8b TS 1785 .C43 1868 A TEEATISE E. Q PJ,XA.,K I N MJJV^ATE AND PUBLIC^ ]|iOP?"^RDS, ^ DESCKIPTION OP THE MANlJ-Ril^J^^ Y - . RULES, TABLES OF WEIGHTS, ARAPTED TO THE TEADE, SHIPPING, MINING, RAILWAYS, BUILDEES, &c. BY EGBERT CHAPMAN, Formerly Foreman to Messrs. Huddart and Co., Limehouse ; and Master Eopemaker of H.M. Dockyard, Deptford. LONDON: E. & F. n! SPON, 48, CHAEING CROSS. 1868. COA/S lX)NDON : Printed by W. Clowes & Soks, Stamford Street and Charing Cross. THE GETTY C£r^,^i-» UBRARY Introdtiction .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Kemarks on the Cultivation and Preparation of Hemp . . 7 Spinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Rules and Examples .. .. .. .. .. ..13 Definition of signs .. .. .. .. .. ..14 "Weight of a thread .. .. .. .. ..15 Ditto, yarn .. .. ,. .. ..15 Twist in yarn, threads in hauls .. .. .. ..16 Threads in junks and whalelines . . . . . . ..17 Length of yarn for rope and heart . . . . . . . . 19 Length of yarn for holt-rope . . . . . . . . . . 20 Lfength of yarn for flat rope and tacks . . . . . . 20 Sheets and threads per hook, three-strand hawser .. .. 21 Threads per hook, hawsers and cable . . .. .. .. 21 Hearts for stays . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Length to register .. .. .. .. ..2:} Size of strand and ropes . . . . . . . . . . 25 Length of rope and strands .. .. .. ,. ,.27 Rope when stretched .. .. .. .. ,. ..28 Diameter of tubes .. .. ,. .. .. ..28 Weight of ropes . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Strength of cordage . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Wire rope . . . . , . . . . . . . ..32 Press on ropes .. .. .. .. .. ..33 Circumference of strand, length of turn and threads in each circle 33 Length of yarn in each circle . , . , . . . . , . 38 Angle of strands, when hard .. ,, .. ..40 B 2 4r CONTENTS. Tables, Tlirec-strand liawserSj ropCj siz6 of y&nij num'bGr of ttire&ds' ' 43 HotHr^i'and ditto .. .. .. .. 44 ■ Three-strand cables, ditto 46 Four-strand ditto 47 ,, Weight of hawsers, 1 to 130 fathoms .. 49 „ „ cables, 1 to 120 fathoms .. 50 Size, men, and threads each man 51 „ Lines and twines 54 Pay of Spinners, &c. 55 Spinning machines , . . . . . . . .... 55 GOVEBNMENT. Hemp and bundles 56 Weight of yam . . 58 Length to register 59 Register, hard and laying distance 60 Press on ropes 63 Threads per hook 64 Size of yarn and ropes .. .. 65 Hemp and yam . . 66 Cost of preparing hemp . . 68 Pay of spinners and labourers .. 70 Tables, Weight of yarn 72 Thread in strands 74 ,, Men, and cost of labour 77 Equalizing machines 84 Laying machines 85 Slide Rulb, Multiplication, &c., &c. . . 88 Rules for ropemakers . . 92 INTEODUCTION. The Art of Eopemaking, by some strange fatality, has not attracted hitherto sufficiently the notice or attention of the mathematician, philosopher, or engineer, either in this country, or any part of the maritime world, with success. Some have taken it up in error, they not being acquainted with the art practically; others have strove to show more than the defects, being interested with chain or wire rope, &c. ; few have given the art of ropemaking that place among the scientific branches it deserves, with the exception of Captain Joseph Huddart, to whose invention of the Register Plate and Tube the trade, and the whole of the maritime world, are indebted. It must be allowed that among the many arts necessary to navigation, one on which the safety of the ship depends for the security of sails, masts and yards, and consequently the hull, and lives of the passengers and crew, is the manu- facture of cordage, used as tow-lines, rigging, running gear, &c. But it has often happened, that where no expense has been spared, the best material selected, and the greatest care taken in its manufacture, that when it is placed in the hands of the fitter, rigger, or sailor, oftentimes the properties of the rope are destroyed, and the blame put upon the manufacturer ; I speak this from experience, having been employed in all the branches as ropemaker, sailor, and rigger, many years. 6 INTRODUCTION. I at one time made the cordage for the outfit of a ship of 600 tons. I knew the materials to have been the best, and every care taken in the manufacture. The ship went her voyage, and when she returned, the captain made his report, and stated the cordage to have been the worst he had ever seen ; that a 5-inch hawser had stretched down to 2i inches. It being my duty to investigate into this report, I saw the captain, and he persisted in the statement. I then inquired of him how many fathoms of 5-inch rope he received on board, he answered, 130 fathoms. I then wished to know how many fathoms of 2i inches he had from the 130 fathoms of 5 inches — he did not know ; and when I said he should have 520 fathoms of 2i inches, this he could not understand, but gave me to understand that some one had offered to supply cordage cheaper, and he could not leave the firm without some excuse — there was the fault of the cordage. This work has been written with the view of assisting the workman in obtaining a knowledge of the calculations necessary to the art of ropemaking ; having, in the course of my own practical employment, been frequently in want of such rules, and as often disappointed when asking for inform- ation of those it might have been expected from, I was, in consequence, compelled to form rules to enable me to carry on the work and to answer questions put to me by the officers of the dockyards through the Lords of the Admiralty, and which were often very absurd ; hence, the following rules and tables will be found chiefly to consist of those practical rules con- nected with the art of ropemaking. TREATISE ON ROPEMAKINa. HEMP. Seed to be sown, sliould be of the preceding year, because it is an oily grain, and is apt to become rancid if kept too long ; it is also advisable to choose the seed every second year from a different soil. The time for sowing is from the beginning to the end of April ; if sown earlier, the plants become tender, the frost will injure, if not totally destroy them. The plants should be left thick, as without this precaution, the plants grow- large, the bark woody, and the fibres harsh. The ripeness of the male plant is known by the leaves turning yellow, and the stem of a whitish colour. The ripeness of the female, by the opening of the pods so much, that the seed may be seen — they will have a brownish appearance. The harvest for pulling the male is about August, the female not being fit until Michaelmas. Wlien gathered, it is taken by the root end in large handfuls, and with a wooden sword the flowers and leaves are dressed off— twelve hands form a bundle, head, or layer. It is immersed in water as soon as possible ; as by drying, the mucilage hardens, and it requires a more severe operation to develop the bark than when macerated directly, which is injurious to the fibre. If let lie in water too long, the fibres are too much divided, and by an undue dissolution of the gum, would not have the 8 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. strength to stand the effort it should, in being dressed. But if not sufficiently steeped, it becomes harsh, coarse, non-elastic, and encumbered with woody shives, which is a great defect. The next operation is to separate the fibres from the stem ; this is done by a process called scutching, formerly practised, but now by a machine, called a brake ; the operation is only breaking the reed or woody part, for the fibre itself, of which is the filamentous substance ; hemp only bends, and does not break. The strength of the longitudinal fibres is superior to the fibres by which they are joined ; or, in other words, it requires more to break them than to separate them from one another, as by rubbing or beating, causes the longitudinal fibre to separate, and in proportion of a greater or less degree of that separation, it becomes more or less fine, elastic, and soft. When intended for cordage or coarse yarn, it requires only to be drawn through a coarse heckle ; but if for fine yarn, through heckles of various degrees of fineness. In this process the pins carry off a part of the gum in the form of dust, which is very pernicious, and by dividing the fibres, separate entirely the heterogeneous mass. To effect this, the heckle is fixed upon a frame, one side inclining from the workmen, who, grasping a handful of hemp in his hands, draws it through the heckle pins, which divides the fibres, cleanses and straightens them, and renders the hemp fit for spinning ; if the fibres were spun longitudinally, the yarn would be stronger, more easily join, and require less twist. TEBATISE ON EOPEMAKING. 9 SPINNING. When the spinner has placed the hemp around him, he commences by taking hold of the middle of the fibres, and attaching them to the rotatory motion that supplies twist, which, upon receiving, he steps backwards, doubling the fibres in the operation. When the yarn is spun, it is warped into hauls or junks, which contain a certain number of threads or yarns in proportion to the size and weight. The hauls are then tarred, if required. The tar should be good, and of a bright colour when rubbed by the fingers— Arch- angel being the best ; mixing with it, at times, a portion of Stockholm, to ameliorate and soften that which has been boiled, as by repeated boiling it becomes of a pitchy sub- stance, and makes the cordage stiff, difficult to coil, and liable to break. The tar should at first be heated to a temperature of 220 degrees of Fahrenheit previous to commencing opera- tions, so that the aqueous matter may be evaporated, and any dirt or other dense matter precipitated and taken out, thereby cleansing it from all impurities ; as the yam, passing through the tar, takes or draws in a quantity of moisture, and the atmospheric air pressing upon the surface, has a tendency of lowering the temperature ; it never should descend while in operation below 212 degrees to evaporate that moisture. The yarn should not pass through the tar at a greater speed than fifteen feet per minute, to allow it to imbibe a sufBcient quantity to prevent decay, and cause an amalgamation to take place, rendering the cordage more durable in exposed situations, weaker by its adhesion to the fibre which makes it more rigid, and destroys a small portion of its strength and elasticity. After being tarred, the hauls are left for several hours to allow any moisture to evaporate ; it is then coiled into the yarn-house, and left for several days to allow the tar J-^. , ■ ' TKKATISB ON KOPEMAKING. to bardenj,pd* adhere more closely to the fibre ; otherwise, should il be made into cordage directly after being tarred, the tar would press to the surface, decay take place in the centre, and give the cordage an unsightly appearance. When the hauls have lain a time in store, they are wound upon bobbins, the haul being stretched along the floor of a shed ; and each end being formed in loops or bights, are placed upon hooks, and made taut by tackles; the workman takes the end of four yarns and separates them, passing each end through a gauge, attaches them to bobbins placed upon a machine to receive them, called a winding machine. When the bobbins are full, they each contain about 500 fathoms of yarn, or in proportion to the size of the yarn, and are taken from the machine and replaced by empty ones, and the operation proceeds. The bobbins of yarn are then taken to a frame made to receive them, and the ends passed through a metallic plate perforated with holes in concentric circles ; each yarn is passed through a single hole to the number of yams required to form a strand; the whole are then brought together, and drawn through a cylindrical metallic tube, having a bore equal in diameter to the number of yarns when compressed. It is then attached to a machine which is drawn down the rope-walk by steam or some other power; at the same time a rotatory motion is given to twist the yarns into a strand, making an uniform cylinder. These machines are called registers, because they register the length. Forming giving a proper formation, and equalising for the equality of twist given the strands over the old method. There are other machines for making cordage upon more scientific principles, and which give a greater uniformity of twist or angle, such as Captain Huddart's, for these reasons : — the backward travelling movement of any register, forming, or equalising machine that is or may be used in a rope-walk, TREATISE ON ROPEMAKING.' • .'^.'7^ r ->, 11 the retrograde movement of such a machine toV^%^^h§ bottom, of the walk to which the strands are drawn, and ■wii^-*the ; most improved and best principle is or may be adopted, has hitherto been found defective. The machines being worked by ropes applied in different ways, causes non-uniformity in the twist or angle ; as, in some cases, the rope is made to draw the machine by fastening one of its ends to the machine, and the other to a capstan at the bottom of the walk, the twist being given by the rotatory motion of the wheels upon which it travels ; in other cases, a rope, termed a ground-rope, made fast at eacb end of the walk, and having one or more turns round the barrel of the machine to give the required twist to the strands. Also an endless rope passing from one end of the walk to the other, the one end passing round a movable pulley, the other round a capstan, with power to drive the machine ; the rope is then passed round a gab- wheel upon the machine ; the capstan being put in motion, the endless rope drives the gab-wheel, and causes the machine to retrograde or travel along the ground-rope which gives motion to the pinions, and twist the strands. The great object to be obtained is in regulating the retrograding or travelUng motion, and to preserve a certain speed in a given time, in order that the strands may receive a proper degree of twist in a certain length. The next operation, the strands are made into a rope by being attached to the machines at each end of the walk, and brought to a certain degree of tension by the means of tackles ; a wood frame, called a drag, is made fast to the machine, and some heavy material placed upon it to retain that tension when released from the tackles. The machines are then put in motion, and as the strands receive tortion they shorten in their length — this is called hardening ; but from various causes, during this process, an inequality of tension takes place, one TREATISE ON BOPEMAKING. strand becoming slack and the others tight, therefore of un- equal lengths, although originally of equal lengths, and received the same number of twist or turns by machines of the most approved principle. The method practised to remedy this, is to twist up the slack strand, making it harder and smaller, and consequently it cannot lay evenly in the rope, and will be the first to break. It is also obvious that an after-twist must be given the rope to cause the strands to unite, as for every twist given the rope the same is taken from the strands ; hence the same number of twists the rope receives, the same number must be given to the strands, and any increase given the rope in makmg or rounding cannot be retained, but must come out when the rope is put upon a strain. When the strands have received a sufficient hardness of twist, they are placed upon one hook upon one of the machines ; a cone of wood, called a top, with grooves cut in the surface sufficiently large to receive the strands are then put between them ; the machines are then put in motion, the strands made to bear equally the tails wrapped around the rope, and all is ready for closing. The machine that twists the rope being set so as to make two revolutions, while the machine that twists the strands makes but one revolution ; this extra revolution given the rope being requisite to overcome the friction which is caused by the top, tails, and the stake heads which are placed at every five fathoms to support tha strands and rope, and which extra revolutions cannot be re- tained in the rope. EULES AND EXAMPLES. 14 TREATISE ON BOPEMAKING. NOTE. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. All the calculations are decimally. = Sign equal to, as 4 added 8 = 12. + „ addition, as 5 plus 3 = 8. „ division, as 8 divided 2 = 4. X „ multiplied, as 6 multiplied 3 = 18. - „ subtraction, as 9 minus 6 = 3. : : : : „ proportion, that 2 is to 3 as 4 is to 6. V Square root | the extraction of roots, thus 64 = 8, V Cube root j —and V ^4 = 4. 42 to be squared, 1 raising the powers thus, 42 = 16, 4^ to be cubed j and 4^ = 64. ^ + 5x4 = 32, that 3 added to 5, multiplied by 4 = 32. V' 52 - 32 = 4 ., 5 squared less 3 squared, the square root of remainder = 4. ^^^0^^^ 2 ... 20 multiplied by 12, divided by 30 2^ the cube = 2. 24 X 6 + 12 X = 60 ... 24 multiplied by 6, and 12 12 multiplied by 3, added together, multiplied by 4 and divided by 12, the quotient = 60. TREATISE ON KOPEMAKING, 15 THREAD AND YARN. Etjle. To find the weight of a thread of a certain length and size to make a 3-inch rope. Example. One inch diameter is 3*1416 circumference, then 3"1416 -7- 2 = 1-5708, the circumference of a strand of a 3-inch rope. And 3-1416 : 1 : : 1-5708 : -5 diameter - 1-5708 ^ 2 = -7854 & 5 -r- 2 = -25, radii. •7854 X -25 = 19-6350, area of a strand. 19-6350 -4- 20 = -9817, area of a thread. Then given the area of the strand, 20, we have, by the V square root, 160 fathoms, as 20 = 4-4721, and 20 : 4*4721 : : 160 : 71*5536, and 71-5536 4- 20 = 3-5775 lbs. each thread. If we give the square root equal 4-5, we have a formula for all other sizes. Example. 20 : 4-5 :: 160 : 72 lbs., 20 threads. 72 -T- 20 = 3-6 lbs., one thread, 160 fathoms. Then, 72 being the formula, the same will answer for every size yarn or thread. Weight of yarn, 160 fathoms. White Yarn. 72 4- 16 = 4-5 = 16 thread yarn 72 18 = 4* - 18 72 -7- 20 = 3-6 = 20 72 -^ 25 = 2-8 = 25 72 -j- 40 = 1-8 - 40 1? TREATISE ON EOPEMAKIKG. Tarred Yarn. 90 ^ 16 = 5-62 = 16 thread yam 90 -T- 18 = 5- = 18 90 -r 20 = 4-5 = 20 90 25 = 3-84 = 25 90 -4- 40 = 2-25 = 40 '[^niite Yarn, 200 fathoms. 90 -V- 40 = 2-25 = 40 thread yam 90 -f- 30 = 3- = 30 90 -T- 25 = 3-6 = 25 90 -4- 20 = 4-5 = 20 90 -T- 18 = 5- = 18 Tarred Yarn, 200 fathoms. 112 -H 40 = 2-8 = 40 thread yam 112 30 = 3-73 = 30 112 -T- 25 = 4-48 = 25 112 -r- 20 = 5-6 = 20 112 -7- 18 = 6-2 = 18 EtJLE. To find the number of turns or twist required for any size yarn. Example. The square root of the size multiplied by 375 is the number of twist per foot. V'40 = 6-3245 x 375 = 21-8268 twist per foot. V30 = 5-4772 X 3-75 = 20-5395 V25 = 5- X 3-75 = 18-7500 ^20 = 4-4721 X 3-75 = 16-7703 ^18 = 4-2426 X 3-75 15-9097 Eule. To find the size of the yarn by the number of threads in the haul. TREATISE ON KOPEMAK^N(/./\/-<;>.^ A haul of yarn of eighteens, each threa^aop/^thoms, 'a(-i3~'^ weigh 900 lbs., white containing 180 threadsXi^Vf^ ^ y Example. "^^^^..^^.f^ 90 -4- 18 = 5- & 900 -=- 5- = 180 threads. 90 -5- 20 = 4-5 & 900 4-5 = 200 90 -i- 30 = 3- & 900 -^ 3- = 300 Eule. To find the number of threads in the junk ; a junk of eighteens, each thread 160 fathoms, and weigh 376 lbs., and 38 blocks. 18 = 376 -i- 4- = 94 X 160 = 152 -r- 4 = 38 blocks. 20 = 378 -T- 3-6 = 105 x 160 = 168 4 = 42 „ 25 = 378 -i- 2-8 = 135 x 160 = 216 -r- 4 = 54 „ Whale lines are made from dressed hemp. And one hundred and four dozen will make ten lines, each about 120 lbs. white, and 147 lbs. tarred ; 104 dozen, one line ; each thread 1-55 lbs. ; 180 fathoms, ten lines ; one haul of 900 threads. N.B. — "Whale lines are made of different sizes and length, as lines for the Hudson's Bay, Greenland fishery, and South Sea, therefore, the person who has the order must work accordingly. Rule. To find the length of yarn to make any length of three- strand shroud, or hawser laid cordage. Multiply the length of rope by 3, and divide by 2. Example. 90 fathoms of rope required. 90 X 3 = 270 2 = 135 fathoms of yarn. 130 x 3 = 390 -4- 2 = 195 - 18 TEEATISE ON KOPEMAKING. Etjle. Four-strand Shroud or Hawser laid. Multiply length of rope by 11, and divide by 7. Example. 90 fatboms of rope required. 90 X 11 = 990 -i- 7 = 140 fathoms of yarn. 130 X 11 = 1430 -r 7 = 204 EULE. Three-strand Cable laid. Multiply length of cable by 5, and divide by 3. Example. 100 fathoms of cable required. 100 X 5 = 500 -T- 3 = 166-6 fathoms of yarn. 120 X 5 = 600 ^ 3 = 200- Rule. Four-strand Cable laid. Multiply length of cable by 7, and divide by 4. Example. 30 fathoms of cable required. 30 X 7 = 210 -T- 4 = 52 fathoms of yam. 60 X 7 = 420 4 = 105 „ Another metho 110-1-4 2| 16 , 105 „ J) 7-18-1-0 PKESS. The press or weight placed upon the drags after the strands are properly stretched, depends, in a great measure, upon the state of the ground and the atmosphere ; the rule generally is, one barrel of 3 cwt. to every 6 threads the strand contains ; the yarn twenties, bolt-rope, strands and some other, is left to the layer. EULE. To find the circumference of strand or lessom length of yarn in one turn, and number of threads or yarns in each circle. D TREATISE ON ROPEMAKIl^G./ <;> 35 \ Radius .. 90 *^S^>^' ^^^'^^ : B = 50 yarns 50 ^X^;/^§?'^r,-> v ^ :: Cosine >.. 35° ^^2S&^J:.>^''^ D = Circumference 6-104 1-78561 As Radius .. 90 10- : D = Circumference 6-104 1-78560 : : Tangent > 35° 9-84522 : E = Length of turn 8-717 1-94038 Therefore, As D = Circumference 6-104 1-78560 : Radius ,. 90 10- : : E = Length of turn 8-717 1-94037 : Tangent > 35° 9-84523 As Cosine > 35° 9-91336 : D = Circumference 6-104 1-78560 : : E = 50 yarns 1st circle -69896 AsD = C^ .. 54-7 1-73798 : Radius .. 90 10- : : E = length of turn 8-717 1-94037 : Tangent > 32° 6' 9-79761 As Cosine >.. 32° 6' 9-92794 : D = C^ .. 54-7 1-73798 : : E = 46-33 = 46 yarns 2nd circle .. .. -66592 D 2 TREATISE ON BOPEMAKISTG. AsD = 02 .. 48-4 .. 1-68484 : Radius ., 90 10- : : E = length of turn 8-717 1-94037 : Tangent > 29° 2' 9-74447 As Cosine >.. 29° 2' 9-94167 : D = .. 48-4 1-68484 :: E 42-32 = 42 yams 3rd circle .. -62651 AsD = C3 .. 42-1 1-62428 : Radius .. 90 10- : : E = length of turn 8 717 1-94037 : Tangent > 25° 46' 9-68391 AsOosine>.. 25° 46' 9-95451 : D = 03 .. 42-1 1-62428 :: E = 37-94 = 38 yarns 4th circle .. '57879 AsD = 0* .. 35-8 1-55387 : Radius .. 90 10- ; : E = length of turn 8-717 1-94037 : Tangent > 22° 19' 9-61350 As Cosine >.. 22° 19' 9-96618 : D = 0* ,. 35-8 1-55389 : : E = 33-12 = 33 yarns 5th circle .. .. -52007 As D = 0* .. 29-5 1-46982 : Radius .. 90 10- :: E length of turn 8-717 1-94037 : Tangent > 18° 42' 9-52945 TEBATISE ON BOPEMAKING, As Cosine > .. 18° 42' 9-97644 : D = 05 29-5 .. 1-46982 : : E = 27-94 = 28 yarns 6th circle .. .. -44626 AsD = 06 .. 23-2 1-36548 : Radius .. 90 10- : : E = length of turn 8-717 1-94037 : Tangent > 14° 43' 9-41911 As Cosine > .. 14° 43' 9-98552 : D = C6 23-2 1-36548 : : E = 22-44 = 22 yarns 7th circle .. '35100 AsD = 07 .. 16-9 1-22787 : Radius .. 90 10- : : E = one turn 8-717 1-94037 : Tangent > 10° 58' 9-28750 As Cosine > 10° 58' 9-99199 : D = 07 .. 16-9 1-22789 :: E = 16-6 = 16 yarns 8th circle .. .. -21988 AsD = 08 .. 10-6 1-02530 : Radius ,. 90 10- : : E = one turn 8-717 1-94037 : Tangent > 6° 56' 9-08493 38 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. As Cosine >■ . . : D = 08 . 6° 56' 10-6 .. : : E = 10-5 = 11 yams 9th circle 9-99681 1-02530 -02011 Then D = : 745, circumference of the 10th circle, the remaining vacancy. Therefore, 7452 X -07958, the area of unity, gives 5-653, and completes a strand of 292 threads or yarns. Rule. To find the length of yarn in each series of circles or shells. fiase, 180 fatlioms. No. 50 Faths. 219-7 46 212-4 42 205-8 38 199-9 33 194-6 28 190-0 22 186-1 16 183-3 11 181-3 5 180-3 1 180-0 292 TEEATISK ON BOPEMAKING. 39 AsKadius .. 90 10' : Secant 35° 10-08664 :: Base .. .. 180 2-25527 : Length of yam 219-7 2-34191 AsEadius .. 90 10- : Secant .. 32° 6' 10-07205 :: Base 180 2-25527 : Length of yam 212-4 2 32732 AsEadius .. 90 10" : Secant > .. 29° 2' 10-05832 :: Base .. .. 180 2-25527 : Length of yam 205-8 2-31359 AsEadius .. 90 10* : Secant > .. 25° 46' 10-04548 :: Base .. .. 180 2-25527 : Lengthof yam 199-9 2-30075 AsEadius .. 90 10' : Secant > .. 22° 19' 10-03381 :: Base .. .. 180 2-25527 : Lengthof yam 194-6 2-28908 AsEadius .. 90 10- : Secant > 18° 42' 10-02355 :: Base .. .. 180 2-25527 : Length of yam 190 ■. .. 2-27882 40 TBEA-nSE ON KOPEMAKINa. AsKadius .. 90 10* : Secant > 14° 43' 10-01449 :: Base .. .. 180 2-25527 : Length of yam 186-1 2-26976 AsKadius .. 90 10- : Secant > .. 10° 58' 10-00800 :: Base .. .. 180 2-25527 : Length of yam 183-3 2-26327 As Eadius.. .. 90 .. 10- : Secant > .. 6° 56' 10-00319 :: Base .. .. 180 2 25527 : Length of yam 181-3 2-25846 As Eadius .. 90 .. 10- : Secant > .. 3° 5' .. 10-00063 :: Base .. .. 180 2-25527 : Length of yam 180-3 2-25590 As radius : radius : I base : base, 180 ; and completes the strand. To find the angle of the strands or readies, after heing hardened or shortened 12 fathoms, being registered at an EULE. To find the angle of the strands hardened or shortened 12 fathoms, angle of 27 degrees, and 180 fathoms. TEEATISE ON EOPEMAKING. 41 As length of strand 180 2 25527 : Radius .. .. 90 10- ::Sine> .. 27° 9-65705 : 39-16 2-59822 Then, 39-16 - 12 = 27-16. Therefore, As length at hard 168 2-22531 : Raditis .. .. 90 10- :: 27-16 .. .. 27-16 2-43393 : Sine angle .. 38° 12' 9-79138 EULE. To find the angle the rope is laid with. As length of strand hard to radius so is length of rope to the cosine angle it is laid with. Example. As length of strand 165 2-217484 : Radius .. .. 90 10* : : Length of rope 130 2-113943 : Cosine angle 38° 9-896459 And, As sine angle .. 52° 9-896530 : Radius .. .. 90 10- :: Length of rope 130° 2-113943 : Length of strand 165 2-217413 42 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. Cables and Hawsers. To find the hard length of strand divided by 15 equal hard. Example. Strand 180 fathoms, 180 -4- 15 = 12 = 12 fathoms hard. Bolt-rope. Length of strand divided by 19 equal hard. Example. 180 -4- 19 = 9-5 = 9| fathoms hard. The hardness of the rope depends in a great measure how the order is given. Some require the rope harder than others, therefore it is with the foreman or layer to exercise his judgment. TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. 43 THKEE-STEAND SHEOUD HAWSEES. Table showing size of Eope, size of Yarn, and the numher of Threads or Yarns in a Strand and Rope of Three-strand Shroud Hawsers. Eighteen s. Twenties. Twenty-fives. Size of Rope. Threads Threads Threads Threads Threads Threads in in in in in in Strand. Rope. Strand. Rope. Strand. Rope. Inches. t c D Q O q 4 12 ■fX if A 0 g 18 1 1 D 10 n 1 91 Z J. 7 1 21 IS 7 ZL Q o 94. Zt q 97 Z 1 Q Q o ill Q 97 Z 1 33 01 ■^4 oU i-i oo It 4.9 tu 9i oo It 4.9 1 ox oa 15 1 / 01 91 ZL Do Q u 18 54 20 60 25 75 til 21 63 24 72 29 87 34 25 75 27 81 34 102 3f 28 84 31 93 39 117 4 32 96 35 105 44 132 36 108 40 120 50 150 40 120 45 135 56 168 4f 45 135 50 150 62 186 5 50 150 56 168 70 210 5i 55 165 62 186 77 231 5| 60 180 67 211 84 252 5f 66 198 73 219 92 276 6 72 216 80 240 100 300 78 234 87 261 108 324 64 84 252 94 282 116 348 6| 91 273 101 303 128 384 7 98 294 108 324 136 408 7i 105 315 116 348 146 438 74 112 336 125 375 156 468 71 120 360 134 402 167 501 44: TBEATISE ON ROPEMAKING. Thbee -STRAND Shroud Hawsers — continued. Eighteens. Twenties. Twenty-fives. Size of Rope. Threads Threads Threads Threads Threads Threads in in in in in in Strand. Rope. Strand. Rope. Strand. Eope. Inches. Q 128 384 142 426 178 534 8i 136 408 151 453 189 567 8J 144 432 160 480 200 600 8| 153 459 170 510 212 636 9 162 486 180 540 225 675 180 540 200 600 250 750 10 200 600 222 666 278 834 lOi 220 660 248 744 309 927 11 240 720 268 804 336 1,008 Hi 264 792 292 876 367 1,101 12 288 864 320 960 400 1,200 FOUE-STRAND SHROUD HAWSER. Table showing the size of Rope, size of Yarn, and number of Threads or Yams in a Strand and Eope of Four-strand Shroud Hawser. Eighteens. Twenties. Twenty-fives. Size of Eope. Threads in Strand. Threads in Rope. Threads in Strand. Threads in Rope. Threads in Strand. Threads in Eope. Inches. 2 2i 21 2| 5 7 8 10 20 28 32 40 6 8 9 10 24 32 36 44 7 9 11 14 28 36 44 56 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. 45 Four-strand Shroud Hawsers — continued. Eighteens. Twenties. Twenty-flves. Size of Rope. X nrraUo in X nresidd in 1 hre&cls in J. hreaus In Threads in X JilcUUS in Strand. Rope. Strand. Rope. Strand. Rope. Inches. 3 12 48 13 52 17 68 3i 14 56 15 60 20 80 3* 16 64 18 72 23 92 3| 18 72 21 84 26 104 4 21 84 23 92 30 120 H 24 96 26 104 34 136 H 27 108 30 120 38 152 4f 30 120 33 132 42 168 5 33 132 37 148 47 188 36 144 40 160 51 204 . 5i 40 160 44 176 56 224 5f 44 176 48 192 61 244 6 48 192 53 212 67 268 6i 52 208 57 228 72 288 6^ 56 224 62 248 78 312 6f 60 240 67 268 84 336 7 65 260 72 288 91 364 7i 70 280 77 308 98 392 7i 't 75 300 83 332 105 420 7f 80 320 88 352 112 448 8 85 340 94 376 119 476 8i 96 384 106 424 134 536 9 108 432 119 476 150 600 9* 120 480 132 528 168 672 10 133 582 148 592 184 736 lOJ 147 588 162 648 205 820 11 161 644 178 712 224 896 178 712 195 780 245 980 12 192 768 213 852 267 1,068 46 TREATISE ON ROPEMAKING. • V :theee-steand cable. Table showing the size of Cable, size of Yarn, and number of Threads or Yarns in the Lessom, Strand, and Cable. Eighteens. X wenties. Size of Cable. Threads Threads Threads Threads Threads in Threads in in in in in Strand. Cable. Lessom, Strand. Cable. Inches. 3 5 15 45 6 18 54 3| 6 18 54 7 21 63 4 8 24 72 9 27 81 10 30 90 11 33 99 5 13 39 117 14 42 126 5i 15 45 135 17 51 153 6 18 54 162 20 60 180 6^ 21 63 189 23 69 207 7 24 72 216 27 81 249 7J 28 84 252 31 93 279 8 32 96 288 35 105 315 Si 36 108 324 40 120 360 9 40 120 360 45 135 405 45 135 405 50 150 450 10 50 150 450 55 165 495 lOi 11 55 165 495 61 183 549 60 180 540 67 201 603 Hi 66 198 594 73 219 657 12 72 216 648 80 240 720 m 78 234 702 87 261 783 13 84 252 756 94 282 846 13i 91 273 819 102 306 918 14 98 294 882 110 330 990 m 105 315 945 118 354 1,062 15 112 336 1,008 126 378 1,134 15i 120 360 1,080 134 402 1,206 16 128 384 1,152 144 432 1,296 16J 17 136 408 1,224 153 459 1,377 144 432 1,296 162 486 1,458 TKEATISE ON KOPEMAKa;N<^.^/\^r q ^^x, Three-strand Cable — contin'Oe^ Size Eigli teens. Twenties. of Cable. Threads in Threads in Threads in Threads In Threads In Threads in Lessom. Strand, Cable. Lessom. Strand. Cable. Inches. m 153 459 1,377 172 516 1,548 18 162 486 1,458 182 546 1,638 171 513 1,539 192 576 1,728 19 180 540 1,620 202 606 1.818 19i 190 570 1,710 212 636 1,908 20" 200 600 1,800 222 666 1,998 FOUE-STEAND CABLE OE STAY. Table showing size of Cable, size of Yarn, number of Threads or Yams in Lessom, Strand, and Cable or Stay, Eighteens. Twenties. Size of Cable. Threads Threads Threads Threads Threads Threads in in in in in in Lessom. Strand. Cable. Lessom. Strand. Cable. Inches. 3 3 9 36 4 12 48 ^ 4 12 48 5 15 60 4 6 18 72 7 21 84 7 21 84 8 24 96 5 9 27 108 10 30 120 11 33 132 13 39 156 6 13 39 156 15 45 180 6^ 15 45 180 17 51 204 TREATISE ON ROPEMAKING. 49 WHITE AND TAREED SHEOUD HAWSEES. Table showing the weight of one fathom and of one hundred and thirty fathoms of White and Tarred Shroud Hawsers. White. Tarred. Size. Weight of one Fathom. Weight of 130 Fathoms. Weight of one Fathom. 1 Weight of 130 Fathoms. Inches. •22 Ton cwt. qrs. lbs. Ton. cwt. qrs. Ib.s. 1 0 0 1 1 • 9Q 0 0 1 8 H •51 0 0 2 10 DO 0 0 2 26 2 •88 0 1 0 3 1 . 1 0 ] 1 4 ^ 1^38 0 1 2 12 1-7 0 2 0 1 . 3 2-00 0 2 1 6 2-5 0 2 3 16 3* 2^72 0 3 0 17 3-4 0 3 2 22 4 3^54 0 4 0 13 4.4 0 5 0 16 4.4 0 5 0 17 5-5 0 6 1 21 5 5-5 0 6 1 20 6-9 0 8 0 4 6§ 6^7 0 7 3 3 8-4 0 9 2 25 6 7-9 0 9 1 1 9^9 0 11 2 8 6i 9-3 0 10 3 13 11-7 0 13 2 9 7 10-8 0 12 2 10 13^5 0 15 2 26 12^5 0 14 1 24 15-6 0 18 0 9 8 8i 14-2 0 16 1 23 17-7 1 0 2 8 16-0 0 18 2 9 20^0 I 3 0 25 9 17-9 0 3 9 22^4 1 6 0 4 ' 9^ 20-0 3 0 23 25-0 1 9 0 1 10 22-1 5 2 24 27-7 1 12 0 16 10| 24-4 8 1 11 30^5 1 15 1 21 ; 11 26-8 11 0 13 33-5 1 18 3 16 11* 29^3 14 0 2 36-6 2 2 2 2 12 31-9 17 0 3 39-9 2 6 1 4 E 50 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. WHITE AND TAEEED CABLES. Table showing the weight of one fathom and of one hundred and twenty fathoms of White and Tarred Cables. Size " White. Tarred. of Cable. Weight of one Fathom. Weight Weight of one Weight of 120 Fathoms. of 120 I'athoms. Inches. Ton. cwt. qrs. lbs. Ton. cwt. qrs. lbs. 3 1-7 0 1 3 6 2-0 0 2 1 0 3| 4 2-3 0 2 1 21 2-9 0 3 0 7 2-9 0 3 0 22 3-7 0 4 0 0 4| 3-8 0 4 0 11 4-7 0 5 0 7 5 4-6 0 5 0 0 5-8 0 6 1 0 5| 5-6 0 6 0 6 7-0 0 7 2 7 6 6-7 0 7 0 22 8"4 0 9 0 0 6^ 7-8 0 8 1 14 9-9 0 10 2 7 7 8-5 0 9 0 10 11-4 0 12 1 0 74 10-5 0 11 1 0 13-1 0 14 0 7 8 11-9 0 12 3 6 14-9 0 16 0 0 8i 12-7 0 14 1 22 16-8 0 18 0 7 9 15-0 0 16 0 22 18-7 1 1 0 0 94 17-0 0 18 0 6 21-0 1 2 2 7 10 18-7 1 0 0 0 23 3 1 5 0 0 104 20-6 1 2 0 6 25-7 1 7 2 7 11 22-6 1 4 0 22 28-2 1 10 1 0 114 24-7 1 6 1 22 30-9 1 13 0 7 12 26-9 1 8 3 6 33-6 1 16 0 0 124 29-0 1 11 1 0 36-4 1 19 0 7 13 31-5 1 13 3 6 38-5 2 2 1 0 134 34-0 1 16 1 22 42-5 2 5 2 7 14 36-4 1 19 0 22 45-7 2 9 0 0 144 39-3 2 2 0 6 49-0 2 12 2 7 15 42-0 2 5 0 0 52-5 2 16 1 0 154 44-8 2 8 0 6 56-0 3 0 0 7 TREATISE OK ROPEMAKING. 51 White and Tabbed Cables — continued. Weight of one Fathom. mue. Weight of 120 Fttthoms, Weight of one Fathom. Tarred. Weight of 120 Fathoms. Ton. cwt. qrs. lbs. Ton. cwt. qrs. lbs. 47 9 2 11 0 22 59 1 3 4 0 0 50 8 2 14 1 22 63 5 3 8 0 7 5i 0 2 17 3 6 67 4 3 12 1 0 57 2 3 1 1 0 71 4 3 16 2 7 60 5 3 4 3 6 75 6 4 1 0 0 64 0 3 8 1 22 79 8 4 5 0 7 67 4 3 12 0 23 84 2 4 10 1 0 71 0 3 16 0 6 88 7 4 15 0 7 74 8 4 0 0 0 93 3 5 0 0 0 SHEOUD HAWSEES. Table showing size of Rope, number of Men to make it, and number of Threads each Man, as pay. Number Threads Number Number Threads Number Size. of each of Size. i.f each of Men. Man. Threads. Man. Men. Threads. Inches. qrs. ths. Inches. qrs. ths. 6ths 5^ 2 1 5 11 3 5 3 Sths 6* 2 2 1 3 12 4 8 0 1 6i 2 2 1 3J 12 4 8 0 4 2 2 1 3J 10 6 10 0 7 2 2 2 11 6 11 0 8 2 2 4 4 12 6 12 0 2 9 2 3 0 4i 12 6 12 0 2i 9 3 4 3 4* 14 6 14 0 2J 10 3 5 0 4| 14 6 14 0, 52 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. Sheoud Hawsebs — continued. Number Threads Number Number Threads Number Size. of each of Size. of each of Men. Man. Threads. Men. Man. Threads. Inches. qrs. ths. Inches. qrs. ths. 5 16 8 21 2 8J 30 12 60 0 51 16 8 21 2 9 33 15 82 3 5i 18 8 24 0 9i 36 15 90 0 5f 18 8 24 0 10 39 15 97 3 6 22 12 44 0 lOi 41 15 102 3 eh 7 24 12 48 0 11 43 15 107 3 25 12 50 0 46 15 115 0 8 28 12 56 0 12 50 18 150 0 30 12 60 0 N.B. — The Layer is included. CABLES. Table showing size of Cable, number of men to make Strands and Cable, number of Threads each Man, as pay. -a M a Oh O ^ -o m B o CD ri o . n C d -a 18 „ 2-8 J» 30 2- >> 40 » 40 „ 1 3 -I? >> EULE. To find the weight of a thread when size and length are given. .50 . , • treatise on bopemaking. ■ ■• • ' . ' ■■ , ■ Example. , Divide li^^li' by size and multiply by seven, and divide the " quotient by seventeen. Example. 170 fathoms of 20- thread yarn, 170 -4- 20 = 8-5 X 7 = 59-5 -r- 17 3-5 lbs. Add one sixth for tar, will give the weight of 170 fathoms tarred. Example. 170 fathoms of 20-thread. 3-5 -i- 5 = -7 + 3-5 = 4-2 lbs. tarred. EULE. To find the weight of any size yam 170 fathoms, white. Example. 70 H- 20 = 3-5 lb., 20-thread. 70 -T- 25 =r 2-8 „ 25 „ 70 -T- 30 = 2-33 „ 30 „ 70 -T- 40 = 1-75 „ 40 „ 70 being the formula of white yarn, 84 will be the formula for tarred yarn. Example. 70 ^ 5 = 14 + 70 = 84 formula. Then, Weight of 170 fathoms of tarred yarn. 84 -T- 20 = 4-2 lb., 20-thread. 84 ^ 25 = 3-36 „ 25 „ 84 -T- 30 = 2-8 „ 30 „ 84 -J- 40 = 2-1 „ 40 TREATISE ON ROPEMAKINGj ^ , The size of yarn, number of threads, and ■«5ei^ht of hfe^^^^ ^ 170 fathoms, white and tarred. ^' ■^^^f -, ' White. ' ^. '"t Tarred. 20 threads 400 .. .. 25 „ 500 .. 30 „ 600 .. ,. 40 „ 800 .. ,. 12 2 0 12 2 0 12 2 0 12 2 0 15 0 0 15 0 0 15 0 0 15 0 0 Leno;th to register the lessoms or strands for the different descriptions of cordage. Example. Fatha. rope. Faths. strd. 101 Cable registered 152 100 Shroud, 4-strand „ 152 113 Hawser, 3-strand „ 152 106 „ 4-strand „ 152 122 Bolt-rope „ 152 20 4-strand cable stay „ 152 All registered strands, 152 fathoms, are equal 170 warped. Deduct 21 part, the remainder is the number of threads of If 0 fathoms expended in making the rope. Example. A 6-inch 3-strand hawser contains 240 threads of 20-thread yarn, Then, 240 -1- 21 = 11-4 ... 240 - 11'4 = 228-6 threads = 170 fathoms each. Etjle. To find the length to register the lessoms or strands for any length of cables or hawsers. 60 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. Example. 3- strand cable, 80 fathoms. 80 X 152 -4- 101 = 120-39 fathoms. 4- strand cable, 60 fathoms. 60 X 152 -i- 100 = 91-2 fathoms. 3-straiid hawser, 80 fathoms. 80 X 152 -4- 113 = 107-6 fathoms. '1-strand hawser, 60 fathoms. 60 X 152 -r- 106 = 86 fathoms. BOLT-EOPE. 90 X 152 -T- 122 = 112-13 fathoms. TABLES. Register, hard and laying distance, Tliree-strand Cables. Fathoms. Length to register 152 Hard distance 10 Hard mark 142 Laying distance 24 Length of strand 1 18 Cable, hard 2 Hard mark 116 Laying distance 15 Length of cable, when made .. 101 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. 61 Four-strand Cable Shrouds. Fathoms. Strand register mark 1^2 „ hard distance 10 hard mark ■^'^2 „ laying distance 26 „ length when made Cable hard distance 2 „ hard mark „ laying distance „ length when made Three-strand Hawser. • Fathcms. Eegister mark Hard distance ♦ Hard mark l'*^ Laying distance 29 Length of rope when made Four-strand Hawser. Fathoms. Eegister mark Hard distance Hard mark ■'^^2 Laying distance • Length of rope when made 62 TBEATISE ON EOPEMAKING. Stay Strands. Fathoms. Eegister mark 152 Hard distance 10 Hard mark 142 Laying distance 26 Length of strand made 116 These proportions are 24 fathoms of stay ; or, 6'33 fathoms of lessom make 1 fathom of stay. Bolt-rope. Fathoms. Register mark 152 Hard distance 8 Hard mark .. 144- Laying distance 22 Length of rope when made 122 Press or Weight. The rule generally is, one barrel of 5 cwt. to every six threads the strand contains of twenty-thread yarn ; and the strands in all cases registered at an angle of 27 degrees, and as much press used while hardening as the strands will bear without injury ; and the twist or angle to be brought to 37 degrees, before closing the strands, and to be kept thereat while laying. TREATISE ON KOPEMAKIKG. PEESS. A Q-inch Common Hawser. Barrels. At commencement 12 Keduce at 5 fathoms 2 » )> ^ Press when hard 9 Keduce when started 2 And lay the rope with 7 Q-inch Shroud Hawser. Barrels. Begin with 13 Keduce at 5 fathoms 1 7i .. .. 1 Press when hard 11 Keduce when started 2 And lay the rope with 9 12-inch Cable Strand. Barrels. Begin with 12 Keduce at 5 fathoms 2 „ n „ 2 Press when hard 8 Keduce when started 2 Lay the strand with 6 64 TEEATISE ON EOPEMAKIjSTG. 12-inch Cable. Barrels. Cwt. Begin with 32 ,. leo Keduce at 5 fathoms 2 .. 10 „ 2 „ 2 ,. 10 When hard ,. 28 140 Eeduce when started 2 .. 10 Lay the cable with 26 .. 130 12-inch Stay Strand. Barrels. Cwt. Begin with 12 .. 60 Keduce at 5 fathoms 2 .. 10 » 7J „ 2 ,. 10 Press when hard g . . 40 Keduce when started 2 .. 10 Lay the strand with 6 , . 30 These are rules laid down for the guidance of the layer, but there are causes that should be noticed as acting upon the strands, such as the atmosphere ; it not only has effect upon the strands, but also upon the gi'ound. EULES. To find the number of threads per hook or strand for three- strand hawsers. As the number of threads in the strand of a 10-inch rope, so is any other size squared to the number of threads re- quired. TREATISE ON ROPEMAKING. 65 Example. 20-tlirea(l— 10'^ 25 „ 102 30 „ 102 40 „ 102 216 272 334 432 62 82 122 52 77 threads. 174 „ 432 „ 108 „ From 4^ inches down, it is as 32 to 20. Example. 20-thread- 25 „ 20 25 42 : 36 threads. 22 : 11 Seven-seventeenths the size of the hawsers is the size of the strand. Eight-fifteenths the size of the cable is the size of the strand ; four-fifteenths size of the cable size of lessom. EULE, Four-strand Hawser. Seven-tenths the number of threads in a three-strand hawser is the mimber of threads per hook for a four-strand hawser. Example. Six-inch hawser, four-strand the yarn, twenty-fives. Then, As 102 : 272 : : 62 : 98, three-strand. 98 X 7 = 68-6 = 69, four „ 69 -j- 3 = 23- = 23, heart. 69 X 4 = 276 -i- 23 = 299, threads in rope. N.B. — The length of yai'n for the heart is one-fourth longer than the rope. F 66 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. To find the number of threads per hook or lessom for three-strand cables. Example, As 102 : 58 : : any other size upwards. 62 : 21 : : „ „ to nine and a half. Example. Twelve and eight-inch Cables. 102 : {i8 : : 122 : §4 threads per hook. 62 : 21 : : 82 : 36 Four-strand Stays. Seven-tenths the number of threads in the lessom of three- strand cables is the number of threads for four-strands. Example. Twelve-inch Stay. 102 : 58 : : 122 : 84 threads three-strand. 84 X 7 = 58 X 13 = 754 „ in stay. Or, 102 : 58 : : 82 : 37 X 7 = 25-9 26 threads per hook. EULE. Description of hemp and size of yarn for the various rope made. Example. Cables and cablets, Petersburgh .. .. 20-thread. Hawsers and shrouds, Eiga 25 ditto. Bolt-rope, 3| upwards ditto 30 ditto. Ditto 3 downwards ditto 40 ditto. Breeching ditto 25 ditto. "White ropes ditto 25 ditto. N.B. — The breechings are laid left-handed or contra way. Bolt-rope and breechings are made from Italian hemp. TKEATISE ON EOPEMAKING. 67 WAGES AT H.M. KOPEYAEDS. QUANTITIES OF THE DIFFERENT SORTS OF PRODUCE. cwts. qrs. lbs. Hemp 22 2 14 Bands 0 2 14 22 0 0 Tyres 0 0 24 21 3 4 Waste 0 0 8 21 2 24 Flyings and shorts 1 2 24 For yarn 20 0 0 Eight per cent, taken out for common rope ; fourteen per cent, taken out for fine rope. Hemp prepared for one ton of Bope^ cwts. qrs. lbs. Hemp prepared 16 2 18 Tar 3 1 10 Twenty-thread yarn, 533 threads . . 20 0 0 Average of yarn spun annually is about 960 hauls at one. yard. F 2. 68 TREATISE ON ROPEMAKING. Cost of preparing Hemp for spinning Petershurgh. Preparing for 533 threads Do. do. 640 do. cwts. qrs. lbs. s. d 16 2 18 .. 18 9 20 0 0 .. 23 1 Italian and Hungarian twenty-five-thread Yarn. cwts. qrs. lbs. Preparing for 687 threads 16 218 Do. do. 820 do 20 0 0 Landing Hemp. Twenty-five tons one day's work. 30 spinners at 3s. 6cZ. each £5 5 0 9 labourers at 2s. each 0 18 0 £6 8 0 123 25 = 4s. llcl. ^ per ton. Parting Hemp. Seven farthings per bundle. 7 : 70 : : 2240 : 224 = 4s, per ton. Carrying Hemp. f I, or 9*166 part of one penny. 70 : 9166 : : 2240 : 294 = 2s. 5| per ton. TBEATISE ON ROPEMAKING. 69 HatclielUng. 5J bundles, or three hundred and eighty-five pounds, for two shillings. 385 : 24 : : 2240 : lis. l^d. per ton. Spinning. 26 threads, or ninety-one pounds, for three shilhngs and sixpence. 91 : 42 : : 2240 : 86s. if (Z. per ton. Wheel Heaving. 208 threads, or seven hundred and twenty-eight pounds, for two shillings. 728 : 24 : : 2240 : 6s. lld. per ton. Wheel Tending. 208 threads, or seven hundred and twenty-eight pounds, for three shillings and sixpence. 728 : 42 : : 2240 : lOs. ^Id. per ton. Boys. 208 threads, or seven hundred and twenty-eight pounds, for two shillings. 728 : 24 : : 2240 : 6s. if per ton. It requires 2488*8 pounds of hemp to produce one ton of white yarn — twenty-thread, or about eleven per cent, more hemp than yarn. 70 TREATISE OK EOPEMAKING, Cost per ton Twenty-thread. £ s. d. Landing hemp 0 411 Carrying do. 0 2 5J Parting do 0 4 8 Hatchelling do 0 11 7i Spinning do 4 6 If Wheel-heaving do 0 6 If Wheel-tending do 0 10 9| Boys do. do 0 6 r| Per ton £6 12 lOJ Salary of Officers. £ s. d. Master ropemakers, per annum . . . . 250 0 0 Foremen do 200 0 0 Layer do 150 0 0 Leading man of spinners 70 4 0 Do. do. hatchellors 70 4 0 Do. do. hemp-house .. .. 70 4 0 Do. do. hard 70 4 0 The last four are paid 4s. Gd. per day. Rule. To find the pay of spinners and labourers making cables, strands, hawsers, stays, &c. Example. Multiply number of spinners required by 14, and the number of labourers by 11, add together the product, and as the sum is to 14 or 11, so is the pay to each. TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. 71 Example. A 3-incli hawser requires five spinners and three labourers, and the sum for making is 3s, lO^d. Then, 5 X 14 = 70, and 3 X 11 = 33 + 70 = 103. 103 : 14 :: 3/lOfd. : 6-354, spinners' pay. 103 : 11 : : S/lO^d. : 4-992, labourers' pay. MEN AND THEIE OFFICES. Thirty-nine men land twenty-five tons of hemp. One man parts one ton of hemp. One man carries to ten hatchellors. One man hatchels five and a-half bundles. One man turns the wheel to eight spinners. One man tends the wheel to eight spinners. Two boys tend to eight spinners. One man attends six tar-kettles. One man spins twenty-six threads, one hundred and seventy fathoms. One man superintends forty-eight spinners. Two labourers warp six hundred and forty threads per day. Two boys assist labourers warping. Two spinners setting up yarn. Two spinners wind five hundred threads. One boy attends four winding-machines. 72 TEEATISE ON KOPEMAKING. TWENTY AND TWENTY-FIVE THEEAD YAEN. Table showing weight of 1 Thread, 170 Fathoms to 500, White and Tarred. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 500 20-Thread. White. cwt. qvs. lbs. 0 0 3i 0 0 7 0 0 lOJ 0 0 14 0 0 17| 0 0 21 0 0 24i 0 7 14 0 3 21 1 1 3 6 9 12 0 14 0 0 0 14 0 0 Taxred. 25-Thread. White. cwt. 0 qrs. Q lbs. 4'2 cwt. 0 qrs. 0 lbs. 2'8 Q Q Q 0 5"6 Q Q 12 '6 0 0 8"4 0 0 16-8 0 0 11-2 0 0 21-0 0 0 14-0 0 0 25-2 0 0 16-8 0 1 1-4 0 0 19-6 0 1 5-6 0 0 22-4 0 1 9-8 0 0 25-2 0 1 14-0 0 1 0 3 0 2 1 0 14-0 0 3 1 2 1 0 1 3 14-0 1 1 3 3 2 2 7 2 5 0 11 1 7 2 15 0 10 0 0 0 12 2 cwt. qrs. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 lbs. 3-36 6 72 10 08 13 44 IG 8 20 16 23 52 26 88 2 24 5 6 11 2 16 8 22 4 TEEATISB OK EOPBMAKIKG. THIRTY AND FOETY THEEAD YAEN. Table showing weight of Thread, 170 Fathoms to 800, White and Tarred. No. - 30-Thread. 40-Tliread. White. Tarred. White. Tarred. 1 cwt. qrs. lbs. 0 0 2-33 cwt. 0 qrs. 0 lbs. 2-8 cwt. qrs. lbs. 0 0 1-75 cwt. 0 qrs. 0 lbs. 2-1 2 A U U T oo 0 0 5-6 0 0 3-5 0 0 4-2 3 0 6 "99 0 0 8-4 0 0 5-25 0 0 6'3 4 A u A Q . DO 0 0 11-2 0 0 7-0 0 0 8'4 5 A u U Xi- oo 0 0 14-0 0 0 8-75 0 0 10 '6 6 A U A iq.QQ 0 0 16-8 0 0 10-5 0 0 12-6 7 0 0 0 19-6 0 0 12-25 0 0 14'7 8 0 0 18-64 0 0 22-4 0 0 14-0 0 0 16 "8 9 0 0 20 '97 0 0 25-2 Q 0 15 "75 0 0 19-0 10 0 0 23-3 0 1 0 0 17-5 0 0 21-0 20 0 1 18-6 0 2 0 1 7-0 0 1 14-0 30 0 2 13-9 0 3 0 1 24-5 0 2 7-0 40 0 3 9-2 1 0 0 2 14-0 0 3 50 1 0 4-5 1 1 0 3 3-5 0 3 21-0 100 2 0 9-0 2 2 1 2 7-0 1 3 14-0 200 4 0 18-0 5 0 3 0 14-0 3 3 300 6 0 27-0 7 2 4 2 21-0 5 2 14-0 400 8 1 8-0 10 0 6 1 — 7 2 500 10 2 17-0 12 2 7 2 21-0 9 1 GOO 12 2 — 15 0 9 1 14-0 11 1 700 0 0 — 0 0 10 3 21-0 13 0 14-0 800 0 0 — 0 0 12 2 — 15 0 TEEATISE ON EOPEMAKING. HAWSEES TWENTY THEEAD YAEN. Table showing number of Threads in Strand and Eope, and weight of 113 Fathoms, White and Tarred. Size. Threads in S trand. Xh reads in White. Tarred. iBches. 1 3 9 Ton. 0 cwt. 0 qrs 1 . lbs. 2 Ton 0 cwt. 0 qrs 1 lbs. 8 1* 5 15 0 0 1 22 0 0 2 4 2 9 27 0 0 3 6 0 0 3 24 ^ 14 42 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 3 20 60 0 1 3 4 0 2 0 16 3i 26 78 0 2 1 8 0 2 3 4 4 35 105 0 3 0 14 0 3 3 0 H 43 129 0 3 3 20 0 4 2 24 5 53 159 0 4 3 8 0 5 3 4 5i 66 198 0 5 3 16 0 7 0 8 6 77 231 0 6 3 14 0 8 1 0 6^ 91 273 0 8 0 14 0 9 3 0 7 105 315 0 9 1 14 0 11 1 0 7i '2 122 366 0 10 3 16 0 13 0 8 8 138 414 0 12 1 8 0 14 3 4 8| 156 468 0 13 3 20 0 16 2 24 9 174 522 0 15 2 4 0 18 2 16 9| 195 585 0 17 1 18 0 3 16 10 216 648 0 19 1 4 3 0 16 10§ 238 714 1 1 1 0 5 2 0 11 262 786 1 3 1 16 8 0 8 11^ 285 855 1 5 1 21 10 2 3 12 308 924 1 7 2 0 13 0 0 TREATISE ON KOPEMAKING. 75 HAWSEES TWENTY-FIVE THEEAD TAEN. Table showing number of threads in Strand and Eope, and weight of 113 Fathoms, White and Tarred. Size. Threads in Strand. Threads in Rope. White. Tarred, Inches. 1^ 6 18 Ton. 0 cwt. qrs. 0 1 lbs. 20 Ton. 0 cwt. qrs. 0 2 lbs. 6 2 11 33 0 0 3 4 0 0 3 12 2i 17 51 0 1 0 24 0 1 1 13 3 25 75 0 1 3 4 0 2 0 16 3J 34 102 0 2 1 20 0 2 3 18 4 44 132 0 3 0 16 0 3 3 2 4i ■"■a 56 168 0 4 0 0 0 4 3 2 5 68 204 0 4 3 12 0 5 3 9 5i 83 249 0 K O 3 20 0 7 0 13 6 98 294 0 7 0 0 0 8 1 17 6i 115 345 0 8 2 24 0 9 3 12 7 134 402 0 9 2 8 0 11 1 26 ' 2 153 459 0 10 3 20 0 13 0 13 8 174 522 0 12 1 20 0 14 3 17 8| 197 591 0 14 0 8 0 16 3 15 9 220 660 0 15 2 24 0 18 3 12 9J 246 738 0 17 2 8 1 1 0 10 10 272 816 0 19 2 12 1 3 1 7 lOi 299 897 1 1 1 12 1 5 2 14 11 329 987 1 3 2 1 1 8 0 22 111 360 1080 1 5 2 25 1 10 3 24 12 392 1176 1 8 0 0 1 13 2 11 76 TBEATISE ON EOPEMAKING. CABLES— TWENTY THEEAD YARN. Table showing number of Threads in Lessom and Cable, and weight of 101 Fathoms, White and Tarred. XlirGsids Tlir6£uis Size. in in White. Tarred. Lessom. Cable. Inches. Ton. cwt. qrs. lbs. Ton. cwt. qrs. lbs. 2 2 18 f\ U A 2 4 0 0 2 16 2| 3 27 A u A U 3 7 0 0 3 26 3 5 45 n U 1 1 10 0 1 2 12 3^ 7 63 1 3 14 0 2 1 0 4 9 81 A U 2 1 17 0 2 3 15 A 1 12 108 0 3 0 24 0 3 3 12 5 15 135 0 4 0 14 0 4 3 10 18 162 0 4 3 7 0 5 3 2 6 21 189 0 5 2 14 0 6 3 0 24 216 0 6 1 20 0 7 2 14 7 28 252 0 7 2 0 0 9 0 0 7^ 32 288 0 8 2 7 0 10 1 4 8 36 324 0 9 2 16 0 11 2 8 8i 44 396 0 11 3 4 0 14 0 16 9 48 432 0 12 3 10 Q 15 1 9J 52 468 0 13 3 21 0 16 2 24 10 58 522 0 15 2 4 0 18 2 16 10* 64 576 0 17 0 16 1 0 2 8 11 68 612 0 18 0 24 1 1 3 12 in 76 684 1 0 1 14 1 4 1 22 12 84 756 1 2 2 0 1 7 0 0 12* 92 828 1 4 2 14 1 9 2 10 13 96 864 1 5 3 1 1 10 3 18 13* 104 936 1 7 3 12 1 13 1 20 14 112 1,008 1 10 0 0 1 16 0 0 14* 120 1,080 1 12 0 13 1 18 2 4 15 128 1,152 1 14 1 4 2 1 0 16 15* 136 1,224 1 16 1 21 2 3 2 24 16 148 1,332 1 19 2 17 2 7 2 8 16* 156 1,404 2 1 3 4 2 10 0 16 TREATISE ON ROPEMAKING. 77 Cables — continued. Size. Xlireads in Lessom. Threads in Cable. White. Tarred. Inches. Ton. cwt. qrs. lbs. Ton. cwt. qrs. lbs. 17 164 1 ,476 2 0 0 18 0 z 17j 176 I , .Ool 2 5 0 16 2 16 2 8 18 184 I , bob 2 9 1 3 2 19 0 15 18J 196 I , /bl 2 12 2 0 3 3 0 0 19 208 2 15 2 24 3 6 3 12 19J 220 1 QGA 1 , you 2 18 3 21 3 10 3 25 20 232 2,088 3 2 0 17 3 14 2 8 2ni 240 2,160 3 4 1 4 3 17 0 16 21 252 2! 268 3 7 2 0 4 1 0 3 21§ 264 2,376 3 10 2 24 4 4 3 12 22 280 2,520 3 15 0 0 4 10 0 0 221 292 2,628 3 18 0 22 4 13 3 12 23 304 2,736 4 1 1 2 4 17 2 24 23i 320 2,880 4 5 2 24 5 2 3 2 24 332 2,988 4 8 3 18 5 6 2 23 24* 345 3,105 4 12 1 7 5 10 3 3 25' 360 3,240 4 16 1 17 5 15 2 21 THREE AND EOUR-STRAND HAWSERS. Table sliowing Size, Number of Men to Make, and Cost of Labour. Size. Three-Strand. Four-Strand. Spinning. Labour. Cost. Spinning. Labour. Cost. In. £ s. d. £ s. d. n 4 2 0 1 4f 4 2 0 1 n 2 5 2 0 1 91 5 2 0 2 1 2i 5 2 0 2 3J 5 2 0 2 6* 3 5 3 0 2 101 6 3 0 3 3- 3* 7 3 0 3 7§ 8 3 0 4 61 4 9 4 0 5 3| 10 5 0 6 Hi 78 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING, Hawsers — continued. Three-Strand. Four-Strand. Si ize. Spinning. Labour. Cost. Spinning. Labour. Cost. In. £ s. d. 5. d. 10 5 0 6 11* 11 Q 0 7 10^ 5 11 5 0 8 8* 13 6 0 10 4 12 6 0 9 9 14 7 0 11 4^ 6 14 7 0 11 ^2 16 8 0 13 0 6i 16 g u 13 0 18 V 17 6* 7" 19 9 0 15 2* 21 10 1 0 2i 3 4f 11 0 17 10* 12 1 8 24 12 1 3 4* 28 14 1 7 3| 8* 28 14 1 7 3* 31 16 1 10 6 9 31 16 1 10 6 35 18 1 14 4f 34 17 1 13 1* 39 20 1 18 3J 10 38 19 1 17 0* 43 21 2 12 Of 10* 41 21 2 0 3 46 23 2 16 Of 11 45 22 2 3 7 49 25 3 0 Of 11* 48 24 2 6 9* 53 26 3 4 3 12 51 26 2 10 0 56 28 3 8 3 BOLT-EOPE. Table showing Size of Eope, number of Men to Make, and Cost of Labour. Bolt-rope. Bolt-rope. Size. Size. Spinning. Labour. Cost. Spinning. Labour. Cost. In. £ s. d. In. s. d. 1 3 2 0 1 ^ 3 6 3 0 4 2 li 3 2 0 1 4 3i 6 3 0 4 2 1* 4 2 0 1 9i Si 7 3 0 4 8 If 5 2 0 2 1 3f 7 4 0 5 ] 2 5 2 0 2 3J 4 9 4 0 6 1 2i 5 2 0 2 3* 4i 9 4 0 6 1 2* 5 2 0 2 10* 4* 9 5 0 6 5* 2f 6 3 0 3 2* 4f 9 5 0 6 5* TREATISE ON ROPEMAKING. 79 Bolt-rope — continued. Bolt-rope. Bolt-rope. Size Size Spinning. Labour. Ctost. Spinning. Labour. Cost In. £ s. d. In. £ «. d. 5 10 5 0 8 1| 7 17 8 0 16 3i 5i 10 5 0 8 1^ 7i 18 9 0 17 6i 11 5 0 8 8i 7* 19 10 0 18 9J 5i 12 6 0 9 9 71 21 10 1 0 2i 6 13 6 0 10 4 8 22 11 1 1 Qi 13 7 0 10 9i 8i 23 12 1 2 ^ 6i 14 7 0 11 H 8J 24 12 1 3 4| 6f 15 8 0 14 lOf CABLE STEANDS. Table showing Men to Make, and Cost of Labour, Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. In. £ s. d. In. £ «. d. 3 4 2 0 2 5 Hi 13 6 0 13 2i 3i 4 2 0 2 5 12- 13 7 0 13 11 4 4 2 0 2 9| 121 15 7 0 15 3f ^ 5 4 2 0 2 9J 13 16 8 0 19 5f 5 2 0 4 Oi 13* 17 9 1 1 1* 5§ 6 5 2 0 4 Oi 14 18 9 1 1 11 6 2 0 4 11 14* 20 10 1 3 6f 6* 6 2 0 4 11 15 21 10 1 5 2 7 7 3 0 6 1 3 I5 15* 22 11 1 6 9f 7* 7 3 0 6 16 23 12 1 8 5i 8 7 4 0 6 7f 16* 24 12 1 9 5" 8J 8 4 0 7 3f 25 13 1 10 lOf 9 9 4 0 7 17* 27 13 1 12 6 9i 9 5 0 8 5f 18 28 14 1 14 li 10 10 5 0 9 If 18* 29 14 1 14 Hi 10| 11 5 0 9 9 19 30 15 1 16 6| 11 12 6 0 12 6i 19* 31 15 1 17 4J • 80 , ■ TBEATISE ON ROPEMAKING. Cable Strands — continued. ^.pimiers. Labourers Cost of Labour. Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. In. £ s. d. In. £ s. d. 20 33 16 1 19 9i 22| 43 21 3 2 4i 20| 34 17 2 1 4f 23 45 22 3 5 31 21 37 18 2 4 7f 23i 47 23 3 8 2i 21| 38 19 2 6 3 24 49 24 3 11 2 22 41 20 2 19 5i CLOSING CABLES. Table showing Cost of Labour, Size. SpinnGrs. L 3.1)0 UTG rs Cost of Labour. Spiiiii6rs« Cost of Labour. In. £ s. d. In. £. s. d. 3 5 3 0 3 3 14 45 23 2 1 51 3i 6 3 0 3 71 14i 48 24 2 3 10" 4 7 4 0 4 5* 15 52 26 2 7 61 ^ 8 4 0 4 lOi 15J 55 27 2 9 111 5 9 4 0 6 4i 16 59 29 3 11 5f 5i 9 5 0 6 lOJ 16J 61 30 3 13 9J 6 11 5 0 7 lOf 17 65 32 3 18 7i 12 6 0 8 9f 17J 69 34 4 3 li 7 13 7 0 9 9 18 73 36 4 8 5^ 7i '2 15 7 0 10 9 ISi 77 38 4 13 4ii 8 16 8 0 11 8i 19 82 41 5 19 lOi ^ 17 9 0 12 8* 19i 86 43 6 5 8 9 19 9 0 13 8 20 90 45 6 11 6^ 9^ 20 10 0 14 201 94 47 6 17 4f 10 23 11 1 0 81 21 99 50 7 5 2 24 12 1 1 11 21k 106 53 7 14 111 11 27 14 1 4 22 113 56 8 4 7i 14 29 15 1 6 9| 221 119 60 8 14 5 12 32 16 1 9 3 23 126 63 9 4 If 12i 35 17 1 11 8 231 133 66 9 13 lOf 13 39 19 1 15 3f 24 139 70 10 3 7| 13i 41 21 1 17 9 TKEATISE ON EOPEMAKINa; STAY STEANDS. lit:. Table showing number of Men and Cost ofL; Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. Size. Spinners. Labourers of Labour. In. £ s. d. In. £> s d 7 7 3 0 6 ij 14 13 7 0 13 li 7| 7 3 0 6 IJ 14* 14 7 0 17 0^ 8 7 4 0 6 3f 15 15 7 0 17 10^ 8* 8 4 0 7 4 15i 16 8 0 19 5f 9 8 4 0 7 4 16 17 9 1 1 H H 9 4 0 7 111 161 18 9 1 1 11 10 9 4 0 7 111 17" 19 10 1 3 61 101 9 5 0 9 9 m 20 10 14 4 11 10 5 0 10 51 18 21 11 16 0^ Hi 10 5 0 10 51 23 11 1 7 7f 12 11 5 0 11 If 19 24 12 19 3 121 11 5 0 11 If 19i 25 12 1 10 Of 13 12 6 0 12 6J 20 26 13 1 11 8 13i 13 6 0 13 2i CLOSING STAYS. Table showing number of Men and Cost of Labour. Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. In. £ s. d. In. £ s. d. 7 15 7 0 5 5 14 32 16 1 3 4f 7i 15 7 0 5 5 Hi 32 16 1 3 4| 8 17 8 0 8 15 35 17 1 5 3f 8i 17 8 0 8 151 35 17 1 5 3f 9 19 10 0 9 5 16 37 19 1 7 3i 19 10 0 9 5 16i 37 19 1 7 3f 10 21 11 0 10 5 17 40 20 1 9 3 lOi 21 11 0 10 5 17* 40 20 1 9 3 11 24 12 0 11 8i 18 43 22 1 11 8 Hi 24 12 0 11 8i 18i 47 23 1 14 11 12 27 13 0 19 5f 19 50 25 1 16 6* 12i 27 13 0 19 5| 19i 53 27 1 18 111 13 29 15 1 1 5f 20 57 28 2 1 41 13i 29 15 1 1 5f G 82 TREATISE ON BOPEMAKING. STEANDS, TEANSPOETING CABLES. Tables showing number of Men and Cost of Labour. Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. In. £ s. d. In. £ s. d. 5 5 2 0 4 lOi 7 4 0 8 llf 5| 5 2 0 4 101 8 7 4 0 8 llf 6 5 3 0 5 7 8i 8 4 0 9 9 5 3 0 6 61 9 9 4 0 10 7 7 7 3 0 8 If CLOSING TEANSPOETING CABLES. Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour, Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. In. 5 9 4 £ s. d. 0 7 Of In. 71 15 7 £ «. d. 0 13 4f 5i 9 5 0 7 n 8 16 8 0 16 8J 6 11 5 0 8 8i 8J 17 9 0 18 1 6J 12 6 0 10 llf 9 19 9 0 19 5| 7 13 7 0 12 3f TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. 83 TACK STEANDS. Tables showing number of Men and Cost of Labour. Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. In. 3 3 2 £ 0 0 d. In. 7 4 2 £ 0 S. d. 0 113 3i 3 2 0 0 8i 7* 4 2 0 0 llf 4 3 2 0 0 8i 8 5 2 0 1 5 3 2 0 0 81 8| 5 2 0 1 5 5 3 2 0 0 91 9 5 3 0 1 5 5i 3 2 0 0 9^ 91 5 3 0 1 n 6 4 2 0 0 llf 10 6 3 0 1 10} 6| 4 2 0 0 111 CLOSING TACKS. Size. Spinners. Labourers Cost of Labour. In. 3 5 3 £ s, d. 0 2 2 3i 5 3 0 2 2 4 6 3 0 2 5 4i 7 3 0 3 3 5 7 4 0 3 7 5| 8 4 0 3 lOf 6 9 5 0 5 Sf 6^ 9 5 0 5 8f Size. Spinners. Labourers' of Labour. In. 7 10 5 £ «. d. 0 6 11 7* 11 5 0 8 81 8' 11 6 0 9 2f 8J 12 6 0 9 9 9 13 6 0 10 3J 9^ 13 7 0 10 10 10 14 7 0 11 5 a 2 84 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. EQUALIZING MACHINE. There are so many of these machines in use of various makes and forms, that to lay down a rule for the one would not do for another ; the only method to be obtained is to give one turn or twist to the strand or readie, while the machine draws it a certain length ; a common jack could be made to perform this work by drawing it a certain distance while it made a certain number of revolutions : thus, the driving wheel 18 inches, the pinions 3 inches, will drive the pinions six revolutions to one ; therefore, in making a strand for a 6-inch rope, it requires to have one turn or twist in 6 inches of length, then while the driving wheel makes one revolution, the jack or machine should be 36 inches or 3 feet, and in all cases the same. The Equalizing or Forming Machine is so constructed, that if the whelps of the barrel that carries the ground-rope be set 6 inches from the centre of the shaft, it will be the set for the strand of a 6-inch rope, and the set for all other strands are to set the whelps so that it will draw a certain length to one twist. Example. The machine making six to one. 3- inch rope, set the whelps 3 inches. 4- inch „ „ „ 4 inches. 5- inch „ „ „ 5 inches. 6- inch „ 1. 6 inches. Some make a small difference for strands or bolt-rope to suit their purpose, but it is not requisite. TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. 85 Table showing how to set the machi'ae for making Cordage upon a length. Below. Before. Three-strand hawsers 10 to 6| Four-strand ditto 10 „ 7 Cable-strand 4 „ 3 Cables— three-strand .. .. 10 „ 7 Bolt-rope 7J „ 6 Cables — four-strand 5^ „ 4 • It must be understood that to make a rope it requires more fore-twist than after ; the strand requires three-tenths of ojje turn more than the rope in three-strand hawsers, therefore the extra seven-tenths given the rope is to overcome friction of top, tails, supports, &c. Then, if we give the rope two twists to one, and three-tenths in the strand, it is as 10 to 6|. Three-strand Hawsers, 113 and 142. Then, As Length of strand ,. .. 142 .. .. 1-15229 : Radius 90 .. 10- :: Length of rope .. .. 113 .. .. -05308 : Cosine > 37° 17' .. .. 9-90079 Therefore, As Tangent 37° 17' .. .. 9-88158 : Radius 90 .. .. 10* "Circumference 6 in. ,. 1-77815 : Length of strand .. 7-88 .. 1-89657 86 TREATISE ON EOPEMAKING. 10- 1-77815 9-88158 1-89657 Then, as 6 : 1 : : 78-8 : 1-3 ; or, as 6 inclies to one turn in the rope, so is 1-3 to one turn in the strand ; then, two in the rope to 1-3 in the strand equal 10 to 6J. Calle Strand, 118 and 142. Then, As Strand at hard .. .. 142 .. 1-15229 .. .. 90 .. .. 10- .. .. 118 ,. .. 1-07188 .. 33° 48' ,. .. 9-91959 ,. 33° 48' .. 9-82571 .. .. 90 .. .. 10- 1-77815 : Length of strand 8-96 .. .. 1-95244 And, 10- 1-77815 9-82571 1 Length of strand 8-96 .. .. 1-95244 And, As Eadius 90 : Circumference 6 in. :: Tangent 37° 17' : Length of strand . . 7-88 . . TREATISE OK EOPEMAKING. 87 Then say 9 ; And as 6 : 1 : : 9 : 1*5, or one and a half ; or as 6 inches to one turn in strand, so is li to one turn in ready ; and say 2 in strand to 1'5 ; it is equal 3 or 4, or 4 turns below to 3 before, in making cable strands. Bolt-rope, 144 to 122. Then, As Length of strand ..144 .. .. 1-159868 : Kadius 90 .. .. 10' :: Length of bolt-rope ..122 ,. .. 1-088136 : Cosine > .. ., 82° 2' .. .. 9-928268 Therefore, As Tangent 32°2' .. .. 9-796351 : Eadius 90 .. .. 10* :: Circumference .. 6 in. ., 1-778151 : Length of strand .. 9*59 ,. .. 1-981800 And, As Eadius 90 ,. .. 10- : Circumference .. .. 6 in. .. 1-778151 :: Tangent 32°2' .. .. 9-796351 : Length of strand .. 9-59 .. .. 1-981800 Then as 6 : 1 : : 9'6 : 1*6 turns in strand ; and 2 below to I'G before is equal to 7^ below to 6 before. ( 88 ) THE SLIDE EULE MADE EASY. MULTIPLICATION. Eule :— A I Multiplicand. Product. B| 1 Multiplier. ' Example I. Multiply 15 by 4 ; referring to the form, and placing figures for the case, it will stand thus : — AJ 15 60 B j 1 4 Place 1 upon B under 15 upon A, and over 4 on B is the product 60 on A. Example II. Multiply 8-5 by 6-5. AJ 8;5 55;^25 B I 1 6-5 Example III. Multiply 9 by 20. A I 9 180 B I 1 20 Rule :i- DIVISION. 89 B r Quotient. Divisor. Example I. Under the dividend place the divisor, then over unit will be the answer. Divide 120 by 5. A I 24 120 B I 1 5 Example II. Divide 110 by 8. A I 13-75 110^ Example. III. Divide 150 by 6. A 1 25 150 DIEECT PROPOETION OR RULE OF THREE. Rule :— A I Second term. Fourth term. B First term. Third term. Example I. If 4 lbs. cost 9d., what will 20 lbs, cost ? A I 45d, or 38. 9d. 20 ^ . TE-F.ATTSE ON'.BOPHMAKIIs'G. Example II. F.? Si^^>'^>£(t will 10 vielo. ? ■ ' ' 140 40 Example III. If 1 cwt, of rope cost 40s., how much for 7 lbs, ? AJ 25 or 2s. Bd. 40 ^ I 7 112 Place 112 upon B and over it on the line A 40, then over 7 on the line B will be 25 or 2s. 6d. for the 7 lbs. INVERSE PEOPOETION. llule :— Second term. Fourth term. 0~j First term. Third term. Example I. If a thread of eighteens, 160 fathoms, weigh 4 lbs., what will a thread of twenties weigh, 160 fathoms ? AJ 18 20 C 1 4 3-6 lbs., answer. Example. II. If 24 men spin 50 cwt. in 2 days, how many days will be required for 8 men to spin the same ? A I 2 6 answer. 0 I 24 8 ~~ The same may be obtained without reversing the slide. TREATISE ON EOPEMAEING. A' ai^ Example III. h a ^ i r , ' Second term. Four Third terra. First tefl]