7*C*^S»C3^" 3 ■' &H 1 I KSS -" Wk hni ■flpSqiE Hw5»I •- ■ • * Hi 1 at«H& '"■■■'. iicacfciatc^c***** / ! Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Research Library, The Getty Research Institute http://www.archive.org/details/trueexacthistoryOOIigo WsJf Poi'* A TRVE & EXACT HISTORY Of the Mand of BARBADOS Illuftrated with a Mapp of the Ifland^ as alfo the Principall Trees and Plants there, fet forth in their due Proportions and Shapes, drawne out by their feverall and refpe&ive Scales. Together with the Ingenio that makes theSugar,with the Plots of the feverall Houfes, Roomes, and other places, that are ufed in the whole procefle of Sugar- making ; w. the Grinding- room, the Boy ling-room, the Filling-room, theCuring- houfe , Still-houfe , and Furnaces 5 All cut in Copper. By Richard Ligow Gent. LONDON, Printed for Humphrey Mojeky > at thcPrinces tArmes in St. Paul's Church-yard : i6$y. orloofe extravagant Drolorie , rather than a Re gular piece of Story or Landfcape. Rough drawn , and unproportionably ftell'd, though it be,I here prefent it; which, though it be but as a Drop to the Ocean, or a Mite to the treafury of your Know- ledge; yet, in obedience to your commands, which have a powerfull operation on me , I could do no leffe then give you an account of what I had done,howweak and unperfeft foever. And fo begging pardon for the faults committed , both in the .Language , and ill contrivance of my Difcourfe , I humbly take my leave , and reft. Honoured Sir Upper Bench Prifon , futj 12 th ,6 53 . your moft humble Servant : R. LlGON. The 1 he Letter of the Bifliop of Sar. to me then in Prifon, after he had pe rufed my JSook. SIR, *V can befl tell , with what pleafure you paji over your Voyage to the Barbadoes : ' But , whatfoever it was , your dangers at Sea , and your long fickpeffe on Land, had been enough to four it , had not the condition of the times made any -place more acceptable , than your Native Country. But, the pleafure which you have given me, in reading this Narrative, is without all thefe mixtures : For, without any hardfhip at all, I have in a few daies gone the fame voyage, view d the Hand, weigh d all the Commodities andlncommoditus of it; and all this withfo much pleafure , that I cannot , without great injujiice, forbear telling you, that though I have read formerly many Relations of other parts of the World , 1 never yet m. t with jo exaSl a piece , as this of yours. Tour diligence hath been great in fo fhort a time, to mal^e thefe Obfervations ', but , your expreffi- ons of them arefuch , as Jhew , that no ingenious Art hath Jcap't yon. Toufay, that m your younger time, you acquainted your felfe with Muficl^ and Painting , andhadyou not faidfo, the reading of this Bool\would have made me fay it for you ', for, it is fo Mufically made up, and all the descriptions fo Drawn to the life , that I know no Painting beyond it. And for the quefiionyou put to me , whether you fhould publifb it or no , I dtfire you would ntakg no doubt of it ; for firji, I know none that hath written of this Argument bef ere ', and next, I am perfwaded , that having read this Defcriptim of yours , none that come after will venture upon it. Only , I have onerequejl to you, that your handneffetome , (who without any defigne, gave you the occafion of doing it ) may not lead you intofuch an infufferable errour, as to chooje me out as b a i__ a ft -per Con to infcribe it to t who amfo ranch in thefoade , that 1 mujl not ownmy felfe. I amwillingto believe , that though Ho- nour beat this time at a very low Ebb , and, by the iniquity of the times , is much falne within the Banks > y et -> ^ Je Channell is not Co drie , but you may meet there with fome Noble perfon , tliat may with wore advantage , take you and your Book^ into the fame Cockboat with him, and keep you this Winter both from cold and hunger. And therefore^ in great earneflnejfe I defire y on , to look^ over your Catalogue of Friends ; and^ though y ou cannot fude one that loves you better, yet, to make choice of hint, that canproteSi you better. And fo with my prayers for you, that your a^liBions here may befo managed by you , as to lead you to Joyes hereafter 3 Irejl. Richmond, Septemb. jjA. 1653. Your moft aftc&ionate Friend , Br. Sar. 1 TWiwn .amai.n To omy much Honoured and Ingenuous CoufinJ M r Richard Ligon > upon his Relation of his Voyage to the Barbadaes. (^Inceyou vouch fafe me fight, I needs rmjl fall , OTo acluallfin'gainji your Original I ■> Should I not more then tacitely exprejfe It's worth, as well as mine owr.e thankfulnejje. Omiflive duties-, and committed faBs In man, you know, an equal I guilt contraBs. And (ihouoh your judge fhou Id know thefeverall Arts > Both what tfje Colledge ynd the Court imparts- : And Jurates ought to be like the twelve Sivnes, Such Ajierifmet, where Solhimfetje confines ) A common Suffrage neretheleffe may aim, (Not to giveverdiB) but the gift proclaim, that judgment let me enter. They indite , That here's That what's fuppofd a Narrative, will be 7 him that reads, a Naturall Hiftory. For in that Hovifon , jour pen doth miffe, Nor Heaven , Earth, Sea, nor ought that in ^>em is. Not a new Star can f cape your Observation > Nor the lea(t InfeBpajfe your Contemplatian. Nor ufeyoufoortnefle, nor prolixityh Butfrji defcribe, then [peak its property. Me thinks, as Pliny, you are their Relator ; And are us Adam too, their Nomenclator. F or, to your InfeBs, Birds, and Vegetives 9 Tougive not known ,but due Appellatives. Their rich descriptions, when you paint, I fee ( oloursfu lively, andfuch Symmetry : But that I'vefeen the hand, that guides the quill, A Fencill ufe, "'twere fcarce in Limning skill' And when you defcant richly, thus, I fee Compofd in fever all parts, and all agree , How Chords and Dij "cords too, you do devife , From Sympathies, and from Antipathies. Your Fuges and Poynts into a Canon twine , All true to th' Ground, that is your main defigne l And all Concentring tofofweet an Ayre, Would ravifh Philomels , make Swans defpair. Tour ■■■ • < m > T- Tour skill above f am d Orpheus I advance , Since thus your Creatures Play, bis did but Dance. Tofuch as only feek their benefit 9 Tou do infallibly difco ver it : Tou fhew therein, 3 000 1 . will clear- No leffe then 7000 1. a year. And that not in a fugling Chymickfettfe , But drawn from reafon and experience. The Scite 3 Clime,Food, the Cufoms, Laws, and Trade , To each inquifitor is open laid. Tour Georgick firain feemes to extraft the marrow 0/ Marcus, Cato, Columel, and Varro j As if that there you had the grouth and age Of a, Palmeto, to improve each page ; And with fo great an art and industry 9 As if you'd ftudied nought but Husbandry. when of your Vegetives you make relation , Tou rather make than fpeak of a Tlantation s Tour leaves affording fhape,ta(le,and delight To th'Se^fe, the fruit gives to the Appetite. /^Pythagorean DoSrine were Divine, I would be tranfmigratedto your Fine, the Cane or Mine, (that makes that Spot of ground As rich ^ as any'tveixt the Poles is found J Is here fo full and happily expreft : Tou Candy that, which does preferve the rt(t •' And its lagcnio feemes to be a LeBure (As 'tis defcrib'd') o'th Art of Architecture. The Texture of the whole you ve wove fo nice , Tour fine fpun thread, warpt, woof t with Artifice. It feemes a Landfcape in rich Tapeflry 3 Embroidered with Natures Novelty , Altireing all infuch a lovely DrejJ'e, Rich, Genuine , and full ofCourtlinejfe : That as Great Brittatm fometimes Ihavefeen, So you've B arbadoes drawn jufl L ke a £ueen. , GEORGE WALSHE. w* rYtopographicail Description and /Vdmeasurement of fke YLAND of BARBADOS m theWett INDMS With the II flames of tne S'euerall plantacoru// A TRUE AND EXACT HIS TORY OF THE ILAND OF BARBADOES. Aving been Cenfur'd by forae ( whofe Judgements I cannot controll , and therefore am glad to allow) for my weakenefie and Indifcretion, that having ne- ver madeproofe of the Sea's operation,and the (eve- rail faces that watry Element puts on , and the chan- ges and chances that happen there , from Smooth to Rough, from Rough to Raging Seas, and High going Billowes, ('which are killing to fome Conftitutions ,) fhould in the laft Scene of my life, undertake to run fb long a Rifco from England to the Barbadoes 5 And truly I fhould without their help conclude my felfe guilty of that Cenfure,had 1 not the refuge of an old proverb to fly to, which is 3 (Need makes the old wife trot : ) for having loft ( by a Bar- barous Riot) all that I had gotten by the painfull travells and cares of my youth I by which meanes I was ftript and rifled of all I had, left de- ftnute of a fubfiftance, and brought to fuch an Exigent , as I muft fa- mifhorfly; and looking about for friends, who are the beOfuppor- tersin fo ftaggering acondition 3 found noncjor very few, whom griefs and afflictions had not depreft, or worne out, Banifhment abfented, or Death devour'd , fo that in ftead of thefe neere and Native com- forters,! found my felfe a ftranger in my owne Country,and therefore refolv'd to lay hold on the firft opportunity that might convoy me to any other part of the World, how far diftant foever, rather then abide here. I continued not many weekes in this expectation,whcn a friend, as willing to fhift his ground as I, gave me an Overture which I accep- ted, and foupon the fixceenth day of June 1647. weembark'd ln tne DowneS,on the good Ship called the tAchillei '■> a veffell of 3 50 tunnes the Mr. Thomas Crowder of London j and no fboner were we all aboard, but we prefently weighed Anchor,and put to Sea 5 in fo cold weather as at that time of the yeere, I have not felt the like; and continued fo till wee came to Falmouth Harbour : where wee put in, and refted for a night ; but in our paflage thither, were very uncertaine upon what Coalt wee were, by reafonof the unfteadineffe of the windes, and cloudineffe of the weather 5 fo that I perceived more troubles and B doubts where wee were to trade for T^ro^Horfes, and Cattell 5 which we were to fell at the Barbados. So, keeping our courfe about 80. Leagues from the Coaft of Spaine and Barbaae 9 the firft land wee difcovered, was the He of Porto Santo s, which lyeth in 33. degrees to the Norenard ; which wee left of our Larboard fide : When piefently after, we had fight of the Madera^ which we fayld clofeby, and had a full view of the place i fo Rocky,and Mountainous, and the ground fo miferably burnt with the Sun, as we could perceive no part of it either Hill or Valley, that had the lead: appearance of green) nor any tree bigger then a (mail Hathorne and very few of thofe. Between this and three inconfiderable Hands called the Deferts, which appea- red to us like the tops of large buildings j no unevenneffe or rifings and fallings, but levell as the toppe of a large Church or Barne t, but burnt worfe then the other, fo that inftead of thefrefh and lively greenes,other Countreysputonatthistimeoftheyeare •• theie were apparrel'd of the Ialnd of Barbadoes. apparell'd with RulTets, or at beft Phyliamorts. But it fell out that this yeere che fummcr was there hotter then ufually, and the Seamen that were with us, gave us to underftand, that they never had feen icfo burnt as now 5 and that the Leeward part of it was, at other times, ex- ceeding fruitfull and pleafant , abounding with all iorts of excellent fruits, Corne, Wine, Oyle, and the beft Sugars } with //orfes, Cattell, Sheep, Goates, Hogges, Poultrey 5 of all forts, and the beft foits of Sea fifti. Thefe Hands lye neere 3 3 . degrees to the Noreward. Having paft between thefe ( leaving the Maderas on of our Star- hoard fide ) wee found a conftant trade-wind to carry us to the South- tpard^Whea the next Hand that came in our view, was Buna rift a i but atfuch a diftance,as we could hardly difcerne colours, but the gene • rail Landfcape of the hills feemed toone very beautifull, gently ri- ling andfalling,without Rockesor high precipices. This Hand is famous, for excellent Salt, and for Horfes, which in one property, excell all that ever I have feene •> their hooves being to that degree of hardnefle, and toughneiTe, that we ride them at the Barbados, downe fharp and fteepie Rocks, without ihooes > and no Goates goe furer upon the fides oiRockesand Hills then they ; and many of chem very ftrong and clean limb'd. This Hand, wee teft ten Leagues, or thereabouts on our Larboard fide, and next to it, the He of May j famous for ftore of excellent Salt. The laft of thofe Hands was Palm* 5 a land fo high 3 as after wee firft difcovered it ; which was in the morning •> wee thought to have reacht it that night, but found our felves farre fhort of it, next mor- ning, though wee had a full gaileall that night : fo much is the eye deceived in Land which lyes high. This I land is about 28 degrees to the Noreward, and from it to the lies of Cape rerd about 1 3 degrees alongwaytobeefilent, for there is no land between and therefore Ipurpofeto entcrtaine you with fome sea delights ; for there is no place fo void and empty, where fomelawfull pleafure is not to bee had, for a man that hatha free heart, and a good Confcience. But thefe Sea-pleafures are fo mixt with Cruelties , as the trouble of the one,abates much the delight of the other, for here wee fee the great ones,eate up the little ones, as they doe at Land , and with as little remorfe ; yet laying that consideration afide the Chafe affords fome pleafure to the eyes : for fome kinds of fifties (hew themfelves above water, for a long while together. I have feen 20 Porpifces very large of that kmde,CrofTe the Prow of our Ship, one behind another infofteady and conftant a courfe, in chafe of fome other fifties ; as I have feen a kennell of large Hounds, in Windfor Forreft, in the chafe of a Stag ; one following another directly in a track; andtheonely difference I finde is, thefe doe not fpend their mouthes, but what they want in that is fupplyed by the goodnefie oftheirnofes;for they never areat afault,butgoeconftantly on. The Dolphins like- wife purlue the flying Fifti , forcing them to leave their knowne watry Elements, and flye to anunknowneone, where they meet with as mercilelTe enemies 5 for there are birds that attend the riling of thofe fifties ; and if they bee within diftance, feldome fayletomake them their owne. Thefe birds, and no other but of their kinde, love to ftraggle fofar from land ■> fo that it may be doubted, whether B 2 the nA 1 rue and ExaB Hiftory thefeamay not bee counted tbeir naturall home ; for wee fee them 500 leagues from any land 5 at Sun fetting;and foit is not poflible they mould recover land thac night 5 and on the waves they cannot reft without great hazzard. I have feen them fometimes light, and fit upon the waves, but with fuch Caution : for feare of being taken inbyafifti, as her reft is very unfafe ■> unleffe when (he is covered by tne nights dark wings. This Bird, is akindeoffea Hawke, fome- what bigger then a Lanner, and of that colour j but of a far freer wins , and of a longer continuance ; and when (he is weary, (he finds refting places 3 iftheSeas beCalme 5 for then the Turtles lye and fleep upon the waves, for a long time together ; and upon their backs they fitjind fleep fecurely ; and there, mute, prune, and oyl their fea- thers jroufe, and doe all their Offices of nature, and have roomee- nough for all, for fome of thofe Turtles are a yeard broad in the back: wee took one with our long Boate, as he lay deeping on the water, whofe body afforded all the Gentlemen, and Officers of the Ship, a very plemifull meal » and was thebeft meat weetafted, all the time wee were at Sea. There are of thefe kinds of Fifties but two forts, that continue in the mayne 3 the Loggerhead Turtle, and the Hawkes bill Turtle,of which forts, the latter is the belt, and of that kind ours was that wee took. There is a third kind, called the Creen Turtle which are of a leffer Magnitude ■, but far excelling the other two, in wholefomneffe, and Rarenefle of tafte 3 but of them hereafter for I have no mind topartfoleightly,with the forenamed Birds of prey; For having been bred a Faulconer in my youth,I cannot but ad- mire the admirable fwifmefTe of wing thefe birds make. They mount fometimes upon the trayne, to fo loftie a pitch : as,ifaFau- con were there, Shee might be allowed a double Cancellere in her ftoopingto her game : they doe it ac one entire downe come. Her ordinary flying for her own pleafure, and not for prey ; is common - ly more free then the beft Haggard Faulcon, that 1 have ever feen; but the continuance of it makes it the more admirable, At the timesthey grow hungry, they attend the Dc I pi. ins 3 who are their Spani- els ; and wherethey perceive the water to move, they know they are in Chafe, of the flying fifh 3 and being neere them, they rife like Co- veys of Partridges by 12 and 16 in aGovty,and flyeasfaras young Partridges, that are farkers, and in their flight thefe birds make them their quarry. Thefe frighted fifties, fometimes in the night have croft our (hip, and being ftopt by the fhroudes, have falne downe ; and with their bodieswe have baited hookes,and taken their puriuers the Dolphins; which we have found very excellent meat ; being dreft by a good hand, with Wine, Spice, and fweet herbs, which we never wanted. So here we have excellent hauking , no feare of lofing ourhauke, by go ing out at Cheik, or to a village to Pouit, and yet eate of the quarrie, and fometimes of the Spaniells, which is an advantage the beft faulco- ners miffe at Land. As for the hunting here, we only fee the Chafe,but fuffer the hounds to flefh themfelves upon the quarrie , or it may be, a royall fifh, fuch a one as may fill a difh to furnifh Neptunes table, 8c by thatmeanes wearecofen dof cur quarry. So that as I ever thought on Land, I find the fame at Sea, Hawking to be the better fport. I had almoft forgot, to tell what kind of fifh this flying fifh is, which is the of the Hand of Barbadoes. thecaufe otlueh excellent fport, bothiri himfelfe and others, he isjuft like a Pilchard,but his fins larger, both in breadth & length, & as long as they are wettj fo long he fly es jand for their mortall enemies the birds, they continue with us from 33. degrees til we come to 15. and then leave us. At which time and place, another kinde undertakes us, not much bigger then a Caftrill 5 and as near that colour as may bee, but of ano- ther manner of flying:for thefe flyeclofeto the water, and turne about every wave, fo that wee often lofe fight of them, by interpofing of the waves, and think fomtimes lhat a wave has overwhelmed her. T he pleafure (he gives the eye,is by the giddineffe of her flying, and often feems to be loft : and yet (contrary to our expectation) appears againe. But I will trouble you no longer with the inhabitants of the Piyant Aire, but dive into the Deep 5 to tty what pleafure thatE- lement affords to give you delight. Thereis a Fifh called a Sharke, wbichhe as is a common enemy to Sayleis and alio. hers that ventuic,in Calmes, to commit their naked bodies to thefea(for he olten bites off Legs, fometimes Armes, and now and then fwaliowes the whole body, it the Fifh bee great,) : So when the Saylers take them, they ufe them accordingly. Sometimes by putting out their tyes, and throwing them over bord -, fometimes by mangliog and cutting their bodies, finns, and tayles, making them a prey toothers, who were mercilefle Tyrants themfelves ; And in this kind of juftice they are very Accurate. Many of thefe fifties we took;fome by fbiking with harping Irons, fome with Filhgigs, fome with hookesiand amongft the reft, one very large,which followed the Ship foure houres, before wee went about to take him; and perceived before hiin, a little Fifhwhich they call the Pilot Fifo ^ This little guide of his, fwims fometimes ayeard before him, fometimes more or lefTe 5 at his pleafure ; and in his grea t- eftadverfity often cleaves to him, and like a deare friend, ftickesclo- feft when hee needs him moft :for when he is taken, this little fifh, never fayles to faften himfelfe to his head, or fome part neere that, and refolves to dye with him. The experience of this wee found nor only in this great fifh,but in all the reft wee had formerly taken, tor wee never took the one without the other. And the Engine wee took this great Sharke with, was a large Hook, baited with a piece of Beef -, which he received into his mouth, his belly being turned upwards, for his mouth being fhort of his fnout a good deale, he could not take it conveniently,his back being upward, by reafon his fnout drove the line afore it, but as foon as wee perceived the baite to be fwallowed,we gave a fudden pull, which faftned the hook fb, as we were fure the weight of his body would not teare it out, Wee drew him up.and laid him in the Waft of the Ship, where none durft abide but the Seamen who dare doe a«»y thing. Wee had aboard divers maftive Dogp^s,and amongft them, one fo large and fierce^ as Ihavefeldomefeenany like him •-, this Dogge flew to him with the greateft Courage that might be, but could takeno hold of him,by reafon of his large roundneffe and fliminefTe 5 but if by chance he got hold of one of his finnes, the Sharke would throw him from fide to fide of the Ship,as if he had be en nothing} and doubtleffe if he had encountred him in his own Element, the Sea, he would have made quick work with him. C ^ Divers 5 oA True and Exaft Hiftory Divers of this kind wee took , but none f© large i he was about 1 6 foot long, and io foot about the middle. Other fifties wee took, as the Born to 3 the S^amjlj Maquerell 3 theALucore 3 Dolphi» 9 (jc. which w ee found excellent meate,but especially the Alb-.Kore*, which is a filh of fuch a (hape, as it pleafedme much to look on. Thofe wee took were not much above a yard long, with forked tayles, the griftles very firme and ftrong,and the body neer that, no bigger then a mans wnft $ but fuddenly growing upward to fuch a greatneffe, as I have feldomefeen any like him, and fo ftrong withall, as afayleravery ftrong man, holding one of them fait by the gill, when this filh mov dbut his tayle togetloofe, gaveluch a fpring, as he had like to have put his arme out of joynt. Thefe kind of fifties, in a cleare Sun- (hine evening, delight themfelves and us, by trying which of them can leap higheft above water,fo that tis a pretty paftime, to fee fifties fo large,and glorioufly colour'd;thew themfelves fo far above their na- turall Element, whofe ffaapes and colours gave fuch variety. But this fport we faw not often. I will trouble you no more, with mentioning the variety of (hape? and colours of fifhes,till I come to St.J^o^onelyone- and that a very fmall one$ for his body is not much bigger then a large Pomegranate, and yet his faculties are fuch, as may draw more eyes to look on him and more mindes to confider him, then the Vaft whale : for though it be true,that his large body,appearing above the furface of the water being in calmes a fmooth leavell fuperficies, and fuddenly appearing, is ond of the ftraugeft and moft monftrous fights that can be in nature; (and the more admirable, when he is inccuntred by his two mortall enemies, the Sword and Tbefhal fifties. For to (hake them off, he leapes more then his owne length, above water, and in his fall, beats the fea with fuch violence, as the froth and foame is feena quarter of an houre after, White, as when tis beaten by a ftrong Weft wind againfta Rock , and at other limes, fpouts out the water in great quantities 5 the height ofan ordinary Steeple J "iet this great mafter-piece ot Nature,is not in my opinion fo full of wonder, nor doth raifetheconfideration to.fucha height : as this little fifti the ( *riM 3 who can whenhepleales, enjoy himfelfe with his neighbour fifties , under water ; And when he putts on a rtfoiudon to trie his fortune in another Element, the A)tr } he rifeth to the top of the fea,let the billow go never fo high, and there without the help ofa fayler, Raifesuphis maine Maft, fpreads his fayles, which he makes of his own finewes,fi:s his Rudder and Ballaft, and begins his voyage , But to what Goaft he is bound, or what trafique he intends, himfelfe and He that made him onely can teiU Fifties there are none 1 to prey on,nor flies, and therefore tis not for food he travaiks 5 1 have feen them 500 leagues from any land, if his voyage be to anv Pert, he muft have a long time and much patience to get thither^if to fea, hee s there already 5 in one thing he harh the advantage of any fhip that everfayled : for hecan go neerer the wind by a poyntyhenthe moft yare Friggot that ever wasbuilt. Which (hewes how farre Nature can exceed Art. Another advantage he ha<;, tint in thegreateft Tempeft,he never feares drowning. CompatVe, nor Card he needs not,for he is never out of his way > whether then his voyage be for pleafureorprofit we are yet to feeke. But I ■ - ■ - - ■ - - - ~ of the Hand of Bafbadoes. But before wee arive at our next Harbour, St jago, one of the Jles of Gapt Verd, and now revolted from the King of Spayne,to the Portu- gal! •, Le« trie tell you, one little obfervation I made of the Ships way ; which in flacke windes , and darke nights , wee faw nothing under water, but darkenes > but in ftiffe windes, and ftrOng gayles , wee faw perfectly the keele of the Ship; and fifties playing underneath, as lighted by a torch, and yet the nights of equall darkenes. Which put me in mind of a poynt of Philofophy I had heard difcourft of, a- mong the Learned $ That in theAyet, Rough hard bodies , meeting with one another, by violent ftroakes , Rarifie the Ayer, fo as to make fire. So here , the (hip being of a hard fubftance, and in a violent motion, meeting with the ftrong refiftarice of the waves : (who though they bee not hard, yet they are rough, by reafon of their faltnes,) doe caufe a light , though no fire, and I may gueffe , that that light would bee fire, were it not quenchtby thefea , in the inftant it is made ■> which in his owne Element, hath the greater power andpre- dominancie. But before wee came toStJaao, wee were to have vifited a fmall Hand called Soil ; by the intreatie of a Portugall wee carried with us , whofename was Bernano Mencks de Soufsh who pretended , tohavea great part of the Hand ( if not the whole J to bee his owne •■> but tor that, it lay fomewhat out of our waye » and wee could not recover if, by reafon the winde was Croffe 5 and partly for t hat wee were informed by fome of the Saylers , who told us it was unin- habited by any , but Goats, Dogs, and the like ; and wee gueft , hee would Tout of a vaine glorie)fhew us fomething that heCall'dbis. But the Mafter , who well knew the Condition of the place, would not lofe fo much ty me to no purpofe. Which gave fome difcontent- ment to the Portugall, which hee expreft in his Countenance, by a fullen dogged lookc , till wee came to St Jago. But that was but a whetftone, tofharpena worfe humour hee was big with > for though our Merchants redeem' d him out of prifon in London , intending him a Mayne dire£tor in the whole voyage; whofe Credulous cares hee highly abufed , by telling them, That the Padre Vagado (ChiefeGo- vernour of St jsgo) was his brother, and that by the power hee had with him, to lay all trade open, for Negroes, Horfes , and Cattle, which were there Contrabanded goods ; By which perfwalion , they gave him the power and Command of the (hip and goods. But hee in- tended nothing lefle then the performance of that truft,but inftead of it, meant to make prey of both, and of our Liberties , and probably lives to boote, if wee had not bin verie wary of him. The firft thing wee perceivd in him , was a Orange looke hee put on, when wee came nere the Hand ; which caufed us to lufpedt fome great and bad defigne hee was bent on/for being lolly and very good Companie all the voyage, to change his Countenance when wee were ntre the place where weehop'd to enjoy our felves with happinefle and Contentment, was a prefage of fome evill intent to bee put in practice, which howerly wee expefted 5 and were all at gaze what part of it was firft to bee afted s which heeC more fpcedily then hee nee- ded) difcovered,and it was thus. Our water, being a good part fpent in our paffage thither, and wee being to make new and large provifions for the remayaderofour C 2 Voyage g I cjilrueandExa&Hiftory Voyage, carrying horfes and Cattle with us : which wee were to take in there j hee Commanded the Mafter by the power he had over him, to fend a fhoare all the emptie Cafke hee had aboard > with intent to detaynethem 5 and io make us comply, by little and little to his ends. But the Mafter abfolutely denied the Landing our great Cafke, but toidhimhe wouldiendourquarterCafk.es, in our long boate, and fo by making often renames, to fill our Pipes ck Buts. Bnt finding him- felf at a lofle in this defigne,thought good to keepe us from any water at all j and fo appointed our men , to dig in the valley under the Padres houfe^ where he was well allured no Spiings of' water were to be found. But fome of our men, who fpoke good Spanifti, by their enquiries heard , That there was a very good well on the other fide of thehiil, under the Cattle, and were brought to the fight of it by fomeof the Country people:, Which when he perceiv'd we had know- ledge of, he was much cue of Countenance , andufed his befi elo- quence to make usbeleevehehadnever heard of that Well. So finding that this practice would not ferve his turne,he tryed another : and that was was to command our Mafter, to carrie a fhoare, that part of the Cargofoone that was confign'd for that place, which wasCloath,Bayes, SturTes of fcvcrallkindes, Linen Cloath, Hats with broad brims, fuch as Spaniards ufe to weare , and were made in Lon- don purpofely to put offthere, and thefe goods being valued, when they were receiv'd at Land, there fhould be a returne made, in Horfes, and Cattle. Bur as we had Caufe to fufpeft him for the Cafk , fo wee had for the Cargo , and fo return'd him this anfwer , that we would not land any of our goods, without receiving the like valew in Cat- tle s and fo by parcells to receive the one, and deliver the other, On which meflage, we fent the Purfer of our fhip , that fpoke good Spanifti i But Bernardo, being vext to the height that his Plot was dif- covered , kept him prifoner. Wefent anotherto demand him which was like wife detayned, then we fent 3 ot 4 more and fome of the fol- diersofthe Caftle gave fire upon them, Soe that wee refolv'd to weigh Anchor and put to Sea for a weeke Or tenne dayes ;md returne in the night ( the weather being darke and fitt for our purpofe ) and furprife the Padres houfewith 5oMufketeers which we could mufter verie well of the Gentlemen and other paflengeisin the fhip, and fomeof the Saylers,and take the Pa/he Fa.agO) and Bernardo cMe/tdes de Soufa, and carrie them to tht Barbados. But the Padre not knowing of this defigne'm Ber/.ardo > fent to us a verie kind meffage inviting himfelfe aboard our fhip, receiving hoftag.s from us, and foe upon treacie with him aboard, fettled a trade, and got cur prifoners releaft ; where- upon we were invited tohishoufe 01 rather his Rocke,for it was moft part of it form'd in a Rocke, with a fteep and verie high precipice. But I am mislead into this digreffionby this wicked Portugall, whofe unlucky Countenance before we came to the iLnd ± gave me the occafion to fay lomcwhat of him, and his mifcariage in the lUnd^ before I came at it. But when we came within fight of it,it appeared to us full of high 8c fteep Rocks, fthe higheft of which were meere ftone , without any foyleat all J and they of fo great a heigl t , as we feldome faw the tops,whilft we lay before it, being interpofed by mifts, and Clouds ; which rife and darken the skie in the time of the tumado % But the day we of the Hand of Barbadoes. we had the firft fight of it, being very clearer and we being atacom- petent di(fance,had a perfect view of itj. Butthofe ofthefecond al- titude ; appear d nor fo whi*e,but had a grayifh colour, as if covered with light and Tandy earth. But the loweft of thofe, feenYd rather Hills, than Rockes } but yet fo rufTet, as we were in doubt whether grade did ever grow on them. But when we came within diftance of difceming colour- perfectly j wee expected the vallies,as it opened to us, would have afforded our eyes a richer profpecl, with more variety of colours,but we found very little or no amendment, onely the trees ol fwj/.u j, with fome ether that were large and beautiiul, whofe tops (giving amply proportionable fhadowes to their roots ) held their greenncfife and were exrreame beautifull. Eut the time of our ftay there, being the furtiado, when the funnef being in his retume from the Tropique of Cancer, to that of Capricorne, to vifit and refrem the Southern world,) became Ze/.itb to the inhabitants of that part of the world, which is abcut the beginning of --l"g whofe countenance was not fo well reconcil'd to himielfe,as to give us a hearty welcome. He told us that xhepae're was gone forth about fome affaires of the Hand, but would returne time enough to dinner. And whilft we wereftaying there, expecting his comming, we thought good not to be idle, for theftrucTureof that Fab) icke, did not minifter to our eyes much of delighr. Onely that it had a faier profpedr to fea. So we walkt along upon that round hill, enquiring what we could of the place 5 and were inform'd that there had been formerly a very (lately Town, beautified with faire buildings , and ftreets fo contrived, as to make the beft ufe of fuch a profpec^ But burnt and dcmolifht by Sr.Fran* c'n Drake, in the time ofthe warres, between Queen tilizabetb-, and the Kingof fyrf/«f,which made us give more reverenceto the places for that fome of our Countreymen had there facrificed their lives for the Honour of our Nation. About the houre that our ftomackstold us, it was full hiph time to pay Nature her due, we lookt about us, and perceived at a good di- ftance, a horfe comming towards us, with a man on his back, as hard as his heels could carry him 5 and within a very little time, madea fudden ftopat the Pad/a houfe, from whofe b;tcke(being taken by two Negree's^) was fct on the ground a great fit man, with a gowne on his back,his face not fo black as to be counted a MJlotto, yet [ believe full out as black as the Knight of theSunne '■> his eyes blacker if poffi- ble, and fo far funk into his head, as with a large pinne you might have prick't them out in the nappe of his neckc. Upon his a lighting we perceived him very much difcompofed, for the pace he rid, was not his ufuall manner of riding, as by our enquiry afterwards wc underftocd ,and that he very feldom rid at all, but his bufineft having held him over long, cauf'd him to take horfe. who int- nded to come \ a foot ;and being m unfed, (and he none of the beft ho-.femen, ) I wasmadefubjeitto the wil of his horfej whi:h being a Barbe, & very j fwift of foot,comming towards the place where he was kept , ranne 1 wiih fuch violence,as it was a wonder his burthen had not been can by the way^for theHorfehavingabit in his month, and the ftirrops being extreame fhort, as the manner of their rising there i>, if he had jevercheckt him with the bridle, that he had been put to bound, he 1 had undoubtedly layd him on the ground. Eut the rider that thought of of the Hand of Barbadocs. of nothing more, then holding faft by the pummell with both handes , was miraculoufly preferv'd. In this great difcompofure, he was taken off by two Negroes , and fet on his owne legs : but in fuch a trance, as for fome minutes, he was not in a Condition to fpeake to us : So fenfible an impreffion had the feare of falling made in him. But being at Jaft come to himfelfe, he made his addreffeto us, and in his language bid us welcome, begin- ing toexcufehis too long ftay : to redeeme which fault, he had put himfelfe in fuch a hazard, as in his whole life he had not knowne the like. Weanfwered, that it argued a great fefpe£t and civilitietous, that he would expofe his gravitie, which was accuftomed to a moder- ate pace , to fucn a fwiftnes of motion , as might in any kinde indan- gerhis health, Or hazard hisperfon. But he being a man much re- (erv'dj and Dow of language, laid no more 5 but brought us into his houfe; which was uponaLevell at the entrance, but the other fide of the Rooms a fieep precipice, and fome oftheroomes like galleries fuch as are in the meaneft fnnes upon London-way* There were not in the houfe above 4 roomes , befides two galleries and a Kitcb in ; andthofe all on a flower } and the flowers of earth, no' fo much as made Levell , nor foeeven as to deferve fweeping 5 and the moft of them weiejuftly dealt withall :for they had no more then they de- fer v'd , both above and below; for the Cobwebs ferv'd for hang- ings, and frying pans and gred-irons for pictures. By this equipage, you may guefTe what the trading is of this lhnd> when the Governour is thus accoutred} but by andby s aCloath was laydc, of Calico, with 4 or 5 Napkins of the fame , to ferve a dozen men. The firft Gourfe was fet on the table, ufherdinby the Padre himfelfe, (Bernardo, the CMollotto,and Ts^groes following after,) with every one adifhof fruite, 6 in all j the firft was Millions, Plan tines thefecond, the third Bonanos, the 4 of Guavers, the 5 of Prickled Pearts, the 6 the Cuftard Apple : but to fill up the table, and make the feaft yet more fumptuous- the Padre fenthis CMollotto , into his own Chamber, for a dilh which he referv'd for the Clofe of all the reft 5 Three 'Pines in a difh, which were the firft that ever I had feene, and as farre beyond the bell fruite that growes in England,as the beft Abricot is beyond the worft Slow or Crab, Having well refresht our felves with thefe excellent fruites, we dranke a glaffe or two of Red Sack -, a kinde of wine growing in the T was refolv'd after dinner, to make an FfTay v what a prefent of rich filver filke and gold Ribbon would doe, to perfwade her to open her lips : Partly out of a Curiofitie, to fee whether her teeth were exactly white , and cleane, as I hop'd they were; for 'tis a generall opinion, that all Negroes have white teeihi but that is a Com- mon error, for the black and white, being fo neere together , they fet offon another with the greater advanrage. But looke neerer to them , and you fhall find thole teeth , which at a diftance appear'd rarely white, are yellow and foul. This knowledge wrought this Curiofitie in me j but it was not the mayne end of my enquiries for there was now,but one thing more, to fet her off in my opinion i, the rareft black fwann e of the Hani of Barbados. fwanne that I had ever feen, and that was her language, Sc gracerull de- livery of that jwhichwas to unite and con firme a perfection in all the reft.And to that end I took a Gentleman that fpoke good Spanifh with me 9 and awaittdhercommingout,wbichwas with far greater majefty., andgracefulnefs, then I have feen Queen sir.t.e, defcend from the Chaire of States to dance the Meafures with a Baron of England, at a Maskein theBanquettinghoufe. And truly, h?d her followers and friends, with other perquifits(that ought tobe the attendants onfuch a (late and beautie)waytedon her, I had made a (top, and gone no far- ther.But finding her but flightJy attended 5 and confidering (he was but the Padres Miftres.St therefore the more acceffible 3 I made my adoref- fes to her, by my interpreter 5 8c told her, I had fome Trifles made «y the people of E>,glaoci y which fur their value were not worthy her ac- ceptance,)^ for theirNovelty, they mightbeoffomee(teem.,fuch ha vingbin worn by thegreatQueensof£wo^f, & in treated hei to vouch- fafe to receive them. She with inuchgravity,andrefervdnef opened the paper^butwhenfhelookron thenyhe Colours pleafed her (o,asfhe put her gravity into 1 he lovelieft fmile that I have ever feen. And then (hewed her rowes of pe3rlSjfoclean,white 5 Orient :) aDd well fhaped, a? Neptunei Court was never pav'd with fuch as thefe^ck to (hew whether was whiter, or more Orient 5 thofeor the whites of her eyes, (he turn'd them up^Sc gave me fuch a look, as was a fufficient return for a far grea - ter prefent,and vvithall wifhtj would think of fomewhat wherein (he might pleafure me,and I fhould rinde her both ready and willing. And fo with a gracefull bow of her neck, (he took he* way towards her own houfeiwhich was not above a ftones caft from the /Wm.Ocher addref- fes were not to be made, without the diflike of the Padre, for they are there as jealous of their MiftrilTes, as the Italians of their wives. In the afternoon we took lea ve,and went aboard ; where we re mained three or four days} about which time, fome paflengersofthe (hip, who had no great ftore oflinnenforfhift, dcfired leave to go afhoare and took divers women along with them,to wafh their linnen. But(it fee,oVd)the 'Portugal!*, and Negroes too, found them handfbme and fit for their turnes, and were a little Rude, I cannot fay Ravifhc them^for the Major part of them, being taken from Bridewell, Turn- boule ftreet,and fuch like places of education, were better natur'd then to fuflfer fuch violence ; yet complaints were made, when they came aboard,both of fuch abufes,and ftealing their linnen. But fuch a praife they gave of the place, as we all were defirous to fee it:for } aftertheRaine, everyday gave an increafe to the beau- ty of the place,by the budding out of new fruits and flowers, This was the valley on the left fide of the Hill, more fpacious and beautifull by much than that on the right hand, where the Padre dwelt. The next day, a dozen Gentlemen of our company, refolvd to go and fee this fo much admired valley, and when our Saylers with their long boat went to fetch water, (as dayly they did, ) we went along with them:and landed therein as high going Billows, as I have- ever feen,fo near the land. Much adoe we had, to be carried to land though on mens backs, and yet the grapple came as near the (hoare as they durft bring it,for bulging again ft the bottome. No (boner were we landed, buttheCaptaine of the Cattle, with! one fbuldier with him}caroe towards us,with a flow formall pace , I E who' n i4 oA True and ExaB Hiflory who defired tofpeake with one ofus alone.Colond Mochford, being the chiefe man in the Company, went with an Interpreter to meet himiand being at the diftanceof fpeech, defired to know hisplea- fure; which he told him was this. That he underftood divers of our women had bin afhoare, the day before \ and received fome in- jury, from the people of the Hand, and that it was conceiv'd, we were come Arm'd to take revenge on thofe that did the affront. He therefore advifed us, cither to make fpeedy returne to the boate that brought us : or to fend back our fvvords and piftols, and com- mit our felves to his protection; and if one ofthofe were notprefent- ly put in aft, we mould in a very fhort time have all our throatsCut. We told him we had no intention of revenge for any wrong done, and that the only caufe ot our landing, was to fee the beauty of the place we had heard fo much Gommended 3 by our people that were a(hore,of which they had given a very large teftimony, both of thepleafantnefsandfruitfulnefsofit, and that our vilit was out of love,both to the place and people.But for fending our weapons back to the boate, we defired his pardon^for this reafon-, that the Billows going fo very high at that time, we could not fend them to the boat without being dipt in the Sea water , which would fpoyle them; and the moft of them,being rich fvvords, and piftols, we were loath to have their beauty covered with ruft, which the fait water would betheoccafionof. We defired rather, that he would Command a fouldier of his,to flay with a man ot ours-and keep them fare, till our returne '-, which he being content to doe,we committed our felves to his proteftion,who put a guard upon us of 10 Souldiers,part Portugalls part Negroe s j the moft part of either kind, as proper men as I have feen,and as handfomely cloathed. Their garments made with much Art, and all feem'd to be done bytheTayler ; the Coverings ior their heads, were not unlike Hel- mits f, of blew and white ftrip't filke, fome tawny,and yellow, others of other forts of Colours 5 but all of one fafhion, their doublets clofe to their bodies,withCaffocks, madeof thefalhiou of the Kings guard: loofe fleeves,which came to their elbowes; but large and fathered fo as to fit loofe from their armes;with foure large skirts, reaching down to the middle of their thighs; but thefe of a different coloui from their fnits, their breeches indifferently large, comming down below the knee;and the upper part^fo wrought with Whalebone3 within, as to keep them hollow/romtouching their backsjto avoidheat,which they were much troubled withjupon their leggs, buskins of the colour of their fuits,yet fome made a difference: their fhooes Colour" d for the moft part j fome white, but very few blacke. Their weapons, as SwordsPiftols,Muskets, Pikes, and Partifans-, kept very bright, and worne comelily and gracefully ; which argued a decencie in the Com- mander,as their awfull refpeft did of his aufteritie. Being now under a Guard, we marcht into this valley, one of the delightfulleft places that I have ever feen, for befides the high and loftie rrees,as the Palmeto, Royally Coco, Cedar, Lccujf, Mufticke, Mar,grave i Bully, Redwood, Pickled yellow wood, Cajfia, Fiftula, Caliba\b, Cherry^ Fiagtree, whofe body is large inough for timber, Cittrons, Cuftard apple, Gnavers, Macova, CipreS; Oranges, Limons, Lymes, Tomegraaat, Ar.oAo, Prickled apple, Trickled peare,Papa,thefe and more may be accounted wood : and yet a good of the Hand of Barbadoes. good part of them bearing excellent fruit ; But then there are of a lefierfort, that beare the rarefl fruit ; whofe bodyes cannot be ac- compted wood, as the Pl.udine^pine , Brn.vr.o , Utjtba, water Mdhn* &c. and fome few grapes, but thofe inconfiderable, by reafonthey can never make wine : becaufe they have no winter, and fo by that meanes, they can never ripe together , but one is green ; another ripe, another rotten,which reafon will ever hold, that no wine can be made on Hands, where there is no winter .- or within twenty degrees of the line on either fide. I have heard that wine is made in the Eaji indies, within lefle then fifteen Degrees ; but tis of the Palme tiee •-, out of whofe body, they draw both wine and oyle j which wine will not keep above aday\ but no wine of grapes, for the reafons aforefaid- Other kinds of trees , we found good to fmeli to, as Minle , Jefa/.-.a/-, Tamariik, with a tree fomewhat of that bignefle, bearing a very beautifull flower. The firft halfenext the ftalke, of a deep yellow or gold colour}th e other halfcbeing the larger,of arich Scarier; fhap'd like a Carnation, & when the flowers fall cff,there grows a Cod, with 7 or 8 feeds in it, divers of which,we carried to the Bartudcs-and planted there : and they grew and multiplied abundantly, and they call them there, the St. Jagc flower, which is a beautifull, but no fweet flower. From thefe woods ofpleafant trees, we faw flying divers birds,fome one way, fome another, of the faireft, and moft beautifull colours; that can be imagined inNature-others whofeGoIours and fhapes come fhort ofthefe, did fo excell in fweetneffe, and loudnefs of vovce, as our Nightingals in England, are fhort of them, in either of thofe two properties j but in variety of tunes, our birds are beyond them, for in that they are defective. In this valley of pleafnre, adorn 'd as you have heard, we march't with our Guard,faire and foftly,near a quarter of a mile 5 before we came to the much praifed fountaine 5 from whence wefetcht our water. The circle whereof, was about 60 foot, the Diameter about 20 from the ground to the top of the Well, (which wasoffreeftonej) 3 foot andahalfeS from thence within, downeto thefurfaceofthe water, about 1 5 foot. The fpring it felfe, not fo much to be prai- fed for the excellency of the tafte, though cleare inongh, as for the Nymphs that repaire thither.For whilft we flayed there feeing the Say- lers fill their Calks j and withall Contemplating the glory of the place : there appeard toourview,many pretie young Negro Virgins, playing about the Well. Butamongft thofe } two, that came downe with either of them a naturall Pitcher, a Calibafh upon their arme, to fetch water from this fountaine. Creatures, of fuch fhapes, as would have puzzelld Alien Dure/-, "the great Mr of Proportion, but to have imitated; and Tition i or Andrea de Sana^ for foftnes of mufcles , and Curiofitie of Colouring, though with a ftudied diligence •> and a love both tothepartieand theworke. To exprefle all the perfecrions of Nature, and Parts, thefe Virgins were owners of, would afke a more skillfull pen, or pencill then mine; Sure I am, though all were excell- ent, their motions were the higheft 5 and that isabeautie no painter can exprefle, and therefore my pen may well be filent •-, yet a word or two , would not be amiffe , to exprefle the difference between thefe, and thofe of high Africa '■> asofMorcoco, Guinny, Binny, Cutchow , Angola,./Ethiopiaj and Mauritania, or thofe that dwell nere the tiguar of 5 9ji True and ExaB Hifiory oi Gambia, whcxare thick lipc , Ihortnofd , and commonly low fore- heads. But thefe, arecompofd of fuch features, as would marre the judgment ofthebeft Paynters, to undercake to mend. Wanton, as the foyle that bred them, fweet as thefruites they fed on j for being comt- fo neere,as their motions , and graces might perfectly be difcernd, I gueft that Nature could not, without help or Art > frame fuch ac- complifht beauties not onelyofcolours,and favour,but of motion too, which is the higaeft part of beautie. If dancing had bin in fafhion in this lland,l mi^ht have been perfwaded, that they had bin taught thofe motions, by fome who had ftudied that Art. But confidering the Tadre 's Muji que to be the beft the ilmd afforded , I could not but caft away that thought, and attribute all to pure nature } Innocent, as youchfull, their ages about 1 5 . Seing their beauties fo frefh and youth- full, withall the perfections I have named, I thought good totrie,whe- ther the uttering of their language, would be as fweet and harmoni- ous, astheir other partes were comely. And by the helpeof a Gentle- man that fpoke Po'iugall-l accofted them ; and began to praife their beauties, fhapes, and manner of dreffings ; which was extreamly pret- tie. Their haire not fhorne as the Negroes in the places I have named , clofe to their heads -, nor in quarters , and mafes, as they ufe to weare it, which is ridiculous to all that fee them , but themfelves : But in a due proportion of length, fo as having their ihortenings by the natu- rallCurles,they appeared as wiers, and artificiall dreffings to their faces. On the fides of their Cheeks, they plat littleofit, of purpofe to tie fmall Ribbon-, or fome fmall beads , of white Amber, or blew bugle, fometimes of the rare flowers that grow there } Their eares hung with Pendants , their necks and armes adorn'd with bracelets of Counterfeit pearl es, and blew bugle ; fuch as the Pmu^alh beftowon them, for thefe are free Negroes, and weare upon the fmall of one of their legs, the badge of their freedome; which is a fmall peeceoffil- ver, or tinne, as big as the ftale of a fpoone S which comes round about theleg : and by reafonofthe fmoothnes, andlightnes, isno impedi- ment totheir going. Their cloathes , were petticoates of Strip't filk, next to their linen, which reach to their midle leg: and upon that a mantle, of blew taffitie, tied with a Ribbon on the right fhoulder : which coming under the left arme , hung downe carelefly fomewhat lower then the petticoate, fo as a great part of the naturall beautie^ of their backes and necks before, lay open to the veiw , their breaft round, firme, and beautifully fhaped. Upon myaddreffes to them, ihey appeard a little difturb'd; and whifpered to one another,but had not the Confidence to fpeake aloud i had in my hat, a piece of filver and filke Ribbon , which I perceiv'd their well fhap't eyes , often to dart at 5 but their modefties would not give them Confidence to afke. I tooke it out , and divided it between them, which they accepted with much alacritie $and in returne, dranke to one another my health in the liquor of the pure fountaine, which 1 perceiv'd by their wanton fmiles, and jefficulations, and call- ing their eyes towards me : when they thought they had expreft en- ough they would take in their Countenances, and put themfelves in the modefreft poffures that could be, but vve having brought a Caf of bottles of Englifh fp'rits , vvithus '■> I cald for fome, and drunke a health to them, in a fmall dramme cup ; and gave it to one of of the Hand of Barbadoes. of thein, which they fmek to , and finding it too ftrong for their tem- per , pour'd fome of it into one of their Ca'ibafhes : and put to it as much water, as would temper it to .heir palats ; they drankc againe, but all this would not give them the Confidence tofpeake, but, in mute language 3 and excream prety motions , (hewed, they wanted neither wit nor difcretion, co make an anfwer. But it feem'd , it was not thefafhion there, for young Maides tofpeakto Grangers, info publick a place. I thonght I had been fufficiently arm'd with the perfections I found in the Padre's MiftreiTe, as to be free from the dartsof any other Beau- ty of thar place, and info (hort a time: But I found the difference be- tween young frelh Beauties, and thofethat are made up with the addition of State and Majefly •• For though they counfell and per- fwadeour Loves j yet, young Beauties force, and fo commit rapes up- on our affe&ions. In fumme, had not my heart been fixed fair in my breaft, and dwelt there above fixty years , and therefore loath to leave his long kept habitation, 1 had undoubtedly left it between them for a Legacy. For, fo equall were there Beauties, and my Love, as it was not, nor could be , particular to either. I have heard it aqueftion difputed, whether if a Horfe, being plac'datan equall diftance, between two bottles of hey , equally good; and his appetite being equally fix'd upon either: Whether that Horfe muft not neceffarily ftarve. For, if he feed on either, it muft ar- gue, that his appetite was more fixt on that ; or elfe, that bottle was better than the other. Otherwife, what (hould move him to chofe one before the other ? In this pofture wasl , with my two Miftreffes ; or rather, my two halves of one Miftrefle : for, had they been con joyned, and fo made one, the poynt of my Love had met there > but, being divided , and my affection not forked, it was impoffible to fix, but in one Centre. In this doubtfull condition, I took my leave , with an aflurance, that I (hould never finde two fuch parallel Paragons , in my whole fearch through the World : And the reafon of their fo great like- neffeandluftre, was, they were Sifters and Twins; as I was after informed by a Hermice, that came often to vifit us, when we came on land, as weoften did, and nor far off" from his Cell. But you will think it ftrange, that a man of my age and gravity, (hould have fo much to do with Beauty and Love : But I have three arguments to protect me. The firft is, I have in my younger dayes , been much inclined to Painting , in which Art, colour , favour , and (hape is exercifed ; and thefe Beauties, being a proper fubjeft of all thele perfections, ( being in themfelves perfefitj I could not but con- fidcrthem with a ftudied diligence. Next, I had been long at Sea , without fetting foot on any Land ; and that hath a property , to make allLand-objeftsbeautifull 5 and thefe being in thehigheft degree paramount, could not butfurprife my fancy. Befides , the place being extream beautifull and lovely , could not but fecretly harbour in it the Spirit of Love , a paflion not to be governed. And therefore I hope, you will pardon my wilde ex- travagancy. But the main reafon of this flying out, is, I had little elfe to fay : for the Hand, being a place of very little or no traffick , could not afford F much i8 *A 1 rue and LxaU Hiftory much of difcourfe. Cattle thty have very good, and large, which, they fell at very eafy rates '■> and likewife Horfes, of excellent fhapes j and mettle ; but they are contrabanded goods , and whofoever dtales in them, ( without fpeciall licenfej forfeits both Ship and Goods, if, they have power to compell them. But I believe , they have not , being partly informed by the Her- mire, who Came often to us, to hear newes , and beg fomewhat of us j which being obtained , he would not flick to impart fomewhat of the weaknefle of the Hand, that would have coft him dear , if it had been known to the PaJre. And fbme ofthat which he enformed us, was , that the Forts, and Block houfes, on either fide the Prye , on which we faw the appearance of Ordnances , good ftore, and large j but we underftoodby him, that thofe Forts were neither regular, nor the Guns BrafTe or Iron, but fuch as He/.ry the Eighth took Builoyne with > and this we found by experience to be true : For, upon our firft diffe- rencewhhBdrw/do, and the Padre , weweyed Anchor, and removed ourfelvesout ofthediftanceoftheCaftle, which ftocdin the bot- tom of the Prye 5 and expected to have been (hot at from thofe Forts and Block houfes, but faw no fire given 9 and if they had been fur- nifti'd with fuch Artillery as would have reach'd us, we fhould certain- ly have heard from them. We alfo enquired of our Intelligencer , the Hermite, what Trades or Manufactures were practifed there '■> but were anfwertd, that they were few, and inconfiderable •-, Sugar, Sweet-meats , and Coco-nuts, being the greateft trade they had. Yet by the Padres leave, we carried away with us 50 head of CatJe, and 8 Horfes , which Barnardo made us pay double for -, the ufuah price being 255.3 piece , for which he made us pay 50 s. and for Horfes, 10 1. apiece, which others have had for 4 or 5 1. But he was content, we fhould rate our commodities accordingly, and fo we were no great lofers by the exchange. Having difpatch dour bufinefle, wegotleave togoafhoar , upon the little Hand, at the entrance of the Prye , thereto cut and pull grafTe , for cur Horfes and Cattle , which wc made up into hay •, a work quickly done, where fo much Sun-fhine was our helper. It be- ing perfectly dried, we flowed it in the fhip , which was our laft work, and fo wayed Anchor , and hoyfed Saile , fleering our Courfe for the Barbados, leaving Bernardo (according to his own dcfire ) behinde us ; having but 2 Degrees tothefouthward to varie, in the running of 620 Leagues Weftward. St. Ja^o lying in 1 5. and the Barbadoes in 13 Degrees and 30 Minutes, to the Northward of the Line. There are feven more Hands, which are called the Hands of Cap? Verd: via. S. CMichach, St. VtncerJii, St. Antiyo/.tes-, St. Lucia, ftrazv, Fo^o , and Svll 1 Some of which are much larger, but none fo considerable, aa this of St. "jago. As we lay at Anchor in the entrance of the Prye , we perceived at Sun- fet, between the Sun and us, the Hand called F ago j which was at fuch adiftance, as none of us could difcernit all the day , till that hourej and then the Hand interpoling between the Sun and us,we faw it perfectly, fhap' like the neather half of a Sugar loafe,the upper half being cut offeeven •■> and in the midft of the top of that , a fmoak and fire riling out, from which we gueft it took its n ame. About the tenth oSjtogttftt we put out to Sea j and as we fay led , we left of the Hand of Barbadoes. left the Hand of our Sturbord-fide , and did not part with the fight of it , till we difcern'd a little Town, near to the {hoar, which, we were told, was the bell in the Hand , and a place meant for the chief Port , for all Trarfick in the Hand; but by means of a great mifchiefe, that Ships Were lubjedro in that Harbour , it was almoit totally deferred : For the Sea there , was fo rocky in the bottome , and thofe rocks fo thick together , and lharp wichall, as they cut the Cables off neer to the Anchor, and fo the Anchor often left in tne bottom. There was a Dutchman that lay there but three daies , and in that little itay, loft two Anchors. From this Hand to the Barladots, we account 620 Leagues 5 which, by rcafon of the conftancy of the Windes, which blow feldome in any other point, than Nore-eait andBy-eaft, they have ufually fayled it in \6 or 17 daies. But we, for that it was the time of Tornado , when the windes chop about into the South, were fomewhat retarded in our paflage, and made it twenty two daies ere we came thither $and many have made it a far longer time* Fordnthe time of Tomado^hc clouds interpofe fo thick, and darken the skie fomuch , as we ate not able to make an obfervation for a fortnight together 5 andfo being doubtfullof our Latitude, dare not make the beft ufe of our Sayles and way, for fear of flipping by the Illand ; and being paft it, can hardly beat it up again, without putting out into the Main, and fo by painfull traverfes , recover our felves to the Eafhvard of the Hand) and then fall back again, by -the due Latitude uponit,ati3 Degrees and 30 Minutes. Befides this paines , and loffe of time, when We miffe the Hand , we many times run hazards , by falling upon the Leeward Hands , in the night, of which the Bay of Merixo is well ftord. In this long reach, (which may be call'd a voyage it fclfe) I had only two things to make the way feem flicrt; the one was Pleafure, the other Bufincfle ; that of Pleaiure, was, to view the Heavens,and the beauty of them, which were objects of fo great glory, as the Inhabitants ot the World, from 40 Degrees to either Pole, can never be witneffe of. And this happens at the time , when the Tumado is with thofe of that Lati- tude, where we were. For the clouds being exhal'd in great quantities, fome thick and grofle, fome thin and aeriall, and being hurFd and roll'd about with great and lefTer curies , the Sun then and there being far brighter , then with us here in England, caufed fuch glorious colours to rc-lf upon thofe Clouds, as 'ti* not poflible to be believed , by him that hath not feen it, nor can imagination frame fo great a beauty : And the realonis, the neernefle and propinquity of the place we are in, which makes us fee the glory of the Sun , and of thofe Stars too , which move in that Horizon, much more perfectly , then at a further diftanee. The proofofthislfound, by looking on the Stars, that appear large and bright tousin£»g/4/zfl' J which being feen there , do not only lofemuch of their light,but of their magnitude. For inftance; There is a little Star, called Juriga^necr the Charles Wain , which in England! have feen very perfectly, in bright nights ; but at that diftanee , I could never fee it in the cleareft night , though I have often attempted it. And upon my re- turn to England^ I found it as I left it ■> which argues, that it was no de- cay or impediment in my fight, that made me lofe it , but only the di- ftanee of place. I deny not, but a better fight then mine, may fee this Star Atari gn at the Barbados ; but then, fo good a fight may fee it more perfectly in England, than I can; and fo the comparison holds. But ano- ther 19 20 oA True and ExaB Hifiory ther rcafon , to prove the Celeftiall Bodies brighter at neerer diftance , is> That the Moon being neer the Full, ( at wtiich time it gives a plcn- tifull light ) I have obferved in the night, ( the Sun having been fet two hours, or thereabouts ) and at fuch a time , as the Clouds being in a fie Pofition , to reflect the beams which the Moon then gives , to the place where you are , you fhall fee a perfect Rain-bow in the night. But this does not happen at all times, thougn there be Clouds, for the beams to reft onibut only to fuch as are in an angle , where thefe beams reflect , and meet in a juft point. Divers new Conftellations we found, to the Southward , which in our Horizon are never feen ; and amongfttbem, one, which we call the Crufens, which is made up of foure Stars, which ftandalmoft fquare, or rather like the clawes of a Birds foot; and the Sea-men told us, that two of them point at the South Pole, as the Painters of the ftarles Wain-, do to the North Star. But the South Pole cannot be feen by us, that come from the Northern parts , till we be under the Line, and then we fee both North and South; as we do the Sun in morning and evening, at fix and fix. And thus much for Pleafure. Now for Bufineffe, it was only this : To inform my felfe , the beft I couldj of the account the Mafter and his Mates kept , of the Ships way , both for Compafle, Card, and Logline , together with the obfervations at noon, by that excellent and ufefulllnftrument , the Back-ftaffe, by which we know to a mile, the Latitude we are in ; and if we had an Inftrument, to finde out the Longitude as perfectly , every man might guid a Ship, that could but keep an account. To the knowledge of this great fecret , of the Ships Courfe , divers Gentlemen of our company applyed themfelves very diligently j for the Mafter was not fro,waivi, to communicate his skill to all that were of his Mefle. And to fuch a proficiency we were grown, as to lay a wager with theBoat-fwain, a very good Seaman , upon the firft fight of the Hand otBarb&does. He laid, we fhould not lee it till the afternoon,or late in the evening. We, tha,t we fhould make ltbefore noon. Whether it were chance, or our skilfulncffe, I know not , but we won the wager, which was a couple of very fat Hens, which we caufed to bedreft, and eat them in fight of the Hand , with a double joy : firft, that we had won the wager; next, that we were grown fo neer our wifhed Harbour. Being now come in fightof this happy Hand , the neerer weeame, the more beautifull it appeared to our eyes; for that being in it felfc ex- treamly beautifull,°was beft difcern'd, and beft judg'd of, when our eyes became full Mafters of the object. There we faw the high, large, and lofty Trees, with their fpreading Branches, and flourifhing tops , teem'd to be beholding to the earth and roots , that gave them luch plenty of fapfor their nourifhment , as to grow to that perfection of beauty and largenefTe. Whilft they, in gratitude, return their cool fhade, to fecurc andfhelter them from the Suns heat , which, without it, would fcorch and drie away. So that bounty and goodncfle in the one , and grateful- nefle in the other, fcrve to make up this beauty, which otherwiic would lie empty & waftc.And truly thefe vcgetatives,may teach both the fen- fible and reafonable Creatures,what it is that makes up wealth, beauty, and all harmony in that Leviathan , a well governed Common-wealth: Wtiere the Mighty men, and Rulers of the earth, by their prudent and carefull protection , fecure them from harmes 5 whilft they retribute their of the Hand of Barbadoes. 21 their paynesyind faithfull obedience, to ferve them in all juft Com- mands. And both thefe, interchangeably and mutually in love, which is the Cord that bindes up all imperfect Harmonic And where thtfeare wanting,the roots dry, and leaves fall away, andagenerall decay, and devaluation enfues. Witneffe the woetull experience of thefe fad times we live in. Being now come to the diftance of two or three leagues, my firft obfervation was, the forme of the Hand in generall, which is higheft in the middle } by which commodity of (ituation, the inhabitants within,have thefe advantages } a free profpeft to fea, and a reception of pure refreshing ayer, and breezes that come From thence -the plan- tations overlooking one another fo-, as the moft inland parts, are not bar'd nor retrained the liberties of their view co ft a, by thofe that dwell between them and it. For as we paft along neer the fhoare, the plantations appeared to us one above another : like feverall (lo- ries in ftately buildings, which afforded us a large proportion of de- light. So that we begg'd of the Mafter, to take down thofe of his fayleSj that gave the (hip the greateft motion, that we might not be depriv'd on a fudden, of a fight we till were fo much pleafed with But our Cattle and Horfes(who were under hatches 5 and therefore no partners of this object. ) having devoured all their fodder, and were now ready to come to tlu'tneceffity, as the next thing to be thought on, was to plane deale boards, and feed them with the (ha- vings; Which deadly hunger., ciufed fuch lowing and bellowing of the poor Cattle, as their cry (topped the Matters eares, fo as the fmoothefb, and mod perfwafive language, we could ufe : cocldnot force a paffage, but with all the hafte he could, put \nto Carl. I? Bay 5 which is the beft in the Hand, where we found riding at Anchor, 22 good fhips,with boates plying to and fro, witniSayies and Oaies, which carried commodities from place tOpiacerfo quick (tirring, and numerous ^ as I have feen it below the bridge at London. Yet notwithftanding all this appearance of trade, the Inhabitants of the Hands, and (hipping too, were fogrievioufly vifited with the plague,(or as killing a difeafe,)that before a morifh was expired, after our Arivall,the living were hardly able to bury the dead. Whether it were brought thither in (hipping : ( for in long voyages, difeafes grow at Sea,and takes away many paflengers,and thofe difeafes prove contagious, ) or by the diftempers ofthe people of the Hand : who by the ill dyetthey keep, and drinking ftrong waters, bring difeafes upon themfelves, was not certainly known. But Ihave this rea- fontobeleeve the latter : becaufeforone woman that dyed, there Were ten men ^ and the men were thegr eater deboyftes. In this fad time,we arriv'd in this lland^and it Was a doubt whether this difeafe, or famine threatned molt , There being a general! fear- city of Victuals throughout the whole Hand. Our intention at firft, was not to flay long there, but onelytofell our goods, Cattle, and Horfes ; and fo away J to Amigoa i where we intended to plant : but the fhips being (for the moflTpartj infe&ed with this difeafe , and our felves being unprovided of handes for a new pbntationf byreafonoi themifcaryingof afliip,which fet out before us from Plimotdth^ a month before, withme-n vinftuals, and a 1. utenfill's fitted for a plantation,we were compelled tofftaylongerm the G Hand 22 and Periagos , and finding luch Game to hunt, as thefe hogs, and the flelh Co fweet and excellent in taft , they came often thither a hunting, and ftayed fometimes a month toge ther, and fo returned again at pleafure , leaving behiade them certain tokens of their being there, which were, Pots, of feverallfizes, in which they boykd their meat, made of clay , fo finely tempered, and turned with fuch art, as I have not feen any like them, for fineneile of mettle, and curiofity of turning, in England. This information I re- ceived from the Planters in Barbw.oes. Butbeinghere a Prifoner, in the upper &v.W. Prifon, my chance was to meet with an antient Cap tain, and one of thofe that firft landed on the Iland ; and had the ma- naging of a good part of the Iland , under William late Earlc of Pem-, brok-, before my Lord oifa'Uk hegg'd it of King James . This Captain Canon (for fo was his name ) inform'd me for certain, that this was a groffe miftake in the Planters , and that no Indians ever came there : But thofe Pots were brought by the Negres, which they fetcht from A/goU , and fome other parts of Africa •, and that he had feen them make of them at Angola , with the greateft art that may be. Though lam willing to believe this Captain, who delivered upon his know- ledge , that the Negres brought fome Pots thither , and very finely and artificially madefy a, it does not hinder any man from believing , that 23 24 *A / rue and LxaU Hifiory that the Indians brought iometoo; and whoknowes, which were the molt exactly made. For, 'tis certain, that from fome parr of the Hand, you may fee ( in a clear day ) St- Vtncems^ perfe&iy : And if we can fee them, Why may not they fee us \ and they will certainly ven- ture to any place they fee, fo far as they know they can reach before night, fetting out very early in the morning. But I leave you to credit which of thefe you pleafe , either, or both. But I have a great inclination to believe, the Indians have been there, for this reafon, that the Hand of St . Vincents , lying in the fame Climate with this of Barbados, the Clay maybe of the fame nature and qualities and they, having the skill to bring their Clay to fo fine a temper, as to burn and not break, may (hew us the way, to temper ours of the Baibadoes fo , as we may make Bricks to burn, without chopping or cracking; which thofeof Angola, being far off, and it may be, their Clay of different temper, cannot help us in. And it is no hard matter, to procure an Indian or two, to come from that Iland,and give us direction , which would be of infinite ufe and advantage, to our buildings in Barbados. But this digreflion muft not lead me out of the way of my bufineffe. This difcovery beingmade t and advice given to/ pheir friends in England^ other Ships were lent, with men, provifions, and working tooles,to cut down the Woods, and clear the ground,fo as they might plant provifions to keep them alive, which, till then, they found but ftragJingly amongft the Woods. But having clear'd fome part of it , they planted Potatoes, Plantmes , and Mayes, with fome other fruitess which , with the Hogs-flefh they found 3 ferv'd only to keep iife and foul together. And their i uppiies from England comm'mg fo flow, and fo uncertainly, they were often driven to great extremities : And the Tobacco that grew there, fo feat thy and worthleffe} asit couldgive them little or no return from£/^AW, or elle-where -, fo that for a while they lingredon in a lamentable condition. For, the Woods werefo thick and moft of the Trees fo large and maflie, as they were not to be falne with fo few hands 5 and when they were laid along , i he branches were fo thick and boyfrerous, as required more help 5 and thofe ftrong and active men , to lop and remove them off the ground. At the time we came firft there ;, we found both Puatves , Mates, and Bonatijts , planted between the boughes, the Trees lying along upon the ground ; fo far fhort was the ground then of being clear'd. Yet, we found Indico planted > and fo well ordered, as ic fold in London at very good rates ; and their Cotten wool , and Fuftick wood , prov d very good and ftaple commodities- So that having thefe foure forts of goods to traffick with, fome fhips were invited ( in hope of gain by that trade) to comeand vifit them, bringing for exchange, fuch com- modities as they wanted, working Tools, Iron, Steel, Cloaths, Shirts, and Drawers, Hofeand Shoes, Hats, and more Hands. So that begin- ning to tafte the fweet of this Trad e,ihey fee themfelves hard to work, and lived in much better condition. But when the Canes bad been planted three or four years, they found that to be the main Plant, to improve the vahieof the whole Hand : And fbjbent all their endeavours^ advance their knowledge in the planting, and making Sugar : Which knowledge \ though they ftudied hard, was long a learning. But I wi{l forbear to fay any thing of of the Iland of Barbadoes. of that, till 1 bring in the Plants 3 where you (hall finde not only the colour* fhape, and qualitie of this Plant, but the worth and value of it, together the whole proceiTe of the great work of Sugar-making , which is the thing I mainly aime at : But,in my way to that^I will give you a fleighr defcription or view, of the Iland in generall : and firft, of theScituation, It were a crime, not to believe , but that you are well verft in the knowledge of all parts of the known habitable world > and I (hall feem impertinent, if I go about to inform you of the fcituation of this Hand . But, becaufe there have been fomedifputes between Seamen , whether it lie in bare 1 3 Degrees, or in 1 3 Degrees and 30 Minutes, Khali eafily be led by the moft voices, of the moft able Seamen, to give for granted, that Carltle Bay, which is the Harbour where moft of them put in, is 1 3 Degrees and 30 Minutes from the Line, to the Nor- thern Latitude. This Bay is, without exception, thebeftinthe Iland, and is fome- whatmore then a league over; and from the points of Laud to the bottom ofrhe Bay, is twice as much. Upon the moft inward part of the Bay, ftandsthe Town, which is about the bigneffe of Hou/flo^ and is called the Bridge > for that a long Bridge was made at firft over a little nook of the Sea, which wasra- ther a Bog then Sea. A Town ill fcituate •> for if they had confidered health, as they did conveniency , they would never have fet it there -, or, if they had any intention at firft, to have built a Town there j they could not have beenfo improvident, as not to forfee the main inconveniences that muft enfue, by making choice of fo unhealthy a place to live in. But, one houfe being frt up > another was erected 5 and fo a third , and a fourth , till at laft it came to take the nameof a Town ; Divers Store- houfes being there built s to (low their goods in , for their conveni- ence, being neer the Harbour. But the main overfight was, to build their Town upon fo un wholfome a place. For, the ground being fom- what lower within the Land, than the Sea-banks are, the fpring- Tides flow over , and there remains , making a great part of that flat, akindeofBogor Moroft, which vents out fo loathfome a favour, as cannot but breed ill blood, and is (no doubt ) theoccafion of much fickneffe to thofe that live there. At the time of our arrivall , and a month or two after , the fickneffe raign'd fbextreamly,asthe living'could hardly bury the deadend for that this place was neer to them , they threw the dead carcafes into thebog, which infected fo the water , as divers that drunk of it were abfolutely poyfoned, and dyed in f ?w houres after ; but others, taking warning by their harmes, forbare to tafte any more of it. The ground on either fide the Bay, ( but chiefly that to the Eaft- ward) is much firmer, and lies higher j and, 1 believe, they will in time, remove the Town upon that ground, for their habitations, though they fuffer the Store-houfes to remain where they are, for their convenience. But the other fcituation , may be made with fome charge as convenient as that, and abundantly more healthfull. Three Bayes there are more of note in this Hand 5 one, to the Eaft- ward of this, which they call Aufyins Bay , not in commemoration of any Saint , but of a wilde mad drunken fellow , whofe lewd and ex- H travagant 25 The Schua- tton. a6 TheExtent. as Carlile Bay is : but being to the Leeward of the Hand , and good An- chorage, they feldome are in danger ; unleffe in the time of Turnado , when the wind turnes about to the South-, and then, iftheybenot well moor'd , they are fubjeft to fall foul on one another , and fome times driven aground. For, the Leeward part of the Hand beingra- ther fhelvie then rockie, they feldome or never are caft away. The length and breadth of this Hand, I muft deliver you only upon truftifor, I could not go my felfe about it,being full of other bufineffe;, but I had fome fpeech with theantienteft, and moft knowing Sur- veyer there, one Captain Swann , who told me, that he once took an exa& plot of the whole Hand , but it was commanded out of his hands by the then Governour, Sir Henry Hunks , who carried it into England* fince which time, neither himfelfe , nor any other, to his knowledge , had taken any* nor did hebelieve, there was any extant. I defired him yet that he would rub up his memory , and take a little paines in the furvey of his Papers, to try what could be found out there,that'might give me fome light in the extent of the Hand, which he promjfed to do ; and within a while after, told me , that he had found by fome Papers, that lay fcattered in his Study, the length of it 5 but for the breadth , it was very uncertain , by realbn of the nooks and corners that reach'd out into the Sea , io that it mu fc of ncceiTuy be broad in fome places, and narrow in others. I defired then to know, how ma- ny miles the broadeft, and how few the narroweft parts might be. He told me, that he gueft , the broadeft place could not be above feven- teen miles, nor the narroweft under twelve; and that the length, he was affured, was twenty eight miles. Out of thefe uncertain grounds , it was a hard matter to conclude upon any Certainties j and therefore the eveneft way I can go, is, upon a Medium , between twelve and fe- venteen > and, I will be as modeft as I can in my computation ; and take but 14. which is leffe then the Medium ■> and multiply 14. which is fuppofed to bej the breadth, by 28. which is affured to be the length, and they make 39 2 fquare miles in the Hand. Beyond this, my enqui- ries could not reach , and therefore was compelld to make myefti- mate upon this bare Suppofition. But, for the for me of the Superficies of the Hand , I am utterly ignorant 5 and for the Upright 1 I have given it you in my firft view of the Hand , that it rifes higheft in the middle. When the Sun is in the t^qaimttiall, or within 1 o Degrees of either fide , we finde little change in the daies length ; for at fix and fix the Sun rifes and fets •• but when he is neer the Tropick of Capricorn, and is 37 Degrees from us, we finde a difference , for then , the day is fome what fhorter,and we perceive that fhortning, to begin about the end of o&ober--, the Crepufculum being then not much longer then at other times, which is not halfe the length, as 'tis with us in England. At the time of new &kttt, we finde both her Corners equally high , when the Sun is neer us ; but when it is at the diftance of 3 7 Degrees to the Southward, we finde fome difference ; for then it hangs not fb equali, but one end is higher then the other, byreafonofthe pofition we are in. Eight of the Hand of Barbadocs. Eight months of the year,the w eather is very hot,yet not fo fcaldingj but that fervants,both Chriftians,and flaves, labour and travell tenne bouts in a day. As the ^unne rifes,there rife with him ccole breezes of wind, and the higher and hotter the funne mines, the ftronger and cooler the breezes are, and blow alwaies from the Nore Eaft, and by Eaft, except in the time of »he Tvtwuki And then it fometimes chops about into the iouth, for an hour or two , and then returnes againe co the famcpoynt where it was. The other foure months it is not fo hot, but is neer the temper of the aire in England, in the middle of May, and though in the hot feafons we fweat much, yet we doe not finde that faintnefTe,that we finde here, in the end of July, or beginning of Auguft.VYith this great heat, there is fuch a moyfture, as muftofne ceffity caufe the ayer to be very unwholfome. Wearefcl domed rye or thirfty, unleffe we overheat our bodyes with extraordinary labour,or drinking ftrong drinks } asofourEng lifh fpirits, which we carry over, of french Brandy, or the drinkc of the UandjWhich is made of the skimmings of the Coppers, that boyle the Sugar, which they call kiil-Divell.And though fome of thefe be needfullifthey be ufed with temper ; yet the immoderate ufe of them, over- heats the body, which caufes CoftivenefTe, and Tortious in the bowels ; which is a difeafe very frequent thereSand hardly cur'd, and of which many havedyed, but certainely, ftrong drinks are very requifit,where to much heat is •> for the fpirits being exhaufted \\ ith much iweating, the inner parts are left cold and faint, and (ball need comforting,and reviving. Befides, our bodyes having bin ufed to colder Clymates , finde a debility, and a great fayling in the vigour, and fprightlinefs we have in colder Glimat9j our blood too, is thin- ner and paler than in our own Countreys. Nor is the meat fowell relifht as in England •-, but flat and infipid, the hogges flefh onely ex • cepted, which is indeed the beft of that kinde that I thinke is in the world. Our Horfes and Cattle feldome drinke,and when they do,it is in very fmall quantities; except fuch as have their bodies over heated with working. This moyfture of the ayre, caufes all our knives, etweefe, keyes, needles, fwords, and ammunition, to ruft 5 and that in nninftant for take your knife to the grindffcone, and grind aw^y all the ruft } which done,wipe it dry, and put it up into your flu- ath, and fo into your pocket,and in a very little time, draw it out , and you (hall find it beginning to ruft all over, which in more time, will eate deep into thefteele, and fpoyle the blade. Our locks too, that are not often made ufe of,will ruft in the wards,and fo become ufelefle and Clocks, and Watches will feldome or never go true $ and all this occafion'd by the moyft nefle of the Ayre. And this we found at fea : for before we came neere this Hand, we perceiv'd a kind of weather, which is neither raine nor mift, and continued with us fometimes four or five dayes together,which the feamen call a Heyfey weather, and rifesto fuch a height,as though the funne (hine out bright, yet we cannot fee his body,til! nine a clock in the morning, nor after three in the after noone. And we fee the skie over our heads cleare : a clofeandveiy unhealthull wesrther,and no pleafure at all in it. This Tenpf t \i m of (be tur. -j re. 28 iA 1 rue and txaU Riftory How wate- red. This great heat and moyfture together, is certainely the occafion that the trees and plants grow to {uch vaft height, and largeneffc as they are. 1 here is nothing in this Hand fo much wanting, as Springs and Ri- vers of water 5 there being but very few, and thole very fmal 8c incon- fiderable. I know but only one River, and that may rather be term'd a Lake,then a RiveriThe Springs that runne into it, are never able to fillit,they arefo fmallioutialltoSea it has none 5 butatfpring tides, the Sea comes in and fills it j and at Nepetides,it cannot runne out againe, the fea-banks being higher than it. But fome ofit ifiues out through the Sands, and leaves behind it a mixt water, of freth and falt.-atthetimethe tide comes in, it brings with it fome fifties, which are content to remainethere ; being better pleafed to live in this mixt water, then in the Salt. Colonel Humphrey yValrond^ who is owner of the land of both fides, and therefore ofit '■> has told me, that he has taken fiihes there,as bigge as Salmons, which have been overgrown with fat, as you have feen Porpifces 5 but extreamely fweetand firme. But it has not been often, that fuch fifii, or any other, have bin taken in that place, by reafon the whole Lake is filled with trees and roots. So that no Net can be drawn, nor any Hook laid ; for they will wind the lines about the roots,and fo get away; or the lines break in pulling up,being faftned to the roots. This River,or Lake, reaches not within the Land above twelve fcore yards,or a flight (hot at inoftjand there is no part ofit fo broad, but you may caftaCoyteoverit. The fpring tides there, feldome rife above four or five foot up- right: there come from the fea into thefe fmall bibling rivolets, little Lobfters, but wanting the great clawes afore, which are the fweeteft and lulleft of fi(h,that I have feen; Cbicefttr Lobfters are not to be com- pared to them. Bin the water which the people of this Hand moftrelye upon, is raine water;which they keep in ponds, that have defcents of ground to them, fothat what falls on other ground, may runne thither. And the place in which the Pcnd is fet,muft be low, and clayein the bot- tome : or ifit be not naturally of Clay, itmuft be made fo. Forifit finde any Leake to the rocky part, it gets between thofe clifts, and finks in an inftant. About theend o£ December, thefe ponds are fill'dj and with the help it hath by the weekly {howrs that fall,they continue fo,yet fomctimes they feelea want. This pond water, they ufe upon all occafionsjand to all purpofes; to boyle their meat, to make their drink, to wafh their linnen,for it will bearefoaps. But one thing feem'd to me a little loathfome, and that was the Negroes wafhing themfelves in the Ponds,in hot weather i wbofe bodies have none of the fweeteft favours. But the planters are pleafed to fay, that the Sunne with his virtuall hear, drawes up all noyfome vapours, and fo the waters become rarified, and pure againe. But it wasagreatfa- tisfaclion to me,' that a little Rivulet was neereus, from whence we fexht dayly,as much as fen ed u^both for meat, and drink. In thefe pond ,1 have never feen any fmall fifh,fry,or any thing that lives or moves in it,except fome flies that fall intoit > but the wa- ter of the Hand of Barbadoes. ter is clear and well tafted. And becaufe their Cattle (hall not be in danger of miring or drowning , the beft Hufbands raile in a part of thePond, where it is of a competent depth , for the water to ftan d , and pave that in the bottom with ftone; and fo the Cattle neither raifethe mud, nor fink in with their feet; and fo the water comes clear to them, Water they fave likewife from their houfes, by gutters at the eves which carrie it down to citterns. And the water which is kept there, being within the limits of their houfes, many of which are built in manner of Fortifications, and have Lines, Bulwarks , and Baftians to defend themlelves , in cafe there fhould be any uproar or commo- tion in the Hand, either by theChriftian fervants, or Negreflaves; ferves them for drink vvhilft they are befieged ; asalfo, to throw down upon the naked bodies of the Negres, fcalding hot ; which is as good a defence againft their underminings, as any other weapons. If any tumult or diforder be in the Hand , the next neighbour to it, difcharges a Mufker, which gives the Alarum to the whole Hand; for, upon the report ofchat, the next fhoots, and fo the next, and next, till it go through the Iiand : Upon which warning,they make ready. Bread, which is accounted the ftaffe, or main fupporter of mans life, has not here that full talte it has in England; but yet they account itnourifhingandftrengthening. It is made of the root of a fmall tree or fhrub, which they call f cjjav'ie 5 the manner of his grouth I willlet alone, till I come to fpeak of Trees and Plants in generall. His root only, which weare now to confider, ( becaufe our bread is made of it) is large and round, like the body of a fmall StiJl or retort > and as we gather it , we cut flicks that grow neereft to it, of the fame tree, which we put into the ground, and they grow. 1 And as we ga- ther, we plant. This root, before it come to be eaten, fuffers a ftrange conversion; for, being 3n abfolute poyfon when 'tis gathered, by good ordering, comes to be wholfome and nourifhing 5 and the manner of doing \t } is this : They wafh the outfide of the root clean , and lean it againft a Wheel, whole lole is about a foot broad , and covered with Latine, made rough like a large Grater. The Wheel to be turned a- bout with a foot , as a Cutler turnes his Wheel. And as it grates the root,it falls down in a large Trough, which is the receiver appointed for that purpofe. This root thus grated , is as rank poyfon, as can be made by the art of an Apothecary , of the moft venomous fimpleshe can put together: but being put into a ffrong piece of double Ganvas, or Sackcloth, and preft hard; that all the juice befqueezed out, and then opened upon a cloath , and dried in the Sun 5 'tis ready to make bread . And thus 'tis done. They have a piece of Iron , which I gueffe is call: round , the dia- meter of which j is about twenty inches , a little hollowed in the mid die, not unlike the mould that the Spectacle makers grinde their glafles on, but not fo much concave as that j about halfe an inch thick at the brim or verge, but thicker towards the middle* with three feet like a pot , about fix inches high , that fire may be underneath. To fuch a temper they heat this Pone , ( as they call it ) as to bake , but not burn. When 'tis made thus hot, the Indians , whom we truft to make it , becaufe they are beft acquainted with it, caft the meal upon the Pone, the whole breadth of it, and put it down with their hands, I and 2Q Meat and Drink for fufyortati- Onof ilf-'r. 3° &A True and ExaB Hifiory and it will prefently ftick together : And when they think that fide al- moft enough, with a thing like a Battle-dore, they turn the others and fo turn and re-turn it fo often, till it be enough , which is prefently done. So they lay this Cake upon a flat board, and make another, and fo another, till they have made enough for the whole Family. Thin bread they made, when we came firft there, as thick as a pancake ; but after that, they grew to a higher degree of curiofity , and made it as thin as a wafer, and yet purely white and crifpe , as a new made wa- fer. Salt they never ufe in it, w hich I wonder at $ for the bread being taftlefle of it felfe , they (hould giveitfome little feafoning. There is no way it eat sib well , as in milk, and there it tafts like Almonds. They offer to make Pie-cruft , but very few attain to the skill of that ■> for, as you work it up with your hand, or roll it out with a roller, it will alwaies crackle and chop, fo that it will not be raifed to hold any liquor, neither with, nor without, butter or egg?. But after many tryalls, and as often failings , atlaft, I learnt the fe- cret of an Indian woman, who (hew d me the right way of it, and that was, by fearfing it very fine, ( and it will fall out as fine , as the fineft wheat-flower in England) if not finer. Yet, this is not all the fecret, for all this will not cure the cracking. But this is the main skill of the bufinefie : Set water on the fire in a fkiilet , and put to it as much of this fine flower, as will temper it to the thicknefle of (larch or pap j and let it boyl a little , keeping icftirring with a flice^ and mix this with the malTe of flower you mean to make into pye-cruft, which being very well mingled , and wrought together , you may add what coft you will of butter and eggs, and it will rife and ftand nere as well as our paftin England. But thofe that have not Gows,8t cannot make butter upon the place, but muft make life of fuch as is brought from England or HollandyWeie better leave it out,& be content to eat their pie-cruft drie. Yet I make a main difference, between butter that is brought from either of thofe places, in refpedt of the times it is brought. For, if a (hip fet out from England'm 'Hpien.ber, and that (hip arive at the Barbadoes at the middle, orneerthe endof-D^w^y, when the Sun is at thefartheft diftance, the butter may come thither in very good condition; and being fet in cool places, may retain thetafte for a while : But,if the (hip fet out in Spring or Summer, that brings thisbutter, it is not then to be endu- red , ic is fo reftie and loathfome. Nor can Cheefe be brought from thence without (poyle, at that time of the year , except you put it in oyle. Neither are Candles to be brought , for the whole barrell will ftick together in one lump, and ftinck fo profoundly, as neither Rats normicewill comeneer them , much lefle eat of them. Forwhich reafon, the Planters, who are much troubled with this annoyance , as alfo,for that thefe candles cannot be taken out of the barrell whole, nor will ftand in thecandleftick without drooping, and hanging downi they burn for the mo ft part wax lights, which they make themfelves, of wax they fetch from Jfirtca, and have it at a reafonable rate, there being no Bees in the Barbadoes. But I am too apt to flie out in extravagant digrefTions } for , the thing I went to fpeak of, was bread only, and the feverall kinds of it •-> and having faid as much of the bread of Cajjavie as I know , I will give you one word of another kinde of bread they make , which is a mixt of the Hand of Barbadoes. mixt fort of bread, and is made of the flower of Mayes and Cofjatte mixt together; forthe J4«>$itfelfe will make no bread, it is foex- tream heavy and lumpifh : But thefe two being mixt , theymakeit into large Cakes, two inches thick ; and that, in my opinion, tafts the likeft to Englifh bread of any. But the Negresufethe Mayes another way > which is, toafting the ears of it at the fire, and fo eating it warm off the eare. And we have a way , to feed our Chriftian fervants with this CMxies , which is, by pounding it in a large Morter, andboylingitin water , tothethick- neffeof Fruinentie 5 and fo put in a Tray fuch a quantity, as wil ferve a meffe of feven or eight people , give it them cold , and fcarce afford them fait with ir. This we call Lob-lollie. But the Negres, when they come to be fed with this,are much difcontented,and crie out, O I O I no more Lob-lob. The third fore of bread we ufe, is only Potatoes, which arecho- fenoutofthe dryeft and largeft they canchofe: And at the time we firftcame, there was little el fe ufed, at many good Planters Tables in the Hand. And thefe are all the forts of bread that 1 know growing upon the place. The next thing that comes in order, is Drink, which being made of feverallmaterialls, afford more variety in the defcription. The firft, and that which is mod ufed in the Hand) is Mobbie, a drink made of Potatoes, and thus done. Put the Potatoes into a tub of water, and, with a broom, ftir them up and down j till they are wafht clean , then take them out , and put them into a large iron or braffe pot , fuch as you boyl beefe in, vxEn^Und^ and put to them as much water , as will only cover a quarter part of them ; and cover the top of the pot with a piece of thick canvas doubled, or fuch cloth as facks are made with, covering it clofe , that the fteam go not out. Then make a little fire underneath,, ^ much only as will caufe th :fe roots to ftew ; and when they are foft^ take them out, and with your hands,fqueeze, break,and main them very fmall , in fair water \ letting them ftay there, till the water has drawn and fuckt out all the fpirit of the roots , which will be done in an houre or two. Then put the liquor and roots into a large wollen bag , like a jelly-bag, poynted at the bottom S and let it run through that, into ajar, and within two hours it will begin to work. Cover it, and let it (land till the next day, and then 'tis fit to be drunk. And as you will have it ftronger or fmaller, put in greater or leffer quantities of roots ••> fomemakeit foftrong, as to be drunk with fmall quantities. But the drink it feife, being temperately made, does not at all file up into the head,but is a fprightly thirft-quenching drink, if it be put up in fmall cafks,as Rundlets, or Firkins, it will laft foure or five daies good, and drink much more fprightly then out of the Jar. I cannot liken it to any thing fo neer, as Rbenify-mne in the Muft j but it is fhort of it In the ftrength of the fpirit, and fineneffe of the raft. There are two feverall layers , in which thefe roots grow j one makes the fkins of the Potatoes white, the other red : And where the red roots grow, the Mobbte will be red like Claret-wine -, the other white. Though this be the drink molt generally ufed in the Hand , yet I i cannot commend the wholfonineffe ofitj for, themoffc part of the roots Drink of Mo bbie. 3 3 Peri no. Grippo. Punch. Plum- drtfike. Tlanune- drinke. *A 7 rue and LxaB Hiftory roots have a moyft quality in them, and are the caufe of Hydropicke humours. Mr. Phillip Bell, then the Governour of the Hand told me that when he was Governour of the lleofproiid'nce, that there chan c'd fome Spaniards to land there,and tafting of this drinke, wondred that any of thofe that continually drinke it were alivejfo unwholfome and Hydropicke he conceived this drinke to be* Another drinke they have which is accounted much wholcfomer, though not altogether fo pleafant, and that is Perir.o > a drink which the Indians make for their own drinking, and is made of the Cajjavj root, which I toldyouisaftrong poyfon } and this they caufe their old wives,who have a fmall remainder of teeth to chaw and fpttout into water/for the better breaking and macerating ot theroot).This juyce in three or four hours will worke, and purge it felfe of the poy fonous quality. Having (hewed,you in the making of Bread, that the moyfture be- ing preft out, which is accounted the poyfonous quality that root has, by drying and baking,itis made ufefull and wholfome, and now having the juyce and root both ufed, and boththefe put into water, which is moyft, I know not which way to reconcile thefe Hired con- traryes, but this ; that the poyfon of the old womens breath and teeth having been tainted with many feverall poxes, (a difeafe common amongftthem,though they have many and the bell: cures for it, jare fuch oppofites to the poyfon of the Cajjazie* as they bend their forces fo vehemently oneagainft another,as they both fpend their poyfonous qu alities in that conflict. ; and fo the relid of them both, becomes lelTe unwholfome 5 and the water,which is in it felfe pure, cafts out the re- mainder of the ill qualities they leave behind: which is manifefted by the extraordinaryworking, which is farre beyond that of Beere, Wine 3 or Sider with us in Europe. This drink will keep a month or two, being put into barrels, and tafts the likeft to Englilh 6eere ,e.f any drink we have there. Grippo is a third fort of drinke,but few make it well^it was never my chance to tafte it, which made me the lefle curious to enquire after it. Pur.ch is a fourth fort,&of that I have drunkest is made of water ck fugar put together, which in tenne dayes (landing will be very ftrong, and fit for labourers. A fifth,is made of wilde Plumbs, which grow here in great abun- dance,upon very large trees, which being preft,and ftrayned., give a very fharpe, and pognant flaver ; but there is not much of it made, becaufe of the trouble of making it,and they are nor there very indul- gent to their palats. But the drinke of the Plantine, is farre beyond all thefe •-, gathering them full ripe,and in the height of their fweetneffe, we pill offthe fkin 3 andma(h them in water well boyl'di and after we haveletthem ftay there a night, we ftraine it,and bottle it up, and in a week drink it; and it is very ftrong and pleafant drinke, but it is to be drunk fpa- ringly, for it is much ftronger then Sack, and is apt to mount up into the head. The feaventh fort of drink is that we make of the skimming of fu- gar,w hich is infinitely ftrong, but not very pleafant in tafte 5 it is cora- mon,and therefore the lelTe efteem'd , the value of it is halfe a Grown of the Hand of Barbadoes. '« Bevet veridgt Wine of Pines. agaLon, the people drink much of ic, indeed too much i for it ofcen layes them afleepon the grounded that is accounted a very unw hoi- fome lodging. The eighth fort of drink is Beveridge, made of fpring waten white fugar, and juyce of OrengeSj and this is not onely pleafant but whol- fome. Thelaftand beft fort of drinke that this Hand or the world af- fords, is the incomparable wine of Pines 5 And is certainly the Ne&ar which the Gods drunkejfor on earth there is none like it j and thatis made of the pure juyce of the fruit it felfe, without commixture of water,or any other creature, having in it felfe, a naturall compound of all taftes excellent, that the world can yield. This drink is too pure to keep longs m three or four dayes it will be fine$ 'tis made by preffing the fruiteand ftrayning the liquor, and it is kept in bot ties. Having given you a tafte of the Bread, and Drinke this Hand affbrdsjwhich will ferve any mans palate, that is not over curious 3 I could tell you what we have of both forts that is brought to us from other parts of the worlds as Biskets, both fine and coorfe. Barrels of meale clofe put up^which comes to us very fweet from England, and HolLinuSQi which we make Bread, Pye-cruft,and Puddings. And for drink good Englifh Beer,French and Spaniih Wines, with others,fome from the OUaderasfome from Fiall, one of the Hands of Afore % j So we cannot juftly complaine of want} either of bread or drink, and, from England,fpirits,fome of Annifeeds,fomeof Mint,fome of Wormwood, &c. AndfromFr<*»a'jBrdWj,whichisextreameftrong, but accoun- ted very wholfome. Having given you a juft account, as neere as my memory will ferve , , f of the bread and drinke of this Hand : The next thing is the feverall fortes of meat we have there 5 and bccaufe Hogges flefh is the moft gener all meat,and indeed the beft the Hand affords, I will begin with that, which is(without queftion)as good, as any can be of that kind: for their feeding being as good,as can grow any where, the flefh muft needs be anfwerable;fruit,the nuts of Locuft, Pompians of a rare kind, almoft as fweet as Milions,the bodies of the Plantines,and Bonanoes, Sugar-canes,and Mayes, being their dayly food. When we came firft upon the Hand, I perceiv'd the fties they made to hold thcm,were trees,with the ends lying crofleupon one another, andtheinclofure they made, was not large enough to hold the numbers of Hogges were in them, with convenient diftance to play and ftitre themfel ves for their health, and pleafurej fo that they were in a manner pefterd,and choakt up,with their own ftinke, which is fure the moftnoyfome of any other beaft, and byreafonof the Suns heat much worfe > I have fmelc the ftinke of one of thofe fties downe the wind, neeramile, through all the wood: and thecrouding and thrufting them fo clofe together, was certainly the caufe of their want of health, w hich much hindred their growth ■> So that they were nei- ther fo large,nor their flefh fo fweet, as when they were wild, and at theirown liberty,and choyce of feeding. For I have heard Major Htlliard fay : that at their firft comming there, they found Hogges, that one of them weighed ( the intrals be- ing taken out, and the head off ) 400 weight. And now at the time of K my kinds. 34 food might be brought , and caft over to them , with great conveni- ence: And made feveral divisions in the Park,for theSowes w ith Pigg 5 with little houfes landing (helving, that their foulneffeby gutters might fall away , and they lie drie; Other divifions for the Barrow- Hoggs, and fome for Boars. This good ordering caufed them to grow fo large and fat , as they wanted very little of their largneffe when they were wilde. They are the fweeteftflefhofthatkinde, that ever I tufted, and thelovlicftro look oninadifb,eitherboyrd:roafted,Qrbak'd: With a little help of art. I will deceive a very good palate, with a thoulderofit for Mut- ton, or a leg for Veal, taking off the skin 5 with which they were wont tomakeminc't pies, feafbning it with fait, cloves, and mace, and fome fweet herbs minc't. And being bak'd , and taken out of the Oven, opening the lid, put in a dramme-cup oikill-dtvill; and being ftirr'd together, fet it on the Table i and that they call'd a Cal«tsfw[ pis; and, till I knew what it was made of, I thought it very good meat. When I came firft upon the Hand , I found the Pork dreft the plain waies of boy ling, roafting, and fometimes baking : But I gave them fome taftes of my Cookery, in ha(hing,and fricafetng this flefl) 5 and they all were much taken with it > and in a week, every one was pra&ifing the art of Cookery. And indeed , no flefh tafts fo well in Coilops, Hafhes , or Fncafes, as this. And when I bak't it, I al waies laid a Side of a young Goat underneath: and a fide of a Shot ( which is a young Hog ofa quarter old) a top, Andthis,well feafoned, and well bak'd) isasgood meat , as the bed; Pafty of Fallow* Deer, that eyer I rafted, jn the cooleft time of the year , I have made an e(Tay to powder it , and hang it up for Bacon : But thereis fach lofle in't, as 'tis very ill husbandry to p?ac~rife it; for, it muft be cut through in fo many places, to let the fait in, as when 'tis to be dreft, much goes, to wafte. And therefore I made no more attempts that way. But a little corning with fait, makes this flelh very favoury, either boyled onoafted. About chriftnnas , we kill a Boar, and of the fides of u> make three ortourcollersofBrawneiforthenthe weather is fo coal, as* with fome art, it may be kept fweet a week • and to make the fouc't drink give it the fpeedier and quicker feafoning, we make it QfUktohhie , with ftore of Salt, Unions, arid Lymes , diced in it, wi»h fome Nutmeg, which gives it an excellent flavor. Beefj we have very feldome any , that feeds upon the foyle of this place, except it be of Gods killing, ( as, they, tearme it.) •> for very few are kill'd there by mens hands 5 it were too iU husbandry,, for they eoft too dear , and they cannot be fpared from their work 4 which the y muft advance by all the means they can. Such a Planter as Collonell James Drax ( who live* like a Prince) s&ay kUil now, and then one > but of the Hand of Barbadocs. but very few in the Hand did fo when I was there. The next to Swincs-flefh in goodneffe , are Turkies, large, fat, and full of gravie. Next to them, Pullen orDunghill-foule: and lair of all, Mufcovia- Ducks, which being larded with the fat of this Porke, ( be- ing feafoned with pepper and falc) are an excellent bakd-meat. All thefe, with their Eggs and Chickens, we eat. Turtle- Doves they have of two fotts , and both very good meat > but there is a fort of Pidgeons , which come from the leeward Hands atone time of the year, and it is in September ; and ftay till Cbnf.m.is be pad, and then return again : But very many of them nere make re- turnes, to tellnewes of the good fruit they found there.' For, they are fofat, aid of fuch excellent taftes, as many fouler s kill them with guns,upon the trees $ and fomeof them are fo fat, as their weight with the fall» caufes them to burft in pieces. They are good roafted, boyl'd, or bak d, but beft cut in halves, and dewed; to which Cookery ,there needs no liquor , for their own gravie will abundantly Carve to ftew them. Rabbets we have , but tame ones , and they have but faint taftes > more like a Chicken then a Rabbet. And though they havedivcrsother Birds , which I will not forget to recount in their due times, and place j yet, none for food for the Table, which is the bufintfie I tend at thispreftnt. Other flefh-meat, I do not remember. Nowforfiih, though the Hand frands as all Hands do, invironed with the Sea, (and therefore is not liketobeunfurniftYt of that pro- vision ) y ct, the Planters are fo good husbands , and tend their profits fo much , as they will not fpare a Negres abfenoe fo long , as to go to the Bridge and fetch it. And the Fifhermen leemg their fi(h lie upon their hands, and ftink, ( which it will do in leffe then fix hours ) for- bear to goto Sea to take it ■> only fo much as they can have prefent vent for, at the Taverns at the Bridge ; and thither the Planters come, when they have a minde to feaft themfelves with fifti, to Mr. Jobfons , or Joan Fullers, where they have it well dreft $ for they were both my | Piapills. Butter they feldome have, that will beat thick ; but in ftead of that, we are fain to ufe vinegar and fpice , and much of it fryed in oyle, and eaten hot $ and fome marinated, and fouc't in pickle, and eaten cold. Collonell Humphrey w&lrand has the advantage ©fall the Planters in the Hand ; for,havinga Plantation neer the Sea, he hath of his own a Sainc to catch fifh withali, which his own lervants and flaves put out to Sea, and, twice or thrice a week,bring home all forts of fuch fmall and great fifties , as are neer the (hoar • amongft which , fome arc verylarge,and excellently wdltafted. For,he being a Gentle- man, that had been bred with much freedome, liberty, and plenty, in England, could not fet his mind fo earneftly upon his profit, as to forget his accuftomed lawfull pleafures , but would have his Table well furniih'd, with all forts of good meat the Land and Sea afforded} and as freely bid his friends welcome to it. And I , as the pooieft of his friends, in a lingring ftckneffe, and neer death > found fuch acha j rity with him , as I (hall never forget to pay my thanks for, to the ; laft hour of my life } and I (hall account it as a a great happineffc, ( \f I ever it fall in the qompafie of my power) robefervicable to him 01 his, a« any thing that can befall me in the world. 1 Amongft 35 %6 eji / me and LxaU Hiftory Atnongft other fifties that were taken by his iaine, ( as the Snap- pers? red and grey , Cavallos , Maquerells, Mullets, Cony-fifh, with divers others ,rirme and excellent iweet fifb ) he took four, that were about a yard long at the leaft, all at one draught, and, to that length , bigger grown then Salmonds, of the rareft colour that ever I beheld 5 from the back-finne, which is the middle of the filh , to the end of the tail, the pureft grade-green that ever I faw , and as fhining as Satine : but the finns and tail dapled or fpotted with as pure a hair-colour, and from the back fin n to the head, pure hair colour dapled with green 5 the fcalesas big for the mod part , as a halfecrown piece of filver. This filh is no filh of prey, but lives by what he finds in the bot- tom of the iea, as I perceived by what was in his maw. An excellent fweet filh j I drefTed them feverall waies , and ali proved excellent. There is one filh wanting to this Hand , whofe kindes are very fre- quent upon molt of the Cbsrti&y and Lucaick Hands; and that is the green Turtle^ which is the belt food the Sea affords , and the greateft ftore of them •■> but I have feen very few of that kind in the Barbadots , and thofe neither fat nor kindly -, and thereafon is, there are no (helves nor fands to lay their eggs , or to ayre themfelveson : For 5 thefe fifties delight to be on the fands, and can remain there twelve hours, all the time the Tyde is out ; and then fufFer themfelves to be carried away by the return of the next Tide. They take infinite numbers of them, by turning them on their backs with ftaves, where they lie till they arefetcht away. A large Turtle will have in her bo- die halfe a bufhell of eggs, which fhe laies in the fand> and that being warm, they are hatcht in the heat. When you are to kill one of thefe fifties, the manner is, to lay him on his back on a table , and when he fees you come with a knife in your hand to kill him, he vapours out the grievoufeft fighes, that ever you heard any creature make, and lheds as large tears as a Stag, that has a far greater body, and larger eyes. He has a joynt or crevis, about an inch within the utmoft edge of his (hell, which goes round about his body, from his head to his tail, on his belly-fide; into which joynt or crevis, you put your knife , beginning at the hea-l, and fo rip up that fide, and then do as much to the other ; then lifting up his belly, which we call his Cal/pre, we lay open all his bowells,and taking them out, come next to his heart , which has three diftinct poynts, but all meet above where the fat is •-, and if you takeitout,and lay it inadifh, it will ftir and pant ten hours after the fiih is dead. Sure, there is no creatureon the Earth, nor in the Seas, that en joyes life with fomuch fweetnefle and delight, as this poor filh the Turtle t, nor none more de- licate in tafte, and morenourifhing, then he. Next to the flefh and filh this Hand affords, 'tis fit to confider what guelquechofrs there are to be found, that may ferve to furnifh out a Table offuch Viands, as are there to be had '■> which are eggs feverall waies, ziz, pocht, and laid uponfippits ofbread , foakt in butter and juice of limes , and fugar , with plumpt currens ftrewed upon them , and cloves, mace, and cinamon beaten, ftrewed on that? with a little fait. Eggs boyfd and roafted ,fryed with Collops , of the fat of Pork well powdered. Buttered eggs, an Amulet of eggs, with the juice of Limes and fugar, a Froize, and a Tanfey ; Cuftards, as good as any at my Lord Mayors Table* Cheef-cakes^PufFes, fecon J Porrage , which is of the Hand oj Barbadoes. ■v is creame boyi'd to a height, with yelke of egges, and feafon'd with fugar,and fpicejelly which we make of che flefh of young piggs.cal ves feet,and a cocke, and is excellent good, but muft prefently be eaten for it will not laft. Creame alone, and fomedone feverali wayes, of which thereis great varietie, having Lymon;, Lymes, and Oranges readieat hand j and fome wherein we put PIantines,Gnaversand Bonanoes, ftew d, or preferv'd with fugar, and the fame fruits alfo preferv d and pucin dilhes by themfelves, without Creame^ and fora whetftone, to pull on a cup of wine, we have dryed Neats tongues ; brought from new and old England ? and from Huiland 3 n'ejta- lia bacon, and Caviare ; as alfo pickl'd Herring, and Maquerell, which we have from new England, and from VirguJe Botti^o of which fort I have eaten the beft at Colonel Draxes that ever I tafted. The fruits that this Hand affords, I have already named, and therefore it will be needlelTe to name them twice} you may take your choyce, whether yon will have them fct on the Table before or af- ter meat^they ufe as they doe in Itatte^W eate them before meat. The vi&ualls brought from forraine parts are thefe, Beef which we have from HulLnd^rom Old & New g»«Lnd 3 rtrgi/.te, and fome from Rujfmand yet comes to us fweet.l'orkc from all thefe places, with the moll forts of fait filfyas Ling,Haberdine,Cod,poor-John,pickled Mar- querels, pickled Herrings,ail very good . Sturgeon from New Eagl.i/.d, but fo ill Cookt, as 'tis hardly to be eaten} for they want thefkill both of boyling Sc feafoning it^they firft overboy le it,Sc next over fait it, & fo the fifh being over tender by boyling. the fait frets and eats upon it all the wayifor whtn we cometoopen it,being carried farre from the Bridge, 8c fhaken in the carriagerthere isfcarce a whole peece,but the Sturgeon and pickle all in a mafh,& fo vehemently falt,as Icould never eate any of it, but at Colonel fVallrondi plantationit it is leffe broken. Pickled Turtle,wehave from the Leeward Hands, but founclean- lW>rdered,as we could hardly flnde in our hearts to eate it 5 for they gather the Salt and Sand together, for hafte, upon the Hand where it is taken up, as ; though we wafh it never fo wel,yet the grit cracks in our teethdt has a tafte being falted, almoft as ill as puffins, which we have from the lie? of SiUy i but this kind of food, is onely for fervantJ* fometimes the Negroes get a little, but feldome the one or the other did eate any bone meat,at our firft comming thither. But now at my comming away from thence, it was mut-h betterd, for by the care and good Husbandry of the Planters, there was grea- ter plenty, both of the visuals they were wont to eate, as Potatoes, Bonavift,Loblolly,as alfo of the bone meat, viz,. Porke, fait Fifh, and powder'd beefe, which came thither by fea, from forraine parts,in fo much as the Ne groes were allowed each man two Maquerels a weeke and every woman one j which were given out to them on Saturday in the evening,after they had their allowance of Plantines, which was every one a large bunch, or two little ones, to ierve them for a weeks provifion ; and if any cattle dyed by mifchance,or by any difeafe : the fervants eat the bodies,and the Negroes the fkinnes, head, and intrails which was divided amongft them by the overfeersj or if any horfe, then the whole bodies of them were diftributed amongft the Negroes , and that they thought a high ieaft, with which, never poor foulcs were more contented j and the drinke to the fervants with this dyet, L nothing 37 58 uftfuch meat for flefh, as that is for fifh, andaslittle nourimment in it: but it fills the belly , and ferves the turne, where no other meat is. Though fome of thefe may be brought to the inland Plantations well conditioned j yet, the Wines cannot poffibly come goods for the wayes are fuch,as no Carts can palTe ; and to bring up a But ofSack, oraHogfhead of any other Wine, upon Negres backs , will very hardly be done in a night, fo long a time it requires, to hand it up and down the Gullies; and if itbe carried in the day-time, the Sun will heat and taint it, foasit will lofe much of nisfpiritand pine tafte; and if it be drawn out in bottles at the Bndie, rhe fpirits die away in the drawing, and you fhall finde a very great difference in the tafte and quicknefle of it. Oyle will endure the carriage better then Wine, but over much heat will abate fomething of the purity, and excellent tafte it has naturally. And for Olives, 'tis well known, that jogging in the carriage caufes them to bruife one another ••, and fome of them being bruifed , will grow rotten, and infeft the reft. So that Wine,Oyle. and Olives, cannot poffibly be brought to fuch Plantati- ons, as are eight or ten miles from the Bridge ; and from thence, the moftpart of thefe commodities are to be fetchd. So that you may _ imagine 39 40 timber houfes, with low roofes,fo low, as for the rnoft part of them, I could hardly ftand upright with my hat on , and no cellars at all ; befides,another courfe they took, which was more wonder to me than all that j which was, flopping, or barring outthewinde, which fhould give them the greateft comfort, when they were neer ftifled with heat. For, the winde blowing alwaies one way , which was Eaft- wardly, they fhould have made all the openings they xould to the Eaft, thereby to let in the cool breezes , to refrefh them when the heat of the day came. But they, clean contrary, clofed up all their houfes to the Eaft, and opened a;l to the Weft} fo that in the afternoones. when theSun came to the Weft, thofe little low roofed rooms were like Stoves, or heated Ovens. And truly, in a very hot day , it might raife a doubt, whether fo much heat without, and fo much tobacco and ktll-devillxv\th\n, might not fet the houfea fire} for thefe three in- gredients are ftrong motives to provoke it , and they were ever there. But at laft I found by them, the reafons ofthis ftrange prepofterous manner of building, which was grounded upon the weakeft and fiili- eft foundation that could be : For they alledged , that at the times of rain, which wa9 very often , the wind drave the rain in at their windowesfofaft, as the houfes within were much annoyed with it j for having no glafle to keep it out, they could feldome fit or lie dries and fo being conftrained to keep out the ayer on that fide , for fear cf letting in the water, would open the Weft ends of their houfes fo wide of the Hand of Barbadoes. wide, (as was beyond the proportion of windows to repair that want) and fo Jet in the fire j not considering at all, that there was fuch a thing as (butters for windowes, to keep out the rain that hurt them, and let in the winde to refrefb them, and do them good at their plea- fure. But this was a consideration laid afide by all , or the moft part of the meaner fort of Planters But at laft I found the true reafon , was their poverty and indigence , which wanted the means to make fuch conveniences S and fo, being compelled by that , had rather fuffer painfully , and patiently abide this inconvenience , than fell or part with any ot their goods , to prevent fogrcatamif- chiefe: So loath poor people are to part with that, which is their next immediate help , tofupport them in their great want of fuftenance. For, at that lock they ofcen were , and fome good Planters too, that far d very hard , when we came firft into the Hand. So that hard la- bour, and want of vi&ualls, had fo much depreffc their fpirits, as they were came to a declining and yielding condition. Nor can this be called flothfulneffeor fluggifhneffe in them , as fome will have it, but a decay of their fpirits, by long and tedious hard Ltbour , fleigbtfee- ding, and ill lodging, which is able to wear out and quell thebeftfpi- rit of the world. 'TheLocujt is a tree of fuch a growth , both for length and bigneffe, as may fervefor beams in a very large room : 1 have feen many of them, whofe ftraight bodies are above fifty foot high 5 the diameter of the ftern or body, three foot and halfe. The timber of this tresis a hard clofe fubftance , heavie, but firme, and not apt to bend , fome- what hard for tooles to cu;$ brittle, but lafting. Ms.Jtnk, not altoge- ther fo large as he, but of a tougher fubftance , and not accounced fo brittle. The Bully-tree wants fomethingofthe largneffeofthefe , but in his other qualities goes beyond either 5 for, he is full out as la- fting, and as ftroug, but not fo heavie, nor fo hard for tooles to work. The Redwood and prickled yellow wood , good for pofts or beams , and are lighter then the Locujil both are accounted very lafting, and good for building. The Cedar is, without controul, thebeftof all} but by rea- fon it works fmoth , and looks4)eautifull , we ufe it moft in Wain- fcot, Tables,and Stooles. Other timber we have, as the Iron-wood, and another fort, which are excellent good to endure wet and drie j and of thofe we make Shingles, which being fuch a kindeot wood, as will not warpe nor rive, are the beft coverings for a houfe that can be, full out as good as Tiles,and lie lighter upon the Rafters. We have two forts of Stone , and either will ferve indifferently well in building : The one we findeon fides of fmall Hills, and it lies as ours do in England, in Quarries ; but they are very fmall, rough, 3f\dill fhaped, fome of them porous, like Honey combes ; but being burnt, they make excellent Lyme , the whiteft and firmeffc when 'tis drie, that I have feen ; and by the help of this, we make the better fhjft with our ill fhap'r/ftone S for this lime bindes it faft together, and keeps it firm to endure the weather. Other 5tone we have, which we fin«L in great tvocks, ancV maflie pieces in the ground > but fofoft, as with your finger you may bore a hole into it^and this foftnefs gives us the means of cutting itwith two handed fawes , whicn beinghard, we could not fo eafily do, and the eafineffe caufes the expedition •■> for by that, we the more fpeedily fit it for our walls, takingajuftbredth! M • of 4* iVioat mate- r'.a'ls prow in the llani fit to b ii!d with, which mxy be czWd the Elements of Archite- cture. And, firfi,frr Timber. Stone fit for Buildintr, 4* *A True and hxaB Hiftary 1 of the walls, and cutting it accordingly •> (6 that we need very little hewing. This ftone> as wecutt it in the quarry, is no harder then or- dinary morter, but being fet out in the weather, by pieces as we cut it, growes indifferently hard, and is able to beare all the weight thatlyeson !t, and the longer it lies, the harder it growes. Many effayes we made,whilft I was there, tor the making and burning at bricks, but never could attaine tothe perfection of its and the reafon was,the over fatneffe of the clay, which would alwaies crackle and Ijreak, when it felt the great heat of the fire in the Clamper and by no meanes could we find the true temper of it, thougn we made often trialls. There was an ingenious^ upon the Hand, whofe name was Solomon ,that undertook to teach the making of itSyet for all that, when it carneto the touch his wifedome failed, and we were deceived in our expectation, I doubt not but there is a way of tempering, to make it farre better then ours in England ; for the pots which wefindein the Hand) wherein the Indian boyl'd their Porke, were of the fame kind of Clay, and they were the beft and fineft temper d ware of earth that ever I faw. If we could find the true temper of it, a great advantage might be made to the Hand j for the ayre being moyft, the ftones often fwcat, and by their moyfture rot the timbers they touch, which to prevent we cover the ends of our beams and girders with boards, pitcht on both fides , but the walls being made of bricks, or but lin'd with brick, would be much the wholefomer ; aud betides keep our wainefcot from rotting. Hangings we dare not ufe,fdr be- ing fpoyld by Ants,and eaten by the Cockroaches, and tvats,yet fome of the punters that meant to handfome in their houfes, were minded to fend for gilt leather, and hang their rooms with that, which they were more then perfwaded thofe vermine would not eate j and in that refolution I left them. Carpcnters,and Mafons,wcre newly come upon the Iland,and fome of thefe very great Matters in their Art : and fuch as could draw a plot, and purfuc the defigne they framed with great diligence, and beautifie the tops of their doores, windowes, and Chimney peeces, very pretilyibut not many of thofe nor is it needfull that there lhould be many, for though the Planters talkc of building houfes, and with them up,yet when they weigh thewant of thofe handes in their fugar worke,that muft be imployed in their building, they fall b by how much the body is infeebled by the great toyle, and the Sun's heat, which cannot but very much exhauft the fpirits of bodies unaccufto- med to it. But this care and charity of Gollonell Wilronas , loft him nothing in the conclusion ••, for, he got fuch love of his fervants, as they thought all too little they could do for him ; and the love of the fervants there , is of much concernment to the Mafters, not only in their diligent and painfull labour , but in fore feeing and preventing mifchiefes that often happen, by the careleSfneSTe and flothfulnefle ofretchleffe Servants, Sometimes by laying fire fonegligendy,as whole lands of Canes and Houles too, are burnt down and confumed, to the utter ruineand undoing of their Mafters : For, the materialls there being all combuftible, and apt to take fire, a little overfight, as the fire of a Tobacco-pipe, being knockt out againft a drie ftumpofatree, hasfet iron lire, and the wind fanning that fire, if a land ofGanesbe butneer , and they once take fire, all that are down the winde will be burnt up. Water there is none to quench it, or if it were, a hun- dred Nrgres with buckets were not able to do it; fo violent and Sprea- ding a fire this is , and fuch a noife it makes , as if two Armies, with a thoufand fhot of either fide, were continually giving fire, every knot of every Cane, giving as great a report as a Piftoll. 00 that there is no way to flop the going on of this flame, but by cutting down and re- moving all the Canes that grow before it, for the breadth of twenty or thirty foot down the winde, and there the Negres to ftand and beat out the fire, as it creeps upon the ground , where the Canes are cut down. And I have feen fome Nearei fo earned to ftop this fire, as with their naked feet to tread, and with their naked bodies to tumble, and roll upon it; fo little they regard their own fmart or Safety, in refpect of their Mafters benefit. The year before I came away, there were two eminent Planters in the Hand, that-with fuch an accident as this, loft at leaft iooool. fteriing , in the vahie of the Canes that were burnt; the one, Mr. James Holduppe, the other, Mr. CcnftcMttne Silvepr: And the latter had not only his Canes , but his houfe burnt down to the ground. This, and much more mifchiefe has been done , by the negligence and wiliulneffe of fervants. And yet fome cruell Mafters will provoke their Servants fo, by extream ill ufage , and often and cruell beating them, as they grow defperate , and fo joyne together to revenge themfelves upon them. A little before I came from thence, there was fuch a combination amongft them , as the like was never feen there before. Their Suffe- rings being grown to a great height,8c their daily complainings to one another (of the intolerable burdens they labour d under) being fpread throughout the Hand '■> at the laft, fome amongft them, whole fpirits were not able to endure fuch fla\ ery, refolved to break through it, or die in theaft $ and fo confpired with fome others of their ac- quaintance, whofe fufFerings were e quail, if not above theirs; and N their 41 I 46 Negrts. and thofeof this peri wafion , were the greateft numbers of fervants in the Hand. So that a day was appointed to fall upon their Mafters, and cut all thdr throats, and by that means, to make themfelves not only freemen, but Mafters of the Hand. And fo clofely was this plot carried, as no dif- covery was made , till the day before they were to put it in aft : And then one of them , either by the failing of his courage > or fome new obligation from thelove of his Mafter,revealed this long plotted con- f piracy '•> and fo by this timely advertifment, the Mafters were faved : Juftice Hetherfall ( whofefervant this was ) fending Letters to all his friends, and they to theirs, and fo one to another, till they were all fe- cureds and , by examination , found out the greateft part of them 5 whereof eighteen of the principall men in the confpiracy , and they the fitft leaders and contrivers of the plot, were puc to death, for example to thereft. And thereafon why they made examples of lb many, was, they found thefe fo haughty in their refolutions , and fo incorrigible, as they were like enough to become aftors in a fecond plot j and Co they thought good to fecure them , and for the reft , to have a fpeciall eye over them. It has been accounted a ftrange thing , that the Negres, being more then double the numbers of theChriftians that are there, and they accounted a bloody people, where they think they have power or ad- vantages j and the more bloody, by how much they are morefear- full than others : that thefe fhould not commit fome horrid mafiacre upon theChriftians, thereby to en franchife themfelves, and become Mafters of the Hand. But there are three reafons that takeaway this wonder^ the one is,They are not fuffered to touch or handle any wea- pons: The other, That they are held in fuch awe and fla very, as they are fearfull to appear in any daring a& -, and feeing the mufteringof our men , and hearing their Gun-fhot , ( than which nothing is more terrible to them) theirfpirits are fubjugated to fo low a condition , as they dare not look up to any bold attempt. Befides thefe, there is a third reafon , which ftopsall defignes of that kind, and that is. They are fetch'd from feverall parts of Africa y who fpeake feverall langua- ges, and by that means, one of them underftands not another- For, fome of them are fetch'd from Gmnny and Binny, fome from Cutcbew , fome from -d/j^o/.;, and fome from the River of Gtmlra. And in fome of thefe places where petty Kingdomes are, they fell their Subje&s , and fuch as they take in Battle, whom they make flaves; and fome mean men fell their Servants, their Children, and fometimes their Wives; and think all good traffick, for fuch commodities as our Mer- chants fends them. When they are brought to us , the Planters buy them out of the Ship, where they find them ftark naked, and therefore cannot be de- ceived in any outward infirmity. They choofe them as they do Horfes in a Market , the ftrongeft, youthfulleft , and moft beautifull , yield the greateft prices. Thirty pound fterling is a price for the beft man Negre > and twenty five, twenty fix, or twenty feven pound for a Woman j the Children are at eafier rates. And we buy them fo , as the of the Hand of Barbadocs. thefexcs may beequall ; for, if they have more men then women, the men who are unmarried will come to their Matters, and complain, that they cannot live without Wives, and defire him, they may have Wives. And he tells them, that the next (hip that comes, he will buy them Wives, which fatisfies them for the prefent ; and fo they exped: the good time : which the Mailer performing with them, the braveft fellow is to choofe firft, and fo in order, as they are in place} and eve- ry one of them knowes his better , and gives him the precedence, as Cowes do one another, in palling through a narrow gate, for,the moft ofthemareasneerbeaftsasmaybe, fetting their fouls afide. Reli- gion they know none -, yet moft of them acknowledge a God , as ap- pears by their motions and geftures : For, if one of them do another wrong, and he cannot revenge himfelfe » he looks up to Heaven for vengeance, and holds up both his hands, as if the power muft come from thence, that muft do him right. Chaft they are as any people under the Sun j for, when the men and women are together naked , they never caft their eyes towards the parts that ought to be covered; and thofe amongft us, that have Breeches and Petticoats, I never faw fo much as a kille , or embrace , or a wanton giance with their eyes between them. Jealous they are of their Wives, and hold it for a great injury and fcorn , if another man make the leaft courtfhip to his Wife. And if any of their Wives have two Children at a birth, they conclude her falieto his Bed > and fo no more adoe but hang her. We had an excellent Negre in the Plantation, w ho fe name was Macqvp^ and was our chiefe Mufitian \ a very valiant man , and was keeper of our Plantine-groave. This Negres Wife was brought to bed of two Children , and her Husband? as their manner is , had provided a cord to hang her . But the Overfeer finding what he was about to do, en- formed the Mafterofit, who fen t for Macaw , to diffwade him from thiscruell act, of murdering his Wife, andufed all perfwafions that poflibiy hecould, tolethim fee, that fuch double births are in Na- ture , and that divers presidents were to be found amongft us of the like; fo that we rather praifed our Wives, for their fertility, than blamed them for their falfencfTe. But this prevailed little with him, upon whom cuftome had taken fodeepanimpreffion; butrefolved, the next thing he did, fhould be to hang her. Which when the Mafter perceived, and that the ignorance of the man , fhould take away the lifeofthe woman, who was innocent of the crime her Husband con- demned her foretold him plainly , that ifhehang'd her, he himfelfe fhould be hang d by her, upon the fame bough; and therefore wifh'd him to confider what he did. Thisthreatning wrought more with him, then all the reafons of Philofophy that could be given him; and fo let her a'one •-, but he never car'd much for her afterward, but chofe another which he Iik d better. For the Planters there deny notaflave, that is a brave fellow, and one that has extraordinary qualities, two or three Wives , and above that number they feldome go: But no woman is allowed above one Husband. At the time the wife is to be brought abed, her husband removes his board,(which is his bed) to another room (for many feverall divi- fions they have,in their little houfes,)and none above fixe foot fquare) And 4? 48 and at night 5 they reft from fixe,till fixe a Clock next morning. On Sunday they reft,and have the whole day at their pleafure; and the moft of them ufe it as a day of reft and pleafure j but fome of them who will make benefit of that dayes liberty, goe where the Man- grave trees grow, and gather the barke or which they make ropes, which they trucke away for other Commoditie, asfhirts and drawers. In the afternoons on Sundayes , they have their muficke, which is of kettle drums, and thofe of feverall fifes ; upon the fmalleft the beftmufitian playes,and the other come in as ChorafTes : the drum all men know,has but one tone > and therefore varietie of tunes have little to doe in this mufick;and yet foftrangely they varie their time, as 'tis a pleafure to the moft curious eares, and it was to me one of the ftran- geft ncyfes that ever 1 heard made of one tone j and if they had the varietie of tune, which gives the greater fcope in mufick,as they have oftime 3 they would doe wonders in that Art. And if I had not fain ficke before mycommingaway,at leaft feven months in one ficknels, I had given them fome hints of tunes, which being underftood, would have ferv'd as a great addition to their harmonie » for time without tuneds not an eighth part of the fcience of Mu- fick. I found Macon very apt for it of himfelfe, and one day comming into thehoufe,(whichnoneof the Negroes ufe to doe, unlefTean Offi- cer's he was, ) he found me playing on a Theorbo, and finking to it which he hearkened very attentively to ; and when I had done took the Theorbo in his hand, and ftrooke one ftring, flopping it by degrees upon every fret,and finding the notes to varie, till it came to thebodyoftheinftrument ; and that the neerer the body of the in- ftrument of the Hand of Barbadocs. (Irument he (lopt, the fmaller or higher the found was,which he found was by the fhortning of the ftring, conlidered with fumfeife, how he might make fome triallof this experimenc upon fuch an inftrument as he could come by j having no hope ever to have any inftrument of thiskindto pra&ifeon. In a day or two after, walking in the Plan- tine grove, to refrelh me in that cool (hade, and to delight my felfe with the fight of thofe plants, which are fo beautifull, as though they left a frefh impreffion in me when I parted with them, yet upon a rt- view, fomething is difcernd in their bcautie more then I remem- bred at parting : which caufed me to make often repair thither ; I found this iVe^rof whofe office it was to attend there) being the keep- er of that grove,fitting on the ground, and before him a piece of large timber jupon which he had laid crofle, fixe Billets, and having a hand- faw and a hatchet by him, would cut the billets by little and little, till he had brought them to the tunes, he would fit them to ? for the fhorter they were, the higher the Notes which he tryed by knocking upon the ends of them with a fticke, which he had in his hand. When I found him at it, I took the (lick out of his hand, and tried the foundjfinding the fixe billets to h^ve fixe diftincl: notes, one above a- nother, which put me in a wonder,, how heof himfelfe, fhould with- out teaching doe fo much. I then (hewed him the difference between flats and fharpes, which he prefently apprehended, a? between Fa, and Mi : and he would have cut two more billets to thofe tnnes, but I had then no time to fee it done., and folefthim to his own enquiries. I fay this much to let you fee that fome of thefe people are capable of learning Arts. Another : of another kinde of fpeculation I found ; but more inge- nious then he:and this man with three or foure more, were to attend mee into the woods, to cut Church wayef, for I was imployed fome- times upon publique works; and thofe men were excellent Axemen, and becaufe there were many gullies in the way, which were impaffa- ble, and by that means I was compell'd to make traverfes, up and down in the wood •> and was by that in danger to miffe of the poynt, to which I was to make my paffage to the Church, and therefore was fainetotakea Gompaffewith me, which was a Circumferenter, to make my traverfes the more exaft, and indeed without which, it could not be done,fetting up the Circumferenter, and obferving the Needle :This Negre S&mlo comes to me, and feeing the needle wag, defired to know the reafon of its flirring, and whether it were alive: I told him no,but it (food upon a poynt, and tor a while it would (fir, but by and by (land (fill, which he obferv'd and found it to be true. The nextqueftion was,why it (food one way,&would not remove to any other poynt, I told him that it would (fand no way but North and South, and upon that (hew'd him the foure Cardinall poynts of thecompafs, Eaft, Weft, North,South,which he prefently learnt by Heart, and promifd me never to forget it. Hislaftqueftion was, why it would (land North, I gave this reafon, becaufe of the huge Rocks of Loadftone that were in the North part of the world , which had a quality to draw Iron to it % and this Needle being of Iron, and toucht with a Loadftone,it would alwaies (land that way. O This 49 5° *A True and ExaB Hiftory Thi9 point ofPhilofophy was a little too hard for him, andfohe flood in a ftrange mufe 5 which to put him out ofj bad him reach his ax, and put it neer to the Compaffe, and remove it about ; and as he did fo, the Needle turned with it , which put him in the greatefl: ad- miration that ever I fa w a man , and fo quite gave over his queftions, and defired me, that he might be made a Chriftian ; for, he thought to be a Chriftian , was to be endued with all thole knowledges he wanted. Ipromifed to do my beft endeavour > and when I came home, fpoke to the Mafter of the Plantation , and told him, that poor Sambo defired much to be a Chriftian. But hisanfwer was, That the peo- ple of that Hand were governed by the Lawes of England) and by thofe Lawes, we could not make a Chriftian a Slave. I told him, my requeft was far different from that, for I defired him to make a Slave aChriftian. His anfwerwas, That it was true, there was a great difference in that : But, being once a Chriftian , he could no more account him a Slave, and fo lofe the hold they had of them as Slaves , by making them Chriftians; and by that means fhould open fuch a gap , as all the Planters in the Hand would curfe him. So I was ftruck mute, and poor Sambo kept out of the Church; as in- genious, as honeft,and as good a natur'd poor foul,as ever wore black, or eat green. On Sundaies in the afternoon, their Mufick plaies, and to dancing they go , the men by themfelves , and the women by themfelves, no mixt dancing. Their motions are rather what they aim at, than what they do; and by that means, tranfgrefTe the leffeupon the Sunday; their hands having more of motion than their feet,& their heads more than their hands. They may dance a whole day, and neer heat them- felves; yet, now and then, one ofthea&iveftamongft them willleap bolt upright, and fall in his place again , but without cutting a capre. When they have danc'd an houre or two, the men fall to wraftle, (the Mufick playing all the while J and their manner of wraftling is , to ftand like t wo Cocksj with heads as low as their hipps ; and thrufting their heads one againft another , hoping to catch one another by the leg, which fometimes they do: But if both parties be weary, and that they cannot get that advantage , then they raife their heads , by pref- fing hard one againft another, and fo having nothing to take hold of but their bare flefh, they clofe , and grafp one another about the mid- dle, and have one another in the hug , and then a fair fall is given on the back. And thus two or three couples of them are engaged at once, for an houre together, the women looking on ; for when the men be- gin to wraftle, the women leave of their dancing, and come to be fpe- ftatours of the fport. When any of them die, they dig a grave, and at evening they bury him , clapping and wringing their hands,and making a dolefull founds with their voyces. They arc a people of a timerousandfearfull dif- pofition, and confequently bloody, when they finde advantages. If any of them commit a fault, give him prefent punifhment, but do not; threaten him; for if you do, it is an even lay, he will go and hang him- felfe, to avoid the punifhment. What ; of the Hand of Barbadoes. What their ocheropinions are in matter of Religion, Iknownoti but certainly, they are not altogether of the fe& of the Stdduas i For, they believe a ttefurre&ion , and chat they (hall go into their own Country again,and have their youth renewed. And lodging this opi nion in their hearts, they make it an ordinary practice, upon any great fright, or threataing of their Matters, to hang them felves. But Collonell Waltond having loft three or foure of his beft Negres this way, and in a very little time, caufedoneof their heads to be cut off, andfet upon a pole a dozen foot high S and having done that , caufed all his Negres to come forth , and march round about this head, and bid them look on it, whether this were not the head of fuch an one that hang d himfelfe. Which they acknowledging,he then told them , That they were in a main errour , in thinking they went into their own Countries, after they were dead 5 for, this mans head was here, as they all were witneffes of 5 and how was it poffible, the body could go without ahead. Being con viucd by this fad, yet lively fpe- ftacle, they changed their opinions j and after that, no more hanged themfe^ves. When they are fick, there are two remedies that cure them; the one, an outward, the other, an inward medicine. The outward me- dicine is a thing they call Negre-ojle t and 'tis made in Burbary , yellow it is as Bees wax , but foft as butter. When they feel themlelves ill , they call for fome of that , and annoint their bodies , as their breafts , bellies, and fides, andin two daies they are perfectly well. But this does thegreateft cures upon fuch, as have bruifes or (trains in their bodies. The inward medicine is taken, when they find any weaknefs or decay in their fpirits and ftomacks, and then a dram or two ofkill- detill revives and comforts them much. I have been very ftrift, in obfervingthe fhapes of thefe people ; and for the men, they are very well timber'd , that is, broad between the moulders, full breafted , well filleted, and clean leg'd , and may hold good with Albert Vurers rules,whoallowes twice the length of the head, to thebreadthofthe fhouldersj and twice the lenqth of the 'face , to the breadth of the hipps, and according to this rule thefe men are (hap d. But the women not; for the fame great Matter of Proportions, allowes to each woman , twice the length of the face to the breadth of the (boulders, and twice the length of her own head to the breadth of the hipps. And in that, thefe women are faulty i for I have feen very few of them, whofe hipps have been broader then their fhoulders , unlefle they have been very fat. The young Maides have ordinarily ve- ry large breafts , which ftand ftrutting out 10 hard and firm, as no lea- ping, jumping, or ftirring , will caufe them to (hake any more , then the brawnes of their armes. But when they come to be old, and have had five or fix Children, their breafts hang down below their navells, fothat when they ftoop at their common work of weeding, they hang altnoft down to theground , that at a diftance, you would think they had fix legs : And the reafon of this is , they tie the cloaths about their Children s backs, which comes upon their breafts , which by prefUng very hard, caufes them to hang down to that length. Their Children 5' 5 2 by whofe exam- ple the others were led both in the difcovery of the Plot, and ref ufe- allofthe gratuitie. And withall they faid, that if it pleaf'd their Mafter, at any time,to beftow a voluntary boone upon them, be it ne- ver fo fleight,they would willingly and thaokfully accept it:& this ad might have befeem'd the beftCh irift ians, though fome of them were denied Ghriftianity,when they earreftly fought it. Let others have what opinion they pleafe, yet I am of this beliefejthat there are to be found amongft themdbme who are as morally hone(t,as ConCcionable, as humble,as loving to their friends, and as loyall to their Matters, as any that live under thefiinne,& one reaibn they have to be fb,is } they fet no great value upon their lives : And this is all I can remember concerning the Negroes,erxept of their games, which 1 could never learne,becaufe they wanted language to teach me. As for the Indians,we have but few, and thofe fctcht from o- ther Countries S fome from the neighbouring Hands, fome from the Maine, which we make (laves: the women who are better ver ft in ordering the Caffavie and making bread, then the Negroes, we imploye for that purpofe, as alfo for making Mobbie : the men we ufc for footmenand killing of fifh which they are good at s with their own bowes and arrows they will go out , and in a dayes time, kill as much fifh,as will ferve a family of a dozen perfons, two or three daics, if you can keep the fi(h fo long. They arc very active men, and apt to learne any thing, (boner then the Negt e s^and as different from them in (faape, almoft as in colour -, the men very broad fhoulder*d, deep breafted,with large heads. and their faces almoft three fquare, broad about the eyes and temples, and (harpe at the chinne, their skins fome of them brown,fome a bright Bay,they are much craftier , and fubtiler then the Negroes $ and in their nature falfer --, but in their bodies more active, their women have very fmall breafts, and have more of the fhape of the £« ro/NM/tf then the Negroes, their haire black and long, a great part whereof hangs downe upon their backs, as low as their hanches, with a large lock hanging over either breft, which feldorne or never curles:cloaths they fcorne to weare, efpecially if they be well fhap't ; a girdle they ufe of tape, covered with little fmooth fhels of fifhes, white, and from their flanke of one fide, to the ; r flank on the other fide,a fringe of blew Bugle,which hangs (blow as to cover their privities. We had an Indian woman, a flavc in the huufe, who was of excellent fhape and colour, for it was a pure bright bay? fmall brefts, with theniplsof a porphyrie colour, this woman would not be wood by any means to weare Cloaths. Shcc chanc't to be with Child, by a Chriftian fervant, and lodging in the Indian houfe, amongft other women, of the Hani of Barbados women of her own Ccantry, where the Chru^ianfcrvants, tooth J»en and women earner and being very great, and that her time was come to be delivered, loathtofall in labour before the »eu , walk 'd down to a Wood , in which was a Pond of water , and there by the fide of the Pond , brought her felfe a bed \ and presently waftang her Child in foine of the water of the Pond , lap d it up in fuch rags, as (he had begg'd of the Chn ftians; and in three hours time came home, with her Childe in her atmes, a lufty Boy, frolick and lively. This Indian dwelling neer the Sea-coa It, upon the Main, an Engl i (h Chip pat in to a Bay) and Tent fome of her men a moar , to try what viciualls or water they could find* , for in fome diftreffe they were : But the Indians perceiving them to go up fo far into the Country , .js they were fure they could not make a fafe retreat , intercepted thtm m their return , and tell upon them , chafing them into a Wood, and being difperfed there, fome were taken, and fome killd : but a young man amongft them ftragling from the reft , was met by this Indian Maid, who upon the firft light fell in love with him, and hid htm elofe from her Countrymen ( the Indians ) in a Cave , and there fed him , till they could faftiy go down to the (hoar, where the Ibip lay at an chor, expecting the reium of their friends. But at laft, feeing them up- on the (hoar , fern the long Boat for them , took them aboard , and brought them away. But the youth, when he came alhoar in the B*>- Worf, forgot thckmJneffeof the poor maid, that had ventured her life for his iafety , and fold her for a flave, who was as free bora as he : And fo poor Tatuo for her love, loft her liberty. Now for the Matters, I have yet faid but little, nor am able to fay halfe of what they deferve. They are men of great abilities and parts , other wife they could not go through, with fuch great works as they undertake ; the managing of one of their Plantations, being a work of fuch a latitude, as will require a very good head-peece , to put in order, and continue it fo. I can name a Planter there, that feeds daily two hundred mouths , and keeps them in fuch order, as there are no mutinies amongft thems and yet of fcverall nations. All thefeare to be employed in their feve- rall abilities, fo as no one be idle. The firft work to be confidered, is Weeding, forunleffe that be done, all elfe ( and the Planter too ) will be undone > and if that be neglected but a little time, it will be a ha- d matter to recover it again, fo faft will the weeds grow there. Eat the ground being kept clean, 'tis fit to bear any thing that Country will afford. After weeding comes Planting, and they account two feafont in the year beft, and that is, UWtyand NoiemUri, but Canes are to be planted at nil timet, that they may come in , one field after another j otherwife , the work will ftand frill. And commonly they have in a fieM that is planted together, at onetime ten or a dozen acres. This work of planting and weeding, the Mafter himfJfeisto fee done | unleffe he have a very trufty and able Overfeer i and without fuch a one , he will have too much to do . The next thing he is to confidef, is the Ingenio , aad what belongs to that •■, as, the Ingenio it felfe* which is the fnmum Motile of the whole work , the Boyltng houfe, with the Coppers and Furnaces, the Filling room, theStill-houfe, and 55 V 5 oA J me and ExaU Hiftory and Cureing-houfe; and in all thefe, there are great cafualties. If any thing in the Rollers, as the Goudges, Sockets, :> weeps, Ccgs , or Bray- j treesjbeatfau.lt, the whole work ftandsitill; orintheBoyling-houfe, \ if the Frame which holds the Coppers , ( and is made of Clinkers , | faftned with plaifter oi Pans ) if by the violence of the heat from the Furnaces, thefe Frames crack or break, there is a ftop in the work, till that "be. mended. Or if any of the Coppers have a mifchance, and be burnt, a new one mutt preiently be had, or there is a flay in the work. Or if the mouths of the .Furnaces, ( which are made of a fort of ltone , which we have from E/^la/td, and wecall it there, high gate ftonej if that , by the violence of the fire , be foftned , that it moulder away , there mulf new be provided, and laid in with much art, or it will not be. Or if the barrs of Iron , which are in the flowre of the Furnace , when they are red hot, (as continually they are J the fire-man, throw great (hides of wood in the mouths of the Furnaces, hard and carelefly, the weight of thofe logs, will bend or break thoie barrs, (though ftrongiy made) and there is no repairing them, without the work ftand ftiil; for all theft depend upon one another , as wheels in aClock. Or if the Stills be a fault , the kill-ilezill cannot be made. Eutthemain impediment "and flop of all, is the loflc of our Cattle, and amongft them . here are fuch difeafes, as I have known in one Plantation, thirty that have died in two daies. And I have heard, that a Planter, an eminent man there, that clear'd a dozen acres of ground, and rail'd it about for pafture .with intention , as foon as the graffe was growne to a great height, to put in his working Oxen ; which ac- cordingly he did, and in one night fifty of them dyed i (6 that fuch a lofle-as this,isabletoundoa Planter, that is not very well grounded. What it is that breeds thefe difeafes, we cannot finde, unleflefome of the Plants have a poyfonous quality $ nor have we yet found out cures for thefe difeafes; Chickens guts being the beft remedy was then known, and thofe being chop tor minct, and given them in a horn, with fome liquor mixt to moiften it,was thought the beft remedy -,yet it recovered very few. Our Horfes too have killing difeafes amongft: them , and fome of them have been recovered by differs, which we give them in pipes,or large feringes made of wood, for the fame pur- pofe. For, the common difeafes , both of Cattle and Horfes, are ob- ftruclions and bindings in their bowells 5 and fo lingring a difeafe it is , to thofe that recover , as they are almolt worn to nothing before they get well. So that if any of thefe flops continue long , or the Cattle cannot be recruited in a reafonable time, the work is at a ftand 5 and by that means, the Canes grow over ripe , and will in a very fhort time have their juice dried up, and will not be worth the grin- ding. Now to recruit thefe Cattle, Horfes, Camells , and AlTinigos, who are all lyable to thefe mifchances and decaies, Merchants mult be con- fulted, (hips provided, and a competent Cargo of goods adventured, to make new voyages toforraigne parts , to fupply thofe loffes >"and when that is done, the cafualties at Sea are to be confidered , and thofe happen feverall waies, either by fhipwrack, piracy, or fire. A Matter of a {hip, and a man accounted both able, ftqut, and honeft, having tranfpor- tranfported goods of feverall kinds, from Englandta a part of Ajticn , the River ofGatnbra , and had there exchanged his Commodities for Negres, which was that he intended to make his voyage of, caufed them all to be fhipt , and did not , as the manner is, fhakle one to ano- ther, and make them furej but having an opinion of their honefty and faithfulneffe to him 5 as they had promifed} and he being a credulous man, and himfelfe good naturd and mercifull , fuffered them to go loofe, and they bting double the number of thofe inthefhip, found their advantages, got weapons in their hands, and fell upon the Say- lers, knocking them on the heads , and cutting their throats fo f aft, as theMafter found they were all loft, out of any poflioility offaving ; and fo went down into the Hold, and blew all up with himfelfe > and this was before they got out of the River. Thefe, and feverall other waies there will happen, that extreamly retard the work of Suger- making. Now let us confider how many things there are to be thought on , that go to the actuating this great work, and how many cares to pre- vent the mifchances , that are incident to the retarding, if not the frustrating of the whole work ; and you will finde them wife and pro vident men, that go on and prolper in a work , that depends upon fo many contingents. This I fay, to flop thofe mens mouths, that lie here at home, and expect great profit in their adventures, and never confider, through what difficulty, induftry, and paines it is acquired. And thus much I thought good to fay, of the abilities of the Planters. The next thing is, of their natures and difpohtions , which I found compilable in a high degree to all vertues, thatthofe ofthebeft fort of Gentlemen call Excellent •> as, Civilly intreating of Strangers, with communicating to them any thing within the compafle of their knowledge, that might be beneficiall to them, in any undertaking amongft them, and aflifting them in it, giving them harbour for them felves and fervants. And if their intentions were to buy Plantations , to make diligent inquiries for fuch as they defired , and to drive the bargain as neer the winde for their ad vantages, as poffibly they could, and to put thcmfelves in fome travells, in fetling the bufineffe : Or , ifthat could not do them fervice, to recommend them to any friend they had, that lay more fit and convenient for their purpofe. Loving, friendly, and hofpitableone to another ; and though they are of feve- rall Perfwafions, yet, their difcretions ordered every thing fo well, as there never were any fallings out between them : which to prevent, fome of them of the better fort, made a Law amongft themfelves, that whofoever nam'd the word Roundhead ox Cavalier , fhould give to all thofe that heard him, a Shot and a Turky,to beeaten at his houfe that made the forfeiture ; which fometimes was done purpofely, that they might enjoy the company of one another; and fometimes this Shot and this Turky would draw on a dozen difhes more, if company were accordingly: So frank, fo loving, and fo good natur'd were thefe Gen- tlemen one to another •■> and to exprcfle their affections yet higher , they had particular names one to another , as, Neighbour, Friend , Brother, Sifter: So that I perceived nothing wanting,that might make Q_ up 5» clA True and ExaB Hiftory Tame beafls that are li- ving on the iland. Camels. Horfes. Qxen^Bulh, andcoires. Aft. mi goes. upafirmeandlaftingfriendfhipamongftthem ; though after I came away, it was otherwife. Sports and exercifes they never uf'd any, as Bowling, Shooting-, Hunting, or Hawking; for indeed there are no places fie for the two firft exercifes,the Countrey being fo rvocky^unevenand full of ftumps of trees.'and for the other two,they want game 5 for there are no kind of wild beafti in the Iland, nor any foule fit to hawk at $ b elides the Country is fo woody, as there is no Champian to flye in 3 Pheafants, Partridges, Heathpoults, Quailes,or Rayles, never fet foot upon this ground,unleiTe they were brought there » andiffo, they never HVd- and for Hawkes, I never faw but two, and thofe the merrieft ftirrers that ever I faw flye > the one of them was in an evening juft at funne fetting, which is the time the Bats rife, and fo are to a good height j and at a downecome, this Barbary faulcon took one of them and carried it away. If I (hall begin with thelargeft firft I muft name Camells,and thefe are very ufefull beafts, but very few will live upon the Iland : divers have had them brought Ovcr,but few know how to diet them. Gap- taine Higginbotham had foure or five, which . were of excellent ufe, not only of canying down fugar to the bridge, but of bringing from thence hogiheads of Wine, Beer,or Vinegar, which horfes cannot do, nor can Carts pafs for Gullies, and Negroes cannot carry it, for the rea- fons afore mentioned ; a good Camell will carry 1 600 1. weight, and go the fureft of any bea ft. We have from feverall parts of the world, England, Holland, Bona- r uifta,the lies otCape Verd v Virguae, New England, and fome from one of the Leeward ilands in the Carribbies cali'd Curnfja, befides fome we breed and very ftrong and good mettled,bold and fit to charge onrthefe hor- fes we ufe either for the Ingenio, or the Saddle, feldom or never for carrying fugar,the gullies being fo fteep. We have from the feverail places I have nam'd, but chiefly Bulls, from the He of May, and Bonaitfia ; which are CattelJ, being well taught, will work theorderiieft that I have feen any. With thefe, we have Cowes,and fome of them we ufe for the Payle, and fome for the IngeniOjfome we breed, and have fpeedier increase then in Europe, for here a Calfe will bring a Calfe in fourteen months 3 and if it were not for the difeafes that takeaway our Cattell, we fhould not need to fetch any from forraine parts. Are here of exceeding great ufe in the Iland, in carrying our fugars down tothe bridge which by reafonofthe gullies, the Horfes cannot doerbefides when the great raines fall the wayes are fo deep, and full of roots,as when a horfe puts in his legge between two roots, he can hardly pull it out againe,having a great weight on his back ; and if he falL'tis hard lifting him up. Whereas the Affinigoes pick and choofe their way, and fometimes choofe out little wayes in the wood, fuch as they know are fit for them to paffe, which horfes cannot doe, be- caufe the wayes are too narrow for them,or if they were not, they would want much the wit of the Affinigoes, to pick and choofe their way. And if by chance the Affinigoes fall, two Negroes are able to help him up, and wefeldome ule more then two, for afliftance to the Chriftian of the Hand of Barbadocs. Chriftian that has the charge of the carriages. Oneofthefe Affini- goes will carry 1 50 weight of fugar 3 fome of theftrongeft 200 weight j our Planters have been very defirous if it were pofiibie toget Mules there, for they would be of excellent ufe, in carrying their fugars,and working in the Ingenio;, but they had got none when I was there, but they were making triails, either toget fomeofthofe, or fome large Horfe AfTinigoes, to breed with the Maresof that Coun- try- We have here in abundance,but not wild or loofe, for if they were they would do more harmethen their bodies are worth j they are enclofdjand every man knows his own, thofe that reare them to fell, do commonly fell them for a groat a pound •, weighing them alive i fometimes fix pence if flefh be deere. There was a Planter in the Iland 3 thatcameto his neighbour and faid to him : Neighbour I hear you have lately bought good ftoreoffervants, out of the laftlhip that came from England, and I heare withall, that you want provisions, I have great want of a woman fervant,and would be glad to make an exchanged you will let me have fome of your womans flefh.you fhall havefomeof my hoggbflefhifo the price was fet a groat a pound for the hogges ticih, and fixe pence for the Womans fkfh. The fcales were fet up, and the Planter had a Maid that was extreame fat, lafie, and good for nothing, Her name was //o/. and in exchange, re- ceive any commodities that are in the Hand 3 1 have faid as much al- ready of the largenefs weight and goodneffe of thefehogs as is needful, and therefore I ihall need no more. We have here,but very lew j and thofe do not like well the pafture, being very unfit for them^a foure tough and faplefle grafle, and fome poyfonous plant they find, which breeds difeafes amongft them, and fo they dye away, they never arefat, and we thought a whilethe rea- fon had been,their too much heate with their wool, and fo got them often (hoi neibut that would not cure them,yet the Ews bear al wayes two Lambs,their flefh when we tried any of them, had a very faint tafte, io that I do not think they arefktobe bred or keptinthat Countreyrothir fheep we have there, which are brought from G&inny and i?//^ and thofe have haire growing on them,inftead of wools and liker Goatcs then fheep, yet their flefh is tafted more like mutton then the other. We have in greater plenty, and they profper farre better then the fheep, and I find little d'fference in the tafte of their flefh, and the Goats here 5 they live for the moft part in the woods, fometimes in the pafture 3 but are alwaies inclof d in a fence,that they do not trefpafs upon their neighbours ground '■> for whofocver finds Hog or Goat of hisneighbours,either in his Canes, Corne,Potatoe*,Bonavift, or Plan- tine?, may by the lawes of the Hand fhoot him through with a Gun, and kill him^but t'nen he muft prefently fend to the owner, to let him know where he is. The 59 Hao X«. Sk eepe Gva'es. „l 6o Birds. *A True and LxaU Hiftory TheBirds of this place (fettingtwoalidej are hardly worth the pains of defcribing ; yet, in order, as I did the Beafts, I will fet them down. The biggeft is a direct Buflard , but fomewhat leffe then our grey Buffards \n England ^ fomewhat fwifter of wing; and the only good they do, is, fometimes to kill the Rats. The next to him in big- nefle, is the larger Turtle Dove, and of them, there is great (fore in the Hand: 'tis a much handfomer bird, both in (hape and colour, then ours in England , and is very good meat. Next to her is the lefler Turtle, a far finer bird then (he, but of a contrary (hape ; for this is of the (hape of a Partridge, bur her plumidgegray, and a red brown under the wings ; a pretier bird I do not know, of fo few glorious co- lours; her tune like the other. The next is a bird like a Thruth, of a melancholly look, her feathers never fmooth , but alwaies ruffled, as iffhe were muing , her head down t her (boulders up , as if her neck were broke. This bird has for three or four notes , theloudeftand fweetefl , that ever I heard ; if (he had variety , certainly no bird could go beyond her j (he lookes alwaies , as it (he werefick or melancholly. Another there is, not much unlike a Wren, but big as a Thrufli; and this is as merry and jolly, as the other is fad; and as (he fits on a (tick, jets, and lifts up her train , looking with fo earned: and merry a coun- tenance, as if (he would invite you to come to her , and will fit till you come very neer her. This bird I never heard fing. The nex i s Black-bird, with white eyes, and that fo ill becomes her, as (he is ac- counted an unhandfome bird? her voice harfh , fomewhat like our Jay in England; they go in great flocks , and are harmefull birds, for they are great devourersof corn, and bloflbmes of trees, and the Plan- ters with them deftroyed, though they know not which way. They areakindeofStares, for they walk, and do not hop as other birds. One thing I obferve in thefe birds , which I never faw in any but them, and that is, when they flie, they put their train into feverall po- ftures ; one while thty keep it ftraight, as other birds; fometimes they turn it edge- waies, as the tail ol a fiih , and by and by put it three fquare , with the covering feather atop, and the fides downwards. The next is of the colour of a Feldefare , but the head feemestoobig for her body , and for that reafon they call her a Counfellor ■> her fly- ing is extream wanton;and for her tune , 'tis fuch as I have not heard any like her, not for the fweetntfie, but the (trangenelTe of it ; for (he performes that with her voice, that noinflrument can play, nor no \ oice fing, but hers ; and that is , quarter notes, her fong being com- pofed of five tones , and every one a quarter of a note higher then other. tAr. JobnCoprariO) a rare com pofer ofMufick, and my dear friend, told me once, that he was ftudying a curiofity in mufick, that no man had ever attempted to do; and that was, of quarter notes-, but he not being able to go through with it, gave it over : But if he had liv'd to have gone with me to the Barbadoes-, this bird mould have taught him. Under thisfize, there are none confiderable; Sparrowes, Hayfocks, Finches, yellow Hamcrs,Titnies, and divers others of that fort , for which I have no names. But the laft and ftrangeft of all 3 is } that which we call the huming Bird, much lelTe then a Wren , not much of the Hand of Barbadoes. much bigger then a humble Bee, her body long, her wings, fmall and (harp, of a fallen fad green, no pleafant colours on her > her manner of feeding is, juft as a Bee , putting her bill into a bloflbme or a flower , taftes as lightly as a Bee, never Meting, but purring with her wings , all the time me ftaies with the flower ; and the motion of her wings are as nimble and lwift, as a Bee: We have no way to take her, but by (hoo- ting fand out of a gun at her , which mazes her for the prefent , that you may take her upjbut there is no way to keep her alive,her feeding being fuch , as none can give her but her felfe. Now for the Birds that live upon the outward verge of the Hand , 1 have not much to fay. Sometimes Teals come to our Ponds , three or four couple toge- ther, but never go away ; for when we fee them , we take a gun , and comming neer , (hoot them , and the report ot the gun frights, and makes thofe that are alive flie away , and fetch one turn , and come back to fee their fellowes dead, and alight to them, and fo we (hoot and (hoot again till all be kili'd; for they will alwaies come back to fee their dead friends. The like we do with thofe birds we call Oxen and Kine, which come to us in like manner. Small S wallowes we have now and then, but fomewhat different from ours in colour. But there is a Bird they call, a Man of war , and he is much bigger than a Heron , and flies out to Sea upon difcoveries, ( for they never light upon the Sea) to fee what (hips arecomning to the Hand; and when they return, the Ilanders look out, and fay, A (hip is comming , and finde it true. I have feen one of them.as high as I could look, to meet us twenty leagues from land f, and fome others, almoft as big as Ducks, that in an evening came in a flock of twenty, or there about, and they made divers turnes about the (hip, a little before Sun-fet- ting j and when it grew dark, they lighted upon the ribs of the (hip , and with little noofes of packthred , the faylers caught them > they were very fat and good. Though the Bat be no Bird, yet (he flies with wings , and alwaies a little before Sunfetting , at which time they come out of holes, chim- neys, and hollow trees, and will raife them to a great height , feeding themfelves with flies that they finde in the aire, at that time of the evening. Having done with Beads and Birds, we will enquire what other lelTer Animalls or Infeds there are upon the Hand, of which, Snakes are the chiefe, becaufe the largeft; and I have feen fome of thofe a yard and a halfe long. The only harme they do, is to our Pigeon houfes, and milk panns 5 fo that if we leave any hole in the bottom of the h^ufe , where they can come in , they will get to the nefts , and devour the young Pigeons, if they be not over big. And yet 'tis Arrange to fee, what great motfells they will fwallow; Aide they will upagainft a wall, if it be but perpendicular > but if it be declining outward , they cannot get up, but will fall back ten foot high, if they be hindred by any ftooping of the wall ; for which reafon we make jetties, neer the top of fuch roomes , as we will keep them out of 5 they have climbed fix foot high upon the outfide of a wall, come in at a window, down on the infide, fktm our milk pannes, and away again : Till we took one ot them there , we knew not by what means our pannes were thus R. fkimU OflejJ'er A- nirnals and Infefts. eA True and Exa& Hiftory fkim'd. They never fting any body, nor is there any venomous beaft in the Hand. The next to thefe are Scorpions, ofwhich, Come of them are as big asRatts, finooth, aud coloured like a Snake, fomewhat blewer, their bellies inclining to yellow, very nimbk- and quick to avoid their purfuers : yet, the Snakes will now and then take them, between whom there is a great conflict , before the quarrell be decided ; for, the Scorpions that are large, are very ftrong , and will maintain the fight fometimes halfean houre; I have feen them wraftle together a good part of that time : But in conclusion , the Sn akes get the better, and devour the other. Thefe Scorpions were never known to hurt man or btaft. Toads or Frogs we have none. Lizards we had in great plenty, but the Cats kill them fo faft in the houfes, as they are much leffened in their number. This little Animal loves much to be where men are, and are delighted to ftand and gaze in their faces, and hearken to their difcourfe. Thefe with us, I think, are different from thofe of Suroye $ the bodies of ours are about four inches long, the tail neer as much, headed nor much unlike a Snake '■> their colour j when they are pleafed, a pure graffe-green on the back , blewish toward the fide, and yellowish on the belly ^fourleggs, and thofe very nimble : When they fee at diftance fome of their own kinde, that they are angry wit^they fwell a little bigger : and change their colour, from green to rufletor hair-colour , which abates much of their beauty j. for, their green is very pleafant and beautifull : Cold they are as Frogs. Next to thefe are GockrocbeSja creature of the big- neffe and shape of a Beetle j but of a pure hair-colour, which would fet him off the better, if he had not an ugly wabling gate, but that makes him unhandfome. He appears in the evening when 'tis dark , and will, whenhepleafes, flie to your bed , when he findes you flee- ping,and bite your skin, till hefetchblood,ifyoudonot wakej and it you take a Candle to fearch for him , heihiftsaway and hides him- felfe, as the Pumices do in Italy. TheNegres, whohavethick fkins, and by reafon of their hard labour, deep foundly at night , are bitten fo, as far as che breadth of both your hands together, their fkins are ract, as if it were done with a currie- comb. Next to thefe tormen- tors, are Mufketos, who bite and fting worfethen the Gnats and Stouts, that fting Cattle in EngU^d^ and are commonly felt in marifh ground). And next to them Meriwing9 , and they are of fo fmall a fife, and fo thin and aereall, as you can hardly difcern them , but by the noife of their wings , which is like a fmall bugle horn , at a great di- ftance: Where they fting)there will rife a little knob, as big as a peafe , and laft fo a whole day j the mark will not be gone in twenty four hours. Caterpillars we have fometimes in abundance, and they do very great harme$ for, they light upon the leaves of our Potatoes, which wecall Slips, and eat them all away ■, and come folow, as to eat of the Root too : And the only remedy we have, is , to drive a flock of Turkies into the place where they are , and they will devour them. The harmes thefe vermine do us, is double ; firft, in the flips, which is the food we give our Horfes , and is caft into the rack $ and in our Potatoes , being the root of thefe flips, which we our felves feed upon. Flies of the Hand of Barbadoes. Flies we have of fo many kindes, ( from two inches long with the great homes, which we keep in boxes , and arelhewedby JahnTre- defcan amongft his rarities) to the leaft Atome, as it would be a weary work to fet them down ; as alfo the fudden produ&ion of them, from Nothing to Maggets, from Maggets to Flies ; and there is not only a race of all thefe kindes, that go on in a generation, but upon new occafions, new kindes j as, after a great downfall of rain , when the ground has been extreamly moiftned, and foftned with the water , 1 have walk'd out upon a drie walk ( which I made my felfe ) in an evening, and there came about me an army of fuch flies,as I had never feen before, nor alter ; and they rofej as I conceived, out of the earth: They were as big bodied as Bees, butfarlarger wingi •> harme they did us none, but only lighted on us 5 their colour between afh- colour and purple. The next of thefe moving little Animalls, are Ants, or Pifmires, and thofe are but of a fmall Me, but great in iaduftry ; and that which gives them means to attain to their ends, is , they have all one foul. If I mould fay, they are here or there, I mould do them wrong; for they are every where, under ground, where any hollow or loofe earth is, amongft the roots of trees, upon the bodies , branches, leaves, and fruit of all trees , in all places without the houfes and within , upon the fides , walls, windowes, and roofes without ; and on the floores , fide-walls, fealings, and windowes within 5 tables, cupbords, beds , ftooles, all are covered with them, fo that they are a kind of Ubiqui taries. The Cockroaches are their mortall enemies, and though they are not able to do them any mifchiefe, being living , ( by reafon they are far ftronger and mightier then a hundred of them,8c if they mould force any one of them with multitudes, he has the liberty of his wings to make his efcape ) yet, when they finde him dead, they will divide him amongft them into AtomesSand to that purpofe , they carry him home to their houfes or nefts. We fometimes kill a Cockroach , and throw him on the ground, and mark what they will do with him; his body is bigger then a hundred of them, and yet they will finde the means to take hold of him , and lift him up ; and having him a- bove ground , away they carry him , and fome go by as ready affiftants, if any be weary; and fome are the Officers that lead and (hew the way to the hole into which he mutt paffe ; and if the Van curriers perceive, that the body of the Cockroach lies erode, and will not palTe through the hole, or arch , through which they mean to carry him, order is given, and the body turned endwife, and this done a foot before they come to the hole , and that without any ftop or ftay > and this is obfervable , that they never pull contrary waies. Thofe that are curious, and will prevent their comming on their TableSjCupbords, or Beds, have little hollowes of timber, fill'd with water,for the feet of thefe to ftand in 5 but all this will not ferve their turne;,for they will iome of them, goe up to the fieling, and let themfelves fall upon the teafters of the Beds, Cupbords , and Tables. To prevent them from comming on our (helves where our meat is 6 3 6 4 *A True and ExaU Hiflory is kept, we hang them to the roofe by ropes, and tarre thofe roapes, and the roofes over them, as alfo the firings of our Hamacks, for which reafon we avoid them better in Hamacks then in beds. Sometimes when we try conclufions upon them; we taketheCar- petoffthe Table, and (hake it, fothat all the Ants drop off, and rub down the leggs and feet cf thofe tables, ( which ftood not in water ) and having done fo .- we lay on the Carpet againe, and fet upon it a Sallet difh, or Trencher, with fuger in it, which fome of them in the room will prefendy fmell, and make towards it as faff as they can, which is a long journey ;for he muft begin at the foo; of the table, and come as high as the infide of the Carpet, and fo go down to the bot- tome and up of the outfide of the Carpet, before he gets on the table, and then to the fugar,which he fmels to; and having found it, retnrnes againe the fame way, wichout taking any for his paines, and enformes all his friends of this bootieSwho come in thoufands, and tenne thou- fands, and in aninftant, fetch it all awaySand when they are thickert upon the table, clap a large book, ( or any thing fit for that purpofe^ uponthem-fo hard as to kill allthat are under ir, and when you have done fo,take away the book, and leave them to themfelves, but a quarter of an houre, and when you come againe, you fhall find all thofe bodies carried away. Other trials we make of their Ingenuity, as this. Take a Pewter difh, and fill it haife full of water, into which put a little Gaily pot fill d with Sugar,and the Ants will prefently find it,and come upon theTabkibut when they perceive it inviron'dwith water, they try about the brims of the difh, where the Gaily pot is neerefr, and there the moft venturous amongft them, commits him felfe to the water 3 thougu he be confcious how ill a fwimmer he is, and isdrown'din the adventure.-thenext is notwarn'd by his example, but ventures too •-, and is alike drown'd and many more, fo that there is a fmall foundation of their bodies to venture on S and then they comefafter then ever, and fo make a bridge of their own bodies, for their friends topaffeon $ neglecting their lives for the good of the publique -, for before they make an end, they will make way for the reft,and become Mafters of the Prize , I had a little white fugar which I dc fired to keep from them, and was devifirg which way to dee it, and IknocktaNayle in the beam of the roome, and fa fined to it a brown thread,at the lower end cf which thread, I tyed a large (bell of a rifh S which being hollow I put the (ugar in } and lockt the door, thinking it fafei but when 1 returned, I found three quarters of my fugar gone, and the Ants in abundance, afcending and dtfeending, like the Angels on Jacobs Ladder, as 1 havefeen it painted, fo that I found no place fafe-frcm thefe more then bufie Creatures. Another foits of Ants there are, but nothing fo numerous or harm- full as the other ,but larger by farreithefe build great nefts, as biggeas Bee hives ; againff a wall,or a tree,of Clay and Lome 3 fometimes within doors, and in it feverall little Manfions, fuch as Bees make for them- felves, but nothing fo curious ^ thefe the Cockroaches and Lizards meet withall, way-laying them neere their nefts, and feed up- on them: which to prevent they make from thence, many and feverall galleries of the Hand of Barbadoes. galleries chat reach fomeofthem fixe or feaven yards feverall waies, of the fame earth they doe their ntfts ; fo that for fuch a dirtance as that, they are not to be perceiv'd, by any of their enemies) and com- monly,their Avenues go out a monglt leaves, ormofle, or fome other Covert, that they may not be perceiv'd ,but the moft of thefe are in the woods jfor we have deftroyed their nefts, and their galleries with, in doors fb often,as chey are weary of building, and fo quit the houfe, I can fay nothing of thefe, but that they are the quickeft at their work of building, of any little Creatures that ever I faw. Spiders we have, the beautifulleft and largeftthat Ihavefeen, and the moft curious in their websJthey are not at all Poyfonous. One fort more of thefe harmefull Animals there are, which wecall Chegoes j and thefe are fo little that you would hardly think them able to doe any harme at all, and yet thefe will do more mifchiefe then the Ants,and if they were as numerous as harmefull, there were no induringof them > they are of a (hape, not much unlike a Loufe, but no bigger then a mite that breeds in cheefe, his colour blewifh: an Indian has laid oneof them, on a meet of white paper, and with my fpectacles on I could hardly difcern him ; yet this very little Ene* my,can and will do much mifchiefe to mankind. Thisvermine will get thorough your Stocken, and in a pore of your lkinne, in fome part of your feet, commonly under the nayl of your toes, and there make a habitation to lay his off fpring, as bigge as a fmall Tare, orthebagge of a Bee, which will caufe you to go very lame, and put you to much fmarting paine. The Indian women have the beft skill to take them out,which they do by putting in, a fmall poynted Pinne, or Needle, at the hole where he came in, and winding the poynt about the bagge loofen him from the flefh,and fo take him out. He is of a blewilh colour, and isfeene through the fkinne, but the Negroes whofe fkinns are of that colour ( or neer it J are in ill cafe, for they cannot finde where they are ; by which meanes they are many of them very lame: fome of thefe Chegoes are poyfonous, and after they are taken out, the Orifice in which they lay, will fefter and rankle for a fortnight after they are gone. I have had tenne taken out of my feet inamor- ning,by the moft unfortunate Tarico an Indian woman. Some kind of Animals more there are in the woods, which becaufe I never faw I cannot fpeak their formes : fome of them I guelTe are no bigger than Crickets j they lye all day in holes and hollow trees, and asfoonastheSunisdowae, they begin their tunes, which are neither finging nor crying, but the fhrillefr. voyces that ever I heard : nothing can be fo neerely refembl'd to it, as the mouths of a pack of fmall beagles at a diftance^and fo lively, and chirping the noyfe is, as nothing can be more delightfull to the eares, if there were not too much ofic, for the mufick hath no intermiflion till morning, and then allichufht. I had forgotten amongft my fifties to mention Crabs 5 but becaufe this kind ofthemlivc upon the land, I might very well ovcrflip them and now bring them in, amongft thefe Animals, : they arc fmall Crab?, fuch as women fell by dozens in bafkets in the ftreets, and of that colour raw and ali ve.as thefe are boyl'd, which is of a reddifh colour. S Thefe 65 66 Trees. Pbyfick- is of the height as I have told you ) has many fprigs , of four, five, and fix foot long} we lop them one after another, and as wetake off the bran- ches, cut flakes of them , about foure foot and a halfelong - and (tick them in the ground an inch deep, and no more, clofe to one another . in the manner of Pali(Tadoes$ and fo, with a rail of either fide, to keep them eeven , and here and there a fpur or braket on either fide , to keep them fteedy for a month S by which time, they will not only ga- ther roots to ftrengthen them, and hold them up , but leaves to cover their tops , and fo even and fmooth they fall, as to cover the tops of themfelves , atleafttwo foot and a halfe downward; and will in a month more- befo firmly rooted intheeaith, as you may remove your railes and brakets , to affift thofe that are planted after them, in other places. Thefe leaves being large, fmooth, and beautifully fhap't, and of a full green 3 appear to your eyes like fo much green Satin , hang'd on a rail or line, fo eeven and fo fmooth they hang natu- rally. The ftems will grow apace, but more in their bignefle then their height- (for you may if you pleafe , keep them at this height, by cut- ting offthe tops) and in a while they will not only touch, but imbody them- of the Hand of Batbadotes. themfelves one into another ; and tbefl they become as ftrong and ufefull a fence, as any can be made, f© clofe , as to Seep m Goroies, aod keep out Rats} for, neither Cactle nor Verm ine love ro cotmenecr it. And as it is a beautifull and ufefull fence, for Gardens aridQrr chards, and to keep in Conies, Turkitsj UMufco.ta Ductus, and Dung- hill foul , that cannot flie over, (having one wing dipt) foitfearves us for lingular ufe, in fencing about al) our Paftures, orwhatocfier ground we would encloie: For, our fences being all made of. fcln trees, with the ends laid crofTe one upon anotheF, and many of chafe trees fuch wood, as were apt to roc and decay , by extreammoiftilre, and violent heat j and the Planters having found the moft ofthemr were rotten and decayed , and to make new fences of tbatkiddun- pofSble, byreafon the timbers and tr ee» that grew very neerthat place, were imploy ed in making thofe fences, ffor as they made therniy thetimber ftood in their way, and no more adoe but cue them-dowiir, and lay them in their places without further removing) and removes offogreat creesasthey were, not to be done with fewand u/eak hands : So that they were come to a great ftrait, and'knew not which way, nor how, co renew thefe fences} fome of the Paftures having rto leflethen three thoufand two hundred fbecy eight rre^s to encompaffr tbem. At laft, they thought upon this way, of making new fences ,. which is the moft commodious that can be imagined. And lothey gather'd all the Phyfick-nuts they could, and fowed'tnem, and made large Nurferiesof 'them, which asfoonasthey grewtoany ftrength, they remov'd, and planted them fo, as making a Height hedgebe- tween the old fence and the Pafture, that Cattle might noctiFead them down , being young and render , they planted chem between a and in four years time they grew fo ftrong , as they wereof fufKcient ability to defend themfelves, and became a very fuffkiient fence eo keep in or out the ftrongeft Bulls in the Pafture. AndUhen , all the wood of the old fence being drie, and fit for the Furnaces,, was cut in fhort pieces, cleft, and fent home by the Affioigosv and part Was ga- thered together, and made into Charcoals , for fewett at homer, and for the Smiths Forge , for we have there no Sea coales. Befides this, there is anotherufe of this Plant , and that is Phyficall : Take five of the kernells , and eat them in a morning fafting, and they are a Vomit andPurgej but the body muft be ftrong that takes fo many : fhfee will ferve a body that is eafieto work on: I my felfe took five of them, and they gave me twelve vomits, and above twenty ftboles, which was too great an evacuation in a hot Country, where the body is weak, and the fpirits exhaufted by continuall fweati&g. But 1 fawa ftronger man there cake them before me , and they wrought moderately with him ■> but, finding a weaker constitution to work on ,they had the more powerfull operation. This Nut, as it growes on the tree, is like a white Pear-plumb, and of a yellowifh colour, with a pulpeonit.,asmucb3saPlumb5 but that being taken off, there remains a ftone , of a black'rfh colour, and within that , a kernell, and in that kernell , in the parting it in two halves, asour Hazle nuts in England , will part in the midd'e long- wife, you ftiall finde a thin filme, which lookes of a faint Carnation , which 1 68 Poyfon tree. C/ifla-Je. Coloquinti- da Offia-fiftu- la. qji True and ExaU Hiftory which colour is eafily difceined , the reft of the kernell being fo per- fectly white } Take out that filme, and you may eat the nut fafely, without any operation at all , and 'tis as fweet , as a .Jot^w- Almond. This filme is perfectly difcern'd, when the nut is new gathered j but I have look'd on them which have been longer kept , after I brought them mtoEfigland^nd I finde the Carnation colour quire gone, but the kernell retaines ftill his operation, both in Vomit and Purge. The leaves are ihap'd not much unlike a Vine leafe , but thrice as big, and much thicker, and fullergreen. The poyfoned tree, though 1 cannot commend for hervertues, yet for her beauties I can. She is almoft as large every way as the Lo- cuft , but not of that manner of growing } her leaves full our as large and beautiful!, as the Lawrells , and fo like, as not to be known affun- der. The people that have lived long there, fay 5 'tis not wholfome to be under the (hade of this tree. The fellers, as they cut them down, are very carefull of their eyes} and thofe that haveCipers, put it o- ver their faces j for if any of the fap flie into their eyes, they become blinde for a month. A Negre had two Horfes to walke , which were left with him by twoOentlemeni and the Horfes beginning to fight , the Negre wasaveardj and let them go} and they running into the wood together , ftruck at one another, and their heeles hitting fome young trees of this kind, ftruck the poyfonous juice into one ano- thers eyes, and fo their blindneiTe parted the fray , and they were both led home ftone blind, and continued fo a month, all the hair and fkin pilling offtheir faces. Yet, of this timber we make all , orthemoft part, of the Pots we cure our Sugar in* for,being fa wed, and the boards dried in the Sun, the poyfon vapours out. And as this tree's poyfon is in her fap , fo the Mantionell's is in her fruit, which they account as high a poyfon , as that of the Caffavie. The fruit is like an apple John* and 'tis faid to be one of thofe poyfons, wherewith the Indian Caniballs in venome their Arrowes, And now I have nam d the Caffavie , 'tis fit it come in the rank of poyfons , though with good ordering it makes bread. 'Tis rather a fhrub then a tree, the fprigs, few of them bigger then a broom-ftaffe , crooked and ill ihap'd 5 but no matter for that , for the leaves are fo thick, as to cover them 5 and they grow in tufts or bunches, and ever an odd one, as , 5 . 7. 9 . or 1 1 . every leafe an inch broad, and fix or fe- ven inches long > dark green, and turning backward from the forefide. Their Roots I have fet down already, their bigneffe, and manner of growth, with the ule of them. Coloquintida is as beautifull a fruit, as any you can fee, of the big- nefle of an Oftrages egge ; a fruit of fo ill a tafte, as a fpoonfull of the liquor mars a whole pot of pottage ; the rinde fmooth, with various greens, interlac'd with murries,yellowes,and faint carnations. Next to this (hall be the Caffia fiftula, which is a tree that will grow the 1110ft, in the leaft time, of any that ever I knew : I let one of the feeds , ( which is but a fmall feed ) and in a yeers time, it grew to be eight foot high, and as large and big in the ftem, as an ordinary Rat- toon you walk withall : The leaf ofthis tree is like that of an A(h,but much longer, and of a darker colour » the fruit, when 'tis ripe, juft of the of the Hand of Barbadoes. the colour of a black pudding , and (bap'd as like, but longer. I have feen of them above 1 6 inches long , the pulp of it is purgative, and a great cooler of the reins. Now becaufe we will have all, or as many of the poyfonousand Phyficall trees and plants together as we can, that they may not trou- ble another leafe,we will put in a plant amongft the trees, and that is fo like a fugar Cane as hardly to oc difcern'd, the one from the other : and this Plant hath this quality, that whofoever chews it, and fucks in any of the juyce,wili have his tongue,mouth,and throat, fo fwell d as to take away the faculty of Ipcech for two dayts, and no remedy that I know but patience. Tamarine trees were but newly planted in the Hand, at the time 1 came away, and the Palme treeffb much admir'd for lier two rare vertues or Oyle and Wmc)was newly begun to be planted, the plant being brought us from the £aji indies, but the Wine fhe brings may rather be called a pleafant drink, then to aflume the name of Wine : 'tis thus gather'd, they cut the bark in fuch a part of the tree, where a bottle may fitly be placet, and the liquor being received into this bottle,it wil keep very good for a day and no longer but is a very delicious kind ofliquor. The poyfonous trees and plants being pa(r over : 'tis now fit to mention fuch as will makeamends,and put our mouths in tafte, but nottoofuddenly to fall upon the beft, I will begin with the moft contemptible fruits which are in the Hand, the Fig tree and Caerry- tree, which have fa vory names, but in their natures neither ufefull, nor well tailed. The Fig tree being very large, but beares a fmall fruit ,and thofe of fo meane a condition, as I never faw any one eate of them, and the leaves not at all of the (hape of our Fig leaves, nor the filth part fo large, the body of the tree I have feen as large ass an ordinary Elmehere in England. \ TheCherry tree is not altogether fo large, the fruit as ufelefs and infipid; but the colour fomething refembling a Cherry, and the (hape not much unlike j which caufed the planters to call it by that name. The next to thefe (hall be fruites,rather for fauce then mear,to whet our appetites to thofe that follow after $ and thefe are the Citrons, G- ranges,Lymons,Lyme. The Citron is a fmall tree,though (he beare a great fruit } and fo ill matcht they are,as the fruit pulls it down to the ground, and moft of thefruit touches,and beares upon the grounds the (talk of a dark co- lcur,the leafe fhap't like that of the Limon, but of a very dark green : thefe fruits we had in great abundance, when firft we came r here, but were all caft away,by reafon we had none but Mufcavado fuger, and that is not fit to preferve with , befides there were very few then that had the fKillto do them. The Orange trees do not profperhere, nor arc the fruits fo kindly as thofe of Bfm.udoszlarge they are and full of juice, but not fo delici- ous as thofe of that Ilandibefldes they are very full of feeds, and their rinds neither fodeep,and pure an Orange Tawny, nor fo thick, and therefore not fo fit to preferveuhe trees feldome laft above feven years in their prime,and then decay. T The 6< The f/oyfu ned £a//f . Tamarine. Fruit trees. Figoe tree. Cfierrytree. Orange. 7° the fruit being not unlike in fhape to a Green field- peafe,and of a faint green,intermixt with fome yellow neare the ftalks but the body of a mixt red, partly Crimfon, partly Stammell, with prickled fpots of yellow, the end of it growing fomewhat larger then the middle, at which end, is a round fpot of a murrey co- lour, the bredth of an inch, and circular with a Centre in the middle, and a fmall circle about it, and From that circle within, lines drawn to the utmofl; extent of that round Murrey fpot, with faint circles betweene the fmall circle and the largefr, upon that Murrey fpot. Thefe lines and circles, of a colour no more different in light- neffe from the murry,then only to be difcerned,and a little yellower colour. The Pomegranate is a beautifull tree the leaves fmall, with a green mixt with Olive colour ,the bloffome large, well fhap't, and of a pure Scarlet colour ; the fruit not fo large there, as thofe we have from Spaine. The young trees being fetin rOwes, and planted thick make a very good hedge, being dipt eeven a top with Gafden (bears.] The fruit is very well known to you and therefore I fhall need fay nothing of that, and thefe are all the remarkable fruits that grow on trees, and are proper to this Hand, that I can remember, though I believe there are many more. The Papa is but a fmall tree, rier bark of a faint willow colour, her leaves large,and of the fhape of the Phyfick nut tree, but of trie colour of her own bark,the branches grow out four or five of one height, and fpreadalmoftle veil, from the place where they bud out 5 to the ends of the branches,and about two foot higher ,fuch other branches fprea- ding in the fame manner,andrfthe tree grow to a greater height then ordinary, a ftory or two more of thefe bowes : the top handfomely form'd eare nafi e, . _7< xRz \-Gbrrvecjramte / of the Hand of Barbadoes. form'd to the branches, the fruit fomewhai bigger then Turnips, growing clofe to the body of the tree, where the branches grow , and are fomewhat a fainter Willow , then either the body . branches, or leaves. The tree, though it maybe accounted wood, yet the loluff that yet I ever faw , for, with my knife , I can cut down a tree as big as a mans leg at one chop. The fruit we boyl, and ferve it up with powdred pork, as we do turnips in England j buttheturnipisfar the more favoury fruit. TheGnavergrowes on a Tree, bodied and leavdlike a Cherry- tree , but the leaves fomewhat larger and ftiffer} the fruit of the big- neffe of a fcnall Limon , and neer that colour , onely the upper end fomewhat blunter then the Limon j the rinde about the thicknefleof the rinde of a Limon, but foft, and ofa delicate tafte ; it holds within apulpiefubftance, fulloffmall feeds, like a fig, fome of them white! within, and fome ofa frammell colour Thefe feeds have this property, that when they have paft through the body 3 wherefoever they are bid down 9 they grow. A Planter, ew~? 'em, Father-, ■, emoie Vw. Thefe fruites have different taftes, fome rank, fome fweet ; fo that one would give a reafon of this variety, which was,ac- cording to the feverall conff itutions they had pair, through, fome ha- ving a milder, fome a ftronger favour. » This tree doth much harm in our Plantations •-, for the Cattle eating of them j let fall their loads every where, and fo they grow in abun- dance, and do much harm to the Paffures,and much pains and labour is taken to deftroy them. They are the beft fruites preferv'd of any t the feeds being taken out, and therindeonly preserved. I have been told by fome Planters m the f lands that Coco-trees grow there, and they are fuchmen as Igivecredit to, boat I never faw any j yet, I may venture to tell what fhapes they bear , having been tfeil acquainted with them at the Hand of St.Jago^ where there grew very many of them. They feldome are above 80. ot 90 foot high^ fome-a 100. The branches of thefe come out in feverall parts of the tree, leaving fpaces between the heights j but the greatest quantity i- attop,and that top alwaies floops a little j but the Nurs grow where 'the lower boughes breakout. Thefe Nuts are of feverall fifes , the moft of them as big as a large foot ball, With a green fkin without , and between that and the fhell, a pulpy fubftance, which- when it is drie, is like the rinde of tlhe Man- grave tree, of which they make roaps, or (to bring therefemblanoe a little neerer) like hemp hurds. This Nut-fhelHs neer half an inch thick , which we commonly cut atone end, a hole as big as a thirty fhilling piece , and we findethe fhell full ofa clear and pure tafbed ii quor, very delicious , but not very wholfome. This (bell isdinld within with a fubftance as thick as it felfe, a white colour , .and.taftes fweeter then the belt french Walnut, and of that foftnefTe. Theco lour ofthe leaves of this tree, are like the Olive leaves. The Cuftard apple growes on a tree full of branches and large leaves , and is a lively and lufty tree to look ori j «faB fruit, when 'tis ripe, 7' Gxaier, Coco, Caparcl- dpjjle. V tA 7 rue and LxaU tiifiory Anchoiie- Pear. Trees of mixt kinds. Macox, T) ate tree. Msngsve. Calibaflj, ripe, as big as the largeft Pomewater , but juft of the colour cf a War- den. When 'tis ripe, we gather it, and keep it one day , and then it is fit to be eaten. We cut a hole at the leffer end , ( that it may ftandthe firmer in the difli) fo big, as that a fpoon may go in with eafe, and with the fpoon eat it. Never was excellenc Guftard more like it felfe, then this to it 5 only this addition , which makes it tranfcend all Cu- ftards that art can make, though ofnatui all ingredients s, and that is, a fruity tafte,which makes it ftrange and admirable. Many feeds thcie are in it, but fo fmooth, as you may put them out of your mouth with fome pleufure. *Twas never my luck to fee any of thofe trees, that bear the Ancho- vie Pears, nor to tafte of the fruit, and therefore cangiveyou no ac- count of that tree 5 only to let you know , that there is fuch a tree in the Hand. The Macow is one of the ftrangeft trees , the Hand affords 5 the body and branches being ftuck all over with prickles , ofthefineft formes that 1 have feen. They ate black as jet, or Ebony polifh'd} the fifes, from one to fe- ven inches long, (harp at the point? with proportionable increafings, from that part where it growes to the tree or bough, and wav'd, as I have feen fome fwords, from the point to the hilts, the fineft naturall pick-tooths that can grow. I brought a large bundle with me, but had them pickt out of my Box by the way. This tree is about the large- neffe of an ordinary Willow , the leaves of that colour and lhape , but extreamly ftiffeand hard. It bears at top a large tuffe of fruit, which we call Apples, but they are not afiuit to be eaten; their colour as their leaves, willow-green, and juft fuch for (hape as the Cyprus tree bears. Sure,Nature found this tree to fome great purpofe , fhe is fo arm'd > for neither man nor beaft can touch her, without being wounded. She is well (hap'd, her body ftraight, her branches well proportion'd, her top round. Next to this in colour are Date-trees, but the leaves fomewhat lon- ger. The fliape of this tree I cannot give you, having never feen any old enough to bear the name of a tree, but fprigs riling from the root, at leaft ten foot high. The Mangrave is a tree of fuch note , as (he mud not be forgotten ; for, though (he be not of the tall and lufty fort of trees, yet, (he is of great extent 5 for, there drops from her limbs a kinde of Gum, which hangs together one drop after another, till it touch the ground, and then takes root, and makes an addition to the tree. So that if all thefe maybe faidto beoneand the fame tree, we may fay, that a Man- grave tree may very well hide a troop of Horle. The bark of this tree being well ordered, will make very ftrongroaps, and the Indians make it as fine as flax, and fpin it into fine thred, whereof they make Hamocks , and divers other things they wear : and I have heard, the linnen they wear is made of this bark » as alfo their ch aires and ftooles. The Calibafhtree bears leaves of the fulleft and richeft green , of any that I know , and the greatcft plenty of leaves ; her fruit not for food, it is for the mod part as big as that of the Goco , round as a ball, green of the Hand of Barbadoes. Ba% tree. Timber trees. green as the leaves of the fame tree > fmooth and fining •> and their manner of growing is foclofeto the body, and the largeft of the boughes, as totouchthem fo, that till it be pull dor cut off, we can- not perceive any ftalk it has. Ofthisround ball, wemake dithes, bowls and cups j for, being hoilow within, as the Coco-nut, we em- ploy them for feverall ufes , as they are of different fifes j lbmefor di- mes, fome for cups, lomefor bafons, and fome of the largeft to carry water in, as we do Goards , with handles a top, as that of a kettle, tor they are fmoother 5 and much ftronger then they. Thefe look very beautifully on the tree , and to me the more beautifull, by how much they were the more ftrange ■-, for, by their firm and clofe touching ihe trees, without any appearance or ftalks , they feem to cleave, rather then grow to the trees. One, and but one tree in this Hand have I feen , that bears an Eng- lilhname, and that is the Bay tree, whofe leaves are foaromatick, as three or four of them will amply fupplythe place of Cloves, Mace, and Cinamon, in dteffing any di(h of meat where that is required. It differs nothing in fliape or colour from ours in England. The Cedar is without queftion the moft uf full timber in the Hand} for being (frong, lafting, and not very heavy, 'tis, good for buil- ding} but by reafon of the fmoothntire and fairneite of the grain, there is much of it us'd in Wainfcots, Chairs, Stooles, and other Utenlils within dores •-, but, as they grow, I never faw any of them beautifully (hap'd, the leaves juft like thofe of the A(h in England ^ but fome what bigger. The Maftick is a tree very tall, but the body (lender, and therefore Nature hath provided means to fupporther 5 for, (hefyis fpursor brackets above feven foot from the ground 3 which are fixt or en- grafted in the body? and fome of the fpurs reach out from the tree to the root, fo broad, as that tables have been made of a round form , above three foot and a halfe diameter. Sometrees havetwo, fome three of thefe fpurrs. This tree has commonly a double top, one fide being fomewhat higher then the other. The fruit is like none of the reft, 'tis ofaftammell colour, and has neither skin nor ftone} but it is moielikeaCancrethen a Fruit , and is accounted unwholfom, and therefore no man taftes it : 'tis, I believe, the feed of the tree, for we fee none other. Theleavesof this tree grow of fuch a height , astill they fall down > we can give no judgment of them. The timber of of this tree is rank'd amongft the fourth fort , three being better then it. I have feen the bodies of thefe trees neer fixty foot high. The Bully tree is leffe then the Maftick, and bears a fruit like a Bul- lis in England \ her body ftreignt, and well ftiap't} her branches pro- portionable, her timber excellent and lafting. Redwood is a handfome tree , but not fo loftie as the Maftick, ex- cellent timber to work , for it is not fo hard as fome others , which is thecaufe they feldome break their tooles in working it , and that is the reafon the work-men commend it above others. Tis a midling tree for fife , the body about two foot and a halfe dia- meter. This is accounted as good as the Red- wood in allrefpeits, and I Prickled U is M4'ick. Bully. Redwood. \ \yclloK -wood 74 Iron wood. Lionurn it t but having no bowling in that Country, little is ufed : They fend it commonly for England , where we employ it to feverall ufes; as, for making Bowles, Cabinets, Tables, and Tablemen- The Locuft is a tree, not unfitly to be refembled to a Tulcan Pillar, plain, roaffie, and rurall, like a well lim'd labourer b for, the burden it bears being heavy and ponderous , ought to have a body propor- tionably built, to bear fo great a weight. That rare Architect, Vi.ru- •vius , taking a pattern from Trees , to make his moftexaft Pillars, re- jects the wreathed , vined, and figured Columnes •, and that Columna Aincuroes-) mentioned by himfelfe, to have been a fquared Pillar; and thofe that are fwell'd in the middle, as if fickofa Tympany or Drop- fieiandchufes rather the ftraighteft , moft exact, and btftfis'd, to bear the burthen that lies on them. So, looking on thefe trees , and finding them fo exactly to anfwer in proportion to the Tufcan Pillars, I could not but make the refemblance the other way: For, Pillars can- not be more like Trees , then thefe Trees are like Tufcan Pillars , as he defcribes them . I have feen aXocuft (and not one, but many) that hath been four foot diameter in the body, neer the root, and for fifty foot high has leflened fo proportionably , as if it had taken pattern by the antient Remainders, which Philander was lb precife in meafuring, which is a third part of the whole (haft upward, and is accounted as the moftgracefull diminution. The head to this body is fo proportio- nable , as you cannot fay , 'tis too heavy or too leight; the branches large, the fprigs, leaves, and nuts fo thick, as to ftop all eye fight from palling through , and fo eeven at top, as you would think you might walk upon it 7 and not fink in. The Nuts are for the moft part three inches and a halfe long , and about two inches broad, and fomewhat more then an inch thick ; the Ihell fomewhat thicker then a halfe crown piece, of a ruffet Umbre, or hair colour; the leaves bigger than thofe that grow upon the Alh in England : I lhall not mention the tim- ber, having given it in my Buildings. TheKernellsarethreeor four in every nut, and between thofe, a kinde of light pulpie fubftance,fuch as is in a Hazle-nut, before the kernell be grown to the full bignefle: In times of great famine there, the poor people have eaten them for fu- ftenance: But, of all taftes, I do not like them. , Another Locuft there is , which they call the baftard-Locuft. This lookes fair, but will not laft. There is a tree called the Talmeto, growing neer the Sea-coaft, which being a fandy light ground , does not afford that fubftanee of mould, to make a large tree; nor fhall you hnde in that low part of the Hand, i'any considerable trees fit for building, which is a main want and hin- drance to them that would build there; for 5 there is no means to tranfport of the Hand of Barbadoes. n tranfport any from the high lands, by reafon of the unpailablenefs of the wayes^the body of this tree 1 have feen about 45 or 50 foot high,the Diameter feldome above 1 5 or 16 inches,the rind of a pure alii colour, full of wrinkles, the leaves about two foot and a halfe long, in bun- ches, juft as if you cook twenty large flaggs, with their flat (ides toge- ther, and tied them at the broader ends. With thefe bunches they thatch houfes,laying every bunch by himfelfeon the lathes, fomewhat to overhang one another, as tiles do. This is a very cloie kind of thatch, keeps dry and is very lafti.g, and looking up to them 0.1 the infideofthe room, they are the prettieft becomming figures that I have feen of that kind,thefe leaves grow out no where but at the tops of the trees. Another kind of Palmeto there is, which as it has an addition to the name,has likewife an addition to the nature : for I beleive there is not a more tvoyall or Magnificent tree growing on the earth, for beauty and largenefs,not to be paralell'd 3 and excels, fo abandant- ly in thofe two properties and perfeynr, to go along with the multitude, who run very much that way : but how to fet her out in her true {hape and colour, without a Pencil], would afke a better Pen then mine t, yet I will deliver her dimensions as neer truth asTcan, and for her beauty much will arife out of that. But fir ft I will beg leave of you to (hew her in her Infancy, which is about tenne ortwelveyears old, at which time (he is about feventeen foot high, her body and her branches, and that part which touches the ground, not unlike an Inkhorne,which I have feen turn'd in Ivory,round at the botcomeand bellied like that part which holds the Inke; and the Item or body of the tree, growing lefs, as chat part which holds the Pens, but turn'd by a more fkilfull workman 3 and fome of this body, part tawny,partpurple,with rings of white and green mixt, that go about herSand thefe rings at fixe inches diftance. This ftem, to be about fixe foot and a halfe high, upon which growes the bottome of the ftalks, thinne as leaves of Parchmenc, enwrapping one another fo clofeasto make a continued ftem,of the fame bignefs,tor twofoocand ahaifeabove the other, every oneof rhofe filmes or fkins, bearing J a ftalk, which lefiens foinfenfibly, from the skinne to the poynr a> none but the greater formerof all beauty can make the like. Thele ftalks or branches, are of feverall lengths, thofe that are the moftinward,arethe higheft; and every one of thofe ftalks adorn'd with leaves, beginning a little from the filmes to the poynt, and all thefe leaves like Cylinders, fharp at either end, and biggeft in the middle : that part of the ftem which is the en wrappings of the filmes of a pure graffe green,, fhining as parchment dyed green, and fhckt with a flick-ftone, and all the branches with the leaves, ofafullgrafs green fpreading every way, and the higheft of them eight foot above the Palmeto Roya/I. [the green ftem, the other in order to make a well (hap t Top, tofo ! beautifull a ftem. The branches fprout forth from the middle, or intrinfick part ofthetree,oneatonce}and that wrapt up fo dole as tis rather like a Pike then a branch with leaves, and that Pikealwayes bends toward theEaft} but being opened by the 6uns heatfpreads the leaves abroad) at which time tneoutmoft or eldeft branch or fprig below withers and hangs down, and pulls with ir the filme that bearesit, and foboth it and th-j filme which holds it up turneofa ruflet colour and hang down like a dead leafe, till the wind blowes them offjby which tiine the Pike above is become a branch} with ah its leaves opened} then comes fouh another Pike, and then the next outmoft branch and filme below, falls away as the former, and fo the tree growes fo much higher : as that branch took roome, andfoa pike and a dead leafe, a pike and a dead leafe, till (be be advanc't toher full height which will noi be till ioo years be accomplished : about tnirty or forty years old, ihe will bear fruic, but long before that time, changes he" (bape, her belly being leffened partly by the multiplicity of roots,fhe (hoots down into the earth ( nature forefee- ing how great a weight thc-y were to beare, and how greataftrefs they wtre to fuffer, when the winds take hold of fo large a head, as they were to be crown'd with)and partly by thrufting out fuftenance and fubftance, to raifeand advance the ftem or body (for out of this belly which is the ftorehoufe of all this good it comesjfo that now (he becomes taper,with no more leflhing then a well (hap't arrow,and full out as ftraight,her body then being of a bright A(h colour, with fome dapples of green, the filmes a top retaining their fmoothnefs and greennefs,only.a little variation in the (hape, & that is a little fwelling neer the place that touches the ftem or body, not much unlike an Urinalhfo that the f welling that was in the body, is now raifedupto the filmes or fkinns above. But at this age, the branches ftand not fo upright,as when the tree was in her minority, but has as great beau- ty in the ftooping and declenfion, as ihe had in therifingof her bran- ches, when her youth thrufts them forth with greater violence and vigour, and yet they had then fome little ftooping neer the poynts. And now there is an addition to her beauty by two green ftudds, or fupporters, that rile out of her fides, neer the place where the filmes joyne to the tree,and they are about three foot long, fmall at the place from whence they grow, but bigger upwards, purely green and not unlike the Iron thatGlafiers ufe to melt their Sawder with. One growes ononefi^e of the tree, theother on the other fide, and between thefe two of the fame height, on either fide the tree, a bu(h upon which the fruit growes, which are of thebignefs of large French grapes,fome green, fome yellow, fome purple, and when they come to be purple,they are ripe,andin a while fall down, and then the yellow becomes purple^and the green yellow j and fo take their turnes, till the tree gives over bearing. Thefe fruits we can hardly come by being of fo great a height,nor is it any great matter : for the tafte is not pleafant $ but the Hoggs find them very agreeable to their palats for thofe that eat of them grow fuddenly fat. I have feen an Neqre with two (hort ropes clyme the tree, and gather the fruit, about this time. 1 of the Hand of Barbadoes* time,(he is 80 foot high, and continues that forme, without variation* 1 only as (he growes older, fo taller and larger ; and has alwaies green, yellow , and purple fruit, fucceeding one another 5 whether there be bloflbmes, I know not , for I never went f© high as to look. This fort of trees I have fecn of all fifes, from ten, to two hundred foot high j and I have been told byfome of the antient Planters, that when they came firftupon the Hand , they have feen fome of them three hundred foot high: And fome reafons I have to perfwade me to believe it j for, amongft thofe that I have feen growing, which I have gueft to be two hundred foot high , the bodies of which I meafured , and found to be but fixteen inches diameter. And I once found in a wood, a tree lying, which feem'd to have been long fallen ; for, the young wood was fo grown about her , as ftanding at one end, I could not fee the other : But, having a couple of Negtes with me, that were axe-men, I caufed them to cut away the wood that grew about the tree, that I might come to the other end , which I thought would ne- ver be done, (he was fo long , and yet a great part of her cut off, and carried away. I mealured the diameter of her ftem, and found it to be 25 inches. Now if we goby the rule of Three, and fay , If 16 inches diamiter make 200 -foot high, what (hall 2 5 inches > And by this rule we fhall prove her to be 3 1 2 foot high. But the branches of this tree were all carried away, fo that I could fee none of them. But I have meafured abranch of one of thofe trees of 200 foot high , and found it 2 5 foot 16 25 z 2 00 312 • 200 !I2 z 39 long. So then, by the fame Rule : If 200 foot high bear a branch of 25 foot long, what (hall a Treee of 31 2 foot high do ? And I fee by the fame Rule, it appears to be 39 foot long And one of thefe trees, after fhe comes to bear fruit , will have no leffe then 2 o branches ac once , ( but many more in her nonage ) and halfe of them hold this length. I have feen a branch of one of thefe fmall trees of 200 fooc high , fallen down , and blown from the tree in the falling, twenty paces off, which has made me admire from whence it fhould come: For,the tree being of fogreat a height, the branches lofe much of their bignefTe and length by their diftance : But, lying on the ground, where we can take the juft meafure , we find what they are. And it is an admirable thing, to fee the form of this fprig or branch , which is not above twoinches broad where ic joynes to the film , andislefTen- ing of the breadth from that end to the point , which is twenty five fooc long, foinfenfible, as it is not poflible to difcern where the dimi- nution is. So fmooth , foeeven , fo firme and tough, as though it be not wood, 'tis much ftronger, and ables to endure the weather , or any kinde of bending. The leaves that grow upon this ftalk, arealLof X them 77 7 8 *A True and Exa& Hiftory them (unleffe towards the points) two foOc longs that pare which tou- ches the ftalk , finall , but ftrong enough to bear the leafe , and has -a little more ftalk , to which the leafe growes, which leafe is as exactly form'd.as the ftalk, growing by degrees, to make two inches broad in the middle,and lofing that breadth infenfibly to the point. Thefe leaves are thin . but tough enough, to endure the ftrongeft winde that blowes, without being broken , and not above lour inches d i tian t one from another j which multiplicity of leaves , makes the beauty of the tree the fuller. About the time this tree parts with her belly, & growes to a {lender kind of fhape,{he drawesup amongft her roots foroe of the foyle that bred her., about two foot higher than the levell of ground that is neer it -, and by reafon it is held in by an infinity of fmall roots., that come from the body, it there remaines firm, and falls not down 5 the outfide of this earth is about a foot round about, broader than the diameter of the treei fo that if the diameter of the tree be a ; foot,the di- ameter of this earth is three foot at top , but fomewhat more below i for the fides are not fb fteep, as to hold one breadth above and below. If this earth were beautifull > fmooth, and large enough , it might be called the Pediftan to that Corinthian Pillar, the Palmeto -Roy all. But what is wanting in the Pediftall , is fupplyed in the dimenfions of the Pillar 5 for, the Corinthian Pillar is allowed for length but nine of her own diameters , and this will not aske leave to take 150- which makes her the more beautifull , fince the ftrength (he hath, is able to fupport the weight {he bears: And for the Architrave,Frize,and Cor- nife, they are not to be compar'd with the beauty of the head of this Pillar,together with the fruit 8c fupporters. And I believe, if Viwmnus himfelf had ever bin where this Pillar grew, he Would have chang'd all his deckings and garnUhings of Pillars , according to the form of this. And though the Corinthian Pillar be a Golumnelacivioufly deckt , likeaCurtefan, and^therein participating ("as all inventions do) of the place where tbey were firft born ; ( Corinth having been without j controverfy, one of the wautonneft Townes in the world ) yet, this) wants nothing of her beauty, and yet is chaft , which makes her the more admirable, and the more worthy to be prrfed. Onething more I have to fay of this tree, whichis not onely the root that brings forth all this beauty, but the root of much admiration and wonder 5 that , beingatree of that height, bearing atopoffovaftanextent, as from the point of the branches of one fide} to the point ofthe ftalk on the other fide, to be 7 8 foot , upon -which, the rtinde cannot but have 4 main power and force; yet, I never faw any of them blown down, nor any root of this tree bigger then a Swans quill : but there are many of them, andthey faftenthemfelves in *he Rocks, which hold theiri very firm. The wood of thistree is fo extream hard, and tough with* alhas moftoftheaxes that ate employed to fell them, arebroken m the work; andthey are well enough ferv'd, for cutting down fnch beauty. The ufe our Planters made of them at firft cbmaaing , before they knew how to make fhingles, was* to faw the bodies of thefe trees to fuch lengths, as might reach from the ridge pole, tO the Eves of the houfe 5 for, they were hollow, and then fa wing them long -wife, there were two concaves, which they laid together /fet ting the hollow fides up- ihe t cL& This plant here ex-preH is of the. iuta-fnot in ctianetre } ctnJ. the- height his orvm- tUa-metre-j Hut there have th & llan&j which have but* two foot t£-o tymes theyr onme dimnetre, ^aiw&to 'R oy a,ll le-tvst JiagnvtiuU. vema Jem. what Ufs then tootpus bvtvjome jrowinq upon- iiametre. j cutlhave- bin which ts 5 oo foot hiah. 3 u of the Jfml bf Barbadofcs. upvy^rdjarid where they clofe , one to cover th&n , with the hallow fide downward , and fo the whole houfe over. Arid this Was the ufe they made of the bodies of thefe Trees, for which. Very many oftherh weredeftroyed. But, I doubt, I havetir'd you with naming (b maby trees,and there- fore I will give over ; but, with this fufe ; that which Way fbeVet I have travelled, (from the place I dwelt) either Eaft, Weft, North, or South; (but four miles diftant ) Thave ftill found trees , fuch'a'sT had never feen before, and not one of thofe I have named, and many of them ektreamly lufge and beautifull. Artd the neerer the middle of the Hand, the larger the trees, and the leaves : fo that from trees of a hdn 1 dred foot high, to adimihution dftwenty; and from leaves of eighteen inches iong, withaptopbrtionablebreadthtothatlerigth,tothefmal ones of halfean inch, which moft of the trees bear that are neer the Bridge 9 and ? I think, neer the Sea , every Where ydu ihall'fihde many , and the moft fuch. And the reafbnlhaYe given before j tHelahHin the higheftpart of the Hand, being very 'rich moald, and that neer the Sea being a Tandy light earth. Arid in f he partihgs'or twifts of the branches of thofe trees , (which I have not named) fuch excrefcerjces grow out, as are Orange for their formes , and hb doubt triediclnablr in their natures », inch asis our Mi/leto, oxTolypj'Jtum, and much lar- ger, artd more frequent 5 but We want fkilfull'fneri, to find out their vertues. There are ( befides the Bay-leaves , which , as I told you , might fervefer Clones , Mace, and Cinafflon ) two forts of fpice's , Glfrigdr J and ted- Pepper : The Ginger being a root w hich 'brings fdrfh blades , hdttinlike'inihapetothe blades of Wheat, but broader and thicker , fot they dover thegrduhd fo, as you canridt fee any jpart of it. They are of a popinjay colour, the bloflbmea pure fcarler. When 'tis ripe wedig up the roots, ( ctfftingdfFthe blades) and put them into the hands of an Overfeer^ who fets many of the young Negres to fcrape tfcemi, w4th little knive r Sj or fmsll ifdfi ^>ud&, ground to an edge. They are to fcrape all the outward Ikinfff, to kill the fpirit ; for, wi thorn that, it will perpetuallygrbW. Tho&that ha ve 'Ginger b and not "bands; to dreffeh thus , are'eompeH'd tofcald it, to M9t> the fpirit I and that Oinger is nothing fo good as the other , for it will be hard as wbod , and black; whereas the fctapt Ginger is white and foft, and Was a clea- ner and quicker tafte. Thcreb-Wf thiskhvdfe two fort, thebrtte fo like a childs Cdrall , as not tobedifcerfled atthe diftartcebftWo paces ■■> a'crimfon an'd fcarlet mhet, the fruit about three inches lorig , and ftiines rndrethen the befr. pbrHlrtCerati. The Other, of thfcfame colour, arid glifteririg as much \ butfhap't likea large button of a Cloak; both of one andfheiame quality \ both fo violently ftrbng 4 as when We Break but the fkin, it leridsdut frith a vapour intb bur lungs , as We fall all a cdughf rig *, Which lafh a quartet of an hour afUr thfe fruit is remdved <, but, as long as we aregarbling Itj we hevfer givcover. This Spice the Spani- ards W& and will nave" it in all their meat} that they intend to have picant; for I greater Ffttgb £oo[s ndt ib the world. Garlick is fault arid edol to it-. «gtd#es ©n a UWd (htub, no bigger then a Godibery- bn(h. Having Plants that bear fruit. Cir.ger. RedPeiytr 8o 1 Cucumber. tA True and ExaU Hiftory Millons. WAlCfMil- lO/ic grapes. Tlwt'we. Having inflam'd this leafe with a burning heat, it is fit to apply a Coolerj left it fall on fire s and chat is fuch a one, as is cold in the third degree, a Cucumber* of which kind we have excellent good, from the beginning of November to the end of February J but after that, the wea- ther growes too hot. They fer ve as Sallets cold , with Oyle, Vinegar, and Pepper 5 and hot, being fte wed , or fryed, of which we make Sawce tor Mutton , Pork , Turkeyes , or Mulcovia Ducks. Geefe I never faw but two in the Hand , and thofe were acthe Governours houfe. Millons we have likewife for thofe foure months 5 but before or af- ter , the weather is too hot. They are for the moft part larger than here in England. I have feen them cut four inches thick 5 they eat moi ftertben here they do, which makes them the leffe wholfome. We take no other care (after the feeds are put into the ground 1 but to weed them. I have feen of them fix t ten inches long. The Water Millon there, is one of the goodlieft fruites that growes. I have feen of them,bigas a GIoakbag,with a fuit of clothes in it; pure- ly green, engrayl'd with ftraw colour j And fo wanton Nature is > in difpofing thofe figures , as though they be upon all parts of the fruit; yet, they vary and flow fo infinitely , as no inch of fquare or circle is to be found upon the rinde, that is like one another, and the whole rinde as fmooth as polifht glaffe. Where they put out upon the ground, there they lie 5 for the Vine they grow by, has not ftrength to remove them. This fruit within is not unlike an Apple for colour; but fortafte, not like any ft uit I know in England , waterifh, and wal- lowifb J yet the people there eat ftrange quantities of it, two or three pieces, big, as if cut round about a twelve- penny loafe, an inch thick : They hold it rarely cooling to the body , and excellent for the ft one. The feeds are of themfelves fo ftrong a Purple, as to dye that part of the fruit it touches, of the fame colour ; and till they do lo, the fruit is not full ripe: They account the largeft,beft. Extreamly full of feeds they are, which in the eating flip out with fuch eafe , as they are not at all troublefome. Grapes we have in the Hand, and they are indifferently well tafted, but they are never ripe together ; fome may be pickt cut to make Wine, but it will be fo fmall a quantity , as it will not be worth the while. There is alwaies fome green, fome ripe, fome rotten grapes in the bunch. Though the Plantine bear not the moft delitious fruit that growes on this Hand ; yet, for that fhe is of great ufe, and beauty too, and for many other rarities that fhe excellsother Plauts in , 1 (hall endeavour to do her right in my defcription. And firft , for the manner of plan- ting ; we put a root into the ground , fix inches deep , and in a very fhorttime , there will come forth three or four fprbuts , whereof one has the precedence, and holds that advantage , ( as the prime Hawke does in an Ayery). And as this fprout growes, it fprings from the in- trinfick part of the ftem, and the out-leaves hang down and rot 5 but (fill new ones come within , and rife up as the Palmeto does , like a a pike, which opened with the Sun , becomes a leafe •-, and about the time it comes to be eight or ten foot high, the pikes (and con fequently the of the Hand of Barbadoes. the leaves ) will be of their full bigneffe, and fo (as others grow) con- tinue that bigneffe, till the lad fprout come forth ; which is the foul of the Plant, and will never be a leafe , but is the (rem upon which the fruit muft grow. About the time the leaves come to their full bigneffe, they rot no more, but continue in their full beauty? a rich green, with ftripes of yellow fointermixt, as hardly to be difcerned where they are. Thefe leaves are the moft of thtm above fix foot long, and two foot broadi lmooth, mining , and ftifFe as a Lawrell leafe j and from themiddleoftheleaftothe end,fuchafall, as a feather has , in a well fliap't plume. But, as all thefe leaves came out in a pike, fo that pike ever bends a little towards the Eaft, though as foon as it becomes a a leafe , chufes any point of the Compaffe to leane to ; and fo in a due proportion , hangs round about the ftem. At the time it comes to be of the full height 5 the uppermoft leaves will be fifteen orfixteen foot high, and then you (hall perceive the ftcm upon which the fruit muft grow, more then a foot higher than the reft , with a green bunch at top; which bunch has fuch a weight, as to make it (loop by degrees, till it be but (even foot from the ground; and then the green leaves which held the bloflbmein, open, and (hew the bloffome it felfe, which is of a pure purple, and as big as the heart of a Stagg, and of that&ape, with the point downwards, and fo continues, without opening the leaves, till it be ready to fall off; and when it fa is, culls with it above afoot of the (talk that held it, which is covered with yellow bloffomes. This purple bloffome, when it fell, I gueffe to be a pound weight, befides the fta'k it took along with it. After this is fallen , the fruit growes out from that end which remained ; and as it growes, turnes up towards the (talk that bears it , much like a Grap- ple, that holds the long-Boat ofa Ship, or, as a dozen large fifh-hooks tied together, turning up feverall waies^ eachturningup of that fruit being feven or eight inches long, and as bigg as a large Battoon you walk with. In fix months, this Plant will be grown , and this fruit ripe , which is a pleafant , wholfome, and nouriftiing fruit , yellow , when 'tis ripe: But the Negres chufe to have it green , for they eat it boy I'd, and it is the only food they live upon. Our manner of eating it, is, when it is full ripe, take offthc skin, which will come off with much eafe, and then the fruit looks yellow, with a froath upon it, but the fruit firme. When it is gathered, we cut down the Plant, and give it to the Hoggs, for it will never bear more. The body of this plant is foft, (kin within (kin , like an Onyon , and between the skins, water iffues forth as you cut it. In three months, another fprout will come to bear, and fo another , and another, for ever j for, we never plant twice. Groaves we makeof thefe plants, of twenty acres of ground , and plant them at fuch diftances, and in [ uch rowes, as you do Cher- ry-trees in ic"astheoutmoftftels, or profile of the figure, may be per- fectly difcern'd, and at fuch a diftance ; the figure in the fruit of the Bonanojlhall feem as perfect as itrmuch may be faid upon this fubjed by better wits, 3nd abler fouls then mine : My contemplation being only this, that fincethofe men dwelling in that place profi fling the namesof Chriftians, and denying to preach to thofe poor ignorant harmlefs fouls the Negroes, the do&rine of Chrift Crucified, which might convert many of them tohis worftiip, he himfelfe has fet up his own Croffe, to reproach thefe men, who rather then they will loofe the hold they have of them as flaves, will deny them the benefit and bleffing of being Chriftians. Ofcherwife why is this figure fet up, for thefe to look on,that never heard of Chrift, and God never made any thing ufelefs or in vaine. Now to clofcup all that can be faid of fruits,! rnuft name the Pine, for in that fingle name, all that is excellent in a fuperlative degree, for beauty and tafte,is totally and fummarily included .* and if it were here>to fpeak for it felfe,it would fave me much labour, and do it felfe much right. 'Tis true,that it takes up double the time the Plantine does,in bringing forth the fruit^for tis a full year before it be ripe^ but* when it comes to be eaten, nothing of rare tafte can bethought on that is not thert^nor is it imaginable, that Co full a Harmony of taftes can be raifed,out of fo many parts, and all diftinguifhabie.But before I come to fay any thing of that, I will give you fome little hints of herlhape ? and manner of growth, which though Imuft acknow- ledge of the l'laud of Barbadoes, ledge my felfetobe down-eight lame, in the expreilion 3 ye_t- lather then you (halt lofe alio 1 will indeavour to reprefenc fmne or her bem- ties,in fuch faint fcxpreffions as I have. A Slip taken from the body of this plant,and fee in the ground, will net prefently take root, but the Crown that growes upon the ftuicit felie will fooner come to per feJlion then it •> and will have much more beauty all the time of growing, fa a quarter of a year,it will be afoot high, and then the leaveswillbeabout7or 8 inches long, which appears to your eyes like Setni -Circles: the middle being a little hollow, fo as I have feen a french fword, that is made for lig-htaefs and ftreng$b.. The colour focthemoft part, fro ft upon green, incer-mixt with Carnation, and upon the edges of the ieaves>reeth like thofe upon Sawes j and thefe are pure incarnadine. The leaves fall over one another, as they are plac't higher on the ftem ; the poyntsofthe loweft, couching the ground » in a quarter of a year more, you (hall perceive on the top of the ftem a Blofloine, as large as the largeft Carnal ion, but of diffe- rent colours,very fmaH flakes, Carnation, Cfimfon and Scarlet, io- termixt, fome yellow, fome blew leaves, and (bme Peach Colour, mrermixt with PurplcSky colour, and Orange taw*jy,GrkJjiiae> and Gingeline, \ybite and Ptnlyamorc. So that the Bioflame maybe faid to reprefent noany of the varieties to the light, which the fruit does to the rafte, thefe colours, will continue a week or te-aae day ts, and then wither 3ad fall away,under whichthere will appear, a little bunchofthebignefsofa Wallnut J which has in it, all thefe colours mixt,which in the bloirome were difperft^and fa gio w& bigger for t wo months more,befarc it (hews the peifeft (ha pe> which is fomawhatof an O vail (onntjbut blunt at either endj and at the upper end, growes out a Crown of leaves, much Hire thefe below for colour, but more beautifull>fome of the leaves of this Crown, fix inches long '-, the out leaves, fhorter by degrees. This fruit is inclof'd with a rind, which begins with a fcrew at the ftalk, and fo goes round till it comes to the top, or Crown, gently riling, which fcrew 19 about t of an inch broad $ and the figures, that are imbrodred upon that fcrew neer of that dimenfion, and divifion? between . And ic falls out fo, as thofe divifions, are never over one another in the fcrew, butarealwayes under the middle of the figures above, thofe figures do vary fo iq the colouring as if you feean hundred Pir»es,tbey are not one like another and every one of thofe figures,has a little tuft or beard, fome of green fome yellow,fome A(h colour v foroe Carnation. There are two forts of Pines,the King and Qiieen Pine : The Queen is farre more delicate, and has her colours of all greens, with their lhadowes internVixc, with faintCarnations 3 but moft of all froft upon green,an4 Sea greeni. The King Pine,has tor the moft p3it, all forts of yellows, with their (h> dowes intermixt withgrafs greens, and is commonly the larger Pine. I have feen fome of them x 4 inches long, and fixe inches in the diame- trejthey never grow to be above four foot high, but the moft of them bavirg heavy bodies,and (lender ftalks, leane down and reft upon the ground. Some there are, that ftand upright, and have caroming out of the ftem, below, fome fprouts of their own kind, that leave fruits which jett out from the ftem a little, and then rife upright I have %3 8 4 and cut it infixes, half e an inch thick S and as the knife goes in , there iflues out of the pores of the fruit, a liquor, cleer as tVock- water, neer about fix fpoonfulls , which is eaten with a fpoon ; and as you tafte it, you finde it in a high degree delicious, but fo milde, as yoii can diftinguifh no tafte all ; but when you bite a piece of the fruit , it is fo violently (harp , as you would think it would fetch all the fkin off your mouth , but,before your tongue have made a fecond triall upon your palat, you fhall perceive fuch a fweetneffe to follows as perfectly to cure that vigorous ftiarpnefle j and between thefe twoextieams, of (harp and fweet,lies the relifh and flaver of all fruits that are excellent; and thofe taftes will change and flow f<> faft u pon your palat , as your fancy can hardly keep way with them , to difringuifh the one from the other : and this at leaft to a tenth examination, for fo long the Eccho will laft. This fruit within, is neer of the colour of an Abricot not full ripe, and eates crifpe and inert as that does ; but it is full of pores , and thofe of fuch formes and colours , as 'tis a very beautifull fight to look on, and invites the appetite beyond meafure. Of this fruit you may eat plentifully, without any danger of furfeting , I have had ma- ny thoughts, which way this fruit might be brought into England^ but cannot fatisfie my felfe in any •-, preferv'd it cannot be, whole, for, the | rinde is fo firm and tough, as no Sugar can enter in , and if you divide it in pieces, ( the fruit being full of pores ) all the pure tafte will boyle out. 'Tis true, that the 'Dutch preferve them at I'tvnambock^ and fend them home; but they are fuch as are young, and their rinde foft and tender : But thofe never came to their full tafte , nor can we know by the tafte of them } what the others are. From the B rmudoe 5, fome have been brought hither in their full ripeneffe and perfedion, where there has been a quick paflage, and the fruites taken in the nick of t i me j but, that happens very feldome. But, that they (hould be brought from the Barbadoes , is impoffible , by reafon of the feverall Climates between. We brought in the (hip feventeen of feverall grouths , but all rotten, before we came halfe the way. Though I have faid as much as is fit , and no more than truth, of the beauty and tafte of thefe formentioned Trees and Plants, beyond which , the Sun with his mafculine force cannot beget, nor the tee- ming Earth bear j all which are proper and peculiar to the Hand j for they iAn Index to the Plat forme cr Superficies of an Ingenio,, that grinds ovfquee^s the Sugar. B c D F G H T He ground-plat, upon which the Pod or Pillars (land, that bear up the houie, or the Intercolumniation between thofe Pillars. The Pillars or Ports themfelves. The wall between the Mill-houfe and Boyling-houfe. The Circle or Circumference , where :he Horfes and Cattle go , which draw the Rol- lers about. The Sweeps to which the Horfes and Cat- tle are faftned, that draw about the Rollers. The Frame of the Ingenio. The Brackets or ButterefRs , that fupport that Frame. The Dore, that goes down ftairsto the Boyling-houfe. TheCiftern, into which the Liquor runs from the Ingenio , immediately after it is ground,and is carried in a Pipe under ground to this Cittern , where it remaines not above a day at moft. The Ciftern that holds the Temper, which is a Liquor made with alhes, fteept in water, and is no other than the Lye we waih withall in England. This Temper, we ftraw in the three laft Coppers, as the Sugar boy les, without which > it would never Corn, or be any thing but a Syrope j but the fait and tar- taroufneffe of this Temper, caufesit to turn , as Milk does, when any foure or lharpliquor is put into it; and a very fmall quantity does the work. The Boyling-houfe,. The five black Rounds are the Coppers, in which the Sugar is boyled, of which , the largeft is called the Clarifying Copper , and the leaft, the Tatch. M The Cooling Ciftern , which the Sugar is put into, prefently after it is taken ofFthe fire , and there kept till it be Milk-warm j and then it is to be put into Pots made of boards, fixteen inches fquare above , and fo grow taper to a point downward ; the Pot is com monly about thirty inches long , and will hold thirty or thirty five pounds of Su- gar. N The Dore of the Filling-room. O The Room it felfe , into which the Pots are fet, being fild , till the Sugar grow cold and hard , which will be in two daies and two nights, and then they are carried away to the Gureing-houfe. The tops of the Pots, of fixteen inches t fquare, and ftand between two ftantions of timber, which are girded together in feverall places, with wood or iron , and are thirteen or fourteen inches affunder;fo that the tops of the Pots being fixteen inches, cannot flip between , but are held up four foot from the ground. j^ The Frame where the Coppers ftand , which is raifed above the flowre or levell of the room , about a foot and a halfe , and is made of Dutch Bricks, which they call Klin- kers, and plaifter of Paris. And befides the Coppers, there are made fmall Gutters, which convey the fkimmings of the three lefler Coppers, down to the Still-houfe, whereof the ftrong Spirit is made,which they call kill-devill , and thefkimmingsofthetwo greater Coppers are conveyed another way , as worthlefle and good for nothing. R The Dore that goes down the ftairs to the fire-room , where the Furnaces are , which caufe the Coppers to boy 1; and though they cannot be expreft here , by reafon they are under the Coppers; yet, I have made fmall femi-circles , to let you fee where they are , behinde the partition- wall , which divides the fire-room from the boyling-houfe J which wall goes to the top of thehoufe, and is mark'd with the Letter (f ) as the other walls are. ? A little Gutter made in the wall, from the Ciftern that holds the firft Liquor, to the clarifying Copper , and from thence is con- veyed to the other Coppers , with Ladles tha* hold a gallon a piece , by the hands of Negres that attend that work day and night, fhifting both Negres and Cattle every four hours , who alfo convey the skimmings of the three lefler Coppers down to the Still- houfe , there to be twice diftill'd 5 the firft time it comes over the helme, it is but fmall, and is called Low- wines ; but the fecond time, it comes offthe ftrongeft Spirit or Li- quor that is potable. All Windowes. The Fire-room, where the Furnaces are, that make the Coppers boyl. The Still-houfe. TheCiftern that holds the skimmings, till it begin to be foure , till when , it will not come over the helme. The two Stills in the Still-houfe. B The Semi-circles , that (hew where about the Furnaces ftand. T u w X r z Place this after Folio 84, 8 4 Sugar Canes, with the manner of flawing } of their grouth 9 time of ripenejfe , W:th the rvho/eprocefs ofSngxr- makin?. havef high a aFath all the this fi whicl taftei (talk offth pare< of C\u fubft; whici withi it in i outo fixff hndi. no u fharj but, you vigo fwet taftc hare and Thi.' eate thof lool ma) ny t cant rinc kit out the ten the bet has tha Bar W< bei tht ining Earth bear ic tee- all which are proper and peculiar to tnc mud 3 for they The upright of the, Ingento or Mill that f que ejes a,, th e jvundaticm. or plates ofthehoufe which mu/t he of mafsey and. lafttriq timber h .the. Jram.e of th e Inoenio c . the planks thatbeare up the Blotters d . the Juvorter or frapp that hearts uppthofe planks e . the 'Rollers themfelves t . thejhaft that is jrafted into themidle. roller which turtles both the other a . the JtveVes th a-t come, over ally^ work*, and. rea-ch to y Circle where the horfes a,n,cL Cattle draw h , thehraejcetis thatkeeye thejrame Jromfhakeola whereof there Ttueftbi ' '4- or^rincLs the Suaer Ca.tx.es i . the files of -the houfe which are jironj pojts orfluddi which beare up the houfe and are pla.il ait tetifoote difbmce with 'Brackets above and below to jtrenathen- -them. for bear etna up the flutes of -the houfe about. . Jc . the out Tor azke-ts thatkeepe th e p ojls fromjlartiiw orbudduuf I . the^reatBeame to which the Shaft ofthe midle. Koller is let in. by a. acnedo in. a-Jockett and goes ojs th i midle ofth e h oufe tn. . the'brackets thatjupport thtoreat beanie and. likewife all the. Koofe of the houfe, n. . the Koofe or cover of the houfe . o The firfl. Mone of the Curehy lioufe ■where the potts Jla.n.1 vthieh holl th^ Szy er cmi is 8. forte 3 Merits- - from- the jround hmeing i^.fteps to rife of y, inches to a-Jlepp . 3. £ S 3 M / ~T :: ~T e e~ r e~p~ -to '* ^ f 4- J 2^2 In-Hex of the Cu-reino houfe . a . the name where they kneel: out the Jujer whenitis eureL, or male into whites, anl is called the knoclay name ■ when they knock it out for mufcavaJos, theyfirule the. miile of l),e joit well- eohwrel, hut the upper ami nether farts, of a browner^ colour the t-.-pp -frothy ani titjht, thebottom-verU broturu mia-juU. of Jlolojscsfbitl which they Jett afiietole loyli- agonic wiib the Mofes inthe Ctjlerns ofwhiehthey n*helcnneLj,whuh though Me anorje kmie of Jug cr in the : k l :£=T*i=£ of J&ufl h , the. -two dares itj ro m--thefzi -n.£j or t ' Scale of- fSo.foote c.the pafsagzs hetntinztbe. goUs upott theflcmr ahove d. the great paj sage inthe trddh. of the rame front end to end L. the topps of the potts which are. iS .inches fauare. andhano betweenejhznticms of W e r home up by verie -ftrong and tfUfsyJhcds orjojlr, andgirded arbract togrtber with Iron plates orwood } the length of the potts- art 1 6^ or 3.8 . inches long inade taper danmewaril and hold aoout .3 o. pound of ftia er . f . the -wails of the roome which is 100 foot Una tail A, o. foot lraa.de with in, , th ey h aa e feme ty Ji es a Jb&ric. of potts ah cue -this . c The rovml i of the Qvreiy-ioufe, of the face rvh ere the gutters ly w. \onvey / JLoloJses to f- Q,iJl Z rrts The Index to the ground roome . a. the knocking roome . b . the dares C . the vacuitU. hetmeene the gutter's d. the Cijlerns of which th ere are .4. . which held the Molofsts till they boyle it which comonly they doe one clay in a weeJte . e . all the gutters that cortva-y iheMohfses danme to the Cijlerms . f . the walls' of the rooms which areto he accomptU too foot thuk-,. ..a there areftldomt, any W uuUm *« the Curing hruf^ f, r tf* fi * ^ en^ytothecurc of the fug er r,ther bring ft*** fr.elll^dleJ coaUs t nto the roJL ej-geUaUy m, tnayjl an d r^rtie wither . V ayc Z4- CJhe Suntrfities or Jrlot i jormc of the z) 'natmo tfiat i c =13 ■c ) « c \y t r\ \lp| p|p|rlF|r|f|>li'|ylTl?lr1y|i'"T?rpT7 plplp|?|p|p|p|plp;pl?Tpip|plp lp|pip|plp|PiP X & Pt QJic QjLi^cnS^n tne of the Hand of Barbadoes. 8s they were planted thereby the great Gardiner of the World. Yet } there is one brought thither asaftranger , from beyond the Line, which has a property beyond them all; and that is the Sugar-Cane, which though it has but one iingle tafte , yet, that full fwectnefle has fuch a benign faculty, as to preferve ail the reft from corruption, which, without it, would taint and become rotten j and not only the fruits of this Hand, but of the world, which is a fpcciall preheminence due to this Plant , above all others, that the earth or world can boaft of. And that I may the more fully and amply fet her off, 1 will give youall the obfervations I made , from my firftarri vail on the Hand , when planting there, was but in its infancy , and but faintly under - ftood , to the time I left the place, when it was grown to a high per- fection. At the time we landed on this Hand , which was in the beginning of Septt-mUr , 1 647. we were informed , partly by thofe Planters we found there, and partly by our own obfervations . that the great work of Sugar-making , was but newly practifed by the inhabitants there. Some ot the troft induftrious men, having gotten Plants from Fer/.aw!ocJe 3 a place in Bra'.ill ■> and made tryallor. them at the BarL-i- ■'os i and finding them to grow, they planted more an i more, as they grew and muitiplyed on the place , till they had fuch a confiderable number, as they were worth the while to fee up a very fmall Ingenio, and fo make tryall what Sugar could be made upo.i that foyl. But, the fecrets of the work being not well underftood , the Sugars they made were very in confiderable , and little worth , for two of three years. But they finding their errours by their daily praftice,began a lit- tle to mend; and,by new directions from Sr^fotnetimesby ftrangers, and now and then by their own people, (who being covetous of the knowledge of a thing , which fo much concerned them in their parti- culars, andforthegenerall good of the whole Hand) were content fometimes to make a voyagethither , to improve their knowledge in a thiog they fo much defired. Being now made much abler to make their queries, of the fecrets of that myftery , by how much their often failings, had put them tooften ftops and nonpluffes in the work. And fo returning with more Planes, and better Knowledge , they went on upon frefh hopes, but (till fhort , of what they mould be more skilfull in: for, at our arrivall there , we found them ignorant in three main points , that much conduced to the work ; j iz. The manner of Plan- ting, the time of Gathering, and the right placing of their Coppers in their Furnaces $ as alfo, the true way of covering their Rollers , with plates or Bars of Iron : All which being rightly done, advance much in the performance of the main work. At the time of our arrivall there, we found many Sugar-works fet up, and at work } but yet the Sugars they made, were but bare-Mufcavadoes, and few of them Mer- chantablecommodkiesj fo moift, and full of molofles, and fo ill cur'd, as they were hardly worth the bringing home for Englandi But about the time I left the Hand, which was in 1650. they were much bet- ter'd ; for then they had the skill to know when the Canes were ripe , which was not , till they were fifteen months old > and before , they gathered them at twelve, which was a main difadvantage to the ma Z king 86 iA 1 rue and LxaU Hiftory king good Sugar '■> for, the liquor wanting of the fweetnelfe it ought to have , caufed the Sugars to be lean , and unfit to keep. Eefides, they were grown greater proficients, both in boyling and curing them, and had learnt the knowledge of making them white, fuch as you call Lump Sugars here in England } but not fo excellent as thofe they make in Brajill, nor is there any likeiyhood they can ever make fuch : the land there being better, and lying in a Continent, muft needs hafve conftanter and fteadier weather, and the Aire much drier and purer, than it can be in fo fmall an Hand, as that of Barhdoes . And now, fee- ing this commodity. Sugar , hath gotten fo much theftartof all the reft of thofe, that were held the ftaple Commodities of the Hand , and fo much over- top't them , as ihey are for the moft part fleighted and neglecf ed. And, for that few in England know the trouble and care of making ir, I think it convenient, in the firft place, to acquaint you, as far as my memory will ferve , with the whole procefte of the work of Sugar-making, which is now grown the foul of Trade in this Hand. And leaving to trouble you and my felf> with relating the errours our Predecefibrs fo long wandred in , I will in briefe fet down the right and beft way they pra&ifed, when I left the Hand, which, I think, will admit of no greater or farther improvement. But, before I will begin with that, I will let you fee , how much the land there hath been ad vanc'd in the profit , fincethe work of Sugar began, to the time of our landing there, which was not above five or fix years : For> before the work began, this Plantation of Major Htlii- ards, of five hundred acres , could have been purchafed for four hun- dred pound fterling 5 and now the halfe of this Plantation, with the halfeof the Stock upon it,was fold for feven,thoufand pound fterling. and it is evident , that all the land there, which has been imployed to that work , hath found the like improvment. And, I believe: when the fmall Plantations in poor mens hands, often, twenty, or thirty acres, which are too fmall to lay to that work , be bought up by grear men, and put together, into Plantations of five, fix, cr feven hundred acres, that two thirds of the Hand will be fit for Plantations of >ugar , which will make it one of the richeft Spots of earth under the Sun. And now, finee I have put my felfeupon this Difcovery , 1 think it fit to let you know the natureof the Plant , the right vray of planting it, the manner of growth, the time of growing toripenefle, the manner of cutting, bringing home, the place whereto lay them, being brought home, the time they may lie there, without fpoile, the manner of grinding or fqueezing them, the conveyance of the liquor to the Ci fterns, how long it may ftay there without harme, the manner of boy- ling and skimming , with the conveyance of the skimmings into the Cifterns,in the Still-houfe , the manner of diftillingit , which makes the ftrongeft Spirits that men can drink, with the temper to be put in j what the temper is, the time ot cooling the Sugar before ic be put into the Pots; thetimeitftaiesin theCureing houfe, before it be good Mufcavado Sugar. And laft, the making of it into Whites, which we call Lump-Sugar. Firft then, it is fit to fet down } what manner of place is to be cho- fen, of the Hand of Barbadoes. fen , to let this Sugar- work, or Irrgenio, upon 1 j and it mu ft bfc the brow ofafmalihill , that hath within the compalfc of eighty foot, twelve foot defcenr, itz,. from the grinding p'la'cCjwhich is tht higheft ground, and (lands upon a flat , to the Still hotrfej arid chat by t-hefe defcents : From the grinding place to the boy ling houfe, four roof aftd a halfe, from thence to the fire-room, feven foot and a ha'fei and fome little defcent to the Still houfe. And the reafon of thefe defcents are thefe^thetop ofrhe Cittern, into which the fir ft liquor runs, is, aWd unuftbe, fomewhat lower than the Pipe that conVaies it, and tr¥at is a little under ground. Then, the liquor which runs from that Cittern muft ventit felfeat the bottom , otherwife it cannot run all out; and that Cittern is two foot and a halfe deep: and fo, running upon a little defcent, to the clarifying Copper , which is a foat and a halfe above the flowre ofrhe Boyling houfe, (and fo is the whole Frame, whetfe all the Coppers ftandj; it muft of necefiity fall out, thac the flowteof the Boyling houfe muft be below theflowieof the Mill-houfe, four foot and a halfe. Then admit the largeft Copper be a foot and a halte deep, the bottom of the Copper will be lower then the flowre ofthe Boyling-houfe, by a foot-, the bottom of the Furnaces muft be three foot bclcw the Coppers} and the holes undtr the Furnaces,in'0 which theafhes fall, is three toot below the bottom of the Furnaces : A little more fall is required to the Still-houfe, and fo the account is made up. Upon what placethe Sugar-work is tobe fet, I have drawn two' Wlotp, that expreffe more than language can do, to which I refer you-. And fo I have done with the Ingenio^and now to the work I promifed, which I fhall be briefe in. When I firft arrived upon the Hand , it was in my purpofe , fo ob fefve their feverall manners of planting and hufbandry there } and be- caufe this Plant was of greateft value andeft'eem, I defired firft the knowledge of it. I faw by the growth , as well as by what I had been told, that it was a ftrong and iufty Plant, and fo vigorous, as where it grew, to forbid all Weeds to grow very neer it -, fo thirftily it fuck t the earth for nourimment , to maintain its own health and gal- lantry. But the Planters, though they knew this to be true, yet, by their manner of Planting, did nor rightly purfue their own knowledges for their manner was, to dig linail holes, at three foot diftance, or there about , and pur in the Plants endwife, with a little ttooping i fo that each Plant brought not forth above three or fourefprouts at the mofr, and they being all faftned to one root, when they grew large, tall, and heavy, and ftormes of windeand rain came, ( and thofe raines there, fall with much violence and weight) the rootes were loofened, and the Ganes lodged, and fo became rotten, and unfit for fervice in making good Sugar. And befides, the roots being faraflunder, weedesgrew up between, and worfe then all weeds, Withs, which are of a ftronger grouth then the Canes, and do much mifchiefe where they ate j for, they winde about them , and pull them down to the ground, as dif- daining to fee a prouder Plant than themfelves. But experience taught us, that this way of planting was moft pernicious, and therefore were refolved to try another, which is, without queftion, thebeft; and that is, 8? 88 and at two foot diftance, another of the fame , and lb a third, and fourth, till you have finifiVd all the laud you intend to plant at that time ." For, you Diuft not plant too much at once, but have it to grow ripe fucceflively, that your work may come in order, to keep you (till doing i tor, if it fhould be ripe altoge- ther, you are not able to work it foi and then for want of cutting, they would rot, and growtolofle: By planting it thus along, two together, every knot will have a fprout , and fo a particular root , and by the means of that, be the more firmer fixt in the ground , and the better able to endure the winde and weather , and by their thick growing together , be the (tronger to fupport one another. By that time they have been in the ground a month, you (hall perceive them to appear, like a land of green Wheat in England , that is high enough to hide a Hare; and in a month more, two foot high at leaft. But. upon the firft months growth, thofe that are carefull, and the beft hu(bands , com- mand their Overfeers tofearch, if any weeds have taken root, and de ftrovthem, or if any of the Plants fail , and fupply them; for where the Plants are wanting, weeds will grow 5 for, the ground is too ver- tuous to be idle. Or, if any Withs grow in thofe vacant places, they will fpread very far , and do much harm, pulling down all the Ganes they can reach to. If this hufbandry be not ufed when the Canes are young, it will be too late to finde a remedy ; for, when they are grown to a height, the blades will become rough and (harp in the fides , and fo cut the skins oftheNegres, as the blood will follow 5 for their bo- dies, leggs, and feet, being uncloathed and bare, cannot enter the Canes without fmart and loffe of blood , which they will not endure. Befides if the Overfeers (lay too long", before they repair rhefe void places , by new Plants , they will never be ripe together , which is a very great harm to the whole field , for wh'u h there is but one reme- cy, and thatalmoft as ill as the difeafe, which is, by burning the whole field, by which they lofe all the time they have grown : But the roots continuing fecure from the fire, there arifes a new fpring alto- ! gether > fo that to repair this loffe of time, they have only this recom- pence, which is, by burning an army of the main enemies to their pro- fit Rats, which do infinite harm in the Hand, by gnawing the Canes , which prefently after will rot, and become u : fervicable in the work of Sugar . And that they may do this juftice the more feverely, they begin to make their fire at the out-fides of that land of Canes they »meantoburn, and fo drive them to the middle, where at la(t the fire comes, and burnes them all; and this great execution they put often in practice, without A (fifes orSellions ■> for, there are not fo great ene- mies to the Canes,asthefe Vermine: as alfotothe Houfes, where they llay up their (lores of Corn and other pro virions j andlikewife indwel- ling houfes for their vi&ualls. For, when the great down- falls of rain come, which is in November and December , and in the time of the Tur. nado. of the Hand of Barbadoes. nado, they leave the field,and fhelter themfelves in the dwelling houfes where they do much mifchiefe. The Canes with their tops or blades, doe commonly grow to be eight foot high^the Canes themfelves, are commonly five or lixe foot,( Ihavefeen fome double that length but 'tis but feldome) the bodyes of them,about an inch diametre, the knots about five or fix inches diftant one from another, many times three or four inches fome more,fome Iefle 3 for there is no cercaine rule for that j the colour ofthe blades, and tops, pure grafs green 5 but the Ganes themfelves, when they are ripe of a deep Popinjay jand then they yeeld the greater quantity,and fuller ,and fweeter juyce. The manner of cutting them is with little hand bills.about fixe inches from the ground $ at which time they divide rhe tops, from the Canes, which they do with the fame bills, at one ftroake } and then holding the Canes by the upper end : they ftrip off all the blades that grow by the fides of the Canes, which tops and blades,are bound up in faggots, and put into Carts, to carry home; for without thefe, our HorftS and Cattle are not able tawork,thepafturebeingfoextreameharfh andfaplef»,but with thefe they are vety well nourifht ; and kept in heart. The Canes we I.ke- wife binde up in faggots, at the fame timej and rhofe are cotmnonly brought home upon the backs of a flint goes, and we ufe the fafbion of De-iot.lbirejxi that kind of Hufbandry, (for there we learnt it ) which is fmall pack f add les, and crookes, which fer ve our purpoles very fitly, laying upon each Crook a faggot and one a top, fo that So un'derftanding this little bcaft is in performing his duty. The place where thtiy unload, is a little platforme of ground, which is contiguous to the Mill -houfe, which they call a Barbycu^bont 30 foot long,and 1 o foot broad ; done abnut with a double rayle,to keep the Canes fromfaling out of that room^whereone or two^or more, ( who have other work to do in the Mill houfe,) when they fee the Jtfinigves commmfy and make a flop there> are ready to unloade them, and fo turning them back againe , they go immediately to the field, there to take in frefh loadingjfo that they may not unfitly becompafd to Bees '-, the one fetching home honey, the other fugai : being laid on the Bjrlycu, we work them out cleane, and leave none to grow ftale, for if they fhould be mnre then two dayes old 3 the juyce will grow lower, and ti.en they will not be fit to worke,for their fourenefs will infect the reft s The longeiltime they ffay,after they are cut.to the timeofgunding, is from Saturday evening,to Munday morning,at one or two a clock 5 and the necc ffity of Sunday comming between, (upon which we do not work)caufes us to fray folong,which other wife we would not doe. The manner of grinding them,is this, the Horfes and Cattle being put to their tackle: they go about,and by their force turne ( by the fweepsj the middle roller; which being Cog'd to the other two, at both ends, turne them about; and they all three, turning upon their Centres, which are of Brafs and Steele go very eafily of themfelves, and fo eafie, as a mans taking hold, of one ofthe fweeps , with his hand will turne all the rollers about with much cafe. But when the Canes are put in be- A a tween 89 oo to keep the tach from burning, and fo fill it up out of the next, and that out of the third, and chat out of the fourth, and that out of the Clarifying Copper, and fofrom-the Ci- ftern, and fo from the Mill -houfe or Ingenio. And fo the work goes on, from Mun day morning at one a clock, till Saturday night, ( at which time the fire in the F urnaccs are put out) all houres of the day and night, with freih fupplies of Men, Horfes , and Cattle. The Li- quor being come to fuch a coolnclle, as it is fit to be put into the Pocs, tney bring them neer the Cooler , and flopping firft the fharp end of the Pot (which is the bottom ) with Plantine leaves, ( and the paffage there no bigger, tlfn a mans ringer will go in at ) they fill the Pot, and fet it between the ftantions , in the filling room , where it ftaies till it be thorough cold, which will be in twodaies and two nights 5 and then if the Sugar be good , knock upon it with the knuckle of your finger, as you would do upon an earthen pot , to trie whether it be whole, and it will give a foundibutif the Sugar be very ill, it will nei- ther be very hard, nor give any found. It is then to be removed into the Cureing houfe, and fet between ftantions there: Bat firft, the floppies are to be pull'd out of the bottom of the pots, that the Mo- lofii-smay vent it felfe at that hole, and fo drop down upon a gutter of board , hollowed in the middle , which conveyeth the MololTes from one to another, till itbe come into the Ciftein$.,oi which there is commonly foure^at either corner one 5 and there remains, till it rife to a good quantity, and then they boylit again, and of that they make Penelcs , a kindeofSugarfomewhatinteiiour to the Mufcavado ; but yet will fweeten indifferently well, and fome of it very well coloured. fhe pots being thus opened at the bottoms, the Moloffes drops out, but fo flowly, as hardly to vent it felfe in a month , in which time , t he I>ugar ought to be well cur'de ; and therefore they thought fit, to ihruft a fpike of wood in at the bottom , that fhouid reach to the top , hoping by that means, to make way for the Moloffes to have the fpecdier paffage: But they found little amendment in the purging , and the reafon was this, the fpike as it went in, preftthe Sugar fo hard , as it ftopt all pores of paffage for the Moloffes. So finding no good to come of this, they devis'd another way, and that was, by ma- king an augureof Iron , which inftrument cuts his way, without pref- fingtheSugar, and by that means the MololTes had a free paffage:, without any obfhu&ion at all. And fo the Sugar was well cur'd in a month. Asforthemannet;ofufingit,afteritis cur'djyou (hall findeit fet down in my Index,tothe plot of the Cureing houfe. And this is the. whole proceffe of making the.Mufcavado-Sugar , whereof fome is bet- ter, and fome worfe , as the Canes are j fur, ill Canes can never make good Sugar. I call thofe ill, that are gathered either before or after the time of fuchripeneffe, or are eaten by Rats, and fo confequendy rotten , or pull'd down by Withes , or lodg'd by foule weather, either of which, will ferve to fpoil fuch Sugar as is made of them. At the time they expeft it fhouid 'be well cur'd, they take the pots from the ftantions in theCuring-houfe, and bring them to the knocking room , which you fhall finde upon the plot of the cureing houfe ; and turning it up- fide 9' iA 1 rue and ExaU tiiftory fide down, they knock the pot hard againft the ground, and the Sugar comes whole out , as a bullet out ot a mold > and when it is out, you may perceive three forts of colours in the pot , the tops fomewhac brownifh, and of a frothy light fubftance S the bottom of a much dar- ker colour, but heavy, grofle, moift, and full of mololTcs 5 boch which they cut away, and rellerve to be boyl'd again, with the moloiTes for peneles : The middle part, which is more then two thirds of the whole pot, and lookcsofa blight colour, drieand fweet, they lay by it felfe, and fend it down daily upon the backs, of Affinigoes and Ca- mells, in leather baggs, with a tarr'd cloth ovcr,to their Store-houfes at the : Bridge, there tobe put in Caskes and Chefts**to befhip't away for E/tgUndiOT any other parts of the World , where thebeft market is. Though this care be taken, and this courfeufed, by the beft hus- bands , and thofe that refpeft their credits , as, Collonell James Drax , Collonell Wairond, Mr. RayMS, and fome others that I know there 5 yet, the greater number, when they knockout their Sugars, let all go to- gether, both bottom and top, and fo let the better bear out the worfe. But , when they come to the Merchant to be fold , they wi A not give above 3 1. 10 s. for the one, and for the other, above 6 1. 4 s. And thofe that ufe this care, have fuch credit with the Buyer, as thty fcarce open the Cask to make a tryall j fo well they areaiTured of thegoodnelTe of the Sugars they make* as, of Collonell James Drax, Collonell Wthond , Mr. Raii.es , and fome others in the Hand that I know. I have yet faid nothing of making white Sugars , but that is much quicker faid than done : For, though the Mufcavado Sugar, req uire but a months time to make it fo, afcer it is boyl'd S yet, the Whites re- quire four months, and it is only this. Take clay, and temper it with water, to the thickneffe of Frumenty, or Peafe pottage, and poure it on the top of the Mufcavado Sugar , ask ftandsin~thepot, in the Curting houfe, and there let it remain four months ^ and if the clay crack and open , that the aire come in, clofeit up with fome of the fame,either with your band, era fmall Frowell. And when you knock open thefe pots , you fhallfinde a difference, both in the colourand goodneffe, of the top and bottom, being but to fuch a degree, as may berank'd with Mufcavadoesibut the middle, perfect White, and ex- cellent Lump-Sugar , the beft of which willfell in London for 20 d. a pound. I do not remember I have left unfaid any -thing, that conduces to the work of Sugar-making , unleffe it be, fometimes after great rail*, ( which moiften the aire more then ordinary ) to lay it out upon fair daiesin the Sun , uponcloaths, or in the knocking room, and fome- timek to bring in pans of coals, well kindled, into the Cureing houfe. If I have omitted any thing here, you fhall finde itfupplyed in the Indexes of my Plots. As for diftilling the skimmings, which run down to the Still houfe , from the threelefler Coppers, it is only this : After it has remained in theCifterns, which my plot fhewes you in the Still houfe, till it be a little foure , ( for till then , the Spirits will not rife in the Still ) the rirft Spirit that comes off, is a fmall Liquor, which we call Low- of the Hand af Barbadoes. low-YVines, which Liquor we put into the Still , and draw it oiiV gain} and of that comes foftronga Spirit, as a candle being brought to a neer diitance, to the bung of a Hogfhead or But, where ic is kept , the Spirks will flie to it, and taking hold of it, bring the fire down to the veffell, and let all a fire, which immediately breakes the veffell, and becomes a flams 5 burning all about it that is combuftibk- matter. We loft an excellent Negre by fuch an accident , who bringing a Jar of this Spirit, from the Still-houfe, to the Drink-room, in the night, not knowing the force of the liquor he carried , brought the candle fomewhat neerer than he ought , that he might the better fee how to put it into the Funnell, which conveyed it into the Butt. But the Spirit bein^ ftirr'dby that motion , flew out, and got hold of the flame of the Candle , and fo fet all on fire , and burnt the po >r Nrgre to death, who was an excellent fervant. And if he had in the inftanc of firing, clapt his hand upon the bung, all had been fived ■> but he that knew not that cure, loft the whole veiFell of Spirits, and his life to boot. So that upon this inifad venture, a ftfiiS command was given , that none of thofe Spirits Ihould be brought to thj Drink-room ever after in the night, nor no fire or candle ever to co.n.e in there. This drink, though it had the ill hap to kill one Negre, yet it has had the vertue to cure manyjfor when they are ill , with taking cold, (which often they are) and very well they may , having nothing un- der them in the night but a board, upon which they lie, nor any thing to cover them : And though thedaies be hot, the nights are cold, and that change cannot but work upon their bodies, though they be hardy people. Befides, comnrng home hot and fweating in the evening, fit- ting or lying down , muft needs be the occafion of taking cold , and fometimes breeds fickneffes amongft them,which when they feel-they complain to the Apothecary of the Plantation, which wecall Doftor, and hegives them everyone adram cup of this Spirit , and thatisa prefent cure. And as this drink is of great ufe, to cure and refrefh the poorNegres , whom we ought to have a fpeciallcare of , by the la- bour of whofe hands, our profit is brought in 5 foiskhelpfull to our Chriftian Servants too j for, when their fpirits are exhaufted, by their hard labour, and fweating in the Sun, ten hours every day, they find their ftomacks debilitated, and much weakned in their vigour every way, adram or two of this Spirit, is a great comfort and refrelhing to them. This drink is alfo a commodity of good value in the Planta- tion ^ for we fend it down to the Eiiibje , and there put it off to thofe that retail ir. Some they fell to the Ships, and is tranfposted intofor- raign parts, and drunk by the way. Some they fell to fuch Planters, as have no Sugar works of their owne , yet drink exceflively of it, for they buy it at eafic rates •, halfe a crown a gallon was the price , the time that I was thert^ but they were then purpoflngto raifethe price to a deerer rate. They make weekly, as long as they work , of fuch a Plantation as this 50 1 fterliag, befides what is drunk by their fervants and flaves. And now for a clofe of this work of Sugar, I will let you fee, by way Bb of 9; 94 ejl True and ExaB Hiflory of eftim«*te,to what a Revenue this Hand is raifed > and, in my opini- on, not improbable. If you will be pleafed to look back to the extent of the Hand , you (hall find , by taking a medium of the length and breadth of it , that there is contained in the Hand 392 fquare miles , 28 112 28 392 out of which we will fubftraft a third part, which is the rood remote part of the Hand from the Bridge, where all, or the moft part of Trade is, which by many deep and fteep Gullies interpofing , the paffage is in a manner ftop'd : befides, the Land there is not fo rich and fit to bear Ganes as the other 5 but may be very ufefull for planting pro- vifions of Corn, Yearns, Bonavifta, Caffavie, Potatoes; and like wife of Fruites, as, Oranges, Limons, Lymes, Plantines, Bonanoes; asalfo, for breeding Hoggs, Sheep, Goats, Cattle, and Poultry, to furnifh the reft of the Hand , that want thofe Commodities. For which reafons , we willfubftraft a third part from 392. and that is 130. and fo the re- tt3 3*2 13° 2^2 maining f is 262 fquare miles 5 the greateft part of which may be laid to Sugar- works , and fome to be allowed and fet out for fmall Plantations, which are not able to raife a Sugar-work or fet up an In- genio, by reafon of the paucity of acres, being not above twenty, thir- ty ,or forty acres in a Plantation; but thcfe will be fit to bear Tobacco, Ginger, Cotten-wool, Maies, Yeames, and Potatoes ; as alio for bree- ding Hoggs. But moft of thefe will in (hort time , be bought up by great men, and laid together , into Plantations of five, fixe, and feven hundred acres. And then we may make our computation thus, •iik. A mile fquare will contain 640 acres of land, and here we fee is 161 acres, being f of the Hand. So then, we multiply 262 . by 640. and the produft will amount unto 167680. Now we will put the cafe, that fome of thofe men that have fmall Plantations, will not fell them, but keep them for provifions , which they may live plentifully upon; for thofe provifions they raife. will fell at good rates ; for which ufe , will fet out thirty thoufand acres. So then we fubftraft 30000 we acres from 167680 and there will remain 137680 acres, to be for Sugar- works, out of which , f may be planted with Ganes, the other a for Wood, Pafture, and Provifions , which muft fupport the Plan- tations, according to the fcale of Collonell tModifortfs Plantation , as I find of the Hand of Barbadoes. 95 640 262 1280 3840 1280 16768c 30000 137680 iiy^Sfir f 27536 nny ^27536 55072 faid before. Now thefe two fifts are, as you fee 55072 acres , and an acre or good Canes will yield 4000 pound weight of Sugar , and none will yield lelfe then 2000 weight} but we will take a Alcdium^and reft upon 3 000 weight, upon which we will make our computation , and fet our priceupon the Sugar, according to the loweft rates, which (hall be 3 d.perpound,asitisMufcavado, to be fold upon the Hand, at the Bridge. In fifteen months the Canes will be ripe, and in a month more, they will be well cur'd, and ready to be caft up, and (towed in the Ware houfe. So here, we make our computation upon the place, and fay, 3000 threepences is 37 1. ios, ten acres of which is 375 ). fterling.So then we fay, if 10 acres of Canes will produce 375 1. what (hall 55072. which is the number ofacres contained upon thef of the land,allotted for Sugar Plantations,upon which the Canes muftgrow: and by the Rule of 3. we finde, that it amounts to 2065200. infix- teen months: Now add four months more to the time of cureing , and 55072 375 10 37*1- 55072^-— ao65»ocil. 275360 385504 165216 2065200^0 2065 2 °° 4130400 1032600 30^7800 3097800 **- 610560© making it into whites, which is that we call Lump- Sugar in England 8 and then the price will be doubled to 41 30400. out or which we will abate J for wafte , and what is cut off from the tops and bottoms of the pots, which will be good Mu fca vadoes ; but we will abate for that, and wafte J which is 1032600. and that we will fubftrafi from 41 30400. and there remaines 3097800. which is the totall of the re- venue QO and all by the fweet Ne- gotiation of Sugar? One Vegetable we have on the Hand, which will neither become thenameofaTree,noraPlant$andthatisaWithe ; wliich is in fome refped, the harmefulleft weed that can grow j for it pulls downe all that it can reach to,Canes, and all other fmall plants, it makes nothing of. of the Hani of Barbadoes. 9» of} ifitbefuffer d to look up in aGarden,it will wind about all Herbs and Plants that have ftalks,pull them down and dcftroy them ;,or if it find the way into any Orchard, it will clime up by the bodies of the trees, into the branches, and there inwrap them fo, astodrawthem (as it were ) into a purfe,( for out of the maine ftalk, hundreds of f mal (prigs will grow ;) and if any other tree be fo neer as to touch it,it will find the way to it, and pull the tops of them together, and utterly disfigure the trees,and hinder thegrowth of the fruit j and if you cut the maine ftalk below,neer the root in hope to kill it, the moyiture a- bove in the branches, will thruft down a vine into the ground,and get a new root: Nay this is not all the mifchiefe, for it will reach the high- eft timber,and involve and enwrap fo the branches, as to hinder their growths, and many times faften one treeto another, that onelhall I hinder the growth or another . A couple of Colonel Diaxss Axemen., ' were felling a tree, and about the time it began to bend, that they perceiv'd which way it would fail, got cleare on the other fide, and thought them felvesfafe : But this being faftned to another, by irron^ withes, pull'd a great branch of that tree after it, which fell upon tht fellers, and bruifed them fo, as they hardly fcap'd with their lives. Cleere a paffage ot tenne foot broad, that goes between a wood and a land of Canes overnight,and come next morning, and you (hall find the way croft all over with Withs.and got neere the Canes •■> So that if you had left your vifit till the next day, they had gotten into the Canes, and then it would be too late to help: for when they are mixt with them you cannot deftroy the one without the other, for where- foever they touch ground they get new roots, and fo creep into everyplace, and as they go pull down all. Thefe harmetull Withs, have,with all thefe vices,fome virtues. They ferve for all ufes,where roaps or cords are required,as for binding our Wood and Canes into faggots,pr what elfe roapes are needfull for ; and without them we were in ill condition, for we have not any wood fit to make hoops for hoglheads, barrels, tubbs, or whatnot 5 and we can havethem,of what length and bigneflfe we pleafe, and they are for that ufe very good. Severall kinds of thefe Withs there are, fome that beare fruit, fomewhat bigger then the Cod of a Beane,which being divided long- wife with a (harp knife, you (hall perceive the moft various and beau- tiful left Colours that can be,and fo well matcht, as to make up a very great beauty. Feliadofen acres of wood, goingoninaftraightline, and when thegroundiscleered,the (ide of that wood you left (landing, will be likvrwife in the fame ftrait line, and in a few years ihefe Withs wili mount,to the tops of the trees, which are for the moft part, eighty or 100. foot high, and from that top to the ground,ontheoutfideofthe wood,all willbecover'd with leaves, and thofe are broad, green, and (hining, fo that if you be abfent from the place two or three years, and look to find a wood, you find a fiire green Guttaine, 500 paces long 5 and 80 foot high, which is as pretty a dfceptio 'vifus , as you can find any where ; and this is one of the pleafanreft Viftos in the Hand, the fame things are done in the mouths or entrances of Caves, where C c you 9 8 iA True and ExaU Hiftory Aloes. you (hall find a Cave large enough to hold 500 men, and the mouth ofit,cover'd with a green curtaine, 40 foot high, and 200 foot long 5 and fo dole a Curtaineit is ( the vines being wrapt and interwove one into anocher)as without putting it afide, you can hardly have light to read by. Thefe Caves are very frequent in the Hand, and of feverall dimen- fions, fome fmall, others extreamly large and Capacious : The run- away Negres,often (helter themfelves in thefe Coverts,for a long time and in the night range abroad the Countrey,and fteale Pigs, Plantins , Potatoes,and Pullin,and bring it there '-, and feaft all day, upon what they ftole the night beforehand the nights being darke, and their bo- dies black,they fcapeundifcern'd. There is nothing in that Gountrey, fo ufefull as Liam Hounds, to find out thefe theeves. I have gone into divers of thofe Caves, totrye what kind of ayre is to be found there ; and have felt it fo clofe, and moy ft with all, as my breath was neer ftopt ; and I doe beltive, ifl (hould remaine there but one night, I fhould never come out a- gaine. I have often wondred, why fuch vaft Caves and Rocks fhould not afford feme fprings of water ; the ayre which touches them, being fo verymoyftjlorwe fee in England, where Rocks are, Springs of water iffue out^and fometimes(when wet weather isjthe moyfture hangs up- on the Recks in drops, and fo runns down and finds a way to vent it felfe, into fmall bibling S prings } But here it does not fo, though the Ayre be much moyfter than in England 5 But certainly the reafon is the extraordinary drineffe, and fpungineffe of the ftone 5 which fucks up all moyfture that touches it ; and yet it is never fatif- fied. I had it in my thoughts, to make an EfTay, what Sir Francis Bacons experiment folitarie,touching the making of Artificiall Springs would doei but troughs of that ftone, being of fo dry and fpungy a quality, would never have been fit for it, befides we have no brakes growing there,which is one of the materials uf'd in that experiment. Another fort of Withs we have, but they are made of the gum of trees,which falls from the boughes, drop after drop) one hanging by another,till they touch ground; from whence they receive fome nou- rifhment, which gives them power to grow larger, and if it happen that three or four of them,come down foneie one another as to touch and the wind twift them together 5 they appeare fo like ropes, as they cannot be difcernd five paces off, whether it be a rope or a withe. I have feen of thefe of feverall fifes, from the finalleft whip cord to the greateft Cable of the Soveraine ; and the moft of thofe timber trees I havenamed,has themjfome.four, fome five, fome halfe a dozen, hang- ing down like Bell ropes, from the branches to the ground, which was a fight of much rarity tomeatfirftcomming. Aloes we have growing here, very good, and 'tis a beautifull plant 5 the leaves four inches broad, \ of an inch thick, and about a foot and a halfe long;with prickles on each fide, and the laft fprout which rifes up in the middle,beares yellow flowres,one above another^ and thofe flowres are higher then any of the leavesj by two foot ; Thefe thick leaves of the Hand of Barbadoes. leaves we take , and cut them through, aad out of them iffuetheA" loes, which we fet in the Sun, andthatwill rarifieit , and make it fit to keep. But it is the firft comming which we fave ;for,if we let it run too long, the fecond running will be much worfe ; but, before that comes, we throw away the leafe- The leaves of this Plant, (which we c&Wfemperii-bens in England 3 andgrowes neer the fire in Kitchins, hung up to a beam, with an oyld clout about the root ) with the inner bark ot Elder, and fame other ingredients, boyl'd in Sallet-oyle, is the belt medicine in the world for a burn or a fcald , being presently ap- plyed 5 and for that the medicine is beyond all that ever was, for that cure, I will fet it down, and 'tis this. Take Se mper livens ^ Plantine leaves, and the green rinde of Elder , of each a like quantity , and boyl them in Sallet-oyle, fo much as will draw out all that tindf ure by boyling ; then ftrain the Oyle well out , and put it on the fire again , and put to it a fmall quantity of fpint of Wine, and fo much yellow Wax, as will bring it to the confiftanceof a Liniment. One other Plant we have, and that is the Senfible plant , which clo fes the leavs upon any touch with your hand, or that end of your {faff by which you hold, and in a little time will open again- There are very few Flowers in the Hand , and none of them fweet » as, the white Lilly, which growes in the woods, and is much a fairer flower then ours; as alfo a red Lilly, of the fame bigneffef| but neither of them fweet. The St. Jago flower is very beautifull, but of a naufe- ous favour. One more we have, and that muft not be Forgotten for the rarity, becaufe it opens , when all elfe clofe 1 , when the Sun goes down 5 and for that reafon we call it , the flower of the Moon : It growes in great tuffs , the leaves almoft in the form of a Heart , the point turning back, the flower fomewhat bigger then a Primrofe, but of the pureft purple that ever I beheld. When this flower falls off, the feed appears, which is black* with an eye of purple 5 (hap'd , and of the fife of a fmall button, fo finely wrought, and toughwithall, asit might ferve very Mtell to trim a fuit of apparell. I know no herbs naturally growing in the Hand, that have not been brought thither from other parts, but Purcelane > and that growes fo univerfally , as theover-much plenty makes it difefteemed S and we deftrov it as a Weed that cumbers the ground. Roiemary, Time, Winter Savory, fweet Marjerom, pot Marjerom, Parfley, Penniroyall, Camomile, Sage, Tanfie, Lavender , Lavender- Cotten, Garlick,Onyons, Golworts, Cabbage « Turnips, Redifhes, Marigolds, Lettice,Taragon, Southernwood. All thefe I carried with me in feeds, and all grew and proipered well. Leek Seed I had, 99 Flowers. Herbs ana Roots. which appeared to me very frefh and good; but it never came up. Rofe trees we have, but they never bear flowers. There is a Root , of which fome of the Negres brought the Seeds , and planted there, and they grew : 'Tis a very large Root, drie, and welltafted; the manner of planting it is, to make little hiils, as big as Mole-hills , and plant the feed a top , and as foon as it puts forth the (talks they turn down to the ground, on either fide, and then as they touch it, they thruft up a ftalk , not unlike anAfparagus, but of a purple lOO sA True and ExaU Hiftory Strength of the I land by Nature to Seaward. ■ Captain Burrows. Strength of the lland within land. HowGover- ned 3 & how Divided. purple colour. Thefe being gathered, and eaten as a Sallet, with oyle ; vinegar, and fait, will ferve an ordinary pallet, where no better is to be had : But the root truly is very good meat , boyl'd with powdred pork, and eaten with butter , vinegar, and pepper. Moft of thefe roots are as large, as three ofthebiggeft Turnips we have \x\ England. We carried divers of them to Sea, for our provifion , which ftood us in good ftead, and would have ferv'd us plentifully in our great wantofvidtuallsi but the Rats (of which we had infinite numbers a- board) rob'd us of the moft part. That part of the Hand which lies to the windeward , and is part jEaft, part North , the ftormesand ftiffe windes comming from thole points , have fo waih'd away all earthly fubftance , as there remaines nothing but fteep Rocks } and the Sea being very deep on that fide, the Anchors will hardly touch the bottom , though the Cables be long} fo that what Ship foever rides on that fide, comes at herowne perill. Contrarily, if any Ship be under Sail, on the Leeward fide , and goes but fo far out, as to lofe the fhelter of the Hand, it is certain to be carried away down to the leeward Hands, and then it will be a very hard work to beat it up again , without putting out into the Main. So that there can hardly be any fafe landing , but where the Harbours and Baies are, which lie to the Southwcft i and thofe places are fo de- fenfible by Nature, as with fmall cofts, they may be very ftrongly for- tified. But they have been much negleBed by the Proprietor^ for which rea- fon, (and fome others) the Planters refufed to call him by that name. There was a Gentleman in the Hand , who pretended to be a Souldier, and an Ingeneer , that undertook to fortifie all the landing places , and tofurniftl them with fuch ftore of Artillery , as (hould be fuflBci- ent to defend them •, provided, he might have the Excife paid to him for feven years , which was promifed by the Governour and Afiem- bly. Whereupon he went to work, and made fuch a Fort , as when abler Ingeneers came upon the Hand , they found to be moft pernici- ous* for, commanding all the Harbour , and not of frrength to defend itfelfe, if it were taken by an enemy , might do much harm to the land- ward. So that at my comming from thence, they were pulling it down, and inftead of it, to make Trenches, and Rampicrs, with Pallifadoes, Horn- works, Curtains, and Courier- fcarfes: and having left a very good Fortification of ftanding wood , round about the I land, near the Sea, thefe were thought as much as needed for their defence , againft the landing of any forraign Forces , and for their frrength within. They built three Forts, one for a Magazine, to lay their Amonition, and Powder in •-, the other two, to make their retreats upon all occafU ons. At my comming from thence , they were abe tomufter ten thoufand Foot, as good men, and as reiolute, as any in ihe world, and a thoufand good Horfe ; aud this was the ftrength of the lland about the time I came away. They Govern thereby the Lawes of 'England , for all Criminall, Ci- vill, Martiall, Ecclefiafticall,and Maritime affairs. This Law is adminiffred by a Governour ,and ten of his Councill , four Courts of ordinary Juftice , in Civil! caufes , which divide the land of the Hand of Barbados JO laod in four Circuits 5 Juftices of Peace, Conftables , Churchwar- dens, and Tit hing-men : five Seffions in the year , for tryall ot Crimi nail caufes, and all Appeals fiom inferiour Courts, inCivill caufes. And when tne Governour pleafes to call an Aflembly , for the fu preamCouttof all, forthelaft Appeales, for miking new Lawes,and abolifhing old, according tooccafion , in nature or the Parliament ot England, and accordingly confifts of the Governour, as Supream, his Council!, in nature of the Peers, and twoBurgefles chofen by every Parifh for the reft. 1 he Hand iscUvided into eleven Parifhes No Tithes paid to the Minifter , but a yearly allowance of a pound of Tobacco , upon an acre of every mans land , belldes certain Churcn-duties , of Manages, Chrifttnings, and Burialls. A ftandingCommiffion theie was alfo, for punifhing Adultery and Fornication, though rarely put in execution. Something would be faid concerning the feafons of the yearjbut it >s little,& therfore wil be the leaft troublefome. Four months in the year, the weather is colder then theocher eight,Sc thofe axe Nu^enbtr 3 D.ce, r.~ ber,J.i/.uary,Si Felru.r\> yet they are hotter than with us in Al.iy. There is nogenerall Fall of the leafe, every Tree having a particular fjll to himfelf j as iftwo Locufts ftands at the diftance ofa (tones taft, they have not their falls at one time $ one Locuft will let fall the leaves in January , another in M>irck, a third in J^/j, a fourth in Sep ember \ and fo all months one kinde of Trees, having their feverall times of falling : But if any month tails more leaves then other, 'tis February ; for fo in my niceft obfervation I found it. The leaves we findefallen under the trees, being the moll of them large and ftiffe, when they weregrow- ing, and having many veines, which go from the middle ftalk, to the uppermoft extent of the leafe , when the thin part of the leafe is rot ten and confum'd, thofe veines appear like Anatomies, with the ftran geft works and beautifulleft formes tha: I have feen, fit to be kept as a rarity, in the Cabinets of ihegreateft Princes. As alfo the Negres heads, which we find^in thefands , aid they are about two inches long, with a forehead, eyes, nofe, mouth chin, and pare of the neck} I cannot perceiveany root by which they grow , but find tl;em alwaies loofe in the fandinoris it a fruit that falls from any tree , lor then we fhould finde it growing j black it is as jet, but from whence it comes, nomanknowes. Mines there are none in this Hand, not fo much as of Coal, for which reafon, we preferve our Woods as much as we can. We finde flowing out ofa Rock, in one part of che Hand, an unftu- ous fubftance, fomewhat like Tarre , which is thoughc to have many vertues yet unknown } tut is already difcovered , tab" excellent good to flop a flux, by drinkingit J but,by annointing, for all aches and bruifes} and fo fubtle it is, as being put into the palm of the hand, a.-.d rub'd there, it will work through the back. Another gummy fubftance there is, black, and hard as pitch, and is ufedas pitch i 'tis called Mountjack. Having given you in my Bills of Fare , a particular of fuch Vian ds, as this Hand afforded, forfupportationoflife, and fomewhat for de- light too, as far as concernes the Table } yet, what are you the better Dd Mit.es* |02 [Mo ft of this Par*' graph is mentioned before-} > liquors fo ftrong, as to rake a- way the breath as it goes down, and red pepper forfpice, which wants little of the heat of a fire-coale , and all thefe will hardly draw in the heat, which the fun draws out ; and part of this deficiency is occafioned by the improvidence, or inconfideration of the Inha- bitants,who build their dwellings^ratherlike (roves,then houfes > for the moft of them,are made of timber,low rcoft keeping out the wind, letting in the fun, when they have mean* to have it otherwife '-, for I will undertake to contrive a houfe fo, as no one fhall have juft caufe to complaine of any exceffi ve heat ; and that which gives this great remedy , (hall bring with it the greateft beauty that can be lcok'ton. The Palmetoes, which being plact (as I will give you directions in my plot )in convenient order, (hall interpofefo between the fun and houfe,as to keep it continually in the (hade ; and to have thatfhadeatfuchadiftance, as very little heat (hall be felt, in any time of the day : For (hades that are made by the higheft trees, are undoubtedly the cooleft, and frefheft, by reafon it keeps the heat fartheftoff. Befides this, there are many advantages to be made, in the contrivance of the houfe , for I fee the Planters there, never con fider which way they build their houfes, fo they get them up , which is the caufe that many of them, are fo infufferably hot, as nei- ther themfelves, nor any other, can remaine in them without fwel- tring. r Firft then ,we will confider what the errours are in their contrivan- ces, that we may be the better ableto (hew the bed way to mend them ; A fihglc houfe that is built long-wife,and upon a North and 1' South line,has thefe disadvantages : the fun (hines upon the Eaftfidc walls from fix a clock till eight,fo as the beams reft flat upon that fide, fortwo hours. And the beamesreftingupon a flat or oblique line ( as that is, ) gives a greater heate, then upon a diagonall, which glaun- ces the beams afide. As a tennis ball, ftrook again ft the fide walls of the Court,glauncing,hits with leffe force, then when it feels the full refif- tanceof the end wall, where tis met with a flat oblique line: So the Sun beames,the more directly they are oppof'd by any flat body, the more violently they burne. This fide-wall being warm'd $ thefun gets higher,and (hines hotter.and then the rafters become the oblique line,which is thinner,and lefle able to refift the beames tand the cove- ring being (hingles, receives the heat quicker, and reraines ir longer, than tiles would do,fo that for the whole forenoon, that fide of the roofe,receives as much heat, as the fun can give, and fo paffesover to the other fide, giving it fo much the more in the afternoon, as is increaft by warming the houfe and Aire all the morning before 3 and fo the Oven being heat on both fides, what can you exped,but that thoie within, of the Hand of Barbadoes. vvithin,(hould be fufficiently bakt:and fo much the more, for that the wind is kept out, that fhould come to cool it, by (hutting up all paf- fages,that may let it in, which they alwayesdoe, .for feare the i a in- come with it^and letting in the fun at the Weft end, .where and when it (bines hotteft. Therefore this kind of building is mo ft pernitious to thofe that love their health, .which is the comfort of their livei." but you will fay,that a double houfe will lellea much of this heat, by rca- fon that the Weft fide i-> not vifited by the fun in the morning,nor,the Eaft in the afternoon j Idoeconfeffe that to befome little remedy, but not much,for the double roofes being open to the fun, in oblique lines,a great part of the forenoon j and being reflected .from one fide to another, wnen it comes to the Meridian (and before and after, at leaft two hours,) with thefcorching heat it gives to thegutter,which is between them, and is in the middle of the houfe from end to end, will fo warme the Eaft fide of the houfe, as all the (bade it has in, the afternoon will not cool it,nor make it habitable ■> and then youmay gueffe in what a temper the Weft fide is. Whereas,if you build your, houfe upon an Eaft and Weft line, you have thefe advantages, that in the morning, the fun never fhines in or neere an oblique line, ( which is upon the Eaft end of your houfe, ) above two hours ; and that is from fix toeight a clock, and as much in the afternoon, and not all that time neither } and upon the roofe it can never fhine in an oblique line, but glancing on both fides, eaft off the heat very much , I do confelle that I love a double houfe, much better then a fingle, but if it have a double cover, that,is,two gable ends, .and a gutter Detweeu, though it be built upan Eaft and Weft line : yet the fun ( which muft lye upon it all the heat of the day) ( will fo multiply the heat, by reflecting thebeames from infide to infide, and fo violently upon thegutter,from both,which you know muft be in the middleorthe houfe, from end to end, as you fhall feele-that heat above,too fenfibly in the ground ftories below, though your fil- ling be a foot thick, and your ftories fixteen foot high. Therefore iff build a double houfe, I muft order it fo, as to have the divifion between either roomofaftrong wall, or of Dorique Pillers Archt from one to another •-> and, in each intercolumniation, a fquare ftud offtone, for the better ftrengthening and fupporting of the Arches above jfor I would have theroomes Archt over with ftone, and the innermoft poynts of the Arches, to reft upon the Pillars, and the whole houfe to be cover'd with Couples and Rafters, and upon that (hingles,the Ridge Pole of the houfe : running along over tue Pillars (b that the covering is to ferve both Arches, that covers your rooms : by which meanes there is butone Gable end, which will giaunce off thefcorching beamesof the fun of either fide, as, with the help of the Arches underneath, there will be little heat felt in the roomes below. But then a maine care muft be had,to the fide walk, that the girders be ftrong,and very well Dove-tayld, one into another, upon the Dorique pillars, orpartition walls > and well craropt with Iron, or elfe the rafters being of that length, will thruft out the fide walls by reafon the Arches will hinder the Couplets, from comming fo low as to keep the rafters fteady , from opening at the bottom. For pre- vention ®3 i(>4 sA True and ExaB Hiftory vention of this great mifchiefe, it will be very needfull , to have flrong Butterefies without , and thofe being plac't juftagainft the Couples, will be of main concern to the fide- walls. If you make the breadth of your houfe fifty foot, allowing two foot to the partition , and two foot to either of the fide- walls 2.bove , ( but more below ) which is fix foot in all , you will have remaining forty four foot, which being equally divided, will afford twenty two foot for the breadth of either roomi you may for the length allow what you pleafe. But this I fpeak by per- miffion , and not by dire&ion. But, I will fend you a Plot with this, and an Index annexed to it , of fuch a houfe as I would build for pica fureand convenience, if I were to live there, and had mony enough tobeftowj and I believe, with fuch conveniences and advantages, for fhadc and coolntffe , as few people in thofe Weftern parts, have ftudied,or ever thought on. And now I have as neer as I can , delivered the fum of all I know of the Hand of Barbadoes , both for Pleafures and Profits, Commodities and Incommodities, Sicknefles and HealthfulnefTe. So that it may be expected what I can fay , to perfwatle or difTwade any , that have a defire to go and live there. But before I give a full anf wer to that , I muft enquire and be enformed , of what difpofition the p.rrty is that hath this defigne J If it be fuch a one as loves the pleafures of Europe , (or particularly of England") and the great varieties of thofe, let him nevercome therejfor they are things he (hall be fure to mifle. But, if he can finde in himfclfea willingnefle> to change the pleafures which he en joyed in a Temperate, for fuch as he fhall finde in a Tor- rid Zone , he may light upon fome that will give him an exchange , with fome advantage. And for the pleafures oR England ^ ler us confider what they are, that we may be the better able to judge , how far they are confident with the Climate of Barbadoes ■> and what gainers or lofers they will be by the exchange, that make the adventure •-, and by the knowledge and well weighing of that, invite or deter thofe, that are the great lovers and admirers of thofe delights, to come there, or fray away. And amongfl: the fports and recreations that the people of England exercifemofl: for their healths, without dores,they are Courfing,Hun- ting, and Hacking. And for the Greyhound , though he be compleat in ail his fhapes that are accounted excellent, headed like a Snake, neckt like a Drake, back't like a Beam, fided like a Breme , taild like a Rat, footed like a Cat, deep breafled , with large phillets and gaskins, excellently win- ded, with all elfe may flylehim perfect, ad of a right race: Yet, what of all this, if the Country afford no Game to courfe at ; or if there were , that would amount to nothing ; for, in the running of twelve fcore yards, they will either bruife their bodies againft flumps of trees? or break their necks down the fieep falls of Gullies, which are there too common. And for theHuntfman and his Hounds , they will finde themfelves at a dead fault, before they begin > for, upon this lbyle, no Stag, with his lofty well fhap't head, and active body , has ever fethis nimble feet ; and Herds of Vallow Deer, were never put to make a ftand upon this of the Hand of Barbadoes. this ground j the nimble Roe-Buck, nor the fubtle Fox, the Badger, Otter, or the fearfull Hare, have ever run their Mafes in thefe Woods. And then, what ufe of Hounds > Onely one kinde are ufefull here, and thofe are Liam Hounds , to guide us to the runaway Negres , who, as I told you , harbour them- fclves in Woods and Caves , living upon pillage for many months to- gether. And for the Faulconer, though his Hawk have reach'd fuch excel- lencies, as may exalt her praife as high , as her wings can raife her bo- dy j yet, (hemuft be taken down to a bare Lure. And the painfull andikilfull Faulconer, who has applyed himfelfe folely to the hu- mour of the brave Bird he carries, who mult be courted as a Miftreffe, be (he never fofroward, andlikeacoy Miftreffe, will take check at any thing, when her liberty gives her licenfe '■> and though by a pain^ full and ftudied diligence, he have reclaimed her fo, as to fiie at what, and when , and where, and how (he is directed $ and ihe, by her own practice and obfervation, has learnt to know, which Spaniell lies, and which tells truth, that accordingly {he may Height the one, and re- gard the others and with this,has all other qualities that are excellent, in fo noble and heroick a Bird: Yet, this painfull diligence in the Faul- coner, this rare perfection in the Hawk, will be of little ufe, where there is neither Champion to flie in , Brookes to flie over, nor Game to Hie at. Nomountieat aHieron, tocaufethelufty Jerfaulcon to raife her to a loffe of her felf, from the eyes of her Keeper , till by ma- ny dangerous thorows , (he binde with her Quarrie , and both come tumbling down together. No teem of Ducks , or bunch ofTeales,to caufe the high flying Haggard make her (looping, and ftrike her Quar- rie dead. And for the Oftringer, though his well-man'd Gofliauk, or her bold mate the Tarcell, draw a Covert nere fo wtll j yet, no Eye of Phefants will fpring, or porch in thefe woods. The Eagle and the Sacrefure, here ever mijfe their prej. Since Bustard and the Barnacle, are never tn the way. No Tarcel drawes a {overt here 3 no Lanner fits at mark S No Mer line pies a Fartridge neer t t.o Hobbte dares a Lurk. Another pleafure , the better fort of the people of England take de- light in, which, in my opinion , mayberather call'd atoyle then a pleafure, and thatisRace-Horfes, forcing poorbeafts beyond their p ver,who were given us for our moderate ufe. Thefe exercifes are too violent for hot Countries , and therefore we will forget them. Shootirg and Bowling may very well be ufed here; but at Butts onely , and in Bares, orclofe Allies , for the turfe here will never be fine enough for a Green, nor the ground foft enough, for an Arrow to fall on. Amongft all the fports without dores , that are ufed in £*?- land, thefe two are onely fufferable in the Barbadoes. But for the fports within the houfe, they may all be ufed there , as, all forts of Gaming, viz.. Cheffe , Tables, Cards,Dice, Shovel-abord , Billiards » and fome kinds of Dances , but none ofthofe that are laborious , as high and E e lofty JOS io£ tA 1 rue and ExaU Hifiory \ ■ Ioftie Gapers, with Turnes above ground 5 thcfe are too violent for hot Countries. Some other kindes of pleafures they have in England , which are not fo fully enjoyed in the Barbadoes , as, fmooth Champion to walk or ride on , with variety of Landfcapes, at feverall diftances , all there being hem'd in with Wood, andthofe trees fo tall and lofty , as to hinder and bar the view fo much , as (upon a levell or plain ) no Ho- rifon can be feen. But upon the fides of Hills, which look toward the Sea, your eye may range as far that way, as theglobicall roundneffr of that watry Element will give way to ; but that once feen , the eye isfatisfied, and variety in that objeft there is none ; tor no (hipping pafle that way, but fuch as arive at the Hand. "J is true, that Woods made up of fuchbeautifull Trees as grow there, are pleafant things to look on , and afford a very plentifull delight to the eyes ; but when you are fo enclos'd , as hardly to look out , you will finde too quick and too full a fatiety in that pleafure.Butas the Woods are cut down, the Landfcapes will appear at farther diftances. Now for the beauty of the Heavens , they are as far tranfeending all we ever faw in England^ or elfewhere 40 Degrees without the Line, on either fide , asthe land-obje&s of the Barladoes are fhort of ours in Europe. So he that can content himfelfe with the beauties of the Hea- vens, may there be fufficiently fatisfied. But we Mortalls, that till and love the earth, becaufe our felves are made up of the fame mold, take pleafure fometimes to look downward , upon the fruites and effects of our own labours; and when we finde them thrive by the blefiings ofthegreat Creator, we look up to give thanks, where we finde fo great a glory, as to put us into aftonifhment and admiration. Now for the fmelling fenfe , though we have the blofTomes of the Orange, Limon, Lyme, Cittron, Pomgranate , with the fmell of that admirable fruit the Pine, and others: yet, when weconfider the in- finite variety of the Flowers of England , both for beauty and favour, there is no comparifon between them g and the flowers there, are ve- ry few in number,and in fmell, not to be allowed in competition with ours of England : For, fince the differences between the Houfes of York and Lancafter have been iaid alide , no red nor white tvofe have grown there ; but the Lillies have taken up the quarrtll , and ft rive in as high a conteft there , as the Rofes have done in England 5 for,^hey are the faireft and pureft , that I have ever feen, boih red and white , but no fweet fmell. He that could tranfplaot th= flowers ofE^pLmti to the Bar badots } would do a rare work , but I fear to little purpofe; For, though the virtuall beams of the Sun, give growth and life to all the Plants end Flowers it fhines on g yer, the influence is at feveralj diftance^, and fo the productions varie-, lomt flowers muft be warmed, fome toafted , and fome almoft fcalded ; and to tranfpofe ihtfe . and fet them in contrary places, were to ilrive againft nature. 'Tistiue, that the Herbs of England grow and thrive there, by reafon they are frronger, and better able to endure that change •-, but Flowers, that are ot a more tender nature , will not endure lo great heat as they finde there. But to repair this fenfe, fome will fay, that Perfumes brought out oiEunpe , will plentifully fupplyus ; But that will not at all avail us, of the Hand of Barbadoes. us, tor what with the heat and moifture of the aire , it is aJl drawn out, as by my own experience I found it to be moft true , though 1 Japp'd them clofe up in papers, and put them in drawers ot a Cabinet, where no aire could finde paflage s they were fo clofe -and for Paftills, they loft both their fmell and tafte. As for Mufick, and luch founds as pleafe the ear, they will fome fupplies may come from England-, both for Inftrumencs and voy - ces, to delight that fenfe, that fometimes when they are tir'd out with iheir labour, they may have fome reiremment by their ears; and tothatend, they had a purpofe to fend for the Mufick , that were wont to play at the Black Fsyars , and to allow them a competent fala- ry , to make them live as happily there, as they had done in Engh//a: And had not extream weaknefle, by amiferable long ficknefie, made meuncapable of any undertaking, they had employed me in the bu- fineffe, asthelikelieft to prevail with thofe men , whofe perfons and qualities were well known to me in England. And though I found at hsrbfidoei fome, who had muficall mindes \ yet, I found others, whofe fouls were fo fixt upon , and lo rivetted tothe earth, and the profits that arife out of it, as their fouls were lifted no higher, and thofemen think, andhave been heard to fay, that threewhip Sawes , going all at once in a Frame or Pit , isthe beft and fweeteft mufick that can en- ter their ears ; and to iiearaCow of their own low , or an Affinigo bray, no found can pleafe them better. Butthefe mens fouls were ne ver lifted up fo high , as to hear the mulick of the Sphears , nor to be judges of that Science, as 'tis practifed here on earth; and therefore we will leave then? to their own earthly delights. For the fenie of feeling, itcanbeapplyedbut two waies , either in doing or fufFering; the poor Negres and Chriftian fervants, finde it perfectly upon thtir heads and (houlders, by the hands of their fevere Overfters •, fo that little pleafure is given the fenfe , by this coercive kind of feeling,more then a plaifter for a broken Pate; but,this is but a paflive kinde of feeling: But take it in thehigheft, and moft active way itcanbeapplyed , which is upon the (kins of women , and they arefofweaty and clammy, asthehand cannot pafle over, without being glued & cimented in the palTage or motion •-, and by that means, little pleafure is given to, or received by the agent or the patient : and therefore if this fen fe be neither pleafed in doing nor fuffering,we may decline it as ufelefiein a Country, where down of Swan?, or wool of Beaver is wanting. Now for the fenfe of Tafting, I doconfelTe, it receives a more home latisfaition, then all the reft , by reafon of the fruites that grow there > fo that the Epicure cannot be deceived, if he take a long jour- ny to pleafe his palate , rinding all excellent taftes the world has, com- prehended in one fingle fruitjthe Pine. And would not any Prince be content to reduce his bafecoyne, into Ingoticf pure gold. Aodfo much (hall ferve touching the Barbadoes. Some men I have known in England-, whofe bodies are fo ftrong and able to endure cold, as no weather fits them fo well as froft and fno w : fuch Iron bodies would be fit tor a Plantation in Ruffia : For, there is notraceing Hares under the Line, nor Aiding on the Ice under either Tropick. IO io8 I would have thus laid out: 100 1. inDnnen Cloth, as Canvas and Kentings, which you may buy here in London, of French Marchants, at reafonable rates ; and you may hire poor Journy-men Taylers,here in the Citty, that will for very (mail wages, make that Canvas Into Drawers, and Petticoats, for men and wom.n Negres. And part of the Canvas, and the whole of the Kentings, for (hirts and drawers for the Chri* ftian menServants,and fmocks and peticoates for the women. Some other forts of Linnen,as Holland or Dowlace, will be there very aife- full, for fhirts and fmocks for the Planters themfelves, with their Wives and Children. One hundred pounds more, I would have beftow'd,part on wollen cloath, both fine and coorfe, part on .Devon- ftiireCarfies, and ocher fafliionable ftufFes, fuch as will well endure wearing. Upon Monmoth Capps. Iwould have beftowed 2 5 1. you may befpeak them there in Wales,and have them fent up to London, by the waynes at eafie rates. Forty pound I think fit to beftow on lrifh Ruggs fuch as are made at Killkennie, and Iri(hftockings,and thefearetobehadat St. James's fairest Brtitow, the ftockingtare to be worne in the day,by the Chriftian fervants,the Ruggs to caft about them when they come home at night, fweating and wearied, with their labour; to lap about them, when they reft themfelves on their Hamacks at night, than which nothing is more needfull, for the reafons I have formerly given. And the fe may either be (hipt at Briftow, ifa (hip be ready bound for Barbadoes, or fent to London by waynes which is a cheap way of conveyance. Fifty pound I wifh may be beftowed on (hooes, and fomebootes, to be made at Nor- thampton^and fent to London in dry fates, by -Carts $ but a fpeciall care muft be taken,that they may be made large, for they will (brink very much when they come into hot Glimats. They are to be made of feverall (ifes,for men women and childrenjthey muft be kept dry and clofe,or elfe the moiftnelTeofthe Ayre will caufe them to mould. Gloves will fell well there,and I would have of all kinds, and all fifes, that are thinne •-, but the moft ufefull, are thofe of tann'd leather, foe they will wa(h and not (hrinke in the wetting, and weare very long and (bople ; you may provide your felfe of thefe, at Evill, Uemifter andllchefter,in Somerfetftiire } at reafonable rates. Fifteen pound 1 Ff would 1 09 no ! 1 *A True and ExaU Hifiory would bellow in thefc Commodities. In fafhionable Hacs and Bands > both black and coloured, of feverall fifes and qualities , I would have thirty pounds beftowed. Black Ribbon for mourning , is much worn there, by reafon their mortality is greater j and therefore upon that commodity I would beftow twenty pound j and as much in Coloured, of feverall fifes and colours. ForSilkes and Sattins , with gold and filver-Lace, we will leave that alone, till we have better advice j for they are caiuall Commodities. Having now made provifion for the back, it is fit to confider the belly,which having no ears, is fitter to be done for, then talkt to j and therefore we will do the beft we can , to fill it with fuch provisions, [as will beft brook the Sea, and hot Climates : Such are Beefe , well pickled , and well conditioned , in which I would beftow ioo 1. In Pork 50 1. in Peafe for the voyage, 1 o 1. In Fifh : as Ling, Haberdine , Green-fi(h, and Stock-filh, 40 1. In Bisket for the voyage, 10 1. Cafes of Spirits 40 1. Wine 1 50 1. Strong Beer 5 o 1. Oyle Olive 30 1. Butter 30 1. And Candles muft not be forgottenj becaufe they light us to our {uppers, and our beds. The next thing to be thought on, is Utenfills , and working Tooles, fuch are whip-Sawes, two-handed Sawes, hand-Sawes, Filesoffeve-i rail fifes and (hapes ; Axes, for felling and for hewing j Hatchets,that will fit Carpenters, Joy ners, andCoopers-5 Chiiells, but no Mallets, for the wood is harder there to make them: Adzes, of feverall fifes, Pick axes, and Mat-hooks •, Howes of all fifes, but chiefly fmall one* 4 to be ufed with one hand, for with them, the fmall Negres weed the ground : Plains, Gages , and Augurs of all fifes i hand-Bills, for the Negres to cut the Canes > drawipg-Knives, for Joyners. Upon thefe Utenfills I would beftow 60 1. Upon Iron, Steel, and fmall Iron pots, for the Negres to boyl their meat , I wonld beftow 40 1. And thofe are to be bad in Southfex very cheap , and fent to London in Carts, at time ofyear, when the waies are drie and hard. Nailes of all forts, with Hooks, Hinges, and Cramps of Iron j and they are to be had at brcmi^hammStafor^fbire^ much cheaper then in Let-do?. : And upon that Commodity I would beftow 90 1. In Sowes of Lead 20I. in Powder and Shot 20 1. If you canget Servants to go with you, they will turn to good accomp* , but chiefly if they be Trades men , 3*, Carpenters, Joyners, Mafons, Smiths, Paviers, and Coopers. The BallaftoftheShip, as alfoofall Ships that trade there, Iwouldhave of Sea-coales , u ell chofen , for it is a commodity was much wan- ting when I was there, and will be every day more and more, as the Wood decayes : The value I would have beftowed on that , is 50 1. which will buy 45 Chauldron, or more, according to the burthen of the Ship. And now upon the whole, I have outftript my computation 145I. buttherewil) be bo lofle in that* for,l doubtnot,f ifitp!eafe God to give a bleffing to our endeavours) but jn twelve or four- teen months, to fell the goods, and double the Cargo; and, if you canftayton.akethe beft of your Market , you may make three for one. This Cargo , well got together , I could wifh to be fhip t in good order, about the beginning of November^ and then by the grace of Cod, the of the Ifoni of Barbjidofis. *u the Ship may arrive at the ?>adat!ors ( if (he make no foy by the way j about the middle of December ; and ir is an ordinary courfe to fail chi ther infix weeks :Comming thither in chat cool time of the year, yow Vi&ualls will be in good condicion to be removed into a Store- houfc., which your Correfpondent (who, I account, goes along wiih it,! mult provide asl'peedily as he can, before the Sun makes his return from the Southern Tropick} for then the weather will grow hor, and; fomeofyour Goods, as, Butter, Oyle, Candles, and all your Liquors, will take harme in the remove. The Goods being ftowed in a Ware houfe , or Ware houfes , your Correfpondent muft referve a handfome toom for a Shop, where hi* fervants muft attend } for then his Cuftomers will come about him, andhetnuftbecarefull whomhetrufts j for, as there are fome good, fbthereare many bad pay-mafters 5 for which reafon, he muft pro vide himfelfe of a Horfe , and ride into the Country to get acquain- tance ; and fialfe a dofen good acquaintance , will be able to enform htm, how the pulfe beats of a 11 the reft : Asalfo by enquiries, he will finde, what prices the Goods bear , which he carries with him , and ieil them accordingly ; and what valews Sugarsbear, thathebenot deceived in that Commodity, wherein there is very great caretobe had, in taking none but what is very good and Merchantable, and in keeping it dneingood Casks, that no wet or moift aire come to it 5 andfoasjbe makes his exchanges, and receives in his. Sugars, or what other commodities he trades for , they lie ready to lend away for England y as he findes occalion, the delivering of the one, making room for the others for Ships will be every month , fome or other, comming tor England. If hecan tranfport all his goods, raifed upon the Cargo, in eighteen months, it will be very well. This Cargo be- ing doubled ac the B.irbadors, that returned back, will produce at leaft 50 percent. And then your Cargo, which was 1145 1. at letting out, and being doubled there to 2190 1. will be at your return for England 343 5 1. of which I will allow for freight, and all other charges 3 3 5 1 . fo there remaines to account 3 100 1. clear. By which time, 1 will take for granted, that your Correfpondent has bargained, and gone through for a Plantation, which we will prefuppofetobeof five hun- dred acres , Stock t as I have formerly laid down, ( for we muft fix upon one, that our computations may be accordingly^ if it be more or !efle,the price muft be anfwerable,and the Produce accordingly. And therfore as we began,we will make this our fcale, that 14000 1. i> to be paid, for aPlantation of soo acres Stock't. Before this time, I doubt nor, bur he is alfo grown fo well verft in the traffick of the Hand , as to giveyou advice, what Commodities are fittetHor your next Carg>; and according to that inftruftion, you are to provide, and to come your felfe along with it. By this lime, T hope, your remaining 1855 1. by good employment in England, is raifed to 2000 1. So then you have 5 100 |. to put into a new Cargo , waichl would not have you venture in one Bottom. But if it pleafe God, that no ill chance happen , that Cargo of 5 100 1 having then time enough to make your beftMarket,may very weldou- ble, and 1000 1. overs which 1000 1. 1 will allow tosgo out for fraight , and 112 tA True and ExaU Hiftory and all other charges. So then, your Cargo of 5 1 00 1. being but dou- bled, will amount unto 10200 1. But this Cargo being large, will re- quire three years time to fell ; fo that if you make your bargain for 14000 1. to be paid for this Plantation , you will be allowed three daies of payment 5 thefirft(hallbeof4oool. to be paid in a year af- ter you are fetled in your Plantation j 5000 1. more at the end of the year following, and 5000 1. at the end of the year then next following. And no man will doubt fuch payment , that fees a vitible Cargo upon the Hand of 1 0200 Land the produce of the Plantation to boot. Now you fee which way this purchafe is made up, viz. 4000 1. the firft payment, 5000 1. thefecond, and fo there remains upon your Cargo 1 200 1. towards payment of thelaft 5000 1. and by that time, the pro- fit of your Plantation will raife that with advantage; and then you have your Plantation clear , and freed of all debts And we will ac- count at the loweft rate, that if two hundred acres of your five hun- dred, be planted with Canes, and every Acre bear but three thou- fand weight of Sugar, valuing the Sugar but at three pence per pound , which is thirty feven pound ten (hillings every acre, then two hun- dred acres will produce 7500I. infixteen months j that is, fifteen months for the Canes to grow and be ripe, and a month to Cure the Sugar that is made. - - But if you fray four months longer, your Mufcavado Sugar, which I valued at three pence per pound, will be Whites, and then the price will be doubled , and that you fee is 1 5000 1. Out of which we will abate £ part for wafte, and for the tops and bottomes of the Pots, 15000 375° z* yff00(2j^o 11250 W%% 2400 13*50 which may berank'd with the Mufcavadoes , and that is 3750 hand then there remains 1 1 2 5 o 1, to which we will add the value of the Drink, that is made of the skimmings, at 120 1. per month, which in twenty months comes to 2400 1. and then the whole revenue will amount unto 13650I. in twenty months. Butthis profit muftcome fucceffiyely in , asthe Sugars are made, and they work all the year, except in November and December , when the great downfalls of rain come : and if they pave the waies, between the Canes , for the Slids and Affinigoes to paffe , they may work then too ; for, little elfe hin- ders them, but the unpaiTablenefle of the waies. Sothenyou fee, that upon the venturing, and well hufhanding of 300 1. ftock, youarefetled in a revenueof 682 1. a month , of which months we wiliaccount? 13 in a year, fothat after your work is fet in order, and that you will account the yearly revenue, you will finde it 886 61. per Annum. Now let us confider, what the certain charge will be yearly, to keep of the Hand of Barbadoes. keep the Plantation in the condition we receive it, which we will fuppofe to be compleatly furnifbed, with all that is neceffary there- unto :Andfirff, of all manner ofhoufeing, as convenient dwelling houfes, the Mill-houfc, or Grinding-houfe where the fugarisprclt out ; the boyling-houfe, with five fufficient Coppers for boyling, and one or two for cooling,with all Utenfills, that belong to the Mill, and boyling-houfe ithe filling room, with ftantions j the Still-houf. with two fufficient Stills, and receivers to hold the drinke, withCi- fterns to all thefe rooms, for holding liquor, and temper 3 the Curein^ houfe fill'd with ftantions,two ftories highland commonly in it feven- teen or eighteen hundred pots for curemg;the Smiths forge, wich room to laycoales, Iron, and fteele ; the Carpenter, andjoyners houfes, where they lodge and lay their tools, and much of their fine worke; with fufficient ftore-hcufe;, to lay fuch provision as we receive from forraine parts, as Beefe, Pork, Fifh, Turtle 5 and alfoto keep our drink which is madeofthefugar, to the repairing of all which,the premifes with the Appurtenances^ we will allow no kill- then 5 00 1. Per Annum. To this, there is yet more to be added : for though we breed both Negres, Horfes, and Cattle : yet that increafe, will not fupply the moderate decayes which we finde in all ihofe J efpecially in our Horfes and Gattell, therefore we will allow for that 500 1. Per Annum. Thenextthingwearetoconfideris, the feeding of bur fervants and flaves, over and above the provifions which the Plantations beare, and that will be no great matter, for they are noroften fed with bone-mrat ; But we will allow to the Chriftian fervants, ('which are not above thirty in number, ) foure barrels of Beefe, and as much ofPorke yearely, with two barrels of fait Fifh, and 500 poore-Johns, which we have from New England, foure barrels of Turtle, and as many of pickled Makerels, and two of Herrings, for the Negres S all which I have computed, and finde they will amount unto 100 1, or thereabouts ^befides the fruit which will be no great matter 5 for you mufl be fure to have a Faftor, both at New England and Virginia, to provide you of all Commodities thofe places afford,thatareufefuH toyour plantation 5 or elfe your charge will be treble. As from New England, Beefe, Porke, Fifh, of all forts, dried and pickled} from Virginia live-Cattle, Beefe and Tobacco i, for theirs at ^irbadoes is the worff I think thatgrowes in the world ; And for Cattle, no place lyes neerer to provide themfelves, and the Virginians cannot have a better market, to fell themjfor an Oxe of 5 1. pound price at Virginie,will yield 2 5 1 there. But to go on with our computation : for as we have given order for feeding our people, fo we muff for their cloathing } and firft for the Chriftians, which we will account to be thirty in number whereof f fhall be men, and f women,, that we may make our computation the more exact '■> and for the men, (which are twenty in number, ) we will allow one for the fupreame Overfeer> who is to receive and give directions, to all the fubordinate Overfeers, which we allow to Gg be 11$ H4 to cut the Maies, ( of which we have three Crops every yearejothers to gather ProvifionS:>of Bonavift,Maies, Yeames, Potatoes, Caffavie, and dreffe it at fit times for their dinners and fuppers^for the Christi- an fervants^theNegres alwayes dreiling their own meat themfelves, in their little Pots, which is only Plantines, boyl'd or roafted, and fomeeares of Maies toafted,at the fire ?and now and then a Makerell a piece,or two Herrings. The Prime Overfeer may very well deferve Fifty pounds Per Annum,or the value in fuch Commodities as he likes, that are gro vv- ing upon the Plantation j for he is a man that the matter may allow fomr times to fit at his own Table, and therefore muft be clad accor- dingly 1 he other five of the Overfeers, are to be accounted in the rankeof o :rvants 5 whofe freedome is not yet purchafed, by their five yeats (ervice, according to thecuftome of the Hand. And for their cloathing,they fhall be allowed three (hirts together, to every man forfhifcs- which will very well laft halfe a year, and then as many more. And the like proportion for drawers, and for mooes, eve- ry month a paire, that is twelve paire a year ; fix paire of (lock- ings yeerly > and three Monmouth Capps, and for Sundayes.,a doublet of Canvas,and a plaine band of Holland. An '-,. ! V? of the I Ian J of Barbadoes. US An Account ofExpences 'fining out yearly for ChatVhg , for the fhrigian Set- zMts, loth Men and Women^ with the Wages of the t/micipall'overfefr, which fliall be 50 l.Jierling, or thevalue injuch Goods as grow upon the Plantation. To the five fubordinate Overfeers , for each mans cleat hing 1. 1 o 1 5. d. 04 O 12 O 16 O Six (hirts,at 4$. apiece Six pair of Drawers, at 1 s. Twelve pair of fhoes,at 3 s. Six pair of Linnen or Irifh fto kings, at 20 d. Three Monmouth Caps,at 4 s. Two doublets of Canvas , and \ Q x - fix Holland bands S }o 10 o o 12 o To the fourteen common fervants. 1 . J- *• d Six fonts to each man Six pair of drawers to each man Twelve pair of fhoesjat 3 s. Three Monir?outh caps, at 4 s. Sum totall to each man 4 04 o Sum totall, of the fourteen Sum totall for each ma n 59 Sum totall for the five Overfeers 27 5 1 o I O 04 12 l6 12 fervants by the year }& 16 o Now for the ten women fervants, we will difpofeof them, thus : Four to attend in the houfe , and thofe to be allowed, as followeth in the firft Columne, vt&. The other fix that weed , and do the common work abroad yearly. 1. s. d. Four fmocks, at 4 s. a piece 0160 Three petticoat9,at 5 s. a piece o 15 o Four coifs, at i2d. apiece o 04 o Twelve pair of (hoes, at 3 s. 1 t6 o Sum is Sum totall of the fix com mon women fervants 3 11 o oS The four that attend in the houfe to each of them 1. s. d. Six fmocks, at 4 s. a piece 1040 Three petticoats, at 6 s. o 18 o Three waftcoats, at 3 s. o 09 o Six coifes or caps, at i8d.an Q Q? Q piece * Twelve pair of (hoes,at 3 s. 1^0 Sum is 4 t6 o Sum totall of the four wo-T, J9 . men that attend in the houfe S Thirty Rug Gownes for thefe thirty fervants , to caft about them when they come home hot and wearied, from their work,and to fleep> 37 10 o Iin a nights,in their Hamocks, at 2 5 s. a Gown or mantle. Now for the Negres, which we will account to be a hundred of both Sexes , we will divide them equally -, The fifty men (hall be allowed yearly but three pair of Canvas drawers a piece, which at 2 s. a pair, is 6 s. The women (hall be allowed but two petticoats a piece yearly , at 4 s. a piece, which is 8 s. yearly. So the yearly charge of the fifty men Negres, is 15 And of the women 2 o 00 00 Sum is 35 00 o Now :i6 . 500 00 00 by breeding all thofe kinds ) For forraign provifions ofvi&ualls for our ferO vants and fome of our flaves, we will allow year- £ioq 00 00 For wages to our principall Overfeer yearly 50 By the Abftrad of the charge of Cloathing the-> five fubordinate Overfeers yearly. j 2 7 °5 By the Abftrad of Clothing, the remaining 14 men- ? « fervants yearly £ 5 l ° By the Abftrad' of Cloathing four women fer- vants that attend in the houfe By the Abftracl: of the remaining fix women-fer- 1 vants } that do the common work abroad in the/" ai 06 fields." !> The charge of thirty Rug Gowns for thefe thirty ? fervants £ 37 10 By the abftradi of the cloathing of fifty men-Ne-? I( - gres I By the abftrattfor the cloathing of fifty women- 1 - Negres £ 00 00 00 00 \ »9 Oo 00 00 OO o 00 00 Sum totall of the expences is 1349 01 00 1 Sum totall ofthe yearly profits of the Plantation 8866 00 00 Sotheclear profit of this Plantation of 500 acres? r ^ l OQ of land amounts to yearly $ A large Revenue for fo fmall a fum as 14000 1. to purchafe, where the Seller does not receive two years value by 1 000 1. and upwards 5 and yet gives daies of payment. I have been believed in all 5 or the moftpart, of : my former de- fcriptions and computations, concerning this Hand , artd the waies to attain the profits that are thereto be gathered } but when I come to this point, no man gives roe credit , the bufineffe feerriing impoflible , that any underftanding roan, that is owner of a Plantation of this value, mould fe}J it for fo inconsiderable a fum : and I do not at all blame of the Hand of Barbadoes. 117 blame the incredulity of thefe perfons; for, if experience had not taught me the contrary, I mould undoubtedly be of their perfwailon But left I (hould, by an over- weening opinion, hope, that my expert I ence ( which is only to my fclfe ) fhould miflead any man befides his' reafon , which every knowing man ought to be guided and governed j by 5 I will vvitLout ftrayning or forcing a reafon, delivera piaia and naked truth, in as plain language, as is fitting fu jh a fubjeft , which I doubt not but will perfwade much in the buflneile. •Tisaknown truth there, that no man has attained to fuch a for tuneasthis, upon a fmall beginning , that has no: met with many rubs and obftaclesin his way, and fometimes fallings back , let his pains and induftry be what it will : I call thofe fallings back, when either by fire , which often happens there ; or death of Cattle, which is as frequent as the oti.er j or by loffesatSea , which fometimes will happen,of which I can bring lively inftances: If either ofthefe misfor tunes fail , it ftands in an tquall 6a!lance , whether ever that man re- cover, upon whom thefe misfortunes fail : But, if two of thtfe hap pen together, or one in the neck of another, there is great odds to be laid, that he never fhall be able to redeem himfelfe,frcm an inevitable ruine; For, if fire happen, his frock is con fumed , and fometimes his houfe^ifhis Cattle die, the work ftands ftill,^nd with either ofthefe, his credit falls jfo as if he be not well friended, he never can entertain a hope to rife again. ,i.e Thefe toyls ofbodyand minde 5 and thefe misfor.! ones together , will depreffeand wear out thebeftfpirits in the world, aid willcaufe them to think, what ahappie thingitis, to fpend t^e remainder of their lives in reft and quiet in their own Countries. Aad Idobel'eve, there are few of them, whofe mindes are not ovenballanc'd with avarice and lucre, that would not be glad to fell good.penni- worths , to fettle ihemfelves quietly in Eaohnd. Befides the cJafualties which I have named, there is yet one of neerer Concern then all the reft,and that is, their own healths, than which, nothing is more to be valu- ed} for, fjckneiles are there more grievous, and mortality greater by far, than in E^^Uni , and thefe difeafes many timescontagious : An i if a rich man, either by his own ill diet or diftemperyorby infection , fall into fuch a ficknelT;; , he w ill finde there a plentifull want of fuch remedies , as are to be found in EagUml. Other reafons , and ftrong ones, rhey have , that induce them to hanker af er their own Coun- try, and thofe are, to enjoy the company of their old friends, and to raife up families to themfelves , with a Sum which they have acqui- red by their toyle and induftry, and often hazards of their li .e. ,whofie beginnings were flight and inconfiderable^ and what can be a greater comfort, both to themfelves, and their friends, then fuch an en- joyment. But I fpeak not thi: to difcourage any man, that has a mind to improve his Eftatc, by adventuring upon fuch a Pur-hafe; for , though the Planter , by long and tedious pain and induftry , have worn out his life, in the a^quift of his, fortune '-, yet, the Buyer, by his purchafe , is {0 well and happily feated , as he need endure no fuch hardfhips , but maygoonin the managing his bufineffe , with much eafe, and fome pleafure 5 and in a dofen years , return back with a H h very n8 %A True and Exaft Hifiory very plentifull fortune, and may carry with him from Englmd^ better remedies for his health , then they , who for a long time had neither means to provide , nor mony to purchale it S for, though fome Sim- ples grow there 3 that are more proper for thebodies of the Natives, than any we can bring from forraigne parts , and no doubt would be fo for our bodies too., if wee knew the true ufe of them $ yet wanting that knowledge, wc are faine to make ufe of our own. But when able and fkilfull Phyfitians fhall come, whofe know- ledge can make the right experiment and ufe of the vermes of thofe fimples that grow there, they will no doubt finde them moreeffica- tious, and prevalent to their healths, then thofe they bring from forraine parts. For certainely every Climate produces Simples more proper to cure the difeafes that are bredthere,chan thofe that are tranf- ported from any other part of the world :fuch care the great Phyfitian to mankind takes for our convenience. Somewhat I have faid of the difeafes thatraignein Cenerall in this Hand, but have falneonno particuler, though I have felt the power andTyranny of it upon mine own body, as much as any man that has paft through it to death, though it pleafed the mercifull God toraifemeupagai^e : for I have it to fhew under the hand of Colonell Thomas Mvtijord in whofe houfe I lay lick, that he faw me dead without any appearance of life,three feveral times,not as in foun- dingbut dying nts,and yet recoverd at laft. . To tell the tedious particulars of my fickneiTe, and the feverall drenches our Ignorant Quackfalvers there gave me, will prove but a troublefome nelatio riband therefore 1 am willing to decline it : Only this much, that it began with a Fever, and as it is the cuftome of that difeafethejre to caufe .Bindings, Coftivenefie, and consequently Gripings,and Tortions in the Bowels, fo it far'd with me, that for a fortnight together had not the leaft evacuation by Seige, which put metofuchTormentasinall that time I have not flept $and want of that, wore me out to fuch a wcaknefTe, as I was not then in a con- dition to take any remedy at all. This exceffive heat within begat a new torment within me, the Stone '■> which ftopt my paffage fo as in foureteen dayes together no drop of water came from me ; But contrary to my expectation, God Almighty fent me a Remedie foMhat, and fuch a one as all the whole world cannot afford the like: for in ten hours after I tookeit, I found my felfe not onely eaffdj-but perfectly cur'd of that Torment, at leaft for the prefent, for it not only broke, but brought away all the Atones and gra- vell-that ftopt my paffage, fo that my water came as freely from me as ev«r>,and barried before it fuch quantities of broken ftones and gra- vdHyasr in my whole life I have not feen the like. About three weeks or a month after thisjj became in jhe.fame diftrefle and felt the like Tor- ment.whereuponl took the fame medicine ;which gaveme the fame help, wow if it did thus to a body fo worneout as mine, where Na- ture was foidecay'd as it could operate little tothecurei what will thismedicine doe, when it meets with fuch Organs as can contribute mainly to afliftit ? But I give trie reader but a footy relation of my Maladies of the Hand of Barbadoes. ji Maladies,and indeed very unfit for his eares,yet when I (hal prefcribe the remedy, which may happen to concerne him, I may hope to make him amends:for truly my touching upon the difeafe, was but to ulher in the cure, which (hall follow clofe after, and 'cis briefly thus Take the Pifleofa green Turtle, which lives in the Sea, dry it with a moderate heat,pound it in a Morcer to powder, and take of this as much as wil lye upon a milling, inBeere or the like,Ale or White wine, and in a very (hort time it will doe the cure. If this fecret had bin known in Europe but a dofen years fince, no doubt we had bin well ftor'd with it by this time, for 'tis to be had both at the Cbanbby and Lucaytcke Ilands,where thefe fillies abound. Yet fo flow was my recovery of the maine ficknefle and my re- lapfes fo frequent,as I was ever and anon, looking out to meet my familiar Companion Death ; my Memoiy and Intellect fuffcring the fame decayes with my body, for I could hardly give an account of f of the time 1 was fick^but as m|r health increaft, they return'd.ln three months more, 1 was able to ride down to the Bridge, where finding a (hip bound for England, I agreed tor my paiTageand dyet by the way;and(as the manner of all Matters of (hips is, ) he made me large promifes,of plentifull provifions aboard, as Beefe, Porke, Peafe Filh,Oyle,Bifket, Beere,and fom. j Wine j This Ship had bin fifteeen months out of England, and had traded at Gui/j/.y and Binnyfor Gold andElephantsteeth,but thofe commodities takingup butlittle room, the Captaine made the Barbadoes in his way home, intending to take in his full lading of Sugar, and fuch other commodities as that Hand afforded i and fo being ready to fet fayle, myfelfeand divers other Gentlemen embarkt,upon the fifthteenth of April 1 6 50, at tweive a clock at night ^ which time our Matter made choyce of, that he might the better pafle undefcri'd by a well known Pi- rate, that had for many dayes layne hovering about the Hand, to take any (hips that traded for London,by vertue of a Commifijon as he pretended,fromtheMarque(feof Ormond. This Pirate was an Iritti man, his name Tlunquet, a man bold enough : but had the character of being more mercilefle and cruell, then became a valiant man. To confirme the firft part of his character ;, he took a (hip in one oftheHabour^ of the Iland,out of which hefurnifht him(elfe\vith fuch things as he wanted, but left the carcafe of the veilell, to floate it large. He had there a Frigot of about 500 Tunns, and a (mail veflell to wayteon her, but the night cover 'd us from being jiif- difcern'd by him, and fo we came fafely offthelland. About a fortnight afcer we hid bin at fea,our Matter complain'd, that his tjnen hadabufd him, and (for fome commodities ufefuil to themfelyes) had truckt away the greateft part of his Bifket ; So that inftead of bread, we were ferv'd with the fweepings and duft of the bread roome, which caufed a generall complaint of all the paffengers but no remedy : our Peafe mutt now fupply that want, which with fome Phyficall perfwafion ofthe Matter, that it was as hearty and binding as bread, we retted fatisfied, with this Motto, Patiexce upon' force. cellent food at Sea The next thing wanting, was Fitti, an ex. '■> and the want of that troubled us mu^h, yet the fame 120 *A True and ExaU Hiftory fame remedy mud ferve as for the other, Patience. The next thing wanting wag Porke > and the laft Beere, which put us clean out of all Patience 3 So that now our ftaple food of the Ship, was onely Beefe, a few Peafe, and for drink water that had bin fifteen months ouc of England f finding how ill we were accommoda- ted, we defir'd the Mafter to put in at Fia(l s One of the Hands ot Azo'es, a little to refrefti our felves, which Hand was not much out of our way,but the Mafter loath to be at the charge of re-viftual- ling-. and loffe ot time •-, refuf'd to hearken to us, and being a rcqucft much to his difadvantage, flighted us and went on, till he was paft recovery of thofe Hands, and then a violent itoiine took us, and in that ftorme a fad accident, which happened by meanesof aPor- tugall, who being a Sea-man, and truftedat theHelmeand, who though he have a compaffe before him , yet is mainely guided by the quarter Mafter that Conns the (hip above, upon the quarter deck i whofe directions the Portugall miftooke, being not well verft in the Englifh tongue , and fofteer'd the Ship, fo neer the winde, that (he came upon her ftayes, which caufed fuch a fluttering of the fayles, againft the Mafts, ( the winde being extreame violent) as they toreallinpeeces, Nor was there any other fayles inthefhip, all being fpent in the long voyage to Guinny ; nor any thread in the fhipj to mend them> fo that now the Mafter ( though too late) began to repent him of not taking our Counfell to goe to Fiall. But how to redeems us out of this certaine ruine, neither the Mafter, nor his Mates could tell 5 for though the winds blew nertr fo faire, we lay ftill at Hull j and to make ufe of the Tide, in the Maine , was altogether vaine and hopeleffe. Our viclualls too, being at a v^ry lowEbbe, could not laft us many dayes. So that all that were in the fhip, both Sea-men and Paf- fengers 5 were gazeing one upon another , what to doe when our finally remainder of provifion came to an end. But the Sea-men, who were the greater number 3 refolv'd, the Paffen- gersfhouldbedreftand eaten, before any of them fhould goe to the Pot j And fo the next thing to be thought on was, which of the Paffengers fhould dye firft , for they were all defignd to be eaten ; So they refolved upon the fatteft and healthfulleft firft, as likely to be the beft meat, and fo the next,and next, as they eate Cherries, the beft firft. In this Election I thought my felfe f.cure, tor my body being nothing but a bagg-full of Hydrop- tique humours, they knew not which way to dreffe me, but I fhould diffolve and come to nothing in the Cooking ; At laft the Cooper took me into his confideration, and faid that it they would hearken to him, there might be yet fome ufe made of me -, and that wa> in his opinion the beft 5 that feeing my body was not of a confiftence to fatisfie their hunger, it might ferve to quench their thirft. So I faying a fhort Prayer againft drought and third, remain'd in expectation of my doome with the reft 5 So merry thefe kindeof men can make themfelves, in the midft of dangers, whoare fo accuftomed to them ; And certainely thofe men, whofe lives are fo frequently of the Hand of Barbadoes. frequently expofed to fuch hazards, do not fet that value upon them as others, Who live in a quiet fecurityj yet, when they put themfelves upon any noble a&ion, they will fell their lives at fuch a rate , as none (hall out- bid them 3 and thecuftome ofthele hazards , makes them more valiant then other men 5 and thofe amongft them, that do found their courage upon honeft grounds , are certainly valiant in a high perfection. At laft, a little Virgin , who was a paffenger in the Ship , flood up upon the quarter deck 5 like a (he- Worthy , and faid, that if they would be rul'd by her , (he would not only be the contriver , but the after of our deliverance. At whofe fpeech , we all gave a ftrid attention , as ready to contribute our help to all (he com- manded; which was , thatthe Ship-Carpenter (hould make her a Diftaffeand Spindle,and the Saylers combe out fomeofthe Occome: with which inftruments and materialls, (he doubted not, but to make fuch a quantity of thread , as to repair our then ufelefla Sailes ; which accordingly (he did, and by hervertue ( under God) we held our lives. — Though fuch an accident as this, and fuch a deliverance, de- ferve a gratefull commemoration; yet, thisis not all the ufe we are to make of it, fomewhat more may be confidered , that may prevent dangers for the future 5 and that is, the great abufe of Captaines and Mafters of Ships , who promife to their Paffengers, fuch plenty of vi&ualls ,, as may ferve them the whole voyage : But, before they be halfe way, either pinch them of a great part, or give them that which is naftie and unwhol- fome. And therefore I could wifh every man, that is to go a long voyage, to carry a refer ve of his owae, of fuch viands, as will laft, and to put that up fafeS for, if it be not under lock and key, they are never the neer ; for, the Saylers will as certainly take it , as you truft it to their honefties : Gomplaine to the Mifter , and you finde no remedy. One thing I have obferved , let a Sayler fteal any part of the Ships provifion, he (hall be fure to have fevere punifhment » but, if from a Paffenger, though it concern him never fo neerly , his remedy is to be laughed at- Thefe enormities are fit to be complained on at the Trini- ty-houfe , that fome redreiTe may be had ; for , the abufes are grievous. Out of this danger at Sea , it has pleafed the God of all mercy to deliver me, as alfo from a grievous and tedious fickneflfe on land, in a ft range Country S For which , may his holy Name be eternally blef- fed andpraifed, for ever and ever. lam now caft in Prifbn, by the fubtle practices of fome, whom I have formerly called Friends: But the eternall and mercifull God has been pleafed to vifit and comfort me , and to raife me up fuch friends, as have kept me from cold and hunger, whofe charities in an Age , where cruelties and tyrannies are exercifed in fo high a meafure, may be accounted a prodigie. But, I doubt not of my releafe out of this reftraint , by the power of him, I i who 121 122 of the Hand of Barbadoes. who is able to do all in all. For , as Daiid faid to Saul > that God , who had delivered him out of the paw of the Lion , and out of the paw of the Bear, would deliver him fiom that ur> circumcifed Phjliftine, Goliah ofGath : So may I now fay; that God, which has delivered me from a ficknefle to death , on land, and from (hipwrack and hazards at Sea, willalfo deliver me from this uncircumcifed Philiftine, the Upper Bench, than which, the burning fire of a Feavour , nor the raging waves of the Sea , are more formidable : But, we have feen and fufFered greater things. And when the great Leveller of the world, Death, (hall run his progrefle, all Eftates will be laid eeven. Mors Sccptra Ligonibtts aquat. r..;, rt^ A — *- I — ■■ I III A TABLE, Of the feverall things mentioned in thi* HIST RT. A View of Porto San5to, Made- ra's^tf^Defertes. pag z. A view of Bonavitta,///e0/ Miy 4«rf Palma . pag. J . Hunting and Hawking at iea. pag- 4- S/w* ^rf p/7 Weft/alia. p.38. I.3 1. for Pognant, r. Poynant. p.3 8.1.48.forMillions, r. Milons. P41.I.26. tor handlbtne in their houfes, r.handfome their houfes. p. 4*. 1. J 8. for Gambrtj Gambia, p. 48. 1. 40. for (inking r. finging.p. 50.I.3 5. for weary,r.wary.p.j4.4.for to due,r.todo. p. 58.1.1 3. for foare,r.foar.p.57.1.i. for G*mbrs.r.Gmbia.p.l7 l.a8.f<>r intreating,r.in treating. p.58.l.iff. tor ViTginie,iyirtinU. p6a. 1,2?. for the nexi s, r.the oext is p-60.L48.for Pitnies/.Titmifc.p.tfi.l-jr. for Pumifcs,r.Punefes- p.fi.l.o.for Gnaver, r.Guavcr. p. 7 2. 1. 18. for found, r.form'd.p.7j.l.4i for greater,r.grcar. p.77. l.49.forabIc$,r.abJer.p 78 l.i^.for Pediftan, r. Pcdiftall. p.8t 1 5. for out of the fruit, r. out the fruit. p.8j.l.49.tor lca*e,r.beare. p. S3.I *3OC«O0fc J09BX i2fc-i&Pt3& '9fJ «R&>' i&m asr ^'^llil fiSRfc IP $V P ma- '■km ■ J* HP . W*»C»C»C