to Utpian) Laccus is the lame with a Ciftern 0/ Wine on hn.^CH US , 1,H n the ? arth ’ and was plat Rer’d on both Sides, both within and without. Nej. therdid the Ancients ufe only this Laccus or Ciflern for that Pur.pofe, but thev had alfn ^ Vefleh whercon they heap’d Jp Earth for the Puefevvation of their Wines. (?) ithey pat water to the prefsd Hulls- of the Grapes t &c.] Cato faith, this is to waflr the Grapes i e .o^inake a thin Sort of Wine after the Grape,' lave been < fqueezd, call’d Lora, which kindof Drink ,s call’d ^fo by Hurra in his fore-men- toned Ciiap.of Ruftick Affairs. Ulpian terms it AcU 86 PJNCIROLLVS. Book I. Acinatium , which ( according to fome ) is a Wine made of Grapes, hanging a long Time after the Vintage in the Winter Seafon. Others fay, That Wine made of Grape-Stones, is a Li- quor of Verona, of a moft delicate Smell, and a pleafant Tarte ; of a Purple Colour, and inef- fable Sweetnels ; of a thick Body* fo that it leems to be a kind of pot able Flefh or a flejhy Potion # C H A P. IX. Of Wrejlling and Running Places. 'THE Ancients built certain Places call’d Pa - Uflra or Stadia, for the exercifing of Youth in Wreftling, and Running ; in Leaping and Shooting, and Fighting with Whorl* Batts. The Place for thefe Sports was a Square call’d (/) Sta- dium, becaufe in compafs about two Stadia or Furlongs, which is the 4th Part of al Mile. It had within, three fingle Portico s, but the Fourth, which was Southern, was double to preferve the Infide from Winds and Tempers. Underneath this, there was an open Gate, which led into a large and a Ipacious Hall, furround- ed with Seats, wherein Philo fophers and Rhetori- cians did fit and difpute, and this was calld ( k ) Exedra or Ephcbeum , becaufe young Men (call’d Ephebi) were inrtrudfed there; for the Ancients, being furnifh’d but with a few Books, exercis’d themlelves rather in Dii'puting, than Writing, as Saidas tells us. This Place did fomewhat refemblethe Chapter- Houfesm Monafieries lucceeded by our Schools : And this Exedra or Difputing-School, tvas a third Part longer than broad, as Vitruvius tells us in the 2d Chapter of his 5th Book, and had on the right 3 and Sed. II. Of Wreftling, 8 zc. 87 and left Side Concamerations and Porches, Vaults or Walks very convenient and ufeful for the Baths. There is a Place like this at Pi fa call'd Campo Santo, the Holy-Field • but ’tis not made alto- gether after that ancient Manner. Some think there were Gymnafia there, of which there were three in Athens , viz,, the Academy, the Lycaum, and the Cynofarges, wherein Youth was exercis'd in Military Adts before any War. The COMMENTART. W [ Call'd Palaeftne.] The Greek Word ( Palajha ) is by Ufe made Latin; 'tis deriv’d from n*Aw, Lutta, i. e. Wrelt- ling or Fighting, from the Word ; either becaufe all the Members of the Body are fhaken by ftriving, or becaufe the Urn was mov’d be- fore the Cornell, in regard they always con- tended by Lot. PaUjfra by Ufe came to fignify the Place where thole Gymnajlick Exercifes were performed. The Perfons engag'd in them were nil d PaUJtrita. The Spartan Virgins were wont in their Mi- nority to engage naked in thefe kinds of Re- creations ; which Pradiice Plato was fo far from cenfuring, that he thought it convenient not only for LaJJes , but ancient Women, to encoun- ter Men, that fo they might learn to endure Hardihip. The Laconians were fo taken with thefe Kinds of Sports that nothing pleas’d them more, than tnele Gymnafiicl Places ; and inftead of appro- ving themlelves good Soldiers , they only de- fied to be excellent Wre filers. But Atigujhts, not liking that immodeft Cu/lom, forbad all Wo- men even to fee thde Spedtacles, much lels did be allow them to play naked* <*) 88 PANCIROLLVS. Book I ( i ) £ Calkd Stadi u m.] You may call it a Place where Horfes run, and where Wrefilers comend ; deriv’d am 4 saewc, a Station ?, from Handing; becaufe Hercules, ha- ving run o’er that Space in one Breath, Hood Hill. ( k ) [They were called Exedrse.] Some think they were like the Cells- Monks, others tell us they were Places well furnifh'd with Seats, whereon Philofophers and Rhetoricians , and other learned Men, were wont to fit to difpute and wrangle. Cicero tells us ( in his i H Book De Natura Deorum ) that he fat difccur- fing in one of thefe Places. (/ ) [ Gymnafta ] Thofe Places were properly io call’d, which were appointed for Wrefilers- to contend naked in.. A Name (faith Scaiiger ) which doth not at all agree to Schools, it being a very inconvenient and incongruous Thing, to adf naked in thofe lacred Societies : But with the good leave of la great a Man, faith the learned Beckman, the Man- fipns of the Mufes, which we call Schools, were not galled Gymnafta , from ytyv®,. naked, but from the Performance of hard and difficult Exer - cifes, fuch as are the Encounters and Strivings of Wrefilers, who firip (like Mowers) to be more' ready and nimble. The Diredlors of thefe Sports were called Gymmfiarcha , slgonotheta, or Hthlo~ theta. G H A R X.. Of Baths . (m) HT H E Baths at Rome were fo rich and mag- * nificent, that the very Ruins of their Walls fo high and Hately, Hruck all Spedtators into Amazement and Wonder ... in) T«fa* 5 eft II. Of Baths . 89 (n) The Baths of Antonine and Diode pan (wher c now Farids the Temple of the Certefim } furpais’d all Structures both in Heighth and Breadth. Thefe had. leveral Apartments, but efpecially three, defign’d for bathing, wherein there were three Caldrons, one for hot, another for tepid, the third for cold Water, which were fo plac’d, that there might run as much Water out of the tepid into the hot Bath, as there run out of it ; atad a? much out of the cohi one into the tepid* after the fame maimer. The Ancients us’d Baths , and were frequent in thofe Waitings, becaufe they went barefoot , without any Stockings, or any thing upon their Legs; and therefore, becaufe the Ways were ve- ry dudy, they had often occafion thus to cleanfe theirdelves; Hence many Lakes in Italy are called Baths, or BaheoU y little Baths. Baths are not now in ufe, or but very little, and in a very few Places ; a Thing poor and mean. Pah F^ilfor tells us, that there were in Rowe ) 856 Pub lick Baths. The C O M M E JV TART. (m) [Baths.'] As the Luxury of Princes increas’d, fo did the Magnificence of this kind of Structure?,, which were rais’d with fuch Pomp and fump- tuous Splendour, that they feenid rather Cities* than Places to wafh in ; neither is it a Wonder that Princes were allur’d to a frequent ufe of ’em, which did fb delight and charm with the Softnels of their Pleafures. Hot Baths at firft were us’d privately by ail Men, according to their Degree and Ability, for the Prefervation of Health. But in procels ©f Time, they built common one?, and hot Houles ^0 PANCIROLLVS. Book. L Houfes to fweat in $ and the Nobles did bathe and wadi with the Commons, and at laft even Men and Women were permitted moft lafci- vioufly to bathe together. Some derive the Word [ Balneum J from the Greek Word d &■* , becaule they disband all Trouble and Anxiety from the penfive Mind. Others fay Balneum, quafiBalineumfi rom Bethctv&ov, from Balanus, which fignifics Maft, or Acorns, becaufe with the Shells' of thefe dry’d, the An- cients were wont to increafe their Fires. (») [Thofe of Antonine and Dioclefian.] Andradim Palladios tells us, that thofe of Antonine were finiflfd by Alexander , and that they were of a wonderful Heighth, beautify’d and adorn’d with the faireft Marbles, and with vaft Pillars ; and that thofe of Dioclefian were not lefs in Stature, being prodigioufly tall , and that the Emperour in building them, employ’d for many Years an hundred and forty thoufand Men. The mod noble and famous, were they which Agrippa, Nero , and Titus V ejpaftan made, which were great, and mo ft gorgepufly drefs’d, with feveral Places of Pleafure to maintain ex- ceflive Riot for all forts of People. CHAR XI. Of Triumphal Arches . T Cannot omit Triumphal Arches, which were made of Marble, like three huge Gates, re- prefenting the Form of fome Marble Palace. They were adorn’d with the Infcriptions of the glorious Atchievements of thofe Heroes , for whole Honour they were erected. There were thirty fix within, and one without the Sett. II. Of the Pillars of Trajan, &c. the City of Rome. 1 know not whether thofe two {lately ones at Rimini are Rill (landing or not, which had certainly been ruinated, had not your Highnefs preferv’d them from the Teeth and Injury of Time and Weather. The COMMENTARY. Triumphal Arches were eredled in Honour of thofe Conquerors, who had fubdu’d foreign Cities, Provinces and Nations, and reduc’d them under the Power of the Roman Empire. There were formerly at Rome thirty fix, but" now but fix, as Palladia informs us in his Ro- man Antiquities. If we may give Credit to the Letters of Melchior Mignez, difpatch’d from thence, there are in Cantaon , a City of China , a- bove a thoufand Triumphal Arches, as we have it from the Relation of Simon Majolus. CHAP. XLI. Of the Pillars of Trajan and Antonine. \ (0) yHE Column of Trajan exceeds all Admi- \ ration ; ’tis 120 Foot high, having within it a winding Pair of Stairs of 185 Steps that leads to the Top, where the Bones of 7 >^«are laid in theRepofitory of a goldenUrn. Without were (p) engraven the glorious Ex- ploits atchiev’d by the Emperour, in Figures, fo artificially wrought, that they feern’d to be all of an equal Bignefs, and indeed they did not really differ in Magnitude . There is another like thefe ( q ) ereded in Honour of Antoninus Pius, which is (fill remaining. But there are no luch Works done now in thefe Days. The 9 2 PANCIROLLVS. B'cok I. The C a M M R N T A R T. (o) [The Column of Trajan, &c. Tlide two Pillars are m©ft famous Monu- ments, both adorn’d with Figures in Baffo.Ro-. lievo, afcending in Ipiral Lines from the Bafts to the Capitals. Pterins tel Is us in his Hieroglyphicks, that this Pillar of Trajan were 128 Foot high, to whole Top were 123 Stairs. That of Anlomm was . 1 61 Foot high, and afcended by 207 Steps, according to the Relation of the lame Author. The former had 44. Windows, and the latter 5 6. Trajan never faw ft,, for returning from the War he had wag’d with the Partkians , he dy’d at Sora , a Town of Seleuda, whofe Allies were put into an Urn, and brought to Rome, and re- pofited in the Top of this (lately Column, which was ercbled by the Senate of Rome , in Honour of that Emperourf"and ferved for his Tomb; in the room of which, Pop z Sixtus V. introduced a Statue of St. Peter, made of Copper gib. ( p ) [Were engraven ike glorious Exploits."] Pierius tells us in his Hieroglyphicks, that Roman Columns were not wont to be rais’d with- out lome myftical Signification or other, and that in this refpe& they were not unlike the Inventions of the Egyptians; fome being Monu- ments of Stability and Firmnefs, fome of famous and- noble Achievements, and others of Capti- vity, Reproach and Overthrow. Petrus Ciacconim has written a learned Com- mentary on this Pillar, wherein he explains the Hiftory reprefented, by the Figures upon it. (q) [Rais'd in Honour of Antoninus FiusJ Palladius- tells that this was 161 Foot high, Je&. II. Of the Mole of Adrian, dv. 93 :o the Top whereof were 207 Stairs; ’tvvas en- lightned and adorn’d with 65 Window's. This Pillar, confiding of 28 Stones, was rais’d aho by die Senate for Antoninus Pins, whole Statue was let upon the Top of it, but at prefent -the [mage of St. Paul takes its Place, being al-fo made of Copper gilt, as well as that of St. Pe- ter. CHAP. XIII. Of the Mole 0/ Adrian, and the Tomb of Ceftus. '"T~>His Mole of Adrian, ere&ed for his Sepul- -*■ chre, (r) was of lo ftupendous a Magni- tude, that it feem’d (as it were) to be one of the Wonders of the World. Tis now theSsat of the Governour of the Ar ferial, the Armory being there now, and is called the (/) Cidle of [Saint Angelo. Twas encompafs’d about with leveral Columns, eighty whereof, or at lead the greated part of ’em, do fupport the Church of St. Paul ; they are o: lolid Stone, and of an in- credible Height and Weight. Befides, it was adorn’d with 700 mod exqui- fite » Statues, and was glorioufly furrounded with feveral Porticos; on the Top of it was to befeea the Statue of Adrian on Horfeback. Without the Church, is to be feen the Tomb of (») Cains Ceftiu, built in Form of an entire Pyramid, though the adjacent Buildings weie ruinated and demolilh’cL All which Things, though they were vain and fuperfluous, yet they ihevv fuch Statelinefs and Magnificence 94 PANC I RO LL 7 J S. Book I. that all our Follies cannot parallel their Ma- jefty. The COMMENTARY. (r) [Was of fo Jhipendous a Magnitude, &c.] The Greatnefs of this Stru&ure may be ealily gather’d from hence; That when Narfes , Jufli - nians General, had conquer’d the Goths, pofTef- fing Rome, and had lent the Keys of the City to the Emperour, he fignify d to him what Violence ought to be us’d for theExpulfion of the Enemy, in regard they were garriforid in the Mole of Adrian . (/) [Call'd the Cajlle of Saint Angelo.] Becaufe St. Gregory , in a folemn Proceflion during the Plague, law an Angel on the Top of the Mole of Adrian, (heathing his Sword, to fignify the Divine Anger was appeas’d. It was built in a round Figure, anciently of vafl Stones, going up in three Rows or Stories, lefler and lelfer till you come to the Top, where flood mounted that great Pine- Apple of Brafs gilt, which we fee now in the Garden of the Belve- dere, round about it were let in the Wall great Marble Pillars, and round about the feveral Stories flood a World of Statues. » This Mole being found a flrong Place, Belifa- rius put Men into it, to defend it againft the [ Goths , and they defended themlelves in it a long j. Time, by breaking the Statues in pieces, and , throwing them upon the Heads of the Goths that t j befieg’d them. Since that Time, divers Popes have turn’d it into a formal Caflle ; Boniface VIII, f ( Alexander VI, and Urban VIII, have render’d ij t it a regular Fortification, with five flrong Ba- jg, flions, k left. II. Of Obelisks. 95 Hons, and a confiderable Garrifon is conftantly kept in it. (/) [ Eretted for Adrian’/ Tomb '] This Structure was the Sepulchre of Adrian , md was of Parian Marble , moft elaborately wrought, by the curious Induftry of the moft “xquifite Artificers. But at a Siege of the City, either the Ignorance or Impiety of the Soldiers, defac’d the Workmanfhip of thofe admirable Statuaries , and did throw away like Rubbifh thofe a 1 mo ft living Images, which defer v’d to be animated by a breathing Soul, or at lea ft to be actuated by Prometheus's Fire. (u) [The Sepulchre^ of Ceftus.] This Cefttts was ex Epulonum Collegio, i. e. One of the College of thofe that had the Over- fight of Feafts at Sacrifices, or had the devouring of thofe Banquets, which were fet before the Gods - in their Lettijierniis , ia the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. CHAP. XIV. Of Obelisks. '~THere were at Rome fix great O) Obelisks , and 42 of a lefler Size; the bigger were brought from Egypt , where they were wont to be made, and are called in the Italian Tongue, Aguglie ; they were twice as broad at bottom as they were at top. The Obelisk of Qtfar was invented and made for the Dijlintiion of Hours, for (Gnomon- like) it pointed them out, as defcribed upon the Earth cover’d with Marble, a Ball at Top incres^ fing the Shadow, left it lhould difappear and vanifh. 96 PA NCIROLLVS. Book I. van ilk, as Pliny tells us in the ioth Chap, of his 36th Book. And this was the Work of Augujhs. Oklish were invented by Egyptian Kings. The full Founder of them was Mures , who reign’d in Heliopolis , and laid ho was comman- ded in his Sleep fo to do. Other Princes after- wards erefied many, whereof fome were 48, 80, and 96 Cubits long. But the chiefeft of them all, was that (v) built by Ramifes (in whole Reign Troy was ta- ken) which was 99 Foot long, and 4 Cubits broad; there were 200000 Men employ’d in the building of it. The King being about to raife it aloft, and fearing, left the Engines fhoubd be too weak for its Weight, and for a greater tryai of the Artificer’s Care, lie bound his Son to the Top of it,' that his Safety might conduce to the Elevation of it, by which' De- vice he excited the Diligence of the Labourers, who rais’d it whole and entire, as Pliny tells us in the 9th Chap, erf his 36th Book. The raiftng of it was more difficult than the makings and therefore on one of them at Rome , there is this Diftich inferib’d, to fhew the Ingenuity in croft- ing of it. Si Lapis eft, die qua fait arte lev at us, Sed ft lira p lures, die ubi congeries . q.d. If that Obelisk be an entire Stone, how could it be rais’d ? But if it confifted of many, fhew us the Joints. But certain it is that it was hewn out of folid Stone. The 97 Seft. II. Of Obelisks. The CO M ME N TA R Y. f {tv) Obelisks are (as it were) Beams of Stone, which were Ids than Pyramids , and were four- square, downward, but (hoot upward (Taper- ; like) into a (lender Top. They may be call’d Broaches or Spires, and were huge Stones in I Egypt, made from the bottom (mailer and fmal- I kr, of a great Length, confecrated to the Sun, beciui'e they were long, like his Beams. IJiodorus tells us that they were confecrated to |i the Sun, they fomewbat refembling his pointed p Beams Among the Egyptians they have their Name from a Ray , which is not a little unlike I. them, having luch a kind of Form, when dar- ted in at a Window. Touching their Variety and | Excellency, fee Pliny, in the pth, 10th, and 11th Chap, of his 36th Book, and of their Shape and Figure. Bfondns , in the iff Book of his Row. I Injaur. And Polyd . Firg. of their fir ft Inventors, 1 in the nth Chap, of his 3d Book, De Rer. In- vent, (. x ) {Built by Ram’fes.] ThisFabrick was io ifupendoiis;, as that when [ King Cambyfis had lack’d and rJz’d Syene, and the Flames had rambled to the Borders and the. Phylatterics (as it were) of this Obelisk, v he com- manded the Fire to be extinguish'd, being Rfuck with Admiration of fo venerable a Pile. Theo- pbrajhs tells us, that among the Egyptians, in the Temple of Jupiter, there was an Obelisk made of 4 Emeralds, which was 40 Cubits fong, four Cubits broad in one Place, and u two in another. But among all the Obelisks at Rowe, that which fiands before the Pope’s Palace, and F St. Pc- ., 9 8 PAMC1R0LLVS. Book L St. Peter's Church, and which is call’d the Va- tican , is Teen not without the greateft Wonder and Amazement imaginable ; it is made of the Stone Ophites , and was dedicated to Julius C*far, whofe Afhes are reported in the Top of it. The - Height of it is 170 Foot, befides the Ba/ts, which is 37 Foot ; ’tis 12 Foot broad towards the Bot- tom, and 8 Foot broad towards the Top. At fir ft it ftood on the left Side of the Vatican , in Nero s Cirque ; but Pope Sixtus V. commanded it to be remov’d into a more eminent Place in the Middle of the Street, in the Year 1586, ’Twas the Work of Dominic Font ano, an Archi- te& of Coma. And indeed Travellers tell us, that they know r not whether they ought to ad- mire moll, the Boldnefj of the Archite$, or the Curiofity of his Art, in removing a Stone of fo incredible a Weight, without the leaft Flaw or IFra&ure. The bare Obelisk, without the Bafis , is above 956148 Pound weight, befides the Vec- tes , Rcpagula , Cingula, Harpagines , Ferreas, all requifite for the bracing fo vaft a Bulk, to faci- litate its Motion. I fay, befides all thefe, which amounted to Decies centena millia quadraginta duo millia viginti quatuor libras more. [Other Princes afterward eretted many.'] King BOCHIS let up four, every one of which was 48 Cubits long : And Ptolomaus Pbi- ladelphus made one at Alexandria of four Cubits, and Pheron fet up tw^o in the Temple of the Sun, of an hundred Cubits long, and four Cubits broad on this Occafion. It happen’d that this King for feme great Crime was ftruck blind, and continued lo ten Years ; and afterwards it was told him by Re- velation in the City Bufis, that he Ihould re- ceive Se£t II. Of Egyptian Pyramids, Sec. 99 ceive his Sight, if he wa (lied his Eyes with the Water of a Worn in that never lay with any Man but her Husband : He try ’d his own Wife fird, and then many others, till at lad he re- ceived his Sight, and marry a her by whole U- rine it was heal’d, and caufed all the others* wuth his ffrd Wife, to be burnt. Afterward* for a Remembrance, he made his Oblation with the two a for el aid Obelisks in the Temple of the Sun. AHgttftus Ccefar brought two of thefe Broacjies or Spires, to Rome, and let one in. the great Tilt-yard, orTLifts, call’d Grew, and the other he fet up in the Field call’d Campus Mar - tins. CHAP. XV. Of Egyptian Pyramids , and Labyrinth. v lp I S expe&ed alfo that we fhould fay fome- thing of the Egyptian ( y ) Pyramids • there were four of them, the two bigger whereof are reckon d among the feven Wonders of the World, they were Iquare and broad at Bottom, but ta- per d upward, into the Conical Slendernels of a printed Diamond. The Urged is fuppos’ d to take up 8 Acres of Ground, every Side being 883 Foot long, the Square at the Top confiding of three Stones on- ly, yet large enough for threefcore Men to Band upon, afeended by ( yy ) 2^5 Steps, each Step above three Foot high, and of a Breadth propor- tionable. It had Eadward a Gate, thro’ wdiich there was a Declivity, whkh led into two F 2 Cham- ICO PANCIROLLVS. Book I. Chambers, wherein was a great and a little Tomb. (z,) There was no other reafon for building thele Structures, but mere V anity and Orientation , and to employ both Money and the People, to keep them from Idlenefs • there could be no other Caufe befides this. One of them was 20 Years a building, and that by three hundred and fixty thoufand Men, continually employ’d and working upon it ; who (as fome report) confuind only in Radi- fhes, Garlick and Onions, 1800 Talents, which Sum is more than two hundred thoufand Crowns. Tn the middle of its Bottom, there is a Pit 86 Cubits deep ; ’tis a very great Wonder bow they could carry their Stones to fo prodi- gious a Height. In the Lake of Morris , the fame Egyptian Kings made a (*»£>) Labyrinth , in the Middle whereof were 37 Halls, according to the Num- ber of the feveral Prefectures or Governments, wherein the Prsefecls or Deputy-Governours were buried. The Ways and Paths in it were long and fubterraneous , crooked and winding, and lead to thofe feveral Apartments by Vaults and Pailages under Ground, which were fo in- tricate with Turnings, that whofoever went in- to them, could never extricate or wind himfelf out, and therefore ’twas called a Labyrinth: It had a Gate of white Parian Marble, and when any one with a great deal of Wear inefs carne to the end of theie Walks, he was con- veyed into a Portico, richly adorn’d with Pillars of Porphyry , into which he afeended by 90 Stairs. From thence you might go into a Marble Room, moil glorioufly beautify'd with very fair Pic- tuies, Sech II. Of Egyptian Pyramids 5kc roi tu res, and mofi exquifite Statues. The PafTages within were all of Marble, and were flag'd and arch'd with moll exquifite Stone; fome Doors, when open’d, made a terrible Noife, like a Grack ofTh under. There was adjoining to this Labyrinth , a large Pyramid 4 Acres broad, and 8 in Height, wherein lay interr’d the. Founder of the Laby- rinth. From hence Dadal&f took the Pattern of his Labyrinth which he made in Crete, but he only imitated and tranferibed (as it were) the hundredth part of it, as Herodotus and Pliny in- form and tell us ; for it fell as fhort of the Glo- ries of this, as Minos was inferiour to Pfamniti - erts in Power and Dignity. (*«,*») Porfena , King of Hetruria , made a La- byrinth on purpole for his Sepulchre, which Pliny , out o CVarroi defcribes to be admirable. The COMMENTA R T. (y) [ The Egyptian Pyramids Pyramids were vali Heaps or Piles of Stone,’ which being broad at Bottom, did gradually taper into a Cone at Top. They are fo called from , which fignifies a Flame of Fire, in regard of its Figure, broad below, and {harp up- ward. By thefe the Ancients did exprefs the Original of Things, and that formlefs Form taking Sub- ftance; for as Pyramids beginning at a Point, and the principal Height, by little and little, dilaieth into all Parts ; fo Nature proceeding from one undividable Fountain (even the Di- vine EfTence) receiveth Diverfity of Forms, ef- fufed into feveral Kinds and Multitudes of Fi- F 3 gures. i02 TA NCI ROLL'D S. Book I. gures, uniting all in the fupream Head, from whence all Excellencies do proceed. (*) [There was no other Reafon for building them, &c.] By thefe and the like Inventions they exhau- Hed their Treafure, and employ'd the People, left fuch infinite Wealth fhould corrupt Pofie- rity, and dangerous Idlenefs fhould pamper the Subjedf into a Defire of Innovation. Befides, the Consideration of human Frailty, budding and blofioming, and withering in an Inftant, prom- pted them to eredt fuch magnificent Structures, in fpite of Death, to give Eternity to their Fame. They eredled fuch cofily Monuments , not only out of a vain Ofientation, but out of an Opinion, that after the Diflblution of the corporeal Part, the Soul fhould jurvive ; and after the Revolu- tion of 36000 Years, fhould be reunited to the felf fame Body, refior'd again to its former State. («) [Labyrinth s.f Labyrinths and Mazes were certain intricate and winding Works, with many Entries and Doors, in fuch a manner, that if a Man was once got in, he could never get out, without the Guidance, or the perfedt Conduct of a Clue of Thread. There were four of them that were very remarkable ; the firft was in Egypt, and was called by fome the Palace of Motherudes, by others, the Sepulchre of Mexes. Some faid it was built in Honour of the Sun, by King Pete - fucus, or by King Tethoes ; and Herodatm will have it to be the common Tomb of the Egyptian Kings. This flood a little Way off from the Port o [Mims. The fecorid was in Crete, made by ptsdalw, at the Command of King Minos , whereiu Se&.II. Of Egyptian Pyramids , &c. 105 ■’ wherein Thefcus of Athens flew lh z Minot awe. The 3d was in the 1 fie of Lemnos , built by SmihisRhodtt# an Pyramids within it, though he hath defcrib’d Faftigiatum Opus , and the brazen Bull at Top; from whence little Bells, hanging by Chains, and mov’d by the Wind, were wont to give a Sound at a pretty Diftance. You may read of this in the 13th Chap, of the 36th Book of Pliny y and in the 2d Chap, of the 15th Book of Cbajjanew his Catalogue of the Glories of the World, Part 13, and the 75th Confideration,- but mod largely in Simon Majolus , his 2d Col- loq. of his 1 Tom. Bier. Canic. fjn the Lake of Mceris, the fame Egyp- tian Kings made a Labyrinth , &c.] This Labyrinth was built by Pfamniticus , and contain’d within the Compafs of one continu’d Wall, a thoufand Houfes, and twelve Royal Pa- laces, all cover’d with Marble, and had on- ly one Entrance, but innumerable Turnings and Returnings ; fometimes one over another, and all in a manner invions to fuch as were not well acquainted with them.- The Buildings more under Ground than above, the Marble Stones , laid with fuch Art, that neither Wood nor tement was employ’d in any Part of the 104 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. Fabrick, the Chambers fo difpos’d, that the Doors, upon their opening, did give a Report no lefs terrible than a Clap of Thunder • the main Entrance all of white Marble, adorifd with [lately Columns , and mod curious Imagery. The End at length being attained, a Pair of Stairs of 90 Steps conduced into a gallant Por- tico , fupported with Pillars of Thtban Stone, which was the Entrance into a fair and fpacious Hall (the Places of their general Conventions) all of polillfd Marble, fet out with the Statues of their Gods. C H A P. XVI. Of Sphinx,, Egyptian Thebes, and the Seven Wonders of the World . (a) , Mafis, an Egyptian King, fram’d out of one entire Stone, a Sphinx , which, as to its fhape, was nothing die but an Egyptian Cat , which we call a Marmofet , or Monkey; fwas 143 Foot long, and from the Navel to the Crown, ’twas 62 Foot high; the Circumference of its Head was 102 Foot, (aa) They lay that King Amajts was interr’d in it. 1. (b) There was a famous Town in Egypt , ‘called Egyptian Thebes, which Homer faith had ioc Gates, which is to be underliood of its Walls , and not of its Temples and pubiick Fiiil- dings: 'twas 17 Miles about, and 10 long. Without the City there was 100 Stables , each of which would hold 200 Hcrfes ; within it Were fu bteVraneous Vaults or PafBges under Ground, through which their Kings were Wont to Sett. II. Of Sphinx, $c. 105 to lead their Armies, without the Knowledge of the Inhabitants: The Houfes of that City had. 4 or 5 Floors ; it was wonderfully adorn’d with moft beautiful Temples , one whereof was a Mile and a half in Compafs, whofe Wall (if we may believe Diodorus) was 24 Foot wide, and 70 Foot high ; it now fcarce confifts of 390' Houfes. Upon this Occafion we cannot omit, 2. (c) The Temple of Diana, Goddefs of the Ephefians , which was building 220 Years by all Ma • it was 425 Foot long, and 224 broad ; it had 1 27 Pillars , each of which was 60 Foot high, built by fo many feverai Kings, dhev were all of one entire Stone, thirty fix whereof were wrought and carv'd, not to mention and fpeak of a thou land other Ornaments; and there- fore it was reckon'd one of the feven Wonders of the World. 3. ( d ) To this we may add the third Wonder of the Univerfe, which was ihe MdtifoUuwy built by Artemifia j the Wife of Maufolus, King of Caria, on purpole for his Tomb or Sepulchre, whofe Effigies I favv on a fiver Medal at Padua, This Strubfure was quadrangular, and of very fine Marble; 'twas 211 Foof about, and 25 Cu- bits high, and was encompafs'd orlur rounded with 36 Columns. There was no Afcent, but by Steps placed in the Corners of the Walls, rifing in height like fo many Wings, in which Places, as alfo in the- Middle, were moll ex- quifite zn& nobte Statues, and in the Top -a Mar- ble Chariot. 4. (0 The Fourth Wonder of the World, were the Walls of Babylon , which were 60 Miles and 2Co Foot high, and 50 broad, every Foot *06 PJNCIROLLVS. Book I. being three Fingers larger than the Roman Foot, which contain'd 16 Digits. 5. The fifth Miracle was the (/) ColoJJus at Rhodes , that vaft linage of the Sun made of Brafs, which was 70 Cubits high, whofe Fin- gers were bigger than mod Statues, but its Thumbs were of that Thiclnefs y that they could not be embrac'd by any Man's Arms; 'twas 12. Years in finifhing, at the Expence of 300 Ta- lents, which amounts to an hundred and eighty thou fa nd Crowns. 6 . The fixth Prodigy of the World, was the image of Olympian jove , carv’d by Phidias which was lb exquifitely done, that its Beauty Curpals’d all pofiible Imitation. 7. The feventh was the Capitol at Rome, which was fo magnificent a Stru&hire, that loocco Crowns were fpent at the laying of the Founda- tion, and as Plutarch w r rites, it was wonderful- ly enrich’d with an infinite Mafs of Gold. Some fubfiitute in the room of this, the Palace of £yrus y King of the Medes y which had Marble floors inlay’d with Gold. There were alfo at Rome five NaumachU , which were hales fill’d with Water, made on purpofe for Sea-Fights. But thefe are now quite ©utofUfe. (4) There are now a days but a few Sta- tues in publick, but there were many at Rome , both of Brafs and Gold. There were 84 Ivo- ry ones, and 124 Eque/lrian. There were 23 ColoJJuA of Brafs, and 37 of Marble, but that at. Rhodes exceeded them all in Bignels. The Sc&. II. Of Sphinx, &e: The C O M M E NT A R T. (a) [Sphinx.'] < Pliny makes mention of this Steny Sphinx , in the 1 2th Chap, of his 36th Book. Ferres had one of Corinthian Brafs, and therefore when he told Cicero that he did not underftand his Riddle , he made anfwer and faid [' Ton ought to apprehend it, for you have a Sphinx at Home. ] When ic came firft to Thebe 1 , it propos’d Riddles to Paf- fengers, and deftroyed all thofe that could no£ unfold them. . It had an Head and Face like a Girl, Wings- like a Bird, the Body of a Dog, the Paws of w* Lion , and the Tail of a Dragon. Twas an Hie - roglyphick of a Whore, who under a human Head,, makes a fhew of Meekncfs , but in her Lion-like. Body, difeovers her Fiercenefs and Cruelty to her Paramours. (ad) [They fay that King Amafis was inter r0 in itj\ So faith Pliny ; I imagine this Sphinx to be & Sepulchre, but we cannot underhand how it belong’d to Amafis, for all the Records and Tra- ditions of this Sphinx are loft. That it is Tomb, may appear, 1. By its Situation* which- is in a Place, which was in former Ages a Bu- rying-place, and near the Pyramids and mortu- ary Caves. 2. It is to be imagin’d that it was : a Sepulchre from its building. In the hinder Part is a Cave under Ground, of a Bignefs an« fwerable to that of the Head, into which the curious have look’d, by an Entrance that leads- into it ; fo that it could ferve to no other Pur- pofe but to keep a dead Corps jny as Travellers uaform us. io8 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. ( b ) [Egyptian Thebes.] There were other Cities of that Name, but this of Thebes , fo famous and eminent for ioo Gates, leaves Pofterity to guefs at its won- derful Greatnejs. Herodotus tells us, that it was 140 Furlongs in compafs. It was a noble City, the Queen of all others, being richly beau- tify J d withlhagnificent Building®, both publick and private. Pomponius Mela prefers it above all the molt celebrated Towns of Egypt. ( c ) [ Temple of Diana.] *Tis commonly reported to have been built by all the Cities of Afia, as Livy tells us in the firft Book of his Dccads. Some fay it was built by the Amazons, when they came out of Scythia , and pofiefs’d Afia. But though Authors differ about its Founder, yet certain it is that it was a magnificent and (lately Pile, built in a Fenny Place, on purpofe that it might not be obnox- ious to Earthquakes, ( d ) [Maufolasum.] So was call’d the Tomb or Sepulchre of Mau- folus. King of Caria, built by Artemfia his Queen, who fo paflionately doated on her dear Husband, that her Love exceeded all Poetry and Romance, and was anlnftance furpaffing all hu- man AffeElion ; for when he was dead, fhe drank his Afhes, which fhe had temper’d and mingled with Perfumes and with Water, and is faid to have done many other Things, which were very great Arguments of her violent Paflion. To pre- ferve his" Memory, fhe built that noble and fiu- pendous Monument, moil defervedly reckoned one of the Wonders of the World. She inftituted alio in Honour of his Name, certain Games of A&ivity, and munificently rewarded the Per- S eft. II. 0/Sphinx, &c. icp Ions engaged in thofe Sports and Exercifes. And though "fhe dy'd before the Structure was finifih'd, yet the Builders proceeded to compleat the Work, as a noble lnttance of their Art and Glory. Martial means this famous Fabrick, when he fings in his Epigrams, Aere nec vacuo pendentia Manful a a, Laudibus mmodicis Cares ad ajlra ferant. And Propertius mentions it in his fecond Book. Nec MaufoUi dives For tuna Sepulcbri , Mortis ab extrema conditions vac at. All the ftately and magnificent Tombs and Monuments of Kings and Emperours, are called MaufoUa , from this famous Sepulchre; for fo are Suetonius and others to be underftood, when- ever they name and mention that Word. Though we cannot pretend to the Divine Raptures the afore- cited Poets are infpir’d with, yet we hope the Reader will kindly accept of an ingenious Strain of a Friend of mine, whofe Mufe lings thus. On Artemifia , her drinking her Husband's Allies. lnvida Mors! frufira cupidos disjungis Amantes , ExtinSlo vivet Fax Hymenjea rogo. I Dum videt ardentem bufio Regina maritum y Cru deles feniit vel magis ipfa Focos. Cord a fimul Geminis Amor , & Dolor igmbus urunt • Fruftra oculus vanas fundit ineptus aquas. Membra no PANCIROLLVS. Book L Membra fui vivunt cordis monument a fepulti , Componit cineres peftoris urna duos. Ouis put at i (Joos nodus arftior diigat J unum Nunc binis corpus , mens juit una prius. Fofl hauftum hunc Frugi poteris , Cleopatra , videri r Cum biberis gemm am Luxuriofa tuam - Infipidum Neftar ( quanquam immortale juiffet,) Gufiatus fuerit fi Cinis ifte prius . N eft are non opus eft, Conjux hoc more fepultus Non finit uxorem poffe perire fuam. Morte O jcelicem Maujolum l tale Sepulchrum r Ouis notiet vita prapojuijfe Jua t lt Death drives in vain to feparate thofe Love?,. a WhofeFlame theFuneral Pile furviving proves. “ The Husband’s Allies Teeth the Royal Dame, a And kindles in her k If the fiercer Flame. “ Her Heart, where Love and Sorrow burn and rage. All Tears in vaiii, endeavour to afiwage. il And yet furvives, to be Maufolm Tomb $ u Her Heart, his Afhes, thus lye in one Womb. “ Tis very flr-nge I That they, who always were u One Soul, thus likewife now one Body are. “ Here ( Cleopatra \) thou might’fi frugal prove, “ Thou drink’ft thy Jewel, this her royal Love. “ NebTar lefs fprightly, lets Divine can’t be, “ Dear Afhes ! than when tafted after thee. “No need of Ne&ar here ; fuch Obfequies, “ The Widow’s Name perpetuate with the Skies, u Happy in Death, Maufolm ! Who d not have u Death before Life it felf, for fuch a Grave ? “ Thofe Souls are happy, doubly, trebly bled, <£ Who in Elyfium, and fuch Afhes red. 11 While fome in Pyramids ( Maufolus ! J lye, “ This Maufolaum is thy Property. CO [ Walls $eft. II. Of the Seven Wonders , &c. in ( e ) [Walls of Babylon.] Semiranjisyiw Imitation ©f the City Nina, erec- ted by her Husband Ninas, built , or at lead ro 'jaird, this of Babylon , after his Death, and en- rompafs’d it about with a Brick Wall, cemen- ted with Rofin, Pitch and Sand. Thefe Walls were of that Breadth and Thickr nefs, that Coaches might meet and pals by upon them, as Propertius tells us in his third Book. They were adorn'd with 300 Towers, and would have had certainly more, but that the Fens on one Side were indead of a Wall ; they had icor Gates all of Brafs, and were built by an hundred and thirty thouland Men. ( / ) [Co Ioffe at Rhodes.] This vaft ColoJJe of Brals, was eredled in Ho* Hour of the Sun, by Chares of Lyndus, the Dilci- ple of Lyfippw ; it was 70 Cubits high, and that of lb huge Proportion, that every Finger was as big as an ordinary Statue, and its Thumb fo great, that it could not be fathom’d. It was twelve Years in building, and about threefcore and fix after thrown down by an Earthquake (which terribly fhook the whole. Ifland) prophefy’d of by Sibyl; . the Pieces where- of made wonderful Ruptures in the Earth ; and, another Wonder it was, to iee the Mafs of Stones contain'd therein, whereby the Workmen had ftrengthned it againft Strefs of Weather. ’Tis | laid, theBrafsofit loaded. 900 Camels. (g) [-^ jew Statues now in ufe.~\ So Livy tells us, for when a Statue was dedi- cated to Cains Me nenius, for fubduing and quel- iling the ancient Latins, that Author informs us, that that very Thing was a Rarity in that Age- 112 PANCIROLLVS. Book I Theft was no other end in ere$ing them, than that the Honour of him, to whom they were devoted, fhould out-fhine the Glory of all other Mortals. [At Rome five Naumachia?.] Minos made the firft Naval Fight for Honour and Profit ; Merchandize being inftituted to fur- nil"h Men with Neceffaries, by way ofExchange. But after Money was coin’d, it was made ufe of for private Wealth. CHAP. XVII. Of the Shining Pyropus. t jAving fpoken fortieth ing of Buildings and ^ Statues , we proceed now to the Confidera- tion of other Arts, and firft of the Byopus : Which was commonly (h) luppos’d to be d. Car- buncle, but faliely. For Pliny tells us, in the 8th Chap, of his 34th Book, that it was a kind of Cyprian Brals, whereto were added fix Scruples of Gold, and then being drawn out into a thin Leaf, was laid upon the Tops of Pyramids and Towers, where, when ftruck by the Sun-Beams, it glitter'd and darted a Luftre like Fire, and therefore it was called Pyropus , becaufe it re- iembles the fhining of that Element ; but that Art is now utterly loft. The fame may be find alfo of (0 Ekffrum, which is a Mixture of Gold, and a fifth Part of Silver, and therefore it caft a greater Luftre than Gold, and (as Homer informs us) the Ancients were wont generally with this to adorn their Floors. The Seft. II. Of the Shining Pyropus. 1 13 The COMMENTARY . (Jo) [Suppos'd to be a Carbuncle:'] But not really, for Pliny tells us in the Place afore- cited, that it is Ductile and gilt Brafs, .which when thinn’d, and drawn out into (len- der Plates , and tinctur'd with a Bull s Gall, will look like Gold. (i) [EleCtrum, a Mixture . J Saidas tells us, th.t if there be above a fifth part of Silver, it will refill the Anvil ; and he laith moreover, that it was a Compound of Gold, Glals and Stone, blended together, and that it fhone with a moll glorious Colour. It was in great requdl among the Ancients, if we may. believe Homer, who tells us that^/e- nelaus ’ s Palace glitter’d with Gold and Silver, with Ivory and this Eletdrum. In Minerva's Temple at Lindos , in the Ifle of Rhodes, Helena coniecrated a Cup as big as her Bread, made of this EleFlmm . Authors make mention not only of Vejfels, but of Money and Rings, made of this Matter, which fhines n od glorioudy by Candle-light; and, if true and genuine, it difeovers Potion, by a Rain- bow in tne Cup, juft like that which appe rs in the Heavens ; and befides ail this, it in kes a Noiie like Fire, if we may believe Pliny in the above-mentioned Quotation. CHAP. JS4 PANCIR0LL7JS. Book I CHAP. XVIII. Of Corinthian Brafi. T N the Year 60S, after the building of Rome, ; Memmins having taken Corinth , a noble City in the Ijihmus of Greece , did deftroy it by Fire ; in which Conflagration it happen’d, that Gold, Silver and Brals, were all melted down and mingled together. This Mixture and Compound being found after the Fire, and appearing a very" beautiful and glorious Body, there were ieveraf kinds of Vefiels, as Candlefticks and the like made of it,, molt curioufty wrought, and arti- ficially engraven, (i) And tilde were called. Corinthian, because that Mixture was firlt found in that City. There were three forts of it; the firft was white, confining inoftly of Silver , the fecond of Gold , and the third an equal Proportion of all three . This kind of Metal is now quite loft, and fo is the ufe of Brazen Gates , which were to be feen in Temples ; and Pliny tells us in the 2d Chap, of his 34th Book, that Sp. Carvilius the Quseftor, among other Crimes, alledg’d this againfi Camillas, that he had in his Houle Brazen- Doors. He adds further, in the 3d Chap, of the fame Book, that their Parlours, or Supping- Rooms, their Benches and Seats, their Tables and Prefie?, &c % were all made of Brafs,and alia the Tops of Pillars, as may be feen on the Co- lumns of the Pantheon at this Day at Rome. They had alfo in their Temples Brazen Lamps r made in Fafhion and Form like a bearing Apple- tree, Laftly, there were an innumerable Com- pany Sc ft. II. Of Incombujlibte Oil. 1 1 5 p-iny of Statues made of this kind of Me* tah The COMMENTARY . ( k ) [Aid thefe were call'd Corinthian.] Corinthian Veftels are ft y I’d by f^irgil, Ephyreia , becauie Corinth was formerly call'd Ephyra. And in what great Elleem they were had, Perotus tells us out of many Hiftories. Sanomua informs us in the Life of Tiber ins y that they were mightily priz’d; and he faith that Auguftas was oblerv’d to be very defirous of, | and extreamly to covet all manner of precious Furniture, and all thefe Corinthian Utenfils j for in the time of his Profcription, this Sarcafiu was writ under his Statue. Pater Argentarias , Ego Corinthiarius. “ To deal in Money was my Father’s Fate, “ And mine as much in rich Corinthian Plate. : Becaufe it was fuppos’d that many were foifted I into the Number of the profcrib’d, merely for the lake of their Plate only. CHAP.- XV. Of Incomhuflible Oil . nr H E Ancients were wont to prepare a kind of Oil, which was incomba/Hble , and would not be confum’d by Fire. Such hath been feen in our Age, in the time of /Will, which was found in the Sepulchre o iTullia^ Cicero's Daugh- ter, which burn’d about 1550 Years, and at length was extinguish’ d upon the Admiflion of frefh Air. The n 6 PAN GIRO LLVS. Book f. The C O M M E N TAR T. oni» the Sepulchre flfTullia.] There was 1 'uch another found in the Tomb of Max, Olybius, near Padua, which had burnt about 50c Years. is fo mevv hit of the lame Nature, which flows about Babylon like liquid Bitumen, and is a fuiphurcus kind of Subdance, 10 extremely hot, that it burns every thing it flicks to, and defies to be quench'd by any Moiflure whatever. G H A P. XX. Of Duffik Glafs. TT is reported, that in the Time of Tiberius ,d there was Glafs found out fo rarely temper’d, that it might be made ductile and flexible like Paper; and alio that the Author of this Inven- tion was put to Death, becaule having repair’d at Rome a magnificent Palace that was ready to fall, and being paid by Tiberius , and forbidden to come any more in his Sight; he having found out the way of making- Glafs malleable , came again into his Prefence,, to ihew r his Art, expec- ting from the Emperour (as Dio writes) a great Reward. But Pliny tells us in the 26th Chap, of his 36th Book^ that the whole Shop of this Artifl was ruinated and demolifhd, to prevent' the ( m ) leflening and bringing down the Price of Silver and Gold. Some think it was done by the Malice of Tiberius, who had no Kindneds- for virtuous and ingenious Men. The Sett. II. Of Ductile Glafs. 117 The C O M M E N T A R T. That which our Author faith concerning this Artizin, Dio relates (in the 57th Book of his Hillory) after this manner ; who tells us, that when the Great Portico at Rome lean d all on one Side, it was after a wonderful manner fet up- right again ; for a certain Architect (his Name is not known, for Tiberius fo envy’d his Art, that he forbad it to be regi(ired) having fo fix’d the foundations, as to render them immoveable, did, by the Strength and Force of Men and En- gines, re (tore it again to its former Pofture. Tiberius wonder’d at the Thing, and fo much envjd the Artift, that after he had rewarded him, he banifffd him the City. But coming afterward again to the Prince, he threw away a Glafs on purpofe, and brake it, and then took it up again, and made it as whole as ever, ho- ping thereby to obtain his Pardon ; but he mif- fed of his Aim, being prefently commanded to be put to death. Petroniw tells us, that there was a certain Smith , that made V'ejjels of Glafs, as ftrong and durable, as thofe that were made of Gold and i Silver; wherefore having made a Vial of the fame Materials, very fine and curious, he pre- fents it to Tiberius. TheGzJr is commended, the Artijt admir’d, the Devotion of the Donor is kindly accepted. And now the Smith , to turn the Wonder of the , Spe6iators into Afionifhment and Amazement, and the better to recommend himielf to the Prince’s Favour, took a Glafs Vial, and dafh’d it againft the Pavement with all his Might, fo that if it had been Brafs , it mull needs have 3 been 1 18 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. I been broken. Ctefar did not To much wonder as fear at the Fa 61.' The Smith took up the P'ial, not broken, but bruis’d a little, as if it had been fotne Metal in the Form of Glaji, and afterward he mended it with a Hammer, as if it had been f'ome Tinker cobling a piece of Brafs . When he had done this miraculous piece of Work,the Man was puff’d up into i'uch a Conceit of himfelfj that he prefently fancy d that he fhould be fnatclfdinto Heaven, and fhould converfe with I no Ids than Jupiter himfelf, in regard he gain’d the Smiles of the Etnperour, and had deferv’d (as he imagin’d) the Appiaule of all. But it Fell out other wife ; for Ctefar enquiring whether any body elfe knew the Art befides him, and being anfwer’d, No ; commanded this Fellow to be immediately beheaded, alledging, that if this Skill and Ingenuity was rewarded and encou- rag’d, it would bring down the Price of GoU and Silver, and make thofe Metals as vile as Dirt. (m) [ LeJJen the V due of Gold.f For the ufe of Drinking Glajfes hath bani ftfd Gold and Silver almoff quite out of Doors. And therefore the Emperour Gallienus could not en- dure the Sight of a Glafs, faying, there was no- thing in the World more vile and common . CHAP. XXI. Of Paper . T H E Paper of the Ancients is quite out oC ufe* fince the Invention of ours, which is • made with lefs Charge , and infinite more Profit, Se£h II. Of the Quadriremes, &c. . 119 in regard *tis the Produft of old Rags ground in aMiIL Papyrus (from whence comes our Word Paper ) was a kind of a Rulrufh, whofe Threads or [Strings (like lo many Griftles) being pick d out with a Needle, it was divided into Leaves or Sheets. And this was the Paper of the Ancients, Which was firft invented in Egypt , in the Time of | Alexander the Great, and was called Chart*, ;from the Name of that Region. Pliny tells us’ .that their Sailing Veffels were made of this iPaper. See the Commentary in the Chapter De Charta, in the Second Book. ' CHAP. XXII. O/ the Four and Five-Oar d Galleys of the Ancients , call'd Quadriremes, and Quinquercmes. U Aving made mention of Ships, it may not . . be improper to lay fomething of that, which never had its Fellow * we mean that which was made by Ptolomaus Philopater , with Banks of Oars, and was 280 Cubits long, and 4 s high, from the bottom of the Hold to the upper Deck. Befides, in the Hold, and on the Deck, it was capable of containing about 3000 Men, as Plutarch relates in the Life of Demetrius m It reprefented a City fwi mining on the Ocean and was beautify J d and adorn’d with leverai Gardens ( n ). I im 120 PA NC IROLLVS. Book L I am apt to believe, there is none now a days like it in the lea ft, iince no Four-oar d, much lets Five- oar d VdTels can be made now, fo as to be 1'wift Sailers, and to be ierviceable to us, and therefore we dilute them, and lay them a- fidet But the Ancients had the right way of making them, and did very much employ them, to the very great Damage and Lofs of their Ene- mies. They built alio fuch kinds of Ships, which were mov’d at once both by Sails and Oars , as many Authors inform us, but more efpe- cial ly F'irgH^ in the fir ft, third, and firth Book of his <^£neids. Ours are wafted only by Sails, and therefore ftarid Hill, and move not in a Calm. I faw alfo the Pi&ures of fome Ships, called ( o ) LiburM) which had three Wheels on both Sides without, touching the Water, each con- fining of eight Spokes, jetting out from the Wheel about an Hand’s breadth, and fix Oxen within , which by turning an Engine ftirr’d the i Wheels, whole Fellys driving the Water back- ‘ ward, mov’d the Liburnians with fuch a Force, ■ that no three oar'd Gaily was able to refill them. Vitruvius makes mention of a certain kind of i Cart , whic: fhew d how many Miles it travel’d . in an Hour ; ’twas mov’d (like our Clocks) | t by Wheels, which every Hour call a Stone into I , a Balon ; but the Frequency ofth c latter hath j j render’d quite uielels the Invention of the for- mer ; ju t as Cannons and Piflois have ec li pled the Glory of the famous Inftrxments, and ini 1 1- I tary Engines in ufe among the Ancients, which L being unnecefTary, and now quite laid afide, j. it will not be pertinent to (peak of. The * Se&.II. Of the Quadriremes, 121 The COMMENTARY. (n) [Beautify 3 d with Gardens?^ Suetonius tells us in the Life of Caligula , that he made Liburnian Ships of Cedar , which were richly embellifh’d with ftudded Stems , and Party-colour’d Sails, and were nobly adorn'd with Porticos and Parlours , with Bagnios and Vines and variety of Fruit-Trees ; wherein the Lolling Emperour, amid ft the Luxury of Mu- fick, and other foft Entertainments, would touch on the Shore of pleafant Campania ; (o) [ Liburnian ] They are fo call’d, from a Region of that Name , lying between Illyria and Dalmatia . Some fay they are made like three-oar'd VefTels* but with brazen Beaks, ftrong for Pyracy, and ; of an incredible Swiftnefs. They are term’d by Lome, Turrit a, from the t Turrets they were adorn'd with ; which (as&r- visa tells us) ^grippa was the Inventor of, that they might fuddenly in a Fight, and unawares to the Enemy, be eredted on the Decks. For fa that of Virgil is to be underftood. Tanta mole viri turrit is Puppibus inflant. They had alfo Liburnian Chariots, made like their Ships, wherein the Roman Princes were wont to ride, according to that of Juvenal itg his third Satyr. — Turba cedente vehetur Dives , & ingenti cur ret fuper ora Liburno. — - “ The Crowd a rich Man Ihuns? t! Whilft o’er their Heads in huge Sedans he ruim §10 122 44444444444 44444444444 •^•■4"^ 5 e "44 4'4'4' 4 4 4" N v -K SW« NWX NV/X N'VX JvWXxv/X N'% >«/X X'VX V’/X VVX XWX X'Vx V'/X XWX X'/X VVX vv/x xy/x 44444444444 444444444 44 44444444444 SECTION III. Of Liberal Sciences in life among the Ancients, but now loft. CHAP. I. Of Mafic k- AVING in the Premises con- fider’d the Mechanical Arts , we come now to treat of Liberal Sciences , of which, now, there are not lo much as the leaft Foot Reps v remaining. One of theie is Mu lick , which was an- ciently a true and a practical Science. It appears from many Authors, that it did (p) affecd its Auditors with incredible Pleafure, in regard ] they heard Words together with the Melody : j With which, if we compare our Modem Mu- fick, this feems rude and barbarous, tickling only the Ear with Voice and Noife, without gratifying the Intellect with any Delight. Our modern Mufical Notes, had their Origi- nal from that facred Hymn to St. John , which [ a certain Monk compps’d in his Cioyfter, after c this manner* t f r T% 12 ; Sett. III. Of Mufck. VT queant l axis REfonare Fibris Mira Ge/forum FAmuli tuornm , SOLve polluti LAbii reattm. Santte Johannes. Out of this Song, did that religious Perfon take the firft Syllable of every Verfe, F'T, RE, MI, FA, SOL, LA, for the firft Notes of a Tune; which having taken into his Hand, he began to ling it, and to make his Voice unifon and agreeable to the Notes, which he had prick’d, and fet down in certain Lines. And upon this Pradlice and Harmony of Voi- ces, was rais’d and built a certain kind of Theory, which yet is neither a Science , nor that ancient Mathematical One, con fitting of feven Voices, according to F'irgil. Obloquitur mmeris feptem difcrimine vocum . . Cardinal Ferrara took a great deal of Pains in fearching after it, but all to no purpofe, fo that that Art is utterly loft ; for thofe that read the Books of this true Muftck, are at a Lofs how to praCtife it. The CO M ME NF ART. (p) did affetl its Auditors with incredible Pleafurel\ It would be an endiefs Task to fmg forth the Praifes, and to play o’er the various Encomiums of Mufick : It may fuffice to fay, that it is a noble Science, had in much Veneration among the Ancients ; which we fhali lefs wonder at, G 2 whsu 124 PANC I RO LLZ)S. Book I. when we ferioufly confider that it is a kind of Food and Nouri (lament to the Soul. And tho’ fome have cenfurd it as a Softnefs that enervates and weakens the Mind, inciting .down its Pow- ers into a poor Effeminacy yet we cannot but be taken with its lufcious Accents, when we think and obferve how much its Divinity hath been ador’d by Antiquity. Some Philofophers have fancy ’d all Nature Harmony, and the whole Frame of theUniverfe as one great Injlrumnt , tun’d into orderly and methodical Proportions. Ariftotle and Plato pre- fcrib'd Mufick, as a principal Ingredient of a liberal Education ; and that not only for its ravifhing Sweetnefs , but upon the account of its planting fuch Habits in the Mind, which have a Tendency to Virtue. Chiron, Achilles s Tutor, took care that his Pupil fhould be inftrutffed in Muftch, that he might tningle its Charms with the Noife of War. It is not convenient to want that Quality, which tames not only Men, but even foftens the Ferity of favage Beafts , which creates Relief, \and the mod cheering Refrefhments to a trou- bled Mind, and is the mod fovereign Balm for ja penfive Spuh Tis a mod obliging Diverfion among the Ladies, whole tender Paffions are varioudy mo- ved with loft Gales of harmonious Air * with whofe vocal Accents , if you temper the Breath of a melodious Lute, you will tranfport w r ith a Noife, that may be envy’d by the Spheres , and may equal almod th q Anthems and Conl'ort of the Geiedial Choir. CHAP. S eft. III. Of Hydraulic^ Mufick* 125 C H A P. II. Of Silent and Hydrardicl \ Mufick . r T'Here was another fort of Mufick, which they call’d Mute , or Silent , which was only ex^ prefs’d by the Gehures of the Hands, Feet and Head, which were very intelligible , and delight- ed and pleafed mod wonderfully the People, be- twixt the Adis upon the Stage. The Performers of this were call’d Mintich , and Pantomimes , as may be eafily gather’d from feveral Authors, ( q ) but chiefly from Cajfiodoras , who in his Book to Albinas, faith, that the An- cients call’d that Part of Mufick, Mute, which makes that to be underffood by Gefiure , which cannot better be fignify’d by the longue ot Pen. This Art is quite vanifh’d, of which there remains not the lead: Trace or Footfleps. And indeed ’tis no great matter, fince it was only for Pleafure , a thing not much to be admir’d or minded by Chriftians. (r) Ctefibius Barbaras, in the Time of Ptolomy 9 who ufurp’d the Surname of Euergetes , found at Alexandria in Egypt,* an tlydraula or Organ ? which was vocal, and founded by the Motion 1 of Water. It was like a round Altar , and had certain Pipes, that lay in the Water, which being mov’d by a Boy, were fill’d -with Air by >the help of fome Strings, or little Tongues in- cluded within, and fo breath’d forth Strains of mofi ravifhing Harmony, as Athenaus, Pliny, and Vitruvius inform us. G 3 Ter- 126 FA NCl'R'O LLVS. Book 1 . 1 ' Tertullian tells us in his Book De Anima , that (s) Archimedes, that famous Mathematician of Sjracufe, was the fir ft Author and Inventor of it. And he laith further, that it had many Pipes, through one of which it receiv'd Wind or Breath , as ours do. This Inftrument was .called Hydraulicum , from the Greek Words u%}, i. e. Water, and eiuhia, to found 5 and thofe that played upon them, were term'd Hy dr aula, who, among the Grecians , were thofe MuGcians, who fung to Organs infpir’d by Bellows , but yet artificially mov'd by Water. At Tivoli , not far from Rome, there is a Foun- tain Sonorous by the fame Art ; but I can fcarce believe it to be fo iweet and harmonious as the Hydrauiick Organ. The C O M M E N T A R T. (q) [But chiefly Cafliodorus.] His Words are thefe ; This Part of Mufick the Ancients call Mute, or filent , in regard the Mouth being fhut, it /peaks with Hands, and by certain Gefiiculations and Motions of the Body, .. makes thofe things intelligible, which can fcarce be exprefs’d either by Tongue or Pen. Thofe that are vers'd in this Art, are call'd Pan- tomimi, fo nam'd, from various or multifarious Imitation ; who do with certain Signs (as it were with Letters) teach and inftrudi the Sight of the Spectators, in whom you may read the Heads of Things as plainly as if written, they declaring as perfe&ly by the ABion of the Body, what others do notify by the Sound of Words. When ScSt. III. Of Hydraulic^ Mvjtck* 127 When Demetrius, the Cynicl^, faw in Nero’s Ti me a Mimick , perfonating the Adultery of Mars and Venus, he cry’d out with Amazement ^and Admiration ! I hear , O Mortal ! what \thou doji, as well as fee thee , who feemjl to fpeak with thy Feet and Hands, And that which adds to, and increafeth the Wonder, Js, that feveral Perfons were reprefented and £hewn in the very fame Dance. HiRory tells us, that a King of Pontus ask’d Nero for a Mimick , to be an Interpreter to Fo- reigners, who fignify’d and exprefs’d things fo [lively by his GeRures, and mov’d himfelf with ifuch Art and Dexterity, that he was eafily un- iderRood by all that faw him. (0 [Ctefibius.] This Perfon is much commended and applau- ded by HiRorians, as the Author and Inventor of the InRrument Hydraula; of which there is an excellent Defcription in Vitruvius and Aths- natts, from whom we may gather that it was very like an Organ , only in ours we fee 00 •Water. (/) [Archimedes of Syracufe.] Pliny, Vitruvius and Athenxtts, afcribe the In- vention to Ctefibius, You may fee an elegant Defcription of it in Claudia n, m the end of tht Panegyrick of Theodore, Et qui magna levi detrudens murmur a tafflu 3 Innumeras voces fegetis moderatur ahenee, Intonat err anti digito, penitufque trabali V efte, labor antes in carmina concitat undas . The mod portentous Piece of Magnificence done by Archimedes (feaxhTertullian) is this Hy- draulick Organ, which was enrich’d with fo G 4 many, 128 PA NC IROLLVS. Book I. many, and thofe various Parts, Members and Joints, which had fuch PafTages for Voices, fuch Communications of Harmony, fuch melodious Pipes and Conveyances of Sounds, and all com- prehended in one ALachine. Lucian introdueeth one big with Wonder, who, feeing five Dancers • ready for the Sport, to be all perfonated by one Man, accofis the ABor after this manner. The, Sir , you conjift but of one Body , yet l perceive you 0re aBuated by many Souls . CHAP. III. Of Attion. Hr Here is alfo another excellent Art, the very Bafts and Foundation of all Gracefulnefs j which is fo utterly profcrib’d and baniftfd out of the World, that no Man now a days under- ftands it, neither will any be at the Pains to en- quire or feel after it. And this (f) Art is Action , or the Motion and Management of the Hands and Looks ; for in all our Elocution we elevate our Hands, and when earneft in fpeaking, we move and agitate our Heads and Fingers, but oftentimes abfurdly. The Ancients went to School on purpofe to learn this Art, and we read (u) that Cicero made ufe of Rofcius and others to infirudt him in it, who, adapting their Gefture to their Difcourfe* did two or three times repeat them, till their ExpreJJions , fuitable to their Actions , left an Imprelfion upon them. And therefore when nAEfcbines , the Orator (after he was banifh’d from Athens J repeated an Oration of his Adver- fary Dmofihenesy and was applauded by all. What Seft. III. Of 'ASio*. 12? What would you fay (quoth he) if you had heard Demfthenes himlelf? Intimating thereby, that barely to read a Speech, is only to fee a dead Oration, which, when repeated with a graceful A 61 ion, and a becoming Gefture, is in-/ fpir J d with Vigour, Warmth and Life. There is fo much Power and Efficacy in this very Thing, that it is preferable^to all Things befides; and therefore Demofthenes being ask’d what %vas the chiefeft Part of an Orator, made Anfwer, Pronunciation ; and being ask’d what was the next, reply’d Pronunciation ; and what was the third, he told them again, Pronuncia- tion ; intimating thereby, that the greateh Excel- lency of an Orator is a graceful manner and way of (peaking. I have my felf beftowed fome Pains on the Study of this Art, and have found out fome Actions moil harmonioufly agreeing with fome kinds oi Expreffions ; but it was impoffible for me to obferve them all, who have fomething elfe to do. Their Orators were very much intent upon this Thing, efpecially on the Stage, where they were critically obferv'd and cenfur’d by their Auditors: And therefore Quintilian tells us, that when a certain Stage-Player, ikying, O Heavens / look’d downward , and afterward cry’d, O Earth ! and look’d upward , he was laugh’d at for a Fool, and was bifid off the Stage by the whole Theatre. This Art is quite loft, which could not be deliver’d down to us in Books, nor Pronuncia- tion neither. Italy, o’er-rui with fo much Bar- barity for fo many Years, could never obtain it, nor indeed as yet hath the got or acquir'd it, lb that it is utterly gone beyond all Recovery. G 5 fji*i i jo PJNC1R0LLVS. Book 1. Preachers ought chiefly to be concern'd in the reviving and cultivating this Art, who have Leifure enough, and do iufficientJy move, tho’ very often incongruoufly , in regard that Motion doth not confift in the Elevation of the Hand?,, according as we pleafe, but in adapting the Ge flare to the Words and Exprefiions, juft as a Dancer accommodates his Motion to the Sound of the Mufick, otherwife he is ridiculous. Thus much may fuffice to have laid of their Action . I fhall proceed to fay fomething of their Rites y Manners and Onflows, and fhali begin with their % Utters . The C O M M E N T A R T. (0 [This Art is Action.'] This kind of Action is call’d by Quintilian, Chironomia , i.e. the Motion of the Hand, which was much approv’d on by Socrates , and was lift- ed by Plato among the Civil Virtues; and is more charming and taking than any Voice whatloever ; tor in ail thole Things which re- quire Action, there is naturally a certain kind ©f Force and Energy, which ftrangely affebts the meaner lort of People., Words Icarce move a Man, but Action excites, and puts all the Powers ©i the Soul into a Ferment . (a) pCiccro made ufe of Rofcius.] The Roman as well as the Grecian Orator (we mean Demofthenes ) was very induftrious and painful in acting, and therefore was Scholar to Rofcius and iAEJop, two famous Players, the one a Comedian, and the other a Tragedian ; whom fie was fo famiiiar with, that he was a great ’ Friend to, and a zealous Patron and Defender of them ; fox he check’d the People in a certain Sett. III. Of Action. 1 3 1 Oration, for ditturbing Rofcius when he was a&ing his Poftures, and would oftentimes en- gage with the Player himfelf, whether the one could pronounce a Sentence in more different Tones and Geftures, or the other exprefs it in a greater Variety of Phrafe : By which Ettays and Exercifes, he at length arrived to fuch a Degree of Eloquence , that Cafar the Di&ator call’d him the Father of Eloquence. Neither was Vemofthenes lefs diligent in this kind of Study, who was wont to let and com- j pofe himfelf by a Glafs , and copyd the Getture of the Image in the Mirrour. He entenaiu’d one i Satyrus a Player as a Matter to inttru6l him, by w r hom he was much improv’d, and repeated fome Verfesof Sophocles and Euripides , with iuch a winning Grace, that they feem’d to be made i on purpoie for him, though before he utterly . delpair’d of this hurt at Oratory. He was af- terward fully convinc’d that there was nothing of Elegance or Beauty in an Oration, uniefs ic v ! be recommended by an agreeable Pronunciation, only with^this Provifo , that too much Curiofit y be not obferv’d in the Matter ; lett inttead of i being Orators, they unhappily degenerate and fink into Stage-Players. So much may fuffice for Action. CHAP. IV. •j Of the Characters of the Letters a fed by the Ancients . : A Ntiquity us’d only great Capital Letters, as : ** you may fee in ail their Marbles and Coin?- 132 PANCIROLLVS. Book!. Coins, never infcrib’d with any of the fmal'l Ones, they being afterward invented for more fpeedy writing. ( w ) The fame we may lay of lumbers, which were alfo exprefs’d by greater Notes; as for in dance, an I fignify’d One, an V. Five, an X. Ten, an L. Fifty, and a C. a a Hundred. There were afterward invented thefe mew Chara&ers, i, 5, 10, 50, 100 ; which, in the Language of Arabia (from whence they came) are call'd Algorifmi , which Word is com- pounded of AL, the Arabian Panicle, and JesO.ufc, which fignifies Number. The Ancients did not write on Leaves divided and folded into Quartos, &c. but they wrote only on onelideof the Page, quite down to the bottom of the fame, to which, for Firmnefs fake, and to make it the dronger, ( ,v ) they glew’d a Stick of Cedar, ivory, or Ebony ; the Pummels or Ends whereof were fortiiy’d with the Ornaments (for Beauty's lake) of Gold and Silver, and Ibmetimes of Gems, and precious Stones; fothat they wound up their Pages into feveral Rolls , from whence came the Word Fo~ fame, a volvendo, from rolling up. Suetonius obferves, that Julius Cafar lent Let- ters to the Senate, not written thwart the Paper,, as the Confuls and Roman (j) Generals were wont to write; but he folded a Page like one of our Books, or fas he fpeaks) he model’d hi& ‘Epidles into the Shape and Form of a Memoran- dumrBook, The poorer fort of People turn’d the other Side of the Paper in all their Writings. Cicero tells us that he was varioufly a deeded with the Letters of his Tyro , being vex’d at the Srd Page, but pleas’d' with the next: For they ■were wont to (^) V* ermilm the Titles of their Works, Seft.III. Of the Char afters of the^c. 133 Works, and to rub their Paper with the 0) Oil of Cedar, to preferve it from putrifying, and to keep it from Worms, and to give it a (cent, and to make it fmell tweet, as F’itrtivius informs us, in the pth Chap, of his 2 d Book of Archi- tecture. In which place he means not that Juice of Cedar, which the Latins call Citrum {from whence comes your Citron Apple) but an Ex- tract from that Cedar, which grows in Mount Libanus , and refembles Juniper. Many Authors mention it, among whom, Ovid in his Trijlibus , Nec Titulm mnio , nec Cedro charta notetur . And when any one wrote learnedly, this was the Encomium they gave of him Cedro digna locutus i.e. He had done fomething wor- thy ofEternity ; for Things tin&ur’d with the Oil or Sap of that Tree, were Proof again ft the Attacks of Moths and Corruption. And here we may obierve that the Ancients for the moft part wrote but on one Side of the Paper, and feldom on both; for Pliny tells us, in the firft Epiftie of his third Book, that his Uncle had left an hundred and fixty Commen- taries, which were (b) Opifiographi 9 i. e. wrote on both Sides, and endors’d too; which it -had, been fuperflucus to have mention’d, ifthatway of writing had been obferv’d by every one. And Juvenal (peaks of a long-winded Tragedy endors’d o’er the Leaf. And. Martial tells us, that his Book was writ on both Sides, which he therefore mentions, becaufe ’twas a thing not us’d and praCfis’d. And indeed there waslome Reafon for that way of writing, for they that us’d it, roll'd up the Leaves like a Fohime* W e might i 3 4 PJNCIROLLVS. Book f. might add foine more, but for brevity fake we fhall wave and omit them. Their Superfcriptions on their Letters were alfo different from ours, for they mention'd as well the Name of the Writer , as they did of the Re- ceiver : But our way is much the fafer, which exprefTes only the Name of the Party to whom it is directed. I could mention alfo feveral oilier little Matters , but they are of no Moment, or of little Concernment. But I cannot omit and pafs by in Silence, that Cuftom among the Poets of rehear jing their Verks to their Friends, that were invited to hear them ; there being fcarce a Day in April (as Pliny tells us) without a Repetition, (c) Virgil repeated fome of his Books with fogood a Grace , that fome of his Auditors wilh’d they could lieaihis Mouth. When he came to that Verfe, Si qua Fata afpera rampas, Tn Marcellas eris he fpake fo pathetically, that Marcellas his Mo- ther fainted away , and dropt down into a Swoon ; but (he prefented him afterwards with I ten Seflerces for every Verfe. fn the lad Age, Boiardus repeated his Poem at Ferrara , and be- caufe it w r as divided into Sonnets, which were rehears'd in a Tune, 'twas therefore intituled by the Name of Cantos. . Afinius Pollio is faid to be the fir ft that in- troduc'd this Cuftom, which is now quite laid 1 a fide. They were alfo wont after Vintage to begin fo ftAdy about Midnight 3 as may be gather'd from JuvenaL Poft Se&. HI. Of the Charters of the, &c. 135 Poft finem Autumni media de nocle fupimm Clamofas Jnvenem Pater excitat, accipe ceras* Surge Pacr, vigil a — — “ Now Autumn’s pa ft, “ The bawling Father, to his Son fnorting faft, “ At Midnight cries, wake Boy, take Paper, draw ** (And look you fleep not o’er’t) a Cafe in Law. The COMMENTARY. The Invention of Letters is much controverted by Authors. It is commonly fuppofed they were found out by the Phoenicians , which Lacan intimates in his third Book, when he thus | Lings. Phxnices prim (Fama ft creditor} aufi Man jar am rudibus vocem fignare Figuris. “ Phoenicians that (if Fame we dare believe) “ To human Speech- firft Characters did give, (jr) [We may affirm the fame alfo of Numbers.'] Concerning Numeral Notes or Characters, you may read Eudans ae Affie , where he fhews this way of writing (for Brevity fake) by Notes, i us’d among the Ancients, to be very uncertain. ! Thefe Characters were far different from thofe, from whence it is clear that many Interpreters I have fallen into Errors, by following the cor- I rupt Copies of thofe Librarians that us’d them. (at) [Did glew a Stick of Cedar , &c.J In old Times, a whole Book was written in | one continu'd Page, neither did they cut their j Books into many Leaves, and bind them up as . we do; but one entire Page, in which the Book was written, was wont to be roll’d up upon a Staff, \ 1 36 PANCIROLLZJS. Bock I Staff, or round Piece of Wood, Horn or Bone, fatten'd at the end thereof, in manner as large Maps are now a days with us. Hence it is a volvendo , that we call our Books Volumina , Vo* lumes. This Staff being in the Middle of the Book, •when roll’d up, was by Similitude called Umbi- licus, or the Navel, and was always fattened at the end of the Page ; hence, when apply’d to a Book, it fignifies the End thereof. Horace tells us he brought his Poem ad Umbilicum, i.e, to the End ; for the whole Page being unfolded, they came to this Umbilicus. The two Pummels or Ends of this Staff, which jutted out, and appear’d at each end of the Volume, they call'd Cornua , which w r ere wont to be tipp'd with Silver or Gold, or otherwife adorn'd. The Title, which was at the begin- ning of the Book, was term'd From. Hence Ovid to his Book — Candida nec nigra Cornua Front e geras. i. e. they were beautify'd and adorn'd with Gold and Silver. ( y ) As Confals and Roman Generals us’d,&:c.'] When the Roman Emperors had atchiev d glo- rioutty, the Letters, that were Heralds of their Viddories and Triumphs, were crown'd with Laurel, which Marcellinus calls Laureate. Pliny was not ignorant of this, w'hen he laid, that Laurel, the Meffenger of Joy and Conquett, was fatten’d to their Letters and to the Pikes of their Soldiers. (*’) [ffere wont to Vermilion their Titles . ] Hence came the Word \_Rubnck~] for an In- scription or Title, which the Ancients, ‘together x with pe&. III. Of the Char afters of the, &C. 137 [with the Heads of their Law?, were wont to write with Vermilion, or feme other red Colour for more cafy Dijlinttion , and for the Aid fiance of the Memory, or for a more ipeedy Difcovery of their Obfervations and Remarks. Concern- ing this tincturing of their Laws with red, we read in Juvenal. Perlege Ruhr as Major urn leges Read the old Law Rubrick. Perhaps Antiquity might do this, to add more Grandeur and Ma- ;efty to their San&ions, which being (as it were) in a fcarlet Dye, might feem to threaten and breathe out fomething that is tragical and bloody. (4) With the Oil of Cedar.'] Cedro digna locutus. This is a Proverbial Speech apply d to him, whole florid Orations for Ele- gancy of Style* and Solidity of Matter, do challenge an Immortality, and defer ve to be celebrated, and to be embalmed with Praifes to all Pofterity. Horace alludes to it in his Art of Poetry. - Animos aerugo, & cur a Peculi Cum femel imhuerit , fperemus Carmina fingi Pojfe linenda Cedro-, & levi Jcrvanda CupreJJo ? “ When once the canker’d Rufl, “ And Care of getting thus our Mind hath Aain’d, “ Think we, or hope there can be Verfes feign’d, ANCIROLLV S. Book L 'Amphitheatrales nos comment Amur ad ufus, Cum tegit d genus noftra Lacerna togas. In wet 'Weather, inftead of a Mantle, they fiad a leathern Cloak made of Skins, as Martial tells us in the afore-cited Place. They wore no Stockings^ as you may -fee in Statues, and there- fore when dufty, they, daily wafh’d. Plutarch tells us that Cicero wore a long Gown, on pur- pofe to hide his Vein-fmi'n. Feet; and Pom-gey fwath’d a little Bunch upon his Leg, which - made one merrily fay in a Jeft, [That he wore that 'Diadem on -his Feet , which Princes were wont to carry on their Heads.'] There is a Law- extant in the Codes oCThcodofius, forbidding to carry Breeches to Rome. When they were fick, they* wore Linen Stockings, cullender d , as it were, with Holes at bottom, and ty’d them with Garters (call'd Crurules) as is eafily feen in ma- ny Marble Statues. 5 . The Infantry or Foot, wore on their Legs a . certain kind of Harnels, call’d (p) Caliga , from whence they were call'd Milites Caligati . They had alfo another kind of Garment, call’d Sagum, and Chlamys , which they ty’d under their Chin ; but when they went to fight, they threw- it upon their Shoulders, and to be more fit for Addon, they girt it to them, as you may fee in Plutarch , and in ancient Monuments. Our Habit is agreeable to that of the Roman In- fantry. 6. The Nobility and Roman Knights wore Xq) Shooes of Leather, call’d Perones , which reach'd up to their Knees, and alfo another fort refembling thofe of our Capuchins , only with this Difference, thefe ty’d theirs with a Cord , and Z they Seft. IV. Uf the Cittfp or Fibula, &c. 14$ they with a Woollen' 'Rope,- or String, as may be Teen in many Marble Statues. The Senator's Tew’d the Picture of the Aloon made of Purple to their Shooed, which Shooes they call'd MaHeL Plutarch tells us the Reafon of this was to re- mind them of the Vicifhtude of fickle Fortune, wjiich is lbmetiir.es clear; and fometimes cloudy^ now in th e/#//, and anon in the wane. Some give this Reafon, becaufe a Crefcent or ^ Half- Moon TefemblCs a Roman C, which figni fief an Hundred; intimating thereby, that tire Number of the Senators were at fir ft a full Hundred, and no more. Dio tells us that Senators went bare- foot, without any Shooes, except only when they met in publick ; and if fo, then much more -may we conclude that others did fo : Of which therefore we have the lefs reafon to doubt, in regard it appears that our (r) Elejfed Saviour went without Shooes the greateft part of hh Life; and therefore when he enter’d the Houfe of Simon the Leper, Mary Magdalen wafh’d his * Feet with her Tears, and wip'd them with the Hairs of her Head. Simon neglebkd this Cere- mony of waftiing us’d tovvards Strangers, who, becaufe ttnfhod, did therefore more need this civil Ufage. The Grecians wore a Alantle , which was a ki nd of a Cloak, but without a Collar ; and tire Hebrews alfo wore one which was tquare at Top, as you may read in Ifaiah, and in othes Places of Holy Scripture. Lattantius Firtmamu averrs^ that our Saviour’s 'Garment divided by the Soldiers, was no other but a Mantle ; but the feamlefs Coat (which is laid to be fecn at Franckfort) was entire to him to whom it fell by Lot. 150 FANCIRO LLV S. Book L 0) Here arifeth a great Quefiion , whether the Ancients wore any covering upon their Heads or not, in regard we cannot find they did, either from their Coins or Statues: That they wore not a Cap like half an Egg-fhell, is clear from their Medals,* for this Cap was only given to Freemen, as a Token of their ManumJJion . Be- lades, Suetonius tells us, that Julius Cafar per- ceiving his Baldnefs to be liable to Flouts, was wont to pull his thin Locks from his Crown $ and that when he could not this way hide his Infirmity, he was wont to wear a Crown of Laurel, which had been altogether needlefs, if covering of the Head had been then in ufe. On the other fide, the fame Hiflorian informs us, that Augufius not being able to endure the Winter Sun, was wont never to go abroad with- out a Hat. And Plutarch writes,, that when j Draco publifh’d his fevere Laws, which made Herb Jlealing Capital, the People was fo enraged and incenfed again!! him, that they threw their Coats and their Hats at him, and ran away. We may add to this, that Hats were us'd again!! the Heat of the Sun. And the fame Author af- firms, that Sylla never ro'fe up, or uncover d his Head, but when Pompey approach’d him; And Varro adds further, that it was order'd accord- ing to an ancient Cuftom, that every one fhould be uncover d at the Approach of a Magi (irate, and that more for Health , than Refpeb! or Ce- remony. I do not undertake to decide this Contro- verfy, but leave the Point to be determin'd by others. But ’tis clear and evident, that the Cap call’d Biretum, was in Fafihion in the Year 1170 y it was black and. conical like a Pyramid. For Seft. IV. Of the Clafp or Fibula, &c. 151 For Nicetas tells us in the Life of Alexins Comne ms, that when Andr omens Comnenas was made Emperor, his black and pyramidal Cap (which he had) being taken away, there was foijled up- on his Head in the room of it, a red, or a kind of a Purple Mitre. And afterward, being de- pos’d from his Empire, he reaffum’d his former Cohering, which he call’d Barbaricum. And the fame Author relates, that when Baldwin and Richard , the Generals of the Latin Army, were taken and brought to Ifaac Angelas, Emperor of Conftantinople, they took off their Caps ( Bireta ) and made their Honours to the Emperor ; yea. Emperors themfelves (as we have faid) were wont to cover their Heads. The Romans were all (t) Jhaven , and wore their Hair two Fingers long, and curl’d up into Rings, till the Time of Adrian, who was the firft that wore his Beard fo long, that it might: be tuck’d under his Chin. Others imitated him afterwards, as Dio reports. And therefore all the Emperors were (haven till Adrian, but the rell wore Beards. In Times of mourning, they fuffer’d their Beards and their Hair to grow to a Length. Livj tells us, that when Atanlias Capitolinas was thrown into Prifon, a great part of the Commo- nalty chang’d their Cloaths, and w r ore long Beards, and longer Hair ; and fo did Scipio Ajricanas (as G Alius tells us) when impeach’d, neither did he put off his white Gown. The CO M ME N T A R T. (0 [The Clafp wherewith the Ancients , 8 tcJ Very great and frequent was the ufe of this Clafp, which was a Thing extreamly neceffary, H 4 . and - 2 /> 2 FAN C IR OLLVS. Book h and worn at length to a mo ft exorbitant Luxu- ry. For formerly the Tribunes' only in the ^ man Legions . were allowed to wear golden Clalps, the common Sddkrs having their Belts and other Accoutrements only adorn’d with Stiver. Afterward, through Corruption of Manners, by Excefs and Luxury, Julius Cafar , after a great Victory , aftedfed Luch Gallantry and Sprucenefs in his Men, chat he would have them adorn'd with Silver and Gold, and to fltine and glitter in poliftfd Armour ; yea, he indulged them the # Liberty cf all lalcivious Pomp, boafting their Valour even amidft the Softnels of Perfumes and Ointments . Aurelian and Leo the Emperors, firft favour’d the Soldiers with the golden Gain. Fibula Sometimes fignify’d a Pair of Breeches 9 11 worn by Youth to cover their Nakednefs, when exercis'd in the Field in Feats of Activity ; and they that wore them were called Cinttuti by Ovidy and Succiritti by Pap. Statius. Though in- deed it was not fo much us’d to hide their Shame y as to cool the Heats of rampant Fenery, left Comedians and Muftcians, too much ad- dicted to thole kinds of Plea fu res, lliould con- tract an Hoarfenefs from their lihutty Enjoy*- merits; and left their Senfaality fhotild Ipoii : i their Mufidy and too much of the Cyprian fhould injure the Syren . Wherefore laith 'Martial in one of his Epigrams in the 14th Book; What Good doth this Fibula do? It makes them only tommit at greater Expence, for Wantonnefs will purchafe an Embrace at an higher Price from | gutters and Flayers, <0 ITh Seft. IV. Of the Ctajp or Fibula, &c. iff: (l) [They all jf ore it except the Senator s, &c.} The Senators wore a fort of Coat made com- monly of white Cloth, but purfled over, ancl embroider’d with Studs of Purple/ in manner of broad Nail Heads, from whence it was call’d Lati Qavia , or Lotus- Clavus. \ and the dPerfons wearing this Coat, were (as we (aid) Senators, and were call’d Lad Clavii. There was another fort belonging to Roman Knights, and it differ'd' in making from the firfionly in this, that the Purple Studs or embroider’d Works of this, were not fo broad as the former, whence the Coat was call’d Angujli-Clavia, or Anguftus-CU- vw, and the Perfons wearing it were cal fd *4#- guJli-CUvii. (/) [Call'd Subucula, &C.2 Se the inward Garment was call’d, and was commonly meaner than what was worn out- wardly, which generally was fpruce and" neat; wherefore Horace oppofeth (by way of Antithesis j the one to the other, ftyling the latter [Fexam\ trim and fine; the former [Tritam'] threadbare and tatter’d. . — , Si forte Subucula Vex a Trita fubefi Tunic #--* — - - M If thou doft wear “ Under thy nappyTunicka thread-bar® “ And ragged Garment (mf Stomachers ,- &c.] Call'd Captda , quia Fettus capiunt , i.e. cover and embrace the Bread. They were wonc to fwathe their Bofoms, which Swathings did not only ferve to reftrain and check within Bounds the foft Smiling: of Virgin- Paps, as - Martial Speaks, *$4 PANCIROLLVS. Book ( Fafcia , crefcentes Doming compe fee papillas )1 but chaBen’d and corredted the fuperfluous Big- iiefs and Luxuriance of extravagant Shoulder?. Thofe Girding? and Bindings reSify’d the Irre- gularities and Deformities of their Bodies. («) [Calfd Lacerna, &c.] Some tran Bate it a Goal, others will have it" to be a little kind of Hood , worn as a Fence, againft Rain and the Weather. It was made fo, that either Side might be worn outward, and at firft it was only put on in War ; fo that La- cernati (iood in oppofition to Togati. Afterward . we may conjecture it was made longer, after the manner of a Goal, for it was divers times worn upon their Coats inBead of Gowns. ( 0 ) U n rain J Weather a leathern Cloak made of Pelts, or Skins , &e] Penula, quafi pend ala, we may englidi it an flanging Cloak ; Martial calls it Scortea, for the Ancients Byl’d (Pellis, a Skin or Hide) Scortnm , . and from thofe kind of Pelts, Harlots were term’d Scorta , Lelies ; either becaufe (as fome think) they us’d them for their Beds, or (as ethers) at Pellicula fabigantar ; fo that Scortam fcorteum , is taken in Apuleius for an old Whore, wrinkled and fhrivel’d like a Pelt or Hide. ( p ) [Call d Caligse, &c.} Thefe kind of Things were Budded with Mails* and were the only Shooes peculiar to the common andinferiour Soldiersi and becaufe Cams Cafar , Tiberias his SuccefTor, was bred up, and convers’d daily with th zGregarian Soldiers. From thefe kind of Shooes (which to ingratiate liunielf with the Vulgar he commonly us’d) he had. his N&mz. Cahgvla* Hence we read of Cali- gat a Sed. IV. Of tlx Clajp 01* Fibula, &c . 15$ gat a militia, and of Caligati ntilites , for private and common Soldiers. DifcinEli , ungirt, dilTo- Jute, are look’d upon as flothful, cowardly, un- fit for War; but PraanEU, well girt, and well appointed, are fuppos’d to be flrong and coura- gious ; wherefore Juvenal puts Caligatum for a bold and valiant Warriour. Adjutor gelidcfs veniam caligatus in agros. i. e. Vtlut audax miles ; like a flout and refolute - Soldier. (q) [ They wore Shooes. There were two forts of Shooes. 1. SoleaJ^ which was the Sole of the Shooe, call’d Crepidu- la , and in Cicero 3 s Time, Gallic a ; S twas ty 5 d on the bottom of the Foot with a leathern Strap, and fo was worn inflead of Shooes. 2. Calcei 9 of which there were divers Sorts, to diflinguifh the Reman People, which (omitting the variety of Colours) we may reduce to five Heads, all made half up the Leg, like Tuikifh Shooes, and were either lac’d clofe* as many of our Boots are now a days, or elfe clafp’d vt\xh.~Taches or Hafps: and they are thefe following, viz. x. Mullci, from the Fifh Mullus, being like it in Colour. They were alfo call’d Calcei JLunati, from their Clafps, which were made in fafnion like an Half-Moon, which Cref- cent relembling a Roman C, fignify’d an > Hundred, intimating thereby that the num- ber of Senators (they being only permitted ■* to wear that kind of Shooe) were at firft a full Hundred, and no more. Some are of Opinion that they wore this Aloon-Clafp , to ' remind them that the Honour they ha^d l at-- 15$ PANCIROLLVS . Book I. attain’d to, was as mutable and variable as that changeable Body. 2. Uncinati , {uch as were worn by the com- mon Soldiers ; they are fuppofed to be the fame with the Caliga, from whence Caligula the Emperor had his Name, 3. Per ones , which (as we may conjedure) were lac’d up the Leg, and were without Half-Aioon Clafps, being call’d Calcei'puri Cqaoniam ex puro Curio fatti ) i.e. made of pure Hide, which all other Romans wore with this Note of Diftinction; that the Shooes of the Magifira^es were befet with precious Stones, but the private Men’s were nor. 4. Cothurnus, which was a Shoos, worn by Tragedians, reaching up half the. Leg, like Buskins. ‘y .SoccHs, which was anjhigh Shooe wore by Comedians, reaching up to the Ankle, which were fuch as Ploughmen wore to fecure their Feet. (r) (Our Saviour went without Shoots.'] He commanded the Difciples to do the like ; which Adamaptius interprets , after this manner, viz,. That their feet, ready and fwift to declare the, Eternity of a blefl'ed Life, fhould be free from all Token or Emblem of Mortality. Mo/es was fhodai his Departure front Egypt, but at his Afcenfion \ to the. Mount, to attend there on Divine My fteries, he was commanded to, loofen the Latchet of his. Shooes, becaufe the Place he flood on was holy, Ground, i. e. to calf away the Signs and Indications of Morta- lity, which (as Pterins tells us) is fignify’d by 0 ) Seft vIV. Of the Clafp or Fibula*, dfa. t 517 ( s ) [Whether the Ancients wore any thing* upon , their Heads or not . ] That they wore a. certain Cap call’d Eire turn, wc have ibine reafon to deny, tor they- ,w ere either bare-headed, or die, cover’d them vwitht fame kind of Garment ; wherefore no Caps are . to be feen either in their .Statues or their Skedals, neither doth Homer mention either Hat or Cap ; So that the Fafhion of bare Head feems to be derived from Greece, where the covering of the Head was not at all in.ufe. But to return to the Romans ; Suetonius reports that Julius Cafar was fo much concern'd at his bald Pate,, . that he took nothing more kindly from the Senate, than the Privilege of wearing a Crown of Laurel y * which there had been no need of, if Caps had been in ufe. . But here we muft difHnguifh betwixt Times. and Men, .both, which had the Prerogative of cqver d Heads. 1. By Times, we are. to underhand (accord- ing to Lipftus ) facred Rites or Sacrifices, Sports . or Games, Peregrinations and Warfare, Satur- nalia , and the lrke* 1. As for Rites and Sacri- fices, they were always perform’d with cover’d H^ads ; whence the Flamen Dtilis (the Chief Prieft) feems to have his Name. Fl amines, qua fi Filaminej , becaui? his Head was cover’d, and encircled with a woollen Fillet. The Pagan . Priefts had a Cap upon their Heads, which when they coujd not endure for Heat, they bound them with a woollen Filament , and were call’d Flamines, quafi Pileamines, from, their Caps, or quafi Fil amines, from that Fillet or Flammenm. , which is a remarkable kind of cover ring. 2. Al Sports ^nd Games alfg their Heads. were i 5 8 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. were cover'd ; efpecially in thofe that were in honour of Saturn , Caps were allow’d, as a Token and Sign of their Manumiflion and Li- berty. 3. And fo they were likewife in their Pilgrimages and Travels; and that with Hats , which were margin d with Brims, as a commo- dious Shelter, and an excellent Pent-houfe againft the Sun and Weather. Plautus defcribing a Soldier in his March, faith, he had a Chiamys , a Machara , (a Sword) and Petafum , an Hat. And fo Auguftus is fa id never to take the Air without an Hat at Home; which ExprefTion at Home) is fomewhat emphatical , as if it was a new thing to go covered any where el fe but on the Road. 4. and ladly, In Wars alfo (as V egetitu tells us) the Soldiers wore leathern Caps, which they call’d Pannonicu 2. As for Men. 1. Servants made free, fhav’d their Heads, and put on Caps, as a Token of their Liberty. 2. The Sick were alfo excus’d from the Ceremony of a bare Head, who there- fore for their Health were allow’d to wear Caps. Thus Ovid inftrudling his Lover how to feign an lilnefs, among other Symptoms bids him wear a Cap. So that you fee that ail Peribns Whatever, except the afore-mentioned, went bare and uncover’d. We do not much value the Authority of Pliny and Plutarch , of Salu[l and Seneca, and ieveral others, who tell us that Men put off their Hats toPerfons of Worth and Honour, in token of Refpedt they paid to them; for that covering inu(f either be underftood of thole that are wont to be cover’d, as Soldiers with their Helmets, and Priefis with their Veils, Servants with their Caps, and all Men with their Hats in Rain, or an Se& JV. Of the Habit of Emperors. 159- an Umbrella againft the Heat of the Sun ; or elfe the covering or uncovering of the Head, is not to be meant lo much of a Cap, as of a Piece of their Gown, which they laid upon their Heads againft Heat or the Wind, and threw it off upon occafion, as often as they met any Perfon of Honour. (0 [ The Romans were Jkaven, and wore long Hair , &c.] Concerning the Beard and Hair, you may read the Gleanings or Collections o {Philip Came - rarim, out of the federal Fields of various Hi* ftory. Twas a Cuftom among the Romans, both Princes and Citizens, to /have their Chins, which Fafhion continu’d till the Time of Adrian (who was the firft that wore a long Beard) uni lefs upon an occafion either of Grief or Guilt. C FT A P. III. Of tfx Habit of Emperors. H E Roman Emperors wore a certain kind of a Garment call’d Paragaada , or Pal* mata, which was a Purple Gown embroider’d with Gold and Margarite^. There were ufually both their own, and'the Pictures of their Arj- ceftry inferred into it, as Aufonias tells us in his Panegyrick to Gratian, where he mentions this Palmata , or Palm embroider’d Gown, into which was wrought the Fixture of Conflamiw. ThtS was a I fo the Robe of thoie that tri- umph’d ; for Plutarch writes, that Paulas sAEwi- lins perform’d that Solemnity in iuch a Veft- ment. In a Book of the Dignity of the Roman Empire^ on the Enfigns of thole. Soldiers calf’d i&o PANCTR O'LLV S. Book I. Happy Valentinians , is to be feen an Emperor- in a Purple Garment, reaching down to the middle Leg, with Gloves on. his Hands - and as far as* can be dilcern’d, that Pidture reprefented FaUn- tinian the Emperor, They wore gilt SmrM. in Ivory Scabbards, as it appears from feveral Verfes in Firgil , , Humero fimul exult enfem Aur at um , mira quern fecerat arte Lycaon Gncffius , atque babilem vagina aptarat Eburna. And in the beginning of the ekventh Book the fame Poet Grigs thus. •>- Enfim collo fufpendit Ebtirntim, On the middle of the Scabbard they fix’d Stars* oCJ.afper, ,.as the fame Author (hews in his 4th' Book. — — - Illi fUllalus lafpidefulva Etifis erst -r (xx) Emprefies alfo wore the fame Garment ^ for Maro deferibing Livia her Garment, calls ir * Pallam fignis auroque rigentem. Women wore the Toga and Pallium, and ever them a long Garment call’d Palla. But to return to Emperors ; they of Conftand^ nople wore Purple Shooes, as Nicetas tells us in the Life of Alexius Cmnems, where he faith, that Andrcnictu Comnenus, when infialfd into the Imperial Dignity, was placd on a gilded Throne (ufual for Emperors) and had a Purple ■Cap on, which, when he was depofed, he laid afide together wkh his Purple Shooes. The Grecian, Emperors wore a Purple Mantle iiud- Se£t. IV. Of the Habit of Emperors. l6l ftudded with Jewels, fuch as was the Helmet of V dlentinian the Emperor, as Awmawu Marcellinus writes. Zonaras tells us in the Life of Jufti- man, that it was cjjftomary for thole that a p- i proach'd the Emperor and the Emprefs, to pay, their Homage by FroRration on the Ground ; i and that this was done by Gelimero , King of the I Goths, when he was brought by Beliz,ariw his General, wdio by a Go nqueft oer that people, recover’d a great part of Italy . (») Trabea w r as a Gown made wholly ^)f Pur- pie, which was worn by Confuls. Pratexta was the Garment of Proconfuls and Praetors: But of this we fpake before, and therefore fhall wave an impertinent Repetition. But now 4 , all thefe P y together with the. Magistrates , are I quite out of JDoors, The CO M ME NT ART.' 00 [Paragauda or Palmata, &cl\ Paragauda is fo call'd, either becaule ’tis the . Grace or Ornament, and (as it were) the Gau~ diHw, or Joy, or Fejtivity of a Garment; or be- . caule quaft .'/Titgy, Caudam y near the Skirt, Extre- mity, or Borders of a Robe. The Veftment %1 d Palmata was a triumphal Garment, inter- woven with Palm and Threads of Gold. Palm was an Emblem of Vidory, becaule Conqueft (like that) fhrinks and yields to no Pre(Ture«s whatever, but ftoutly bears up againft all Ho- Rility. That thefe Paragauda were filken Vef- tures wrought with Gold, and to be worn by-, none but by Princes and their Families, is clear and manifelh fopifew writes, that Zunlian the Emperor was the firft that gave them to the Soldiers, whereas before they wore ttrait Purple ones i I Si PANCIROLLVS. Book. I. ones; and th tfc Par Uganda, according to the Number of the golden Threads, were call'd Mo* nolores , Dilores. Trilores. Sic. even to Renta* lores . (w) [Trabea, &c.J ' This was of three forts; the firft woven all of Purple, which was confecrated to the Gods ; the fecond was Purple woven upon white, and this was only for Kings and Confuls ; the third was Scarlet woven upon Purple, and this pecu- liar to the Augurs only,, and therefore Twas call’d Trabea Augur alis, the fecond was call’d Regia, and the third Confecrata . 00 [ Call'd Falla.] According to Tarro it is fo ftyl’d, quia pal am & fcris ewtar,and reaches quite down to the very Ground. Virgil intimates that it was very long, when he lings thus in the i ith ofhis MELmds. Pro crinali auro , pro Pongee tegmine Palla ; Tigridis exuvice per dorfam a vert ice pendent. Hence Men of Mufick (which feme call Fid- lers) are Paid ( trahere Pallamj by the afore* cited Author, who have in their Rear a long Train fweeping the Ground after them. And though this kind of Garment was fometimes us’d by thefe Men of Mirth, yet Nonius tells us that it was proper to Women, and was worn by the molt vertuous and mode ft of the Sex. Some de- rive it M &,7nLhKnv % .u e. from the Motion o its lower Parts, or becaufe J tis curfd up in Plaits or Folds fparkling with Jewels. Ulpian alfo reckons it among Female Habiliments. (xx) [Ewpreffes alfo wore the fame Garment, Sic.J ■■ For the Wife fhines with her Husbands Luftre, v and the Honour of the latter refleds an Efteem - Seft. IV. Of the Manner of 3 &c. x6^ E flee ai and a Dignity upon the former. For fince they are two in one Flcfh, and Sharers in Right both divine and humane, the Law thought it incongruous for one to increase, and the other to wane ; for the Man to be vertical in the higheft Point of Eminency, and the Woman to decline , and not rival him in the fame Pitch of Glory, efpecially fince nothing can be more proper than for a marry’d Pair to partake alike of the Contingencies that may happen, be their State an adverfe ora profperous -Fortune, CHAP. IV. Of the Manner of fainting Emperors. 0)THEY that fainted Emperors kifs’d not A their Knees , as the Cu flora is now a days, no, nor their Hands neither; but they kneefd and touch’d their Purple Garment, and therefore they were faid to adore it. Tis ufuai with fome, even at this Time, to kifs their Garments whom they honour and efleem. The CO M ME NT A R Y. ( y ) Saluting with the Ancients was the fame with adoring, which is properly ad ora movere 7 to move towards the Mouth. And this was ob- ferved in the worfhipping of the Gods; for many Handing at a didance, and.- fearing to touch the facred Deities with their profane Mouth?, did reach forth, their Hands, and then clap’d them to their Lips, and fo kifs’d ’em. And lb they that fa luted a Prince were faid to adore his facred, Purple, becaufe. as foon as ever a <4 PJNCIROLLVS. Book!. csrcr they had touch’d his Purple Robe, they put their Hands to their Mouths, and kiis’d ’em. And hence (I fuppcfe) is the CuRora -of. la-lu- ting with a Kifs, But though this Ceremony of Ofculation was efieem’d fitch an Honour, as "that none but DomeRicks and Guardians of Princes in faluting their Vice- Roys, w ere Buf- fer’d to ufe it ; yet in the Reign of Tiber ins, this Ufage was fo frequent, that it -was forbidden by a Law, a Befides, from that ancient Rite of adoring, Ms probable that the Cufiom of a Paifer-main (of ki fling the Hand) fo ufual in Italy, did fpring and proceed. Nay, this Mode of killing was not only confin’d to that Part or Member, but through the Pride and Infolence of Dignity and Grandeur , it defcended to th o Knees', yea Roop’d fo low as the very Feet too. Bio tells us, that Pomponius Sccundus, when he was Con- fui, and fitting pretty near the Feet of Caligula, cring’d, down, fo low as to kifs them; and Seneca infprins .us, that C. Cajar Rretch d. out his right Foot to be kifs’d by Pwtpey* CHAP. V. Of a Diadem . Ob) A Diadem was a little Cap, like one half of an Hand-Ball of the bigger Size, which being put upon the Head, was bound about with a white Swathe. Both 'Kings and Emperors wore them for Ornaments? out Crowns on our Coins do not a little referable them; but now Diadems arc quite laid afide. SfecL IV. Of a Diadem. i $5 Emperors ty’d their Belts vHth a Jewel (which Belt it fell was adorn’d with Gems) as we find that Charinus did, who wore Pearls even in his ’ Shooes. Maximin the younger wore a Brea ft- plate of Gold and' Silver, which was firh us v d by the Ptolomy s. And' (as Capitolina informs us) he made golden and filver Swords and Helmets, ftudded and enrich’d with precious" Stones, and icy d\d Gal lie ms the fame. Herodian tells us in his 5 th Book, that Macfims was the fir ft Empe- ror 'that wore any of thefe Belts adorn’d with Gold >er Pearl ; and in his 8th he faith, that Fire, together with Rods of Laurel, were car- ry’d before Emperors by tali Men of a large Proportion. The CO M ME NT ART, (z.) [Diadem. ] ’Tis call'd^ by Suidas, Regale Geflamentum, the Invention of which Pliny aicribes to Bacchus. The Word is deriv’d from AiaJi ,' circumligo to bind about ; for it was a white Cincture’ encircling the Heads both of Kings and Queens’ (5) [Fa fees.] The Enfigns of Magiliracy, were a Bundle or a Faggot of Birchen Rods, together with an Ax wrapt up in the mid ft of them. The Rods in Latin were calijd Fafces , and the Ax Secur'u . The Reafon of carrying both thefe before Au- thority, was to fignify the Difference of Punifh- ments that belong’d to Offenders, the one noto- rious and the other petty Maiefadiors. And -the Reafon why they were wrapt up together, was not only their Portablenefs , and Facility of being born, but the appeafmg the Anger of the 1 66 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. the incens’d Magiftrate, that it might be fotne what affwag’d in the Time of their un- binding. CHAP. VI. Of Horfes. HP H E Horfes of the Ancients were more fplen- didfy harnefs'd than ours are now a days ; for though they had no Saddles nor Stirrups , yet they cover’d them with Tapeflry , Purple and Gold , interwoven and wrought with divers Colours, according to that Diftich in the in- fpir’d Virgil, Jnfirato oflro alipides , piBtfque Tapetis , Aurea peBoribus demijfa monilia pendent. “ The Steeds caparifonM with Purple 'Hand; “ With golden Trappings, glorious to behold, .t73 PANCIROiLLVS. Book I. * Hie Regina gravem gewmis auroque popofeit , Implevitque mere , pater am — - c< A Golden Bowl that fhone with Gems divine, u The Queen commanded to be fill’d with Wine. Yea, they had Cups all of Jewels. But thefe kind of'Utenfils are not to be found now a days, but in a few Houfes ; and *tis well they are not, for ’tis an Argument of Temperance and of great Modefty. The COMMENTARY. (e') [ Furniture of Silver , &c.J He may well fay [ Silver ] lor there was but little mention of Gold among the Ancients, con- fidering their Riches fo much celebrated by Authors, and lefs among us, con fidering the Opulency of the World at this Day ; for every one in reckoning up his Wealth and Subfiance, computed his Worth and Value in Silver. In our rafher Addrefies to the Goddefs Fortune , the firft Word is ufually Gold l Gold / But in all our Accounts, both publick and private, we tranfad all things by Sums of Silver. (/) There were 500 Chargers, &c.] Budaus de AJJe mentions fome filver Difhes of & vafi Price, and concludes that Age to be a great Admirer of Sculpture , wherein the engra- ven Utenfils of Lucius Crapes were valu’d at 150 Crowns, infomuch that heconfefs’d, that for Mode fly fake he durft not ufe them. We do not fay that no golden Veflels were in sile among the Romans , but only ayerr that they were Seft.IV. .Of Silver Furniture.. 1 73 : were very rare. But among the Medes and Per(ians 9 nothing was more frequent than that Metal • for we read that Cyrus had an Houfe of Gold, and that other Kings of Perfia had a Vine in their Chamber of the fame Metal, and that groaning under Clutters of precious Jewels. (g) [Cups made in fajhion of a Boat , &c.J Such was that which Sol gave to Hercules, the adulterous Ittiie of Jupiter and Alcmena ; it was fo large and capacious, that you might Jwim in it as well as drink , and ’twould ferve for a Ship as well as for a Goblet. Not unlike this were the TrulU , . which Aleiat faith were Vetteis to drink Wine in, deep and oblong like a little Boat , and Juvenal tells us they were made of Gold. — — Laudare paratus 9 Si Trulla inverfo crepitum dedit aurea fundoi *Tis faid that Ptolomy fill’d a thoufand Guetts with as many golden Cups, changing his Goblets as oft as his Meffes. And *tis reported that An~ tonins the Triumvir, us’d golden Utenfils in his obfcene Concerns. [Cups all of Jewels , &c.J Hence (iaith Seneca) in the 9th Chap, of his 7th Book de Beneficiis ; I faw Utenfils of Cry- ttal, whofe Brittlenefs doth enhance their Price and Value. Hence the Phrafe Gemma bibere , i. e. To drink in Cups made of Jewels, in Pirg.Geor. Ut. Gemma bibat & Sarrano dormiat ofiro. “ To drink in Jewels, and in Purple deep. Hence 1 74 PA NCI R OLLVS. Book I. Hence that of Lucan. « Gemmifque capaces Excepcre merum - (p) — ■ — “Their Wine they did receive 41 In huge capacious Gems And that of Nafo. In Gemma pofuere memm - r. e. “ They put their Wine in Gems CHAP. IX. Of Sellers of Oil, Wine , and other Liquors by Meafure. HpBE Romans fold Oil and Wine, Vinegar . -*■ and Honey, and other Liquids by Meafure, ^ in a certain Horn, capable of holding one, two, , or three Pounds. This Horn was mark’d on the Out-fide with a Circle drawn about it^ -which Line did denote and fighify a Pound. II In the Middle they mark’d Ounces of l 'ea~ fare, but not oi Weight. They m.eafurd Liquids, * ^ and did not neigh them by Pounds or Ounces, ' f as Galen tells us in his fir if Book of Compofition w of Medicines; who faith it was a thing very ufual in the City of Rome. Hence that of Horace. • Cornu ipfe Bilibri Caul ib us in [l ill at veter is non par cm aceti. “ From Horn of two Pound weight, he Drop by Drop tc Diftilfd upon the Cole wort Sallet’s Top, With [Gf l/r cb Se£t' IV. Of the Manner of eating, &c. ijf “ With his own Hand, but he would never fpare “ To dowfe it o'er with his dead Vinegar. The CO M ME N T ART. [ Horn of two Round weight, &c.] He undcrftands.a little Casket made ofHorn^ containing that quantity, or (according to o- thers) a Pint and half. For ftis obfervable what Galen faith in the afore- mentioned Book, that Phyficians formerly us’d Inftruments made of Horns* and made themferve alfo for Cupping-* Glafles. CHAP. X. Of the Manner of Eating us'd among the Ancients . • ®’T I S a great Difpute whether the Ancient^ ^ did eat twice a Day or not ; in regard we find frequent mention made of Suppers , but never of Dinners ; however, we mu ft conclude in the affirmative, that they had both thefe Meals, i. Becaufe Cicero in the 5th of his Tujculan Qneftions, tells us, that Plato wonder’d when he came fir ft into Italy, that the Inhabi- tants ol that Country eat twice a Day. 2. Be- caufe famous is that Saying of Alexander the Great [That a moderate Dinner is a good Prepara- tory to an enfuing Supper.'] 3 . Becaufe ’twas a great Controverly among Phyficians, whether is beft,- a little Dinner or a Suppet ? So that ’tis dear from hence, that they had their Repafts I 4 twice PANCIROLLVS. Book L twice a Pay • yet after another manner of way Shan we have now. For they dref/d nothing in the Morning, nei- ther did they of the fame Family eat in common at a fet Meal, but every one did eat at any time 3S he pleas d, whatever he found in the Pantry or Cupboard ; into which they put (laying up in ftore for the whole Year) not only Cheefe, Olives, Salts or Salt- meats, but feveral kinds of Pickles, and fas Columella tells us) many forts of Herbs. In the Evening they provided a Supper, for the Word [Czna] i. e. mvn in Greek, which is communis in Latin, denotes an eating or commoning together, Pliny the younger, faith, that his Uncle was wont to eat fparingly, and that a (lender kind of Diet (after the way of the Ancients) at Noon, but to fup more plentifully at Night. Their Supper-time was the ninth Hour, i. e . at three of the Clock in the Afternoon, at the time of the jEquinox, according to that of Martial . Imperat txtruBos frangere Nona tor os. They flipp’d in the Winter at the firfl Hour of the Night, as may be gather’d from a Letter of Pliny the younger to his Friend Macer. In the Morning every one eat as he had an Appe- tite, or as his Stomach ferved him. We never read of any Invitations to Dinner, but only to Supper. (i) ’Tis pretty to apprehend their Pofiu re of lying at the Table, which I think could not be underftood, were it not from feme Marble Tri- clinia , which are yet preferv’d. They were wont to eat at a round Table , one half whereof was taken up with three Beds, fupported with three Feet, beau- Se&. IV. Of the Manner of eating, Sic. *77' beautify ’d with Gold, Silver, Ivory, and other rich Ornaments ; and thefe were cover’d with Tapeftry or Purple Carpets. They fat upon thefe Couches with their Feet extended, accor- ding to the length of the Beds, but fo as their Bodies or Breafts were rais’d up towards the Table, which was pretty large. Every Bed did conveniently hold two, one lying, as Men did, and the other fitting, as Women, as may be ga- ther’d from the fir’ll Chapter of the fifth Book of Pal. Maximus. jjfXnd becaufe every Table had (\) three Beds, therefore the Eating- Room was call d Triclinium, from which is Greek for a Bed. Martial tells us that there could but nine fit at one Table, which (l) reprefen* ted the Letter C , call’d in Greek Sigma . Every one did eat with his Trencher in his Lap, the Table being defign’d for no other ufe, but to fet Meat and Drink upon ; thole Tables were very dear: Pliny tells us that Cicero had one which coif him 1200 Crowns.: Tertul - han (de Pallio) fpeaks of one that coft 5000 Crowns, and of that Value was the Table of , Afima Pollio ; thefe Tables were round, and were nude of (m) Citron Trees. Some have gi- ven as much for them as would have purchas’d . an Eftate. We, in Imitation of our Saviour, after the manner of the Hebrews, do fit at our Meals ; The mofi honourable Place at Table was next the Wall ; for the Seat of King Saul is Laid to Band there, in the 20th Clupter of the firff Book of Samuel. The Difhes on the Table had Supporters under them. Javolenus tells us, that if any Corinthian Difhes were given by Lega- cy, the Stands were in Law likewife {uppos’d 1- A 178 PANCIROLLVS. Book!. to be given with them. And ’tis the AnCwer o fUlpian, that if any Di flies were at any Time bequeath’d, we mult not only underhand thofe that held our Meat, but thofe alio upon which they flood. They were wont to fup with their Gates open in the Hall, which was a large Room that recei- ved you at the fir ft Entrance, before you came to the Porticos or Galleries, to wit, that the Cenfors (n) palling by, might obferve, whether they exceeded in their Diet the Allowance of the Law. Among other Things it was enabled, that no Fowl flhould be brought to the Table but a single Hen, and that not cramtn’d neither (as Fliny reports) and alfo that no Man fhould expend at one Supper above an hundred (°) jdffes , i.e. about fix Shillings and threePence of our Money. Afterward the Lkinian Law allow’d three hundred, and of dry’d Flefli and Salt-Meats a certain Quantity ; and the Reafon was, that the publick Neceffiries and Wants anight be fupply’d. However, there were but very few that obferv’d thele Edids ; for Godins nAZfopus, a Tragedian, after vaft Gams, made a fumptuous Feaft, wherein abundance of Birds imitating (like Parrots ) human Voices, and bought at very great Rates, were eaten and de- vour’d. He ipent in thele kind of Fowl (accor- ding to Tertullian) a ihouiand Crowns. Fliny thinks more, viz,, fourteen thouland. The Son ©f this Man, Heir to his Father’s Luxury , made once a great Supper ; he gave to every Gueft over and above, a Margarite difibiv’d in Vine- gar to be drank. Se£h IV. Of the manner of eatings &e. 1 79 Hortenfius the Orator was the fird that kill’d a Peacock to be eaten, but Mar cm A'Afidim Lucro Was the fir ft that order’d it to be fluff’d and cramrrfd; whofe Revenue arifing. from thence, amounted to fixty thoufandSV/emj, aimed 500 1. But I am afraid the Luxury of our Age exceeds the Extravagance of former Times. The moll honourable Gued fat in the middle of the Table, as Virgil intimates, when he fings, Aulaeis turn fe Regina fuperbis , Aurea compofuit Jponda , mediamque locaviti “ The Queen already late “ Amidd the Trojan Lords in fhining State, “ High on a golden Bed We may gather as much from Salufi , whom Servius quotes; for he faith the Conlul fat in the middle of the Table, and the red lat in or- der on both Sides. There was Water brought to wafh their Hands, and Bread in a Basket, according to that of the Poet, Dant famuli lymph as m anibm , cereremq\ canijlris Expediunt , tonfifque ferunt mantilia villis ; “ Then Caniders with Bread are heap’d oni high, / i« malchti s Feaft inPetronius, there was nothing but Noife and harmonious Din ; there were ail kind of Revels and ludicrous Sports, as Playing and Fidling, Piping and Jelling, Buffoons and Mimicks, and £ly Hocus with his jugling Trinkets. Neither did their Luxury conuft only in this, but their Mejfes came in dancing (as it were) at the Sound of Mufick. Ammiantts tells us,thatwhen exquifite Delica- cies were brought in, the whole Houfe rung again with melodious Accents. Nay, the Car- vers differed and cut up their hollow Birds* with certain Flourilhes and Gefticulations of Hand, which were agreeable to the Notes and Sound of Inliruments, as you may fee in Petro- niusm CHAR XI. Of Military Onflows us'd by the Ancients. T HE Ancients in all their warlike Expedi- tions had but two Standards, one for the Cavalry, of a Sky* colour in honour of Neptune, God of the Sea ; becaule in («) giving the Name to Athens, he nrft introduc’d the Ufe of Horfes* which was utterly unknown before to Mem, The other for the Foot or Infantry, which was ©f a rofy Colour* as Servius informs us in the be- Seft. IV. Of Military Onflows, 8cc. 195 beginning of the 8th Book of the zALneids, be- caufe that Flower 1 prang out of the Earth, and hath a fragrant Smell. Their Standards were not of the fame Fafhioti with ours, but were four-fquare, becaufe they were in four Legions, confining of feven thou- fand Foot, as Plutarch tells us in the Life of RomuluC And this Banner was of Silver, though Dio faith it was of Gold; and they were wont to cover it in a little Cafe of Wood, to defend it from the Weather; otherwife they carry’d it fadned to the Top of a Spear, made in Form of a Crofs, which was the military Enfign of the Chridian Legion. This was firii invented by Cains Alarms^ and afterward was us’d for the Arms of the Empire. (*) There were ten Bands of Soldiers (call'd i Cohortes) in every Legion, and every Cohort or Band confided of 555 Foot, except the fir ft, which confided of 1105, from whence ’twas call’d MiUenaria , or (as others word it) Milita- ries i (O The Eagle was carry'd in this Cohort, and the Bearer of it was fly I’d Aquilifer, which we corruptly call Alfiero. The reii of the Bands or Cohorts had military Enfigns in Fafhion of Torch- Bearers , who accompany’d the Crols with Tapers (for they fet Candles upon it, as an Em- blem of the Chridian Militant Church) and the Enemy had ( h ) Dragons on Cloth of Silver, which, i well’d with the Wind, would leem to move. Some had the Head of a Lion or Bear, or lome other Animal upon them, and the {h) Pictures of Right- hands join’d, as an Emblem of Concord and Unity in an Army. Our Coun- trymen have invented Standards of Colours and Enfigns. K Thefc S94 FANCIRO LLZJS. Book I. Thefe military Standards are now no where in ufe, but only fome Footdeps of them are to be fcen in Churches. The Emperor had a Ban- ner call’d (c) Labarum, which was foursquare, and woven on every Side, and fadned to a Spear, and fo carry’d before his Perfon. As we guefs now by the Cornicines , fo they did former- ly by the Sight of the Standard guefs at the approach and nearnefs of the Emperor. The COMMENTARY. (u) [Neptune giving the Name to Athens, &c. introduc'd the ufe of Horfes.f So Servim on the fird Georgick of Firgil, who tells us that there was a fhrewd Conted betwixt Neptune and Minerva , about im poling a Name on the City of Athens ; wherefore Jove being in the middle of tw r elve Gods, Neptune (truck the Rock withhisTrident, and there fprang up immediately a Creature call’d an Horfe . After- ward Minerva fmote the Earth with her Spear and there prefently darted up an Olive-Tree with Berries, which becaule it feem’d to their Godjhips to be mod: beneficial, therefore Minerva is faid in the Judgment of the Deities to have nam’d the City. But Baptijla Bins reprehends Serv'm , and faith they are much miftaken, that think that an Horfe darted up in that Cornell • for it was not at Athens , but in Theffaly or Thrace (the ufe of that Bead being unknown and wanting) that Neptune fmote the Earth with his Trident, and there immediately leap’d up two Steeds, Scyplm and Arion ; and to this we may refer that Dillich of Virgil. r™ Tuque o cm prima fremntem i , Tudit Seft. IV. Of Military Cuftom, &C. ' 195 Fudit equum wag no tellus percujfa Tridente y Neptune! “ And thou, whofe Trident ftruck the teeming Earth, “ And made a Paflage for the Courfer’s Birth.* And Lucan feems in his 6th Book to be of the fame Opinion. Primus ab etquorea percuffis cufpide /axis, Tbejfalicus jonipes , belhs feralibtu omen y Exiliit i. e. “ Here the fir ft Horfe for War fprung from a Rock, “ Which mighty Neptune with his Trident ftruck. (») [ Horfe And Foot , &c ] Thefe were the two Parts of their Soldiery," the Cavalry and the Infantry ; the Officers over tfiem were generally call’d Magifiri Equitum * Romulus lifted three Centuries, and called fome RhamnenfeSy from his own Name ; others 7^- tienfeSy from Thus Tatius ; and the third Luceres y a Luc is communione. He appointed alfo three hundred arm’d Horfe- ; men, which he call’d Celeres, to guard his Per- lon both in Peace and War; and the Officer over them is call’d the Tribune. The reft of the Multitude attended on the King on Foot inWar. The Horfemen were divided into feveral Troops call’d Turma , and every Turma contain- ing thirty Horfemen, was lub divided into three Companies, call’d DecurUy every one of which contain’d ten Horlemen; whence their Captain was call’d DecuriOy and the Captains over greater Troops, viz,, the feveral Wings of Horfemen, were ftyl’d Equitum prafebli. The principal Officer of the whole Army was ufually K 2 call'd *9*5 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. call'd Imperator , in Englifh, Lord General , and his Deputy or Lieutenant, Legatus. O) [T&r Fdor were divided into Cohorts , &c] The Co^om/into Manipulos , and the Manipuli into Centuries. The Word properly fignifies that Plat of Ground before the Entrance of an Houfe, from whence comes the Term [Court.’] Varro gives this Reafon of the Meta- phor: As in a Farm-Country, many Buildings united together, make one Inclofure, fo a (short confifts of many Manipuli , join’d and lifted into one Body; every Cohort contain’d three Maniples, every Maniple two Centuries, and every Century an hundred Men, whence from Centum call’d Centuria. Thefe Centuries were fometimes divided into letter Companies, call’d Contubernia , every one confiding of ten Soldiers befides the Captain, who was call’d Dec anus, and Caput Contuberniu The Officers over the Centuries were call’d Centur tones, (jy ) One for the Cavalry of a Sky- colour,] The Reafon was, becaufe it moll reierabks the Colour of the Sea, which they deem’d moft grateful and acceptable to Neptune , the God of the Ocean, and the firft Founder of the ufe of Horfes. (z,) [The Eagle was carry d in this Cohort , &c ] Jofephus tells us in his third Book, that the Eagle prefided over the Roman Legion, as being the chief Monarch, having the univerfal Sove- teignty over the winged Nation, and the ftouteft: Heroe among all the Birds. Hence it became the Sign of Empire, and an Omen of Vidkuy wherefoever they went. Eagles were fo much in ufe among the Romans, that the Poet fingsas if they were peculiar to that People only. 2 Ut Se&.IV. Of Military Cuftoms^ Etc. 197 v Ut not ce j nlfer e A quilt Rom antique figna . But whether the Romans were the firft that us’d an Eagle for their Enfign, or whether they copy’d the Example of their neighbouring Coun- tries, is not as yet fo clear and certain. To infpeft more narrowly the Matter in hand, and to give you a fhort Account of the Thing; You may be pleafed to know, that Men at firft living together in a wild kind of manner, did eat and feed upon human Flefh, fo that they continually jarrd , and were everatVariance,an& he that was firongefi rtili got the better: But the mak being at once inftru6fced and provok’d by the Injuries of the J bong, embody’d themfelves at length into an Army, and made choice of fome Animal to be their Enfign, and fo defen- ded themfelves again# all Attacks. And to this Creature (pitch’d on for their Safety) were great Honours paid. And thus the ancient Egyp- tians, not skill’d in War, when in felled by their Enemies, invented an Enfign for their Soldiers to follow. Some fay that Jove had an Eagle for his Stan- dard, and others afcribe it to Cyrus the Per flan, who is faid to have a golden one faftned to a long Spear. Xenophon tells us that he faw them in Perfia in great Expeditions ; they were fome- times of Gold, and Sometimes of Silver ; the Spear it was fix’d on was ftuck into the Ground.' Befides the Eagle , the Romans us’d alfo Wolves and Minotanrs , Horfes and Boars for their Mi- litary Enfigns ; of which in order, i .Wolves, and that becaufe either Martial Youth was fed with their Milk, as we read in Livy , or becaufe that Creature was dedicated to Mars $ for that *9? PANCIROLLVS. Book I. is a rapacious devouring Animal, obferving the Seafon of worrying Cattel, as Soldiers the Oppor- tunity of fading Cities, which is ufually the Dawning, and Morning Twilight. 2. Mim- taurs, whofe Effigies they carried, as often as they advifed and fuggefied Secrecy: For that Hieroglyphic k intimated that the Counf’els of Generals were to be clofe and private, as was the Den of that Creature an hidden Labyrinth; 3. An Horfi , bccaufe that Beafi prefageth Battel, and is as full of Fury as ambitious of Victory : Befides,an Horfe was in a peculiar man- ner facred to Mars> being facrificed to him Yearly on the Ides of December. 4. A Boar , becaufe when the War was ended, the Peace was confirmed with a Bain Boar; the Articles of- which who- foever brake, was Bon’d to Death and died like that Swine. C. Marius utterly abolifh’d all thefe four Enfigns, and retain’d only that of the Eagle. We find that Romulus being fur priz’d on a hidden, faften’d a Bottle of Hay to the Top of a Spear infiead of an Enfign ; had it been a Bottle of good Wine, who would not be ready to venture a Stroke or two under fo cheering a Banner ? And our Author tells us, (a) [ 7 hat Right hands join'd were Enfigns in their Armies , &c.} Antiquity made uie of this Ceremony to con- firm their Faith ; ’tis known to a Proverb, that the Right hand was ever (acred to Fidelity. And it is very notorious in all Hiftory, that Treaties and Alliances, Bargains and Leagues, Cove- nants and Truces, were wont to be made and ratify 'd by the foleinn Cuftom of joining Right- hands. We often meet with in ancient Coins two folded Hands with this Infcfiption, Fidts f Seft. IV Of Military Cuftom, &c. J99 Public*, Flies Exercituum, Flies Provinciamm . And on the marble Statue of Faith at there are two Perfons taking each other by the Right-hand, and Love is in the mid (I between them. And doubtlefs in Affairs of great Mo- ment, as Wardlliips and Agreements, Bargains and Covenants, Leagues and Betrothings, &c; the Right-hanis were joined as a Sign and Sym- bol of Confent and Agreement $ hence that of Ovii in the 6 th Book of his Met am. Ut (igntim Fidei , dextras utrafque popofeit. Inter feqae datas junxit “ As Symbols of their Faith, their Hands “ did join. (b) [Had Dragons on Cloth of Silver J Hitherto concerning the Standards of the Foot : Now for the Flags or Banners of the Horfe, which were call'd FlammuU, and were four-fquare Pieces of Cloth of a middle Size, and expanded or fpread on the Tops of Spears, as Cedrems deferibes them. And fuch was the Enftgn of the Dragon here mention'd. Ammia- nt*s Marcellinus calls it, Purple fattened to the End of a long Pole ; and deferibing the En- trance of Conflantius the Emperor into the City, he faith, there were Dragons tied to the gilded Extremities and Ends of Halberts. They are rarely well deferibed by Claudian the Poet in his 3d Panegyrick of Honorius his Confulfhip. (c) [Call'd Labarum, &c.] This was the finfign of latter Ages, and ( as Sozomen tell 0 u?) was carried before the Empe- ror, and was much ador'd by the Soldiers ) and at the Command of Conftantine the Great, was enriched with Jewels, fee in Form of a Crofs, K 4 a3 200 PA NC IRO L LZ) S. Book I. as foon as ever he faw that Sign in the Hea- vens. CHAP. XII. Of Cnjt&ms vjed by the Ancients in their Armies . (d) THEY had Brazen Trumpets, as Vegetiw and Virgil inform us, -~ts£reaque ajjenfu confpirant Cornua rauco , and alfo (e) of Horn, call'd Buccina , which was narrow at one End, at which they blew, but broad at the other, like a Fifh called Buccinum , a kind of Purple, from whence it had its Name. In this Age we ufe ( e ) Drums, which were in life among the French , and were frequent in the Sacrifices of Bacchus . Towards the latter End of the Roman Empire, their Cohorts had an Ex- cellent Mono inlcribed on their Bucklers, of which I have largely difcours’d in my Treatife on the Roman Magiftracy. Their Captains Names were formerly written upon them ; for ( as Zonaras tells us) the Life-Guard of Cleopa- tra had her Name engraven on their Shields, and alfo upon their Spears* as Plutarch informs us in the Life of M. Marius . They made them Breaf Plates of Linen mace- rated and boird in fome eager kind of Wine, which was Proof againft all Strokes and Blows whatfoever $ as Nicetas tells us in the Life of Angelas Ifaacus, a Cracian Emperor. They were very convenient and ufeful, as being not fo heavy and cumberfome as thcfe of Iron : But jthefe are now quite laid afide. They wore them Se&. IV. Of Ancient Cuftomr* 20I only to defend their Breads, and therefore cal I’d them Thoraca , which in Greek fignifies that Parc of the Body ; as Servitts interprets that Place of Firgtl in the Eleventh of his C&neids. TboracX indutus, abenit Horrebat fquamis “ His Back and Bread, and therefore the Poet's call’d Figuratively, both the Torches and Wed* ding it ielf by that Name. (ej { They lifted her up a little , &c.] That is, over the Threfhold, carrying her in by a Teeming Violence, becaufe in Modefty fhe would not appear without fome ReluPlancy ta go to that Place, that fhould be fatal to her Maiden- Head. There are feveral Reafons that we meet with in Authors of this ul’ual Cere- mony, of lifting up her Feet : But that of Scaliger feems moft proper, which was the avoiding of the virtue of Magical Enchantments, which Sorcerers were wont to lay under the Threfhold, either to abate Love and conjugal Affection, or to weaken the Powers and Faculty of Generation. Bellies, hitting the Foot againftthe Threfhold was efteemed very ominous, and was fuperrti- tioufly oblerved among the Heathens, to be a Sign or Token of Divine Anger. It is obferv’d, that Gracchus upon that very Day on which he was kill’d, did gricvouOy wound himlelf by Rumbling on the Threfhold. (g) [Anointed the Hinges and fcatterd Nuts(\ For the former Ceremony, the Wife was called Uxor quaft Unxor. And as for the feather- ing of Nuts, tome give another Reafon befides that mentioned by our Author ; namely, Nuts were fcattered by the new married Couple, .be- caufe, when ftrewed upon the Ground, tha Boys tcrambled for them : So that the pleafant Cries and tranfporting c ighs in the Amorous Wars might be overwhelmed and drowned. L 5 (h) Di* 22 6 PANCmVLLVS. Book I; (h) [Divide her Hair with. a Spear, &c.] That is, with the Topot a Spear, wherewith fome Fencers had been formerly kill'd. This Spear was call'd by them, Haft a Coelibaris , and the Ceremony betoken'd that nothing fhould feparatje them, bntfuch a Spear, or fuch like Violence, CHAR XVIII. Of the Games of the Ancients. ^"pHE Grecians in Arcadia , between Pifa and "7* Elis, two Towns of Greece in the Olympick Fields, did inrtitute in Honour of Jupiter, cer- tain Olympick Games, wherein Hories and Cha- riots run Races in the Stadium , and the Com- batants (f) fought with Clubs an d.Whorlbats, which were Thongs and Straps of Leather, wound about their Hands, and taggd with Plummets of Lead and Iron; with thefe they contended, by calling them up into the Air, as Virgil tells us in his fifth Book. They engag'd alio in leaping , wherein he was Vittor who jump’d fartheft. The Conquerours^ were (ft) crown’d with a Garland of Olive (which was very plentiful in that 'Country) and were exempted from many burthenfome Impofiiions in the Commonwealth ; nay, had Salaries for their Lives, or Annuities out of the Publick Exchequer. They ul’ed alio Sports, not much unlike thefe, in Ifthmns and Argos , which they call’d Jfthmian, Nemeaan and Pythian Games, and were the fame in effe$ with thole I have mentioned. Some fay 4 they Se&. IVV Qf fhe'GatheS} '&C. 227 they played at them .with Darts, others, with Quoits. The Romans invented more cruel Sports ; for , (/) they were wont to make Men encounter one another in the Amphitheatre , which Exercife was afterwards forbidden by Chriftian Emperors* Condemn'd Malefa&ors were (m) to fight with Lions and Bears, with Leopards and other Bealls* And many Chriftians, but 00 particularly Ig- natius, was condemn'd to this kind of Death 2 They inftituted alfb Chariot races in the great Cirque ; of which fee in the 2d Chap, of the 2dSe6h and Page 57. The CO M M E N TA R Vi There were among the Grecians four forts of Games more efpecially famous, viz,, the Olympick and Ijlhmian, the Pythian and Nemeaan. [ Certain Olympic. k Games. 3 Thefe were kept every fifth Year in the Mount Olympus, and inliituted by Hercules in the Ho- nour of Jupiter \ in this Game, Corylus an Area* dian won the fir ft. Prize, though fome fay Hercules . There were wreftling and leaping, running with Horfes, and running on Foot, tourneying together with courfing Chariots 9 . the Contention of Poets, and Deputations of Philofophers j the Combats of Orators and elo- quent Rhetoricians ; there Wars were proclaim'd, and Entrances made into Leagues of Peace, where the Rewards of the Vi&or were Garlands of Olive. [Which they call'd IjjthmUn ] Thefe were devis’d by Thefe us in Honour of his Father Neptune , environ'd with a dark Wood of 7 228 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. of Birch Trees ; they who won the Vidory had a Garland of Pine-Tree. \_Nemeaan and Pythian .] Nernaan, nam'd of the Foreft of NmLiy ; ng to the killing one another was deuv’d from a cuftomary Practice among the Heathens at the Burial of their Friends, who were perfuaded that the Jhedding of Man’s Blood would be a Propitiatory for the Soul of the de- ceas'd. Hence they were wont to buy Captives and Slaves on purpofe to be facrific’d at Fune- rals ; afterward, to render more pleafant this cruel Spectacle, they chang’d their Sacrifices in- to a Fencing with Art, wherein the Combatants contended and fought for their Lives : At fir ft, none would hazard themfelves but Captives and Fugitive Servants, who were forc’dto it, being bought to that end ; afterward the Freedom fuffer’d themfelves to be hir’d, and were term’d \_Aattorati] Hirelings ; yea, the Nobilily them- lelves of decay’d Fortunes, to merit the Empe- ror’s Favour and Love, endanger’d their Lives in thefe kind of Conflicts. The manner of this cruel and bloody Spe&acle was this ; the Exhibitor or Maher of the Shew, did by a publick Bill give notice to the People of the Day of the Prize, for the procuring a greater Coocourfe of Speculators. At the Time appointed they produc’d two forts of Weapons, 1 . Lh~ a 30 - PA NCI ROLL VS. Book [. 1 . :■ LtifirU Exercitoria , as Spears, Wands and Cudgels, that they might tofs the one, and fence with the other, and fhew their Feats of Activi- ty, all which were but preparatory to the more dangerous and folemn oneenfuing. 2. Decre- tom, with which they really encounter’d each other for Life and Death, and therefore fome-! times they were called Pugnatoria . (m) [To fight with Lions and Bears , &cj Here we may obferve two Things, 1. That excellent Skill in any Art did mitigate the Seve- rity of Punifhment. A certain Smith, merely for his Ingenuity, was favour'd with his Hand, which was condemn’d otherwife to be lop'd off. And we read of a nimble tongs* d Lawyer, who being provok’d by his Antagonift^ again (f whom he was pleading, threw his Knife at him and kill'd him ; for which being fentcnc’d to die, he prefen tly cry’d out, ad Beftias , ad Be ft i as, intimating thereby, that for his Eminency in the Law, he delerv’d Life and a Pardon. 2. Tho’ any MalefaCtor happen’d to conquer a Bead or two, yet he was not difeharged, but was to efr* counter others, till he was killed himfelf. The Man very feldom prevail d over the Beaft, but on the contrary, one Lion hath been too hard for two hundred Men. There is a remarkable Story to this Purpofe : A certain Roman Slave, call’d Androciius, or An- dmlus , having run from his Mailer, lived in a Wilderneis, where a Lion carat to him be- moaning himfelf, being tortur’d with a Thorn that ftuckin his Foot. The Fugitive at firftwas frighted at his Approach ; but the Lion coming nearer and nearer, and laying his Foot in his ! SefolV.Of the condemn'd to the Mines. Lap, intimated a Defire of fome kind of Help, which when Androclius perceived, he pluck’d out the Prickle, and gave him Eafe. It hap- pen’d afterwards, that this Fellow was con- demn’d to this Buniihment ,* and it fell out fo, ! that * this very Lion was brought into the Cirque for Androclius to fight with, where, in- ftead of attacking him, he tamely and civilly fawn’d upon him. 00 [Particularly Ignatius, &c.J It was no unufual kind of Martyrdom in , the Times of the Primitive Church, thus to ex- pofe holy Men to the Fury of wild Beafts, as . appears by this Example of Ignatius, who re- i joic’d (as he laid) to be ground into Meal by the Teeth of Savages , that fo he might be turned into pure Manchct. CHAP. XIX. Of thofe that were condemn'd to the Mines . , 'TT Was the Cuflom to condemn thofe Maie- fa&ors to dig Metals, Sulphur, Lime, &c» whom they did not intend to punifh capitally. They. dug chiefly in Proconnefus (as it is ex- prelsd in the Civil Law) which is an Ifle in the Propontis , now call’d Marmora, very preg- nant with Metals. They were alio condemn’d to the Ifland Gypjks, to the Red- Sea, and to other Places. ’Twas a difmal kind of Punifhment, as Cyprian complains in his 25th Epiftle ; for they never faw che Light of the Sun, ,„and never ikpt but as they 23 2 PANCIROLLVS. Book I. they lay on the Ground. They were fo chang’d and alter’d, that they grew quite out of Know- ledge. Many Chriftians under the Perfecution of Pa- gans fufter’d this Punilliment, which yet after- ward grew out of ufe, in regard Princes now do (o') not condemn to the Mines , but to the Galleys. A Thing which the Romans never practic’d, who would not fuffer then Servants to handle the Oar. They bought. their Slaves for neceffary Offices , but they gave them their Liberty before they would employ them at the Oar • as we read they aid, when they wanted Rowers againft the Carthaginians . And it was prudently done, for oftentimes by the Treachery of our Slaves, we have been conquer’d by oar Enemies. This Cuftom was introduc’d to fave Charges, but not without a great deal of Danger; where ore the Ancients never made ufe of their Servants in their Galleys , fo far were they from forcing them to it. The COMMENTARY. There is a Difference betwixt thefe twoPhra- fes, Damnare in Met alia, and Damnare ad Optts Metallic for the fir ft wore greater and heavier Fetters than the laft. The Realon was this, be- caufe they that were condemn’d/,’ * Met alia , were cempeH’d to fettle and to ftick to their Work, from which there was no neceflity or leaving R; fo that moiling in the Pf me. they were hr ft fix’d in, they might difpence with bigger Chains, without hindring their abour. But they that were condemn’d in Opus Me- tallic had lighter Irons, in order to their Readi- ness Seft, IV. Of Funeral Rite /, See. 293 nefs for any kind of Work. Thefe did not al- ways r%, but fometimes exported, and l'ome- times melted, and did other Offices belonging to the Mines, and therefore would more eafily be hindred by ponderous Links. ( 0 ) [iVitt condemnd to the Mines , but to the Galleys ] And indeed whofoever undergoes this feverc Punifhment, ’tis hard to tell whether he be- longs to the Catalogue of the Dead or Living ; for he is daily expos’d to a thoui'and Deaths* and yet fcarce ever dies; fo that his Life is a Torment, and Death an Eafe and Refreshment to him. CHAP. XX. Of Funeral Rites and Ceremonies . |F any Perfon of Note dy’d, he was (p) kept feven Days at Home, and burnt on the eighth with pompous Obfequies, which Virgil deferibes in the fixth Book of his *s£neids. Principio pinguem tadis, & robore fefio, &c. (q) “ Firll an huge Pile of fappy Pine ere<5t, “ And cloven Oak with fable Branches deckt. Afterward a Cyprefs Tree was fet up, and cover’d with the Arms of the Deceas'd. They veajh’d the Corps with a little warm Water, and then anointed it with odoriferous Oil. In the next place, they bewail'd and lamented the dead, and lard him upon a Bed, and then cloath'd him with the riched Garments they had, and having fprinkled him with Oil and Frank- 234 PANCIROLLVS. Book. I. Frankiucenle, they laid him on a Pile hollow within, and neatly order'd. They put alfo in to him a Dog, an Horfe , and his darling Servant whom he lov'd beft,and then turning from the Pyre , they fet it on Fire with burning Torches. And when they had done, on the ninth Day, when the Body was burnt, they (r) gather'd up the Bones and Allies ; and having waftid them with Wine, they put them into a brazen or an earthen Urn , and then fur- rounding the Herfe, they fprinkled it with an Olive Branch dipt in Water, fanfying it to be purify 'd by that kind of Ceremony; when the Party was dead, they repeated thefe Words, V ale & I, licet. Thofe that were not burnt, they embalmed with Unguents and fwqet Perfumes. The No- bility commanded their Free men to keep a Lamp always burning on their Tombs, and to watch by it. Nine Days after the Deceafe of the Party , they inftituted in Honour of his Memory, certain Plays or Games, call’d Novendiales • which Sports were running of Hones, and killing ofBeafts, fighting of Servants and Gladiators in the Am- phitheatre. They made s alfo on the fame Day a fumptuous Fqail for the People in the Forum, as you may fee in the 40th Book of Dion, and in Cicero's Oration for Murtna. When Quintus Maximus made a Feaft for the Roynan People, in honour of his Uncle Africa - nus, Quintus Tubero was ask'd by him to do the. lame, in regard he was Africans s Sifters Son ; h§ did fo, but cover'd very mean Couches with Goat-skins, and fet upon his Table earthen Ytffels* which fordid Adiou the People o i Rome Se 3 . IV. Gf Funeral Rites , &c. 235 did highly refent ; and therefore this very honefl Man, and good Citizen, although Grandfon to Lucius Pauius , and Sifter’s Son to Africanw, loft the Prastorfhip by his Goat skins. They did not burn the Bodies of fome, but having reajtid them together with their Cloaths in Wine and Milk, they imerr’d them without the City. Emperors were bury’d with very great State, and pompous Solemnity, which He- rodian defer ibes in his 4th Book. Among other Vanities and Follies, they erec- ted a Stru&ure ox Pile of Wood, hollow and four-fquarc, on each fide of which there flood a Portal, through which might be feen the Corps of the deceas’d. Above this there was another fquare Pile, but fomewhat narrower, and above this a third, fomewhat flenderer than the for- mer ; fo that it feemed (as it were) to be moun- ted by Steps, as you may fee on Coins, and other Sculptures of Stone and Metal. CO There was alfo an Eagle ty’d to a Rope, which when the Cord and Corps were burn’d* foar’d upward, and was fuppos’d to carry the Soul of the Emperor to Heaven, where being enroll’d and regiftred in the Number of the Gods , he was honour’d with ihe Name of an. Immortal Deity. ^ The COMMENTARY. CpJ \He was kept /even Days at home. 'I f They wa fil’d the Corps with warm, Water, and anointed it with Oil fometimes^.thcit in cafe the Body was only in a Slumber, and i^ot quite dead, it might be reviv’d again by that, warm bathing. In thefe feven Days.fpace, all the dead Men’s Friends met together now and ;hen. 236 PANC 1 R 0 LLVS. Bookl. and fill'd the Air with Shouts and Out cries, hoping that if the Body had been only in a Swoon ^ or eifieep, this P otijerariorp mrght have rowzM and awaken'd it. This Addon or Cere- inony was term'd Conclamatio . (q) [A Pile was ere Bed."] For their manner of burying, was not an in- terring of the Corps in the Earth (as it had been formerly) but burning them in the Fire; the Reafon hereof being to prevent the Cruelty of their Enemies, who in a mercilefs Revenge, would dig up at their Conquers the buried Bo- dies, making even the Dead the Subjedis of their implacable Fury. This Fire, before the kindling, was properly call'd Pyra, in the time of burning, Rogus ( quod tunc temporis rogari folent manes ) and after the Conflagration, 'twas called Buftum, q % Bene uflnm, i: e. well burn’d or conform'd. (r) [Gather'd up the Bones.] The Reafon was, left they fhould be remov'd . to another Place to be bury'd, and fo the Cere- monies be repeated, and the Grief and' Charges be renew'd and doubled. ( s ) [There was alfo an Eagle tyd , &c.] Of this you may confult the 4th Book of Jierodian , , where he copioufly defer ibes the pom- pous Ceremony at the Funerals of Emperors. C H A P. XXI. Of Nomenclators . IT will not be impertinent an d foreign to our . • Purpofe, to mention in this Place an ancient Cuftom. (/) The Romans had certain Servants, who Se&.IV. Gf Nomenclators, 237 who learnt to know every individual Citizen, and to remember them by their Names ; fo that as oft as they met any of them, they told their Mailers who they were, that fo they might falute every one by his Name , and by that means might infinuate themfelves into their Favour 5 for (as Plutarch faith) a Man is better pleas’d when he is called by his Name, and is more kind and obliging to the Party that calls him. ; (u) Thefe Servants were call’d Nomenclatorcs , whom Cicero mentions in his Speech for Murana, telling us that Cato had a Nomend ator, who told him the Names of all he met. This was very much in ufe among all thofe who Rood to be Magiftrates, who after they were chofen, pafs’d negligently by them , without taking much notice of them. The CO M ME N TAR T. ( t ) [The Romans had certain Servants , &c.] ’Twas an old Cullom at Rome , that on Comi- tial or Court- Days, which were proclaimed by an Edidt, either of Conful, Magiftrate, or any empower’d to call an Aflembly : I fay, it was cuftomary on theft Days for the Roman People to meet in Mars his Field, where thole that flood for Magiftrates (term’d Candidati , from their white Gowns) procur’d the Good-will of the People. This (belides other Things) was expe&ed from them, viz,, the 1a luting of every Citizen by his Name ; for the better performing of which, they had a certain Follower, which fhould prompt every Citizen’s Name as he pafs’d by. ( u) And a PANCIROLLVS. Book I. (u) And this Servant was call 'd Nomenclator.J Which Word doth properly fignify a Common Cryer in a Court of Juft ice, fuch as call Men to their Appearance ; whence they had their Names from Nomen and Calo 9 an old Latin Word, to call, fometimes ftyfd Monitor , fome- times Far tor ah infarciendo in Antes, C HAP. XXfL Of Gifts, or Prefects. the Calends of March , there were Gifts prefented to Women from their Friends and Relations, becaufe on that Day the Romans and Sabines engaging in a Fight, the Women were concern d in the Combat, and were very in- ftrumental in procuring of Peace. Wherefore that Day was accounted Pefiival 9 and much Honour was given to Women ; and (as Juvenal informs us) a green Umbrella, and a great quantity of Amber and other Prefents were conferr’d upon them. To which Pompo- runs the Lawyer alluding, tells us, that if a Man gave a Prefent to his Wife on the Calends of March , or on his Birth-Day . the Donation was valid, provided that the Gratuity was not over great. Juvenal allures us, that Men on their Birth-Days were wont to prefent their Wives in thefe following Verfes. En cul tu viridem Umhellam cut Succina mitt as Grandia , natalis qmies redit ant medium Per Jncipity & fir at a pofitus longaqtfc cathedra , Aimer a Famines* traftas fecreta Cal end is. $e&. IV. Gf Gifts, or Prefents. 2^ i. e. “ Lo here to whom the green Umbrella went To whom the goodly Amber Bowl was fenc Upon his Birth-Day, or when the humid Spring, “ Did with it felf the Female Calends bring. On the Feaftof Saturn (/. the fecond of December, which ts the Solflice) Prefents were wont to be made to the Men ; and fo A™ were alfo (for good Luck's Take) on the firil Day of the Year ; wherefore Stutomt tt tells us that all Ranks and Degrees did on the Calends of January bring New -Tear 1 Gifts to AuruHus (even in his Abfence) in the Capitol. & * t,lat , Cuftoln extended to more Days, Ttbertut therefore forbad the giving !he C r TT R f°T NeW ' YearS - Glfts - but only oa H«5t d K d , W And Caligula de- an E t' wm 4 ) : > . . . ■■ . : ) ! *$ft : 3 BE ' 1 f* : ■ , v &sk$ Jiv/kJ THE CONTENTS O F T H E I Second Book. . CON T AIN IN G Some Modern Inventions unknown to the Ancients. Chap. Page I. F the new World 265 I 1 II. Of Porcellane 285 III. Of the Bezoar Stone 284 IV. Of Rhubarb and CaJJia 291 Chap. V. The Contents. Chap. V. Of Sugar* VI. Of Manna VII. Of Alchymie or Chymifiry VIII. Of Difiillations IX. Of Belts X. Of Clocks XI. Of the Mariners Compafs XII. Of Printing XIII. Of Paper Page 294 2 99 307 322 32 6 330 33? 338 349 and XIV. Of Cyphers , private Notes, or Cha- racters of Letters XV. Of Spectacles XVI. Of Saddles , Stirrups , fhooes XVII. Of Squaring the Circle XVIII. Of Mural or Wall-Engines Guns XIX. 363 372 Horfe. 373 377 and 383 XX, Of Greek Fire 5 commonly call'd Wild- Fire 390 Of Jufs , Tournaments or Tiltings „ 39i XXI. Of a Quint ane 394 XXII. Of Mills 398 XXIII. Of Hacking 401 Chap. XXIV. The Contents. Chap. Page XXIV. Of Woven Stilus, or Silken Webbs 402 XXV. Of Botargo and Caviare 405 Addenda to the Account of Printing 408 Appendix 41 c) the ( 2^5 ) PAN GIRO LIUS. Concerning feveral Modern Inven- tions which were unknown to the Ancients. CHAR I. Of the New World . MONG thole Things' which were unknown to Antiquity, I luppofe the (a) New World., found out by Chnflopher Colum- bus, a Genoefe, in the Year 1492, to be one of the chiefeli, and to be moft worthy our Notice and Obfervation. ( b ) There was no Knowledge of it in former Times, fave only that the Fortunate IJlands were faid to be there, the Belief whereof \y ol. 2.] N might i86 PA NCI RO LLZJ S. Book II. might poflibly be inftill’d by Navigator?. And indeed that is a wonderful Thing, arid the molt ftupendousof all thofe we are capable of know- ing, and I have been oftentimes llruck with Admiration of it. After the Difcovery of this World, we (h) came to the Knowledge of feveral kinds, of Ani- mals and Plants, and of various Curiofities or Pieces of Art, of which hitherto we were utter- ly ignorant ; as Cocks, and Indian Mice,(d ) Guai- acum, or holy Wood, (e) China , (f) Sarfaparilla , Tg) Sajfafras , and other wholfome and medi- cinal Herbs, the ufe whereof hath been very ne- ceflary fi nee the French Difeafe (call'd by forne the Neapolitan , becaufe brought to Naples by the Spaniards returning from the Ifle of Peru ) 0) was known in theie Countries. From thence came alfo (/>) Indian Figs, (k) Nuts and Canes, and a vermicular kind of Web made of Silk, together with certain (/) Pic- tures compos’d of Birds Feathers, fo neatly es- prefs’d, that even Painters themfelves cannot re- prefent them more lively in their Colours. There were brought alfo from thence Attalick Tex- tures, which varioufly expos’d to the Air or Light, fhew’d either a golden, or rofy, or fif- teen, or any other Colour. From the fame Region came alfo («?) Knives made of Stone, which would cut any thing, and Slippers made of Indian (#) Rufhes, andleveral other Things, which to reckon up here, would feem long and tedious. The COMMENTARY. (a) \The New World . So call’d not in refpedt of its Creation, but in re- Chap. L Of the New World. 267 fefped of its Difcovery , which was made but in fatter Years, left with Democritus and Epicurus^ with Anaxagoras and others, we feem tb affirm, a Plurality of Worlds, which fond Opinion ha- ving no Keafon to Support it, is quite fallen to the Ground, and is utterly exploded. This Expreflion of ( New-World J was ancient- ly in ufe, it frequently occurring in Ciaffick Authors; for Ovid writing to Livia, honour^ Germany with the Title of a New World , as He* gefipptts doth England . Befides, Great Britain was look’d upon by the Romans to be a not he* World beyond Calais ; hence TirgU’s Melibcem in the firft Eclogue, clears up his Voice, and Tings thus. Et Penitus toto divifos orbe Britannos. u A Race of Men from all the World disjoint And Horace calls them ttltmos Orbes. Serves iter urn Cafarem in ultimos Orbes Britannos i. e. u Preferve thou Qefar fafe we thee implore, “ Bounds to the World’s remoteft Britain Shore. And Lucan mentions an unknown World in his fifth Book, where he fpeaks of the Arabians flocking in to the AlTiftance of Pompcy. (b) [No Knowledge 0 f it in former Times."] 1 (hall not launch out into that great Dijpute , whether the New World was known to the Ancients or not, nor make an Enquiry whe- ther it was difeover’d to ’em under any other Name ; but rather than tranfeiibe the Argu- ments pro and con, (hail refer the Reader to Dr. Beylins Cofmography, and to other Au- thors that treat of that Subject. N2 ; but fpread the Contagion thouehout the whole ! World. I have either read or heard how certain Mer^' i chants being bound to ferve the French Army f at the Siege of Naples with fo many Tun ot Tunny , and not able to perform it, hearing of a late Battel in Barbary , repair’d to the Place, and ftipplied the Quantity with Mans Flcjh, drefs’d in the fame Manner, which prov’d fo high a Feeding (moft eafily converted into the like) that their Bodies brake forth into loathfome Ulcers j and from that Infedipa the Difeafe 276 rA jlV C i KU L L, U 6. Book II. that takes from them the Name (not known in cur Parts of the World) was introduced among us. And Scaliger in his iSiff Exercitation againft Cardan, and the ipth Sediion, doth alfo affirm, that it proceeded not originally from the Impu- rity of Women, but from Contagion; and that the Spaniard did fir ft tranfport thefe rare Wares from the Indians , as common among them, as the Meazels among us, and equally contagious, (i) \Ind\an FigsJ\ Though Indian Figs are of many Sorts, fome thick and lome thin, and have different Marks of Excellencies ,• yet they have the fame Shape, Figure, and Colour, and the Tree it felf is as tail as a Man. Its Leaves ( having a Fibre in the middle ) are an Ell long, and 27 Inches broad. The old ones fall at the coming of new, till the Tree arrives to its full Growth, and bears ripe Fruit. It hath not a mody, but a reedy kind of Trunk. This Tree bears a Flower (contrary to the Nature of our Fig-Trees, wherein that is Milh y which is a Flower in others ; and therefore a Fig-Tree by A4acrcbins y is not laid Florefcere , to ftourifh, but Lachfcere , to give Milk,) about the bignefs of an Eftr.ich Egg, and is of a Pur- ple Colour : From whence, after a long increafe, there fhoots forth a Branch, not of a mody Subfiance, but like the Stalk of a Cabbage, which bears Bu itches of Figs, even an hundred Clutters^ and thole lb big, as to be a Load for two Men, and therefore may be better fty Id Centuple, than that in Horace a double Fig. Et 277 Chap. I. Of the New World Et Nux or nab at men Jam cam duplice Tic a. “ And double Figs were on the Table laid. The Fruit of the Indian Fig-Tree, is pull’d before ’tls ripe, when between Green and Yellow, [f hung upon a Beam, they will kindly ripen tn three or four Days. This Plant or Tree bears but one Clutter, and is prefently cut down, snd in a Months Time it will grow again to its iu ft Proportion, and is To abundantly fruitful throughout the whole Year, that it commonly ferves the Indians for Food. (i) [Nut si) Though the Trees of thefe are call’d now- a-days Date-Trees, by reafon of that Affinity of Nature which the Former feems to have with the Latter, fructifying without a Mate of the fame kind ; yet they are not really the fame with Date-Trees, becaufe theie are never obferv’d to grow in India, but their Fruit is brought from Arabia thither, as we are inform’d by a Phyfician, who liv’d there many Years. And Experience tells us, that the Date-Tree (com- monly growing in Afia and Africa, J will never fprout in India, but as foon as ever traniplanted thither, it becomes barren and unfruitful: So that by thote Date-Trees, which Theophrajhts, Arriani'ts, Strabo, and others fay grow in lndia y we are not to underftand Date Trees properly fo called, but Indian Nut-Trees , whole Fruit the Natives call Cacao or Coquos. The Indian Nut-Tree is very tall and is about four Fingers thick, having Leaves only at Top, which dilate themlelves as in a Date. Its Fruit lies [bettered under the Covert of its Leaves flicking dofe together about ten in Number. Tis 278 PJNCIROLLVS. Book I[. Tis rare to fee one (ingle Nut brought forth alone, every one is as big as the Egg of an Eftrich. Its Root penetrates but a little Way into the Ground, but (licks incredibly faff con- ildering its Procerity , which is fo great, that climbing into the Air with fo vaft an Heighth, it tires the Opt ids of gazing Mortals : But the Indian Gardeners cut Stairs (as it were) in its Rind or Bark, whereby with great Facility they afeend to the Top, even to the great Amazement of the Portuguese, who utterly defpair of ever mounting to fo high a Pitch. Thefe Nuts are more plentiful here than Olives in Spain and Portugal , and are more abundant, than Willows in the Low Countries. This /Whw Nut-Tree is chieffy admir’d for its Fruit and Wine ; the Former when ripe* affords a fweet and limpid Juice that is very cooling, and that fo copiouily, that one Nut will go neax to fill a Tankard. Neither is a larger Dofe of it any way hurtful, it being very pleafant and friendly to Nature. But if it hang long on the Tree, it coagulates and thickens into an aluminous kind ofSubffance, and hardens and drys into a Gruff or Shell. Its internal Fruit taffes fomewhat like a Fil- beard, but is a little tweeter, and is call’d by fome Mexicans Avellana y a Mexican Ft l beard. The firrt Rind which incloieth the inward Fruit, hardens into Wood as the Nutt ripens. If the Cocoes were covered with fuch a Bark, they, might be fafely carried through the whole World ; yet in procefs of Time, this Water is turn’d into a yellowifh kind of kople very deli- cious, fweet, and pleafant. The 2hap. 1 . Of the New World. 27^ The Wood of this Tree is alio very prop- able, of which they make Ships, and thole without Nails, they being joined together, or •ather interwoven by certain Strings and Fibres >f the Cacao. And (to pals by teveral other Jfes of it) Ropes and Cables are made of thefe Threads, juft as they are made of Hemp among is. But after fourteen Days at lea ft, they mu if X dipt and kept in the brinifh Waves to keep :hem from rotting, which they are liable to do in frefh Water, becaufe not fmeared with a daubing of Pitch. They weave alfo Sails of thefe Leaves, which Indians ufe inftead of Tyle, and the Portuguese ior Mats or Coverlets againft the Sun. They make alfo Hats of them, which are much, efteem’d by realon of their Lightnels. (/) [ Pittures made of Birds feathers .' ] By which we are to underftand that plumatile kind of Work, of which feveral forts have been in the Memory of our Anceftors, brought to us from the utmoft Parts of the Weft Indies ; as Garments, Shields and various kinds of Vefteis, all which were fo delicately interwoven with the painted Plumes of Parrots , Phoenicopters , and other party-coloured Fovyl, that nothing could be more delightful, or more oblige the Eye, than that pieafant Variegation. (m) [Knives made of Stoned] Writers inform us, that the Inhabitants of thefe Regions, before civilized by the Spaniard s y ufed (among other Things) Knives of Stone 9 with which they could cut any Thing as well ; as we can. with ours made of Iron. This puts us in mind of what we read of the Pi lefts : of Cjbele, who were wont to cut of their Vtri- 2 8 o PANCIROLLVS. Book II. Ikies with a fharp Stone, according to that in I the 4th Satire of Juvenal. Ecce {mentis Bellona-j matrifque Deum chorus intrat , & ingens- Semivir Ohfcceno facies referenda minori Aiollia qui rupta fee nit genitalia Tejl'i. <£ Behold! Bellonas, CybeBs Pried, the ta 11 ,